Nghien Cuu Cong Nghe Chuyen Mach Goi Quang

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MC LC
CHNG I: TNG QUAN.......................................................................................... 1
1.1 S pht trin ca mng quang............................................................................. 1
1.1.1 S pht trin ca topo mng...................................................................1
1.1. S pht trin ca !ung "#$ng tru%&n !'n................................................1
1.1.( S pht trin ca mng...........................................................................
1. Chu%n mch quang........................................................................................... (
1..1 )h*n "oi chu%n mch quang................................................................+
1..1.1 ,- thu.t chu%n mch /0nh quang................................................+
1..1. Chu%n mch g1i quang.................................................................2
1..1.( Chu%n mch 3ur4t quang..............................................................5
1.( So 4nh............................................................................................................... 6
1.(.1 Gi7a chu%n mch /0nh 89 g1i...............................................................6
1.(. Gi7a chu%n mch g1i 89 chu%n mch 3ur4t........................................6
CHNG II: CH:;<N =>CH G?I @:ANG..........................................................1B
.1 GiCi thiDu chung............................................................................................... 1B
. Eai trF ca mng chu%n mch g1i quang........................................................1B
.( GHc tInh "#u "#$ng ca chu%n mch g1i quang...............................................1
.(.1 GHc tInh "#u "#$ng ca chu%n mch /hJng c1 chKc nLng tchMghNp. .1
.(.1.1 =ng 89 /iOn trPc chu%n mch ca hD thQng RS=..................1
.(.1. Tnh h#Ung ca cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh...............1(
.(. GHc tInh "#u "#$ng ca chu%n mch 8Ci chKc nLng tch ghNp............12
.(..1 Z#u "#$ng ca mng chu%n mch g1i tchM ghNp RS=............16
.(.. Thu.t ton W[nh tu%On 89 /iu /im tra........................................B
.\ ]V WDm trong chu%n mch g1i quang.............................................................(
.\.1 Cc /- thu.t WDm.................................................................................. (
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.\.1.1 ]V WDm Wû ra..............................................................................+
.(.1. ]V WDm chia _`.............................................................................2
.(.1.( ]V WDm 8Fng................................................................................2
.(.1.\ ]V WDm Wû 89o...........................................................................5
.\. Chu%n mch Wan t^ng.........................................................................5
.\..1 bASIS.......................................................................................... 5
.\.. Chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3.............................................d
.\..( GDm 8Fng "Hp Wa 3#Cc 41ng........................................................(B
(.\..\ Chu%n mch g1i quang !eng chung 3V nhC...............................(
.\.( Chu%n mch Wa t^ng...........................................................................((
.\.(.1 Chu%n mch ghNp 3#Cc 41ng Ra8fM=u_...................................((
.\.(. Chu%n mch ghNp t^ng 4g !hng cc ph^n tg chu%n mch _..(+
.\.(.( Chu%n mch 8Ci 3V WDm quang "Cn SZb].................................(6
.+ ,iOn trPc W[nh tu%On thc nghiDm g1i quang c1 /hT nLng hon WXi nhin
b)jkA........................................................................................................... (d
.+.1 ,iOn trPc mng..................................................................................... (d
.+. ]V W[nh tu%On giao !iDn mng quang...................................................\B
.2 ,iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i...............................................................................\B
.2.1 Chu%n mch !a tr0n tr#lng chu%n mch /hJng gian......................\1
.2.1.1 Chu%n mch _fn /m....................................................................\
.2.1. Chu%n mch g1i photonic 3V WDm Wû ra...................................\
.2.1.( Chu%n mch !a tr0n chu%n mch /hJng gian /hJng 3V WDm. \(
.2.1.\ Chu%n mch SAEIS..................................................................\\
.2. Chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng.....................................................\+
.2..1 Chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng 3V WDm Wû ra.....................\+
.2.. Chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng WDm Wû 89o.............................\5
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.2.( Chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3.....................................................\d
.2.(.1 Chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 ,jb)S...............................\d
.2.(. Chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 :Z)HA...............................+B
.2.(.( Chu%n mch 3V nhC "Hp 4$i........................................................+1
.2.+ Chu%n mch W[nh tu%On quang ph*n /hf thli gian.............................+
CHNG III: CnC =o HpNH CH:;<N =>CH....................................................+(
(.1 ,iOn trPc chu%n mch AT=bS.......................................................................+(
(. ,iOn trPc chu%n mch ,jb)S........................................................................+(
(.( ,iOn trPc chu%n mch RAS)NjT..................................................................++
(.(.1 Chu%n mch RAS)NjT.....................................................................+2
(.(. Gi&u /hin mng..................................................................................+5
(.(.( G[nh !ng g1i....................................................................................... +5
(.\ =ng Kng !hng cho chu%n mch g1i quang...................................................+5
(.\.1 Chu%n mch g1i quang trong 4uQt......................................................+5
(.\.1.1 Cc mng g1i quang.....................................................................+5
(.\.1. No!f chu%n mch g1i quang......................................................2
(.\. =ng /Ot nQi quang 8Ci 3V W[nh tu%On I) tfra3it..................................2\
(.\..1 ,iOn trPc 3V W[nh tu%On I) tfra3it................................................2+
(.\.. ]V Wi&u /hin tu%On 89 mo!u"f 3V W[nh tu%On.............................26
(.\..( =ng /Ot nQi quang......................................................................5B
(.\..\ ,hQi ph*n _g )ing q)ong............................................................5+
,rT Z:sN.................................................................................................................. 52
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1: Tng quan
CHNG I: TNG QUAN
1.1 S pht trin c !"n# $%n#
1.1.1 S pht trin c t&p& !"n#
,iOn trPc Wim M Wim "9 "oi Wan giTn ca topo mng. Cc g1i W#$c tru%&n gi7a cc no!f
quangt nh#ng 4 chu%n WXi quang WiDn tg W#$c thc hiDn U mci no!f. SbNjTuSSH "9 mVt 8I
!h. =Vt "a chcn /hc c1 #u Wim han "9 4g !hng cc topo mng /iu 3u4t 8Fng 89 4ao.
Hvnh1.1: Cc topo mng!ng Gim M Wimt 8Fngt 4aot "#Ci.
Trong mng RS= topo /iu 8Fng W#$c #a !eng han. Topo /iu mng "#Ci c1
nhi&u #u Wim han /hi 4o 4nh 8Ci cc "oi tr#Cc 3Ui 8v !ung 4ai cwt 4$i tQt hant /hi c1
nhi&u "a chcn W[nh tu%On. Th0m n7at mVt no!f 8Ci tQc WV "#u "#$ng cao W#$c nQi 8Ci
89i no!ft 89 mVt no!f 8Ci "#u "#$ng !7 "iDu tr0n mVt no!f Wan chY c1 th nQi 8Ci no!f
Wan n9%. Gng tiOct mVt mng topo !ng mng "#Ci gHp nhi&u /h1 /hLn /hi trin /hai
!o %0u cû phKc tp trong W[nh tu%On 89 chu%n mch. =ng RS= Wû ti0n _uxt hiDn
gi7a nh7ng nLm 1ddB "9 mng /iu Wim M Wim. Sau W1 cc ph^n tg tchMghNp W#$c
4g !hng 89 cuQi nh7ng nLm 1ddB topo mng /iu 8Fng trU n0n #a !eng. Ng9% na% Wy
4g !hng cc mng c1 topo mng /iu mng "#Ci. =Vt ph^n cc mng g1i quang W#$c
thc hiDn trong mJi tr#lng phFng thI nghiDm. Chwc chwn cc mng g1i th#ang mi 4m
thfo 4 pht trin giQng nh# cc mng RS= tr#Cc W1.
1.1.' S pht trin c (%n# )*+n# tr%,-n (.n
TQc WV pht trin ca !ung "#$ng tru%&n !'n nhanh han trong cc nLm tr#Cc W*%.
Gi7a th.p ni0n dB tQc WV tLng "9 (Bz tr0n nLmt ng9% na% "9 2Bz. ]Tng mJ tT ! 3o
4 pht trin ca tXng !ung "#$ng 89 tQc WV 3It ng#li 4g !hng.
1dd+ BBB BB+ B1B
Sung "#$ng
tXng
BM\B G3itu4 6BB G3itu4
1T3itu4
TQc WV 3It
ng#li 4g
!hng
)bTS
2\/3itu4
ASSZ
M6=3itu4
@uangt ASSZ
1++=3itu4
t1Bt+B =3itu4
@uangt WiDn
2=3itu4
1BB=3itu4

0
1.1./ S pht trin c !"n#
=ng quang Wû ti0n W#$c thc thi cch W*% han th.p /{t nh#ng 4 /hai thc
thc tO ca mng quang "i "i0n quan 8Ci hiDn t#$ng mCi. =ng 4g !ung cJng nghD
RS= 4m tCi WYnh Wim ca n1 trong nga cuQi nLm nh#ng nLm BBB. S pht trin 8'n
tLng nhanh nOu nh# tQc WV pht trin ca !ung "#$ng 8'n tLng 2Bz tr0n nLm.
HiDn na% ph#ang php ghNp /0nh ph*n chia thfo 3#Cc 41ng |RS=} "9 cJng
nghD ghNp /0nh #a chuVng nhxt cho cc mng thJng tin quangt 3Ui 8v mci thiOt 3[ Wû
cuQi 4g !hng chY c^n hot WVng ti t^n 4Q ca mVt /0nh RS=. RS= "9 mVt cch
ghNpt trong W1 ta c1 th "$i !hng 4 /hJng WQi _Kng 3Lng t^n quang WiDn rVng "Cn
3~ng cch %0u cû mi Wû cuQi ca mi ng#li 4g !hng chY hot WVng ti tQc WV WiDn
tg 89 cc /0nh ghNp RS= t cc Wû cuQi ca ng#li 4g !hng /hc 4m W#$c ghNp 89o
trong ceng mVt cp. Trong ghNp /0nh thfo 3#Cc 41ng RS=t mi 3#Cc 41ng h tr$
mVt /0nh thJng tin hot WVng ti 3xt / tQc WV W#$c thiOt /O n9%.
GhNp /0nh ph*n chia thfo 3#Cc 41ng |RS=} _uxt hiDn nh# mVt giTi php W#$c
"a chcn W cung cxp mVt ca 4U h t^ng mng nhanh hant Wp Kng W#$c 4 3eng nX
ca Intfrnft. ThO hD Wû ti0n ca RS= chY cung cxp cc "i0n /Ot 8.t " Wim tCi Wim
W#$c 4g !hng hn chO trong cc trung /O RAN. Cc cxu hvnh mng RS=t RAN "9
cc cxu hvnh tnh.
ThO hD thK hai ca RS= c1 /hT nLng thiOt ".p cc tu%On quang /Ot nQi t Wû
cuQi tCi Wû cuQi trong "Cp quang 4g !hng /Ot nQi chNo "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng RSC.
Cc tu%On quang to ra mVt tJpJ To tr0n tJpJ 4$i quang 8.t ". Cxu hvnh 3#Cc 41ng To
c1 th tha% WXi WVng thfo 4 tha% WXi qu% hoch mng.
,- thu.t 4g !hng trong thO hD RS= thK hai 3ao gm cc thiOt 3[ /Ot nQi chNo 89
3V tch ghNp 3#Cc 41ng 8Ci /hT nLng chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ngt W[nh tu%On WVng 89 ph*n
3Q 3#Cc 41ng ti cc no!f nQi chNo.
RS= thO hD thK 3a W#$c 4g !hng trong cc mng quang chu%n mch g1i phi /Ot
nQit trong W1 cc ti0u W& ha% cc nhyn W#$c gwn 8Ci !7 "iDut tru%&n Wi ceng 8Ci tTi 89
W#$c _g " ti mi chu%n mch quang RS=. Sa tr0n t{ "D gi7a thli gian _g " ti0u
W& g1i 89 chi phI tru%&n !'n g1it chu%n mch RS= c1 th W#$c 4g !hng hiDu quT
3~ng cch 4g !hng chu%n mch nhyn ha% chu%n mch 3ur4t quang. Chu%n mch
g1i quang 8'n Wang trong giai Won nghi0n cKu.
S pht trin mng ca RS= W#$c chY ra nh# hvnh 8m .

1

Chu%n mch /0nh quang W#$c 4g !hng cho "#u "#$ng W#$c t.p h$p "i c1 /Ich
th#Cc "Cnt mVt /0nh tru%&n 4m W#$c thiOt ".p tr#Cc 89 /hJng tha% WXi trong qu trvnh
tru%&n !7 "iDu. Chu%n mch g1i quang 4g !hng cho cc g1i !7 "iDu c1 /Ich th#Cc nh.
1.2 Chuyn mch quang
Chu%n mch "9 t !eng W chY hai ngha /hc nhau. =Vt "9 W W[nh ngha t1m twt
/hi niDm chu%n mch tKc "9 thiOt 3[ 4g !hng chu%n mch cc tIn hiDu t cc cXng
Wû 89o tCi cc cXng Wû ra. Hai "9 chu%n mch chY mVt thiOt 3[ 8Ci mVt 89i thiOt 3[
hoHc "9 mVt thiOt 3[ phKc h$p m9 gm /hQi Wi&u /hin phKc tpt cc 3V WDm W#lng
!*% trt cc 3V "cct cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng 89 cc chu%n mch Wan giTn.
Cc chu%n mch /hJng gian 89 cc 3V W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng "9 cc th9nh ph^n ca
3Tn ca mVt chu%n mch quang. =Vt chu%n mch /hJng gian chY chu%n thfo cch
Wan giTn cc tIn hiDu t mi Wû 89o tCi mVt Wû ra. C1 mVt 89i cch W thc hiDn mVt
chu%n mch /hJng gian nh#ng "a chcn tQt nhxt "9 4g !hng cc SbA |cc 3V /hu%Och
Wi quang 3n !'n}. Nh# hvnh 1.( mJ tT mVt chu%n mch /hJng gian.

2
ThO hD thK ( ThO hD thK 1 ThO hD thK
Chu%n mch /0nh RS=
Chu%n mch
3ur4t quang
Chu%n mch
g1i quang
Cc /0nh tnh tCi WVng
Cc W#lng To 89 "#u gi7 89 chu%n tip
Hnh 1.2 S pht trin mng WDM
WADM
WAMP
DCX
WSXC(OCX)
OPR
OBS
OLS
Hvnh 1.(: Chu%n mch !a tr0n cXng SbA.
Chu%n mch !a tr0n cXng SbA NN nh# mJ tT U tr0n gm N 3V tch 1Nt N
cXng SbA 89 N 3V trVn 1N. NOu tIn hiDu W#$c chu%n tCi Wû ra t cXng U trng thi
mU 89 cc cXng /hc U trng thi W1ng. Txt cT cc cXng c1 ceng chY mhc 4m W#$c /Ot
nQi tCi mVt 3V trVn.
=Vt 3V W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng c1 th W#$c cxu hvnh tr#Cc hoHc /hJng. Nh# hvnh
1.\ mJ tT 3V W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng /hJng cxu hvnh tr#Cc. =i tIn hiDu t Wû 89o i 8Ci
3#Cc 41ng "uJn W#$c tru%&n trc tiOp tCi Wû ra /. =Vt 8I !h ca 3V W[nh tu%On "i
n9% "9 ARG=. =Vt ARG= gm hai coup"fr 4ao 89 mVt ARG gi7a chPng. Coup"fr
4ao tch cc tIn hiDu t cc cXng Wû 89o 89 W#a tCi txt cT cc "#Ci Qng !'n 41ng m9
cc "#Ci Qng !'n 41ng n9% c1 WV !9i /hc nhau. GV tr tIn hiDu phh thuVc 89o WV !9i
ca Qng !'n 41ng 89 3#Cc 41ng. Coup"fr 4ao thK hai chY phQi h$p thfo cxu trPc cc tIn
hiDu c1 pha /hc nhau ti mVt cXng Wû ra Wan.
=Hc !e mVt 3V W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng /hJng cxu hvnh tr#Cc /hJng c1 thuVc tInh
chu%n mch thv 8'n W#$c 4g !hng rVng ryi trong cc chu%n mch g1i quang W[nh
tu%On thfo 3#Cc 41ng. ; t#Ung chInh W mci g1i W#$c chu%n WXi Wû ti0n th9nh mVt
3#Cc 41ng chInh _c 89 4au W1 tru%&n trc tiOp tCi ARG=. ]Ui 8v ARG= chcn cXng ra
ca mi g1i tu thuVc cXng ra 89 3#Cc 41ngt mi g1i 4m W#$c chu%n tCi cXng ra Wy
W[nh.

3
Hvnh 1.\: ]V W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng.
1.'.1 0h1n )&"i ch%,n !"ch $%n#
Chu%n mch c1 th W#$c chia th9nh chu%n mch WiDn 89 chu%n mch quang.
Cc chu%n mch WiDn c1 thiOt 3[ pht trin han chu%n mch quang 89 8iDc thc thi
chPng ! !9ng han. Chu%n mch quang "i W#$c chia th9nh:
Chu%n mch /0nh quang.
Chu%n mch g1i quang.
Chu%n mch 3ur4t quang.
1.'.1.1 23 th%4t ch%,n !"ch 56nh $%n#
Chu%n mch /0nh quang hot WVng thfo /iu W[nh tu%On thfo 3#Cc 41ng. Trong
mng chu%n mch /0nh quangt mVt W#lng !'n 3#Cc 41ng ri0ng W#$c thiOt ".p trong
/hoTng thli gian /Ot nQi. G mVt mng chu%n mch /0nh hot WVngt mVt /0nh 4m
W#$c xn W[nh t Wû tCi cuQi cho mVt /Ot nQi. ,0nh n9% 4au W1 chY W#$c WLng / phhc
8h cho mVt /Ot nQi.
A
k 1
k
k ( k \
k +
k 2
]
S i t c h u k o u t f r
T u y n h o t n g


Hvnh 1.+ =ng chu%n mch /0nh.
Trong mng chu%n mch /0nh tr0n W*% %0u cû nQi gi7a Wim A 89 ]. =Vt /0nh
W#$c thiOt ".p thJng qua cc no!f k1t k(t k\ 89 k+. Ta cng c1 th th9nh ".p cc
tu%On "i0n /Ot /hc gi7a A 89 ]. Gi7a cc no!f chu%n mch c1 th cho phNp nhi&u
/0nh W#$c thiOt ".p.
Chu%n mch /0nh gm c1 ( giai Won: ThiOt ".p /0nht tru%&n !7 "iDut 89 giTi
ph1ng /0nh.
ThiOt ".p /0nh: GLng / mVt 3#Cc 41ng cQ W[nh thfo W#lng !'n "a chcnt mi
"i0n /Ot tr0n W#lng !'n W#$c W[nh h#Cng t ngun tCi WIch t#ang Kng ca n1.
Tru%&n !7 "iDu: S7 "iDu W#$c ggi tr0n mVt W#lng ri0ng. ,hi ph*n phQi Wi&u
/hin W#$c 4g !hng trong giai Won W[nh tu%Ont mVt /hoTng thli gian %0u cû
gi7a giai Won thiOt ".p 89 giai Won tru%&n !'n "9 Tt c1 gi tr[ Tp!f"ta |p "9
thli gian tru%&n mVt chi&u}t !f"ta "9 tXng tr _g " !o %0u cû thiOt thiOt ".p tr0n
W#lng tru%&n}. S7 "iDu trong chu%n mch /0nh /hJng c^n WDm U cc no!f
trung gian !o /0nh chY 4g !hng phhc 8h cho 8iDc tru%&n !7 "iDu n9% ti thli
Wim ch th.
GiTi ph1ng /0nh: Sau /hi !7 "iDu ggi Wi tCi WIcht /0nh tru%&n !'n 4m W#$c giTi
ph1ng. GIch ggi 8& ngun mVt 3Tn tin _c nh.n. Cc no!f tr0n W#lng tru%&n
"^n "#$t W#$c giTi ph1ng W phhc 8h cho /Ot nQi /hc.
Hvnh 1.2 TIn hiDu trong chu%n mch /0nh.
1.'.1.' Ch%,n !"ch #7i $%n#
Chu%n mch g1i quang "9 cJng nghD tiOp thfo W#$c "a chcn phhc 8h cho 8iDc
tru%&n tTi !7 "iDu qua RS=. Hot WVng trong chu%n mch g1i: Cc g1i thJng tin
W#$c ggi Wi tr0n tu%On thIch h$p W#$c "a chcn 3Ui 3V W[nh tu%On ti no!f /hi g1i WOn.
Trong chu%n mch g1it mi g1i c1 mVt ti0u W& t#ang Kng mang thJng tin 8& g1i cng

Gi7 "iDu ng#li !eng
AC!
TIn hiDu chxp
nh.n cuVc gci
Tr _g "
Tr W#lng tru%&n ;0u cû
cuVc gci
"
nh# W[a chY ca g1it 89 mi no!f chu%n mch trong mng |cc 3V W[nh tu%On} 4m
nh.n thJng tin n9% 89 ggi Wi tr0n tu%On thIch h$p.
C R 1
R 2
R 3
R
R "
R #
D
S $ % t & h ' R o u t ( )
T u y n h o t n g
Hvnh 1.5 =ng chu%n mch g1i
Hvnh 8m 1.5 mJ tT mVt mng chu%n mch g1i. G1i W#$c ggi t Wim C tCi WIch
S. =Vt g1i thJng tin rli C 89 W#$c ggi Wi tr0n tu%On k1 tCi k(t 4au W1 t k( ggi tCi
k\ 89 tCi S. Tu% nhi0n g1i cng c1 th W#$c tru%&n tCi S thfo h#Cng /hc. NOu 8iDc
tru%&n !'n t k1 tCi k( ch.m hoHc 3[ mxtt g1i t k1 4m W#$c ggi tCi kt t k tCi k+
89 cK tiOp thc cho tCi /hi tCi WIch.
Trong chu%n mch g1it WV !9i mi g1i "9 Zpt c1 th cQ W[nh hoHc tha% WXi t gi
tr[ nh nhxt Smin tCi gi tr[ "Cn nhxt S ma_. Tr#lng h$p g1i c1 WV !9i cQ W[nht mVt 3Tn
tin /Ich th#Cc Z3 4m W#$c chia th9nh cc g1i nh han c1 /Ich th#Cc giQng nhau.
Tr#lng h$p g1i c1 WV !9i /hc nhaut 3Tn tin W#$c chia th9nh Z3uSma_ g1i 89 WDm chY
c^n thiOt WQi 8Ci g1i nh han Smin.
=Vt WHc Wim chInh ca chu%n mch g1i "9 "#u gi7 89 chu%n tiOp. TKc "9 mVt
g1i c^n phTi W#$c t.p h$p W^% W ti mVt no!f ngun 89 mi no!f trung gian tr#Cc /hi
n1 W#$c chu%n Wi. GHc Wim n9% 4m !'n WOn g1i phTi trTi qua mVt /hoTng thli gian
tr t#ang Kng 8Ci Z3 ti mi no!ft /hi W1 c^n phTi c1 3V WDm ti mi no!f trung gian
ca mng c1 /Ich th#Cc nh nhxt "9 Sma_.
=Hc !e 8.% 8Ci cJng nghD hiDn ti ch#a th thc hiDn chu%n mch quang mVt
cch c1 hiDu quT !o:
Chu%n mch g1i quang th#lng 4g !hng cho tr#lng h$p /hJng Wng 3V. EI !ht
cc g1i tCi ti cc cXng Wû 89o /hc nhau phTi W#$c _Op h9ng tr#Cc /hi tru%
nh.p 89o tr#lng chu%n mch. Tu% nhi0n W Kng !hng cho tr#lng h$p /hJng
Wng 3V "9 rxt /h1 89 chi phI cao.
=Vt /h1 /hLn n7a WQi 8Ci chu%n mch g1i quang "9 4 thiOu 8wng cc 3V WDm
quang. GHc Wim chInh ca chu%n mch g1i "9 "#u WDm 89 chu%n tiOp. GHc
Wim n9% c^n thiOt W giTi qu%Ot 8xn W& tranh chxp cXng Wû ra. Tu% nhi0n hiDn

#
ti ch#a c1 cc 3V WDm tru% nh.p quang ng'u nhi0n c^n thiOt W thc hiDn "#u
gi7 89 chu%n tiOp.
,h1 /hLn n7a cho 8iDc 4g !hng chu%n mch g1i quang "9 thli gian %0u cû W
W[nh cxu hvnh ca cxu chu%n mch quang.

