NASA TECHhTICAL TRANSLATION

NASA TT F 16240
( YAS A- TT- P- 162UC) BUCKLI NG OF RECTANGULAR 1375-20 758
ISOTROPIC OB ORTHOGONAL A N I S O T R O P I C P L A T E S
UNDER S HE A R STRESSES (Raaner (Leo)
Associ at es) 40 p EC $3.75 CSCL 1311 Unclas
63/39 14718
2' L K L I NG OF RECTANGULAR ISOTROPIC OR 9RTHOGONAL ANISOTROPIC
PLATES UNDER SHEAR STRESSES
E. Seydel
Transl ati on of "Uber das Ausbeulen von rechtecki gen, i sotropen
oder orthogonal ani sotropen Pl atten bei Schubbeanspruchung,"
I ngeni eur Archi v, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1933, pp. 169-191.
KATI ONEI L AERONAIJTICS AMG SPACE ADNINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546 APRI L 1975
1. Raport No. 2. Govmmnmt Aceai mon No.
TT F 16340
4. T t t h and Subti tl a Buckl i ng of rectangul ar
i sotropi c 3r orthcgonal ani sotropi c
pl ates under shear stresses
I
7. *u*o~(s) E. Seydel , Berl i n-Adl ershof 8. Pmrl omi ng Orgeni xeti on R.r or t No.
3. Rmci pi ont' i Cotol og No.
5. Rapor? Dot.
, A m i 1 1975
6. Per l or r i ng Organization Co&
-
lo. WoA Uni t No.
I
1
11. Contract or
NASW fflfo*
k S p o n i o r i n g Agoney Nonm m d Addr mi i
Transl ati on
17. Key Words (kl ect od by Author(r)\
Nati onal Aeronauti cs and Space
14. Sponiorinp Agmcy Cod.
I 92mi ni strati on, Washington DC 20546
M. Di stri buti on St ot ammt
-
I
IS. Suppl mmt or y Not mi
Transl ati on of "ijber das Ausbeulen von rechtecki gen, i sotropc
i sotropen oder orthogonal ani sotropen Pl atten Dei Schubbe-
anspruchung," I ngeni eur Archi v, Vol 4, No. 2, 1933, pp. 169-
1191.
19. Smcurovy Cl oi rtl . ( of h i s rapof t )
STANDARD TI TLE PACE
L
?o. Smcurity Cl oi i i f . (of t hi s pagm) 21. No. of Pagar 22. Pric.' '
+ 16. Abi t roct
Equati ons ar e gi ven f or the cr i ti cal shear stress tc
i sotropi c rectangul i r pl ate and the resul ti ng buckl es
surf ace. These equati ons are sol ved numeri cal l y by usi ng
f i ni te tri gonometri ,? seri es as approxi mati ons. The resul ts
are descri bed and c'iagrammed, and the cl oseness of the
approxi mati ons i s anal yzed. Fi nal l y, the method i s extended
t o the case of the orthogonal l y ani sotropi c pl ate.
on an
Uncl assi fi ed-Unl i mi ted
NASA-HQ
BUCKLI NG OF RECTANGULAR I SOTROPI C OR ORTHOGONAL ANI SOTROPI C
PLATES UNDER SHEA9 STRESSES
E. Seydel , Berl i n-Adl ershof
1. Del i neati on of the problem. Thi n pl ates (sheet metal - /169*
or plywood) are used as crosspi eces f or sol i d wall arch
supports or, i n ai rcraf t constructi on, especi al l y as the
sheathi ng of wings or fuselage. If these constructi on par ts
are l oaded, the ori gi nal l y fl at pl ates, unr'er a certai n l oad,
buckl e. I n mos'; practi cal cases, the l oads on the pl ates are
general l y shear stresses.
As a contri buti on t o the sol uti on of the resul ti ng probl ems,
the fol l owi ng w i l l be assumed: a compl etel y f l at, rectangul ar,
thi n, homogeneous pl ate of constant thi ckness i s mounted at the
edges wi thout stress. The edge supports are ri gi d, and the
camps hol di ng the pl ate t o the edge supports are made so that
the pl ate cannot buckl e out cjf i ts pl ane al ong the f our strai ght
edges. Along the four edges an evenl y di stri buted shear f orce
t, conrtant throughout, i s appl i ed and, i f the f orce i s small
enough so that the pl ate remai ns f l at, a shear stress which i s
constant throughout the enti re surf ace of the pl ate i s produced
(see Fi g. 1). The problem i s now t o determi ne the cr i ti cal load
tcr, at which, under pure shear stress, the pl ate i s no l onger
i n stabl e equi l i bri um, that i s, at which the pl ate no l onger
renlains f l at, but begi ns t o buckl e.1
tance not onl y f or i sotropi r pl ates, but al so f or orthogonal -
Thi s probl em i s of impor-
~
I Often thi s cr i ti cal l oad i s desi gnated as the cracki ng l oad.
Eut si nce the pl ate can remain capabl e of beari ng a l oad af ter
surpassi ng t hi s cr i ti cal l oad, we use the expressi on "buckl e"
i nstead of "crack" to i ndi cate that, i n practi ce, reachi ng of the
cr i ti cal l oad does not l ead immediately to breaki ng of the pl ate,
i n constrast wi th a road under compressi on,
*Numbers i n the margin i ndi cate pagi nati on i n the f orei gn text.
1
ani sotropi c (orthotropi c) pl ates. (I n practi ce, such ortho-
tropi c pl ates are plywood sheets, and, w i t h a certai n approxima-
ti on, al so rei nf orced pl ates wi th sui tabl y pl aced, rel ati vel y
cl osel y space supports, as wel l as corrugated steel pl ates.
Sheet metal pl ates as wel l , because of the rol l i ng process, show
a certai n orthogonal ani sotropy, the ef f ect of which,however, is
so small that sheet metal sl abs may be viewed as i sotropi c pl ates
for techni cal purposes).
The problem j ust descri bed has al ready been treated
several times: Rei ssner [1, 21 and Timoshenko [3] have devel oped,i n
vari ous ways, an approxi mate sol uti on t o the problem, starti ng
wi th j ust i sotropi c pl ates. For a speci f i c case of the problem,
Southwel l and Skan [4] gave an exact sol uti on, namely, f or the
extreme case of an i nf i ni tel y l ong i sotropi c pl ate, which was
di scussed by Bergmann and Rei ssner [2],and al so i n a suppl e-
mentary study [l], al so f or an orthotropi c pl ate. Sekeri y-
Tsenkovi ch, i n connecti on wi th the work of Timoshenko, cal cul ated
the cr i ti cal shear stress f or a rectangul ar plywood pl ate (wi th
gi ven sti f f ness val ues), i . e. an example of an orthotropi c
pl ate. Sekeriy-Tsenkowlch di d what Timoshenko had done and
used, fol l owi ng the procedure used by Bryan-Ritz i n the i nvesti -
gati on of the extreme case of an i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate, an
expressi on di f f erent from that f or the case of a rectangul ar
pl ate of f i ni te l ength, an expressi on which sati sfi ed nei ther the
di f f erenti al equati on, nor the boundary condi ti ons. Bergmann
and Rei ssner [ 5 ] , as has been menti oned, took an approach di f f erent
from Timoshenko's i n deri vi ng the cal cul ati on procedures, and,
moreover, have taken the approxi mati on cal cul ati on f urther.
/170
Thi s work, baaed on a suggesti on of Prof essor Rei ssner,
conti mes the work of Bergmann and Rei ssner. The work
contai ns the fol l owi ng i ndi vi dual i nvesti gati ons:
The i nvesti gati ons of i sotropi c pl ates mentioned i n the
The Rei ssner method i s appl i ed t o orthotropi c pl ates.
2
t'
Fi g. 1. Rectangul ar pl ate
under evenl y di stri buted
shear f orce t appl i ed
al ong edges.
publ i cati ons gi ven above w i l l be
extended. For i nf i ni tel y l ong
pl ates, approxi mate val ues w i l l
be cal cul ated from the same
expressi on used i n the treatment
of pl ates of f i ni te l ength. Thi s
approxi mate sol uti on w i l l be
compared wi th thc exact (Southwel l -
Skan) sol uti on wi th regard t o both
the val ue of the cr i ti cal l oad, and
the shape of the buckl ed surf ace.
