Materi UJIAN Mesin Listrik Dasar

Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri (TEE 542)
Preview Perancangan Listrik Industri

Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
DAFTAR ISI
Lingkup Bahasan
1
Standard-standard
2
3
Pendahuluan
Model Perkuliahan
Student centre learning
Penugasan individu dan kelompok
Materi penilaian :
Tugas kecil
Tugas besar
Ujian mid
Ujian akhir
Semua tugas melalui Papirus2
Dispensasi keterlambatan hanya karena :
Tugas/sesuai aturan negara
Papirus error saat upload (dlm interval 1 jam sebelum
deadline dan dibuktikan dg screenshoot). Tanpa bukti
tidak diterima
File tidak bisa dibuka

Dilarang Keras !!!


Fokus Pembahasan

1. Industrial Power System Studies
2. Drawing
3. Engineering Procurement Construction
4. Study case

Materi Kuliah
1. Mengetahui dan memahami gambaran
umum ruang lingkup perancangan sistem
kelistrikan di industri beserta standardnya.
2. Engineering Work and Its Management
3. Power System Studies
Distribution System
Power and Control
Cables
Load Flow
Short Circuit Analysis
Sistem Proteksi
Arch-Flash Hazard
Calculation
Grounding System
Switchgear and MCC
DC System
Proteksi petir
Materi Kuliah
4. Drawing
PFD dan PID
Plant Layout and Modelling
Hazardous Area Classification
Detail Design and Drafting
5. Engineering Development and Detail
Specification, Selection and Purchase
6. Study Case (surface facilities oil and gas)

Skill Software

1. MS. Excel
2. MS. Word
3. MS. PowerPoint
4. AutoCad
5. ETAP
6. MS Project

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
1. Apply knowledge of math, science and engineering
2. Identify, formulate and solve EE problems
3. Design and conduct experiments and analysis and interprete data
4. Design a system, component or process to meet the desired need
within realistic constrains
5. Comunicate effectively
6. Function in multidisciplinary team
7. Use the technique, skills and modern engineering tools and
technologies necessary for EE practice
8. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of
engineering solution in global, economic, environmental and
diverse social context
9. A knowledge of contemporary issue
10. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
11. A recognation of the need for and an ability to engage in life long-
learning
Job Duties and Task for Electrical Engineer
1. Provide technical assistance and resolution when electrical or engineering
problems are encountered before, during and after construction
2. Analyze and interpret test information to resolve design-related problems
3. Write commissioning procedure for electrical installation
4. Prepare project cost and work-time estimates
5. Evaluate engineering proposals, shop drawings and design comments for
sound electrical engineering practice and conformance with established
safety and design criteria, and recommend approval or disaproval.
6. Draw or modify diagrams and write engineering specifications to clarify
design details.
7. Prepare contracts and initiate, review and coordinate modifications to
contract specifications and plans throughout construction process
8. Plan, schedule and monitor work of support personnel to assist supervisor.
9. Review existing electrical engineering criteria to identify necessary revision,
deletions or amendment to outdated material
10.Perform supervisory duties such as recommending work assignments,
approving leaves and completing performance evalutions
Engineering work and its management
1. Define the objectives, i.e. the end product of the
project.
2. Decide how the objectives will be achieved what
methods will be employed.
3. Plan in detail each item of work (work package) and
schedule the performance of the packages in a
logical sequence.
4. Do the engineering work and check that it is correct.
5. Ensure that the engineering designs and
specifications are acceptably implemented in plant
procurement, manufacture, and construction.
6. Commission the plant and finalize all technical
documentation needed for operation and
maintenance.

Simplified work
engineering sequence
Electrical Deliverables :
1. Design of philosophy
2. Calculation
3. Drawing
4. Material take off, bill of
quantity

Interface Engineering & Electrical Work Flow
Engineering Work Flow





ENGINEERING STANDARDS
Standard: A standard is a document that defines the
characteristics of a product, process or service, such as
dimensions, safety aspects, and performance
requirements.
Code: Laws or regulations that specify minimum standards to
protect public safety and health such as codes for
construction of buildings. Voluntary standards are
incorporated into building codes
Specification: A set of conditions and requirements of precise
and limited application that provide a detailed description of a
procedure, process, material, product, or service for use primarily
in procurement and manufacturing. Standards may be referenced
or included in specifications.
Technical Regulation: A mandatory government requirement
that defines the characteristics and/or the performance
requirements of a product, service or process (see also
Regulation).
Some Background:
The U.S. federal government is
the largest single creator and user
of standards: more than 45,000
(by current estimates)!
About 210 organization are
designated Standard
Development Organizations
(SDOs)
Most Standards (about 90%)
come from about 20 of these
SDOs
ASTM, ASME, IEEE, AISI (ASM),
ASCE, MilStd (Mil Specs), are
some of the most important
SDOs
Taking them Global!
ANSI and (U.S. National
Committee (USNC)) are the U.S.
clearing house for Standards and
a founding member of ISO!
Internationally we see Standard
Organization in each of the major
Industrial Nations and several
Umbrella Groups:
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC)
International Telecommunication
Union (ITU)

How theyre used:
Standards are a
COMMUNICATION tool that
allows all users to speak the same
language when reacting to
products or processes
They provide a Legal, or at least
enforceable, means to evaluate
acceptability and sale-ability of
products and/or services
They can be taught and applied
globally!
They, ultimately, are designed to
protect the public from
questionable designs, products
and practices
Thus they fall (in engineering terms)
into the MOM AND APPLE PIE area
of our profession!

They teach us, as engineers, how we
can best meet environmental, health,
safety and societal responsibilities
http://www.toyo-
eng.co.jp/en/advantage/synthesis/
Electrical Deliverables and its
Interdisciplinary Interfaces, Foster
Wheeler
Handbook for Process Plant Project
Engineers, Watermeyer


Distribution System and
Power & Control Cables
Distribution System
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem Distribusi Industri
1
Panduan Perencanaan untuk Sistem Distribusi Industri
2
3
Pendahuluan
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi 4
Voltage Considerations 5
Pendahuluan
Sistem tenaga listrik memainkan peran penting dalam
suatu industri. Operasi pabrik dan produksi tergantung
pada sistem tenaga yang aman dan terpercaya. Setiap
desain sistem pembangkit listrik, baik baru atau ekspansi
ke sistem yang ada, harus dianalisis untuk memastikan
bahwa sistem aman, dapat diandalkan, dan
memungkinkan perencanaan untuk kebutuhan masa
depan.
Tegangan Nominal
Sistem Tenaga Listrik
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem
Distribusi Industri
Perencanaan sistem tenaga listrik harus
mencakup beberapa pertimbangan dasar yang
akan mempengaruhi keseluruhan desain dan
operasi sistem tenaga. Dalam merancang sistem
tenaga di Industri harus mempertimbangkan :
1. Safety
2. Keandalan Utilitas Suplai Tenaga
3. Keandalan Sistem Distribusi
4. Keandalan peralatan sistem tenaga listrik
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem
Distribusi Industri