*
1.'.1./ Ch%,n !"ch 8%r9t $%n#
,hi niDm chu%n mch quang _uxt hiDn t Wû nh7ng nLm 1d6B. G^n W*%t
chu%n mch 3ur4t quang W#$c nghi0n cKu trU "i 89 W#$c 3iOt WOn nh# mVt giTi php
/O tiOp ca chu%n mch g1i quang. Thc chxt chu%n mch 3ur4t quang W#$c _fm _Nt
trong t^ng quang Wan thu^n nh# mVt mJi tr#lng tru%&n !'n trong 4uQt /hJng 3V WDm
cho cc Kng !hng. Tu% nhi0n /hJng c1 mVt W[nh ngha tXng qut cho chu%n mch
3ur4t quang.
S 3eng nX "#u "#$ng mnh mm trong mng Intfrnftt 4 pht trin nhanh ch1ng cc
"Cp "#u "#$ng "9 nh7ng 8xn W& quan trcng c^n phTi W#$c _g ". G h tr$ cho 8iDc 4g
!hng WV rVng 3Lng c1 hiDu quTt ph#ang php tru%&n tTi to9n quang cho phNp WDm
quang trong /hi 8'n _g " 4 3eng nX "#u "#$ngt 89 h tr$ cho 8iDc cung cxp t9i
ngu%0n nhanh 89 tru%&n !'n /hJng Wng 3V cc g1i c1 /Ich th#Cc /hc nhau c^n phTi
W#$c pht trin. Chu%n mch 3ur4t quang |b]S} nh# mVt giTi php cho 4 tru%&n tTi
"#u "#$ng trc tiOp qua mng RS= quang m9 /hJng c^n 3V WDm.
Chu%n mch 3ur4t quang "9 ph#ang php /Ot h$p cT hai /- thu.t chu%n mch
/0nh quang 89 chu%n mch g1i quang. N1 W#$c thiOt /O Wt W#$c c*n 3~ng gi7a
nh7ng #u Wim ca chu%n mch /0nh quang 89 nh#$c Wim ca chu%n mch g1i
quang.
1. !" #nh
1./.1 Gi: ch%,n !"ch 56nh ;< #7i
Cc mng to9n quang hiDn na% "9 cc chu%n mch /0nh. Cc mng chu%n mch
g1i quang 8'n Wang tiOp thc nghi0n cKu 89 tr0n thO giCi chu%n mch /0nh quang "9
"a chcn thIch h$p han chu%n mch g1i quang. N1i cch /hct "#u "#$ng 8in thJng
trong t#ang "ai 8'n cFn tiOp thc 3eng nX. Trong 3xt cK tr#lng h$p n9ot thv "#u "#$ng
!ng g1i 4m U mKc "a chcn cao han. NOu tvm thx% mVt cch W thc hiDn th#ang mi
chu%n mch g1i quangt thv r r9ng W1 c1 th "9 mVt /- thu.t tQt han. Tu% nhi0nt
chng n9o m9 cc thiOt 3[ quang cng nh# /- thu.t chu%n mch 8'n ch#a Wp Kng
W#$c %0u c9u thv chu%n mch /0nh 8'n "9 "a chcn 4Q 1.
1./.' Gi: ch%,n !"ch #7i ;< ch%,n !"ch 8%r9t

+
u Wim ca chu%n mch g1i "9 mVt g1i 3ao gm cT ti0u W& 89 tTi ggi Wi m9
/hJng c^n thiOt ".p /0nh 89 chPng chia 4` cc 3#Cc 41ng "i0n /Ot gi7a cc g1i 8Ci cc
ngun 89 cc WIch /hc nhau. Tu% nhi0n !o ca cxu "#u WDm 89 chu%n tiOpt mci no!f
W&u phTi _g " ti0u W& ca g1i tCi W _c W[nh tu%On tru%&n ca g1it 8v 8.% c^n phTi 4g
!hng 3V WDm ti cc no!f.
Chu%n mch 3ur4t quang /hJng c^n phTi c1 3#Cc 41ng ri0ng cho mi /Ot nQi
Wû cuQi tCi Wû cuQi 8v 8.% nga% 4au /hi 3ur4t Wi qua mVt tu%On "i0n /Ot thv 3#Cc 41ng
4m W#$c giTi ph1ng nga%. ,hc 8Ci chu%n mch g1it chu%n mch 3ur4t /hJng nhxt
thiOt phTi 4g !hng cc 3V WDm.
Chu%n mch 3ur4t quang "9 chu%n mch hKa hn nhi&u trin 8cngt n1 4m tha%
thO cc chu%n mch hiDn tit 89 4m mang tInh th#ang mi cao han chu%n mch g1i
quangt n1 trnh W#$c hai 8xn W& chInh "9: TQc WV chu%n mch cao 89 3V WDm quang.
Nghmn cX chai trong mng chu%n mch g1i quang /hi _g " ti0u W& g1i tin trong
tr#lng chu%n mch. ]Ui 8v !7 "iDu W#$c m1c nQi 89o nhau 30n trong cc ph^n tg "Cn
han trong cc mng chu%n mch 3ur4tt c1 nhi&u !7 "iDu u ti0u W& han 4o 8Ci cc mng
chu%n mch g1i. Tr#Cc ti0nt "9 Wt W#$c tQc WV !7 "iDu cao han 8Ci ceng mVt tQc WV
_g " ti0u W&. han n7at /hJng c^n thiOt phTi trin /hai cc 3V WDm quang phKc tp. Cc
3ur4t c1 th W#$c WDm trong mi&n WiDn ti cnh ca mng tha% cho 3V WDm ti mi
no!f 8v thli gian mao Wû Wy W#$c _g ". Cc tr#lng chu%n mch c1 th W#$c trin
/hai m9 /hJng c^n 3V WDm hoHc 8Ci mVt 89i W#lng tr W giTi qu%Ot _ung WVt. Chu%n
mch 3ur4t Wy trnh W#$c nh7ng 8xn W& ca chu%n mch g1it 89 phe h$p cho %0u cû
"#u "#$ng hiDn na%. Trong thli gian tCit chu%n mch 3ur4t r r9ng 4m hxp !'n han
chu%n mch g1i quangt 89 trong cuVc Wua W#lng !9i chu%n mch 3ur4t !#lng nh# "9
WQi th mnh nhxt ca chu%n mch g1i quang.

,
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2: Chuyn mch g$i quang
CHNG II: CHU=>N M?CH G@I QUANG
2.1 %i&i thiu chung
=ng 8Ci cc thiOt 3[ quang hiDn Wang c1 trin 8cng "Cn trong 8iDc cung cxp cc
Kng !hng Wa ph#ang tiDn thli gian thc caot 8v n1 c1 /hT nLng tru%&n !'n U tQc WV cao
han rxt nhi&u 8Ci WV tin c.% "Cn han 4o 8Ci mng WiDn thJng th#lng. HiDn na%t cc "i0n
/Ot quang Wy tha% thO cho cp Wng trong rxt nhi&u mngt tu% nhi0n mng quang thfo
WPng ngha mCi chY W#$c 3wt Wû pht trint n1 3ao gm tru%&n !'n quangt chu%n
mch quang 89 cT /hT nLng _g "I g1i tin 3~ng cJng nghD quang. S#Ci W*% 4m nghi0n
cKu mVt / thu.t mCit hiDn ch#a W#$c trin /hai tr0n thc tOt 4ong "i "9 mVt giTi php
c1 rxt nhi&u #u Wimt 89 c1 /hT nLng Wp Kng W#$c cc %0u cû ca mng thO hD mCi
8& mci mHtt W1 "9 chu%n mch g1i quang. Chu%n mch g1i quang "9 / thu.t
chu%n mch g1i W#$c thc hiDn 3Ui ho9n to9n cJng nghD quang thJng qua cc thiOt 3[
quang. =ng chu%n mch g1i quang ho9n to9n c1 /hT nLng tru%&n tTi mci "oi thJng
tint t tQc WV 3it thxp nh# thoi cho tCi tQc WV 3it cao "9 8i!fo r nNtt 89 c1 th Wp Kng
cc %0u cû /hc nhau ca mi "oi ![ch 8h c1 8& tQc WV 3itt WHc tInht /iu tQc WV |cQ
W[nh ha% tha% WXi}t WV chInh _c thJng tin |nh# WV mxt g1i 89 tY "D "i 3it} 89 WTm 3To
thli gian |WV tr 89 ittfr}.
Chu%n mch g1i quang c1 th Wp Kng mci %0u cû 89 ta c1 th ph*n "oi cc
%0u cû thJng tin ca chu%n mch W1 "9:
,hT nLng quTn "I cc "oi tQc WV thJng tin /hc nhau.
C1 th chu%n mch Wa ph#ang hoHc quTng 3.
C1 hiDu nLng cao 8& WV trt /hT nLng thJng qua 89 tY "D "i 3it |]jk}
HiDn na% mng chu%n mch g1i quang 8'n ch#a ho9n to9n quangt cc tIn hiDu
W&u c^n chu%n WXi trU "i !ng WiDn tr#Cc /hi chu%n mch 89 _g "I. Nh# 8.%t cc #u
Wim "Cn ca thJng tin quang nh# tQc WV 89 hiDu quT 8'n ch#a W#$c pht hu% cao !o
WV tr 8'n "Cn. =ng chu%n mch g1i quang c1 th ch#a W#$c p !hng 89o cuVc 4Qng
trong mVt 89i nLm tCi !o giCi hn 8& cJng nghD quang. Tu% nhi0n 8Ci 4 pht trin
nhanh ch1ng 89 rxt nhi&u cc mJ hvnh nghi0n cKu chu%n mch g1i quangt mng 8in
thJng 4m c1 th p !hng cJng nghD n9% 89o thc tin W Wp Kng W#$c WFi hi ng9%
c9ng cao ca cc ![ch 8h ng#li !eng.
2.2 'ai t() c*a mng chuyn mch g$i quang
S pht trin ca cc ![ch 8h hiDn c1 89 cc ![ch 8h mCi 3Lng thJng cao Wy "9m
cho "#u "#$ng 8in thJng /hJng ngng tLng nhanht 89 t W1 3Lng thJng %0u cû cng

,
tLng "0n ng9% c9ng "Cn. ]#Cc Wû W Wp Kng 3Lng thJng "9 4 trin /hai hD thQng
tru%&n !'n RS=. E9 3#Cc tiOp thfot mng thO hD mCi c^n phTi t.n !hng W#$c / thu.t
RS= 3~ng cch thc hiDn cc chKc nLng quang trong Wi&u /hin 89 quTn "I cc tIn
hiDu h9ng mfga3itt nh# thO 4m "9m giTm 4 phKc tp trong hD thQng WiDn 89 giTm gi
th9nh.
S n*ng cxp mng t WiDn 4ang quang "9m pht 4inh 8xn W& nghmn cX chai 8& /hT
nLng thJng qua. Exn W& n9% Wy thx% W#$c tr0n mng W#lng trhc /Ot nQi chNo quangt 89
ng#li ta c^n 4g !hng t^ng chu%n mch g1i quang gi7a t^ng chu%n mch WiDn 89 t^ng
tru%&n !'n. Nh# 8.% t^ng chu%n mch g1i quang 4m /Ot nQit "xp /hf trQng gi7a t^ng
WiDn Wang tn ti 89 cc /0nh quang U W#lng trhct Wng thli cho phNp chu%n mch
g1i nhanh cc /Ot nQi WXi t^n U tQc WV cao han nhi&u 4o 8Ci t^ng WiDn m9 /hJng Tnh
h#Ung trc tiOp "0n /Ot nQi chNo. Ta c1 mJ hvnh ph*n t^ng tham /hTo nh# hvnh .1.

Chu%n mch g1i quang
TAn#tr%,-n (.n $%n#
TBNG CHU=>N M?CH CIDN
Tr%, nh4p
Tr%, nh4p
ATM -
ADM
ATM -
ADM
TAn# #7i $%n#
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
G?I @:ANG
EMANF
OXC OXC
OXC OXC
fn rm AT= WiDn
ATM -
ADM G0S
G0S
OXC
,Ot nQi chNo quang
Hvnh .1: =J hvnh mng ph*n t^ng tham chiOu.
10
Cc _u h#Cng pht trin ca cc mng 8in thJng ch %Ou phh thuVc 89o nh7ng
%0u cû ca cc ![ch 8h t#ang "ai. @ua thc tO ng#li ta ! Won mJi tr#lng mng 4m
3iOn WXi ho9n to9n thfo nh7ng _u h#Cng ch Wo "9:
Z#u "#$ng intfrnft trong W1 thJng tin !7 "iDu chiOm #u thO.
S pht trin /- thu.t RS= !a tr0n "i0n /Ot Wim M Wim 4m t.n !hng W#$c
3Lng thJng cng nh# 4Q "#$ng /0nh 3#Cc 41ng 89 tQc WV 3It tr0n mVt /0nh.
=ng tru%&n tTi RS= /Ot nQi chNo quang c1 WV "inh hot cao.
Cc nghi0n cKu cho thx% mng chu%n mch g1i "9 mng ch Wo trong t#ang "ai
89 c1 th Wp Kng W#$c cc %0u cû ![ch 8ht mVt trong 4Q W1 c1 mng chu%n mch
g1i quang. =ng chu%n mch g1i quang Wy W#$c nghi0n cKu cch W*% /hoTng chhc
nLm. T W1 WOn na% c1 rxt nhi&u tha% WXit cc thiOt 3[ Wy W#$c cTi thiDn cng nh# WHc
tInh "#u "#$ng c1 nhi&u 3iOn WXi. C1 rxt nhi&u 8xn W& ch#a W#$c giTi qu%Ott 4ong cJng
nghD quang Wy 3wt Wû c1 nh7ng !xu hiDu tr#Ung th9nh. =ng quang c1 th W#$c trTi
rVng t mng W#lng trhc 8Ci /hoTng cch "Cn tCi mng tru% c.pt 89 mng Wy c9ng
ng9% c9ng phKc tp hant hiDu quT han 89 WV tin c.% cao han tr#Cc W*%. Chu%n mch
g1i quang c1 th 8'n chY trong phFng thI nghiDm nhi&u nLm n7at 4ong 8Ci cJng nghD
pht trin ng9% c9ng cao W Wp Kng cho cc ph#ang thKc chu%n mch hiDn c1 nh#
chu%n mch /0nh quangt 4m to 3#Cc _Pc tiOn cho mng chu%n mch g1i quang ra
Wli.
2. +c t,nh -u -.ng c*a chuyn mch g$i quang
'./.1 CHc tInh )*% )*+n# c ch%,n !"ch 5hJn# c7 chKc nLn# tch M
#hNp
'./.1.1 M"n# ;< 5iOn trPc ch%,n !"ch c hQ thRn# STM
=ng g1i quang RS= _c W[nh U W*% W#$c chY ra trong hvnh ..
Hvnh . : Chu%n mch g1i ca hD thQng RS=

11
Chu%n mch g1i quang chu%n !7 "iDu gi7a cc mng con nh# =ANt ZAN....
=ng giQng 8Ci mVt mng 4ao 89 N 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhaut
1
....
NM1
t
N
tr0n mVt 4$i
89 cc 3#Cc 41ng n9% W#$c 4g !hng W mang "#u "#$ng mng.
,iOn trPc chu%n mch AT=bS 89 ,jb)S 8Ci cc cXng Wû 89o /0nh Wan W#$c
mJ tT. W*%t thc hiDn chung ca mVt no!f chu%n mch g1i RS= W#$c _c W[nh
nh# trong hvnh .(.
)h^n Wû 89o: Ti W*%t /hQi tch /0nh "a chcn cc g1i WOn U N 3#Cc 41ng cQ
W[nh
1
t
tt
N
89 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng quang /hT chYnh |TbRC4} 4m
Wnh W[a chY cc g1i thfo /hJng gian trQng trong 3V WDm Wû ra W#lng !*% tr.
,hQi chu%n mch /hJng gian /hJng nghmn |non3"oc/ing} c1 chKc nLng
chu%n g1i tCi Wû ra %0u cû cng nh# WDm Wû ra W#lng !*% tr thIch h$p.
,hQi WDm g1i 3~ng cc W#lng !*% tr. Nh# tr0n hvnh ta c1 /Ich th#Cc chu%n
mch "9
+1
N
]
=. _ N.=
t trong W1 ] "9 4Q 8[ trI g1i trong 3V WDmt N "9 4Q
3#Cc 41ngt = "9 4Q Wû 89o 89 Wû rat ]uN "9 4Q "#$ng W#lng !*% tr. Cc /Ot
nQi cuQi ]uN 1 t chu%n mch /hJng gian qua 3V WDm tCi Wû ra "9 mVt Won
cp c1 chi&u !9i rxt nh. GHt ]uN1 W nhxn mnh r~ng 8Ci 4Q W#lng
W#lng !*% tr cho tr#Cct thv 4Q 8[ trI g1i ] "9 3Vi 4Q ca N ha% "9 4Q ngu%0n.
,iOn trPc n9% /hJng th hiDn giao !iDn quanguWiDn WHt nga% 4au 3V tch /0nh U
Wû 89o ca chu%n mch. Giao !iDn n9% W#$c !eng W tch ti0u W& mi g1i tvm Wû
rat 4au W1 _c W[nh 8[ trI ha% trng thi h9ng W$i W Wi&u /hin 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc
41ng cng nh# trng thi cXng U chu%n mch /hJng gian.

1
M
1
N
E[ trI
Chu%n mch
/hJng gian
Tch 3#Cc 41ng
GXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT
chYnh
GDm ] 8[ trI
N
1
M
Hvnh .(: ,hQi chu%n mch g1i quang RS=.
12
'./.1.' Unh h*Vn# c cc 8W ch%,n XYi 8*Zc 97n# 5hU ch[nh
1 /u -.ng 0iu ng1u nhi2n
]V 3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh TbRC |Tuna3"f bptica" Ra8f"fngth
Con8frtfr} "9m giTm r rDt 4Q "#$ng W#lng !*% tr 8v TbRC cho phNp "#u chu%n
nhi&u g1i quang U nhi&u 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhau tr0n ceng mVt W#lng !*% tr. =Hc !e 4g
!hng TbRC c1 th "9m WTo "Vn thK t g1it 4ong ta c1 th 3 qua 8v Tnh h#Ung "0n WV
"#u thot "#u "#$ng "9 rxt nht nga% cT trong tr#lng h$p _xu nhxt. Hvnh .\ trvnh 39%
8iDc _g "I WDm trong tr#lng h$p c1 89 /hJng c1 3V 3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ng TbRC.
C1 th minh hca tc !hng giTm 4Q "#$ng W#lng !*% tr tr0n hvnh (.+t m'u "#u
"#$ng Wy W#$c cJng nh.n 89 Wang W#$c pht trin cho mVt 4Q mJ hvnh /hc.

1
TGSC
TGSC
,hJng chu%n WXi 3#Cc

41ng
C1 chu%n WXi
3#Cc 41ng
1
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G1i :
Hvnh .\: g "I WDm /hi c1 89 /hJng c1 chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng .
13
G th[ chY ra _c _uxt mxt g1i 8Ci 4Q W#lng !*% tr "9 ]uNt trong W1 ] "9 4Q
"#$ng g1i tin "Cn nhxt c1 th "#u tr0n 3V WDmt N "9 4Q "#$ng 3#Cc 41ng. Tr#lng
chu%n mch 12 _ 12t tTi Bt6 cho mi /0nh tr0n N /0nh Wû 89o. NOu /hJng c1 3V
3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ngt hiDu nLng "9 WVc ".p 8Ci Nt h9ng W$i c1 th coi nh# gm N h9ng
ri0ng 3iDt 89 WVc ".pt mi h9ng chY t#ang Kng 8Ci 1 3#Cc 41ngt 89 cc tInh ton chY
c^n WHt N1. ,hi c1 3V 3iOn WXit _c 4uxt mxt g1i )Zk W#$c cTi thiDn /hi 4Q "#$ng
3#Cc 41ng tLng tKc "9 /hi N tLngt tXng 4Q "#$ng /0nh Wû 89o 89 Wû ra cng tLng !o
W1 !ung "#$ng chu%n mch /hJng gian tLng "9m giTm tY "D mxt g1i tin. =Hc !e 4Q
/0nh Wû 89o tLngt nh#ng mi Wû ra c1 th nh.n ceng tY "D tTi tin WVc ".p 8Ci Nt 89
!o W1 8Ci ceng mVt tY "D mxt g1i )Zk m9 WV 4*u 3V WDm /hJng WXi. =Ht /hc nOu ]uN
cQ W[nht thv WV 4*u 3V WDm 4m tLng thfo N. So 8.%t _c 4uxt mxt g1i giTm 8Ci 4Q /0nh
3#Cc 41ng /hi TbRC4 W#$c 4g !hng. Ta cng c1 th 4o 4nh nh# 4au: 8Ci )Zk 1B
M
1B
t N\u 6 nOu c1 3V chu%n WXi thv c^n 4Q W#lng !*% tr "9 1u2t trong /hi W1 nOu
/hJng c1 3V chu%n WXi thv c^n 4Q W#lng !*% tr "9 \6.
' L*% )*+n# 8iOn XYi XWt n#Wt
=J hvnh tInh ton cho "#u "#$ng 3iOn WXi WVt ngVt Wy W#$c thc hiDn 89 _c
nh.n. Cc tInh ton ca 3Tn /hi p !hng tr0n Wan /0nht Wy chY ra r~ng tTi chxp nh.n
W#$c thxp han nhi&u /hi 4o 4nh 8Ci "#u "#$ng ng'u nhi0n. Tu% nhi0nt 8Ci hD thQng
RS= thv 8xn W& n9% cng W#$c giTn qu%Ot nh# tr#lng h$p tTi ng'u nhi0n.

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B \ 2 6 1B 1 1\ 12
,hJng c1 TbRC4
|WVc ".p 8Ci N}
N \
N 6
C1 TbRC4
Hvnh .+: c 4uxt mxt g1i tin /hi c1 89 /hJng c1 TbRC4.
SR X*^n# (1, tr_
1
Hvnh .2 |a} mJ tT 4Q "#$ng W#lng !*% tr giTm nhl c1 TbRC4 trong chu%n
mch g1i RS= 8Ci tY "D mxt g1i tin )Zk 1B
M1B
.
Ta thx% rxt r 4Q "#$ng W#lng !*% tr giTm /hi 4Q 3#Cc 41ng tLng "0n. =Vt Wim
quan trcng /hc "9 cxu hvnh chu%n mch /hJng gian g^n nh# /hJng WXit W#$c minh
hca trong hvnh (.2|3} gi7a
+ = 1
N
B
N
WQi 8Ci tTi tint trong Wi&u /iDn chu%n mch
\ _ \ Kng 8Ci 4Q /0nh 3#Cc 41ng "9 1t \. So W1t /hT nLng thJng qua W#$c tLng /hi
tLng 4Q /0nh 3#Cc 41ng m9 /hJng c^n tLng 4Q cXng.
Gci 3ur4tnf44 "9 4Q g1i th9nh cJng trung 3vnh t ngun "#u "#$ng. NOu 3ur4tnf44
tLng thv 4Q W#lng !*% tr cng c^n tLng. NOu gi7 4Q W#lng !*% tr /hJng WXi thv tY "D
tTi c1 th giTm /hi 3ur4tnf44 tLng. GQi 8Ci chu%n mch \ _ \t 4Q W#lng !*% tr
/hJng WXi 3~ng 5t hvnh .5 chY ra 8ai trF quan trcng ca TbRC /hi tQc WV /0nh "91B
G3u4.

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nLng thJng qua |N.=.} "9 12B =3u4t = "9 4Q "#$ng Wû 89ouWû ra. NOu c1 TbRCt
/hi 3u4tnf44 tLng thv tY "D tTi "Cn han nhi&ut /hT nLng thJng qua "0n tCi 2B G3u4.
'./.' CHc tInh )*% )*+n# c ch%,n !"ch ;Zi chKc nLn# tch #hNp
Nh# mJ tT trong hvnh (.6t cc no!f chu%n mch g1i tch ghNp W#$c 4g !hng t
cxu trPc ca no!f mng con hoHc ph*n chia thv nh.n W#$c cc mng /hc nhau 8I !h
=ANt RAN. ,iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i cng W#$c chu%n WXi trc tiOp th9nh chu%n
mch tch ghNp 3~ng cch !9nh ghNp mVt 4Q Wû 89o 89 tch U phIa Wû ra. Tu% nhi0nt
c1 89i Wim /hc nhau trong /iOn trPc _uxt hiDn nh# trvnh 39% !#Ci W*%.
EI !h mVt mng 4g !hng chu%n mch tch ghNp "9 Shu"fnftor/ nh# chY trong hvnh .6.
Hvnh .6: Chu%n mch tch ghNp Shu"fnftor/
Hvnh 8m mJ tT Shu"fnftor/ RS= thJng th#lng 8Ci 6 no!f chu%n mch tch
ghNp. =ng gm no!f chu%n mch | /hJng tch ghNp} 89 c1 hai cVt |cVt cuQi
/hJng tInh /hi n1 "9 mJ hvnh ca cVt Wû ti0n}. ChP tCi cc Shu"fnftor/ tXng qut
|W#$c tXng qut ho ca Shu"f ho9n hTo} _*% !ng t cc chu%n mch == 89 / cVt
thv gm /.=
/
no!f. Gi&u W1 chY ra Shu"fnftor/ It tInh mo!u" 8I !h 8Ci = \ thv 4Q
no!f "9 ( /hi / 89 1d /hi / (. TInh mo!u" nh.n W#$c 3~ng cch th0m cVt 89o
Shu"fnft chun ngha "9 c1 / 89 = thv /hi th0m cVt thv nh.n W#$c tXng 4Q no!f "9 |/
c}. =
/
. ECi mng trong hvnh 1 Wy W#$c th0m 89o mVt cVt 89 c1 4Q no!f "9 1.
,iu /Ot nQi thfo hvnh trh ca Shu"fnftor/4 nh.n W#$c 4 phQi h$p W[a chY
thfo cch thJng th#lngt cho phNp /hT nLng t W[nh tu%On 89 "a chcn W[nh tu%On trT
"li t twc nghmn 89 "i mng. Han n7at 8xn W& quan trcng ca WHc tInh "#u "#$ng 4m

1#
trvnh 39% U 4au. Cc mng W1 WTm 3To 4Q "#$ng nh cc hop gi7a cc no!f thu 89
pht.
Tr#Cc /hi tru%&n 4 mJ tTt ph*n tIch rxt quan trcng W _c W[nh mng 89 /Ich c
chu%n mch #a thIch. =ng nVi ht 89 mng trung t*m It /hi c1 han +B no!f. Tham
/hTo mng kAIN]bR II t n1 nh# mVt RS= =ANt gm ( no!f hot WVng ti
6BB=3u4 trong /hi mng STAkNjT |nh# ZAN} h tr$ tCi g^n BB no!ft c1 tQc WV
1G3u4 hoHc 6B no!f ti tQc WV t+ G3u4. ThJng qua cc 8I !h W1 chPng chY ra /Ich c
mng #a !eng.
Zi0n quan tCi /Ich c ca cc chu%n mch g1i tch ghNp quangt /Ich c quan
trcng !o n1 W#$c gi7 U mKc WV t#ang WQi thxpt tKc "9 |= }t \\ |= \}t 66
|= 6}t W WTm 3To nh# "9 4Q 3#Cc 41ng %0u cû W#$c hot WVng 89 cng chwc chwn
mKc WV phKc tp ca thc th mng thxp.
=Vt /iOn trPc chung ca chu%n mch g1i tch ghNp quang nh# hvnh .d.
Hvnh .d: Chu%n mch tch ghNp g1i quang.
Ti mi = Wû 89o cc g1i WOn t cc no!f mng /hc nhau trong /hi cc Wû 89o
cFn "i N
a!!
W 4g !hng cho "#u "#$ng nVi ht. Ti cc 3V ghNp /0nh Wû 89o mng 4m "a
chcn cc g1i WOn ti N 3#Cc 41ngt
1
....
NM1
t
N
trong /hi W1 N
a!!
cc /0nh mang cc g1i
W#$c ghNp "#u "#$ng nVi ht. TiOp thfot cc 3V chu%n 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh W#$c 4g
!hng W Wnh Wi chY /hJng gian trQng trong cc 3V WDm Wû ra W#lng tr 4$i . =Vt
chu%n mch /hJng gian W#$c 4g !hng W tru% c.p cc W#lng tr 4$i quang 89 W W[nh
tu%On cc g1i tCi cc Wû ra thIch h$p. =Vt g1i phTi 3[ tch ra W W[nh tu%On tCi Wû ra
tch 4au W1 thc hiDn chu%n WXi quang th9nh WiDn 89 3V WDm WiDn |cc Wû ra /hc
W#$c tham chiOu nh# cc Wû ra ca mng}. ChP r~ng trong ngu%0n " 3V WDm ti Wû
ra tch c1 th "9 quang 89 W#$c thc hiDn nh# mVt 3V WDm RS=.