I n thi s case the preci si on of
the method can be sati sf actori l y
assessed. I n another extreme case
of rectangul ar pl ates, namtly for
the square pl ate, previ ous studi es w i l l be extended by pushi ng
the approxi mati on Further; thi s i s made possi bl e fi rst by the
f act that the numeri cal treatment of thi s speci al case can be
si mpl i f i ed f or reasons of symmetry, and, second, by the f act
that a procedure w i l l be gi ven by which the cr i ti cal l oad and the
coef f i ci ents f or the seri es expansi on of the f uncti on representi ng
the buckl ed surf ace may be cal cul ated, usi ng successi ve approxima-
ti ons. It w i l l turn out that these coef f i ci ents decrease rather
rapi dl y, so the seri es appears t o converge wel l . Thi s i s a
ci rcumstance which i s parti cul arl y usef ul i n deci di ng whether
the expressi on gi ven by Rei ssner and Timoshenko yi el ds the
correct resul t. I n order t o get a conveni ent numeri cal treat-
ment f or a pl ate wi th an arbi trary r ati o between the si des, the
number of terms i n the seri es expansi on of the buckl i ng f uncti on
shoul d not be too l arge; f or each rati o between the si des of
the pl ate, terms wi th speci f i c coef f i ci ents are found which
provi de the best sol uti ons, i . e. those wi th the smal l est
buckl i ng load. Fi nal l y, based on the cal cul ati ons executed i n
thi s manner, a curve i s gi ven f or the cr i ti cal l oad as a f uncti on
of the si de r ati o of the pl ate, which ought t o agree wi th the
actual curve wi th an accuracy suf f i ci ent i n practi ce. Si mi l arl y,
correspondi ng cal cul ati ons are carri ed out f or the orthotropi c
pl ate, and the resul ts of these cal cul ati ons depi cted graphi cal l y,
so that thi s representati on can be used t o at least estimate the
cr i ti cal loads f or orthotropi c pl ates occurri ng i n practi ce,
and thi s i mmedi atel y wi thout computati on. Si mul taneousl y,
the method by which the rather necessary more preci se cal cul ati on
f or an orthotropi c pl ate may be made w i l l be i ndi cated.
2. T r i al sol uti on f or orthotropi c pl ate. The di f f eren- - /l7l
ti al equati on of the orthotropi c pl ate pr*oblem di scussed here
i s [ 6 , Eq. (lo)]:
x and y are the coordi nates al ong two orthogonal axes
coi nci di ng wi th two si des of the rectangul ar pl ates; the other
two si des have the coordi nates x = a and y = b (cf . Fi g. 1).
D1, D2 and D3 are t he fol l owi ng abbrevi ati ons:
I n these expressi ons (EJ ),, ( E J ) y and 4( GJ ) xy are the pl ate
ri gi di ti es per uni t l ength, namely
(EJ ),: bendi ng r i gi di t y i n x-di recti on (bendi ng abolit the y-axi s),
( EJ ) y: bendi ng ri gi di ty i n y-di recti on (bendi ng about the x-axi s),
4( GJ ) xy: torsi on r i gi di ty2
vx and v are the Poi sson transverse strai n coef f i ci ents
Y
-- -- -
For a homo:;eneous, orthotropi c pl at of constant thi ckness 6
(which w i l l be the case for pl ywood boards, to a certai n approxi -
m:.tion) ,
aa
+F l L . - G ,.
JS .
F 1 L - E . ,;
*.
( El ) . - E. i ; 0
4
The smallest of the ei genval ues t correspondi ng t o the
vari ous possi bl e sol uti ons c.f the di f f erenti al equati on, i .e.,
the ei genf uncti ons w, wi th a speci f i c si de r ati o a/b and the
prescri bed bomdary condi ti ons (stressless support of the pl ate
and no curvature al ong the edges) i s the desi red cr i ti cal shear
l oad tcr.
The equati on i s sol ved wi th the ai d of the Navi er expressi on
i ntroduced by Timoshenko and Rei ssner3
Each term i n thi s seri es sati sfi es the prescri bed boundary
condi ti ons. The coef f i ci tnts A, can Le determi ned not onl y
by the Ri tz method, but al so (accordi ng t o Rei ssner) i n such
f ashi on that the seri es formal l y sati sf i es the di f f erenti al
equati on (l), and i n f act, both methods yi el d the same deter-
mi ni ng equati ons.
above expressi on f or w i n Eq. ( 2 ) i s substi tuted i n the
di f f erenti al equati on, repl aci ng m and n by r and s, and then
the resul ti ng equati on i s mul ti pl i ed by si n (m II x/a)- si n( n TT y/b)
and i ntegrated from 0 t o a and from 0 t o b. Most of the
i ntegral s vani sh, except f or
I n order t o obtai n an c4;ubtion f or Am,, the
x aa a
cosrn; d r =i - ---
n I?'--+'
U
i f m - + r i s odd, and except f or the corr;apondi ng i ntegral s i n
'Cf. Reference [2] on p . 1; i n thi s work of Bergmann and Rei ssner,
the deri vati on of the equati ons determi ni ng the coef f i ci ents Am,
and the assumpti ons under whi ch t hi s method i s employed are
descri bed i n more detai l ; theref ore, i n thi : .;ark, the deri v; i on
w i l l be j u;t sketched.
5
the y-di recti on. A si mpl e ref ormul ati on yi el ds the fol l owi ng /172 -
I n order t o obtai n the cr i ti cal shear l oad i n di mensi onl ess
form [SI, the fol l owi ng abbrevi ati ons are defi ned:
coef f i ci ent of the orthotropi c pl ate ( 3 )
Ib-0
8 = -*-%
4
The governi ng equati on f or the coef f i ci ents A, i s then:
Thi s form of the equati on i s conveni ent f or numeri cal
eval uati on when the coef f i ci ent 8 - > 1, whi l e i f 0 - < 1, is more
conveni ent to set
(3
..
c b a - b qb(m#*)=*(m@b)' + ?(m@&y8*+n4
144
and use the equati ons
I n these equati c s (regl ardl ess of whether the form (5a)
or ( 5b) i s used), the terms i n the sum wi th even sums (or
di f f erences) m - t r or n - + s vani sh. Theref ore, as Bergmann
6
and Tjeissner fi rst showed i n general , two i ndependent systems
of equati ons are obtai ned: one (I ) contai ni ng the unknowns A,
when the sum (m + n) of the i ndi ces i s even, and a second (11)
when the sum of the i ndi ces (m +n) i s odd. I n both cases the
number of unknowns A, and of course the number of governi ng
equati ons i s i nf i ni tel y large. Si nce the equati ons are homo-
geneous, the denomi nator determi nant of the systems of equati ons
must vani sh; thi s i s the condi ti on from which ca or Cb, i . e.
the desi red cr i ti cal shear l oad, must be cal cul ated. I t i s
found that these i nf i ni te determi nants do not have the properti es
previ ousl y requi red by mathemati ci ans f or a convergent cal cul a-
ti on of unknowns. I n parti cul ar, i t i s noteworthy that the
otherwi se usabl e i terati on methods [8] seem t o f ai l f or Eqs. (5a)
and (5b). Moreover, a practi cal , suf f i ci entl y accurate
approxi mati on cannot be made unl ess the unknowns A, of a
system of equati ons can be di vi ded i nto two groups i n such a
f ashi on that the fi rst i nf l uenti al group contai ns onl y as many
unknowns A, as can be determi ned conveni entl y when the unknowns
of the second group are negl ected. The problem i s then t o
di scover the bl ock of i ndi ces (m, n) which i s most i nf l uenti al .
Thisblock does not always have t o stand at the begi nni ng of
the doubl e seri es.
then be so small that t hei r i nf l uence on the cr i ti cal shear
l oad and on the unknowns of the f i rst group w i l l be negl i gi bl y
small. If these prerequi si tes are sati sfi ed, an approxi mati on -- /173
i s possi bl e; however, f or each new si de rati o a/b and each new
r i gi di ty r ati o 8 ( 3) , the unknowFA, i n the fi rst group i nvol ved
i n cal cul ati ng the cr i ti cal shear l oad must be determi ned al l
over agai n.
