Criminal Law Review 2012

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CRIMINAL LAW
REVIEWER
For the !"#! Bar Examinations
ELMER P. BRABANTE
E l m e r P $ B r a b a n t e % & ' ( ' ) * + + * , & E - ' E , f o r t h e ! " # #
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CRIMINALLAW
I.RevisedPenalCode/SpecialLaws,PresidentialDecrees,andExective!rders
A."oo#$%Articles$&'',RPC,excldin(provisionsoncivillia)ilit*+,incldin(related
SpecialLaws
$.,-NDAMEN.ALPRINCIPLES
De/initiono/Cri0inalLaw
/#0 Cri0inal law is t1at )ranc1 o/ 0nicipal law w1ic1 de/ines cri0es, treats o/ t1eir natre and
provides/ort1eirpnis10ent.
%2+ Itist1at)ranc1o/p)lics)stantivelaww1ic1de/ineso//ensesandprescri)est1eirpenalties.It
is s)stantive )ecase it de/ines t1e state3s ri(1t to in/lict pnis10ent and t1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e
o//enders.Itisp)liclaw)ecaseitdealswit1t1erelationo/t1eindividalwit1t1estate.
DI,,ERENCE"E.WEENMALAINSEANDMALAPR!4I"I.A
5iolationso/t1eRevisedPenalCodearere/erred
toas0al0inse,w1ic1literall*0eans,t1att1e
actisin1erentl*evilor)adorpersewron(/l.!n
t1e ot1er 1and, violations o/ special laws are
(enerall*re/erredtoas0al0pro1i)it0.
Note, 1owever, t1at not all violations o/ special
lawsare0alapro1i)ita.W1ileintentional/elonies
are alwa*s 0ala in se, it does not /ollow t1at
pro1i)itedactsdoneinviolationo/speciallawsare
alwa*s 0ala pro1i)ita. Even i/ t1e cri0e is
pnis1ednderaspeciallaw,i/t1eactpnis1edis
onew1ic1isin1erentl*wron(,t1esa0eis0al0
in se, and, t1ere/ore, (ood /ait1 and t1e lac# o/
cri0inal intent is a valid de/ense6 nless it is t1e
prodcto/cri0inalne(li(enceorclpa.
Li#ewise w1en t1e special laws re7ires t1at t1e
pnis1edact)eco00itted#nowin(l*andwill/ll*,
cri0inal intent is re7ired to )e proved )e/ore
cri0inallia)ilit*0a*arise.
W1ent1eactpenali8edisnotin1erentl*wron(,it
iswron(onl*)ecasealawpnis1est1esa0e.
,or exa0ple, Presidential Decree No. 9:2
pnis1es pirac* in P1ilippine waters and t1e
speciallawpnis1in()ri(anda(eint1e1i(1wa*s.
.1eseactsarein1erentl*wron(andalt1o(1t1e*
are pnis1ed nder special law, t1e acts
t1e0selvesare0alainse6t1s,(ood/ait1orlac#
o/cri0inalintentisade/ense.
Distinction )etween cri0es pnis1ed nder t1e
RevisedPenalCodeandcri0espnis1ednder
speciallaws
$. Asto0oraltraito/t1eo//ender
In cri0es pnis1ed nder t1e Revised
PenalCode,t1e0oraltraito/t1eo//ender
is considered. .1is is w1* lia)ilit* wold
onl* arise w1en t1ere is dolo or clpa in
t1eco00issiono/t1epnis1a)leact.
Incri0espnis1ednderspeciallaws,t1e
0oral trait o/ t1e o//ender is not
considered6itiseno(1t1att1epro1i)ited
actwasvolntaril*done.
2. Astoseo/(ood/ait1asde/ense
PenalCode,(ood/ait1orlac#o/cri0inal
intentisavalidde/ense6nlesst1ecri0e
ist1ereslto/clpa
In cri0es pnis1ed nder special laws,
(ood/ait1isnotade/ense
:. As to de(ree o/ acco0plis10ent o/ t1e
cri0e
Penal Code, t1e de(ree o/
acco0plis10ento/t1ecri0eista#eninto
accont in pnis1in( t1e o//ender6 t1s,
t1ere are atte0pted, /rstrated, and
cons00atedsta(esint1eco00issiono/
t1ecri0e.
act (ives rise to a cri0e onl* w1en it is
cons00ated6 t1ere are no atte0pted or
/rstrated sta(es, nless t1e special law
expressl* penali8e t1e 0ere atte0pt or
/rstrationo/t1ecri0e.
;. As to 0iti(atin( and a((ravatin(
circ0stances
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Penal Code, 0iti(atin( and a((ravatin(
circ0stances are ta#en into accont in
i0posin(t1epenalt*sincet1e0oraltrait
o/t1eo//enderisconsidered.
In cri0es pnis1ed nder special laws,
0iti(atin( and a((ravatin( circ0stances
arenotta#enintoaccontini0posin(t1e
penalt*.
9. Astode(reeo/participation
PenalCode,w1ent1ereis0oret1anone
o//ender, t1e de(ree o/ participation o/
eac1 in t1e co00ission o/ t1e cri0e is
ta#enintoaccontini0posin(t1epenalt*6
t1s,o//endersareclassi/iedasprincipal,
acco0pliceandaccessor*.
de(reeo/participationo/t1eo//endersis
not considered. All w1o perpetrated t1e
pro1i)ited act are penali8ed to t1e sa0e
extent. .1ere is no principal or
acco0pliceoraccessor*toconsider.
MalainSe MalaPro1i)ita
"asis Moralstateo/t1eo//ender61ence,(ood
/ait1 or lac# o/ cri0inal intent is a
de/ense.
5olntariness6 1ence, (ood /ait1 or lac#
o/cri0inalintentisnotade/ense,nless
intentisanele0ento/t1ecri0esc1as
inSec.:<e=o/RA:>$'.
Modi/*in(
circ0stances
.a#en into accont in i0posin( t1e
penalt* on t1e o//ender precisel*
)ecase 1is 0oral trait is t1e )asis o/
1is cri0e. 4ence, (reater perversit*
deserves a 1i(1er penalt*6 w1ereas,
lesserdepravit*deserves0iti(ation.
Not considered )ecase t1e lawintends
todiscora(et1eco00issiono/ t1eact
speciall*pro1i)ited.
De(reeo/
participation
Penalt* is co0pted on t1e )asis o/
w1et1er t1e 0ale/actor is a principal
o//ender, or 0erel* an acco0plice or
accessor*.
.1epenalt*ont1eo//endersist1esa0e
ast1e*arealldee0edprincipals.
Sta(eo/
acco0plis10ent
.1e penalt* i0posed depends on
w1et1er t1e cri0e is cons00ated,
/rstratedoratte0pted.
5iolation o/ law is pnis1ed onl* w1en
acco0plis1ed or cons00ated )ecase
intent is in1erent in atte0pted or
/rstratedsta(eandintentisnotrelevant
incri0es0alapro1i)ita.
Moraltrpitde ?enerall* involve 0oral trpitde
lo(icall*, so /or its )asis is t1e 0oral
stateo/t1eo//ender.
Not involved )ecase t1e act wold not
1ave)eenwron(i/not/ort1epro1i)ition
o/law.
Lawviolated ?enerall*,t1eRevisedPenalCode. ?enerall*,specialpenallaws.
SC!PE!,APPLICA.I!N
Art. 2. Application o/ its provisions. @ Except as
provided in t1e treaties and laws o/
pre/erential application, t1e provisions o/ t1is
Code s1all )e en/orced not onl* wit1in t1e
P1ilippine Arc1ipela(o, incldin( its
at0osp1ere, its interior waters and 0ariti0e
8one, )t also otside o/ its Arisdiction,
a(ainstt1osew1oB
$. S1old co00it an o//ense w1ile on a
P1ilippines1iporairs1ip6
2. S1old /or(e or conter/eit an* coin or
crrenc* note o/ t1e P1ilippine Islands
or o)li(ations and secrities issed )*
t1e ?overn0ent o/ t1e P1ilippine
Islands6
:.S1old)elia)le/oractsconnectedwit1
t1eintrodctionintot1eseislandso/t1e
o)li(ations and secrities 0entioned in
t1epresidin(n0)er6
;.W1ile)ein(p)lico//icersore0plo*ees,
s1old co00it an o//ense in t1e
exerciseo/t1eir/nctions6or
9.S1oldco00itan*o/t1ecri0esa(ainst
nationalsecrit*andt1elawo/nations,
de/inedin.itle!neo/"oo#.woo/t1is
Code.
.1eprovisioninArticle2e0)racestwoscopeso/
applicationsB
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%$+ IntraterritorialCre/erstot1eapplicationo/
t1e Revised Penal Code wit1in t1e
P1ilippineterritor*6
%2+ ExtraterritorialCre/erstot1eapplicationo/
t1e Revised Penal Code otside t1e
P1ilippineterritor*.
Intraterritorialapplication
In t1e intraterritorial application o/ t1e Revised
Penal Code, Article 2 0a#es it clear t1at it does
notre/eronl*toP1ilippinearc1ipela(o)titalso
incldes t1e at0osp1ere, interior waters and
0ariti0e 8one. So w1enever *o se t1e word
territor*,donotli0itt1istolandareaonl*.
As/arasArisdictionorapplicationo/t1eRevised
Penal Code over cri0es co00itted on 0ariti0e
8ones or interior waters, t1e Arc1ipela(ic Rle
s1all)eo)served. Sot1et1ree&0ileli0itonor
s1oreline 1as )een 0odi/ied )* t1e rle. An*
cri0eco00ittedininteriorwatersco0prisin(t1e
P1ilippinearc1ipela(os1all)es)Aecttoorlaws
alt1o(1 co00itted on )oard a /orei(n 0erc1ant
vessel.
AvesselisconsideredaP1ilippines1iponl*w1en
itisre(isteredinaccordancewit1P1ilippinelaws.
-nderinternationallaw,aslon(assc1vesselis
notwit1int1eterritorialwaterso/a/orei(ncontr*,
P1ilippinelawss1all(overn.
Extraterritorialapplication
Extraterritorial application o/ t1e Revised Penal
Codeoncri0eco00ittedon)oardP1ilippines1ip
or airs1ip re/ers onl* to a sitation w1ere t1e
P1ilippines1iporairs1ipisnotwit1int1eterritorial
waters or at0osp1ere o/ a /orei(n contr*.
!t1erwise, it is t1e /orei(n contr*3s cri0inal law
t1atwillappl*.
4owever, t1ere are two sitations w1ere t1e
/orei(ncontr*0a*notappl*itscri0inallaweven
i/acri0ewasco00ittedon)oardavesselwit1in
itsterritorialwatersandt1eseareB
%$+ W1en t1e cri0e is co00itted in a war
vessel o/ a /orei(n contr*, )ecase war
vesselsareparto/t1esoverei(nt*o/t1e
contr*tow1osenaval/orcet1e*)elon(6
%:+ W1en t1e /orei(n contr* in
w1ose territorial waters t1e cri0e was
co00ittedadoptst1e,renc1Rle,w1ic1
applies onl* to 0erc1ant vessels, except
w1en t1e cri0e co00itted a//ects t1e
national secrit* or p)lic order o/ sc1
/orei(ncontr*.
C4ARAC.ERIS.ICS!,.4EP4ILIPPINECRIMINALLAW
$. ?eneralit*
2. .erritorialit*
:. Prospectivit*
?eneralit*
Penallawsandt1oseo/p)licsecrit*andsa/et*
s1all)eo)li(ator*ponallw1oliveorsoAornin
t1eP1ilippineterritor*,s)Aecttot1eprincipleso/
p)lic international law and to treat* stiplations
%Art.$;,NCC+.
%$+ .1e law is )indin( pon all
persons w1o reside or soAorn in t1e
P1ilippines,irrespectiveo/a(e,sex,color,
creed,orpersonalcirc0stances.
%2+ ?eneralit* o/ cri0inal law 0eans
t1at t1e cri0inal law o/ t1e contr*
(overns all persons wit1in t1e contr*
re(ardless o/ t1eir race, )elie/, sex, or
creed. 4owever, it is s)Aect to certain
exceptions)ro(1t a)ot )* international
a(ree0ent.A0)assadors,c1ie/so/states
andot1erdiplo0atic o//icialsarei00ne
/ro0 t1e application o/ penal laws w1en
t1e* are in t1e contr* w1ere t1e* are
assi(ned. Note t1at consls are not
diplo0atico//icers. .1isincldesconsl&
(eneral, vice&consl or an* consl in a
/orei(n contr*, w1o are t1ere/ore, not
i00netot1eoperationorapplicationo/
t1e penal law o/ t1e contr* w1ere t1e*
areassi(ned. Conslsares)Aecttot1e
penal lawso/t1econtr*w1eret1e*are
assi(ned.
/20 It 1as no re/erence to territor*.
W1enever*oareas#edtoexplaint1is,it
does not inclde territor*. It re/ers to
persons t1at 0a* )e (overned )* t1e
penallaw%Dean!rte(a+.
.erritorialit*
%$+ .1elawisapplica)letoallcri0es
co00itted wit1in t1e li0its o/ P1ilippine
territor*, w1ic1 incldes its at0osp1ere,
interiorwatersand0ariti0e8one%Art.2+.
%2+ .erritorialit*0eanst1att1epenal
lawso/t1econtr*1ave/orce ande//ect
onl*wit1initsterritor*. Itcannotpenali8e
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cri0esco00ittedotsidet1esa0e..1is
is s)Aect to certain exceptions )ro(1t
a)ot )* international a(ree0ents and
practice..1eterritor*o/t1econtr*isnot
li0ited to t1e land w1ere its soverei(nt*
resides)tincldesalsoits0ariti0eand
interiorwatersaswellasitsat0osp1ere.
%:+ .errestrial Arisdiction is t1e
Arisdiction exercised over land. ,lvial
Arisdiction is t1e Arisdiction exercised
over 0ariti0e and interior waters. Aerial
Arisdiction is t1e Arisdiction exercised
overt1eat0osp1ere.
.1eArc1ipela(icRle
%$+ All)odieso/waterco0prisin(t1e
0ariti0e 8one and interior waters
a)ondin(di//erentislandsco0prisin(t1e
P1ilippine Arc1ipela(o are part o/ t1e
P1ilippine territor* re(ardless o/ t1eir
)readt1,dept1,widt1ordi0ension.
%2+ !n t1e /lvial Arisdiction t1ere is
presentl* a departre /ro0 t1e accepted
International Law Rle, )ecase t1e
P1ilippinesadoptedt1eArc1ipela(icRle.
Int1eInternationalLawRle,w1enastrait
wit1inacontr*1asawidt1o/0oret1an
D0iles,t1ecenterlaneinexcesso/t1e:
0iles on )ot1 sides is considered
internationalwaters.
.1ree international law t1eories on aerial
Arisdiction
%$+ .1e at0osp1ere over t1e contr* is /ree
and not s)Aect to t1e Arisdiction o/ t1e
s)Aacent state, except /or t1e protection
o/itsnationalsecrit*andp)licorder.
-ndert1ist1eor*,i/acri0eisco00itted
on )oard a /orei(n aircra/t at t1e
at0osp1ere o/ a contr*, t1e law o/ t1at
contr*doesnot(overnnlesst1ecri0e
a//ectst1enationalsecrit*.
%2+ Relative .1eor* C .1e s)Aacent state
exercisesArisdictionover itsat0osp1ere
onl* to t1e extent t1at it can e//ectivel*
exercise control t1ereo/. .1e Relative
.1eor*
-nder t1is t1eor*, i/ a cri0e was
co00ittedonanaircra/tw1ic1isalread*
)e*ondt1econtrolo/t1es)Aacentstate,
t1e cri0inal law o/ t1at state will not
(overn an*0ore. "t i/ t1e cri0e is
co00itted in an aircra/t wit1in t1e
at0osp1ereover a s)Aacentstate w1ic1
exercisescontrol,t1enitscri0inallawwill
(overn.
%:+ A)solte.1eor*C.1es)Aacentstate1as
co0pleteArisdictionovert1eat0osp1ere
a)oveits)Aectonl*toinnocentpassa(e
)*aircra/to//orei(ncontr*.
-ndert1ist1eor*,i/t1ecri0eisco00itted
inanaircra/t,no0atter1ow1i(1,aslon(
as it can esta)lis1 t1at it is wit1in t1e
P1ilippineat0osp1ere,P1ilippinecri0inal
lawwill(overn..1isist1et1eor*adopted
)*t1eP1ilippines.
Exceptionstot1eapplicationo/t1eCodeB
%$+ .1eP1ilippines1iporairs1ip0st
)e dl* re(istered nder t1e P1ilippine
laws. Sc1 vessel w1en )e*ond t1e
0ariti0e8oneisconsideredasextension
o/ P1ilippine national territor*. "t i/ said
P1ilippine vessel or aircra/t wit1in t1e
territor* o/ a /orei(n contr* w1en t1e
cri0e is co00itted, t1e laws o/ t1at
contr*willappl*asarle.
%2+ .1e reason /or t1e exception in
pars. 2and: is topreservet1e/inancial
creditandsta)ilit*o/t1estate.
%:+ .1eo//enseco00itted)*ap)lic
o//icera)road,li#et1edis)rsin(o//icialo/
a P1ilippine E0)ass*, 0st re/er to t1e
disc1ar(e o/ 1is /nctions, li#e )ri)er* or
0alversation. .1is exception does not
appl* to p)lic o//icers o/ t1e P1ilippine
(overn0ent w1o enAo* diplo0atic
i00nit* )ecase in sc1 a case t1e
principles o/ p)lic international law will
(overn.
%;+ .1e reason /or t1e exception
re(ardin(cri0esa(ainstnationalsecrit*
andt1elawo/t1enationsistosa/e(ard
t1eexistenceo/t1estate.Pirac*istria)le
an*w1ere. Pirac* and 0tin* are cri0es
a(ainst t1e law o/ nations, w1ile treason
and espiona(e are cri0es a(ainst t1e
nationalsecrit*o/t1estate.
Prospectivit*/irretrospectivit*
/#0 No ex post /acto law or )ill o/
attainder s1all )e enacted %Sec. 22, Art.
III,Constittion+.
/!0 Penal Laws s1all 1ave a
retroactivee//ectinso/arast1e*/avort1e
persons (ilt* o/ a /elon*, w1o is not a
1a)italcri0inal,ast1ister0isde/inedin
Rle9o/ArticleD2o/t1isCode,alt1o(1
att1eti0eo/t1ep)licationo/sc1laws
B a r E x a m s
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a/inalsentence1as)eenprononcedand
t1e convict is servin( t1e sa0e %Art. 22,
RPC+.
/20 No /elon* s1all )e pnis1a)le )*
an*penalt*notprescri)ed)*lawpriorto
itsco00ission%Art.2$,RPC+.
/.0 Laws s1all 1ave no retroactive
e//ect,nlesst1econtrar*isprovided%Art.
;,NCC+.
%9+ Doctrinal application o/ t1e
prospectivit*rleB
/a0 .1e prospectivit* rle applies to
ad0inistrativerlin(sandcirclars,andto
Adicial decisions w1ic1 t1o(1 not laws,
areevidenceo/w1att1elaws0ean..1s
nder Art. E, NCC, Adicial decisions
appl*in(t1elawsort1eConstittion/or0
part o/ t1e le(al s*ste0. Le(is
interpretation le(is i0 o)tinet. .1is is
especiall* tre in t1e constrction and
application o/ cri0inal laws, w1ere it is
necessar*t1att1epnis1a)ilit*o/anact
)e reasona)l* /oreseen /or t1e (idance
o/societ*.
/b0 Lex prospicit, non respicit. .1e
law loo#s /orward, not )ac#ward. .1e
rationalea(ainstretroactivit*ist1atalaw
sall* derides ri(1ts w1ic1 0a* 1ave
alread* )eco0e vested or i0pairs t1e
o)li(ations o/ contract, 1ence,
constittional. Prior to t1e statte3s
nlli/icationit0st1ave)eenin/orceand
1ad to )e co0plied wit1 %doctrine o/
operative/act+.Itwold)etodeprivet1e
lawo/its7alit*o//airness andAsticei/
t1ere)enoreco(nitiono/w1attranspired
priortosc1adAdication%Covs.CA,?R
$>>FFD,$>/2E/':+.
Actsor o0issionswill onl* )e s)Aect to a penal
law i/ t1e* are co00itted a/ter a penal law 1ad
alread* ta#en e//ect. 5ice&versa, t1is act or
o0ission w1ic1 1as )een co00itted )e/ore t1e
e//ectivit*o/apenallawcoldnot)epenali8ed)*
sc1 penal law )ecase penal laws operate onl*
prospectivel*.
In so0e text)oo#s, an exe0ption is said to exist
w1ent1epenallawis/avora)letot1eo//ender,in
w1ic1 case it wold 1ave retroactive application6
provided t1at t1e o//ender is not a 1a)ital
delin7ent and t1ere is no provision in t1e law
a(ainstitsretroactiveapplication.
.1e exception w1ere a penal law 0a* )e (iven
retroactiveapplicationistreonl*wit1arepealin(
law. I/ it is an ori(inal penal law, t1at exception
canneveroperate. W1atisconte0plated)*t1e
exceptionist1att1ereisanori(inallawandt1ere
isarepealin(lawrepealin(t1eori(inallaw. Itis
t1e repealin( law t1at 0a* )e (iven retroactive
applicationtot1osew1oviolatedt1eori(inallaw,i/
t1e repealin( penal law is 0ore /avora)le to t1e
o//enderw1oviolatedt1eori(inallaw. I/t1ereis
onl* one penal law, it can never )e (iven
retroactivee//ect.
Rleo/prospectivit*alsoappliestoad0inistrative
rlin(s and circlars. In Co v. CA, decided on
!cto)er2E,$'':, itwas1eldt1att1eprincipleo/
prospectivit* o/ stattes also applies to
ad0inistrativerlin(sandcirclars. Int1iscase,
Circlar No. ; o/ t1e Ministr* o/ Gstice, dated
Dece0)er $9, $'E$, provides t1at Hw1ere t1e
c1ec# is issed as part o/ an arran(e0ent to
(aranteeorsecret1epa*0ento/ano)li(ation,
w1et1er pre&existin( or not, t1e drawer is not
cri0inall* lia)le /or eit1er esta/a or violation o/
"P22.I S)se7entl*, t1e ad0inistrative
interpretation o/wasreversedin Circlar No.$2,
issedonA(stE,$'E;,sc1t1att1eclai0t1at
t1ec1ec#wasissedasa(aranteeorparto/an
arran(e0enttosecreano)li(ationorto/acilitate
collection, is no lon(er a valid de/ense /or t1e
prosectiono/"P22. 4ence,itwasrledinJe
v.Peoplet1atac1ec#issed0erel*to(arantee
t1eper/or0anceo/ano)li(ationis,nevert1eless,
covered )* "P 22. "t consistent wit1 t1e
principleo/prospectivit*,t1enewdoctrines1old
not appl* to parties w1o 1ad relied on t1e old
doctrine and acted on t1e /ait1 t1ereo/. No
retrospectivee//ect.
Conse7ences i/ repeal o/ penal law is total or
a)solte
%$+ I/acaseispendin(incortinvolvin(t1e
violation o/ t1e repealed law, t1e sa0e
s1all )e dis0issed, even t1o(1 t1e
accsed 0a* )e a 1a)ital delin7ent.
.1isisso)ecaseallpersonsaccsedo/
acri0earepres0edinnocentntil t1e*
are convicted )* /inal Ad(0ent.
.1ere/ore,t1eaccseds1all)eac7itted.
%2+ I/ a case is alread* decided and t1e
accsed is alread* servin( sentence )*
/inal Ad(0ent, i/ t1e convict is not a
1a)italdelin7ent,t1en1ewill)eentitled
toareleasenlesst1ereisareservation
claseint1epenallawt1atitwillnotappl*
to t1ose servin( sentence at t1e ti0e o/
t1erepeal. "ti/t1ereisnoreservation,
t1ose w1o are not 1a)ital delin7ents
even i/ t1e* are alread* servin( t1eir
sentence will receive t1e )ene/it o/ t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
repealin( law. .1e* are entitled to
release.
.1is does not 0ean t1at i/ t1e* are not
released,t1e*are/reetoescape. I/t1e*
escape,t1e*co00itt1ecri0eo/evasion
o/sentence,eveni/t1ereisno0orele(al
)asis to 1old t1e0 in t1e penitentiar*.
.1is is so )ecase prisoners are
acconta)ilities o/ t1e (overn0ent6 t1e*
are not spposed to step ot si0pl*
)ecaset1eirsentence1asalread*)een,
or t1at t1e law nder w1ic1 t1e* are
sentenced 1as )een declared nll and
void.
I/ t1e* are not disc1ar(ed /ro0
con/ine0ent,apetition/or1a)eascorps
s1old)e/iledtotestt1ele(alit*o/t1eir
continedcon/ine0entinAail.
Conse7encesi/ repeal o/ penal law is partial or
relative
%$+ I/acaseispendin(incortinvolvin(t1e
violation o/ t1e repealed law, and t1e
repealin( law is 0ore /avora)le to t1e
accsed,its1all)et1eoneappliedto1i0.
Sow1et1er1eisa1a)italdelin7entor
not,i/t1ecaseisstillpendin(incort,t1e
repealin( law will )e t1e one to appl*
nless t1ere is a savin( clase in t1e
repealin( law t1at it s1all not appl* to
pendin(caseso/action.
%2+ I/ a case is alread* decided and t1e
accsed is alread* servin( sentence )*
/inalAd(0ent,eveni/t1erepealin(lawis
partialorrelative,t1ecri0estillre0ainsto
)e a cri0e. .1ose w1o are not 1a)ital
delin7entswill)ene/itont1ee//ecto/t1at
repeal,sot1ati/t1erepealis0orelenient
tot1e0,itwill)et1erepealin(lawt1atwill
1ence/ort1appl*tot1e0.
,or exa0ple, nder t1e ori(inal law, t1e
penalt*issix*ears. -ndert1erepealin(
law, it is /or *ears. .1ose convicted
ndert1eori(inallawwill)es)Aectedto
t1e /or&*ear penalt*. .1is retroactive
applicationwillnot)epossi)lei/t1ereisa
savin( clase t1atprovides t1at its1old
not)e(ivenretroactivee//ect.
-nder Article 22, even i/ t1e o//ender is
alread*convictedandservin(sentence,a
laww1ic1is)ene/icials1all)eappliedto
1i0 nless 1e is a 1a)ital delin7ent in
accordancewit1Rle9o/ArticleD2.
Conse7encesi/repealo/penallawisexpressor
i0plied
%$+ I/ a penal law is i0pliedl* repealed, t1e
s)se7entrepealo/t1erepealin(lawwill
revive t1e ori(inal law. So t1e act or
o0issionw1ic1waspnis1edasacri0e
ndert1eori(inal lawwill)erevivedand
t1e sa0e s1all a(ain )e cri0es alt1o(1
drin(t1ei0pliedrepealt1e*0a*not)e
pnis1a)le.
%2+ I/t1erepeal isexpress,t1erepeal o/t1e
repealin(law will notrevivet1e /irst law,
so t1e act or o0ission will no lon(er )e
penali8ed.
.1ese e//ects o/ repeal do not appl* to sel/&
repealin(lawsort1osew1ic11aveato0atic
ter0ination. Anexa0pleist1eRentControl
Law w1ic1 is revived )* Con(ress ever* two
*ears.
W1en t1ere is a repeal, t1e repealin( law
expressest1ele(islativeintentiontodoawa*
wit1 sc1 law, and, t1ere/ore, i0plies a
condonation o/ t1e pnis10ent. Sc1
le(islative intention does not exist in a sel/&
ter0inatin(law)ecaset1erewasnorepeal
atall.
Constittionalli0itationsont1epowero/Con(resstoenactpenallawsint1e"illo/Ri(1ts
E7alprotection
No person s1all )e deprived o/ li/e, li)ert*, or
propert* wit1ot de process o/ law, nor s1all
an*person)edeniedt1ee7alprotectiono/t1e
laws%Sec.$,Art.III+.
%$+ Nopersons1all)e1eldtoanswer/ora
cri0inal o//ensewit1ot deprocess o/
law.
/!0 Inallcri0inalprosections,t1eaccsed
s1all )e pres0ed innocent ntil t1e
contrar* is proved, and s1all enAo* t1e
ri(1tto)e1eard)*1i0sel/andconsel,
to)ein/or0edo/t1enatreandcase
o/t1eaccsationa(ainst1i0,to1avea
speed*, i0partial, and p)lic trial, to
0eett1ewitnesses/aceto/ace,andto
1aveco0plsor*processtosecret1e
attendance o/ witnesses and t1e
prodction o/ evidence in 1is )e1al/.
4owever, a/ter arrai(n0ent, trial 0a*
proceednotwit1standin(t1ea)senceo/
t1eaccsedprovidedt1at1e1as)een
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
dl*noti/iedand1is/ailretoappearis
nAsti/ia)le%Sec.$;,Art.III+.
/20 Nopersonorclasso/personss1all )e
deprived to t1e sa0e protection o/ t1e
lawsw1ic1isenAo*ed)*ot1erpersons
orot1erclassesint1esa0eplaceand
in li#e circ0stances %.olentino vs.
"oard o/ Accontanc*+. ,or
classi/icationto)ereasona)le,it0stB
%a+ Restons)stantialdistinctions6
%)+ ?er0anetot1eprposeo/t1elaw6
%c+ Not li0ited to existin( conditions
onl*6
%d+ Appl*e7all*toall0e0)erso/t1e
sa0eclass.
Deprocess
.1e law 0st o)serve )ot1 s)stantive and
procedraldeprocess%Sec.$,Art.III+.
Nopersons1all)e1eldtoanswer/oracri0inal
o//ensewit1otdeprocesso/law%Sec.$;<$=,
Art.III+.
.osatis/*deprocess,o//icial actions0st)e
responsivetot1espre0ac*o/reasonsandt1e
dictateso/Astice%RelcioIIIvs.Macarae(,Gr.,
F: SCRA D:9+. It is satis/ied i/ t1e /ollowin(
conditionsarepresentB
%$+ .1ere0st)eacortortri)nalclot1ed
wit1 Adicial power to 1ear and
deter0inet1e0atter)e/oreit6
%2+ Grisdiction0st)elaw/ll*ac7ired)*
it over t1e person o/ t1e de/endant or
overt1epropert*w1ic1ist1es)Aecto/
proceedin(s6
%:+ .1e de/endant 0st )e (iven an
opportnit*to1e1eard6
/.0 Gd(0ent 0st )e rendered law/l
1earin(%"ancoEspaKolde,ilipinasvs.
Palanes,:FP1il.'2$+.
In cri0inal proceedin(s, de process re7ires
t1at t1e accsed )e in/or0ed w1* 1e is )ein(
proceeded a(ainst and w1at c1ar(e 1e 1as to
0eet,wit11isconviction)ein(0adetoreston
evidencet1atisnottaintedwit1/alsit*a/ter/ll
opportnit*/or1i0tore)titandt1esentence
)ein(i0posedinaccordancewit1avalidlaw.It
isass0ed,t1ere/ore,t1att1ecortt1atrenders
t1e decision is one o/ co0petent Arisdiction
%An(.i)a*vs.CA,D'P1il.D:9+.
Non&i0positiono/crelandnsalpnis10ent
orexcessive/ines&ActPro1i)itin(t1e
I0positiono/Deat1Penalt*int1eP1ilippines
%R.A.':;D+
/#0 Excessive /ines s1all not )e i0posed,
norcrel,de(radin(orin10anpnis10ent
in/licted. Neit1er s1all deat1 penalt* )e
i0posed, nless, /or co0pellin( reasons
involvin( 1einos cri0es, t1e Con(ress
1erea/ter provides /or it. An* deat1 penalt*
alread* i0posed s1all )e redced to
reclsionperpeta%Sec.$',Art.III+.
%2+ .1e e0plo*0ent o/ p1*sical,
ps*c1olo(ical, or de(radin( pnis10ent
a(ainstan*prisonerordetaineeort1ese
o/s)standardorinade7atepenal/acilities
nder s)10an conditions s1all )e dealt
wit1)*law.
/20 .1ei0positiono/t1epenalt*o/deat1is
1ere)* pro1i)ited. Accordin(l*, RA E$FF
%Act Desi(natin( Deat1 )* Let1al InAection+
is1ere)*repealed.RAFD9'%Deat1Penalt*
Law+ and all ot1er laws, exective orders
and decrees, inso/ar as t1e* i0pose t1e
deat1 penalt* are 1ere)* repealed or
a0endedaccordin(l*%Sec.$,RA':;D+.
"illo/attainder
/#0 Noexpost/actolawor)ill o/attainder
s1all )e enacted %Sec. 22, Art. III,
Constittion+.
/!0 A)illo/attainderappliesonl*tostattes
and a statte )eco0es a )ill o/ attainder
w1en it applies eit1er to na0ed individals
or to easil* ascertaina)le 0e0)ers o/ a
(rop in/lictin( pnis10ent on t1e0
a0ontin(toadeprivationo/an*ri(1t,civil
or political, wit1ot Adicial trial. Stated
ot1erwise,t1esin(lin(oto/ade/initeclass,
t1e i0position o/ a )rden on it, and a
le(islative intent, s//ice to sti(0ati8e a
statte as a )ill o/ attainder %Monte(ro vs.
CastaKeda,'$P1il.EE2+.
%:+ A )ill o/ attainder is a le(islative act
w1ic1 in/licts pnis10ent wit1ot trial6 t1e
essence o/ w1ic1 is t1e s)stantial
le(islative/iat/oraAdicialdeter0inationo/
(ilt.
Expost/actolaw
/#0 Penalties t1at 0a* )e i0posed. @ No
/elon* s1all )e pnis1a)le )* an* penalt*
notprescri)ed)*lawpriortoitsco00ission
%Art.2$,RPC+.
/!0 C1aracteristicso/expost/actolawB
%a+ Re/erstocri0inal0atters6
%)+ PreAdicialtot1eaccsed6
%c+ Retroactiveinapplication.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
/20 A law to )e called ex post /acto 0st
re/er to penal 0atters, retroactive in
applicationandpreAdicialtot1eaccsed.
/.0 Expost/actolawisonew1ic1B
%a+ Provides/ort1ein/lictiono/pnis10ent
pon a person /or an act done w1ic1,
w1enitwasco00itted,wasinnocent6
%)+ A((ravatesacri0eor0a#esit(reater
t1anw1enitwasco00itted6
%c+ C1an(es t1e pnis10ent or in/licts a
(reater pnis10ent t1an t1e law
annexed to t1e cri0e w1en it was
co00itted6
%d+ C1an(es t1e rles o/ evidence and
receiveslessordi//erenttesti0on*t1en
was re7ired at t1e ti0e o/ t1e
co00ission o/ t1e o//ense in order to
convictt1eo//ender6
%e+ Ass0in( to re(late civil ri(1ts and
re0edies onl*, in e//ect i0poses a
penalt* or t1e disposition o/ a ri(1t
w1ic1w1endonewaslaw/l6
%/+ Deprivest1epersonsaccsedo/cri0e
o/so0elaw/l protectiontow1ic1t1e*
1ave )eco0e entitled, sc1 as t1e
protection o/ a /or0er conviction or
ac7ittal, or o/ t1e procla0ation o/
a0nest*6
/g0 In relation to t1e o//ense or its
conse7ences, alters t1e sitation o/ a
personto1isdisadvanta(e.
2.,EL!NIES
Art.:.De/initions.@Actsando0issionspnis1a)le)*laware/elonies%delitos+.
,eloniesareco00ittednotonl*)e0eanso/deceit%dolo+)talso)*0eanso//alt%clpa+.
.1ereisdeceitw1ent1eactisper/or0edwit1deli)erateintentandt1ereis/altw1ent1ewron(/l
actreslts/ro0i0prdence,ne(li(ence,lac#o//oresi(1t,orlac#o/s#ill.
CLASSI,ICA.I!NS!,,EL!NIES
%$+ Accordin(tot1e0annero/t1eirco00ission
-nder Article :, t1e* are classi/ied as,
intentional /elonies or t1ose co00itted wit1
deli)erate intent6 and clpa)le /elonies or
t1ose resltin( /ro0 ne(li(ence, rec#less
i0prdence,lac#o//oresi(1torlac#o/s#ill.
%2+ Accordin(tot1esta(eso/t1eirexection
-nder Article D., /elonies are classi/ied as
atte0pted /elon* w1en t1e o//ender
co00ences t1e co00ission o/ a /elon*
directl*)*overtacts,anddoesnotper/or0all
t1e acts o/ exection w1ic1 s1old prodce
t1e /elon* )* reason o/ so0e case or
accident ot1er t1an 1is own spontaneos
desistance6 /rstrated /elon* w1en t1e
o//ender co00ences t1e co00ission o/ a
/elon* as a conse7ence )t w1ic1 wold
prodce t1e /elon* as a conse7ence )t
w1ic1nevert1elessdonotprodcet1e/elon*
)* reason o/ cases independent o/ t1e
perpetrator6 and, cons00ated /elon* w1en
all t1e ele0ents necessar* /or its exection
arepresent.
%:+ Accordin(tot1eir(ravit*
-nder Article ', /elonies are classi/ied as
(rave/eloniesort1osetow1ic1attac1est1e
capitalpnis10entorpenaltiesw1ic1inan*o/
t1eirperiodsarea//lictive6less(rave/elonies
or t1ose to w1ic1 t1e law pnis1es wit1
penaltiesw1ic1in t1eir0axi00periodwas
correccional6 and li(1t /elonies or t1ose
in/ractionso/law/ort1eco00issiono/w1ic1
t1epenalt*isarresto0enor.
Itisnecessar*todeter0inew1et1ert1ecri0eis
(rave, less (rave or li(1t to deter0ine w1et1er
t1ese /elonies can )e co0plexed or not, and to
deter0ine t1e prescription o/ t1e cri0e and t1e
prescriptiono/t1epenalt*. Inot1erwords,t1ese
are /elonies classi/ied accordin( to t1eir (ravit*,
sta(es and t1e penalt* attac1ed to t1e0. .a#e
notet1atw1ent1eRevisedPenalCodespea#so/
(raveandless(rave/elonies,t1ede/inition0a#es
are/erencespeci/icall*toArticle29o/t1eRevised
Penal Code. Do not o0it t1e p1rase HIn
accordancewit1Article29I)ecaset1ereisalsoa
classi/icationo/penaltiesnderArticle2Dt1atwas
notapplied.
I/t1epenalt*is/ineandexactl*P2>>.>>,itisonl*
consideredali(1t/elon*nderArticle'.
I/t1e/ineisi0posedasanalternativepenalt*or
as a sin(le penalt*, t1e /ine o/ P2>>.>> is
consideredacorrectionalpenalt*nderArticle2D.
I/t1epenalt*isexactl*P2>>.>>,appl*Article2D.
It is considered as correctional penalt* and it
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
prescri)es in $> *ears. I/ t1e o//ender is
appre1endedatan*ti0ewit1inten*ears,1ecan
)e0adetos//ert1e/ine.
.1isclassi/icationo//elon*accordin(to(ravit*is
i0portant wit1 respect to t1e 7estion o/
prescriptiono/cri0es.
In t1e case o/ li(1t /elonies, cri0es prescri)e in
two0ont1s.A/tertwo0ont1s,t1estatelosest1e
ri(1t to prosecte nless t1e rnnin( period is
sspended. I/ t1e o//ender escapes w1ile in
detention a/ter 1e 1as )een loose,, i/ t1ere was
alread* Ad(0ent t1at was passed, it can )e
pro0l(atedeveni/a)sentndert1eNewRles
onCri0inalProcedre.I/t1ecri0eiscorrectional,
it prescri)es in ten *ears, except arresto 0a*or,
w1ic1prescri)esin/ive*ears.
ELEMEN.S!,CRIMINALLIA"ILI.L
Art.;.Cri0inallia)ilit*.@Cri0inallia)ilit*
s1all)eincrredB
$."*an*personco00ittin(a/elon*%delito+
alt1o(1 t1e wron(/l act done )e
di//erent/ro0t1atw1ic11eintended.
2. "* an* person per/or0in( an act w1ic1
wold )e an o//ense a(ainst persons or
propert*, were it not /or t1e in1erent
i0possi)ilit* o/ its acco0plis10ent or an
acconto/t1ee0plo*0ento/inade7ate
orine//ectal0eans.
/#0 .1e rationale o/ t1e rle is /ond in t1e
doctrine, el 7e es casa de la casa es
casadel0alcasado %4ew1oist1ecase
o/t1ecaseist1ecaseo/t1eevilcased+.
%2+ Ele0entsB
%a+ A/elon*isco00itted6
%)+ .1e wron( done 0st )e t1e direct,
natral and lo(ical conse7ence o/
/elon* co00itted even t1o(1
di//erent/ro0t1atintended.
Article ;, para(rap1 $ prespposes t1at t1e act
doneist1eproxi0atecaseo/t1eresltin(/elon*.
It 0st )e t1e direct, natral, and lo(ical
conse7enceo/t1e/eloniosact.
Proxi0ate case is t1at case w1ic1 sets into
0otion ot1er casesand w1ic1n)ro#en )* an*
e//icient spervenin( case prodces a /elon*
wit1otw1ic1sc1/elon*coldnot1avereslted.
4ew1oist1ecaseo/t1ecaseist1eevilo/t1e
case.Asa(eneralrle,t1eo//enderiscri0inall*
lia)le/orallt1econse7enceso/1is/eloniosact,
alt1o(1 not intended, i/ t1e /elonios act is t1e
proxi0atecaseo/t1e/elon*orresltin(/elon*.
A proxi0ate case is not necessaril* t1e
i00ediate case. .1is 0a* )e a case w1ic1 is
/arandre0ote/ro0t1econse7encew1ic1sets
into 0otion ot1er cases w1ic1 reslted in t1e
/elon*.
Wron(/l act done )e di//erent /ro0 w1at was
intended
W1at 0a#es t1e /irst para(rap1 o/ Article ;
con/sin( is t1e 7ali/ication Halt1o(1 t1e
wron(/l act done )e di//erent /ro0 w1at was
intendedI. .1ere are t1ree sitations
conte0platednderpara(rap1$o/Article;B
%$+ A)erratioictsor0ista#eint1e)low6
%2+ Error in personae or 0ista#e in identit*6
and
%:+ Praeter intentione0 or w1ere t1e
conse7enceexceededt1eintention.
A)errationicts
%$+ In a)erratio icts, a person directed t1e
)lowatanintendedvicti0,)t)ecaseo/
poorai0, t1at )lowlanded onso0e)od*
else. In a)erratio icts, t1e intended
victi0aswellast1eactalvicti0are)ot1
att1esceneo/t1ecri0e.
%2+ Distin(is1 t1is /ro0 error in personae,
w1ere t1e victi0 actall* received t1e
)low,)t1ewas0ista#en/oranot1erw1o
was not at t1e scene o/ t1e cri0e. .1e
distinction is i0portant )ecase t1e le(al
e//ectsarenott1esa0e.
%:+ Ina)erratioicts,t1eo//enderdeliverst1e
)low pon t1e intended victi0, )t
)ecase o/ poor ai0 t1e )low landed on
so0e)od* else. Lo 1ave a co0plex
cri0e,nlesst1eresltin(conse7enceis
not a (rave or less (rave /elon*. Lo
1aveasin(leactasa(ainstt1eintended
victi0 and also (ivin( rise to anot1er
/elon*asa(ainstt1eactalvicti0..o)e
0ore speci/ic, let s ta#e /or exa0ple A
and".Aand"areene0ies.Assoonas
A saw " at a distance, A s1ot at ".
4owever,)ecaseo/poorai0,itwasnot
"w1owas1it)tC.Locanreadil*see
t1att1ereisonl*onesin(leactCt1eacto/
/irin(at".Inso/aras"isconcerned,t1e
cri0e at least is atte0pted 1o0icide or
atte0pted0rder,ast1ecase0a*)e,i/
t1ere is an* 7ali/*in( circ0stance. As
/arast1et1irdpart*Cisconcerned,i/C
were #illed, cri0e is 1o0icide. I/ C was
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
onl* wonded, t1e cri0e is onl* p1*sical
inAries. Lo cannot 1ave atte0pted or
/rstrated1o0icideor0rderas/arasC
is concerned, )ecase as /ar as C is
concern,t1ereisnointentto#ill.As/aras
t1at ot1er victi0 is concerned, onl*
p1*sical inAries C serios or less serios
orsli(1t.
%;+ I/t1eresltin(p1*sicalinArieswereonl*
sli(1t, t1en *o cannot co0plex6 *o will
1ave one prosection /or t1e atte0pted
1o0icide or 0rder, and anot1er
prosection /or sli(1t p1*sical inAries /or
t1e innocent part*. "t i/ t1e innocent
part* was seriosl* inAred or less
seriosl* inAred, t1en *o 1ave anot1er
(rave or less (rave /elon* resltin( /ro0
t1esa0eactw1ic1(averisetoatte0pted
1o0icide or 0rder a(ainst "6 1ence, a
co0plexcri0e.
%9+ In ot1er words, a)erratio icts, (enerall*
(ivesrisetoaco0plexcri0e..1is)ein(
so,t1epenalt*/ort1e0oreserioscri0e
isi0posedint1e0axi00period..1isis
t1e le(al e//ect. .1e onl* ti0e w1en a
co0plexcri0e0a*notresltina)erratio
ictsisw1enoneo/t1eresltin(/elonies
isali(1t/elon*.
Errorinpersonae
%$+ In error in personae, t1e intended victi0
wasnotatt1esceneo/t1ecri0e. Itwas
t1eactalvicti0ponw1o0t1e)lowwas
directed, )t 1e was not reall* t1e
intended victi0. .1ere was reall* a
0ista#einidentit*.
/!0 .1is is ver* i0portant)ecaseArticle;'
appliesonl*inacaseo/errorinpersonae
andnotinacaseo/a))eratioicts.
%:+ In Article ;', w1en t1e cri0e intended is
0ore serios t1an t1e cri0e actall*
co00ittedorvice&versa,w1ic1evercri0e
carriest1elesserpenalt*,t1atpenalt*will
)et1eonei0posed."titwill)ei0posed
int1e0axi00period.,orinstance,t1e
o//enderintendedtoco00it1o0icide,)t
w1atwasactall*co00ittedwit1parricide
)ecase t1e person 1e #illed )* 0ista#e
was so0e)od* related to 1i0 wit1in t1e
de(reeo/relations1ipinparricide.Insc1
acase, t1eo//ender will )e c1ar(ed wit1
parricide, )t t1e penalt* t1at wold )e
i0posedwill )et1ato/1o0icide. .1isis
)ecase nder Article ;', t1e penalt* /or
t1elessercri0ewill)et1eonei0posed,
w1atevercri0et1eo//enderisprosected
nder. In an* event, t1e o//ender is
prosected/ort1ecri0eco00ittednot/or
t1ecri0eintended.
Praeterintentione0
/#0 In People v. ?aco(o, 9: P1il 92;, two
persons 7arreled. .1e* 1ad /ist )lows.
.1eot1erstartedtornawa*and?aco(o
wenta/ter1i0,strc#1i0wit1a/ist)low
at t1e )ac# o/ t1e 1ead. "ecase t1e
victi0wasrnnin(,1elost)alance,1e/ell
ont1epave0entand1is1eadstrc#t1e
ce0ent pave0ent. 4e s//ered cere)ral
1e0orr1a(e. Alt1o(1 ?aco(o clai0ed
t1at 1e 1ad no intention o/ #illin( t1e
victi0,1isclai0isseless.Intentto#illis
onl*relevantw1ent1evicti0didnotdie.
.1isisso)ecaset1eprposeo/intentto
#illistodi//erentiatet1ecri0eo/p1*sical
inAries /ro0 t1e cri0e o/ atte0pted
1o0icide or atte0pted 0rder or
/rstrated 1o0icide or /rstrated 0rder.
"t once t1e victi0 is dead, *o do not
tal# o/ intent to #ill an*0ore. .1e )est
evidence o/ intent to #ill is t1e /act t1at
victi0 was #illed. Alt1o(1 ?aco(o was
convicted/or1o0icide/ort1edeat1o/t1e
person, 1e was (iven t1e )ene/it o/
para(rap1:o/Article$:,t1atis,Mt1att1e
o//enderdidnotintendtoco00itso(rave
awron(ast1atco00ittedI.
/!0 .1is is t1e conse7ence o/ praeter
intentione0. Ins1ort,praeterintentione0
is 0iti(atin(, particlarl* covered )*
para(rap1 : o/ Article $:. In order
1owever,t1att1esitation0a*7ali/*as
praeter intentione0, t1ere 0st )e a
nota)le disparit* )etween t1e 0eans
e0plo*edandt1eresltin(/elon*.I/t1ere
is no disparit* )etween t1e 0eans
e0plo*ed)*t1eo//enderandt1eresltin(
/elon*, t1is circ0stance cannot )e
availedo/. Itcannot)eacaseo/praeter
intentione0 )ecase t1e intention o/ a
person is deter0ined /ro0 t1e 0eans
resortedto)*1i0inco00ittin(t1ecri0e.
IMP!SSI"LECRIME
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
/#0 Ani0possi)lecri0eisanactw1ic1wold
)e an o//ense a(ainst person or propert*
wereitnot/ort1ein1erenti0possi)ilit*o/
its acco0plis10ent or on accont o/ t1e
e0plo*0ent o/ inade7ate or ine//ectal
0eans.
%2+ Accsedwasa1ose)o*ina1osew1ere
onl*aspinsterresides. Itiscsto0ar*/or
t1e spinster to sleep nde )ecase 1er
roo0 was war0. It was also t1e 1a)it o/
t1e1ose)o*t1atw1enevers1eenters1er
roo0,t1e1ose)o*wold/ollowandpee#
into t1e #e*1ole. ,inall*, w1en t1e
1ose)o* cold no lon(er resist t1e r(e,
1ecli0)edintot1eceilin(,wentinsidet1e
roo0o/1is0aster,placed1i0sel/ontopo/
1eranda)sed1er,not#nowin( t1ats1e
was alread* dead /ive 0intes earlier. Is
ani0possi)lecri0eco00ittedN
Les. "e/ore, t1e act per/or0ed )* t1e
o//ender cold not 1ave )een a cri0e
a(ainst person or propert*. .1e act
per/or0ed wold 1ave )een constitted a
cri0e a(ainst c1astit*. An i0possi)le
cri0e is tre onl* i/ t1e act done )* t1e
o//enderconstittesacri0ea(ainstperson
or propert*. 4owever, wit1 t1e new rape
lawa0endin(t1eRevisedPenalCodeand
classi/*in( rape as a cri0e a(ainst
persons, it is now possi)le t1at an
i0possi)le cri0e was co00itted. Note,
1owever, t1at t1e cri0e 0i(1t also /all
nder t1e Revised Ad0inistrative Code C
desecratin(t1edead.
%:+ A was drivin( 1is car arond Roxas
"olevard w1en a person 1itc1ed a ride.
"ecase t1is person was ex7isitel*
dressed, A readil* welco0ed t1e /ellow
inside 1is car and 1e contined drivin(.
W1en 1e reac1ed a 0otel, A sddenl*
swerved 1is car inside. A started #issin(
1is passen(er, )t 1e /ond ot t1at 1is
passen(er was not a wo0an )t a 0an,
andso1eps1ed1i0oto/t1ecar,and
(ave1i0/ist)lows.Isani0possi)lecri0e
co00ittedN I/ not, is t1ere an* cri0e
co00ittedatallN
Itcannot)eani0possi)lecri0e,)ecase
t1e act wold 1ave )een a cri0e a(ainst
c1astit*. .1e cri0e is p1*sical inAries or
acts o/ lasciviosness, i/ t1is was done
a(ainst t1e will o/ t1e passen(er. .1ere
are two wa*s o/ co00ittin( acts o/
lasciviosness. -nder Article ::D, w1ere
t1eactso/lasciviosnesswereco00itted
nder circ0stances o/ rape, 0eanin( to
sa*, t1ere is e0plo*0ent o/ violence or
inti0idation or t1e victi0 is deprived o/
reason. Even i/ t1e victi0 is a 0an, t1e
cri0e o/ acts o/ lasciviosness is
co00itted. .1is is a cri0e t1at is not
li0itedtoavicti0w1oisawo0an.Actso/
lasciviosness re7ire a victi0 to )e a
wo0an onl* w1en it is co00itted nder
circ0stances o/ sedction. I/ it is
co00itted nder t1e circ0stances o/
rape,t1evicti00a*)ea0anorawo0an.
.1eessenceo/ani0possi)lecri0eist1e
in1erent i0possi)ilit* o/ acco0plis1in( t1e
cri0e or t1e in1erent i0possi)ilit* o/ t1e
0eanse0plo*edto)rin(a)ott1ecri0e.
W1en we sa* in1erent i0possi)ilit*, t1is
0eans t1at nder an* and all
circ0stances, t1e cri0e cold not 1ave
0ateriali8ed. I/ t1e cri0e cold 1ave
0ateriali8ed nder a di//erent set o/ /acts,
e0plo*in(t1esa0e0eanort1esa0eact,
itisnotani0possi)lecri0e6itwold)ean
atte0pted/elon*.
%;+ -nder Article ;, para(rap1 2, i0possi)le
cri0e is tre onl* w1en t1e cri0e
co00ittedwold1ave)eena(ainstperson
or a(ainst propert*. It is, t1ere/ore,
i0portant to #now w1at are t1e cri0es
nder.itle5III,a(ainstpersonsandt1ose
a(ainst propert* nder .itle O. An
i0possi)lecri0eistreonl*toan*o/t1ose
cri0es.
S.A?ES!,EOEC-.I!N
Art. D. Cons00ated, /rstrated,
and atte0pted /elonies. @
Cons00ated /elonies as well
as t1ose w1ic1 are /rstrated
andatte0pted,arepnis1a)le.
A/elon*iscons00atedw1en
all t1e ele0ents necessar* /or
its exection and
acco0plis10ent are present6
and it is /rstrated w1en t1e
o//enderper/or0sallt1eactso/
exectionw1ic1woldprodce
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1e /elon* as a conse7ence
)tw1ic1,nevert1eless,donot
prodceit)*reasono/cases
independent o/ t1e will o/ t1e
perpetrator.
.1ere is an atte0pt w1en t1e
o//ender co00ences t1e
co00ission o/ a /elon* directl*
or over acts, and does not
per/or0allt1eactso/exection
w1ic1s1oldprodcet1e/elon*
)* reason o/ so0e case or
accident ot1er t1an t1is own
spontaneosdesistance.
Art. F. W1en li(1t /elonies are
pnis1a)le.@Li(1t/eloniesare
pnis1a)leonl*w1ent1e*1ave
)een cons00ated, wit1 t1e
exception o/ t1ose co00itted
a(ainstpersonorpropert*.
.1eclassi/icationo/sta(eso/a/elon*inArticle
D are tre onl* to cri0es nder t1e Revised
Penal Code. .1is does not appl* to cri0es
pnis1ed nder special laws. "t even certain
cri0es w1ic1 are pnis1ed nder t1e Revised
PenalCodedonotad0ito/t1esesta(es.
.1eprpose o/ classi/*in(penaltiesis to )rin(
a)ot a proportionate penalt* and e7ita)le
pnis10ent. .1e penalties are (radated
accordin(tot1eirde(reeo/severit*..1esta(es
0a*notappl*toall#indso//elonies..1ereare
/eloniesw1ic1donotad0ito/division.
,or0alcri0es
,or0al cri0es are cri0es w1ic1 are
cons00atedinoneinstance. ,orexa0ple,in
oral de/a0ation, t1ere is no atte0pted oral
de/a0ation or /rstrated oral de/a0ation6 it is
alwa*sint1econs00atedsta(e.
Soalso,inille(alexactionnderArticle2$:isa
cri0e co00itted w1en a p)lic o//icer w1o is
at1ori8ed to collect taxes, licenses or i0pose
/or t1e (overn0ent, s1all de0and an a0ont
)i((er t1an or di//erent /ro0 w1at t1e law
at1ori8es1i0tocollect. -nders)&para(rap1
ao/Article2$:onIlle(alexaction,t1elawses
t1ewordHde0andin(I. Mere de0andin(o/ an
a0ont di//erent /ro0 w1at t1e law at1ori8es
1i0tocollectwillalread*cons00ateacri0e,
w1et1er t1e taxpa*er pa*s t1e a0ont )ein(
de0andedornot.Pa*0ento/t1ea0ont)ein(
de0andedisnotessentialtot1econs00ation
o/t1ecri0e.
.1edi//erence)etweent1eatte0ptedsta(eand
t1e/rstratedsta(eliesonw1et1ert1eo//ender
1as per/or0ed all t1e acts o/ exection /or t1e
acco0plis10ento/a/elon*.Literall*,ndert1e
article,i/t1eo//ender1asper/or0edallt1eacts
o/exectionw1ic1s1oldprodcet1e/elon*as
aconse7ence)tt1e/elon*wasnotreali8ed,
t1ent1ecri0eisalread*int1e/rstratedsta(e.
I/t1eo//ender1asnot*etper/or0edallt1eacts
o/ exection C t1ere is *et so0et1in( to )e
per/or0ed C )t 1e was not a)le to per/or0 all
t1e acts o/ exection de to so0e case or
accident ot1er t1an 1is own spontaneos
desistance,t1en*o1aveanatte0pted/elon*.
Lowill noticet1att1e/elon*)e(insw1ent1e
o//enderper/or0sanovertact.Notan*actwill
0ar#t1e)e(innin(o/a/elon*,andt1ere/ore,i/
t1e act so /ar )ein( done does not )e(in a
/elon*,cri0inallia)ilit*correspondin(l*doesnot
)e(in. Incri0inallaw,t1ereissc1at1in(as
preparator*act. .1eseactsdonot(iveriseto
cri0inallia)ilit*.
An overt act is t1at act w1ic1 i/ allowed to
contine in its natral corse wold de/initel*
resltintoa/elon*.
In t1e atte0pted sta(e, t1e de/inition ses t1e
word Hdirectl*I. .1is is si(ni/icant. In t1e
atte0ptedsta(e,t1eactsso/arper/or0ed0a*
alread*)eacri0eorit0a*)eAstanin(redient
o/ anot1er cri0e. .1e word Mdirectl*3M
e0p1asi8est1ere7ire0entt1att1eatte0pted
/elon*ist1atw1ic1isdirectl*lin#edtot1eovert
actper/or0ed)*t1eo//ender,nott1e/elon*1e
1asin1is0ind.
Incri0inallaw,*oarenotallowedtospeclate,
nottoi0a(inew1atcri0eisintended,)tappl*
t1eprovisionso/t1elawo/t1e/acts(iven.
W1en a person starts enterin( t1e dwellin( o/
anot1er,t1atactisalread*trespassin(."tt1e
act o/ enterin( is an in(redient o/ ro))er* wit1
/orcepont1in(s.Locoldonl*1old1i0lia)le
/or atte0pted ro))er* w1en 1e 1as alread*
co0pleted all acts per/or0ed )* 1i0 directl*
leadin(toro))er*..1eacto/enterin(aloneis
not *et indicative o/ ro))er* alt1o(1 t1at 0a*
)ew1at1e0a*1aveplannedtoco00it.Inlaw,
t1eatte0ptedsta(eisonl*t1atovertactw1ic1
is directl* lin#ed to t1e /elon* intended to )e
co00itted.
In -S v. Na0aAa, t1e accsed was arrested
w1ile 1e was detac1in( so0e o/ t1e wood
panelso/astore.4ewasalread*a)letodetac1
two wood panels. .o a la*0an, t1e onl*
conclsiont1atwillco0eto*or0indist1att1is
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
/ellow started to enter t1e store to steal
so0et1in(.4ewoldnot)et1ereAsttosleep
t1ere. "t in cri0inal law, since t1e act o/
re0ovin( t1e panel indicates onl* at 0ost t1e
intentiontoenter.4ecanonl*)eprosected/or
trespass..1ere0ovalo/t1epanellin(isAstan
atte0pt to trespass, not an atte0pt to ro).
Alt1o(1,Na0aAawasprosected/oratte0pted
ro))er*, t1e Spre0e Cort 1eld it is onl*
atte0pted trespass )ecase t1at is t1e cri0e
t1atcan)edirectl*lin#edto1isacto/re0ovin(
t1ewoodpanel.
.1ereareso0eactsw1ic1arein(redientso/a
certain cri0e, )t w1ic1 are, )* t1e0selves,
alread*cri0inalo//enses.
In a)dction, *or desire 0a* lead to acts o/
lasciviosness. In so /ar t1e wo0an )ein(
carried is concerned, s1e 0a* alread* )e t1e
victi0 o/ lascivios acts. .1e cri0e is not
atte0pteda)dction)tactso/lasciviosness.
Loonl*1old1i0lia)le/oranatte0pt,so/aras
cold)ereasona)l*lin#edtot1eovertactdone
)* 1i0. Do not (o /ar and i0a(ine w1at *o
s1olddo.
Desistance
Desistance on t1eparto/ t1e o//ender ne(ates
cri0inal lia)ilit* in t1e atte0pted sta(e.
Desistanceistreonl*int1eatte0ptedsta(eo/
t1e/elon*. I/ndert1ede/initiono/t1e/elon*,
t1eactdoneisalread*int1e/rstratedsta(e,no
a0ont o/ desistance will ne(ate cri0inal
lia)ilit*.
.1e spontaneos desistance o/ t1e o//ender
ne(ates onl* t1e atte0pted sta(e )t not
necessaril* all cri0inal lia)ilit*. Even t1o(1
t1erewasdesistanceont1eparto/t1eo//ender,
i/t1edesistancewas0adew1enactsdone)*
1i0 alread* reslted to a /elon*, t1at o//ender
willstill)ecri0inall*lia)le/ort1e/elon*)ro(1t
a)ot 1is act. W1at is ne(ated is onl* t1e
atte0ptedsta(e,)tt1ere0a*)eot1er/elon*
constittin(1isact.
IllstrationsB
A/iredat"and"was1itont1es1older. "t
"Pswondwasnot0ortal.W1atAt1endidwas
toapproac1",andtold",HNow*oaredead,I
will #ill *o.I "t A too# pit* and #ept t1e
revolver and le/t. .1e cri0e co00itted is
atte0pted 1o0icide and not p1*sical inAries,
)ecase t1ere was an intention to #ill. .1e
desistancewaswit1t1eseconds1otandwold
nota//ectt1e/irsts1ot)ecaset1e/irsts1ot1ad
alread*1it". .1esecondatte0pt1asnot1in(
todowit1t1e/irst.
In anot1er instance, A 1as a ver* sedctive
nei(1)orint1epersono/".A1adalwa*s)een
loo#in(at"and1adwantedtopossess1er)t
t1eir stats were not t1e sa0e. !ne evenin(,
a/terAsaw "at1er1oseandt1o(1tt1at"
wasalread*asleep,1eenteredt1e1oseo/"
t1ro(1t1ewindowtoa)se1er.4e,1owever,
/ond ot t1at " was nde, so 1e lost interest
andle/t. Cana)eaccsedo/atte0ptedrapeN
No, )ecase t1ere was desistance, w1ic1
prevented t1e cri0e /ro0 )ein( cons00ated.
.1e atte0pted sta(e was erased )ecase t1e
o//ender desisted a/ter 1avin( co00enced t1e
co00issiono/t1e/elon*.
.1e atte0pted /elon* is erased )* desistance
)ecase t1e o//ender spontaneosl* desisted
/ro0prsin(t1eactso/exection.Itdoesnot
0ean, 1owever, t1at t1ere is no 0ore /elon*
co00itted. 4e 0a* )e lia)le /or a
cons00ated /elon* constitted )* 1is act o/
trespassin(.W1enAenteredt1e1oset1ro(1
t1ewindow,w1ic1isnotintended/orentrance,it
isalwa*spres0edto)ea(ainstt1ewillo/t1e
owner. I/t1eo//enderproceededtoa)set1e
wo0an,)tt1elatterscrea0ed,andAwentot
o/t1ewindowa(ain,1ecoldnot)eprosected
/or 7ali/ied trespass. Dwellin( is ta#en as an
a((ravatin( circ0stance so 1e will )e
prosected /or atte0pted rape a((ravated )*
dwellin(.
In decidin( w1et1er a /elon* is atte0pted or
/rstrated or cons00ated, t1ere are t1ree
criteriainvolvedB
%$+ .1e0annero/co00ittin(t1ecri0e6
%2+ .1eele0entso/t1ecri0e6and
%:+ .1enatreo/t1ecri0eitsel/.
Mannero/co00ittin(acri0e
,or exa0ple, let s ta#e t1e cri0e o/ )ri)er*.
Can t1e cri0e o/ /rstrated )ri)er* )e
co00ittedN No. %Incidentall*, t1e co00on
concepto/)ri)er*ist1atitist1eacto/onew1o
corrptsap)lico//icer. Actall*,)ri)er*ist1e
cri0eo/t1ereceivernott1e(iver..1ecri0eo/
t1e(iveriscorrptiono/p)lico//icial."ri)er*is
t1e cri0e o/ t1e p)lic o//icer w1o in
consideration o/ an act 1avin( to do wit1 1is
o//icial dties wold receive so0et1in(, or
acceptan*pro0iseorpresentinconsideration
t1ereo/.+
.1econ/sionarises/ro0t1e/actt1att1iscri0e
re7ires two to co00it && t1e (iver and t1e
receiver..1elawcalledt1ecri0eo/t1e(iveras
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
corrption o/ p)lic o//icial and t1e receiver as
)ri)er*. ?ivin( t1e idea t1at t1ese are
independent cri0es, )t actall*, t1e* cannot
arisewit1ott1eot1er.4ence,i/onl*onesideo/
t1ecri0eispresent,onl*corrption,*ocannot
1ave a cons00ated corrption wit1ot t1e
correspondin( cons00ated )ri)er*. .1ere
cannot )e a cons00ated )ri)er* wit1ot t1e
correspondin( cons00ated corrption. I/ *o
1ave )ri)er* onl*, it is onl* possi)le in t1e
atte0ptedsta(e.I/*o1aveacorrptiononl*,it
is possi)le onl* in t1e atte0pted sta(e. A
corrptor(ives0one*toap)lico//icer/ort1e
latter not to prosecte 1i0. .1e p)lic o//icer
receivedt1e0one*)tAstt1esa0e,arrested
1i0.4ereceivedt1e0one*to1aveevidenceo/
corrption. Do not t1in# t1at )ecase t1e
corrptor 1as alread* delivered t1e 0one*, 1e
1asalread*per/or0edallt1eactso/exection,
and,t1ere/ore,t1ecorrptionisalread*)e*ond
t1e atte0pted sta(e. .1at t1in#in( does awa*
wit1t1econcepto/t1ecri0et1atitre7irestwo
toco00it..1e0annero/co00ittin(t1ecri0e
re7irest1e0eetin( o/ t1e 0inds)etweent1e
(iverandt1ereceiver.
W1en t1e (iver delivers t1e 0one* to t1e
spposedreceiver,)tt1ereisno0eetin(o/t1e
0inds, t1e onl* act done )* t1e (iver is an
atte0pt.Itisnotpossi)le/or1i0toper/or0all
t1eactso/exection)ecaseint1e/irstplace,
t1ereceiver1asnointentiono/)ein(corrpted.
Si0ilarl*, w1en a p)lic o//icer de0ands a
consideration)*o//icialdt*,t1ecorrptortrns
downt1ede0and,t1ereisno)ri)er*.
I/ t1e one to w1o0 t1e de0and was 0ade
pretended to (ive, )t 1e 1ad reported t1e
0atter to 1i(1er at1orities, t1e 0one* was
0ar#ed and t1is was delivered to t1e p)lic
o//icer.I/t1ep)lico//icerwasarrested,donot
t1in#t1at)ecaset1ep)lico//iceralread*1ad
t1e 0one* in 1is possession, t1e cri0e is
alread* /rstrated )ri)er*, it is onl* atte0pted
)ri)er*..1isis)ecaset1espposedcorrptor
1asnointentiontocorrpt.Ins1ort,t1ereisno
0eetin( o/ t1e 0inds. !n t1e ot1er 1and, i/
t1ere is a 0eetin( o/ t1e 0inds, t1ere is
cons00ated )ri)er* or cons00ated
corrption. .1isleavesott1e/rstratedsta(e
)ecaseo/t1e0annero/co00ittin(t1ecri0e.
"t indirect )ri)er* is alwa*s cons00ated.
.1is is )ecase t1e 0anner o/ cons00atin(
t1e cri0e does not ad0it o/ atte0pt or
/rstration.
Lo will notice t1at nder t1e Revised Penal
Code, w1en it ta#es two to co00it t1e cri0e,
t1ere cold 1ardl* )e a /rstrated sta(e. ,or
instance, t1e cri0e o/ adlter*. .1ere is no
/rstrated adlter*. !nl* atte0pted or
cons00ated. .1is is )ecase it re7ires t1e
lin# o/ two participants. I/ t1at lin# is t1ere, t1e
cri0e is cons00ated6 i/ sc1 lin# is a)sent,
t1ereisonl*anatte0ptedadlter*..1ereisno
0iddle(rondw1ent1elin#ist1ereandw1en
t1elin#isa)sent.
.1ere are instances w1ere an intended /elon*
cold alread* reslt /ro0 t1e acts o/ exection
alread* done. "ecase o/ t1is, t1ere are
/elonies w1ere t1e o//ender can onl* )e
deter0ined to 1ave per/or0ed all t1e acts o/
exection w1en t1e resltin( /elon* is alread*
acco0plis1ed. Wit1ot t1e resltin( /elon*,
t1ere is no wa* o/ deter0inin( w1et1er t1e
o//ender 1as alread* per/or0ed all t1e acts or
not. It is in sc1 /elonies t1at t1e /rstrated
sta(edoesnotexist)ecasewit1ott1e/elon*
)ein( acco0plis1ed, t1ere is no wa* o/ statin(
t1at t1e o//ender 1as alread* per/or0ed all t1e
acts o/ exection. An exa0ple o/ t1is is t1e
cri0e o/ rape. .1e essence o/ t1e cri0e is
carnal#nowled(e. No0atterw1att1eo//ender
0a*dotoacco0plis1apenetration,i/t1erewas
no penetration *et, it cannot )e said t1at t1e
o//ender1asper/or0edallt1eactso/exection.
We can onl* sa* t1at t1e o//ender in rape 1as
per/or0edallt1eactso/exectionw1en1e1as
e//ected a penetration. !nce t1ere is
penetration alread*, no 0atter 1ow sli(1t, t1e
o//enseiscons00ated. ,ort1isreason,rape
ad0itsonl*o/t1eatte0ptedandcons00ated
sta(es,no/rstratedsta(e. .1iswast1erlin(
int1ecaseo/Peoplev.!rita.
Inrape,itre7irest1econnectiono/t1eo//ender
and t1e o//ended part*. No penetration at all,
t1ere is onl* an atte0pted sta(e. Sli(1test
penetration or sli(1test connection,
cons00ated. Lo will notice t1is /ro0 t1e
natreo/t1ecri0ere7irin(twoparticipants.
.1isisalsotreint1ecri0eo/arson. Itdoes
notad0ito/t1e/rstratedsta(e. Inarson,t1e
0o0entan*particleo/t1epre0isesintendedto
)e )rned is )lac#ened, t1at is alread* an
indicationt1att1epre0ises1ave)e(nto)rn.