1*
'./.'.1 L*% )*+n# c !"n# ch%,n !"ch #7i tchM #hNp STM
G c1 W#$c 4 nh.n !ng cc /iOn trPc chPng ta c^n tiOp thc pht trin mVt /iu
"#u "#$ng W tInh ton cho cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ngt RS= 89 quan trcng "9 4Q
cc hop gi7a cc no!f.
S ph*n tIch /iu "#u "#$ng W#$c !a tr0n /iu chu%n mch g1i RS= . )hTi
chY ra W#$c nh7ng gv Wy _fm _Nt trong Shu"fnftor/4t /iu Kng !hng 8Ci 3xt cK
mng g1i tch ghNp n9o cung cxp thfo giT thu%Ot :
Txt cT cc Wû 89o pht ra tTi trcng "#u "#$ng nh# nhau
a!!
89 "#u "#$ng tha
nh.n W#$c ph*n phQi mVt cch ng'u nhi0n.
Tn ti mVt thu.t ton mHc !e "#u "#$ng tr0n mi /0nh c1 4 ph*n phQi giQng
nhau 89 mang Wi tTi trcng
a!!
trung 3vnh giQng nhau.
=i g1i W#$c pht c1 _c _uxt tCi WIch giQng nhau cho 3xt / no!f n9o trong
mng chng hn 1u |N
no!f4
q 1} nOu 4Q no!f trong mng "9 N
no!f4
.
NOu giT 4g "#u "#$ng W#$c ph*n phQi mVt cch ng'u nhi0n. E'n cFn "#u "#$ng
3ur4tinf44 trong "Cp g1i quang /hi 4o 4nh 8Ci "Cp chu%n mch AT= 3~ng WiDn
th#lng thxp 8v 8.% giTi thIch cho giT W[nh. ECi "i0n quan tCi giT thu%Ot thK hait chY ra
4 phQi h$p W[nh tu%On thIch Kng Wan giTn cho Wi&u /hin twc nghmn U mng 41ng nh
4ng Wa hop Shu"fnft m9 U W1 giT 4g WPng nOu thu.t ton W[nh tu%On thIch Kng W#$c
thc hiDn 8Ci Shu"fnftor/.
Zung "#u "#$ng ra chng hn ca 3V WDm tch WiDn W#$c 3iu th[ 3Ui
a!!
89 !o
W1 gi tr[ "#u "#$ng /hUi to W#$c W#a WOn WIch nh# chY tr0n hvnh (.1B. ECi a!! c1
ngha "9 tTi trcng tr0n Wû 89o ghNpt to9n 3V g1i mxt tr0n mng 4m "9
add add
drop
N
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t 8v
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!rop
thu W#$c gi tr[ ca
a!!
.
ThJng "#$ng ca cc h9ng W$i mng |txt cT cc h9ng W$i /hc nhi&u han h9ng W$i
tch} "9 N M
o
8Ci
o
"9 4Q trung 3vnh ca 4Q 3#Cc 41ng W#$c 4g !hng. ECi giT W[nh U
tr0n t tTi trcng trung 3vnh ca mi /0nh Wû 89o N.= "9 |N M
o
}u N. TTi trcng n9%
cng "9 tTi trcng ca mi /0nh ti cc Wû 89o mng ca chu%n mch
nft
|_fm hvnh

1+
.1B}t /hi giT W[nh tTi trcng tr0n mi /0nh trong mng 3~ng nhau.
Hvnh .1B: Cc tham 4Q "#u "#$ng ca no!f chu%n mch tch ghNp quang.
G 4g !hng /iu h9ng W$i mJ tT trong /iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i RS= 89 4
ph*n tIch Tnh h#Ung ca cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh "0n hiDu nLngt m9
W#$c Kng !hng cho h9ng W$i Wû ra RS= quangt 8iDc _g " g1i WOn tCi mi h9ng W$i
mng phTi W#$c tvm thx%. C1 hai Wi&u /iDn:
cc g1i t N.= /0nh /hUi ngun t cc Wû 89o mng.
cc g1i t N
a!!
/0nh /hUi ngun t cc Wû 89o ghNp.
NOu 4Q trung 3vnh cc hop gi7a cc no!f "9 j 4au W1 _c _uxt ca mVt g1i t Wû
89o mng tCi cc Wû ra "9
E
1
1
. Ch th ti mVt Wû rat _c _uxt ca mVt g1i chcn
W#$c Wû ra "9
E
E
net

1
1
. giT thiOt r~ng cc g1i 3~ng nhau 89 tCi = Wû ra c1 _c
_uxt 3~ng nhau. ]~ng cch x%t _c _uxt c
nftt
ca g1i WOn:
j M N
net
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net
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M
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1,
]iu thKc cuQi ceng "9 4Q trung 3vnh ca cc g1i WOn. Nh# thOt cc g1i WOn t cc
Wû 89o ghNp N
a!!
tCi h9ng W$i Wû ra mng c1 tTi trcng "9
a!!
u= 89 _c _uxt c
a!!ti
ca
i g1i WOn t cc Wû 89o W1 "9:
i N
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=
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TInh ton tXng cho cc Wi&u /iDn /m thfo 89 cJng thKc U !#Ci nh.n W#$c 4Q g1i
trung 3vnh tru%&n cho 3V WDm ca mVt Wû ra.
SQ g1i WOn h9ng W$i tch thv giQng 8Ci mJ tT trong nQi chNo to9n quang cho mng
tru%&n tTi quang Wa 3#Cc 41ng !ung "#$ng caot chY /hc _c _uxt
M
E
1
1
W#$c tha% 3Ui
E
1
8v 8.% _c _uxt c
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ca p g1i tch "9:
p M N
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B
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= =

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|\}.
ECi cc _c _uxt nh.n W#$c t tInh ton U tr0nt _c _uxt pht cho 4Q g1i trong h9ng W$i
quang c1 th tvm thx% tu thuVc 89o cch mJ tT trong (.(.1. 89 )Zk c1 th W#$c tInh ton.
ECi mVt trong cc ph#ang php tInh W1 chPng ta c1 th tInh ton
!rop
89 4au W1
"9 )Zk cho cT mng.Tu% nhi0nt cc ph#ang php W1 Wû ti0n c^n tvm W#$c gi tr[
nft
.
T1m twt "i 8xn W& WQi 8Ci h9ng W$i: Trong mi 3#Cct mVt gi tr[ mCi cho thJng "#$ng
ca h9ng W$i mng W#$c tvm thx% 3~ng cch tInh ton )Zk cho cc h9ng W$i W1.

20
'./.'.' Th%4t t&n Xanh t%,On ;< 5i% 5i! tr
S chInh _c ca /iu ph*n tIch thv Wy W#$c /im tra 8Ci hai /Ich c /hc nhau
ca Shu"fnftor/. Tu% nhi0nt tr#Cc /hi mJ tT /Ot quT c^n giTi thIch 8& thu.t ton
W[nh tu%On 4g !hng. Thu.t ton W[nh tu%On phTi /Ot nQi cc no!f m9 t9i ngu%0n mng
W#$c t.n !hng tQt nhxt 89 tr Wû cuQi "9 nh nhxt. G gi7 tr thxp nhxt chY c1 cch 4g
!hng /0nh ngwn nhxt tKc "9 cc /0nh m9 4g !hng 4Q "#$ng cc hop It nhxt. Cng c^n
chP trong mVt 89i tr#lng h$p 4g !hng cc /0nh "Cn han c1 th cTi thiDn W#$c WHc
tInh "#u "#$ng.
Trong cc /iu mJ phngt hai thu.t ton W[nh tu%On W#$c _fm _Nt. Thu.t ton
h7u !hng nhxt "9 thu.t ton c1 nhi&u han mVt W#lng ngwn nhxt gi7a hai no!f. Thu.t
ton Wû ti0n chcn cc W#lng mVt cch W&u WHn. Thu.t ton thK hai rwc rQi han 89 "i0n
quan chHt chm 8Ci W[nh ton thIch Kng Wan giTn W Wi&u /hin twc nghmn trong mng
41ng nh 4ng Wa hop Shu"fnft. Sa 89o tvnh hvnh "#u "#$ng tru%&n t cc g1i W#$c
W[nh tu%On !cc thfo W#lng nai c1 tr h9ng W$i "Cn nhxt tr0n mVt no!f thuVc 8& W#lng
ngwn nhxt |_fm hvnh (.11}. )h#ang php n9% giQng 8Ci thu.t ton W[nh tu%On "Cn nhxt
q nh nhxt.
hvnh .11 : Thu.t ton W[nh tu%On "Cn nh
Trong mJ phng Wû ti0n chY thu.t ton W[nh tu%On ti0n tiOn W#$c 4g !hng. ,Ot
quT W#$c th hiDn trong hvnh .1|a}t m9 Wfm "i )Zk ng#$c 8Ci tTi trcng cung cxpt
a!!
. =ng Shu"fnftor/ 6 no!f _*% !ng t cc chu%n mch 8Ci mVt /0nh
3#Cc 41ng tr0n 4$i N 1 89 U W1 mVt /0nh W#$c ghNp 89o no!ft N
a!!
1. G1i mxt tr0n
to9n mng cng nh# tr0n h9ng W$i mng cho mVt chu%n mch Wan t^ng thv ceng W#$c
_fm _Nt.

21
ChP 8Ci /Ich c 3V WDm trong h9ng W$i mng "9 3a g1i trong /hi 3V WDm WiDn
8Ci h9ng W$i tch c1 th "#u gi7 16 g1i. ,Ich c 3V WDm n9% W#$c chcn 3Ui 8v mVt
h9ng W$i tch "Cn han 1BB WTm 3To _c _uxt mxt g1i !#Ci 1B
M1B
8Ci tTi trcng tch "9
Btd .
G /im tra /iu mJ phng trong mng "Cn han 89 4o 4nh 8Ci cc thu.t ton
W[nh tu%On. Hvnh .1 |3} chY ra /Ot quT cho Shu"fnft \ no!f 8Ci cT hai #u Wim 89
4 phQi h$p W[nh tu%On "^n "#$t .
|a}
|3}
Hvnh .1: c _uxt mxt g1i trong cc h9ng W$i mng.
G /Ot thPc 4 mJ phng 3~ng 8iDc mJ tT /hi niDm WHc tInh "#u "#$ng ca cc
mng chu%n mch tch ghNp g1i 89 W#$c 4g !hng !#Ci 4 ph*n tIch cc ti0u Wim ca
RS= 8Ci 8iDc 4g !hng cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh. ECi 4 ph*n tIch n9%

22
3a 4 /iDn ca 3Tn cho cc /iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i tch ghNp 8Ci hai /0nh 3#Cc
41ng tr0n 4$i W#$c mJ tT nh# hvnh .1(.
|a}
|3}
|c}
Hvnh .1(: Cc cxu hvnh /iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i t cc ph^n tg tch ghNp .
GiT 4g tXng tTi trcng ghNp "9 Bt6. Hvnh (.1( |a} "9 /iOn trPc c1 cc 3V chu%n WXi
3#Cc 41ng tr0n txt cT cc Wû 89o. Trong tr#lng h$p chY c1 mVt /0nh 3#Cc 41ng W#$c 4g
!hng W mang to9n 3V tTi. Hvnh (.1(|3} /hJng 4g !hng cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng
/hT chYnh. Ev 8.% %0u cû hai /0nh ghNp. N
a!!
t mi /0nh mang mVt nga tTi . CuQi

23
ceng hvnh .1(|c} chY ra chY mVt 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng tr0n Wû 89o ghNp. Trong
tr#lng h$p n9% c1 nhi&u #u Wimt chY mVt Wû 89o ghNpt N
a!!
1 %0u cû mang Wi tTi
Bt6.
'.b 34 m t("ng chuyn mch g$i quang
'.b.1 Cc 53 th%4t XQ!
Tr#Cc /hi _fm _Nt cc /iOn trPc chu%n mch 8Ci cc cch WDm /hc nhaut c^n _fm
_Nt cc ph#ang php _c W[nh hiDu nLng quangt 8v W*% "9 mVt cJng 8iDc rxt quan trcng W
_c W[nh mJ hvnh chu%n mch 8Ci /iu WDm n9o c1 /hT nLng Kng !hng trong thc tO.
Tham 4Q tY "D "i 3it ]jk |]it jrror katf} "9 mVt trong cc tham 4Q hiDu nLng rxt
quan trcngt /hJng nh7ng trong hD thQng chu%n mch m9 cFn trong rxt nhi&u cc hD
thQng /hc nh# cc hD thQng tru%&n !'n. ]jk ca mi cxu hvnh W#$c _c W[nh 3~ng
8iDc ph*n tIch cc mJ hvnh 89 W#$c W[nh "#$ng nhl m% tInh. Nhiu 89 _u%0n *m W&u
W#$c "x% m'ut nhiu giao thoa c1 th 3 qua |8v nh han 2B !] 4o 8Ci tIn hiDu}. HD 4Q
tLng Ich ca mi /iOn trPc chu%n mch W&u W#$c chYnh 3~ng Bt 89 4g !hng mVt ha%
mVt 4Q t^ng /hu%Och Wi th0m 30n ngo9i W thu.n tiDn tInh ton.
GiT thu%Ot r~ng 4u% hao tr0n W#lng !*% tr c1 th 3 qua. G chKng minh giT
thu%Ot hy% giT 4g thiOt /O WDm W#$c +B g1i tin hot WVng U tQc WV 1B G3u4. NOu tO 39o
AT= W#$c WDm thv 3V WDm phTi "#u +(_6_+B 1B2.BBB 3it. Ev mi 3it /No !9i Bt1 n4
n0n WV tr "9 1Bt2 4t nh# 8.% WV !9i W#lng !*% tr "9 t1 /m. ECi 4u% hao quang
thJng th#lng thv mi W#lng !*% tr nh# 8.% 4m /hJng Tnh h#Ung tCi mJ hvnht !o W1
4u% hao tr0n W#ang !*% tr c1 th 3 qua. Ngo9i ra cng c1 th 3 qua 4 tha% WXi WV
!9i W#lng !#Ci tc WVng nhiDt WVt 8v mi W#lng !*% tr W&u c1 3V Xn W[nh nhiDt.
Ti0u chI c^n Wt W#$c "9 ]jk 1B
M1\
t 8v gi tr[ ]jk n9% 4m WTm 3To W#$c "i
W#lng tru%&n 89 ]jk h$p "I U "i0n /Ot Wû cuQi. Trong chu%n mch WiDnt ]jk cng
Wt W#$c g^n nh# 3~ng /hJngt n0n cc cJng nghD quang mCi nhxt cng phTi Wp Kng
W#$c chY ti0u hiDu nLng n9%.
Cc 3V /hu%Och Wi quang 3n !'n |SbA4} W#$c 4g !hng W chu%n mch 89
/hu%Och Wit pht 4inh th0m nhiu cVng t phtt Wi&u n9% rxt 3xt "$i 89 cng W#$c _Nt
trong mJ hvnh tInh ton. Ngun nhiu n9% Wy "9m giCi hn /Ich th#Cc mi chu%n
mch 89 4Q "#$ng chu%n mch c1 th ghNp t^ng. Ngo9i rat cc thiOt 3[ nh# 3V /Ot h$p
89 ARG |4g !hng W W[nh tu%On thfo 3#Cc 41ng} cng 4inh ra nhiu _u%0n /0nh n0n
"9m 4u% giTm tIn hiDut 89 trong tr#lng h$p _xu nhxt "9 treng 8Ci 3#Cc 41ng 89 trng
thi ph*n cc ca tIn hiDu. N1i chungt mci tInh ton W&u !a tr0n mVt 4Q giT thiOt 4au:

2
]V /hu%Och Wi quang 3n !'n |SbA} c1 hD 4Q /hu%Och Wi W&u trong 3Lng t^n
"9m 8iDc.
TIn hiDu Wû 89o tCi SbA n~m U t^n 4Q trung t*m ca 3Lng t^n 3V /hu%Och Wi.
Th9nh ph^n Wi&u ho9 thK hai trong SbA c1 th 3 qua /hi "x% Wo h9m.
,hJng c1 hiDn t#$ng 3yo ho9 trong SbA !o nhiu t phtt nh#ng c1 hD 4Q
/hu%Och Wi 3yo ho9 !o tIn hiDu 8v tIn hiDu "Cn han nhiu rxt nhi&u.
]V 3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh /hJng g*% 4u% haot 89 Wi&u n9% c1 th Wt
W#$c trong thc tO.
Cc 3V 3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh /hJng 4inh nhiu cVngt 8v mHc !e c1 nhiu
cVngt nh#ng chPng "i cTi thiDn !ng tIn hiDu nhl hiDu Kng tru%&n Wt phi tu%On.
nh !o 3V "cc ARG /hJng quan trcngt chPng W#$c coi nh# g*% 4u% hao !]
/hi tIn hiDu tCi Wû ra chInh _ct 89 (5 !] |!] (+!]} /hi tIn hiDu 3[ 4ai Wû
ra. ARG g*% nhiu _u%0n /0nh nh han (+ !] 4o 8Ci tIn hiDu.
Za4fr hot WVng 8Ci t^n 4Q Xn W[nh.
S$i ![ch tn 4wc W#$c 4g !hng "9m W#lng !*% tr W trnh Tnh h#Ung tn 4wc.
TY "D 4u% hao Wû 89o "9 B !].
=i 3V chia thh WVng 1N ha% 3V /Ot h$p thh WVng N1W&u c1 4u% hao "9
dB n "og 1B
1B
+
| !] "9 hD 4Q qu nhiu}t !o W1 4u% hao c1 mQi quan hD trc
tiOp 8Ci 4Q "#$ng Wû 89o 89 Wû ra.
=i SbA c1 hD 4Q 4u% hao 2 !] 89 cJng 4uxt 3yo ho9 "9 1B !].
Su% hao /hi coup"fr /Ot h$p 8Ci SbA "9 !].
TY "D 4u% hao trong SbA "9 2B !].
=i 3V /hu%Och Wi jSA c1 hD 4Q 4u% hao "9 + !].
'.b.1.1 cW XQ! XA% r
Cxu trPc WDm Wû ra gm mVt tr#lng chu%n mch 89 mVt 3V WDm U Wû ra ca
tr#lng chu%n mch nh# hvnh (.1\. Trong mVt /hf thli giant cc g1i tCi ceng mVt Wû
ra W&u W#$c W#a 89o 3V WDm Wng thli mVt cch thIch h$p. NOu 3V WDm Wy W^% thv cc
g1i WOn tiOp thfo 4m 3[ "oi 89 _T% ra mxt g1i. c 4uxt mxt g1i th#lng "9 t 1B
M1B
tCi
1B
M11
tu thuVc tng "oi Kng !hng.

2"
NOu chcn /Ich th#Cc 3V WDm tu thv 4m /hJng c1 4 mxt g1i 4ong ta Wy /hJng
tInh WOn WV tr g1i cng nh# hiDu nLng chu%n mch.
Tr g1i _T% ra !o tranh chxp /hi c1 nhi&u g1i muQn tCi ceng Wû ra nga% ".p tKc.
GV tr W#$c tInh "9 WV tr trung 3vnh thQng /0 U mVt 3V WDm. Cc ph*n tIcht tInh ton
WV tr th#lng !a tr0n /iu "#u "#$ng ]frnou""i ha% "#u "#$ng W&ut tKc "9 cc 3iOn cQ
"9 WVc ".pt c1 _c 4uxt /hJng WXit Wng thli 4 ph*n 3Q "#u "#$ng U Wû ra "9 nh#
nhau. Cch ph*n tIch n9% tu% c1 hn chO 8v "#u "#$ng tr0n thc tO "9 /hJng W&ut mang
tInh chxt 3eng nX |c1 thli Wim rxt "Cn}t 4ong "i ! ph*n tIch 89 ! 4o 4nh t#ang
quan gi7a cc "oi cxu hvnh WDm /hc nhaut !o W1 ta chcn /iu "#u "#$ng n9% W ph*n
tIch.
'.b.1.' cW XQ! chi de
G*% "9 mVt !ng ca WDm Wû rat 4ong mci 3V WDm tr0n tng Wû ra W&u !eng
chung mVt 8eng kA= |3V nhC tru% nh.p ng'u nhi0n}. Nh# 8.% giCi hn /hT nLng WDm
W#$c tInh "9 tXng 4Q g1i tr0n to9n 3V WDm kA=. G*% "9 ph#ang thKc phX 3iOn trong
chu%n mch AT=t thc hiDn thfo /iu tru% nh.p 3V nhC ng'u nhi0n WiDn. N1 /hJng
c1 /hT nLng thc hiDn !ng 3~ng quangt 8v /hJng c1 3V nhC 3~ng quang t#ang W#angt
89 !o 4 phKc tp ca chu%n mch. Tu% nhi0nt nhi&u chu%n mch g1i quang c1 th
n1i Wy 4g !hng 3V WDm chia _` /hi cnh tranh 8Ci 3V WDm Wû rat cc W#lng tr W#$c
chia _` gi7a cc 3V WDm Wû ra.
'.b.1./ cW XQ! ;fn#
NOu nhi&u g1i U nhi&u Wû 89o ceng tCi mVt Wû rat /hi W1 chY mVt g1i W#$c
tru%&n quat cFn "i W&u W#$c tru%&n qua 8Fng hi tiOp nh# hvnh .1+.

1
(
N
N
1
N
N
Ch%,n !"ch
5hJn# #in
Hvnh .1\: Chu%n mch g1i WDm Wû ra
2#
=i mVt "^n qua% 8Fng 4m "9m tr thli gian t#ang Kng mVt g1it tKc "9 "9 mi mVt
8Fng cho WV tr mVt g1i. EI !h mVt chu%n mch 2\2\8Ci _c _uxt mxt g1i 1B
M1B
t tTi
trcng B.6 thv %0u cû 4g !hng (5 8Fng "Hp hi tiOp. ,hi thc hiDn 3~ng 8Fng "Hp 8Ci
mVt WV tr /hi W1 c^n nhi&u 8Fng "Hpt hoHc c1 th !eng mVt 8Fng c1 WV tr /hc nhau.
'.b.1.b cW XQ! XA% ;<&
Cxu trPc WDm Wû 89o gm c1 mVt tr#lng chu%n mch /hJng gian 89 mVt 3V
WDm U Wû 89o nh# hvnh .12.
Hvnh 8m chY ra mVt chu%n mch /hJng gian 8Ci cc 3V WDm tr0n cc Wû 89o.
,iu WDm g1i n9% rxt ha% W#$c 4g !hng trong chu%n mch g1i WiDn 8v n1 c1 /hT nLng
Wng 3V cc g1i tin U Wû 89ot tu% nhi0n cng c^n giTi qu%Ot hiDn t#$ng twc nghmn Wû
89o HoZ |hfa! o "inf}t giCi hn thJng "#$ng "Cn nhxt "9 +6z cho "#u "#$ng h$p
nhxt . EI !h nh# g1i thK hai trong h9ng W$i thK 3a %0u cû tCi Wû ra ( nh#ng n1 3i !7
"ai !o Wû g1i thK nhxt 3[ nghmn
Tr0n W*% "9 3Qn /iu WDm chInh trong / thu.t chu%n mcht tu% trong thc tO cc
thiOt /O th#lng /Ot h$p cc /iu WDm n9% 8Ci nhaut c1 th "9 WDm Wû 89o /Ot h$p 8Ci
WDm Wû ra.