A,
The unknowns Am, of the second group must
3. The i nf i ni tel y l ong i sotropi c pl ate. I n the ecluations
devel oped i n the previ ous secti on, the i sotropi c pl ate was a
speci al case. Namely, f or an i sotropi c, homogeneous pl ate of
constant thi ckness 6,
7
( 6 )
DL=D1 3 p D1 ~D=- - EB
I l ( l - - c ) )
where E i s the modulus of el asti ci ty of the material and v is
the transverse strai n coef f i ci ent (Poi sson's rati o) . According
t o ( 3 ) , 8 = 1, and i n accordance wi th (4a) or (4b)
Temporari l y, l et us use the abbrevi ati on
I n that case (5a) or (5b) i s repl aced by the fol l owi ng equati on
f or the i sotropi c pl ate
i f we now transpose t o the l i mi ti ng case a +OD, i .e. f3 * 0
( i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate), Eq. (8, would suppl y the val ue C = 0 0 ,
i ,e. an i nf i ni tel y l arge cr i ti cal shear l oad, as l ong as f i ni te
whole numbers were substi tuted f or m and n (and correspondi ngl y
f or r and s) and as l ong as t he coef f i ci ents A, , (A rs) assumed
f i ni te, nonvani shi ng vdl ues, Thi s is because mor and more terms
of hi gher order i n m must be taken as the pl ate grows i n the x-
di recti on; namely, the assumpti on of f i ni te m (r) w i t h an
i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate means an i nf i ni tel y l arge hal f-wavel ength
of the buckl ed surf ace. Therefore, i n order t o obtai n a f i ni te
hal f-wavel ength f or the buckled surf ace, i t seems l ogi cal t o
assume val ues m !r) of the same order of magnitude as the l ength
of the pl ate, 1.e. as the same order of magnitude as 1/@. If
1 / B goes to I nf i ni ty, the val ues m and r must al so be taken t o
8
be of the order of magni tude i nf hi t y. We presume that it i s
suf f i ci ent t o examine a l i mi ted number of coef f i ci ents Amn. I n
order to express the f act that n: and r are i n general di f f erent
val ues of the same crder of magni tude, we substi tute i n ( e;
where ml and r1 are i ntegers ( or equal t o O) , whi l e a i s a
f i ni te number (CL can onl y assume val ues such that a / @ i s an
i nteger). Passi ng t o the l i mi t f3 + 0 and usi ng the abbrevi ati on
we obtai n the eqLati on
The system of equati ons gi ven by Eq. ( 9 ) al so breaks down i nto
two systems of equati ons: one f or even sums ( ml + n) and a
second f or odd sums (ml + n) . The meaning of a i s demonstrated
by the f ol l owi ng consi derati on: the f uncti on si n(m T x/a) i s a
si nusoi dal (wave) l i ne wi th the hal f-wavel ength
*
I
I - -
Using the above expressi on f or m and a = b/B, t hi s can al so be
wri tten
For f3 + 0,
b
LW-
= + q P '
9
The reci procal of a i s theref ore the r ati o of the hal f-wavel engch
t o the wi dth of the i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate. While c can onl y
assume speci f i c val ues (si nce m must al ways be an i nteger) i f
the pl ate l ength a i s f i ni te, the vari abl e a can assume any
arbi trary posi ti ve val ue i n a l i mi ti ng case a -t 0 0 . Thi s i s
al so consi stent wi th the resul ts of the Southwell-Skan exact
sol uti on of the di f f erenti al equati on.
The coef f i ci ents C of the shear f orces ( ei genval ues) t,
which are possi bl e sol uti ons of the di f f erenti al equdti on, are
roots of an equati on obtai ned by setti ng the denomi nator deter-
minant of the system ( 9) equal t o 0, I n practi ce, the cdl cul a-
ti on can be made onl y f or a f i ni te number of equati ons wi th
a f i ni te number of unknowns A. The unknowns A of each system
of equati ons (wi th odd or oven (ml t n) ) can be broken down i nto
two groups: one group wi th even i ndex n and a second group wi th
odd n. (Anal ogousl y, the groups coul d be di sti ngui shed on the
basis of zl ).
onl y one unknowli A of one of the groups, whi l e al l tke ot.>
I n each equati on of the two systems, there i s
unknowns A are of the other group. Accordi ngl y, there a. dO
groups of equati ons i n each system. Si nce Cl does not ocuw
as a f actor i n one group, C eA (i nstead of A ) i s i ntroduced as
an unknown i n one group. The system of Coef f i ci ents ol the
system of equati ons then has the form depi cted i n Tabl e 1, which
i l l us2rates the system wi th J dd ( ml + n) . Only the eq.:, P . S
f or the i ndi ces (p-3) through (pt3) ( i n the l ongi tudi na.,
di recti on) and n = 1 chrough n = 3 ( i n the transverse di recti on)
are wri tten.
t o be negl i gi bl e.
ti cn shoul d be compared wi th the exact val ue of C or ca known
i n thi s ccse.
The coef f i ci ents wi th l arger ml or n are assumed
The error i n C or ca vodi cC-\i by t hi s el i mi na-
I n the syptern wi th odd (ml t n) we now have
A ( p + ml l n ( p - q ) n ,
= + A when n i s odd,
10
( p t 211'
Taki ng thi s i nto accounb and expressi ng the unknowns A
and *(p t 3)2
A and A i n ter r r of A ( P + 1)2
A ( ~ + 213' p l P 3
(fi rst group of equati orl s), and substi tuti ng thi s i r i the second
group of equati ons, we f i nal l y obtai n j ust two equati ons wi th
A( p t 3) 2'
the unknowns A ( P + 1)2
det ermii?ar,t, and, by setti ng It, equal t o 0, a quadrati c equati on
i .e. j ust a second-order
f or x = C".
when even more unknowns A are aken i nto consi derati on, namely
wi th the i ndi ces (p - 4) through (p + 4 ) and n = 1 through 3 or
the i ndi ces (p - 2) through ( p + 2) i n the l ongi tudi nal di recti on,
and n = 1 through 5 i n the transverse di recti on (i .e. f i ve i ndi ces
i n each di recti on). I rl the fi rst case (1.e. wi th ni ne i ndi ces
i n the i ongi tudi nal di recti on and three i nai cts i n the transverse
di recti on), we obtai n
A determi nant wi th j ust two terms i s al so cbtai ned
4
a+-
( 12)
Thi s f uncti on ca has rz minimum at a = 0,7995. I n the second
case ( f i ve I ndi ces i n each c5recti on), the formi -l a for. C a i s
not as si mpl e, The fi rst caSe yi el ds more accurate val ues, and
cannot be di sti ngL i shed from the true curve i n the graph i n
Fi g. 2. Th?s dJ -- Tramal so shows the curve obtai ned wi th three
i ndi ces each i n ;he l cmgi tudi n5l and transverse di recti ons.
Fol the preci se cur'i t (correspondir-,g t c the Southwall-Skan
sol uti on), the minlhum c, = 13.165 i s between R/b 1.235 and
1.257 [6, Tabl e I ] near R/b = 1.25 (i . e. a = 0.8). The val ue
gi ven above, a = 0.7995, f or the approxi mate ci i r ~e i s i n
excel l ent agreement wi th thi s f i gure, Apart from the approxima-
ti on al ready di scussed, Zurther approxi mhtl ons wi th smal l er
val ues of ml and n have been made f or a = 0.8 and the resul ts
col i ected i n T abl e 2. For the l ongi tudi nal di recti on, onl y the
number of (successi ve) i nd.i c?s used i n t he approxi mati on i s
gi ven, si nce the resul t i s i ndependent of wheti l er the i ti di ces
are taken from ( p t 1) through ( p + 9) or from ( p - 4) tmough
11
i--
' i
! ;
: z
c
R
+
3
T
: y I - -7
+
1 3
+*
- ---'r--
$ - 1; -13
rl
0
c.
I
3
n
L.
c)
+
5
12
ORIGINAL PAtiL i3
OF POOR QUALITY
(p t 4) ; i n a transverse di recti on, the first i ndex i s always
n = 1. Tabl e 2 shows that i n order t o obtai n a good
approxi mati on, it i s best t o take more terms i n the l ongi tudi nal
di recti on than i n the transverse di recti on, and that the error
of the best approxi mati on (ni ne l ongi tudi nal i ndi ces, three
transverse i ndi ces) i s less than 0.5%. For l arger val ues of
a, the errors i n the approxi mati on wi t h thi s expressi on are
substanti al l y l arger, e.g. 4.65% f or a = 3 and 13% f or a = 4,
whi l e the approxi mati on wi th f i ve l ongi tudi nal and transverse
i ndi ces yi el ds an error of onl y 0.65% even for a = 4. The
smaller the wavel ength (i .e. the l arger
i nf l uence of the number of i ndi ces ri i n
?i g. 2. Coef f i ci ent c of the cr i ti cal
shear l oad of an i nf i nf tel y l ong, iso-
tropi c pl ate as a f uncti on of R/b ( R =
hai f-wavel ength of the buckl ed surf ace,
b = wi dth of pl ate). Comparison of
vari ous approxi mate sol uti ons wi th
exact sol uti on. (The best of the
approxi mate sol uti ons vi rtual l y coi n-
ci des wi th the ex x t sol uti on.) The
number p i s i nf i ni tel y l arge, corres-
pondi ng t o the number of waves.