5. Kemudahan dalam operasi sistem tenaga
6. Regulasi Tegangan
7. Maintenance
8. Fleksibilitas
9. Biaya investasi
Load Survey
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi
Simple Radial
Expanded Radial
Primary Selective System
Secondary Selective System
Sparing Transformer System
Ring Bus System
Voltage Considerations
Tegangan Nominal
Tegangan yang diterapkan pada sistem itu, sehingga
karakteristik kerja tertentu yang disyaratkan dari sistem itu
ditunjukkan.
Tegangan Tertinggi Suatu Sistem
Nilai tegangan tertinggi yang terjadi dalam keadaan kerja
normal pada setiap saat dan di setiap titik pada sistem itu.
Tegangan Terendah Suatu Sistem
Tegangan terendah yang terjadi pada keadaan kerja
normal pada setiap saat dan setiap titik pada sistem itu..
Kelas Tegangan
Tegangan nominal sistem
dibawah 1.000 V
Tegangan
Rendah
Tegangan nominal sistem antara
1.000 V hingga 100.000 V
Tegangan
Menengah
Tegangan nominal sistem antara
100.000 V hingga 230.000 V
Tegangan
Tinggi


Konfigurasi Sistem
Single-Phase System
Konfigurasi Sistem
Three-Phase System
Konfigurasi Sistem
Three-Phase System


Voltage Drop
Jatuh tegangan merupakan besarnya tegangan yang
hilang pada suatu penghantar. Jatuh tegangan pada
saluran tenaga listrik secara umum berbanding lurus
dengan panjang saluran dan beban serta berbanding
terbalik dengan luas penampang penghantar.
Voltage Drop

Power and Control Cables
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem Distribusi Industri
1
Panduan Perencanaan untuk Sistem Distribusi Industri
2
3
Pendahuluan
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi 4
Voltage Considerations 5
Pendahuluan
Fungsi utama dari kabel adalah untuk
membawa energi dari pembangkit ke
sumber sumber beban.
Dalam menyalurkan energi ini, ada rugi-
rugi panas yang dihasilkan dalam kabel.
Kemampuan untuk mengurangi rugi-rugi
panas ini tergantung pada bagaimana
kabel terpasang, dan rating kabel yang
digunakan






Cable Design

Fungsi Isolasi pada Kabel
Untuk membatasi medan listrik dalam
kabel
Untuk menyamakan stres tegangan dalam
isolasi, meminimalkan surface discharges
Untuk melindungi kabel dari tegangan
induksi
Untuk membatasi interferensi
elektromagnetik atau elektrostatik pada
sistem komunikasi, misalnya, radio, TV
Untuk mengurangi bahaya sengatan listrik

Pertimbangan Pemilihan
Ukuran Konduktor
Kriteria Arus/beban
Batas Overload
Batasan Besar Drop tegangan
Kriteria Arus Gangguan
Nilai frekuensi
Kriteria suhu hot-spot
Panjang kabel di daerah suhu tinggi
Persyaratan pemutusan peralatan


Tugas
1. Sebuah kota memiliki 6870
pelanggan dengan Kapasitas
daya masing-masing 2200 VA.
Dengan pemakaian listrik sesuai
dengan tabel disamping. Hitung
Daya rata-rata, Load Factor,
Demand Factor, Coincidence
Factor, dan Diversity Factor,
serta Gambarkan Kurva Beban.
2. Sebutkan Kelebihan dan kekurangan konfigurasi loop
(ring) dan radial, beserta aplikasinya.
Referensi
PUIL 2000
IEEE-Red Book
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants
Industrial Power System Shoaib Khan

Arc-Flash Hazard
Arc Flash Event
Every Day An
Electrician Is
Severely
Injured by an
Arc Flash Event
Introduction
What is an Arc Flash Hazard?
Arc flash is defined by the CSA Z462 Standard on Workplace
Electrical Safety as a dangerous condition associated with the
release of energy caused by an electric arc.
Arc flash is the explosive release of energy when electrical
current jumps the distance from one conductor to another, or
when it jumps from a conductor to ground.
That jump is called an arc. Flash refers to the release of
light and heat energy.
Lightening is an example of an arc flash, when current jumps
from sky to ground. The results are heat, light, and a pressure
wave which you hear as thunder.
In the workplace, arc flash can be deadly. It can happen
anywhere you find energized electrical equipment or
conductors.
What is an Electric Arc?
Simply put, an electric arc is a short circuit through the air.
When insulation or isolation is breached or can no longer
withstand the applied voltage between phase conductors or
between a phase conductor and ground, the air between the
conductors becomes ionized. Ionized air will conduct electricity
and an arc fault occurs between those conductors.
The power source will pump as much current into the arc fault
as the supplying transformer, conductors, and arc impedance
will allow until the fault is cleared by a protective device such
as a fuse or circuit breaker or the fault burns itself out.
The amount of energy released depends, in part, on the
amount of energy in the circuit. The more energy, the more
powerful the arc.
Electric arcs produce some of the highest temperatures known
to occur on earth.

Characteristics of an Electric Arc
An electric arc will oscillate and escalate if
not constrained.
A single-phase electric arc can engulf a
second or third conductor in only two
cycles.
An electric arcs current propels the arc
away from the power source.
What Causes Arc Flash?
Dust, impurities, corrosion, condensation,
animals
Spark discharge from:
Accidental touching
Dropping tools
Over-voltages across narrow gaps
Failure of insulating materials
Equipment failure
What is Arc Blast?
1. The flash causes an explosive expansion
of air and metal.
For example: When copper vapourizes it
expands by a factor of 67,000.

2. The blast produces dangerous:
Pressure waves
Sound waves
Molten steel and shrapnel.
Arc Flash Events
PB/RH -- March 3, 2009 Arc Flash Hazards -- Construction Safety Association of Ontario
Electric arc Arc flash Arc blast
Compliments of Salisbury Electrical
Safety L.L.C.
Forms of Arc Flash Energy

Noise
Expansion
Vaporization
Thermal radiation
Arc Flash Injuries
Electric shock
Severe burns
Blindness
Blast injuries
Shrapnel wounds
Lung blast injuries
Ruptured eardrums
Pressure wave injuries

Standards

US Occupational Safety &
Health Administration

US National Fire Protection Association
-Standard NFPA 70E

Institute of Electrical &
Electronics Engineers
-Standard 1584

Canadian Standards Association
-Standard Z-462

Occupational Health & Safety Act
-Applicable regulations

Canadian Electrical Code
-Rule 2-306

What is NFPA 70E?
National Fire Protection Association

Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
Standard for electrical safety in United Sates
Harmonized with CSA Z462
NFPA 70E
In the United States in 1979 the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) created what is
now called:
NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in
the Workplace.
This US standard has evolved over the last 25
years to become the North American
Standard for electrical safe work practices.
The new 2009 edition is harmonized with the
Canadian electrical safety Standard CSA
Z462.
What is CSA Standard Z462?

The standard for workplace electrical
safety in Canada.
Harmonized with NFPA 70E.