It does not re7ire t1at t1e entire pre0ises )e
)rnedtocons00atearson."ecaseo/t1at,
t1e /rstrated sta(e o/ arson 1as )een eased
ot. .1ereasonin(ist1atonecannotsa*t1at
t1eo//ender,int1ecri0eo/arson,1asalread*
per/or0edallt1eactso/exectionw1ic1cold
prodcet1edestrctiono/t1epre0isest1ro(1
t1eseo//ire,nlessaparto/t1epre0ises1as
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)e(nto)rn. I/it1asnot)e(nto)rn,t1at
0eans t1att1e o//ender 1as not*etper/or0ed
allt1eactso/exection.!nt1eot1er1and,t1e
0o0ent it )e(ins to )rn, t1e cri0e is
cons00ated. Actall*,t1e/rstrated sta(eis
alread* standin( on t1e cons00ated sta(e
exceptt1att1eotco0edidnotreslt.As/aras
t1e sta(e is concerned, t1e /rstrated sta(e
overlapst1econs00atedsta(e.
"ecase o/ t1is reasonin( )* t1e Cort o/
AppealsinPeoplev.?arcia,t1eSpre0eCort
/ollowed t1e anal*sis t1at one cannot sa* t1at
t1e o//ender in t1e cri0e o/ arson 1as alread*
per/or0edallt1eactso/exectionw1ic1wold
prodce t1e arson as a conse7ence, nless
and ntil a part o/ t1e pre0ises 1ad )e(n to
)rn.
In-Sv. 5alde8, t1eo//ender1adtriedto)rn
t1e pre0ises )* (at1erin( Ate sac#s la*in(
t1eseinsidet1eroo0.4eli(1tedt1ese,andas
soon as t1e Ate sac#s )e(an to )rn, 1e ran
awa*. .1e occpants o/ t1e roo0 pt ot t1e
/ire. .1e cort 1eld t1at w1at was co00itted
was/rstratedarson.
.1iscasewas0c1t1ewa*)e/oret1edecision
in t1e case o/ People v. ?arcia was 1anded
downandt1eCorto/Appealsrledt1att1ere
is no /rstrated arson. "t even t1en, t1e
anal*sisint1ecaseo/ -Sv.5alde8 iscorrect.
.1is is )ecase, in deter0inin( w1et1er t1e
/elon*isatte0pted,/rstratedorcons00ated,
t1e cort does not onl* consider t1e de/inition
nder Article D o/ t1e Revised Penal Code, or
t1esta(eso/exectiono/t1e/elon*.W1ent1e
o//ender 1as alread* passed t1e s)Aective
sta(e o/ t1e /elon*, it is )e*ond t1e atte0pted
sta(e. It is alread* on t1e cons00ated or
/rstratedsta(edependin(onw1et1era/elon*
reslted.I/t1e/elon*didnotreslt,/rstrated.
.1e atte0pted sta(e is said to )e wit1in t1e
s)Aective p1ase o/ exection o/ a /elon*. !n
t1es)Aectivep1ase,itist1atpointinti0ew1en
t1eo//ender)e(inst1eco00issiono/anovert
actntilt1atpointw1ere1elosescontrolo/t1e
co00ission o/ t1e cri0e alread*. I/ 1e 1as
reac1ed t1at point w1ere 1e can no lon(er
controlt1eensin(conse7ence,t1ecri0e1as
alread* passed t1e s)Aective p1ase and,
t1ere/ore,itisnolon(eratte0pted..1e0o0ent
t1eexectiono/t1ecri0e1asalread*(oneto
t1at point w1ere t1e /elon* s1old /ollow as a
conse7ence, it is eit1er alread* /rstrated or
cons00ated.I/t1e/elon*doesnot/ollowasa
conse7ence, it is alread* /rstrated. I/ t1e
/elon* /ollows as a conse7ence, it is
cons00ated.
.1e tro)le is t1at, in t1e Arisprdence
reco(ni8in( t1e o)Aective p1ase and t1e
s)Aectivep1ase,t1eSpre0eCortconsidered
not onl* t1e acts o/ t1e o//ender, )t also 1is
)elie/..1atalt1o(1t1eo//ender0a*not1ave
done t1e act to )rin( a)ot t1e /elon* as a
conse7ence, i/ 1e cold 1ave contined
co00ittin( t1ose acts )t 1e 1i0sel/ did not
proceed)ecase1e)elievedt1at1e1addone
eno(1 to cons00ate t1e cri0e, Spre0e
Cort said t1e s)Aective p1ase 1as passed.
.1is was applied in t1e case o/ -S v. 5alde8,
w1eret1eo//ender,1avin(alread*pt#erosene
ont1eAtesac#s,li(1tedt1esa0e,1e1adno
reasonnotto)elievet1att1e/irewoldspread,
so1eranawa*. .1atactde0onstratedt1atin
1is0ind,1e)elievedt1at1e1asper/or0edall
t1eactso/exectionandt1atitisonl*a0atter
o/ti0et1att1epre0iseswill)rn..1e/actt1at
t1eoccpanto/t1eot1erroo0ca0eotandpt
ott1e/ireisacaseindependento/t1ewillo/
t1eperpetrator.
.1e rlin( in t1e case o/ -S v. 5alde8 is still
correct."tint1ecaseo/Peoplev.?arcia,t1e
sitationisdi//erent.4ere,t1eo//enderw1opt
t1etorc1overt1e1oseo/t1eo//endedpart*,
t1e1ose)ein(anipa1t,t1etorc1w1ic1was
li(1tedcoldeasil*)rnt1eroo/o/t1enipa1t.
"tt1etorc1)rnedot.
In t1at case, *o cannot sa* t1at t1e o//ender
)elieved t1at 1e 1ad per/or0ed all t1e acts o/
exection..1erewasnotevenasin(le)rno/
an*instr0entora(enc*o/t1ecri0e.
.1e anal*sis 0ade )* t1e Cort o/ Appeals is
still correctB t1at t1e* cold not de0onstrate a
sitation w1ere t1e o//ender 1as per/or0ed all
t1eactso/exectionto)rin(a)ott1ecri0eo/
arson and t1e sitation w1ere 1e 1as not *et
per/or0edallt1eactso/exection. .1ewei(1t
o/t1eat1orit*ist1att1ecri0eo/arsoncannot
)e co00itted in t1e /rstrated sta(e. .1e
reason is )ecase we can 1ardl* deter0ine
w1et1ert1eo//ender1asper/or0edallt1eacts
o/ exection t1at wold reslt in arson, as a
conse7ence,nlessaparto/t1epre0ises1as
startedto)rn.!nt1eot1er1and,t1e0o0ent
a particle or a 0olecle o/ t1e pre0ises 1as
)lac#ened,inlaw,arsoniscons00ated. .1is
is)ecasecons00atedarsondoesnotre7ire
t1att1ew1oleo/t1epre0ises)e)rned. Itis
eno(1t1atan*parto/t1epre0ises,no0atter
1ows0all,1as)e(nto)rn.
.1erearealsocertaincri0est1atdonotad0it
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o/t1eatte0ptedor/rstratedsta(e,li#ep1*sical
inAries. !ne o/ t1e #nown co00entators in
cri0inal law 1as advanced t1e view t1at t1e
cri0e o/ p1*sical inAries can )e co00itted in
t1e atte0pted as well as t1e /rstrated sta(e.
4eexplainedt1at)*(oin(t1ro(1t1ede/inition
o/ an atte0pted and a /rstrated /elon* nder
ArticleD,i/apersonw1owasa)otto(ivea/ist
)low to anot1er raises 1is ar0s, )t )e/ore 1e
coldt1rowt1e)low,so0e)od*1oldst1atar0,
t1erewold)eatte0ptedp1*sicalinAries..1e
reason/ort1isis)ecaset1eo//enderwasnot
a)letoper/or0allt1eactso/exectionto)rin(
a)otp1*sicalinAries.
!nt1eot1er1and,1ealsostatedt1att1ecri0e
o/ p1*sical inAries 0a* )e co00itted in t1e
/rstratedsta(ew1en t1eo//ender was a)leto
t1rowt1e)low)tso0e1ow,t1eo//endedpart*
was a)le to sidestep awa* /ro0 t1e )low. 4e
reasonedott1att1ecri0ewold)e/rstrated
)ecaset1eo//enderwasa)letoper/or0allt1e
acts o/ exection w1ic1 wold )rin( a)ot t1e
/elon*wereitnot/oracaseindependento/t1e
willo/t1eperpetrator.
.1e explanation is acade0ic. Lo will notice
t1atndert1eRevisedPenalCode,t1ecri0eo/
p1*sicalinAriesispenali8edont1e)asiso/t1e
(ravit* o/ t1e inAries. Actall*, t1ere is no
si0ple cri0e o/ p1*sical inAries. Lo 1ave to
cate(ori8e )ecase t1ere are speci/ic articles
t1at appl* w1et1er t1e p1*sical inAries are
serios, less serios or sli(1t. I/ *o sa*
p1*sicalinAries,*odonot#noww1ic1article
toappl*..1is)ein(so,*ocoldnotpnis1t1e
atte0pted or /rstrated sta(e )ecase *o do
not #now w1at cri0e o/ p1*sical inAries was
co00itted.
JestionsQAnswers
$. Is t1ere an atte0pted sli(1t p1*sical
inAriesN
I/ t1ere is no reslt, *o do not #now.
Cri0inal law cannot stand on an*
speclation or a0)i(it*6 ot1erwise, t1e
pres0ption o/ innocence wold )e
sacri/iced. .1ere/ore, t1e co00entator3s
opinion cannot stand )ecase *o cannot
tell w1at particlar p1*sical inAries was
atte0pted or /rstrated nless t1e
conse7ence ist1ere. Locannotclassi/*
t1ep1*sicalinAries.
2. A t1rew 0riatic acid ont1e/aceo/ ".
.1einArieswold1averesltedinde/or0it*
wereit not /or ti0el* plastic sr(er*. A/ter
t1e sr(er*, " )eca0e 0ore 1andso0e.
W1at cri0e is co00ittedN Is it atte0pted,
/rstratedorcons00atedN
.1e cri0e co00itted 1ere is serios p1*sical
inAries)ecaseo/t1ede/or0it*.W1ent1ereis
de/or0it*,*odisre(ardt1e1ealin(drationo/
t1ewondort1e0edicaltreat0entre7ired)*
t1ewond.Inordert1atinlaw,ade/or0it*can
)esaidtoexist,t1ree/actors0stconcrB
%$+ .1einAr*s1old)rin(a)ott1e(liness6
%2+.1e(liness0st)evisi)le6
%:+.1e (liness wold not disappear t1ro(1
natral1ealin(process.
Alon(t1isconcepto/de/or0it*inlaw,t1eplastic
sr(er*appliedto"is)esidet1epoint.Inlaw,
w1at is considered is not t1e arti/icial or t1e
scienti/ictreat0ent)tt1enatral1ealin(o/t1e
inAr*.Sot1e/actt1att1erewasplasticsr(er*
appliedto"doesnotrelievet1eo//ender/ro0
t1elia)ilit*/ort1ep1*sicalinAriesin/licted..1e
cri0eco00ittedisseriosp1*sicalinAries.Itis
cons00ated. Indeter0inin(w1et1era/elon*
is atte0pted, /rstrated or cons00ated, *o
1aveto considert1e0annero/ co00ittin(t1e
/elon*,t1eele0ento/t1e/elon*andt1enatre
o/t1e/elon*itsel/..1ereisnoreal1ardand/ast
rle.
Ele0entso/t1ecri0e
Int1ecri0eo/esta/a,t1eele0ento/da0a(eis
essential )e/ore t1e cri0e cold )e
cons00ated.I/t1ereisnoda0a(e,eveni/t1e
o//enderscceededincartin(awa*t1epersonal
propert* involved, esta/a cannot )e considered
ascons00ated.,ort1ecri0eo/esta/ato)e
cons00ated, t1ere 0st )e 0isappropriation
alread* done, so t1at t1ere is da0a(e alread*
s//ered )* t1e o//ended part*. I/ t1ere is no
da0a(e*et,t1eesta/acanonl*)e/rstratedor
atte0pted.
!n t1e ot1er 1and, i/ it were a cri0e o/ t1e/t,
da0a(e or intent to case da0a(e is not an
ele0ento/t1e/t.W1atisnecessar*onl*isintent
to (ain, not even (ain is i0portant. .1e 0ere
intent to derive so0e pro/it is eno(1 )t t1e
t1in#in(0st)eco0plete)e/oreacri0eo/t1e/t
s1all )e cons00ated. .1at is w1* we 0ade
t1atdistinction)etweent1e/tandesta/a.
I/ t1e personal propert* was received )* t1e
o//ender, t1is is w1ere *o 1ave to decide
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
w1et1erw1atwastrans/erredtot1eo//enderis
Aridicalpossessionorp1*sicalpossessiononl*.
I/ t1e o//ender did not receive t1e personal
propert*,)ttoo#t1esa0e/ro0t1epossession
o/ t1e owner wit1ot t1e latter3s consent, t1en
t1ereisnopro)le0..1atcannot)eesta/a6t1is
isonl*t1e/tornoneatall.
Inesta/a,t1eo//enderreceivest1epropert*61e
doesnotta#eit. "tinreceivin(t1epropert*,
t1erecipient0a*)eco00ittin(t1e/t,notesta/a,
i/ w1at was trans/erred to 1i0 was onl* t1e
p1*sicalor0aterialpossessiono/t1eo)Aect. It
canonl*)eesta/ai/w1atwastrans/erredto1i0
is not onl* 0aterial or p1*sical possession )t
Aridicalpossessionaswell.
W1en *o are discssin( esta/a, do not tal#
a)ot intent to (ain. In t1e sa0e 0anner t1at
w1en *o are discssin( t1e cri0e o/ t1e/t, do
nottal#o/da0a(e.
.1e cri0e o/ t1e/t is t1e one co00onl* (iven
nderArticleD..1isisso)ecaset1econcept
o/ t1e/t nder t1e Revised Penal Code di//ers
/ro0 t1e concept o/ larcen* nder A0erican
co00onlaw.-nderA0ericanco00onlaw,t1e
cri0eo/larcen*w1ic1ise7ivalenttoorcri0e
o/t1e/t1erere7irest1att1eo//ender0st)e
a)le to carr* awa* or transport t1e t1in( )ein(
stolen. Wit1ott1atcarr*in(awa*,t1elarcen*
cannot)econs00ated.
In or concept o/ t1e/t, t1e o//ender need not
0ove an inc1 /ro0 w1ere 1e was. It is not a
0attero/carr*in(awa*.Itisa0attero/w1et1er
1e1asalread*ac7iredco0pletecontrolo/t1e
personal propert* involved. .1at co0plete
control si0pl* 0eans t1at t1e o//ender 1as
alread* spplanted 1is will /ro0 t1e will o/ t1e
possessor or owner o/ t1e personal propert*
involved, sc1 t1at 1e cold exercise 1is own
controlont1et1in(.
IllstrationB
I placed a wallet on a ta)le inside a roo0. A
stran(erco0esinsidet1eroo0,(etst1ewallet
and pts it in 1is poc#et. I sddenl* started
searc1in(1i0andI/ondt1ewallet inside 1is
poc#et. .1e cri0e o/ t1e/t is alread*
cons00ated )ecase 1e alread* ac7ired
co0plete control o/ 0* wallet. .1is is so tre
w1en1ere0ovedt1ewallet/ro0t1econ/ineso/
t1eta)le.4ecanexercise1iswillovert1ewallet
alread*,1ecandropt1isont1e/loor,etc.
"taslon(ast1ewalletre0ainsont1eta)le,
t1et1e/tisnot*etcons00ated6t1erecanonl*
)eatte0ptedor/rstratedt1e/t.I/1e1asstarted
li/tin(t1ewallet,itis/rstrated.I/1eisint1eact
o/ tr*in( to ta#e t1e wallet or place it nder,
atte0pted.
H.a#in(I in t1e concept o/ t1e/t, si0pl* 0eans
exercisin(controlovert1et1in(.
I/insteado/t1ewallet,t1e0anw1oenteredt1e
roo0 pretended to carr* t1e ta)le ot o/ t1e
roo0, and t1e wallet is t1ere. W1ile ta#in( t1e
ta)le ot o/ t1e roo0, I appre1ended 1i0. It
trnedott1at1eisnotat1ori8edatallandis
interestedonl*int1ewallet,nott1eta)le. .1e
cri0e is not *et cons00ated. It is onl*
/rstrated)ecaseas/arast1eta)leisconcern,
it is t1e con/ines o/ t1is roo0 t1at is t1e
container.Aslon(as1e1asnotta#ent1ista)le
ot o/ t1e/or wallso/ t1is roo0, t1eta#in(is
notco0plete.
A0anenteredaroo0and/ondac1estont1e
ta)le.4eopenedit/ondso0evala)lesinside.
4e too# t1e vala)les, pt t1e0 in 1is poc#et
and was arrested. In t1is case, t1e/t is
cons00ated.
"ti/1edoesnotta#et1evala)les)tli/tst1e
entire c1est, and )e/ore 1e cold leave t1e
roo0, 1e was appre1ended, t1ere is /rstrated
t1e/t.
I/t1et1in(isstolen/ro0aco0pondor/ro0a
roo0, as lon( as t1e o)Aect 1as not )een
)ro(1toto/t1atroo0,or/ro0t1eperi0etero/
t1eco0pond,t1ecri0eisonl*/rstrated..1is
ist1econ/sionraisedint1ecaseo/-Sv.DiKo
co0pared wit1 People v. Adio and People v.
Espirit.
In-Sv.DiKo,t1eaccsedloaded)oxeso/ri/le
ont1eirtrc#.W1ent1e*wereont1eirwa*ot
o/t1e Sot14ar)or,t1e* werec1ec#edatt1e
c1ec#point, so t1e* were not a)le to leave t1e
co0pond.Itwas1eldt1atw1atwasco00itted
was/rstrated.1e/t.
InPeoplev.Espirit, t1eaccsedwereont1eir
wa* ot o/ t1e sppl* 1ose w1en t1e* were
appre1ended)*0ilitar*policew1o/ondt1e0
secretin(so0e1ospital linen. Itwas1eld t1at
w1atwasco00ittedwascons00atedt1e/t.
.1e e0p1asis, w1ic1 was erroneosl* laid in
so0eco00entaries,ist1at,in)ot1cases,t1e
o//enderswerenota)letopasst1ec1ec#point.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
"tw1*isitt1atinone,itis/rstratedandint1e
ot1er,itiscons00atedN
Int1ecaseo/-Sv.DiKo,t1e)oxeso/ri/lewere
stoc#ed /ile inside t1e co0pond o/ t1e Sot1
4ar)or. As /ar as t1e )oxes o/ ri/le are
concerned,itist1e peri0etero/t1eco0pond
t1atist1econtainer. Aslon(ast1e*werenot
a)le to )rin( t1ese )oxes o/ ri/le ot o/ t1e
co0pond,t1e ta#in( isnot co0plete. !n t1e
ot1er 1and, in t1e case o/ People v. Espirit,
w1at were ta#en were 1ospital linens. .1ese
were ta#en /ro0 a ware1ose. 4ospital linens
were ta#en /ro0 )oxes t1at were di//sed or
destro*edand)ro(1toto/t1e1ospital.,ro0
t1e0o0entt1e*too#itoto/t1e)oxesw1ere
t1e owner or t1e possessor 1ad placed it, t1e
controlisco0plete. Lodonot1aveto(oot
o/ t1e co0pond to co0plete t1e ta#in( or t1e
control.
.1isisver*decisiveint1epro)le0)ecasein
0ost pro)le0s (iven in t1e )ar, t1e o//ender,
a/ter1avin(ta#ent1eo)Aectoto/t1econtainer
c1an(ed 1is 0ind and retrned it. Is 1e
cri0inall* lia)leN Do not 0a#e a 0ista#e )*
sa*in(t1att1ereisadesistance.I/t1ecri0eis
oneo/t1e/t,t1e0o0ent1e)ro(1titot,itwas
cons00ated..1eretrno/t1et1in(cannot)e
desistance )ecase in cri0inal law, desistance
istreonl*int1eatte0ptedsta(e. Locannot
tal#o/desistancean*0orew1enitisalread*in
t1e cons00ated sta(e. I/ t1e o//ender 1as
alread* ac7ired co0plete control o/ w1at 1e
intended to ta#e, t1e /act t1at 1e c1an(ed 1is
0indandretrnedt1esa0ewillnolon(era//ect
1is cri0inal lia)ilit*. It will onl* a//ect t1e civil
lia)ilit*o/t1ecri0e)ecase1ewillnolon(er)e
re7iredtopa*t1eo)Aect. As/arast1ecri0e
co00itted is concerned, t1e o//ender is
cri0inall* lia)le and t1e cri0e is cons00ated
t1e/t.
IllstrationB
Aand"arenei(1)ors.!neevenin(,Aentered
t1e *ard o/ " and opened t1e c1ic#en coop
w1ere " #eeps 1is /i(1tin( coc#s. 4e
discovered t1at t1e /i(1tin( coc#s were not
p1*sicall* /it /or coc#/i(1tin( so 1e retrned it.
.1ecri0eiscons00atedt1e/t..1ewillo/t1e
owner is to #eep t1e /i(1tin( coc# inside t1e
c1ic#encoop. W1ent1eo//enderscceededin
)rin(in(t1ecoc#oto/t1ecoop,itiscleart1at
1iswill co0pletel*(overnedorspersededt1e
will o/ t1e owner to #eep sc1 coc# inside t1e
c1ic#en coop. 4ence, t1e cri0e was alread*
cons00ated, and )ein( cons00ated, t1e
retrno/t1eowner3spropert*isnotdesistance
an*0ore..1eo//enderiscri0inall*lia)le)t1e
will not)ecivill*lia)le)ecaset1eo)Aect was
retrned.
W1ent1ereceptacleisloc#edorsealed,andt1e
o//ender )ro#e t1e sa0e, in lie o/ t1e/t, t1e
cri0e is ro))er* wit1 /orce pon t1in(s.
4owever,t1att1ereceptacleisloc#edorsealed
1as not1in( to do wit1 t1e sta(e o/ t1e
co00ission o/ t1e cri0e. It re/ers onl* to
w1et1er it is t1e/t or ro))er* wit1 /orce pon
t1in(s.
Natreo/t1ecri0eitsel/
In cri0es involvin( t1e ta#in( o/ 10an li/e C
parricide,1o0icide,and0rderCint1ede/inition
o/ t1e /rstrated sta(e, it is indispensa)le t1at
t1e victi0 )e 0ortall* wonded. -nder t1e
de/initiono/t1e/rstratedsta(e,toconsidert1e
o//ender as 1avin( per/or0ed all t1e acts o/
exection, t1e acts alread* done )* 1i0 0st
prodceor)ecapa)leo/prodcin(a/elon*asa
conse7ence. .1e (eneral rle is t1at t1ere
0st)ea/atalinAr*in/licted,)ecaseitisonl*
t1ent1atdeat1will/ollow.
I/ t1e wond is not 0ortal, t1e cri0e is onl*
atte0pted. .1e reason is t1at t1e wond
in/licted is not capa)le o/ )rin(in( a)ot t1e
desired /elon* o/ parricide, 0rder or 1o0icide
as a conse7ence6 it cannot )e said t1at t1e
o//ender1asper/or0edallt1eactso/exection
w1ic1 wold prodce parricide, 1o0icide or
0rderasareslt.
Anexceptiontot1e(eneralrleist1eso&called
s)Aective p1ase. .1e Spre0e Cort 1as
decided cases w1ic1 applied t1e s)Aective
standardt1atw1ent1eo//ender1i0sel/)elieved
t1at1e1adper/or0edallt1eactso/exection,
event1o(1no0ortalwondwasin/licted,t1e
actisalread*int1e/rstratedsta(e.
Co0positecri0es
Co0posite cri0es are cri0es w1ic1, in
s)stance,consisto/0oret1anonecri0e)tin
t1ee*eso/t1elaw,t1ereisonl*onecri0e.,or
exa0ple, t1e cri0es o/ ro))er* wit1 1o0icide,
ro))er*wit1rape,ro))er*wit1p1*sicalinAries.
In case t1e cri0e co00itted is a co0posite
cri0e, t1e conspirator will )e lia)le /or all t1e
acts co00itted drin( t1e co00ission o/ t1e
B a r E x a m s
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cri0ea(reedpon..1isis)ecase,int1ee*es
o/ t1e law,all t1oseacts done inprsanceo/
t1ecri0ea(reedponareactsw1ic1constitte
asin(lecri0e.
IllstrationsB
A, ", and C decided to co00it ro))er* in t1e
1ose o/ D. Prsant to t1eir a(ree0ent, A
wold ransac# t1e second /loor, " was to wait
otside, and C wold sta* on t1e /irst /loor.
-n#nownto"andC,Arapedt1e(irlpstairs.
All o/ t1e0 will )e lia)le /or ro))er* wit1 rape.
.1ecri0eco00ittedisro))er*wit1rape,w1ic1
isnotaco0plexcri0e,)tanindivisi)le/elon*
nder t1e Article 2'; o/ t1e Revised Penal
Code. Eveni/"andCdidnot#nowt1atrape
was)ein(co00ittedandt1e*a(reedonl*and
conspiredto ro),*et rape was part o/ro))er*.
Rapecannot)eseparated/ro0ro))er*.
A,"andCa(reedtoro)t1e1oseo/D.Itwas
a(reed t1at A wold (o t1e second /loor, "
woldsta*int1e/irst/loor,andCstands(ard
otside. All went to t1eir desi(nated areas in
prsito/t1eplan.W1ileAwasransac#in(t1e
second/loor,t1eownerwasawa#ened.A#illed
1i0. A,"andCwill )elia)le/orro))er*wit1
1o0icide..1isis)ecase,itiswellsettledt1at
an* #illin( ta#in( place w1ile ro))er* is )ein(
co00itteds1all)etreatedasasin(leindivisi)le
o//ense.
Asa(eneralrle,w1ent1ereisconspirac*,t1e
rleist1att1eacto/oneist1eacto/all..1is
principleappliesonl*tot1ecri0ea(reedpon.
.1e exception is i/ an* o/ t1e co&conspirator
wold co00it a cri0e not a(reed pon. .1is
1appens w1en t1e cri0e a(reed pon and t1e
cri0e co00itted )* one o/ t1e co&conspirators
aredistinctcri0es.
Exceptiontot1eexceptionBInactsconstittin(a
sin(le indivisi)le o//ense, even t1o(1 t1e co&
conspirator per/or0ed di//erent acts )rin(in(
a)ott1eco0posite cri0e, all will )elia)le/or
sc1cri0e. .1e*canonl*evaderesponsi)ilit*
/oran*ot1ercri0eotsideo/t1ata(reedponi/
it is proved t1at t1e particlar conspirator 1ad
tried to prevent t1e co00ission o/ sc1 ot1er
act.
.1e rle wold )e di//erent i/ t1e cri0e
co00ittedwasnotaco0positecri0e.
IllstrationB
A,"andCa(reedto#illD.W1ent1e*sawt1e
opportnit*,A,"andC#illedDanda/tert1at,A
and"ranintodi//erentdirections. Cinspected
t1epoc#eto/t1evicti0and/ondt1att1evicti0
was wearin( a rin( C a dia0ond rin( C and 1e
too#it..1ecri0esco00ittedare1o0icideand
t1e/t.As/arast1e1o0icideisconcerned,A,"
andCarelia)le)ecaset1atwasa(reedpon
and t1e/t was not an inte(ral part o/ 1o0icide.
.1isisadistinctcri0esot1erlewillnotappl*
)ecase it was not t1e cri0e a(reed pon.
Inso/arast1ecri0eo/t1e/tisconcerned,Cwill
)e t1e onl* one lia)le. So C will )e lia)le /or
1o0icideandt1e/t.
C!NSPIRACLANDPR!P!SAL
Art.E.Conspirac*andproposaltoco00it
/elon*. @Conspirac*and proposal to
co00it /elon* are pnis1a)le onl* in
t1e cases in w1ic1 t1e law speciall*
providesapenalt*t1ere/or.
Aconspirac*existsw1entwoor0ore
persons co0e to an a(ree0ent
concernin(t1eco00issiono/a/elon*
anddecidetoco00itit.
.wowa*s/orconspirac*toexistB
%$+ .1ereisana(ree0ent.
%2+ .1e participants acted in concert or
si0ltaneosl* w1ic1 is indicative o/ a
0eetin( o/ t1e 0inds towards a co00on
cri0inal (oal or cri0inal o)Aective. W1en
several o//enders act in a s*nc1roni8ed,
coordinated0anner,t1e/actt1att1eiracts
co0pli0entedeac1ot1erisindicativeo/t1e
0eetin(o/ t1e 0inds. .1ere is an i0plied
a(ree0ent.
.wo#indso/conspirac*B
%$+Conspirac*asacri0e6and
%2+Conspirac*asa0annero/incrrin(cri0inal
lia)ilit*
W1enconspirac*itsel/isacri0e,noovertactis
necessar* to )rin( a)ot t1e cri0inal lia)ilit*.
.1e0ereconspirac*ist1ecri0eitsel/. .1isis
onl* tre w1en t1e law expressl* pnis1es t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0ereconspirac*6ot1erwise,t1econspirac*does
not )rin( a)ot t1e co00ission o/ t1e cri0e
)ecase conspirac* is not an overt act )t a
0ere preparator* act. .reason, re)ellion,
sedition, and cop d3etat are t1e onl* cri0es
w1eret1econspirac*andproposaltoco00itto
t1e0arepnis1a)le.
JestionQAnswer
-nionAproposedactso/seditionto-nion
". Is t1ere a cri0e co00ittedN Ass0in(
-nion " accepts t1e proposal, will *or
answer)edi//erentN
.1ere is no cri0e co00itted. Proposal to
co00itseditionisnotacri0e."ti/-nion
" accepts t1e proposal, t1ere will )e
conspirac* to co00it sedition w1ic1 is a
cri0endert1eRevisedPenalCode.
W1ent1econspirac*isonl*a)asiso/incrrin(
cri0inallia)ilit*,t1ere0st)eanovertactdone
)e/ore t1e co&conspirators )eco0e cri0inall*
lia)le.
W1ent1econspirac*itsel/isacri0e,t1iscannot
)ein/erredordedced)ecaset1ereisnoovert
act. All t1at t1ere is t1e a(ree0ent. !n t1e
ot1er1and,i/t1eco&conspiratororan*o/t1e0
woldexecteanovertact,t1ecri0ewoldno
lon(er)et1econspirac*)tt1eovertactitsel/.
IllstrationB
A,",CandDca0etoana(ree0enttoco00it
re)ellion. .1eir a(ree0ent was to )rin( a)ot
t1ere)elliononacertaindate. Eveni/noneo/
t1e01asper/or0edt1eacto/re)ellion,t1ereis
alread* cri0inal lia)ilit* arisin( /ro0 t1e
conspirac* to co00it t1e re)ellion. "t i/
an*oneo/t1e01asco00ittedt1eovertacto/
re)ellion,t1ecri0eo/allisnolon(erconspirac*
to co00it re)ellion )t re)ellion itsel/. .1is
s)sists even t1o(1 t1e ot1er co&conspirator
does not #now t1at one o/ t1e0 1ad alread*
donet1eacto/re)ellion.
.1is le(al conse7ence is not tre i/ t1e
conspirac* is not a cri0e. I/ t1e conspirac* is
onl*a)asiso/cri0inallia)ilit*,noneo/t1eco&
conspiratorswold)elia)le,nlesst1ereisan
overtact.So,/oraslon(asan*ones1alldesist
)e/ore an overt act in /rt1erance o/ t1e cri0e
wasco00itted,sc1adesistancewoldne(ate
cri0inallia)ilit*.
IllstrationB
.1reepersonsplantoro)a)an#. ,oraslon(
as none o/ t1e conspirators 1as co00itted an
overtact,t1ereisnocri0e*et."tw1enoneo/
t1e0co00itsan*overtact,allo/t1e0s1all)e
1eldlia)le,nlessaco&conspiratorwasa)sent
/ro0 t1e scene o/ t1e cri0e or 1e s1owed p,
)t 1e tried to prevent t1e co00ission o/ t1e
cri0e
Asa(eneralrle,i/t1ere1as)eenaconspirac*
toco00itacri0einaparticlarplace,an*one
w1odidnotappears1all )epres0edto1ave
desisted..1eexceptiontot1isisi/sc1person
w1odidnotappearwast1e0aster0ind.
We1avetoo)servet1edistinction)etweent1e
two)ecaseconspirac*asacri0e,0st1avea
clear and convincin( evidence o/ its existence.
Ever*cri0e0st)eproved)e*ondreasona)le
do)t.
W1ent1econspirac*isAsta)asiso/incrrin(
cri0inal lia)ilit*, 1owever, t1e sa0e 0a* )e
dedced or in/erred /ro0 t1e acts o/ several
o//endersincarr*in(ott1eco00issiono/t1e
cri0e. .1e existence o/ a conspirac* 0a* )e
reasona)l* in/erred /ro0 t1e acts o/ t1e
o//enders w1en sc1 acts disclose or s1ow a
co00on prsit o/ t1e cri0inal o)Aective. .1is
wast1erlin(inPeoplev.Pinto,2>;SCRA'.
Alt1o(1 conspirac* is de/ined as two or 0ore
person co0in( to an a(ree0ent re(ardin( t1e
co00issiono/a/elon*anddecidin(toco00it
it, t1e word HpersonI 1ere s1old not )e
nderstood to re7ire a 0eetin( o/ t1e co&
conspirator re(ardin( t1e co00ission o/ t1e
/elon*. Aconspirac*o/t1esecond#indcan)e
in/erredordedcedevent1o(1t1e*1avenot
0et as lon( as t1e* acted in concert or
si0ltaneosl*, indicative o/ a 0eetin( o/ t1e
0indstowardaco00on(oaloro)Aective.
Conspirac*isa0attero/s)stancew1ic10st
)e alle(ed in t1e in/or0ation, ot1erwise, t1e
cortwillnotconsidert1esa0e.
InPeoplev.Lario,2>>SCRA;E', itwas1eld
t1at it 0st )e esta)lis1ed )* positive and
conclsive evidence, not )* conAectres or
speclations.
In.aerv.CA,$EDSCRA9'E>,itwas1eldt1at
0ere #nowled(e, ac7iescence to, or approval
o/ t1e act, wit1ot cooperation or at least,
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
a(ree0ent to cooperate, is not eno(1 to
constitte a conspirac*. .1ere 0st )e an
intentionalparticipationint1ecri0ewit1aview
to/rt1ert1eco00on/elonioso)Aective.
W1en several persons w1o do not #now eac1
ot1ersi0ltaneosl*attac#t1evicti0,t1eacto/
oneist1eacto/all,re(ardlesso/t1ede(reeo/
inAr* in/licted )* an* one o/ t1e0. All will )e
lia)le /or t1e conse7ences. A conspirac* is
possi)leevenw1enparticipantsarenot#nown
toeac1ot1er.Donott1in#t1atparticipantsare
alwa*s#nowntoeac1ot1er.
IllstrationsB
At1o(1to/1avin(1er1s)and#illed)ecase
t1elatterwas0altreatin(1er. S1e1iredso0e
personsto#ill1i0andpointedat1er1s)and.
.1e(oons(ot1oldo/1er1s)andandstarted
0alin(1i0..1ewi/etoo#pit*ands1oted/or
t1e0tostop)tt1e(oonscontined..1ewi/e
ran awa*. .1e wi/e was prosected /or
parricide."tt1eSpre0eCortsaidt1att1ere
wasdesistancesos1eisnotcri0inall*lia)le.
Alawstdentresentedt1e/actt1at1is)rot1er
was#illed)*A.4e1ired"to#illAando//ered
1i0P9>,>>>.>>. 4edisclosedto"t1atAwas
)ein( arrai(ned in t1e Cit* 4all o/ Manila and
told1i0toexectet1eplanont1e/ollowin(da*.
Int1eevenin(o/t1atsa0eda*,t1elawstdent
c1an(ed1is0indso1ei00ediatel*wenttot1e
policeandtoldt1e0todispatc1policeo//icersto
prevent " /ro0 co00ittin( t1e cri0e.
-n/ortnatel*, t1e police were ca(1t in tra//ic
casin(t1eirdela*,sot1atw1ent1e*reac1ed
t1eplace,"1adalread*#illedA. Int1iscase,
t1erewasnoproposal )t aconspirac*. .1e*
1aveconspiredtoexecteacri0e)tt1ecri0e
involved 1ere is 0rder and a conspirac* to
co00it0rderisnotacri0einitsel/)t0erel*
a)asis/orincrrin(cri0inallia)ilit*..1isisAst
a preparator* act, and 1is desistance ne(ates
cri0inallia)ilit*.
Proposal istreonl*pto t1epointw1eret1e
part* to w1o0 t1e proposal was 0ade1asnot
*et accepted t1e proposal. !nce t1e proposal
wasaccepted,aconspirac*arises. Proposalis
nilateral,onepart*0a#esapropositiontot1e
ot1er6 conspirac* is )ilateral, it re7ires two
parties.
Aspointedotearlier,desistanceistreonl*in
t1eatte0ptedsta(e. "e/oret1issta(e,t1ereis
onl*apreparator*sta(e. Conspirac*isonl*in
t1epreparator*sta(e.
.1e Spre0e Cort 1as rled t1at one w1o
desisted is not cri0inall* lia)le. HW1en a
person 1as set /oot to t1e pat1 o/ wic#edness
and )rin(s )ac# 1is /oot to t1e pat1 o/
ri(1teosness, t1e law s1all reward 1i0 /or
doin(so.I
W1ere t1ere are several persons w1o
participated, li#e in a #illin(, and t1e* attac#ed
t1e victi0 si0ltaneosl*, so 0c1 so t1at it
cannot )e #nown w1at participation eac1 one
1ad,allt1eseparticipantss1all)econsideredas
1avin(actedinconspirac*andt1e*will)e1eld
collectivel*responsi)le.
Do not searc1 /or an a(ree0ent a0on( t1e
participants. I/ t1e* acted si0ltaneosl* to
)rin( a)ot t1eir co00on intention, conspirac*
exists. And w1en conspirac* exists, do not
consider t1e de(ree o/ participation o/ eac1
conspirator)ecaset1eacto/oneist1eacto/
all. Asa(eneralrle,t1e*1avee7alcri0inal
responsi)ilit*.
JestionQAnswer
.1ere are several o//enders w1o acted
si0ltaneosl*. W1en t1e* /led, a victi0 was
/onddead.W1os1old)elia)le/ort1e#illin(
i/w1oactall*#illedt1evicti0isnot#nownN
.1ere is collective responsi)ilit* 1ere.
Wit1ot t1e principleo/ conspirac*, no)od*
wold )e prosected6 1ence, t1ere is t1e
rle on collective responsi)ilit* since it
cannot )e ascertained w1o actall* #illed
t1evicti0.
.1ere is conspirac* w1en t1e o//enders acted
si0ltaneosl* prsin( a co00on cri0inal
desi(n6 t1s, actin( ot a co00on cri0inal
intent.
IllstrationB
A,"andC1ave)eencortin(t1esa0elad*/or
several*ears.!nseveraloccasions,t1e*even
visitedt1elad*onintervenin(1ors. "ecase
o/ t1is, A, " and C )eca0e 1ostile wit1 one
anot1er.!neda*,Dinvitedt1e*on(lad*and
s1e accepted t1e invitation. Eventall*, t1e
*on(lad*a(reedto0arr*D. W1enA,"and
Clearneda)ott1is,t1e*allstoodptoleave
t1e 1ose o/ t1e *on( lad* /eelin(
disappointed.W1enAloo#ed)ac#att1e*on(
lad*wit1D,1esawDla(1in(0enacin(l*. At
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1atinstance,Asta))edD. Cand"/ollowed.
In t1is case, it was 1eld t1at conspirac* was
present.
.1e co00on notion is t1at w1en t1ere is
conspirac* involved, t1e participants are
pnis1edasprincipals..1isnotionisnolon(er
a)solte. In t1e case o/ People v. Nierra, t1e
Spre0eCortrledt1atevent1o(1t1erewas
conspirac*, i/ a co&conspirator 0erel*
cooperatedint1eco00issiono/t1ecri0ewit1
insi(ni/icant or 0ini0al acts, sc1 t1at even
wit1ot 1is cooperation, t1e cri0e cold )e
carried ot as well, sc1 co&conspirator s1old
)epnis1edasanacco0pliceonl*..1ereason
(iven is t1at penal laws alwa*s /avor a 0ilder
/or0o/responsi)ilit*ponano//ender. Soitis
nolon(eraccratetot1in#t1atw1ent1ereisa
conspirac*,allareprincipals.
Notwit1standin( t1at t1ere is conspirac*, a co&
conspirator 0a* )e 1eld lia)le onl* as an
acco0plice..1at0eanst1epenalt*w1ic1s1all
)ei0posedpon1i0isonede(reelower.
,orexa0ple,t1erewasaplannedro))er*,and
t1etaxidriverwaspresentdrin(t1eplannin(.
.1ere, t1e conspirators told t1e taxi driver t1at
t1e*are(oin(tose1istaxica)in(oin(tot1e
place o/ ro))er*. .1e taxi driver a(reed )t
said,HIwill)rin(*ot1ere,anda/terco00ittin(
t1e ro))er* I will retrn laterI. .1e taxi driver
)ro(1t t1e conspirators w1ere t1e ro))er*
wold )e co00itted. A/ter t1e ro))er* was
/inis1ed,1etoo#t1econspirators)ac#to1istaxi
and)ro(1tt1e0awa*.Itwas1eldt1att1etaxi
driver was lia)le onl* as an acco0plice. 4is
cooperation was not reall* indispensa)le. .1e
ro))erscold1aveen(a(edanot1ertaxi. .1e
taxi driver did not reall* sta* drin( t1e
co00ission o/ t1e ro))er*. At 0ost, w1at 1e
onl*extendedwas1iscooperation..1atisw1*
1e was (iven onl* t1at penalt* /or an
acco0plice.
A, ", and C, nder t1e in/lence o/ 0ariAana,
)ro#eintoa1ose)ecaset1e*learnedt1att1e
occpants 1ave (one on an excrsion. .1e*
ransac#edt1e1ose.A(otacolored.5,"saw
a ca0era and too# t1at, and C /ond a can o/
sal0on and too# t1at. In t1e cri0e o/ ro))er*
wit1/orcepont1in(s,t1epenalt*is)asedon
t1etotalit*o/t1evaleo/t1epersonalpropert*
ta#enandnotont1eindividalpropert*ta#en)*
1i0.
In Siton v. CA, it was 1eld t1at t1e idea o/ a
conspirac*isinco0pati)lewit1t1eideao/a/ree
/orall. .1ereisnode/initeopponentorde/inite
intent as w1en a )as#et)all crowd )eats a
re/ereetodeat1.
M-L.IPLE!,,ENDERS%DI,,ERENCES,R-LES,E,,EC.S+
4a)italit*%Reiteracion+ 4a)italDeli7enc* Recidivis0 Jasi&Recidivis0
Servedotsentence/or
t1e/irsto//ense
Convicted o/ t1e /irst
o//ense
,inalAd(0entrendered
int1e/irsto//ense
Convicted o/ t1e /irst
o//ense
Previos and
s)se7ent o//enses
0st not )e e0)raced
in t1e sa0e title o/ t1e
Code, )t t1e previos
o//ense 0st )e one to
w1ic1 t1e law attac1es
an e7al or (reater
penalt*or/ortwocri0es
w1ic1 it attac1es a
li(1terpenalt*
An* o/ t1e 1a)ital
delin7enc* cri0esB
serios or less serios
p1*sical inAries, t1e/t,
ro))er*, esta/a, or
/alsi/ication
Re7isites t1at t1e
o//enses )e inclded in
t1e sa0e title o/ t1e
Code
,irst cri0e need not )e
a/elon*,)tt1esecond
cri0e0st)ea/elon*
Notalwa*sa((ravatin( Additional penalt* as
provided)*law
Alwa*sto)e ta#en into
consideration in /ixin(
t1e penalt* to )e
i0posed pon t1e
accsed.I/noto//set)*
a 0iti(atin(
Maxi00 period o/ t1e
penalt* prescri)ed )*
law/ort1enew/elon*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
circ0stance, serves to
increase t1e penalt*
onl*tot1e0axi00
Second o//ense is
co00itted a/ter servin(
sentence /or t1e /irst
o//ense
!//ender is /ond (ilt*
wit1in$>*ears/ro01is
last release or last
conviction /or t1e t1ird
ti0eoro/tener
No period o/ ti0e
)etween t1e /or0er
conviction and t1e last
conviction
Second o//ense is
co00itted a/ter
conviction )e/ore
service t1e sentence or
w1ileservin(sentence
A (eneric a((ravatin(
circ0stance and 0a*
)eo//set)*anordinar*
0iti(atin(circ0stance
Cannot )e o//set )* an
ordinar* a((ravatin(
circ0stance
A (eneric a((ravatin(
circ0stance and 0a*
)eo//set)*anordinar*
0iti(atin(circ0stance
A special a((ravatin(
circ0stance w1ic1
cannot )e o//set )* an
ordinar* 0iti(atin(
circ0stance
C!MPLEOCRIMESvs.SPECIALC!MPLEOCRIMES
Art. ;E. Penalt* /or co0plex cri0es. @
W1en a sin(le act constittes two or
0ore(raveorless(rave/elonies,or
w1en an o//ense is a necessar*
0eans /or co00ittin( t1e ot1er, t1e
penalt* /or t1e 0ost serios cri0e
s1all )e i0posed, t1e sa0e to )e
appliedinits0axi00period.
P1ilosop1*)e1indplralcri0esB.1etreat0ent
o/ plral cri0es as one is to )e lenient to t1e
o//ender, w1o, instead o/ )ein( 0ade to s//er
distinct penalties /or ever* resltin( cri0e is
0ade to s//er one penalt* onl*, alt1o(1 it is
t1epenalt*/ort1e0ostseriosoneandisint1e
0axi00period. Prposeisint1eprsance
o/t1erleo/proreo.
I/ )e co0plexin( t1e cri0e, t1e penalt* wold
trnotto)e1i(1er,donotco0plexan*0ore.
Exa0pleB Mrder and t1e/t %#illed wit1
treac1er*,t1enstolet1eri(1t+.
Penalt*B I/ co0plex C Reclsion te0poral
0axi00todeat1.
I/ treated individall* C Reclsion te0poral to
ReclsionPerpeta.
Co0plexcri0eisnotAsta0attero/penalt*,)t
o/s)stancendert1eRevisedPenalCode.
Plralit*o/cri0es0a*)eint1e/or0o/B
%$+ Co0pondcri0e6
%2+ Co0plexcri0e6and
%:+ Co0positecri0e.
A co0pond cri0e is one w1ere a sin(le act
prodcestwoor0orecri0es.
Aco0plexcri0estrictl*spea#in(isonew1ere
t1e o//ender 1as to co00it an o//ense as a
0eans/ort1eco00issiono/anot1ero//ense.It
is said t1at t1e o//ense is co00itted as a
necessar* 0eans to co00it t1e ot1er o//ense.
HNecessar*I s1old not )e nderstood as
indispensa)le,ot1erwise,its1all)econsidered
a)sor)edandnot(ivin(risetoaco0plexcri0e.
Aco0positecri0eisoneinw1ic1s)stanceis
0adep o/0ore t1an onecri0e,)tw1ic1 in
t1e e*es o/ t1e law is onl* a sin(le indivisi)le
o//ense..1isisalso#nownasspecialco0plex
cri0e. Exa0ples are ro))er* wit1 1o0icide,
ro))er* wit1 rape, rape wit1 1o0icide. .1ese
are cri0es w1ic1 in t1e e*es o/ t1e law are
re(ardedonl*asasin(leindivisi)leo//ense.
Co0positeCri0e/SpecialCo0plexCri0e
.1is is one w1ic1 in s)stance is 0ade p o/
0oret1anonecri0e)tw1ic1int1ee*eso/t1e
lawisonl*asin(leindivisi)le o//ense. .1isis
also #nown as a special co0plex cri0e.
Exa0ples are ro))er* wit1 1o0icide, ro))er*
wit1rape,andrapewit11o0icide.
.1eco0pondcri0eandt1eco0plexcri0eare
treatedinArticle;Eo/t1eRevisedPenalCode.
"t in sc1 article, a co0pond cri0e is also
desi(nated as a co0plex cri0e, )t Hco0plex
cri0esIareli0itedonl*toasitationw1eret1e
resltin(/eloniesare(raveand/orless(rave.
W1ereasinaco0pondcri0e,t1ereisnoli0it
astot1e(ravit*o/t1eresltin(cri0esaslon(
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
asasin(leact)rin(sa)ottwoor0orecri0es.
Strictl* spea#in(, co0pond cri0es are not
li0itedto(raveorless(rave/elonies)tcovers
allsin(leactt1atresltsintwoor0orecri0es.
IllstrationB
Apersont1rewa1and(renadeandt1epeople
started sca0perin(. W1en t1e 1and (renade
exploded,noonwasseriosl*wondedallwere
0ere wonded. It was 1eld t1at t1is is a
co0pondcri0e,alt1o(1t1eresltin(/elonies
areonl*sli(1t.
Illstration o/ a sitation w1ere t1e ter0
Hnecessar*I in co0plex cri0e s1old not )e
nderstoodasindispensa)leB
A)ettin( co00itted drin( t1e enconter
)etween re)els and (overn0ent troops sc1
t1at t1e 1o0icide co00itted cannot )e
co0plexedwit1re)ellion. .1isis)ecaset1e*
are indispensa)le part o/ re)ellion. %CaveatB
!rte(a sa*s re)ellion can )e co0plexed wit1
co00oncri0esindiscssiononRe)ellion+
.1eco0plexcri0eliesactall*int1e/irst/or0
nderArticle$;E.
.1e/irst/or0o/t1eco0plexcri0eisactall*a
co0pond cri0e, is one w1ere a sin(le act
constittestwoor0ore(raveand/orless(rave
/elonies. .1e )asis in co0plexin( or
co0pondin(t1ecri0eist1eact.Sot1atw1en
an o//ender per/or0ed 0ore t1an one act,
alt1o(1 si0ilar, i/ t1e* reslt in separate
cri0es,t1ereisnoco0plexcri0eatall,instead,
t1e o//ender s1all )e prosected /or as 0an*
cri0es as are co00itted nder separate
in/or0ation.
W1en t1e sin(le act )rin(s a)ot two or 0ore
cri0es, t1e o//ender is pnis1ed wit1 onl* one
penalt*, alt1o(1 in t1e 0axi00 period,
)ecase 1e acted onl* wit1 sin(le cri0inal
i0plse..1epres0ptionist1at,sincet1ereis
onl*oneact/or0ed,it/ollowst1att1ereisonl*
one cri0inal i0plse and correctl*, onl* one
penalt*s1old)ei0posed.
Conversel*, w1en t1ere are several acts
per/or0ed, t1e ass0ption is t1at eac1 act is
i0pelled )* a distinct cri0inal i0plse and /or
ever cri0inal i0plse, a separate penalt*.
4owever, it 0a* 1appen t1at t1e o//ender is
i0pelled onl* )* a sin(le cri0inal i0plse in
co00ittin( a series o/ acts t1at )ro(1t a)ot
0oret1anonecri0e, considerin(t1atCri0inal
Law,i/t1ereisonl*onecri0inali0plsew1ic1
)ro(1ta)ott1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e,t1e
o//enders1old)epenali8edonl*once.
.1erearein/actcasesdecided)*t1eSpre0e
Cortw1eret1eo//ender1asper/or0edaseries
o/acts)tt1eactsappearedto)ei0pelled)*
one and t1e sa0e i0plse, t1e rlin( is t1at a
co0plexcri0eisco00itted.Int1iscaseitisnot
t1e sin(leness o/ t1e act )t t1e sin(leness o/
t1e i0plse t1at 1as )een considered. .1ere
are cases w1ere t1e Spre0e Cort 1eld t1at
t1ecri0eco00ittedisco0plexevent1o(1t1e
o//enderper/or0ednotasin(leact)taseries
o/ acts. .1e onl* reason is t1at t1e series o/
actsarei0pelled)*asin(lecri0inali0plse.
:.CIRC-MS.ANCESW4IC4A,,EC.CRIMINALLIA"ILI.L
.1ere are /ive circ0stances a//ectin( cri0inal
lia)ilit*B
%$+ Gsti/*in(circ0stances6
%2+ Exe0ptin(circ0stances6
%:+ Miti(atin(circ0stances6
%;+ A((ravatin(circ0stances6and
%9+ Alternativecirc0stances.
.1ere are two ot1ers w1ic1 are /ond
elsew1ere in t1e provisions o/ t1e
RevisedPenalCodeB
%D+ A)soltor*case6and
%F+ Extenatin(circ0stances.
InAsti/*in(andexe0ptin(circ0stances,t1ere
isnocri0inallia)ilit*.W1enanaccsedinvo#es
t1e0, 1e in e//ect ad0its t1e co00ission o/ a
cri0e)ttriestoavoidt1elia)ilit*t1ereo/..1e
)rden is pon 1i0 to esta)lis1 )e*ond
reasona)le do)t t1e re7ired conditions to
Asti/* orexe0pt 1is acts/ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit*.
W1at is s1i/ted is onl* t1e )rdeno/ evidence,
nott1e)rdeno/proo/.
Gsti/*in(circ0stancesconte0plateintentional
acts and, 1ence, are inco0pati)le wit1 dolo.
Exe0ptin( circ0stances 0a* )e invo#ed in
clpa)le/elonies.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Distinctions)etweenAsti/*in(circ0stancesandexe0ptin(circ0stances
InAsti/*in(circ0stancesC
%$+ .1e circ0stance a//ects t1e act, not t1e
actor6
%2+ .1eactco0plainedo/isconsideredto1ave
)eendonewit1int1e)ondso/law61ence,
itisle(iti0ateandlaw/lint1ee*eso/t1e
law6
%:+ Since t1e act is considered law/l, t1ere is
no cri0e, and )ecase t1ere is no cri0e,
t1ereisnocri0inal6
%;+ Sincet1ereisnocri0eorcri0inal,t1ereis
nocri0inallia)ilit*aswellascivillia)ilit*.
Inexe0ptin(circ0stancesC
%$+ .1ecirc0stancesa//ectt1e actor,not t1e
act6
%2+ .1e act co0plained o/ is actall* wron(/l,
)t t1e actor acted wit1ot volntariness.
4eisa0eretoolorinstr0ento/t1ecri0e6
%:+ Since t1e act co0plained o/ is actall*
wron(/l,t1ereisacri0e. "t)ecaset1e
actor acted wit1ot volntariness, t1ere is
a)sence o/ dolo or clpa. .1ere is no
cri0inal6
%;+ Sincet1ereisacri0eco00itted)tt1ereis
no cri0inal, t1ere is civil lia)ilit* /or t1e
wron(done."tt1ereisnocri0inallia)ilit*.
4owever, in para(rap1s ; and F o/ Article
$2,t1ereisneit1ercri0inalnorcivillia)ilit*.
W1en *o appl* /or Asti/*in( or exe0ptin(
circ0stances, it is con/ession and avoidance
and)rdeno/proo/s1i/tstot1eaccsedand1e
cannolon(errel*onwea#nesso/prosection3s
evidence
Gsti/*in(circ0stances
Art. $$. Gsti/*in( circ0stances. @ .1e
/ollowin(donotincran*cri0inallia)ilit*B
$.An*onew1oactsinde/enseo/1ispersonor
ri(1ts,providedt1att1e/ollowin(circ0stances
concr6
,irst.-nlaw/la((ression.
Second. Reasona)le necessit* o/ t1e 0eans
e0plo*edtopreventorrepelit.
.1ird.Lac#o/s//icientprovocationont1epart
o/t1epersonde/endin(1i0sel/.
2.An*onew1oactsinde/enseo/t1epersonor
ri(1tso/ 1isspose, ascendants, descendants,
or le(iti0ate, natral or adopted )rot1ers or
sisters, or 1is relatives )* a//init* in t1e sa0e
de(rees and t1ose consan(init* wit1in t1e
/ort1 civil de(ree, provided t1at t1e /irst and
second re7isites prescri)ed in t1e next
precedin( circ0stance are present, and t1e
/rt1er re7isite, in case t1e revocation was
(iven )* t1e person attac#ed, t1at t1e one
0a#in(de/ense1adnopartt1erein.
:.An*onew1oactsinde/enseo/t1epersonor
ri(1ts o/ a stran(er, provided t1at t1e /irst and
second re7isites 0entioned in t1e /irst
circ0stance o/ t1is Art. Are present and t1at
t1e person de/endin( )e not indced )*
reven(e,resent0ent,orot1erevil0otive.
;.An*personw1o,inordertoavoidanevilor
inAr*, does not act w1ic1 cases da0a(e to
anot1er, provided t1at t1e /ollowin( re7isites
arepresent6
,irst..1att1eevilso(1tto)eavoidedactall*
exists6
Second. .1att1e inAr*/eared)e(reater t1an
t1atdonetoavoidit6
.1ird..1att1ere)enoot1erpracticalandless
1ar0/l0eanso/preventin(it.
9. An* person w1o acts in t1e /l/ill0ent o/ a
dt*orint1elaw/lexerciseo/ari(1toro//ice.
D.An*personw1oactsino)ediencetoanorder
issed)*asperior/orso0elaw/lprpose.
Since t1e Asti/*in( circ0stances are in t1e
natreo/de/ensiveacts,t1ere0st)ealwa*s
nlaw/la((ression..1ereasona)lenesso/t1e
0eanse0plo*eddependsont1e(ravit*o/t1e
a((ression.I/t1enlaw/la((ressorwas#illed,
t1is canonl*)eAsti/iedi/itwasdonetosave
t1e li/e o/ t1e person de/endin( or t1e person
)ein(de/ended..1ee7ationisHli/ewasta#en
tosaveli/e.I
Sel/De/ense
InAsti/*in(circ0stances,t1e0osti0portantis
sel/&de/ense.W1ent1isis(ivenint1e)ar,itis
t1e ele0ent o/ nlaw/l a((ression t1at is in
isse. Nevercon/senlaw/l a((ressionwit1
provocation.Mereprovocationisnoteno(1.
IllstrationB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Aand"arelon(standin(ene0ies."ecaseo/
t1eir continos 7arrel overt1e )ondarieso/
t1eir adAoinin( properties, w1en A saw " one
a/ternoon, 1e approac1ed t1e latter in a
0enacin(0annerwit1a)oloin1is1and.W1en
1ewasa)ot/ive/eetawa*/ro0","plledot
arevolverands1otAont1ec1est,#illin(1i0.
Is " cri0inall* lia)leN W1at cri0e was
co00itted,i/an*N
.1e act o/ A is not1in( )t a provocation. It
cannot )e c1aracteri8ed as an nlaw/l
a((ression)ecaseincri0inallaw,annlaw/l
a((ression is an attac# or a t1reatened attac#
w1ic1 prodces an i00inent dan(er to t1e li/e
andli0)o/t1eoneresortin(tosel/&de/ense.In
t1e/actso/t1epro)le0(ivena)ove,w1atwas
saidwast1atAwas1oldin(a)olo. .1at)olo
does not prodce an* real or i00inent dan(er
nlessaraises1isar0wit1t1e)olo.Aslon(as
t1atar0o/Awasdown1oldin(t1e)olo,t1ereis
no i00inent dan(er to t1e li/e or li0) o/ ".
.1ere/ore, t1e act o/ " in s1ootin( A is not
Asti/ied.
De/ense o/ ri(1ts is inclded in t1e
circ0stances o/de/enseand so is de/enseo/
1onor.
In -S v. Mateo, w1ile a wo0an was sleepin(,
1ersisterand)rot1er&in&lawwenttoseea0ovie
andca0e1o0elatet1atevenin(..1eaccsed
wasalread*asleep..1e)rot1er&in&lawca0ep
/irstw1ile1iswi/ewasstillint1estaircase. 4e
started /eelin( t1ro(1 t1e dar#, and in t1e
process, 1e awa#ened t1e accsed. "elievin(
t1at 1er 1onor was at sta#e, s1e (ot a pair o/
scissorsandsta))edt1e0an. W1ent1eli(1ts
were trned on, s1e reali8ed t1at s1e 1ad
sta))ed 1er )rot1er&in&law. .1e accsed
clai0edas1avin(actedinde/enseo/1er1onor
and0ista#eo//act. S1esaidt1ats1e)elieved
t1at 1er own 1onor was at sta#e. It was 1eld
t1att1ew1ole0atterisprel*1eri0a(ination.
.oc1in( t1e ar0 cold not prodce sc1
dan(eraswoldreall*)ei00inenttot1e1onor
o/t1ewo0an.
Apparentl*,ndert1eRevisedPenalCode,t1e
1onor o/awo0an in respect o/1er de/ense is
e7atedwit11ervir(init*.
In -S v. Gari(e, it was 1eld t1at it was not
possi)letorapet1eaccsed)ecaset1ew1ole
t1in(transpiredint1ec1rc1,w1eret1erewere
so 0an* people. .1ere/ore, 1er availin( o/
de/enseo/1onorisnottena)le. S1ecoldnot
possi)l* )e raped in t1at place. De/ense o/
1onor1ereis)ein(e7atedwit1oneo/a)seo/
c1astit*o/awo0an. Int1iscase,t1eo//ended
part*placed1is1andont1et1i(1o/t1ewo0an
w1owast1enpra*in(..1erewasalread*so0e
sort o/ a((ression )t it was not eno(1 to
warrant t1e act resorted to )* t1e accsed in
(ettin(as0all#ni/e/ro01er)a(andt1rstin(it
ont1ec1esto/t1eo//endedpart*.
Do not con/se nlaw/l a((ression wit1
provocation. W1at Asti/ies t1e #illin( o/ a
spposed nlaw/l a((ressor is t1at i/ t1e
o//enderdidnot#ill t1ea((ressor,itwill )e1is
own li/e t1at will )e lost. .1at will )e t1e
sitation.I/t1atisnott1esitation,eveni/t1ere
was an nlaw/l a((ression t1at 1as alread*
)e(n,*ocannotinvo#esel/&de/ense.
IllstrationB
.wo police0en 7arreled inside a police
precinct. !ne s1ot t1e ot1er. .1e ot1er was
wondedon1ist1i(1. .1epolice0anw1owas
wondedont1et1i(1A0pedont1ear0o/t1e
/ellow w1o s1ot 1i0. In t1e process, t1e*
wrestled /or possession o/ t1e (n. .1e
police0an w1o s1ot t1e ot1er (* /ell on t1e
/loor. !n t1at point, t1is police0an w1o was
s1otatt1et1i(1wasalread*a)leto(et1oldo/
t1e revolver. In t1at position, 1e started
e0pt*in( t1e revolver o/ t1e ot1er police0an
w1owasl*in(ont1e/loor. Int1iscase,itwas
1eld t1at t1e de/ense o/ sel/&de/ense is no
availa)le..1es1ootin(wasnotAsti/ied.
InPeoplev.Rodri(e8, awo0anwentintot1e
1ose o/ anot1er wo0an w1o0 s1e sspected
o/ 1avin( an a//air wit1 1er 1s)and. S1e
started porin( (asoline on t1e 1ose o/ t1e
wo0an. Since t1e wo0an 1as c1ildren inside
t1e1ose,s1eA0pedottopreventt1isot1er
wo0an/ro0porin((asolinearondt1e1ose.
.1e wo0an w1o was porin( (asoline 1ad a
)olo, so s1e started 1ac#in( t1e ot1er wo0an
wit1 it. .1e* (rappled wit1 t1e )olo. At t1at
0o0ent,t1eonew1oA0pedoto/t1e1ose
was a)le to wrest t1e )olo awa* and started
1ac#in( t1e ot1erwo0an. Itwas1eldt1att1e
1ac#in( was not Asti/ied. Actall*, w1en s1e
#illedt1espposednlaw/l a((ressor,1erli/e
and li0) were no lon(er in i00inent dan(er.
.1atist1e/ocalpoint.
At t1e ti0e t1e accsed #illed t1e spposed
nlaw/l a((ressor, was 1er li/e in dan(erN I/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1eanswerisno,t1ereisnosel/&de/ense. "t
w1ile t1ere 0a* )e no Asti/*in( circ0stance,
donot/or(ett1einco0pletesel/&de/ense. .1is
isa0iti(atin(circ0stancenderpara(rap1$
o/ Article $:. .1is 0iti(atin( circ0stance is
eit1er privile(ed or ordinar*. I/ ordinar*, it 1as
t1e e//ect o/ redcin( t1e i0posa)le penalt* to
t1e0ini00period."ti/itisprivile(ed,it1as
t1ee//ecto/lowerin(t1epenalt*)*onetotwo
de(rees,dependin(on1owt1ecortwillre(ard
t1ea)senceorpresenceo/conditionstoAsti/*
t1eact.
De/enseo/propert*ri(1ts
.1iscanonl*)einvo#edi/t1eli/eandli0)o/
t1e person 0a#in( t1e de/ense is also t1e
s)Aect o/ nlaw/l a((ression. Li/e cannot )e
e7altopropert*.
De/enseo/stran(er
I/t1eperson)ein(de/endedisalread*asecond
cosin, *o do not invo#e de/ense o/ relative
an*0ore.Itwill)ede/enseo/stran(er..1isis
vital )ecasei/ t1eperson0a#in(t1ede/ense
acted ot or reven(e, resent0ent or so0e evil
0otivein#illin(t1ea((ressor,1ecannotinvo#e
t1e Asti/*in( circ0stance i/ t1e relative
de/endedisalread*astran(erint1ee*eso/t1e
law.!nt1eot1er1and,i/t1erelativede/ended
isstillwit1int1ecovera(eo/de/enseo/relative,
event1o(11eactedoto/so0eevil0otive,it
wold still appl*. It is eno(1 t1at t1ere was
nlaw/l a((ression a(ainst t1e relative
de/ended,andt1att1epersonde/endin(didnot
contri)tetot1enlaw/la((ression.
JestionQAnswer
.1eperson)ein(de/endedwasarelativeC
a /irst cosin. "t t1e /ellow w1o #illed t1e
a((ressor 1ad so0e score to settle wit1 t1e
a((ressor. Is 1e entitled to a Asti/*in(
circ0stanceN
Les. In law, t1e condition t1at a person
0a#in( t1e de/ense did not act ot o/
reven(e,resent0ent or evil 0otiveisnota
re7ire0ent in de/ense o/ relative. .1is is
onl*re7iredinde/enseo/stran(ers.
Inco0pletesel/&de/enseorinco0pleteAsti/*in(
circ0stance or inco0plete exe0ptin(
circ0stances
W1en *o sa* inco0plete Asti/*in(
circ0stance,it0eanst1atnotallt1ere7isites
toAsti/*t1eactarepresentornott1ere7isites
toexe0pt/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*arepresent.
4ow,i/atall,0a*inco0pletesel/&de/ensea//ect
t1ecri0inallia)ilit*o/t1eo//enderN
I/ t1e 7estion speci/icall* re/ers to inco0plete
sel/&de/ense, de/ense o/ relative or de/ense o/
stran(er,*o1aveto7ali/**oranswer.
,irst, to 1ave inco0plete sel/&de/ense, t1e
o//ended part* 0st )e (ilt* o/ nlaw/l
a((ression. Wit1ot t1is, t1ere can )e no
inco0plete sel/&de/ense, de/ense o/ relative, or
de/enseo/stran(er.
Second, i/ onl* t1e ele0ent o/ nlaw/l
a((ressionispresent,t1eot1erre7isites)ein(
a)sent, t1e o//ender s1all )e (iven onl* t1e
)ene/ito/anordinar*0iti(atin(circ0stance.
.1ird, i/ aside /ro0 t1e ele0ent o/ nlaw/l
a((ression anot1er re7isite, )t not all, are
present, t1e o//enders1all )e (ivent1e)ene/it
o/aprivile(ed0iti(atin(circ0stance. Insc1
acase,t1ei0posa)lepenalt*s1all)eredced
)*oneortwode(reesdependin(pon1owt1e
cort re(ards t1e i0portance o/ t1e re7isites
present.!ra)sent.
I/ t1e 7estion re/ers (enerall* to Asti/*in( or
exe0ptin( circ0stances, t1e 7estion s1old
)e,H1ow0a*inco0pleteAsti/*in(circ0stance
a//ectcri0inallia)ilit*o/t1eo//ender,i/atallNI
Ma#e a separate answer wit1 respect to sel/&
de/ense, de/ense o/ relative or de/ense o/
stran(er )ecase in t1ese cases, *o alwa*s
1ave to speci/* t1e ele0ent o/ nlaw/l
a((ression6 ot1erwise, t1ere wold )e no
inco0plete sel/&de/ense, de/ense o/ relative or
de/enseo/stran(er. In(eneral,wit1respectto
ot1ercirc0stances,*oneedonl*tosa*t1isB
I/lesst1ana0aAorit*o/t1ere7isitesnecessar*
toAsti/*t1eactorexe0pt/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*
arepresent,t1eo//enders1allonl*)eentitledto
anordinar*0iti(atin(circ0stance.
I/ a 0aAorit* o/ t1e re7isites needed to Asti/*
t1e act or exe0pt /ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit* are
present, t1e o//enders1all )e (ivent1e)ene/it
o/ a privile(ed 0iti(atin( circ0stance. .1e
penalt*s1all)elowered)*oneortwode(rees.
W1ent1ereareonl*twoconditionstoAsti/*t1e
act or to exe0pt /ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit*, t1e
presence o/ one s1all )e re(arded as t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0aAorit*.
Stateo/necessit*
.1e state o/ necessit* 0st not 1ave )een
created )* t1e one invo#in( t1e Asti/*in(
circ0stances. ,or exa0ple, A drove 1is car
)e*ondt1espeedli0itso0c1sot1atw1en1e
reac1edt1ecrve,1isve1icles#iddedtowardsa
ravine. 4e swerved 1is car towards a 1ose,
destro*in(itand#illin(t1eoccpantt1erein.A
cannot )e Asti/ied )ecase t1e state o/
necessit* was )ro(1t a)ot )* 1is own
/eloniosact.
Civillia)ilit*re/erredtoinastateo/necessit*is
)ased not on t1e act co00itted )t on t1e
)ene/itderived/ro0t1estateo/necessit*. So
t1eaccsedwillnot)ecivill*lia)lei/1edidnot
receivean*)ene/itoto/t1estateo/necessit*.
!n t1e ot1er 1and, persons w1o did not
participateint1eda0a(eorinAr*wold)epro
tanto civill* lia)le i/ t1e* derived )ene/it ot o/
t1estateo/necessit*.
Civillia)ilit*is)asedont1e)ene/itderivedand
not on t1e act, da0a(e or inAr* cased. It is
wron( to treat t1is as an exception to t1e rle
t1at in Asti/*in( circ0stances, t1ere is no
cri0inalnorcivillia)ilit*,ont1eprinciplet1atHno
one s1old enric1 1i0sel/ at t1e expense o/
anot1erI.
IllstrationB
Aand"areownerso/adAoinin(lands.Aowns
t1eland/orplantin(certaincrops. "ownst1e
land /or raisin( certain (oats. C sed anot1er
land/orave(eta)le(arden. .1erewas1eav*
rainand/loods. Da0wasopened. Cdroveall
t1e (oats o/ " to t1e land o/ A. .1e (oats
rs1edtot1elando/Ato)esaved,)tt1eland
o/Awasdestro*ed..1eat1oro/t1eactisC,
)t C is not civill* lia)le )ecase 1e did not
receive )ene/its. It was " w1o was )ene/ited,
alt1o(11ewasnott1eactor.4ecannotclai0
t1atitwas/ortitosevent."willansweronl*to
t1e extent o/ t1e )ene/it derived )* 1i0. I/ C
w1odroveallt1e(oatsisaccsedo/0alicios
0isc1ie/,1isde/ensewold)et1at1eactedot
o/ a state o/ necessit*. 4e will not )e civill*
lia)le.