Key: a. Exact sol uti on
b. Between two curves
a), the greater the
the transverse di recti on.
I n the system / 177
of equati ons wi th
even sum (ml + n) ,
the same val ue c 2
i s obbai rl ed as i n
the correspondi ng
system of equati oni ,
wi th odd sum (ml + n >
wi th a gi ven number
of i ndi ces i n the
l ongi tudi nal and
transverse di recti ons.
The buckl ed surf ace
represented by the
f uncti on w, the
cal cul ati on of which
i s yet t o come, i s
the same i n both cases;
there i s onl y a
di f f erence i n the
posi ti on of ti AL ?
ori gi ri of the
TABLE 2. COEFFICIENT c = tcr(b/2)2/D OF
CRI TI CAL SHEAR LOAD IN VARIOUS APPROXIMATIONS
FOR I NFI NI TELY LONG PLATE AS COMPARED WITH
EXACT VALUE c, = 13.165
Devi ati on from
Number of i ndi ces of A,
ti+ken i n approxi mated C a = 13.165 i n
x
L ongi tudi nal Transverse
di recti on di recti on
ca
11.65
7.5
5.6
0.88
043
0 4
coordi nate system, l yi ng i n one case on a nodal l i ne, and i r.
the other case hal fway between two nodal l i nes. A correspondi ng
di f f erence al so turns up i n the Southwall-Skan exact sol uti on,
and i n f act betkeen the real and i magi nary parts of the f uncti on
W.
I n order t o depi ct the form of the buckl ed surf ace, the
f uncti on w must be cal cul ated numeri cal l y by Eq. ( 2 ) ; however,
thi s cannot be done di rectl y f or an i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate, si nce
thc ori gi n of the coordi nate system i s at i nf i ni ty, so that at
fi rst, no speci f i c val ue can be gi ven f or si n (m 51 x/a). The
formul a must be devel oped f urther. For this purpose, the f uncti on
wam = sir. (m IT x/a) f or a rel ati vel y l ong pl ate of l ength a w i l l
be consi dered, m bei ng so l arge that the hal f-wavel ength of thi s
f uncti on i s on the order of the pl ate wi dth. I n the graphi c
representati on of warn i n Fi g. 3, the mi ddl e half-wave i s
emphasized (an odd nurnber i s assumed f or m. ) The f uncti ons
Wa(m + 1) Wa(m + 2 ) and
'a(m + 3) wi th 1, 2 and 3 hi gher
14
hal f-uave numbers than warn are depi cted.
m of the half-waves l yi ng wi thi n the l ength a, the smaller the
di f f erences i n hal f-wavel engths i n these f our cases; i n the
l i l ni tl ng case m +~ 1 , i n which case a +~1 at the same time, the
hal f-wavel ength must be equal i n al l f our cases (cf. Eq. (11)
unl ess the hal f-wavel ength vani shes, and, i f the ori gi n i s
taken at the begi nni ng of one of the center hal f-waves, the
f our f uncti ons depi cted i n Fi g. 3 can be wri tten:
The larger the number
by transposi ng t o the l i mi ti ng case a -* Q) and keepi ng Eq.(l O)
i n mind. To cal cul ate the buckl i ng f uncti on -- cf . Eq. ( 2) --
f or the i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate, we obtai n the equati on:
Here, k i s obtai ned from (11). The number p, whjch occurs onl y
i n the i ndi ces of the coef f i ci ent A, and which was i ntroduced
i n the deri vati on of Eq. ( Y ) , i s i nf i ni tel y large, i n accordance
wi th the number of waves.
Using thi s equati on, the buckl ed shape was cal cul ated /178
under the assumpti on a = 0.8 ( k = 1.25 b) f or f i ve ;ndi ces
i n the l ongi tddi nal di recti on ( p - 2 through p + 2) and three
i ndi ces i n the transverse di recti on (n = 1 through 3 ) , i n order
to demonstrate the di f f erence i n the buckl ed shape obtai ned by
the exact method (Southwall-Skan) and by the approxi mati on. Thi s
di f f erence i s shown i n the contours depi cted i n Fi g. 4; the
sol i d l i nes correspond to the exact sol uti on. I n the l ef t hal f
of the di agram, the broken l i nes represent the contours
15
+ I +
16
Fi g. 3. Si nusoi dal l i nes wi th vari ous
numbers of peri ods i n a speci f i c
l ength a. (Passi ng t o the l i mi t
a -c and m * -,
we obtai n R , = R , +
=
Em + 2 = R , + 3 ) .
correspondi ng t o the
approxi mati on described
above, whenever they
di f f er from the exact
sol uti on. The di f f erences
are greatest f or the
nodal l i ne (w = 0). I n
the l eft hal f of the
diagram, the nodal l i ne
resul ti ng from a f urther
approxi mati on ( f i ve
i ndi ces i n each di recti on)
i s pl otte5 as a dotted
l i ne, cl oser t o the exact
l i ne than the broken l i ne.
The coef f i ci ents A,
(017 *( P + m1)n ) wi th
which the buckl ed surf ace
was cal cul ated are col l ected i n Tabl e 3, which al so contai ns the
val ues A, f or the approxi mati on not used i n the graphi c repre-
sentati on i n ni ne i ndi ces i n the l ongi tudi nal di recti on and
three i ndi ces i n the transverse di recti on.
can be determi ned from system (9) up to a f actor i denti cal i n
al l coef f i ci ents, which was chosen i n al l cal cul ati ons so that
decreased as the i ndi ces ml and n i ncrease;
recogni zed from the tabl e that i t i s better t o take a l arger
number of i ndi ces i n the l ongi tudi nal di recti on than i n the
transverse di recti on. A conspi cuous f eature i s the i nf l uence
of the i ncl usi on of the term A ( P + 3 ) 2 , which as opposed t o
the fi rst two approxi mati ons gi ven i n Tabl e 3, causes a change
in *p1 and A(p t 2)l which i s greater than A ( P + 3)2 i tsel f .
The coef f i ci ents Amn
the maximum buckl i ng was wmax = 1.0. The val ues A ( m + ml)n
it can ais0 be
-
Comparisons of both the buckl ed surf aces, obtai ned by the
approxi mati on and by the exact sol uti on f or the i nf i ni tel y l ong
I I I I
.- -
Fi g. 4. Contou1.s of buckl ed surf ace
of i nf i ni tci y l ong i soptropi c pl ate.
Comparison of approxi mati ons wi th
exact sol uti on f or Il/b = 1.25.
-.-.-.-.-.-. Exact sol uti on
pl ate, and of the
correspondi ng cr i ti cal
shear l oads show excel l ent
agreement, which can be
consi dered suf f i ci entl y
preci se f or practi cal
purposes. Although the
approxi mati on does not
go beyond cases yi el di ng
a compl ete determi nate
of two terms f or the
determi nati on of the
cr i ti cal shear l oad, the
error i n thi s approxi mati on
i s l ess than 0.5%;
restri cti ng ou7sel ves t o
working wi th a one-term
Approximate Sol uti on:(P + 1) determi nant (p - 2 through
through (p + 5 ) ; n = 1
through 3 (only on the l ef t p + 2; n = 1 through 3 )
hal f of the di agram). sti l l does not make the
Approximate sol uti on: (p + 1)
errors greater than 1%.
through ( p + 5); n = 1 through
5 (onl y f or a nodal l i ne w = These resul ts were
obtai ned wi th rather l i ttl e
0).
computati on, making use
of certai n si mpl i f i cati ons val i d f or the speci al case of the
i nf i ni tel y 1onL pl ate. I n the other l i mi ti ng case of the problem,
namely the square pl ate, i t w i l l also be possi bl e t o make certai n
si mpl i f i cati ons.
