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MC LC
Trang
LI NI U...............................................................................................................1
CHNG I
NHIM V -YU CU -PHNG N THIT K
1.1. TNG QUAN.....................................................................................................3
1.2. NHIM V - YU CU THIT K. ................................................................3
1.2.1. Nhim v thit k. ........................................................................................3
1.2.2. Yu cu thit k ............................................................................................4
1.2.2.1. Yu cu chung........................................................................................4
1.2.2.2. Yu cu c th trong tnh ton thit k cu trc ....................................5
1.3. PHNG N THIT K ..................................................................................6
1.3.1. c im, phn lai cu trc ........................................................................6
1.3.1.1. Mt s c im v cu trc ..................................................................6
1.3.1.2. Phn loi cu trc...................................................................................7
1.3.2. Chn phng n thit k.............................................................................14
1.3.2.1. Phn tch,chn phng n thit k.......................................................14
1.3.2.2. Chn cc thng s c bn ....................................................................17

CHNG II
TNH CC C CU CHNH
2.1. CHN PHNG N V TNH TON C CU NNG.............................20
2.1.1. Chn phng n cho c cu nng ..............................................................20
2.1.2. Tnh c cu nng ........................................................................................21
2.1.2.1. Chn loi dy.......................................................................................21
2.1.2.2. palng gim lc....................................................................................21
2.1.2.3. Kch thc dy.....................................................................................22
2.1.2.4. Tnh cc kch thc c bn ca tang v rng rc ................................22
2.1.2.5. Tnh chn ng c in .......................................................................25
2.1.2.6. T s truyn chung ..............................................................................26
2.1.2.7. Kim tra ng c in v nhit............................................................26
2.1.2.8 .Tnh chn phanh ..................................................................................30
2.1.2.9.Thit k b truyn.................................................................................32
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2.1.2.10. Tnh cp lch tm...............................................................................34
2.1.2.11. Cc b phn khc ca c cu nng....................................................37
2.2. TNH C CU DI CHUYN XE CON...........................................................44
2.2.1. Chn s tnh v cc thng s c bn .....................................................44
2.2.2. Tnh c cu di chuyn.................................................................................44
2.2.2.1. Tnh bnh xe ........................................................................................44
2.2.2.2. Chn ng c in...............................................................................46
2.2.2.3. Xc nh t s truyn b truyn h......................................................50
2.2.2.4. Thit k b truyn h, bnh rng tr - thng .......................................50
2.3. TNH C CU DI CHUYN CU.................................................................56
2.3.1. Chn s tnh v cc thng s c bn .....................................................56
2.3.2. Tnh c cu di chuyn cu..........................................................................57
2.3.2.1. Tnh bnh xe v ray .............................................................................57
2.3.2.2. Chn ng c in...............................................................................58
2.3.2.3. T s truyn chung ..............................................................................59
2.3.2.4. Kim tra ng c in v mmen m my..........................................60
2.3.2.5. Tnh chn phanh ..................................................................................61
2.3.2.6. Thit k b truyn................................................................................62
2.3.2.7. Tnh bnh xe v ray .............................................................................66
2.3.2.8. Tnh trc truyn....................................................................................68

CHNG III
TNH KT CU THP CA CU TRC
3.1. TNH DM CHNH.........................................................................................70
3.1.1. Chn vt liu...............................................................................................70
3.1.2. Xc nh cc ti trng tc dng ln dm chnh ..........................................70
3.1.3. Chn kt cu dm chnh v kim tra bn ...................................................71
3.1.3.1. Chn kch thc tit din dm chnh...................................................71
3.1.3.2. Kim tra bn tit din chn.............................................................72
3.2. TNH DM CUI ............................................................................................75
3.2.1. Chn vt liu cho dm cui: .......................................................................75
3.2.2. Xc nh cc ti trng tc dng ln dm cui ............................................75
3.2.3. Chn kt cu dm cui v kim tra bn .....................................................75

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CHNG IV
TNH CC THIT B PH V S B
TNH GI THNH
4.1. THIT K H THNG IU KHIN CHO CC C CU CNG TC ...79
4.1.1. Khi nim chung.........................................................................................79
4.1.2. H thng dy dn v cc thit b bo v.....................................................79
4.1.2.1. H thng dy dn cung cp in cho cu trc .....................................79
4.1.2.2. Cc thit b bo v ...............................................................................80
4.1.3. Thit k mch iu khin cho cc c cu cng tc ....................................80
4.2.3.1. Mch iu khin c cu nng: .............................................................80
4.2.3.2. Mch iu khin c cu di chuyn xe con v c cu di chuyn cu ...81
4.2. THIT K CC THIT B AN TON C - IN CHO CU TRC.........85
4.2.1. Thit b hn ch chiu cao nng .................................................................85
4.2.2. Thit b hn ch ti trng nng...................................................................86
4.2.3. Thit b gii hn hnh trnh di chuyn v gim chn.................................86
4.3. S B TNH GI THNH SN PHM........................................................87

CHNG V
KT LUN V XUT KIN
KT LUN..............................................................................................................90
XUT KIN..................................................................................................90
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................91

1
LI NI U

My nng ch yu dng nng vt nng phc v cc qu trnh xy lp, xp d
v vn chuyn vt trong cc lnh vc cng nghip, xy dng, quc phng.v.v.. Vi vai
tr quan trng trong vic c gii ha t ng ha, my nng l mt trong phng
tin v cng cn thit, l iu kin c bn pht trin nn kinh t quc dn. V vy
vic tm hiu cc my nng chuyn l khng th thiu i vi cc k s.
Nhm mc ch tm hiu nhiu hn v vn trn, do vy cui kha hc em
nhn ti:Thit k cu trc 1 tn phc v cho vic di chuyn tn tm.
Ni dung thc hin bao gm cc phn chnh sau:
Chng I: Nhim v, yu cu v phng n thit k.
Chng II: Tnh ton cc c cu chnh.
Chng III: Tnh kt cu thp.
Chng IV: Tnh cc thit b ph v s b tnh gi thnh.
Chng V: Kt lun v xut kin.
Qua thi gian tm hiu thc t cng nhng ti liu c lin quan v c bit c
s gip tn tnh ca thy Nguyn Thi V, nay em hon thnh ti c
giao; mc d c gng nhiu, nhng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt
mong c s ng gp kin v gip ca cc thy cng bn c cun ti
ny c hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Thi V, cc thy trong khoa K Thut
Tu Thy trng i Hc Nha Trang cng ton th cc bn nhit tnh gip em
hon thnh cun ti ny.

Nha Trang, ngy 05 thng 7 nm 2008
Sinh vin thc hin:

Bi Mnh Linh

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CHNG I

NHIM V -YU CU -PHNG N THIT K

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1.1. TNG QUAN
My nng chuyn l cc loi my cng tc dng thay i v tr ca i tng cng
tc nh thit b mang vt trc tip, s ra i v pht trin ca n gn lin vi yu cu v
kinh t k thut ca ngnh cng nghip nhm gim ti a sc ngi trong lao ng.
c im lm vic ca cc c cu my nng l ngn hn, lp i lp li v c thi
gian dng. Chuyn ng chnh ca my l nng h vt theo phng thng ng,
ngoi ra cn mt s cc chuyn ng khc dch chuyn vt trong mt phng ngang
nh chuyn ng quay quanh trc my, di chuyn my, chuyn ng lc quanh trc
ngang. Bng s phi hp gia cc chuyn ng, my c th dch chuyn vt n bt
c v tr no trong khng gian lm vic ca n.
p ng yu cu v i hi ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, k thut
nng vn chuyn cng xut hin nhiu loi my nng vn chuyn mi, lun ci tin
v hp l ha phng php phc v, nng cao hn tin cy lm vic, t ng ha
cc khu iu khin, tin nghi v tha mn yu cu ca ngi s dng. Ty theo kt
cu v cng dng, my nng chuyn c chia thnh cc loi: kch, bn ti, palng,
cn trc, cu trc, cng trc, thang nng.v.v..
Cu trc l loi my trc kiu cu. Loi ny di chuyn trn ng ray t trn
cao dc theo nh xng, xe con mang hng di chuyn trn kt cu thp kiu cu, cu
trc c th nng h v vn chuyn hng theo yu cu ti bt k im no trong khng
gian ca nh xng. Cu trc c s dng trong tt c cc lnh vc ca nn kinh t
quc dn vi cc thit b mang vt rt a dng nh mc treo, thit b cp, nam chm
in v.v.. c bit cu trc c s dng ph bin trong ngnh cng nghip ch to
my v luyn kim vi cc thit b mang vt chuyn dng.
1.2. NHIM V - YU CU THIT K.
1.2.1. Nhim v thit k.
Thit k l mt qu trnh sng to, trong qu trnh ny ngi thit k phi tm
hiu, cp v gii quyt tho ng hng lot cc yu cu khc nhau v phng php
tnh ton, ch tiu kh nng lm vic, cng ngh ch to v quy trnh lp rp, s dung,
sa cha theo nhiu phng php khc nhau. Nhim v chnh ca thit k l tm ra v
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c th ho cc gii php k thut t la chn ra phng php ti u, ph hp
vi nhim v th thit k. Cui cng l a ra nhng thng tin v i tng thit k
v t nhng thng tin c th to ra mt sn phm c th.
Vic thit k phi m bo kh nng thc hin c cc gii php k thut,
ngha l phi c s ph hp gia cc c tnh k thut ca cc i tng mi vi cc
gii php k thut v mc pht trin ca khoa hc k thut cng nh thc t sn
xut. Trong ti ny, vic thit k c gii hn trong thit k cu trc 1 tn phc
v cho vic di chuyn tn tm sao cho m bo c cc tnh nng k thut v yu
cu t ra.
1.2.2. Yu cu thit k
1.2.2.1. Yu cu chung
Mi loi my nng c cu thnh t hai b phn c bn: kt cu thp v b
phn c kh. Ngoi hai b phn trn cn c phn trang b in, cc b phn iu
khin, cc c cu bo v an ton,
Phn kt cu thp c hnh dng, kch thc ngoi khc nhau, ph hp vi khng
gian, tnh cht cng vic v i tng m chng phc v cng nh iu kin kinh t
k thut khc. Kt cu thp l xng sng, l b phn chu ti ca c my nng m
trong qu trnh lm vic trng lng cc c cu c kh, ti trng nng chuyn n.
Cc c cu c kh c lp t trc tip trn b phn kt cu thp v thc hin chc
nng nng h, di chuyn hoc quay my nng, thay i tm v. Ngi ta phi hp cc
chc nng ca cc c cu trn nng h, di chuyn vt trong khng gian m my
nng c th thao tc.
B phn c cu c kh l tp hp cc b truyn dn ng t ng c n b
cng tc. Cc b phn ny c th l c kh, thu lc, kh nn hoc hn hp ca cc
loi . i a s cc my nng s dng truyn ng c kh m kt cu ca chng l:
ng c, hp gim tc, trong c cc trc, khp ni, bi, cc cp bnh rng, cp
hoc xch truyn ng, tang cun cp, puli, phanh, c xp xp theo mt th t v
quy lut truyn ng nht nh. Tnh ton cc c cu truyn ng l tnh ton chc
nng ca my (ng hc, ng lc hc nh l s vng, tc , phng chiu chuyn
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ng, lc tc ng), sc bn cc c cu t nh ra kch thc hnh hc, cng
sut ng c v cc thng s khc nhm lm cho my nng t c cc yu cu k
thut ph hp vi yu cu thc t i hi t ra.
i vi tnh ton sc bn nhm tm c kch thc ca cc c cu t cng
vng v bn mn. Tnh ton bn thng tri qua hai giai on: trc tin l la chn
s b sau l tnh chnh xc. La chn s b l mc ch xc nh nhanh nhng
kch thc chnh theo phng php n gin v gn ng. Tnh ton chi tit hay tnh
chnh xc nhm mc ch kim tra v iu chnh li kch thc c cu la chn s
b. Cch tnh ny thng da vo tnh cht mi ca vt liu.
H hng cc c cu my nng ch yu l do gy v mn. Vic tnh bn chi tit
l phi xc nh chnh xc kch thc c kh nng cng vng chng li cc ti
trng tc dng ln chng, bo m tui th ca chng ng thi bo m tnh kinh t
khng qu lng ph vt liu. Mn ca cc chi tit c cu din ra t t v lu di.
m bo mn cho php cn quan tm ti cht lng vt liu v phng php x l
b mt cc vt liu ph hp iu kin lm vic theo yu cu ca tng chi tit, b
phn v t c tui th ca c my xc nh trc.
1.2.2.2. Yu cu c th trong tnh ton thit k cu trc
Trong tnh ton thit k cu trc 1T phc v cho vic di chuyn tn tm cn
tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Phi phc v tt cho vic di chuyn tn tm trong phn xng c kh.
- Hnh dng, kch thc ca cc kt cu phi ph hp loi vt mang v khng
gian nh xng.
- Phi t c tnh kinh t cao: ngha l thit b sau khi ch to v cc chi ph
vn chuyn ca thit b phi l ti u nht.
- Kch thc cc chi tit kt cu ca cu trc phi nh gn m vn m bo c
cc tnh nng ca n.
- Thit b phi d ch to hoc nm trong gii hn tiu chun v d lp t trong
phn xng.
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- S dng n, lm vic phi c tin cy cao, t hng hc v b s c mi
ch nng chuyn.
- Phi m bo cho vic bo dng v sa cha trang thit b c d dng
trong nhng trng hp cn thit.
- Thit b phi t tui bn cn thit.
1.3. PHNG N THIT K
1.3.1. c im, phn lai cu trc
1.3.1.1. Mt s c im v cu trc
Cu trc l mt loi my trc c phn kt cu thp (dm chnh) lin kt vi hai
dm ngang (dm cui), trn hai dm ngang ny c 4 bnh xe di chuyn trn hai
ng ray song song t trn vai ct nh xng hay trn dn kt cu thp. Cu trc
c s dng rt rng ri v tin dng nng h vt nng, hng ho trong cc nh
xng, phn xng c kh, nh kho bn bi. Dm cu c gi l dm chnh thng
c kt cu hp hoc dn, c th c mt hoc hai dm, trn c xe con v c cu
nng di chuyn qua li dc theo dm chnh. Hai u ca dm chnh lin kt hn hoc
inh tn vi hai dm cui, trn mi dm cui c hai cm bnh xe, cm bnh xe ch
ng va cm bnh xe b ng. Nh c cu di chuyn cu v kt hp c cu di chuyn
xe con (hoc palng) m cu trc c th nng h bt c v tr no trong khng gian
pha di m cu trc bao qut.











Hnh 1.1. Cu trc dn ng in.
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Xt v tng th cu trc gm c phn kt cu thp (dm chnh, dm cui, sn
cng tc, lan can), cc c cu c kh (c cu nng, c cu di chuyn cu v c cu di
chuyn xe con) v cc thit b iu khin khc.
Dn ng cu trc c th bng tay hoc dn ng in. Dn ng bng tay ch
yu dng trong cc phn xng sa cha, lp rp nh, nng h khng thng xuyn,
khng i hi nng sut v tc cao. Dn ng bng in cho cc loi cu c ti
trng nng v tc nng ln s dng trong cc phn xng lp rp v sa cha ln.
Cu trc c ch to vi ti trng nng t 1 n 500 t; khu dm cu n
32m; chiu cao nng n 16m; tc nng vt t 2 n 40 m/ph; tc di chuyn xe
con n 60m/ph v tc di chuyn cu trc n 125 m/ph. Cu trc c ti trng
nng thng c trang b hai hoc ba c cu nng vt: mt c cu nng chnh v
mt hoc hai c cu nng ph.Ti trng nng ca loi cu trc ny thng c k
hiu bng mt phn s vi ti trng nng chnh v ph, v d: 15/3 t; 20/5 t; 150/20/5
t; v.v..
1.3.1.2. Phn loi cu trc
Cu trc c phn loi theo cc trng hp sau:
a. Theo cng dng
Theo cng dng c cc loi cu trc c cng dng chung v cu trc chuyn
dng.
- Cu trc c cng dng chung c kt cu tng t nh cc cu trc khc, im
khc bit c bn ca loi cu trc ny l thit b mang vt a dng, c th nng c
nhiu loi hng ho khc nhau. Thit b mang vt ch yu ca loi cu trc ny l
mc treo xp d, lp rp v sa cha my mc. Loi cu trc ny c ti trng nng
khng ln v khi cn c th dng vi gu ngom, nam chm in hoc thit b cp
xp d mt loi hng nht nh.
- Cu trc chuyn dng l loi cu trc m thit b mang vt ca n chuyn
nng mt loi hng nht nh. Cu trc chuyn dng c s dng ch yu trong
cng nghip luyn kim vi cc thit b mang vt chuyn dng v c ch lm vic
rt nng.
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b. Theo k cu dm
Theo kt cu dm cu c cc loi cu trc mt dm v cu trc hai dm.
- Cu trc mt dm l loi my trc kiu cu thng ch c mt dm chy ch I
hoc t hp vi cc dn thp tng cng cho dm cu, xe con cheo palng di chuyn
trn cnh di ca dm ch I hoc mang c cu nng di chuyn pha trn dm ch I,
ton b cu trc c th di chuyn dc theo nh xng trn ng ray chuyn dng
trn cao. Tt c cc cu trc mt dm u dng palng c ch to sn theo tiu
chun lm c cu nng h hng. Nu n c trang b palng ko tay th gi l cu
trc mt dm dn ng bng tay, nu c trang b palng in th gi l cu trc mt
dm dn ng bng in.