CSA Standard Z462
A National Standard for workplace electrical
safety titled CSA Z462 Standard on
Workplace Electrical Safety is currently
available.
It was developed in parallel with the 2009
Edition of NFPA 70E and is harmonize with
NFPA 70E as much as practicable for
Canadian workplaces.
CSA Z462 was developed by a voluntary
Technical Committee with stakeholders
(industry, labour, government) from around
the country.

CSA Standard Z462 addresses:
Electrical Safety Program
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
Flash Protection Boundary
Fault Current Calculations
Arc Fault Clearing Time
Incident Energy Exposure
Required PPE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers

Offers a method for performing arc
flash hazard calculations.
What is IEEE Standard 1584?
EEE Standard 1584
The IEEE, a non-profit organization, is a leading
professional association for the advancement of
technology.
The full name of the IEEE is the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc., although the
organization is referred to by the letters I-E-E-E and
pronounced Eye-triple-E
IEEE Standard 1584 Guide to Performing Arc Flash
Hazard Calculations provides a method for
determining the arc flash hazard distance and incident
energy that workers may be exposed to from electrical
equipment.
The IEEE method is a different method (from NFPA
70E and CSAZ462) of conducting arc flash
calculations.
What is CEC Rule 2-306?
Canadian Electrical Code

Rule 2-306 Shock and Flash Protection
A requirement for field-marking electrical
equipment to warn persons of potential
electric shock and arc flash hazards.
CEC Rule 2-306?

The Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) has a rule that improves safety for workers by
requiring special field marking of electrical equipment in the workplace to warn about:
1. Potential electric shock hazards, and
2. Arc flash hazards.
The CEC is an installation code, so the responsibility for marking is with the installer.
The rule is as follows:
Rule 2-306 Shock and flash protection
(1)Electrical equipment such as switchboards, panelboards, industrial control panels, meter
socket enclosures, and motor control centres that are installed in other than dwelling units
and are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized
shall be field marked to warn persons of potential electric shock and arc flash hazards.
(2)The marking referred to in Subrule (1) shall be located so that it is clearly visible to persons
before examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment.
Generally, field marked means the equipment supplier does not have the
responsibility to mark the equipment. The installer in the field would be required to
provide the markings when the installation is done.
This labeling is required for all new or modified installations after May 1, 2006.
Labels only require providing a warning of the potential for shock and arc flash.
The requirement to perform an analysis to determine energy incident levels does not
come from this rule.
Arc Flash Hazard -- Construction
Safety Association of Ontario

Sample label that complies with CEC Rule 2-306.
Required Warning Label
Optional Warning Label
Protective Clothing and
Equipment
Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing
Protects a worker from receiving severe
burns if the worker is exposed to a flame.
Is self-extinguishing when the source of the
flame is removed.
PB/RH -- March 3, 2009 Arc Flash Hazards -- Construction
Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing
Protects a worker from receiving severe
burns if the worker is exposed to a flame.
Is self-extinguishing when the source of the
flame is removed.
What is a Calorie?
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of one gram of water by 1C.
Thermal energy is measured in calories/cm.

1.2 calories/cm = Holding your finger
in the blue part of the
flame for one second.

Limit the Incident Energy level of the
arc flash to 1.2 cal/cm against the
workers chest.
Look for a label that states:
1506 approval (ASTM F1506)
Arc rating of the garment.
All materials in the garment
should be FR Rated:
Thread
Buttons
Insulation
Zippers, etc.
FR Rated Clothing
Photo compliments of
Salisbury Electrical Safety L.L.C.
Arc Flash PPE Categories
Category 0
Untreated Cotton
(Long Sleeve)
Untreated Cotton
Pants (Long)
Voltage Rated Gloves
Safety Glasses
Hard Hat
Category 1
FR Long Sleeve Shirt
Untreated Cotton Pants
(Long)
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
Hard Hat
Category 2
Untreated Cotton T-Shirt
Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long
Sleeve)
FR Shirt (Long Sleeve)
Untreated Cotton Pants (Long)
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
Hard Hat
Double Layer Bee Keepers Hood
Category 3
Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long Sleeve)
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
FR Hard Hat Liner
Hard Hat
Hearing Protection

Category 4
Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long Sleeve)
FR Pants (Long)
FR Coveralls
Safety Glasses
FR Hard Hat Liner
Hard Hat
Hearing Protection

Typical PPE Requirements
Hazard/Risk
Category
Eye protection, ear canal
inserts, long sleeve shirt
and pants
Arc rated
clothing
Face & Head
Protection
Flash Suit
Hood
0

1

2

3

4

Typical Protective Clothing
Hazard/Risk
Category
Clothing Description
Required Minimum
Clothing Arc Rating
0
Non-melting, flammable material
with fabric weight of at least 4.5 oz/yd
2
Not applicable
1
Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls
4 calories/cm
2
Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls
8 calories/cm
3
Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls,
and Arc-rated flash suit, the layered system
must meet the required minimum rating.
25 calories/cm
4
Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls,
and Arc-rated flash suit, the layered system
must meet the required minimum rating.
40 calories/cm
Synthetic Clothing
Synthetic clothing that melts shall not be
worn, such as:
Acetate
Nylon
Polyester
Polypropylene
Spandex.
Arc Flash Rated PPE
Required minimum clothing:
Non-melting, flammable material,
Fabric weight of at least 4.5 oz/yd.
PPE must also provide
arc flash protection:
Face shield
Gloves, etc.
Increases level of protection.
May be lighter than a single
heavy garment.
Manufacturer must provide
the new combined arc rating
afforded by layering.
FR Clothing Can Be Layered
Tell the supplier that you need
arc flash rated PPE and clothing.
PPE must have some resistance to:
Flame
Ignition
Melting.
obtain PPE from a known and
trusted supplier.

When Purchasing PPE
Not all FR clothing is tested to ASTM F1506
Tasks with Potential for Arc Flash
Operating a switch or circuit breaker
Inserting or removing a circuit breaker
Opening an enclosure door
Removing a cover (bolted or hinged)
Testing for voltage
In each task:
Worker is interacting with energized equipment.

Conduct a Flash Hazard Analysis to
determine the
Flash Protection Boundary
Incident Energy exposure
Type and arc rating of PPE
If work must be done on or near
energized electrical equipment,
identify the potential for arc flash.
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
Reduce the fault clearing time.
Reduce the short-circuit current.
Improve equipment maintenance.
CONTROLLING ARC FLASH HAZARDS
At the Source
Use flash-resistant equipment.
At the Source
These disconnect switch-plugs have been
designed with built-in flash-protection.
Photos courtesy of Meltric Corporation
Increase the working distance.
Reduce the energy exposure.
Use hinged doors instead of bolted
doors to eliminate the risk of bolts
falling into the panel.
Work de-energized.
Along the Path
Energized electrical work permit
Barriers
Training and skills
Job briefings
PPE
Tools
At the Worker
Prevention Summary
1. Include Electrical Safety in your Occupational
Health and Safety Management Program.
2. Use an electrical work permit system.
3. Conduct regular equipment maintenance and label
equipment that poses a flash hazard.
4. Confirm single-line diagrams for accuracy and
available fault current.
5. Maintain documentation process.
6. Provide training and job briefings.
7. Conduct periodic safety audits.
Reference
Arc Flash Hazard - Construction Safety
Association of Ontario
Arc Flash Hazard and Protection - EWB
Engineering
Arc Flash Hazard - Progressive Business
Publications

Sistem Proteksi
Distribution System
Proteksi Generator
1
Proteksi Transformator
2
3
Pendahuluan
Trafo Instrumen 4
Perhitungan OCR 5
Pendahuluan
Listrik memiliki peran vital dan strategis,
ketersediannya harus memnuhi aspek andal,
aman dan akrab lingkungan.
Keandalan sistem tenaga listrik ditentukan
oleh sistem dan konstruksi instalasi listrik
yang memenuhi ketentuan dan persyaratan
yang berlaku.
Keamanan sistem tenaga listrik ditentukan
oleh sistem pengaman (protection system)
yang baik, benar, andal atau tepat sesuai
dengan kebutuhan sistem yang ada.