Ch%,n !"ch
5hJn# #in
Tr_ !Wt
5hg thî #in
Hvnh .1+: Chu%n mch qua% 8Fng STAkZITj.
Ch%,n !"ch 5hJn# #in
\ 1
1
\ ( 1
1 \
Hvnh .12: Chu%n mch WDm Wû 89ot c1 HoZ
2*
'.b.' Ch%,n !"ch Xhn tAn#
'.b.'.1 GASIS
Hai "oi bASIS 4m W#$c _Nt 8& hiDu nLngt /hT nLng mo!u" 89 /hT nLng mU rVng
m9 mVt "oi c1 coup"fr thh WVng "i0n /Ot 8Ci 3V "cc W cung cxp chKc nLng W[nh tu%Ont
"oi thK hai 4g !hng thiOt 3[ ARG W giTm 4u% hao.
bASIS "9 mJ phng ca WDm Wû rat WV WDm g1i ha% 4Q /hf thli gian WDm giQng
nh# WDm Wû rat 89 W#$c W[nh h#Cng chInh _c tCi Wû ra. Tr#Cc hOt ta 4m mJ phng
t1m twt WDm Wû rat 4au W1 4m mJ tT 8& chu%n mch bASIS.
56 ph7ng m 8u (a
Chu%n mch W#$c cxu hvnh W mi g1i Wû 89o c1 th tr t B tCi 3 /hf thli gian. 3
"9 WV 4*u ca mi 3V WDm Wû ra. Ti mVt thli Wimt nOu /hJng c1 tranh chxp Wû rat g1i 4m
W#$c chu%n tCi Wû ra %0u cû nga% ".p tKc. G mJ phng ta !eng N 3V WOm |N "9 4Q
"#$ng Wû 89o 89 Wû ra}t mi 3V WOm "i0n /Ot 8Ci 1 Wû ra ca chu%n mch W tInh ton WV
tr g1i. =i 3V WOm 4m Wi&u /hin mVt 4Q g1i trong 3V WDm Wû ra To c1 ngu%0n twc tru%
nh.p 89o tr#Cc ra tr#Cc Ib |ir4t In ir4t out}t gi tr[ 3V WOm giTm mVt /hi mVt g1i tin
ra /hi 89 tLng mVt /hi c1 mVt g1i tin tCi. =i g1i tin 4m W#$c chu%n ra ti mVt /hf thli
gian mCi tr /hi 3V WDm rng. NOu nhi&u g1i muQn tCi ceng mVt Wû ra U mVt /hf thli gian
thv chPng 4m W#$c WLng /I mVt WV tr 89 W#$c chu%n "^n "#$t tCi 3V WDm.
TXng WV tr tInh 3~ng /hf thli gian W#$c thQng /0 "9 gi tr[ 3V WOm Wû ra. ,hi
3V WOm hiDn gi tr[ "9 3 thv g1i WOn 4m 3[ "oi tr#Cc /hi 89o tr#lng chu%n mch 8v _T%
ra hiDn t#$ng qu tTi. @ua qu trvnh thg nghiDm tr0n thc tOt ng#li ta thx% bASIS c1
ceng hiDu nLng 8Ci chu%n mch WDm Wû ra 8Ci WV 4*u ca 3V WDm 3.
a9 :;!<! #= >?ng c"up-@( th? 4ng
=J hvnh n9% W#$c mJ tT nh# hvnh .15
Hvnh .15 : Chu%n mch bASIS 4g !hng coup"fr thh WVng

C&%p)gr thi
XWn#
CA% ;<&
CA% r
1
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2
2
-
-
TWC's
Tch 56nh
tIch cc
cW )jc cR
Xanh
2+
Cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh |TRC4} 4m my ho cc g1i tin Wû 89o
!#Ci mVt 3#Cc 41ng thIch h$p 8Ci 3V "cc U Wû ra. =i g1i tin 4au W1 W#a 89o 3V
chu%n mch quang |nh# mVt 3V tch /0nh} 1 Wû 89o 89 |31} Wû rat W Wi&u /hin
g1i tin tCi mVt trong cc W#lng W*% tr c1 WV !9i 1t t t 3 /hf thli gian hoHc B |nOu
chi&u !9i hiDu !hng 3~ng B}. ECi thu.t ton mJ phng WDm Wû ra U tr0n 89 WV tr mi
g1i Wy 3iOtt tIn hiDu Wi&u /hin ca thiOt 3[ c1 th ! !9ng _c W[nh W#$c.
ECi cc giT thiOt trong ph^n tInh hiDu nLng quang U tr0nt cJng 4uxt quang 4u%
hao ca /iOn trPc n9% c1 th _c W[nht W#$c th hiDn tr0n hvnh .16.
GiT thiOt chi&u 4*u 3V WDm 3~ng 4Q Wû 89o 89 Wû rat /hi W1 c1 th Wnh gi hiDu
nLng quang chInh _c m9 /hJng qu phKc tp. So W1t nOu /Ich th#Cc chu%n mch
tLng |4Q Wû 89o 89 Wû ra tLng} thv WV 4*u ca 3V WDm cng tLngt 89 tY "D mxt g1i 4m
giTm. Ngo9i rat tQc WV 3it cng Tnh h#Ung tCi hiDu nLng 8v nhiu 3V /hu%Och Wi
quang 3n !'n SbA tLng nhanh 8Ci tQc WV 3it. HiDu nLng Wy W#$c tInh ton U tQc WV
3it 2 =3u4 t+ G3u4 89 1B G3u4. ECi chu%n mch 12 12 /hJng th Wt ]jk 1B
M
1\
U tQc WV t+ G3u4 ha% 1B G3u4t 89 4u% hao cJng 4uxt qu "Cn |"Cn han !]} U tQc WV
1B G3u4 WQi 8Ci chu%n mch 6 6. ]V /hu%Och Wi quang 3n !'n SbA W#$c 4g !hng
nh# mVt th9nh ph^n ca 3V tch /0nh tIch cct hai 3V SbA c1 th 3e 4u% hao /hi tch
89 ghNp /0nht nh#ng nhiu !o n1 4inh ra "9m giTm hiDu nLng quang ca chu%n mch.
A9 :;!<! #= >?ng ;B%
Cxu hvnh n9% "9 4 tha% WXi ca ca cxu hvnh tr#Cct cc coup"fr thh WVng 89 3V
"cc W#$c tha% thO 3~ng ARG W giTm 4u% hao. Hot WVng giQng nh# tr0nt chY /hc "9
cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh my h1a 3#Cc 41ng g1i tin thfo Wû ra %0u cût
89 nOu t#ang Kng 8Ci 3#Cc 41ng hot WVng ca W#lng !*% tr thv W&u W#$c tru%&n qua.
Hvnh .1d trvnh 39% 8& hiDu nLng quang ca mJ hvnh n9%t ]jk c1 th Wt tCi 1B
M1\
U

Hvnh .16: CJng 4uxt 4u% hao ca bASIS !o coup"fr thh WVng
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SQ "#$ng Wû 89ou ra
\ 6
1
#22 M0'1
22" 30'1
10 30'1
2,
tQc WV 3it t+ G3u4 8Ci chu%n mch 1212t 89 4u% hao cJng 4uxt WQi 8Ci chu%n mch
6 6 U tQc WV 1B G3u4 chY !#Ci 1t+ !].
CT hai mJ hvnh bASIS n9% W&u /hJng th thc hiDn #u ti0n g1i 8v cc g1i /hi Wy
89o h9ng W$i thv /hJng th h% 3xt cK mVt g1i n9o /hi c1 WV #u ti0n cao han. Hai /iOn
trPc bASIS c1 ceng WV mxt g1i 89 WV tr nh# chu%n mch WDm Wû ra.
'.b.'.' Ch%,n !"ch ) chjn ;< $%Un# 8
=J hvnh chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 W#$c minh hca tr0n hvnh .B
Hvnh .B: Chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3.
Cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng cQ W[nh 4m my ho "ung g1i tin U Wû 89ot !o W1
cc g1i tr0n mi Wû 89o W#$c _uxt hiDn !#Ci mi 3#Cc 41ng ri0ng 3iDt. Cc "ung n9%
4au W1 W#$c /Ot h$p 89 ph*n tn tCi cc W#lng !*% tr. ECi ph#ang thKc chu%n mch

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SQ "#$ng Wû 89ou ra
\ 6 1 12
Hvnh .1d: CJng 4uxt 4u% hao ca bASIS 4g !hng ARG4
#22
M0'1
22" 30'1
10 30'1
]V chia thh
WVng
]V /Ot h$p
thh WVng
]V "cc cQ
W[nh
CXng /hu%Och Wi Za4fr
3n !'n.
]V chu%n WXi
3#Cc 41ng cQ W[nh
30
SbA 89 3V /Ot h$p thh WVngt mi Wû ra 4m chcn mVt tIn hiDu t mVt W#lng !*% tr.
So W1t U mi Wû ra 4m 4g !hng mVt "ot 3V "cc W chcn cc g1i tin chInh _c t Wû
89o. Cng giQng 8Ci chu%n mch WDm Wû rat n0n chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3
c1 ceng hiDu nLng 8Ci chu%n mch WDm Wû ra. Han n7at 8v txt cT cc g1i W&u quTng
3 tCi mci Wû rat 8Ci mci WV tr c1 tht n0n chu%n mch n9% c1 th hot WVng quTng
3 g1i tint 89 thc hiDn #u ti0n g1i. Hvnh (.1 chY ra mKc 4u% hao cJng 4uxt Kng 8Ci
/Ich th#Cc chu%n mch /hc nhaut U tQc WV 2 G3u4 t+ G3u4 89 1B G3u4. U mJ hvnh
n9%t c1 th 4g !hng hai 3V /hu%Och Wi SbA 89 mVt jSA U Wû ra W 3e "i 4u% hao.
'.b.'./ CQ! ;fn# )Hp X 8*Zc 97n#
Trong chu%n mch WDm 8Fngt nhi&u g1i W#$c "#u tr0n ceng mVt 8Fng hi tiOp U
nhi&u 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhau nh# hvnh .

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Hvnh .1 : CJng 4uxt 4u% hao chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 Wan t^ng.
44P4
CXng SbA
l

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Gû 89o Gû ra
Chu%n WXi 3#Cc
41ng /hT chYnh
]V "cc S]
/hT chYnh
S$i tr
mVt /hf
thli gian
44P4
) |i3fr f3r% )frot i"tfr}: 3V "cc
4$i a3r% )frot.
Hvnh .: Chu%n mch 8Fng Wa 3#Cc 41ng.
5D4A
31
=i 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng 4m phQi h$p hot WVng U mci /hf thli giant 4ao
cho cc g1i Wû 89o /hJng tranh chxp 8Ci cc g1i /hc U mch 8Fng. Nga% /hi mVt
g1i rli mch 8Fngt 3V "cc /hT chYnh S] U Wû ra t#ang Kng 4m Wi&u chYnh 3#Cc 41ngt
89 mVt trong cc SbA U cXng 8Fng 4m chu%n cc g1i ra ngo9i. Thc nghiDm Wy chKng
t W#$c g1i tin cFn hiDu "c 4au /hi "Hp 8Fng 1B "^n U tQc WV 2 =3u4 WQi 8Ci cxu
hvnh hai Wû 89o 89 hai Wû ra.
ECi cc giT thiOt trong ph^n tInh hiDu nLng quangt coi 3V "cc /hT chYnh c1 hD 4Q
tLng Ich 1 tCi + !]t 89 hD 4Q nhiu "9 2 !]. Hvnh .( trvnh 39% 8& cJng 4uxt 4u%
hao /hJng tLng nhanh qu 8Ci 4Q 8Fng "Hp U tQc WV t+ G3u4 89 1B G3u4.
Chu%n mch n9% cng "9 mJ phng ca WDm Wû rat n0n c1 _c 4uxt mxt tO 39o
89 WV tr tr0n W#lng !*% tr nh# chu%n mch WDm Wû ra 8Ci WV 4*u 3V WDm 3~ng 8Ci
4Q "^n qua% 8Fng "Cn nhxt. =J hvnh n9% cng c1 th thc hiDn #u ti0n g1i.
'.b.'.b Ch%,n !"ch #7i $%n# (mn# ch%n# 8W nhZ
S=b) |Sharf =fmor% bptica" )ac/ft 4itching} gm chu%n mch WDm qua%
8Fng 8Ci WV !9i W#lng !*% tr "9 1t t (t t mt 89 chu%n mch /hJng gian trung t*m
|N m}|N m} th#lng W#$c thiOt /O hvnh c*%t 4ao cho nhiu 89 _u%0n *m nh. Cc
W#lng !*% tr c1 chi&u !9i "Cn han mVt n0n giTm W#$c 4Q 8Fng hi tiOp 89 4Q 3V
/hu%Och Wit Wng thli giTm /Ich th#Cc chu%n mch /hJng gian.
,hi nhi&u tO 39o tCi chu%n mch /hJng gian ceng W[nh h#Cng tCi mVt Wû rat
thv txt cT tr mVt g1i W&u chu%n tCi cc W#lng !*% tr 8Fng. Thu.t ton Wi&u /hin
!a tr0n mJ phng WDm Wû rat 89 _g "I tr0n mi /hf thli gian nh# 4au:
Cc g1i tCi t W#lng !*% tr tCi Wû ra W&u Wy W#$c W[nh tu%On.
]xt / g1i n9o tCi Wû 89o ca S=b) m9 c1 th Wi trc tiOp tCi Wû rat W&u Wi thfo
mVt tu%On nhxt W[nht tr /hi qu% twc h9ng W$i 89o tr#Cc ra tr#Cc Ib 3[ 8i phm.

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Hvnh .(: CJng 4uxt 4u% hao ca chu%n mch WDm 8Fng Wa 3#Cc 41ng.
32
NOu c1 3xt /v g1i n9o muQn tCi Wû ra chY 4au mVt "^n qua% 8Fngt thv chPng 4m
W#$c ".p "[ch chY 4au WPng mVt "^n qua% 8Fngt 4au W1 ra /hi tr#lng chu%n
mch. @u%&n #u ti0n 4m thuVc 8& g1i c1 WV tr cFn "i nh nhxt.
Txt cT cc g1i tin cFn "i tr0n W#lng !*% tr cQ gwng trnh tr#lng h$p c1 nhi&u
g1i tCi ceng mVt Wû ra 4au mVt "^n "Hp.
N1i chung cc g1i W#$c "#u WDm thfo ngu%0n twc h9ng W$i Ib 89 !a tr0n /Ot
quT mJ phngt cho thx% 4Q "^n qua% 8Fng cho phNp "Cn nhxt "9 1B. ,iOn trPc chu%n
mch n9% cho phNp #u ti0n g1it 8v nh7ng g1i c1 WV #u ti0n thxp han c1 th 3[ tr nhi&u
han 4au "^n qua% 8Fng /hc. c 4uxt mxt g1i g^n 8Ci chu%n mch chia 4` 3V nhC.
NOu N 6 89 m (t tTi W&u ]frnou""i Btd thv _c 4uxt mxt g1i 3~ng 1B
M2
. Trong mJ
phngt mi SbA W&u W#$c 4g !hng U Wû ra 89 tr0n mch 8Fng W 3e "i 4u% haot
thJng th#lng N =. Hvnh (.\ trvnh 39% 8& cJng 4uxt 4u% hao tY "D 8Ci 4Q "^n "Hp 8Fng
Kng 8Ci tQc WV t+ G3u4 89 1B G3u4.
Ta thx% trong txt cT cc /iOn trPc chu%n mch Wan t^ngt S=b) cho 4u% hao
cJng 4uxt thxp nhxt 8v /iOn trPc chu%n mng hvnh c*% rxt thJng minh 89 _u%0n *m
nh. ECi bASISt !o 4g !hng ARG n0n cng cTi thiDn W#$c hiDu nLng !o giTm W#$c
4u% hao. Txt cT cc /iOn trPc chu%n mch n9% W&u c1 hiDu nLng tr 89 mxt g1i nh#
chu%n mch WDm Wû ra tr S=b). Ngo9i rat chY bASIS "9 /hJng th c1 chO WV #u
ti0n g1i 8v n1 /hJng thc hiDn W#$c qua% 8Fng cng nh# quTng 3 g1i tin tCi txt cT
W#lng !*% tr chu%n tiOp.

33
G1 "9 cc /iu WDm g1i tin trong chu%n mch Wan t^ngt 4au W*% ta _Nt chu%n
mch Wa t^ng ,iOn trPc chu%n mch Wa t^ng 4g !hng WDm 3~ng nhi&u t^ng W#lng !*%
tr. Ra8f=u_ 4g !hng ph^n "Cn "9 WDm WiDnt cFn WDm quang chY thfo "[ch trvnh W !
!9ng ! chu%n mch. Ch %Ou chu%n mch Wa t^ng "9 "9 4 mU rVng ghNp nQi ca
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Wû 89ot cho tCi /hi chPng W#$c tru%&n qua chu%n mch trung t*m U /hf thli gian
chInh _ct nh# 8.% Ra8fmu_ c1 3Tn chxt "9 chu%n mch WDm Wû 89o. =i g1i tin
ha% tO 39o tin tr0n mVt /hf thli gian _c W[nht W&u W#$c chu%n qua tr#lng chu%n
mch trung t*mt tr0n mVt W#lng _c W[nh ti mVt 3#Cc 41ng /hc.
Cc g1i tin /hi tCi IG=t tr#Cc ti0n W#$c chu%n 8& !ng WiDn W chu%n WXi ti0u
W& g1i tin 89 WDmt 4au W1 mCi W#$c chu%n WXi 8& !ng tIn hiDu quang nh# hvnh (.+
|3}.
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tin. ]V nhC WDm c^n W#$c tX chKct 4ao cho cc g1i tin t mVt Wû 89o c1 th 89o 3V
ph*n "oi Wng thlit W trnh hiDn t#$ng twc nghmn Wû 89o HoZ |Hfa! b Zinf} nh#
hvnh .+ |c}.
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thli gian chInh _ct ti Wû ra chInh _c. ]V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng cho phNp cc g1i
tin tru%&n qua tr#lng chu%n mch /hJng gian Wng thli tr0n ceng mVt tu%On. Nh1m
bG= gm cc W#lng !*% tr 89 3V "cc /hT chYnh 4m "^n "#$t chu%n cc g1i tin tCi Wû
ra chInh _c nh# hvnh .+ |!}.

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Wû rat 6 Wû 89o trong mVt IG= 89 12 Wû ra trong mVt bG=t 16 g1i tin tr0n mi
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"oi ca IG=t cc coup"fr thh WVng W#$c WHt ti Wû ra ca chu%n mch W c1 th
chu%n mch thfo ca chO nQi thJng nhi&utCimVt. Hvnh .2 trvnh 39% cJng 4uxt 4u%
hao tY "D 8Ci /Ich th#Cc chu%n mch 8Ci tQc WV 3it.
U W*% /iOn trPc n9% /hJng Wp Kng W#$c tQc WV 1B G3u4 !o nhiu n&nt pht _ t
pht /hu%Och Wi ASj |Amp"iif! Spontanfou4 jmi44ion} 89 4u% giTm hiDu nLngt
WPng nh# ! /iOn r~ng 4u% hao cJng 4uxt tLng nhanh /hi tQc WV tLng.
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W "i0n /Ot nQit chu%n mch 89 WDm. Nh#ng !o 4g !hng cJng nghD quang nhi&u W
thc hiDn cc chKc nLng |ch %Ou "9 tr 89 chu%n mch} n0n cJng 4uxt 4u% hao "Cn
han 4o 8Ci cc /iOn trPc /hct tu% nhi0n "i /hJng tQn nhi&u 3V WDm.

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mch 89 cc W#lng !*% tr. =i Wim chu%n mch c1 th tha% WXi trng thi
gi7a cc /hf thli gian !#Ci 4 Wi&u /hin WiDn. Sung "#$ng ca chu%n mch rxt nh
4o 8Ci mng 8in thJng rVng "Cnt !o W1 /iOn trPc n9% chY p !hng trong cc mch 8Fng
89 mng chc 3V |ZAN}. ,iOn trPc n9% cng c1 th thc hiDn #u ti0n g1i tin nh#ng rxt
/h1 8v cc g1i tin W&u W#$c ".p "[ch trvnh thfo mVt thli gian W[nh tr#Cct W Wi qua
tr#lng chu%n mch. S#Ci W*% 4m _Nt \ /iu trong "oi /iOn trPc n9%.
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tr0n ha% Wû ra phIa !#Ci thfo %0u cût 89 W#$c gci "9 mVt thanh nQi chNo thJng
minh ha% cro443ar thJng minh |4mart}. =i t^ng c1 th hoHc "9 trao WXi mVt /hf
|TC Trac/ Changfr} nh# hvnh .5 |a}t hoHc "9 trao WXi hai /hf |TTC Tin Trac/
Changfr} nh# hvnh .5 |3}t 89 W#$c ghNp nQi thfo chui nQi tiOp.
NOu mi W#lng !*% tr tr0n mi t^ng c1 mVt 3#Cc 41ng !u% nhxtt thv thK t cc
g1i tin W#$c !u% trv. GV 4*u ca to9n 3V WDm quan hD tu%On tInh 8Ci 4Q t^ng. Chui cc
TTC c1 _c 4uxt mxt tO 39o tin nh han chui TC. EI !h 8Ci + t^ng TC WV tr 1t 5t \dt
262 tTi Bt6 89 11 thanh nQi chNo thv _c 4uxt mxt g1i "9 1B
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,iOn trPc _1 n9% gm t^ng W#lng !*% tr nh# hvnh .6t 3an Wû chY W "9m
giTm 4 tranh chxp 3V thu trong hD thQng RS=. Sau W1 W#$c W#a 89o 4g !hng trong
/iOn trPc chu%n mch.

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tr thK nhxtt 89 nOu "i tiOp thc c1 tranh chxp thv g1i tin mCi 4m W#$c tr WDm tr0n
W#lng !*% tr thK hai. ,hi ngu%0n twc h9ng W$i Ib 3[ ph 8t hiDu nLng 8'n c1 th
W#$c !u% trv 8v c1 rxt nhi&u cch Wi&u /hin.
Thfo W& n giTi qu%Ot tranh chxp nhl W#lng !*% tr CbkS |Contfntion bptica"
kf4o"ution 3% Sf"a%"inf4}t thv cc W#lng !*% tr W&u c1 WV tr nh# nhau 3~ng 1 /hf
thli gian. Tu% nhi0n cc W#lng !*% tr c1 WV tr /hJng Wng W&u t 1 tCi 1B cng c1
th W#$c 4g !hngt 8I !h 4u% hao g1i BtB\2d U tTi Bt+ tr0n cT hai Wû 89o. Txt cT cc g1i
tCi hai Wû 89o W&u W[nh h#Cng tCi mVt Wû ra 8v W*% "9 /iOn trPc _1t /hi W1 c^n trnh
tr#lng h$p cT hai g1i ra /hi W#lng !*% tr ceng mVt "Pc. Chu%n mch g1i 4m thc
hiDn nhl Wi&u /hin g1i tCi W#lng !*% tr c1 WV tr nh han ha% "Cn han.
Chuyn mch Jng >Ky t(G -"ga(it
,iOn trPc n9% %0u cû ph^n cKng tLng thfo h9m "oga 8Ci %0u cû WV 4*u 3V WDm
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chHn nVit ha% n1i cch /hc "9 /iOn trPc n9% chxp nh.n tTi 1BBz. Tu% nhi0n tTi 1BBz U
W*% /hJng Xn W[nht 8v c1 g1i tin 3[ tr 8J hn thfo thQng /0 ng'u nhi0n. G giTi qu%Ot
tr#lng h$p n9%t mi /hf thli gian rng 89o chu%n mch 4m W#$c chn 89o h9ng W$i
cFn nhi&u ch trQng nhxt W WTm 3To hD thQng c*n 3~ng 89 trnh tvnh trng /hJng Xn
W[nh. Cc /hf thli gian rng trong h9ng W$i 4m 3[ tr /hJng W[nh tr#Cc 89 c1 th tr 8J
hn. Hvnh .(B 3iu !in tY "D mxt g1i tin thfo Wan 8[ "oga ca /iOn trPc n9%.
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,iOn trPc chu%n mch n9% "9 tr#lng h$p WHc 3iDt ca chu%n mch W#lng !*%
tr "ogaritt 8Ci n 89 gm hai chu%n mch _ 8Ci mVt W#lng !*% tr. Chu%n mch
n9% c1 th Wi&u /hin 4ai /hc rxt It 4o 8Ci /iOn trPc tr0nt W _c 4uxt mxt g1i giTm
_uQng mVt Wi "#$ng rxt nh. S trin /hai /iOn trPc n9% c1 th W#$c nghi0n cKu rVng
ryi trong mng thJng th#lng. Tu% nhi0n 8v !ung "#$ng WDm Wan t^ng rxt nht n0n /iOn
trPc n9% chY p !hng cho cc Kng !hng chxp nh.n _c 4uxt mxt g1i "Cnt 89 !o W1 n1
hn chO han 4o 8Ci /iOn trPc chu%n mch W#lng !*% tr "ogarit n1i tr0n. HiDu nLng
ca /iu chu%n mch n9% Kng 8Ci n trong hvnh .(B.
N1i chungt cc /iOn trPc WDm thfo CbkS 89 chu%n mch W[nh tu%On WDm Wan
t^ng W&u "9 cc chu%n mch /Ich th#Cc nht !o W1 chY p !hng trong mVt 4Q tr#lng
h$p WHc 3iDt. CbS t.n !hng ph^n cKng /Nm hiDu quT han 4o 8Ci chu%n mch W#lng
!*% tr "ogarit. EI !h _c 4uxt mxt g1i tin "9 1B
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cxu hvnh TTCt trong /hi W1t chu%n mch W#lng !*% tr "ogarit chY c^n 6 ph^n tg
chu%n mch _ |hvnh (.(B}. Ngo9i rat thfo CbkS /iu WDm cho WV tr g1i "Cn han
89 /hJng !u% trv W#$c thK t g1i tin.
'.b././ Ch%,n !"ch ;Zi 8W XQ! $%n# )Zn SLGc
Sa W /hQi ca chu%n mch WDm quang "Cn tr0n hvnh .(1t W1 "9 4 ghNp nQi ca
nhi&u chu%n mch nht to th9nh chu%n mch "Cn 8Ci /hT nLng WDm 4*u han.