Hnh 1.2. Cu trc mt dm.
1. B phn cp in li ba pha. 6. Palng in.
2. Trc truyn ng. 7. Dm chnh.
3. C cu di chuyn cu. 8. Khung gin thp.
4. Bnh xe di chuyn cu. 9. Mc cu.
5. Dm cui. 10. Cabin iu khin.

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Cu trc mt dm dn ng bng tay c kt cu n gin v r tin nht, chng
c s dng trong cng vic phc v sa cha, lp t thit b vi khi lng cng
vic t, sc nng ca cu trc loi ny thng khong 0,55 tn, tc lm vic
chm.
Cu trc mt dm dn ng bng in c trang b palng in, sc nng c
th ln ti 10 tn, khu n 30 m, gm c b phn cp in li ba pha.

Hnh 1.3. Cu trc hai dm.
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- Cu trc hai dm, kt cu tng th ca cu trc hai dm gm c: dm hoc
dn ch 1, hai dm ch lin kt vi hai dm u 7, trn dm u lp cc cm bnh
bnh xe di chuyn cu trc 6, b my dn ng 3, b my di chuyn hot ng s lm
cho cc bnh xe quay v cu trc chuyn ng theo ng ray chuyn dng 5 t trn
cao dc nh xng, hng chuyn ng ca cu trc chiu quay ca ng c in.
Xe con mang hng 11 di chuyn dc theo ng ray lp trn hai dm (dn) ch;
trn xe con t cc b my ca ti chnh 10, ti ph 9 v b my di chuyn xe con 2,
cc dy cp in 8 c th co dn ph hp vi v ch ca xe con v cp in cho cu
trc nh h thanh dn in 12 t dc theo tng nh xng, cc qut in 3 pha t
st trn cc thanh ny, lng thp lm cng tc kim tra 13 treo di dm cu trc. Cc
b my ca cu trc thc hin 3 chc nng: nng h hng, di chuyn xe con v di
chuyn cu trc. Sc nng ca cu trc 2 dm thng trong khong 530 tn, khi c
yu cu ring c th n 500 tn. cu trc c sc nng trn 10 tn, thng c
trang b hai ti nng cng vi hai mc cu chnh v ph, ti ph c sc nng thng
bng mt phn t (0,25) sc nng ca ti chnh, nhng tc nng th ln hn.
Dm chnh ca cu trc hai dm c ch to di dng hp hoc dn khng
gian. Dm gin khng gian tuy c nh hn dm hp song kh ch to v thng ch
dng cho cu trc c ti trng nng
v khu ln. Dm cui ca cu
trc hai dm thng c lm di
dng hp v lin kt vi cc dm
chnh bng bu lng hoc hn.
c. Theo cch ta ca dm
chnh
Theo cch ta ca dm chnh
c cc loi cu trc ta v cu trc
cheo.
- Cu trc ta l loi cu trc
m hai u ca dm chnh ta ln Hnh 1.4. Cu trc ta.
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cc dm cui, chng c lin kt vi nhau bi inh tn hoc hn. Loi cu trc ny
c kt cu n gin nhng vn m bo c tin cy cao nn c s dung rt ph
bin. Trn hnh 1.3 l hnh chung ca cu trc ta loi mt dm. phn kt cu thp
ca gm dm cu 1 c hai u ta ln cc dm cui 5 vi cc bnh xe di chuyn dc
theo nh xng. Loi cu trc ny thng dng phng n dn dn ng chung. Pha
trn dm ch I l khung gin thp 4 dm bo cng vng theo phng ngang
ca dm cu. Palng in 3 c th chy dc theo cnh thp pha di ca dm I nh
c cu di chuyn palng . Ca bin iu khin 2 c treo vo phn kt cu chu lc ca
cu trc.

Hnh 1.5. Cu trc treo.
a) Loi hai ray treo; b) Loi ba ray treo.

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- Cu trc treo l loi cu trc m ton b phn kt cu thp c th chy dc
theo nh xng nh hai ray treo hoc nh nhiu ray treo. Do lin kt treo ca cc ray
phc tp nn loi cu trc ny thng ch c dng trong cc trng hp c bit
cn thit. So vi cu trc ta, cu trc treo c u im l c th lm dm cu di hn,
do n c th phc v c phn ra mp ca nh xng, thm ch c th chuyn hng
gia hai nh xng song song ng thi kt cu thp ca cu trc treo nh hn so vi
cu trc ta. Tuy nhin, cu trc treo c chiu cao nng thp hn cu trc ta.
d.Theo cch b ch c cu di chuyn
Theo cch b ch c cu di chuyn cu trc c cc loi cu trc dn ng chung
v cu trc dn ng ring.
- C cu di chuyn cu trc c th thc hin theo hai phng n dn ng chung v
dn ng ring. Trong phng n dn ng chung, ng c dn ng c t gia
dm cu v truyn chuyn
ng ti cc bnh xe ch
ng hai bn ray nh cc
trc truyn. Trc truyn c
th l trc quay chm,
quay nhanh v quay trung
bnh (hnh 1.5, a, b, c).
phng n dn ng ring
(hnh 1.5, d) mi bnh xe
hoc cm bnh xe ch
ng c trang b mt c
cu dn ng.
- C cu dn ng
chung vi trc truyn quay
chm (hnh 1.6, a) gm
ng c in 1, hp gim tc Hnh 1.6. Cc phng nh dn ng.
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2 v cc on trc truyn 3 ni vi nhau v ni vi trc ra ca hp gim tc bng cc
khp ni 4. Trc truyn ta trn cc gi 5 bng bi. Do phi truyn momen xon
ln nn trc truyn, khp ni v bi c kch thc rt ln, c bit khi cu trc c ti
trng nng v khu dm ln. Cc on trc truyn c th l trc c hoc trc
rng. So vi trc c tng ng, trc rng c trng lng nh hn 15 20%.
Phng n ny c s dng tng i ph bin trong cc cu trc c cng dng
chung c khu khng ln, c bit l cc cu trc c kt cu dm khng gian c
th b tr d dng cc b phn ca c cu.
- C cu dn ng chung vi trc truyn quay trung bnh (hnh 1.6, b) c trc
truyn 3 truyn chuyn ng n bnh xe di chuyn cu trc qua cp bnh rng h 4.
V vy m mmen xon trn trc nh hn so vi trc truyn chm v kch thc ca
chng cng nh hn.
- C cu di chuyn dn ng chung vi trc truyn quay nhanh (hinh 1.6, c) c
trc truyn 2 c ni trc tip vi trc ng c v v vy n c ng knh nh hn
2 3 ln v trng lng nh hn 4 6 ln so vi trc chuyn quay chm. Tuy nhin,
do quay nhanh m n i hi ch to v lp rp chnh xc.
- C cu di chuyn dn ng ring (hnh 1.6, d) gm hai c cu nh nhau dn
ng cho cc bnh xe ch ng mi bn ray c bit. Cng sut mi ng c
thng ly bng 60% tng cng sut yu cu. Phng n ny tuy c s x lch dm
cu khi di chuyn do lc cn hai bn ray khng u song do gn nh, d lp t, s
dng v bo dng m ngy cng c s dng ph bin hn, c bit l trong nhng
cu trc c khu trn 15m.
e. Theo ngun dn ng
Theo ngun dn ng c cc loi cu trc dn ng tay v cu trc dn ng
my.
- Cu trc dn ng bng tay, (hnh 1.7) c dng ch yu trong sa cha, lp
rp nh v cc cng vic nng - chuyn hng khng yu cu tc cao. C cu nng
ca loi cu trc ny thng l palng xch ko tay. C cu di chuyn palng xch v
cu trc cng c dn ng bng cch ko xch t di ln. Tuy l thit b nng th
14
s song do gi thnh r v d s dng m cu trc dn ng bng tay vn c s
dng c hiu qu trong cc phn xng nh.
- Cu trc dn ng bng ng c, (hnh 1.1) c dng ch trong cc phn
xng sa ch, lp rp ln v cng vic nng - chuyn hng yu cu c tc v
khi ln. C cu nng ca loi cu trc ny l palng in. C cu di chuyn palng
in, xe con v cu cng c dn ng t ng c in. Loi cu trc ny c
dng ph bin nht do c nhiu u im ni bt l kh nng t ng ho, thun tin
cho ngi s dung v c th s dung trong vic vn chuyn cc loi hng c khi
lng ln.
Hnh1.7. Cu trc dn ng bng tay.
a) Loi mt dm; b) Loi hai dm.
f. Theo v tr iu khin
Theo v tr iu khin c cc loi cu trc iu khin t cabin gn trn dm cu
(hnh 1.4) v cu trc iu khin t di nn nh hp nt bm (hnh 1.2). iu khin
t di nn bng hp nt bm thng dng cho cc loi cu trc mt dm c ti trng
nng nh.
1.3.2. Chn phng n thit k
1.3.2.1. Phn tch,chn phng n thit k
p ng yu cu v mc ch ca vic thit k mi cu trc 1 tn phc v
cho vic di chuyn tn tm, trc tin ta phi phn tch chn s kt cu cu trc
15
sao cho ph hp vi mc ch v c im sn xut ca ca phn xng sau tin
hnh chn phng n thit k cho ph hp, chnh xc v t hiu qu cao nht.
a. Chn m hnh thit k
T cc lai cu trc trn, qua tm hiu thc t v c im kt cu v tnh nng
k thut ca cu trc phc v trong cc phn xng ti thy loi cu trc mt dm
dng ch I c xe con treo palng di chuyn trn cnh di ca dm ch I l loi ph
hp nht. Loi cu ny c u im hn c v c kt cu n gin v nh gn, thch
hp cho vic di chuyn tn tm trong cc phn xng cng nh yu cu v ti trng,
lm vic tin cy, s dng n gin, thun tin cho vic bo dng thit b nu xy ra
s c v t hiu qu kinh t cao. Chnh v vy ti chn loi cu ny thit k.
6
5
1
4
3
2

Hnh 1.8. Cu trc thit k.
Thit k cu trc mt dm vi ti trng nng 1 tn c kt cu nh sau:
- Kt cu thp: dm chnh 1 ch I c hai u ta trn hai dm cui 5, kt cu
dm cui gm hai thanh thp ch I ghp song song. Pha trn dm ch I l khung gin
thp 6 c tc dng lm gi cho c cu di chuyn cu ng thi m bo cng
cn thit theo phng ngang.
- Xe con 3 mang palng in 4 di chuyn trn cnh di ca dm ch I, cu trc
di chuyn dc theo nh xng nh c cu di chuyn 2.
16
- Phng n dn ng: mi c cu (c cu nng, c cu di chuyn xe con, c
cu di chuyn cu) u c dn ng bng mt ng c in.
- Cu trc c trang b thit b mang vt l cp lch tm.
- Cc c cu c iu khin bng hp nt bm t di nn nh.
b. Chn phng n thit k
thit k bt c mt vn g vic u tin chng ta phi xc nh ta i thit k
ci g, n phc v mc ch g v ci ta thit k ra c nhng tnh u vit hn so vi
ci hin ang c hay khng. Mt vn v cng quan trng l ta thit k theo
phng php no, vn ny cn phi c xc nh ngay t u trc khi i thit k
bt c mt vn g. V nu khng xc nh c thit k theo phng php no th
c th thit k khng c tnh kh thi v i khi l khng th thc hin c.
Hin nay i thit k mt vn no chng ta c 4 phng php c bn,
l:
- Thit k theo mu.
- Thit k theo Quy Phm.
- Thit k theo s liu thng k.
- Thit k theo tnh ton.
c im ca mi phng n thit k:
Thit k theo mu: u im ca phng php ny l cho php ta i thit k
mt cch nhanh chng, chng ta ch cn da vo mu cu trc c sn hoc thit k
mu i thit k ci gn ging vi ci ta cn thit k. Tuy nhin n cng c nhng
nhc im ca n l chng ta kh c th tm c mu cu trc thch hp hay
thit k mu gn nht vi ci ta cn thit k. Mt khc khi i thit k mt vn hon
ton mi th khng th p dng phng php ny c.
Thit k theo Quy Phm: y l mt trong nhng phng php thit k cho ta i
thit k nhanh nht m bo d bn v cc Quy Phm t ra c da vo cc kinh
nghim v cch tnh d bn. Tuy nhin phng php ny khng th p dng cho cc
trng hp c bit c v cc chi tit thit k ra cho ta d bn.
17
Thit k theo s liu thng k: Chng ta thng k cc chi tit sn phm phn tch
la chn xem chi tit no hot ng hiu qu v gn vi thit k mnh nht. T
cho ta thit k chi tit da vo kt qu va mi thng k c.
Thit k theo tnh ton: y l mt trong bn phng php cho ta kt qu chnh
xc nht v c tnh kinh t cao, tuy nhin n c nhc im l kh khn trong cc
phng php tnh ton v i thit lp cc cng thc tnh ton.
Kt lun: mi phng n thit k u c nhng u nhc im khc nhau, do
trong tnh ton thit k ta phi la chn phng n no cho ph hp nht theo yu
cu v mc ch ca vn cn gii quyt t hiu qu cao nht. Vy vi yu cu
v mc ch c th trong tnh ton thit k cu trc ti chn phng n thit k theo
tnh ton v y l phng n cho ta kt qu chnh xc nht, tnh kinh t v hiu qu
cao nht.
C th trong tnh ton Thit k cu trc mt dm vi ti trng nng 1 tn ta
phi tnh cc c cu chnh sau:
- Tnh c cu nng.
- Tnh c cu di chuyn: c cu di chuyn cu v di chuyn palng in.
- Tnh kt cu thp: tnh chn dm chnh va dm cui.
- Tnh chn cc thit b ph: h thng iu khin, cc thit b an ton c
in.v.v..
1.3.2.2. Chn cc thng s c bn
Vic la chn cc kch thc c bn ca cu trc phi cn c vo iu kin lm
vic, loi hng cn bc d v a hnh ca nh xng.v.v.. Qua kho st thc t cc
loi cu trc phc v vic vn chuyn tn ti cc phn xng ta xc nh c cc
thng s c bn nh sau:
- Ti trng nng: Q = 1T
- Chiu cao nng: H = 5 m
- Khu dm cu: L = 8 m
- Vn tc nng :V
n
= 10 m/ph
- Vn tc di chuyn cu: :V
c
= 20 m/ph
18
- Vn tc di chuyn xe con: :V
x
= 35 m/ph
- Dng in xoay chiu 3 pha = / 220/380 v, tn s 50 Hz
- Ch lm vic: Nh.
Tng ng vi ch lm vic nh ta c:
Bng 1-1. Cc s liu v ch lm vic cc c cu ca cu trc.














Ch tiu Ch lm vic (T)
- Cng lm vic, C%
- H s s dng trong ngy, k
ng
- H s s dng trong nm, k
n
- H s s dng theo ti trng, k
Q

- S ln m my trong mt gi, m
- S cho k lm vic trong mt gi, a
ck
- Nhit mi trng xung quanh, t
0
C
15
0,33
0,25
0,55
60
10 15
25
Thi gian phc v, nm
- ln
- Bnh rng
- Trc v cc chi tit khc
10
15
25
Thi gian lm vic trong
thi hn trn, h
- ln
- Bnh rng
- Trc v cc chi tit khc
1000
1500
2500
19





























CHNG II

TNH CC C CU CHNH

20
2.1. CHN PHNG N V TNH TON C CU NNG
2.1.1. Chn phng n cho c cu nng
Theo yu cu cng ngh, c cu nng l mt b phn ca cu trc. Vic chn
phng n cho c cu nng thit k cn phi m bo cc thng lm vic nh cng
sut, tc , c tnh ng lc hc, phng php iu khin, mi trng sinh thi,
kh nng qu ti, kh nng tiu chun ha, kh nng lp t, vn hnh, an ton. Cc
ch tiu kinh t nh gi thnh, chi ph sn xut, khu hao, chi ph bo dng sa cha
v.v..
i vi cu trc thit k phng n b tr cho c cu nng c chn c s
nh hnh 2.1. Vi phng n ny c cu c kch thc tng i gn nh cho php
ch to tng cm c cu ring bit nn thun tin cho vic lp t v n gin trong
vic ch to.


1. ng c in.
2. Khp ni vng n hi.
3. Phanh.
4. Hp gim tc.
5. Khp ni.
6. Tang.


Hnh 2.1. S c cu nng.
y l loi c cu nng dy mm, c mt tang, truyn ng ca c cu l truyn
ng ring, nng lng s dng l nng lng in. Kt cu c bn gm ng c in
1, khp ni vng n hi 2, phanh 3, hp gim tc 4, khp ni 5, tang cun cp 6,
ngoi ra cn c cc b phn khc nh dy cp, cp lch tm v rng rc cp (hnh
2.2).
6 5
4
3
2
1
21
Cc thng s ban u:
- Ti trng nng: Q = 1T = 10000N.
- Chiu cao nng: H = 5 m.
- Tc nng vt: Vn =10 m/ph.
- Ch lm vic ca c cu: Nh.
- Trng lng b phn mang vt: Cp lch tm v palng thun, cp lch tm v
palng thun c chn theo tiu chun ca Lin X, (atlat) c khi lng:
= Q Q
m
% 25 , 0 25 kg = 250 N
2.1.2. Tnh c cu nng
2.1.2.1. Chn loi dy
C cu nng lm vic vi ng c in, vn tc cao, nn ta chn cp lm dy
cho c cu, v cp l loi dy c nhiu u im hn so vi cc loi dy khc nh xch
hn, xch tm v l loi dy thng dng nht trong ngnh my trc hin nay.
Trong cc kiu kt cu ca dy cp th kt cu kiuK-3 theo tiu chun ca
Lin X c tip xc ng gia cc si thp cc lp k nhau, lm vic lu hng v
c s dng rng ri. Vt liu ch to l cc si thp c gii hn bn 1200 2100
N/
2
mm . Vy ta chn cp K-3 kt cu 6 x 25 (1+6; 6+12) + 1 li, gii hn bn cc
si thp trong khong 1500 1700 N/
2
mm , d dng trong vic thay cp sau ny
khi b mn, t.
2.1.2.2. palng gim lc
Trn cc cu ln dy cp c cun trc tip ln tang; cu ln phc v trong
phn xng khi cn nng h vt theo chiu thng ng, tin li trong khi lm vic;
do ta chn palng n c mt nhnh dy chy ln tang. Tng ng vi ti trng
cu trc, theo bng 2-6, [2- tr.25].
Chn bi sut palng a = 2. Palng gm mt rng rc di chuyn, s (hnh 2.2)
Lc cng ln nht xut hin nhnh dy cp cun ln tang khi nng vt c
xc nh theo cng thc [2- tr.24].
k
a m
Q
S
p
.
0
max
=
22
Trong :
a = 2 bi sut palng.
m = 1 s nhnh cp cun ln tang.
k = 1,5 h s ti trng ng.
= + =
m
Q Q Q
0
10000 + 250 = 10250 N

p
- hiu sut palng.