,l/ill0ento/dt*
Int1eAsti/*in(circ0stanceo/aperson1avin(
acted ot o//l/ill0ent o/adt*and t1e law/l
exercise o/ a ri(1t or o//ice, t1ereareonl* two
conditionsB
%$+ .1e/elon*wasco00ittedw1ilet1eo//ender
wasint1e/l/ill0ento/adt*orint1elaw/l
exerciseo/ari(1toro//ice6and
%2+ .1e resltin( /elon* is t1e navoida)le
conse7ence o/ t1e de /l/ill0ent o/ t1e
dt* or t1e law/l exercise o/ t1e ri(1t or
o//ice.
Invaria)l*,w1en*oare(ivenapro)le0ont1is
pre0ise, and t1e /irst condition is present, )t
t1e second is not )ecase t1e o//ender acted
wit1 clpa, t1e o//ender will )e entitled to a
privele(e0iti(atin(circ0stance. .1isisw1at
*o call inco0plete Asti/ication o/ /l/ill0ent o/
dt* or inco0plete Asti/ication o/ exercise o/ a
ri(1t.Int1atcase,t1epenalt*wold)eredced
)*oneortwode(rees.
In People v. !anis and Callanta, t1e accsed
C1ie/ o/ Police and t1e consta)lar* soldier
were sent ot to arrest a certain "ala(tas,
spposedl* a notorios )andit. .1ere was an
order to #ill "ala(tas i/ 1e wold resist. .1e
accsed arrived at t1e 1ose o/ a dancer w1o
wasspposedl*t1e(irl/riendo/"ala(tas.W1en
t1e*weret1ere,t1e*sawacertainpersonw1o
rese0)led"ala(tasinall1is)odil*appearance
sleepin(ona)a0)oo)ed)t/acin(t1eot1er
direction. .1e accsed, wit1ot (oin( arond
t1e1ose,started/irin(att1e0an..1e*/ond
otlateront1att1e0anwasnotreall*"ala(tas.
.1e*triedtoinvo#et1eAsti/*in(circ0stance
o/1avin(actedin/l/ill0ento/adt*.
.1e second re7isite is a)sent )ecase t1e*
actedwit1ne(li(ence. .1erewasnot1in(t1at
prevented t1e0/ro0loo#in(arond t1e 1ose
and loo#in( at t1e /ace o/ t1e /ellow w1o was
sleepin(. .1ere cold not )e an* dan(er on
t1eirli/eandli0).4ence,t1e*were1eld(ilt*
o/t1e cri0eo/0rder )ecaset1e /ellow was
#illed w1en 1e was sleepin( and totall*
de/enseless. 4owever, t1e Spre0e Cort
(ranted t1e0 t1e )ene/it o/ inco0plete
Asti/icationo//l/ill0ento/dt*andt1epenalt*
wasredced)*oneortwode(rees.
Do not con/se /l/ill0ent o/ a dt* wit1 sel/&
de/ense.
IllstrationB
A,apolice0an,w1ilewaitin(/or1iswi/eto(o
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
1o0e,wassddenl*sta))edatt1e)ac#)*",a
1oodl0, w1o 0istoo# 1i0 /or so0eone else.
W1en Asaw",1edrew1isrevolverandwent
a/ter". A/ter/irin(as1otint1eair,"didnot
stopsoAs1ot"w1owas1itatavitalparto/t1e
)od*."died.Ist1eacto/AAsti/iedN
Les..1eAsti/*in(circ0stanceo/sel/&de/ense
cannot )e invo#ed )ecase t1e nlaw/l
a((ression 1ad alread* ceased )* t1e ti0e A
s1ot ". W1en t1e nlaw/l a((ressor started
/leein(, t1e nlaw/l a((ression ceased. I/ t1e
personattac#edrnsa/ter1i0,int1ee*eso/t1e
law,1e)eco0est1enlaw/la((ressor. Sel/&
de/ense cannot )e invo#ed. Lo appl*
para(rap19on/l/ill0ento/dt*..1eo//ender
wasnotonl*de/endin(1i0sel/)twasactin(in
/l/ill0ento/adt*,to)rin(t1ecri0inal tot1e
at1orities.Aslon(as1ewasnotactin(oto/
0alicew1en1e/iredatt1e/leein(cri0inal,1e
cannot)e0adecri0inall*lia)le.4owever,t1is
istreonl*i/itwast1epersonw1osta))edwas
t1eone#illed. "ti/,letssa*,t1epolice0an
was sta))ed and despite t1e /act t1at t1e
a((ressor ran into a crowd o/ people, t1e
police0an still /ired indiscri0inatel*. .1e
police0an wold )e 1eld cri0inall* lia)le
)ecase 1e acted wit1 i0prdence in /irin(
toward several people w1ere t1e o//ender 1ad
rn."talt1o(11ewill)ecri0inall*lia)le,1e
will )e (iven t1e )ene/it o/ an inco0plete
/l/ill0ento/dt*.
Exe0ptin(circ0stances
Art. $2. Circ0stances w1ic1 exe0pt /ro0
cri0inallia)ilit*.@t1e/ollowin(areexe0pt/ro0
cri0inallia)ilit*B
$.Ani0)ecileoraninsaneperson,nlesst1e
latter1asacteddrin(alcidinterval.
W1ent1ei0)ecileoraninsaneperson1as
co00ittedanactw1ic1t1elawde/inesasa
/elon* %delito+, t1e cort s1all order 1is
con/ine0ent in one o/ t1e 1ospitals or
as*l0s esta)lis1ed /or persons t1s
a//licted,w1ic11es1allnot)eper0ittedto
leave wit1ot /irst o)tainin( t1e per0ission
o/t1esa0ecort.
2.Apersonndernine*earso/a(e.
:. A person over nine *ears o/ a(e and nder
/i/teen, nless 1e 1as acted wit1
discern0ent, in w1ic1 case, sc1 0inor
s1all )e proceeded a(ainst in accordance
wit1t1eprovisionso/Art.E>o/t1isCode.
W1en sc1 0inor is adAd(ed to )e
cri0inall* irresponsi)le, t1e cort, in
con/or0a)l*wit1t1e provisionso/t1isand
t1e precedin( para(rap1, s1all co00it 1i0
to t1e care and cstod* o/ 1is /a0il* w1o
s1all )e c1ar(ed wit1 1is srveillance and
edcationot1erwise,1es1all)eco00itted
to t1e care o/ so0e instittion or person
0entionedinsaidArt.E>.
;.An*personw1o,w1ileper/or0in(alaw/lact
wit1 de care, cases an inAr* )* 0ere
accidentwit1ot/altorintentiono/casin(
it.
9.An*personw1oactndert1eco0plsiono/
irresisti)le/orce.
D.An*personw1oactsndert1ei0plseo/an
ncontrolla)le /ear o/ an e7al or (reater
inAr*.
F. An* person w1o /ails to per/or0 an act
re7ired )* law, w1en prevented )* so0e
law/linspera)lecase.
Inexe0ptin(circ0stances,t1ereason/or t1e
exe0ptionliesont1einvolntarinesso/t1eactC
oneorso0eo/t1ein(redientso/volntariness
sc1ascri0inalintent,intelli(ence,or/reedo0
o/actionont1eparto/t1eo//enderis0issin(.In
caseitisaclpa)le/elon*,t1ereisa)senceo/
/reedo0o/actionorintelli(ence,ora)senceo/
ne(li(ence,i0prdence,lac#o//oresi(1torlac#
o/s#ill.
I0)ecilit*andinsanit*
.1ere is co0plete a)sence o/ intelli(ence.
I0)ecile 1as an IJ o/ F. .1e intellectal
de/icienc* is per0anent. .1ere is no lcid
intervalnli#eininsanit*.
.1einsanit*t1atisexe0ptin(isli0itedonl*to
0ental a)erration or disease o/ t1e 0ind and
0st co0pletel* i0pair t1e intelli(ence o/ t1e
accsed. -nder co00on law contries,
e0otional or spirital insanit* are exe0ptin(
circ0stancesnli#eint1isArisdiction)ecase
t1e RevisedAd0inistrativeCode, as de/ined is
li0ited to 0ental a)erration o/ t1e 0ind. .1is
wast1erlin(inPeoplev.Dn(o.
InPeoplev.Ra/anan,decidedonNove0)er2$,
$''$, t1e /ollowin( are t1e two tests /or
exe0ptionon(rondso/insanit*B

B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%$+ .1e test o/ co(nition, or w1et1er t1e
accsedactedwit1co0pletedeprivationo/
intelli(enceinco00ittin(saidcri0e6and
%2+ .1etesto/volition,orw1et1ert1eaccsed
actedintotaldeprivationo//reedo0o/will.
Sc1i8oprenia %de0entia praecox+ can onl* )e
considereda0iti(atin(circ0stance)ecaseit
does not co0pletel* deprive t1e o//ender o/
consciosnesso/1isacts.
Minorit*
Inexe0ptin(circ0stances,t1e0osti0portant
isseis1owt1e0inorit*o/t1eo//endera//ected
1is cri0inal lia)ilit*. It see0s t1at t1e view o/
0an* is t1at w1en t1e o//ender is a *ot1/l
o//ender, 1e 0st necessaril* )e con/ined in a
re/or0ator*..1isiswron(. A*ot1/lo//ender
canonl*)econ/inedinare/or0ator*ponorder
o/ t1e cort. -nder t1e a0end0ent to
Presidential Decree No. D>:, Presidential
DecreeNo.$$F're7irest1at)e/orea*ot1/l
o//ender 0a* )e (iven t1e )ene/it i/ a
sspension o/ sentence, t1ere 0st )e an
application /iled wit1 t1e cort w1ic1 s1old
prononcesentence.Notet1att1eco00it0ent
o/ t1e o//ender in a re/or0ator* is Ast a
conse7enceo/t1esspensiono/t1esentence.
I/ t1e sentence is not sspended, t1ere is no
co00it0entinare/or0ator*. .1eco00it0ent
is in a penitentiar*, since sspension o/
sentencere7irescertainconditionsB
%$+ .1e cri0e co00itted s1old not )e
pnis1a)le )* reclsion perpeta or deat1
penalt*6
%2+ .1eo//enders1oldnot1ave)een(ivent1e
)ene/it o/ a sspended sentence )e/ore.
.1is0eans1eisa/irstti0er6
%:+ 4e0st )e)elow$E*ears old )ecase a
*ot1/lo//enderisonew1ois)elow$E.
Notet1att1ea(eo/0aAorit*1as)eenredced
to $E. .1ere is no 0ore )rac#et w1ere t1e
o//ender is a 0inor *et no lon(er entitled to a
0iti(atin( circ0stance. Ano//ender)elow$E
is alwa*s entitled to a 0iti(atin( or exe0ptin(
circ0stance.
4owdoest1e0inorit*o/t1eo//endera//ect1is
cri0inallia)ilit*N
%$+ I/ t1e o//ender is wit1in t1e )rac#et o/ nine
*earsoldexactl*orless,1eisexe0pt/ro0
cri0inal lia)ilit* )t not /ro0 civil lia)ilit*.
.1is t*pe o/ o//enders are a)soltel*
exe0pt. Eveni/t1eo//endernine*earsor
)elow acted wit1 discern0ent, t1is s1old
not)eta#ena(ainst1i0)ecaseint1isa(e
)rac#et,t1eexe0ptionisa)solte.
%2+I/overnine)t)elow$9,adistinction1asto
)e0adew1et1ert1eo//enderactedwit1or
wit1ot discern0ent. .1e )rden is pon
t1e prosection to prove t1at t1e o//ender
acted wit1 discern0ent. It is not /or t1e
0inor to prove t1at 1e acted wit1ot
discern0ent.Allt1att1e0inor1astos1ow
is t1at 1e is wit1in t1e a(e )rac#et. I/ t1e
prosection wold want to pin cri0inal
lia)ilit*on1i0,it1astoprovet1att1ecri0e
was co00itted wit1 discern0ent. 4ere, i/
t1e o//ender was exe0pt /ro0 cri0inal
lia)ilit* )ecase t1e prosection was not
a)le to prove t1at t1e o//ender acted wit1
discern0ent, 1e is onl* civill* lia)le )t 1e
will )e co00itted to t1e srveillance o/ 1is
parentsw1owill)ere7iredtoreporttot1e
cort periodicall* on t1e pro(ress or
develop0ento/t1eo//ender.
I/t1eo//enderisprovento1aveactedwit1
discern0ent, t1is is w1ere t1e cort 0a*
(ive 1i0 t1e )ene/it o/ a sspended
sentence.4e0a*)e(ivent1e)ene/ito/a
sspended sentence nder t1e conditions
0entionedearlierandonl*i/1ewold/ilean
applicationt1ere/or.
Sspensiono/sentenceisnotato0atic.I/
t1e*ot1/lo//ender1as/iledanapplication
t1ere/or.
%:+ I/ at t1e ti0e t1e Ad(0ent is to )e
pro0l(ated 1e is alread* a)ove $E, 1e
cannotavailo/asspendedsentence..1e
reasonis)ecasei/t1esentencewereto)e
sspended, 1e wold )e co00itted in a
re/or0ator*.Since1ecannot)eco00itted
toare/or0ator*an*0ore)ecase1eisnot
lesst1an$E*earsold,1ewold1aveto)e
co00itted to a penitentiar*. .1at 0eans
pro0l(ation o/ t1e sentence s1all not )e
sspended. I/ t1e sentence s1old not )e
sspended, alt1o(1 t1e 0inor 0a* )e
7ali/ied, t1e cort will pro0l(ate t1e
sentence )t t1e 0inor s1all )e entitled to
t1eredctiono/t1epenalt*)*atleasttwo
de(rees.
W1ent1eo//enderisovernine)t)elow$9,
t1epenalt*to)ei0posedisdiscretionar*on
t1e cort, )t lowered )* at least two
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
de(rees.It0a*)elowered)*t1reeor/or
de(rees,dependin(ponw1et1ert1ecort
dee0s)est/ort1einteresto/t1eo//ender.
.1eli0itationt1atits1old)elowered)*at
leasttwode(reesisAstali0itationont1e
powero/t1ecorttoredcet1epenalt*. It
cannot)elesst1antwode(rees.
%;+ I/t1eo//enderis$9*earsoldanda)ove)t
)elow $E, t1ere is no exe0ption an*0ore
)t 1e is also (iven t1e )ene/it o/ a
sspended sentence nder t1e conditions
statedearlierandi/att1eti0et1esentence
is pro0l(ated, 1e is not $E *ears old or
over*et.I/t1esentenceispro0l(ated,t1e
cort will i0pose a penalt* one de(ree
lower. .1is ti0e it is /ixed. It is to )e
i0posedonede(reelowerandint1eproper
periodss)Aecttot1erlesinArticleD;.
Da0n0a)s7einAria
-nder Article $2, para(rap1 ;, t1e o//ender is
exe0ptnotonl*/ro0cri0inal)talso/ro0civil
lia)ilit*. .1is para(rap1 e0)odies t1e Latin
0axi0Hda0n0a)s7einAriaI.
IllstrationB
Apersonw1oisdrivin(1iscarwit1int1espeed
li0it,w1ileconsiderin(t1econditiono/t1etra//ic
and t1e pedestrians at t1at ti0e, tripped on a
stonewit1oneo/1iscartires. .1estone/lew
1ittin(apedestrianont1e1ead..1epedestrian
s//eredpro/se)leedin(.W1atist1elia)ilit*o/
t1edriverN
.1ere is no civil lia)ilit* nder para(rap1 ; o/
Article $2. Alt1o(1, t1is is Ast an exe0ptin(
circ0stance, w1ere (enerall* t1ere is civil
lia)ilit*,*et,inpara(rap1;o/Article$2,t1ereis
nocivillia)ilit*aswellascri0inallia)ilit*. .1e
driver is not nder o)li(ation to de/ra* t1e
0edicalexpenses.
4owever, correlate para(rap1 ; o/ Article $2
wit1t1esecondpara(rap1o/Article2F9.Article
2F9 (ives *o t1e cri0e o/ a)andonin( t1e
victi0o/one3sownaccident.Itisacri0e.4ere,
t1eaccidentre/erredtoinpara(rap12o/Article
2F9 is in t1e concept o/ para(rap1 ; o/ Article
$2. .1is 0eans t1at t1e o//ender 0st )e
per/or0in(alaw/lact,t1at1ewasdoin(itwit1
decare)tso0e1ow,inAr*reslted)*0ere
accidentwit1ot/altorintentiono/casin(it.
I/ at t1e ver* )e(innin(, t1e o//ender was
ne(li(ent, *o do not appl* Article 2F9,
para(rap1 2. Instead, it will )e Article :D9 on
cri0inal ne(li(ence. Notice t1at in t1e last
para(rap1o/Article:D9,int1ecaseo/t1eso&
called 1it and rn drivers w1o 1ave inAred
so0e)od*andwolda)andont1evicti0o/t1e
accident, t1e penalt* is 7ali/ied to a 1i(1er
de(ree. 4ere,nderpara(rap1;o/Article$2,
t1ein/lictiono/t1einAr*)*0ereaccidentdoes
not(iverisetoacri0inalorcivillia)ilit*,)tt1e
person w1o cased t1e inAr* is dt* )ond to
attend to t1e person w1o was inAred. I/ 1e
wold a)andon 1i0, it is in t1at a)andon0ent
t1at t1e cri0e arises w1ic1 is pnis1ed nder
t1esecondpara(rap1o/Article2F9.
Co0plsion o/ irresisti)le /orce and nder t1e
i0plseo/anncontrolla)le/ear
.1e o//ender 0st )e totall* deprived o/
/reedo0. I/ t1e o//ender 1as still /reedo0 o/
c1oice,w1et1ertoactornot,eveni//orcewas
e0plo*edon1i0oreveni/1eiss//erin(/ro0
ncontrolla)le /ear, 1e is not exe0pt /ro0
cri0inal lia)ilit* )ecase 1e is still possessed
wit1volntariness.Inexe0ptin(circ0stances,
t1eo//ender0stactwit1otvolntariness.
In a sitation w1ere t1e o//ender wold
ot1erwise )e exe0pt, )t t1e re7isites /or
exe0ptionarenotallpresent,t1eo//enderisstill
entitled to a 0iti(atin( circ0stance o/
inco0plete exe0ption nder para(rap1 $ o/
Article $:. Appl* t1e rle i/ 0aAorit* o/ t1e
re7isites to exe0pt /ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit* are
present..1eo//enders1all)e(ivent1e)ene/it
o/ privele(e 0iti(atin( circ0stances. .1at
0eanst1att1epenalt*prescri)ed o/t1ecri0e
co00itted s1all )e redced )* one or two
de(rees in accordance wit1 Article D' o/ t1e
RevisedPenalCode. I/lesst1ana0aAorit*o/
t1e re7isites /or exe0ption are present, t1e
o//ender s1all )e (iven onl* t1e )ene/it o/
ordinar*0iti(atin(circ0stances. .1at0eans
t1e penalt* s1all )e redced to t1e 0ini00
period o/ t1e prescri)ed penalt*, nless t1e
0iti(atin( circ0stance is o//set )* an
a((ravatin(circ0stance.
Miti(atin(circ0stances
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Art. $:. Miti(atin( circ0stances. @ .1e
/ollowin(are0iti(atin(circ0stances6
$. .1ose 0entioned in t1e precedin( c1apter,
w1enallt1ere7isitesnecessar*toAsti/*orto
exe0pt /ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit* in t1e respective
casesarenotattendant.
2. .1at t1e o//ender is nder ei(1teen *ear o/
a(e or over sevent* *ears. In t1e case o/ t1e
0inor, 1e s1all )e proceeded a(ainst in
accordancewit1t1eprovisionso/Art.E>.
:..1att1eo//ender1adnointentiontoco00it
so(raveawron(ast1atco00itted.
;. .1at s//icient provocation or t1reat on t1e
parto/t1eo//endedpart*i00ediatel*preceded
t1eact.
9..1att1eactwasco00ittedint1ei00ediate
vindication o/ a (rave o//ense to t1e one
co00ittin( t1e /elon* %delito+, 1is spose,
ascendants, or relatives )* a//init* wit1in t1e
sa0ede(rees.
D. .1at o/ 1avin( acted pon an i0plse so
power/lasnatrall*to1aveprodcedpassion
oro)/scation.
F..1att1eo//ender1advolntaril*srrendered
1i0sel/toapersoninat1orit*or1isa(ents,or
t1at1e1advolntaril*con/essed1is(ilt)e/ore
t1e cort prior to t1e presentation o/ t1e
evidence/ort1eprosection6
E..1att1eo//enderisdea/andd0),)lindor
ot1erwises//erin(so0ep1*sical de/ectw1ic1
t1s restricts 1is 0eans o/ action, de/ense, or
co00nicationswit11is/ellow)ein(s.
'.Sc1illnesso/t1eo//enderaswolddi0inis1
t1e exercise o/ t1e will&power o/ t1e o//ender
wit1ot 1owever deprivin( 1i0 o/ t1e
consciosnesso/1isacts.
$>. And, /inall*, an* ot1er circ0stances o/ a
si0ilar natre and analo(os to t1ose a)ove
0entioned.
Distinctions )etween ordinar* 0iti(atin(
circ0stances and privile(ed 0iti(atin(
circ0stances
%$+ Astot1enatreo/t1ecirc0stances
!rdinar* 0iti(atin( circ0stances can )e
o//set)*a((ravatin(circ0stances.
Privile(e0iti(atin(circ0stancecannever
)eo//set)*an*a((ravatin(circ0stance.
%2+ Astoe//ect
!rdinar* 0iti(atin( circ0stances, i/ not
o//set, will operateto redce t1e penalt* to
t1e0ini00period,providedt1epenalt*is
adivisi)leone.
Privile(e 0iti(atin( circ0stances operate
toredcet1epenalt*)*oneortwode(rees,
dependin(ponw1att1elawprovides.
Locaneasil*detectw1et1ert1ecirc0stance
w1ic1 0iti(ates t1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e o//ender is
privile(eornot,t1atis,i/t1epenalt*isredced
)*de(ree. I/t1epenalt*islowered)*oneor
two de(rees, it is privile(e6 t1ere/ore, even i/
t1ere is an a((ravatin( circ0stance, do not
co0pensate)ecaset1atwold)eviolatin(t1e
rles.
.1e circ0stances nder Article $: are
(enerall* ordinar* 0iti(atin(, except in
para(rap1 $, w1ere it is privile(e, Article D'
wold appl*. So also, para(rap1 2, in cases
w1eret1eo//enderis)elow$E*earsold,sc1
an o//ender i/ cri0inall* lia)le is entitled to t1e
lowerin(o/penalt*)*onede(ree. "ti/over
nine )t nder $9, 1e is entitled to a
discretionar* penalt* o/ at least two de(rees
lower.W1ent1ereisalowerin(o/penalties)*
de(rees,itisaprivile(e. Itcannot)eo//set)*
ana((ravatin(circ0stance.
Alt1o(1t1e)l#o/t1ecirc0stancesinArticle
$: are ordinar* 0iti(atin( circ0stances, *et,
w1en t1e cri0e co00itted is pnis1a)le )* a
divisi)le penalt*, two or 0ore o/ t1is ordinar*
0iti(atin(circ0stancess1all1avet1ee//ecto/
aprivile(e0iti(atin(circ0stancesi/t1ereisno
a((ravatin(circ0stanceatall.
Correlate Article $: wit1 Articles D: and D;.
Article $: is 0eanin(less wit1ot #nowin( t1e
rleso/i0posin(t1epenaltiesnderArticlesD:
andD;.
In )ar pro)le0s, w1en *o are (iven
indeter0inatesentences,t1esearticlesarever*
i0portant.
W1ent1ecirc0stancew1ic10iti(atescri0inal
lia)ilit*isprivile(ed,*o(ivee//ecttoita)ove
allconsiderations.Inot1erwords,)e/ore*o(o
intoan*circ0stance,lower/irstt1epenalt*to
t1e proper de(ree. .1at is precisel* w1* t1is
circ0stanceis consideredprivile(ed. It ta#es
pre/erenceoverallot1ercirc0stances.
JestionQAnswer
A $F *ear old )o* co00itted parricide.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Will 1e )e (iven t1e )ene/it o/ Indeter0inate
Sentence LawN .1en, t1e /acts state, penalt*
/orparricideisreclsionperpetatodeat1.
Lo1avelearnedt1att1eIndeter0inate
Sentence Law does not appl*, a0on( ot1er
sitations,w1ent1epenalt*i0posedisdeat1or
li/e i0prison0ent. "t t1en in t1e pro)le0
(iven, t1e o//ender is a $F&*ear old )o*. .1at
circ0stanceisprivile(ed. So)e/ore*o(oin
t1e Indeter0inate Sentence Law, *o 1ave to
appl* t1at circ0stance /irst. "ein( a $F&*ear
old )o*, t1ere/ore, t1e penalt* wold (o one
de(reelowerandt1epenalt*/orparricidew1ic1
nowstandsatreclsionperpetawill(odownto
reclsion te0poral. Reclsion te0poral is
alread*(overned)*t1eIndeter0inateSentence
Law.
.1eanswer,t1ere/ore,is*es. 4es1all )e
(iven t1e )ene/it o/ t1e Indeter0inate
Sentence Law. Alt1o(1 t1e penalt*
prescri)ed /or t1e cri0e co00itted is
reclsionperpeta,t1atisnott1ei0posa)le
penalt*, since )ein( $F *ears old is a
privile(e 0iti(atin( circ0stance. .1at
privile(elowerst1epenalt*)*onede(ree.
.1e i0posa)le penalt*, t1ere/ore, is
reclsion te0poral. .1e Indeter0inate
Sentence Law applies to t1is and so t1e
o//enderwill)e(ivenits)ene/it.
Cri0inallawsareto)econstredalwa*sin
a 0anner li)eral or lenient to t1e o//ender.
"etween (ivin( t1e o//ender t1e )ene/it o/
t1e Indeter0inate Sentence Law and
wit11oldin(itawa*/ro01i0,t1ereis0ore
reasonto(ive1i0its)ene/it.Itiswron(/or
*otodeter0inew1et1ert1eIndeter0inate
SentenceLawwillappl*ornotont1e)asis
o/reclsionperpeta)ecaset1atisnott1e
i0posa)le penalt*. .1e 0o0ent *o do
t1at, *o disre(ard t1e privile(ed c1aracter
o/ 0inorit*. Lo are onl* treatin( it as an
ordinar* 0iti(atin( circ0stance. Privile(e
0iti(atin( circ0stance will appl* over and
a)ove all ot1er considerations. W1en *o
arriveatt1ecorrectpenalt*,t1atist1eti0e
w1en*o/indotw1et1ert1eIndeter0inate
SentenceLawwillappl*ornot.
,orprposeso/lowerin(t1epenalt*)*oneor
twode(rees,t1ea(eo/t1eo//enderatt1eti0e
o/ t1e co00ission o/ t1e cri0e s1all )e t1e
)asis,nott1ea(eo/t1eo//enderatt1eti0et1e
sentenceisto)ei0posed. "t/orprposeso/
sspension o/ t1e sentence, t1e a(e o/ t1e
o//enderatt1eti0et1ecri0ewasco00ittedis
not considered, it is t1e a(e o/ t1e o//ender at
t1eti0et1esentenceisto)epro0l(ated.
Praeterintentione0
.1e co00on circ0stance (iven in t1e )ar o/
praeterintentione0,nderpara(rap1:,0eans
t1at t1ere 0st )e a nota)le disproportion
)etween t1e 0eans e0plo*ed )* t1e o//ender
co0paredtot1ato/ t1eresltin(/elon*. I/t1e
resltin( /elon* cold )e expected /ro0 t1e
0eans e0plo*ed, t1is circ0stance does not
avail. .1is circ0stance does not appl* w1en
t1e cri0e reslts /ro0 cri0inal ne(li(ence or
clpa.W1ent1ecri0eist1eprodcto/rec#less
i0prdence or si0ple ne(li(ence, 0iti(atin(
circ0stancesdoesnotappl*..1isisoneo/t1e
t1ree instances w1ere t1e o//ender 1as
per/or0eda/elon*di//erent/ro0t1atw1ic11e
intended. .1ere/ore, t1is is t1e prodct o/
intentional/elon*,notaclpa)leone.
S//icientt1reatorprovocation
.1is is 0iti(atin( onl* i/ t1e cri0e was
co00itted on t1e ver* person w1o 0ade t1e
t1reatorprovocation..1eco00onset&p(iven
ina)arpro)le0ist1ato/provocationwas(iven
)* so0e)od*. .1e person provo#ed cannot
retaliatea(ainst1i06t1s,t1epersonprovo#ed
retaliated on a *on(er )rot1er or on an elder
/at1er. Alt1o(1 in /act, t1ere is s//icient
provocation,itisnot0iti(atin()ecaset1eone
w1o(ivest1eprovocationisnott1eonea(ainst
w1o0t1ecri0ewasco00itted.
JestionQAnswer
Awaswal#in(in/ronto/t1e1oseo/".
"att1atti0ewaswit11is)rot1er C.Ctold"
t1at so0eti0e in t1e past, A )oxed 1i0, and
)ecase1ewass0all,1edidnot/i(1t)ac#. "
approac1edAand)oxed1i0,)tAcannot1it
)ac# at " )ecase " is )i((er, so A )oxed C.
Can A invo#e s//icient provocation to 0iti(ate
cri0inallia)ilit*N
No. S//icient provocation 0st co0e /ro0
t1e o//ended part*. .1ere 0a* actall* )e
s//icient provocation w1ic1 i00ediatel*
precededt1eact,)ti/provocationdidnot
co0e /ro0 t1e person o//ended, para(rap1
;,Article$:willnotappl*.
.1e co00ission o/ t1e /elon* 0st )e
i00ediate to t1e t1reat or provocation in order
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1att1iscirc0stance)e0iti(atin(. I/t1ereis
s//icient)rea#o/ti0e)e/oret1eprovocationor
t1reat and t1e conse7ent co00ission o/ t1e
cri0e, t1e law prespposes t1at drin( t1at
interval, w1atever an(er or di0inis1ed sel/
control0a*1avee0er(ed/ro0t1eo//ender1ad
alread* vanis1ed or disappeared. In appl*in(
t1is 0iti(atin( circ0stance, t1e corts are
(enerall* considerin( t1at t1ere 0st )e no
)rea#)etweent1eprovocationort1reatandt1e
co00ission o/ t1e /elon*. In ot1er words, t1e
/elon*wasco00ittedprecisel*)ecase1ewas
t1enandt1ereprovo#ed.
4owever, t1e recent rlin(s o/ t1e Spre0e

Cort, as well as t1e Cort o/ Appeals, 1as
stretc1edt1iscriterionCitisnotonl*a0attero/
ti0ean*0ore."e/ore,t1erewasarlin(t1ati/a
period o/ one 1or 1ad lapsed )etween t1e
provocation and t1e co00ission o/ t1e /elon*,
t1is 0iti(atin( circ0stance is no lon(er
applica)le.
IllstrationB
.1e accsed went to a )arrio dance. In t1at
(at1erin(, t1ere was a )ll* and 1e told t1e
accsedt1at1eisnotallowedto(oinside..1e
accsedtriedtoreasonot)tt1e)ll*slapped
1i0 several ti0es in /ront o/ so 0an* people,
so0e o/ w1o0 were ladies w1o were )ein(
corted )* t1e accsed, so 1e was 10iliated
ande0)arrassed.4owever,1ecannot/i(1tt1e
)ll* at t1at ti0e )ecase t1e latter was 0c1
)i((erand1eavier.Accsed1adnoc1oice)t
to(o1o0e.W1en1esawt1e)ll*a(ain,t1is
ti0e,1ewasar0edwit1a#ni/eand1esta))ed
t1e)ll*todeat1..1eevidence/ort1eaccsed
s1owed t1at w1en 1e went 1o0e, 1e was not
a)letosleept1ro(1ott1eni(1t,t1in#in(o/t1e
10iliationandotra(edoneto1i0,despitet1e
lapse o/ a)ot 22 1ors. .1e Spre0e Cort
(ave 1i0 t1e )ene/it o/ t1is 0iti(atin(
circ0stance. .1e reason stated )* t1e
Spre0e Cort /or allowin( t1e accsed to )e
)ene/ited)*t1is0iti(atin(circ0stanceist1at
t1ee//ecto/t1e10iliationandotra(ee0itted
)*t1eo//endedpart*asaprovocationpont1e
accsed was still present w1en 1e co00itted
t1e cri0e and, t1ere/ore, t1e reason /or
para(rap1;stillapplies. .1eaccsedwasstill
actin( nder a di0inis1ed sel/ control )ecase
1ewast1in#in(o/t1e10iliation1es//eredin
t1e 1ands o/ t1e o//ended part*. .1e otra(e
wassoseriosnlessvindicated.
.1isist1ecorrectinterpretationo/para(rap1;,
Article$:.Aslon(ast1eo//enderatt1eti0e1e
co00itted t1e /elon* was still nder t1e
in/lence o/ t1e otra(e cased )* t1e
provocation or t1reat, 1e is actin( nder a
di0inis1edsel/control..1isist1ereasonw1*it
is0iti(atin(.
Lo1avetoloo#attwocriteriaB
%$+ I/ /ro0 t1e ele0ent o/ ti0e, t1ere is a
0ateriallapseo/ti0estatedint1epro)le0
and t1ere is not1in( stated in t1e pro)le0
t1at t1e e//ect o/ t1e t1reat or provocation
1ad prolon(edand a//ected t1eo//ender at
t1e ti0e 1e co00itted t1e cri0e, t1en *o
set1ecriterion)asedont1eti0eele0ent.
%2+ 4owever,i/t1ereist1atti0eele0entandat
t1esa0eti0e,/actsare(ivenindicatin(t1at
att1eti0et1eo//enderco00ittedt1ecri0e,
1eisstills//erin(/ro0otra(eo/t1et1reat
orprovocationdoneto1i0,t1en1ewillstill
(et t1e )ene/it o/ t1is 0iti(atin(
circ0stance.
InPeoplev.Dio#no, aC1ina0anelopedwit1a
wo0an. Actall*, it was al0ost t1ree da*s
)e/ore accsed was a)le to locate t1e 1ose
w1eret1eC1ina0an)ro(1tt1ewo0an.4ere,
s//icient provocation wasoneo/t1e0iti(atin(
circ0stancesconsidered)*t1eSpre0eCort
in/avoro/t1eaccsed.
5indicationo/a(raveo//ense
.1e word Ho//enseI s1old not )e ta#en as a
cri0e.Itiseno(1i/w1atwasi0ptedorw1at
was done was wron(. In considerin( w1et1er
t1ewron(isa(raveonepont1epersonw1o
co00itted t1e cri0e, 1is a(e, edcation and
socialstatswill)econsidered.
4ere, in vindication o/ a (rave o//ense, t1e
vindicationneednot)edone)*t1epersonpon
w1o0 t1e (rave o//ense was co00itted. So,
nli#e in s//icient t1reat or provocation w1ere
t1e cri0e s1old )e in/licted pon t1e ver*
person w1o 0ade t1e t1reat or provocation,
1ere, it need not )e t1e sa0e person w1o
co00itted t1e (rave o//ense or w1o was
o//ended )* t1e wron( done )* t1e o//ended
part*.
.1e word Hi00ediateI 1ere does not carr* t1e
sa0e0eanin(ast1atnderpara(rap1;..1e
wordHi00ediateI1ereisanerroneosSpanis1
translation )ecase t1e Spanis1 word is
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Hproxi0aIandnotHi00ediate0enta.I.1ere/ore,
it is eno(1 t1at t1e o//ender co00itted t1e
cri0e wit1 t1e (rave o//ense done to 1i0, 1is
spose, 1is ascendant or descendant or to 1is
)rot1er or sister, w1et1er natral, adopted or
le(iti0ateandt1atist1eproxi0atecaseo/t1e
co00issiono/t1ecri0e.
Passionoro)/scation
.1is stands on t1e pre0ise or proposition t1at
t1e o//ender is s//erin( /ro0 a di0inis1ed sel/
control )ecase o/ t1e passion or o)/scation.
.1esa0eistrewit1t1ecirc0stancesnder
para(rap1s;and9.So,t1ereisarlin(tot1e
e//ectt1ati/t1eo//enderis(ivent1e)ene/ito/
para(rap1;, 1e cannot )e(iven t1e )ene/it o/
para(rap19orD,orvice&versa.!nl*oneo/t1e
t1ree 0iti(atin( circ0stances s1old )e (iven
in/avoro/t1eo//ender.
4owever, in one case, one o/ t1e 0iti(atin(
circ0stances nder para(rap1s ;, 9 and D
standsorarises/ro0aseto//acts,andanot1er
0iti(atin(circ0stancearises/ro0anot1erset
o/ /acts. Since t1e* are predicated on di//erent
seto//acts, t1e* 0a* )eappreciated to(et1er,
alt1o(1 t1e* arose /ro0 one and t1e sa0e
case.4ence,t1epro1i)itiona(ainstconsiderin(
all t1ese0iti(atin( circ0stances to(et1erand
notasoneappliesonl*i/t1e*wold)eta#enon
t1e)asiso/t1esa0eseto//acts.
I/ t1e case involves a series o/ /acts, t1en *o
can predicate an* one o/ t1ese circ0stances
onone/actandt1eot1eronanot1er/actandso
on.
.1e passion 0st )e le(iti0ate. As a rle, it
cannot )e )ased on co00on law relations1ip
)ecase co00on law relations1ips are illicit.
4owever, consider w1et1er passion or
o)/scation is (enerated )* co00on law
relations1ip or )* so0e ot1er 10an
consideration.
In a case w1ere t1e relations1ip )etween t1e
accsedandt1ewo0an1ewaslivin(wit1was
one o/ co00on law, 1e ca0e 1o0e and
srprised 1is co00on law wi/e 1avin( sexal
intercorsewit1a/riend..1isin/riated1i0.4e
#illed t1e /riend and 1e clai0ed passion or
o)/scation. .1e trial cort denied 1is clai0
)ecase t1e relations1ip was a co00on law
one.
!nreview,t1eaccsedwas(ivent1e)ene/ito/
t1ecirc0stancesandt1e)asiso/considerin(
passion or o)/scation in /avor o/ t1e accsed
was t1e act o/ t1e co00on law wi/e in
co00ittin(adlter*ri(1t/ro0t1econA(al)ed.
W1et1erornott1e*are0arried,an*0anw1o
discovers t1at in/idelit* was co00itted on t1e
ver* )ed provided )* 1i0 to t1e wo0an wold
natrall*)es)Aectedtoo)/scation.
W1ena0arriedpersonsrprised1is)etter1al/
int1eacto/sexalintercorsewit1anot1er,1e
(ets t1e )ene/it o/ Article 2;F. 4owever, t1at
re7isite w1ic1 in t1e /irst place, t1e o//ender
0st 1ave srprised 1is/1er spose actall*
co00ittin( sexal intercorse s1old )e
present. I/ t1e srprisin( was done not in t1e
actal act o/ sexal intercorse )t )e/ore or
a/terit,t1enArticle2;Fdoesnotappl*.
Alt1o(1t1isist1erlin(,still,t1eaccsedwill
)e (iven t1e )ene/it o/ s//icient provocation i/
t1eintercorsewasdonein1isdwellin(. I/t1is
actwasdoneso0ew1ereelseandt1eaccsed
#ills t1e para0or or t1e spose, t1is 0a* )e
considered as 0iti(ation o/ a (rave o//ense to
1i0 or ot1erwise as a sitation s//icient to
createpassionoro)/scation..1ere/ore,w1en
a0arried0anponco0in(1o0e,srprises1is
wi/ew1owasndeandl*in(wit1anot1er0an
w1owasalsonde,Article2;Fdoesnotappl*.
I/1e#illst1e0,vindicationo/a(raveo//ensewill
)e0iti(atin(in/avoro/t1eo//ender.
IllstrationsB
Aiscortin(",areceptionistina)eer1ose.C
dancedwit1".Asawt1isandsta))edC.Itwas
1eld t1at Aealos* is an ac#nowled(ed )asis o/
passion.
A, a 0ale class0ate is escortin( ", a /e0ale
class0ate.!nt1ewa*ot,so0e0enw1istled
lst/ll*..1e0aleclass0atesta))edsaid0en.
.1iswas1eldto)eo)/scation.
W1en a 0an saw a wo0an )at1in(, al0ost
na#ed,/orw1ic1reason1eraped1er,sc10an
cannot clai0 passion as a 0iti(atin(
circ0stance.
A0anandawo0anwerelivin(to(et1er/or$9
*ears..1e0anle/tt1evilla(ew1eret1e*were
livin( and never retrned 1o0e. .1e co00on
lawwi/elearnedt1at1ewas(ettin(0arriedtoa
class0ate.!nt1esc1edledweddin(da*,s1e
sta))edt1e(roo0int1ec1est,instantl*#illin(
1i0. S1e con/essed and explained t1at an*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
wo0ancannottoleratew1at1edidto1er.S1e
(ave 1i0 t1e )est *ears o/ 1er li/e. S1e
practicall*waited/or1i0da*andni(1t. Itwas
1eld t1at passion and o)/scation were
considered 0iti(atin(. In(ratitde was s1own
1ere.
5olntar*srrender
.1eessenceo/volntar*srrenderre7irest1at
t1e o//ender, a/ter 1avin( co00itted t1e cri0e,
1ad evaded t1e law en/orcers and t1e law
en/orcers do not #now o/ 1is w1erea)ots. In
s1ort,1econtinestoeldearrest.I/,ndert1is
circ0stance, t1e o//ender wold co0e ot in
t1e open and 1e (ives 1i0sel/ p, 1is act o/
doin( so will )e considered as indicative o/
repentance and 1e also saves t1e (overn0ent
t1eti0eandt1eexpenseo/loo#in(/or1i0.
Asa(eneralrle,i/a/terco00ittin(t1ecri0e,
t1e o//ender did not /lee and 1e went wit1 t1e
respondin( law en/orcers 0ee#l*, volntar*
srrenderisnotapplica)le.
4owever,t1ereisarlin(t1ati/a/terco00ittin(
t1ecri0e,t1eo//enderdidnot/leeandinstead
waited /or t1e law en/orcers to arrive and 1e
srrendered t1e weapon 1e sed in #illin( t1e
victi0,t1erlin(wast1atvolntar*srrenderis
0iti(atin(. In t1is case, t1e o//ender 1ad t1e
opportnit*to(ointo1idin(,t1e/actt1at1edid
not/leeisnotvolntar*srrender.
4owever, i/1e co0esot/ro01idin()ecase
1e is seriosl* ill and 1e went to (et 0edical
treat0ent, t1e srrender is not considered as
indicative o/ re0orse or repentance. .1e
srrender1ereisonl*doneoto/convenience
tosave1isownsel/.4ence,itisnot0iti(atin(.
Eveni/t1eo//ender0a*1ave(oneinto1idin(,i/
t1elawen/orcers1adalread*#nownw1ere1eis
1idin(anditisAsta0attero/ti0e)e/ore1eis
/ls1ed ot o/ t1at place, t1en even i/ t1e law
en/orcers do not #now exactl* w1ere 1e was
1idin( and 1e wold co0e ot, t1is is not
volntar*srrender.
W1et1er or not a warrant o/ arrest 1ad )een
issed a(ainst t1e o//ender is i00aterial and
irrelevant. .1e criterion is w1et1er or not t1e
o//ender 1ad (one into 1idin( or 1ad t1e
opportnit* to (o into 1idin( and t1e law
en/orcersdonot#nowo/1isw1erea)ots.I/1e
wold (ive p, 1is act o/ srrenderin( nder
sc1circ0stanceindicatest1at1eiswillin(to
accept t1e conse7ences o/ t1e wron( 1e 1as
doneandalsot1ere)*savest1e(overn0entt1e
e//ort,t1eti0eandt1eexpensesto)eincrred
inloo#in(/or1i0.
W1ere t1e o//ender went to t1e 0nicipal
)ildin(nottoownresponsi)ilit*/ort1e#illin(,
sc1 /act is not tanta0ont to volntar*
srrender as a 0iti(atin( circ0stance.
Alt1o(1 1e ad0itted 1is participation in t1e
#illin(,1etriedtoavoidresponsi)ilit*)*clai0in(
sel/&de/ensew1ic11owever1ewasnota)leto
prove.Peoplev.Mindac,decidedDece0)er$;,
$''2.
Srrender to )e considered volntar* and t1s
0iti(atin(,0st)espontaneos,de0onstratin(
anintenttos)0it1i0sel/nconditionall*tot1e
person in at1orit* or 1is a(ent in at1orit*,
)ecase %$+ 1e ac#nowled(es 1is (ilt %2+ 1e
wis1estosavet1e(overn0entt1etro)leand
expenses o/ searc1in( and captrin( 1i0.
W1ere t1e reason /or t1e srrender o/ t1e
accsedwas to insre 1is sa/et*, 1is arrest)*
police0en prsin( 1i0 )ein( inevita)le, t1e
srrenderisnotspontaneos.
P1*sicalde/ect
.1e p1*sical de/ect t1at a person 0a* 1ave
0st 1ave a relation to t1e co00ission o/ t1e
cri0e.Inacasew1eret1eo//enderisdea/and
d0), personal propert* was entrsted to 1i0
and 1e 0isappropriated t1e sa0e. .1e cri0e
co00ittedwasesta/a..1e/actt1at1ewasdea/
and d0) is not 0iti(atin( )ecase t1at does
not)earan*relationtot1ecri0eco00itted.
Notan*p1*sicalde/ectwilla//ectt1ecri0e. It
willonl*dosoi/it1asso0erelationtot1ecri0e
co00itted.I/apersonisdea/andd0)and1e
1as)eenslandered,1ecannottal#sow1at1e
didwas,1e(otapieceo/woodandstrc#t1e
/ellow on t1e 1ead. .1e cri0e co00itted was
p1*sicalinAries. .1eSpre0eCort1eldt1at
)ein(adea/andd0)is0iti(atin()ecaset1e
onl*wa*istose1is/orce)ecase1ecannot
stri#e)ac#.
I/t1eo//enderis)lindinonee*e,aslon(as1is
0eanso/action,de/enseorco00nicationwit1
ot1ers are not restricted, sc1 circ0stance is
not 0iti(atin(. .1is circ0stance 0st also
1avea)earin(ont1ecri0eco00ittedand0st
dependon1owt1ecri0ewasco00itted.
Analo(oscases
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
.1e act o/ t1e o//ender o/ leadin( t1e law
en/orcers to t1e place w1ere 1e )ried t1e
instr0ento/t1ecri0e1as)eenconsideredas
e7ivalenttovolntar*srrender. .1eacto/a
t1ie/inleadin(t1eat1oritiestot1eplacew1ere
1edisposedo/t1eloot1as)eenconsideredas
analo(osore7ivalenttovolntar*srrender.
Stealin()*apersonw1oisdriventodosoot
o/extre0e povert*is considered asanalo(os
toinco0pletestateo/necessit*. 4owever,t1is
is not so w1ere t1e o//ender )eca0e
i0poveris1ed )ecaseo/1isownwa* o/livin(
1isli/e. I/1isli/est*leisoneo/1avin(so0an*
vices,asareslto/w1ic11e)eca0epoor,1is
s)se7entstealin()ecaseo/1ispovert*will
not)econsidered0iti(ated)*inco0pletestate
o/necessit*.
A((ravatin(circ0stances
Art. $;. A((ravatin( circ0stances. @ .1e
/ollowin(area((ravatin(circ0stancesB
$. .1at advanta(e )e ta#en )* t1e o//ender o/
1isp)licposition.
2..1att1ecri0e)eco00ittedinconte0ptor
wit1inslttot1ep)licat1orities.
:. .1at t1e act )e co00itted wit1 inslt or in
disre(ardo/t1erespectdet1eo//endedpart*
onacconto/1isran#,a(e,orsex,ort1atis)e
co00ittedint1edwellin(o/t1eo//endedpart*,
i/t1elatter1asnot(ivenprovocation.
;. .1at t1e act )e co00itted wit1 a)se o/
con/idenceoro)viosn(rate/lness.
9..1att1ecri0e)eco00ittedint1epalaceo/
t1eC1ie/Exectiveorin1ispresence,orw1ere
p)licat1oritiesareen(a(edint1edisc1ar(e
o/ t1eir dties, or in a place dedicated to
reli(ioswors1ip.
D..1att1ecri0e)eco00ittedint1eni(1tti0e,
or in an nin1a)ited place, or )* a )and,
w1eneversc1circ0stances0a*/acilitatet1e
co00issiono/t1eo//ense.
W1enever 0ore t1an t1ree ar0ed 0ale/actors
s1all 1aveactedto(et1erint1eco00issiono/
an o//ense, it s1all )e dee0ed to 1ave )een
co00itted)*a)and.
F..1att1ecri0e)eco00ittedont1eoccasion
o/ a con/la(ration, s1ipwrec#, eart17a#e,
epide0icorot1ercala0it*or0is/ortne.
E..1att1ecri0e)eco00ittedwit1t1e aido/
ar0ed 0en or persons w1o insre or a//ord
i0pnit*.
'..1att1eaccsedisarecidivist.
Arecidivistisonew1o,att1eti0eo/1istrial/or
onecri0e,s1all1ave)eenpreviosl*convicted
)*/inalAd(0ento/anot1ercri0ee0)racedin
t1esa0etitleo/t1isCode.
$>. .1at t1e o//ender 1as )een previosl*
pnis1ed )* an o//ense to w1ic1 t1e law
attac1esane7al or(reaterpenalt*or/ortwo
or 0ore cri0es to w1ic1 it attac1es a li(1ter
penalt*.
$$. .1at t1e cri0e )e co00itted in
considerationo/aprice,reward,orpro0ise.
$2. .1at t1e cri0e )e co00itted )* 0eans o/
inndation,/ire,poison,explosion,strandin(o/a
vessel or international da0a(e t1ereto,
derail0ento/aloco0otive,or)*t1eseo/an*
ot1erarti/iceinvolvin((reatwasteandrin.
$:. .1at t1e act )e co00itted wit1 evidence
pre0editation.
$;. .1at t1e cra/t, /rad or dis(ise )e
e0plo*ed.
$9. .1at advanta(e )e ta#en o/ sperior
stren(t1,or0eans)ee0plo*edtowea#ent1e
de/ense.
$D. .1at t1e act )e co00itted wit1 treac1er*
%alevosia+.
.1ere is treac1er* w1en t1e o//ender co00its
an*o/t1ecri0esa(ainstt1eperson,e0plo*in(
0eans, 0et1ods, or /or0s in t1e exection
t1ereo/ w1ic1 tend directl* and speciall* to
insre its exection, wit1ot ris# to 1i0sel/
arisin( /ro0 t1e de/ense w1ic1 t1e o//ended
part*0i(1t0a#e.
$F..1at0eans)ee0plo*edorcirc0stances
)ro(1ta)otw1ic1addi(no0in*tot1enatral
e//ectso/t1eact.
$E. .1at t1e cri0e )e co00itted a/ter an
nlaw/lentr*.
.1ereisannlaw/lentr*w1enanentranceo/
a cri0e a wall, roo/, /loor, door, or window )e
)ro#en.
2>..1att1ecri0e)eco00ittedwit1t1eaido/
personsnder/i/teen*earso/a(eor)*0eans
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o/0otorve1icles,0otori8edwatercra/t,airs1ips,
or ot1er si0ilar 0eans. %As a0ended )* RA
9;:E+.
2$. .1at t1e wron( done in t1e co00ission o/
t1ecri0e)edeli)eratel*a(0ented)*casin(
ot1erwron(notnecessar*/oritsco00issions.
Rindso/a((ravatin(circ0stancesB
%$+ ?enericort1oset1atcan(enerall*appl*to
allcri0e6
%2+ Speci/ic or t1ose t1at appl* onl* to a
particlarcri0e6
%:+ Jali/*in(ort1oset1atc1an(et1enatreo/
t1ecri0e6
%;+ In1erent or t1ose t1at 0st o/ necessit*
acco0pan*t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e.
.1e a((ravatin( circ0stances 0st )e
esta)lis1ed wit1 0oral certaint*, wit1 t1esa0e
de(ree o/ proo/ re7ired to esta)lis1 t1e cri0e
itsel/.
Most i0portant o/ t1e classi/ication o/
a((ravatin( circ0stances are t1e 7ali/*in(
andt1e(enerica((ravatin(circ0stances.
In practice, t1e so&called (eneric a((ravatin(
circ0stances are re/erred to si0pl* as
a((ravatin( circ0stances. .1e so&called
7ali/*in(a((ravatin(circ0stancesaresi0pl*
re/erred to as 7ali/*in( circ0stances. .1is is
so)ecaset1ereisno 7ali/*in(circ0stance
t1at is not a((ravatin(. .o sa* 7ali/*in(
a((ravatin( circ0stance is redndant. In t1e
exa0ination, i/ *o /ind 7ali/*in(
circ0stances,*o1avetot1in#a)ott1eseas
a((ravatin( circ0stances w1ic1 are t1e
in(redientso/t1ecri0e.
Distinctions)etweena((ravatin(and7ali/*in(
circ0stancesB
Ina((ravatin(circ0stancesC
%$+ .1e circ0stance can )e o//set )* an
ordinar*0iti(atin(circ0stance6
%2+ No need to alle(e t1is circ0stance in t1e
in/or0ation, as lon( as it is proven drin(
trial. I/ it is proved drin( trial, t1e cort
wold consider t1e sa0e in i0posin( t1e
penalt*6
%:+ It is not an in(redient o/ a cri0e. It onl*
a//ects t1e penalt* to )e i0posed )t t1e
cri0ere0ainst1esa0e.
In7ali/*in(circ0stanceC
%$+ .1e circ0stance a//ects t1e natre o/ t1e
cri0e itsel/ sc1 t1at t1e o//ender s1all )e
lia)le /or a 0ore serios cri0e. .1e
circ0stanceisactall*anin(rediento/t1e
cri0e6
%2+ "ein(anin(rediento/t1ecri0e,itcannot)e
o//set)*an*0iti(atin(circ0stance6
%:+ Jali/*in( circ0stances to )e appreciated
as sc1 0st )e speci/icall* alle(ed in t1e
co0plaint or in/or0ation. I/ not alle(ed )t
provendrin(t1etrial,itwill)econsidered
onl*as(enerica((ravatin(circ0stance.I/
t1is1appens,t1e*aresscepti)leo/)ein(
o//set)*a0iti(atin(circ0stance.
Ana((ravatin(circ0stanceis7ali/*in(w1en
it is an in(redient o/ t1e cri0e. .1ere/ore it is
inclded in t1e provision o/ law de/inin( t1e
cri0e.I/itisnotsoinclded,itisnot7ali/*in(.
In Article 2;E, in t1e cri0e o/ 0rder, t1e law
speci/icall* 0entions t1erender several
circ0stances w1ic1 are a((ravatin( nder
Article$;.Allo/t1esewill7ali/*a#illin(/ro0
1o0icide to 0rder6 1owever, *o nderstand
t1atonl*oneis7ali/*in(.
I/ let s sa*, t1e accsed was c1ar(ed wit1
0rder. .1ree o/ t1ese circ0stancesB
treac1er*, evident pre0editation and act was
done in consideration o/ a price, reward or
pro0isewerealle(edasa((ravatin(.!nl*one
o/ t1ese is 7ali/*in(. I/ an* one o/ t1e t1ree
circ0stances was proven, t1e cri0e was
alread*0rder.I/t1eot1ertwoarealsoproven,
even i/ t1e* are alle(ed in t1e in/or0ation or
co0plaint,t1e*areonl*to)eta#enas(eneric.
I/t1ereisan*0iti(atin(circ0stancein/avoro/
t1eo//ender,t1etwoot1ercirc0stancesw1ic1
are ot1erwise 7ali/*in( cold )e o//set )* t1e
0iti(atin(,providedt1e0iti(atin(circ0stance
is not a privile(ed 0iti(atin( circ0stance.
.1ere/ore, i/ t1ere are t1ree o/ t1e 7ali/*in(
circ0stances alle(ed in t1e co0plaint or
in/or0ation,onl*onewill7ali/*t1ecri0e..1e
ot1ers will 0erel* )e considered as (eneric.
.1s, i/ t1ere is an* ordinar* 0iti(atin(
circ0stance in/avor o/t1eaccsed,sc1 will
)e wipedot)*t1esecirc0stances,alt1o(1
initiall*t1e*areconsideredas7ali/*in(.Donot
1esitate to o//set on t1e principle t1at a
7ali/*in( circ0stance cannot )e o//set )* an
ordinar* 0iti(atin( circ0stance )ecase onl*
oneisnecessar*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Even i/ an* o/ t1e 7ali/*in( circ0stances
nderArticle2;Eon0rderwasproven,i/t1at
is not t1e circ0stance alle(ed in t1e
in/or0ation, it cannot 7ali/* t1e cri0e. Let s
sa*, w1at was alle(ed in t1e in/or0ation was
treac1er*.Drin(t1etrial,w1atwasprovenwas
t1eprice,rewardorpro0iseasaconsideration
/or#illin(. .1etreac1er*wasnotproved. Gst
t1e sa0e, t1e accsed cannot )e convicted o/
0rder)ecaset1ecirc0stanceprovenisnot
7ali/*in( )t 0erel* (eneric. It is (eneric
)ecaseitisnotalle(edint1ein/or0ationatall.
I/ an* o/ t1ese 7ali/*in( circ0stances is not
alle(ed in t1e in/or0ation, it cannot )e
considered7ali/*in()ecasea7ali/*in(isan
in(rediento/t1ecri0eanditcannot)eta#enas
sc1 wit1ot 1avin( alle(ed in t1e in/or0ation
)ecaseitwillviolatet1eri(1to/t1eaccsedto
)e in/or0ed o/ t1e natre o/ t1e accsation
a(ainst1i0.
CorrelateArticle$; wit1ArticleD2. ArticleD2
(ives *o t1e di//erent rles re(ardin(
a((ravatin( circ0stances. A((ravatin(
circ0stanceswill not)econsideredw1enitis
t1ecri0eitsel/.I/t1ecri0ec1ar(edis7ali/ied
trespass to dwellin(, dwellin( is no lon(er
a((ravatin(. W1en t1e a((ravatin(
circ0stancere/erstot1e0aterialexectiono/
t1e cri0e, li#e treac1er*, it will onl* a((ravate
t1ecri0inal lia)ilit*o/t1osew1oe0plo*ed t1e
sa0e.
IllstrationB
Apersonindcedanot1erto#illso0e)od*..1at
/ellow #illed t1e ot1er (* and e0plo*ed
treac1er*.As/arast1e#illin(isconcerned,t1e
treac1er*will7ali/*onl*t1ecri0inallia)ilit*o/
t1eactal exectioner..1e/elloww1oindced
1i0)eco0esaco&principalandt1ere/ore,1eis
lia)le/ort1esa0ecri0eco00itted. 4owever,
letssa*,t1e/ellowwas1iredto#illt1eparent
o/ t1e one w1o 1ired 1i0. 4e #illed a stran(er
and not t1e parent. W1at was co00itted is
di//erent/ro0w1atwasa(reedpon..1e/ellow
w1o1ired1i0willnot)elia)le/ort1ecri0e1e
1ad done )ecase t1at was not t1e cri0e 1e
was1iredtoco00it.
.a#in(advanta(eo/p)licposition
Article D2 was also a0ended )* t1e Rep)lic
Act No. FD9'. .1e le(al i0port o/ t1is
a0end0entist1att1es)Aectcirc0stance1as
)een 0ade a 7ali/*in( or special a((ravatin(
t1at s1all not )e o//set or co0pensated )* a
0iti(atin( circ0stance. I/ not alle(ed in t1e
in/or0ation,1owever,)tprovendrin(t1etrial,
it is onl* appreciated as a (eneric a((ravatin(
circ0stance.
.1e 0iti(atin( circ0stance re/erred to in t1e
a0end0entasnota//ectin(t1ei0positiono/t1e
penalt* in t1e 0axi00 are onl* ordinar*
0iti(atin( circ0stances. Privile(ed 0iti(atin(
circ0stances alwa*s lower t1e penalt*
accordin(l*.
Disrespectdetoran#,a(e,sex
A((ravatin(onl*incri0esa(ainstpersonsand
1onor, not a(ainst propert* li#e Ro))er* wit1
1o0icide%Peoplev.?a,$9DSCRAF'>+.
.eac1ers,pro/essors,spervisorso/p)licand
dl* reco(ni8ed private sc1ools, colle(es and
niversities, as well as law*ers are persons in
at1orit*onl*/orprposeso/directassaltand
si0ple resistance, )t not /or prposes o/
a((ravatin( circ0stances in para(rap1 2,
Article$;.%Peoplev..aoan,$E2SCRAD>$+.
A)seo/con/idence
Donotcon/set1iswit10ere)etra*al o/trst.
.1isisa((ravatin(onl*w1ent1ever*o//ended
part*ist1eonew1oreposedt1econ/idence.I/
t1e con/idence is reposed )* anot1er, t1e
o//ended part* is di//erent /ro0 t1e /ellow w1o
reposedt1econ/idenceanda)seo/con/idence
int1iscaseisnota((ravatin(.
IllstrationsB
A 0ot1er le/t 1er *on( da(1ter wit1 t1e
accsed)ecases1e1adno)od*toleavet1e
c1ildwit1w1iles1e1adto(oonanerrand..1e
accseda)sedt1ec1ild. Itwas1eldt1att1e
a)seo/con/idenceisnota((ravatin(.W1atis
present is )etra*al o/ trst and t1at is not
a((ravatin(.
In a case w1ere t1e o//ender is a servant, t1e
o//ended part* is one o/ t1e 0e0)ers o/ t1e
/a0il*..1eservantpoisonedt1ec1ild. Itwas
1eld t1at a)se o/ con/idence is a((ravatin(.
.1isisonl*tre1owever,i/t1eservantwasstill
in t1e service o/ t1e /a0il* w1en 1e did t1e
#illin(.I/1ewasdriven)*t1e0asteralread*ot
o/ t1e 1ose/or so0eti0e and 1eca0e )ac#
and poisoned t1e c1ild,a)seo/ con/idence is
no lon(er a((ravatin(. .1e reason is )ecase
t1at con/idence 1as alread* )een ter0inated
B a r E x a m s
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w1ent1eo//enderwasdrivenoto/t1e1ose.
Dwellin(
Dwellin( will onl* )e a((ravatin( i/ it is t1e
dwellin(o/t1eo//endedpart*.Its1oldalsonot
)et1edwellin(o/t1eo//ender.I/t1edwellin(is
)ot1t1ato/t1eo//endedpart*andt1eo//ender,
dwellin(isnota((ravatin(.
Dwellin( need not )e owned )* t1e o//ended
part*.Itiseno(1t1at1esedt1eplace/or1is
peace o/ 0ind, rest, co0/ort and privac*. .1e
rle t1at dwellin(, in order to )e a((ravatin(
0st )e owned )* t1e o//ended part* is no
lon(er a)solte. Dwellin( can )e a((ravatin(
even i/ it is not owned )* t1e o//ended part*,
providedt1att1eo//endedpart*isconsidereda
0e0)ero/t1e/a0il*w1oownst1edwellin(and
e7all* enAo*s peace o/ 0ind, privac* and
co0/ort.
IllstrationB
4s)andandwi/e7arreled. 4s)andin/licted
p1*sicalviolencepont1ewi/e..1ewi/ele/tt1e
conA(al 1o0e and went to t1e 1ose o/ 1er
sister)rin(in(1erpersonal)elon(in(swit11er.
.1esisteracco00odatedt1ewi/eint1e/or0ers
1o0e. .1e 1s)and went to t1e 1ose o/ t1e
sister&in&law and tried to persade t1e wi/e to
co0e )ac# to t1e conA(al 1o0e )t t1e wi/e
re/sed )ecase s1e is 0ore at peace in 1er
sisterPs1oset1anint1econA(ala)ode.Deto
t1e wi/ePs re/sal to (o )ac# to t1e conA(al
1o0e and live wit1 t1e 1s)and, t1e 1s)and
plled ot a #ni/e and sta))ed t1e wi/e w1ic1
cased1erdeat1.Itwas1eldt1atdwellin(was
a((ravatin( alt1o(1 it is not owned )* t1e
o//ended part* )ecase t1e o//ended part* is
consideredasa0e0)ero/t1e/a0il*w1oowns
t1e dwellin( and t1at dwellin( is w1ere s1e
enAo*edprivac*.Peaceo/0indandco0/ort.
Evenaroo0ina1otel i/rented asadwellin(,
li#e w1at t1e sales0en do w1en t1e* are
assi(nedint1eprovincesandt1e*rentroo0s,
isconsideredadwellin(. Aroo0ina1otel or
0otelwill)econsidereddwellin(i/itissedwit1
a certain de(ree o/ per0anence, w1ere t1e
o//ended part* see#s privac*, rest, peace o/
0indandco0/ort.
I/a*on(0an)ro(1tawo0anina0otel/ora
s1ort ti0e and t1ere 1e was #illed, dwellin( is
nota((ravatin(.
A 0an was #illed in t1e 1ose o/ 1is co00on
law wi/e. Dwellin( is a((ravatin( in t1is case
)ecaset1e1osewasprovided)*t1e0an.
Dwellin( s1old not )e nderstood in t1e
concepto/ado0icile.Aperson1as0oret1an
one dwellin(. So, i/ a 0an 1as so 0an* wives
and 1e (ave t1e0 a places o/ t1eir own, eac1
one is 1is own dwellin(. I/ 1e is #illed t1ere,
dwellin( will )e a((ravatin(, provided t1at 1e
alsosta*st1ereonceinaw1ile.W1en1eisonl*
avisitort1ere,dwellin(isnota((ravatin(.
.1ecri0e o/ adlter* was co00itted. Dwellin(
was considered a((ravatin( on t1e part o/ t1e
para0or..1epara0orisnotaresidento/t1e
sa0e dwellin(. 4owever, i/ t1e para0or was
also residin( on t1e sa0e dwellin(, dwellin( is
notconsidereda((ravatin(.
.1e ter0 Hdwellin(I incldes all t1e
dependenciesnecessar*/ora1oseor/orrest
or/orco0/ortoraplaceo/privac*.I/t1eplace
sedisont1esecond/loor,t1estairsw1ic1are
sedto reac1t1esecond/loorisconsidereda
dwellin( )ecase t1e second /loor cannot )e
enAo*edwit1ott1estairs.I/t1eo//endedpart*
was assalted w1ile on t1e stairs, dwellin( is
alread* a((ravatin(. ,or t1is reason,
considerin(t1atan*dependenc*necessar*/or
t1eenAo*0ento/aplaceo/a)odeisconsidered
adwellin(.
IllstrationsB
Aand"arelivin(inone1ose.Aoccpiest1e
(rond/loorw1ile"t1epper/loor..1estairs
1ere wold /or0 part onl* o/ "Ps dwellin(, t1e
sa0e)ein(necessar*andaninte(ralparto/1is
1ose or dwellin(. 4ence, w1en an attac# is
0ade w1ile A is on t1e stairs, t1e a((ravatin(
circ0stance o/ dwellin( is not present. I/ t1e
attac# is 0ade w1ile" was on t1estairs, t1en
t1e a((ravatin( circ0stance o/ dwellin( is
present.
W1enever one is in 1is dwellin(, t1e law is
pres0in(t1at 1eisnotintendin(toco00ita
wron( so one w1o attac#s 1i0 w1ile in t1e
tran7ilit* o/ 1is 1o0e s1ows a de(ree o/
perversit* in 1i0. 4ence, t1is a((ravatin(
circ0stance.
Dwellin( is not li0ited to t1e 1ose proper. All
t1eapprtenancesnecessar*/ort1epeaceand
co0/ort,restandpeaceo/0indint1ea)odeo/
t1eo//endedpart*isconsideredadwellin(.
B a r E x a m s
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IllstrationsB
A 0an was /ixin( so0et1in( on t1e roo/ o/ 1is
1ose w1en 1e was s1ot. It was 1eld t1at
dwellin( is a((ravatin(. Roo/ still part o/ t1e
1ose.
In t1e provinces w1ere t1e co0/ort roo0s are
sall*/ar/ro0t1e1oseproper,i/t1eo//ended
part*w1ileanswerin(t1ecallo/natreis#illed,
t1en dwellin( is a((ravatin( )ecase t1e
co0/ortroo0isanecessar*dependenc*o/t1e
1oseproper.
A person w1ile in t1e roo0 o/ 1is 1ose,
0aintainin( t1e roo0, was s1ot. Dwellin( is
a((ravatin(.
I/ t1e o//ender entered t1e 1ose and t1e
o//endedpart*A0pedoto/t1e1ose,eveni/
t1e o//ender ca(1t p wit1 1i0 alread* ot o/
t1e 1ose, dwellin( is still a((ravatin(. .1e
reason is )ecase 1e cold not 1ave le/t 1is
dwellin(wereitnot/ort1e/actt1att1eattac#er
enteredt1e1ose.
I/ t1e o//ended part*wasinside t1e 1oseand
t1eo//enderwasotsideandt1elatters1ott1e
/or0er inside t1e 1ose w1ile 1e was still
otside.Dwellin(isstill a((ravatin(eveni/t1e
o//enderdidnotentert1e1ose.
A(ara(eisparto/t1edwellin(w1enconnected
wit1aninteriorpassa(etot1e1oseproper.I/
not connected, it is not considered part o/ t1e
dwellin(.
!ne&1al/o/t1e1oseissedasastoreandt1e
ot1er1al/issed/ordwellin()tt1ereisonl*
oneentrance.I/t1edwellin(portionisattac#ed,
dwellin(isnota((ravatin()ecasew1enevera
store is open /or )siness, it is a p)lic place
andassc1isnotcapa)leo/)ein(t1es)Aect
o/ trespass. I/ t1e dwellin( portion is attac#ed
w1ereeveni/t1estoreisopen,t1ereisanot1er
separate entrance to t1e portion sed /or
dwellin(, t1e circ0stance is a((ravatin(.
4owever,incaset1estoreisclosed,dwellin(is
a((ravatin(since1ere,t1estoreisnotap)lic
placeasint1e/irstcase.
"alcon* is part o/ t1e dwellin( )ecase it is
apprtenanttot1e1ose
Dwellin(isa((ravatin(inro))er*wit11o0icide
)ecase t1e cri0e can )e co00itted wit1ot
necessaril* trans(ressin( t1e sanctit* o/ t1e
1o0e %People v. De Los Re*es, decided
!cto)er22,$''2+.
Dwellin(isa((ravatin(w1eret1eplaceis,even
/ora)rie/0o0ent,aH1o0eI,alt1o(11eisnot
t1eownert1ereo/asw1envicti0wass1otint1e
1oseo/1isparents.
"and
In)and, t1eres1old at least)e /or persons.
All o/t1e0s1old)ear0ed.Eveni/t1ereare
/or,)tonl*t1reeorlessarear0ed,itisnota
)and.W1enever*otal#o/)and,alwa*s1ave
in0ind/oratleast.Donotsa*t1reeor0ore
)ecase it is /or or 0ore. .1e wa* t1e law
de/inesa)andisso0ew1atcon/sin()ecase
itre/erssi0pl*to0oret1an:,w1enactall*it
s1old)e;or0ore.