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nhi&u mng con nh# tr0n hvnh .(. =i mVt mng con /Ot nQi 8Ci = ng#li !eng
thJng qua cc 3V W[nh tu%On giao !iDn mng quang bNIk4 |bptica" Nftor/ Intfracf
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mng con c^n 4 /Ot h$p gi7a 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng trong bNIk4 89 chKc nLng
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rxt nhi&u no!f mng nhl c1 chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng.
Hnh 2.!2" Mng #$E%&' ()t n*i m+t mng con t,i cc mng con.

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W Wan giTn trong W[nh tu%On 89 trao WXi nhynt thIch h$p 8Ci 3V giao thKc intfrnft 89
chu%n mch AT=. G Wan giTn chKc nLng /hJi phhc 89 tha% WXi ti0u W& g1it b)jkA
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ti0u W& W#$c thc hiDn WVc ".p 8Ci tQc WV tTi trcng nhl /- thu.t "cc. @u trvnh /hJi
phhc ti0u W& 41ng mang con !a tr0n /- thu.t tch 41ng quang trc tiOpt n0n "9m giTm
4 phKc tp ca cJng nghD cohfrfnt k. Chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng hot WVng U tQc WV g1it
8Ci cch thKc chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng hai t^ng W c1 th tha% thO 41ng mang quang 89
tLng c#lng tY "D tTi trcng. Cch thKc n9% !a tr0n cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng
/hu%Och Wi quang 3n !'nt c1 th tch ti0u W& m9 /hJng c^n tch !7 "iDu 89 4ga WXi
ti0u W& trong 3Lng t^n WiDn hp |!o ti0u W& c1 tQc WV thxp}. Nhl 4g !hng 3V ti to
quang k gi7a cc no!f 89 /- thu.t tha% thO ti0u W& bSC= n0n c1 th to tu%On qua
nhi&u 3#Cc nhT% 8Ci /hoTng cc gi7a cc no!f "0n tCi (B /m.
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3#Cc 41ng W c.p nh.t ti0u W&t ti to tTi tin 89 chu%n tiOp g1i tCi bkNI tiOp thfo. Cc
g1i tru%&n t ho4t chc 3V phTi W#$c "#u 89o h9ng W$i trong bkNI 89 chY W#$c W#a tCi
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h$p 8Ci nh.n !ng |IS} no!f hiDn thli W thiOt ".p ra 8[ trI no!f mCi. T 8[ trI no!f
mCi 4m _c W[nh ra cXng quang chc 3V |G"t mVt cXng quang Wû _a Gr }t mVt 3#Cc
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g1i 89o W#$c chu%n qua t^ng chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng Wng thli cng W#$c tha% thO ti0u
W& bSC= 89 chu%n tTi tin 89 3#Cc 41ng 30n trong bkNI. S$i tr quang W#$c 4g !hng
W thIch Kng 8Ci trng thi no!f mng 89 ".p thli gian tr tru%&n !'n trong bkNI. ,hi
W[a chY ha% chY 4Q mch To 89 nh.n !ng chc 3V |IS} phe h$p thv cXng quang chc 3V
G" W#$c mU 89 cXng quang Wû _a Gr W1ng. NOu W[a chY g1i /hJng phe h$p 8Ci nh.n
!ng no!f chc 3V thv c^n tInh ton ti0u W& 89 mVt 3#Cc 41ng mCi. CXng G" W1ngt tTi
tin W#$c chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ngt ti0u W& ghNp mVt 41ng mang mCi 89 cXng Wû _a Gr
W#$c mU. Gr 4m chY mU trong mVt chu / g1i chu%n ra ARGk.
2.Y CiDn t(Ec chuyn mch g$i
,iOn trPc tXng qut chu%n mch g1i quang nh# hvnh .(\.
Hnh 2.!.. /c ph0n ch1nh c2a ch34n mch
Giao !iDn Wû 89o thc hiDn WVng 3V 89 phc hca g1i tin. NOu c^n thiOt n1 cng
c1 th /hu%Och Wi tin tr#Cc /hi chu%n mch. EiDc phc hca g1i tin rxt c^n thiOt W
_c W[nh ti0u W&t tch !7 "iDu 89 8iOt "i ti0u W&. Ngo9i rat phc hca g1i tin cFn c^n
thiOt W !ng 3V g1i. Gng 3V g1i Wû 89o rxt c^n thiOt W /hwc phhc hiDn t#$ng ittfr
ch.mt 89 th#lng thc hiDn 3~ng cch tr g1i tin trong mVt thli gian _c W[nh.
Giao !iDn Wû ra 4m ti to "i g1i tin ha% /hu%Och Wi !7 "iDut 8iOt "i ti0u W& g1i
89 Wng 3V U Wû ra. Thc hiDn Wng 3V Wû ra "9 mVt %0u cû c^n thiOt W /hwc phhc

Gi& (iQn XA% ;<&
Gng 3V
O ' 5
ChYnh ti0u W&
,hJi phhc
ti0u W&
c W[nh 8[
trI tTi tin
Gng h
,hQi Wi&u /hin
chu%n mch
0hAn ch%,n
!"ch
Gng 3V 89 ti
to tIn hiDu
O ' 5
ChYnh tTi
tin
C.p nh.t ti0u
W&
GiDn
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]V ghNp
Gi& (iQn XA% r
2
WV tr /hc nhau trong no!f chu%n mch. ,hQi Wi&u /hin 4m Wcc ti0u W& g1i tin 89
!a tr0n thJng tin W1 W Wi&u /hin ph^n chu%n mch. Ti0u W& g1i tin c1 th W#$c
quTn "I 3~ng WiDn hoHc 3~ng quangt U W*% ta chY W& c.p tCi ti0u W& c1 !ng tIn hiDu WiDn
W thc hiDn Wi&u /hin.
)h^n chu%n mch 4m W[nh tu%On g1i tin tCi cXng Wû ra thfo %0u cû !a tr0n
thJng tin chKa trong ti0u W&. N1 cng c1 th giTi qu%Ot tranh chxp g1i tin hoHc 3~ng
W#lng !*% tr hoHc 3~ng 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh hoHc cT hai.
'.r.1 Ch%,n !"ch ( tr6n tr*^n# ch%,n !"ch 5hJn# #in
Chu%n mch /hJng gian "9 cc ph^n tg quan trcng ca chu%n mch "oi W[nh
tu%On 3#Cc 41ng hoHc "a chcn 89 quTng 3. ,iOn trPc chu%n mch W1 W#$c mJ tT
4au. Chu%n mch g1i quang ch %Ou !a tr0n chu%n mch /hJng gian W#$c nghi0n
cKu trong mhc n9%. Exn W& chInh ca cc /iOn trPc !a tr0n chu%n mch /hJng gian
c^n 4g !hng nhi&u cc cXng SbA /hi 4Q Wû 89o 89 ra tLng "0n.
'.r.1.1 Ch%,n !"ch dgn 5s
Chu%n mch _fn /m mJ tT U hvnh (.(+ W#$c 3iOt WOn nhi&u nhxt 8& chu%n mch !a
tr0n chu%n mch /hJng gian. N1 "9 mVt chu%n mch Wan giTn gm hai chu%n mch
/hJng gian 89 cc W#lng tr gi7a chPng. Chu%n mch /hJng gian Wû ti0n chu%n trc
tiOp cc g1i tCi cc W#lng tr thIch h$pt 8v 8.% cc g1i WOn W#$c cc Wû ra giQng nhau
W#$c tr U cc thli Wim /hc nhau. Chu%n mch /hJng gian thK hai 4m chu%n mch cc
g1i tCi cc cXng ra thIch h$p. Chu%n mch _fn /m c1 th W#$c cTi thiDn 3~ng cch tha% thO
cc W#lng tr 3~ng cc W#lng tr qua% 8Fng. TKc "9 cc g1i c1 th W#$c chu%n ng#$c trU
"i 3V WDm W#lng tr 89i "^n. ECi cch n9% thli gian "Cn nhxt mVt g1i "#u trong 3V WDm c1
th W#$c tLng "0n m9 /hJng 4g !hng cc W#lng tr !9i han. Cch /hc cc g1i W#$c tr
8Fng phTi W#$c /hu%Och Wi m9 cch n9% "i "9m tLng nhiu. NOu cc 3V WDm qua% 8Fng
W#$c 4g !hng thv chY c^n mVt chu%n mch /hJng gian. Trong chu%n mch _fn /m cc Wû
ra 89 Wû 89o c1 th chKa mVt g1i ti mVt thli Wim.
Hvnh .(+: Cxu trPc chu%n mch _fn /m.

3
'.r.1.' Ch%,n !"ch #7i ph&t&nic 8W XQ! XA% r
Hvnh .(2:Cxu trPc chu%n mch g1i quang 3V WDm Wû ra.
Z9 /iOn trPc chu%n mch !a tr0n chu%n mch /hJng gian /hc m9 4g !hng 3V
WDm g1i W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng. Chu%n mch W#$c mJ tT trong hvnh (.(2 . =i Wû 89o
W#$c chu%n th9nh mVt 3#Cc 41ng ri0ng 3iDt. Ev 8.% mVt 89i g1i W#$c W#a WOn ceng Wû
ra c1 th W#$c ghNp 8Ci nhau U trong chu%n mch /hJng gian. Cc g1i W1 WOn cc Wû
ra giQng nhau thv nh.n W#$c WV tr /hc nhau trong 3V WDm chu%n mch. ARG= Wû
ti0n ph*n pht cc g1i tCi cc W#lng tr thIch h$p 89 ARG= thK hai chu%n trc tiOp
cc g1i tCi Wû ra thIch h$p. Cc Wû 89o 89 ra c1 th chKa mVt g1i ti mVt thli Wim.
'.r.1./ Ch%,n !"ch ( tr6n ch%,n !"ch 5hJn# #in 5hJn# 8W XQ!
Chu%n mch n9% W#$c mJ tT tr0n hvnh .(5.


Tha% 8v 4g !hng 3V WDmt chu%n mch giTi qu%Ot tranh cxp g1i tin nhl 3V
chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh. SQ "#$ng 3V 3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ng c1 th !eng chung
n0n 4Q "#$ng c1 th It han 4Q 3#Cc 41ng 4g !hng. Tr#Cc hOtt g1i tin W#$c chu%n tCi 3V
tch 89 ph*n chia tCi cc 4$i quangt mi 4$i "i c1 mVt cXng quang. =Vt trong cc
cXng U trng thi mU 89 g1i tin c1 th chu%n qua trc tiOp hoHc thJng qua 3V 3iOn WXi
3#Cc 41ng W tCi cXng Wû ra thfo %0u cû. Cc g1i tCi mi cXng Wû ra 4m W#$c ghNp
tr0n cc 4$i Wû ra. Thfo mJ hvnh n9%t mi Wû 89o 89 Wû ra c1 th chKa N g1i tin
trong ceng mVt thli gian.
'.r.1.b Ch%,n !"ch TAtIT
,iOn trPc chu%n mch n9% W#$c mJ tT tr0n hvnh .(6 nh# 4au:

1
N
1
N
1
Hvnh .(5: Chu%n mch /hJng gian /hJng WDm 8Ci TRC.
2hRi ch%,n !"ch
Chu%n 3#Cc
41ng
2hRi Xi-% 5hin )&#ic
Chu%n mch /hJng
gian quang
G#lng !*% t r
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89 trIch ti0u W&
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41ng 89 chn ti0u
W&

Hvnh .(6: ,iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i SAEIS.
1
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1
=
n n
"
=i 4$i Wû 89o W&u c1 mVt 4Q 3#Cc 41ngt ti mi cXng Wû 89ot cc g1i thuVc
/0nh n9% W&u W#$c tch 89 h#Cng tCi ma tr.n chu%n mch. =a tr.n chu%n mch n9%
W#$c mJ tT chi tiOt U hvnh .(d.
Trong ma tr.n chu%n mcht /hi c1 mVt 4Q g1i tin tCi ceng Wû rat hoHc ceng W#lng
!*% tr ti ceng mVt thli Wimt thv c^n thc hiDn chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng W WTm 3To W#$c
hot WVng. =i g1i tin Wi qua tr#lng chu%n mch 8Ci ceng mVt 3#Cc 41ng. U cXng Wû
rat 3#Cc 41ng cc g1i tin 4m W#$c chu%n WXi th9nh 3#Cc 41ng Wû ra. Nh# 8.%t 3#Cc
41ng 4g !hng cho g1i tin trong chu%n mch "9 WVc ".p 8Ci 3#Cc 41ng ngo9i chu%n mch.
Chu%n mch n9% c1 th Wp Kng WV !9i g1i tin /hc nhau.
Trong ma tr.n chu%n mcht cc g1i Wû ti0n W#$c chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng m9 WTm
3To /hJng _T% ra 4 tranh chxp. SQ "#$ng 3#Cc 41ng 4g !hng trong chu%n mch "9 Rt c1
th It han hoHc 3~ng 4Q 3#Cc 41ng 30n ngo9i =. ]V WDm W#lng !*% tr gm c1 / t^ng ca
m W#lng !*% tr. =i g1i tin t W#lng !*% tr W&u W#$c chu%n tCi chu%n mch /hJng
gian thJng qua 3V chia 3#Cc 41ng. =i 3V chia gm c1 mVt 3V /Ot h$p 89 mVt 3V tch
3#Cc 41ng. ,iOn trPc n9% WTm 3To 3xt /v Wû ra n9o ca t^ng chu%n mch thK i W&u W#$c
chu%n tCi 3xt /v Wû 89o t^ng chu%n mch thK i1. =i t^ng c1 WV tr /hc nhaut 89
W#lng !*% tr ca t^ng thK / c1 WV tr "9 i.m
/M1
. Trng thi Wû ra 4m "a chcn cc g1i tin
thIch h$p 8Ci Wû ra thfo 3#Cc 41ng 89 W#lng !*% tr. ,hi Wy tCi WPng Wû rat cc g1i tin
4m W#$c chu%n WXi 8& WPng 3#Cc 41ng 89 W#a tCi 4$i Wû ra. ,iOn trPc n9% ".p "[ch thfo
ngu%0n twc Ibt 8I !h nh# cc g1i tin tCi cXng Wû ra thfo thK t Ib.
'.r.' Ch%,n !"ch Xanh t%,On 8*Zc 97n#
Chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng "9 cc chu%n mch m9 cc cXng Wû ra
%0u cû W#$c thc hiDn 3~ng cch chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng ti phIa Wû 89o. =i g1i
W#$c nh.n mVt 3#Cc 41ng thIch h$p W& W[nh tu%On tCi cXng ra 89 chu%n mch thc
hiDn tu thuVc 89o 3#Cc 41ng.

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Hvnh .(d: ,iOn trPc chi tiOt ca /hQi chu%n mch SAEIS.
#
'.r.'.1 Ch%,n !"ch Xanh t%,On 8*Zc 97n# 8W XQ! XA% r
,iOn trPc chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng WDm Wû ra Wy W#$c nghi0n cKu t
nh7ng nLm 1dd 3Ui Ga3riaguf4 89 aco3t 89 W#$c mJ tT nh# hvnh (.\B.
Chu%n mch n9% 3ao gm 3a /hQi chKc nLng quang "9: ,hQi my ho g1i tin
/hQi t^ng WDm 89 /hQi tch g1i tint cc /hQi W&u W#$c Wi&u /hin 3~ng WiDn. ,hQi my
ho g1i tin 3ao gm N 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh TRC4 W chu%n WXi g1i
tin 4ang mVt 3#Cc 41ng t#ang Kng 8Ci Wû ra %0u cû. T^ng WDm "9 mVt ma tr.n
chu%n mch N _, cXng SbA 89 , W#lng !*% trt ma tr.n chu%n mch 4m h#Cng cc
g1i tin tCi W#lng !*% tr c^n thiOt. ]V Wi&u /hin WiDn 4m WTm 3To cc g1i tin c^n tCi
WIch 4m chu%n tCi mi cXng Wû ra thfo ngu%0n twc ".p "[ch Ib. ,hQi tch g1i tin
3ao gm mVt coup"fr 4ao , _N 89 mVt t.p N 3V "cc thJng !Ti. Coup"fr 4ao 4m ghNp txt
cT c g1i tin t cc W#lng !*% tr /hc nhau tCi txt cT cc cXng Wû ra. ]V "cc 4m chcn
"cc cc g1i tin c1 3#Cc 41ng t#ang Kng 8Ci cXng Wû ra W1. SQ "#$ng cXng SbA c1
mQi quan hD tY "D 8Ci N 89 ,. =i Wû 89o 89 Wû ra c1 th chKa mVt g1i tin ti mVt
thli Wim.
=Vt !ng /hc ca chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng "9 chu%n mch g1i
quang mng 3i0n Wy W#$c thc hiDn U nh7ng nLm Wû th.p /Y dB. Trung t*m ca
chu%n mch "9 mVt ARG= |Arra%f! Ra8fgui!f Grating =u"tip"f_fr} c1 th coi nh#
mVt 3V W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng nh# tr0n hvnh (.\1.

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Tr#lng chu%n mch N _N W#$c to ra nhl 4g !hng N 3#Cc 41ng W W[nh tu%On
cc g1i tin. Trong ARG=t mi g1i tin 4m W#$c W[nh tu%On thfo cXng Wû 89o 89 3#Cc
41ng. So W1t mi cXng Wû 89o c^n phTi c1 mVt 3#Cc 41ng ri0ng 3iDt cho mi Wû ra.
Ngo9i rat cc g1i tin h#Cng t cc Wû 89o /hc nhau tCi ceng mVt Wû ra c^n phTi c1
3#Cc 41ng /hc nhaut 8I !h g1i tin t cXng Wû 89o 1 tCi cXng Wû ra 1 4m nh.n 3#Cc
41ng 1t g1i tin t Wû 89o tCi cXng Wû ra 1 4m nh.n 3#Cc 41ng t 89 g1i tin t Wû
89o 1 tCi Wû ra 4m nh.n 3#Cc 41ng (. =i Wû 89o 89 Wû ra c1 th chKa mVt g1i
tin ti mVt thli Wim.
Tr#Cc ti0nt cc g1i tin 4m W#$c h#Cng tCi cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh
TRC4t 4au W1 Wi qua ARG= 89 tCi mVt trong cc 3V WDm ghNp qua% 8Fng. TRC 4m
"a chcn mVt 3#Cc 41ng thIch h$p cho mci g1i tin 89 4au W1t ARG= W[nh tu%On cc
g1i tin tCi Wû ra thfo %0u cû thfo 3#Cc 41ng W1. So ARG= c1 th Wng thli W[nh
tu%On mVt 4Q g1i tin tCi ceng mVt Wû ra ti mVt thli Wim n0n 4 tranh chxp c1 th _T%
ra ti cXng Wû ra. ZPc n9%t 3V WDm ghNp qua% 8Fng c^n _c W[nh trng thi W1t nOu c1
tranh chxpt txt cT cc g1i tin tr mVt g1i W&u W#$c WDm.
t#Ung ca 3V WDm ghNp qua% 8Fng nh# 4au: C1 = 3V WDm qua% 8Fngt mi 3V
WDm 3ao gm mVt mch "Hp 3~ng 4$i quangt hai chu%n mch cXng SbA 89 mVt
coup"fr ( !]. CXng SbA thK nhxt 4m _c W[nh c1 "ung g1i tin n9o c^n tCi mch "Hp
/hJngt cFn SbA thK hai 4m _c W[nh c1 "ung g1i tin n9o tr0n mch "Hp chu%n trc

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Hvnh .\1 : Chu%n mch g1i quang mng 3i0n.
+
tiOp tCi Wû rat ha% 3[ tr ga% thli Wim W1. Cc "ung g1i tin WOn 3ao gm cc g1i tin
ti ceng mVt /hf thli giant 4m W#$c chu%n tCi mch "Hp ri g^n Wû ra nhxt c1 th.
NOu cc 3V WDm trQng ho9n to9nt thv cc tIn hiDu 4m W#$c 4ao chNp tCi cc 3V "cc thJng
!Ti ti cXng Wû ra. Txt cT cc 3V "cc 3#Cc 41ng thJng !Ti W&u chY chcn mVt g1i tint
cFn cc g1i tin /hc W&u 3[ "oi 3. Trong /hf thli gian tiOp thfot "ung g1i tin U mch
"Hp g^n nhxt 3V "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng 4m W#$c 4ao chNp tCi 3V "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng mVt
"^n n7a. ,hi txt cT cc g1i tin trong mch "Hp g^n nhxt tCi 3V "a chcn Wy W#$c chu%n
ra ngo9it thv "ung g1i tin tr0n mi mch "Hp "i W#$c 4ao chNp tCi mch "Hp tiOp thfo.
EI !h ti mci /hf thli giant "ung g1i tin t mi mch "Hp thK i 4m W#$c chu%n tCi
mch "Hp thK |iM1} /hi 89 chY /hi txt cT cc g1i tin trong mch "Hp thK i Wy W#$c chu%n
tiOp. ]V Wi&u /hin WiDn 4m tInh ton /hi n9o g1i tin t mch "Hp 1 W#$c chu%n tiOp 89
tIn hiDu t cc mch "Hp /hc W#$c chu%n tCi mch "Hp qua% 8Fng tiOp thfo.
'.r.'.' Ch%,n !"ch Xanh t%,On 8*Zc 97n# XQ! XA% ;<&
Hnh 2..2" /h34n mch 56nh t34)n 57m 503 89o
Chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng WDm Wû 89o n9% "9 ca 4U ca chu%n mch
RAS)ANjTt mVt /iOn trPc chu%n mch rxt c1 ti&m nLng trong mng chu%n mch
g1i quang. =Vt trong cc mJ hvnh ca /iOn trPc n9% W#$c mJ tT tr0n hvnh .\.
Tr#Cc ti0nt cc g1i tin 4m W#$c WDm 3V ".p "[ch g1i tint mi g1i tin 4m nh.n mVt
3#Cc 41ng thfo %0u cû 89 W#$c WDm trong 3V WDm W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng. ]V WDm 3ao
gm hai /hQi ghNp ARG= /Ot nQi thJng qua cc W#lng !*% tr. ,hQi ARG= thK
nhxt 4m W[nh tu%On g1i tin tCi W#lng !*% tr %0u cû !a tr0n 3#Cc 41ng 89 cXng Wû
89o ca g1i tint 89 chY mVt g1i tin W#$c tCi Wû 89o hoHc Wû ra ca /hQi tiOp thfo. Tu%
nhi0n cng c1 th c1 mVt 4Q g1i tin tr0n ceng mVt W#lng !*% trt nOu cc g1i tin n9%
thuVc cc 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhau. ,hQi ARG= thK hai 4m h#Cng g1i tin tCi Wû ra c1
ceng chY 4Q 8Ci chY 4Q cXng Wû 89o ca g1i tin. Sau W1t /hQi W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng
/im tra 3#Cc 41ng ca g1i tint 89 ggi g1i tin tCi cXng Wû ra thfo 3#Cc 41ng. Ta c1 th