4. The square pl ate. I n the case of a square pl ate, the
same i ndi ces are chosen i n the *and y-di recti ons because of
rel ati onshi p si mpl i f i es the cal cul ati on. These studi es of
Bergmann and Rei ssner [ Z ] showed that the system of equati ons for
the coef f i ci ents A, , wi th even sum of i ndi ces ( m+ n) (Case I )
symmetry; l i kewi se because of symmetry, A, , = Anm. Thi s
18
yi el ded the smaller cr i ti cal shear l oad (c,) .
a square pl ate, we w i l l deal j ust wi th this case. The
coef f i ci ents cal cul ated f or the unknowns & usi ng (8) f or
8 = 1 (i.e. a = b) are l i sted i n Tabl e 4, i ncl udi ng al l unknowns
A , wi th L ai ces 1 through 5. Once agai n, as wi th the system
of equati ons f or the i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate, the unknowns can be
di vi ded i nto two groups: those wi th odd i ndi ces maland n (Al1,
A13.....A55) and those wi th even i ndi ces m and n (Az2, A24, A 4 4 ) .
By substi tuti ng equati ons of the fi rst group i nto the Eqs. (5a)
or (5b) formul ated f or A22, A24 and A44, we f i nal l y obtai ned
j ust three equati ons i n these three unknowns. (Eqs. (5a) and (5b)
are formul ated i n general form f or Amn.) C, i .e. the cr i ti cal
shear load, i s then cal cul ated by sol vi ng the fol l owi ng thi rd-
order determi nant, set equal to zero:
Therefore, wi th
Expanding thi s determi nant yi el ds the equati on:
The three roots (lO3*C-*> of thi s equati on are real and
posi ti ve; the l argest of these roots has
1..059822, so that C = 30.292, arx! C,
other two roots (103*C'*) yi el d val ues of Ca which are about
2.7 and 4.2 times as l crge.
the val ue 103eC-2 =
The = n4C/128 = 23.05.
/181
-
Once C has been determi ned, the unknowns Anm can then be
cal cul ated. The resul +, of thi s cal cul ati on i s shown i n Tabl e
20
5, and agai n the coef f i ci ents An, have been cal cul ated i n such
a f ashi on that the mcximum buckl i ng occurri ng i n the center of
he pl ate i s wmax = 1.0. The tabl e al so gi ves the correspondi ng
resul ts f or the cases i n which the i ndi ces m and n run not from
1 through 5 but i nstead through 2, 3 or 4 and f i nal l y through 6.
When the i ndi ces run onl y through 2 or 3, C i s obtai ned from a
si mpl e determi nant (f or A Z2) i nstead of a thi rd- order deter-
minant; i f the i ndi ces run through 6, one would eventual l y have
t o sol ve a compl ete si xth-order determi nant i f one proceeded i n
the same manner as above. I n order t o avoi d thi s, another
method was employed (successi ve approxi mati ons of the unknowns
An, and C) , which, however, does not suppl y the preci se (approxi -
mate) val ue C and the correspondi ng val ues A,,, which would be
obtai ned from the si xth-order determi nant; neverthel ess, wi th
rel ati vel y l i ttl e computati on, thi s method w i l l yi el d val ues
suf f i ci entl y accurate t o i ndi cate that the resul ts of the compu-
tati on wi th i ndi ces 1-6 di f f ers very l i ttl e from the computati on
wi th i ndi ces 1-5. I n parti cul ar, i t i s evi dent that the new
unknown A 26, A46 and A66 are substanti al l y smaller than the other
unknowns i n the computati on and that there i s onl y a very small
decrease i n the approxi mate ca. Thi s cal cul ati on was performed
as fol l ows: the val ues A, and the val ue C cal cul ated f or the
i ndi ces 1 through 5 were substi tuted as fi rst approxi mati onsi n
the new system of equati ons f or the i ndi ces 1 through 6. Thi s
system i nvol ved the new unknowns A269 A46, and A66, which al l
bel ong t o the second group of unknowns (wi th even i ndi ces). For
these new unknowns, the fi rst approxi mati ons mul ti pl i ed by
C - l ( C- l A269 c-1 ~ 4 6 and C-1 ~6 6 ) were cal cul ated from the new
equati ons contai ni ng onl y one of these unknowns together wi th
unknowns of the fi rst group (wi th odd i ndi ces). Si nce the
unknowns A, are determi ned onl y up t o an arbi trary f actor, one
of the Am, coul d be chosen arbi trari l y, e.g. we set A 11 = 1 and
then i ntroduced the unknowns xm f Amn/A11 t o repl ace the Amn.
Once fi rst approxi mati ons have been found f or X 26, x46 and ~ ~ ~ , / l 8 2
a new (second) approxi mati on C-2 ( = C-2 xl l ) can be cal cul ated
21
3
m
22
from the fi rst equati on !the equati on f or A l l ) and thi s second
approxi mati on w i l l depend onl y on the val ues x, of the second
group. Next, the unknowns of the second group mul ti pl i ed by
C-2 (c-2 ~1 3 , c-2 x33, C-2 xi 5 etc) were cal cul ated and, once
the second approxi mati on x, of the fi rst group has been
cal cul ated (after di vi si on by the second approxi mati on C- 2),
the second approxi mati ons x, , of the second group, mul ti pl i ed
by C- l , ( C- I x22, C- 1 ~ 2 4 etc) were cal cul ated. The procedure
was repeated unti l the unknowns xm and C no l onger changed
appreci abl y. I n order f or the method t o be usabl e, the new xmn
must be rel ati vel y small and the changes i nduced by thei r
i ncl usi on i n the other val ues x, and i n C must al so be rel ati vel y
small. The method was al so employed i n appropri ate f ashi on i n
passi ng from the system of equati ons wi th i ndi ces 1-3 t o the
system wi th 1-4, and from the l atter system t o that wi th i ndi ces
1-5. Si nce i n these two cases, exact sol uti ons of the systems
of equati ons have also been cal cul ated, the resul ts of these
sol uti ons were compared wi th the successi ve approxi mati on
method. The comparison showed that i n the f ourth approxi mati on
of the l atter method, the resul ts of both methods agreed t o
f our pl aces, and usual l y f i ve. The resul ts of f our approxi mati ons
f or i ndi ces 1-6 are l i sted i n Tabl e 6.
Based on the approxi mati on C a t o the cr i ti cal shear l oad
cal cul ated f or the square pl ate, i t i s reasonabl e t o assume
that the exact val ue ca w i l l not be muc5 l ess than the val ue
C a = 23.05 oJ tai ned i n the cal cul ati on wi th the i ndi ces 1 through
5. Moreover, i ncl udi ng more i ndi ces does not seen t o change
the buckl ed surf ace i tsel f very much, si nce the addi ci onal
coef f i ci ents Am, are rel ati vel y small and the approxi mati ons
t o the buckl ed surf ace usi ng i ndi ces 1 through 5 and 1 through
3 di f f er very l i ttl e, as shown i n Fi g. 5. Hence i t seems
l egi ti mate t o suppose that i ncl udi ng more i ndi ces i n the
approximat ion w i l l not bri ng about any substanti al changes i n
the buckl ed surf ace. Also, as a comparison of the coef f i ci ents
/183
23
TABLE 6.
SHEAR FORCE (C = 128 tC, (b/2)2/n4D) BY SUCCESSIVE APPROXI MATI ON
FOR THE SQUARE PLATE, USING COEFFICIENTS A, WITH INDICES
CALCULATI ON OF x, , ( =%/Al1) AXD C, THE L RI TI CAL
m = 1 - 6 AND n 1 - 6.
CI
C
A, (Tables 3 and 5)
i ndi cates, the series .
f or the buckl i ng f unctl
appears t o converge
better f or the square
pl ate than f or the
i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ri t e.
I n the l atter case,
taki ng f i ve i ndi ces i n
both di recti ons gave
an error of onl y 0.5%
i n the cr i ti cal shear
.on
l oad.
Fi g. 5. Contours of buckl ed surf ace
of i sotropi c square pl ate. Compari-
son of two approxi mati ons: 5. Rectangul ar
-- m= 1 - 5; n = 1 - 5.
pl ate of arbi trary
ch,ati on of coef f i ci ent
ca of cr i ti cal shear
l oad. I f i n the formul a
m = l - 3; n = l - 3 proporti ons, a) Cal-
(onl y i n the lower hal f
of the di agram)
----------
24
f or cal cul ati ng the shear l oad anal ogous t o Eq. (7)
= c D (b/2)'*
tcr a
(13)
b i s al ways taken t o be the short si de of +he reztangul ar pl ate,
i t i s onl y necessary t o f i nd the coef f i ci ent ca fd-)r val ues
6 = b/a which l i e between 0 and 1. These two e:.sreme cases
f or the range of 8 , representi ng the i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate and
the square pl ate, have al rehdy bzen di scussed i n detai l i n
the previ ous secti ons. The cal cul ati on f or arbi trary data
coul d now be carri ed out as it was done f or the square pl ate.