Correlatet1iswit1Article:>D&"ri(anda(e..1e
cri0eist1e)anditsel/..1e0ere/or0in(o/a
)andevenwit1ott1eco00issiono/acri0eis
alread*acri0esot1at)andisnota((ravatin(
in)ri(anda(e)ecaset1e)anditsel/ist1ewa*
toco00it)ri(anda(e.
4owever, w1ere )ri(anda(e is actall*
co00itted,)and)eco0esa((ravatin(.
-nin1a)itedplace
It is deter0ined not )* t1e distance o/ t1e
nearest 1ose to t1e scene o/ t1e cri0e )t
w1et1erornotint1eplaceo/t1eco00issiono/
t1eo//ense,t1erewasareasona)lepossi)ilit*
o/t1evicti0receivin(so0e1elp.
IllstrationB
Aison)oarda)anca,notso/arawa*."andC
also are on )oard on t1eir respective )ancas.
Sddenl*, D s1owed p /ro0 nderwater and
sta))ed".Ist1ereana((ravatin(circ0stance
o/nin1a)itedplace1ereNLes,considerin(t1e
/act t1at A and C )e/ore )ein( a)le to (ive
assistancestill1avetoA0pintot1ewaterand
swi0towards"andt1eti0eitwoldta#et1e0
todot1at,t1ec1anceso/"receivin(so0e1elp
was ver* little, despite t1e /act t1at t1ere were
ot1erpersonsnotso/ar/ro0t1escene.
Evidencetendin(toprovet1att1eo//endertoo#
advanta(eo/t1eplaceandprposel*availedo/
itisto0a#eiteasiertoco00itt1ecri0e,s1all
)enecessar*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Ni(1tti0e
W1ati/t1ecri0estarteddrin(t1eda*ti0eand
continedallt1ewa*toni(1tti0eN .1isisnot
a((ravatin(.
Asarle,t1ecri0e0st)e(inandenddrin(
t1eni(1tti0e.Cri0e)e(anatda*andendedat
ni(1t,aswellascri0e)e(anatni(1tandended
atda*isnota((ravated)*t1ecirc0stanceo/
ni(1tti0e.
Dar#ness is w1at 0a#es t1is circ0stance
a((ravatin(.
IllstrationB
!ne evenin(, a cri0e was co00itted near t1e
la0ppost. .1eSpre0eCort1eldt1att1ere
is no a((ravatin( circ0stance o/ ni(1tti0e.
Even i/ t1e cri0e was co00itted at ni(1t, )t
t1ere was li(1t, 1ence, dar#ness was not
present,noa((ravatin(circ0stanceAst)*t1e
/acto/ni(1tti0ealone.
Even i/ t1ere was dar#ness )t t1e ni(1tti0e
wasonl*anincidento/ac1ance0eetin(,t1ere
isnoa((ravatin(circ0stance1ere.It0st)e
s1ownt1att1eo//enderdeli)eratel*so(1tt1e
cover o/ dar#ness and t1e o//ender prposel*
too# advanta(e o/ ni(1tti0e to /acilitate t1e
co00issiono/t1eo//ense.
Noctrnit* is t1e period o/ ti0e a/ter snset to
snrise,/ro0ds#todawn.
Di//erent/or0so/repetitionor1a)italit*o/t1e
o//ender
%$+ Recidivis0 nder Article $; %'+ C .1e
o//enderatt1eti0eo/1istrial/oronecri0e
s1all1ave)eenpreviosl*convicted)*/inal
Ad(0ento/anot1ere0)racedint1esa0e
titleo/t1eRevisedPenalCode.
%2+ Repetition or reiteracion nder Article $;
%$>+ C .1e o//ender 1as )een previosl*
pnis1ed /or an o//ense w1ic1 t1e law
attac1es an e7al or (reater penalt* or /or
two or 0ore cri0es to w1ic1 it attac1es a
li(1terpenalt*.
%:+ 4a)ital delin7enc* nder Article D2 %9+ C
.1e o//ender wit1in t1e period o/ $> *ears
/ro0 t1e date o/ 1is release or last
conviction o/ t1e cri0es o/ serios or less
seriosp1*sicalinAries,ro)o,1rto,esta/a
or /alsi/ication, is/ond(ilt*o/t1e an*o/
saidcri0esat1irdti0eoro/tener.
%;+ Jasi&recidivis0 nder Article $D> C An*
person w1o s1all co00it a /elon* a/ter
1avin( )een convicted )* /inal Ad(0ent
)e/ore)e(innin(toservesc1sentenceor
w1ile servin( sc1 sentence s1all )e
pnis1ed)*t1e0axi00periodprescri)ed
)*law/ort1enew/elon*.
Distinctions )etween recidivis0 and 1a)ital
delin7enc*
Inrecidivis0C
%$+ .woconvictionsareeno(1.
%2+ .1e cri0es are not speci/ied6 it is eno(1
t1att1e*0a*)ee0)racedndert1esa0e
titleo/t1eRevisedPenalCode.
%:+ .1ere is no ti0e li0it )etween t1e /irst
conviction and t1e s)se7ent conviction.
Recidivis0isi0prescripti)le.
%;+ It is a (eneric a((ravatin( circ0stance
w1ic1 can )e o//set )* an ordinar*
0iti(atin( circ0stance. I/ not o//set, it
woldonl*increaset1epenalt*prescri)ed
)* law /or t1e cri0e co00itted to its
0axi00period.
%9+ .1ecirc0stanceneednot)ealle(edint1e
in/or0ation.
In1a)italdelin7enc*C
%$+ Atleastt1reeconvictionsarere7ired.
%2+ .1ecri0esareli0itedandspeci/iedtoB%a+
serios p1*sical inAries, %)+ less serios
p1*sical inAries, %c+ ro))er*, %d+ t1e/t, %e+
esta/aorswindlin(and%/+/alsi/ication.
%:+ .1ere is a ti0e li0it o/ not 0ore t1an $>
*ears)etweenever*convictionsco0pted
/ro0 t1e /irst conviction or release /ro0
pnis10entt1ereo/toconvictionco0pted
/ro0 t1e second conviction or release
t1ere/ro0tot1et1irdconvictionandsoon.
..
%;+ 4a)ital delin7enc* is a special
a((ravatin( circ0stance, 1ence it cannot
)e o//set )* an* 0iti(atin( circ0stance.
Aside /ro0 t1e penalt* prescri)ed )* law
/or t1e cri0e co00itted, an additional
penalt* s1all )e i0posed dependin( pon
w1et1er it is alread* t1e t1ird conviction,
t1e/ort1,t1e/i/t1andsoon...
%9+ .1e circ0stance 0st )e alle(ed in t1e
in/or0ation6 ot1erwise t1e cort cannot
ac7ire Arisdiction to i0pose additional
penalt*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Recidivis0
Inrecidivis0,t1ee0p1asisisont1e/actt1att1e
o//ender was previosl* convicted )* /inal
Ad(e0ent o/ a /elon* and s)se7entl* /ond
(ilt* o/ anot1er /elon* e0)raced in t1e sa0e
title o/ t1e Revised Penal Code. .1e law
considers t1is a((ravatin( w1en a person 1as
)eenco00ittin(/eloniese0)racedint1esa0e
title )ecase t1e i0plication is t1at 1e is
speciali8in( on sc1 #ind o/ cri0e and t1e law
wants to prevent an* speciali8ation. 4ence,
ordinaril*,w1enapersonco00itsacri0ender
di//erent titles, no a((ravatin( circ0stance is
present.Itisi0portantt1att1econvictionw1ic1
ca0eearlier0stre/ertot1ecri0eco00itted
earliert1ant1es)se7entconviction.
IllstrationB
In $'E>, A co00itted ro))er*. W1ile t1e case
was)ein(tried,1eco00ittedt1e/tin$'E:.4e
was/ond(ilt*andwasconvictedo/t1e/talso
in $'E:. .1e conviction )eca0e /inal )ecase
1e didnotappeal an*0ore andt1etrial /or 1is
earliercri0ew1ic1wasro))er*endedin$'E;
w1ere 1e was also convicted. 4e also did not
appealt1isdecision.Ist1eaccsedarecidivistN
.1es)se7entconviction0stre/ertoa/elon*
co00ittedlaterinordertoconstitterecidivis0.
.1ereason/ort1isisast1eti0et1e/irstcri0e
was co00itted, t1ere was no ot1er cri0e o/
w1ic1 1e was convicted so 1e cannot )e
re(ardedasarepeater.
In recidivis0, t1e cri0es co00itted s1old )e
/elonies.Recidivis0cannot)e1adi/t1ecri0e
co00ittedisaviolationo/aspeciallaw.
Recidivis0 does not prescri)e. No 0atter 1ow
lon( a(o t1e o//ender was convicted, i/ 1e is
s)se7entl*convictedo/acri0ee0)racedin
t1e sa0e title o/ t1e Revised Penal Code, it is
ta#en into accont as a((ravatin( in i0posin(
t1epenalt*.
Pardon does not erase recidivis0, even i/ it is
a)solte )ecase onl* excses t1e service o/
t1epenalt*,)tnott1econviction.
I/t1eo//ender1asalread*served1issentence
and 1e was extended an a)solte pardon, t1e
pardon s1all erase t1e conviction incldin(
recidivis0)ecaset1ereisno0orepenalt*soit
s1all)enderstoodasre/errin(tot1econviction
ort1ee//ectso/t1ecri0e.
Recidivis00a*)econsideredevent1o(1not
alle(edint1ein/or0ation)ecaset1isisonl*a
(enerica((ravatin(circ0stance.
It is necessar* to alle(e recidivis0 in t1e
in/or0ation,)ti/t1ede/ensedoesnoto)Aectto
t1epresentationo/evidencedrin(t1etrialand
t1e sa0e was proven, t1e cort s1all consider
sc1 a((ravatin( circ0stance )ecase it is
onl*(eneric.
In recidivis0, alt1o(1 t1e law de/ines it as a
circ0stance w1ere a person 1avin( )een
convicted )* /inal Ad(e0ent was previosl*
convicted also )* /inal Ad(e0ent /or a cri0e
e0)racedint1esa0etitleint1eRevisedPenal
Code, it is necessar* t1at t1e conviction 0st
co0eint1eorderinw1ic1t1e*areco00itted.
JestionQAnswer
In $'F9, t1e o//ender co00itted
ro))er*. W1ile t1e sa0e was )ein( tried in
$'FE, 1e co00itted t1e/t. In $'E>, 1e was
convicted o/ t1e/t and 1e did not appeal t1is
decision. .1e trial /or ro))er* ended in $'E$.
Ma* t1e Ad(e in i0posin( t1e penalt* /or
ro))er* consider t1e accsed a recidivist
considerin( t1at 1e was alread* convicted in
$'E> /or t1e cri0e o/ t1e/t w1ic1 is nder t1e
sa0etitleo/t1eRevisedPenalCodeast1ato/
ro))er*N
No, )ecase t1e ro))er* w1ic1 was
co00ittedearlierwold)edecidedlater.It
0st )e t1e ot1er wa* arond. .1is is
)ecase in $'F9 w1en 1e co00itted t1e
ro))er*,t1erewasnocri0eco00itted*et.
.1s, even t1o(1 in i0posin( t1e penalt*
/ort1ero))er*,t1erewasalread*aprevios
conviction,i/t1atconvictioniss)se7entto
t1e co00ission o/ t1e ro))er*, 1e is not a
recidivist.I/*owillinterprett1ede/initiono/
recidivis0, t1is wold see0 to )e covered
)tt1atisnotso.
4a)italdelin7enc*
We 1ave to consider t1e cri0es in it and ta#e
noteo/t1etitleso/cri0esint1eRevisedPenal
Code.
I/t1eo//ender1adco00ittedandwasconvicted
o/ eac1 o/ t1e cri0es nder eac1 cate(or* so
t1atnotwocri0es/allndert1esa0etitleo/t1e
RevisedPenalCode,*o1aveasitationw1ere
t1e o//ender is a 1a)ital delin7ent )t not a
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
recidivist )ecase no two cri0es /all nder t1e
sa0etitleo/t1eCode.
I/ t1e /irst conviction is /or serios p1*sical
inAriesorlessseriosp1*sicalinAriesandt1e
secondconvictionis/orro))er*,t1e/toresta/a
andt1et1irdis/or/alsi/ication,t1ent1e0o0ent
t1e1a)italdelin7entison1is/ort1conviction
alread*, *o cannot avoid t1at 1e is a 1a)ital
delin7ent and at t1e sa0e ti0e a recidivist
)ecaseatleast,t1e/ort1ti0ewill1aveto/all
nderan*o/t1et1reecate(ories.
W1ent1eo//enderisarecidivistandatt1esa0e
ti0e a 1a)ital delin7ent, t1e penalt* /or t1e
cri0e /or w1ic1 1e will )e convicted will )e
increased to t1e0axi00 period nlesso//set
)* a 0iti(atin( circ0stance. A/ter deter0inin(
t1ecorrectpenalt*/ort1elastcri0eco00itted,
anaddedpenalt*will)ei0posedinaccordance
wit1ArticleD2.
4a)italdelin7enc*,)ein(aspecialorspeci/ic
a((ravatin(circ0stance0st)ealle(edint1e
in/or0ation.I/itisnotalle(edint1ein/or0ation
and in t1e corse o/ t1e trial, t1e prosection
tried to prove t1at t1e o//ender is a 1a)ital
delin7entovert1eo)Aectiono/t1eaccsed,t1e
cort1asnoArisdictiontoconsidert1eo//ender
a1a)ital delin7ent.Eveni/t1eaccsedisin
/acta1a)italdelin7ent)titisnotalle(edin
t1e in/or0ation, t1e prosection w1en
introdcin(evidencewaso)Aectedto,t1ecort
cannot ad0it t1e evidence presented to prove
1a)ital delin7enc* over t1e o)Aection o/ t1e
accsed.
!n t1e ot1er 1and, recidivis0 is a (eneric
a((ravatin(circ0stance.Itneednot)ealle(ed
int1ein/or0ation..1s,eveni/recidivis0isnot
alle(edint1ein/or0ation,i/provendrin(trial,
t1e cort can appreciate t1e sa0e. I/ t1e
prosection tried to prove recidivis0 and t1e
de/ense o)Aected, t1e o)Aection s1old )e
overrled..1ereasonisrecidivis0isa(eneric
a((ravatin(circ0stanceonl*.Assc1,itdoes
not 1ave to )e alle(ed in t1e in/or0ation
)ecase even i/ not alle(ed, i/ proven drin(
trial,t1etrialcortcanappreciateit.
Ri(1t now, t1e present rle is t1at it can )e
appreciated even i/ not alle(ed in t1e
in/or0ation. .1is is t1e correct view )ecase
recidivis0 is a (eneric a((ravatin(
circ0stance. .1e reason w1* 1a)ital
delin7enc* cannot )e appreciated nless
alle(edint1ein/or0ationis)ecaserecidivis0
1as not1in( to do wit1 t1e cri0e co00itted.
4a)ital delin7enc* re/ers to prior conviction
and t1ere/ore t1is 0st )e )ro(1t in t1e
in/or0ation )e/ore t1e cort can ac7ire
Arisdictionovert1is0atter.
?enerall*, t1e procedre *o #now t1at w1en
t1e prosector alle(es 1a)ital delin7enc*, it
0st speci/* t1e cri0es co00itted, t1e dates
w1ent1e*wereco00itted,t1ecortw1ic1tried
t1e case, t1e date w1en t1e accsed was
convictedordisc1ar(ed.I/t1esearenotalle(ed,
t1ein/or0ationisde/ective.
4owever, in a relativel* recent rlin( o/ t1e
Spre0eCort,itwas1eldt1atevent1o(1t1e
detailso/1a)italdelin7enc*wasnotset/ort1
in t1e in/or0ation, as lon( as t1ere is an
alle(ation t1ere t1at t1e accsed is a 1a)ital
delin7ent, t1at is eno(1 to con/er Arisdiction
pont1ecorttoconsider1a)italdelin7enc*.
In t1e a)sence o/ t1e details set /ort1 in t1e
in/or0ation,t1eaccsed1ast1eri(1ttoavailo/
t1eso&called)illo/particlars.Eveninacri0inal
case, t1e accsed 0a* /ile a 0otion /or )ill o/
particlars.I/t1eaccsed/ailsto/ilesc1,1eis
dee0edto1avewaivedt1ere7iredparticlars
and so t1e cort can ad0it evidence o/ t1e
1a)ital delin7enc*, even t1o(1 over and
a)ovet1eo)Aectiono/t1ede/ense.
Reiteracion
.1is1asnot1in(todowit1t1eclassi/icationo/
t1e /elonies. In reiteracion, t1e o//ender 1as
alread*tastedt1e)itternesso/t1epnis10ent.
.1is is t1e p1ilosop1* on w1ic1 t1e
circ0stance)eco0esa((ravatin(.
Itisnecessar*inordert1att1ere)ereiteracion
t1at t1e o//ender 1as alread* served ot t1e
penalt*.I/t1eo//ender1adnot*etservedot1is
penalt*,/or(eta)otreiteracion..1at0eans1e
1asnot*ettastedt1e)itternesso/li/e)ti/1e
1ad alread* served ot t1e penalt*, t1e law
expects t1at since 1e 1as alread* tasted
pnis10ent, 1e will 0ore or less re/rain /ro0
co00ittin( cri0es a(ain. .1at is w1* i/ t1e
o//ender co00itted a s)se7ent /elon* w1ic1
carrieswit1itapenalt*li(1tert1anw1at1e1ad
served, reiteracion is not a((ravatin( )ecase
t1elawconsiderst1atso0e1ow,t1is/ellowwas
corrected )ecase instead o/ co00ittin( a
serioscri0e,1eco00ittedalesserone.I/1e
co00ittedanot1erlesserone,t1en1e)eco0es
arepeater.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
So, in reiteracion, t1e penalt* attac1ed to t1e
cri0es)se7entl*co00itteds1old)e1i(1er
or at least e7al to t1e penalt* t1at 1e 1as
alread* served. I/ t1at is t1e sitation, t1at
0eanst1att1eo//enderwasneverre/or0ed)*
t1e /act t1at 1e alread* served t1e penalt*
i0posedon1i0ont1e/irstconviction.4owever,
i/1eco00itsa/elon*carr*in(ali(1terpenalt*6
s)se7entl*, t1e law considers t1at so0e1ow
1e1as)eenre/or0ed)ti/1e,a(ainco00its
anot1er /elon* w1ic1 carries a li(1ter penalt*,
t1en 1e )eco0es a repeater )ecase t1at
0eans1e1asnot*etre/or0ed.
Lowillonl*considert1epenalt*inreiteracioni/
t1ereisalread*asecondconviction.W1ent1ere
is a t1ird conviction, *o disre(ard w1atever
penalt* /or t1e s)se7ent cri0es co00itted.
Even i/ t1e penalt* /or t1e s)se7ent cri0es
co00itted are li(1ter t1an t1e ones alread*
served, since t1ere are alread* two o/ t1e0
s)se7entl*,t1eo//enderisalread*arepeater.
4owever, i/ t1ere is onl* a second conviction,

pa*attentiontot1epenalt*attac1edtot1ecri0e
w1ic1wasco00itted/ort1esecondcri0e..1at
is w1* it is said t1at reiteracion is not alwa*s
a((ravatin(. .1is is so )ecase i/ t1e penalt*
attac1edtot1e/elon*s)se7entl*co00ittedis
not e7al or 1i(1er t1an t1e penalt* alread*
served, even i/ literall*, t1e o//ender is a
repeater,repetitionisnota((ravatin(.
Jasi&recidivis0
.1isis /ondinArticle $D>..1e o//ender0st
alread* )e convicted )* /inal Ad(e0ent and
t1ere/oreto1aveservedt1epenalt*alread*,)t
evenatt1issta(e,1eco00itteda/elon*)e/ore
)e(innin( to serve sentence or w1ile servin(
sentence.
IllstrationB
!//ender 1ad alread* )een convicted )* /inal
Ad(e0ent. Sentence was pro0l(ated and 1e
wasndercstod*inMntinlpa.W1ile1ewas
inMntinlpa,1eescaped/ro01is(ardandin
t1e corse o/ 1is escape, 1e #illed so0eone.
.1e #illin( was co00itted )e/ore servin(
sentence )t convicted )* /inal Ad(e0ent. 4e
)eco0es a 7asi&recidivist )ecase t1e cri0e
co00ittedwasa/elon*.
.1e e0p1asis 1ere is on t1e cri0e co00itted
)e/oresentenceorw1ileservin(sentencew1ic1
s1old )e a /elon*, a violation o/ t1e Revised
Penal Code. In so /ar as t1e earlier cri0e is
concerned,itisnecessar*t1atit)ea/elon*.
IllstrationB
.1eo//enderwas convictedo/1o0icide. W1ile
servin( sentence in Mntinlpa, 1e was /ond
s0o#in( 0ariAana. 4e was prosected /or
ille(al se o/ pro1i)ited dr(s and was
convicted.Is1ea7asi&recidivistNNo,)ecase
t1e cri0e co00itted w1ile servin( sentence is
nota/elon*.
Reverset1esitation.Ass0et1att1eo//ender
was /ond (ilt* o/ ille(al se o/ pro1i)ited
dr(s. W1ile 1e was servin( sentence, 1e (ot
involvedina7arreland#illeda/ellowin0ate.
Is 1e a 7asi&recidivistN Les, )ecase w1ile
servin(sentence,1eco00itteda/elon*.
.1e e0p1asis is on t1e natre o/ t1e cri0e
co00itted w1ile servin( sentence or )e/ore
servin(sentence.Its1oldnot)eaviolationo/a
speciallaw.
Jasi&recidivis0 is a special a((ravatin(
circ0stance. .1is cannot )e o//set )* an*
0iti(atin(circ0stanceandt1ei0positiono/t1e
penalt* in t1e 0axi00 period cannot )e
lowered)*an*ordinar*0iti(atin(circ0stance.
W1en t1ere is a privile(ed 0iti(atin(
circ0stance,t1epenalt*prescri)ed)*law/or
t1ecri0eco00itteds1all)elowered)*$or2
de(rees,ast1ecase0a*)e,)tt1enits1all)e
i0posedint1e0axi00periodi/t1eo//enderis
a7asi&recidivist.
Inconsiderationo/aprice,rewardorpro0ise
.1eSpre0eCortrlin(s)e/oreindicatet1at
t1is circ0stance a((ravates onl* t1e cri0inal
lia)ilit*o/t1epersonw1oco00ittedt1ecri0ein
consideration o/ t1e price, pro0ise, or reward
)t not t1e cri0inal lia)ilit* o/ t1e person w1o
(ave t1e price, reward or consideration.
4owever, w1en t1ere is a pro0ise, reward or
priceo//eredor(ivenasaconsideration/ort1e
co00issiono/t1ecri0e,t1eperson0a#in(t1e
o//er is an indcer, a principal )* indce0ent
w1ile t1e person receivin( t1e price, reward or
pro0ise w1o wold execte t1e cri0e is a
principal )* direct participation. 4ence, t1eir
responsi)ilities are t1e sa0e. .1e* are )ot1
principals and t1at is w1* t1e recent rlin(s o/
t1e Spre0e Cort are to t1e e//ect t1at t1is
a((ravatin(circ0stance a//ects or a((ravates
notonl*t1ecri0inallia)ilit*o/t1ereceivero/t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
price, reward or pro0ise )t also t1e cri0inal
lia)ilit*o/t1eone(ivin(t1eo//er.
"*0eanso/inndationor/ire
,ireisnota((ravatin(int1ecri0eo/arson.
W1enevera#illin(isdonewit1t1eseo//ire,as
w1ento#illso0eone,*o)rndown1is1ose
w1ilet1elatterisinside,t1isis0rder.
.1ereisnosc1cri0eas0rderwit1arsonor
arson wit1 1o0icide. .1e cri0e co00itted is
onl*0rder.
I/ t1e victi0 is alread* dead and t1e 1ose is
)rned,t1ecri0eisarson.Itiseit1erarsonor
0rder.
I/t1e intent is to destro*propert*,t1e cri0e is
arsoneveni/so0eonediesasaconse7ence.
I/t1eintentisto#ill,t1ereis0rdereveni/t1e
1oseis)rnedint1eprocess.
IllstrationB
A and " were ar(in( a)ot so0et1in(. !ne
ar(0entledtoanot1erntilAstrc#"todeat1
wit1a)olo.Adidnot#nowt1atC,t1esono/"
was also in t1eir 1ose and w1o was peepin(
t1ro(1t1edoorandsaww1atAdid.A/raidt1at
A 0i(1t #ill 1i0, too, 1e 1id so0ew1ere in t1e
1ose. A t1en dra((ed "Ps )od* and pored
(asolineonitand)rnedt1e1osealto(et1er.
As a conse7ence, C was )rned and
eventall*diedtoo.
As /ar as t1e #illin( o/ " is concerned, it is
1o0icidesinceitisnotedt1att1e*werear(in(.
Itcoldnot)e0rder.As/arast1e#illin(o/C
is concerned, t1e cri0e is arson since 1e
intendedto)rnt1e1oseonl*.
No sc1 cri0e as arson wit1 1o0icide. Law
en/orcersonl*set1is toindicate t1at a#illin(
occrredw1ilearsonwas)ein(co00itted. At
t1e0ost,*ocolddesi(nateitasHdeat1asa
conse7enceo/arson.I
Evidentpre0editation
,orevidentpre0editationto)ea((ravatin(,t1e
/ollowin(conditions0stconcrB
%$+ .1e ti0e w1en t1e accsed deter0ined to
co00itt1ecri0e6
%2+ Anact0ani/estl*indicatin(t1att1eaccsed
1ascln(to1isdeter0ination6
%:+ S//icient lapse o/ ti0e )etween sc1
deter0inationandexection,toallow1i0to
re/lectpont1econse7enceso/1isact.
IllstrationB
A,onMonda*,t1o(1to/#illin("on,rida*.A
#newt1at"isco0in(1o0eonl*on,rida*soA
decided to #ill " on ,rida* evenin( w1en 1e
co0es1o0e.!n.1rsda*,A0et"and#illed
1i0.Ist1ereevidentpre0editationN None)t
t1ereistreac1er*ast1eattac#wassdden.
Can t1ere )e evident pre0editation w1en t1e
#illin( is accidentalN No. In evident
pre0editation, t1ere 0st )e a clear re/lection
ont1eparto/t1eo//ender.4owever,i/t1e#illin(
was accidental, t1ere was no evident
pre0editation.W1atisnecessar*tos1owandto
)rin( a)ot evident pre0editation aside /ro0
s1owin( t1at as so0e prior ti0e, t1e o//ender
1as 0ani/ested t1e intention to #ill t1e victi0,
ands)se7entl*#illedt1evicti0.
IllstrationsB
Aand"/o(1t.Atold"t1atso0eda*1ewill#ill
". !n ,rida*, A #illed ". A and " /o(1t on
Monda* )t since A alread* s//ered so 0an*
)lows,1etold",M.1iswee#s1allnotpass,Iwill
#ill*o.M!n,rida*,A#illed".Ist1ereevident
pre0editation in )ot1 casesN None in )ot1
cases.W1atconditionis0issin(to)rin(a)ot
evident pre0editationN Evidence to s1ow t1at
)etweenMonda*and,rida*,t1eo//endercln(
to 1is deter0ination to #ill t1e victi0, acts
indicative o/ 1is 1avin( cln( to 1is
deter0inationto#ill".
Aand"1ada7arrel.A)oxed".Atold",MI
will #ill *o t1is wee#.M A )o(1t /irear0s. !n
,rida*, 1e waited /or " )t #illed C instead. Is
t1ereevidentpre0editationN .1ereisa)erratio
icts.So,7ali/*.Inso/aras"isconcerned,t1e
cri0e is atte0pted 0rder )ecase t1ere is
evident pre0editation. 4owever, t1at 0rder
cannot )e considered /or C. Inso/ar as C is
concerned,t1ecri0eis1o0icide)ecaset1ere
wasnoevidentpre0editation.
Evident pre0editation s1all not )e considered
w1ent1ecri0ere/erstoadi//erentpersonot1er
t1ant1epersonpre0editateda(ainst.
W1ileitistret1atevidentpre0editation0a*)e
a)sor)ed in treac1er* )ecase t1e 0eans,
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0et1odand/or0o/attac#0a*)epre0editated
and wold )e resorted to )* t1e o//ender. Do
notconsider)ot1a((ravatin(circ0stanceso/
treac1er*andevidentpre0editationa(ainstt1e
o//ender. It is onl* treac1er* )ecase t1e
evidentpre0editationist1ever*consciosact
o/t1eo//endertoensret1eexection.
"t t1ere 0a* )e evident pre0editation and
t1ereistreac1er*alsow1ent1eattac#wasso
sdden.
A and "areene0ies. .1e* /o(1ton Monda*
andpartedwa*s.Adecidedtosee#reven(e.4e
)o(1t a /irear0 and practiced s1ootin( and
t1enso(1t".W1enAsaw"int1erestarant
wit1so0an*people,Adidnotdare/ireat"/or
/ear t1at1e 0i(1t 1it a stran(er )t instead,A
saw a #ni/e and sed it to sta) " wit1 all
sddenness. Evident pre0editation was not
a)sor)edintreac1er*)ecasetreac1er*re/ers
tot1e0annero/co00ittin(t1ecri0e. Evident
pre0editationisalwa*sa)sor)edintreac1er*.
.1isisonea((ravatin(circ0stancew1eret1e
o//ender w1o pre0editated, t1e law sa*s
evident. It is not eno(1 t1at t1ere is so0e
pre0editation.Pre0editation0st)eclear.Itis
re7ired t1at t1ere )e evidence s1owin(
0editation)etweent1eti0ew1ent1eo//ender
deter0ined to co00it t1e cri0e and t1e ti0e
w1en t1e o//ender exected t1e act. It 0st
appear t1at t1e o//ender cln( to 1is
deter0inationtoco00itt1ecri0e..1e/actt1at
t1e o//ender pre0editated is not pri0a /acie
indicative o/ evident pre0editation as t1e
0eetin(orenconter)etweent1eo//enderand
t1e o//ended part* was onl* )* c1ance or
accident.
In order /or evident pre0editation to )e
considered, t1e ver* person/o//ended part*
pre0editateda(ainst0st)et1eonew1oist1e
victi0o/ t1e cri0e.It is not necessar* t1att1e
victi0isidenti/ied.Itiseno(1t1att1evicti0is
deter0inedso1eors1e)elon(stoa(ropor
classw1o0a*)epre0editateda(ainst..1isis
a circ0stance t1at will 7ali/* a #illin( /ro0
1o0icideto0rder.
IllstrationB
A person w1o 1as )een cortin( a lad* /or
several *ears now 1as )een Ailted. "ecase o/
t1is, 1e t1o(1t o/ #illin( so0e)od*. 4e, t1en
)o(1ta#ni/e,s1arpeneditandsta))edt1e/irst
0an 1e 0et on t1e street. It was 1eld t1at
evident pre0editation is not present. It is
essential /or t1is a((ravatin( circ0stance /or
t1evicti0to)eidenti/ied/ro0t1e)e(innin(.
Apre0editatedto#ill an*0e0)ero/particlar
/raternit*.4et1en#illedone..1isis0rderCa
1o0icide w1ic1 1as )een 7ali/ied into 0rder
)* evident pre0editation w1ic1 is a 7ali/*in(
circ0stance.Sa0ew1ereAplannedto#illan*
0e0)ero/t1eI(lesioniRristo.
.1ere are so0e cri0es w1ic1 cannot )e
a((ravated )* evident pre0editation )ecase
t1e*re7ireso0eplannin()e/oret1e* can)e
co00itted. Evidentpre0editationisparto/t1e
cri0e li#e #idnappin( /or ranso0, ro))er* wit1
/orce pon t1in(s w1ere t1ere is entr* into t1e
pre0ises o/ t1e o//ended part*, and esta/a
t1ro(1 /alse pretenses w1ere t1e o//ender
e0plo*sinsidios0eansw1ic1cannot1appen
accidentall*.
Cra/t
A((ravatin( in a case w1ere t1e o//enders
pretended to )e )ona /ide passen(ers o/ a
Aeepne* in order not to arose sspicion, )t
onceinsidet1eAeepne*,ro))edt1epassen(ers
and t1e driver %People v. Lee, decided on
Dece0)er2>,$''$+.
A)seo/speriorstren(t1
.1ere0st)eevidenceo/notoriosine7alit*
o//orces)etweent1eo//enderandt1eo//ended
part*int1eira(e,si8eandstren(t1,andt1att1e
o//ender too# advanta(e o/ sc1 sperior
stren(t1inco00ittin(t1ecri0e..1e0ere/act
t1at t1ere were two persons w1o attac#ed t1e
victi0 does not per se constitte a)se o/
speriorstren(t1%Peoplev.Carpio,$'$SCRA
$2+.
.reac1er*
.reac1er* re/ers to t1e e0plo*0ent o/ 0eans,
0et1odand/or0int1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e
w1ic1 tend directl* and speciall* to insre its
exectionwit1otris#to1i0sel/arisin(/ro0t1e
de/ense w1ic1 t1e o//ended part* 0i(1t 0a#e.
.1e0eans,0et1odor/or0e0plo*ed0*)ean
a((ravatin( circ0stance w1ic1 li#e availin( o/
totaldar#nessinni(1tti0eoravailin(o/sperior
stren(t1 ta#en advanta(e o/ )* t1e o//ender,
e0plo*in(0eanstowea#ent1ede/ense.
IllstrationB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
A and " 1ave )een 7arrelin( /or so0e ti0e.
!neda*,Aapproac1ed"and)e/riended1i0."
accepted. A proposed t1at to cele)rate t1eir
renewed/riends1ip,t1e*were(oin(todrin#."
was1avin(too0c1todrin#.AwasAstwaitin(
/or 1i0 to (et intoxicated and a/ter w1ic1, 1e
sta))ed".
Apretendedto)e/riend",Asttointoxicatet1e
latter. Intoxication is t1e 0eans deli)eratel*
e0plo*ed)*t1eo//endertowea#ent1ede/ense
o/t1eo//endedpart*.I/t1iswast1ever*0eans
e0plo*ed, t1e circ0stance 0a* )e treac1er*
andnota)seo/speriorstren(t1or0eansto
wea#ent1ede/ense.
W1atist1eessenceo/treac1er*N
.1eessenceo/treac1er*ist1at)*virteo/t1e
0eans, 0et1od or /or0 e0plo*ed )* t1e
o//ender,t1eo//endedpart*wasnota)letopt
pan*de/ense.I/t1eo//endedpart*wasa)leto
ptpade/ense,evenonl*ato#enone,t1ereis
no treac1er* an*0ore. Instead so0e ot1er
a((ravatin( circ0stance 0a* )e present )t
nottreac1er*an*0ore.
IllstrationB
Aand"7arreled.4oweverA1adnoc1anceto
/i(1twit1")ecaseAis0c1s0allert1an".A
t1o(1to/#illin(")tt1en1ecannotAstattac#
")ecaseo/t1elatterPssi8e.So,At1o(1to/
co00ittin(acri0eatni(1tti0ewit1t1ecovero/
dar#ness. A positioned 1i0sel/ in t1e dar#est
part o/ t1e street w1ere " passes on 1is wa*
1o0e.!neevenin(,Awaited/or"andsta))ed
".4owever,"plleda#ni/easwellandsta))ed
A also. A was wonded )t not 0ortal so 1e
0ana(edtornawa*."wasa)letowal#a/ew
steps )e/ore 1e /ell and died. W1at cri0e was
co00ittedN
.1e cri0e is onl* 1o0icide )ecase t1e
a((ravatin(circ0stanceisonl*noctrnit*and
noctrnit*isnota7ali/*in(circ0stance..1e
reason w1* treac1er* cannot )econsidered as
present1ereis)ecaset1eo//endedpart*was
a)le to pt p a de/ense and t1at ne(ates
treac1er*.Intreac1er*,t1eo//endedpart*,de
tot1e0eans,0et1odor/or0e0plo*ed)*t1e
o//ender, t1e o//ended part* was denied t1e
c1ance to de/end 1i0sel/. I/ )ecase o/ t1e
cover o/ dar#ness, " was not a)le to pt p a
de/enseandAwasa)leto/leew1ile"died,t1e
cri0e is 0rder )ecase t1ere is alread*
treac1er*. In t1e /irst sitation, t1e cri0e was
1o0icide onl*, t1e ni(1tti0e is (eneric
Int1eexa0plew1ereApretendedto)e/riend"
andinvited1i0tocele)ratet1eir/riends1ip,i/"
despite intoxication was a)le to pt p so0e
/i(1t a(ainst A )t eventall*, " died, t1en t1e
attendant circ0stance is no lon(er treac1er*
)t0eanse0plo*edtowea#ent1ede/ense."t
in0rder,t1isisalsoa7ali/*in(circ0stance.
.1e cri0e co00itted is 0rder )t t1en t1e
correctcirc0stanceisnottreac1er*)t0eans
e0plo*edtowea#ent1ede/ense.
Int1esa0e0anner,i/t1eo//enderavailso/t1e
services o/ 0en and in t1e co00ission o/ t1e
cri0e,t1e*too#advanta(eo/speriorstren(t1
)t so0e1ow, t1e o//ended part* /o(1t )ac#,
t1e cri0e is still 0rder i/ t1e victi0 is #illed.
Alt1o(1t1e7ali/*in(circ0stanceisa)seo/
sperior stren(t1 and not treac1er*, w1ic1 is
alsoa7ali/*in(circ0stanceo/0rdernder
Article2;E.
.reac1er* is ot w1en t1e attac# was 0erel*
incidentaloraccidental)ecaseint1ede/inition
o/treac1er*,t1ei0plicationist1att1eo//ender
1ad consciosl* and deli)eratel* adopted t1e
0et1od,0eansand/or0sedore0plo*ed)*
1i0.So,i/Aand"casall*0etandt1ereand
t1en A sta))ed ", alt1o(1 sta))in( 0a* )e
sdden since A was not s1own to 1ave t1e
intention o/ #illin( ", treac1er* cannot )e
consideredpresent.
.1ere0st)eevidencedon1owt1ecri0ewas
co00itted. It is not eno(1 to s1ow t1at t1e
victi0sstainedtreac1eroswond. Exa0pleB
A1ada(ns1otwondatt1e)ac#o/1is1ead.
.1e SC rled t1is is onl* 1o0icide )ecase
treac1er*0st)eproven.It0st)es1ownt1at
t1evicti0wastotall*de/enseless.
Sddenness o/ t1e attac# does not )* itsel/
constittetreac1er*int1ea)senceo/evidence
t1at t1e 0anner o/ t1e attac# was consciosl*
adopted)*t1eo//enderto rendert1eo//ended
part*de/enseless%Peoplev.Ila(an,$'$SCRA
D;:+.
"t w1ere c1ildren o/ tender *ears were #illed,
)ein(one*earoldand$2*earsold,t1e#illin(is
0rder even i/ t1e 0anner o/ attac# was not
s1own %People v. ?a1on, decided on April :>,
$''$+.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
InPeoplev.Lapan,decidedonGl*D,$''2,t1e
accsed was prosected /or ro))er* wit1
1o0icide. Ro))er* was not proven )e*ond
reasona)ledo)t. Accsed1eldlia)leonl*/or
t1e #illin(s. Alt1o(1 one o/ t1e victi0s was
)arel*six*earsold,t1eaccsedwasconvicted
onl*/or1o0icide,a((ravated)*dwellin(andin
disre(ardo/a(e.
.reac1er* not appreciated w1ere 7arrel and
1eated discssion preceded a #illin(, )ecase
t1e victi0 wold )e pt on (ard %People v.
?po+. "t alt1o(1 a 7arrel preceded t1e
#illin(w1eret1evicti0wasatopacoconttree,
treac1er*wasconsideredast1evicti0wasnot
in a position to de/end 1i0sel/ %People v.
.ori)io+.
Distinction)etweeni(no0in*andcrelt*
I(no0in* s1oc#s t1e 0oral conscience o/ 0an
w1ilecrelt*is p1*sical.I(no0in*re/erstot1e
0oral e//ect o/ a cri0e and it pertains to t1e
0oralorder,w1et1erornott1evicti0isdeador
alive.Crelt*pertainstop1*sicals//erin(o/t1e
victi0 so t1e victi0 1as to )e alive. In plain
lan(a(e, i(no0in*isaddin(inslttoinAr*.A
clearexa0pleisa0arriedwo0an)ein(raped
)e/oret1ee*eso/1er1s)and.
Inacasew1eret1ecri0eco00ittedisrapeand
t1eaccseda)sedt1evicti0s/ro0)e1ind,t1e
Spre0e Cort considered t1e cri0e as
a((ravated )* i(no0in*. 4ence, rapin( a
wo0an/ro0)e1indisi(no0inios)ecaset1is
is not t1e sal intercorse, it is so0et1in(
w1ic1o//endst1e0oralo/t1eo//endedwo0an.
.1isis1owani0alsdoit.
In a case o/ 1o0icide, w1ile t1e victi0 a/ter
1avin()een#illed)*t1eo//ender,t1eo//ender
s1ovedt1e)od*insideacanal,i(no0in*is1eld
a((ravatin(.
A/ter 1avin( )een #illed, t1e )od* was t1rown
into pile o/ (ar)a(e, i(no0in* is a((ravatin(.
.1eSpre0eCort1eldt1atitaddeds1a0eto
t1enatrale//ectso/t1ecri0e.
Crelt*andi(no0in*arecirc0stances)ro(1t
a)ot w1ic1 are not necessar* in t1e
co00issiono/t1ecri0e.
IllstrationB
A and " are ene0ies. A pon seein( " plled
ota#ni/eandsta))ed"D>ti0es.Willt1at/act
)e considered as an a((ravatin( circ0stance
o/crelt*NNo,t1ereiscrelt*onl*w1ent1ere
areevidencet1att1eo//enderin/lictedt1esta)
wonds w1ile enAo*in( or deli(1ted to see t1e
victi0 in pain. ,or crelt* to exist as an
a((ravatin( circ0stance, t1ere 0st )e
evidences1owin(t1att1eaccsedin/lictedt1e
alle(ed crel wonds slowl* and (radall* and
t1at 1e is deli(1ted seein( t1e victi0 s//er in
pain. In t1e a)sence o/ evidence to t1is e//ect,
t1ereisnocrelt*.Sixt*sta)wondsdonotipso
/acto 0a#e t1e0 a((ravatin( circ0stances o/
crelt*..1ecri0eis0rderi/D>wondswere
in/licted (radall*6 a)sence o/ t1is evidence
0eanst1ecri0eco00ittedisonl*1o0icide.
Crelt*isa((ravatin(inrapew1eret1eo//ender
tiedt1evicti0toa)edand)rnt1er/acewit1a
li(1tedci(arettew1ilerapin(1erla(1in(allt1e
wa*%Peoplev.Lcas,$E$SCRA:$9+.
-nlaw/lentr*
-nlaw/lentr*isin1erentint1ecri0eo/ro))er*
wit1 /orce pon t1in(s )t a((ravatin( in t1e
cri0e o/ ro))er* wit1 violence a(ainst or
inti0idationo/persons.
Motorve1icle
.1eSpre0eCortconsidersstrictl*t1eseo/
t1e word Hco00ittedI, t1at t1e cri0e is
co00itted wit1 t1e se o/ a 0otor ve1icle,
0otori8ed0eanso/transportationor0otori8ed
watercra/t. .1ere is a decision )* t1e Cort o/
Appeals t1at a 0otori8ed )ic*cle is a 0otor
ve1icle even i/ t1e o//ender sed onl* t1e /oot
pedal)ecase1edoesnot#now1owtooperate
t1e 0otor so i/ a )ic*cle is sed in t1e
co00issiono/t1ecri0e,0otorve1icle)eco0es
a((ravatin(i/t1e)ic*cleis0otori8ed.
.1is circ0stance is a((ravatin( onl* w1en
sedint1eco00issiono/t1eo//ense.I/0otor
ve1icle is sed onl* in t1e escape o/ t1e
o//ender,0otorve1icleisnota((ravatin(..o)e
a((ravatin(,it0st1ave)eensedto/acilitate
t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e.
A((ravatin(w1ena0otori8edtric*clewassed
toco00itt1ecri0e
!r(ani8edors*ndicatedcri0e(rop
In t1e sa0e a0end0ent to Article D2 o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code, para(rap1s were added
w1ic1providet1att1e0axi00penalt*s1all)e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
i0posed i/ t1e o//ense was co00itted )* an*
person w1o )elon(s to an or(ani8ed or
s*ndicatedcri0e(rop.
Anor(ani8edors*ndicatedcri0e(rop0eans
a (rop o/ two or 0ore persons colla)oratin(,
con/ederatin( or 0tall* 1elpin( one anot1er
/or prposes o/ (ain in t1e co00ission o/ a
cri0e.
Wit1 t1is provision, t1e circ0stance o/ an
or(ani8ed or s*ndicated cri0e (rop 1avin(
co00itted t1e cri0e 1as )een added in t1e
Code as a special a((ravatin( circ0stance.
.1ecirc0stance)ein(special or 7ali/*in(,it
0st )e alle(ed in t1e in/or0ation and proved
drin(t1etrial. !t1erwise,i/notalle(edint1e
in/or0ation,event1o(1provendrin(t1etrial,
t1e cort cannot validl* consider t1e
circ0stances )ecase it is not a0on( t1ose
en0erated nder Article $; o/ t1e Code as
a((ravatin(. It is notewort1*, 1owever, t1at
t1ereisanor(ani8edors*ndicated(ropeven
w1en onl* two persons colla)orated,
con/ederated,or0tall*1elpedoneanot1erin
t1e co00ission o/ a cri0e, w1ic1 acts are
in1erent in a conspirac*. W1ere t1ere/ore,
conspirac* in t1e co00ission o/ t1e cri0e is
alle(edint1ein/or0ation,t1ealle(ation0a*)e
consideredasprocedrall*s//icienttowarrant
receivin(evidenceont1e0atterdrin(trialand
conse7entl*, t1e said special a((ravatin(
circ0stancecan)eappreciatedi/proven.
Alternativecirc0stances
Art. $9. .1eir concept. @ Alternative
circ0stances are t1ose w1ic1 0st )e
ta#en into consideration as a((ravatin( or
0iti(atin( accordin( to t1e natre and
e//ectso/t1ecri0eandt1eot1erconditions
attendin( its co00ission. .1e* are t1e
relations1ip, intoxication and t1e de(ree o/
instrctionandedcationo/t1eo//ender.
.1ealternativecirc0stanceo/relations1ip
s1all )e ta#en into consideration w1en t1e
o//ended part* in t1e spose, ascendant,
descendant, le(iti0ate, natral, or adopted
)rot1erorsister,orrelative)*a//init*int1e
sa0ede(reeso/t1eo//ender.
.1e intoxication o/ t1e o//ender s1all )e
ta#en into consideration as a 0iti(atin(
circ0stances w1en t1e o//ender 1as
co00itteda/elon*inastateo/intoxication,
i/t1esa0eisnot1a)italors)se7entto
t1eplantoco00itsaid/elon*)tw1ent1e
intoxicationis1a)italorintentional,its1all
)e considered as an a((ravatin(
circ0stance.
,oralternativecirc0stances
%$+ Relations1ip6
%2+ Intoxication6
%:+ De(reeo/instrction6and
%;+ Edcation.
-se onl* t1e ter0 alternative circ0stance /or
as lon( as t1e particlar circ0stance is not
involvedinan*caseorpro)le0..1e0o0entit
is (iven in a pro)le0, do not se alternative
circ0stance, re/er to it as a((ravatin( or
0iti(atin( dependin( on w1et1er t1e sa0e is
consideredassc1ort1eot1er. I/relations1ip
is a((ravatin(, re/er to it as a((ravatin(. I/
0iti(atin(,t1enre/ertoitassc1.
Except/or t1ecirc0stanceo/intoxication, t1e
ot1er circ0stances in Article $9 0a* not )e
ta#enintoaccontatallw1ent1ecirc0stance
1asno)earin(ont1ecri0eco00itted.Sot1e
cort will not consider t1is as a((ravatin( or
0iti(atin(si0pl*)ecaset1ecirc0stance1as
norelevancetot1ecri0et1atwasco00itted.
Do not t1in# t1at )ecase t1e article sa*s t1at
t1ese circ0stances are 0iti(atin( or
a((ravatin(,t1ati/t1ecirc0stanceispresent,
t1ecortwill1avetota#eitas0iti(atin(,i/not
0iti(atin(,a((ravatin(..1atiswron(.Itisonl*
t1e circ0stance o/ intoxication w1ic1 i/ not
0iti(atin(,isato0aticall*a((ravatin(."tt1e
ot1er circ0stances, even i/ t1e* are present,
)ti/t1e*donotin/lencet1ecri0e,t1ecort
will notconsideritatall. Relations1ip0a*not
)e considered at all, especiall* i/ it is not
in1erentint1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e.De(ree
o/ instrction also will not )e considered i/ t1e
cri0e is so0et1in( w1ic1 does not re7ire an
edcatedpersontonderstand.
Relations1ip
Relations1ip is not si0pl* 0iti(atin( or
a((ravatin(. .1ere are speci/ic circ0stances
w1ere relations1ip is exe0ptin(. A0on( sc1
circ0stancesareB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%$+ Int1ecaseo/anaccessor*w1oisrelatedto
t1e principal wit1in t1e relations1ip
prescri)edinArticle2>6
%2+ AlsoinArticle2;F,asposedoesnotincr
cri0inal lia)ilit* /or a cri0e o/ less serios
p1*sical inAriesorseriosp1*sical inAries
i/t1iswasin/licteda/ter1avin(srprisedt1e
o//ended spose or para0or or 0istress
co00ittin(actalsexalintercorse.
%:+ .1oseco00onl*(iveninArticle::2w1en
t1e cri0e o/ t1e/t, 0alicios 0isc1ie/ and
swindlin( or esta/a. .1ere is no cri0inal
lia)ilit*)tonl*civillia)ilit*i/t1eo//enderis
related to t1e o//ended part* as spose,
ascendant,ordescendantori/t1eo//ender
is a )rot1er or sister or )rot1er in law or
sisterinlawo/t1eo//endedpart*andt1e*
arelivin(to(et1er.Exe0ptin(circ0stance
is t1e relations1ip. .1is is an a)soltor*
case.
So0eti0es,relations1ipisa7ali/*in( andnot
onl*a(enerica((ravatin(circ0stance.Int1e
cri0e o/ 7ali/ied sedction, t1e o//ended
wo0an0st)eavir(inandlesst1an$E*rsold.
"t i/ t1e o//ender is a )rot1er o/ t1e o//ended
wo0anoranascendanto/t1eo//endedwo0an,
re(ardless o/ w1et1er t1e wo0an is o/ )ad
reptation,eveni/t1ewo0anisD>*earsoldor
0ore, cri0e is 7ali/ied sedction. In sc1 a
case,relations1ipis7ali/*in(.
Intoxication
.1is circ0stance is ipso /acto 0iti(atin(, so
t1ati/t1eprosectionwantstoden*t1eo//ender
t1e)ene/ito/t1is0iti(ation,t1e*s1oldprove
t1atitis1a)italandt1atitisintentional. .1e
0o0entitiss1ownto)e1a)italorintentional
to t1e co00ission o/ t1e cri0e, t1e sa0e will
i00ediatel* a((ravate, re(ardless o/ t1e cri0e
co00itted.
Intoxicationto)econsidered0iti(atin(,re7ires
t1at t1e o//ender 1as reac1ed t1at de(ree o/
intoxication w1ere 1e1asno control o/1i0sel/
an*0ore. .1eideaist1eo//ender,)ecaseo/
t1e intoxication is alread* actin( nder
di0inis1edsel/control. .1isist1erationalw1*
intoxicationis0iti(atin(.Soi/t1isreasonisnot
present, intoxication will not )e considered
0iti(atin(. So t1e 0ere /act t1at t1e o//ender
1as ta#en one or 0ore cases o/ )eer o/ itsel/
doesnotwarrantaconclsiont1atintoxicationis
0iti(atin(. .1ere 0st )e indication t1at
)ecaseo/t1ealco1olicinta#eo/t1eo//ender,
1e is s//erin( /ro0 di0inis1ed sel/ control.
.1ereisdi0inis1edvolntarinessinso/aras1is
intelli(enceor/reedo0o/actionisconcerned.It
isnott1e7antit*o/alco1olicdrin#.Rat1eritis
t1ee//ecto/t1ealco1olpont1eo//enderw1ic1
s1all)et1e)asiso/t1e0iti(atin(circ0stance.
IllstrationB
Inacase,t1ereweretwola)orersw1oweret1e
)est o/ /riends. Since it was pa*da*, t1e*
decided to 1ave so0e (ood ti0e and ordered
)eer. W1ent1e*dran#twocaseso/)eert1e*
)eca0e0oretal#ativentilt1e*en(a(edinan
ar(0ent. !neplledota#ni/eandsta))ed
t1e ot1er. W1en arrai(ned 1e invo#ed
intoxication as a 0iti(atin( circ0stance.
Intoxication does not si0pl* 0ean t1at t1e
o//ender 1as parta#en o/ so 0c1 alco1olic
)evera(es..1eintoxicationinlawre7irest1at
)ecase o/ t1e 7alit* o/ t1e alco1olic drin#
ta#en, t1e o//ender 1ad practicall* lost sel/
control. So alt1o(1 t1e o//ender 0a* 1ave
parta#eno/twocaseso/)eer,)ta/tersta))in(
t1e victi0 1e 1ailed a tric*cle and even
instrcted t1e driver to t1e place w1ere 1e is
sleepin( and t1e tric*cle cold not reac1 1is
1ose and so 1e 1as to ali(1t and wal# to 1is
1ose,t1ent1ereisnodi0inis1edsel/control.
.1e Spre0e Cort did not (ive t1e 0iti(atin(
circ0stance)ecaseo/t1en0)ero/wonds
in/licted pon t1e victi0. .1ere were $$ sta)
wonds and t1is, t1e Spre0e Cort said, is
inco0pati)le wit1 t1e idea t1at t1e o//ender is
alread* s//erin( /ro0 di0inis1ed sel/ control.
!n t1e contrar*, t1e indication is t1at t1e
o//ender(ainedstren(t1oto/t1edrin#s1e1ad
ta#en. It is not t1e 7antit* o/ drin# t1at will
deter0ine w1et1er t1e o//ender can le(all*
invo#eintoxication..1econdcto/t1eo//ender,
t1e0annero/co00ittin(t1ecri0e,1is)e1avior
a/ter co00ittin( t1e cri0e 0st s1ow t1e
)e1avioro/a0anw1o1asalread*lostcontrol
o/1i0sel/.!t1erwiseintoxicationcannotle(all*
)econsidered.
De(reeo/instrctionandedcation
.1esearetwodistinctcirc0stances.!ne0a*
not 1ave an* de(ree o/ instrction )t is
nevert1eless edcated. Exa0pleB A 1as )een
livin(wit1pro/essionals/orso0eti0e.4e0a*
Ast )e a 0aid in t1e 1ose wit1 no de(ree o/
instrction)t1e0a*still)eedcated.
It0a*1appenalsot1att1eo//ender(rewpin
a /a0il* o/ pro/essionals, onl* 1e is t1e )lac#
s1eep)ecase1edidnotwantto(otosc1ool.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
"t it does not /ollow t1at 1e is )ere/t o/
edcation.
I/ t1e o//ender did not (o 1i(1er t1an ?rade :
and1ewasinvolvedina/elon*,1ewasinvo#in(
lac#o/de(reeo/edcation..1eSpre0eCort
1eldt1atalt1o(11edidnotreceivesc1oolin(,
*et it cannot )e said t1at 1e lac#s edcation
)ecase1eca0e/ro0a/a0il*w1ere)rot1ers
areallpro/essionals.So1enderstandsw1atis
ri(1tandwron(.
.1e/actt1att1eo//enderdidnot1avesc1oolin(
andisilliteratedoesnot0iti(ate1islia)ilit*i/t1e
cri0e co00itted is one w1ic1 1e in1erentl*
nderstands as wron( sc1 as parricide. I/ a
c1ild or son or da(1ter wold #ill a parent,
illiterac*willnot0iti(ate)ecaset1elowde(ree
o/instrction1asno)earin(ont1ecri0e.
In t1e sa0e 0anner, t1e o//ender 0a* )e a
law*er w1o co00itted rape. .1e /act t1at 1e
1as#nowled(eo/t1elawwillnota((ravate1is
lia)ilit*, )ecase 1is #nowled(e 1as not1in( to
dowit1t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e. "ti/1e
co00itted /alsi/ication, t1at will a((ravate 1is
cri0inal lia)ilit*, w1ere 1e sed 1is special
#nowled(easalaw*er.
A)soltor*case
.1ee//ecto/t1isistoa)solvet1eo//ender/ro0
cri0inallia)ilit*,alt1o(1not/ro0civillia)ilit*.It
1as t1e sa0e e//ect as an exe0ptin(
circ0stance,)titisnotcalledassc1inorder
not to con/se it wit1 t1e circ0stances nder
Article$2.
%$+ Article 2> provides t1at t1e penalties
prescri)ed /or accessories s1all not )e
i0posed pon t1ose w1o are sc1 wit1
respect to t1eir sposes, ascendants,
descendants,le(iti0ate,natralandadopted
)rot1ers and sisters, or relatives )* a//init*
wit1int1esa0ede(reeswit1t1eexceptiono/
accessories w1o pro/ited t1e0selves or
assistin(t1eo//endertopro/it)*t1ee//ects
o/t1ecri0e.
%2+ .1en, Article E' provides 1ow cri0inal
lia)ilit*isextin(is1edB
Deat1 o/ t1e convict as to t1e personal
penalties, and as to pecniar* penalties,
lia)ilit* t1ere/or is extin(is1ed i/ deat1
occrs)e/ore/inalAd(0ent6
Service o/ t1e sentence6 A0nest*6 A)solte
pardon6 Prescription o/ t1e cri0e6
Prescription o/ t1e penalt*6 and Marria(e o/
t1e o//ended wo0an as provided in Article
:;;.
%:+ -nder Article 2;F, a le(all* 0arried
person w1o #ills or in/licts p1*sical inAries
pon 1is or 1er spose w1o0 1e srprised
1avin( sexal intercorse wit1 1is or 1er
para0oror0istressinnotcri0inall*lia)le.
%;+ -nder Article 2$', discoverin( secrets
t1ro(1 sei8re o/ correspondence o/ t1e
ward)*t1eir(ardianisnotpenali8ed.
%9+ -nder Article ::2, in t1e case o/ t1e/t,
swindlin(and0alicios0isc1ie/,t1ereisno
cri0inal lia)ilit* )t onl* civil lia)ilit*, w1en
t1e o//ender and t1e o//ended part* are
related as spose, ascendant, descendant,
)rot1er and sister&in&law livin( to(et1er or
w1ere in case t1e widowed spose and t1e
propert* involved is t1at o/ t1e deceased
spose,)e/oresc1propert*1adpassedon
tot1epossessiono/t1irdparties.
%D+ -nderArticle:;;,incaseso/sedction,
a)dction, acts o/ lasciviosness, and rape,
t1e 0arria(e o/ t1e o//ended part* s1all
extin(is1t1ecri0inalaction.
A)soltor*case1ast1ee//ecto/anexe0ptin(
circ0stanceandt1e*arepredicatedonlac#o/
volntariness li#e insti(ation. Insti(ation is
associated wit1 cri0inal intent. Do not consider
clpainconnectionwit1insti(ation.I/t1ecri0eis
clpa)le,donottal#o/insti(ation.Ininsti(ation,
t1e cri0e is co00itted wit1 dolo. It is con/sed
wit1entrap0ent.
Entrap0ent is not an a)soltor* case.
Entrap0ent does not exe0pt t1e o//ender or
0iti(ate 1is cri0inal lia)ilit*. "t insti(ation
a)solves t1e o//ender /ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit*
)ecaseininsti(ation,t1eo//endersi0pl*actsas
a tool o/ t1e law en/orcers and, t1ere/ore, 1e is
actin(wit1otcri0inalintent)ecasewit1ott1e
insti(ation,1ewoldnot1avedonet1ecri0inal
act w1ic1 1e did pon insti(ation o/ t1e law
en/orcers.
Extenatin(circ0stances
.1ee//ecto/t1isisto0iti(atet1ecri0inallia)ilit* o/t1eo//ender.Inot1erwords,t1is1ast1esa0e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
e//ect as 0iti(atin( circ0stances, onl* *o do
notcallit0iti(atin()ecaset1isisnot/ondin
Article$:.
IllstrationsB
%$+ Annwed0ot1er#illed1erc1ildinorder
to conceal a dis1onor. .1e conceal0ent o/
dis1onor is an extenatin( circ0stance
inso/arast1enwed0ot1erort1e0aternal
(randparentsisconcerned,)tnotinso/aras
t1e/at1ero/t1ec1ildisconcerned. Mot1er
#illin( 1er new )orn c1ild to conceal 1er
dis1onor,penalt*islowered)*twode(rees.
Since t1ere is a 0aterial lowerin( o/ t1e
penalt* or 0iti(atin( t1e penalt*, t1is is an
extenatin(circ0stance.
%2+ .1e conceal0ent o/ 1onor )* 0ot1er in
t1e cri0e o/ in/anticide is an extenatin(
circ0stance)tnotint1ecaseo/parricide
w1ent1ea(eo/t1evicti0ist1reeda*sold
anda)ove.
%:+ Int1ecri0eo/adlter*ont1eparto/a
0arriedwo0ana)andoned)*1er1s)and,
at t1e ti0e s1e was a)andoned )* 1er
1s)and,is it necessar* /or1ertosee# t1e
co0pan*o/anot1er 0an. A)andon0ent)*
t1e 1s)and does not Asti/* t1e act o/ t1e
wo0an. It onl* extenates or redces
cri0inal lia)ilit*. W1en t1e e//ect o/ t1e
circ0stanceistolowert1epenalt*t1ereis
anextenatin(circ0stance.
%;+ A#lepto0aniacisonew1ocannotresist
t1ete0ptationo/stealin(t1in(sw1ic1appeal
to 1is desire. .1is is not exe0ptin(. !ne
w1ois a #lepto0aniac and w1o woldsteal
o)Aectso/1isdesireiscri0inall*lia)le. "t
1ewold)e(ivent1e)ene/ito/a0iti(atin(
circ0stance analo(os to para(rap1 ' o/
Article $:, t1at o/ s//erin( /ro0 an illness
w1ic1 di0inis1es t1e exercise o/ 1is will
powerwit1ot,1owever,deprivin(1i0o/t1e
consciosness o/ 1is act. So t1is is an
extenatin( circ0stance. .1e e//ect is to
0iti(atet1ecri0inallia)ilit*.
Distinctions)etweenAsti/*in(circ0stancesandexe0ptin(circ0stances
InAsti/*in(circ0stancesC
%9+ .1ecirc0stancea//ectst1eact,nott1e
actor6
%D+ .1e act co0plained o/ is considered to
1ave)eendonewit1int1e)ondso/law61ence,
itisle(iti0ateandlaw/lint1ee*eso/t1elaw6
%F+ Sincet1eactisconsideredlaw/l,t1ere
isnocri0e,and)ecaset1ereisnocri0e,t1ere
isnocri0inal6
%E+ Sincet1ereisnocri0eorcri0inal,t1ere
isnocri0inallia)ilit*aswellascivillia)ilit*.
Inexe0ptin(circ0stancesC
%9+ .1e circ0stances a//ect t1e actor, not
t1eact6
%D+ .1e act co0plained o/ is actall*
wron(/l, )t t1e actor acted wit1ot
volntariness.4eisa0eretoolorinstr0ento/
t1ecri0e6
%F+ Since t1e act co0plained o/ is actall*
wron(/l,t1ereisacri0e."t)ecaset1eactor
acted wit1ot volntariness, t1ere is a)sence o/
doloorclpa..1ereisnocri0inal6
%E+ Since t1ere is a cri0e co00itted )t
t1ere is no cri0inal, t1ere is civil lia)ilit* /or t1e
wron( done. "t t1ere is no cri0inal lia)ilit*.
4owever, in para(rap1s ; and F o/ Article $2,
t1ereisneit1ercri0inalnorcivillia)ilit*.
W1en *o appl* /or Asti/*in( or exe0ptin(
circ0stances, it is con/ession and
avoidance and )rden o/ proo/ s1i/ts to t1e
accsed and 1e can no lon(er rel* on
wea#nesso/prosection3sevidence
DECREE C!DI,LIN? .4E LAWS !N ILLE?AL / -NLAW,-L P!SSESSI!N, MAN-,AC.-RE,
DEALIN?IN,ACJ-ISI.I!N!RDISP!SI.I!N,!,,IREARMS,AMM-NI.I!N!REOPL!SI5ES%P.D.
$EDD,ASAMENDED"LR.A.E2';+ASANA??RA5A.IN?CIRC-MS.ANCE
/#0 I/ 1o0icide or 0rder is co00itted wit1
t1eseo/annlicensed/irear0,sc1seo/
annlicensed/irear0s1all)econsideredas
ana((ravatin(circ0stance%Sec.$,par.:+.
/!0 .1eseo/nlicensed/irear0toco00it
1o0icide or 0rder is now a special
a((ravatin( circ0stance6 1ence, onl* one
cri0eisco00itted,i.e.,1o0icideor0rder
and,t1ere/ore,onl*onein/or0ations1all)e
/iled %People vs. Castillo, ?R $:$9'2&':,
>2/$9/2>>>+.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
.4EC!MPRE4ENSI5EDAN?ER!-SDR-?SAC.!,2>>2%RA'$D9+
Asa7ali/*in(a((ravatin(circ0stance
Jali/*in( A((ravatin( Circ0stances in t1e
Co00ission o/ a Cri0e )* an !//ender
-nder t1e In/lence o/ Dan(eros Dr(s. C
Notwit1standin(t1eprovisionso/an*lawto
t1econtrar*,apositive/indin(/ort1eseo/
dan(eros dr(s s1all )e a 7ali/*in(
a((ravatin(circ0stanceint1eco00ission
o/ a cri0e )* an o//ender, and t1e
applicationo/t1epenalt*provided/orint1e
Revised Penal Code s1all )e applica)le
%Sec.29+.
I00nit* /ro0 prosection and pnis10ent,
covera(e
I00nit* /ro0 Prosection and Pnis10ent. C
Notwit1standin( t1e provisions o/ Section
$F, Rle $$' o/ t1e Revised Rles o/
Cri0inal Procedre and t1e provisions o/
Rep)lic Act No. D'E$ or t1e Witness
Protection,Secrit*and"ene/itActo/$''$,
an*personw1o1asviolatedSectionsF,$$,
$2,$;,$9,and$',ArticleIIo/t1isAct,w1o
volntaril* (ives in/or0ation a)ot an*
violationo/Sections;,9,D,E,$>,$:,and
$D, Article II o/ t1is Act as well as an*
violation o/ t1e o//enses 0entioned i/
co00itted )* a dr( s*ndicate, or an*
in/or0ation leadin( to t1e w1erea)ots,
identities and arrest o/ all or an* o/ t1e
0e0)erst1ereo/6andw1owillin(l*testi/ies
a(ainst sc1 persons as descri)ed a)ove,
s1all )e exe0pted /ro0 prosection or
pnis10ent/ort1eo//ensewit1re/erenceto
w1ic11is/1erin/or0ationo/testi0on*were
(iven,and0a*pleadorprovet1e(ivin(o/
sc1 in/or0ation and testi0on* in )ar o/
sc1 prosectionB Provided, .1at t1e
/ollowin(conditionsconcrB
%$+ .1e in/or0ation and testi0on* are
necessar* /or t1e conviction o/ t1e
personsdescri)eda)ove6
%2+Sc1 in/or0ation andtesti0on*arenot
*etint1epossessiono/t1eState6
%:+ Sc1 in/or0ation and testi0on* can )e
corro)oratedonits0aterialpoints6
%;+ t1e in/or0ant or witness 1as not )een
previosl*convictedo/acri0einvolvin(
0oraltrpitde,exceptw1ent1ereisno
ot1er direct evidence availa)le /or t1e
State ot1er t1an t1e in/or0ation and
testi0on* o/ said in/or0ant or witness6
and
%9+.1ein/or0antorwitnesss1allstrictl*and
/ait1/ll* co0pl* wit1ot dela*, an*
condition or nderta#in(, redced into
writin(,law/ll*i0posed)*t1eStateas
/rt1er consideration /or t1e (rant o/
i00nit* /ro0 prosection and
pnis10ent.
Provided,/rt1er,.1att1isi00nit*0a*)e
enAo*ed )* sc1 in/or0ant or witness w1o
does not appear to )e 0ost (ilt* /or t1e
o//ense wit1 re/erence to w1ic1 1is/1er
in/or0ation or testi0on* were (ivenB
Provided, /inall*, .1at t1ere is no direct
evidence availa)le /or t1e State except /or
t1e in/or0ation and testi0on* o/ t1e said
in/or0antorwitness%Sec.::+.
.er0ination o/ t1e ?rant o/ I00nit*. C .1e
i00nit* (ranted to t1e in/or0ant or
witness,asprescri)edinSection::o/t1is
Act, s1all not attac1 s1old it trn ot
s)se7entl* t1at t1e in/or0ation and/or
testi0on* is /alse, 0alicios or 0ade onl*
/ort1eprposeo/1arassin(,0olestin(orin
an* wa* preAdicin( t1e persons descri)ed
int1eprecedin(Sectiona(ainstw1o0sc1
in/or0ationortesti0on*isdirecteda(ainst.
Insc1case,t1ein/or0antorwitnesss1all
)es)Aecttoprosectionandt1eenAo*0ent
o/allri(1tsand)ene/itspreviosl*accorded
1i0ndert1isActoran*ot1erlaw,decree
ororders1all)edee0edter0inated.
In case an in/or0ant or witness nder t1is
Act /ails or re/ses to testi/* wit1ot Ast
case,and w1enlaw/ll* o)li(ed to doso,
or s1old 1e/s1e violate an* condition
acco0pan*in( sc1 i00nit* as provided
a)ove, 1is/1er i00nit* s1all )e re0oved
and 1e/s1e s1all li#ewise )e s)Aect to
conte0ptand/orcri0inalprosection,ast1e
case0a*)e,andt1eenAo*0ento/allri(1ts
and)ene/itspreviosl*accorded1i0nder
t1isActorinan*ot1erlaw,decreeororder
s1all)edee0edter0inated.
In case t1e in/or0ant or witness re/erred to
ndert1isAct/allsndert1eapplica)ilit*o/t1is
Section 1ereo/, sc1 individal cannot avail o/
t1eprovisionsnderArticle5IIIo/t1isAct%Sec.
:;+.
Minoro//enders
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Sspension o/ Sentence o/ a ,irst&.i0e Minor
!//ender. C An accsed w1o is over /i/teen
%$9+ *ears o/ a(e at t1e ti0e o/ t1e
co00ission o/ t1e o//ense 0entioned in
Section $$ o/ t1is Act, )t not 0ore t1an
ei(1teen%$E+*earso/a(eatt1eti0ew1en
Ad(0ent s1old 1ave )een pro0l(ated
a/ter 1avin( )een /ond (ilt* o/ said
o//ense, 0a* )e (iven t1e )ene/its o/ a
sspended sentence, s)Aect to t1e
/ollowin(conditionsB
%a+ 4e/s1e 1as not )een previosl*
convicted o/ violatin( an* provision o/
t1isAct,oro/t1eDan(erosDr(sAct
o/$'F2,asa0ended6oro/t1eRevised
Penal Code6 or o/ an* special penal
laws6
%)+ 4e/s1e 1as not )een previosl*
co00ittedtoaCenterortot1ecareo/a
D!4&accreditedp1*sician6and
%c+ .1e "oard /avora)l* reco00ends t1at
1is/1ersentence)esspended.