( )
( )
98 , 0
98 , 0 1 2
98 , 0 . 98 , 0 1
) 1 (
). 1 (
2
=

a
t a
p

Vi: t S rng rc i hng, t = 0
= 0,98 hiu sut ca rng rc t
trn ln bi trn bnh thng. Hnh 2.2. s palng.
7844 5 , 1 .
98 , 0 . 2 . 1
10250
max
= = S N
2.1.2.3. Kch thc dy
Kch thc dy cp dc chn da vo cng thc (2-10) [tr.18]
39220 5 . 7844 .
max
= = = k S S

N
Trong :

S - lc ko t cp.
k = 5 - h s an ton bn ca cp, ly theo bng (2-2) [tr.19] ng vi
ch lm vic nh.
Xut pht t iu kin bn theo cng thc (2-10), vi loi dy chn trn, vi
gii hn bn ca si 1600 =
b
N/
2
mm =160 kg/
2
mm . Theo tiu chun ca Lin X,
chn ng knh cp 1 , 8 =
c
d mm c sc ko t N S

40350 = xp x vi lc t cp
yu cu.
Trng lng 100 m cp = 23,40 kg = 234 N.
2.1.2.4. Tnh cc kch thc c bn ca tang v rng rc
ng knh nh nht cho php i vi tang v rng rc xc nh theo cng thc
(2-12) [tr-20].
23
4 , 194 ) 1 25 ( 1 , 8 ) 1 ( = = e d D
c t
mm
Trong :

t
D - ng knh tang n y rnh cp, mm.
1 , 8 =
c
d mm - ng knh dy cp qun ln tang.
e = 25 h s thc nghim, tra theo bng (2-4) [tr.20]
Ta chn ng knh tang 195 =
t
D mm.
Rng rc lm vic, c th chn ng knh nh hn 20% so vi ng knh
tang.
156 135 . 8 , 0 8 , 0 = = =
t r
D D mm
Chiu di ton b ca tang c xc nh theo cng thc (2-14) [tr.21].
2 1 0
2L L L L + + =







Hnh 2.3. S xc nh chiu di tang
Trong :
L chiu di ton b ca tang.
L
0
chiu di phn ct ren.
L
1
phn tang kp u cp.
L
2
phn tang lm thnh bn.
Chiu di mt nhnh cp cun ln tang khi lm vic vi chiu cao nng H = 5 m
v bi sut palng a = 2.
l = H.a = 5.2 = 10 m
S vng cp phi cun mt nhnh (2-tr.21)
L
L 2 L 0
L 1 L 2
24
14 93 , 13 2
) 081 , 0 195 , 0 (
10
) (
0
= +
+
= +
+
=

Z
d D
l
Z
c t
vng.
Trong : Z
0
= 2 s vng d ch khng s dng n ( 5 , 1 ).
Vy chiu di phn ct ren l: L
0
= Z.t
Trong : t bc cp c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim.
t = d
c
+ (2 3) = 8,1 + 2,4 = 10,5 mm
L
0
= 14.10,5 = 147 mm
Chiu di L
1
, nu dng phng php cp thng thng th phi ct thm khong
3 vng rnh trn tang na, do : L
1
= 3.10 = 30 mm
V tang c ct rnh, cp cun mt lp, tuy nhin hai u tang trc khi vo
phn ct rnh ta tr li mt khong L
2
= 20 mm lm thnh bn.
L = L
0
+ L
1
+ 2L
2
= 147 + 30 + 20.2 = 217 mm
thun li cho vic ch tao, chn chiu di tang: L = 220 mm.
B dy thnh tang xc nh theo kinh nghim.
= 0,02D
t
+ (6 10) = 0,02.195 + 6,1 = 10 mm
Kim tra sc bn ca tang theo cng thc (2-15) [tr.22].


Trong : S
max
= 7844 N lc cng ln nht.
= 10 mm b dy thnh tang.
t = 10,5 mm bc cun cp.
8 , 0 = - h s gim ng sut i vi tang bng gang.
k =1 h s ph thuc lp cp cun ln tang.
Bng (2-1). H s k.
S lp cun 1 2 3
4
k 1 1,4 1,8 2

76 , 59
5 , 10 . 10
7844 . 8 , 0 . 1
= =
n
N/mm
2

[ ]
n n
t
S k

=
.
. .
max
25
Tang c c bng gang C 15 32 l loi vt liu thng thng ph bin
nht, c gii hn bn nn l: =
bn
565 N/mm
2
. ng sut cho php xc nh theo gii
hn bn nn vi h s an ton k = 5.
113
5
565
= = =
k
bn
n

N/mm
2

Vy [ ]
n n
<
2.1.2.5. Tnh chn ng c in
Cng sut tnh khi nng vt bng ti trng xc nh theo cng thc (2-78).
. 1000 . 60
.
n
v Q
N =
Trong : Q = 10000 N ti trng nng ca cu trc.
V
n
= 10 m/ph vn tc nng.
- hiu sut ca c cu bao gm:
0
. .
t p
=
Tong :
p
= 0,99 hiu sut palng tnh trn (mc 2).

t
= 0,96 hiu sut tang, bng (1-9).

0
= 0,85 hiu sut b truyn c k c khp ni, vi b truyn.
c ch to thnh hp gim tc hai cp bnh rng tr, bng(1-9).
807 , 0 85 , 0 . 96 . 0 . 99 , 0 = =
Vy 06 , 2
807 , 0 . 1000 . 60
10 . 10000
= = N KW
Tng ng vi ch lm vic nh, s b chn ng c in.
Bng (2-2). Cc thng s ca ng c in.
Kiu
ng c
Cng
sut
(kw)
Vn
tc
(v/ph)
cos
dm
k
M
M

dm
M
M
max

M men v
lng ca r to
GD
2
(kgm
2
)
Trng
lng
(kg)
K 41-4 1,7 1420 0,84 1,8 2,0 0,048 3,9

26
2.1.2.6. T s truyn chung
T s truyn chung t trc ng c n trc tang c xc nh theo cng thc
(3-15) [tr.55].


Trong : n
c
= v/ph s vng quay danh ngha ca ng c.

n
t
s vng quay ca tang m bo vn tc nng cho trc.


Vi : V
n
=10 m/ph vn tc nng.
a = 2 bi sut palng.
D
0
ng knh tang tnh n tm cp.
D
0
= D
t
+ d
c
= 195 +5,6 = 200,6 mm
32
2006 , 0 .
2 . 10
= =

t
n v/ph
Vy i
0
= 45
32
1420
=
2.1.2.7. Kim tra ng c in v nhit.
Do ng c in chn c cng sut danh ngha nh hn cng sut tnh yu
cu khi lm vic vi vt nng c trng lng bng trng ti (N
c
= 1,7kW < N =
2,06kW), do phi c kim tra v nhit. Ta tin hnh kim tra ng c v nhit
theo thi gian m my khi nng, h vi cc ti trng khc.
Q




t

Hnh 2.4. th gia ti trung bnh ca c cu my trc theo ch lm vic nh.
t
c
n
n
i =
0
0,2Q
0,75Q Q
t
0,2t 0,2t 0,5t
0
.
.
D
a V
n
n
t

=
27
Chn s cho cc my trc lm vic vi ch nh v trung bnh theo s
hnh 2.4. Theo s hnh 2.4 th c cu nng s lm vic vi cc trng lng vt
nng Q
1
= Q; Q
2
= 0,75Q; Q
3
= 0,2Q v thi gian lm vic tng ng vi cc trng
lng ny l 2 : 5 : 3.
Cc thng s cn xc nh l:
- Trng lng vt nng cng b phn mang.
Q
0
= Q + Q
m
= 10000 + 250 = 10250 N
- Lc cng dy trn tang khi nng vt, theo cng thc (2-19) [tr.24].
t a
n
m
Q
S

). 1 (
) 1 (
0

= 5176
) 98 , 0 1 ( 1
) 98 , 0 1 ( 10250
2
=

= N
- Hiu sut ca c cu khng tnh hiu sut palng khi lm vic vi vt nng
trng lng bng trng ti.
816 , 0 85 , 0 . 96 , 0 .
0
'
= = =
t

- M men trn trc ng c khi nng vt, theo cng thc (2-79) [tr.48].
2 , 14
816 , 0 . 45 . 2
1 . 2006 , 0 . 5176
. . 2
. .
'
0
0
= = =
i
m D S
M
n
n
Nm
- Lc cng dy cp trn tang khi h vt, theo cng thc (2-2) [tr.25]
=

=
+
) 1 (
). 1 (
1
0
a
t a
h
m
Q
S

5072
) 98 , 0 1 ( 1
98 , 0 ). 98 , 0 1 ( 10250
2
=

N
- M men trn trc ng c khi h vt, theo cng thc (2-80) [tr.48].
3 , 9
45 . 2
816 , 0 . 1 . 2006 , 0 . 5072
. 2
. . .
0
'
0
= = =
i
m D S
M
h
h

Nm
- Thi gian m my khi nng vt, theo cng thc (3-3) - [tr.52].

. . ). ( 375
. .
) ( 375
) (
2
0
2
1
2
0 0
1
2
i a M M
n D Q
M M
n D G
t
n m n m
l i i n
m

=


Trong : = 1,1 h s k n nh hng qun tnh ca cc tit my quay trn
cc trc sau trc I.

I i i
D G ) (
2

- tng mmen v lng ca cc tit my quay trn trc I,

Nm
2
(tra theo bng catalo ca chng).
28

I i i
D G ) (
2
khop i i roto i i
D G D G ) ( ) (
2 2
+ = 0,48 + 0,216=0,686 Nm
2

M
m
mmen m my ca ng c, i vi ng c chn l ng c in
xoay chiu kiu dy cun, xc nh theo cng thc (2-75) [tr47].
dn
dn dn m m
m
M
M M M M
M 5 , 1
2
1 , 1 9 , 1
2
min max
=
+
=
+
=
M
dn
mmen danh ngha ca ng c.
M
dn
= 9550 Nm
n
N
c
c
4 , 11
1420
7 , 1
9550 = =
M
m
= 1,5.11,4 = 17,1 Nm
Vy khi Q
1
= Q
=
n
m
t s 06 , 1
807 , 0 . 45 . 2 ). 2 , 14 1 , 17 ( 375
1420 . 2006 , 0 . 10250
) 2 , 14 1 , 17 ( 375
1420 . 686 , 0 . 1 , 1
2 2
2
=

Trong :
0
. .
t p
= = 0,807 hiu sut nng ca c cu khi nng vt vi trng
lng bng trng ti.
Gia tc khi m my vi ti trng Q
1
= Q, c xc nh theo cng thc
2
/ 157 , 0
06 , 1 . 60
10
60
s m
t
v
j
n
m
n
= = =
Thi gian m my khi h vt, xc nh theo cng thc (3-9) [tr.54].

. . ). ( 375
. .
) ( 375
) (
2
0
2
1
2
0 0
1
i a M M
n D Q
M M
n D G
t
h m h m
l i i h
m
+
+
+
=


=
h
m
t s 117 , 0
807 , 0 . 45 . 2 ). 3 , 9 1 , 17 ( 375
1420 . 2006 , 0 . 10250
) 3 , 9 1 , 17 ( 375
1420 . 686 , 0 . 1 , 1
2 2
2
=
+
+
+

Tnh tng t cho cc trng hp Q
2
v Q
3
theo cc cng thc dn trn.Kt qu tnh
c ghi trong bng (2-3).
Thi gian chuyn ng vi vn tc n nh l:
s
v
H
t
n
v
30
10
5 . 60 . 60
= = =
Mmen trung bnh bnh phng trn trc ng c, theo cng thc (2-37) -
[tr.44].
29

+
=
t
t M t M
M
v t m m
tb
). ( ) ( .
2 2

Trong :
m
t - tng thi gian m my trong cc thi k lm vic vi ti trng
khc nhau, s.
M
t
mmen cn tnh tng ng vi cc ti trng nht nh trong thi gian
chuyn ng n nh vi ti trng , Nm.
t
v
thi gian chuyn ng vi vn tc n nh khi lm vic vi tng ti trng, s.

t - ton b thi gian ng c lm vic trong mt chu k, bao gm thi gian

lm vic trong cc thi k chuyn ng n nh v khng n nh, s.
M
m
mmen m my ca ng c in, Nm.
Bng (2-3). Cc thng s tng ng vi cc trng hp ti trng.

Thay cc gi tr tng ng va tnh c vo cng trn ta c:
M
tb
=
152 , 0 . 3 13 , 0 . 5 117 , 0 . 2 214 , 0 . 3 5 , 0 . 5 06 , 1 . 2 10 . 30
) 03 , 2 . 3 02 , 7 . 5 3 , 9 . 2 6 , 3 . 3 75 , 10 . 5 2 , 14 . 2 ( 30
) 152 , 0 . 3 13 , 0 . 5 117 , 0 . 2 214 , 0 . 3 5 , 0 . 5 06 , 1 . 2 ( 1 , 17
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +

= 11,26 Nm
Cng sut trung bnh bnh phng ca ng c c pht ra theo cng thc (2-
76) [.47].
Thng s cn tnh Q
1
= Q Q
2
= 0,75Q Q
3
=0,2Q
Q
0
, N
, S
n,
N

M
n
, Nm
S
h
, N
M
h
, Nm

n
m
t , s

h
m
t , s
10250
5176
0,807
14,14
5072
9,3
1,06
0,117
7750
3882
0,605
10,6
3804
7,02
0,50
0,13
2050
1035
0,75
3,2
1014
2,03
0,214
0,152
30
67 , 1
9550
1420 . 26 , 11
9550
.
= = =
c tb
tb
n M
N kW
T kt qu tnh c ta thy, cng sut trung bnh bnh phng do ng c pht
ra trong sut thi k lm vic vi ch ngt on lp i lp li nh hn cng sut
danh ngha ca n vi cng lm vic l 15% (N
tb
= 1,67kW < N
c
= 1,7kW). Vy
ng c chn l K 41- 4 vi C 15% c cng sut danh ngha N
c
= 1,7kW l
hon ton tha mn yu cu trong khi lm vic.
2.1.2.8 .Tnh chn phanh
phanh c nh gn, ta s t phanh trc th nht tc l trc ng c,
mmen phanh c xc nh theo cng thc (3-14) [tr.54].


Trong : k = 1,5 h s an ton phanh i vi ch nh, bng(3-2) [tr.54].
Q
0
= 10250 N ti trng nng k c b phn mang vt.
D
0
= 0,2006 m ng knh tang tnh n tm cp.
= 0,807 hiu sut ca c cu.
i
0
= 45 t s truyn chung.
a = 2 bi sut palng.
Vy: Nm M
ph
14
45 . 2 . 2
807 , 0 . 2006 , 0 . 10250 . 5 , 1
= =
Vic la chn phanh m bo iu kin lm vic bnh thng v s an ton
trong qu trnh hot ng ca my nng l v cng quan trng. y l mt ch tiu
c TCVN 5863-1995 quy nh. i vi palng in, loai phanh c s dung l
phanh a in t vi nhiu mt ma st v c kch thc nh gn, lm vic tin cy.
Phanh gm cc a ma st 5 khng quay v c th di chuyn dc theo cht dn
hng 1. Trn cc a 5 c cc b mt ma st 6. Cc a thp 7 khng c b mt ma
st lp bng then hoa vi trc phanh. Phanh ng nh lc l xo 4 p cc a 5 vo cc
a 7, phanh m nh nam chm in 3 vi ngm ht 2 gn c nh trn a 5. Cc b
mt ma st lm vic trong b du.
0
0 0
. . 2
. . .
i a
D Q k
M
ph

=
31

Hnh 2.5. Phanh a.
Vi mmen phanh l thng s cho trc, cc thng s cn xc inh gm:
R
t
bn knh trong ca b mt ma st chn nh nht, theo yu cu kt cu ca
phanh ta chn R
t
4D
c
= 4.0,035 = 0,14 m
R
n
Bn knh ngoi, thng ly R
n
= (1,252,5)R
t
= 1,5.0,14 = 0,21 m
Lc dc trc cn thit to m men phanh theo yu cu:


Trong : M
ph
= 14 Nm m men phanh.
z = 3 s i mt ma st.
R
tb
bn knh trung bnh. Coi cng do ma st mi im ca b mt
tip xc nh nhau.
R
tb
=
2
n t
R R +
= (0,21 +0,14) = 0,175 m
f = 0,12 h s ma st, tra theo bng (2-9) [tr.28].
222
12 , 0 . 175 , 0 . 3
14
= = P N
p sut trn b mt kim tra treo cng thc:
f R z
M
P
tb
ph
. .
=
32
[ ] p
R R
P
p
t n

+
=
1000 ) (
2 2

p lc cho php ca mt s loi vt liu trong phanh p trc tra theo bng(2-4).
Bng (2-4). p sut cho php [p] i vi phanh p trc, N/mm
2
.