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2hRi Xi-% 5hin XiQn
L4p )ach #7i tin Canh t%,On #7i tin
2
1
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-
,
tLng !ung "#$ng ca chu%n mch 3~ng cch tha% thO /hQi ghNp ARG= thK hai 3~ng
hai ARG= nh han 89 WHt chu%n mch /hJng gian 1_ tr#Cc W1. =i Wû 89o 89
Wû ra chY c1 th chKa mVt g1i tin ti mVt thli Wim.
Trong ! n RAS)ANjTt c1 3a chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng WDm Wû 89o
W#$c trin /hai. Chu%n mch thK nhxt "9 chu%n mch g1i quang !a tr0n ARG WDm
ff! orar!t c1 hot WVng t#ang t nh# chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng WDm Wû 89o
U tr0n. Gim /hc nhau chInh "9 chu%n mch U tr0n c1 mVt t.p h$p cc W#lng !*% tr c1
th tr WDm mVt 4Q g1i tin tr0n nhi&u 3#Cc 41ng ti mVt thli Wimt n0n hot WVng chu%n
mch thc hiDn WVc ".p 4au /hi WDmt cFn chu%n mch trong RAS)ANjT thv mi Wû ra
ca /hQi ghNp ARG= thK nhxt c1 mVt 3V WDm ri0ngt n0n hot WVng chu%n mch !in ra
Wng thli 8Ci WDm. Ngo9i rat trong chu%n mch ff! orar! chY %0u cû hai /hQi ghNp
ARG=t nh#ng 4Q "#$ng 3V 3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh TRC 89 W#lng !*% tr thv
nhi&u g^p 3Vi 4o 8Ci chu%n mch WDm Wû 89o. E9 chu%n mch ff! orar! Wy W#$c
pht trin "0n 3~ng cch 4g !hng cc t.p h$p W#lng !*% tr qua% 8Fng. E9 chu%n mch
thK 3a W#$c gci "9 chu%n mch RAS)ANjT W#$c rxt nhi&u ng#li 3iOt WOnt mJ hvnh
3#Cc 41ng ca chu%n mch n9% W#$c mJ tT tr0n hvnh (.\( nh# 4au:
Hnh2..!" /h34n mch W&S$&NE:
Hot WVng ca chu%n mch n9% nh# 4au: Wû ti0nt cc g1i tin 4m W#$c chu%n
WXi 3#Cc 41ng thfo cXng Wû ra ca 3V ARG thK nhxt chcn "a. NOu g1i tin /hJng c^n
phTi WDm thv n1 4m W#$c chu%n qua 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnht tCi 3V ARG
thK hai 89 chu%n mch tCi Wû ra chInh _c thfo 3#Cc 41ng. NOu c^n phTi WDmt g1i
tin 4m W#$c chu%n mch tCi mVt trong cc cXng ca cc W#lng !*% tr. ChPng 4m tiOp
thc 3iOn WXi 3#Cc 41ng 4ang mVt 3#Cc 41ng _c W[nh 89 W#$c chia tr0n txt cT cc
W#lng !*% tr. Ti Wû ra ca cc W#lng !*% trt mVt trong cc g1i tin U cc 3#Cc 41ng
/hc nhau 4m W#$c chcnt 4au W1 W#$c chu%n WXi 4ang mVt 4Q 3#Cc 41ng 89 chu%n
ng#$c trU "i ARG thK nhxt. Cxu hvnh n9% chY minh hca mVt mJ hvnh chu%n mch
m9 mi cXng Wû 89o chY c1 mVt 3#Cc 41ngt n0n mi Wû 89o 89 Wû ra chY c1 th chKa

AWG
AWG
TWCs TWCs
Tch 56nh GhNp 56nh
Gû ra Gû 89o
"0
mVt g1i tin ti mVt thli Wim. Tr0n thc tO chu%n mch RAS)ANjT gm rxt nhi&u
3V ghNp /0nh 89 3V tch /0nh 89 mi mHt chY hot WVng U mVt 3#Cc 41ngt n0n cxu
hvnh tr0n chY mJ tT mVt mHt ca chu%n mch. Trong chu%n mch RAS)ANjTt mi
Wû 89o 4m W#$c tch /0nh 89 mi 3V tch /0nh 4m ggi g1i tin 8Ci 3#Cc 41ng i tr0n mHt
i. T#ang t nh# 8.%t mi Wû ra W#$c thc hiDn 3~ng cch ghNp phQi h$p cc Wû ra
ca cc mHt.
'.r./ Ch%,n !"ch ) chjn ;< $%Un# 8
Chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 "9 mVt /iOn trPc chu%n mch chungt Zoi
chu%n mch n9% Wy W#$c thc thi trong nhi&u ! n. Chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng
3 /hJng c^n 4g !hng ph^n tg /hT chYnh giQng nh# cc chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc
41ng. Z$i Ich /hc ca chu%n mch "9 /hT nLng quTng 3 89 Wa h#Cng. Ngu%0n "
hot WVng ca chu%n mch "9 thJng tin t mi Wû 89o W#$c phQi h$p 8Ci mVt tIn
hiDu W#$c _ao chNp tCi mi Wû ra. Sau W1 mi /hQi Wû ra 4m "cc thJng tin nh# %0u
cû |g1i} t tIn hiDu 89 tch cc g1i ra. Chu%n mch c1 th !a 89o 3#Cc 41ng
|RS=} hoHc !a 89o thli gian |TS=}t hoHc 4g !hng cT hai.
'.r./.1 Ch%,n !"ch ) chjn ;< $%Un# 8 2vG0S
kxt nhi&u chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 4g !hng cJng nghD RS=. =Vt 8I
!h Wan giTn ca "oi chu%n mch n9% "9 chu%n mch W#$c thc hiDn trong ! n
,jb)S. Chu%n mch n9% W#$c mJ tT trong hvnh .\\.
Trong chu%n mch n9% c1 mVt 4Q Wim giQng 8Ci chu%n mch W[nh tu%On 3#Cc
41ng. Gim /hc nhau "9 gi7a 3V my ho g1it cc g1i c1 3#Cc 41ng tu thuVc cXng 89o
trong /hi chu%n mch W[nh tu%On thfo 3#Cc 41ng cc g1i c1 3#Cc 41ng tu thuVc

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cXng ra. Trong chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 ,jb)S mi Wû 89o 89 ra chY c1
th chKa mVt g1i ti mVt thli Wim. =Vt chu%n mch NN gm 3Qn /hQi:
]V my ho g1i gm N 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ngt mVt cho mi Wû 89o. Txt cT
cc Wû 89o c1 3#Cc 41ng ri0ng 3iDt 89 W#$c gn cQ W[nh. TKc "9 Wû 89o mi
g1i W#$c nh.n !ng 3Ui 3#Cc 41ng. Txt cT cc g1i WOn ti ceng /hf thli gian thv
W#$c ghNp "i 8Ci nhau.
]V WDm g1i gm cc W#lng tr 89 mVt ma tr.n chu%n mch /hJng gian. =a
tr.n chu%n mch /hJng gian "i gm cc coup"fr thh WVng 89 cc cXng SbA
quang. TIn hiDu ghNp W#$c _ao chNp tCi , W#lng tr /hc nhau. Ti mci /hf
thli gian nVi !ung Wy W#$c _ao chNp tCi cc Wû ra ca W#lng tr 4m W#$c ggi
tCi N /hQi ca tr#lng chu%n mch /hJng gian. Ti mi /hQi mi tIn hiDu W#$c
chcn 89 tch ra. TIn hiDu Wy chcn m9 chKa txt cT cc g1i WOn chu%n mch ti
/hf thli gian ri0ng 3iDt 4au W1 W#$c W#a trc tiOp tCi /hQi tiOp thfo.
,hQi "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng gm N 3V "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng. =ci 3V "a chcn 3#Cc
41ng nh.n tIn hiDu gm , g1i. ]#Cc 41ng W#$c %0u cû |ti cXng 89o} W#$c chcn
tu thuVc 89o 3V Wi&u /hin WiDn 89 g1i %0u cû W#$c tru%&n thng tCi cXng ra.
Gi&u /hin WiDn Wi&u /hin hD thQng. ]V WDm Ib WiDn W#$c 4g !hng W "#u
tr7 thJng tin "i0n quan t m9o Wû g1i.
'.r./.' Ch%,n !"ch ) chjn ;< $%Un# 8 UL0HA
Nhi&u chu%n mch g1i quang th#lng 4g !hng cJng nghD RS= han "9 bTS=.
RS= c1 nhi&u WHc tInh tQtt nh#ng cng c1 mVt 4Q 8xn W&. Cc mng !a tr0n RS=
c^n 4g !hng cc 3V "cc /hT chYnh WV nh% cao 89 cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng. Th0m
n7a "9 cc thiOt 3[ Wi&u /hin WiDn phKc h$p cng c^n c1. Ev 8.% mVt chu%n mch "a
chcn 89 quTng 3 !a tr0n TS= W#$c thc hiDn 3Ui Shimat4u 89 T4u/a!at gci "9
:Z)HA. :Z)HA "9 chu%n mch quang AT= cc nhanh !a tr0n ngu%0n " "a chcn
89 quTng 3. Hvnh (.\+ mJ tT chu%n mch n9%. Cc tIn hiDu Wû 89o W#$c !'n tCi cc
3V Wi&u chO Wû 89o |=} 89 cc 3V my ho tO 39o |CC}t U W1 !7 "iDu W#$c nNn phh
thuVc 89o tQc WV ca ngun _ung ngwn. =9o Wû /hJng 3[ nNn W ! !9ng pht hiDn
thJng tin W[a chY. Coup"fr 4ao phQi h$p !7 "iDu t cc Wû 89o /hc nhau th9nh mVt tIn
hiDut m9 4au W1 W#$c _ao chNp tCi mci Wû ra. ]V "a chcn tO 39o chcn ra /hf thli
gian thIch h$p 89 4au W1 giT my g1i nh# !ng 3an Wû. Cng nh# nhi&u chu%n mch U
tr0nt mi cXng Wû 89o 89 ra chY chKa mVt g1i ti mVt thli Wim.

"2
Hvnh .\+: Cxu trPc chu%n mch :Z)HA.
'.r././ Ch%,n !"ch 8W nhZ )Hp 9+i
G#$c mJ tT trong hvnh (.\2 W1 "9 mVt chu%n mch "a chcn 89 quTng 3 Wan
giTn W#$c thc hiDn trong ! n AT=bS. N1 c1 mVt TRC ti mi Wû 89o 89 mVt 3V
"cc /hT chYnh ti mi Wû ra. Chu%n mch c1 mVt 3V WDm 8Fng "Hp tu^n ho9n c1 th
tru% c.p 3#Cc 41ng mVt cch ng'u nhi0n. ECi cc 3V chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh
mi g1i nh.n W#$c mVt 3#Cc 41ng m9 /hJng 4g !hng trong 3V WDm. Ti mci /hf thli
gian txt cT cc g1i W#$c _ao chNp tCi txt cT cc Wû ra. Cc g1i m9 Wy W#$c chcn 3Ui
cc 3V "cc /hT chYnh 3[ _o /hi 3V nhC 8Ci cc chu%n mch cXng /hT chYnh. Sung
"#$ng ca chu%n mch c1 th tLng 3Lng cch 4g !hng 89i 3V WDm 89 chu%n mch
/hJng gian. Cng nh# tr0nt mi cXng Wû 89o 89 ra chY c1 th chKa mVt g1i ti mVt
thli Wim.
Hvnh .\2: Cxu trPc chu%n mch 3V nhC "Hp 4$i.

"3
'.r.o Ch%,n !"ch Xanh t%,On $%n# ph1n 5hg thî #in
G[nh tu%On quang ph*n /hf "9 mVt mVt /iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i /hc. Trong
W1t thli gian W#$c chia th9nh cc /hf c1 WV !9i cQ W[nh. =i 3#Cc 41ng chY chKa mVt
g1i tin U mVt /hf thli gian. Ti mVt /hf thli gian mci /0nh tru%&n c1 th tCi WIch ti
ceng mVt no!ft /hi W1 mi /hf thli gian W#$c chu%n mch nh# /hQi tIch h$p /hJng
c1 tch /0nh ha% ghNp /0nh. Cc ti0u W& tr0n /hf thli gian 4m nh.n mVt 3#Cc 41ng. Ta
c1 th minh hca tr0n hvnh .\5.
Tr#Cc hOtt cc /0nh 4m W#$c tch rat cc ph^n ti0u W& g1i tin 4m chu%n tCi 3V _g
"I ti0u W&t cc 3V "cc c1 th tha% thO cho 3V tch _fn rm. Cc /0nh /hc 4m 3[ tr trong
thli gian _g "I ti0u W&. Sau W1t chu%n mch 4m W#$c thc hiDn nh# cc chu%n mch
thJng th#lng 8Ci mVt /0nht cuQi ceng cc g1i tin W#$c tru%&n 4m W#$c ghNp tr0n cc
/0nh ri. u Wim ca chu%n mch n9% c^n It thiOt 3[ quang. Hû hOt cc /iOn trPc
chu%n mch trvnh 39% U tr0n W&u chY c1 th chu%n mch mVt g1i tin U mi Wû 89o
ti mVt thli Wim. Cc /iOn trPc n9% ch#a th 4g !hng !hng nga% trong mng RS=t
89 c^n phTi c1 th0m nhi&u cTi tiOn thIch h$p. HiDn na%t hD thQng thc tO Wy trin /hai
W#$c 4Q "#$ng /0nh "9 \B hoHc 6B /0nht 89 con 4Q n9% c1 th tLng trong t#ang "ai g^n.
So W1 hiDu nLng ca cc /iOn trPc chu%n mch n9% cFn rxt thxp. Tu% nhi0nt 8Ci
ngu%0n "I hot WVng 89 Wnh gi /hT cTi thiDn thv W*% "9 nh7ng /iOn trPc chu%n mch
c1 rxt nhi&u hKa hn trong mng chu%n mch g1i quang

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n tt nghip i hc Chng : Cc m6 hZnh chuyn
mch
CHNG III: CwC Mx HyNH CHU=>N M?CH
.1 CiDn t(Ec chuyn mch ;T5:!
,iOn trPc chu%n mch n9% /hJng ho9n to9n quang !o phTi Wi&u /hin 3~ng WiDn
gm ( t^ng nh# tr0n hvnh (.1 4au:
T^ng my 3#Cc 41ng: ti0u W& mci g1i trong = Wû 89o W#$c tch ra nhl
)hoto!io!f |)S} W trIch ra thJng tin W[nh tu%On. Sa tr0n thJng tin W1t
mi g1i 4m W#$c tru%&n tr0n mVt 3#Cc 41ng phe h$p 8Ci 3Lng t^n ca 3V "cc
quang U Wû ra %0u cû. ChKc nLng n9% W#$c thc hiDn nhl 3V 3iOn WXi
3#Cc 41ng quang.
T^ng WDm 3~ng 4$i quang W#lng !*% tr 8Ci WV !9i t#ang Kng 8Ci 3Vi 4Q
ca chu / g1i T. G tru% c.p nhanh 89o t^ng WDm n9%t ng#li ta 4g !hng
cc cXng quang.
T^ng cuQi ceng "9 t^ng tch 3#Cc 41ngt cc 3V "cc 3Lng thJng 4m "a chcn
ha% "x% ra cc g1i trong 3#Cc 41ng t#ang Kng.
.2 CiDn t(Ec chuyn mch CW:V!
G& t9i nghi0n cKu AT=bS th9nh cJng "9 nhl c1 W& t9i nghi0n cKu ,jb)S 89 4
nghi0n cKu t^ng mng quang chu%n mch g1i W#$c mU rVng. Cc g1i quang 4m c1
/hoTng thli gian cQ W[nh "9 1t5 4t ti0u W& g1i c1 tQc WV 2=3u4 89 W#$c _g " WiDnt !7
"iDu c1 tQc WV /hc nhau. ,hoTng thli gian g1i cQ W[nh WTm 3To ceng mVt no!f chu%n
mch c1 th chu%n mch g1i U tQc WV /hc nhau.T^ng mng g1i quang W#$c /iOn ngh[
trong mJ hvnh ,jb)S W#$c chxp nh.n U cT tQc WV 3it 89 chO WV tru%&n trong 4uQt U mVt
89i cxp WV nh# : tO 39o AT= t g1i I)t /hung SSH. Ngo9i rat /iOn trPc chu%n mch

GXi 3#Cc 41ng.
1
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PD
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Mu 8*Zc 97n#. CQ! X*^n# (1, tr_ Tch 8*Zc 97n#
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Hvnh (.1: Chu%n mch g1i AT=bS.
"3
mch
,jb)S cFn cho phNp quTng 3 cc g1i quang Wû 89o. ,iOn trPc chu%n mch ,jb)S
ca 3Tn giQng nh# AT=bSt 4 /hc nhau chInh "9 cc g1i ca mVt Wû 89o cho tr#Cc
"uJn "uJn chu%n WXi U ceng mVt 3#Cc 41ng. Nhl /Ot h$p cXng Wa 3#Cc 41ngt W#lng
!*% tr 89 3V chcn 3#Cc 41ng nhanh U Wû ra n0n c1 th quTng 3 g1i. Ngu%0n " hot
WVng c1 th mJ tT chi tiOt han tr0n hvnh (.(.
=i g1i 4au /hi _c W[nh cXng Wû 89o W&u W#$c chu%n WXi 89o mVt 3#Cc 41ngt
89 W#$c chu%n 89o 3V WDm. Cc cXng quang Wa 3#Cc 41ng U mi Wû ra W#lng !*%
tr 4m chcn g1i thuVc 8& mVt /hf thli gian thIch h$p 8Ci trng thi h9ng W$it cc cXng
quang cng c1 th chHn Wng thli txt cT cc 3#Cc 41ng. Sau W1t 3V "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng
nhanh 4m chY chcn mVt trong nhi&u g1it 8I !h !a tr0n mVt 3#Cc 41ng. Cxu hvnh n9%
cho phNp chcn "a mVt 89i ha% txt cT Wû ra Wng thli U ceng mVt 3#Cc 41ng.
,jb)S Wy /Ot h$p /- thu.t tru%&n !'n quang RS= 89 chu%n mch g1i cho ra
mng chu%n mch g1i quang RS=. =hc ti0u ca ,jb)S "9 n*ng chKc nLng chu%n
mch "0n mi&n quangt /hi W1 mCi c1 th thIch Kng hot WVng chu%n mch ca 3V W[nh
tu%On 8Ci tru%&n !'n RS=t !o W1 /Ot h$p W#$c 3Lng thJng 89 W[nh tu%On chu%n tiOp.
,jb)S Wy W#a ra mng g1i trong 4uQt quangt trong 4uQt cT 8& tQc WV tru%&n !'n
89 giao thKct !o W1 hD thQng n9% rxt ! mU rVng 89 ! /hwc phhc "i thiOt 3[ W thiOt
".p "i cxu hvnh trong nh7ng "Pc c^n thiOt.
. CiDn t(Ec chuyn mch B;!V[WT
RAS)NjT |mng g1i chu%n mch thfo 3#Cc 41ng} "9 mVt j)SkC cVng tc
gi7a 3a tr#lng Wi hcc U Anh 89 89i 8iDn cJng nghiDp. =Vt th9nh tu chInh ca ! n

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PD
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Mu 8*Zc 97n#
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"9 thc thi mVt 4Q /iOn trPc chu%n mch g1i quang. Chu%n mch !ung "#$ng caot
t#ang thIch 8Ci "#u "#$ng Intfrnft 89 hiDu quT 4g !hng mng Wy nh.n W#$c /Ot quT
ca ! n. Cng chY ra ! n RAS)NjT m9 tru%&n !'n g1i quang trong mng qua 1\
no!f thv c1 th thc hiDn W#$c m9 /hJng "9m giTm tIn hiDu quan trcng. Th0m n7a W
thiOt /O no!f tcng nh# Wi&u /hin mng 89 hot WVngt chO to thiOt 3[ W#$c nghi0n
cKu. Trong ! n mVt nftor/ !fmon4trator Wy W#$c pht trin. Sg !hng !fmon4trator
cc chKc nLng ca m9o Wû _o t chnt W[nh tu%On t chu%n mch 89 giTi qu%Ot _ung
WVt Wy W#$c nghi0n cKu.
/./.1 Ch%,n !"ch SAS0NvT
Nh# mJ tT trong hvnh (.\.
Chu%n mch "9 4 Wan giTn ho ca chu%n mch g1i quang RS=. Hvnh 8m mJ
tT mVt mKc ca chu%n mch trong /hi chu%n mch gm nhi&u mKct mi mKc hot
WVng ti mVt 3#Cc 41ng Wan. Trong RS= chu%n mch RAS)NjT c1 /hT nLng ti
mi 4$i 89o W#$c /Ot nQi tCi mVt 3V ph*n /0nh m9 g1i W#$c ggi Wi 8Ci 3#Cc 41ng i
mKc it 89 mi Wû ra nh.n W#$c 3~ng cch ghNp trn cc Wû 89o ca cc mKc. Trong
chu%n mch n9%t cc g1i c1 mKc WV #u ti0n cao c1 th chiOm tr#Cc cc g1i c1 mKc WV
#u ti0n thxp. ChKc nLng ca chu%n mch rxt giQng 8Ci chKc nLng ca chu%n mch
hi tiOp !a tr0n ARG. ARG thK hai trong hvnh 8m 4g !hng W trnh _ung WVt. TrVn
3#Cc 41ng 89 phQi h$p cc cXng Wû 89o ca ARG thK hai W _c W[nh cXng Wû ra.

AWG
AWG
TWCs TWCs
Tch 56nh GhNp 56nh
Gû ra Gû 89o
Hvnh (.\: Chu%n mch RAS)ANjT
""
mch
Nhi&u g1i c1 th tn ti tr0n ceng mVt Wû ra ca mKct cc g1i c1 3#Cc 41ng /hc
nhau. Cch /hc c1 th tha% th ARG thK hai 3~ng chu%n mch /hJng gian.
/./.' Ci-% 5hin !"n#
C1 hai ph#ang php c1 th 4g !hng W Wi&u /hin mng W1 "9 ph#ang php tn
_ /0nh 3#Cc 41ng |SCR)} 89 ph#ang php chia _` /0nh 3#Cc 41ng |SHR)}. Trong
tiOp c.n g^n W*%t mi g1i quang 4g !hng 3#Cc 41ng giQng nhau !cc to9n 3V /0nh
tru%&n. =Vt 4Q g1i c1 th cng 4g !hng 3#Cc 41ng giQng nhau. Trong ph#ang php
SCR)t cc g1i W#$c chu%n WXi th9nh 3#Cc 41ng mCi ti mi no!f. Txt nhi0nt SCR)
cung cxp thJng "#$ng cao han 89 %0u cû It 3V WDm. =Ht /hct c^n 4g !hng cc 3V
chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng /hT chYnh.
/././ Canh ("n# #7i
Trong ! n RAS)NjTt mVt g1i c1 \ 3%tf m9o Wû g1i 89 +2 3%tf tTi trcng. TTi
trcng c1 tQc WV !7 "iDu 1BG3Itu4t trong /hi m9o Wû g1i ggi W[ 8Ci tQc WV tru%& thxp
han. ]a "a chcn /hc nhau 4g !hng W tru%&n !7 "iDu 89 m9o Wû g1it mi cch c1
mHt mnh 89 mHt %Ou:
CT m9o Wû 89 !7 "iDu W#$c tru%&n ti ceng /hf thli gian. =9o Wû W#$c WHt
tr0n mVt 41ng mang WiDn U tr0n cc t^n 4Q 4g !hng cho tTi trcng.
=9o Wû 89 tTi trcng W#$c tru%&n Wng thli 8Ci cc 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhau.
=9o Wû 89 tTi trcng W#$c tru%&n rli rc.
EiDc phQi h$p n9% ch[u 4 _u%0n *m. Trong cch phQi h$p thK nhxt 8iDc c.p nh.t
m9o Wû gHp /h1 /hLnt 89 trong cch thK hai c^n 4g !hng th0m /- thu.t "a4fr tCi tng
/0nh tTi trcng W "^n "#$t c.p nh.t m9o Wû. Trong cch cuQi 3Lng t^n 4g !hng thv It
hant nh#ng /hJng 3[ _u%0n *m 89 8iDc c.p nh.t m9o Wû ! !9ng han.
.O 5ng \ng >?ng ch" chuyn mch g$i quang
/.b.1 Ch%,n !"ch #7i $%n# tr&n# 9%Rt
/.b.1.1 Cc !"n# #7i $%n#
1 5ng tc 4 A,t ca"
S hVi th ca 8in thJng 89 tru%&n thJng m% tInh Wy W#$c 3iOt tr#Cc mVt thli
gian t /hi cT hai W&u !a 89o /- thu.t 4Q. Trong g^n nh#ng nLm 1d6Bt _uxt hiDn mQi
t#ang quan r r9ng gi7a cc mng 8in thJng tru%&n thQng "#u "#$ng 3[ chi phQit ho9n
th9nh 8iDc tIch h$p gi7a 8iDc n*ng cxp h#Cng /Ot nQi 89 ca 4U h t^ng 8in thJng

"#
mch
chu%n mch /0nh W cho phNp h tr$ "#u "#$ng !7 "iDu. TCi thO /{ mCi mJi tr#lng
mng Wy W#$c tha% WXi ho9n to9n.
H#Cng hiDn ti 8Ci "#u "#$ng !7 "iDu tru%&n Wi /hwp nait trong "#u "#$ng
Intfrnft thJng th#lng thv "#u "#$ng trung 3vnh 3~ng "#u "#$ng tr9n
ngu%0n nh*n !o ![ch 8h WiDn thoit "9m cho tru%&n thJng !7 "iDu chi phQi
"oi "#u "#$ng.
S pht trin ca /- thu.t RS= Wim M Wim 4g !hng 3Lng thJng 4$i
quang mVt cch hiDu quT 89 nhanh ch1ng |8Ci /hIa cnh "9 4Q /0nh 3#Cc
41ng 3~ng 8Ci tQc WV 3It tr0n /0nh}.
T#ang "ai pht trin ca cc mng tru%&n tTi RS= /Ot nQi chNo quangt
quTn " "inh WVng W#lng to9n quang 4m trT "i "#$ng !# ti&m nLng cc
chKc nLng mng m9 W#$c cung cxp 3Ui "Cp SSH.
T trin 8cng /hch h9ngt I) Wy trU th9nh giao thKc chi phQi 8iDc tru%&n !7
"iDut 8v 8.% hiDn ti Wang "9 Kng cg rxt mnh cho 8iDc tIch h$p tru%&n !7
"iDu ca 8in thJng. NOu phi0n 3Tn hiDn thli ca I) /hJng h tr$ ph*n 3iDt
"ung /hch h9ng tr0n ti0u chun chxt "#$ng ![ch 8ht tiOp thc pht trin
trong nh1m WHc trch /- thu.t Intfrfnft | IjT } c1 th c1 /Ot quT 4Cm
trong /hT nLng pht trint WTm 3To chxt "#$ng ![ch 8h 8Ci phX ca cc /iu
"#u "#$ng.
Ev 8.% trong hai th.p /{ g^n W*% phm 8i ca /iOn trPc mng 4Q tIch h$p ![ch 8h
3Lng thJng rVng |]ISSN} W#$c mU rVng 89 _ung quanh n1 "9 cJng nghD I)uRS=
th0m n7a "9 AT=u SSH hoHc I)u SSHuRS=.
=Qi quan t*m chInh 8Ci tiOp c.n cJng nghD I)uRS= thv /hJng t#ang _Kng gi7a
!ung "#$ng tru%&n !'n W#$c cung cxp 3Ui "Cp quang RS= 89 cJng 4uxt _g " ca cc
3V W[nh tu%On hiDn thli . Cc 3V W[nh tu%On I) thc hiDn 3a chKc nLng chInh:
G[nh tu%On: H tr$ nhi&u giao thKc W 3To 8D cc /Ot nQi mngt thJng tin
chKa Wng trong cc 3Tng W[nh tu%On.
Chu%n tiOp: Zi0n quan tCi 3Tng W[nh tu%On 8Ci mi g1i Wû 89o W _c
W[nh giao !iDn Wû ra W g1i c1 th ghi.
Chu%n mch: Chu%n trc tiOp cc g1i tCi Wû ra thIch h$p.
ECi /hIa cnh W W[nh tu%Ont 8xn W& chInh _uxt pht t /Ich c ca 3Tng W[nh
tu%On 89 t^n 4Q c.p nh.t 3Tng W[nh tu%On. Nh# cc 8xn W& Wnh W[a chY hiDn thli 89