W1ile nder sspended sentence, 1e/s1e
s1all )e nder t1e spervision and
re1a)ilitative srveillance o/ t1e "oard,
nder sc1 conditions t1at t1e cort 0a*
i0pose /or a period ran(in( /ro0 six %D+
0ont1stoei(1teen%$E+0ont1s.
-pon reco00endation o/ t1e "oard, t1e
cort 0a* co00it t1e accsed nder
sspended sentence to a Center, or to t1e
care o/ a D!4&accredited p1*sician /or at
least six %D+ 0ont1s, wit1 a/ter&care and
/ollow&p pro(ra0 /or not 0ore t1an
ei(1teen%$E+0ont1s.
In t1e case o/ 0inors nder /i/teen %$9+
*earso/a(eatt1eti0eo/t1eco00ission
o/ an* o//ense penali8ed nder t1is Act,
Article$'2o/ Presidential DecreeNo. D>:,
ot1erwise #nown as t1e C1ild and Lot1
Wel/are Code, as a0ended )* Presidential
Decree No. $$F' s1all appl*, wit1ot
preAdicetot1eapplicationo/t1eprovisions
o/t1isSection%Sec.DD+.
Disc1ar(e A/ter Co0pliance wit1 Conditions o/
SspendedSentence o/ a ,irst&.i0e Minor
!//ender. C I/ t1e accsed /irst ti0e 0inor
o//ender nder sspended sentence
co0plies wit1 t1e applica)le rles and
re(lations o/ t1e "oard, incldin(
con/ine0ent in a Center, t1e cort, pon a
/avora)le reco00endation o/ t1e "oard /or
t1e /inal disc1ar(e o/ t1e accsed, s1all
disc1ar(e t1e accsed and dis0iss all
proceedin(s.
-pon t1e dis0issal o/ t1e proceedin(s
a(ainstt1eaccsed,t1ecorts1allenteran
order to expn(e all o//icial records, ot1er
t1ant1econ/identialrecordto)eretained)*
t1eD!Grelatin(tot1ecase.Sc1anorder,
w1ic1s1all)e#eptcon/idential,s1allrestore
t1e accsed to 1is/1er stats prior to t1e
case.4e/s1es1allnot)e1eldt1erea/terto
)e (ilt* o/ perAr* or o/ conceal0ent or
0isrepresentation )* reason o/ 1is/1er
/ailretoac#nowled(et1ecaseorrecitean*
/act related t1ereto in response to an*
in7ir* 0ade o/ 1i0 /or an* prpose %Sec.
DF+.
Privile(eo/SspendedSentenceto)eAvailed
o/ !nl* !nce )* a ,irst&.i0e Minor
!//ender. C .1e privile(e o/ sspended
sentences1all)eavailedo/onl*once)*an
accseddr(dependentw1oisa/irst&ti0e
o//enderover/i/teen%$9+*earso/a(eatt1e
ti0e o/ t1e co00ission o/ t1e violation o/
Section $9 o/ t1is Act )t not 0ore t1an
ei(1teen%$E+*earso/a(eatt1eti0ew1en
Ad(0ent s1old 1ave )een pro0l(ated
%Sec.DE+.
Pro0l(ation o/ Sentence /or ,irst&.i0e Minor
!//ender. C I/ t1e accsed /irst&ti0e 0inor
o//ender violates an* o/ t1e conditions o/
1is/1er sspendedsentence,t1eapplica)le
rlesandre(lationso/t1e"oardexercisin(
spervision and re1a)ilitative srveillance
over1i0,incldin(t1erlesandre(lations
o/ t1e Center s1old con/ine0ent )e
re7ired, t1e cort s1all prononce
Ad(0ent o/ conviction and 1e/s1e s1all
serve sentence as an* ot1er convicted
person%Sec.D'+.
Pro)ationorCo00nit*Service/ora,irst&.i0e
Minor !//ender in Lie o/ I0prison0ent. C
-pon pro0l(ation o/ t1e sentence, t1e
cort 0a*, in its discretion, place t1e
accsed nder pro)ation, even i/ t1e
sentence provided nder t1is Act is 1i(1er
t1an t1at provided nder existin( law on
pro)ation, or i0pose co00nit* service in
lie o/ i0prison0ent. In case o/ pro)ation,
t1e spervision and re1a)ilitative
srveillance s1all )e nderta#en )* t1e
"oardt1ro(1t1eD!4incoordinationwit1
t1e "oard o/ Pardons and Parole and t1e
Pro)ation Ad0inistration. -pon co0pliance
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
wit1 t1e conditions o/ t1e pro)ation, t1e
"oard s1all s)0it a written report to t1e
cort reco00endin( ter0ination o/
pro)ation and a /inal disc1ar(e o/ t1e
pro)ationer,w1erepont1ecorts1allisse
sc1anorder.
.1e co00nit* service s1all )e co0plied
wit1nderconditions,ti0eandplaceas0a*
)e deter0ined )* t1e cort in its discretion
and pon t1e reco00endation o/ t1e "oard
ands1allappl*onl*toviolatorso/Section$9
o/t1isAct..1eco0pletiono/t1eco00nit*
service s1all )e nder t1e spervision and
re1a)ilitativesrveillanceo/t1e"oarddrin(
t1e period re7ired )* t1e cort..1erea/ter,
t1e"oards1allrenderareportont1e0anner
o/co0plianceo/saidco00nit*service..1e
cort in its discretion 0a* re7ire extension
o/ t1e co00nit* service or order a /inal
disc1ar(e.
In )ot1 cases, t1e Adicial records s1all )e
covered)*t1eprovisionso/SectionsD>and
D;o/t1isAct.
I/ t1e sentence pro0l(ated )* t1e cort
re7ires i0prison0ent, t1e period spent in
t1e Center )* t1e accsed drin( t1e
sspended sentence period s1all )e
dedcted /ro0 t1e sentence to )e served
%Sec.F>+.
Application/Nonapplicationo/RPCprovisions
%Sec.'E,R.A.'$D9+c/.Art.$>,RPC
Li0itedApplica)ilit*o/t1eRevisedPenalCode.
CNotwit1standin(an* law, rle orre(lationto
t1econtrar*,t1eprovisionso/t1eRevisedPenal
Code %Act No. :E$;+, as a0ended, s1all not
appl*tot1eprovisionso/t1isAct,exceptint1e
caseo/0inoro//enders.W1eret1eo//enderisa
0inor, t1e penalt* /or acts pnis1a)le )* li/e
i0prison0enttodeat1provided1ereins1all )e
reclsionperpetatodeat1%Sec.'E+.
!//enses not s)Aect to t1e provisions o/ t1is
Code.@!//ensesw1ic1areorint1e/tre0a*
)epnis1a)lenderspeciallawsarenots)Aect
to t1e provisions o/ t1is Code. .1is Code s1all
)espple0entar*tosc1laws,nlesst1elatter
s1old speciall* provide t1e contrar* %Art. $>,
RPC+.
G-5ENILEG-S.ICEANDWEL,AREAC.!,2>>D%R.A.':;;+6ALS!RE,ER.!C4ILDANDL!-.4
WEL,AREC!DE%P.D.D>:,ASAMENDED+
De/initiono/c1ildincon/lictwit1t1elaw
MC1ildinCon/lictwit1t1eLawMre/erstoac1ild
w1oisalle(edas,accsedo/,oradAd(edas,
1avin( co00itted an o//ense nder P1ilippine
laws%Sec.;<e=+.
Mini00a(eo/cri0inalresponsi)ilit*
Ac1ild/i/teen%$9+*earso/a(eornderatt1e
ti0e o/ t1e co00ission o/ t1e o//ense s1all )e
exe0pt/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*.4owever,t1ec1ild
s1all )e s)Aected to an intervention pro(ra0
prsanttoSection2>o/t1isAct.
A c1ild a)ove /i/teen %$9+ *ears )t )elow
ei(1teen %$E+ *ears o/ a(e s1all li#ewise )e
exe0pt/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*and)es)Aectedto
an intervention pro(ra0, nless 1e/s1e 1as
acted wit1 discern0ent, in w1ic1 case, sc1
c1ild s1all )e s)Aected to t1e appropriate
proceedin(sinaccordancewit1t1isAct.
.1e exe0ption /ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit* 1erein
esta)lis1ed does not inclde exe0ption /ro0
civil lia)ilit*, w1ic1 s1all )e en/orced in
accordancewit1existin(laws%Sec.D+.
Deter0inationo/a(e
.1ec1ildincon/lictwit1t1elaws1allenAo*t1e
pres0ption o/ 0inorit*. 4e/S1e s1all enAo* all
t1eri(1tso/ac1ildincon/lictwit1t1elawntil
1e/s1eisprovento)eei(1teen%$E+*earsoldor
older. .1e a(e o/ a c1ild 0a* )e deter0ined
/ro0 t1e c1ildPs )irt1 certi/icate, )aptis0al
certi/icate or an* ot1er pertinent doc0ents. In
t1e a)sence o/ t1ese doc0ents, a(e 0a* )e
)ased on in/or0ation /ro0 t1e c1ild
1i0sel//1ersel/,testi0onieso/ot1erpersons,t1e
p1*sical appearance o/ t1e c1ild and ot1er
relevantevidence.Incaseo/do)tastot1ea(e
o/t1ec1ild,its1all)eresolvedin1is/1er/avor.
An* person contestin( t1e a(e o/ t1e c1ild in
con/lict wit1 t1e law prior to t1e /ilin( o/ t1e
in/or0ation in an* appropriate cort 0a* /ile a
case in a s00ar* proceedin( /or t1e
deter0ination o/ a(e )e/ore t1e ,a0il* Cort
w1ic1 s1all decide t1e case wit1in twent*&/or
%2;+ 1ors /ro0 receipt o/ t1e appropriate
pleadin(so/allinterestedparties.
I/ a case 1as )een /iled a(ainst t1e c1ild in
con/lict wit1 t1e law and is pendin( in t1e
appropriatecort,t1epersons1all/ilea0otion
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
to deter0ine t1e a(e o/ t1e c1ild in t1e sa0e
cort w1ere t1e case is pendin(. Pendin(
1earin(ont1esaid0otion,proceedin(sont1e
0aincases1all)esspended.%Sec.F+.
Exe0ption/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*
Stats !//enees. & An* condct not considered
ano//enseornotpenali8edi/co00itted)*an
adlt s1all not )e considered an o//ense and
s1all not )e pnis1ed i/ co00itted )* a c1ild
%Sec.9F+.
!//enses Not Applica)leto C1ildren. &Persons
)elow ei(1teen %$E+ *ears o/ a(e s1all )e
exe0pt /ro0 prosection /or t1e cri0e o/
va(ranc* and prostittion nder Section2>2 o/
t1e Revised Penal Code, o/ 0endicanc* nder
Presidential Decree No. $9D:, and sni//in( o/
r()*nderPresidentialDecreeNo.$D$',sc1
prosection )ein( inconsistent wit1 t1e -nited
Nations Convention on t1e Ri(1ts o/ t1e C1ildB
Provided, .1at said persons s1all nder(o
appropriate conselin( and treat0ent pro(ra0
%Sec.9E+.
Exe0ption /ro0 t1e Application o/ Deat1
Penalt*. &.1eprovisions o/ t1eRevised Penal
Code, as a0ended, Rep)lic Act No. '$D9,
ot1erwise #nown as t1e Co0pre1ensive
Dan(erosDr(sActo/2>>2,andot1erspecial
lawsnotwit1standin(,nodeat1penalt*s1all)e
i0posed pon c1ildren in con/lict wit1 t1e law
%Sec.9'+.
AN.I&5I!LENCEA?AINS.W!MENAND.4EIRC4ILDRENAC.!,2>>;%R.A.'2D2+ AN.I&5I!LENCEA?AINS.W!MENAND.4EIRC4ILDRENAC.!,2>>;%R.A.'2D2+
"atteredwo0ans*ndro0e
M"attered Wo0an S*ndro0eM re/ers to a
scienti/icall* de/ined pattern o/ ps*c1olo(ical
and)e1aviorals*0pto0s/ondinwo0enlivin(
in )atterin( relations1ips as a reslt o/
c0lativea)se%Sec.:C<c=+.
.1e)atteredwo0ans*ndro0eisc1aracteri8ed
)*t1ec*cleo/violence,w1ic11ast1reep1asesB
/#0 .ension&)ildin(p1aseC0inor)atterin(
occrs %ver)al, p1*sical a)se or ot1er
/or0 o/ 1ostile )e1avior+. .1e wo0an
tries to paci/* t1e )atterer )t t1is
placator*/passive )e1avior le(iti0i8es
1er )elie/t1at t1e 0an1as t1e ri(1t to
a)se 1er. At so0e point, violence
Hspirals ot o/ controlI and leads to
acte)atterin(incident.
%2+ Acte )atterin( incident C c1aracteri8ed
)* )rtalit*, destrctiveness and
so0eti0es,deat1..1e)atteredwo0an
dee0s t1is incident as npredicta)le,
*et also inevita)le. At t1is sta(e, s1e
1as a sense o/ detac10ent /ro0 t1e
attac# and t1e terri)le pain. Acte
)atterin(incidentsareo/tenver*sava(e
and ot o/ control, t1at )*standers or
intervenorsli#el*to(et1rt.
%:+ .ran7il, lovin(, or nonviolent p1ase C
t1e cople experience pro/ond relie/.
!nt1eone1and,t1e)atterer0a*s1ow
atenderandnrtrin()e1aviortowards
1ispartner.
.1e)atteredwo0ans*ndro0eisa/or0o/sel/&
de/ense w1ic1 is a Asti/*in( circ0stance. In
ordertoa)solvet1eo//ender,t1ede/ense0st
prove t1at all t1e t1ree p1ases o/ c*cle o/
violence 1ave occrred at least twice. I/ t1e
invocation o/ sel/&de/ense /ails, t1e )attered
wo0an s*ndro0e (ives rise to two 0iti(atin(
circ0stancesB %$+ ps*c1olo(ical paral*sis or
di0intion o/ /reedo0 o/ action, intelli(ence or
intent analo(os to illness t1at di0inis1es
exercise o/ will power wit1ot deprivin( 1er o/
consciosnesso/1eracts,and%2+passionand
o)/scation,o/1avin(actedponani0plseso
power/lasto1avenatrall*prodcedpassion
ando)/scation.
;.PERS!NSCRIMINALLLLIA"LE
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Art. $D. W1o are cri0inall* lia)le. @ .1e
/ollowin(arecri0inall*lia)le/or(raveandless
(rave/eloniesB
$. Principals.
2. Acco0plices.
:. Accessories.
.1e /ollowin( are cri0inall* lia)le /or li(1t
/eloniesB
$. Principals
2. Acco0plices.
Art. $F. Principals. @ .1e /ollowin( are
consideredprincipalsB
$. .1osew1ota#eadirectpartin
t1eexectiono/t1eact6
2. .1ose w1o directl* /orce or
indceot1erstoco00itit6
2$ .1ose w1o cooperate in t1e
co00ission o/ t1e o//ense )* anot1er
actwit1otw1ic1itwoldnot1ave)een
acco0plis1ed.
Art.$E. Acco0plices. @ Acco0plices are t1ose
persons w1o, not )ein( inclded in Art. $F,
cooperate in t1e exection o/ t1e o//ense )*
previosorsi0ltaneosacts.
Art. $'. Accessories. @ Accessories are t1ose
w1o,1avin(#nowled(eo/t1eco00issiono/t1e
cri0e, and wit1ot 1avin( participated t1erein,
eit1er as principals or acco0plices, ta#e part
s)se7ent to its co00ission in an* o/ t1e
/ollowin(0annersB
#$ "*pro/itin(t1e0selvesorassistin(t1e
o//ender to pro/it )* t1e e//ects o/ t1e
cri0e.
!$ "*concealin(ordestro*in(t1e)od*o/
t1ecri0e,ort1ee//ectsorinstr0ents
t1ereo/,inordertopreventitsdiscover*.
2$ "*1ar)orin(,concealin(,orassistin(in
t1eescapeo/t1eprincipalso/t1ecri0e,
providedt1eaccessor*actswit1a)se
o/1isp)lic/nctionsor w1enever t1e
at1oro/t1ecri0eis(ilt*o/treason,
parricide,0rder,oranatte0pttota#e
t1e li/e o/ t1e C1ie/ Exective, or is
#nown to )e 1a)itall* (ilt* o/ so0e
ot1ercri0e.
Art. 2>. Accessories w1o are exe0pt /ro0
cri0inal lia)ilit*. @ .1e penalties prescri)ed /or
accessories s1all not )e i0posed pon t1ose
w1o are sc1 wit1 respect to t1eir sposes,
ascendants, descendants, le(iti0ate, natral,
andadopted)rot1ersandsisters,orrelatives)*
a//init*wit1int1esa0ede(rees,wit1t1esin(le
exception o/ accessories /allin( wit1in t1e
provisionso/para(rap1$o/t1enextprecedin(
article.
-ndert1eRevisedPenalCode,w1en0oret1an
onepersonparticipatedint1eco00issiono/t1e
cri0e, t1e law loo#s into t1eir participation
)ecase in pnis1in( o//enders, t1e Revised
PenalCodeclassi/iest1e0asB
%$+ principal6
%2+ acco0plice6or
%:+ accessor*.
.1isclassi/icationistreonl*ndert1eRevised
PenalCodeandisnotsednderspeciallaws,
)ecaset1epenaltiesndert1elatterarenever
(radated. Donotset1eter0principalw1en
t1ecri0eco00ittedisaviolationo/speciallaw.
!nl*set1eter0Ho//ender.IAlsoonl*classi/*
o//endersw1en0oret1an one too# part int1e
co00issiono/t1ecri0etodeter0inet1eproper
penalt*to )e i0posed. So,i/onl*one person
co00ittedacri0e,donotseprincipal.-set1e
Ho//enders,IHclprits,Iort1eHaccsed.I
W1enapro)le0isenconteredw1eret1ereare
severalparticipantsint1ecri0e,t1e/irstt1in(to
/indotisi/t1ereisaconspirac*.I/t1ereis,as
a(eneralrle,t1ecri0inallia)ilit*o/allwill)e
t1esa0e, )ecase t1e act o/oneist1eact o/
all.
4owever, i/ t1e participation o/ one is so
insi(ni/icant, sc1 t1at even wit1ot 1is
cooperation,t1ecri0ewold)eco00ittedAst
aswell,t1ennotwit1standin(t1eexistenceo/a
conspirac*,sc1o//enderwill)ere(ardedonl*
asanacco0plice. .1ereason/ort1isrlin(is
t1at t1e law /avors a 0ilder /or0 o/ cri0inal
lia)ilit* i/ t1e act o/ t1e participant does not
de0onstrateaclearperversit*.
Astot1elia)ilit*o/t1eparticipantsina/elon*,
t1e Code ta#es into consideration w1et1er t1e
/elon*co00ittedis(rave,less(rave,orli(1t.
W1en t1e /elon* is (rave, or less (rave, all
participantsarecri0inall*lia)le.
"t w1ere t1e /elon* is onl* li(1t onl* t1e
principal and t1e acco0plice are lia)le. .1e
accessor*isnot.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
"t even t1e principal and t1e acco0plice will
not)elia)lei/t1e/elon*co00ittedisonl*li(1t
andt1esa0eisnotcons00atednlesssc1
/elon*isa(ainstpersonsorpropert*.I/t1e*are
notandt1esa0eisnotcons00ated,event1e
principalandt1eacco0plicearenotlia)le.
.1ere/ore it is onl* w1en t1e li(1t /elon* is
a(ainst person or propert* t1at cri0inal lia)ilit*
attac1es to t1e principal or acco0plice, even
t1o(1t1e/elon*isonl*atte0ptedor/rstrated,
)taccessoriesarenotlia)le/orlia)le/orli(1t
/elonies.
Principal )* indispensa)le cooperation
distin(is1ed/ro0anacco0plice
ItisnotAsta0attero/ cooperation,itis0ore
t1ani/t1ecri0ecold1ardl*)eco00itted.Itis
not t1at t1e cri0e wold not )e co00itted
)ecase i/ t1at is w1at *o wold i0pl* it
)eco0esanin(rediento/t1ecri0eandt1atis
notw1att1elawconte0plates.
In t1e case o/ rape, w1ere t1ree 0en were
accsed, one was on top o/ t1e wo0an, one
1eldt1e1ands,one1eldt1ele(s,t1eSpre0e
Cort rled t1at all participants are principals.
.1osew1o1eldt1ele(sandar0sareprincipals
)*indispensa)lecooperation.
.1eaccsedare/at1erandson..1e/at1ertold
1issont1att1eonl*wa*toconvincet1evicti0
to0arr*1i0istoresorttorape. Sow1ent1e*
sawt1eopportnit*t1e*on(0an(ra))edt1e
wo0an, t1rew 1er on t1e (rond and placed
1i0sel/ontopo/1erw1ilet1e/at1er1eld)ot1
le(s o/ t1e wo0an and spread t1e0. .1e
Spre0eCortrledt1att1e/at1erislia)leonl*
asanacco0plice.
.1epointisnotAstonparticipation)tont1e
i0portance o/ participation in co00ittin( t1e
cri0e.
Int1e/irstsitation,t1e/actsindicatet1ati/t1e
/elloww1o1eldt1ele(so/t1evicti0andspread
t1e0 did not do so, t1e o//ender on top cold
1ardl*penetrate)ecaset1ewo0anwasstron(
eno(1 to 0ove or resist. In t1e second
sitation, t1e son was 0c1 )i((er t1an t1e
wo0an so considerin( t1e stren(t1 o/ t1e son
and t1e victi0, penetration is possi)le even
wit1ot t1e assistance o/ t1e /at1er. .1e son
was a ro)st /ar0 )o* and t1e victi0
ndernoris1ed..1eacto/t1e/at1erin1oldin(
t1e le(s o/ t1e victi0 0erel* /acilitated t1e
penetration )t even wit1ot it t1e son wold
1avepenetrated.
.1e)asisist1ei0portanceo/t1ecooperationto
t1e cons00ation o/ t1e cri0e. I/ t1e cri0e
cold 1ardl* )e co00itted wit1ot sc1
cooperation,t1ensc1cooperationwold)rin(
a)otaprincipal. "ti/t1ecooperation0erel*
/acilitatedor1astenedt1econs00ationo/t1e
cri0e,t1iswold0a#et1ecooperator0erel*an
acco0plice.
Inacasew1eret1eo//enderwasrnnin(a/ter
t1evicti0wit1a#ni/e.Anot1er/ellowca0eand
)loc#ed t1e wa* o/ t1e victi0 and )ecase o/
t1is, t1e one c1asin( t1e victi0 ca(1t p and
sta))edt1elatteratt1e)ac#. Itwas1eldt1at
t1e/elloww1o )loc#ed t1e victi0 is aprincipal
)*indispensa)lecooperation)ecasei/1edid
not )loc# t1e wa* o/ t1e victi0, t1e o//ender
coldnot1aveca(1tpwit1t1elatter.
Inanot1ercase,Awas0alin(".C,a/riendo/
" triedtoapproac1 )tDstoppedCsot1atA
wasa)letocontinosl*0al"..1elia)ilit*o/
t1e /ellow w1o stopped t1e /riend /ro0
approac1in( is as an acco0plice.
-nderstanda)l* 1e did not cooperate in t1e
0alin(, 1e onl* stopped to ot1er /ellow /ro0
stoppin(t1e0alin(.
In case o/ do)t, /avor t1e lesser penalt* or
lia)ilit*.Appl*t1edoctrineo/proreo.
Principal)*indce0ent
Concepto/t1eindce0entConestron(eno(1
t1att1epersonindcedcold1ardl*resist..1is
istanta0onttoanirresisti)le/orceco0pellin(
t1epersonindcedtocarr*ott1eexectiono/
t1e cri0e. Ill advised lan(a(e is not eno(1
nless1ew1o0adesc1re0ar#oradviceisa
co&conspiratorint1ecri0eco00itted.
W1ile in t1e corse o/ a 7arrel, a person
s1oted to A, HRill 1i0S Rill 1i0.I A #illed t1e
ot1er /ellow. Is t1e person w1o s1oted
cri0inall* lia)le. Is t1at indce0entN No. It
0st)estron(asirresisti)le/orce.
.1erewasa7arrel)etweentwo/a0ilies.!ne
o/t1esonso//a0il*Aca0eotwit1as1ot(n.
4is0ot1ert1ens1oted,HS1ootSI.4es1otand
#illedso0eone.Ist1e0ot1erlia)leNNo.
Exa0pleso/indce0entB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
HIwill(ive*oalar(ea0onto/0one*.I
HI will not 0arr* *o i/ *o donot #ill "I%let s
sa*1ereall*lovest1eindcer+.
.1e* practicall* )eco0e co&conspirators.
.1ere/ore *o do not loo# into t1e de(ree o/
indce0entan*0ore.
InPeoplev."alderra0a,Ernestos1otedto1is
*on(er )rot1er !scar, H"ira1in 0o na, )ira1in
0ona.I !scarsta))edt1evicti0. Itwas1eld
t1at t1ere was no conspirac*. Goint or
si0ltaneos action per se is not indicia o/
conspirac*wit1ots1owin(o/co00ondesi(n.
!scar1asnorancorwit1t1evicti0/or1i0to#ill
t1e latter. Considerin( t1at Ernesto 1ad (reat
0oral ascendanc* and in/lence over !scar
)ein(0c1older,:9*earsold,t1ant1elatter,
w1o was $E *rs old, and it was Ernesto w1o
provided1isallowance,clot1in(aswellas/ood
ands1elter,Ernestoisprincipal)*indce0ent.
InPeoplev.A(apina*,$EDSCRAE$2, t1eone
w1otteredHRill1i0,wewill)r*1i0,Iw1ilet1e
/eloniosa((ressionwasta#in(placecannot)e
1eld lia)le as principal )* indce0ent.
-tterancewassaidint1eexcite0ento/t1e1or,
notaco00andto)eo)e*ed.
InPeoplev.Madali,$EESCRAD',t1esonwas
0aled. .1e/a0il*wasnotin(ood(raceso/
t1enei(1)or1ood.,at1erc1allen(edever*)od*
andw1ennei(1)orsapproac1ed,1ewent1o0e
to (et a ri/le. .1e s1ots o/ 1is wi/e H4ere
co0esanot1er,s1oot1i0Icannot0a#et1ewi/e
t1e principal )* indce0ent. It is not t1e
deter0inin(caseo/t1ecri0eint1ea)senceo/
proo/ t1at t1e words 1ad (reat do0inance and
in/lenceovert1e1s)and.Neit1erist1ewi/e3s
act o/ )ea0in( t1e victi0 wit1 a /las1li(1t
indispensa)le to t1e co00ission o/ t1e #illin(.
S1e assisted 1er 1s)and in ta#in( (ood ai0,
)t sc1 assistance 0erel* /acilitated t1e
/eloniosacto/s1ootin(.Considerin(t1atitwas
not so dar# and t1e 1s)and cold 1ave
acco0plis1ed t1e deed wit1ot 1is wi/e3s 1elp,
and considerin( /rt1er t1at do)ts 0st )e
resolvedin/avoro/t1eaccsed,t1elia)ilit*o/
t1ewi/eisonl*t1ato/anacco0plice.
Accessories
.wo sitations w1ere accessories are not
cri0inall*lia)leB
%$+ W1ent1e/elon*co00ittedisali(1t/elon*6
%2+ W1en t1e accessor* is related to t1e
principalasspose,orasanascendant,or
descendantoras)rot1erorsister w1et1er
le(iti0ate, natral or adopted or w1ere t1e
accessor*isarelative)*a//init*wit1int1e
sa0ede(ree,nlesst1eaccessor*1i0sel/
pro/ited/ro0t1ee//ectsorproceedso/t1e
cri0e or assisted t1e o//ender to pro/it
t1ere/ro0.
!necannot)eanaccessor*nless1e#newo/
t1e co00ission o/ t1e cri0e. !ne 0st not
1ave participated in t1e co00ission o/ t1e
cri0e. .1e accessor* co0es into t1e pictre
w1en t1e cri0e is alread* cons00ated.
An*one w1o participated )e/ore t1e
cons00ationo/ t1e cri0eiseit1eraprincipal
oranacco0plice.4ecannot)eanaccessor*.
W1enano//ender1asalread*involved1i0sel/
as a principal or acco0plice, 1e cannot )e an
accessor*an*/rt1erevent1o(11eper/or0s
actspertainin(toanaccessor*.
Accessor*asa/ence
.1eRevisedPenalCodede/inesw1at0anners
o/participations1allrenderano//enderlia)leas
an accessor*. A0on( t1e en0eration is H)*
pro/itin(t1e0selvesor)*assistin(t1eo//ender
to pro/it )* t1e e//ects o/ t1e cri0eI. So t1e
accessor* s1all )e lia)le /or t1e sa0e /elon*
co00itted)*t1eprincipal.4owever,w1eret1e
cri0eco00itted)*t1eprincipalwasro))er*or
t1e/t, sc1 participation o/ an accessor* )rin(s
a)otcri0inallia)ilit*nderPresidentialDecree
No. $D$2 %Anti&,encin( Law+. !ne w1o
#nowin(l*pro/itsorassistst1eprincipaltopro/it
)* t1e e//ects o/ ro))er* or t1e/t is not Ast an
accessor*tot1ecri0e,)tprincipall*lia)le/or
/encin(nderPresidentialDecreeNo.$D$2.
An* person w1o, wit1 intent to (ain, ac7ires
and/orsell,possesses,#eepsorinan*0anner
dealswit1an*articleo/valew1ic11e#nowsor
s1old )e #nown to 1i0 to )e t1e proceeds o/
ro))er* or t1e/t is considered a H/enceI and
incrs cri0inal lia)ilit* /or H/encin(I nder said
decree. .1e penalt* is 1i(1er t1an t1at o/ a
0ereaccessor*tot1ecri0eo/ro))er*ort1e/t.
Li#ewise,t1eparticipationo/onew1oconceals
t1e e//ects o/ ro))er* or t1e/t (ives rise to
cri0inal lia)ilit* /or H/encin(I, not si0pl* o/ an
accessor*nderpara(rap12o/Article$'o/t1e
Code. Merepossessiono/an*articleo/vale
w1ic1 1as )een t1e s)Aect o/ ro))er* or t1e/t
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)rin(sa)ott1epres0ptiono/H/encin(I.
Presidential Decree No. $D$2 1as, t1ere/ore,
0odi/iedArticle$'o/t1eRevisedPenalCode.
JestionsQAnswers
$. Ma* one w1o pro/ited ot o/ t1e
proceeds o/ esta/a or 0alversation )e
prosectedndert1eAnti&,encin(LawN
No..1ereisonl*a/encew1ent1ecri0eis
t1e/t or ro))er*. I/ t1e cri0e is
e0)e88le0ent or esta/a, still an accessor*
tot1ecri0eo/esta/a,nota/ence.
2. I/ principal co00itted ro))er* )*
snatc1in( a wristwatc1 and (ave it to 1is
wi/etosell,ist1ewi/ecri0inall*lia)leNCan
s1e)eprosectedasanaccessor*andasa
/enceN
.1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e wi/e is )ased on 1er
assistin(t1eprincipaltopro/itandt1atactis
pnis1a)leas/encin(.S1ewillnolon(er)e
lia)le as an accessor* to t1e cri0e o/
ro))er*.
In)ot1laws,PresidentialDecreeNo.$D$2and
t1e Revised Penal Code, t1e sa0e act is t1e
)asiso/lia)ilit*and*ocannotpnis1aperson
twice/ort1esa0eactast1atwold(oa(ainst
do)leAeopard*.
Ac7irin(t1ee//ectso/pirac*or)ri(anda(e
Itisrelevantto considerinconnectionwit1t1e
cri0inal lia)ilit* o/ accessories nder t1e
Revised Penal Code, t1e lia)ilit* o/ persons
ac7irin( propert* s)Aect o/ pirac* or
)ri(anda(e.
.1e act o/ #nowin(l* ac7irin( or receivin(
propert*w1ic1ist1ee//ectort1eproceedso/a
cri0e(enerall*)rin(sa)ot cri0inal lia)ilit*o/
an accessor* nder Article $', para(rap1 $ o/
t1eRevisedPenal Code. "t i/t1ecri0ewas
pirac*o/)ri(anda(enderPresidential Decree
No.9::%Anti&pirac*andAnti&4i(1wa*Ro))er*
Law o/ $'F;+, said act constittes t1e cri0e o/
a)ettin( pirac* or a)ettin( )ri(anda(e as t1e
case0a*)e,alt1o(1t1epenalt*ist1at/oran
acco0plice,notAstanaccessor*,tot1epirac*
or )ri(anda(e. .o t1is end, Section ; o/
Presidential Decree No. 9:2 provides t1at an*
person w1o #nowin(l* and in an* 0annerT
ac7ires or receives propert* ta#en )* sc1
pirates or )ri(ands or in an* 0anner derives
)ene/it t1ere/ro0T s1all )e considered as an
acco0plice o/ t1e principal o//enders and )e
pnis1ed in accordance wit1 t1e Rles
prescri)ed)*t1eRevisedPenalCode.
Its1all)epres0edt1atan*personw1odoes
an* o/ t1e acts provided in t1is Section 1as
per/or0ed t1e0 #nowin(l*, nless t1e contrar*
isproven.
Alt1o(1 Rep)lic Act No. FD9', in a0endin(
Article $22 o/ t1e Revised Penal Code,
incorporated t1erein t1e cri0e o/ pirac* in
P1ilippine territorial waters and t1s
correspondin(l* spersedin( Presidential
DecreeNo.9:2,Section;o/t1eDecreew1ic1
pnis1essaidactsasacri0eo/a)ettin(pirac*
or )ri(anda(e, still stands as it 1as not )een
repealed nor 0odi/ied, and is not inconsistent
wit1an*provisiono/Rep)licActNo.FD9'.
Destro*in(t1ecorpsdelicti
W1ent1ecri0eisro))er*ort1e/t,wit1respect
to t1e secondinvolve0ent o/an accessor*,do
not overloo# t1e prpose w1ic1 0st )e to
preventdiscover*o/t1ecri0e.
.1ecorpsdelictiisnott1e)od*o/t1eperson
w1ois#illed,eveni/t1ecorpseisnotrecovered,
as lon( as t1at #illin( is esta)lis1ed )e*ond
reasona)ledo)t,cri0inallia)ilit*willariseand
i/ t1ere is so0eone w1o destro*s t1e corps
delicti to prevent discover*, 1e )eco0es an
accessor*.
4ar)orin(orconcealin(ano//ender
In t1e t1ird /or0 or 0anner o/ )eco0in( an
accessor*, ta#e note t1at t1e law distin(is1es
)etweenap)lico//icer1ar)orin(,concealin(or
assistin( t1e principal to escape and a private
citi8en or civilian 1ar)orin( concealin( or
assistin(t1eprincipaltoescape.
In t1e case o/ a p)lic o//icer, t1e cri0e
co00itted)*t1eprincipal isi00aterial. Sc1
o//icer)eco0esanaccessor*)*t1e0ere/act
t1at 1e 1elped t1e principal to escape )*
1ar)orin( or concealin(, 0a#in( se o/ 1is
p)lic/nctionandt1sa)sin(t1esa0e.
!nt1eot1er1and,incaseo/acivilian,t1e0ere
/actt1at1e1ar)oredconcealedorassistedt1e
principaltoescapedoesnotipso/acto0a#e1i0
anaccessor*..1elawre7irest1att1eprincipal
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0st 1ave co00itted t1e cri0e o/ treason,
parricide, 0rder or atte0pt on t1e li/e o/ t1e
C1ie/ Exective. I/ t1is is not t1e cri0e, t1e
civilian does not )eco0e an accessor* nless
t1e principal is #nown to )e 1a)itall* (ilt* o/
so0eot1ercri0e.Eveni/t1ecri0eco00itted
)*t1eprincipalistreason,or0rderorparricide
oratte0ptont1eli/eo/t1eC1ie/Exective,t1e
accessor* cannot )e 1eld cri0inall* lia)le
wit1ot t1e principal )ein( /ond (ilt* o/ an*
sc1cri0e. !t1erwiset1ee//ectwold)et1at
t1eaccessor*0erel*1ar)oredorassistedint1e
escape o/ an innocent 0an, i/ t1e principal is
ac7ittedo/t1ec1ar(es.
IllstrationB
Cri0e co00itted is #idnappin( /or ranso0.
Principal was )ein( c1ased )* soldiers. 4is
ant1id1i0int1eceilin(o/1er1oseandant
denied to soldiers t1at 1er nep1ew 1ad ever
(one t1ere. W1en t1e soldiers le/t, t1e ant
even (ave 0one* to 1er nep1ew to (o to t1e
province. Is antcri0inall*lia)leNNo. Article
2>doesnotincldeanantie.4owever,t1isis
nott1ereason..1ereasonis)ecaseonew1o
is not a p)lic o//icer and w1o assists an
o//ender to escape or ot1erwise 1ar)ors, or
concealssc1o//ender,t1ecri0eco00itted)*
t1e principal 0st )e eit1er treason, parricide
0rder or atte0pt on t1e li/e o/ t1e C1ie/
exective or t1e principal is #nown to )e
1a)itall*(ilt*o/so0eot1ercri0e.
.1e cri0e co00itted )* t1e principal is
deter0inative o/ t1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e accessor*
w1o1ar)ors,conceals#nowin(t1att1ecri0eis
co00itted. I/t1epersonisap)lico//icer,t1e
natre o/ t1e cri0e is i00aterial. W1at is
0aterial is t1at 1e sed 1is p)lic /nction in
assistin(escape.
4owever,alt1o(1nderpara(rap1:o/Article
$'w1enitco0estoacivilian,t1elawspeci/ies
t1ecri0est1ats1old)eco00itted,*ett1ereis
aspeciallaww1ic1pnis1est1esa0eactand
it does not speci/* a particlar cri0e.
Presidential Decree No. $E2', w1ic1 penali8es
o)strctiono/appre1ensionand prosection o/
cri0inal o//enders, e//ective Ganar* $D, $'E$,
pnis1es acts co00onl* re/erred to as
Ho)strctionso/AsticeI. .1isDecreepenali8es
nderSection$%c+t1ereo/,t1eact,interalia,o/
H%c+ 4ar)orin( or concealin(, or /acilitatin( t1e
escape o/ an* person 1e #nows or 1as
reasona)le (rond to )elieve or sspect, 1as
co00ittedan*o//ensenderexistin(penallaws
in order to prevent 1is arrest, prosection and
conviction.I
4ere,t1ereisnospeci/icationo/t1ecri0eto)e
co00itted)*t1eo//ender/orcri0inallia)ilit*to
)e incrred /or 1ar)orin(, concealin(, or
/acilitatin( t1e escape o/ t1e o//ender, and t1e
o//ender need not )e t1e principal C nli#e
para(rap1:,Article$'o/t1eCode..1es)Aect
acts0a*not)rin(a)otcri0inallia)ilit*nder
t1e Code, )t nder t1is decree. Sc1 an
o//ender i/ violatin( Presidential Decree No.
$E2'isnolon(eranaccessor*.4eissi0pl*an
o//ender wit1ot re(ard to t1e cri0e co00itted
)* t1e person assisted to escape. So in t1e
pro)le0, t1e standard o/ t1e Revised Penal
Code,antisnotcri0inall*lia)le)ecasecri0e
is#idnappin(,)tnderPresidentialDecreeNo.
$E2',t1eantiscri0inall*lia)le)tnotasan
accessor*.
W1et1ert1eacco0pliceandt1eaccessor*0a*
)etriedandconvictedeven)e/oret1eprincipal
is/ond(ilt*
.1ereisanearlierSpre0eCortrlin(t1att1e
accessor* and acco0plice 0st )e c1ar(ed
to(et1erwit1t1eprincipalandt1ati/t1elatter)e
ac7itted, t1e acco0plice and t1e accessor*
s1all not )e cri0inall* lia)le also, nless t1e
ac7ittal is )ased on a de/ense w1ic1 is
personal onl* to t1e principal. Alt1o(1 t1is
rlin(0a*)ecorrecti/t1e/actsc1ar(eddonot
0a#e t1e principal cri0inall* lia)le at all,
)ecaset1ereisnocri0eco00itted.
Letitisnotalwa*stret1att1eacco0pliceand
accessor*cannot)ecri0inall*lia)lewit1ott1e
principal /irst)ein(convicted. -nderRle$$>
o/t1eRevisedRlesonCri0inalProcedre,itis
re7ired t1at all t1ose involved in t1e
co00issiono/t1ecri0e0st)eincldedint1e
in/or0ation t1at 0a* )e /iled. And in /ilin( an
in/or0ation a(ainst t1e person involved in t1e
co00ission o/ t1e cri0e, t1e law does not
distin(is1 )etween principal, acco0plice and
accessor*. All will )e accsed and w1et1er a
certain accsed will )e principal or acco0plice
oraccessor*will dependonw1att1eevidence
wolds1owasto1isinvolve0entint1ecri0e.
In ot1er words, t1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e accsed will
dependont1e7ant0o/evidenceaddced)*
t1e prosection a(ainst t1e particlar accsed.
"t t1e prosector 0st initiate proceedin(s
versst1eprincipal.
Eveni/t1eprincipalisconvicted,i/t1eevidence
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
presenteda(ainst aspposedacco0pliceor a
spposedaccessor*doesnot0eett1ere7ired
proo/ )e*ond reasona)le do)t, t1en said
accsed will )e ac7itted. So t1e cri0inal
lia)ilit*o/anacco0pliceoraccessor*doesnot
depend on t1e cri0inal lia)ilit* o/ t1e principal
)tdependsont1e7ant0o/evidence."ti/
t1eevidences1owst1att1eactdonedoesnot
constitteacri0eandt1eprincipalisac7itted,
t1en t1e spposed acco0plice and accessor*
s1old also )e ac7itted. I/ t1ere is no cri0e,
t1en t1ere is no cri0inal lia)ilit*, w1et1er
principal,acco0plice,oraccessor*.
-nderpara(rap1 :,Article$',ta#enoteint1e
case o/ a civilian w1o 1ar)ors, conceals, or
assists t1e escape o/ t1e principal, t1e law
re7irest1att1eprincipal)e/ond(ilt*o/an*
o/ t1e speci/ied cri0esB treason, parricide, etc.
.1epara(rap1sest1eparticlarwordH(ilt*I.
So t1is 0eans t1at )e/ore t1e civilian can )e
1eld lia)le as an accessor*, t1e principal 0st
/irst)e/ond(ilt*o/t1ecri0ec1ar(ed,eit1er
treason,parricide,0rder,oratte0pttota#et1e
li/e o/ t1e C1ie/ Exective. I/ t1e principal is
ac7itted, t1at 0eans 1e is not (ilt* and
t1ere/ore, t1e civilian w1o 1ar)ored, concealed
orassistedint1eescapedidnotviolateart.$'.
.1at is as /ar as t1e Revised Penal Code is
concerned. "t not Presidential Decree No.
$E2'. .1is special law does not re7ire t1at
t1ere )e prior conviction. It is a 0al0
pro1i)it0, no need /or (ilt, or #nowled(e o/
t1ecri0e.
In .aer v. CA, accsed received /ro0 1is co&
accsedtwostolen0alecara)aos. Conspirac*
was not proven. .aer was 1eld lia)le as an
accessor* in t1e cri0e o/ cattle rstlin( nder
PresidentialDecreeNo.9::.<.aers1old1ave
)een lia)le /or violation o/ t1e Anti&/encin( law
sincecattlerstlin(isa/or0o/t1e/torro))er*
o/ lar(e cattle, except t1at1e was not c1ar(ed
wit1/encin(.=
In Enrile v. A0in, a person c1ar(ed wit1
re)ellion s1old not )e separatel* c1ar(ed
nderPresidentialDecreeNo.$E2'..1et1eor*
o/a)sorption0stnotcon/ineitsel/toco00on
cri0es )t also to o//enses pnis1ed nder
special laws w1ic1 are perpetrated in
/rt1eranceo/t1epoliticalo//ense.
DECREE PENALIUIN? !"S.R-C.I!N !,
APPRE4ENSI!N AND PR!SEC-.I!N !,
CRIMINAL!,,ENDERS%P.D.$E2'+
Pnis1a)leactsnderSec.$
An*personw1o#nowin(l*orwill/ll*o)strcts,
i0pedes,/rstratesor dela*s t1e appre1ension
o/ sspects and t1e investi(ation and
prosection o/ cri0inal cases are pnis1ed )*
co00ittin(an*o/t1e/ollowin(actsB
%$+ Preventin( witnesses /ro0 testi/*in( in
an* cri0inal proceedin( or /ro0
reportin(t1eco00issiono/an*o//ense
or t1e identit* o/ an* o//ender/s )*
0eans o/ )ri)er*, 0isrepresentation,
deceit,inti0idation,/orceort1reats6
%2+ Alterin(, destro*in(, sppressin( or
concealin( an* paper, record,
doc0ent,oro)Aectwit1intenttoi0pair
its verit*, at1enticit*, le(i)ilit*,
availa)ilit*, orad0issi)ilit* asevidence
in an* investi(ation o/ or o//icial
proceedin(sincri0inal cases, or to )e
sed in t1e investi(ation o/, or o//icial
proceedin(sin,cri0inalcases6
/20 4ar)orin( or concealin(, or /acilitatin(
t1eescapeo/,an*person1e#nows,or
1as reasona)le (rond to )elieve or
sspect, 1as co00itted an* o//ense
nder existin( penal laws in order to
prevent 1is arrest, prosection and
conviction6
%;+ P)licl* sin( a /ictitios na0e /or t1e
prposeo/concealin(acri0e,evadin(
prosection or t1e exection o/ a
Ad(0ent, or concealin( 1is tre na0e
and ot1er personal circ0stances /or
t1esa0eprposeorprposes6
%9+ Dela*in( t1e prosection o/ cri0inal
cases )* o)strctin( t1e service o/
process or cort orders or distr)in(
proceedin(s in t1e /iscal3s o//ices, in
.anod)a*an,orint1ecorts6
%D+ Ma#in(,presentin(orsin(an*record,
doc0ent, paper or o)Aect wit1
#nowled(eo/its/alsit*andwit1intentto
e//ect t1e corse or otco0e o/ t1e
investi(ationo/,oro//icialproceedin(sin
cri0inalcases6
%F+ Solicitin(, acceptin(, or a(reein( to
accept an* )ene/it in consideration o/
a)stainin( /ro0, discontinin(, or
i0pedin( t1e prosection o/ a cri0inal
o//ender6
%E+ .1reatenin(directl*orindirectl*anot1er
wit1t1ein/lictiono/an*wron(pon1is
person,1onororpropert*ort1ato/an*
i00ediate 0e0)er or 0e0)ers o/ 1is
/a0il* in order to prevent sc1 person
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
/ro0appearin(int1einvesti(ationo/,or
o//icialproceedin(sin,cri0inalcases,or
i0posin(acondition, w1et1erlaw/l or
nlaw/l, in order to prevent a person
/ro0appearin(int1einvesti(ationo/,or
ino//icialproceedin(sincri0inalcases6
/30 ?ivin(o//alseor/a)ricatedin/or0ation
to 0islead or prevent t1e law
en/orce0ent a(encies /ro0
appre1endin( t1e o//ender or /ro0
protectin( t1e li/e or propert* o/ t1e
victi06 or /a)ricatin( in/or0ation /ro0
t1e data (at1ered in con/idence )*
investi(atin( at1orities/orprposeso/
)ac#(rond investi(ation and not /or
p)lication and p)lis1in( or
disse0inatin( t1e sa0e to 0islead t1e
investi(atorort1ecort.
I/an*o/t1eseispenali8ed)*an*ot1er
law wit1 a 1i(1 penalt*, t1e 1i(1er
penalt*s1all)ei0posed.
Co0pare wit1 Article 2>, RPC %accessories
exe0pt/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*+
/#0 Art.$'.Accessories.@Accessoriesare
t1ose w1o, 1avin( #nowled(e o/ t1e
co00issiono/t1ecri0e,andwit1ot1avin(
participated t1erein, eit1er as principals or
acco0plices, ta#e part s)se7ent to its
co00issioninan*o/t1e/ollowin(0annersB
#$ "*pro/itin(t1e0selvesorassistin(t1e
cri0e.
!$ "*concealin(ordestro*in(t1e)od*o/
t1e cri0e, or t1e e//ects or instr0ents
t1ereo/,inordertopreventitsdiscover*.
2$ "*1ar)orin(,concealin(,orassistin(in
t1eescapeo/t1eprincipalso/t1ecri0e,
providedt1eaccessor*actswit1a)se
o/ 1is p)lic /nctions or w1enever t1e
at1or o/t1ecri0eis(ilt* o/treason,
parricide,0rder,oranatte0pttota#e
t1e li/e o/ t1e C1ie/ Exective, or is
#nown to )e 1a)itall* (ilt* o/ so0e
ot1ercri0e.
/!0 Art. 2>. Accessories w1o are exe0pt
/ro0 cri0inal lia)ilit*. @ .1e penalties
prescri)ed /or accessories s1all not )e
i0posed pon t1ose w1o are sc1 wit1
respect to t1eir sposes, ascendants,
descendants, le(iti0ate, natral, and
adopted)rot1ersandsisters,orrelatives)*
a//init* wit1in t1e sa0e de(rees, wit1 t1e
sin(leexceptiono/accessories/allin(wit1in
t1e provisions o/ para(rap1 $ o/ t1e next
precedin(article%)*pro/itin(t1e0selvesor
assistin(t1eo//endertopro/it)*t1ee//ects
o/t1ecri0e+.
9.PENAL.IES
?eneralPrinciples
%$+ Art.2$.Penaltiest1at0a*)ei0posed.
@ No /elon* s1all )e pnis1a)le )* an*
penalt* not prescri)ed )* law prior to its
co00ission.
%2+ Gdicialconditions/orpenalt*B
%a+ Mst )e prodctive o/ s//erin(
)t t1e li0it is t1e inte(rit* o/ 10an
personalit*6
%)+ Mst )e proportionate to t1e
cri0e in t1e sense t1at di//erent
penalties are prescri)ed /or di//erent
/elonies6
%c+ Mst)epersonal asit0st)e
i0posed onl* pont1ecri0inal and no
ot1er6
%d+ Mst)ele(alasit0st)et1e
conse7enceo/aAd(0entaccordin(to
law6
/e0 Mst )e certain so t1at one
cannotescape/ro0it6
%/+ Mst)ee7alint1esenset1at
it applies to all persons re(ardless o/
circ0stances6
%(+ Mst)ecorrectional.
Prposes
%$+ .1e prpose o/ t1e State in pnis1in(
cri0esistosecreAstice..1eState1asan
existence o/ its own to 0aintain a
conscience o/ its own to assert, and 0oral
principles to )e vindicated. Penal Astice
0stt1ere/ore)eexercised)*t1eStatein
t1e service and satis/action o/ a dt* and
rests pri0aril* on t1e 0oral ri(1t/lness o/
t1epnis10entin/licted.
/!0 Padilla (ave /ive t1eories Asti/*in(
penalt*B
/a0 Prevention C .1e State 0st
pnis1 t1e cri0inal to prevent or
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
sppresst1edan(ertot1eStateandto
t1ep)licarisin(/ro0t1ecri0inalacts
o/t1eo//ender6
/b0 Correction or re/or0ation C .1e
o)Aecto/pnis10entincri0inalcasesis
tocorrectandre/or0,ast1eState1as
t1edt*tota#ecareo/andre/or0t1e
cri0inal6
%c+ Exe0plarit* C .1e cri0inal is
pnis1ed to serve as an exa0ple to
deterot1ers/ro0co00ittin(cri0es6
/d0 Social de/ense C .1e State 1as
t1e ri(1t to pnis1 t1e cri0inal as a
0easre o/ a sel/&de/ense so as to
protect societ* /ro0 t1e wron( cased
)*t1ecri0inal6and
%e+ GsticeC.1ea)soltet1eor*o/
penalt* rests on t1e t1eor* t1at cri0e
0st )e pnis1ed )* t1e State as an
acto/retri)tiveAstice,avindicationo/
a)solteri(1tand0orallawviolated)*
t1ecri0inal.
AC. PR!4I"I.IN? .4E IMP!SI.I!N !,
DEA.4PENAL.L%R.A.':;D+
/#0 .1ei0positiono/t1epenalt*o/deat1is
1ere)* pro1i)ited. Accordin(l*, RA E$FF
%Act Desi(natin( Deat1 )* Let1al InAection+
is1ere)*repealed.RAFD9'%Deat1Penalt*
Law+ and all ot1er laws, exective orders
and decrees, inso/ar as t1e* i0pose t1e
deat1 penalt* are 1ere)* repealed or
a0endedaccordin(l*%Sec.$,RA':;D+.
%2+ Inlieo/t1edeat1penalt*,t1e/ollowin(
s1all)ei0posedB
/a0 .1e penalt* o/ reclsion
perpeta w1en t1e law violated 0a#es
seo/t1eno0enclatreo/t1epenalties
o/t1eRPC6
%)+ .1e penalt* o/ li/e
i0prison0ent, w1en t1e law violated
doesnot0a#eseo/t1eno0enclatre
o/t1epenaltieso/t1eRPC6
/20 Personsconvictedo/o//ensespnis1ed
wit1 reclsion perpeta, or w1ose
sentences will )e redced to reclsion
perpeta )* reason o/ t1e Act s1all not )e
eli(i)le/orparolendert1eISLAW.
Measres o/ prevention not considered as
penalt*
.1e/ollowin(aret1e0easreso/preventionor
sa/et*w1ic1arenotconsideredpenaltiesnder
Article2;B
%$+ .1e arrest and te0porar* detention o/
accsed persons as well as t1eir detention
)*reasono/insanit*ori0)ecilit*orillness
re7irin(t1eircon/ine0entina1ospital.
%2+ .1e co00it0ent o/ a 0inor to an* o/ t1e
instittions 0entioned in art. E> /or t1e
prposesspeci/iedt1erein.
%:+ Sspension /ro0 t1e e0plo*0ent or p)lic
o//icedrin(t1etrial orinordertoinstitte
proceedin(s.
%;+ ,inesandot1ercorrective0easresw1ic1,
in t1e exercise o/ t1eir ad0inistrative
disciplinar* powers, sperior o//icials 0a*
i0posepont1eirs)ordinates.
%9+ Deprivation o/ ri(1ts and reparations w1ic1
t1ecivillaws0a*esta)lis1inpenal/or0.
W1*doest1eRevisedPenalCodespeci/*t1at
sc1detentions1allnot)eapenalt*)t0erel*
apreventive0easreN
.1is article (ives Asti/ication /or detainin( t1e
accsed.!t1erwise,t1edetentionwoldviolate
t1econstittional provisiont1atnopersons1all
)e deprived o/ li/e, li)ert* and propert* wit1ot
deprocesso/law.Andalso,t1econstittional
ri(1t o/ an accsed to )e pres0ed innocent
ntilt1econtrar*isproved.
Correlatin(Article2;wit1Article2'
Alt1o(1 nder Article 2;, t1e detention o/ a
person accsed o/ a cri0e w1ile t1e case
a(ainst1i0is)ein(trieddoesnota0onttoa
penalt*,*ett1elawconsiderst1isasparto/t1e
i0prison0entand(enerall*dedcti)le/ro0t1e
sentence.
W1en will t1is credit appl*N I/ t1e penalt*
i0posedconsistso/adeprivationo/li)ert*.Not
all w1o 1ave nder(one preventive
i0prison0ents1all)e(ivenacredit
-nderArticle2;,preventivei0prison0ento/an
accsedw1oisnot*etconvicted,)t)*express
provision o/ Article2; is not a penalt*. Let
Article2',i/lti0atel*t1eaccsedisconvicted
andt1epenalt*i0posedinvolvesdeprivationo/
li)ert*,providest1att1eperioddrin(w1ic11e
1ad nder(one preventive detention will )e
dedcted/ro0t1esentence,nless1eisoneo/
t1osedis7ali/iedndert1elaw.
So, i/ t1e accsed 1as actall* nder(one
preventive i0prison0ent, )t i/ 1e 1as )een
convicted/ortwoor0orecri0esw1et1er1eisa
recidivistornot,orw1en1e1as)eenpreviosl*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
s00oned )t /ailed to srrender and so t1e
cort 1as to isse a warrant /or 1is arrest,
w1atever credit 1e is entitled to s1all )e
/or/eited.
I/t1eo//enderisnotdis7ali/ied/ro0t1ecredit
or dedction provided /or in Article 2' o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code, t1en t1e next t1in( to
deter0ine isw1et1er1esi(nedannderta#in(
to a)ide )* t1e sa0e rles and re(lations
(overnin(convicts.I/1esi(nedannderta#in(
to a)ide )* t1e sa0e rles and re(lations
(overnin(convicts,t1enit0eanst1atw1ile1e
iss//erin(/ro0preventivei0prison0ent,1eis
s//erin(li#eaconvict,t1atisw1*t1ecreditis
/ll.
"ti/t1e o//enderdidnotsi(n annderta#in(,
t1en1ewill onl* )e s)Aected to t1erlesand
re(lations (overnin( detention prisoners. As
sc1, 1e will onl* )e (iven E>V or ;/9 o/ t1e
periodo/1ispreventivedetention.
,ro0 t1is provision, one can see t1at t1e
detentiono/t1eo//ender0a*s)Aect1i0onl*to
t1etreat0entapplica)letoadetentionprisoner
or to t1e treat0ent applica)le to convicts, )t
since1eisnotconvicted*et,w1ile1eisnder
preventive i0prison0ent, 1e cannot )e
s)Aectedtot1etreat0entapplica)letoconvicts
nless 1e si(ns and a(rees to )e s)Aected to
sc1 disciplinar* 0easres applica)le to
convicts.
Detentionprisoner1as0ore/reedo0wit1int1e
detention instittion rat1er t1an t1ose alread*
convicted. .1econvictedprisoners//ers0ore
restraintsand1ards1ipt1andetentionprisoners.
-nder w1at circ0stances 0a* a detention
prisoner )e released, even t1o(1 t1e
proceedin(sa(ainst1i0arenot*etter0inatedN
Article2'o/t1eRevisedPenalCode1as)een
a0ended )* a "atas Pa0)ansa e//ective t1at
tool e//ect on Septe0)er 2>, $'E>. .1is
a0end0entis/ondint1eRleso/Cort,nder
t1e rles on )ail in Rle $$; o/ t1e Rles on
Cri0inalProcedre,t1esa0etreat0entexactl*
isappliedt1ere.
In t1e a0end0ent, t1e law does not spea# o/

credit.W1et1ert1epersonisentitledtocreditis
i00aterial. .1edisc1ar(eo/t1eo//ender/ro0
preventive i0prison0ent or detention is
predicatedont1e/actt1ateveni/1ewold)e
/ond (ilt* o/ t1e cri0e c1ar(ed, 1e 1as
practicall*servedt1esentencealread*,)ecase
1e1as)eendetained/oraperiodalread*e7al
toi/not(reatert1ant1e0axi00penalt*t1at
wold )e possi)l* )e i0posed on 1i0 i/ /ond
(ilt*.
I/ t1e cri0e co00itted is pnis1a)le onl* )*
destierro, t1e 0ost t1e o//ender 0a* )e 1eld
nder preventivei0prison0entis:>da*s, and
w1et1ert1eproceedin(sareter0inatedornot,
sc1detentionprisoners1all)edisc1ar(ed.
-nderstandt1ea0end0ent0adetoArticle2'.
.1is a0end0ent 1as )een incorporated nder
Rle $$; precisel* to do awa* wit1 ar)itrar*
detention.
Properpetition/or1a)eascorps0st)e/iled
to c1allen(e t1e le(alit* o/t1edetentiono/ t1e
prisoner.
JestionsQAnswers
I/ t1e o//ender 1as alread* )een released,
w1at is t1e se o/ continin( t1e
proceedin(sN
.1eproceedin(swilldeter0inew1et1ert1e
accsedislia)leornot.I/1ewascri0inall*
lia)le,it/ollowst1at1eisalsocivill*lia)le.
.1ecivillia)ilit*0st)edeter0ined. .1at
isw1*t1etrial0st(oon.
D-RA.I!NANDE,,EC.!,PENAL.IES
Art. 2F. Reclsion perpeta. @ An* person
sentencedtoan*o/t1eperpetalpenalties
s1all )e pardoned a/ter nder(oin( t1e
penalt*/ort1irt**ears,nlesssc1person
)* reason o/ 1is condct or so0e ot1er
serios case s1all )e considered )* t1e
C1ie/Exectiveasnwort1*o/pardon.
Reclsion te0poral. @ .1e penalt* o/
reclsion te0poral s1all )e /ro0 twelve
*earsandoneda*totwent**ears.
Prision 0a*or and te0porar*
dis7ali/ication. @ .1e dration o/ t1e
penalties o/ prision 0a*or and te0porar*
dis7ali/ication s1all )e /ro0 six *ears and
one da* to twelve *ears, except w1en t1e
penalt*o/dis7ali/icationisi0posedasan
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
accessor*penalt*,inw1ic1caseitsdration
s1all)et1ato/t1eprincipalpenalt*.
Prision correccional, sspension, and
destierro.@.1edrationo/t1epenaltieso/
prision correccional, sspension and
destierros1all )e/ro0six0ont1sandone
da*tosix*ears,exceptw1ensspensionis
i0posedasanaccessor*penalt*,inw1ic1
case, its dration s1all )e t1at o/ t1e
principalpenalt*.
Arresto0a*or.@.1edrationo/t1epenalt*
o/ arresto 0a*or s1all )e /ro0 one 0ont1
andoneda*tosix0ont1s.
Arresto0enor.@.1edrationo/t1epenalt*
o/ arresto 0enor s1all )e /ro0 one da* to
t1irt*da*s.
"ondto#eept1epeace.@.1e)ondto#eep
t1e peace s1all )e re7ired to cover sc1
periodo/ti0east1ecort0a*deter0ine.
Art. 2E. Co0ptation o/ penalties. @ I/ t1e
o//ender s1all )e in prison, t1e ter0 o/ t1e
drationo/t1ete0porar*penaltiess1all)e
co0pted /ro0 t1e da* on w1ic1 t1e
Ad(0ent o/ conviction s1all 1ave )eco0e
/inal.
I/t1eo//ender)enotinprison,t1eter0o/
t1e dration o/ t1e penalt* consistin( o/
deprivationo/li)ert*s1all)eco0pted/ro0
t1e da* t1at t1e o//ender is placed at t1e
disposal o/ t1e Adicial at1orities /or t1e
en/orce0ento/t1epenalt*..1edrationo/
t1e ot1er penalties s1all )e co0pted onl*
/ro0 t1e da* on w1ic1 t1e de/endant
co00encestoserve1issentence.
Art. 2'. Period o/ preventive i0prison0ent
dedcted /ro0 ter0 o/ i0prison0ent. @
!//enders w1o 1ave nder(one preventive
i0prison0ents1all)ecreditedint1eservice
o/t1eirsentenceconsistin(o/deprivationo/
li)ert*, wit1 t1e /ll ti0e drin( w1ic1 t1e*
1avender(onepreventivei0prison0ent,i/
t1e detention prisoner a(rees volntaril* in
writin( to a)ide )* t1e sa0e disciplinar*
rles i0posed pon convicted prisoners,
exceptint1e/ollowin(casesB
$. W1en t1e* are recidivists or 1ave )een
convicted previosl* twice or 0ore
ti0eso/an*cri0e6and
2. W1en pon )ein( s00oned /or t1e
exection o/ t1eir sentence t1e* 1ave
/ailedtosrrendervolntaril*.
I/ t1e detention prisoner does not a(ree to
a)ide )* t1e sa0e disciplinar* rles
i0posedponconvictedprisoners,1es1all
)e credited in t1e service o/ 1is sentence
wit1 /or&/i/t1s o/ t1e ti0e drin( w1ic1 1e
1as nder(one preventive i0prison0ent.
%As a0ended )* Rep)lic Act D$2F, Gne
$F,$'F>+.
W1enever an accsed 1as nder(one
preventivei0prison0ent /ora period e7al
to or 0ore t1an t1e possi)le 0axi00
i0prison0ent o/ t1e o//ense c1ar(ed to
w1ic11e0a*)esentencedand1iscaseis
not *et ter0inated, 1e s1all )e released
i00ediatel* wit1ot preAdice to t1e
contination o/ t1e trial t1ereo/ or t1e
proceedin(onappeal,i/t1esa0eisnder
review. In case t1e 0axi00 penalt* to
w1ic1 t1e accsed 0a* )e sentenced is
destierro, 1e s1all )e released a/ter t1irt*
%:>+ da*s o/ preventive i0prison0ent. %As
a0ended)*E.!.No.2$;,Gl*$>,$'EE+.
Section.wo.@E//ectso/t1epenalties
accordin(tot1eirrespectivenatre
Art. :>. E//ectso/ t1e penaltieso/ perpetal or
te0porar* a)solte dis7ali/ication. @ .1e
penaltieso/perpetalorte0porar*a)solte
dis7ali/ication /or p)lic o//ice s1all
prodcet1e/ollowin(e//ectsB
$..1edeprivationo/t1ep)lico//icesand
e0plo*0ents w1ic1 t1e o//ender 0a*
1ave 1eld eveni/con/erred)*poplar
election.
2..1edeprivationo/t1eri(1ttovoteinan*
election /or an* poplar o//ice or to )e
electedtosc1o//ice.
:. .1e dis7ali/ication /or t1e o//ices or
p)lice0plo*0entsand/ort1eexercise
o/an*o/t1eri(1ts0entioned.
In case o/ te0porar* dis7ali/ication,
sc1dis7ali/icationasisco0prisedin
para(rap1s2and:o/t1isarticles1all
lastdrin(t1eter0o/t1esentence.
;..1elosso/allri(1tstoretire0entpa*or
ot1er pension /or an* o//ice /or0erl*
1eld.
Art. :$. E//ect o/ t1e penalties o/ perpetal or
te0porar* special dis7ali/ication. @ .1e
penalties o/ perpetal or te0poral special
dis7ali/ication /or p)lic o//ice, pro/ession
orcallin(s1allprodcet1e/ollowin(e//ectsB
$..1edeprivationo/t1eo//ice,e0plo*0ent,
pro/essionorcallin(a//ected6
2. .1e dis7ali/ication /or 1oldin( si0ilar
o//ices or e0plo*0ents eit1er
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
perpetall* or drin( t1e ter0 o/ t1e
sentenceaccordin(tot1eextento/sc1
dis7ali/ication.
Art. :2. E//ect o/ t1e penalties o/ perpetal or
te0porar* special dis7ali/ication /or t1e
exercise o/ t1e ri(1t o/ s//ra(e. @ .1e
perpetal or te0porar* special
dis7ali/ication /or t1e exercise o/ t1e ri(1t
o/ s//ra(e s1all deprive t1e o//ender
perpetall* or drin( t1e ter0 o/ t1e
sentence, accordin( to t1e natre o/ said
penalt*, o/ t1e ri(1t to vote in an* poplar
election/oran*p)lico//iceorto)eelected
tosc1o//ice.Moreover,t1eo//enders1all
not )e per0itted to 1old an* p)lic o//ice
drin(t1eperiodo/1isdis7ali/ication.
Art. ::. E//ects o/ t1e penalties o/ sspension
/ro0an*p)lico//ice,pro/essionorcallin(,
or t1e ri(1t o/ s//ra(e. @ .1e sspension
/ro0p)lico//ice,pro/essionorcallin(,and
t1e exercise o/ t1e ri(1t o/ s//ra(e s1all
dis7ali/* t1e o//ender /ro0 1oldin( sc1
o//ice or exercisin( sc1 pro/ession or
callin(orri(1to/s//ra(edrin(t1eter0o/
t1esentence.
.1e person sspended /ro0 1oldin( p)lic
o//ice s1all not 1old anot1er 1avin( si0ilar
/nctions drin( t1e period o/ 1is
sspension.
Art.:;.Civilinterdiction.@Civilinterdictions1all
deprive t1e o//ender drin( t1e ti0e o/ 1is
sentenceo/t1eri(1tso/parentalat1orit*,
or (ardians1ip, eit1er as to t1e person or
propert*o/an*ward,o/0aritalat1orit*,o/
t1eri(1tto0ana(e1ispropert*ando/t1e
ri(1ttodisposeo/sc1propert*)*an*act
oran*conve*anceintervivos.
Art.:9.E//ectso/)ondto#eept1epeace.@It
s1all)et1edt*o/an*personsentencedto
(ive)ondto#eept1epeace,topresenttwo
s//icient sreties w1o s1all nderta#e t1at
sc1 person will not co00it t1e o//ense
so(1t to )e prevented, and t1at in case
sc1o//ense)eco00ittedt1e*willpa*t1e
a0ont deter0ined )* t1e cort in t1e
Ad(0ent, or ot1erwise to deposit sc1
a0ontint1eo//iceo/t1ecler#o/t1ecort
to(aranteesaidnderta#in(.
.1e cort s1all deter0ine, accordin( to its
discretion, t1e period o/ dration o/ t1e
)ond.
S1oldt1epersonsentenced/ailto(ivet1e
)ondasre7ired1es1all)edetained/ora
period w1ic1 s1all in no case exceed six
0ont1s, is 1e s1all 1ave )een prosected
/or a (rave or less (rave /elon*, and s1all
notexceedt1irt*da*s,i//orali(1t/elon*.
Art.:D.Pardon6itse//ect.@Apardons1allnot
wor# t1e restoration o/ t1e ri(1t to 1old
p)lico//ice,ort1eri(1to/s//ra(e,nless
sc1 ri(1ts )e expressl* restored )* t1e
ter0so/t1epardon.
Apardons1allinnocaseexe0ptt1eclprit
/ro0 t1e pa*0ent o/ t1e civil inde0nit*
i0posedpon1i0)*t1esentence.
Art.:F.Cost6W1atareinclded.@Costss1all
inclde/eesandinde0nitiesint1ecorseo/
t1e Adicial proceedin(s, w1et1er t1e* )e
/ixed or naltera)le a0onts previosl*
deter0ined)*laworre(lationsin/orce,or
a0ontsnots)Aecttosc1edle.
Art.:E.Pecniar*lia)ilities6!rdero/pa*0ent.@
Incaset1epropert*o/t1eo//enders1old
not )e s//icient /or t1e pa*0ent o/ all 1is
pecniar* lia)ilities, t1e sa0e s1all )e 0et
int1e/ollowin(orderB
$..1ereparationo/t1eda0a(ecased.
2. Inde0ni/ication o/ conse7ential
da0a(es.
:..1e/ine.
;..1ecosto/t1eproceedin(s.
Art.:'.S)sidiar*penalt*.@I/t1econvict1as
no propert* wit1 w1ic1 to 0eet t1e /ine
0entioned in t1e para(rap1 : o/ t1e nest
precedin( article, 1e s1all )e s)Aect to a
s)sidiar*personallia)ilit*att1erateo/one
da* /or eac1 ei(1t pesos, s)Aect to t1e
/ollowin(rlesB
$.I/t1eprincipalpenalt*i0posed)eprision
correccionalorarrestoand/ine,1es1all
re0ainndercon/ine0entntil 1is/ine
re/erredtoint1eprecedin(para(rap1is
satis/ied, )t 1is s)sidiar*
i0prison0ents1allnotexceedone&t1ird
o/ t1e ter0 o/ t1e sentence, and in no
cases1allitcontine/or0oret1anone
*ear, and no /raction or part o/ a da*
s1all)econteda(ainstt1eprisoner.