Vt liu ma st Khng bi trn Bi trn m Trong b du
Kim loi trn kim loi
Vt liu dt hay an trn kim loi
Vt liu cn trn kim loi
0,2
0,3
0,6
0,4
0,6
1,0
0,8
0,8
1,2

Vy: 12 , 1
1000 ). 14 , 0 21 , 0 (
222
2 2
=
+
=

p N/mm
2

Vi p lc cho php [p] = 1,2 N/mm
2
, ta thy p sut tnh c l tha mn yu
cu cho php v 2 , 1 12 , 1 < = p N/mm
2
.
Bc dch chuyn ca a p ngoi cng:
h = i
Trong :
- khe h trung bnh gia cc a, vi a kim loi lm vic trong b du
2 , 0 mm.
i = 2 s a ma st.
Vy: h = 0,5.2 = 1 mm
Lc dc trc cn thit to ra mmen phanh l do l xo c cng k, t cc
thng s tnh c ta c th xc nh c cng k ca l xo tng ng l:
k = 222
1
222
= =
h
P
N/mm
2.1.2.9. Thit k b truyn
Nh d kin trn, b truyn s c thc hin di dng hp gim tc hai
cp bnh rng tr thng, to thnh mt t hp bit lp c nhim v gim s vng quay
v truyn cng sut t ng c n c cu cng tc.
33
Hp gim tc c u im: hiu sut cao, tui th ln, lm vic chc chn, s
dng n gin v c kh nng truyn cng sut nhng ch tc khc nhau.














Hnh 2.6. S hp gim tc.
Cc thng s bit:
I
0
= 45 t s truyn chung.
N
c
=1,7kW cng sut ca ng c in.
n
c
= 1420 s vng quay trn trc ng c.
n
t
= 32 s vng quay trn trc tang.
S b ta chn hp gim tc c kt cu nh hnh (2-6).
Ta lp bng phn phi t s truyn nh sau:
n
c

n
t

34
Bng (2-5). Bng phn phi t s truyn cho hp gim tc.
Trc
Thng s
I II III
I I
12
= 7,5 I
23
= 6
n, v/ph 1420 190 32
N, kW 1,7 1,632 1,567
M
x
, (N.m) 11,4 82,08 472,78

Vi:
n
1
= n
c
=1420 v/ph ; n
2
=
12
1
i
n
;
23
2
3
i
n
n =
N
1
=N
c
=1,7 kW ; N
2
= N
1
; N
3
= N
2

M
x
= 1,14 (KG.m) ; M
2
= i
12
. .M
x
; M
3
= i
23
. .M
2

Trong : M
x
mmen xon trn trc ng c.
= (0,95 0,97) hiu sut b truyn bnh rng tr, chn = 0,96
Cn c vo yu cu vo cng sut phi truyn vi C15%, s vng quay trc
vo, t s truyn v yu cu v lp rp, ta chn phng n mua sn hp gim tc tiu
chun da vo bng phn phi t s truyn.
2.1.2.10. Tnh cp lch tm









Hnh 2.7. Thit b cp lch tm.
r
F 2
Q
N N
F 1 F 2
N
F 1
35
Trong thc t, nng cc dm thp hoc cc tm thp v tr thng ng
ngi ta thng dng thit b cp lch tm.
Cp lch tm dng cp tn tm. Lc ma st gi vt nng trong c cu
c to ra bi sc p ca cam lch tm khi nng vt hoc dng tay quay xit cht
cam lch tm trc khi nng (hnh 2.7.). Khi cam lch tm p vo tm vt liu sinh ra
phn lc N v lc ma st F:
F = F
1
+ F
2
= N (f
1
+ f
2
) Q
Trong : f
1
, f
2
- h s ma st gia tm thp c nng vi cam lch tm v mt
trong ca m kp; chn f
1
= 0,15; f
2
= 0,1.
Vy: 40000
1 , 0 15 , 0
10000
2 1
=
+
=
+

f f
Q
N N
T iu kin cn bng ca tm thp trong cp lch tm, ta vit phng trnh
mmen ti tm cam lch tm ta c:
( ) 0 cos . . cos . . sin .
2 1
= + r f N r f N r N
( ) 0 cos . cos . sin
2 1
= + r f r f r

|

\
|
+ + =

cos 1
2 1
r
f f tg
m bo an ton cho vt khng ri ngi ta chn gc lch tm nh hn gc
ma st nn ta c:

Trong : r bn knh cam lch tm.
- b dy ca tm thp (vt nng).
Cn c vo cng thc trn xc nh kch thc cam lch tm m bo an
ton khng ri vt.
Vy tho mn cho vic nng vt vi ti trng 1tn, s b ta chn cc thng s
ban u cho cp lch tm (theo cc cp ch to):
= 10
0
gc lch tm
r = 100 mm bn knh cam lch tm.
= 10 16 mm - b dy cho php ca tm tn.
|

\
|
+ +

cos 1
2 1
r
f f tg
36
Thay cc thng s vo biu thc trn ng vi hai trnh hp = 10 (16) mm.
- Trng hp 1: khi = 10 mm 259 , 0 176 , 0 < lun ng vi mi trng hp.
- Trng hp 2: khi = 16 mm 265 , 0 176 , 0 < lun ng vi mi trng hp.
Vy cc thng s chn hon ton tho mn.
- Tnh cht cam lch tm. Khi kp tm tn vi ti trng nng 1 tn lm xut hin
p lc P tc dng vo cht ca bnh lch tm. cht lm vic an ton ta phi tnh
chn sao cho bn.
Tuy nhin khi nng tm tn vi b dy gim dn 10 16 mm thi p lc tc dng
ln cht cng thay i theo chiu gim dn do gc lch tm thay i. vy trong
thng hp ny ta ch cn tnh cho trng hp nguy him nht l khi cp tm tn vi
b dy l 10 mm, ng vi gc lch tm l = 14,5
0
(vi tg = 0,259).
Khi p lc tc dng vo cht c xc nh theo cng thc:
P = N.cos = 40000.0,968 = 38720 N
Chn vt liu l thp 45CT c gii hn bn mi l
'
1
= 250 N/mm
2
. ng
knh cht c xc nh theo cng thc:
[ ]
3
. 1 , 0
u
M
d
Trong : M
u
mmen un trn cht, xc nh theo cng thc:
2
.
l
R M
u
=
Vi: R phn lc ti gi cht; R = 19360
2
38720
2
= =
P
N
l = 40 mm chiu di cht, chn theo cc cp ch to.
Vy: M
u
= 19360.20 = 387200 N/mm
[ ]
[ ]
67 , 66
5 , 2 . 5 , 1
250
.
'
'
1
= = =

k n

N/mm
2

Thay cc thng s vo cng thc trn s b ta xc inh c ng knh cht
72 , 38
67 , 66 . 1 , 0
387200
3 = d mm
37
m bo cho cht lm vic tin cy ng thi tit kim vt liu, s b ta chn
ng knh cht d = 40 mm.
Tnh cht chnh ca cp lch tm. Khi nng vt vi ti trng nng 1tn, cht s
chu un, m bo cht lm vic an ton ta tin hnh tnh chn theo bn un.
Tnh tng t nh cht cam lch tm ta xc nh c ng knh cht, ng vi
l = 40 mm, P = 10000 N.
66 , 24
67 , 66 . 1 , 0
100000
3 = d mm
m bo cho cht lm vic tin cy ng thi tit kim vt liu, s b ta chn
ng knh cht d = 25 mm.
Trong thc t tng tin cy ngi ta thng lm cam lch tm c b mt vi
cc kha hnh rng ca.
m rng phm vi s dng ca cu trc, ta c th ch to cht chnh ca cp
lch tm dng bulong ai c, thun tin cho vic tho lp, c th thay bng cc thit
b mc vt khc nhau tu theo loi vt cn vn chuyn.
2.1.2.11. Cc b phn khc ca c cu nng
b. Cp u cp ln tang
Ta s dng phng php kp u cp
trn tang thng thng: mi u cp dng
3 tm cp, tng ng vi ng knh dy
cp d
c
= 5,6 mm, bc ct rnh t = 8 mm, vt
cy M10.
Lc tnh ton i vi cp cp xc nh theo
cng thc (2-16) (tr.22).
N
e e
S
S
f
1352
7844
4 . 14 , 0
max
0
= = =

Hnh 2.8. Cp cp trn tang
Trong : S
max
=7844 N
f = 0,14 h s ma st gia tang vi mt cp.
4 = - gc m ca cc vng cp d tr trn tang.
d1
l
o
38
Lc ko cc vt cy
N
f
S
p 4828
14 , 0 . 2
1352
2
0
= = =
Lc un cc vt cy
N f P P 676 14 , 0 . 4828 .
0
= = =
ng sut tng xut hin trong thn vt cy, theo cng thc (2-17) (tr.23)
3
1
0 0
2
1
. . 1 , 0
4
.
.
3 , 1
d Z
l P
d
Z
P
+ =

Trong : d
1
= 8 mm ng knh trong ca vt cy.
l
0
= 8 mm tay n t lc P
0
(l
0
l + c).
Z = 3 s bu lng cp cp.
Vy:
2
3 2
/ 84 , 76 2 , 35 64 , 41
8 . 3 . 1 , 0
8 . 676
4
8 .
. 3
4828 . 3 , 1
mm N = + = + =

Vy cc vt cy ny c th lm bng thp CT3 c ng sut cho php:
[ ] = 75 85 N/mm
2

c. Tnh trc tang
S tnh nh hnh 2-9.
C D
R = 7844
RA =4047 RA = 3797 RA
RA
35 30 152
78,5
B
217
A

Hnh 2.9. S tnh trc tang.
Xt trng hp v tr ca lc cng dy trn tang s khng thay i v nm
im gia tang.
Tr s ca hp lc ny bng:
39
R = S
max
= 7844 N
T s tnh trc tang trn hnh (2-9) ta xc nh c ti trng tc dng ln
may bn tri (im D).
R
D
= 7844
152
5 , 78
= 4047 N
Ti trng tc dng ln may bn phi (im C)
R
C
= R R
D
= 7844 4047 = 3797 N
Phn lc ti A bng:
R
A
= 3919
217
30 . 3797 ) 30 152 ( 4047
=
+ +
N
Phn lc ti B l:
R
B
= R R
A
= 7844 3919 = 3925 N
Mmen un ti D
M
D
= 3919.35 = 137165 Nmm
Mmen un ti C
M
C
= 3925.30 = 117750 Nmm
Trc tang khng truyn mmen xon, ch chu un. ng thi trc quay cng
vi tang khi lm vic, nn n s chu ng sut un theo chu k i xng.
Vt liu trc tang dng thp 45 vi gii hn bn
2
/ 610 mm N
b
= , gii hn
chy
2
/ 430 mm N
ch
= v gii hn mi
2 '
1
/ 250 mm N =

. Khi ng sut un cho

php vi chu k i xng trong php tnh s b c th xc nh theo cng thc (1-12)
(tr.12).
[ ]
[ ]
78
2 . 6 , 1
250
.
'
'
1
= = =

k n

N/mm
2

Vi cc h s k

v [ ] n tra theo bng 1-5 v 1-8

Vy ti im D trc phi c ng knh l:
[ ]
26
78 . 1 , 0
137165
. 1 , 0
3 3 = =

D
M
d mm
40
Kt cu trc cng cc kch thc cho trn hnh 2-12. Trc cn c kim tra ti
cc tit din c kh nng chu ng sut ln nht: cc tit din cn kim tra l I-I, II- II,
III-III v IV-IV.
- Ta kim tra tit din I-I, c ng knh d = 30 mm
ng sut un ln nht: 61 , 65
30 . 1 , 0
176610
. 1 , 0
3 3
= = =
d
M
D
u
N/mm
30 152 35
3
0
2
8
3
0
2
8
IV
III
II
III
IV II
I
I

Hnh 2-10. Kt cu trc tang.
Xut pht t tui bn tnh ton A =15 nm, vi ch lm vic nh v s ti
trng hnh (2-4) ta s tnh s chu k lm vic nh sau:
S gi lm vic tng cng
T = 24.365.A.k
n
.k
ng
= 24.365.15.0,25.0,33 = 10573 h
Trong : k
n
= 0,25; k
ng
= 0,33 tra theo bng (1-1).
S chu k lm vic tng cng
Z
0
= 60Tn
t
(C) = 60.10573.32.0,15 = 3045024
Trong : n
t
= 32 v/ph s vng quay trc tang.
(C) = 0,15 cng lm vic ca c cu vi ch lm vic nh.
S chu k lm vic tng ng vi cc ti trng Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3.

Z
1
=
10
2
Z
0
=
10
2
3045024 = 609005
Z
2
=
10
5
Z
0
=
10
5
3045024 = 1522512
Z
3
=
10
3
Z
0
=
10
3
3045024 = 913057
41
S chu k lm vic tng ng l:
Z
t
= 609005.1
8
+ 1522512.0,75
8
+ 913057.0,2
8
= 761258
H s ch lm vic
4 , 1
761258
10 10
8
7
8
7
= = =
t
c
Z
k
Gii hn mi tnh ton
325 3 , 1 . 250 .
'
1 1
= = =
c
k N/mm
2
H s cht lng b mt y ly = 0,9 b mt gia cng tinh.
H s kch thc ly 88 , 0 =

(bng tnh chi tit my).

H s tp trung ng sut 2 =

k .
H s an ton l
96 , 1
0 .
610
325
61 , 65
9 , 0 . 88 , 0
2
325
.
.
1
1
=
+
=
+
=

m
b
u
k
n

H s an ton cho php ca trc trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng l: [n] =
1,52,6. Vy trc tang m bo an ton
i vi cc tit din II-II, III-III v IV-IV ta cng lm php kim tra tng t.
d. Khp ni trc ng c vi hp gim tc
Ta s dng khp ni vng n hi, l loi khp ni di ng c th lp v lm
vic khi hai trc khng ng trc tuyt i; ngoi ra loi khp ny cn gim c
chn ng v va p khi m my v khi phanh t ngt. Pha na khp bn hp gim
tc kt hp lm bnh phanh.
Khi mmen ln nht m khp phi truyn c th xut hin trong hai trng
hp: khi m my nng vt v khi phanh hm vt ang nng.
- Khi m my nng vt, vi h s qu ti ln nht quy nh, s xut hin
mmen m my ln nht bng
M
m max
= 2,5.M
dn
= 2,5.11,4 = 28,5 Nm
Phn d thng qun tnh ca c h thng.
M
d
= M
m max
M
n
= 28,5 14,2 = 14,3 Nm
42
Trong : M
n
= 14,2 mmen tnh khi nng vt ( tnh phn trc).
Mt phn mmen M
d
ny tiu hao trong vic thng qun tnh cc tit my quay
bn pha trc ng c (rto ca ng c in k c na khp), cn li mi l phn
truyn qua khp.
Mmen v lng ca na khp pha ng c ly bng 40%, mmen v lng ca
c khp
( )
2
'
2
0864 , 0 216 , 0 . 4 , 0 Nm D G
k i i
= =
Trong : ( )
2 2
216 , 0 Nm D G
k i i
= ( tnh phn trc).
Mmen v lng cc tit my quay trn gi ng c
( ) ( ) ( )
2
'
2 2
'
2
5664 , 0 0864 , 0 48 , 0 Nm D G D G D G
k i i roto i i I i i
= + = + =

Momen v lng tng ng ca vt nng (c vn tc v
n
) chuyn v trc ng
c.
( )
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
051 , 0
1420
10
10250 . 1 , 0 . 1 , 0 Nm
n
v
Q D G
c
n
td i i
= = =
Tng mmen v lng ca c h thng
( ) ( ) ( ) 8166 , 0 051 , 0 ) 216 , 0 48 , 0 ( 1 , 1
2 2 2
= + + = + =
td i i I i i i i
D G D G D G Nm
2
Tng mmen v lng ca phn c cu t na khp bn pha hp gim tc v sau
k c vt nng
( ) ( ) ( ) 2502 , 0 5664 , 0 8166 , 0
'
2 2
'
2
= = =
I i i i i i i
D G D G D G Nm
2
Phn mmen d truyn qua khp
( )
( )
38 , 4
8166 , 0
2502 , 0
3 , 14
2
'
2
'
= = =

i i
i i
d d
D G
D G
M M Nm
Tng mmen truyn qua khp
M

k
= M
n
+ M

d
= 14,2 + 4,38 = 18,58 Nm
- Khi hm vt ang nng, mmen t trn phanh l M
ph
= 14Nm. Tng mmen
thng qun tnh ca cc h thng
M
qt
= M
ph
+ M
*
t
= 14 + 9,3 = 23,3 Nm
Trong : M
*
t
= M
h
= 9,3 Nm ( tnh phn trc)
43
Ta c th tnh c phn mmen truyn qua khp thng qun tnh cc tit
my quay trn pha ng c bng cch tng t nh trn. Mt khc cng c th tnh
xut pht t thi gian phanh, theo cng thc (3-6) (tr.52).