Pendahuluan
Pengertian/ definisi :
Proteksi : perlindungan/ pengaman.
Sistem tenaga listrik : suatu sistem yang terdiri
dari dari beberapa sub sistem, yaitu :
pembangkitan (pembangkit tenaga listrik),
penyaluran (transmisi), pendistribusian
(distribusi) dan instalasi pemanfaatan.
Proteksi sistem tenaga listrik : perlindungan/
pengaman pembangkitan (pembangkit
tenaga listrik), penyaluran (transmisi),
pendistribusian (distribusi) dan instalasi
pemanfaatan.

Pendahuluan
Dua fungsi utama proteksi, adalah :
Mendeteksi adanya gangguan atau keadaan
abnormal lainnya pada bagian sistem
yang diamankannya.
Melepaskan bagian sistem yang terganggu,
sehingga bagian sistem lainnya yang tidak
mengalami gangguan dapat terus beroperasi.

Pendahuluan
Untuk pengaman sistem yang lebih kompleks, diperlukan
komponen (alat) pengaman yang lebih lengkap (terdiri
dari berbagai jenis alat pengaman), misalnya :
Relay pengaman, berfungsi sebagai elemen perasa
yang mendeteksi adanya gangguan.
Pemutus Tenaga (PMT), berfungsi untuk pemutus
arus dalam rangkaian listrik, untuk melepas bagian
sistem yang terganggu.
Trafo arus dan/ atau trafo tegangan, berfungsi untuk
meneruskan arus dan/ atau tegangan pada sirkit
tenaga (sirkit primer) ke sirkit rele (sirkit sekunder).
Battery (Accu), berfungsi sebagai sumber tenaga
untuk men-trip PMT atau catu daya untuk rele
(static relay) dan rele bantu.

Kriteria Sistem Proteksi
Kepekaan (sensitivity) :
Peralatan proteksi (rele) harus cukup peka dan mampu mendeteksi
gangguan di kawasan pengamannya.
Meskipun gangguan yang terjadi hanya memberikan rangsangan yang
sangat minim, peralatan pengaman (rele) harus mampu mendeteks
secara baik.
Keandalan (reliability) :
Dependability :
Peralatan proteksi (rele) harus memiliki tingkat kepastian bekerja (dependability) yang
tinggi.
Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus memiliki keandalan tinggi (dapat mendeteksi dan
melepaskan bagian yang terganggu), tidak boleh gagal bekerja.
Security :
Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus memiliki tingkat kepastian untuk tidak salah kerja
atau tingkat security (keamanannya) harus tinggi.
Yang dimasksud salah kerja adalah kerja yang semestinya tidak kerja, misal : karena
lokasi gangguan di luar kawasan pengamannya atau sama sekali tidak ada gangguan.
Salah kerja bisa mengakibatkan terjadinya pemadaman, yang semestinya tidak perlu
terjadi.

Kriteria Sistem Proteksi
Selektifitas (selectivity) :
Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus cukup selektif dalam
mengamankan sistem
Dapat memisahkan bagian sistem yang terganggu sekecil
mungkin, yaitu hanya sub sistem yang terganggu saja yang
memang menjadi kawasan pengaman utamanya
Rele harus mampu membedakan, apakah gangguan terletak di
kawasan pengaman utamanya, dimana rele harus bekerja cepat,
atau terletak di sub sistem berikutnya, dimana rele harus
bekerja dengan waktu tunda atau tidak bekerja sama sekali.

Kecepatan (speed) :
Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus mampu memisahkan sub
sistem yang mengalami gangguan secepat mungkin.
Untuk menciptakan selektifitas yang baik, ada kemungkinan
suatu pengaman terpaksa diberi waktu tunda (time delay),
tetapi waktu tunda tersebut harus secepat mungkin.
Dengan tingkat kecepatan yang baik, maka terjadinya
kerusakan/ kerugian, dapat diperkecil.

PROTEKSI GENERATOR
1- 51V, backup overcurrent relay, pengendalian
tegangan atau kontrol tegangan
1-51G, backup ground time overcurrent relay

GENERATOR KECIL (sistem isolated)
Daya: 500 s/d 1000 kVA tegangan 600 volt (maksimum)
3 - 51V, backup overcurrent relay, pengendalian
tegangan atau kontrol tegangan
1 -51G, backup ground time overcurrent relay
1 - 87, differential relay
1 - 32, reserve power relay untuk pengendalian
protection
1 40, impedance relay, untuk pengaman
kehilangan medan
GENERATOR SEDANG (sistem isolated/ paralel)
Daya: 500 s/d 12 500 kVA tegangan 600 volt
(maksimum)
PROTEKSI GENERATOR

3 - 51V, backup overcurrent relay,
pengendalian tegangan atau
kontrol tegangan
1 - 51G, backup ground time overcurrent
relay
1 - 32, reserve power relay untuk peng
endalian protection
kehilangan medan
1 46, Negative phase sequence over
current relay untuk protection
kondisi unbalanced
PROTEKSI GENERATOR

3 - 51V, backup overcurrent relay,
pengendalian tegangan atau
kontrol tegangan
1 -51G, backup ground time overcurrent
relay
1 87G, ground differential relay
1 - 32, reserve power relay untuk peng
endalian protection
kehilangan medan
1 46, Negative phase sequence over
current relay untuk protection
kondisi unbalanced.
1 49, temp relay untuk monitor belitan
temp stator
1 64F, generator field relay, hanya untuk
mesin yg mempunyai medan
supply slip rings
1 60, voltage balance relay
Pengaman Hubung Singkat

BUS GEN.
OCR
CT
CB
GEN.
MCCB
Beban
Relai ini mengamankan generator dari beban lebih atau
gangguan hubung singkat.
PENGAMAN : OCR (51) -- untuk generator sedang dan besar
MCCB - - untuk generator kecil
Pengaman Tegangan Kurang