I f f our or f i ve i ndi ces (1 - 4 or 1 - 5) each are tsken i r ; the
l ongi tudi nal and transverse di recti ons, one wo1:ld eventual l y
have t o sol ve a compl ete f ourth-order determi nant (i nstead of
the thi rd- order determi nant f or = 1) i n Case I (si nce A24 #
*42)
out by Bergmann and Rel ssner, and the resul ts compared wi th
the resul t f or i ndi ces 1 thlaoup;l 3 i n Fi g. 3 of thei r work [ 2 ]
(as wel l as i n thei r Tabl e 3). Thi s compari son shows that the
di f f erence i n the resul ts of the two cal cul ati ons i s rel rti wel y
small f or val ues of b/a between 0.7 and 1. 0, and that ,the
di f f erences do not begi n t o i ncrease unti l b/a i s l ess than 0.7.
I n view of the f actors menti oned duri ng the cal cul ati on i'or
t he i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate, t hi s i ncrease i n the di f f erence as
b/a decreases i s qui te understandabl e. For the -quare : . l ate,
the coef f i ci ent All i s the l argest of al l coef f i ci ents.
the other hand, as the pl ate gets l onger, the coef f i ci ents A, ,
wi th l arger m begi n t o i ncrease, so that the coef f i ci ents wi th
i ndi ces m = 2 or = 3 - - 4 (and wi th even l arger rn for.
correspondi ngl y l ong pl ates) become the l argest of %ill the
coef f i ci ents A, and thus can no l onger be negl ected, as was
the case when onl y i ndi ces 1 through 3 were i ncl uded. If one
wishes to take onl y three i ndi ces i n order to si mpl i f y the
cal cul ati on, it i s better i n the case of a l ong pl ate to take
With i ndi ces 1 - 4, t hi s cal cul ati on has been carri ed
On
25
not i ndi ces 1 through 3 but i nstesd, dependi ng on the r ati o
between the si des, e.g. the i ndi ces 2 through 4 or even larger
numbers f or the l ongi tudi nal di recti on. Fi g. 6 depi cts the
di f f erence i n tne resul ts of two cal cul ati ons wi th i ndi ces
m = 1 through 3 and m = 2 through 4 (n = 1 through 3 i n both
cases). Up t o roughl y b/a = 0.37, the cal cul ati on wi th indices
2 through 4 yi el ds smaller, i.e. better approxi mati ons f or the
cr i ti cal shear l oad. For b/a = 0.37, both curves yi el d the same
val ue C a which seems somewhat large i n comparison wi th the
val ue C a f or adj acent val ues of ba. Thus if b/a = 0.37, taki ng
onl y three i ndi ces i n the l ongi tudi nal di recti on probabl y
suppl i es rel ati i -sl y poorer resul ts than f or val ues of b/a i n
adj acent regi ons. If the curves are cal cul ated f or i ndi ces
1 through 4 i i l the l ongi tudi nal di recti on and 1 through 3 i n
the transverse di recti on, the resul ti ng val ues f or C a are
smaller than those from ei ther of the two previ ousl y cal cul ated
curves (al though some of the di f f erences are vani shi ngl y small)
f or al l val ues of b/a. As might have been expected, the
maximum di f f erence occurs near b/a = 0.37, the i ntersecti on of
the two previ ous curves. However, even f or the val ue b/a at
which the curve cal cul ated wi th i ndi ces m = 2 through 4 reaches
it minimum C a, the di f f erence i s not i nsi gni f i cantl y small.
Accordi ngl y, as was al so i ndi cated by the resul ts of the vari ous
approxi mati ons made i n the case of the i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate,
the best possi bl e approxi mati ons would be obtai ned by fol l owi ng
a previ ous suggesti on of Rei ssner f or decreasi ng b/a (i .e. f or
l onger pl ates) and i ncreasi ng onl y the number of i ndi ces m i n
the l ongi tudi nal di recti on.
- /184
Neverthel ess, the cal cul ati on was not executed i n t hi s
manner; si nce fi rst the equatl ons f or cal cul ati ng the curves
Ca (b/ a) become qui te compl i cated w i t h f our i ndi ces m, even
i f there are onl y three i ndi ces n. Hence, cal cul ati ng these
chrves i nvol ves d grei . deal more computati on than was necessary
?6
Fi g. 6. ca - - tCr(b/2)*/D (Coef-
f i ci ent of the cr i ti cal shear l oad
of an i sotropi c pl ate) as a fcl ncti on
of the r ati o B = b/a between the
si des. Comparison of di f f erent
app-oximate sol uti ons.
i n the case of three
i ndi ces i n two di rect i ons3.
Moreover, the di f f erence
i n the resul ts obtai ned
wi th f i ve i nCi ces as
compared w i t h those
obtai ned wi th three i ndi ces
i s much larger f or the
i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate
than f or the square plate;
f or rati os b/a l yi ng /185
between 0 and 1, it might
theref ore be assumed that
the di f f erence w i l l be
smaller than f or the
i nf i ni tel y long pl ate.
3J ust how great the di f f erence i n computati on i s can be seen e. g .
from the equati ons f or the three curves depi cted i n Fi g. 6. These
equati ons read
f or m = 1 through 3 and n = 1 through 3: ms(#+;)
' d
sa=- ,
r d p s . t r
i ( p + r p f ~ z ~ [ ~ + ~
f or m = 2 through 4 and n = 1 through 3:
1
For numeri cal cal cul ati ons, these equati ons are rel ati vel y si mpl e
when compared wi th the eq-l ati on:
f or m = 1 through 4 and n = 1 through 3:
where:
TAaLE 7a and b. SYSTEMS OF COEFFICIENTS FOR THE EQUATIONS ( 8 )
a) q odd: Case I
q even: Case I1
,+*=
f + . I 0 0
b) q even: Case I
q cdd: Case I1
where z ' and z" are t o be cal cul at ed from
28
Furthermore, i n view of the practi cal si gni f i cance of the
enti re problem, which w i l l be di scussed i n more detai l l ater
[ g ] , it dcesn't make much sense to determine the curve C a (b/a)
w i t h extreme preci si on. Therefme, it appears perf ectl y
suf f i ci ent t o cal cul ate the vari ous approxi mati ons ca (b/a) far
three successi ve i ndi ces m i n the l ongi tudi nal di recti on and
f or the i ndi ces n = 1 through 3 i n the transverse di recti on,
and to estimate the desired exact curves ca (b/a) on the basis
of these approxi mati ons. The di f f erence between the approxi mate
curves cal cul ated w i t h three i ndi ces and the exact val ues w i l l
be greatest i n the extreme case b/a = 0, i.e. f or the i nf i ni tel y
l ong pl ate, i n which the di f f erence is less than 12%, cal cul atect
earl i er. Over i ts enti re range, the errors i n the estimated
curve shoul d amount t o onl y a f racti on of thi s di f f erence. If / i t 6
the i ndi ces i n the l ongi tudi nal di recti on are desi gnated m = q,
(q + 1) and ((1 +2) and those i n the transverse di recti on n =
1 through 3 , ( 8 ) can be used to acqui re the systems of equati ons
gi ven i n Tabl e 7a and 7b. These systems of equati ons are sol ved
i n the previ ous manner, resul ti ng i n the fol l owi ng two equati ons
f or Ca, usi ng the symbols gi ven i n (7):
(Case I, when q i s even:, (Case 11, when q i s odd) (15)
Here, i n accordance wi th (7)
The approxi mate curves ir, Fi g. 7 were cal cul ated wi th the
ai d of Eq. ( 14) and (15).
2 9
/
I I I I l l Y
u c u u p
.. . .
Fi g. 7.
of cr i ti cal shear l oad of i sotropi c
rectangul ar pl ate as a f uncti on of
the r ati o B = b/a between the si des.
Using the curves cal cul ated f or
vari ous approxi mate sol uti ons and
the known exact sol uti on f or
B = 0, the dash-dot l i ne ( - * - e - * )
gi ves the conj ectured path of an
exact curve.
Key: a. Except f or b. Exact val ue
Coef f i ci ent ca = tCr(b/2l 2/D
6) Fundamental
cr i ter i a for wave form
(Cases I and 11'.
Cases I and I1 di ffer i n
that onl y unknowns A,
wi th even sum (m +r-!
occur i n equati on
system I and onl y c.lose
wi th odd sum (m +n)
occur i n system 11. I n
the resul t, the new
cases di ffer i n that
buckl i ng I i s a maximum
(wmax) i n the center of
plate, whi l e there i s
a nodal l i ne ( w = 0)
through the center of
the pl ate i n Case 11.