2
0
2 *
1
2
0 0
*
1
. ). ( 375
. .
) ( 375
) (
i a M M
n D Q
M M
n D G
t
t ph t ph
I i i
n
ph
+
+
+
=

= 1287 , 0
34 , 31 . 2 . 3 , 23 . 375
807 , 0 . 1420 . 1406 , 0 . 10250
3 , 23 . 375
1420 . 686 , 0 . 1 , 1
2 2
2
= + s
Mmen truyn qua khp thng qun tnh s bng
( )
663 , 16
1287 , 0 . 375
1420 . 5664 , 0
. 375
.
1
'
2
' "
= = = =

n
ph
I i i
qt k
t
n D G
M M Nm
Nh vy, khi phanh vt ang nng khp phi truyn mmen ln hn, do cn
phi kim tra kh nng truyn ti ca khp theo mmen truyn yu cu l M =16,663
Nm. Kim tra iu kin an ton ca khp ni:
M.k
1
.k
2
= 16,665.1,3.1,1 = 23,824 Nm < M
max
= 46,62 Nm
Trong : k
1
, k
2
l h s tnh n mc quan trng ca c cu v iu kin
lm vic ca c cu, gi tr c tra theo bng (2-7).
M
max
= R
n
.P = 46,26 Nm (da vo phn tnh chn phanh).
Vy khp ni chn lm vic an ton.
Bng (2-7). H s k
1
v k
2
.
k
2
i vi ch lm vic
Loi c cu
k
1
Nh TB N RN
C cu nng vt
C cu nng chuyn
kim loi lng
C cu thay i
tm vi
C cu di chuyn
v c c vu quay
1,3
1,5

1,4

1,2



1,1



1,2



1,3



1,5

44
2.2. TNH C CU DI CHUYN XE CON
2.2.1. Chn s tnh v cc thng s c bn
S c cu di chuyn xe con
Cch b tr c cu di chuyn xe con nh s hnh 2.11.
C cu di chuyn b tr kiu treo, ray l dm thp ch I, cc bnh xe chy trn
cnh di ca dm ch I. C cu dn ng in, mmen xon c truyn t ng c
in c gn phanh 1 n bnh xe 5 qua cc cp bnh rng (b truyn bnh rng h 4).
Cc bnh xe c dn ng mt bn bng c hai bnh. Cc c cu c lin kt vi
nhau bng tm chu lc 3.
Cc thng s c bn
- Ti trng nng Q = 1 tn = 10000 N.
- Trng lng xe ln k c b phn mang vt G
0
= 4000 N (xc nh theo s liu
cc cu trc ch to).
- Vn tc di chuyn xe con V
x
= 20 m/ph.
- Ch lm vic ca c cu: nh.

1. ng c in c gn phanh.
2. Hp s.
3. Tm chu lc.
4. B truyn bnh rng h.
5. Bnh xe con.



Hnh 2.11. S c cu di chuyn xe con.
2.2.2. Tnh c cu di chuyn
2.2.2.1. Tnh bnh xe
Kt cu cm bnh xe c m t trn hnh 2.12.

5
4 3
2 1
45



40 130



Hnh 2.12. Trc v bnh xe ca c cu di chuyn.
Ta chn loi bnh xe hnh cn c mt thnh bn vi cc kch thc theo OTC
3569 60. ng knh bnh xe s b chn D
bx
= 130 mm, ng knh ngng
trc d = 40 mm.
Ti trng tc dng ln bnh xe: Ti trng tc dng ln bnh xe gm c trng
lng bn thn xe ln G
0
= 4000N v trng lng vt nng Q = 10000N. Trng lng
xe xem nh phn b u cho cc bnh. Khi khng c vt nng cc bnh xe chu ti
trng t nht
P
min
= 1000
4
4000
4
0
= =
G
N
Khi c vt nng ti trng tc dng ln bnh xe l u (vt nng t ti tm xe)
Tng ti trng tc dng ln mi bnh xe l:
P
d
= 2500
4
10000
4
= =
Q
N
Vy ti trng ln nht tc dng ln bnh xe l:
P
max
= 1000 +2500 = 3500 N
Ti trng tc dng ln bnh xe theo cng thc
P
bx
= k
bx
P
max

Trong :
k
bx
= 1,1 h s tnh n ch lm vic ca c cu (bng 2-8)
- h s tnh n s thay i ca ti trng xc nh theo cng thc


46
72 , 0
4000
10000
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3 3
0
=
(
(
(
(
(

\
|
+
+ =
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+ =
G
Q

Vy: P
bx
= 0,72.1,1.3500 = 2772 N
Sc bn dp ca bnh xe c kim tra nh sau: bnh xe c ch to bng thp
c 55. m bo lu mn vnh bnh c ti t cng HB = 300320.
Sc bn dp c kim tra theo cng thc (2-67) [tr.42]
[ ]
d
bx
d
r b
P
=
.
190
Trong : b = 30 mm chiu rng mt lm vic.
r = 65 mm bn knh bnh xe.
Vy: 226
65 . 30
2772
190 = =
d
N/mm
2

ng sut dp cho php trong bng (2-19) [tr.44] l: [ ]
d
= 750 N/mm
2

Vy kch thc bnh xe chn l an ton.
Bng (2-8). Tr s k
bx
.

2.2.2.2. Chn ng c in
Phng php tnh lc cn chuyn ng cho kiu xe ln c 4 bnh xe, lp bng
ln trn khung cng chy trn hai cnh di ca dm ch I.
Tng lc cn tnh, tnh theo cng thc (3-43) [tr.66].
Ch lm vic k
bx
My trc dn ng bng tay
My trc dn ng bng my
Ch lm vic nh
Ch trung bnh
Ch nng
Ch rt nng
1,0

1,1
1,2
1,4
1,6
47
W
t
= W
1
+ W
2
+

W
3
+ W
4
+ W
5
+ W
6

Trong : W
1
lc cn do ma st, tnh theo cng thc:
W
1
=
D
fd
Q G k
t
+
+
2
) (
0

Vi: k
t
= 1,2 - h s tnh n ma st thnh bnh, ly theo bng (2-6) [tr.64].
= 0,30,5 h s ma st ln, chn = 0,3.
f = 0,015 h s ma st trong trc, tra bng (2-9).
G
0
= 4000 N trng lng xe con k c vt mang.
Q = 10000 N trng lng vt nng.
D = 130 mm ng knh bnh xe.
d = 40 mm ng knh ngng trc.
Bng (2-9). H s ma st trong trc bnh xe.
Loi trt ln
Kt cu

h
C hp trc
bi du
bi v
thanh ln
nn
f 0,10 0,08 0,015 0,02

Vy: W
1
= 155
130
40 . 015 , 0 3 , 0 . 2
) 10000 4000 ( 2 , 1 =
+
+ N
W
2
lc cn theo dc, tnh theo cng thc (3-41) [tr.65].
W
2
= (G
0
+ Q) = 0,002(4000 +10000) = 28 N
W
3
lc cn ca gi, do thit b lm trong nh xng nn W
3
= 0.
W
4
lc cn do ma st thnh bnh vo ray.
W
4
=( )
h
r
f Q G
2
1 0
+
Vi: f
1
0,17 h s ma st trt ca bnh xe trn ray
h - khong cch t M n A (im tip xc ca thnh bnh xe n im ln
ca bnh xe).
r bn knh trung bnh ca bnh xe, mm; thng thng
r
h
= 0,4 0,7
48
Vy: W
4
=( ) 202 5 , 0 . 17 , 0 10000 4000
2
= + N
W
5
lc cn do trt ngang khi xe b xin lch so vi ng ray hnh (2-
14)
W
5
=( )
r B
f Q G
+
+

1 0

Vi: - tng khe h hai bn thnh bnh v ray, mm.
= K k ; S b chn = 1mm.
B khong cch trc gia hai bnh xe, s b chn B = 200mm.
r = 67,5mm bn knh trung bnh ca bnh xe.
Vy: W
5
=( ) 9
5 , 67 200
1
17 , 0 . 10000 4000 =
+
+ N
W
6
lc cn do trt hnh hc ca bnh xe hnh cn.
W
6
=( )
( )
2 1
2 1
1 0
2 r r
r r
f Q G
+

+
r
1
= 75mm
,
r
2
= 60mm bn knh ln nht v nh nht ca bnh xe (theo
cc bnh xe ch to).
W
6
=( )
( )
132
60 75 2
60 75
17 , 0 . 10000 4000 =
+

+ N
W
t
= 155 + 28 + 0 + 202 + 9 + 132 = 526 N










Hnh 2.13. S tnh lc cn do thnh bn.
K
M
r
h
49









Hnh 2.14. Xe ln trn dm ch I.
Cng sut tnh yu cu i vi ng c in, c xc nh theo (3-60) [tr.71].
21 , 0
85 , 0 . 1000 . 60
20 . 526
. 1000 . 60
= = =
c
x t
t
v W
N

kW
Trong :
c
= 0,85 kW hiu sut c cu di chuyn, theo bng (1-9) [tr.15]
Tng ng vi ch lm vic ca c cu l nh c C 15%, ta chn ng c
in c tiu chun ha c km theo hp s v phanh.Vi phng n ny s gim
bt c cng vic tnh ton v tit kim c gi thnh m vn m bo c tin
cy khi lm vic.

Hnh 2.15. ng c in VIGE.
4-12

1
3
1

1
5
0
1
6
5
49
15
7
65
165
250.8
293.8
B
K

50
Cn c vo cng sut tnh yu cu, ta chn ng c VIGE ca hng HITACHI
c cc thng s sau:
Kiu ng c: VIGE.
Cng sut danh ngha: N
c
= 0,3 kW.
S vng quay u ra hp s: n
hs
= 150 v/ph.
Khi lng: G = 9,9 kg.
2.2.2.3. Xc nh t s truyn b truyn h.
S vng yu cu ca bnh xe m bo vn tc di chuyn xe con.
n
bx
= 50
130 , 0
20
= =

bx
x
D
V
v/ph
T s truyn cn c i vi b truyn h .
i
nh
= 3
50
150
= =
bx
hs
n
n

2.2.2.4. Thit k b truyn h, bnh rng tr - thng
Do c im dn ng ca c cu l dn ng mt pha bng c hai bnh s
truyn ng cho hai bnh cn li, nn khi thit k ta ch cn tnh ton cho mt bnh
ch ng l .
T t s truyn va tnh c ta tn hnh thit k cp bnh rng tr thng, mt
cp. Cc thng s tnh c l: s vng quay, mmen xon v cng sut trn trc ca
cp bnh rng tr thng c ghi trn bng sau:









Trc
Thng s
I II
i 3
n (v/ph)
N (kW)
M (N.mm)
150
0,3
28650
50
0,288
82512
51
a. Chn vt liu v phng php ch to
c im ca b truyn h bnh rng tr thng l chu ti ln, v vy i hi vt
liu ch to phi c c tnh cao.Tuy nhin chn vt liu phi tnh n gi thnh sn
xut v kh nng cng ngh cho php. Cn c vo nhng yu cu trn ta chn loi vt
liu cho cp bnh rng thit k nh sau:
- i vi bnh rng nh, chn thp C50 thng ha c cng HB = 220,
b
=
620 N/mm
2
,
ch
= 320 N/mm
2
, ng knh phi nh hn 100mm.
- i vi bnh rng ln, chn thp C45 thng ha, c cng HB = 190,
b
=
580 N/mm
2
,
ch
= 320 N/mm
2
, ng knh phi 100 300 mm.
b. Xc nh ng sut cho php
- ng sut tip xc cho php:
[ ]
N tx
K HB. . 5 , 2 =
Trong : K
N
h s chu k ng sut tip xc.
K
N
= 6
0
td
N
N

Vi: N
0
=10
6
- 10
7
s chu k ca ng cong mi tip xc, ta chn: N
0
= 10
7
.
N
td
s chu k ng sut tng ng.
N
1
= 60 n
1
Tu = 60.100.10573.1 = 6,34.10
7
> 10
7

N
2
= 60 n
2
Tu = 60.50.10573.1 = 3,17.10
7
> 10
7

Cho nn K
N1
= K
N2
= K
N
= 1
Vy ng sut tip xc cho php l:
[ ] 550 1 . 220 . 5 , 2
1
= =
tx
N/mm
2

[ ] 475 1 . 190 . 5 , 2
2
= =
tx
N/mm
2

- ng sut un cho php:
[ ]
( )

K n
K
N
u
.
. . 6 , 1 4 , 1
'
1

=
Trong :
1
- gii hn mi un trong chu k i xng c th xc nh theo
cng thc:
52
1
= (0,45 0,5)
b

n = 1,1 h s an ton.

K = 1,8 h s tp trung ng sut chn rng.

m
td
N
N
N
K
0 '
= - h s chu k ng sut un.
Vi: m = 6 bc ng cong mi un.
N
0
= 5.10
6
s chu k c s ca ng cong mi un.
65 , 0
10 . 34 , 6
10 . 5
6
7
6
'
1
= =
N
K
73 , 0
10 . 17 , 3
10 . 5
6
7
6
'
2
= =
N
K
Vy: [ ] 137
8 , 1 . 1 , 1
65 , 0 . 620 . 45 , 0 . 5 , 1
1
= =
u
N/mm
2

[ ] 144
8 , 1 . 1 , 1
73 , 0 . 580 . 45 , 0 . 5 , 1
2
= =
u
N/mm
2

- ng sut tip xc cho php khi qu ti.
Bnh nh: [ ] [ ] 1373 550 . 5 , 2 5 , 2
1 max 1
= = =
tx H
N/mm
2

Bnh ln: [ ] [ ] 1195 478 . 5 , 2 5 , 2
2 max 2
= = =
tx H
N/mm
2

- ng sut un cho php khi qu ti.
Bnh nh: [ ] 484 220 . 2 , 2 . 2 , 2
max 1
= = = HB
F
N/mm
2

Bnh ln: [ ] 418 190 . 2 , 2 . 2 , 2
max 1
= = = HB
F
N/mm
2
c. S b chn h s ti trng K
sb
, h s chiu rng
m
v s rng Z
Gi tr K
sb
c th chn s b trong khong 1,21,6. Khi chn ch kh nng
chy mn ca vt liu ch to, cch b tr b truyn v mi trng lm vic ca b
truyn.
Gi tr h s
m
= b/m = 12 c chn theo bng 40 TKCTM.
S rng Z c chn theo kinh nghim tha mn iu kin:
Z
1
> Z
1min
=17 rng, chn Z
1
= 25 rng
53
Z
2
= i
nh
.Z
1
= 3.25 = 75 rng
d. Xc nh mun n khp theo sc bn tip xc v khong cch trc.
- S b tnh ng knh vng ln bnh rng nh theo cng thc:
[ ]
3
6
. . .
. . 10 . 1 , 19
u m
sb
n z y
N K
m


Trong : K = 1,5 h s qu ti.
N = 0,3 cng sut ng c.
y = 0,429 h s dng rng, xc nh theo (bng 36) da vo s rng
tng ng.
[ ]
u
= 137 N/mm
2
- ng sut un cho php.
n = 150 s vng quay ca ng c.
Vy: 48 , 1
137 . 12 . 150 . 25 . 429 , 0
3 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 10 . 1 , 19
3
6
=
sb
m
Theo tiu chun ta chn m
sb
= 2.
Tnh khong cch trc A, s b
A
sb
=
( ) ( )
100
2
75 25 . 2
2
2 1
=
+
=
+ Z Z m
sb
mm
e. Chn cp chnh xc ch to bnh rng
chn cp chnh xc ch to bnh rng ta cn xc nh vn tc vng ca rng
V =
( )
2 , 0
) 1 3 ( 10 . 6
150 . 50 . 2
1 10 . 6
. . 2
10 . 6
. .
4 4
1
4
1 1
=
+
=
+
=

i
n A d n
m/s
Theo gi tr vn tc vng tnh chn cp chnh xc ch to bnh rng l cp 9,
theo bng (10-1-CTM).
f. Xc nh chnh xc khong cch trc A
H s ti trng c xc nh theo cng thc:
K = K
tt
.K

Trong : K
tt
h s tp trung ti trng.
2
1
'
+
=
tt
tt
K
K
54
Vi 1
'
=
tt
K , tra theo (bng 32) ng vi 4 , 0
2
1 3
. 2 . 0
2
1
=
+
=
+ i
A

Vy: 1
2
1 1
=
+
=
tt
K
Suy ra: K = 1.1,1 = 1,1
Vi K

= 1,1- H s ti trng ng tra (bng 33 - TKCTM).