PENYEBAB:
Generator mengalami beban lebih
AVR generator mengalami kerusakan
BUS GEN.
UVR
PT
CB
GEN.
Beban
AKIBAT: Dapat merusak belitan rotor
Gangguan hubung singkat di sistem
PENGAMAN : UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY (27)
Pengaman Tegangan Lebih
Generator mengalami kapasitif.
AVR generator mengalami kerusakan bila berlanjut, merusak instalasi
alat bantu di generator bisa rusak.
PENGAMAN : DEVICE NUMBER OVER VOLTAGE RELAY : 59
BUS GEN.
OVR
PT
CB
GEN.
Beban
PENYEBAB:
Lepas nya beban (Ppemb > P beban)
AKIBAT:
Frekwensi naik > 50 Hz.
Pengaman Stator ke Tanah

PENYEBAB:
Terjadi kebocoran isolasi di stator, sehingga terjadi gangguan hubung
Singkat fasa ketanah antara stator dan tanah
AKIBAT:
Kerusakan pada belitan stator
PENGAMAN: PENGAMAN ARUS LEBIH (51N)
BUS GEN.
OCR
CT
CB
GEN.
Rn
TRF
Beban
51N
Pengaman Daya Balik Prime
Mover

PENYEBAB:
PRIME-MOVER DARI SALAH SATU GENERATOR RUSAK ,
MENGAKIBATKAN GENERATOR TIDAK BERPUTAR.

AKIBAT:
ADA PASOKAN LISTRIK DARI GENERATOR LAIN ATAU SISTEM
SEHINGGA GENERATOR MENJADI MOTOR.

PENGAMAN -- REVERSE POWER (32)

BUS GEN.
GEN.
CT
PT
SISTEM
32
40
Pengaman Loss of Excitation

PENYEBAB: Hilangnya eksitasi
AKIBAT:
Daya reaktif balik dari sistem masuk ke generator,
atau generator menyerap var sistem
Memanaskan ujung belitan generator
BUS GEN.
GEN.
CT
PT
SISTEM
32
40
PENGAMAN -- LOSS OF EXCITATION (40)
Pengaman Temperatur
Generator

pembebanan melebihi kapasitas generator
kerusakan sistem pendingin
belitan generator bisa panas
bisa merusak konduktor stator dan isolasi
antara belitan ke inti
AKIBAT:
PENGAMAN -- PENGAMAN TEMPERATUR (26)
PENYEBAB:
GEN.
RTD
CB
26
Pengaman Overspeed

gangguan pada sistem sehingga lepas beban
governor tidak mampu kembalikan put. normal
bisa terjadi vibrasi balancing pada put. tertentu
bisa rusakkan bearing dan shaft
frekwensi naik
CB
SPEED SENSOR
GEN.
TRANSDUCER
MESIN.
PENYEBAB:
AKIBAT:
over speed
PENGAMAN : UNDER SPEED (81 U)
OVER SPEED (81- O)
Pengaman Differensial
Generator

GANGGUAN PADA BELITAN GENERATOR
KERUSAKAN ISOLASI BELITAN GENERATOR
PENGAMAN: DIFFRENTIAL RELAY (87 G).
GEN.
CB
DIFERENSIAL
GENERATOR
SET
PENYEBAB:
AKIBAT:
Pengaman Beban Lebih

Arus beban melebihi nominal dan bertahan lama
DEVICE NUMBER OVER LOAD RELAY : 49
PENYEBAB:
BUS GEN.
OLR
CT
CB
GEN.
BEBAN
AKIBAT:
Memanaskan belitan generator. merusak konduktor dan isolasi belitan

PENGAMAN :
Pengaman Temperatur
Generator

KETIDAK SEIMBANGAN ARUS FASA BEBAN
GEN.
CB
NEG.SEQ
FILTER
OCR
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY ( 46)
PENYEBAB:
AKIBAT:
MEMANAS KAN ROTOR GENERATOR BILA BERTAHAN LAMA
PENGAMAN :
PENGAMAN
TRANSFORMATOR
Trafo tenaga diamankan dari berbagai macam gangguan, diantaranya
dengan peralatan proteksi (sesuai SPLN 52-1:1983) Bagian Satu, C) :
Relai Buchollz
Relai Jansen
Relai tangki tanah
Relai suhu
Relai diffrential
Relai beban lebih
Relai gangguan tanah terbatas
Rele arus hubung tanah


Relay Bucholz

Mengerjakan alarm (Bucholz 1st) pada kontak bagian atas 1.
Mengerjakan perintah trip ke PMT pada kontak bagian bawah 2.
Relai buchholz dipasang pada pipa dari maintank ke konservator ataupun dari
OLTC ke konservator tergantung design trafonya apakah di kedua pipa tersebut
dipasang relai bucholz.
Gunanya: untuk mengamankan trafo dari gangguan internal trafo yang menimbulkan
gas dimana gas tersebut timbul akibat adanya hubung singkat di dalam trafo
atau akibat busur di dalam trafo.
Cara kerja: yaitu gas yang timbul di dalam trafo akan mengalir melalui pipa dan
besarnya tekanan gas ini akan mengerjakan relai dalam 2 tahap yaitu:
1

2

KE CONSERVATOR
TANGKI TRAFO
PELAMPUNG
KRAN
TUAS ALARM
TUAS TRIP
ALARM
TRIP
Relay Bucholz

Analisa gas yang terkumpul di dalam relai Bucholz
H
2
dan C
2
H
2

menunjukkan adanya busur api pada minyak antara bagian-bagian
konstruksi.
H
2
, C
2
H
2
dan CH
4

menunjukkan adanya busur api sehingga isolasi phenol terurai,
misalnya terjadi gangguan pada sadapan.
H
2
, C
2
H
4
dan C
2
H
2

menunjukkan adanya pemanasan pada sambungan inti.
H
2
, C
2
H, CO
2
dan C
3
H
4

menunjukkan adanya pemanasan setempat pada lilitan inti.
Relay Jansen

Relai Jansen adalah relai untuk mengamankan transformator dari
gangguan di dalam tap changer yang menimbulkan gas. Dipasang
pada pipa yang menuju conservator.
Cara Kerja Sama seperti relai bucholz tetapi hanya mempunyai
satu kontak untuk tripping.

Relay Sudden Pressure

Relai Sudden Pressure. Relai Pressure untuk tangki utama Trafo bekerja
apabila di dalam tangki Trafo terjadi kenaikan tekanan udara akibat
terjadinya gangguan di dalam Trafo.
Tipe Membran
Plat tipis yang didisain sedemikian rupa yang akan pecah bila menerima
tekanan melebihi disainnya. Membran ini hanya sekali pakai sehingga bila
pecah harus diganti baru.
Pressure Relief Valve
Suatu katup yang ditekan oleh sebuah pegas yang
didisain sedemikian rupa sehingga apabila terjadi
tekanan di dalam transformator melebihi tekanan
pegas maka akan membuka dan membuang
tekanan keluar bersama-sama sebagian minyak.
Katup akan menutup kembali apabila tekanan di dalam transformator turun
atau lebih kecil dari tekanan pegas.
Indikator
trip
Reset Mekanis
Relay HV/LV Winding
Temperature