2. W1en t1e principal penalt* i0posed )e
onl*a/ine,t1es)sidiar*i0prison0ent
s1allnotexceedsix0ont1s,i/t1eclprit
s1all1ave)eenprosected/ora(rave
or less (rave /elon*, and s1all not
exceed/i/teenda*s,i//orali(1t/elon*.
:.W1ent1eprincipali0posedis1i(1ert1an
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
prision correccional, no s)sidiar*
i0prison0ent s1all )e i0posed pon
t1eclprit.
;.I/t1eprincipal penalt*i0posedisnotto
)eexected)*con/ine0entinapenal
instittion, )t sc1 penalt* is o/ /ixed
dration, t1e convict, drin( t1e period
o/ ti0e esta)lis1ed in t1e precedin(
rles,s1all continetos//ert1esa0e
deprivations as t1ose o/ w1ic1 t1e
principal penalt* consists.c1an ro)les
virtallawli)rar*
9..1es)sidiar*personallia)ilit*w1ic1t1e
convict0a*1aves//ered)*reasono/
1isinsolvenc*s1allnotrelieve1i0,/ro0
t1e /ine in case 1is /inancial
circ0stances s1old i0prove. %As
a0ended)*RA9;D9,April2$,$'D'+.
Reclsionperpeta
W1atist1edrationo/reclsionperpetaN
Do not answer Article 2F to t1is 7estion.
.1eproper answer wold )e t1at reclsion
perpeta1asnodration)ecaset1isisan
indivisi)le penalt* and indivisi)le penalties
1avenodrations.
-nder Article 2F, t1ose sentenced to reclsion
perpetas1all)epardoneda/ternder(oin(t1e
penalt* /or :> *ears, nless sc1 person, )*
reason o/ 1is condct or so0e ot1er serios
case, s1all )e considered )* t1e C1ie/
Exectiveasnwort1*o/pardon.
-nderArticleF>,w1ic1ist1e.1ree&,oldRle,
t1e0axi00periods1allinnocaseexceed;>
*ears. I/ a convict w1o is to serve several
sentences cold onl* )e 0ade to serve ;>
*ears,wit10orereason,onew1oissentenced
toasin(l*penalt*o/reclsionperpetas1old
not)e1eld/or0oret1an;>*ears.
.1e dration o/ ;> *ears is not a 0atter o/
provisiono/law6t1isisonl*)*analo(*. .1ere
isnoprovisiono/t1eRevisedPenal Codet1at
onesentencedtoreclsionperpetacannot)e
1eld in Aail /or ;> *ears and neit1er is t1ere a
decisiontot1ise//ect.
Destierro
W1atist1edrationo/destierroN
.1edrationo/destierrois/ro0six0ont1sand
oneda*,tosix*ear,w1ic1ist1esa0east1ato/
prisioncorrecionalandsspension.Destierrois
aprincipalpenalt*.Itisapnis10entw1ere)*a
convict is vanis1ed to a certain place and is
pro1i)ited /ro0 enterin( or co0in( near t1at
placedesi(natedint1esentence,notlesst1an
29 R0. 4owever, t1e cort cannot extend
)e*ond29>R0. I/t1econvicts1oldentert1e
pro1i)ited places, 1e co00its t1e cri0e o/
evasiono/serviceo/sentencenderArticle$9F.
"ti/t1econvict1i0sel/wold(o/rt1er/ro0
w1ic1 1e is vanis1ed )* t1e cort, t1ere is no
evasiono/sentence)ecaset1e2;>&R0.li0it
ispont1eat1orit*o/t1ecortinvanis1in(t1e
convict.
-ndert1eRevisedPenalCode,destierroist1e
penalt*i0posedint1e/ollowin(sitationsB
$. W1enale(all*0arriedpersonw1o1ad
srprised 1is or 1er spose in t1e act o/
sexalintercorsewit1anot1erandw1ilein
t1atactori00ediatel*t1erea/ters1old#ill
or in/lict serios p1*sical inAries pon t1e
ot1er spose, and/or t1e para0or or
0istress..1isis/ondinArticle2;F.
2. In t1e cri0e o/ (rave t1reat or li(1t
t1reat,w1ent1eo//enderis re7iredtopt
p a )ond /or (ood )e1avior )t /ailed or
re/sed to do so nder Article 2E;, sc1
convict s1all )e sentenced to destierro so
t1at 1e wold not )e a)le to carr* ot 1is
t1reat.
:. Int1ecri0eo/conc)ina(e,t1epenalt*
prescri)ed /or t1e conc)ine is destierro
nderArticle::;.
;. W1eret1epenalt*prescri)ed)*lawis
arresto 0a*or, )t t1e o//ender is entitled
privile(ed 0iti(atin( circ0stance and
lowerin( t1e prescri)ed penalt* )* one
de(ree, t1e penalt* one de(ree lower is
destierro..1s,its1all)et1eonei0posed.
CivilInterdiction
Civil interdiction is an accessor* penalt*. Civil
interdictions1alldeprivet1eo//enderdrin(t1e
ti0eo/1issentenceB
%$+ .1e ri(1ts o/ parental at1orit*, or
(ardians1ip eit1er as to t1e person or
propert*o/an*ward6
%2+ Maritalat1orit*6
%:+ .1eri(1tto0ana(e1ispropert*6and
%;+ .1eri(1ttodisposeo/sc1propert*)*an*
actoran*conve*anceintervivos.
Canaconvictexectealastwillandtesta0entN
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Les.
PRIMARLCLASSI,ICA.I!N!,PENAL.IES
Principalpenaltiesandaccessor*penalties
.1e penalties w1ic1 are )ot1 principal and
accessor*penaltiesaret1e/ollowin(B
%$+ Perpetal or te0porar* a)solte
dis7ali/ication6
%2+ Perpetal or te0porar* special
dis7ali/ication.
JestionsQAnswers
$. I/ t1e penalt* o/ sspension is i0posed as
anaccessor*,w1atist1edrationN
Its dration s1all )e t1at o/ t1e principal
penalt*.
2. I/t1epenalt*o/te0porar*dis7ali/icationis
i0posed as principal penalt*, w1at is t1e
drationN
.1edrationissix*earsandoneda*to$2
*ears.
:. W1at do we re/er to i/ it is perpetal or
te0porar*dis7ali/icationN
We re/er to t1e dration o/ t1e
dis7ali/ication.
;. W1at do we re/er to i/ it is special or
a)soltedis7ali/icationN
Were/ertot1enatreo/t1edis7ali/ication.
.1e classi/ication o/ principal and accessor* is
/ondinArticle29.
In classi/*in( t1e penalties as principal and
accessor*, w1at is 0eant )* t1is is t1at t1ose
penaltiesclassi/iedasaccessor*penaltiesneed
not )e stated in t1e sentence. .1e accessor*
penalties/ollowt1eprincipalpenalt*i0posed/or
t1e cri0e as a 0atter o/ corse. So in t1e
i0positiono/t1esentence,t1ecortwillspeci/*
onl*t1eprincipalpenalt*)tt1atisnott1eonl*
penalt*w1ic1t1eo//enderwills//er.Penalties
w1ic1 t1e law considers as accessor* to t1e
prescri)ed penalt* are ato0aticall* i0posed
event1o(1t1e*arenotstatedint1eAd(0ent.
As to t1e particlar penalties t1at /ollow a
particlar principal penalt*, Articles ;> to ;9 o/
t1eRevisedPenalCodes1all(overn.
I/as#edw1ataret1eaccessor*penalties,donot
Ast state t1e accessor* penalties. State t1e
principal penalt* and t1e correspondin(
accessor*penalties.
Penaltiesinw1ic1ot1eraccessor*penaltiesare
in1erentB
%$+ Article ;>. Deat1 & perpetal a)solte
dis7ali/ication, and civil interdiction drin(
:>*ears/ollowin(dateo/sentence6
%2+ Article ;$. Reclsion perpeta and
reclsionte0poral &civil interdiction/orli/e
ordrin(t1eperiodo/t1esentenceast1e
case 0a* )e, and perpetal a)solte
dis7ali/ication6
%:+ Article ;2. Prision 0a*or & te0porar*
a)solte dis7ali/ication perpetal special
dis7ali/ication/ro0t1eri(1to/s//ra(e6
%;+ Article;:.Prisioncorreccional&sspension
/ro0p)lico//ice,/ro0t1eri(1tto/ollowa
pro/ession or callin(, and perpetal special
dis7ali/ication/ro0t1eri(1tso/s//ra(ei/
t1e dration o/ said i0prison0ent s1all
exceed$E0ont1s.
%9+ Article;;. Arresto&sspensiono/t1eri(1t
to1oldo//iceandt1eri(1to/s//ra(edrin(
t1eter0o/t1esentence.
.1ereareaccessor*penaltiesw1ic1aretreto
ot1er principal penalties. An exa0ple is t1e
penalt*o/civilinterdiction..1isisanaccessor*
penalt*and,asprovidedinArticle:;,aconvict
sentenced to civil interdiction s//ers certain
dis7ali/icationdrin(t1eter0o/t1esentence.
!neo/ t1e dis7ali/ications ist1ato/ 0a#in( a
conve*anceo/1ispropert*intervivos.
IllstrationB
A1as)eenconvictedandisservin(t1epenalt*
o/ prision 0a*or. W1ile servin( sentence, 1e
exectedadeedo/saleover1isonl*parcelo/
land.Acreditor0ovedtoannlt1esaleont1e
(rond t1at t1e convict is not 7ali/ied to
execteadeedo/conve*anceintervivos.I/*o
weret1eAd(e,1owwold*oresolvet1e0ove
o/t1ecreditortoannlt1esaleN
Civil interdiction is not an accessor* penalt* in
prision 0a*or. .1e convict can conve* 1is
propert*.
JestionsQAnswers
B a r E x a m s
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W1at accessor* penalt* is co00on to all
principalpenaltiesN
Con/iscationor/or/eitreont1einstr0ents
orproceedso/t1ecri0e.
"ondto#eept1epeace
!ne o/ t1e principal penalties co00on to t1e
ot1ersis)ondto#eept1epeace. .1ereisno
cri0e nder t1e Revised Penal Code w1ic1
carriest1ispenalt*.
"ond/or(ood)e1avior
"ond /or (ood )e1avior is prescri)ed )* t1e
Revised Penal Code /or t1e cri0es o/ (rave
t1reatsandli(1tt1reatsnderArticle2:;. Lo
cannot /ind t1is penalt* in Article 29 )ecase
Article 29 onl* provides /or )ond to #eep t1e
peace. Re0e0)er t1at no /elon* s1all )e
pnis1ed )* an* penalt* not prescri)ed )* law
priortoitsco00issionprsanttoArticle2$.
JestionsQAnswers
$. I/ )ond to #eep t1e peace is not t1e

sa0e as )ond /or (ood )e1avior, are t1e*
one and t1e sa0e )ond t1at di//er onl* in
na0eN
No. .1e le(al e//ect o/ eac1 is entirel*
di//erent. .1ele(ale//ecto/a/ailretoposta
)ond to #eep t1e peace is i0prison0ent eit1er
/orsix0ont1sor:>da*s,dependin(onw1et1er
t1e /elon* co00itted is(raveor less (raveon
one 1and, or it is li(1t onl* on t1e ot1er 1and.
.1ele(ale//ecto//ailretoposta)ond/or(ood
)e1aviorisnoti0prison0ent)tdestierronder
Article2E;. .1s,itiscleart1att1etwo)onds
arenott1esa0econsiderin(t1att1ele(ale//ect
ort1e/ailretoptpt1e)ondisnott1esa0e.
Divisi)leandindivisi)lepenalties
W1en we tal# o/ period, it is i0pl*in( t1at t1e
penalt*isdivisi)le.
I/,a/ter)ein((ivenapro)le0,*owereas#ed
to state t1e period in w1ic1 t1e penalt* o/
reclsionperpetaisto)ei0posed,re0e0)er
t1at w1ent1e penalt*is indivisi)le,t1ere isno
period.Donottal#o/period,)ecasew1en*o
tal#o/period,*oarei0pl*in(t1att1epenalt*
isdivisi)le)ecaset1eperiodre/erredtoist1e
0ini00,t1e0edi0,andt1e0axi00.I/itis
indivisi)le, t1ere is no sc1 t1in( as 0ini00,
0edi0and0axi00.
.1ecapitalpnis10ent
Lo were as#ed to state w1et1er *o are in
/avorora(ainstcapitalpnis10ent.-nderstand
t1at *o are not ta#in( t1e exa0ination in
.1eolo(*. Explain t1e isse on t1e )asis o/
social tilit* o/ t1e penalt*. Is it )ene/icial in
deterrin( cri0es or notN .1is s1old )e t1e
pre0iseo/*orreasonin(.
Desi(nationo/penalt*
Since t1e principal penalties carr* wit1 t1e0
certainaccessor*penalties,t1ecortsarenotat
li)ert* to se an* desi(nation o/ t1e principal
penalt*. So it was 1eld t1at w1en t1e penalt*
s1old )e reclsionperpeta, itiserror/ort1e
cort to se t1e ter0 Hli/e i0prison0entI. In
ot1er words, t1e corts are not correct w1en
t1e* deviate /ro0 t1e tec1nical desi(nation o/
t1eprincipalpenalt*,)ecaset1e0o0entt1e*
deviate /ro0 t1is desi(nation, t1ere will )e no
correspondin( accessor* penalties t1at will (o
wit1t1e0.
IllstrationB
W1en t1e Ad(e sentenced t1e accsed to t1e
penalt* o/ reclsion perpeta, )t instead o/
sa*in( reclsion perpeta, it sentenced t1e
accsedtoli/ei0prison0ent,t1edesi(nationis
wron(.
Reclsionperpetaas0odi/ied
"e/oret1eenact0ento/Rep)licActNo.FD9',
w1ic10adea0end0entstot1eRevisedPenal
Code,t1epenalt*o/reclsionperpeta1adno
/ixed dration. .1e Revised Penal Code
provides in Article 2F t1at t1e convict s1all )e
pardoneda/ternder(oin(t1epenalt*/ort1irt*
*ears,nless)*reasono/1iscondctorso0e
ot1er serios case, 1e is not deservin( o/
pardon.Asa0ended)*Section2$o/Rep)lic
ActNo.FD9',t1esa0earticlenowprovidest1at
t1e penalt* o/ reclsion perpeta s1all )e /ro0
2> *ears to ;> *ears. "ecase o/ t1is,
speclations arose as to w1et1er it 0ade
reclsionperpetaadivisi)lepenalt*.
As we #now, w1en a penalt* 1as a /ixed
dration, it is said to )e divisi)le and, in
accordance wit1 t1e provisions o/ Articles D9
and FD, s1old )e divided into t1ree e7al
portionsto/or0oneperiodo/eac1o/t1et1ree
portions. !t1erwise,i/t1epenalt*1asno/ixed
B a r E x a m s
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dration,itisanindivisi)lepenalt*. .1enatre
o/ t1e penalt* as divisi)le or indivisi)le is
decisive o/ t1e proper penalt* to )e i0posed
nder t1e Revised Penal Code inas0c1 as it
deter0inesw1et1ert1erlesinArticleD:ort1e
rlesinArticle D; s1old)e o)served in /ixin(
t1epenalt*.
.1s, consistent wit1 t1e rle 0entioned, t1e
Spre0e Cort, )* its ,irst Division, applied
ArticleD9o/t1eCodeini0posin(t1epenalt*/or
rape in People v. Conrado Lcas, ?R No.
$>E$F2&F:, Ma* 29, $'';. It divided t1e ti0e
incldedint1epenalt*o/reclsionperpetainto
t1ree e7al portions, wit1 eac1 portion
co0posin(aperiodas/ollowsB
Mini00 & 2> *ears and one da*, to 2D *ears
andei(1t0ont1s6
Medi0&2D*ears,ei(1t0ont1sandoneda*,
to::*earsand/or0ont1s6
Maxi00&:;*ears,/or0ont1sandoneda*,
to;>*ears.
Considerin( t1e a((ravatin( circ0stance o/
relations1ip,t1eCortsentencedt1eaccsedto
i0prison0ento/:;*ears,/or0ont1sandone
da*o/reclsionperpeta,insteado/t1estrai(1t
penalt* o/ reclsion perpeta i0posed )* t1e
trial cort. .1e appellee seasona)l* /iled a
0otion/orclari/icationtocorrectt1edrationo/
t1esentence,)ecaseinsteado/)e(innin(wit1
::*ears,/or0ont1sandoneda*,itwasstated
as :; *ears, /or 0ont1s and one da*. .1e
isse o/ w1et1er t1e a0end0ent o/ Article 2F
0adereclsionperpetaadivisi)lepenalt*was
raised, and )ecase t1e isse is one o/ /irst
i0pression and 0o0entos i0portance, t1e
,irstDivisionre/erredt1e0otiontot1eCorten
)anc.
Inaresoltionpro0l(atedonGanar*',$''9,
t1eSpre0eCorten)anc1eldt1atreclsion
perpetas1all re0ainasanindivisi)lepenalt*.
.ot1isend,t1eresoltionstatesB
A/terdeli)eratin(ont1e0otionandre&
exa0inin( t1e le(islation 1istor* o/ RA
FD9',t1eCortconcldest1atalt1o(1
Section $F o/ RA FD9' 1as /ixed t1e
dration o/ Reclsion Perpeta /ro0
twent**ears%2>+andone%$+to/ort*;>
*ears, t1ere was no clear le(islative
intenttoalteritsori(inalclassi/icationas
an indivisi)le penalt*. It s1all t1en
re0ainasanindivisi)lepenalt*.
5eril*, i/ reclsion perpeta was
classi/ied as a divisi)le penalt*, t1en
Article D: o/ t1e Revised Penal Code
wold lose its reason and )asis /or
existence. .o illstrate, t1e /irst
para(rap1o/Section2>o/t1ea0ended
RANo.D;29provides/ort1epenalt*o/
reclsion perpeta to deat1 w1enever
t1edan(erosdr(sinvolvedareo/an*
o/t1e7antitiesstated1erein.I/Article
D: o/ t1e Code were no lon(er
applica)le )ecase reclsion perpeta
is spposed to )e a divisi)le penalt*,
t1en t1ere wold )e no stattor* rles
/or deter0inin( w1en eit1er reclsion
perpeta or deat1 s1old )e t1e
i0posa)lepenalt*. In/ine,t1erewold
)e no occasion /or i0posin( reclsion
perpeta as t1e penalt* in dr( cases,
re(ardless o/ t1e attendant 0odi/*in(
circ0stances.
Nowt1en,i/Con(ress1adintended
to reclassi/* reclsion perpeta as
divisi)le penalt*, t1en it s1old 1ave
a0endedArticleD:andArticleFDo/t1e
Revised Penal Code. .1e latter is t1e
law on w1at are considered divisi)le
penalties nder t1e Code and w1at
s1old )e t1e dration o/ t1e periods
t1ereo/. .1ere are, as well, ot1er
provisions o/ t1e Revised Penal Code
involvin( reclsion perpeta, sc1 as
Article ;$ on t1e accessor* penalties
t1ereo/ and para(rap1s 2 and : o/
ArticleD$,w1ic11avenot)eentoc1ed
)*acorrespondin(a0end0ent.
-lti0atel*,t1e7estionarisesBHW1att1en0a*
)e t1e reason /or t1e a0end0ent /ixin( t1e
dration o/ reclsion perpetaNI .1is 7estion
was answered in t1e sa0e case o/ People v.
Lcas )* 7otin( pertinent portion o/ t1e
decision in People v. Re*es, 2$2 SCRA ;>2,
t1sB
.1ei0pted drationo/t1irt*%:>+
*ears/orreclsionperpeta,t1ereo/,is
onl* to serve as t1e )asis /or
deter0inin( t1e convict3s eli(i)ilit* /or
pardon or /or t1e application o/ t1e
t1ree&/oldrleint1eserviceo/penalties.
Since, 1owever, in all t1e (radated
scales o/ penalties in t1e Code, as set
ot in Article 29, F> and 2$, reclsion
perpetaist1epenalt*i00ediatel*next
1i(1er to reclsion te0poral, it /ollows
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)* necessar* i0plication t1at t1e
0ini00o/reclsionperpetaistwent*
%2>+ *ears and one %$+ da* wit1 a
0axi00 dration t1erea/ter to last /or
t1e rest o/ t1e convict3s natral li/e,
alt1o(1, prsant to Article F>, it
appearst1att1e0axi00period/ort1e
service o/ penalties s1all not exceed
/ort* %;>+ *ears. It wold )e le(all*
a)srd and violative o/ t1e scales o/
penalties in t1e Code to rec#on t1e
0ini00o/ReclsionPerpetaatt1irt*
%:>+*earssincet1erewoldt1ere)*)e
aresltantlacnaw1enevert1epenalt*
exceedst1e0axi00twent*%2>+*ears
o/ Reclsion .e0poral )t is less t1an
t1irt*%:>+*ears.
S)sidiar*penalt*
Iss)sidiar*penalt*anaccessor*penalt*NNo.
I/t1econvictdoesnotwanttopa*/ineand1as
so0an*/riendsandwantstoprolon(1issta*in
Aail,can1esta*t1ereandnotpa*/ineNNo.
A/ter nder(oin( s)sidiar* penalt* and t1e
convict is alread* released /ro0 Aail and 1is
/inancial circ0stances i0prove, can 1e )e
0ade to pa*N Les, /or t1e /ll a0ont wit1
dedction.
Article :' deals wit1 s)sidiar* penalt*. .1ere
aretwositationst1ereB
%$+ W1en t1ere is a principal penalt* o/
i0prison0entoran*ot1erprincipal penalt*
anditcarrieswit1ita/ine6and
%2+ W1enpenalt*isonl*a/ine.
.1ere/ore, t1ere s1all )e no s)sidiar* penalt*
/ort1enon&pa*0ento/da0a(estot1eo//ended
part*.
.1is s)sidiar* penalt* is one o/ i0portant
0atter nder t1e title o/ penalt*. A s)sidiar*
penalt*isnotanaccessor* penalt*.Sinceit is
not an accessor* penalt*, it 0st )e expressl*
stated in t1e sentence, )t t1e sentence does
not speci/* t1e period o/ s)sidiar* penalt*
)ecase it will onl* )e #nown i/ t1e convict
cannot pa* t1e /ine. .1e sentence will 0erel*
providet1atincaseo/non&pa*0ento/t1e/ine,
t1econvicts1all)ere7iredtosaves)sidiar*
penalt*. Itwillt1en)et1eprisonat1orit*w1o
willco0ptet1is.
Soeveni/s)sidiar*penalt*isproperinacase,
i/ t1e Ad(e /ailed to state in t1e sentence t1at
t1econvicts1all)ere7iredtos//ers)sidiar*
penalt*incaseo/insolvenc*topa*t1e/ine,t1at
convict cannot )e re7ired to s//er t1e
accessor*penalt*. .1isparticlarle(alpointis
a )ar pro)le0. .1ere/ore, t1e Ad(0ento/ t1e
cort0ststatet1is.I/t1eAd(0entissilent,1e
cannots//eran*s)sidiar*penalt*.
.1e s)sidiar* penalt* is not an accessor*
penalt* t1at /ollows t1e principal penalt* as a
0attero/corse. Itisnotwit1in t1econtrol o/
t1econvictto pa*t1e/ineornotandoncet1e
sentence )eco0es /inal and exector* and a
writ o/ exection isissed to collect t1e/ine,i/
convict1aspropert*tolev*pon,t1esa0es1all
answer/ort1e/ine,w1et1er1eli#esitornot.It
0st)et1att1econvictisinsolventtopa*t1e
/ine. .1at 0eans t1at t1e writ o/ exection
isseda(ainstt1epropert*o/t1econvict,i/an*,
isretrnednsatis/ied.
InPeoplev.S)ido,itwas1eldt1att1econvict
cannotc1oosenottoserve,ornottopa*t1e/ine
and instead serve t1e s)sidiar* penalt*. A
s)sidiar* penalt* will onl* )e served i/ t1e
s1eri//s1oldretrnt1eexection/ort1e/ineon
t1epropert*o/t1econvictand1edoesnot1ave
t1epropertiestosatis/*t1ewrit.
JestionsQAnswers
.1e penalt* i0posed )* t1e Ad(e is /ine
onl*. .1e s1eri// t1en tried to lev* t1e
propert* o/ t1e de/endant a/ter it 1as
)eco0e /inal and exector*, )t it was
retrnednsatis/ied. .1ecortt1enissed
anorder/orsaidconvicttos//ers)sidiar*
penalt*. .1e convict was detained, /or
w1ic1reason1e/iledapetition /or 1a)eas
corps contendin( t1at 1is detention is
ille(al.Willt1epetitionprosperN
Les. .1e Ad(0ent )eca0e /inal
wit1ot state0ent as to s)sidiar* penalt*, so
t1ateveni/t1econvict1asno0one*orpropert*
to satis/* t1e /ine, 1e cannot s//er s)sidiar*
penalt* )ecase t1e latter is not an accessor*
andsoit0st)eexpressl*stated. I/t1ecort
overloo#ed to provide /or s)sidiar* penalt* in
t1esentenceanditsattentionwaslatercalledto
t1at e//ect, t1erea/ter, it tried to 0odi/* t1e
sentence to inclde s)sidiar* penalt* a/ter
period to appeal 1ad alread* elapsed, t1e
addition o/ s)sidiar* penalt* will )e nll and
void..1isistanta0onttodo)leAeopard*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
I/ t1e /ine is prescri)ed wit1 t1e penalt* o/
i0prison0entoran*deprivationo/li)ert*,sc1
i0prison0ent s1old not )e 1i(1er t1an six
*earsor prisioncorreccional. !t1erwise,t1ere
isnos)sidiar*penalt*.
W1eniss)sidiar*penalt*applied
%$+I/ t1e s)sidiar* penalt* prescri)ed /or t1e
non&pa*0ent o/ /ine w1ic1 (oes wit1 t1e
principal penalt*, t1e 0axi00 dration o/
t1es)sidiar*penalt*isone*ear,sot1ere
is no s)sidiar* penalt* t1at (oes )e*ond
one*ear."tt1iswillonl*)etrei/t1eone
*earperiodis1i(1ert1an$/:o/t1eprincipal
penalt*, t1e convict cannot )e 0ade to
nder(os)sidiar*penalt*0oret1an$/:o/
t1e dration o/ t1e principal penalt* and in
nocasewillit)e0oret1an$*ear&(et$/:
o/t1eprincipalpenalt*&w1ic1everislower.
%2+I/t1es)sidiar*penalt*isto)ei0posed/or
nonpa*0ento//ineandt1eprincipalpenalt*
i0posed )e /ine onl*, w1ic1 is a sin(le
penalt*, t1at 0eans it does not (o wit1
anot1er principal penalt*, t1e0ost t1at t1e
convict will )e re7ired to nder(o
s)sidiar*i0prison0entissix0ont1s,i/t1e
/elon* co00itted is (rave or less (rave,
ot1erwise, i/ t1e /elon* co00itted is sli(1t,
t1e 0axi00 dration o/ t1e s)sidiar*
penalt*isonl*$9da*s.
.1ere are so0e w1o se t1e ter0 s)sidiar*
i0prison0ent. .1e ter0 is wron()ecaset1e
penalt*isnotonl*served)*i0prison0ent..1e
s)sidiar* penalt* /ollows t1e natre o/ t1e
principal penalt*. I/ t1e principal penalt* is
destierro, t1is )ein( a divisi)le penalt*, and a
penalt*wit1a/ixeddration,t1enon&pa*0ento/
t1e/inewill)rin(a)ots)sidiar*penalt*..1is
)ein(arestrictiono/li)ert*wit1a/ixeddration
nderArticle:'/ort1enonpa*0ento//inet1at
(oes wit1 t1e destierro, t1e convict will )e
re7iredtonder(os)sidiar*penalt*anditwill
also)eint1e/or0o/destierro.
IllstrationB
Aconvictwassentencedtosspensionand/ine.
.1is is a penalt* w1ere a p)lic o//icer
anticipates p)lic dties, 1e entered into t1e
per/or0anceo/p)lico//iceeven)e/ore1e1as
co0pliedwit1t1ere7ired/or0alities.Sppose
t1e convict cannot pa* t1e /ine, 0a* 1e )e
re7iredtonder(os)sidiar*penalt*N
Les, )ecaset1epenalt*o/sspension1asa
/ixeddration.-nderArticle2F,sspensionand
destierro 1ave t1e sa0e dration as prision
correccional. Sot1edrationdoes notexceed
six *ears. Since it is a penalt* wit1 a /ixed
dration nder Article :', w1en t1ere is a
s)sidiar* penalt*, sc1 s1all )e $/: o/ t1e
period o/ sspension w1ic1 in no case )e*ond
one *ear. "t t1e s)sidiar* penalt* will )e
served not )* i0prison0ent )t )* contined
sspension.
I/t1epenalt*isp)liccensreand/ineeveni/
t1ep)liccensreisali(1tpenalt*,t1econvict
cannot)ere7iredtopa*t1e/ine/ors)sidiar*
penalt*/ort1enon&pa*0ento/t1e/ine)ecase
p)lic censre is a penalt* t1at 1as no /ixed
dration.
Donotconsidert1etotalit*o/t1ei0prison0ent
t1e convict is sentenced to )t consider t1e
totalit*ort1edrationo/t1ei0prison0entt1at
t1e convict will )e re7ired to serve nder t1e
.1ree&,old Rle. I/ t1e totalit* o/ t1e
i0prison0ent nder t1is rle does not exceed
six *ears, t1en, even i/ t1e totalit* o/ all t1e
sentenceswit1otappl*in(t1e.1ree&,oldRle
will (o )e*ond six *ears, t1e convict s1all )e
re7ired to nder(o s)sidiar* penalt* i/ 1e
coldnotpa*t1e/ine.
IllstrationB
A collector o/ NAWASA collected /ro0 9>
1oses wit1in acertain localit*. W1en 1e was
collectin( NAWASA )ills, t1e c1ar(es o/ all
t1ese cons0ers was a 0ini00 o/ $>. .1e
collectorappropriatedt1ea0ontcollectedand
sowasc1ar(edwit1esta/a. 4ewasconvicted.
Penalt*i0posedwasarresto0a*oranda/ineo/
P2>>.>>ineac1 cont. I/*oweret1eAd(e,
w1at penalt* wold *o i0poseN Ma* t1e
convict )e re7ired to nder(o s)sidiar*
penalt*incase1eisinsolventtopa*t1e/ineN
.1e.1ree&,oldRles1oldnotapplied )*t1e
cort. In t1is case o/ 9> conts o/ esta/a, t1e
penalt*i0posedwasarresto0a*oranda/ineo/
P2>>.>>.Arresto0a*orWP2>>.>>x9>.Arresto
Ma*orissix0ont1sx9>X29*ears.P2>>.>>x
9> X P$>,>>>.>>. .1s, I wold i0pose a
penalt*o/arresto0a*oranda/ineo/P2>>.>>
0ltiplied)*9>contsandstate/rt1ert1atHas
a Ad(e, I a0 not in t1e position to appl* t1e
.1ree&,oldRle)ecaset1e.1ree&,oldRleis
to )e (iven e//ect w1en t1e convict is alread*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
servin( sentence in t1e penitentiiar*. It is t1e
prison at1orit* w1o will appl* t1e .1ree&,old
Rle. As/arast1ecortisconcerned,t1atwill
)et1epenalt*to)ei0posed.I
,ort1eprposeso/s)sidiar*penalt*,appl*t1e
.1ree&,oldRlei/t1epenalt*isarresto0a*or
and a /ine o/ P2>>.>> 0ltiplied )* :. .1is
0eans one *ear and six 0ont1s onl*. So,
appl*in(t1e.1ree&,oldRle,t1epenalt*does
not (o )e*ond six *ears. 4ence, /or t1e non&
pa*0ent o/ t1e /ine o/ P$>,>>>.>>, t1e convict
s1all)ere7iredtonder(os)sidiar*penalt*.
.1is is )ecase t1e i0prison0ent t1at will )e
servedwillnot(o)e*ondsix*ears. Itwillonl*
)eone*earandsix0ont1s,sinceint1eservice
o/t1esentence,t1e.1ree&,oldRlewillappl*.
Itisclearl*providednderArticle:'t1ati/t1e
0eanso/t1econvicts1oldi0prove,eveni/1e
1asalread*serveds)sidiar*penalt*,1es1all
still )ere7iredtopa*t1e/ineandt1ereis no
dedction/ort1ata0ontw1ic1t1econvict1as
alread*served)*wa*o/s)sidiar*penalt*.
APPLICA.I!N!,PENAL.IES
Art.;D.Penalt*to)ei0posedponprincipalsin
(eneral.@.1epenalt*prescri)ed)*law/or
t1eco00issiono/a/elon*s1all)ei0posed
pon t1e principals in t1e co00ission o/
sc1/elon*.
W1enevert1elawprescri)esapenalt*/ora
/elon* is (eneral ter0s, it s1all )e
nderstood as applica)le to t1e
cons00ated/elon*.
Art.;F.Inw1atcasest1edeat1penalt*s1allnot
)e i0posed. @ .1e deat1 penalt* s1all )e
i0posed in all cases in w1ic1 it 0st )e
i0posednder existin(laws,exceptint1e
/ollowin(casesB
$. W1en t1e (ilt* person )e 0ore t1an
sevent**earso/a(e.
2.W1enponappealorrevisiono/t1ecase
)* t1e Spre0e cort, all t1e 0e0)ers
t1ereo/arenotnani0osint1eirvotin(
astot1epropriet*o/t1ei0positiono/t1e
deat1penalt*.,ort1ei0positiono/said
penalt* or /or t1e con/ir0ation o/ a
Ad(0ent o/ t1e in/erior cort i0posin(
t1e deat1 sentence, t1e Spre0e Cort
s1all render its decision per cria0,
w1ic1 s1all )e si(ned )* all Astices o/
said cort, nless so0e 0e0)er or
0e0)ers t1ereo/ s1all 1ave )een
dis7ali/ied /ro0 ta#in( part in t1e
considerationo/t1ecase,inw1ic1even
t1enani0osvoteandsi(natreo/onl*
t1ere0ainin(Asticess1all)ere7ired.
Art.;E.Penalt*/orco0plexcri0es.@W1en a
sin(leactconstittestwoor0ore(raveor
less(rave/elonies,orw1enano//enseisa
necessar* 0eans /or co00ittin( t1e ot1er,
t1epenalt*/ort1e0ostserioscri0es1all
)e i0posed, t1e sa0e to )e applied in its
0axi00period.
Art. ;'. Penalt* to )e i0posed pon t1e
principals w1en t1e cri0e co00itted is
di//erent /ro0 t1at intended. @ In cases in
w1ic1t1e/elon*co00ittedisdi//erent/ro0
t1atw1ic1t1eo//enderintendedtoco00it,
t1e/ollowin(rless1all)eo)servedB
$. I/ t1e penalt* prescri)ed /or t1e /elon*
co00itted )e 1i(1er t1an t1at
correspondin( to t1e o//ense w1ic1t1e
accsedintendedtoco00it,t1epenalt*
correspondin( to t1e latter s1all )e
i0posedinits0axi00period.
2. I/ t1e penalt* prescri)ed /or t1e /elon*
co00itted )e lower t1an t1at
correspondin( to t1e one w1ic1 t1e
accsedintendedtoco00it,t1epenalt*
/or t1e /or0er s1all )e i0posed in its
0axi00period.
:. .1e rle esta)lis1ed )* t1e next
precedin( para(rap1 s1all not )e
applica)le i/ t1e acts co00itted )* t1e
(ilt* person s1all also constitte an
atte0ptor/rstrationo/anot1ercri0e,i/
t1e law prescri)es a 1i(1er penalt* /or
eit1er o/ t1e latter o//enses, in w1ic1
case t1e penalt* provided /or t1e
atte0pted or t1e /rstrated cri0e s1all
)ei0posedinits0axi00period.
Art.9>.Penalt*to)ei0posedponprincipalso/
a/rstratedcri0e.@.1epenalt*nextlower
inde(reet1ant1atprescri)ed)*law/ort1e
cons00ated/elon*s1all)ei0posedpon
t1eprincipalina/rstrated/elon*.
Art.9$.Penalt*to)ei0posedponprincipalso/
atte0ptedcri0es.@Apenalt*lower)*two
de(reest1ant1atprescri)ed)*law/ort1e
t1e principals in an atte0pt to co00it a
/elon*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Art. 92. Penalt* to )e i0posed pon
acco0plicesincons00atedcri0e.@.1e
penalt* next lower in de(ree t1an t1at
prescri)ed )* law /or t1e cons00ated
s1all )e i0posed pon t1e acco0plices in
t1eco00issiono/acons00ated/elon*.
Art.9:.Penalt*to)ei0posedponaccessories
to t1e co00ission o/ a cons00ated
/elon*.@.1epenalt*lower)*twode(rees
t1an t1at prescri)ed )* law /or t1e
t1e accessories to t1e co00ission o/ a
cons00ated/elon*.
Art.9;.Penalt*toi0posedponacco0plicesin
a/rstratedcri0e.@.1epenalt*nextlower
in de(ree t1an prescri)ed )* law /or t1e
/rstrated/elon*s1all)ei0posedpont1e
acco0plices in t1e co00ission o/ a
/rstrated/elon*.
Art.99.Penalt*to)ei0posedponaccessories
o/a/rstratedcri0e.@.1epenalt*lower)*
twode(reest1ant1atprescri)ed)*law/or
t1e/rstrated/elon*s1all)ei0posedpon
t1e accessories to t1e co00ission o/ a
/rstrated/elon*.
Art. 9D. Penalt* to )e i0posed pon
acco0plices in an atte0pted cri0e. @ .1e
penalt* next lower in de(ree t1an t1at
prescri)ed)*law/oranatte0pttoco00ita
/elon* s1all )e i0posed pon t1e
acco0plices in an atte0pt to co00it t1e
/elon*.
Art.9F.Penalt*to)ei0posedponaccessories
o/anatte0ptedcri0e.@.1epenalt*lower
)*twode(reest1ant1atprescri)ed)*law
/or t1e atte0pted /elon* s1all )e i0posed
pon t1e accessories to t1e atte0pt to
co00ita/elon*.
Art.9E. Additional penalt* to )ei0posed pon
certain accessories. @ .1ose accessories
/allin( wit1in t1e ter0s o/ para(rap1s : o/
Article$'o/t1isCodew1os1oldactwit1
a)se o/ t1eir p)lic /nctions, s1all s//er
t1eadditional penalt*o/a)solteperpetal
dis7ali/icationi/t1eprincipalo//enders1all
)e (ilt* o/ a (rave /elon*, and t1at o/
a)solte te0porar* dis7ali/ication i/ 1e
s1all)e(ilt*o/aless(rave/elon*.
Art.9'.Penalt*to)ei0posedincaseo//ailre
to co00it t1e cri0e )ecase t1e 0eans
e0plo*ed or t1e ai0s so(1t are
i0possi)le.@W1ent1epersonintendin(to
co00it an o//ense 1as alread* per/or0ed
t1e acts /or t1e exection o/ t1e sa0e )t
nevert1elesst1ecri0ewasnotprodced)*
reasono/t1e/actt1att1eactintendedwas
)* its natre one o/ i0possi)le
acco0plis10ent or )ecase t1e 0eans
e0plo*ed )* sc1 person are essentiall*
inade7atetoprodcet1eresltdesired)*
1i0, t1e cort, 1avin( in 0ind t1e social
dan(erandt1ede(reeo/cri0inalit*s1own
)*t1eo//ender,s1alli0posepon1i0t1e
penalt*o/arresto0a*orora/ine/ro02>>
to9>>pesos.
Art. D>. Exception to t1e rles esta)lis1ed in
Articles9>to9F.@.1eprovisionscontained
in Articles 9>to 9F, inclsive, o/ t1isCode
s1allnot)eapplica)letocasesinw1ic1t1e
law expressl* prescri)es t1e penalt*
provided/ora/rstratedoratte0pted/elon*,
or to )e i0posed pon acco0plices or
accessories.
Art.D$.Rles/or(radatin(penalties.@,ort1e
prpose o/ (radatin( t1e penalties w1ic1,
accordin(tot1eprovisionso/Articles9>to
9F, inclsive, o/ t1is Code, are to )e
i0posedponpersons(ilt*asprincipalso/
an* /rstrated or atte0pted /elon*, or as
acco0plices or accessories, t1e /ollowin(
rless1all)eo)servedB
$. W1en t1e penalt* prescri)ed /or t1e
/elon* is sin(le and indivisi)le, t1e
penalt* next lower in de(rees s1all )e
t1at i00ediatel* /ollowin( t1at
indivisi)le penalt* in t1e respective
(radatedscaleprescri)edinArticleF$
o/t1isCode.
2.W1ent1epenalt*prescri)ed/ort1ecri0e
isco0posedo/twoindivisi)lepenalties,
oro/oneor 0oredivisi)lepenalties to
)ei0posetot1eir/llextent,t1epenalt*
next lower in de(ree s1all )e t1at
i00ediatel* /ollowin( t1e lesser o/ t1e
penalties prescri)ed in t1e respective
(radatedscale.
:.W1ent1epenalt*prescri)ed/ort1ecri0e
is co0posed o/ one or two indivisi)le
penalties and t1e 0axi00 period o/
anot1er divisi)le penalt*, t1e penalt*
nextlowerinde(rees1all)eco0posed
o/t1e0edi0and0ini00periodso/
t1e proper divisi)le penalt* and t1e
0axi00periodso/t1eproperdivisi)le
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
penalt*andt1e0axi00periodo/t1at
i00ediatel*/ollowin(insaidrespective
(radatedscale.
;.w1ent1epenalt*prescri)ed/ort1ecri0e
is co0posed o/ several periods,
correspondin( to di//erent divisi)le
penalties, t1e penalt* next lower in
de(rees1all)eco0posedo/t1eperiod
i00ediatel* /ollowin( t1e 0ini00
prescri)edando/t1etwonext/ollowin(,
w1ic1 s1all )e ta#en /ro0 t1e penalt*
prescri)ed, i/ possi)le6 ot1erwise /ro0
t1epenalt*i00ediatel*/ollowin(int1e
a)ove 0entioned respective (radated
scale.
9.W1ent1elawprescri)esapenalt*/ora
cri0e in so0e 0anner not especiall*
provided/orint1e/orprecedin(rles,
t1ecorts,proceedin()*analo(*,s1all
i0pose correspondin( penalties pon
t1ose (ilt* as principals o/ t1e
/rstrated/elon*,oro/atte0pttoco00it
t1e sa0e, and pon acco0plices and
accessories.
Section .wo. @ Rles /or t1e application o/
penalties wit1 re(ard to t1e 0iti(atin( and
a((ravatin( circ0stances, and 1a)ital
delin7enc*.
Art.D2.E//ecto/t1eattendanceo/0iti(atin(or
a((ravatin( circ0stances and o/ 1a)ital
delin7enc*. @ Miti(atin( or a((ravatin(
circ0stances and 1a)ital delin7enc*
s1all )eta#enintoaccont/ort1eprpose
o/ di0inis1in( or increasin( t1e penalt* in
con/or0it*wit1t1e/ollowin(rlesB
$. A((ravatin( circ0stances w1ic1 in
t1e0selves constitte a cri0e speciall*
pnis1a)le)*laworw1ic1areinclded)*
t1elaw in de/inin( a cri0e and prescri)in(
t1e penalt* t1ere/or s1all not )e ta#en into
accont /or t1e prpose o/ increasin( t1e
penalt*.
2..1esa0erles1allappl*wit1respecttoan*
a((ravatin( circ0stance in1erent in t1e
cri0e to sc1 a de(ree t1at it 0st o/
necessit* acco0pan* t1e co00ission
t1ereo/.
:. A((ravatin( or 0iti(atin( circ0stances
w1ic1arise/ro0t1e0oralattri)teso/t1e
o//ender, or /ro0 1is private relations wit1
t1e o//ended part*, or /ro0 an* ot1er
personal case, s1all onl* serve to
a((ravate or 0iti(ate t1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e
principals,acco0plicesandaccessoriesas
tow1o0sc1circ0stancesareattendant.
;. .1e circ0stances w1ic1 consist in t1e
0aterial exection o/ t1e act, or in t1e
0eans e0plo*ed to acco0plis1 it, s1all
servetoa((ravateor0iti(atet1elia)ilit*o/
t1ose persons onl* w1o 1ad #nowled(e o/
t1e0att1eti0eo/t1eexectiono/t1eact
ort1eircooperationt1erein.
9.4a)italdelin7enc*s1all1avet1e/ollowin(
e//ectsB
%a+-pon a t1ird conviction t1eclprit s1all
)esentencedtot1epenalt*provided)*
law /or t1e last cri0e o/ w1ic1 1e )e
/ond(ilt*andtot1eadditionalpenalt*
o/prisioncorreccionalinits0edi0and
0axi00periods6
%)+-pona/ort1conviction,t1eclprits1all
)esentencedtot1epenalt*provided/or
t1e last cri0e o/ w1ic1 1e )e /ond
(ilt* and to t1e additional penalt* o/
prision 0a*or in its 0ini00 and
0edi0periods6and
%c+-pona/i/t1oradditionalconviction,t1e
clprits1all)esentencedtot1epenalt*
provided /ort1e lastcri0eo/ w1ic1 1e
)e /ond (ilt* and to t1e additional
penalt*o/prision0a*orinits0axi00
period to reclsion te0poral in its
0ini00period.
Notwit1standin(t1eprovisionso/t1isarticle,
t1etotalo/t1etwopenaltiesto)ei0posed
pon t1e o//ender, in con/or0it* 1erewit1,
s1allinnocaseexceed:>*ears.
,ort1eprposeo/t1isarticle,apersons1all
)e dee0ed to )e 1a)ital delin7ent, is
wit1inaperiodo/ten*ears/ro0t1edateo/
1isreleaseorlastconvictiono/t1ecri0eso/
serios or less serios p1*sical inAries,
ro)o, 1rto, esta/a or /alsi/ication, 1e is
/ond (ilt* o/ an* o/ said cri0es a t1ird
ti0eoro/tener.
Art. D:. Rles /or t1e application o/ indivisi)le
penalties. @ In all cases in w1ic1 t1e law
prescri)es a sin(le indivisi)le penalt*, it
s1all)eapplied)*t1ecortsre(ardlesso/
an*0iti(atin(ora((ravatin(circ0stances
t1at 0a* 1ave attended t1e co00ission o/
t1edeed.
In all cases in w1ic1 t1e law prescri)es a
penalt* co0posed o/ two indivisi)le
penalties, t1e /ollowin( rles s1all )e
o)servedint1eapplicationt1ereo/B
#$ W1en in t1e co00ission o/ t1e deed
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1ere is present onl* one a((ravatin(
circ0stance, t1e (reater penalt* s1all
)eapplied.
!$ W1en t1ere are neit1er 0iti(atin( nor
a((ravatin(circ0stancesandt1ereis
noa((ravatin(circ0stance,t1elesser
penalt*s1all)eapplied.
2$ W1en t1e co00ission o/ t1e act is
attended )* so0e 0iti(atin(
circ0stances and t1ere is no
a((ravatin( circ0stance, t1e lesser
penalt*s1all)eapplied.
.$ W1en )ot1 0iti(atin( and a((ravatin(
circ0stancesattendedt1eco00ission
o/ t1e act, t1e cort s1all reasona)l*
allow t1e0 to o//set one anot1er in
consideration o/ t1eir n0)er and
i0portance,/ort1eprposeo/appl*in(
t1e penalt* in accordance wit1 t1e
precedin(rles,accordin(tot1ereslt
o/sc1co0pensation.
Art. D;. Rles /or t1e application o/ penalties
w1ic1 contain t1ree periods. @ In cases in
w1ic1 t1e penalties prescri)ed )* law
containt1reeperiods,w1et1erit)easin(le
divisi)le penalt* or co0posed o/ t1ree
di//erentpenalties,eac1oneo/w1ic1/or0s
aperiodinaccordancewit1t1eprovisionso/
Articles FD and FF, t1e cort s1all o)serve
/or t1e application o/ t1e penalt* t1e
/ollowin( rles, accordin( to w1et1er t1ere
are or are not 0iti(atin( or a((ravatin(
circ0stancesB
#$ W1ent1ereareneit1era((ravatin(nor
0iti(atin( circ0stances, t1e* s1all
i0poset1epenalt*prescri)ed)*lawin
its0edi0period.
!$ W1enonl*a0iti(atin(circ0stancesis
present in t1e co00ission o/ t1e act,
t1e* s1all i0pose t1e penalt* in its
0ini00period.
2$ W1en an a((ravatin( circ0stance is
present in t1e co00ission o/ t1e act,
t1e* s1all i0pose t1e penalt* in its
0axi00period.
.$ W1en )ot1 0iti(atin( and a((ravatin(
circ0stances are present, t1e cort
s1all reasona)l* o//set t1ose o/ one
classa(ainstt1eot1eraccordin(tot1eir
relativewei(1t.
4$ W1en t1ereare two or0ore 0iti(atin(
circ0stances and no a((ravatin(
circ0stances are present, t1e cort
s1all i0pose t1e penalt* next lower to
t1atprescri)ed)*law,int1eperiodt1at
it0a*dee0applica)le,accordin(tot1e
n0)er and natre o/ sc1
circ0stances.
1$ W1atever 0a* )e t1e n0)er and
natre o/ t1e a((ravatin(
circ0stances, t1e corts s1all not
i0pose a (reater penalt* t1an t1at
prescri)ed )* law, in its 0axi00
period.
5$ Wit1in t1e li0its o/ eac1 period, t1e
cort s1all deter0ine t1e extent o/ t1e
penalt* accordin( to t1e n0)er and
natreo/t1ea((ravatin(and0iti(atin(
circ0stances and t1e (reater and
lesserextento/t1eevilprodced)*t1e
cri0e.
I/ cri0e co00itted is parricide, penalt* is
reclsion perpeta. .1e accsed, a/ter
co00ittin( parricide, volntaril* srrendered
and pleaded (ilt* o/ t1e cri0e c1ar(ed pon
arrai(n0ent.Itwasalsoesta)lis1edt1at1ewas
intoxicated, and no a((ravatin( circ0stances
werepresent.W1atpenalt*wold*oi0poseN
Reclsionperpeta,)ecaseitisanindivisi)le
penalt*.
W1en t1ere are two or 0ore 0iti(atin(
circ0stances and t1ere is no a((ravatin(
circ0stance, penalt* to )e i0posed s1all )e
one de(ree lower to )e i0posed in t1e proper
period. Do not appl* t1is w1en t1ere is one
IllstrationB
.1ere are a)ot /or 0iti(atin( circ0stances
and one a((ravatin( circ0stance. Cort
o//setst1ea((ravatin(circ0stancea(ainstt1e
0iti(atin( circ0stance and t1ere still re0ains
t1ree0iti(atin(circ0stances."ecaseo/t1at,
t1eAd(eloweredt1epenalt*)*onede(ree.Is
t1eAd(ecorrectN
No.Insc1acasew1ent1erearea((ravatin(
circ0stances, no 0atter 1ow 0an* 0iti(atin(
circ0stancest1ereare,a/tero//settin(,donot
(o down an* de(ree lower. .1e penalt*
prescri)ed )* law will )e t1e penalt* to )e
i0posed,)tint1e0ini00period.Cannot(o
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)elow t1e 0ini00 period w1en t1ere is an
?o into t1e lowerin( o/ t1e penalt* )* one
de(ree i/ t1e penalt* is divisi)le. So do not
appl*t1erleinpara(rap19o/ArticleD;to a
casew1eret1epenalt*isdivisi)le.
ArticleDD
W1en t1ere are 0iti(atin( circ0stance and
a((ravatin(circ0stanceandt1epenalt*isonl*
/ine, w1en it is onl* ordinar* 0iti(atin(
circ0stance and a((ravatin( circ0stance,
appl* Article DD. "ecase *o deter0ine t1e
i0posa)le /ine on t1e )asis o/ t1e /inancial
resorcesor0eanso/t1eo//ender. "ti/t1e
penalt*wold)elowered)*de(ree,t1ereisa
privile(ed 0iti(atin( circ0stance or t1e /elon*
co00ittedisatte0ptedor/rstrated,providedit
isnotali(1t/elon*a(ainstpersonsorpropert*,
)ecasei/itisali(1t/elon*andpnis1a)le)*
/ine, it is not a cri0e at all nless it is
cons00ated. So, i/ it is atte0pted or
/rstrated,donot(oonede(reelower)ecase
it is not pnis1a)le nless it is a li(1t /elon*
a(ainstpersonorpropert*w1eret1ei0posa)le
penalt* will )e lowered )* one de(ree or two
de(rees.
Penalt* prescri)ed to a cri0e is lowered )*
de(reesint1e/ollowin(casesB
%$+ W1en t1e cri0e is onl* atte0pted or
/rstrated
I/itis/rstrated,penalt*isonede(reelower
t1ant1atprescri)ed)*law.
I/ it is atte0pted, penalt* is two de(rees
lowert1ant1atprescri)ed)*law.
.1isisso)ecaset1epenalt*prescri)ed)*
law /or a cri0e re/ers to t1e cons00ated
sta(e.
%2+ W1en t1e o//ender is an acco0plice or
accessor*onl*
Penalt* isone de(reelower in t1ecase o/
anacco0plice.
Penalt*istwode(reeslowerint1ecaseo/
anaccessor*.
.1isisso)ecaset1epenalt*prescri)ed)*
law /or a (iven cri0e re/ers to t1e
cons00atedsta(e.
%:+ W1en t1ere is a privile(e 0iti(atin(
circ0stancein/avoro/t1eo//ender,itwill
lower t1e penalt* )* one or two de(rees
t1an t1at prescri)ed )* law dependin( on
w1att1eparticlarprovisiono/t1eRevised
PenalCodestates.
%;+ W1en t1e penalt* prescri)ed /or t1e cri0e
co00itted is a divisi)le penalt* and t1ere
are two or 0ore ordinar* 0iti(atin(
circ0stances and no a((ravatin(
circ0stancesw1atsoever,t1epenalt*next
lowerinde(rees1all)et1eonei0posed.
%9+ W1enever t1e provision o/ t1e Revised
Penal Code speci/icall* lowers t1e penalt*
)*oneortwode(reest1anw1atisordinaril*
prescri)ed/ort1ecri0eco00itted.
Penalt* co00onl* i0posed )* t1e Revised
PenalCode0a*)e)*wa*o/i0prison0entor
)*wa*o//ineor,toali0itedextent,)*wa*o/
destierroordis7ali/ication,w1et1era)solteor
special.
Int1e0attero/lowerin(t1epenalt*)*de(ree,
t1e re/erence is Article F$. It is necessar* to
#nowt1ec1ronolo(*nderArticleF$)*si0pl*
#nowin( t1e scale. .a#e note t1at destierro
co0es a/ter arresto 0a*or so t1e penalt* one
de(ree lower t1an arresto 0a*or is not arresto
0enor, )t destierro. Me0ori8e t1e scale in
ArticleF$.
InArticle2F,wit1respecttot1eran(eo/eac1
penalt*, t1e ran(e o/ arresto 0enor /ollows
arresto0a*or,sincearresto0enorisoneto:>
da*s or one0ont1,w1ilearresto0a*orisone
0ont1andoneda*tosix0ont1s.!nt1eot1er
1and, t1e dration o/ destierro is t1e sa0e as
prisioncorreccionalw1ic1issix0ont1sandone
da* to six *ears. "t )e t1is as it is, nder
Article F$, in t1e scale o/ penalties (radated
accordin( to de(rees, arresto 0a*or is 1i(1er
t1andestierro.
In 1o0icide nder Article 2;', t1e penalt* is
reclsion te0poral. !ne de(ree lower, i/
1o0icideis/rstrated,ort1ereisanacco0plice
participatin( in 1o0icide, is prision 0a*or, and
twode(reeslowerisprisioncorreccional.
.1is is tre i/ t1e penalt* prescri)ed )* t1e
RevisedPenalCodeisaw1oledivisi)lepenalt*
&& one de(ree or 2 de(rees lower will also )e
pnis1ed as a w1ole. "t (enerall*, t1e
penaltiesprescri)ed)*t1eRevisedPenalCode
are onl* in periods, li#e prision correcional
0ini00, or prision correcional 0ini00 to
0edi0.
Alt1o(1 t1e penalt* is prescri)ed )* t1e
Revised Penal Code as a period, sc1 penalt*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
s1old )enderstoodasade(reeinitsel/and
t1e/ollowin(rless1all(overnB
%$+ W1ent1epenalt*prescri)ed)*t1eRevised
Code is 0ade p o/ a period, li#e prision
correccional 0edi0, t1e penalt* one
de(ree lower is prision correccional
0ini00,andt1epenalt*twode(reeslower
isarresto0a*or0axi00. Inot1erwords,
eac1 de(ree will )e 0ade p o/ onl* one
period )ecase t1e penalt* prescri)ed is
also0adeponl*o/oneperiod.
%2+ W1ent1epenalt*prescri)ed)*t1eCodeis
0adepo/twoperiodso/a(ivenpenalt*,
ever* ti0e sc1 penalt* is lowered )* one
de(ree *o 1ave to (o down also )* two
periods.
IllstrationB
I/ t1e penalt* prescri)ed /or t1e cri0e is
prision correccional 0edi0 to 0axi00,
t1epenalt*onede(reelowerwill)earresto
0a*or 0axi00 to prision correccional
0ini00, and t1e penalt* anot1er de(ree
lower will )e arresto 0a*or 0ini00 to
0edi0.Ever*de(reewill)eco0posedo/
twoperiods.
%:+ W1ent1epenalt*prescri)ed)*t1eRevised
Penal Codeis0adepo/t1reeperiodso/
di//erentpenalties,ever*ti0e*o(odown
onede(reelower,*o1aveto(odown)*
t1reeperiods.
IllstrationB
.1e penalt* prescri)ed )* t1e Revised Penal
Code is prision 0a*or 0axi00 to reclsion
te0poral0edi0,t1epenalt*onede(reelower
is prision correccional 0axi00 to prision
0a*or 0edi0. Anot1er de(ree lower will )e
arresto0a*or0axi00toprisioncorreccional
0edi0.
.1eserles1avenot1in(todowit10iti(atin(or
a((ravatin(circ0stances..1eserlesre/erto
t1elowerin(o/penalt*)* oneortwo de(rees.
As to 1ow 0iti(atin( or a((ravatin(
circ0stances0a*a//ectt1epenalt*,t1erles
are /ond in Articles D: and D;. Article D:
(overns w1en t1e penalt* prescri)ed )* t1e
Revised Penal Code is indivisi)le. Article D;
(overns w1en t1e penalt* prescri)ed )* t1e
Revised Penal Code is divisi)le. W1en t1e
penalt* is indivisi)le, no 0atter 1ow 0an*
ordinar*0iti(atin(circ0stancest1ereare,t1e
prescri)edpenalt*isneverlowered)*de(ree.
It ta#es a privile(ed 0iti(atin( circ0stance to
lower sc1 penalt* )* de(ree. !n t1e ot1er
1and, w1en t1e penalt* prescri)ed )* t1e
Revised Penal Code is divisi)le, sc1 penalt*
s1all )e lowered )* one de(ree onl* )t
i0posed in t1e proper period, w1en t1ere are
two or 0ore ordinar* 0iti(atin( circ0stance
and t1ere is no a((ravatin( circ0stance
w1atsoever.
ArticleF9C,ines
Wit1respecttot1epenalt*o//ine,i/t1e/ine1as
to )e lowered )* de(ree eit1er )ecase t1e
/elon*co00ittedisonl*atte0ptedor/rstrated
or )ecase t1ere is an acco0plice or an
accessor* participation, t1e /ine is lowered )*
dedctin($/;o/t1e0axi00a0onto/t1e/ine
/ro0 sc1 0axi00 wit1ot c1an(in( t1e
0ini00a0ontprescri)ed)*law.
IllstrationB
I/t1e penalt*prescri)edis a /ineran(in( /ro0
P2>>.>>toP9>>.>>,)tt1e/elon*is/rstrated
so t1at t1e penalt* s1old )e i0posed one
de(reelower,$/;o/P9>>.>>s1all)ededcted
t1ere/ro0. .1isis done)* dedctin(P$29.>>
/ro0P9>>.>>, leavin( adi//erence o/P:F9.>>.
.1e penalt* one de(ree lower is P:F9.>>. .o
(oanot1erde(reelower,P$29.>>s1alla(ain)e
dedcted/ro0P:F9.>>andt1atwoldleavea
di//erence o/ P29>.>>. 4ence, t1e penalt*
anot1er de(ree lower is a /ine ran(in( /ro0
P2>>.>>toP29>.>>.I/atall,t1e/ine1asto)e
lowered/rt1er,itcannot(olowert1anP2>>.>>.
So, t1e /ine will )e i0posed at P2>>.>>. .1is
rleappliesw1ent1e/ine1asto)elowered)*
de(ree.
ArticleDD
In so /ar as ordinar* 0iti(atin( or a((ravatin(
circ0stancewolda//ectt1epenalt*w1ic1isin
t1e /or0 o/ a /ine, Article DD o/ t1e Revised
PenalCodes1all(overn.-ndert1isarticle,itis
discretionar* pon t1e cort to appl* t1e /ine
ta#in(intoconsiderationt1e/inancial 0eanso/
t1eo//endertopa*t1esa0e.Inot1erwords,it
is not onl* t1e 0iti(atin( and/or a((ravatin(
circ0stances t1at t1e cort s1all ta#e into
consideration, )t pri0aril*, t1e /inancial
capa)ilit*o/t1eo//endertopa*t1e/ine.,ort1e
sa0ecri0e,t1epenalt*ponanaccsedw1ois
poor 0a* )e less t1an t1e penalt* pon an
accsedco00ittin(t1esa0ecri0e)tw1ois
wealt1*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
.
,orinstance,w1ent1erearetwoo//endersw1o
areco&conspiratorstoacri0e,andt1eirpenalt*
consists o/ a /ine onl*, and one o/ t1e0 is
wealt1* w1ile t1e ot1er is a paper, t1e cort
0a*i0posea1i(1er penalt* pont1ewealt1*
personandalower/ine/ort1epaper.
Penalt* /or 0rder nder t1e Revised Penal
Code is reclsion te0poral 0axi00 to deat1.
So, t1e penalt* wold )e reclsion te0poral
0axi00 C reclsion perpeta C deat1. .1is
penalt*0adepo/t1reeperiods.
.1e.1ree&,oldRle
-nder t1is rle, w1en a convict is to serve
sccessive penalties, 1e will not actall* serve
t1epenaltiesi0posed)*law.Instead,t1e0ost
severeo/t1epenaltiesi0posedon1i0s1all)e
0ltiplied)*t1reeandt1eperiodwill)et1eonl*
ter0 o/ t1e penalt* to )e served )* 1i0.
4owever,innocases1oldt1epenalt*exceed
;>*ears.
.1isrleisintended/ort1e)ene/ito/t1econvict
andso,*owillonl*appl*t1isprovidedt1es0
total o/ all t1e penalties i0posed wold )e
(reater t1an t1e prodct o/ t1e 0ost severe
penalt*0ltiplied)*t1ree)tinnocasewillt1e
penalties to )e served )* t1e convict )e 0ore
t1an;>*ears.
Alt1o(1 t1is rle is #nown as t1e .1ree&,old
rle,*ocannotactall*appl*t1isi/t1econvict
istoserveonl*t1reesccessivepenalties..1e
.1ree&,old Rle can onl* )e applied i/ t1e
convict is to serve /or or 0ore sentences
sccessivel*. I/t1esentenceswold)eserved
si0ltaneosl*, t1e .1ree&,old rle does not
(overn.
.1e c1ronolo(* o/ t1e penalties as provided in
Article F> o/ t1e Revised Penal Code s1all )e
/ollowed.
It is in t1e service o/ t1e penalt*, not in t1e
i0position o/ t1e penalt*, t1at t1e .1ree&,old
rle is to )e applied. .1e t1ree&,old rle will
appl*w1et1ert1esentencesaret1eprodcto/
one in/or0ation in one cort, w1et1er t1e
sentences are pro0l(ated in one da* or
w1et1er t1e sentences are pro0l(ated )*
di//erent corts on di//erent da*s. W1at is
0aterialist1att1econvicts1allserve0oret1an
t1reesccessivesentences.
,or prposes o/ t1e .1ree&,old Rle, even
perpetal penaltiesareta#enintoaccont. So
not onl* penalties wit1 /ixed dration, even
penaltieswit1otan*/ixeddrationorindivisi)le
penaltiesareta#enintoaccont. ,orprposes
o/ t1e .1ree&,old rle, indivisi)le penalties are
(iven e7ivalent o/ :> *ears. I/ t1e penalt* is
perpetal dis7ali/ication, it will )e (iven and
e7ivalentdrationo/:>*ears,sot1ati/1ewill
1avetos//erseveralperpetaldis7ali/ication,
nder t1e .1ree&,old rle, *o ta#e t1e 0ost
severeand0ltipl*it)*t1ree..1e.1ree&,old
rledoesnotappl*tot1epenalt*prescri)ed)t
to t1e penalt* i0posed as deter0ined )* t1e
cort.
IllstrationB
Penaltiesi0posedareC
!neprisioncorrecional 0ini00 C 2 *ears
and;0ont1s
!nearresto0a*or $0ont1and$da*to
D0ont1s
!neprision0a*or D *ears and $ da* to
$2*ears
Do not co00it t1e 0ista#e o/ appl*in( t1e
.1ree&,oldRleint1iscase. Neverappl*t1e
.1ree&,old rle w1en t1ere are onl* t1ree
sentences. Eveni/*oadd t1e penalties, *o
can never arrive at a s0 1i(1er t1an t1e
prodcto/t1e0ostsevere0ltiplied)*t1ree.
.1e co00on 0ista#e is, i/ (iven a sitation,
w1et1er t1e .1ree&,old Rle cold )e applied.
I/ as#ed, i/ *o were t1e Ad(e, w1at penalt*
wold*oi0pose,/orprposeso/i0posin(t1e
penalt*, t1e cort is not at li)ert* to appl* t1e
.1ree&,old Rle, w1atever t1e s0 total o/
penalt* /or eac1 cri0e co00itted, even i/ it
wolda0ontto$,>>>*earsor0ore.Itisonl*
w1en t1e convict is servin( sentence t1at t1e
prisonat1oritiess1olddeter0ine1owlon(1e
s1oldsta*inAail.
INDE.ERMINA.ESEN.ENCELAW%RA;$>:,
ASAMENDED+
.1eprposeo/t1eIndeter0inateSentencelaw
istoavoidprolon(edi0prison0ent,)ecaseitis
provento)e0oredestrctivet1anconstrctive
to t1e o//ender. So, t1e prpose o/ t1e
Indeter0inate Sentence Law in s1ortenin( t1e
possi)ledetentiono/t1econvictinAailistosave
vala)le10anresorces.Inot1erwords,i/t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
vala)le 10an resorces were allowed
prolon(ed con/ine0ent in Aail, t1e* wold
deteriorate. Prpose is to preserve econo0ic
se/lness /or t1ese people /or 1avin(
co00ittedacri0e&&tore/or0t1e0rat1ert1an
to deteriorate t1e0 and, at t1e sa0e ti0e,
savin(t1e(overn0entexpenseso/0aintainin(
t1econvictsonaprolon(edcon/ine0entinAail.
I/t1e cri0e is aviolationo/t1e RevisedPenal
Code,t1ecortwilli0poseasentencet1at1as
a0ini00and0axi00..1e0axi00o/t1e
indeter0inate sentence will )e arrived at )*
ta#in( into accont t1e attendant 0iti(atin(
and/or a((ravatin( circ0stances accordin( to
ArticleD;o/t1eRevisedPenalCode.Inarrivin(
at t1e 0ini00 o/ t1e indeter0inate sentence,
t1e cort will ta#e into accont t1e penalt*
prescri)ed /or t1e cri0e and (o one de(ree
lower.Wit1int1eran(eo/onede(reelower,t1e
cortwill /ixt1e0ini00/ort1eindeter0inate
sentence, and wit1in t1e ran(e o/ t1e penalt*
arrivedatast1e0axi00int1eindeter0inate
sentence,t1ecortwill /ixt1e0axi00o/t1e
sentence. I/ t1ere is a privile(e 0iti(atin(
circ0stance w1ic1 1as )een ta#en in
consideration in /ixin( t1e 0axi00 o/ t1e
indeter0inate sentence, t1e 0ini00 s1all )e
)asedont1epenalt*asredced)*t1eprivile(e
0iti(atin( circ0stance wit1in t1e ran(e o/ t1e
penalt*nextlowerinde(ree.
I/ t1e cri0e is a violation o/ a special law, in
/ixin( t1e 0axi00 o/ t1e indeter0inate
sentence, t1e cort will i0pose t1e penalt*
wit1int1eran(eo/t1epenalt*prescri)ed)*t1e
speciallaw,aslon(asitwillnotexceedt1eli0it
o/t1epenalt*. In/ixin(t1e0ini00,t1ecort
can /ix a penalt* an*w1ere wit1in t1e ran(e o/
penalt*prescri)ed)*t1especiallaw,aslon(as
itwill not)elesst1ant1e0ini00li0ito/t1e
penalt* nder said law. No 0iti(atin( and
a((ravatin( circ0stances are ta#en into
accont.
.1e 0ini00 and t1e 0axi00 re/erred to in
t1eIndeter0inateSentenceLawarenotperiods.
So, do not sa*, 0axi00 or 0ini00 period.
,ort1eprposeso/t1eindeter0inateSentence
Law, se t1e ter0 0ini00 to re/er to t1e
drationo/t1esentencew1ic1t1econvicts1all
serve as a 0ini00, and w1en we sa*
0axi00, /or prposes o/ ISLAW, we re/er to
t1e 0axi00 li0it o/ t1e dration t1at t1e
convict0a*)e1eldinAail.Wearenotre/errin(
to an* period o/ t1e penalt* as en0erated in
ArticleF$.
Corts are re7ired to /ix a 0ini00 and a
0axi00 o/ t1e sentence t1at t1e* are to
i0pose pon an o//ender w1en /ond (ilt* o/
t1e cri0e c1ar(ed. So, w1enever t1e
Indeter0inateSentenceLawisapplica)le,t1ere
is alwa*s a 0ini00 and 0axi00 o/ t1e
sentence t1at t1e convict s1all serve. I/ t1e
cri0e is pnis1ed )* t1e Revised Penal Code,
t1e law provides t1at t1e 0axi00 s1all )e
arrived at )* considerin( t1e 0iti(atin( and
a((ravatin(circ0stancesint1eco00issiono/
t1e cri0e accordin( to t1e proper rles o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code. .o /ix t1e 0axi00,
consider t1e 0iti(atin( and a((ravatin(
circ0stances accordin( to t1e rles /ond in
ArticleD;..1is0eansC
%$+ Penaltiesprescri)ed)*t1elaw/ort1ecri0e
co00itteds1all )ei0posedint1e0edi0
period i/ no 0iti(atin( or a((ravatin(
circ0stance6
%2+ I/ t1ere is a((ravatin( circ0stance, no
0iti(atin(, penalt* s1all )e i0posed in t1e
0axi006
%:+ I/ t1ere is 0iti(atin( circ0stance, no
a((ravatin(, penalt* s1all )e in t1e
0ini006
%;+ I/ t1ere are several 0iti(atin( and
a((ravatin(circ0stances,t1e*s1allo//set
a(ainsteac1ot1er.W1ateverre0ains,appl*
t1erles.