Ta thy: K # K
tt
hn 5% do ta phi i xc nh li khong cch trc A theo
cng thc:
97
2 , 1
1 , 1
. 100 3 3 = = =
sb
sb
K
K
A A mm
Ta xc nh li gi tr, 94 , 1
2 , 1
1 , 1
. 2 3 3 = = =
sb
sb
K
K
m m
V m < m
sb
nn ta khng cn tnh li.
g. Kim nghim rng theo qu ti t ngt
b truyn c kh nng chu qu ti trong thi gian ngn cn kim tra b
truyn qu ti theo iu kin :
[ ]
max
.
F qt u F
K =
[ ]
max
.
H qt tx H
K =
Trong :
u
- ng sut un theo ti trng danh ngha
[ ]
u u
n b z m y
N K
=
. . . .
. . 10 . 1 , 19
2
6

Vi : K = 1,5 h s qu ti.
N cng sut ca ng c trn trc tng ng.
y = 0,429 h s bin dng rng, xc nh da vo s rng.
z s rng tng ng trn mi bnh.
n s vng quay trn mi trc.
b = A
A
. = 0,2.97 = 19,4 mm, chiu rng bnh rng.
m =2 m un n khp.
55
Vy: 84 , 68
150 . 4 , 19 . 25 . 2 . 429 , 0
3 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 10 . 1 , 19
2
6
1
= =
u
N/mm
2

59 , 56
50 . 4 , 19 . 75 . 2 . 501 , 0
288 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 10 . 1 , 19
2
6
2
= =
u
N/mm
2

Ta thy: [ ]
1 1 u u
< , [ ]
2 2 u u
< Tha mn yu cu.
Tng t ta cng tnh c gi tr ng sut tip xc theo cng thc:
( ) ( )
609
50 . 4 , 19
288 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 1 3
3 . 97
10 . 05 , 1
.
. 1
.
10 . 05 , 1
3 6
2
3 6
=
+
=
+
=
n b
N K i
i A
tx
N/mm
2

Vi K
qt
= 2,4 h s qu ti ca h thng, ta tnh c cc ng sut un qu ti
tng ng l:
[ ]
max 1
2
1
/ 288 , 165 4 , 2 . 84 , 68
F F
mm N = =
[ ]
max 2
2
2
/ 816 , 135 4 , 2 . 59 , 56
F F
mm N = =
[ ]
max
2
/ 46 , 943 4 , 2 . 609
H H
mm N = =
Kt qu tnh ton u tha mn.
h. Xc nh cc thng s hnh hc ch yu ca b truyn:
- Khong cch trc A = 97mm
- Chiu cao rng h = 2,25.m = 2,25.2 = 4,5 mm
- h hng tm C = 0,25.m = 0,25.2 = 0,5 mm
- ng knh vng chia d
c1
= m.Z
1
= 2.25 = 50 mm
d
c2
= m.Z
2
= 2.75 = 150 mm
- ng knh vng ln d
1
= d
c1
; d
2
= d
c2

- ng knh vng nh rng D
e1
= d
c1
+ 2m = 50 + 2.2 = 54 mm
D
e2
= d
c2
+ 2m = 150 + 2.2 = 154 mm
- ng knh vng chn rng D
i1
= d
c1
- 2m - 2C = 45 mm
D
i2
= d
c2
- 2m - 2C =

145 mm
thun tin cho vic lp rp ta c th ch to bnh rng gn lin vi bnh xe
ca c cu di chuyn (hnh 2-11).


56
i. Tnh lc
Lc tc dng trong trong b truyn bnh rng c xc nh theo hai thnh
phn:
- Lc vng P
1
= P
1
= 1432
40
28650 . 2 . 2
= =
d
M
x
N
- Lc hng tm P
r1
= P
r2
= P.tg = 1432.tg20
0
= 521N
2.3. TNH C CU DI CHUYN CU
2.3.1. Chn s tnh v cc thng s c bn
M hnh c cu di chuyn cu:
Nh bit, cu trc thit k l loi c ti trng nng v khu nh do yu
cu kt cu ca c cu di chuyn phi nh gn v lm vic tin cy.
Vy ta chn phng n cho c cu di chuyn cu l: c cu di chuyn dn ng
chung vi trc truyn quay chm.
Kt cu ca c cu di chuyn cu bao gm: trc ng c in 1, hp gim tc 2
v cc on trc truyn 3 ni vi nhau v ni vi trc ra ca hp gim tc bng cc
khp ni 4. Trc truyn ta trn cc gi 5 bng bi truyn chuyn ng ti bnh
xe 7 di chuyn cu trc qua cp bnh rng h 6. Vi phng n ny mmen xon trn
trc truyn s nh v kch thc ca n cng nh.






Hnh 2.16. S c cu di chuyn.
Cc thng s c bn:
Ti trng: Q = 1t = 10000 N.
Trng lng xe ln k c b phn mang vt: G
x
= 4000 N.
1
2
4
5
3
6
7
57
Trng lng cu k c c cu di chuyn: G
0
= 20000 N ( theo cc
cu ch to).
Vn tc di chuyn cu l : V
c
= 35 m/ph.
Ch lm vic ca c cu l : nh.
S c cu di chuyn - hnh (2.16.).
2.3.2. Tnh c cu di chuyn cu
2.3.2.1. Tnh bnh xe v ray
Ta chn loi bnh xe hnh tr c hai thnh bn vi cc kch thc theo OCT
3569-60. ng knh bnh xe chn D
bx
= 320 mm, ng knh ngng trc lp d =
60mm. Cn c vo kch thc tng ng ca bnh xe chn chiu rng vnh bnh l
100 mm, chn ray cu trc KP80 lm ray cho cu ln.
Ti trng tc dng ln bnh xe: Bnh xe b tr vi khong cch bnh (khu
dm) L = 8000 mm v khong cch trc B = 1200 mm. Khi ti trng tc dng ln
cc bnh xe gm trng lng bn thn cu G
c
, trng lng bn thn xe ln G
x
v
trng lng vt nng Q. Ti trng ln nht tc dng ln mi bnh xe l khi xe con
mang c cu nng c vt nng ln nht ti mt u gii hn bn tri (phi) cu, hnh
(2-17).






Hnh 2.17. S ti trng tc dng.
P
max
= P
1
= P
2
= ( )
c x
G
L
l L
Q G
4
1
2
1
+

+ =
= ( ) 11650 20000
4
1
8
4 , 0 8
10000 4000
2
1
= +

+ N
Ti trng nh nht tc dng ln mi bnh xe khi xe ln khng c vt nng ti
u gii hn bn tri (phi) cu.

l = 400
Gx + Q Gc
A
L = 8000
B


RB
4000
RA
58
P
min
(1;2) = = +

c x
G
L
l L
G
4
1
2
1

= 6900 20000
4
1
8
4 , 0 8
. 4000
2
1
= +

N
Ti trng tng ng tc dng ln bnh xe, xc nh theo cng thc
P
bx
= k
bx
P
max

Trong : - h s tnh n s thay i ca ti trng, xc nh theo cng thc:
82 , 0
20000 4000
10000
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3 3
0
=
(
(
(
(
(

\
|
+
+
+ =
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+ =
G
Q

k
bx
= 1,1 h s tnh n ch lm vic ca c cu, bng (2-8).
Vy: P
bx
= 0,82.1,1.11650 = 10508 N
Bnh xe c ch to bng thp c 55 lm tt c rn HB = 300 320.
Sc bn dp c kim tra theo cng thc:


Trong : b = 60 mm chiu rng mt lm vic.
r = 160 mm bn knh bnh xe.
Vy: 199
160 . 60
10508
190 = =
d
N/mm
2

ng sut dp cho php trong bng (2-19) [tr.44] l: [ ]
d
= 750 N/mm
2

Vy kch thc bnh xe chn l an ton.
2.3.2.2. Chn ng c in
Lc cn chuyn ng do ma st, xc nh theo cng thc:
( )
bx
D
d f
Q G W
. 2
0 1
+
+ =


Trong : = 0,5 H s ma st ln, bng (3-7)
f = 0,02 h s ma st trong trc, bng (2-9).
[ ]
d
bx
d
r b
P
=
.
190
59
Vy: ( ) 234
320
60 . 02 , 0 5 , 0 . 2
10000 24000
1
=
+
+ = W N
Lc cn do dc ng ray, xc nh theo cng thc:
( ) 34 ) 10000 24000 .( 001 , 0
0 2
= + = + = Q G W N
Trong : = 0,001 dc ng ray, tra bng(2-9)
Tng lc cn tnh chuyn ng, xc nh theo cng thc:
W
t
= k
t
W
1
+ W
2
= 3,2.234 +34 = 783 N
Trong : k
t
= 3,2 h s k n lc cn do ma st thnh bnh v mt u moay
bnh xe, tra bng (3-6) ng vi t s L/B =1.
Cng sut tnh yu cu i vi ng c in, xc nh theo cng thc:
537 , 0
85 , 0 . 1000 . 60
35 . 783
. 1000 . 60
.
= = =
c
c t
t
V W
N

kW
Trong :
c
= 0,85 hiu sut ca c cu di chuyn (hiu sut ca b truyn)
Tng ng vi ch lm vic ca c cu l nh, s b ta chn ng c in
K 32-6 c cc c tnh sau:
- Cng sut danh ngha N
c
= 0,6 kW
- S vng quay danh ngha n
c
= 930 v/ph
- H s qu ti
dn
M
M
max
= 1,9
- Mmen bnh ca roto ( )
roto i i
D G
2
= 0,2 Nm
2

- Khi lng 27 kg
2.3.2.3. T s truyn chung
S vng quay yu cu ca bnh xe l:
35
32 , 0 .
35
= = =

bx
bx
bx
D
V
n
T s truyn chung yu cu i vi b truyn



5 , 26
35
930
= = =
bx
c
c
n
n
i
60
2.3.2.4. Kim tra ng c in v mmen m my
- Gia tc ln nht m bo h s bm 2 , 1
b
k c tnh t cng thc:
|
|

\
|
+ =
0
0
max 0
2 , 1
t
bx
d
d
W
D
d
f G
G
G
g
j


Trong : g = 9,81 m/s
2
gia tc trng trng.
G
0
= 24000 N trng lng cu k c c cu di chuyn.
G
d
= 6900 N tng p lc ln cc bnh dn khi khng c vt nng.
= 0,20 h s bm ca bnh xe vo ray khi lm vic trong nh.
f = 0,02 h s ma st trong trc, bng (2-9).
0
t
W - Tng lc cn tnh chuyn ng ca c cu khi khng c vt nng
=
0
t
W =
+
bx
D
d f
G
. 2
0

160
320
60 . 02 , 0 5 , 0 . 2
24000 =
+
N
Vy: 41 , 0 160
3 , 0
05 , 0
02 , 0 . 6900
2 , 1
2 , 0 . 6900
24000
81 , 9
max 0
= |

\
|
+ = j m/s
2

- Mmen m my ti a cho php, xc nh theo cng thc
( )
0
1
2
0 2
1
2
0
0
0
375 375 2
m
I i i
c m c
bx
c c
bx t
m
t
n D G
t i
n D G
i
D W
M

+ + =



Trong : i
c
= 25 - t s truyn chung i vi b truyn.
c
= 0,85 hiu sut ca b truyn.
n
1
= 930 s vng quay ca trc ng c.
0
m
t - thi gian m my tng ng, 4 , 1
41 , 0 . 60
35
60
max 0
0
= = =
j
v
t
c
m
s
= 1,1 h s k n nh hng qun tnh ca cc tit my quay trn
cc trc sau trc ng c.
I i i
D G ) (
2

- tng mmen v lng ca cc tit my quay trn trc I, Nm

2


I i i
D G ) (
2
[
khop i i roto i i
D G D G ) ( ) (
2 2
+ ] = 1,1[0,2 + 0,13] = 0,363 Nm
2
Vy: 43 , 26
4 , 1 . 375
930 . 363 , 0
85 , 0 . 4 , 1 5 , 26 . 375
930 . 32 , 0 . 24000
85 , 0 . 5 , 26 . 2
32 , 0 . 160
2
2
0
= + + =
m
M Nm
61
- Mmen danh ngha ca ng c chn
16 , 6
930
6 , 0
. 9550 9550 = = =
c
c
dn
n
N
M Nm
- Mmen m my trung bnh ca ng c
( )
5 , 10 16 , 6 . 7 , 1 7 , 1
2
1 , 1 5 , 2 8 , 1
) (
= = =
+
=
dn
dn dn
c m
M
M M
M Nm
Ta thy:
0
) ( m c m
M M < , mc d chn M
m max
= 1,9M
dn
ng c vn c mmen
m my nh hn so vi tr s cho php, vy ng c chn l hp l.
2.3.2.5. Tnh chn phanh
phanh c nh gn, ta s t phanh trc th nht tc l trc ng c. Khi
vic tnh chn phanh gm cc bc sau.
- Mmen phanh c xc nh theo cng thc
( )
0
1
2
0 2
1
2
0
0
375 375 2
ph
I i i
ph c
c bx
c c
bx t
ph
t
n D G
t i
n D G
i
D W
M

+ + =

Trong :
0
ph
t - thi gian phanh khi khng c vt nng:
42 , 1
41 , 0 . 60
35
60
0
0
= = =
ph
c
ph
j
v
t s

0
ph
j = 0,75 gia tc hm, theo bng ( ) ty theo t l s bnh dn v h
s bm .
Vy: 97 , 6
42 , 1 . 375
930 . 363 , 0
42 , 1 . 5 , 26 . 375
85 , 0 . 930 . 32 , 0 . 24000
85 , 0 . 5 , 26 . 2
32 , 0 . 160
2
2
= + + =
ph
M Nm
Ta chn phanh cho c cu l phanh a in t vi nhiu mt ma st v c kch
thc nh gn, lm vic tin cy (hnh 2.5.). Kt cu v nguyn tc lm vic ca n
c trnh by trong phn (2.1.2.8.).
n gin thi gian cho vic thit k v tit kim chi ph ng thi vn m
bo tin cy cho c cu trong qu trnh lm vic, ta chon phng n mua sn cn c
vo mmen phanh yu cu.


62
2.3.2.6. Thit k b truyn
B truyn ca c cu bao gm hp gim tc v b truyn bnh rng h, t s
truyn tng ng ca chng c tnh theo cng thc:
i
c
= i
nh
.i
h

Trong : i
c
t s truyn chung.
i
nh
t s truyn ca b truyn bnh rng h.
i
h
t s truyn ca hp gim tc.
T t s truyn ta tin hnh thit k cc cp bnh rng tr thng, cn c vo yu
cu v t s truyn trung bnh ca b truyn bnh rng tr thng m ta c th chn: i
nh

= 35, i
h
= 37. Vy s b ta chn i
nh
= 5 th t s truyn ca hp gim tc s l:
i
h
= i/i
nh
= 26,5/5 = 5,3
Tnh chn hp gim tc:
Ta tin hnh thit k hp gim tc da vo cc thng s bit:
I
h
= 5,3 t s truyn chung.
N
c
= 0,6 kW cng sut ca ng c in.
n
c
= 930 s vng quay trn trc ng c.
S b ta chn hp gim tc c kt cu nh hnh (2-18).
Ta lp bng phn phi cc gi tr thng s ng ng lc hc cc cp ca h
truyn dn nh sau:
Bng (2-11). Gi tr thng s ng ng lc hc cc cp ca h truyn dn.
Trc
Thng s
I II III
I I
12
= 2,65 I
23
= 2
n, v/ph 930 351 175,5
N, kW 0,6 0,576 0,553
M
x
, (N.mm) 6161 15673 30092

Vi: n
1
= n
c
=930 v/ph ; n
2
=
12
1
i
n
;
23
2
3
i
n
n =
63
N
1
= N
c
=0,6kW; N
2
= N
1;
N
3
= N
2

M
1
= M
x
= 6161(N.mm); M
2
= i
12
. .M
1
; M
3
=i
23
. .M
2

Trong : M
x
m men xon trn trc
ng c ; = (0,95 0,97) hiu sut b
truyn bnh rng tr, chn = 0,96
Cn c vo yu cu vo cng sut phi
truyn vi C15%, s vng quay trc vo, t
s truyn v yu cu v lp rp, ta chn phng
n mua sn hp gim tc tiu chun da vo
cc thng s ng ng lc hc ca cc cp
c ghi trn bng (2-11). Vi phng n ny
s gim c chi ph v tnh ton.
Hnh 2.19. S hp gim tc.
Thit k b truyn bnh rng h
T t s truyn va tnh c ta ta tn hnh thit k cp bnh rng tr thng
rng thng, mt cp. Cc thng s tnh c l: s vng quay, mmen xon v cng
sut trn trc ca cp bnh rng tr thng.







a. Chn vt liu v phng php ch to
c im ca b truyn h bnh rng tr thng l chu ti ln, v vy i hi vt
liu ch to phi c c tnh cao. Tuy nhin chn vt liu phi tnh n gi thnh sn
xut v kh nng cng ngh cho php. Cn c vo nhng yu cu trn ta chn loi vt
liu cho cp bnh rng thit k nh sau:
Trc
Thng s
I II
i 5
n (v/ph)
N (kW)
M
x
(N.mm)
175,5
0,553
30092
35
0,531
144441
n
c

n
tr
64
- i vi bnh rng nh, chn thp C50 thng ha c cng HB = 220,
b
=
620 N/mm
2
,
ch
= 320 N/mm
2
, ng knh phi 100 200mm.
- i vi bnh rng ln, chn thp C45 thng ha, c cng HB = 190,
b
=
580 N/mm
2
,
ch
= 320 N/mm
2
, ng knh phi 200 400 mm.
Cc bc tip theo lm tng t nh trnh by phn 2.2.2.4 ta xc
nh c cc i lng chnh sau:
b. ng sut cho php
- ng sut tip xc cho php:
[ ] 550 1 . 220 . 5 , 2
1
= =
tx
N/mm
2

[ ] 475 1 . 190 . 5 , 2
2
= =
tx
N/mm
2

- ng sut un cho php:
[ ] 137
8 , 1 . 1 , 1
65 , 0 . 620 . 45 , 0 . 5 , 1
1
= =
u
N/mm
2

[ ] 144
8 , 1 . 1 , 1
73 , 0 . 580 . 45 , 0 . 5 , 1
2
= =
u
N/mm
2

- ng sut tip xc cho php khi qu ti.
Bnh nh: [ ] [ ] 1373 550 . 5 , 2 5 , 2
1 max 1
= = =
tx H
N/mm
2

Bnh ln: [ ] [ ] 1195 478 . 5 , 2 5 , 2
2 max 2
= = =
tx H
N/mm
2

- ng sut un cho php khi qu ti.
Bnh nh: [ ] 484 220 . 2 , 2 . 2 , 2
max 1
= = = HB
F
N/mm
2

Bnh ln: [ ] 418 190 . 2 , 2 . 2 , 2
max 1
= = = HB
F
N/mm
2
c. H s ti trng K
sb
, h s chiu rng
m
v s rng Z
Gi tr K
sb
c th chn s b trong khong 1,21,6. Khi chn ch kh nng
chy mn ca vt liu ch to, cch b tr b truyn v mi trng lm vic ca b
truyn.
Gi tr h s
m
= b/m = 12 c chn theo bng 40 TKCTM.
S rng Z c chn theo kinh nghim tha mn iu kin:
Z
1
> Z
1min
=17 rng, chn Z
1
= 30 rng
65
Z
2
= i
nh
.Z
1
= 5.30 = 150 rng
d. Xc nh mun n khp theo sc bn tip xc v khong cch trc.