"*
mch
quTn " 3~ng cc ph#ang tiDn tQt |t.p h$p W[nh tu%Ont c.p nh.t giao thKc W[nh tu%On W
trnh !# ha% tha% WXi thJng tin "i thli}. GHc tInh chInh ca twc nghmn /iu cX chai
_uxt hiDn ti mKc chu%n tiOp. Thli gian c^n thiOt W quNt mVt 3Tng W[nh tu%On "9 cQ
W[nh W giCi hn thJng "#$ng W[nh tu%On. Hai giTi php Wy W#$c W& _uxt W giTm twc
nghmn /iu cX chai n9%:
Song 4ong ho hai hot WVng chu%n tiOp W1 "9 hot WVng mVt cch WVc ".p !a
tr0n g1iMg1i.
TQi #u ho 8iDc my ho 3Tng Winh tu%On 89 thu.t ton quNtt /Ot quT Wt W#$c cTi
thiDn mVt cch xn t#$ng. fm _Nt mVt #Cc "#$ng c 8& /[ch c trung 3vnh ca
g1i "9 BB 3%tf 8Ci tQc WV quNt .1B2 "^n tr0n gi*% thc hiDn tr0n )fntium
BB=Ht giCi hn tQc WV 3It "Cn nhxt thiOt ".p nhl _g " chu%n tiOp /hoTng (
G3u4.
EiDc chxp nh.n cJng nghD chu%n mch AT= hiDn thli hoHc cJng nghD chu%n
mch tha h#Ung t n&n cJng nghiDp 4i0u tInh ton Wy cung cxp ma tr.n chu%n mch
nhanh 89 "Cnt m9 c1 th giTm W#$c twc nghmn cX chai. Thu.n "$i trong cJng nghD 89
/iOn trPc giPp cho thO hD tiOp thfo ca cc 3V W[nh tu%On I) G3t 8I !h ch th "9 mng
Nfo +1G3u4 ma tr.n chu%n mch /hJng twc nghmn 8Ci 3V _g " "ung \BB.
]xt chxp 4 n*ng cxp xn t#$ng W1 8'n c^n chP tCi hD thQng chu%n mch WiDn
tg WV "inh WVng thxp /hi quan t*m WOn /hT nLng n*ng cxp thJng "#$ng. C1 W#$c hD
thQng RS= m9 cho phNp gi r`t 3Lng thJng tru%&n !'n tLng "0nt nhi&u t^n 4Q cao ca
"Cp tru%&n tTi c1 /hT nLng ! tInh tLng thfo %0u cû. Nhi&u t^n 4Q thxp 4m WHt 4Kc nHng
%0u cû 89o 4g " chu%n mch thfo t^n 4Q phh thuVct tLng gi W gi7 tQc WV tru%&n
!'n.
2 5ng g$i quang
T mJ tT U tr0nt ,jb)S tvm /iOm W phQi h$p chu%n mch g1i 8Ci cJng nghD
tru%&n !'n RS= W mang "i chu%n mch g1i quang ca hD thQng RS=. ,Ot quT
tha% WXi nhi&u tTi chu%n mch th9nh mi&n quangt cho phNp phm 8i th9nh cJng ca
!ung "#$ng chu%n mch ca cc 3V W[nh tu%On I)t /hi 4o 4nh 8Ci /hT nLng ca /-
thu.t RS=. ,hi "9m nh# 8.%t hiDu quT /hi tch gi7a 3Lng thJng 89 W[nh tu%Onu
chu%n tiOp thv cng W#$c thc hiDn. Exn W& tr#Cct 3ao gm cT chu%n mch 89 tru%&n
!'n W#$c Wnh W[a chY trong mi&n quangt tru% c.p 3Lng thJng 4$i quang "Cnt W1 "9 4
"i0n quan tCi _g " W[nh tu%Onu chu%n tiOp g1i phKc tp _uxt hiDn ti mKc m9o Wû g1i
3xt / /Ich c /m thfo ca thc th !7 "iDu.

"+
mch
Th0m n7at "Cp g1i quang cung cxp cc tu%On ca 3Tnt cc chKc nLng ca "Cp 3wt
3uVc hiDu nLng giao !iDn ca I) 8Ci "Cp RS= 3~ng cch tru%&n tTi cc g1i I) trong tTi
trcng ca g1i quang. Han n7a cFn cung cxp mKc ghNp trong mi&n thli giant Wi&u W1
c^n thiOt W cho phNp cc 3V W[nh tu%On I) W /Ot h$p cc "ung /hch h9ng tr#Cc /hi
tru%&n thJng tin 89o W#lng Qng RS= quang. H#Cng n9% 3[ "oi 3 3Ui nh7ng pht
minh g^n W*% m9 mhc WIch W 3ao qut cc cJng nghD W[nh tu%On 89 chu%n mch mVt
cch trc tiOp 89o cc mng quang. Nhi&u pht minh 4g !hng W thc hiDn /0nh 4ch
t+G3u4t giao !iDn gi7a cc 3V W[nh tu%On giga3it I) 89 hD thQng RS= /hoTng cch
!9it "oi ra giao !iDn c^n thiOt cho ghNp /0nh Wû cuQi SSH hoHc cc ph^n tg mng
tKc thv /hc. Nh# mVt giao !iDn c1 th cho phNp to9n 3V !Ti 3Lng t+G3u4 ca /Ot nQi
ST=M12 W W#$c WQi _g nh# mVt Qng 4$i Want tQi.
Han n7a 4 ph*n tch chu%n mch 89 tru%&n !'n %0u cû cc chKc nLng W[nh
tu%Onu chu%n tiOp. =ng g1i quang nXi 3.t nh# mVt Kng 8i0n nhi&u trin 8cng c1 th
h tr$ 3xt cK giao thKc mng W[nh tu%Onuchu%n tiOp WiDn chu%0n !hng n9o trong /hi
_fm _Nt 3Lng thJng ca 4$i quang. GiTi php !a tr0n chu%n mch nhyn W#$c 3wt Wû
_c W[nh trong 4#ln ca chu%n mch nhyn Wa giao thKc|=)ZS}. Ev 8.%t mVt giTi
php cung cxp /hT nLng mng h#Cng /Ot nQit mVt cch "inh WVng trong giCi hn quTn
" 3Lng thJng 89 t#ang "ai quan t*m WOn 8iDc ngLn W#$c 4 "Cn "0n ca 3Lng thJng Wy
pht 4inh. Tvm /iOm thfo ,jb)S cng cung cxp cc ph#ang tiDn /Ot nQi thJng qua
mng g1i quang.
=Vt 4Q tiOp c.n hiDn ti W thx% r mng g1i trong 4uQt quang|bT)MN}. Trong
tr#lng h$p mng g1i trong 4uQt quang ,jb)St thli gian g1i cQ W[nh W#$c 4g !hng /hi
cT hai m9o Wû 89 tTi trcng /m thfo W#$c my ho tr0n 41ng mang c1 3#Cc 41ng giQng
nhau. ThJng tin W[nh tu%On W#$c ph*n pht t m9o Wû g1i thfo chu%n WXi quang
WiDn m9o Wû W#$c my ho ti tQc WV 3It cQ W[nh thxpt thli gian tTi trcng 3[ cQ W[nh txt
nhi0n "9 cT nVi !ung WV "Cn !7 "iDu W#$c c*n _Kng 8Ci tQc WV 3It W[nh ngha ng#li 4g
!hng m9 c1 th tha% WXi t 89i trLm =3u4 tCi 1BG3u4.
Tng tc gi]a mng in ^_ mng t(uy`n tSi BH5
Nt "#u "#$ng ch %Ou "9 "#u "#$ng I)t bT)N c1 th chu%n mch 89 8.n
chu%n "ung "#u "#$ng tXng I). G tru% nh.p 89o bT)Nt 4g !hng 3V W[nh tu%On I)
tQc WV caot /Ot h$p 8Ci giao !iDn g1i quang 89 gci chung "9 W[nh tu%On 3i0n |hvnh \.+}.

",
mch
Sau W*% 4m trvnh 39% chKc nLng ca 3V W[nh tu%On 3i0n cng nh# /iOn trPc 89
ph*n t^ng giao thKc ca giao !iDn tru% nh.p ha% cFn gci "9 /hQi t#ang tc bT) |IR: :
IntfrRor/ing :nit}. Giao !iDn tru% nh.p chia "9m \ t^ng con nh# hvnh \.2
ZCp con hVi th !7 "iDu |SCSZ Sata Con8frgfncf Su3"a%fr}: ThIch Kng tQc WV
3itt to ".p g1i quang t "ung !7 "iDu I) Wû 89o. GiT thiOt r~ng: T^ng bT)
/hJng thc hiDn ph*n Won ha% ghNp Won !7 "iDu c1 WV !9i tha% WXi WV !9i "Cn
nhxt g1i !7 "iDu I) trong bT)N !o WV !9i bT) 89 tQc WV 3it "i0n /Ot thiOt ".p.

RO@T5R
OTP96W@
LA-
Ao1t
LA-
RO@T5R
OTP96W@
M"n# tr%,-n
tUi STM
Hvnh (.+: ,Ot nQi mng I) thJng qua bT)MN
Ao1t
Canh t%,On
\n )I ti6% X- I0
0h1n !Unh #7i I0 EnO% cAnF ;<
ch%,n tiOp
ThIch Kn# tRc XW
(: )iQ%
2hJi phic ti6%
X- GT0
GhNp k tch
Tr%,-n (.n tr6n 8*Zc 97n# dc Xanh
g " g1i !7
"iDu I) 89
W[nh tu%On
Ti to g1i
quang
GhNp cc g1i
Tru%&n tr0n
4$i quang
DCSL
-SL
LSL
WCSL
Hvnh (.2: Cxu trPc tham chiOu mng bT).
#0
mch
G1i I) c1 /Ich th#Cc "Cn han 4m W#$c ph*n mTnh 3Ui 3V W[nh tu%On thfo giao
thKc I) |W#$c chY ra trong ti0u W& g1i tin}. Cc g1i I) ngwn han ceng W[a chY
mng cont c1 th W#$c ghNp 8Ci nhau tr0n ceng bT) !o W1 t.n !hng W#$c /Ich
c tTi trcng cho phNp m9 /hJng c^n _g " ti0u W& I).
ZCp con mng |NSZ Nftor/ Su3"a%fr}: N~m !#Ci t^ng SCZSt c1 chKc nLng
to nhyn ha% W[a chY W[nh tu%On W#$c chn trong ti0u W& bT). ChY !u% nhxt mVt
nhynuW[a chY cho mi SCSZ. So W1t 3V W[nh tu%On th#lng chu%n tiOp g1i I)
tCi SCSZ thIch h$p 8Ci mng con WIch.
ZCp con "i0n /Ot |ZSZ Zin/ Su3"a%fr}: GhNputch cc bT)4 tutCi cc
SCSZuNSZ /hc nhau 89 tru%&n nh# mVt "ung g1i !u% nhxt. Tu% nhi0n mVt
g1i quang "I t#Ung "9 !o NSZ chn 89 !u% trv ngun pht /hJng WXi. Nh7ng g1i
rng c1 th 3[ "oi U 3xt cK thli Wim n9o trong mng W WTm 3To "#u thot "#u
"#$ng.
ZCp con hVi th 3#Cc 41ng |RCSZ Ra8f"fngth Con8frgfncf Su3"a%fr}: my ho
3#Cc 41ng tru%&n !'n thIch h$p 8Ci 4$i quang 3~ng ngun pht ha% ngun 3#Cc
41ng.
O auSn -b A&c #$ng
Ngun 3#Cc 41ng W#$c /hai thc U trong tng no!f mng 89 tng "i0n /Ot. Trong
ca cxu chu%n mcht 3#Cc 41ng W#$c 4g !hng W W[nh tu%On 89 mVt 4Q giTi php /hc.
Sg !hng 3#Cc 41ng trong chu%n mch c^n rxt chHt chmt 89 W#$c giT thiOt r~ng mi
Wû ra ca chu%n mch W&u t#ang thIch 8Ci %0u cû tru%&n !'n ca cc "i0n /Ot |hoHc
!o giao !iDn chu%n WXi 3#Cc 41ng WTm 3To}. Trong chu%n mch g1i quangt ,jb)S
"a chcn 4g !hng 3#Cc 41ng nh# 4au:
Cc 3#Cc 41ng ca mVt 4$i quang "9 t9i ngu%0n chia 4` ha% t9i ngu%0n !eng
chung. Z#u "#$ng tTi W#$c trTi phX tr0n mVt t.p cc 3#Cc 41ng 89 cc g1i ceng
mVt "i0n /Ot c1 th tru%&n tr0n nh7ng 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhau tr0n ceng mVt 3#Cc
nhT%. Cc tu%On trong mng W#$c tX chKc trong nh7ng 4$i cp 89 3#Cc 41ngt
W#$c gci "9 g1i 3#Cc 41ng |R) M Ra8f"fngth )ac/ft}.
NOu cc g1i W#$c ghNp thoT myn tr0n t.p 3#Cc 41ngt thv cc 3ur4t rxt ! !9ng
chu%n tCi WPng 4$i Wû ra 89 4m giTm Wng / 3V WDm %0u cû. Tu% nhi0nt /hi
tch cc g1i quang trong mi&n 3#Cc 41ng U 3V W[nh tu%On 3i0n cng 4m c1 nhi&u

#1
mch
/h1 /hLn. N1 "i0n quan tCi thK t g1i 89 chu%n mch 3i0nt t#ang t nh# c1
nhi&u cXngt nhi&u /0nh 3#Cc 41ng 4g !hng W chu%n W#a "ung !7 "iDu.
Chu%n mch 3i0n trong IR:4 c1 %0u cû rxt chHt chm /hi giao !iDn 8Ci cc
mng con I) WiDnt ha% 8Ci t^ng 8.n chu%n RS= U !#Ci /hi /hT nLng 8.n
chu%n ca t^ng n9% !a tr0n cc /0nh 3#Cc 41ng WVc ".p. Trong tr#lng h$p
"i0n /Ot nQi tr0n nhi&u 3#Cc 41ngt nOu 3V W[nh tu%On I) /hJng ph*n giTi !7 "iDu
r r9ng 8v WV tr tru%&n !'n /hc nhaut thv /hi W1 4m !'n tCi thK t g1i 3[ "Vn
_Vn 89 WV "#u thot "#u "#$ng Wû cuQi tCi Wû cuQi cng thxp. So 8.% mng
tru%&n !'n RS= c^n W#a ra mVt WV tr c^n thiOt W quTn " 3#Cc 41ngt nga%
/hi mng /hch h9ng %0u cû 3Lng thJng 8#$t qu mVt /0nh 3#Cc 41ng.
/.b.1.' N&(g ch%,n !"ch #7i $%n#
No!f chu%n mch quang c1 8ai trF quan trcng nhxt trong mngt 8I !h W chu%n
thJng tin tCi WIch chInh _c c^n /Ot h$p nhi&u chKc nLng trong cT mi&n WiDn 89 mi&n
quang. Cxu trPc mi no!f mng n1i chung c^n nh7ng /hQi ca 3Tn 4au:
Giao !iDn Wû 89o /Ot h$p 8Ci chKc nLng Wng 3V.
,iOn trPc chu%n mch.
Giao !iDn Wû ra /Ot h$p 8Ci chKc nLng ti to 89 4ga WXi ti0u W&.
HiDn na%t 8iDc Wp Kng WV "Cn 3V WDm "9 mVt 8xn W& /h1 ch %Ou trong chu%n
mch g1i quangt 8v 8.%t nh7ng /iOn trPc chu%n mch hiDu nLng cao W&u !a tr0n /hT
nLng tQi thiu WV phKc tp ca chKc nLng WDm quang.
,iOn trPc tXng quan ca no!f nh# hvnh (.5:

#2
mch
Trong mng RS=t 3wt Wû 89 /Ot thPc no!f "9 cc 3V tchughNp thh WVng. @u
trvnh _g " chu%n mch W#$c tiOn h9nh U mKc g1it tr0n mi 3#Cc 41ng 89 mi /hf
thli gian. SQ "#$ng cXng cng nh# 4Q "#$ng 4$i cp "i0n /Ot tY "D 8Ci 4Q "#$ng 3#Cc
41ng W#$c ghNp cng nh# WV "Cn tr#lng chu%n mch.
GiQng nh# giao !iDnt giao WiDn quang c1 8ai trF quan trcng trong 8iDc WTm 3To
WV tin c.% trao WXi thJng tin. Giao !iDn Wû 89o c^n Wng chYnh "ung tO 39o WOn thfo
WPng nh[p Wng h ch chu%n mcht W to ra 4 Wng 3V cc "ung g1it Wng thli
giPp cho 8iDc /hJi phhc "i ti0u W& chInh _c. ChKc nLng phc hca g1i tin "9 mVt chva
/ho cJng nghD W Wcc ti0u W& g1i tint Wng 3V g1i tin 89 c1 th 8iOt "i ti0u W& g1i tin.
)hc ho ti0u W& /hJng chY W tch ti0u W& m9 cFn W /hJi phhc tTi tin. )hc hca ti0u
W& g1i tin c1 th thc hiDn 3~ng cch _c W[nh m'ut 8I !h nh# 4o 4nh !7 "iDu Wû 89o
8Ci t /ho cQ W[nh |,R ,f% or!} trong ti0u W& g1i tin. Ngo9i rat W giTm _c 4uxt
Wng 3V 4ait c1 th 4g !hng hai t /ho /hc nhau "9 ,R1 89 ,Rt nOu ta tch W#$c
chui thfo thK t ,R1,R,R1 thv /hi W1 ta c1 th _c W[nh chInh _c 8[ trI
g1i tin. Ng#li ta th#lng chcn ,R1 89 ,R "9 ph^n 3e nh[ ph*n ca nhau W Wan giTn
trong _g "I. Gng 3V thJ /hJng Wng chYnh 8[ trI g1i tin mVt cch chInh _c 4ong WV
"Dch thli gian nh han /hf gi7a cc g1i tin rxt nhi&ut !o W1 /hwc phhc W#$c ittfr thli
gian gi7a cc g1i tr0n cc tu%On tru%&n quang /hc nhau.
Giao !iDn Wû ra c^n WTm 3To chY ti0u tru%&n !'n 8.t " nh# mKc ngunt W[nh r
3#Cc 41ngt W#lng 3ao tIn hiDu 89 chn "i ti0u W& Wy c.p nh.t.

2iOn trPc ch%,n !"ch Gi& (iQn XA% r Gi& (iQn XA% ;<&
Gng 3V thJ.
)hc hca ti0u
W&
E[ trI !7 "iDu
,hJi phhc ti0u
W&
b
j
Gi&u /hin
chu%n mch
Gng h ch
Chc 3Vu t _a
,hJi phhc tIn
hiDu
)hc hca tTi
tin
C.p nh.t ti0u
W&
b
j
Hvnh (.5: Cxu trPc tXng qut ca no!f mng.
#3
mch
Trong 3xt cK /Ot nQi Wû cuQi tCi Wû cuQit cc tTi tin /hJng 3[ chu%n WXi trU "i
mi&n WiDnt 89 c^n phTi 4g !hng Wng 3V quang W Wng chYnh thli gian tTi tint t W1
!u% trv tInh trong 4uQt. HiDn t#$ng trJi pha ittfr cng c^n W#$c tInh ton trong tr#lng
chu%n mch W _c W[nh chInh _c ph^n !7 "iDu 89 tr#lng con tr trong mi ti0u W&
c^n chY ra 8[ trI ph^n !7 "iDu 4o 8Ci ti0u W&. Cc ti0u W& g1i tin cng c^n W#$c Wng 3V
8Ci Wim 3wt Wû /hf thli gian W WTm 3To thK t tr0n cc 3#Cc 41ng.
(.\.' M"n# 5Ot nRi $%n# ;Zi 8W Xanh t%,On I0 tgr8it
S tLng "0n mVt cch /hng /hiOp ca tQc WV !7 "iDu tru%&n tTi tr0n 4$i quang Wy
/Ich thIch %0u cû "Cn cho cc ![ch 8h Wa ph#ang tiDn giga3It nh# W9o to t _a 89 hVi
ngh[ tru%&n hvnh. Intfrnft c1 /hT nLng h tr$ nhi&u thJng tin W#$c tru%&n Wi 8Ci giao
thKc Intfrnft mnh mm 89 chwc chwnt n1 W#$c coi nh# mHt 3~ng c1 th Wt W#$c cu
/iOn trPc thJng tin thO hD /O tiOp. Chva /ho cho 4 th9nh cJng ca Intfrnft thO hD tiOp
thfo |NGI} n~m trong 4 trin /hai cc 3V W[nh tu%On tfra3it W thIch h$p 8Ci 4 tLng
tr#Ung thfo cxp 4Q m ca "#u "#$ng Wa ph#ang tiDn.
*% !ng 3V W[nh tu%On I) 8Ci !ung "#$ng nhi&u tfra3it tr0n gi*% thv 8'n cFn
phTi _fm _Nt. NhiDm 8h /h1 /hLn ca 8iDc _*% !ng 3V W[nh tu%On tfra3it gm:
Thc thi mVt tr#lng chu%n mch !ung "#$ng "Cn cung cxp /Ot nQi tQc WV cao
cho mVt 4Q cc mo!u"f W[nh tu%On !ung "#$ng nh han |k=}.
Tvm ra /O hoch ph*n _g nhanh giTi qu%Ot _ung WVt Wû ra trong thli gian 3wt
3uVc nghi0m ngHt trong /hi 8'n WTm 3To thJng "#$ng "Cn 89 WV tr thxp.
]~ng cch phQi h$p mnh mm cT hai cJng nghD quang 89 WiDnt mVt /iOn trPc
chu%n mch g1i tfra3It Wy W#$c W& _uxt m9 4g !ung mng /Ot nQi quang /hJng 3V WDm
/hJng twc nghmn |bNI} W /Ot nQi nhi&u mo!u"f W[nh tu%On WiDn. Z !o m9 bNI W#$c
#a !eng han mng /Ot nQi !iDn|jIN} "9 !o giTm W#$c 4$i /Ot nQi 89 "oi tr W#$c 8xn W&
ca giao !iDn WiDn t trong jIN. bIN "$i !hng W#$c 4 ti0n tiOn ca cJng nghD RS=
3~ng 8iDc mang nhi&u g1i 8Ci cc 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhau 89 8v cJng nghD n9% cung cxp
3Lng thJng "Cn cho mi 4$i /Ot nQi. ,Ot quT "9 tXng 4Q 4$i /Ot nQi 3[ giTm r rDt.
bIN 4g !hng ph*n cxp tiOp c.n "a chcn 89 quTng 3 W /Ot nQi cc 3V thu 89
pht quang. Nh# cJng nghD RS= ghNp 1BB 3#Cc 41ng trong cga 4X 1++B nm 89
/hu%Och Wi chPng mVt cch Wng thli. Th0m n7a nXi 3.t ca 4 tIch h$p "ai ghNp
quang U cc /0nh 41ng quang phng|)CZ} 89 thiOt 3[ 3n !'n pht trin "9m cho gi hD
thQng quang giTm. Ev 8.%t bIN !a tr0n RS= 89 cJng nghD tIch h$p "ai ghNp quang
W1ng 8ai trF quan trcng trong 8iDc cung cxp !ung "#$ng chu%n mch tfra3It tr0n gi*%.