The approxi mati ons now
show (at first apparentl y
qui te i rregul arl y) that
sometimes Case I and
other times Case I1 yi el ds the smaller cr i ti cal shear l oad,
dependi ng on the r ati o b/a. Thi s i s a ci rcumstance that coul d
appl y t o both the approxi mati on and the exact sol uti on,as w i l i
be suggested by the fol l owi ng anal ysi s.
Suppose we wished to cal cul ate the cri ti cal shear l oad of
an i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate of constant wi dth b, supported freel y
condi ti on that certai n poi nts A al ong the center l i ne of the
pl ate spaced at regul ar i nterval s a' shoul d not experi ence
any def l ecti on (cf . Fi g. 8) . Sol uti ons correspondi ng t o t hi s
problem are contai nzd i n the curves of Fi g. 2 ("exact solution"),
al ong the l ongi tudi nal edges, and subj ect t o the f urther /I 87
representi ng the Southwell-Skan sol uti on f or the i nf i ni tel y
l ong pl ate.
(= ca, min).
If a' i ncreases, ca al so i ncreases i n accordance wi th the curve
ca(a/b), si nce i ni ti al l y E = a' sti l l hol ds. At a t = 1.8b,
ca = 14.2.
%.e. i n thi s case, the same val ue C a i s bbtai ned f or both
a = at and f or a =at/ 2. Therefore, two buckl i ng shapes are
possi bl e under the same shear l oad. If a' goes beyond the
val ue 1.8b, the resul ti ng buckl i ng shape has two hal f waves i n
the i nterval a', i .e. II = a1/2, and thi s shape always gi ves the
smallest val ue f or Ca. I ni ti al l y, C a decreases from 14.2 t o
13.165 f or a' = 2.5b (i .e. a = 1.25b), and then C a i ncreases
wi th i ncreasi ng - a back up to C a = 13.6. Namel y, f ar at = 3.0b,
thi s val ue of ca corresponds t o both the buckl i ng form wi th
two half-waves ( 2 = I .F,b) and the buckl i ng form wi th 3 half-waves
( 2 = 1.0b). According t o thi s anal ysi s, therefore, the (whol e)
number m of half-waves i n the i nterval a' i ncreases wi th
i ncreasi ng a'; f or each number m = a'/2, ca can assume val ues
between ca, min = 13.165 and a l arger val ue of ca which decreases
as m i ncreases.
m = 2 ) wi th ca = 14.2.
greatest (wmax, Case I ) at the poi nt M l yi ng hal fway between
two poi nts A . For even m, there i s a nodal l i ne ( w = 0, Case 11).
With i ncreasi ng at, Case I and Case I1 al ternatel y gi ve the
smallest shear l oad (ca).
If' a' = 1.25b (a' as i n Fi g. 8), then ca = 13.165
I n t hi s case, the hal f-wavel ength i s a = a'.
The same val ue C a i s al so obtai ned f or E = O.gb;
The largest such ca obtai ned f or m = 1 (or
For odd numbers m, the buckl i ng i s
Passi ng from the speci f i c problem t o the general problem
under i nvesti gati on, we acqui re an addi ti onal condi ti on, namely
that the buckl i ng not onl y at the poi nts A, but al so on the straight
l i nes passi ng through the poi nts A and perpendi cul ar to the
l ongi tudi nal edges muzt be equal to 0 and that the pl ate i s
supported wi thout stress al ong these l i nes. This suppl efi entary
condi ti on natural l y w i l l cause substanti al changes i n the
/188
buckl ed shape and thus
i n the magnitude of the
associ ated shear l oad.
The smaller the r ati o
a/b, the greater the
changes. Neverthel ess,
it i s sti l l al together
possi bl e that, as i n
the Problem j ust di scussed
:
#*-8'-
Fi g. 8. Vari ous possi bl e buckl i ng
shapes of an i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate. If
the- def l ecti on i s t o be w = 0 at
poi nts A, the def l ecti on at poi nts M
(hal fway between two poi nts A) can be
a maximum wmax, or 2lse a nodal l i ne
(w = 0) may pass through M.
Key: a. Secti on
P-
Fi g. 9 . Hypotheti cal curves f or exact
ca as a f uncti on of 6. Curve I
corresponds t o the buckl i ng form
wi th greatest def l ecti on Wmax i n the
center of the pl ate, whi l e Curve I1
corresponds t o a nodal l i ne ( w = 0)
passi ng through the poi nt i n the
center of the pl ate.
(cf. Fi g. 8), which i s
somewhat si mpl er than
our present problem,
Cases I and I1 w i l l
provi de the smaller
(cri ti cal ) shear l oad i n
al ternati on wi th decreasi ng
r ati o b/a even f or the
pl ate freel y supported
al ong al l f our edges.
Thi s would consi stent
wi th the resul ts of the
previ ous approxi mati on.
The curves f or the
cr i ti cal shear l oad as
a f uncti on of the rati o
of the si des -- Ca(b/a) 9-
val i d f or Cases I and I1
might then l ook l i ke those
shown i n Fig. 9 . The
onl y parts of the curves
which are of actual
practi cal i mportmce are
those correspondi ng to
the smaller of the two
val ues of C a f or a
32
gi ven si de rati o. The estimated curve depi cted i n Fi g. 7
shoul d be deri ved onl y from these practi cal l y I mportant dorti ons
of the curves. Thi s estimated curve shoul d provi de vdue.; pf
C a accurate roughl y t o three pl aces, so that the accuracy -8ught
t o be suf f i ci ent i n practi ce.
6. Sol uti on f or the orthotropi c pl ate. For; an orthotropi c
pl ate, the cr i ti cal shear load i s cal cul ated by one of the
two formul as correspondi ng t o Eqs . (4a) and (4b):
or
(For the speci d case of the i sotropi c pl ate, Eq. (16a) becomes
( 1 3 )
The coef f i ci ents ca and C b depend on the parameter 8 of
the orthotropi c pl ate as gi ven by ( 3 ) . To determi ne the cr i ti cal
shear l oad of an orthotropi c pl ate, the best way i s t o first
cal cul ate the parameter 0 and then f i nd the associ ated coef f i ci ent
cg or Cb.
used f or cal cul ati ng the coef f i ci ent ca of t he i sotropi c pl ate
i n the precedi ng secti ons; however, the starti ng poi nt i s Eqs.
(4a) and (5a) or (4b) and (5b) i nstead of Eqs. ( 7) and (8).
Except f or the f act that ca and Cb are now f uncti ons of Ba and Bb --
cf . (4a) or ( 4b) -- and not j ust of p = b/a, the onl y major
di f f erence rel ati ve t o the i sotropi c pl ate i s i n the terms
+a ( m, n) and $b ( m, n) , which occur i n Eqs. (5a) and (5b) i n
pl ace of the term + (m, n) i n (8). A l l of the equati ons f or ca
f or the i sotropi c pl ate deri ved from Eq. (8) al so hol d f or the
coef f i ci ents C a and cb of the orthotropi c pl ate, as l ong as no
speci f i c expressi on f or 4 (m, n) -- and thus no speci f i c val ue
These coef f i ci ents are obtai ned by the same method
33
for f3 -- i s substi tuted i n these equati ons; + andl 8 are repl aced
by $a or +, and
appl y t o the i sotropi c pl ate, as does 3q. (9) i f , i n the l atter
equati on, $(an) i s repl aced by the expressi on
B, or g,. I n parti cul ar, Eqs. (14) and (15)
24
9. (8,s) =a* +2 ----- e + n4
or the expressi on
The coef f i ci ents ca cal cul ated f or the i sotropi c pl ate appl i ed
t o an orthotropi c pl ate i s the parameter 0 = 1 (i .e. C a = c,).
Apart from thi s case, the coef f i ci ent ca has been cal cul ated
from ( 14) and (15) onl y f or the parameters 8 = 2 and 8 =
(repl aci ng (0 by $a and B by Ba) . I n general , these cal cul a-
ti ons w i l l be suf f i ci ent, together wi th exact val ues cal cul ated
i n a previ ous work [6] f or an i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate and f or any
arbi trary val ue of 8 1 and f or arbi trary b/a, t o determi ne the
coef f i ci ent ca of the cri ti cal shear l oad (16a) wi th adequate
preci si on. For parameters 8 < 1 or inq:case a nore preci se
resul t i s desired f or a pararnet9r 8 > 1, the cal cul ati on can be
carri ed out j ust as f or 8 = 2 and f or 0 = Q).