56 , 1
137 . 12 . 186 . 30 . 451 , 0
553 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 10 . 1 , 19
3
6
=
sb
m
Theo tiu chun ta chn m
sb
= 2
Tnh khong cch trc A, s b
A
sb
=
( ) ( )
180
2
150 300 . 2
2
2 1
=
+
=
+ Z Z m
sb
mm
e. Cp chnh xc ch to bnh rng
Cp chnh xc ch to bnh rng l cp 9.
f. Xc nh chnh xc khong cch trc A
khong cch trc:
192
2 , 1
47 , 1
. 180 3 3 = = =
sb
sb
K
K
A A mm
M un n khp xc nh li c gi tr bng:
14 , 2
2 , 1
47 , 1
. 2 3 3 = = =
sb
sb
K
K
m m
g. Kim nghim rng theo qu ti t ngt
b truyn c kh nng chu qu ti trong thi gian ngn cn kim tra b
truyn qu ti theo iu kin :
[ ]
max
.
F qt u F
K =
[ ]
max
.
H qt tx H
K =
Kt qu tnh c l:
[ ]
max 1
2
1
/ 92 , 85 4 , 2 . 799 , 35
F F
mm N = =
[ ]
max 2
2
2
/ 32 , 61 4 , 2 . 55 , 25
F F
mm N = =
[ ]
3
6
. . .
. . 10 . 1 , 19
u m
sb
n z y
N K
m

66
[ ]
max
2
/ 62 , 589 4 , 2 . 6 , 380
H H
mm N = =
Kt qu tnh ton u tha mn.
h. Cc thng s hnh hc ch yu ca b truyn:
- Khong cch trc A = 192mm
- Chiu cao rng h = 2,25.m = 2,25.2,14 = 5,45 mm
- h hng tm C = 0,25.m = 0,25.2,14 = 0,535 mm
- ng knh vng chia d
c1
= m.Z
1
= 2,14.30 = 64,2 mm
d
c2
= m.Z
2
= 2,14.150 = 321 mm
- ng knh vng ln d
1
= d
c1
; d
2
= d
c2

- ng knh vng nh rng D
e1
= d
c1
+ 2m = 64,2 + 2.2,14 = 68,48 mm
D
e2
= d
c2
+ 2m = 321 + 2.2,14 = 325,28 mm
- ng knh vng chn rng D
i1
= d
c1
- 2m - 2C = 58,85 mm
D
i2
= d
c2
- 2m - 2C =

315,56 mm
thun tin cho vic lp rp ta c th ch to bnh rng gn lin vi bnh xe
ca c cu di chuyn (hnh 2-20).
i. Tnh lc
Lc tc dng trong trong b truyn bnh rng c xc nh theo hai thnh
phn:
- Lc vng P
1
= P
1
= 4815
60
144441 . 2 . 2
= =
d
M
x
N
- Lc hng tm P
r1
= P
r2
= P.tg = 4815.tg20
0
= 1753 N
2.3.2.7. Tnh bnh xe v ray
Ta chn bnh xe hnh tr c hai thnh bn vi cc kch thc theo OCT 3569-
60 . Ta chn ng knh bnh xe D
bx
= 320 mm, ng knh ngng trc lp d = 60
mm
Bnh xe c b tr vi khong cch bnh (khong cch hai ray) L
r
= 8000 mm
v khong cch trc 1200 mm. Ti trng tc dng ln bnh xe gm trng lng cng
trc G
ct
, trng lng xe ln k c b phn mang vt G
x
v trng lng vt nng Q.
Vy ti trng ln nht tc dng ln bnh xe khi nng vt l:
67
( ) ( )
8500
4
10000 4000 20000
4
max
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
Q G G
P
x c
N
Ti trng tng ng tc dng ln bnh xe tnh theo cng thc:
P
bx
= .k
bx
.P
max
= 0,8 .1,1.8500 = 7480 N
Trong : = 0,8 h s tnh n s thay i ti trng, tng ng vi
1
400
10000
> =
x
G
Q
, tra bng 2-
k
bx
= 1,1 h s tnh n ch lm vic ca c cu, bng (2-8).
ng sut dp c kim tra theo cng thc:
[ ]
d d
P
m

= 3
2
max
. . 3600
Trong :
max
= 320 mm - bn knh tng ng ln nht, i vi ng knh
bnh xe l 320 mm, ta chn ray P15 c 146
min
= mm.
m - h s, ph thuc h s: 45 , 0
320
146
min
max
= =

, theo bng (2- )ta chn

m = 0,536.
Vy: 807
320
7480
. 536 , 0 . 3600
3
2
= =
d
N/mm
2
i vi bnh xe lm bng vt liu l thp 40 XH, ng sut dp cho php l:
[ ] 2200 =
d
N/mm
2
, c cng HB = 300400.
So snh kt qu ta thy [ ]
d d
< , vy bnh xe v ray lm vic an ton.







Hnh 2.20. Bnh xe v ray.
b2

h2
h1
R
r1

r2
r
4
b 1
320 60
20
100
60
68
Bng (2-12). H s m.

Bng (2-13). Cc thng s ca ray P15.
Kiu
ray
h
1

(mm)
h
2

(mm)
b
1
(mm)
b
2

(mm)
r
1

(mm)
r
2

(mm)
r
4

(mm)
R
(mm)
P15 120 24 50 76 36 52 45 146

2.3.2.8. Tnh trc truyn
Trc truyn chuyn ng quay t ng c ti cc bnh xe nn trong trng hp
ny mmen tc dng ln chc ch l mmen xon, vi gi tr mmen xon cu truyn
trn trc nn trong trng hp ny ta xc nh c ng knh trc theo mmen
xon.
Gi tr ng knh trc s b c xc nh theo cng thc:
[ ]
3
. 2 , 0
x
x
sb
M
d

Trong : M
x
mmen xon truyn trn trc, M
x
= 30092 N.mm.
[ ]
x
- ng sut xon cho php, [ ]
x
= 10 N/mm
2
.
Vy: 68 , 24
20 . 2 , 0
30092
3 =
sb
d mm
So b chn d = 30 mm, trc truyn l trc c.






m

min
0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
m 1,28 0,97 0,80 0,716 0,6 0,536 0,49 0,468 0,44 0,42 0,40 0,38
69



















CHNG III

TNH KT CU THP CA CU TRC

70
Cu gm dm chnh kiu ch I ni cng vi hai dm cui. Trn dm cui t
cc bnh xe cu di chuyn dc phn xng. Xe ln di chuyn trn cnh di ca
dm ch I.
Kt cu kim loi ca cu c tnh theo cc s liu ban u sau:
- Ti trng: Q = 1t = 10000 N
- Trng lng xe ln k c b phn mang vt G
x
= 4000 N
- Trng lng cu vi c cu di chuyn G
c
= 20000 N
- Khu dm cu L = 8 m
- Trng lng khung gin thp G
t
= 1500 N
3.1. TNH DM CHNH
3.1.1. Chn vt liu
Trong cu trc kt cu dm chnh chim mt phn rt ln, khi lng kim loi
dng cho dm chnh chim n 6080% khi lng kim loi my trc. L k cu
chu ti chnh nn i hi kt cu phi bn trong trng hp phi chu ti trng ln
nht. Ngoi vic phi m bo bn khi lm vic, kt cu kim loi cn d dng ra
cng, p c gi thnh thp, b mt ngoi ca kt cu cn phng d nh g v d
sn. V th vic chn kim loi thch hp cho dm chnh s dng chng mt cch
kinh t nht l rt quan trng.
Cn c vo yu cu trn ta chn loi thp cho dm l: thp CT3 vi lng lu
hunh khng cha qu 0,05%, lng pht pho khng qu 0,045%. y l loi thp
thng dng cho cc dm chu ti ca my trc.
3.1.2. Xc nh cc ti trng tc dng ln dm chnh
Cc ti trng tc dng ln dm chnh gm: ti trng khng di ng, ti trng di
ng, lc qun tnh khi phanh cc c cu.
- Ti trng khng di ng: l ti trng ca khung gin thp v c cu di chuyn
cu, ti trng ny coi nh phn b u dc theo chiu di kt cu, c tnh nh sau:
q = 325
8
1100 1500
0 , 1
1
=
+
=
+
L
G G
k
d t
N/m
Trong : k
1
= 1,0 h s chnh k n cc hin tng va p khi di chuyn
71
my trc, ng vi vn tc di chuyn v < 60 m/ph.
G
t
, G
d
trng lng ca khung gin thp v c cu di chuyn, s b
chn G
t
= 1500 N; G
d
= 1100 N.
L = 8 m khu dm cu.
- Ti trng di ng: l ti trng do p lc thng ng ca cc bnh xe ca xe ln
to ra khi di chuyn dc theo kt cu kim loi t im tip xc ca bnh xe vi
ng ray. Ti trng ny sinh ra do trng lng vt nng v trng lng xe ln k c
b phn mang vt, tr s ca cc ti trng ny bng:
P = k
2
4
Q
+
4
x
G
= 1,1
4
10000
+
4
4000
= 3750 N
Trong : k
2
= 1,1 h s iu chnh ng vi ch lm vic nh.
Ti trng tc dng ln cc bnh xe khng k n h s iu chnh:
3500
4
4000
4
10000
4 4
'
= + = + =
x
G Q
P N
- Lc qun tnh khi phanh xe con v c cu di chuyn cu:
Lc qun tnh khi phanh xe con vi vt nng di chuyn dc cu:
500 3500
7
1
7
1
'
1
= = = P p
qt
N
Lc qun tnh khi phanh c cu di chuyn cu:
3400
10
20000 4000 10000
10
2
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
c x
qt
G G Q
P
N
3.1.3. Chn kt cu dm chnh v kim tra bn
3.1.3.1. Chn kch thc tit din dm chnh
Phn chu ti ca cu trc mt dm l thp hnh
kiu ch I, dm c chn theo iu kin m bo
cng v kh nng di chuyn ca palng theo g di
ca n.
Vi ti trng nh tnh trn, theo tiu chun TOCT 8239-56, s b ta chn
loi thp c k hiu l N
0
70 vi thng s c gi trn bng 3-1.
d
x
R
h
b
d
r
y
x
y
Hnh 3.1. Mt ct thp I.
72
Bng (3-1). Cc thng s ca thp N
0
70.
Kch thc (mm) Cc tr s i vi trc
x - x y - y
S
hiu
thp
hnh
Trng
lng
1m
di
(N)
h b d t R r
Din
tch
mt
ct
cm
2
J
x
cm
4
W
x
cm
3
I
x
cm
S
x
cm
3

I
y
cm
4
W
y
cm
4
J
y
cm
4
N
0
70 1840 700 210 17,5 28,5 24 10 234 175370 5010 27,4 2940 3910 373 4,09

3.1.3.2. Kim tra bn tit din chn
Kt cu kim loi c tnh theo phng php ng sut cho php da trn hai
trng hp phi hp ti trng:
Trng hp 1: di tc dng ca ton b cc ti trng khng di ng v ti trng
di ng, ng sut cho php [ ] 160
1
= N/mm
2
.
Trng hp 2: ngoi cc ti trng chnh trn cn tnh n cc ti trng do lc
qun tnh ln nht c th xy ra khi phanh hay m cng trc v xe ln, ng sut cho
php l [ ] 180
2
= N/mm
2
.
a. kim tra vng
vng ca thanh thp ch I c xc nh theo cng thc:
[ ] f
EJ
L P
f
x
=

48
3

Trong :

P = Q + G
x
ti trng di ng.
= 10000 + 4000 = 14000 N
L = 8 m chiu di ca dm.
E = 2,1.10
5

N/mm
2
mun n hi ko ca thp.
J
x
= 175370cm
4
mmen qun tnh ca tit din dm i vi trc ngang.
[f] = L/700 = 8000/700 = 11,43 mm vng cho php ca dm.
Vy: 4 , 0
10 . 175370 . 10 . 1 , 2 . 48
8000 . 14000
4 5
3
= = f mm < [f] = 11,43 mm
Vy dm m bo an ton.

73
b. Kim tra bn
Khi kim tra dm ch I chu ti theo bn ta cn tnh n kh nng lm vic
ca g di. y, ngoi ng sut chung ca ton kt cu, di p lc ca bnh xe
P, xut hin ng sut cc b, g di chu un dc theo dm on aa v un theo
hng ngang trn chiu rng g b. V tr kim tra l v tr khi xe con mang vt vi ti
trng Q chnh gia dm chnh.
Ty theo v tr ca lc P trn g, ng sut un ln nht c th xut hin hoc
th trn ti im bt u ca bn knh ni g vi thnh ng hoc th di bin
t do ca g.
ng sut un cc b ca g c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:
- tit din st thnh ng do un trong mt phng xz
6 , 17
2 , 28
7000 . 0 , 2 .
2 2
1
= = =
t
P k
x
N/mm
2
- tit din st thnh ng do un trong mt phng yz
3 , 5
2 , 28
7000 . 6 , 0 .
2 2
2
= = =
t
P k
y
N/mm
2
- bin t do ca g do un trong mt phng yz
4 , 5
5 , 25
7000 . 5 , 0 .
2 2
3
= = =
tb
b
y
t
P k
N/mm
2
Trong : k
1
, k
2
, k
3
h s, ph thuc vo t s 62 , 0
105
65
= = =
b
c

t = 28,2 mm chiu dy ca g theo ng ct mt phng trn ca.
g vi thnh ng dm ch I.
t
tb
= 25.5 mm chiu dy trung bnh tit din gia.
P = 7000
2
14000
2
= =

P
N ti trng tp trung.
Trong cc cng thc tnh trn, du (+) dng cho cc th kim loi trn,
du (-) dng cho th di.
ng sut un ton ton phn mt phng yz c tnh theo cng thc:
74
z
z
y
x
0,5
0,5
0,9
1,3
1,7
2,1
2,5
2,9
0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
c/b
k1
k3
k2
k
P
p p
c c
b b
t ttb
d
x
u
W
M
=
Trong : M mmen un ca dm trong mt phng ang xt do ti trng tp
trung

P v ti trng phn b u ca q gy ra.

6
2 2
10 . 664
8
4000 . 325
4
4000 . 14000
8 4
= + = + =

qL L P
M N.mm
W
x
= 5010 cm
3
mmen chng un i vi th tng ng ca g di.
Vy: 132
10 . 5010
10 . 664
3
6
= =
u
N/mm
2

ng sut un tng g bng:
- tit din st thnh ng:
( ) ( ) [ ]
1
2 2
+ + + =
x y u y u x t

( ) ( ) 129 6 , 17 3 , 5 132 3 , 5 132 6 , 17
2 2
= + + + = N/mm
2
< [ ]
1

- bin t do ca g:
4 , 137 4 , 5 132 = + = + =
b
y u
N/mm
2
< [ ]
2

Trong : [ ]
1
= 160 N/mm
2
; [ ]
2
= 180 N/mm
2
.
Vy thp ch I chn l bn.








a a
Hnh 3.2. Bin dng g di ca dm Hnh 3.3. th h s k
1
,k
2
,k
3
.
do nh hng ca un cc b.
75
3.2. TNH DM CUI
Kt cu dm cui gm hai thanh thp ch I t song song c lin kt vi nhau
bi cc lin kt thp bng phng php hn v gi trn hai trc ca bnh xe di
chuyn. Do kt cu dm cui hai bn l ging nhau nn khi tnh ta ch cn tnh cho
mt bn l .
3.2.1. Chn vt liu cho dm cui:
Vt liu cho dm cui chn tng t nh chn cho dm chnh (phn 3.1.1).
3.2.2. Xc nh cc ti trng tc dng ln dm cui
Ti trng tc dng ln dm cui cng bao gm cc ti trng khng di ng, ti
trng di ng v lc qun tnh khi phanh cc c cu, cc ti trng ny c tnh
tng t nh trn.
3.2.3. Chn kt cu dm cui v kim tra bn
Phn chu ti ca cu trc mt dm l thp hnh kiu ch I, dm c chn theo
iu kin m bo cng vng khi chu t trng tp chung chnh gia tm.
Vi ti trng nh tnh trn, theo tiu chun TOCT 8239-56 s b ta chn
loi thp c k hiu l N
0
20 vi thng s c gi trn bng .
Bng (3-2). Cc thng s ca thp N
0
20.
Kch thc (mm) Cc tr s i vi trc
x - x y - y
S
hiu
thp
hnh
Trng
lng
1m
di
(N)
h b d t R r
Din
tch
mt
ct
cm
2
J
x
cm
4
W
x
cm
3
I
x
cm
S
x
cm
3

I
y
cm
4
W
y
cm
4
J
y
cm
4
N
0
20 207 200 100 5,2 8,2 9,5 4,0 26,4 1810 181 8,27 102 112 22,4 2,06

Kim tra bn tit din chn:
Dm cui c tnh khi xe ln vi vt nng nm st n nht (v tr gii hn
khu dm). Kt cu kim loi c tnh theo phng php ng sut cho php da
trn hai trng hp phi hp ti trng. V tr c kim tra l v tr nm ti chnh gia
ca dm cui (mt ct I-I - v tr c tit din nguy him nht).
Xt ti mt ct I-I, lc tp chung ln nht tc dng l:
76
q
P
400
4000
Gc
L = 8000
B






Hnh 3.4. S tnh lc tc dng ln dm cui ti tit din I-I.
25550 10000
2
8000 . 325 , 0
8000
400 8000
3750 . 4
2 2
. 400
4 = + +