#
mch
=Vt nhiDm 8h /h1 /hLn /hi Wng 3V cc tIn hiDu !7 "iDu quang 89 cc tIn hi0u Wi&u
/hin WiDn. =Vt cHp 3It W#$c 4g !hng nh# thli gian 3To 8D W ph 8 tQc WV chu%n
mch thxp han ca cc thiOt 3[ quang. =Vt mch tr WiDn c1 th Wi&u chYnh cng W#$c
4g !hng W cc tIn hiDu Wi&u /hin "^n "#$t _wp thfo cc tIn hiDu !7 "iDu quang.
/.b.'.1 2iOn trPc 8W Xanh t%,On I0 tgr8it.
Hvnh \.6 mJ tT cc ph^n tg chInh ca 3V W[nh tu%On I) tfra3itt bIN h tr$ chu%n
mch /hJng twc nghmn 89 !ung "#$ng caot /hQi ph*n _g )ing q)ong giTi qu%Ot _ung WVt
Wû ra 89 Wi&u /hin cc thiOt 3[ chu%n mcht cc k= thc hiDn chu%n tiOp cc g1i I)t 89
kC cxu trPc thJng tin W[nh tu%On cho k=. C1 hai "oi k= "9 k= Wû 89o |Ik=} 89 k=
Wû ra |bk=}. CT hai W&u thc hiDn nhiDm 8h WDm g1i I)t quNt 3Tng W[nh tu%Ont "cc g1i 89
cc giao !iDn "inh hot nh# bCM(t bC1t bCM\6t chun jthfrnft Giga3It. ,Ot nQi gi7a kC
89 cc k= W#$c thc hiDn 8Ci cc 3u4 chu%0n !hng hoHc thJng qua bIN.
Hvnh (.6: ,iOn trPc 3V W[nh tu%On I) tfra3it.
1 !R tTng tc
Trong /- thu.t chu%n mch thv WV !9i Won cQ W[nh th#lng nh.n W#$c t cc 3V W[nh
tu%On !ung "#$ng cao W phQi h$p chu%n mch tQc WV cao 89 hiDu nLng hD thQng tQt han.
Hvnh (.d|a} W& _uxt hai nh*n tQ tLng tQc WV W phQi h$p 1BBz thJng "#$ng !#Ci
"#u "#$ng /iu 31 8Ci ph*n phQi hvnh hcc 89 trung 3vnh WVt pht /Ich c 1B Won g1i.
Hvnh (.d|3} chY ra tr trung 3vnh t#ang Kng. TXng 4Q tr trung 3vnh h9ng W$i Wû 89o
89 Wû ra rxt g^n 8Ci !anh giCi " thu%Ot ca h9ng W$i Wû ra. Tr Wû 89o U thK t nh
han tr tXngt 8Ot ml mVt chu%n mch h9ng W$i 8Ci WV tLng tQc t trung 3vnh 4m thc
hiDn g^n 3~ng chu%n mch h9ng W$i Wû ra ho9n to9n.

#"
mch
|a}
|3}
Hvnh (.d: GHc tInh chu%n mch.
S tLng tQc g*% ra nhi&u /h1 /hLn 8& hai /hIa cnh:
TQc WV tru%&n chu%n mch phTi tLng gxp WJi tCi 1BG3Itu4
Chia W&u thli gian ph*n _g. ,h1 /hLn Wû ti0n c1 th ! !9ng giTi qu%Ot nhl
cJng nghD /Ot nQi quangt cFn /h1 /hLn thK hai nhl 4 phQi h$p ))A.
2 /ung g$i >] -iu

##
mch
=Vt Won !7 "iDu W#$c chcn Wan 8[ 2\ 3%tf W t#ang thIch 8Ci cc g1i I) ngwn
nhxt |\B 3%tf}. Cc g1i I) WV !9i tha% WXi W#$c ph*n Won tr#Cc /hi chu%n qua tr#lng
chu%n mch. Hvnh \.1B mJ tT "ung g1i thJng qua cc 3V W[nh tu%On. =Vt 3V ph*n
nhiDm g1i "u*n chu%n Wan giTn W#$c 4g !hng ti mi giao !iDn Wû 89o |IZI} W _wp
_Op cc g1i WOn t cc giao !iDn /hc nhau. ]V ph*n nhiDm 4g !hng mVt 3V WDm Ib
U mi giao !iDn W "#u tr7 cc g1i Wû 89o. ,hi tQc WV W#lng Wû ra ca ph*n nhiDm
phh thuVc 89o txt cT cc giao !iDnt n1 cng chY ra 4 3iOn WVng g1i "Cn nhxt ti mi
Ib W#lng Wû 89o chY gxp WJi /Ich c g1i I) "Cn nhxt. Ev 8.%t 3V WDm giQng nhau
W#$c chcn W trnh mxt g1i.
Hvnh (.1B: Cc "ung g1i qua 3V W[nh tu%On.
Cc g1i ra /hi 3V nh*n nhiDm W#$c W#a 89o giao !iDn chu%n mch Wû 89o
|ISI} m9 U W1 ph*n Won g1i tin W mang Wi. Trong /hi g1i W#$c ph*n Won thv Wû ti0n
m9o Wû I) W#$c /im tra 3Ui 3V "cc g1i Wû 89o |I)} W 3To m.t mng ph*n "Cp
"ungt nh# chY ra trong hvnh \.6. Sau W1 m9o Wû W#$c ggi tCi ph#ang tiDn chu%n tiOp
Wû |Ij} 89o W quNt 3Tng W[nh tu%On I) m9 qu%Ot W[nh g1i W#$c W#a WOn bk= n9o.
Gon !7 "iDu W#$c "#u tr7 trong Ib trong /hi chl 4 ph*n 4g tr#Cc /hi chu%n
qua bIN. ThK t chu%n tiOp "9 tng g1it chK /hJng phTi tng cf"" 8Ci mi ISI thK t
ghNp "i mVt cch Wan giTn. Th0m 4Q cc cXng Wû 89o 89o mi Won tr#Cc /hi W#a
89o bIN W WTm 3To g1i W#$c ghNp WPng ti cXng Wû ra.
Cc Won ca mVt g1i WOn cXng cXng ra W#$c chn ceng 8Ci cc g1i t cc cXng
Wû 89o /hc. Trong /hi mVt g1i W#$c ghNp "i thv cc m9o Wû I) W#$c ggi tCi 3V "cc
g1i Wû ra |b)} 4au W1 ph#ang tiDn chu%n tiOp Wû ra |bj} 8Ci cch quNt 3Tng

#*
mch
W[nh tu%On I) /hc W qu%Ot W[nh g1i n9% W#$c W#a WOn giao !iDn Wi ra n9o. Sau W1 cc
g1i W#$c quTng 3 t giao !iDn W#lng ra tCi txt cT giao !iDn c^n thiOt. =i giao !iDn
!u% trv hai Ib h tr$ hai thuVc tInh "#u "#$ng: Cc g1i thli gian thc|kT} 89 /hJng
thli gian thc |NkT}.
/.b.'.' cW Xi-% 5hin t%,On ;< !&(%)g 8W Xanh t%,On
Cc k= W#$c /Ot nQi 3Ui bIN thc hiDn chu%n g1i thfo /iu ph*n phQit nh# hvnh
11.B. Cc nhiDm 8h ch% cc giao thKc W[nh tu%On Wa h#Cng 89 Wan h#Cng ceng cc giao
thKc Wi&u /hin /hc W#$c mang Wi 3Ui trung t*m kC thfo thK t _Pc tiOn tru%&n tTi !7 "iDu
ti mi k=. =i k= ch %Ou gm giao !iDn W#lng 89oura |IZIubZI}t giao !iDn chu%n
mach |ISIubSI}t 3V "cc g1i |I)ub)}t ph#ang tiDn chu%n tiOp |Ijubj}.
1 Cc phng tin chuyn tiDp 8u ^_" ^_ (a
ChKc nLng quNt 3Tng W[nh tu%On W#$c thc hiDn 3Ui Ij 89 bj trong mi Ik=
89 bk=. =Vt 89i /- thu.t quNt 3Tng W[nh tu%On W#$c W& 4uxt trong thli gian g^n W*%.
Cc Ij 89 bj chY ra 4 4ai /hc nh trong /hi thc hiDn chu%n g1i.
,hi mVt Ij thu mVt g1i 89ot Wû ti0n thJng qua m9o Wû I). NOu m9o Wû
/hJng c1 hiDu "ct Wan giTn g1i 4m 3[ "oi 3. Cch /hct Ij 4m _c W[nh g1i n9% c1
thuVc Ij ha% /hJng W Wi&u /hin 3Tn tin hoHc !7 "iDu 89 4au /hi Wy W#$c _uxt pht
WPng. ,hi Wi&u /hin 3Tn tint Ij chu%n tiOp cc g1i thJng qua /0nh Wi&u /hin nh#
3u4 )CI hoHc qua bIN W tCi kC. ECi !7 "iDut phh thuVc 89o 8iDc g1i n9% c1 tru%&n
Wan hoHc Wa h#Cng ha% /hJngt Ij 4m thc hiDn quNt 3Tng Wan hoHc Wa h#Cng W tvm
ra cc bk= WIch 89 cc thJng tin n9% W#$c chu%n qua ISI. Sau W1 ISI 4m chu%n g1i
thJng qua bIN tCi cc bk=. ,hi cc 3Tn tin Wi&u /hin W#$c _g " 3~ng cc Ijt cc
bj chY ph*n phQi !7 "iDu. =Vt bj thc hiDn quNt 3Tng W[nh tu%On I) giQng nhau W
nh.n cc g1i 89 _c W[nh cc Wû ra tCi cc 3V W[nh tu%On hoHc ho4t tiOp thfot 89 thJng
tin n9% W#$c chu%n tCi bSI. bSI 4m chu%n mi g1i tCi giao !iDn Wi ra.
2 Cc gia" >in chuyn mch 8u ^_" ^_ (a
Hvnh (.11 89 (.1 mJ tT cc th9nh ph^n 89 chKc nLng trong ISI 89 bSI. ChKc
nLng ca ISI gm:
)h*n Won g1i.
GDm Won !7 "iDu.
Gi&u /hin chu%n tiOp Won ti cXng 89o ca bIN.

#+
mch
Hvnh (.11: Giao !iDn chu%n mch Wû 89o.
Hvnh (.1: Giao !iDn chu%n mch Wû ra.
Trong /hi mVt g1i 3wt Wû ph*n Wont m9o Wû g1i tin I) W#$c "x% ra 89 ggi tCi
I) W thc hiDn "cc Wû 89ot 4au W1 tCi Ij W _g " quNt 3Tng I)t cc Wû ra nai m9
cc thJng tin W#$c ggi WOn |gci "9 /iu Wa h#Cng M =)} ca g1i 89o mVt Ib =).
Trong "Pc W1t mVt 3It m9o Wû W#$c th0m 89o mi Won W chY ra c1 Won cuQi ca mVt
g1i ha% /hJng. ThJng tin n9% W#$c 4g !hng W _c W[nh 3ao g1i. Cc Won W#$c WDm
trong h9ng W$i Ib !7 "iDu 8Ci Won HbZ W#a 89o I)C W tru%&n Wi. I)C Wfm "i /iu
tru%&n Wa h#Cng t h9ng W$i Ib =) /hi n9o Won Wû ti0n ca g1i WOn W#$c. Ti
mci /hf thli giant I)C gi7 tIn hiDu %0u cû ggi tCi )A:t 89 W$i tIn hiDu chxp nh.nt 4au

#,
mch
W1 c.p nh.t /iu tru%&n Wa h#Cng W chun 3[ cho %0u cû tiOp thfo. NOu txt cT %0u cû
W#$c chxp nh.n thv tKc "9 Won hiDn thli Wy W#$c chu%n tiOp mci WIcht 4au W1 I)C Wcc
Won mCi t !7 "iDu h9ng W$i 89 /im tra n1 nOu "9 Won Wû ti0n ca g1i. NOu /hJngt
=) hiDn thli W#$c 4g !hng cho Won. NOu nh# thOt I)C nh.n =) mCi t h9ng W$i
Ib =) 89 "Hp "i th thc. ZPc 3wt Wû tru%&n trong bINt mi Won W#$c Wnh !xu
8Ci mVt 4Q nh.n !ng cXng 89o thfo thK t ghNp g1i "i mVt cch thIch h$p ti Wû rat.
Ti mi bSIt Won !7 "iDu t bIN W#$c "#u tr7 trong 3V nhC Won !7 "iDu W#$c
tX chKc nh# !anh 4ch tu%On /Ot nQi txt cT cc Won ca mi g1i nh# trong chu%n
mch 3V nhC chia _`. C1 mVt con tr h9ng W$i Ib ri gi7 cc con tr 3V nhC 4g
!hng. =Vt con tr 3V nhC /hc W#$c chY W[nh 3Ui 4Q cXng Wû 89o 89 4g !hng W "#u
tr7 Wût cuQi con tr ca !anh 4ch tu%On /hi cc g1i 3wt Wû W#$c tru%&n qua bIN tCi
Wû ra. Txt cT cc Won ca g1i WOn W#$c WIch thv to9n 3V !anh 4ch tu%On /Ot nQi ho9n
th9nh 89 3V _g " m9o Wû Won |SH)} 4m chu%n tiOp Wû con tr tCi h9ng W$i Ib
cho ch#ang chvnh /hUi h9nh g1i. H9ng W$i m9o Wû con tr Ib gi7 cc g1i thfo thK
t thli gian WOn ca chPng.
34 iù 0hin Pnh tuyDn
kC trong 3V W[nh tu%On thc hiDn 3a nhiDm 8h chInh:
Thc hiDn cc giao thKc W[nh tu%On |nh# IC=)t IG=) 89 SN=)}t tha% WXi 3Tn
tin Wi&u /hin thJng qua cc k= 8Ci cc 3V W[nh tu%On U cnh 89 cc 4fr8fr
quTn " mngt 3To !#ng !a tr0n cc thJng tin W[nh tu%On|kI]} trong hD
thQng.
Sa tr0n kI] t tInh tont c.p nh.t 89 ph*n phQi 3Tng chu%n tiOp Wan ha% Wa
h#Cng I)|cFn gci "9 !a tr0n thJng tin chu%n tiOpMI]} tCi mci k=.
Thc hiDn quTn " 8iDc "cc g1i .
/.b.'./ M"n# 5Ot nRi $%n#
Hvnh (.1( chY ra mng /Ot nQi quang W#$c W& _uxt cxu hvnh +2+2t n1 ! !9ng
cung cxp chKc nLng tru%&n thQng Wa h#Cng !o n1 c1 thuVc tInh "a chcn 89 quTng 3.
bIN gm hai "oi mo!u" chu%n mch quang "9 mo!u" quang Wû 89o |Ib=} 89 Wû ra
|bb=}. C1 12 mo!u" Wû 89ot mi mo!u" 4g !hng mVt t.p 12 3#Cc 41ng /hc nhau
|112}t mi tu%On ti Ib= W#$c gn mVt /hf 3#Cc 41ng ri0ngt m9 cc Wo g1i
W#$c tru%&n Wi !#Ci !ng 41ng mang. Trong mi /hf thli giant 12 Won g1i ti mVt

*0
mch
Ib= W#$c ghNp "i 3Ui 3V W[nh tu%On ARG. TIn hiDu ghNp 4au W1 W#$c tru%&n quTng
3 tCi txt cT cc bb= nhl 3V tch 112 quang thh WVng.
Hvnh (.1(: =ng /Ot nQi quang +2+2.
Ti mi bb=t tr#lng chu%n mch /Ot nQi ho9n to9n 1212 thc hiDn chKc nLng
chu%n mch Wa h#Cng 3~ng cch Wi&u /hin chInh _c cc cXng SbA. TXng c1 +2
cXng SbA trong mi bb=. ]V "cc /hT chYnh W#$c Wi&u /hin 3Ui )A: 4g !hng ph#ang
php chcn "inh hot mVt trong 12 3#Cc 41ng U mci /hf thli gian. Nh# mJ tT trong hvnh
\.1\ 3V "cc W#$c mang Won g1i t tu%On thK / ca Ib= thK i W#$c W#a WOn WIch thK q
89 tu%On ra thK 12 ca bb= thK t 1ittqt/12. Hai /Ot nQi Wa h#Cng W1 W#$c thiOt ".p
nhl 8iDc 3.t c cXn SbA 8Ci chY mhc |ittq} 89 |itt12}. Cc 3V "cc /hT chYnh ti cc
tu%On thK q 89 thK 12 ca bb= thK W#$c 3.t 8Ci chY mhc / !o )A: cung cxp.

*1
mch
Hvnh (.1\: Gi&u /hin mo!u" quang Wu ra thK .
Cc 3V "cc /hT chYnh W#$c 4g !hng W thc hiDn "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng trong bIN.
C1 ( "oi c1 th W#$c 4g !hng W "cc:
]V "cc /hT chYnh "oi 1: Nh# hvnh 8m \.1+ 8iDc "a chcn 3#Cc 41ng W#$c thc
hiDn trong mi&n WiDn.
Hvnh (.1+: ]V "cc /hT chYnh "oi 1.
=i Wû ra ca tr#lng chu%n mch 1212 W#$c /Ot nQi tCi mVt 3V W[nh tu%On
ARG 112. Hvnh (.12 chY ra /Ot nQi 12 12.
EI !h nOu tIn hiDu RS= W#a 89o cXng thK 5 ca ARGt chY c1 3#Cc 41ng thK 1\
4m W#$c ggi Wi thJng qua cXng ra thK 6. =i 3#Cc 41ng ghNp W#$c pht hiDn nhl 3V
pht hiDn tIn hiDu tQc WV cao. =i 3V pht hiDn c1 mVt cxu trPc W#lng !'n 41ng "a4fr
89 c1 th W#$c tIch h$p mVt cch 87ng chwc 8Ci 3V W[nh tu%On ARGt 8v 8.% Wy tLng
W#$c WV "inh hot 89 giTm W#$c gi th9nh W1ng g1i 3V W[nh tu%On. CuQi ceng 3V "a
chcn WiDn 12 1 W#$c 4g !hng W "a chcn tIn hiDu %0u cû t 12 3V pht hiDn. ]V "a
chcn W#$c Wi&u /hin 3Ui \ 3It tIn hiDu Wi&u /hin ca )A:.

*2
mch
]V "cc /hT chYnh "oi : Nh# mJ tT trong hvnh \.15 n1 thc hiDn "a chcn 3#Cc
41ng trong mi&n quangt c1 ARG. ARG 112 thK nhxt thc hiDn ph*n /0nh trong /hi
ARG 121 thK hai thc hiDn ghNp /0nh. ]~ng cch Wi&u /hin thIch h$p cc cXng
SbAt chY mVt trong 12 3#Cc 41ng W#$c "a chcn. ]#Cc 41ng W#$c "a chcn chu%n tCi
ARG thK 89 4au W1 W#$c chu%n WXi th9nh tIn hiDu WiDn nhl mVt 3V pht hiDn. =Vt
/- thu.t gn trc tiOp )ZCM)ZC W#$c 4g !hng W cxu trPc "oi 3V "cc n9% 89 W tIch
h$p cc 3V W[nh tu%On ARG 89 cc cXng SbA. S tIch h$p n9% giTm W#$c mxt g1i /Np
89 tLng WV "inh WVng.
CA%
;<& CA% r
1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12
1 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12
( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1
( ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1
\ \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 (
+ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \
2 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ +
5 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2
6 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5
d d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6
1B 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d
11 11 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B
1 1 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11
1( 1( 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1
1\ 1\ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1(
1+ 1+ 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\
12 12 1 ( \ + 2 5 6 d 1B 11 1 1( 1\ 1+

*3
mch
Hvnh (.12: ,Ot nQi 3V W[nh tu%On ARG 1212.
Hvnh (.15: ]V "cc /hT chYnh "oi
]V "cc /hT chYnh "oi (: Nh# mJ tT trong hvnh \.16 ng#$c 8Ci 3V "cc "oi t n1
chY 4g !hng mVt 3V W[nh tu%On ARG 1212. ]xt cK 3#Cc 41ng n9o cng W#$c "a
chcn thJng qua 4 phQi h$p ca cc cXng SbA ti phIa 89o 89 ra ca 3V W[nh tu%On
ARG. Hvnh \.1d chY ra cch chcn mVt trong 12 3#Cc 41ng. ]V W[nh tu%On ARG 1212
4m W[nh tu%On 3#Cc 41ng / t cXng Wû 89o _ |_1tt12} tCi cXng Wû ra % |%1t
.t12} 8Ci / |_%M1} mo! 12. EI !h 5 4m W#$c "a chcn th9nh Wû ra 3~ng cch mU
cXng SbA thK ( ti phIa Wû 89o 89 SbA thK + ti phIa Wû ra ca 3V W[nh tu%On ARG.
SQ cng SbA trong 3V "cc "oi n9% giTm W#$c mVt nga. Nh#ng n1 c1 cJng 4uxt mxt
g1i "Cn han hai "oi 3V "cc U tr0n !o 3V tch 1\ 89 3V ghNp \1.
Hvnh (.16: ]V "cc /hT chYnh "oi (.
Gû 89o
Gû ra
1 + d 1(
1 1 + d 1(
2 1B 1\
( ( 5 11 1+
\ \ 6 1 12

*
mch
Hvnh (.1d: ,Ot nQi 3V "cc /hT chYnh "oi (.
/.b.'.b 2hRi ph1n dn 0in# {0&n#
Nh# chY ra trong hvnh 11.Bt )A: W#$c 4g !hng trong 3V W[nh tu%On ca chPng W
ph*n phQi tru%&n cc Won g1i trong bIN. N1i cc /hct /hi mVt Won HbZ 3wt Wû
W#$c tru%&n qua bIN thv Won tiOp thfo cng ggi %0u cû tCi /hQi qu%Ot W[nh. Trong thK
t tQi thiu tr chu%n tiOp cc tIn hiDu %0u cû Wa h#Cng c^n +2 3V qu%Ot W[nh 4ong
4ongt mi 3V qu%Ot W[nh "i0n /Ot 8Ci mVt Wû ra 89 _g " +2 tIn hiDu %0u cû Wû 89o.
Cc tIn hiDu %0u cû tru%&n thJng Wa h#Cng phIa Wû 89o phTi W#$c _g " Wng thli
trong mVt /hf thli giant tKc "9 +1tn4 cho 2\ 3%tfWon !7 "iDu tru%&n U tQc WV 1BG3itu4.
G hiu W#$c ngu%0n " 4 ph*n _g )ing )ong ta _fm _Nt mVt chu%n mch g1i
N Wû 89o. G giTi qu%Ot _ung WVt Wû 89o thv giTi php "9 4g !hng mVt 3V ph*n _g ti
mi Wû 89o W "a chcn WPng Wwn mVt g1i 89o 89 ggi ng#$c trU "i mVt tIn hiDu chxp
nh.n tCi Wû 89o t#ang Kng. Th thc ph*n _g nh# 4au:
Trong 4uQt mci chu / ph*n _gt mi Wû 89o WD trvnh mVt 3It tIn hiDu %0u cû
tCi mi Wû ra |3V ph*n _g }t chY th[ c1 g1i ha% /hJng W#$c tru%&n WOn Wû ra.
=i 3V ph*n _g Wû ra t.p h$p N tIn hiDu %0u cû m9 gi7a mVt Wû 89o %0u cû
/Ich hot W#$c chxp nh.n tu thuVc 89o thK t #u ti0n.
=Vt tIn hiDu chxp nh.n 4m ggi qua% trU "i Wû 89o 3Tn tin 3o nh.n.

*"
n tt nghip i hc CDt
-ucn
2|T LU}N
=ng g1i quang chY mCi W#$c nghi0n cKu trong g^n mVt th.p ni0n. E9 Wy c1
rxt nhi&u tha% WXi cT 8& cc thiOt 3[ cng nh# "#u "#$ng tru%&n tr0n mng quang.
CFn rxt nhi&u 8xn W& ch#a c1 "li giTi nh#ng cJng nghD quang 3wt Wû Wnh !xu
nh7ng tr#Ung th9nh. Cc mng quang trTi rVng t cc mng W#lng !9i tCi cc
mng tru% nh.pt 89 t cc mng phKc tpt hiDu nLng caot "inh WVng. Chu%n mch
g1i quang 4m chwc chwn cFn phTi nghi0n cKu nhi&u han n7a /hi chu%n mch 3ur4t
quang Wy c1 W^% W ca hVi W th9nh /- thu.t c1 th thc hiDn W#$c trong 89i nLm
tCi. E9 nOu cc mng g1i quang 8'n cFn trong thli gian ho9n thiDn thv 4 cTi thiDn
ca chu%n mch /0nh quangt cJng nghD quang 89 cc thiOt 3[ 4m mU ra t#ang "ai
ca cc mng chu%n mch g1i quang.
G n n9% ch#a th Wi 4*u nghi0n cKu 8& cJng nghD chu%n mch g1i quangt
tu% nhi0n n1 c1 th "9 3#Cc mU Wû W tvm hiu / 8& cJng nghD mng t#ang "ai. G
thc hiDn th9nh cJng cJng nghD chu%n mch g1i quang 89o mng thc tOt WFi hi
4 pht trin rxt "Cn ca cJng nghD quangt WHc 3iDt "9 cJng nghD _g "I quang. Tu%
nhi0n W n n9% cng cho phNp /Ot h$p hiDu quT gi7a /hT nLng _g "I WiDn tQc WV
cao 8Ci /hT nLng /hXng " ca tru%&n !'n 4$i quang hiDn c1
H% 8cng r~ng trong mVt t#ang "ai g^nt cJng nghD n9% 4m W#$c Kng !hng th9nh cJng

*"

Nghien Cuu Cong Nghe Chuyen Mach Goi Quang

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Nghien Cuu Cong Nghe Chuyen Mach Goi Quang

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n tt nghip i hc

n tt nghip i hc Chng 1: Tng quan

,hJng chu%n WXi 3#Cc

n tt nghip i hc Chng 2: Chuyn mch g$i quang

Mu h& #7i tin CQ! #7i tin 2hRi ) chjn

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