Urutan kerja relai suhu kumparan / winding ini dibagi 2 tahap:
Mengerjakan alarm (Winding Temperature Alarm)
Mengerjakan perintah trip ke PMT (Winding Temperature Trip)
Relai HV/LV Winding Temperature bekerja
apabila Suhu kumparan Trafo melebihi seting dari
pada relai HV/LV Winding, besarnya kenaikan suhu
adalah sebanding dengan faktor pembebanan dan
suhu udara luar Trafo.
Relai HV/LV Oil Temperature bekerja apabila suhu minyak Trafo melebihi
seting dari pada relai HV/LV oil. Besarnya kenaikan suhu adalah sebanding dengan
faktor pembebanan dan suhu udara luar Trafo.
Urutan kerja relai suhu minyak / oil ini dibagi 2 tahap:
Mengerjakan alarm (Oil Temperature Alarm).
Mengerjakan perintah trip ke PMT (Oil Temperature Trip).
Relay Arus Lebih (Over
Current Relay)

Relai ini berfungsi untuk mengamankan transformator terhadap gangguan
hubung singkat antar fasa didalam maupun diluar daerah pengaman
transformator.
Diharapkan Relai ini mempunyai sifat komplementer dengan Relai beban lebih.
Relai ini berfungsi pula sebagai pengaman cadangan bagi bagian instalasi
lainnya.
Relay Tangki Tanah

Berfungsi untuk mengamankan trafo terhadap hubung singkat antara fasa
dengan tangki trafo dan titik netral trafo yang ditanahkan.
F51G
Relai 51 G yang terpasang, mendeteksi arus gangguan dari tangki trafo
ketanah, kalau terjadi kebocoran isolasi dari belitan tarafo ke tangki, arus
yang mengalir ke tanah akan dideteksi relai arus lebih melalui CT. Relai
akan mentripkan PMT di kedua sisi (TT dan TM). Jadi arus gangguan
kembali kesistem melalui pembumian trafo.
Restricted Earth Fault

Y
87N
87N
Relai gangguan tanah terbatas atau Restricted Earth Fault (REF) untuk
mengamankan transformator bila ada gangguan satu satu fasa ke tanah
di dekat titik netral transformator yang tidak dirasakan oleh rele
differensial.
Relay Differensial

PRINSIPNYA :
membandingkan arus yang masuk
ke peralatan dengan arus yang
keluar dari peralatan tersebut
PERALATAN
I
IN
I
OUT
Fungsi:
untuk mengamankan transformator terhadap gangguan hubung singkat yang
terjadi didalam daerah pengaman transformator.
Cara Kerja:
Membandingkan antara arus yang masuk dengan arus yang keluar

DIFFERENSIAL SEBAGAI PENGAMAN TRAFO (lanjutan)
DALAM KEADAAN NORMAL ARAH I
P
DAN I
S
SEPERTI
PADA GAMBAR
DOT POLARITY
I
P
i
P
I
S
i
S
TRAFO TENAGA
DIFF. RY
CT
P
CT
S
BEBAN
DISISI SEKUNDER MASING-MASING CT, ARUS KELUAR DARI TERMINAL
DOT, SEHINGGA ARAH ARUSNYA :
KARENA I
P
SAMA BESAR I
S
TAPI ARAH BERLAWANAN MAKA
DIFFERENSIAL RELAI TIDAK DILALIRI ARUS

DIFFERENSIAL SEBAGAI PENGAMAN TRAFO (lanjutan)
DALAM KEADAAN GANGGUAN
DOT POLARITY
I
P
i
P
TRAFO TENAGA
DIFF. RY
CT
P
CT
S
BEBAN
ARAH I
P
SEPERTI PADA
GAMBAR DAN HANYA I
P

DISISI SEKUNDER CT
P
, ARUS i
P
KELUAR DARI
TERMINAL DOT, DAN MENGERJAKAN DIFF RY
PERHATIKAN : TERMINAL SEKUNDER CT
P
DAN CT
S
TERHUBUNG
KE DIFF. RY DI FASA YANG BERLAWANAN
ATAU BEDA SUDUT 180o
TRAFO INSTRUMEN

PERALATAN PENGUKURAN LISTRIK
kWh meter : untuk mengukur pemakaian energi listrik
kVAr meter : untuk mengukur pemakaian daya reaktif
Ampere meter : untuk mengukur arus
Volt meter : untuk mengukur tegangan
Watt meter : untuk mengukur pemakaian daya aktif
Cos meter : untuk mengukur power factor
PERALATAN PROTEKSI
Over Current Relay
Ground Fault Relay
Adalah trafo yang mana dipergunakan bersama dengan peralatan
lain seperti: relai proteksi, alat ukur atau rangkaian kontrol, yang
dihubungkan ke arus bolak balik
Trafo instrumen: current transformers dan voltage transformers.
Differential Relay
Distance Relay
Trafo Arus

DEMI KEAMANAN & KETELITIAN, TRAFO ARUS UNTUK :
HARUS PUNYA KETELITIAN TINGGI PADA
DAERAH ARUS PENGUKURAN BEBAN NOMINAL
HARUS JENUH PADA ARUS GANGGUAN YANG
BESAR, UNTUK KEAMANAN ALAT UKUR
PENGUKURAN
HARUS PUNYA KETELITIAN / ERROR KECIL PADA
DAERAH ARUS GANGGUAN HUBUNG SINGKAT BESAR
TIDAK JENUH PADA ARUS GANGGUAN YANG BESAR,
UNTUK KEANDALAN ALAT PROTEKSI
PROTEKSI
Trafo Arus

P
1
/K
P
2
/L
I
P

A
S
2
/l
S
1
/k
I
S

RANGKAIAN EKIVALEN CT
P
1
/K masuknya arus primer & P2/L keluaran arus primer
S
1
/k masuknya arus sekunder dari primer dan S
2
/l keluaran arus
sekunder

Pembumian : pada S
2
/l -- sudut I
P
dan I
S
= 0
0

pada S
1
/k -- sudut I
P
dan I
S
= 180
0

Trafo Arus

Kesalahan arus
Perbedaan arus yang masuk disisi primer dengan arus disisi
sekunder

% = [(Kn Is - Ip)/Ip] x 100%

Kesalahan fasa
Akibat pergeseran fasa antara arus sisi primer dengan arus
sisi sekunder
Composite Error
c
= 100/ I
p
100/T (K
n
i
s
i
p
)
2
dt
i
s
dan i
p
merupakan nilai arus sesaat sisi sekunder dan sisi primer.