%9+ I/ t1ere are two or 0ore 0iti(atin(
circ0stance and no a((ravatin(
circ0stance, penalt* next lower in de(ree
s1all)et1eonei0posed.
RlenderArtD;s1allappl*indeter0inin(t1e
0axi00)tnotindeter0inin(t1e0ini00.
Indeter0inin(t1eapplica)lepenalt*accordin(
tot1eIndeter0inateSentenceLaw,t1ereisno
need to 0ention t1e n0)er o/ *ears, 0ont1s
and da*s6 it is eno(1 t1at t1e na0e o/ t1e
penalt* is 0entioned w1ile t1e Indeter0inate
Sentence Law is applied. .o /ix t1e 0ini00
and t1e 0axi00 o/ t1e sentence, penalt*
ndert1eRevisedPenalCodeisnott1epenalt*
to)ei0posed)*cort)ecaset1ecort0st
appl* t1e Indeter0inate Sentence Law. .1e
attendant 0iti(atin( and/or a((ravatin(
circ0stances in t1e co00ission o/ t1e cri0e
are ta#en into consideration onl* w1en t1e
0axi00o/t1epenalt*isto)e/ixed."tinso
/ar as t1e 0ini00 is concerned, t1e )asis o/
t1e penalt* prescri)ed )* t1e Revised Penal
Code,and(oonede(reelowert1ant1at. "t
penalt*onede(reelowers1all)eappliedint1e
sa0e 0anner t1at t1e 0axi00 is also /ixed
)asedonl*onordinar*0iti(atin(circ0stances.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
.1is is tre onl* i/ t1e 0iti(atin( circ0stance
ta#enintoaccontisonl*anordinar*0iti(atin(
circ0stance. I/ t1e0iti(atin( circ0stance is
privile(ed,*ocannot/ollowt1elawinso/aras
/ixin( t1e 0ini00 o/ t1e indeter0inate
sentence is concerned6 ot1erwise, it 0a*
1appent1at t1e0axi00 o/ t1eindeter0inate
sentenceislowert1anits0ini00.
InoneSpre0eCortrlin(,itwas1eldt1at/or
prposes o/ appl*in( t1e Indeter0inate
Sentence Law, t1e penalt* prescri)ed )* t1e
RevisedPenalCodeandnott1atw1ic10a*)e
i0posed )* cort. .1is rlin(, 1owever, is
o)viosl* erroneos. .1is is so )ecase sc1
aninterpretationrnscontrar*tot1erleo/pro
reo, w1ic1 provides t1at t1e penal laws s1old
alwa*s )e constred an applied in a 0anner
li)eralorlenienttot1eo//ender. .1ere/ore,t1e
rle is, in appl*in( t1e Indeter0iante Sentence
Law,itist1atpenalt*arrivedat)*t1ecorta/ter
appl*in( t1e 0iti(atin( and a((ravatin(
circ0stancest1ats1old)et1e)asis.
Cri0es pnis1ed nder special law carr* onl*
one penalt*6 t1ere are no de(ree or periods.
Moreover, cri0es nder special law do not
consider0iti(atin(ora((ravatin(circ0stance
presentint1e co00issiono/t1e cri0e. So in
t1ecaseo/stattor*o//ense,no0iti(atin(and
noa((ravatin(circ0stanceswill)eta#eninto
accont. Gstt1esa0e,cortsarere7iredin
i0posin(t1epenalt*pont1eo//enderto/ixa
0ini00 t1at t1e convict s1old serve, and to
set a 0axi00 as t1e li0it o/ t1at sentence.
-nder t1e law, w1en t1e cri0e is pnis1ed
nder a special law, t1e cort 0a* /ix an*
penalt*ast1e0axi00wit1otexceedin(t1e
penalt* prescri)ed )* special law/ort1e cri0e
co00itted. In t1e sa0e 0anner, corts are
(iven discretion to /ix a 0ini00 an*w1ere
wit1in t1e ran(e o/ t1e penalt* prescri)ed )*
speciallaw,aslon(asitwillnot)elowert1an
t1epenalt*prescri)ed.
Dis7ali/ication 0a* )e divided into t1ree,
accordin(toC
%$+ .1eti0eco00itted6
%2+ .1epenalt*i0posed6and
%:+ .1eo//enderinvolved.
Applicationont1ei0posedsentence
Rles to deter0ine t1e indeter0inate sentence
ndert1eRPCB
/#0 Mini00Conede(reenextlowertot1e
penalt* i0posed. .1is is deter0ined
wit1ot considerin( t1e attendin(
circ0stancestoe1penalt*prescri)ed.
.1e ter0 o/ t1e 0ini00 is le/t to t1e
discretion o/ t1e cort, w1ic1 is
n7ali/ied..1eonl*li0itationist1atit
is wit1in t1e ran(e o/ t1e penalt* next
lowerinde(reetot1atprescri)edint1e
RPC /or t1e o//ense co00itted. W1ere
t1ere is a privile(ed 0iti(atin( or t1e
n0)er o/ 0iti(atin( circ0stances is
sc1 as to entitle t1e accsed to t1e
penalt*nextlowerinde(ree,t1estartin(
point to deter0ine t1e 0ini00 o t1e
indeter0inate sentence o/ t1e
indeter0inatesentenceist1enextlower
t1ant1atprescri)ed/ort1eo//ense.
%2+ Maxi00 C t1e penalt* i0posed as
provided)*law..1eperiodwilldepend
pon t1e attendin( circ0stances.
Exa0pleB 1o0icide in w1ic1 one
0iti(atin( circ0stance attended its
co00ission.
Maxi00 C penalt* prescri)ed )* law,
t1atisreclsionte0poral..1eperiodo/
t1at penalt* will now depend pon t1e
attendin( circ0stance. Since t1ere is
one0iti(atin(andnoa((ravatin(itwill
)eint1e0ini00orreclsionte0poral
0ini00period.
Mini00 C one de(ree next lower to
reclsionte0poralisdeter0inedwit1ot
considerin( t1e 0iti(atin( circ0stance
and t1at will )e prision 0a*or. .1e
ran(eo/prision0a*orwilldependpon
t1ediscretiono/t1eCort.
.1eindeter0inatepenalt*ist1ere/orea
0ini00 o/ prision 0a*or %wit1in t1e
ran(e/ixed)*t1ecort+toa0axi00
o/reclsionte0poral0ini00period.
%:+ .1eIndeter0inateSentenceLawcannot
)e applied i/ it will reslt in t1e
len(t1enin( o/ t1e sentence o/ t1e
accsed..1iswillappl*onl*too//enses
pnis1ed)*speciallaws.
Covera(e
$. .1elawcoverscri0espnis1a)lender
t1eRPCor)*speciallawB
%a+ RevisedPenalCodeY0axi00ter0o/
indeter0inatesentenceist1epenalt*in
viewo/t1eattendin(circ0stancest1at
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
can properl* )e i0posed nder t1e
RPC.Mini00isonede(reelowert1an
t1epenalt*prescri)ed)*t1eCode..1e
0ini00 penalt* s1old )e wit1in an*
period o/ t1e penalt* next lower in
de(reetot1atprescri)ed)*lawandt1e
0axi00 s1old )e wit1in t1e proper
period o/ t1e penalt* w1ere t1e
sentenceisastrai(1tpenalt*.
/b0 Special law C 0axi00 ter0 o/
indeter0inatesentences1allnotexceed
t1e 0axi00 /ixed )* law and t1e
0ini00 s1all not )e less t1an t1e
0ini00 prescri)ed )* said law.
Exa0pleB Penalt* is one *ear to /ive
*ears.Indeter0inateSentence0a*)e$
*earor:*earsto9*ears.
2. .1e Indeter0inate Sentence Law s1all
notappl*toB
%$+ Personsconvictedo/o//ensepnis1a)le
wit1deat1penalt*orli/ei0prison0ent6
%2+ Persons convicted o/ treason,
conspirac*orproposaltoco00ittreason6
%:+ Persons convicted o/ 0isprision o/
treason,re)ellion,sedition,espiona(e6
%;+ Personsconvictedo/pirac*6
%9+ Personsw1oare1a)italdelin7ents6
%D+ Persons w1o s1all 1ave escaped /ro0
con/ine0entorevadedsentence6
%F+ .1ose w1o 1ave )een (ranted
conditional pardon )* t1e C1ie/ Exective and
s1all1aveviolatedt1eter0t1ereto6
%E+ .1ose w1ose 0axi00 ter0 o/
i0prison0entdoesnotexceedone*ear,)tnot
tot1osealread*sentenced)*/inalAd(0entat
t1e ti0e o/ t1e approval o/ Indeter0inate
SentenceLaw.
Conditionso/parole
%$+ Ever* prisoner released /ro0
con/ine0entonparole)*virteo/RA;$>:
s1all,assc1ti0esandinsc10anneras
0a* )e re7ired )* t1e conditions o/ 1is
parole,as0a*)edesi(nated)*t1e"oard
/or sc1prpose,reportpersonall*tosc1
(overn0ento//icialsorot1erparoleo//icers
/oraperiodo/srveillancee7ivalenttot1e
re0ainin(portiono/t1e0axi00sentence
i0posedpon1i0orntil/inalreleaseand
disc1ar(e.
/!0 I/drin(t1eperiodo/srveillancesc1
parolee s1all s1ow 1i0sel/ to )e a law&
a)idin(citi8enandnotviolatean*laws,1e
0a* )e issed a /inal certi/icate o/ release
anddisc1ar(e.
%:+ W1enever an* prisoner released on
parole, drin( t1e period o/ srveillance,
violatean*o/t1econditionso/1isparole,an
order o/ 1is re&arrest 0a* )e issed and
servedinan*parto/t1eP1ilippines.Insc1
case,1es1allservet1ere0ainin(nexpired
portiono/t1e0axi00sentence/orw1ic1
1e was ori(inall* co00itted to prison,
nless(rantedanewparole.
EOEC-.I!NANDSER5ICE
Art. FE. W1en and 1ow a penalt* is to )e
exected. @ No penalt* s1all )e exected
except)*virteo/a/inalAd(0ent.
Apenalt*s1allnot)eexectedinan*ot1er
/or0 t1an t1at prescri)ed )* law, nor wit1
an* ot1er circ0stances or incidents t1an
t1oseexpressl*at1ori8edt1ere)*.
Inadditiontot1eprovisionso/t1elaw,t1e
special re(lations prescri)ed /or t1e
(overn0ent o/ t1e instittions in w1ic1 t1e
penalties are to )e s//ered s1all )e
o)servedwit1re(ardtot1ec1aractero/t1e
wor# to )e per/or0ed, t1e ti0e o/ its
per/or0ance,andot1erincidentsconnected
t1erewit1, t1e relations o/ t1e convicts
a0on( t1e0selves and ot1er persons, t1e
relie/w1ic1t1e*0a*receive,andt1eirdiet.
.1ere(lationss1all0a#eprovision/ort1e
separation o/ t1e sexes in di//erent
instittions, or at least into di//erent
depart0entsandalso/ort1ecorrectionand
re/or0o/t1econvicts.
Art.F'.Sspensiono/t1eexectionandservice
o/t1epenaltiesincaseo/insanit*.@W1en
a convict s1all )eco0e insane or an
i0)ecile a/ter /inal sentence 1as )een
prononced,t1eexectiono/saidsentence
s1all )esspendedonl*wit1re(ardtot1e
personal penalt*, t1e provisions o/ t1e
second para(rap1 o/ circ0stance n0)er
$ o/ Article $2 )ein( o)served in t1e
correspondin(cases.
I/ at an* ti0e t1e convict s1all recover 1is
reason, 1is sentence s1all )e exected,
nlesst1epenalt*s1all 1aveprescri)edin
accordancewit1t1eprovisionso/t1isCode.
.1e respective provisions o/ t1is section
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
s1all also )e o)served i/ t1e insanit* or
i0)ecilit*occrsw1ilet1econvictisservin(
1issentence.
Art. E>. Sspension o/ sentence o/ 0inor
delin7ents. @ W1enever a 0inor o/ eit1er
sex,ndersixteen*earso/a(eatt1edate
o/t1eco00issiono/a(raveorless(rave
/elon*, is accsed t1ereo/, t1e cort, a/ter
1earin( t1e evidence in t1e proper
proceedin(s, instead o/ prononcin(
Ad(0ent o/ conviction, s1all sspend all
/rt1er proceedin(s and s1all co00it sc1
0inor tot1ecstod* or care o/ a p)licor
private, )enevolent or c1arita)le instittion,
esta)lis1ed nder t1e law o/ t1e care,
correction or edcation o/ orp1aned,
1o0eless, de/ective, and delin7ent
c1ildren, or to t1e cstod* or care o/ an*
ot1erresponsi)lepersoninan*ot1erplace
s)Aect to visitation and spervision )* t1e
Director o/ P)lic Wel/are or an* o/ 1is
a(entsorrepresentatives,i/t1ere)ean*,or
ot1erwise )* t1e sperintendent o/ p)lic
sc1ools or 1is representatives, s)Aect to
sc1 conditions as are prescri)ed
1erein)elow ntil sc1 0inor s1all 1ave
reac1ed 1is 0aAorit* a(e or /or sc1 less
periodast1ecort0a*dee0proper.
.1e cort, in co00ittin( said 0inor as
provideda)ove,s1allta#eintoconsideration
t1e reli(ion o/ sc1 0inor, 1is parents or
nexto/#in,inordertoavoid1isco00it0ent
to an* private instittion not nder t1e
controlandspervisiono/t1ereli(iossect
ordeno0inationtow1ic1t1e*)elon(.
.1e Director o/ P)lic Wel/are or 1is dl*
at1ori8ed representatives or a(ents, t1e
sperintendent o/ p)lic sc1ools or 1is
representatives, or t1e person to w1ose
cstod* or care t1e 0inor 1as )een
co00itted, s1all s)0it to t1e cort ever*
/or 0ont1s and as o/ten as re7ired in
special cases,awrittenreportont1e(ood
or)adcondcto/said0inorandt1e0oral
andintellectalpro(ress0ade)*1i0.
.1esspensiono/t1eproceedin(sa(ainst
a 0inor 0a* )e extended or s1ortened )*
t1e cort on t1e reco00endation o/ t1e
Directoro/P)licWel/areor1isat1ori8ed
representative or a(ents, or t1e
sperintendent o/ p)lic sc1ools or 1is
representatives,accordin(astow1et1ert1e
condcto/sc10inor1as)een(oodornot
and w1et1er 1e 1as co0plied wit1 t1e
conditions i0posed pon 1i0, or not. .1e
provisions o/ t1e /irst para(rap1 o/ t1is
article s1all not, 1owever, )e a//ected )*
t1osecontained1erein.
I/ t1e 0inor 1as )een co00itted to t1e
cstod* or care o/ an* o/ t1e instittions
0entioned in t1e /irst para(rap1 o/ t1is
article, wit1 t1e approval o/ t1e Director o/
P)lic Wel/are and s)Aect to sc1
conditionsast1iso//icialinaccordancewit1
law0a*dee0propertoi0pose,sc10inor
0a*)eallowedtosta*elsew1erendert1e
careo/aresponsi)leperson.
I/t1e0inor1as)e1avedproperl*and1as
co0pliedwit1t1econditionsi0posedpon
1i0 drin( 1is con/ine0ent, in accordance
wit1t1eprovisionso/t1isarticle,1es1all)e
retrnedtot1ecortinordert1att1esa0e
0a*order1is/inalrelease.
Incaset1e0inor/ailsto)e1aveproperl*or
to co0pl* wit1 t1e re(lations o/ t1e
instittiontow1ic11e1as)eenco00itted
or wit1 t1e conditions i0posed pon 1i0
w1en 1e was co00itted to t1e care o/ a
responsi)leperson,orincase1es1old)e
/ond incorri(i)le or 1is contined sta* in
sc1 instittion s1old )e inadvisa)le, 1e
s1all )e retrned to t1e cort in order t1at
t1esa0e0a*rendert1eAd(0ent
correspondin( to t1e cri0e co00itted )*
1i0.
.1e expenses /or t1e 0aintenance o/ a
0inor delin7ent con/ined in t1e instittion
to w1ic1 1e 1as )een co00itted, s1all )e
)orne totall* or partiall* )* 1is parents or
relativesor t1ose personslia)le to spport
1i0, i/ t1e* are a)le to do so, in t1e
discretion o/ t1e cort6 Provided, .1at in
case 1is parents or relatives or t1ose
personslia)letospport1i01avenot)een
orderedtopa*saidexpensesorare/ond
indi(ent
and cannot pa* said expenses, t1e
0nicipalit* in w1ic1 t1e o//ense was
co00itted s1all pa* one&t1ird o/ said
expenses6 t1e province to w1ic1 t1e
0nicipalit*)elon(ss1allpa*one&t1ird6and
t1e re0ainin( one&t1ird s1all )e )orne )*
t1e National ?overn0entB Provided,
1owever, .1at w1enever t1e Secretar* o/
,inance certi/ies t1at a 0nicipalit* is not
a)letopa*itss1areint1eexpensesa)ove
0entioned,sc1s1arew1ic1isnotpaid)*
said 0nicipalit* s1all )e )orne )* t1e
National?overn0ent.C1arteredcitiess1all
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
pa*two&t1irdso/saidexpenses6andincase
ac1arteredcit*cannotpa*saidexpenses,
t1e internal revene allot0ents w1ic1 0a*
)e de to said cit* s1all )e wit11eld and
appliedinsettle0ento/saidinde)tednessin
accordance wit1 section /ive 1ndred and
ei(1t*&ei(1to/t1eAd0inistrativeCode.
Section.wo.@Exectiono/principalpenalties.
Art.E$.W1enand1owt1edeat1penalt*isto)e
exected. @ .1e deat1 sentence s1all )e
exected wit1 re/erence to an* ot1er and
s1all consist in pttin( t1e person nder
sentence to deat1 )* electroction. .1e
deat1sentences1all)eexectedndert1e
at1orit* o/ t1e Director o/ Prisons,
endeavorin( so /ar as possi)le to 0iti(ate
t1es//erin(so/t1epersonndersentence
drin( electroction as well as drin( t1e
proceedin(spriortot1eexection.
I/t1epersonndersentencesodesires,1e
s1all)eanaest1eti8edatt1e0o0ento/t1e
electroction.
Art. E2. Noti/ication and exection o/ t1e
sentence and assistance to t1e clprit. @
.1ecorts1alldesi(nateawor#in(da*/or
t1eexection)tnott1e1ort1ereo/6and
sc1desi(nations1allnot)eco00nicated
to t1e o//ender )e/ore snrise o/ said da*,
andt1eexections1all notta#eplacentil
a/ter t1e expiration o/ at least ei(1t 1ors
/ollowin(t1enoti/ication,)t)e/oresnset.
Drin( t1e interval )etween t1e noti/ication
andt1eexection,t1eclprits1all,inso/ar
as possi)le, )e /rnis1ed sc1 assistance
as1e0a*re7estinorderto)eattendedin
1is last 0o0ents )* priests or 0inisters o/
t1e reli(ion 1e pro/esses and to conslt
law*ers,aswell as in order to 0a#e a will
and con/er wit1 0e0)ers o/ 1is /a0il* or
personsinc1ar(eo/t1e0ana(e0ento/1is
)siness, o/ t1e ad0inistration o/ 1is
propert*,oro/t1ecareo/1isdescendants.
Art. E:. Sspension o/ t1e exection o/ t1e
deat1sentence.@.1edeat1sentences1all
not )e in/licted pon a wo0an wit1in t1e
t1ree *ears next /ollowin( t1e date o/ t1e
sentenceorw1iles1eispre(nant,norpon
an*personoversevent**earso/a(e.
Int1islastcase,t1edeat1sentences1all)e
co00ted to t1e penalt* o/ reclsion
perpeta wit1 t1e accessor* penalties
providedinArticle;>.
Art. E;. Place o/ exection and persons w1o
0a* witness t1e sa0e. @ .1e exection
s1allta#eplaceint1epenitentiar*o/"ili)id
in a space closed to t1e p)lic view and
s1all )e witnessed onl* )* t1e priests
assistin( t1e o//ender and )* 1is law*ers,
and)*1isrelatives,notexceedin(six,i/1e
so re7est, )* t1e p1*sician and t1e
necessar* personnel o/ t1e penal
esta)lis10ent,and)*sc1personsast1e
Directoro/Prisons0a*at1ori8e.
Art.E9.Provisionsrelativetot1ecorpseo/t1e
person exected and its )rial. @ -nless
clai0ed )* 1is /a0il*, t1e corpse o/ t1e
clprits1all,pont1eco0pletiono/t1ele(al
proceedin(s s)se7ent to t1e exection,
)etrnedovertot1einstitteo/learnin(or
scienti/icresearc1/irstappl*in(/orit,/ort1e
prposeo/std*andinvesti(ation,provided
t1at sc1 institte s1all ta#e c1ar(e o/ t1e
decent)rialo/t1ere0ains.!t1erwise,t1e
Director o/Prisons s1all order t1e )rial o/
t1e )od* o/ t1e clprit at (overn0ent
expense,(rantin(per0issionto)epresent
t1ereattot1e0e0)erso/t1e/a0il*o/t1e
clprit and t1e /riends o/ t1e latter. In no
cases1allt1e)rialo/t1e)od*o/aperson
sentencedtodeat1)e1eldwit1po0p.
Art.ED.Reclsionperpeta,reclsionte0poral,
prision 0a*or, prision correccional and
arresto0a*or.@.1epenaltieso/reclsion
perpeta,reclsionte0poral,prision0a*or,
prisioncorreccionalandarresto0a*or,s1all
)e exected and served in t1e places and
penal esta)lis10ents provided )* t1e
Ad0inistrative Code in /orce or w1ic1 0a*
)eprovided)*lawint1e/tre.
Art. EF. Destierro. @ An* person sentenced to
destierros1allnot)eper0ittedtoentert1e
placeorplacesdesi(natedint1esentence,
norwit1int1eradist1ereinspeci/ied,w1ic1
s1all)enot0oret1an29>andnotlesst1an
29#ilo0eters/ro0t1eplacedesi(nated.
Art.EE.Arresto0enor.@.1epenalt*o/arresto
0enors1all)eservedint1e0nicipalAail,
or in t1e 1ose o/ t1e de/endant 1i0sel/
nder t1e srveillance o/ an o//icer o/ t1e
law, w1en t1e cort so provides in its
decision,ta#in(intoconsiderationt1e1ealt1
o/t1eo//enderandot1erreasonsw1ic10a*
see0satis/actor*toit.
B a r E x a m s
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%$+ PR!"A.I!N LAW %P.D. 'DE, AS
AMENDED+
A0on(t1edi//erent(rondso/partialextinction
o/ cri0inal lia)ilit*, t1e 0ost i0portant is
pro)ation.Pro)ationisa0annero/disposin(o/
anaccsedw1o1ave)eenconvicted)*atrial
cort )* placin( 1i0 nder spervision o/ a
pro)ation o//icer, nder sc1 ter0s and
conditionst1att1ecort0a*/ix. .1is0a*)e
availed o/ )e/ore t1e convict )e(ins servin(
sentence)*/inalAd(0entandprovidedt1at1e
didnotappealan*0ore/ro0conviction.
Wit1ot re(ard to t1e natre o/ t1e cri0e, onl*
t1osew1osepenalt*doesnotexceedsix*ears
o/ i0prison0ent are t1ose 7ali/ied /or
pro)ation. I/ t1e penalt* is six *ears pls one
da*,1eisnolon(er7ali/ied/orpro)ation.
I/t1eo//enderwasconvictedo/severalo//enses
w1ic1 were tried Aointl* and one decision was
rendered w1ere 0ltiple sentences i0posed
several prison ter0s as penalt*, t1e )asis /or
deter0inin(w1et1ert1epenalt*dis7ali/iest1e
o//ender/ro0pro)ationornotist1eter0o/t1e
individali0prison0entandnott1etotalit*o/all
t1e prison ter0s i0posed in t1e decision. So
even i/ t1e prison ter0 wold s0 p to 0ore
t1ansix*ears,i/noneo/t1eindividalpenalties
exceeds six *ears, t1e o//ender is not
dis7ali/ied )* sc1 penalt* /ro0 appl*in( /or
pro)ation.
!nt1eot1er1and,wit1otre(ardtot1epenalt*,
t1ose w1o are convicted o/ s)version or an*
cri0e a(ainstt1e p)lic order are not 7ali/ied
/orpro)ation.So#nowt1ecri0esnder.itleIII,
"oo# 2 o/ t1e Revised Penal Code. A0on(
t1ese cri0es is Alar0s and Scandals, t1e
penalt*o/w1ic1isonl*arresto0enorora/ine.
-nder t1e a0end0ent to t1e Pro)ation Law,
t1oseconvictedo/acri0ea(ainstp)licorder
re(ardless o/ t1e penalt* are not 7ali/ied /or
pro)ation.
Ma*arecidivist)e(ivent1e)ene/ito/Pro)ation
LawN
Asa(eneralrle,no.
ExceptionB I/ t1e earlier conviction re/ers to a
cri0et1epenalt*o/w1ic1doesnotexceed:>
da*s i0prison0ent or a /ine o/ not 0ore t1an
P2>>.>>, sc1 convict isnot dis7ali/iedo/ t1e
)ene/it o/ pro)ation. So even i/ 1e wold )e
convicteds)se7entl*o/acri0ee0)racedin
t1esa0etitleo/t1eRevisedPenalCodeast1at
o/ t1e earlier conviction, 1e is not dis7ali/ied
/ro0 pro)ation provided t1at t1e penalt* o/ t1e
crrentcri0eco00itteddoesnot(o)e*ondsix
*earsandt1enatreo/t1ecri0eco00itted)*
1i0isnota(ainstp)licorder,nationalsecrit*
ors)version.
Alt1o(1aperson0a*)eeli(i)le/orpro)ation,
t1e 0o0ent 1e per/ects an appeal /ro0 t1e
Ad(0ent o/ conviction, 1e cannot avail o/
pro)ationan*0ore. Sot1e)ene/ito/pro)ation
0st )e invo#ed at t1e earliest instance a/ter
conviction. 4e s1old not wait p to t1e ti0e
w1en 1e interposes an appeal or t1e sentence
1as )eco0e /inal and exector*. .1e idea is
t1atpro)ation 1asto)einvo#edatt1eearliest
opportnit*.
Anapplication/orpro)ationisexclsivel*wit1in
t1eArisdictiono/t1etrialcortt1atrenderst1e
Ad(0ent. ,or t1e o//ender to appl* in sc1
cort,1es1oldnotappealsc1Ad(0ent.
!nce1e appeals,re(ardless o/ t1e prposeo/
t1eappeal,1ewill)edis7ali/ied/ro0appl*in(
/or Pro)ation, even t1o(1 1e 0a* t1erea/ter
wit1draw1isappeal.
I/t1eo//enderwoldappealt1econvictiono/t1e
trial cort and t1e appellate cort redced t1e
penalt*tosa*,lesst1ansix*ears,t1atconvict
canstill/ileanapplication/orpro)ation,)ecase
t1e earliest opportnit* /or 1i0 to avail o/
pro)ation ca0e onl* a/ter Ad(0ent )* t1e
appellatecort.
W1et1eraconvictw1oisot1erwise7ali/ied/or
pro)ation0a*)e(ivet1e)ene/ito/pro)ationor
not,t1ecortsarealwa*sre7iredtocondcta
1earin(. I/ t1e cort denied t1e application /or
pro)ation wit1ot t1e )ene/it o/ t1e 1earin(,
w1ereast1eapplicantisnotdis7ali/iednder
t1e provision o/ t1e Pro)ation Law, )t onl*
)asedont1ereporto/t1epro)ationo//icer,t1e
denialiscorrecti)le)*certiorari,)ecaseitisan
act o/ t1e cort in excess o/ Arisdiction or
wit1ot Arisdiction, t1e order den*in( t1e
applicationt1ere/oreisnllandvoid.
Consider not onl* t1e pro)ationa)le cri0e, )t
also t1e pro)ationa)le penalt*. I/ it were t1e
non&pro)ationa)lecri0e,t1enre(ardlesso/t1e
penalt*, t1e convict cannot avail o/ pro)ation.
?enerall*,t1epenalt*w1ic1isnotpro)ationa)le
is an* penalt* exceedin( six *ears o/
i0prison0ent. !//enses w1ic1 are not
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
pro)ationa)learet1osea(ainstnatralsecrit*,
t1ose a(ainst p)lic order and t1ose wit1
re/erencetos)version.
Personsw1o1ave)een(rantedo/t1e)ene/ito/
pro)ation cannot avail t1ereo/ /or t1e second
ti0e. Pro)ationisonl*availa)leonceandt1is
0a* )e availed onl* w1ere t1e convict starts
servin( sentence and provided 1e 1as not
per/ectedanappeal.I/t1econvictper/ectedan
appeal, 1e /or/eits 1is ri(1t to appl* /or
pro)ation. As /ar as o//enders w1o are nder
preventive i0prison0ent, t1at )ecase a cri0e
co00itted is not )aila)le or t1e cri0e
co00itted,alt1o(1)aila)le,t1e*cannota//ord
to pt p a )ail, pon pro0l(ation o/ t1e
sentence, natrall* 1e (oes )ac# to detention,
t1at does not 0ean t1at t1e* alread* start
servin(t1esentenceevena/terpro0l(ationo/
t1e sentence, sentence will onl* )eco0e /inal
and exector* a/ter t1e lapse o/ t1e $9&da*
period,nlesst1econvict1aswaivedexpressl*
1is ri(1t to appeal or ot1erwise, 1e 1as partl*
started servin( sentence and in t1at case, t1e
penalt* will alread* )e /inal and exector*, no
ri(1ttopro)ationcan)eapplied/or.
De/initiono/ter0s
$. Pro)ationCadispositionnderw1ic1a
de/endant,a/terconvictionandsentence,is
released s)Aect to conditions i0posed )*
t1e cort and to t1e spervision o/ a
pro)ationo//icer.
2. Pro)ationer C a person placed on
pro)ation.
:. Pro)ationo//icerConew1oinvesti(ates
/or t1e cort a re/erral /or pro)ation or
spervisesapro)ationeror)ot1.
Prpose
$. Pro)ationisonl*aprivile(e.Soeveni/
t1e o//ender 0a* not )e dis7ali/ied o/
pro)ation, *et t1e cort )elieves t1at
)ecase o/ t1e cri0e co00itted it was not
advisa)leto(ivepro)ation)ecaseitwold
depreciatet1ee//ecto/t1ecri0e,t1ecort
0a* re/se or den* an application /or
pro)ation.
2. .1eprposeso/t1elawareB
%a+ Pro0otet1ecorrectionandre1a)ilitation
o/ a n o//ender )* providin( 1i0 wit1
individali8edtreat0ent6
/b0 Provide an opportnit* /or t1e
re/or0ationo/apenitento//enderw1ic1
0i(1t )e less pro)a)le i/ 1e were to
serveaprisonsentence6
/c0 Preventt1eco00issiono/o//enses6
/d0 Decon(estorAails6and
/e0 Save t1e (overn0ent 0c1 needed
/inance/or0aintainin(convictsinAail.
?ranto/pro)ation,0annerandconditions
#$ No application /or pro)ation s1all )e
entertained or(ranted i/ t1ede/endant 1as
per/ected t1e appeal /ro0 t1e Ad(0ent or
conviction. Pro)ation 0a* )e (ranted
w1et1er t1e sentence i0poses a ter0 o/
i0prison0ent or a /ine onl*. An application
/orpro)ations1all)e/iledwit1t1etrialcort.
.1e/ilin(o/t1eapplications1all)edee0ed
a waiver o/ t1e ri(1t to appeal. An order
(rantin( or den*in( pro)ation s1all not )e
appeala)le%Sec.;+.
!$ Nopersons1all)eplacedonpro)ation
except pon prior investi(ation )* t1e
pro)ationo//icerandadeter0ination)*t1e
cort t1at t1e ends o/ Astice and t1e )est
interest o/ t1e p)lic as well as t1at o/ t1e
de/endantwill)eservedt1ere)*%Sec.9+.
2$ .1epro)ationo//icers1alls)0ittot1e
cortt1einvesti(ationreportonade/endant
not later t1an D> da*s /ro0 receipt o/ t1e
order o/ said cort to condct t1e
investi(ation. .1e cort s1all resolve t1e
application /or pro)ation not later t1an $9
da*s a/ter receipt o/ said report. Pendin(
s)0ission o/ t1e investi(ation report and
t1eresoltiono/t1epetition,t1ede/endant
0a* )e allowedonte0porar* li)ert*nder
1is)ail/iledndert1ecri0inalcase.W1ere
no )ail is /iled or t1at t1e de/endant is
incapa)leo//ilin(one,t1ecort0a*allow
t1e release o/ t1e de/endant on
reco(ni8ancetot1ecstod*o/aresponsi)le
0e0)er o/ t1e co00nit* w1o s1all
(arantee 1is appearance w1enever
re7ired)*t1ecort%Sec.F+.
;. Ever* pro)ation order issed )* t1e
cort s1all contain conditions re7irin( t1at
t1epro)ationers1allB
/a0 Present1i0sel/tot1epro)ation
o//icer wit1in F2 1ors /ro0 receipt o/
pro)ationorderdesi(natedtonderta#e
1isspervisionatsc1placeas0a*)e
speci/iedint1eorder6
%)+ Reporttot1epro)ationo//icerat
least once a 0ont1 at sc1 ti0e and
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
placeasspeci/ied)*saido//icer.
.1e cort 0a* also re7ire t1e
pro)ationertoB
%c+ Cooperate wit1 a pro(ra0 o/
spervision6
%d+ Meet1is/a0il*responsi)ilities6
%e+ Devote 1i0sel/ to a speci/ic
e0plo*0entandnottoc1an(esaid
e0plo*0entwit1ott1epriorwritten
approvalo/t1epro)ationo//icer6
%/+ -nder(o 0edical, ps*c1olo(ical or
ps*c1iatric exa0ination and
treat0entandenterandre0ainina
speci/ied instittion, w1en re7ired
/ort1atprpose6
%(+ Prse a prescri)ed seclar std*
orvocationaltrainin(6
%1+ Attend or reside in a /acilit*
esta)lis1ed /or instrction,
recreation or residence o/ persons
onpro)ation6
/i0 Re/rain /ro0 visitin( 1oses o/ ill&
repte6
%A+ A)stain /ro0 drin#in( intoxicatin(
)evera(estoexcess6
%#+ Per0it t1e pro)ation o//icer or an
at1ori8ed social wor#er tovisit 1is
1o0eandplaceo/wor#6
%l+ Reside at pre0ises approved )* it
and not to c1an(e 1is residence
wit1ot1ispriorwrittenapproval6or
/m0Satis/* an* ot1er conditions related
tot1ere1a)ilitationo/t1ede/endant
and not ndl* restrictive o/ 1is
li)ert* or inco0pati)le wit1 1is
/reedo0o/conscience%Sec.$>+.
4$ Discretionar*conditions&.1etrialcort
w1ic1approvedt1eapplication/orpro)ation
0a* i0pose an* condition w1ic1 0a* )e
constrctivetot1ecorrectiono/t1eo//ender,
provided t1e sa0e wold not violate t1e
constittional ri(1ts o/ t1e o//ender and
s)Aect to t1is two restrictionsB %$+ t1e
conditions i0posed s1old not )e ndl*
restrictive o/ t1e pro)ationer6 and %2+ sc1
condition s1old not )e inco0pati)le wit1
t1e/reedo0o/conscienceo/t1epro)ationer
Criteriao/placin(ano//enderonpro)ation
In deter0inin( w1et1er an o//ender 0a* )e
placedonpro)ation,t1ecorts1allconsiderall
in/or0ation relative to t1e c1aracter,
antecedents, environ0ent, 0ental and p1*sical
condition o/ t1e o//ender, and availa)le
instittionalandco00nit*resorces.Pro)ation
s1all)edeniedi/t1ecort/indst1atB
%a+ .1e o//ender is in need o/ correctional
treat0ent t1at can )e provided 0ost
e//ectivel* )* 1is co00it0ent to an
instittion6or
%)+ .1ere is nde ris# t1at drin( t1e
period o/ pro)ation t1e o//ender will
co00itanot1ercri0e6or
/c0 Pro)ation will depreciate t1e
seriosness o/ t1e o//ense co00itted
%Sec.E+.
Dis7ali/iedo//enders
.1e/ollowin(aredis7ali/iedo//endersB
%$+ .1ose sentenced to serve 0axi00
ter0o/i0prison0ento/0ore t1anD*ears
%D *ears or less is t1e pro)ationa)le
penalt*+6
%2+ .1ose convicted o/ s)version or an*
cri0e a(ainst t1e national secrit* or t1e
p)licorder6
%a+ .reason
%)+ Conspirac* and proposal to co00it
treason
%c+ Misprisiono/treason
%d+ Espiona(e
%e+ Incitin( to war and (ivin( 0otives /or
reprisal
%/+ 5iolationo/netralit*
%(+ Correspondencewit11ostilecontr*
%1+ ,li(1ttoene0*contr*
%i+ Pirac*and0tin*
%A+ Re)ellion,insrrection,cop,sedition
%#+ Ille(alasse0)liesandassociations
%l+ Direct/indirect assalt, resistance and
diso)edience
%0+ P)lic disorders@.0lts, alar0s and
scandals
%n+ Deliver*o/prisoners/ro0Aail
%o+ Evasiono/serviceo/sentence
%p+ Jasi&recidivis0
/20 .1ose w1o 1ave previosl* )een
convicted )* /inal Ad(0ent o/ an o//ense
pnis1ed )* i0prison0ent o/ not less t1an
one 0ont1 and one da* and/or /ine o/ not
lesst1an2>>pesos6
%;+ .1ose w1o 1ave )een once on
pro)ationndert1eprovisionso/PD'DE6
/40 .1osew1oarealread*servin(sentence
att1eti0et1es)stantiveprovisionso/PD
'DE)eca0eapplica)leprsanttoSec.::
t1ereo/%Sec.'+6
%D+ .1oseentitledtot1e)ene/itsndert1e
provisionso/PDD>:andsi0ilarlaws6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%F+ .1ose w1o 1ave per/ected an appeal
)ecaseappealandpro)ationare0tall*
exclsivere0edies.
Periodo/pro)ation
%$+ .1e period o/ pro)ation o/ a de/endant
sentencedtoater0o/i0prison0ento/not
0ore t1an one *ear s1all not exceed two
*ears, and in all ot1er cases, said period
s1allnotexceedsix*ears.
%2+ W1ent1esentencei0posesa/ineonl*
andt1eo//enderis0adetoserves)sidiar*
i0prison0ent in case o/ insolvenc*, t1e
periodo/pro)ations1allnot)elesst1annor
)e0oret1antwicet1etotaln0)ero/da*s
o/ s)sidiar* i0prison0ent as co0pted at
t1erateesta)lis1edinArt.:'o/t1eRPC.
I0prison0ento/ Pro)ation
Not0oret1anone*ear Notexceedin(two
%2+*ears
!ne%$+*eartosix%D+
*ears
Notexceedin(six%D+
*ears
,inewit1s)sidiar*i0prison0ent
Asco0ptednderArt.
:'
.wicet1eperiod
co0pted
Arresto/pro)ationer
Att1eti0edrin(pro)ation,t1ecort0a*isse
awarrant/ort1earresto/apro)ationer/oran*
serios violation o/ t1e conditions o/ t1e
pro)ation. .1e pro)ationer, once arrested and
detained, s1all i00ediatel* )e )ro(1t )e/ore
t1ecort/ora1earin(o/t1eviolationc1ar(ed.
.1ede/endant0a*)ead0ittedto)ailpendin(
sc1 1earin(. In sc1 case, t1e provisions
re(ardin( release on )ail o/ persons c1ar(ed
wit1acri0es1all)eapplica)letopro)ationers
arrestedndert1isprovision.
In t1e 1earin(, w1ic1 s1all )e s00ar* in
natre,t1epro)ationers1all1avet1eri(1tto)e
in/or0ed o/ t1e violation c1ar(ed and addce
evidence in 1is /avor. .1e cort s1all not )e
)ond )* t1e tec1nical rles o/ evidence )t
0a* in/or0 itsel/ o/ all t1e /acts w1ic1 are
0aterialandrelevanttoascertaint1everacit*o/
t1ec1ar(e..1eStates1all)erepresented)*a
prosectin( o//icer in an* contested 1earin(. I/
t1eviolationisesta)lis1ed,t1ecort0a*revo#e
or contine 1is pro)ation and 0odi/* t1e
conditions t1ereo/. I/ revo#ed, t1e cort s1all
order t1e pro)ationer to serve sentence
ori(inall* i0posed. An order revo#in( t1e(rant
o/ pro)ation or 0odi/*in( t1e ter0s and
conditionst1ereo/s1allnot)eappeala)le.
.er0inationo/pro)ation6exception
A/ter t1e period o/ pro)ation and pon
considerationo/t1ereportandreco00endation
o/t1epro)ationo//icer,t1ecort0a*ordert1e
/inal disc1ar(e o/ t1e pro)ationer pon /indin(
t1at1e1as/l/illedt1eter0sandconditionso/
1ispro)ationandt1erepont1ecasei/dee0ed
ter0inated.
.1e /inal disc1ar(e o/ t1e pro)ationer s1all
operate to restore to 1i0 all civil ri(1ts lost or
sspended as a reslt o/ 1is conviction and to
/ll*disc1ar(e 1is lia)ilit*/or an*/ine i0posed
as to t1e o//ense /or w1ic1 pro)ation was
(ranted.
An* person convicted /or dr( tra//ic#in( or
ps1in( nder RA '$D9, re(ardless o/ t1e
i0posa)lepenalt*i0posed)*t1eCort,cannot
avail o/ t1e privile(e (ranted )* t1e Pro)ation
Law%Sec.2;,RA'$D9+.
G-5ENILE G-S.ICE AND WEL,ARE AC. !,
2>>D %R.A. ':;;+6 ALS! RE,ER .! C4ILD
AND L!-.4 WEL,ARE C!DE %P.D. D>:, AS
AMENDED+
De/initiono/c1ildincon/lictwit1t1elaw
C1ildincon/lictwit1lawre/erstoac1ildw1ois
alle(edas,accsedo/,oradAd(edas,1avin(
co00ittedano//ensenderP1ilippinelaws.
%)+Exe0ption/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
GvenileAsticeandwel/ares*ste0
GvenileGsticeandWel/areS*ste0re/erstoa
s*ste0dealin(wit1c1ildrenatris#andc1ildren
in con/lict wit1 t1e law, w1ic1 provides c1ild&
appropriate proceedin(s, incldin( pro(ra0s
and services /or prevention, diversion,
re1a)ilitation, re&inte(ration and a/tercare to
ensre t1eir nor0al (rowt1 and develop0ent
%Sec.;<0=+.
MDiversionM re/ers to an alternative, c1ild&
appropriate process o/ deter0inin( t1e
responsi)ilit*andtreat0ento/ac1ildincon/lict
wit1 t1e law on t1e )asis o/ 1is/1er social,
cltral,econo0ic,ps*c1olo(icaloredcational
)ac#(rond wit1ot resortin( to /or0al cort
proceedin(s.
MDiversion Pro(ra0M re/ers to t1e pro(ra0 t1at
t1e c1ild in con/lict wit1 t1e law is re7ired to
nder(oa/ter1e/s1eis/ondresponsi)le/oran
o//ense wit1ot resortin( to /or0al cort
proceedin(s.
MInterventionM re/ers to a series o/ activities
w1ic1 are desi(ned to address isses t1at
cased t1e c1ild to co00it an o//ense. It 0a*
ta#e t1e /or0 o/ an individali8ed treat0ent
pro(ra0 w1ic1 0a* inclde conselin(, s#ills
trainin(,edcation,and ot1er activitiest1at will
en1ance 1is/1er ps*c1olo(ical, e0otional and
ps*c1o&socialwell&)ein(.
D.M!DI,ICA.I!NANDEO.INC.I!N!,CRIMINALLIA"ILI.L
Art.2:.E//ecto/pardon)*t1eo//endedpart*.@
A pardon o/ t1e o//ended part* does not
extin(is1 cri0inal action except as
providedinArticle:;;o/t1isCode6)tcivil
lia)ilit* wit1 re(ard to t1e interest o/ t1e
inAredpart*isextin(is1ed)*1isexpress
waiver.
.!.ALEO.INC.I!N!,CRIMINALLIA"ILI.L
Art. E'. 4ow cri0inal lia)ilit* is totall*
extin(is1ed. @ Cri0inal lia)ilit* is totall*
extin(is1edB
$. "* t1e deat1 o/ t1e convict, as to t1e
personal penalties and as to pecniar*
penalties, lia)ilit* t1ere/or is
extin(is1edonl*w1ent1edeat1o/t1e
o//enderoccrs)e/ore/inalAd(0ent.2.
"*serviceo/t1esentence6
2. "* a0nest*, w1ic1 co0pletel*
extin(is1es t1e penalt* and all its
e//ects6
:. "*a)soltepardon6
;. "*prescriptiono/t1ecri0e6
9. "*prescriptiono/t1epenalt*6
D. "*t1e0arria(eo/t1eo//endedwo0an,
asprovidedinArticle:;;o/t1isCode.
Art. '>. Prescription o/ cri0e. @ Cri0es
pnis1a)le )* deat1, reclsion perpeta or
reclsionte0porals1allprescri)eintwent*
*ears.
Cri0es pnis1a)le )* ot1er a//lictive
penaltiess1allprescri)ein/i/teen*ears.
.1osepnis1a)le)*acorrectional penalt*
s1all prescri)e in ten *ears6 wit1 t1e
exception o/ t1ose pnis1a)le )* arresto
0a*or,w1ic1s1allprescri)ein/ive*ears.
.1e cri0e o/ li)el or ot1er si0ilar o//enses
s1allprescri)einone*ear.
.1ecri0eo/oralde/a0ationandslander)*
deeds1allprescri)einsix0ont1s.
Li(1to//ensesprescri)eintwo0ont1s.
W1en t1e penalt* /ixed )* law is a
co0pondone,t1e1i(1estpenalt*s1all)e
0ade t1e )asis o/ t1e application o/ t1e
rlescontainedint1e/irst,secondandt1ird
para(rap1s o/ t1isarticle. %Asa0ended )*
RA;DD$,approvedGne$',$'DD+.
Art.'$.Co0ptationo/prescriptiono/o//enses.
@.1eperiodo/prescriptions1allco00ence
to rn /ro0 t1e da* on w1ic1 t1e cri0e is
discovered )* t1e o//ended part*, t1e
at1orities, or t1eir a(ents, and s1all )e
interrpted)* t1e /ilin( o/ t1eco0plaintor
in/or0ation, and s1all co00ence to rn
a(ain w1en sc1 proceedin(s ter0inate
wit1ot t1e accsed )ein( convicted or
ac7itted, or are nAsti/ia)l* stopped /or
an*reasonnoti0pta)leto1i0.
.1eter0o/prescriptions1allnotrnw1en
t1e o//ender is a)sent /ro0 t1e P1ilippine
Arc1ipela(o.
Art. '2. W1en and 1ow penalties prescri)e. @
.1e penalties i0posed )* /inal sentence
prescri)eas/ollowsB
$. Deat1andreclsionperpeta,intwent*
*ears6
2. !t1er a//lictive penalties, in /i/teen
*ears6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
:. Correctionalpenalties,inten*ears6wit1
t1e exception o/ t1e penalt* o/ arresto
0a*or,w1ic1prescri)esin/ive*ears6
;. Li(1tpenalties,inone*ear.
Art. ':. Co0ptation o/ t1e prescription o/
penalties. @ .1e period o/ prescription o/
penalties s1all co00ence to rn /ro0 t1e
date w1en t1e clprit s1old evade t1e
service o/ 1is sentence, and it s1all )e
interrpted i/ t1e de/endant s1old (ive
1i0sel/p,)ecaptred,s1old(otoso0e
/orei(ncontr*wit1w1ic1t1is?overn0ent
1asnoextraditiontreat*,ors1oldco00it
anot1er cri0e )e/ore t1e expiration o/ t1e
periodo/prescription.
PAR.IAL EO.INC.I!N !, CRIMINAL
LIA"ILI.L
Art. ';. Partial Extinction o/ cri0inal lia)ilit*. @
Cri0inallia)ilit*isextin(is1edpartiall*B
$. "*conditionalpardon6
2. "*co00tationo/t1esentence6and
:. ,or(oodcondctallowancesw1ic1t1e
clprit0a*earnw1ile1eisservin(1is
sentence.
Art. '9. !)li(ation incrred )* person (ranted
conditional pardon. @ An* person w1o 1as
)een(rantedconditionalpardons1allincr
t1e o)li(ation o/ co0pl*in( strictl* wit1 t1e
conditions i0posed t1erein ot1erwise, 1is
non&co0pliance wit1 an* o/ t1e conditions
speci/ieds1allresltint1erevocationo/t1e
pardon and t1e provisions o/ Article $9'
s1all)eappliedto1i0.
Art. 'D. E//ect o/ co00tation o/ sentence. @
.1e co00tation o/ t1e ori(inal sentence
/or anot1ero/adi//erent len(t1andnatre
s1all1avet1ele(ale//ecto/s)stittin(t1e
latterint1eplaceo/t1e/or0er.
Art.'F.Allowance/or(oodcondct.@.1e(ood
condct o/ an* prisoner in an* penal
instittion s1all entitle 1i0 to t1e /ollowin(
dedctions/ro0t1eperiodo/1issentenceB
$. Drin( t1e /irst two *ears o/ 1is
i0prison0ent, 1e s1all )e allowed a
dedctiono//iveda*s/oreac10ont1o/
(ood)e1avior6
2. Drin( t1e t1ird to t1e /i/t1 *ear,
inclsive, o/ 1is i0prison0ent, 1e s1all
)eallowedadedctiono/ei(1tda*s/or
eac10ont1o/(ood)e1avior6
:. Drin(t1e/ollowin(*earsntilt1etent1
*ear,inclsive,o/1isi0prison0ent,1e
s1all)eallowedadedctiono/tenda*s
/oreac10ont1o/(ood)e1avior6and
;. Drin( t1e elevent1 and sccessive
*ears o/ 1is i0prison0ent, 1e s1all )e
allowed a dedction o/ /i/teen da*s /or
eac10ont1o/(ood
Art. 'E. Special ti0e allowance /orlo*alt*. @A
dedction o/ one&/i/t1 o/ t1e period o/ 1is
sentence s1all )e (ranted to an* prisoner
w1o, 1avin( evaded t1e service o/ 1is
sentence nder t1e circ0stances
0entioned inArticle9E o/ t1isCode,(ives
1i0sel/ptot1eat1oritieswit1in;E1ors
/ollowin( t1e issance o/ a procla0ation
annoncin( t1e passin( awa* o/ t1e
cala0it*orcatastrop1etoinsaidarticle.
Art. ''. W1o (rants ti0e allowances. @
W1enever law/ll* Asti/ied, t1e Director o/
Prisons s1all (rant allowances /or (ood
condct. Sc1 allowances once (ranted
s1allnot)erevo#ed.
Alwa*s provide two classi/ications w1en
answerin(t1is7estion.
Cri0inal lia)ilit* is totall* extin(is1ed as
/ollowsB
%$+ "* t1e deat1 o/ t1e convict as to personal
penalties6 and as to pecniar* penalties,
lia)ilit* t1ere/ore is extin(is1ed onl* w1en
t1edeat1o/t1eo//enderoccrs)e/ore/inal
Ad(0ent
%2+ "*serviceo/sentence6
%:+ "* a0nest* w1ic1 co0pletel* extin(is1ed
t1epenalt*andallitse//ects6
%;+ "*a)soltepardon6
%9+ "*prescriptiono/t1ecri0e6
%D+ "*prescriptiono/t1epenalt*6
%F+ "*t1e0arria(eo/t1eo//endedwo0enas
in t1e cri0es o/ rape, a)dction, sedction
andactso/lasciviosness.
Cri0inal lia)ilit* is partiall* extin(is1ed as
/ollowsB
%$+ "*conditionalpardon6
%2+ "*co00tationo/sentence6
%:+ ,or (ood condct, allowances w1ic1 t1e
clprit 0a* earn w1ile 1e is servin(
sentence6
%;+ Parole6and
%9+ Pro)ation.
.otalextinctiono/cri0inallia)ilit*
A0on(t1e(ronds/ortotalextinctionaswellas
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1ose /or partial extinction, *o cannot /ind
a0on(t1e0t1eelectiontop)lico//ice.Inone
case, a p)lic o//icial was c1ar(ed )e/ore t1e
Sandi(an)a*an /or violation o/ Anti&?ra/t and
Corrpt Practices Act. Drin( t1e ensin(
election,1ewasnevert1elessre&elected)*t1e
constitents,oneo/t1ede/ensesraisedwast1at
o/condonationo/t1ecri0e)*1isconstitents,
t1at 1is constitents 1ave pardoned 1i0. .1e
Spre0e Cort rled t1at t1e re&election to
p)lico//iceisnotoneo/t1e(ronds)*w1ic1
cri0inallia)ilit*isextin(is1ed..1isisonl*tre
toad0inistrativecases)tnotcri0inalcases.
Deat1o/t1eo//ender
W1ere t1e o//ender dies )e/ore /inal Ad(0ent,
1isdeat1extin(is1es)ot11iscri0inalandcivil
lia)ilities. So w1ile a case is on appeal, t1e
o//ender dies, t1e case on appeal will )e
dis0issed. .1e o//ended part* 0a* /ile a
separatecivilactionndert1eCivilCodei/an*
ot1er)asis/orrecover*o/civillia)ilit*existsas
providednderArt$$9FCivilCode. %Peoplev.
"a*otas,decidedonSepte0)er2,$'';+
A0nest*andpardon
.1e e//ects o/ a0nest* as well as a)solte
pardonarenott1esa0e. A0nest*erasesnot
onl*t1econviction)talsot1ecri0eitsel/. So
t1at i/ an o//ender was convicted /or re)ellion
and 1e 7ali/ied /or a0nest*, and so 1e was
(iven an a0nest*, t1en *ears later 1e re)elled
a(ain and convicted, is 1e a recidivistN No.
"ecaset1ea0nest*(rantedto1i0erasednot
onl* t1e conviction )t also t1e e//ects o/ t1e
convictionitsel/.
Sppose, instead o/ a0nest*, w1at was (iven
was a)solte pardon, t1en *ears later, t1e
o//ended was a(ain captred and c1ar(ed /or
re)ellion,1ewasconvicted,is1earecidivistN
Les. Pardon,alt1o(1a)soltedoesnoterase
t1ee//ects o/conviction. Pardononl*excses
t1econvict/ro0servin(t1esentence. .1ereis
anexceptiontot1isandt1atisw1ent1epardon
was (ranted w1en t1e convict 1ad alread*
servedt1esentencesc1t1att1ereisno0ore
service o/ sentence to )e exected t1en t1e
pardons1all)enderstoodasintendedtoerase
t1ee//ectso/t1econviction.
So i/ t1e convict 1as alread* served t1e
sentence and in spite o/ t1at 1e was (iven a
pardont1atpardonwill covert1ee//ectso/t1e
cri0e and t1ere/ore, i/ 1e will )e s)se7entl*
convicted/ora/elon*e0)racin(t1esa0etitle
as t1at cri0e, 1e cannot )e considered a
recidivist, )ecase t1e pardon wipes ot t1e
e//ectso/t1ecri0e.
"t i/ 1e was servin( sentence w1en 1e was
pardoned, t1at pardon will not wipe ot t1e
e//ectso/t1ecri0e,nlesst1elan(a(eo/t1e
pardona)soltel*relievet1eo//endero/allt1e
e//ectst1ereo/.Considerin(t1atrecidivis0does
notprescri)e,no0atter1owlon(a(owas t1e
/irstconviction,1es1allstill)earecidivist.
IllstrationsB
W1en t1e cri0e carries wit1 it 0oral trpitde,
t1e o//ender even i/ (ranted pardon s1all still
re0ain dis7ali/ied /ro0 t1ose /allin( in cases
w1ere0oraltrpitdeisa)ar.
Pedro was prosected and convicted o/ t1e
cri0eo/ro))er*andwassentencedtosix*ears
i0prison0ent or prision correccional. A/ter
servin(sentence/ort1ree*ears,1ewas(ranted
a)solte pardon. .en *ears later, Pedro was
a(ainprosectedandconvictedo/t1ecri0eo/
t1e/t, a cri0e e0)raced in t1e sa0e title, t1is
ti0e1es1all)earecidivist.!nt1eot1er1and,
i/ 1e 1as served all six *ears o/ t1e /irst
sentence,and1isna0ewasincldedint1elist
o/ all t1ose (ranted a)solte pardon, pardon
s1allrelieve1i0o/t1ee//ectso/t1ecri0e,and
t1ere/oreeveni/1eco00itst1e/ta(ain,1es1all
not)econsideredarecidivist.
InMonsantov.,actoran,Gr.,$F>SCRA$'$, it
was 1eld t1at a)solte pardon does not ipso
/acto entitle t1e convict to reinstate0ent to t1e
p)lico//ice/or/eited)*reasono/1isconviction.
Alt1o(1 pardon restores 1is eli(i)ilit* /or
appoint0enttot1ato//ice,t1epardonedconvict
0streappl*/ort1enewappoint0ent
.
Pardon)eco0esvalidonl*w1ent1ereisa/inal
Ad(0ent. I/ (iven )e/ore t1is, it is pre0atre
and 1ence void. .1ere is no sc1 t1in( as a
pre0atrea0nest*,)ecaseitdoesnotre7ire
a /inal Ad(0ent6 it 0a* )e (iven )e/ore /inal
Ad(0entora/terit.
Prescriptiono/cri0es6Prescriptiono/penalties
Prescription o/ t1e cri0e )e(ins, as a (eneral
rleont1eda*t1ecri0ewasco00itted,nless
t1e cri0e was concealed, not p)lic, in w1ic1
case, t1e prescription t1ereo/ wold onl*
co00ence /ro0 t1e ti0e t1e o//ended part* or
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1e(overn0entlearnso/t1eco00issiono/t1e
cri0e.
HCo00issiono/t1ecri0eisp)licI&&.1isdoes
not0eanalonet1att1ecri0ewaswit1inp)lic
#nowled(eorco00ittedinp)lic.
IllstrationB
In t1e cri0e o/ /alsi/ication o/ a doc0ent t1at
was re(istered in t1e proper re(istr* o/ t1e
(overn0entli#et1eRe(istr*o/Propert*ort1e
Re(istr* o/ Deeds o/ t1e Civil re(istr*, t1e
/alsi/ication isdee0ed p)lic /ro0 t1eti0et1e
/alsi/ieddoc0entwasre(isteredorrecordedin
sc1p)lico//icesoevent1o(1,t1eo//ended
part*0a*notreall*#nowo/t1e/alsi/ication,t1e
prescriptiveperiodo/t1ecri0es1allalread*rn
/ro0 t1e 0o0ent t1e /alsi/ied doc0ent was
recorded int1ep)lic re(istr*. So int1ecase
w1ereadeedo/saleo/aparcel o/landw1ic1
was/alsi/iedwasrecordedint1ecorrespondin(
Re(istr*o/Propert*,t1eownero/t1elandca0e
to#nowo/t1e/alsi/iedtransactiononl*a/ter$>
*ears, so 1e )ro(1t t1e cri0inal action onl*
t1en. .1e Spre0e Cort rledt1at t1ecri0e
1as alread* prescri)ed. ,ro0 t1e 0o0ent t1e
/alsi/ieddoc0entisre(isteredint1eRe(istr*o/
Propert*, t1e prescriptive period alread*
co00encedtorn.
W1en a cri0e prescri)es, t1e State loses t1e
ri(1t to prosecte t1e o//ender, 1ence, even
t1o(1t1eo//ender0a*not1ave/ileda0otion
to7as1ont1is(rondt1etrialcort,)ta/ter
convictionanddrin(t1eappeal1elearnedt1at
at t1e ti0e t1e case was /iled, t1e cri0e 1as
alread*prescri)ed,sc1accsedcanraiset1e
7estiono/prescriptioneven/ort1e/irstti0eon
appeal, and t1e appellate cort s1all 1ave no
Arisdictionto contine,i/ le(all*,t1ecri0e1as
indeedprescri)ed.
.1e prevailin( rle now is, prescription o/ t1e
cri0e is not waiva)le, t1e earlier Arisprdence
to t1e contrar* 1ad alread* )een a)ro(ated or
overrled. Moreover, /or prposes o/
prescription, t1eperiod/or/ilin(a co0plaintor
in/or0ation 0a* not )e extended at all, even
t1o(1t1elastda*sc1prescriptiveperiod/alls
ona1olida*oraSnda*.
,orinstance,li(1t /elon*prescri)esin D> da*s
ortwo0ont1s.I/t1eD>
t1
da*/allsonaSnda*,
t1e /ilin( o/ t1e co0plaint on t1e scceedin(
Monda*isalread*/ataltot1eprosectiono/t1e
cri0e)ecaset1ecri0e1asalread*prescri)ed.
.1erlesonCri0inalProcedre/orprposeso/
prescription is t1at t1e /ilin( o/ t1e co0plaint
evenat t1e p)licprosector3so//icesspends
t1ernnin(o/t1eprescriptiveperiod,)tnott1e
/ilin(wit1t1e)aran(a*.Sot1eearlierrlin(sto
t1e contrar* are alread* a)ro(ated )* express
provision o/ t1e Revised Rles on Cri0inal
Procedre.
.1e prescription o/ t1e cri0e is interrpted or
sspendedC
%$+ W1en a co0plaint is /iled in a proper
)aran(a* /or conciliation or 0ediation as
re7ired )* C1apter F, Local ?overn0ent
Code,)tt1esspensiono/t1eprescriptive
periodis(oodonl*/orD>da*s.A/terw1ic1
t1eprescriptionwill res0etorn,w1et1er
t1e conciliation or 0ediation is ter0inated
/ornot6
%2+ W1en cri0inal case is /iled in t1e
prosector3s o//ice, t1e prescription o/ t1e
cri0e is sspended ntil t1e accsed is
convictedort1eproceedin(ister0inated/or
acasenotattri)ta)letot1eaccsed.
"t w1ere t1e cri0e is s)Aect to S00ar*
Procedre,t1eprescriptiono/ t1e cri0e will )e
sspendedonl*w1ent1ein/or0ationisalread*
/iledwit1t1etrialcort.Itisnott1e/ilin(o/t1e
co0plaint,)tt1e/ilin(o/t1ein/or0ationint1e
trial w1ic1 will sspend t1e prescription o/ t1e
cri0e.
!nt1eprescriptiono/t1epenalt*,t1eperiodwill
onl* co00ence to rn w1en t1e convict 1as
)e(n to serve t1e sentence. Actall*, t1e
penalt* will prescri)e /ro0 t1e 0o0ent t1e
convictevadest1eserviceo/t1esentence.Soi/
anaccsedwasconvictedint1etrialcort,and
t1econviction)eco0es/inal andexector*,so
t1is /ellow was arrested to serve t1e sentence,
on t1e wa* to t1e penitentiar*, t1e ve1icle
carr*in( 1i0 collided wit1 anot1er ve1icle and
overtrned, t1s ena)lin( t1e prisoner to
escape, no 0atter 1ow lon( sc1 convict 1as
)eena/(itive/ro0Astice,t1epenalt*i0posed
)*t1etrialcortwillneverprescri)e)ecase1e
1as not *et co00enced t1e service o/ 1is
sentence.,ort1epenalt*toprescri)e,1e0st
)e)ro(1ttoMntinlpa,)oo#edt1ere,placed
insidet1ecellandt1erea/ter1eescapes.
W1et1eritisprescriptiono/cri0eorprescription
o/ penalt*, i/ t1e s)Aect cold leave t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
P1ilippines and (o to a contr* wit1 w1o0 t1e
P1ilippines 1as no extradition treat*, t1e
prescriptiveperiodo/t1ecri0eorpenalt*s1all
re0ain sspended w1enever 1e is ot o/ t1e
contr*.
W1ent1eo//enderleaves/oracontr*tow1ic1
t1e P1ilippines 1as an extradition treat*, t1e
rnnin(o/t1eprescriptiveperiodwill(ooneven
i/t1eo//enderleavesP1ilippineterritor*/ort1at
contr*. Presentl* t1e P1ilippines 1as an
extradition treat* wit1 .aiwan, Indonesia,
Canada,Astralia,-SAandSwit8erland. Soi/
t1eo//ender(oestoan*o/t1esecontries,t1e
prescriptiveperiodstillcontinestorn.
Int1ecaseo/t1eprescriptiono/t1epenalt*,t1e
0o0entt1econvictco00itsanot1ercri0ew1ile
1eis/(itive/ro0Astice,prescriptiveperiodo/
t1epenalt*s1all)esspendedands1allnotrn
int1e0eanti0e..1ecri0eco00itteddoesnot
incldet1einitialevasiono/serviceo/sentence
t1att1econvict0stper/or0)e/oret1epenalt*
s1all)e(intoprescri)e,sot1att1einitialcri0e
o/ evasion o/ service o/ sentence does not
sspend t1e prescription o/ penalt*, it is t1e
co00issiono/ot1ercri0e,a/tert1econvict1as
evadedt1eserviceo/penalt*t1atwill sspend
sc1period.
Marria(e
In t1e case o/ 0arria(e, do not sa* t1at it is
applica)le/ort1ecri0esnderArticle:;;.Itis
onl* tre in t1e cri0es o/ rape, a)dction,
sedction and acts o/ lasciviosness. Do not
sa* t1at it is applica)le to private cri0es
)ecase t1e ter0 incldes adlter* and
conc)ina(e. Marria(es in t1ese cases 0a*
even co0pond t1e cri0e o/ adlter* or
conc)ina(e. It is onl* in t1e cri0es o/ rape,
a)dction,sedctionandactso/lasciviosness
t1at t1e 0arria(e )* t1e o//ender wit1 t1e
o//ended wo0an s1all extin(is1 civil lia)ilit*,
not onl* cri0inal lia)ilit* o/ t1e principal w1o
0arriest1eo//endedwo0an,)talsot1ato/t1e
acco0pliceandaccessor*,i/t1erearean*.
Co&principals w1o did not t1e0selves directl*
participateint1eexectiono/t1ecri0e)tw1o
onl* cooperated, will also )ene/it /ro0 sc1
0arria(e,)tnotw1ensc1co&principal1i0sel/
too#directpartint1eexectiono/t1ecri0e.
Marria(e as a (rond /or extin(is1in( civil
lia)ilit*0st1ave)eencontractedin(ood/ait1.
.1e o//enderw1o 0arries t1e o//endedwo0an
0st )e sincere in t1e 0arria(e and t1ere/ore
0st actall* per/or0 t1e dties o/ a 1s)and
a/ter t1e 0arria(e, ot1erwise, notwit1standin(
sc1 0arria(e, t1e o//ended wo0an, alt1o(1
alread* 1is wi/e can still prosecte 1i0 a(ain,
alt1o(1t1e0arria(ere0ainsavalid0arria(e.
Do not t1in# t1at t1e 0arria(e is avoided or
annlled. .1e 0arria(e still s)sists alt1o(1
t1e o//ended wo0an 0a* re&/ile t1e co0plaint.
.1e Spre0e Cort rled t1at 0arria(e
conte0plated 0st )e a real 0arria(e and not
oneenteredtoandnotAsttoevadepnis10ent
/or t1e cri0e co00itted )ecase t1e o//ender
will )e co0pondin( t1e wron( 1e 1as
co00itted.
Partialextinctiono/cri0inallia)ilit*
?oodcondctallowance
.1is incldes t1e allowance /or lo*alt* nder
Article 'E, in relation to Article $9E. A convict
w1o escapes t1e place o/ con/ine0ent on t1e
occasion o/ disorder resltin( /ro0 a
con/la(ration,eart17a#eorsi0ilarcatastrop1e
or drin( a 0tin* in w1ic1 1e 1as not
participated and 1e retrned wit1in ;E 1ors
a/ter t1e procla0ation t1at t1e cala0it* 1ad
alread* passed, sc1 convict s1all )e (iven
credit o/ $/9 o/ t1e ori(inal sentence /ro0 t1at
allowance/or1islo*alt*o/co0in()ac#..1ose
w1o did not leave t1e penitentiar* nder sc1
circ0stances do not (et sc1 allowance /or
lo*alt*. Article $9E re/ers onl* to t1ose w1o
leaveandretrn.
Parole
.1is correspondin(l* extin(is1es service o/
sentence p to t1e 0axi00 o/ t1e
indeter0inate sentence. .1is is t1e partial
extinctionre/erredto,sot1ati/t1econvictwas
never(ivenparole,nopartialextinction.
"."oo#II%Articles$$;&:D9+,incldin(relatedSpecialLaws
$.CRIMESA?AINS.NA.I!NALSEC-RI.L%$$;&$2:+
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Cri0esa(ainstnationalsecrit*
$. .reason%Art.$$;+6
2. Conspirac*andproposaltoco00ittreason
%Art.$$9+6
:. Misprisiono/treason%Art.$$D+6and
;. Espiona(e%Art.$$F+.
Cri0esa(ainstt1elawo/nations
$. Incitin(towaror(ivin(0otives/orreprisals
%Art.$$E+6
2. 5iolationo/netralit*%Art.$$'+6
:. Correspondin( wit1 1ostile contr* %Art.
$2>+6
;. ,li(1ttoene0*Pscontr*%Art.$2$+6and
9. Pirac* in (eneral and 0tin* on t1e 1i(1
seas%Art.$22+.
.1e cri0es nder t1is title can )e prosected
eveni/t1ecri0inal actoractswereco00itted
otside t1e P1ilippine territorial Arisdiction.
4owever, prosection can proceed onl* i/ t1e
o//ender is wit1in P1ilippine territor* or )ro(1t
to t1e P1ilippines prsant to an extradition
treat*. .1is is one o/ t1e instances w1ere t1e
Revised Penal Code 0a* )e (iven extra&
territorial applicationnderArticle2%9+t1ereo/.
Int1ecaseo/cri0esa(ainstt1elawo/nations,
t1e o//ender can )e prosected w1enever 1e
0a*)e/ond)ecaset1ecri0esarere(arded
asco00itteda(ainst10anit*in(eneral.
Al0ost all o/ t1ese are cri0es co00itted in
ti0eso/war,exceptt1e/ollowin(,w1ic1can)e
co00ittedinti0eso/peaceB
%$+ Espiona(e, nder Article $$; C .1is is also
covered )* Co00onwealt1 Act No. D$D
w1ic1 pnis1es conspirac* to co00it
espiona(e. .1is0a*)eco00itted)ot1in
ti0eso/warandinti0eso/peace.
%2+ Incitin( to War or ?ivin( Motives /or
Reprisals, nder Article $$E C .1is can )e
co00itted even i/ t1e P1ilippines is not a
participant. Exposin( t1e ,ilipinos or t1eir
properties )ecase t1e o//ender per/or0ed
an nat1ori8ed act, li#e t1ose w1o recrit
,ilipinostoparticipateint1e(l/war.I/t1e*
involvet1e0selvestot1ewar,t1iscri0eis
co00itted. Relevant in t1e cases o/ ,lor
Conte0placionorA)nerA/an(, t1e police
o//icerw1osteppedonaSin(aporean/la(.
%:+ 5iolation o/ Netralit*, nder Article $$' C
.1e P1ilippines is not a part* to a war )t
t1ere is a war (oin( on. .1is 0a* )e
co00itted in t1e li(1t o/ t1e Middle East
war.