= + +

=
c
I
G L q
L
L
P P N
Lc qun tnh tc dng ti mt ct I-I (ti gi B).
3900
2 1
= + =
qt qt qt
P P P N
Phn lc ti cc gi tng ng l:
- Phn lc do lc tp chung gy ra ti hai gi:
12775
2
25550
2
2 1
= = = =
I
P
R R N
- Phn lc do lc qun tnh gy ra ti hai gi:
1950
2
3900
2
'
2
'
1
= = = =
qt
P
R R N






Hnh 3.5. S tnh dm cui.
Kim tra bn ti ti din I-I.
- Theo trng hp1, mmen un ln nht ti tit din I-I l:
3
1
1
10 . 7665
2
1200
12775
2
. = = =
A
R M
u
N.mm
R 1 R 1
R 2
R 1
A
I
I
P I

+ P qt
77
Vy: 34 , 42
10 . 181
10 . 7665
3
3 1
1
= = =
x
u
W
M
N/mm
2
< [ ]
1

ng sut cho php [ ]
1
= 160 N/mm
2
, m bo cho dm cui cng vng,
ng sut un cho php y khng ly ln hn 80100 N/mm
2
.
- Theo trng hp 2, mmen un ln nht ti tit din I-I l:
( ) ( )
3 '
1 1
2
10 . 8835
2
1200
1950 12775
2
. = + = + =
A
R R M
u
N.mm
Vy: 81 , 48
10 . 181
10 . 8835
3
3 2
2
= = =
x
u
W
M
N/mm
2
< [ ]
2

ng sut cho php tng ng vi trng hp phi hp ti trng ny l [ ]
2
= 180
N/mm
2
.
Qua kt qu va tnh c ta thy thp chn lm dm cui l bn:
















78







CHNG IV

TNH CC THIT B PH V S B
TNH GI THNH

79
4.1. THIT K H THNG IU KHIN CHO CC C CU CNG TC
4.1.1. Khi nim chung
Thit k h thng iu khin cho cc c cu cng tc c ngha l i thit k h
thng in iu khin cho cc c cu. Mi h thng iu khin ca mt c cu bao
gm ng c in v cc thit b in to thnh mt khi thng nht. Mc ch chnh
ca h thng l iu khin s hot ng ng thi m bo s an ton v tin cy cho
cc c cu trong qu trnh lm vic.
Nhng yu cu chung i vi cc h thng in iu khin:
- m bo an ton trong qu trnh lm vic v nng sut cho cu trc.
- Chu s va p, rung ng, lc, s thay i nhit v qu ti cao.
- Cho php lm vic theo ch ngn hn lp li v s ln khi ng ln.
- m bo tin cy cao, cho php sa cha v phc hi nhanh chng.
- Gim nh iu kin lao ng, c bit l t ng iu khin.
Cn c vo yu cu t ra ta i thit k h thng iu khin cho cc c cu.
4.1.2. H thng dy dn v cc thit b bo v
4.1.2.1. H thng dy dn cung cp in cho cu trc
Cu trc c t trong phn xng, nn h thng dy dn cung cp in cho
cc c cu cu trc u phi l cp in c v bc cch in tt v c s dng rng
ri trong ngnh my trc.
Do cu trc di chuyn trn ray t trn cao trong phn xng thc hin chc
nng ca n trn mt bng lm vic cho php c nh ra trong qu trnh thit k.
Khi cu trc di chuyn th h thng cp in cng di chuyn theo, trnh ri cp
in trong qu trnh lm vic ca cu trc ta cn phi b tr thit b thu nh cp t
ng theo qung ng di chuyn ca cu trc. Trong cu trc thi k, thit b thu
nh cp c m t nh s hnh 4.1.
Kt cu v nguyn l lm vic ca c cu thu nh cp:
Cp in 2 c t trong rnh thng nm song song vi ray ca c cu di
chuyn cu t trn vai nh xng 3. B phn cun cp 1 ln kt vi trc ca bnh xe
nn lun quay cng chiu vi bnh xe ca c cu di chuyn cu ng thi m bo
80
4
2
3
1
dung lng cha cp. Khi cu trc di chuyn tnh tin v pha trc, b phn cha
cp 1 s t ng nh cp khi quay cng chiu ci bnh xe c cu di chuyn. Khi cu
trc di chuyn v pha ngc li gn v tr t in, b phn cha cp 1 s t cun cp
khi quay cng chiu vi bnh xe ca c cu di chuyn.
Tin li





Hnh 4.1. Thi b thu nh cp t ng.
4.1.2.2. Cc thit b bo v
cho cc c cu ca cu trc lm vic an ton, tin cy, khng b hng hc v
in gy ra, cn phi c cc thit b bo v ng c in khng cho lm vic khi b
qu ti v mt in t xut. Cc thit b bo v s pht ra nh sng v m thanh khi
c s c v in xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng, Cc thit b bo v bao gm: cu
ch, cu dao, cng tc t, r le nhit, .v.v.. Ngoi ra, cc c cu cn c trang b
cng tc cui.
Cng tc cui c tc dng gii hn qung ng di chuyn ca c cu nng, c
cu di chuyn xe con, c cu di chuyn cu trc trnh trng hp cc c cu di
chuyn vt qu gii hn theo tnh ton thit k a ra.
4.1.3. Thit k mch iu khin cho cc c cu cng tc
4.2.3.1. Mch iu khin c cu nng:
S mch iu khin nh hnh 4.2.
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca mch iu khin ny nh sau:
Cng tc t 1K, 2K iu khin ng m cc tip im thng ng v thng
m ca n khi lm vic trn mch iu khin. My bin p (MBA) h th cung cp
in cho khi ng t (KT) iu khin hot ng ca c cu nng. Rle nhit
bo v s qu ti cho ng c khi xy ra s c.
81
ng cu dao (CD) cung cp in 3 pha cho mch, nhn nt thng m (CK)
khi ng t nhn c in v sn sng lm vic, tuy nhin thi im ny c cu
nng cha lm vic.
a. iu khin theo chiu nng
Khi iu khin theo chiu nng ta nhn nt nng (N), cng tc t 1K c in s
ng cc tip im thng m v m cc tip im thng ng ca n cung cp
in cho ng c in lm ng c quay theo chiu nng vt, do phanh mc ng trc
vi ng c in nn ng thi lc phanh nhn in v lm vic s m phanh (loi
phanh in thng ng). Khi th nt nng N, s ngng cung cp in cho ng c,
ng thi phanh ng li v kt thc qu trnh nng.
b. iu khin theo chiu h
Ta nhn nt h (H), cng tc t 2K c in s ng cc tip im thng m v
m cc tip im thng ng ca n cung cp in cho ng c in lm cho ng
c quay theo chiu h. Tng t nh trn cng lc phanh lm vic v m phanh.
Khi th nt nhn (H) th qu trnh h kt thc.
Cc cng tc cui s lm vic khi c cu nng hay h vt vt qu gii hn cho
php, n s ngt in ngng cung cp cho cng tc t 1K v 2K, khi cc tip im
thng m 1K v 2K s khng ng li, ng c khng c in s ngng hot ng.
4.2.3.2. Mch iu khin c cu di chuyn xe con v c cu di chuyn cu
Mch iu khin cho c cu di chuyn xe con v c cu di chuyn cu tng t
nh c cu nng.
S mch iu khin nh hnh 4.3.
Mch iu khin cng bao gm cc b phn: cng tc t 1K, 2K; my bin p
(MBA); khi ng t (KT); cng tc cui v cc r le nht. Chc nng ca cc b
phn ny cng nh trong c cu nng.
ng cu dao (CD) cung cp in cho mch, khi nhn nt thng m (CK) khi
ng t lm vic, tuy nhin lc ny ton b c cu di chuyn cha lm vic.
Khi iu khin c cu sang phi, ta nhn nt P ca KT cung cp in cho cng
tc t 1K n s ng cc tip im thng m v m cc tip im thng ng ca
82
n, cung cp in cho ng c v phanh lm vic theo chiu di chuyn sang phi. Khi
nh nt P ra s ngng cung cp in cho ng c v kt thc qu trnh di chuyn ca
c cu.
Khi iu khin c cu sang tri, ta nhn nt T ca KT cung cp in cho cng
tc t 1K n s ng cc tip im thng m v m cc tip im thng ng ca
n, cung cp in cho ng c v phanh lm vic theo chiu di chuyn sang tri. Khi
nh nt P ra s ngng cung cp in cho ng c v kt thc qu trnh di chuyn ca
c cu.
83

2
K
C
D
C
C
K
2
K
1
R
N
2
R
N
1
1
K
H N
M
B
A
C
K
K

T
C
T
C
K
1
K
2
R
N
2
R
N
1

C













H

n
h

4
.
2
.

S

c
h

u

k
h
i

n

c

u

n

n
g
.


84
































2
K
C
D
C
C
K
2
K
1
R
N
2
R
N
1
1
K
T P
M
B
A
C
K
K

T
C
T
C
K
1
K
2
R
N
2
R
N
1

C

H

n
h

4
.
3
.

S

c
h

u

k
h
i

n

c

u

d
i

c
h
u
y

n

x
e

c
o
n

v

u

t
r

c
.

85
4.2. THIT K CC THIT B AN TON C - IN CHO CU TRC
Cu trc l mt thit b phc hp. khai thc v s dng n c bnh thng
ngi iu khin khng nhng thng xuyn phi kim tra tnh trng bn ngoi m
cn phi theo di tnh cht, trng thi ca cu trc, ca cc cm my v chi tit ring
bit ca n. Ngi iu khin cu trc phi c trong tay cc ti liu v khu dm,
chiu cao nng, tr s v khi lng vt nng, kh nng t ti, cng nh cc mi lin
quan khc.
thun li cho cng vic ca ngi s dng v m bo an ton cho cu trc,
ngi ta phi trang b cho cu trc nhng thit b kim tra v an ton sau y:
4.2.1. Thit b hn ch chiu cao nng
cc b my nng theo quy nh an ton phi lp t thit b hn ch hnh trnh
nng, h mc cu. Khi nng s khng ch pha u mt cp, cn khi h s khng ch
ti vng cp ti ra cui cng t trn tang. i
vi cu trc thit k ta chn b hn ch hnh
trnh nng mc kiu tay xoay, v cu to n
gin v s dng thun li nht i vi cu trc
dn ng in c lp. Kt cu ca b hn ch
hnh trnh nng mc kiu tay xoay c m t
trn hnh 4.4.
B hn ch hnh trnh 1 kiu tay xoay
c ni vi mch in chnh, cm mc cu 2,
i trng 4 c ni vi u tay xoay 3 bng
dy cp mm, cn u bn kia ca tay xoay 3
kp vt nng 5. Khi mc 2 ln ti chiu cao ti
a theo quy nh s chm vo v nng i
trng 4 ln lm cho vt nng 5 quay xung tc
ng ngt mch in trong b hn ch hnh
trnh 1, cng c ngha l ngt mch in iu Hnh 4.4. B hn ch chiu cao nng.
khin c cu nng, mc cu (cp mc vt lch tm ) s dng li.
86
4
3
1 2
4.2.2. Thit b hn ch ti trng nng
Cu trc l loi my trc c ti trng nng khng thay i, do ta ch cn lp
trn n thit b hn ch ti trng nng ti a. Chon thit b hn ch ti trng nng ti
a c kt cu nh sau:
B hn ch ti vt nng dng l xo c
cheo cui nhnh cp trong palng nng. L
xo b nn p ph thuc vo trng lng vt
nng; khi l xo b nn s tc ng vo thanh
ko lm n dch chuyn tc ng vo cng tc
b hn ch hnh trnh c tay xoay. Khi ti
trng nng vt qu tr s cho php b hn
ch hnh trnh s c tc dng ngt mch in
lm ngng hot ng cu trc hoc s pht ra Hnh 4.5. B hn ch ti trng.
tn hiu cho ngi s dng bit iu chnh ti trng nng cho ng yu cu.
4.2.3. Thit b gii hn hnh trnh di chuyn v gim chn
a. Thit b gii hn hnh trnh di chuyn
hn ch hnh trnh di chuyn ca xe con hoc cu trc ta cng dng b hn
ch hnh trnh c trc xoay tng t nh c cu nng mc. B cng tc ca hnh
trnh c lp u mt ca ca khung gi di chuyn, cn thanh gt 2 t cui
ng ray gn chn gii hn. Khi c cu di chuyn vt qu v tr gii hn cho
php, tay xoay 2 s chm vo tay gt 1 s lm trc 3 quay v ngt mch in iu
khin c cu di chuyn, xe con hoc cu trc s dng chuyn ng.






Hnh 4.6. Thit b gii hn hnh trnh. Hnh 4.7. Thit b gim chn.
87
b. Thit b gim chn
i vi cc c cu di chuyn, khi ngt ngun ng lc v phanh, bnh xe vn
tip tc di chuyn thm mt on ngn na ri mi dng hn l do cn tn ti lc
qun tnh cha c trit tiu hon ton, cu trc c th va chm mnh vo chn.
gim nh lc va chm ta t hai u mt gi di chuyn cc b gim chn bng
cao su hnh 4.7. Vi thi b ny s gim nh lc va chm v ting ng khi xy ra va
chm nh lc n hi ca cc u bm cao su 4.
4.3. S B TNH GI THNH SN PHM
Vic tnh ton gi thnh ca mt sn phm no ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh
hnh gi c thi im mua vt liu ch to ra n, chnh v vy m vic xc nh gi
thnh ca sn phm ch mc tng i. Gi thnh sn phm cn ph thuc vo c
tnh k thut ca chi tit ca cc chi tit v nhng c im kt cu, nguyn l lm
vic ca n. l cc yu t c bn xc nh gi thnh sn phm ca cc chi tit
ni ring v cu trc ni chung. Cn c vo kt cu v nguyn l lm vic ca cu
trc, qua tm hiu thc t ta xc nh c gi thnh ca sn phm:
Gi thnh sn phm c tnh theo cng thc:
A = B + C
Trong :
A Gi thnh sn phm.
B - Gi thnh vt liu ch to cc chi tit, B = 184,96 triu ng.
C Chi ph thit k, C = 10%B = 18,496 triu ng.
Vy: A = 184,96 + 18,496 = 203,42 triu ng







88
Bng (4-1). Bng gi thnh vt liu ch to cc chi tit.








STT Tn chi tit
S
lng
Khi
lng
n
v
n gi
(ng)
Thnh tin
(triu ng)
1 Palng in 1 Ci 70.10
6
70
2
C cu di chuyn xe con:
- B truyn bnh rng h.
- Bnh xe..
- ng c in.

1
4
1



B
Ci
Chic

2.10
6
200 000
3.10
6

2
0,8
3
3
C cu di chuyn cu:
- Bnh xe.
- Hp gim tc.
- ng c in.
- B truyn bnh rng h.

4
1
1
1


Ci
Chic
Chic
B

200 000
1.10
6

5.10
6
2.10
6

0,8
1
5
2
4
Thp ch I:
- N
0
70.
- N
0
20.

1
4

1472
132

kg
kg

40 000
40 000

58,88
5,28
5 Ray P15. 2 40 m 600 000 24
6 Khung gin thp. 1 150 kg 40 000

6
7 Bu lng. 50 Ci 200 000 0,2
8 Cc thit b ph 6.10
6
6
9 Tng cng 184,96
89






















CHNG V


KT LUN V XUT KIN
90
KT LUN
Sau khi tm hiu v hon thnh ti c giao, ta c th a ra mt s kt lun
sau:
- Cc thng s tnh chn l hon ton chnh xc, m bo bn theo iu kin
cho php trong qu trnh lm vic.
- Cu trc lun m bo kh nng vn chuyn tn tm trong cc phn xng.
- Hnh dng, kch thc ca cc kt cu ph hp loi vt mang v khng gian
nh xng.
- Cc h thng iu khin cho cc c cu cng tc v cc thit b an ton c-
in ca cu trc lm vic tin cy, m bo an ton cho cu trc trong qu trnh lm
vic.
- Gi thnh chp nhn c.
XUT KIN
Qua thi gian thc hin ti ti c a ra mt s kin nh sau:
Cu trc thit k ch yu da trn c s ly thuyt, cc chi tit kt cu c tnh
chn theo iu kin bn. Do s gy tn km nguyn vt liu dn ti gi thnh s
tng. khc phc nhc im trn, trong tng lai cn c s kt hp gia cc thy
trong b mn v khoa cng ton th sinh vin trong khoa tp trung nghin cu tm ra
phng php thit k mi tch cc hn.










91
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS. TRNG QUC THNH - PHM QUANG DNG
My v thit b nng.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni 1999.
2. O TRNG THNG - NGUYN NG HIU - TRN DON THNG -
V QUANG PHIN
My nng chuyn, tp I + II.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni 1986.
3. TS. NGUYN NG CNG BI VN XUYN - TRN NH HO
My nng chuyn v thit b cu vn.
Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni 2003.
4. NGUYN VN HP - PHM TH NGHA L THIN THNH
My trc vn chuyn.
Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti, H Ni 2000.
5. HUNH VN HONG O TRNG THNG
Tnh ton my trc.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni 1975.
6. NGHIM XUN LC
Nguyn l my xp d.
Trng i hc hng hi, Hi Phng - 2000.
7. NGUYN TRNG HIP
Chi tit my, tp I +II.
Nh xut bn Gio dc.
8. TS. PHM HNG THNG
Gio trnh hng dn thit k n mn hc chi tit my.
Nh xut bn Nng nghip, TP. H Ch Minh.
9. MT S LUN VN CNG CC TI LIU THAM KHO KHC.