Sesuai IEC 60044-1 spesifikasi class untuk CT:
Kelas
ketelitian
+/- % kesalahan ratio arus
pada % dari arus pengenal
+/- % pergeseran fase pada % dari
arus pengenal , menit (centiradians)
5 20 100 120 5 20 100 120
0,1 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,1 15 8 5 5
0,2 0,75 0,35 0,2 0,2 30 15 10 10
0,5 1,5 0,75 0,5 0,5 90 45 30 30
1,0 3,0 1,5 1,0 1,0 180 90 60 60
Kelas
ketelitian
+/- % kesalahan ratio arus
pada % dari arus pengenal
+/- % pergeseran fase pada % dari
arus pengenal , menit (centiradians)
1 5 20 100 120 1 5 20 100 120
0,2S 0,75 0,35 0,2 0,2 0,2 30 15 10 10 10
0,5S 1,5 0,75 0,5 0,5 0,5 90 45 30 30 30
Kelas
ketelitian
+/- % kesalahan ratio arus pada % dari arus pengenal
50 100
3 3 3
5 5 5

TRAFO ARUS
MASING MASING CLASS TRAFO ARUS
UNTUK PENGUKURAN
Untuk kebutuhan industri : CL2 or CL1
Untuk kWh meter di pelanggan : CL0.5
Untuk memperkecil kesalahan : CL0.2S
Untuk kebutuhan laboratorium : CL0.1
Akurasi burden pengenal:
Untuk kebutuhan instrument : CL3 or CL5
2,5 VA; 10 VA; 30 VA
5 VA ; 15 VA
7,5 VA ; 20 VA
Trafo Arus

CT Proteksi
CT Metering
I
eXct

E
S

Kurva CT untuk pengukuran
Kurva CT untuk proteksi
Knee point
Kurva magnetisasi CT
Trafo Tegangan

Trafo tegangan:
Instrumen trafo yang dipergunakan untuk memperkecil tegangan
tinggi ke tegangan rendah , dipergunakan untuk pengukuran atau
proteksi
Accuracy classes sesuai IEC 60044-2
Class Burden Voltage Ratio Phase Application
(%) (%) (%) displacement
(min)
0,1 25 - 100 80 - 120 0,1 5 laboratory
0,2 25 - 100 80 - 120 0,2 10 Precision and revenue metering
0,5 25 - 100 80 - 120 0,5 20 standard revenue metering industrial
1,0 25 - 100 80 - 120 1,0 40 grade meters intruments
3,0 25 - 100 80 - 120 3 -
3P 25 - 100 5-Vf 3,0 120 Protection
6P 25 - 100 5-Vf 6,0 240 Protection
Range Limit of Errors
Trafo Tegangan

Untuk pengukuran tegangan jatuh disisi sekunder 0,05 % s/d 0,1 % x
tegangan pengenal sekunder PT
Tegangan pengenal primer : kV (150 kV, 20 kV atau 150 kV/3 , 20 kV/3)
Tegangan pengenal sekunder: volt (110 V , 110 V atau 110 V/3 , 100 V/3)
R
S
T
Primer
20.000/3
Sekunder
100/3
s
r t
Rangkaian ekivalen
Tipe trafo tegangan:
Inductive voltage transformers
Capacitive voltage transformers
Klasifikasi Trafo Tegangan

Jenis INDUKTIF (PT)
Terdiri dari belitan Primer dan belitan sekunder, Belitan
primer akan menginduksikannya ke belitan sekunder
melalui core.

Jenis KAPASITIF (CVT)
Terdiri dari rangkaian kondensor yang berfungsi sebagai
pembagi tegangan tinggi dari trafo pada tegangan
menengah yang menginduksikan tegangan ke belitan
sekunder melalui media capasitor.

Trafo Tegangan Induktif

7
6
5
1
2
3
4
8
Keterangan gambar:

1. Kertas/Isolasi Minyak Mineral/Quartz filling.

2. Belitan Primer: vernis ganda-isolasi kawat
tembaga, tahan pada suhu tinggi.

3. Inti: bukan orientasi listrik baja memperkecil
resiko resonansi besi

4. Belitan Sekunder

5. Isolator Keramik

6. Dehydrating Breather

7. Terminal Primer

8. Terminal Sekunder

1). HV.T adalah terminal tegangan tinggi
2) kapasitor C1 & C2 pembagi tegangan
(capacitive voltage divider) yang
berfungsi sebagai pembagi tegangan
tinggi untuk diubah oleh trafo
tegangan menjadi tegangan
pengukuran yang lebih rendah

3). L0 adalah induktor penyesuai
tegangan (medium voltage choke)
yang berfungsi untuk
mengatur/menyesuaikan supaya tidak
terjadi pergeseran fasa antara
tegangan masukan (vi) dengan
tegangan keluaran (vo) pada
frekuensi dasar.

1
5
4
3
7
2
4) Belitan primer

5) Isolator keramik

7) Terminal sekunder


Kesalahan rasio trafo tegangan
Kesalahan besaran tegangan karena perbedaan rasio name plate
dengan rasio sebenarnya dinyatakan dalam

% = 100 (Kn Vs - Vp)/Vp

Composite Error
c
= 100/ V
p
100/T (K
n
v
s
v
p
)
2
dt
v
s
dan v
p
merupakan nilai tegangan sesaat sisi sekunder dan sisi primer.
PERHITUNGAN OCR

IEEE Extremely Inverse
IEEE Very Inverse
IEEE Moderately Inverse
ANSI Standard

Grounding System
Introduction
From an electrical point of view, the world
is effectively a huge conductor at zero
potential and is used as a reference point
which is called earth (in the UK) or
ground (in the USA).

The meaning
Earthing is a process that is used to
connect all of the parts that could become
charged, to the general mass of earth and
in so doing, provide a path for fault
currents which will hold these parts as
close as possible to earth (i.e. zero)
potential.
Earthing system is the electrical
potential of the conductors relative to that
of the earths conductive surface.
Electrical supply systems and equipment
are grounded in order to maintain the
voltage at any part of the system at a
known potential relative to true earth and
to provide a path for current flow under
earth fault conditions so that protective
devices operate correctly.
Ungrounded System
Power systems are always grounded
through the system capacitance, even if
the system neutral(s) is ungrounded.
Operate without a grounded conductor.
An ungrounded system does not have a
grounded (neutral) conductor routed
between the supply transformer and the
service equipment because the supply
transformer is not earth grounded.

Ungrounded System

Ungrounded System
Advantage:
An ungrounded system can ride through the
ground fault on one phase.
Disadvantage:
It can produce high transient line-to-ground
overvoltages. The insulation system in rotating
machines (motors and generators) is then
severely stressed and can cause insulation
breakdown.
The recommended solution to the above
disadvantage is to add a resistor in the neutral,
which will reduce potential phase-to-ground
overvoltages
High Resistance Grounded System
Shall not be used unless they are provided
with ground fault indicators or alarms, or
both, and qualified personnel are available
to quickly locate and eliminate such
ground faults.
A high-impedance grounding system has a
high-impedance unit, installed between the
grounded (neutral) conductor and the
grounding electrode conductor, which is
used to regulate fault current.

For correctly installed, the following can be
concluded:
1. Suppresses transient overvoltage
caused by line-to-ground faults
2. Limited to systems with charging
current not exceeding 5.5 A
3. Not enough ground current for selective
relaying
High Resistance Grounded
System
High-resistance grounding is
recommended for the following systems,
with the associated precautions listed:
1. Low-voltage systems with
predominantly three phase loads (Delta
or ungrounded Wye)
2. Medium-voltage systems up to 4.16 kV
where power interruption will be
detrimental to the process
Low-Resistance (LR) Grounded
System
To protect power transformers and
generators from damaging fault currents
LR Grounding for Wye-Connected
System
In these systems, a resistor sized for and
rated at 100400 A is connected to the
neutral of the transformer secondary
winding.