/189
The depi cti on of the curve ca (B,) can be restricted t o
the regi on 0 5 8,
i s obtai ned, the desi gnati ons of' t he sides and of the ri gi di ti es
D1 and D2 are i nterchanged.
certai n cases (e.g. when D2 i s consi derabl y l arger than D1 and
si de of the rectangul ar pl ate i n (16a). I n the l i mi ti ng case
I = OD, as i n the extreme case 8 = 0 f or i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate
(b/a -* 01, we use the equati ons correspondi ng t o Eq. ( 12) .
1. I f, i n a speci f i c case, a val ue 8, > 1
I t shoul d be observed that i n
= 1 or 8, i s onl y sl i ghtl y less than l ), b w i l l be the l onger
0,
34
(f or 8 = 0 )
..
t -
X I
. -f 2a*+4
- . . ..
I X ( f or 8 = 0) (18b)
c&.= 0,1614920
v6 18a*+l r
and f i na f or a = 1.0 (i nstead of the exact val uc 0.975) or f or
a = 1.04, val ues ca and C b onl y 0.4% greater than the val ues
representi ng the minima of the exact curve ca or C b as f uncti on
of hal f-wavel engths of the buckl ed surf ace. The correspondi ng
approxi mati on cal cul ated by (12) f or 8 = 1 al so has an errcr
of onl y about 0.4% (cf . Tabl e 2) . Hence, the approxi mati on
appears to f urni sh equal l y good resul ts f or al l val ues of 8 i n
the l i mi ti ng case of the i nf i ni tel y l ong pl ate.
ca = 8.125 or C b = 11.708 corressondi ng to the exact sol uti on 4 ,
On the other hand, the resul t i n the other extreme case,
namely = 1, does not appezr t o be as good f or 0 > 1 as f or
0 = 1.
by onl y 0.9% (cf . Tabl e 5) f or the square I sotropi c pl ate ( B =
1; 8 = 1) when f i ve i ndi ces m and n were taken i nstead of three,
the correspondi ngl y cal cul ated val ue of ca f or 8 = a and Ba = 1
dropped from 12.07 t o 11.735, 1.e. by 2.85%.
convergence appears to be better f or 8 = 1 than f or 8 > 1; however,
f or 0 = and Ba = 1, the cal cul ated approxi mati on C a = 11.735
sti l l appears suf f i ci entl y accurate. I n addi ti on, as mentioned
previ ousl y, approxi mate val ues ca have been cal cul ated vs.
f or 8 = 2 and 0 = =J , taki ng three i ndi ces each i n the
c
While the val ue of ca dropped from 23.25 t o 23.05, i .e.
For Ba = 1, the
8,
4[6], Tabl e I .
3 were cal cul ated as fol l ows:
According to Column 9 of thi s Tabl e, the val ues
f or 0 = 0 0 : a = 2/2.0515 = ".975 = 1. 0
35
l ongi tudi nal and transverse di recti ons.
are depi cted i n Fi g. 10. Based on these approxi mati ons and
exact val ues avai l abl e f or the l i mi ti ng case 8, + 0 C61, the
estimated curves depi cted i n Fi g. 10 f or ca (8,) were constructed.
Si nce the curve f or 8 = 2 I s al most exactl y halfway between the
curves f or 8 = 1 andf or 0 = Q) wi th great regul ari ty f or al l
val ues of Ba, it can be assumed that the curves ca (6,) f L i D other
val ues 8 than 8 = 2 w i l l run wi th si mi l ar regul ari ty between the
curves f or 8 =1 and f or 0 = Q). For any arbi trary val ue 8, the
exact val ue ca can be gi ven f or Ba = 0 5.
poi nt, the approxi mate curve ca ( B a) f or any arbi trary val ue 8
can be drawn i nto Fi g. 10.
The cal cul ated curves /190 -
Starti ng from thi s
10. Coef f i ci ent C, = tcr(b/2)2/
7k:b2)1/4 of the cr i ti cal shear l oad
of a2 orthogonal -ani sotropi c pl ate as
a f uncti on Of @a = (b/a)(D1/D2;1/4.
The preci se curves have been estimated
f or 8 = 2 and f or 0 = 00 i n tne same
way as i n Fi g. 7 f or 8 = 1.
Thi s di agram al so
i ncl udes a number of
poi nts f or 0 = 1. 41,
obtai ned from the cal -
cul ati on of Sekeri y-
Tsenkovich [7], which
i n general corresponds
t o the approxi mati on
wi th three i ndi ces each
i n the l ongi tudi nal
and transverse di recti on.
For a plywood board
of thi ckness h, Sekeri y-
Tsenkovich chose moduli
of el asti ci ty for bendi ng
deformati on El = 1. 4- 102
kg/cm2 i n one di recti on
and E2 = E1/12 i n the
other, G = 0. 12405
icg/crn* f or the siiesr
C f . [61, Fi g. 2a. I n Fi g. 10 of thi s work, the preci se val ue C a
f or 8 = 1. 41, 3, 5 and 10 are entered al ong wi th those f or 8 =
1, 2 r-qd Q).
36
modulus (of torsi on deformati on), and vx = 0.46 and v
f or the Poi sson rati os, and thus obtai ned by (l a):
= vx/12
Y
D 1 = 12,000 h3 kg/cm2; D2 = 1000 h3 kg/cm2, and
D3 = 2456 h3 kg/cm2 and accordi ng t o ( 3 ) : 8 = 1.41.
The apprsxi mate val ue of ca obtai ned by the Sekeri y-Tsenkovi ch
cal cul ati on f or 8 = 1. 41 i s qui te consi stent wi th the approxi mate
curvesfound for 8 = 1, 2 and =.
7. Summary. The cr i ti cal shear l oad tcr f or an i sotropi c
rectangul ar pl ate supported wi thout stress at the edg- s can be
cal cul ated by ( 13) . I n thi s equati on, b i s the wi dth of the
pl ate, D i s the pl ste ri gi di ty obtai ned from (6), and c, i s a
coef f i ci ent taken from the di agram i n Fi g. 7. Anal ogousl y, - /191
(16a) appl i es t o the case of an orthogonal -ani sotropi c pl ate;
the coef f i ci ent ca uccurri ng i n (16a) i s depi cted i n the diagram
of Fi g. 10.
ani sotropi c pl ate are gi ven by Eq. (l a). The determi nati on of
the coef f i ci ents ca a 3 Cb i s descri bed i n Secti on 6.
parameter 8 gi ven by ( 3 ) i s greater t.han uni ty, i t i s best t o
ilse Eq. (16a); on the other hand, Eq. (16b) i s better f or
parameters 8 < 1.
The r i gi di ti es D1, D2 and D3 of the orthogonal -
When the
A detai l ed study has shown that the coef f i ci ent ca of the
cr i ti cal shear l oad cal cul ated i n t hi s work on the basi s of' an
approxi mati on theory shoul d be suf f i ci entl y accurate ( the error
probabl y does not occur unti l the second pl ace f ol l owi ng the
deci mal poi nt), parti cul arl y si nce theoreti cal assumpti ons are
al most never sati sf i ed exactl y; f or i nstance, as the resul t of
compl eted experi ments have i ndi cated, a very sl i ght i ni t i al
bul ge (practi cal l y unavoi dabl e) has an especi al l y great di sturbi ng
ef f ect i n the case of very thi n pl ates.
37
These experi ments as well as numeri cal ?mmpl es of the
problem di scussed in t hi s work ::ill be communicated In a f urther
report [SI.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Rei ssner, ' 7. "Lectwes on stati c behavi or of ai rcraf t
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Charl ottenburg Techni c=J Uni versi ty (not publ i shed).
Sergmann, St. and H. Rei ssner, Z. Fl ugtechn. Motorl uftsch.
-- 23, P. 6 (1932).
Timoshenko, S., Ei senbau 12, p. 147 (1921).
Southwel l , R V. and S. W. Skan, Proc. Roy. SOC. Ser. A.
-- 105, p . 582 (1924:.
Berg..iann, St. and I;. Rel ssn?r, Motorl uftsch. 20,
p. 475 (1925) and 2l, p. 306
Seydel , E., Luftf,-Forschg. 8, p. 71 (1930).
Sekeri y-Tsenkovi ch, "5th I nternati onal Congress of Aero-
nauti cs," the Hague 1930," Vol. 2, pp. 1073-1080.
v. Mises, 3. and H. Pol l aczek-Gei ri nger, Z. angew. Math. Mech.
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36