System
LR Grounding for Wye-Connected
System
System
LR Grounding for Delta-Connected
System
The preferred arrangement is to use a
three-phase zig-zag grounding transformer
with a resistor connected to its neutral.
The short time rating of the zig-zag
grounding transformer is the same as the
resistor rating
the continuous rating shall be at least 10%
of the available ground-fault current
System
LR Grounding for Delta-Connected
System
System
Additional :
The neutral can shift to the system phase-to-
ground voltage, and the first ground fault
must be detected to remove the fault circuit
from the system.
This grounding method suppresses the
transient phase-to-ground overvoltages.
Selective ground-fault relaying is possible.
Burning damage at the point of fault is
considerably reduced.
Requires that the cable insulation be 133%,
as the ground fault is cleared quickly.
System
Recommended to be applied :
Where a network is extensive and
subsidiary switching stations exist, and
Where selective tripping is required to
achieve the objective level of service
reliability.
It is also appropriate for overhead line
feeders.
Solidly Grounded Neutral System
The neutral is solidly connected to ground,
and hence the neutral is always at ground
potential.
Having the following characteristic :
1. It eliminates transient phase-to-ground
overvoltages during ground faults.
2. The first ground fault, due to the
unrestricted operation of the ground-fault
3. protection, quickly removes the faulted
circuit from operation.
4. Can cause extensive damage from arcing
ground faults.
Solidly Grounded Neutral
System
Solidly Grounded Neutral
System
The use of solidly grounded neutrals is
recommended for:
1. Low-voltage systems (three-phase, four-
wire) when the majority of the load is
connected between phase and neutral
2. HV, EHV, or UHV systems (above 34.5
kV) for better surge protection and for the
application of lower BIL (basic insulation
level) equipment, as the healthy phase
voltages during faults are significantly
reduced and lowerrated surge arrestors
can be safely applied
Types of Earthing System
System classification
In order to identify the different systems, the IEE
Regulations for Electrical Installations recognize
the following designations of grounding systems
using a two-, three- or four-letter code as follows:
The first letter indicates the type of supply
earthing
The second letter indicates the earthing
arrangement in the installation
The third and fourth letters indicate the
arrangement of the earthed supply conductor
system

The first letter
T indicates that one or more points of the
supply are directly earthed (for example,
the earthed neutral at the transformer);
I indicates either that the supply system is
not earthed (at all) or that the earthing
includes a deliberately inserted
impedance, the purpose of which is to limit
fault current.
The second letter
T indicates that all exposed conductive
metalwork is connected directly to earth;
N indicates that all exposed conductive
metalwork is connected directly to an
earthed supply conductor provided by the
electricity supply company.
The third and fourth letter
S ensure that neutral and earth
conductor systems are quite separate;
C ensure that neutral and earth are
combined into a single conductor.

TN systems

TN systems
The integrity of the earthing of the installation
depends on a reliable and effective connection of
the PEN or PE conductors to earth;
One or more points in the generator or transformer
are connected to earth (usually the star point in a
three-line system).
The body of the electrical device is then connected
with earth via this earth connection at the
transformer and exposed conductive parts of the
installation are then connected to that point by
protective conductors .
TN systems
The conductor that connects together the
exposed metallic parts of the consumer
installation is called the protective earth
(PE),
The conductor that connects to the star
point in a three-line system (or which
carries the return current in a single-line
system) is called the neutral (N)
There are three variants of TN systems:
TN-C, TN-S and TN-C-S.
TN systems
1. TN-C system
is one where the neutral (N) and protective
earth (PE) functions are combined in a
single conductor throughout the system
and this combined neutral and earth wiring
is then used both by the supply and from
within the installation itself .
TN systems
1. TN-C system
TN systems
1. TN-C system (disadvantages)
RCDs (residual current devices) are far less likely
to detect an insulation fault.
They are vulnerable to unwanted triggering
caused by contact between earths of circuits, on
different RCDs or with real ground.
Any connection between the combined neutral and
earth core and the body of the earth could end up
carrying significant current under normal
conditions.
If there is a contact problem in the PEN conductor,
then all parts of the earthing system beyond the
break will rise to the potential of the live
conductor(s).
TN systems
2. TN-S system
have separate protective earth (PE) and
neutral (N) conductors from the
transformer to the consuming device and
these conductors remain separated
throughout the system.
The TN-S is the most common earthing
system in the UK and one where the
electricity supply company provides an
earth terminal at the incoming mains
position
TN systems
2. TN-S system

TN systems
2. TN-S system
Advantages :
Concerns Electromagnetic Compatibility
The consumer has a low-noise
connection to earth and does not suffer
from the voltage that appears on the
neutral conductor as a result of the return
currents and the impedance of that
conductor
Save costs by having a fairly low-
impedance earth connection near each
consumer
TN systems
3. TN-C-S system
Is one that uses a combined PEN
conductor between the transformer and
the building distribution point substation
and the entry point into the building and
then splits up into separate PE and N lines
within the building to fixed indoor wiring
and flexible power cords
So, it will save the cost of an additional
conductor

TN systems
3. TN-C-S system

TN systems
3. TN-C-S system
The use of TN-C-S is not recommended
for locations such as petrol stations etc.,
where there is a combination of lots of
buried metalwork and explosive gases.
Owing to the possibility of a lost neutral,
the use of TN-C-S supplies is banned for
caravans and boats in the UK and it is
often recommended to make outdoor
wiring TT with a separate rod.

TT systems
Is one which has one point of the energy
source directly earthed and the exposed
conductive parts of the consumers
installation are provided with a local
connection to earth, independent of any
earth connection at the generator.
TT systems (similar to TN-S systems)
have a low-noise connection to earth,
which is particularly important with some
types of telecommunication and
measurement equipment.

TT systems

TT systems
This type of installation is usually found in
rural locations where the system is not
provided with an earth terminal by the
electricity supply company and the
installation is fed from an overhead supply
IT systems
Is one which has no direct connection
between live parts and earth and where
the exposed conductive parts of the
electrical installation are earthed
The supply earthing in an IT system can
either be from an unearthed supply or one
which is connected to earth through a
current-limiting impedance.

IT systems

IT systems
This lack of earth will usually mean that
normal protective methods cannot be used
For this reason, IT systems are not
normally allowed in the UK public supply
system
Except for hospitals and other medical
locations where they are recommended for
use with circuits supplying medical
equipment intended for life-support of
patients.
References . . .
http://www.csanyigroup.com/grounded-or-
ungrounded-systems diakses 19-05-2013
jam 19.00 WIB
http://www.postglover.com/lowresistance.h
tml diakses 19-05-2013 jam 19.10 WIB
Shoaib Khan. 2007. Industrial Power
Systems. London & New York : CRC
Press & Taylor and Francis Group
Ray Tricker. 2008. Wiring Regulations in
Brief. UK: Elsevier Ltd

Materi UJIAN Mesin Listrik Dasar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Materi UJIAN Mesin Listrik Dasar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri (TEE 542)

Preview Perancangan Listrik Industri

You might also like