Article$$;..reason
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisa,ilipinoorresidentalien6
2. .1ere is a war in w1ic1 t1e P1ilippines is
involved6
:. !//endereit1erC
%a+ levies war a(ainst t1e
(overn0ent6or
%)+ ad1eres to t1e ene0ies, (ivin(
t1e0 aid or co0/ort wit1in t1e
P1ilippinesorelsew1ere
Re7ire0entso/lev*in(war
$. Actalasse0)lin(o/0en6
2. .o execte a treasona)le
desi(n)*/orce6
:. Intentistodelivert1econtr*in
w1oleorinparttot1eene0*6and
;. Colla)oration wit1 /orei(n
ene0*orso0e/orei(nsoverei(n
.wowa*so/provin(treason
$. .esti0on* o/ at least two witnesses to t1e
sa0eovertact6or
2. Con/essiono/accsedinopencort.
Article$$9.Conspirac*andProposaltoCo00it.reason
Ele0entso/conspirac*toco00ittreason
$. .1ere is a war in w1ic1 t1e P1ilippines is
involved6
2. Atleasttwopersonsco0etoana(ree0ent
toC
%a+ lev* war a(ainst t1e
(overn0ent6or
%)+ ad1ere to t1e ene0ies, (ivin(
t1e0aidorco0/ort6
:. .1e*decidetoco00itit.
Ele0entso/proposaltoco00ittreason
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
$. .1ere is a war in w1ic1 t1e P1ilippines is
involved6
2. AtleastonepersondecidestoC
%a+ lev* war a(ainst t1e
(overn0ent6or
%)+ ad1ere to t1e ene0ies, (ivin(
t1e0aidorco0/ort6
:. 4e proposes its exection to so0e ot1er
persons.
Article$$D.Misprisiono/.reason
Ele0ents
$. !//ender owes alle(iance to t1e
(overn0ent,andnota/orei(ner6
2. 4e1as#nowled(eo/conspirac*toco00it
treasona(ainstt1e(overn0ent6
:. 4econcealsordoesnotdiscloseand0a#e
#nownt1esa0eassoonaspossi)letot1e
(overnoror/iscalo/t1eprovinceinw1ic11e
resides,ort1e0a*oror/iscalo/t1ecit*in
w1ic11eresides.
W1ile in treason, even aliens can co00it said
cri0e)ecaseo/t1ea0end0enttot1earticle,
nosc1a0end0entwas0adein0isprisiono/
treason. Misprision o/ treason is a cri0e t1at
0a* )e co00itted onl* )* citi8ens o/ t1e
P1ilippines.
.1e essence o/ t1e cri0e is t1at t1ere are
personsw1oconspiretoco00ittreasonandt1e
o//ender #new t1is and /ailed to 0a#e t1e
necessar* report to t1e (overn0ent wit1in t1e
earliest possi)le ti0e. W1at is re7ired is to
report it as soon as possi)le. .1e cri0inal
lia)ilit*arisesi/t1etreasonosactivit*wasstill
at t1e conspiratorial sta(e. "ecase i/ t1e
treason alread* erpted into an overt act, t1e
i0plication is t1at t1e (overn0ent is alread*
awareo/it..1ereisnoneedtoreportt1esa0e.
.1isisa/elon*)*o0issionalt1o(1co00itted
wit1dolo,notwit1clpa.
.1e persons 0entioned in Article $$D are not
li0itedto0a*or,/iscalor(overnor.An*person
inat1orit*1avin(e7ivalentArisdiction,li#ea
provincial co00ander, will alread* ne(ate
cri0inallia)ilit*.
W1et1er t1e conspirators are parents or

c1ildren,andt1eonesw1olearnt1econspirac*
isa parentorc1ild, t1e* are re7iredto report
t1esa0e..1ereasonist1atalt1o(1 )loodis
t1ic#ert1anwatersotospea#,w1enitco0esto
secrit*o/t1estate,)loodrelations1ipisalwa*s
s)servienttonationalsecrit*.Article2>does
notappl*1ere)ecaset1epersons/ondlia)le
/or t1is cri0e are not considered accessories6
t1e*aretreatedasprincipals.
In t1e $''; )ar exa0ination, a pro)le0 was
(ivenwit1respectto0isprisiono/treason..1e
texto/t1eprovisionsi0pl*re/erstoaconspirac*
to overt1row t1e (overn0ent. .1e exa0iner
/ailed to note t1at t1is cri0e can onl* )e
co00itted in ti0es o/ war. .1e conspirac*
advertedto0st)etreasonosinc1aracter.In
t1epro)le0(iven,itwasre)ellion.Aconspirac*
to overt1row t1e (overn0ent is a cri0e o/
re)ellion )ecase t1ere is no war. -nder t1e
Revised Penal Code, t1ere is no cri0e o/
0isprisiono/re)ellion.
Article$$F.Espiona(e
Actspnis1ed
%$+ "* enterin(, wit1ot at1orit* t1ere/ore, a
wars1ip,/ortornavalor0ilitar*esta)lis10ent
orreservationtoo)tainan*in/or0ation,plans,
p1oto(rap1 or ot1er data o/ a con/idential
natre relative to t1e de/ense o/ t1e
P1ilippines6
Ele0ents
%a+ !//ender enters an* o/ t1e places
0entioned6
%)+ 4e1asnoat1orit*t1ere/ore6
%c+ 4is prpose is to o)tain in/or0ation,
plans,p1oto(rap1sorot1erdatao/a
con/idential natre relative to t1e
de/enseo/t1eP1ilippines.
%2+ "*disclosin(tot1erepresentativeo/a/orei(n
nation t1e contents o/ t1e articles, data or
in/or0ationre/erredtoinpara(rap1$o/Article
$$F,w1ic11e1adin1ispossession)*reason
o/t1ep)lico//ice1e1olds.
Ele0ents
%a+ !//enderisap)lico//icer6
%)+ 4e 1as in 1is possession t1e
articles,dataorin/or0ationre/erredto
in para(rap1 $ o/ Article $$F, )*
reasono/t1ep)lico//ice1e1olds6
%c+ 4e discloses t1eir contents to a
representativeo/a/orei(nnation.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article$$E.Incitin(toWaror?ivin(Motives/orReprisals
Ele0ents
$. !//enderper/or0snlaw/lornat1ori8edacts6
2. .1eactsprovo#eor(iveoccasion/orC
%a+ awarinvolvin(orlia)letoinvolvet1eP1ilippines6or
%)+ exposreo/,ilipinociti8enstoreprisalsont1eirpersonsorpropert*.
Article$$'.5iolationo/Netralit*
Ele0ents
$. .1ereisawarinw1ic1t1eP1ilippinesis
notinvolved6
2. .1ere is a re(lation issed )* a
co0petentat1orit*toen/orcenetralit*6
:. !//enderviolatest1ere(lation.
National secrit* s1old )e interpreted as
incldin( re)ellion, sedition and s)version.
.1e Revised Penal Code does not treat
re)ellion, sedition and s)version as cri0es
a(ainst national secrit*, )t 0ore o/ cri0es
a(ainstp)licorder)ecasedrin(t1eti0et1at
t1e Penal Code was enacted, re)ellion was
carried ot onl* wit1 )olos and spears6 1ence,
national secrit* was not reall* t1reatened.
Now, t1e t1reat o/ re)ellion or internal wars is
seriosasanationalt1reat.
Article$2>.Correspondencewit14ostileContr*
Ele0ents
$. Itisinti0eo/warinw1ic1t1eP1ilippinesisinvolved6
2. !//ender0a#escorrespondencewit1anene0*contr*orterritor*occpied)*ene0*troops6
:. .1ecorrespondenceiseit1erC
%a+ pro1i)ited)*t1e(overn0ent6
%)+ carriedonincip1ersorconventionalsi(ns6or
%c+ containin(noticeorin/or0ationw1ic10i(1t)ese/ltot1eene0*.
Article$2$. ,li(1ttoEne0*PsContr*
Ele0ents
$. .1ereisawarinw1ic1t1eP1ilippinesis
involved6
2. !//ender 0st )e owin( alle(iance to
t1e(overn0ent6
:. !//enderatte0ptsto/leeor(otoene0*
contr*6
;. ?oin(tot1eene0*contr*ispro1i)ited
)*co0petentat1orit*.
In cri0es a(ainst t1e law o/ nations, t1e
o//enders can )e prosected an*w1ere in t1e
world )ecase t1ese cri0es are considered as
a(ainst 10anit* in (eneral, li#e pirac* and
0tin*.Cri0esa(ainstnationalsecrit*can)e
triedonl*int1eP1ilippines,ast1ereisaneedto
)rin(t1eo//ender1ere)e/ore1ecan)e0ade
tos//ert1econse7enceso/t1elaw..1eacts
a(ainst national secrit* 0a* )e co00itted
a)roadandstill)epnis1a)lenderorlaw,)t
itcannot)etriednder/orei(nlaw.
Article$22.Pirac*in(eneralandMtin*ont1e4i(1SeasorinP1ilippineWaters
Actspnis1edaspirac*
$. Attac#in(orsei8in(avesselont1e1i(1
seasorinP1ilippinewaters6
2. Sei8in( in t1evessel w1ile ont1e 1i(1
seas or in P1ilippine waters t1e w1ole or
part o/ its car(o, its e7ip0ent or personal
)elon(in(s o/ its co0ple0ent or
passen(ers.
Ele0entso/pirac*
$. .1e vessel is on t1e 1i(1 seas or

P1ilippinewaters6
!$ !//enders are neit1er 0e0)ers o/ its
co0ple0entnorpassen(erso/t1evessel6
:. !//enderseit1erC
a. attac# or sei8e a vessel on t1e
1i(1 seas or in P1ilippine
waters6or
). sei8eint1evesselw1ileont1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
1i(1seasorinP1ilippinewaters
t1ew1oleorparto/itscar(o,its
e7ip0ent or personal
)elon(in(so/itsco0ple0entor
passen(ers6
;. .1ereisintentto(ain.
!ri(inall*, t1e cri0es o/ pirac* and 0tin* can
onl* )e co00itted in t1e 1i(1 seas, t1at is,
otside P1ilippine territorial waters. "t in
A(st$'F;,PresidentialDecreeNo.9:2%.1e
Anti&Pirac* and Anti&4i(1wa* Ro))er* Law o/
$'F;+ was issed, pnis1in( pirac*, )t not
0tin*, in P1ilippine territorial waters. .1s
ca0ea)ottwo#indso/pirac*B%$+t1atw1ic1is
pnis1ed nder t1e Revised Penal Code i/
co00ittedint1e1i(1seas6and%2+t1atw1ic1is
pnis1ed nder Presidential Decree No. 9:2 i/
co00ittedinP1ilippineterritorialwaters.
A0endin( Article $22, Rep)lic Act No. FD9'
incldedt1ereinpirac*inP1ilippinewaters,t1s,
pro tanto spersedin( Presidential Decree No.
9:2. As a0ended, t1e article now pnis1es
pirac*,aswellas0tin*,w1et1erco00ittedin
t1e 1i(1 seas or in P1ilippine territorial waters,
andt1epenalt*1as)eenincreasedtoreclsion
perpeta/ro0reclsionte0poral.
"t w1ile nder Presidential Decree No. 9:2,

pirac* in P1ilippine waters cold )e co00itted
)* an* person, incldin( a passen(er or
0e0)er o/ t1e co0ple0ent o/ a vessel, nder
t1e a0ended article, pirac* can onl* )e
co00itted)*apersonw1oisnotapassen(er
nor 0e0)er o/ t1e co0ple0ent o/ t1e vessel
irrespective o/ vene. So i/ a passen(er or
co0ple0ent o/ t1e vessel co00its acts o/
ro))er* in t1e 1i(1 seas, t1e cri0e is ro))er*,
notpirac*.
Note,1owever,t1atinSection;o/Presidential
Decree No. 9:2, t1e act o/ aidin( pirates or
a)ettin( pirac* is penali8ed as a cri0e distinct
/ro0pirac*. Saidsectionpenali8esan*person
w1o #nowin(l* and in an* 0anner aids or
protectspirates,sc1as(ivin(t1e0in/or0ation
a)ott1e0ove0ento/t1epoliceorot1erpeace
o//icers o/ t1e (overn0ent, or ac7ires or
receives propert* ta#en )* sc1 pirates, or in
an* 0anner derives an* )ene/it t1ere/ro06 or
w1o directl* or indirectl* a)ets t1e co00ission
o/ pirac*. Also, it is expressl* provided in t1e
sa0e section t1at t1e o//ender s1all )e
considered as an acco0plice o/ t1e principal
o//enders and pnis1ed in accordancewit1t1e
Revised Penal Code. .1is provision o/
Presidential Decree No. 9:2 wit1 respect to
pirac* in P1ilippine water 1as not )een
incorporatedint1eRevisedPenalCode.Neit1er
0a*it)econsideredrepealed)*Rep)licAct
No. FD9' since t1ere is not1in( in t1e
a0endator*lawisinconsistentwit1saidsection.
Apparentl*, t1ere is still t1e cri0e o/ a)ettin(
pirac* in P1ilippine waters nder Presidential
DecreeNo.9:2.
Considerin(t1att1eessenceo/pirac*isoneo/
ro))er*,an*ta#in(inavesselwit1/orcepon
t1in(s or wit1 violence or inti0idation a(ainst
person is e0plo*ed will alwa*s )e pirac*. It
cannot co&exist wit1 t1e cri0e o/ ro))er*.
Ro))er*, t1ere/ore, cannot )e co00itted on
)oard a vessel. "t i/ t1e ta#in( is wit1ot
violenceorinti0idationonpersonso//orcepon
t1in(s,t1ecri0eo/pirac*cannot)eco00itted,
)tonl*t1e/t.
Ele0entso/0tin*
P1ilippinewaters6
2. !//enders are eit1er 0e0)ers o/ its
co0ple0ent,orpassen(erso/t1evessel6
:. !//enderseit1erC
%a+ attac#orsei8et1evessel6or
%)+ sei8e t1e w1ole or part o/ t1e
car(o, its e7ip0ent, or
personal)elon(in(so/t1ecrew
orpassen(ers.
Mtin* is t1e nlaw/l resistance to a sperior
o//icer, or t1e raisin( o/ co00otions and
distr)ancesa)oardas1ipa(ainstt1eat1orit*
o/itsco00ander.
Distinction)etween0tin*andpirac*
Asto
o//enders
Mtin*is
co00itted)*
0e0)erso/t1e
co0ple0entor
t1epassen(ers
o/t1evessel.
Pirac*is
co00itted)*
personsw1o
arenot
0e0)erso/t1e
co0ple0entor
t1epassen(ers
o/t1evessel.
Asto
cri0inal
intent
In0tin*,t1ere
isnocri0inal
intent.
Inpirac*,t1e
cri0inalintent
is/or(ain.
Article$2:.Jali/iedPirac*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Ele0ents
P1ilippinewatersB
2. !//enders0a*or0a*not)e0e0)ers
o/ its co0ple0ent, or passen(ers o/ t1e
vessel6
:. !//enderseit1erC
%a+ attac#orsei8et1evessel6or
%)+ sei8et1ew1oleorparto/t1ecar(o,its
e7ip0ent., or personal )elon(in(s o/
t1ecreworpassen(ers6
;. .1e precedin( were co00itted nder
an*o/t1e/ollowin(circ0stancesB
%a+ w1enever t1e* 1ave sei8ed a
vessel )* )oardin( or /irin(
pont1esa0e6
%)+ w1enever t1e pirates 1ave
a)andonedt1eirvicti0swit1ot
0eanso/savin(t1e0selves6or
%c+ w1enever t1e cri0e is
acco0panied )* 0rder,
1o0icide, p1*sical inAries or
rape.
I/ an* o/ t1e circ0stances in Article$2: is
present, pirac* is 7ali/ied. .a#e note o/ t1e
speci/ic cri0es involve in n0)er ; c %0rder,
1o0icide,p1*sical inAriesorrape+. W1enan*
o/ t1ese cri0es acco0pan* pirac*, t1ere is no
co0plexcri0e.Instead,t1ereisonl*onecri0e
co00itted C 7ali/ied pirac*. Mrder, rape,
1o0icide, p1*sical inAries are 0ere
circ0stances 7ali/*in( pirac* and cannot )e
pnis1ed as separate cri0es, nor can t1e* )e
co0plexedwit1pirac*.
Alt1o(1inArticle$2:0erel*re/ersto7ali/ied
pirac*,t1ereisalsot1ecri0eo/7ali/ied0tin*.
Mtin* is 7ali/ied nder t1e /ollowin(
circ0stancesB
%$+ W1en t1e o//enders a)andoned t1e victi0s
wit1ot0eanso/savin(t1e0selves6or
%2+ W1en t1e 0tin* is acco0panied )* rape,
0rder,1o0icide,orp1*sicalinAries.
Note t1at t1e /irst circ0stance w1ic1 7ali/ies
pirac*doesnotappl*to0tin*.
A.AN.I&PIRACLANDAN.I&4I?4WALR!""ERL%P.D.9:2+
De/initiono/ter0s
P1ilippinewatersCre/erstoall)odieso/water,
sc1 as )t not li0ited to seas, (l/s, )a*s
arond, )etween and connectin( eac1 o/ t1e
islands o/ t1e P1ilippine Arc1ipela(o,
irrespective o/ its dept1, )readt1, len(t1 or
di0ension,andallot1erwaters)elon(in(tot1e
P1ilippines )* 1istoric or le(al title, incldin(
territorial sea,t1esea&)ed,t1einslars1elves,
and ot1er s)0arine areas over w1ic1 t1e
P1ilippines1assoverei(nt*orArisdiction.
5essel C an* vessel or watercra/t sed /or
transport o/ passen(ers and car(o /ro0 one
place to anot1er t1ro(1 P1ilippine waters. It
s1all inclde all #inds and t*pes o/ vessels or
)oatssedin/is1in(.
P1ilippine 1i(1wa* C re/ers to an* road, street,
passa(e, 1i(1wa* and )rid(es or ot1er parts
t1ereo/, or railwa* or railroad wit1in t1e
P1ilippines sed )* persons, or ve1icles, or
loco0otives or trains /or t1e 0ove0ent or
circlationo/personsortransportationo/(oods,
articles,orpropert*or)ot1.
Pirac*C0eansan*attac#ponorsei8eo/an*
vessel,ort1eta#in( awa* o/t1ew1oleorpart
t1ereo/oritscar(o,e7ip0ent,ort1epersonal
)elon(in(s o/ its co0ple0ent or passen(ers,
irrespective o/ t1e vale t1ereo/, )* 0eans o/
violence a(ainst or inti0idation o/ persons or
/orce pon t1in(s co00itted )* an* person,
incldin( a passen(er or 0e0)er o/ t1e
co0ple0ento/saidvessel,inP1ilippinewaters.
.1eo//enderss1all)econsideredaspirates.
4i(1wa*Ro))er*/"ri(anda(eCt1esei8reo/
an* person /or ranso0, extortion or ot1er
nlaw/l prposes, or t1e ta#in( awa* o/ t1e
propert*o/anot1er)*0eanso/violencea(ainst
orinti0idationo/personsor/orcepont1in(sor
ot1ernlaw/l0eans,co00itted)*an*person
onan*P1ilippine1i(1wa*.
Pnis1a)leacts
$. Pirac*. & an* attac# pon or sei8e o/ an*
vessel, or t1e ta#in( awa* o/ t1e w1ole or
part t1ereo/ or its car(o, e7ip0ent, or t1e
personal )elon(in(s o/ its co0ple0ent or
passen(ers, irrespective o/ t1e vale
t1ereo/, )* 0eans o/ violence a(ainst or
inti0idationo/personsor/orcepont1in(s
co00itted )* an* person, incldin( a
passen(eror0e0)ero/t1eco0ple0ento/
saidvessel,inP1ilippinewaters.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
A((ravatin( circ0stances, w1ic1 i0pose
t1epenalt*o/deat1%reclsionperpeta+B
%a+ W1en p1*sical inAries or ot1er
cri0esareco00ittedas aresltoron
t1eoccasiont1ereo/6
%)+ Rape, 0rder or 1o0icide i/
co00ittedasaresltoront1eoccasion
o/pirac*6or
%c+ W1en t1e o//endersa)andoned
t1e victi0s wit1ot 0eans o/ savin(
t1e0selves6or
%d+ W1en t1e sei8re is
acco0plis1ed)*/irin(ponor)oardin(
avessel.
2. 4i(1wa*ro))er*or)ri(anda(e& sei8reo/
an* person /or ranso0, extortion or ot1er
nlaw/lprposes,ort1eta#in(awa*o/t1e
propert* o/ anot1er )* 0eans o/ violence
a(ainst or inti0idation o/ persons or /orce
pon t1in(s or ot1er nlaw/l 0eans,
co00itted)*an*persononan*P1ilippine
1i(1wa*.
:.Aidin(piratesor1i(1wa*ro))ers/)ri(ands
or a)ettin( pirac* or 1i(1wa* ro))er* /
)ri(anda(eCAn*personw1o#nowin(l*and
in an* 0anner aids or protects pirates or
1i(1wa* ro))ers/)ri(ands, sc1 as (ivin(
t1e0 in/or0ation a)ot t1e 0ove0ent o/
police or ot1er peace o//icers o/ t1e
(overn0ent, or ac7ires or receives
propert*ta#en)*sc1piratesor)ri(andsor
inan*0annerderivesan*)ene/itt1ere/ro06
oran*personw1odirectl*orindirectl*a)ets
t1eco00issiono/pirac*or1i(1wa*ro))er*
or )ri(anda(e, s1all )e considered as an
acco0plice o/ t1e principal o//enders.
-nless t1e contrar* is proven an* person
w1o does an* o/ t1e acts 1as per/or0ed
t1e0#nowin(l*.
".AN.I&4IGACRIN?LAW%PDD2:9+
Anti 1i&Aac#in(isanot1er#indo/pirac*w1ic1is
co00itted in an aircra/t. In ot1er contries, t1is
cri0eis#nownasaircra/tpirac*.
Pnis1a)leacts
%$+ -srpin( or sei8in( control o/ an aircra/t o/
P1ilippine re(istr* w1ile it is in /li(1t,
co0pellin( t1e pilots t1ereo/ to c1an(e t1e
corseordestinationo/t1eaircra/t6
%2+ -srpin( or sei8in( control o/ an aircra/t o/
/orei(n re(istr* w1ile wit1in P1ilippine
territor*,co0pellin(t1epilotst1ereo/toland
inan*parto/P1ilippineterritor*6
%:+ Carr*in( or loadin( on )oard an aircra/t
operatin(asap)lictilit*passen(eraircra/t
int1eP1ilippines,an*/la00a)le, corrosive,
explosive,orpoisonoss)stance6and
%;+ Loadin(,s1ippin(,ortransportin(on)oarda
car(o aircra/t operatin( as a p)lic tilit* in
t1e P1ilippines, an* /la00a)le, corrosive,
explosive,orpoisonoss)stancei/t1iswas
done not in accordance wit1 t1e rles and
re(lations set and pro0l(ated )* t1e Air
.ransportation!//iceont1is0atter.
"etweenn0)ers$and2,t1epointo/distinction
isw1et1ert1eaircra/tiso/P1ilippinere(istr*or
/orei(n re(istr*. .1e co00on )ar 7estion on
t1is law sall* involves n0)er $. .1e
i0portant t1in( is t1at )e/ore t1e anti 1i&Aac#in(
lawcanappl*,t1eaircra/t0st)ein/li(1t.I/not
in /li(1t, w1atever cri0es co00itted s1all )e
(overned)*t1eRevisedPenal Code. .1elaw
0a#esadistinction)etweenaircra/to/a/orei(n
re(istr*ando/ P1ilippinere(istr*. I/t1eaircra/t
s)Aect o/ t1e 1i&Aac# is o/ P1ilippine re(istr*, it
s1old )e in /li(1t at t1e ti0e o/ t1e 1i&Aac#in(.
!t1erwise, t1e anti 1i&Aac#in( law will not appl*
andt1ecri0eisstillpnis1edndert1eRevised
PenalCode..1ecorrelativecri0e0a*)eoneo/
(rave coercion or (rave t1reat. I/ so0e)od* is
#illed, t1e cri0e is 1o0icide or 0rder, as t1e
case0a*)e.I/t1ereareso0eexplosivescarried
t1ere,t1ecri0eisdestrctivearson. Explosives
are )* natre p*rotec1nic. Destrction o/
propert*wit1t1eseo/p*rotec1nicisdestrctive
arson. I/ t1ere is ille(all* possessed or carried
/irear0,ot1erspeciallawswillappl*.
!n t1e ot1er 1and, i/ t1e aircra/t is o/ /orei(n
re(istr*,t1elawdoesnotre7iret1atit)ein/li(1t
)e/oret1eanti1i&Aac#in(lawcanappl*. .1isis
)ecase aircra/ts o/ /orei(n re(istr* are
considered in transit w1ile t1e* are in /orei(n
contries. Alt1o(1 t1e* 0a* 1ave )een in a
/orei(ncontr*,tec1nicall*t1e*arestill in/li(1t,
)ecase t1e* 1ave to 0ove ot o/ t1at /orei(n
contr*. So even i/ an* o/ t1e acts 0entioned
were co00itted w1ile t1e exterior doors o/ t1e
/orei(naircra/twerestillopen,t1eanti1i&Aac#in(
lawwillalread*(overn.
Notet1atndert1islaw,anaircra/tisconsidered
in /li(1t /ro0 t1e 0o0ent all exterior doors are
closed /ollowin( e0)ar#ation ntil sc1 ti0e
w1en t1e sa0e doors are a(ain opened /or
dise0)ar#ation. .1is 0eans t1at t1ere are
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
passen(ers t1at )oarded. So i/ t1e doors are
closed to )rin( t1e aircra/t to t1e 1an(ar, t1e
aircra/tisnotconsideredasin/li(1t..1eaircra/t
s1all)edee0edto)ealread*in/li(1teveni/its
en(ine1asnot*et)eenstarted.
$. .1e pilots o/ t1e Pan A0 aircra/t were
accosted)*so0ear0ed0enandweretold
toproceedtot1eaircra/tto/l*ittoa/orei(n
destination..1ear0ed0enwal#edwit1t1e
pilots and went on )oard t1e aircra/t. "t
)e/oret1e*colddoan*t1in(ont1eaircra/t,
alert 0ars1als arrested t1e0. W1at cri0e
wasco00ittedN
.1ecri0inalintentde/initel*istota#econtrolo/
t1eaircra/t,w1ic1 is 1i&Aac#in(. Itisa 7estion
now o/ w1et1er t1e anti&1i&Aac#in( law s1all
(overn.
.1eanti1i&Aac#in(lawisapplica)leint1iscase.
Even i/ t1e aircra/t is not *et a)ot to /l*, t1e
re7ire0entt1atit)ein/li(1tdoesnot1oldtre
w1en in co0es to aircra/t o/ /orei(n re(istr*.
Eveni/t1epro)le0doesnotsa*t1atallexterior
doorsareclosed,t1ecri0eis1i&Aac#in(. Since
t1e aircra/t is o/ /orei(n re(istr*, nder t1e law,
si0pl* srpin( or sei8in( control is eno(1 as
lon( as t1e aircra/t is wit1in P1ilippine territor*,
wit1ott1ere7ire0entt1atit)ein/li(1t.
Note,1owever,t1att1ereisno1i&Aac#in(int1e
atte0ptedsta(e..1isisaspeciallaww1eret1e
atte0ptedsta(eisnotpnis1a)le.
2. A P1ilippine Air Lines aircra/t is )ond /or
Davao.W1ilet1epilotandco&pilotareta#in(
t1eirsnac#satt1eairportlon(e,so0eo/t1e
ar0ed0enwerealsot1ere..1epilotswere
/ollowed )* t1ese 0en on t1eir wa* to t1e
aircra/t. As soon as t1e pilots entered t1e
coc#pit, t1e* plled ot t1eir /irear0s and
(ave instrctions w1ere to /l* t1e aircra/t.
Doest1eanti1i&Aac#in(lawappl*N
No. .1e passen(ers 1ave *et to )oard t1e
aircra/t. I/ at t1at ti0e, t1e o//enders are
appre1ended,t1elawwillnotappl*)ecaset1e
aircra/tisnot*etin/li(1t.Notet1att1eaircra/tis
o/P1ilippinere(istr*.
:. W1ilet1estewardesso/aP1ilippineAirLines
plane )ond /or Ce) was waitin( /or t1e
passen(er 0ani/est, two o/ its passen(ers
seated near t1e pilot srreptitiosl* entered
t1e pilot coc#pit. At (npoint, t1e* directed
t1epilotto/l*t1eaircra/ttot1eMiddleEast.
4owever,)e/oret1epilotcold/l*t1eaircra/t
towardst1eMiddleEast,t1eo//enderswere
s)dedandt1eaircra/tlanded.W1atcri0e
wasco00ittedN
.1eaircra/twasnot*etin/li(1t.Considerin(t1at
t1estewardesswasstillwaitin(/ort1epassen(er
0ani/est,t1e doorswere still open. 4ence,t1e
anti1i&Aac#in(lawisnotapplica)le.Instead,t1e
Revised Penal Code s1all (overn. .1e cri0e
co00itted was (rave coercion or (rave t1reat,
dependin( pon w1et1er or not an* serios
o//enseviolencewasin/lictedpont1epilot.
4owever, i/ t1e aircra/t were o/ /orei(n re(istr*,
t1e act wold alread* )e s)Aect to t1e anti 1i&
Aac#in(law )ecaset1ereisnore7ire0ent/or
/orei(n aircra/t to )e in /li(1t )e/ore sc1 law
woldappl*..1ereason/ort1edistinctionist1at
as lon( as sc1 aircra/t 1as not retrned to its
1o0e )ase, tec1nicall*, it is still considered in
transitorin/li(1t.
Aston0)ers:and;o/Rep)licActNo.D2:9,
t1e distinction is w1et1er t1e aircra/t is a
passen(er aircra/t or a car(o aircra/t. In )ot1
cases, 1owever, t1e law applies onl* to p)lic
tilit*aircra/tint1eP1ilippines. Privateaircra/ts
arenots)Aecttot1eanti1i&Aac#in(law,inso/ar
as transportin( pro1i)ited s)stances are
concerned.
I/ t1e aircra/t is a passen(er aircra/t, t1e
pro1i)ition is a)solte. Carr*in( o/ an*
pro1i)ited, /la00a)le, corrosive, or explosive
s)stance is a cri0e nder Rep)lic Act No.
D2:9. "ti/t1eaircra/t isonl* acar(oaircra/t,
t1elawisviolatedonl*w1ent1etransportin(o/
t1e pro1i)ited s)stance was not done in
accordance wit1 t1e rles and re(lations
prescri)ed)*t1eAir.ransportation!//iceint1e
0attero/s1ip0ento/sc1t1in(s. .1e"oardo/
.ransportationprovidest1e0annero/pac#in(o/
sc1 #ind o/ articles, t1e 7antit* in w1ic1 t1e*
0a*)eloadedatan*ti0e,etc. !t1erwise,t1e
anti1i&Aac#in(lawdoesnotappl*.
4owever,nderSectionF,an*p1*sicalinAr*or
da0a(etopropert*w1ic1woldreslt/ro0t1e
carr*in( or loadin( o/ t1e /la00a)le, corrosive,
explosive,orpoisonoss)stanceinanaircra/t,
t1e o//ender s1all )e prosected not onl* /or
violation o/ Rep)lic Act No. D2:9, )t also /or
t1e cri0e o/ p1*sical inAries or da0a(e to
propert*,ast1ecase0a*)e,ndert1eRevised
PenalCode..1erewill)etwoprosections1ere.
!t1er t1an t1is sitation, t1e cri0e o/ p1*sical
inArieswill)ea)sor)ed. I/t1eexplosiveswere
plantedint1eaircra/tto)lowpt1eaircra/t,t1e
circ0stance will 7ali/* t1e penalt* and t1at is
not pnis1a)le as a separate cri0e /or 0rder.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
.1epenalt*isincreasedndert1eanti1i&Aac#in(
law.
All ot1er acts otside o/ t1e /or are 0erel*
7ali/*in( circ0stances and wold )rin( a)ot
1i(1er penalt*. Sc1 acts wold not constitte
anot1ercri0e.Sot1e#illin(orexplosionwillonl*
7ali/*t1epenalt*toa1i(1erone.
C.4-MANSEC-RI.LAC.!,2>>F%R.A.':F2+
Pnis1a)leactso/terroris06w1oarelia)le
.erroris0.& An* person w1o co00its an act
pnis1a)le nder an* o/ t1e /ollowin(
provisionso/t1eRevisedPenalCodeB
a.Article$22%Pirac*in?eneralandMtin*
in t1e 4i(1 Seas or in t1e P1ilippine
Waters+6
).Article$:;%Re)ellionorInsrrection+6
c.Article$:;&a%CopdPEtat+,incldin(acts
co00itted)*privatepersons6
d.Article2;E%Mrder+6
e. Article 2DF %Ridnappin( and Serios
Ille(alDetention+6
/.Article:2;%Cri0esInvolvin(Destrction+,
ornder
$.PresidentialDecreeNo.$D$:%.1eLaw
onArson+6
2. Rep)lic Act No. D'D' %.oxic
S)stances and 4a8ardos and
NclearWasteControlActo/$''>+6
:.Rep)licActNo.92>F,%Ato0icEner(*
Re(lator*andLia)ilit*Acto/$'DE+6
;. Rep)lic Act No. D2:9 %Anti&4iAac#in(
Law+6
9. Presidential Decree No. 9:2 %Anti&
Pirac* and Anti&4i(1wa* Ro))er*
Lawo/$'F;+6and,
D. Presidential Decree No. $EDD, as
a0ended %Decree Codi/*in( t1e
Laws on Ille(al and -nlaw/l
Possession,Man/actre,Dealin(in,
Ac7isition or Disposition o/
,irear0s, A00nitions or
Explosives+ t1ere)* sowin( and
creatin( a condition o/ widespread
and extraordinar* /ear and panic
a0on( t1e poplace, in order to
coerce t1e (overn0ent to (ive in to
annlaw/lde0ands1all)e(ilt*o/
t1ecri0eo/terroris0ands1alls//er
t1e penalt* o/ /ort* %;>+ *ears o/
i0prison0ent, wit1ot t1e )ene/it o/
paroleasprovided/ornderActNo.
;$>:, ot1erwise #nown as t1e
Indeter0inate Sentence Law, as
a0ended%Sec.:+.
Conspirac*toCo00it.erroris0.&Personsw1o
conspire to co00it t1e cri0e o/ terroris0
s1alls//ert1epenalt*o//ort*%;>+*earso/
i0prison0ent.
.1ere is conspirac* w1en two or 0ore
persons co0e to an a(ree0ent concernin(
t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0eo/terroris0as
de/ined in Section : 1ereo/ and decide to
co00itt1esa0e%Sec.;+.
Acco0plice. & An* person w1o, not )ein( a
principal nder Article $F o/ t1e Revised
Penal Code or a conspirator as de/ined in
Section ; 1ereo/, cooperates in t1e
exectiono/eit1ert1ecri0eo/terroris0or
conspirac* to co00it terroris0 )* previos
orsi0ltaneosactss1alls//ert1epenalt*
o/ /ro0 seventeen %$F+ *ears, /or 0ont1s
one da* to twent* %2>+ *ears o/
i0prison0ent%Sec.9+.
Accessor*.&An*personw1o,1avin(#nowled(e
o/t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0eo/terroris0
or conspirac* to co00it terroris0, and
wit1ot1avin(participatedt1erein,eit1eras
principal or acco0plice nder Articles $F
and $E o/ t1e Revised Penal Code, ta#es
parts)se7enttoitsco00issioninan*o/
t1e/ollowin(0annerB%a+)*pro/itin(1i0sel/
or assistin( t1e o//ender to pro/it )* t1e
e//ects o/ t1e cri0e6 %)+ )* concealin( or
destro*in( t1e )od* o/ t1e cri0e, or t1e
e//ects, or instr0ents t1ereo/, in order to
prevent its discover*6 %c+ )* 1ar)orin(,
concealin(,orassistin(int1eescapeo/t1e
principal or conspirator o/ t1e cri0e, s1all
s//ert1epenalt*o/ten%$>+*earsandone
da*totwelve%$2+*earso/i0prison0ent.
Notwit1standin( t1e a)ove para(rap1, t1e
penalties prescri)ed /or accessories s1all
not )e i0posed pon t1ose w1o are sc1
wit1 respect to t1eir sposes, ascendants,
t1eprovisionso/s)para(rap1%a+%Sec.D+.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
2.CRIMESA?AINS..4E,-NDAMEN.ALLAWS!,.4ES.A.E%$2;&$::+
Cri0es a(ainst t1e /nda0ental laws o/ t1e
State
$. Ar)itrar*detention%Art.$2;+6
2. Dela*int1edeliver*o/detainedpersonsto
t1eproperAdicialat1orities%Art.$29+6
:. Dela*in(release%Art.$2D+6
;. Explsion%Art.$2F+6
9. 5iolationo/do0icile%Art.$2E+6
D. Searc1 warrants 0aliciosl* o)tained and
a)se in t1e service o/ t1ose le(all*
o)tained%Art.$2'+6
F. Searc1in( do0icile wit1ot witnesses %Art.
$:>+6
E. Pro1i)ition, interrption, and dissoltion o/
peace/l0eetin(s%Art.$:$+6
'. Interrption o/ reli(ios wors1ip %Art. $:2+6
and
$>. !//endin(t1ereli(ios/eelin(s%Art.$::+6
Cri0es nder t1is title are t1ose w1ic1 violate
t1e"illo/Ri(1tsaccordedtot1eciti8ensnder
t1eConstittion. -nder t1is title, t1e o//enders
arep)lico//icers,exceptastot1elastcri0eC
o//endin(t1ereli(ios/eelin(snderArticle$::,
w1ic1re/erstoan*person. .1ep)lico//icers
w1o 0a* )e 1eld lia)le are onl* t1ose actin(
nder spposed exercise o/ o//icial /nctions,
al)eitille(all*.
In its conterpart in .itle IO %Cri0es A(ainst
PersonalLi)ert*andSecrit*+,t1eo//endersare
private persons. "t privatepersons0a*also
)e lia)le nder t1is title as w1en a private
personconspireswit1ap)lico//icer. W1atis
re7iredist1att1eprincipalo//ender0st)ea
p)lic o//icer. .1s, i/ a private person
conspires wit1 a p)lic o//icer, or )eco0es an
accessor*oracco0plice,t1eprivatepersonalso
)eco0eslia)le/ort1esa0ecri0e."taprivate
person actin( alone cannot co00it t1e cri0es
nderArticle$2;to$:2o/t1istitle.
Article$2;.Ar)itrar*Detention
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisap)lico//icerore0plo*ee6
2. 4edetainsaperson6
:. .1edetentioniswit1otle(al(ronds.
Meanin(o/a)senceo/le(al(ronds
$. Nocri0ewasco00itted)*t1edetained6
2. .1ere isnoviolent insanit* o/ t1edetained
person6and
:. .1e person detained 1as no ail0ent w1ic1
re7ires co0plsor* con/ine0ent in a
1ospital.
.1e cri0e o/ ar)itrar* detention ass0es
several/or0sB
%$+ Detainin( a person wit1ot le(al (ronds
nder6
%2+ 4avin(arrestedt1eo//endedpart*/orle(al
(ronds )t wit1ot warrant o/ arrest, and
t1e p)lic o//icer does not deliver t1e
arrested person to t1e proper Adicial
at1orit* wit1in t1e period o/ $2, $E, or :D
1ors,ast1ecase0a*)e6or
%:+ Dela*in( release )* co0petent at1orit*
wit1t1e sa0e period 0entioned in n0)er
2.
Distinction )etween ar)itrar* detention and
ille(aldetention
$. Inar)itrar*detention&&
.1e principal o//ender 0st )e a p)lic
o//icer. Civilians can co00it t1e cri0e o/
ar)itrar* detention except w1en t1e*
conspirewit1ap)lico//icerco00ittin(t1is
cri0e, or )eco0e an acco0plice or
accessor* to t1e cri0e co00itted )* t1e
p)lico//icer6and
.1e o//ender w1o is a p)lic o//icer 1as a
dt* w1ic1 carries wit1 it t1e at1orit* to
detainaperson.
2. Inille(aldetention&&
.1e principal o//ender is a private person.
"tap)lico//icercanco00itt1ecri0eo/
ille(al detention w1en 1e is actin( in a
privatecapacit*or)e*ondt1escopeo/1is
o//icial dt*, or w1en 1e )eco0es an
acco0plice or accessor* to t1e cri0e
co00itted)*aprivateperson.
.1eo//ender,even i/ 1eis a p)lic o//icer,
doesnotincldeas1is/nctiont1epowerto
arrest and detain a person, nless 1e
conspires wit1 a p)lic o//icer co00ittin(
ar)itrar*detention.
Note t1at in t1e cri0e o/ ar)itrar* detention,
alt1o(1t1eo//enderisap)lico//icer,notan*
p)lico//icercanco00itt1iscri0e.!nl*t1ose
p)lico//icersw1oseo//icialdtiescarr*wit1it
t1e at1orit* to 0a#e an arrest and detain
persons can )e (ilt* o/ t1is cri0e. So, i/ t1e
o//ender does not possess sc1 at1orit*, t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
cri0e co00itted )* 1i0 is ille(al detention. A
p)lico//icerw1oisactin(otsidet1escopeo/
1is o//icial dties is no )etter t1an a private
citi8en.
In a case decided )* t1e Spre0e Cort a
"aran(a* C1air0an w1o nlaw/ll* detains
anot1er was 1eld to )e (ilt* o/ t1e cri0e o/
ar)itrar* detention. .1is is )ecase 1e is a
personinat1orit*vestedwit1t1eArisdictionto
0aintain peace and order wit1in 1is )aran(a*.
Int1e0aintenanceo/sc1peaceandorder,1e
0a* case t1e arrest and detention o/
tro)le0a#ers or t1ose w1o distr) t1e peace
andorder wit1in 1is )aran(a*. "t i/ t1e le(al
)asis /or t1e appre1ension and detention does
notexist,t1ent1edetention)eco0esar)itrar*.
W1et1ert1ecri0eisar)itrar*detentionorille(al
detention,itisnecessar*t1att1ere0st)ean
actalrestrainto/li)ert*o/t1eo//endedpart*.I/
t1ereisnoactalrestraint,ast1eo//endedpart*
0a*still(otot1eplacew1ere1ewantsto(o,
even t1o(1 t1ere 1ave )een warnin(s, t1e
cri0eo/ar)itrar*detentionorille(aldetentionis
not co00itted. .1ere is eit1er (rave or li(1t
t1reat.
4owever, i/ t1e victi0 is nder (ard in 1is
0ove0ent sc1 t1at t1ere is still restraint o/
li)ert*,t1ent1ecri0eo/eit1erar)itrar*orille(al
detentionisstillco00itted.
Distinction )etween ar)itrar* detention and
nlaw/larrest
%$+ Astoo//ender
Inar)itrar*detention,t1eo//enderisap)lic
o//icer possessed wit1 at1orit* to 0a#e
arrests.
Innlaw/l arrest,t1eo//ender0a*)ean*
person.
%2+ Astocri0inalintent
In ar)itrar* detention, t1e 0ain reason /or
detainin(t1eo//endedpart*istoden*1i0
o/1isli)ert*.
Innlaw/larrest,t1eprposeistoaccse
t1e o//ended part* o/ a cri0e 1e did not
co00it, todelivert1eperson tot1eproper
at1orit*,andto/ilet1enecessar*c1ar(es
inawa*tr*in(toincri0inate1i0.
W1en a person is nlaw/ll* arrested, 1is
s)se7ent detention is wit1ot le(al
(ronds.
Article$29.Dela*int1eDeliver*o/DetainedPersonstot1eProperGdicialAt1orities
Ele0ents
2. 4e detains a person /or so0e le(al
(rond6
:. 4e /ails to deliver sc1 person to t1e
properAdicialat1oritieswit1inC
%a+ $21or/orli(1tpenalties6
%)+ $E 1ors /or correctional penalties6
and
%c+ :D 1ors /or a//lictive or capital
penalties.
.1is is a /or0 o/ ar)itrar* detention. At t1e
)e(innin(,t1edetentionisle(alsinceitisint1e
prsance o/ a law/l arrest. 4owever, t1e
detention )eco0es ar)itrar* w1en t1e period
t1ereo/exceeds$2,$Eor:D1ors,ast1ecase
0a* )e, dependin( on w1et1er t1e cri0e is
pnis1ed )* li(1t, correctional or a//lictive
penalt*ort1eire7ivalent.
.1e period o/ detention is $2 1ors /or li(1t
o//enses,$E1ors/orcorrectionalo//encesand
:D 1ors /or a//lictive o//ences, w1ere t1e
accsed0a*)edetainedwit1ot/or0alc1ar(e.
"t 1e 0st case a /or0al c1ar(e or
application to )e /iled wit1 t1e proper cort
)e/ore$2,$Eor:D1orslapse. !t1erwise1e
1astoreleaset1epersonarrested.
Note t1at t1e period stated 1erein does not
inclde t1e ni(1tti0e. It is to )e conted onl*
w1ent1eprosector3so//iceisread*toreceive
t1eco0plaintorin/or0ation.
.1isarticledoesnotappl*i/t1earrestiswit1a
warrant. .1esitationconte0plated1ereisan
arrestwit1otawarrant.
W1enapersonisarrestedwit1otawarrant,it
0eanst1att1ereisnocase/iledincort*et.I/
t1e arrestin( o//icer wold 1old t1e arrested
person t1ere, 1e is actall* deprivin( t1e
arrestedo/1isri(1tto)ail. Aslon(ast1ereis
no c1ar(eint1ecort*et,t1earrestedperson
cannot o)tain )ail )ecase )ail 0a* onl* )e
(ranted)*t1ecort. .1espirito/t1elawisto
1ave t1e arrested person delivered to t1e
Arisdictiono/t1ecort.
I/ t1e arrest is )* virte o/ a warrant, it 0eans
t1att1ereisalread*acase/iledincort.W1en
anin/or0ationis/iledincort,t1ea0onto/)ail
reco00endedisstated..1eaccsedpersonis
notreall*denied1isri(1tto)ail. Eveni/1eis
interro(ated in t1e police precinct, 1e can
alread*/ile)ail.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Notet1atdeliver*o/t1earrestedpersontot1e
proper at1orities does not 0ean p1*sical
deliver* or trn over o/ arrested person to t1e
cort. It si0pl* 0eans pttin( t1e arrested
personndert1eArisdictiono/t1ecort..1isis
done )* /ilin( t1e necessar* co0plaint or
in/or0ationa(ainstt1epersonarrestedincort
wit1in t1e period speci/ied in Article $29. .1e
prpose o/ t1is is /or t1e cort to deter0ine
w1et1er t1e o//ense is )aila)le or not and i/
)aila)le,toallow1i0t1eri(1tto)ail.
-nder t1e Rle $$; o/ t1e Revised Rles o/
Cort,t1earrestedpersoncande0and/ro0t1e
arrestin(o//icerto)rin(1i0toan*Ad(eint1e
placew1ere1ewas arrested andpost t1e)ail
1ere. .1erepon, t1e arrestin( o//icer 0a*
release1i0..1eAd(ew1o(rantedt1e)ailwill
Ast/orwardt1eliti0so/t1ecasetot1ecort
tr*in( 1is case. .1e prpose is in order to
deprivet1e arrestedpersono/1isri(1t to post
t1e)ail.
-nder t1e Revised Rles o/ Cort, w1en t1e
person arrested is arrested /or a cri0e w1ic1
(ives 1i0 t1e ri(1t to preli0inar* investi(ation
and1ewantstoavail 1isri(1ttoapreli0inar*
investi(ation,1ewold1avetowaiveinwritin(
1isri(1tsnderArticle$29sot1att1earrestin(
o//icerwillnoti00ediatel*/ilet1ecasewit1t1e
cortt1atwillexerciseArisdictionovert1ecase.
I/1edoesnotwanttowaivet1isinwritin(,t1e
arrestin(o//icerwill1avetoco0pl*wit1Article
$29 and /ile t1e case i00ediatel* in cort
wit1otpreli0inar*investi(ation. Insc1case,
t1e arrested person, wit1in /ive da*s a/ter
learnin( t1at t1e case 1as )een /iled in cort
wit1ot preli0inar* investi(ation, 0a* as# /or
preli0inar*investi(ation.Int1iscase,t1ep)lic
o//icer w1o 0ade t1e arrest will no lon(er )e
lia)le/orviolationo/Article$29.
Article$2D.Dela*in(Release
Actspnis1ed
$. Dela*in( t1e per/or0ance o/ a Adicial or
exectiveorder/ort1ereleaseo/aprisoner6
2. -ndl*dela*in(t1eserviceo/t1enoticeo/
sc1ordertosaidprisoner6
:. -ndl* dela*in( t1e proceedin(s pon an*
petition/ort1eli)erationo/sc1person.
Ele0ents
2. .1ereisaAdicialorexectiveorder/ort1e
release o/ a prisoner or detention prisoner,
ort1att1ereisaproceedin(ponapetition
/ort1eli)erationo/sc1person6
:. !//enderwit1ot(oodreasondela*sC
%a+ t1eserviceo/t1enotice
o/ sc1 order to t1e
prisoner6
%)+ t1eper/or0anceo/sc1
Adicial or exective
order /or t1e release o/
t1eprisoner6or
/c0 t1eproceedin(spona
petition /or t1e release
o/sc1person.
Article$2F.Explsion
Actspnis1ed
$. Expellin(aperson/ro0t1eP1ilippines6
2. Co0pellin( a person to c1an(e 1is
residence.
Ele0ents
2. 4eeit1erC
%a+ expelsan*person/ro0
t1eP1ilippines6or
%)+ co0pels a person to
c1an(eresidence6
:,!//enderisnotat1ori8edtodoso)*law.
.1e essence o/ t1is cri0e is coercion )t t1e
speci/iccri0eisHexplsionIw1enco00itted)*
a p)lic o//icer. I/ co00itted )* a private
person,t1ecri0eis(ravecoercion.
In 5illavicencio v. L#)an, :' P1il FFE, t1e
0a*oro/t1eCit*o/Manilawantedto0a#et1e
cit* /ree /ro0 prostittion. 4e ordered certain
prostittes to )e trans/erred to Davao, wit1ot
o)servin( de processes since t1e* 1ave not
)eenc1ar(edwit1an*cri0eatall. Itwas1eld
t1att1ecri0eco00ittedwasexplsion.
Article$2E.5iolationo/Do0icile
$. Enterin(an*dwellin(a(ainstt1ewillo/t1e
ownert1ereo/6
2. Searc1in( papers or ot1er e//ects /ond
t1ereinwit1ott1epreviosconsento/sc1
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
owner6or
:. Re/sin(toleavet1epre0ises,a/ter1avin(
srreptitiosl* entered said dwellin( and
a/ter1avin()eenre7iredtoleavet1esa0e
Co00onele0ents
2. 4eisnotat1ori8ed)*Adicialordertoenter
t1edwellin(orto0a#easearc1t1erein/or
papersorot1ere//ects.
Circ0stances7ali/*in(t1eo//ense
$. I/co00ittedatni(1tti0e6or
2. I/ an* papers or e//ects not constittin(
evidence o/ a cri0e are not retrned
i00ediatel* a/ter t1e searc1 0ade )*
o//ender.
-nder.itleIO%Cri0esa(ainstPersonalLi)ert*
and Secrit*+, t1e correspondin( article is
7ali/iedtrespasstodwellin(nderArticle2E>.
Article $2E is li0ited to p)lic o//icers. .1e
p)lic o//icers w1o 0a* )e lia)le /or cri0es
a(ainstt1e/nda0entallawsaret1osew1oare
possessed o/ t1e at1orit* to execte searc1
warrantsandwarrantso/arrests.
-nderRle$$:o/t1eRevisedRleso/Cort,
w1enapersonto)earrestedentersapre0ise
and closes it t1erea/ter, t1e p)lic o//icer, a/ter
(ivin( notice o/ an arrest, can )rea# into t1e
pre0ise. 4e s1all not )e lia)le /or violation o/
do0icile.
.1ereareonl*t1reereco(ni8edinstancesw1en
searc1 wit1ot a warrant is considered valid,
and,t1ere/ore,t1esei8reo/an*evidencedone
isalsovalid.!tsideo/t1ese,searc1wold)e
invalid and t1e o)Aects sei8ed wold not )e
ad0issi)leinevidence.
%$+ Searc10adeincidentaltoavalidarrest6
%2+ W1ere t1e searc1 was 0ade on a 0ovin(
ve1icleor vessel sc1t1att1e exi(enc* o/
t1e sitation prevents t1e searc1in( o//icer
/ro0secrin(asearc1warrant6
%:+ W1ent1earticlesei8ediswit1inplainview
o/ t1e o//icer 0a#in( t1e sei8re wit1ot
0a#in(asearc1t1ere/ore.
.1erearet1reewa*so/co00ittin(t1eviolation
o/Article$2EB
%$+ "*si0pl*enterin(t1edwellin(o/anot1eri/
sc1enterin(isdonea(ainstt1ewillo/t1e
occpant. In t1e plain view doctrine, p)lic
o//icers1old)ele(all*entitledto)eint1e
place w1ere t1e e//ects were /ond. I/ 1e
entered t1e place ille(all* and 1e saw t1e
e//ects, doctrine inapplica)le6 t1s, 1e is
lia)le/orviolationo/do0icile.
%2+ P)lic o//icer w1o enters wit1 consent
searc1es /or paper and e//ects wit1ot t1e
consento/t1eowner.Eveni/1eiswelco0e
in t1e dwellin(, it does not 0ean 1e 1as
per0issiontosearc1.
%:+ Re/sin( to leave pre0ises a/ter
srreptitios entr* and )ein( told to leave
t1esa0e..1eactpnis1edisnott1eentr*
)tt1ere/saltoleave.I/t1eo//enderpon
)ein( directed to eave, /ollowed and le/t,
t1ere is no cri0e o/ violation o/ do0icile.
Entr* 0st )e done srreptitiosl*6 wit1ot
t1is, cri0e 0a* )e nAst vexation. "t i/
enterin( was done a(ainst t1e will o/ t1e
occpant o/ t1e 1ose, 0eanin( t1ere was
expressori0pliedpro1i)ition/ro0enterin(
t1e sa0e, even i/ t1e occpant does not
direct 1i0 to leave, t1e cri0e o/ is alread*
co00itted)ecaseitwold/allinn0)er$.
Article$2'.Searc1WarrantsMaliciosl*!)tained,andA)seint1eServiceo/.1oseLe(all*!)tained
Actspnis1ed
$. Procrin( a searc1 warrant wit1ot Ast
case6
Ele0ents
%a+ !//enderisap)lico//icerore0plo*ee6
%)+ 4eprocresasearc1warrant6
%c+ .1ereisnoAstcase.
2. Exceedin( 1is at1orit* or )* sin(
nnecessar*severit*inexectin(asearc1
warrantle(all*procred.
Ele0ents
%a+ !//enderisap)lico//icerore0plo*ee6
%)+ 4e 1as le(all* procred a searc1
warrant6
%c+ 4e exceeds 1is at1orit* or ses
nnecessar* severit* in exectin( t1e
sa0e.
Article$:>.Searc1in(Do0icilewit1otWitnesses
Ele0ents $. !//enderisap)lico//icerore0plo*ee6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
2. 4e is ar0ed wit1 searc1 warrant le(all*
procred6
:. 4e searc1es t1e do0icile, papers or ot1er
)elon(in(so/an*person6
;. .1eowner,oran*0e0)erso/1is/a0il*,or
two witnesses residin( in t1e sa0e localit*
arenotpresent.
Cri0esnderArticles$2'and$:>arere/erred
toasviolationo/do0icile.Int1esearticles,t1e
searc1is0ade)*virteo/avalidwarrant,)t
t1e warrant notwit1standin(, t1e lia)ilit* /or t1e
cri0e is still incrred t1ro(1 t1e /ollowin(
sitationsB
%$+ Searc1 warrant was irre(larl* o)tained C
.1is 0eans t1ere was no pro)a)le case
deter0inedino)tainin(t1esearc1warrant.
Alt1o(1void,t1esearc1warrantisentitled
to respect )ecase o/ pres0ption o/
re(larit*.!nere0ed*isa0otionto7as1
t1esearc1warrant,notre/saltoa)ide)*it.
.1e p)lic o//icer 0a* also )e prosected
/or perAr*, )ecase /or 1i0 to scceed in
o)tainin( a searc1 warrant wit1ot a
pro)a)le case, 1e 0st 1ave perAred
1i0sel/ or indced so0eone to co00it
perAr*toconvincet1ecort.
%2+ .1eo//icerexceeded1isat1orit*ndert1e
warrant C.o illstrate, lets sa*t1att1ere
was a ps1er in a condo nit. .1e PNP
Narcotics ?rop o)tained asearc1 warrant
)t t1e na0e o/ person in t1e searc1
warrantdidnottall*wit1t1eaddressstated.
Eventall*,t1epersonwit1t1esa0ena0e
was /ond )t in a di//erent address. .1e
occpant resisted )t t1e p)lic o//icer
insisted on t1e searc1. Dr(s were /ond
and sei8ed and occpant was prosected
and convicted )* t1e trial cort. .1e
Spre0e Cort ac7itted 1i0 )ecase t1e
p)lic o//icers are re7ired to /ollow t1e
searc1warranttot1eletter. .1e*1aveno
discretionont1e0atter.Plainviewdoctrine
isinapplica)lesinceitprespposest1att1e
o//icerwasle(all*entitledto)eint1eplace
w1ere t1e e//ects w1ere /ond. Since t1e
entr* was ille(al, plain view doctrine does
notappl*.
%:+ W1en t1e p)lic o//icer e0plo*s
nnecessar* or excessive severit* in t1e
i0ple0entation o/ t1e searc1 warrant. .1e
searc1 warrant is not a license to co00it
destrction.
%;+ !wner o/ dwellin( or an* 0e0)er o/ t1e
/a0il*wasa)sent,ortwowitnessesresidin(
wit1in t1e sa0e localit* were not present
drin(t1esearc1.
Article$:$.Pro1i)ition,Interrption,andDissoltiono/Peace/lMeetin(s
Ele0ents
2. 4eper/or0san*o/t1e/ollowin(actsB
%a+ pro1i)itin( or )* interrptin(, wit1ot
le(al (rond, t1e 1oldin( o/ a peace/l
0eetin(,or)*dissolvin(t1esa0e6
%)+ 1inderin( an* person /ro0 Aoinin( an*
law/lassociation,orattendin(an*o/its
0eetin(s6
%c+ pro1i)itin(or1inderin(an*person/ro0
addressin(,eit1eraloneorto(et1erwit1
ot1ers,an*petitiontot1eat1orities/or
t1e correction o/ a)ses or redress o/
(rievances.
.1e(overn0ent1asari(1ttore7ireaper0it
)e/ore an* (at1erin( cold )e 0ade. An*
0eetin( wit1ot a per0it is a proceedin( in
violationo/t1elaw. .1at)ein(tre,a0eetin(
0a* )e pro1i)ited, interrpted, or dissolved
wit1otviolatin(Article$:$o/t1eRevisedPenal
Code.
"t t1e re7irin( o/ t1e per0it s1all )e in
exercise onl* o/ t1e (overn0ent3s re(lator*
powers and not reall* to prevent peace/l
asse0)liesast1ep)lic0a*desire. Per0itis
onl*necessar*tore(latet1epeacesoasnot
toinconveniencet1ep)lic. .1eper0its1old
state t1e da*, ti0e and t1e place w1ere t1e
(at1erin( 0a* )e 1eld. .1is re7ire0ent is,
t1ere/ore, le(al as lon( as it is not )ein(
exercisedinasapro1i)itor*power.
I/ t1e per0it is denied ar)itraril*, Article $:$ is
violated. I/t1eo//icerwoldnot(ivet1eper0it
nlesst1e0eetin(is1eldinaparticlarplace
w1ic1 1e dictates de/eats t1e exercise o/ t1e
ri(1t to peacea)l* asse0)le, Article $:$ is
violated.
At t1e )e(innin(, it 0a* 1appen t1at t1e
asse0)l*islaw/landpeace/l.I/int1ecorse
o/ t1e asse0)l* t1e participants co00it ille(al
actsli#eoralde/a0ationorincitin(tosedition,a
p)lico//icerorlawen/orcercanstopordissolve
t1e0eetin(..1eper0it(ivenisnotalicenseto
co00itacri0e.
.1ere are two criteria to deter0ine w1et1er
Article$:$wold)eviolatedB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%$+ Dan(eros tendenc* rle C applica)le in
ti0es o/national nrest sc1 as to prevent
copd3etat.
%2+ Clear and present dan(er rle C applied in
ti0eso/peace.Stricterrle.
Distinctions)etweenpro1i)ition,interrption,or
dissoltion o/ peace/l 0eetin(s nder Article
$:$,andt0ltsandot1erdistr)ances,nder
Article$9:
%$+ Astot1eparticipationo/t1ep)lico//icer
In Article $:$, t1e p)lic o//icer is not a
participant. As /ar as t1e (at1erin( is
concerned,t1ep)lico//icerisat1irdpart*.
I/ t1e p)lic o//icer is a participant o/ t1e
asse0)l* and 1e pro1i)its, interrpts, or
dissolvest1esa0e,Article$9:isviolatedi/
t1esa0eiscondctedinap)licplace.
%2+ Astot1eessenceo/t1ecri0e
InArticle$:$,t1eo//ender0st)eap)lic
o//icer and, wit1ot an* le(al (rond, 1e
pro1i)its,interrpts,ordissolvesapeace/l
0eetin(orasse0)l*topreventt1eo//ended
part*/ro0exercisin(1is/reedo0o/speec1
and t1at o/ t1e asse0)l* to petition a
(rievancea(ainstt1e(overn0ent.
In Article $9:, t1e o//ender need not )e a
p)lico//icer. .1eessenceo/t1ecri0eis
t1ato/creatin(aseriosdistr)anceo/an*
sortinap)lico//ice,p)lic)ildin(oreven
a private place w1ere a p)lic /nction is
)ein(1eld.
Article$:2.Interrptiono/Reli(iosWors1ip
Ele0ents
2. Reli(ios cere0onies or 0ani/estations o/
an*reli(iosarea)ottota#eplaceorare
(oin(on6
:. !//enderpreventsordistr)st1esa0e.
Jali/iedi/co00itted)*violenceort1reat.
Article$::.!//endin(t1eReli(ios,eelin(s
Ele0ents
$. Acts co0plained o/ were per/or0ed in a
placedevotedtoreli(ioswors1ip,ordrin(
t1ecele)rationo/an*reli(ioscere0on*6
2. .1eacts0st)enotoriosl*o//ensivetot1e
/eelin(so/t1e/ait1/l.
.1ere 0st )e deli)erate intent to 1rt t1e
/eelin(so/t1e/ait1/l.
4-MANSEC-RI.LAC.!,2>>F%R.A.':F2+
Periodo/detention
Periodo/DetentionWit1otGdicialWarranto/
Arrest. & .1e provisions o/ Article $29 o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code to t1e contrar*
notwit1standin(, an* police or law en/orce0ent
personnel,w1o,1avin()eendl*at1ori8edin
writin()*t1eAnti&.erroris0Concil 1asta#en
cstod*o/apersonc1ar(edwit1orsspected
o/ t1e cri0e o/ terroris0 or t1e cri0e o/
conspirac* to co00it terroris0 s1all, wit1ot
incrrin( an* cri0inal lia)ilit* /or dela* in t1e
deliver* o/ detained persons to t1e proper
Adicial at1orities, deliver said c1ar(ed or
sspectedpersontot1eproperAdicialat1orit*
wit1in a period o/ t1ree da*s conted /ro0 t1e
0o0ent t1e said c1ar(ed or sspected person
1as )een appre1ended or arrested, detained,
andta#enintocstod*)*t1esaidpolice,orlaw
en/orce0ent personnelB Provided, .1at t1e
arrest o/ t1ose sspected o/ t1e cri0e o/
terroris0orconspirac*toco00itterroris00st
reslt/ro0t1esrveillancenderSectionFand
exa0inationo/)an#depositsnderSection2F
o/t1isAct.
.1e police or law en/orce0ent personnel
concerned s1all, )e/ore detainin( t1e person
sspectedo/t1ecri0eo/terroris0,present1i0
or1er)e/orean*Ad(eatt1elatterPsresidence
oro//icenearestt1eplacew1eret1earresttoo#
placeatan*ti0eo/t1eda*orni(1t.Its1all)e
t1e dt* o/ t1e Ad(e, a0on( ot1er t1in(s, to
ascertain t1e identit* o/ t1e police or law
en/orce0ent personnel and t1e person or
persons t1e* 1ave arrested and presented
)e/ore1i0or1er,toin7ireo/t1e0t1ereasons
w1* t1e* 1ave arrested t1e person and
deter0ine )* 7estionin( and personal
o)servationw1et1erornott1esspect1as)een
s)Aected to an* p1*sical, 0oral or
ps*c1olo(ical tortre )* w1o0 and w1*. .1e
Ad(es1allt1ens)0itawrittenreporto/w1at
1e/s1e 1ad o)served w1en t1e s)Aect was
)ro(1t)e/ore1i0tot1epropercortt1at1as
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Arisdiction over t1e case o/ t1e person t1s
arrested..1eAd(es1all/ort1wit1s)0it1is/1er
reportwit1int1reecalendar da*s/ro0t1eti0e
t1esspectwas)ro(1tto1is/1erresidenceor
o//ice.
I00ediatel* a/ter ta#in( cstod* o/ a person
c1ar(ed wit1 or sspected o/ t1e cri0e o/
terroris0orconspirac*toco00itterroris0,t1e
policeorlawen/orce0entpersonnels1allnoti/*
inwritin(t1eAd(eo/t1ecortnearestt1eplace
o/appre1ensionorarrestBProvided,.1atw1ere
t1e arrest is 0ade drin( Satrda*s, Snda*s,
1olida*sora/tero//ice1ors,t1ewrittennotice
s1all )e served at t1e residence o/ t1e Ad(e
nearest t1e place w1ere t1e accsed was
arrested.
.1e penalt* o/ ten %$>+ *ears and one da* to
twelve %$2+ *ears o/ i0prison0ent s1all )e
i0posed pon t1e police or law en/orce0ent
personnel w1o /ails to noti/* and Ad(e as
Providedint1eprecedin(para(rap1%Sec.$E+.
Periodo/Detentionint1eEvento/anActalor
I00inent .errorist Attac#. &&In t1e evento/ an
actalori00inentterroristattac#,sspects0a*
not )e detained /or 0ore t1an t1ree %:+ da*s
wit1ott1ewrittenapprovalo/a0nicipal,cit*,
provincial or re(ional o//icial o/ t1e 40an
Ri(1ts Co00ission or Ad(e o/ t1e 0nicipal,
re(ional trial cort, Sandi(an)a*an or a Astice
o/t1eCorto/Appealsnearestt1eplaceo/t1e
arrest. I/ t1e arrest is 0ade drin( Satrda*s,
Snda*s, 1olida*s or a/ter o//ice 1ors, t1e
arrestin( police or law en/orce0ent personnel
s1all )rin( t1e person t1s arrested to t1e
residence o/ an* o/ t1e o//icials 0entioned
a)ove t1at is nearest t1e place w1ere t1e
accsedwasarrested..1eapprovalinwritin(o/
an*o/t1esaido//icialss1all)esecred)*t1e
policeorlawen/orce0entpersonnelconcerned
wit1in/ive%9+da*sa/tert1edateo/t1edetention
o/ t1e persons concerned. Provided, 1owever,
t1atwit1int1ree%:+da*sa/tert1edetentiont1e
sspects, w1ose connection wit1 t1e terror
attac# or t1reat is not esta)lis1ed, s1all )e
releasedi00ediatel*%Sec.$'+.
AN.I&.!R.-REAC.%R.A.'F;9+
.ortrere/erstoanact)*w1ic1severepainor
s//erin(, w1et1er p1*sical or 0ental, is
intentionall* in/licted on a person /or sc1
prposes as o)tainin( /ro0 1i0/1er or a t1ird
person in/or0ation or a con/ession6 pnis1in(
1i0/1er/oranact1e/s1eorat1irdperson1as
co00ittedorissspectedo/1avin(co00itted6
or inti0idatin( or coercin( 1i0/1er or a t1ird
person6 o/ /or an* reason )ased on
discri0ination o/ an* #ind, w1en sc1 pain or
s//erin(isin/licted)*oratt1einsti(ationo/or
wit1t1econsentorac7iescenceo/apersonin
at1orit* or a(ent o/ a person o/ at1orit*. It
does not inclde pain or s//erin( arisin( onl*
/ro0,in1erentinorincidentaltolaw/lsanctions
%Sec.:<a=+.
Pnis1a)leactsnderSec.;
$. P1*sical tortre && a /or0 o/ treat0ent or
pnis10entin/licted)*apersoninat1orit*
or a(ent o/ a person in at1orit* pon
anot1er in 1is/1er cstod* t1at cases
severe pain, ex1astion, disa)ilit* or
d*s/nctiono/oneor0orepartso/t1e)od*,
sc1asB
%$+ S*ste0atic )eatin(, 1ead)an(in(,
pnc1in(, #ic#in(, stri#in( wit1
trnc1eon or ri/le )tt or ot1er si0ilar
o)Aects,andA0pin(ont1esto0ac16
%2+,ooddeprivationor/orci)le/eedin(wit1
spoiled /ood, ani0al or 10an excreta
and ot1er st// or s)stances not
nor0all*eaten6
%:+Electrics1oc#6
%;+Ci(arette)rnin(6)rnin()*electricall*
1eatedrods,1otoil,acid6)*t1er))in(
o/pepperorot1erc1e0icals)stances
on 0cos 0e0)ranes, or acids or
spicesdirectl*ont1ewond%s+6
%9+.1es)0ersiono/t1e1eadinwateror
water pollted wit1 excre0ent, rine,
vo0it and/or )lood ntil t1e )rin# o/
s//ocation6
%D+"ein(tiedor/orcedtoass0e/ixedand
stress/l)odil*position6
%F+ Rape and sexal a)se, incldin( t1e
insertion o/ /orei(n o)Aects into t1e sex
or(an or rect0, or electrical tortre o/
t1e(enitals6
%E+Mtilationora0ptationo/t1eessential
partso/t1e)od*sc1ast1e(enitalia,
ear,ton(e,etc.6
%'+Dentaltortreort1e/orcedextractiono/
t1eteet16
%$>+Pllin(oto//in(ernails6
%$$+4ar0/l exposretot1eele0entssc1
assnli(1tandextre0ecold6
%$2+ .1e se o/ plastic )a( and ot1er
0aterials placed over t1e 1ead to t1e
pointo/asp1*xiation6
%$:+.1eseo/ps*c1oactivedr(stoc1an(e
t1eperception,0e0or*.alertnessorwill
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o/aperson,sc1asB
%i+.1ead0inistrationo/dr(stoindce
con/ession and/or redce 0ental
co0petenc*6or
%ii+.1eseo/dr(stoindceextre0e
pain or certain s*0pto0s o/ a
disease6and
%$;+!t1eranalo(osactso/p1*sicaltortre6
and
2. Mental/Ps*c1olo(ical .ortre && acts
co00itted)*apersoninat1orit*ora(ent
o/apersoninat1orit*w1ic1arecalclated
to a//ect or con/se t1e 0ind and/or
nder0ine a personPs di(nit* and 0orale,
sc1asB
%$+"lind/oldin(6
%2+ .1reatenin( a person%s+ or 1is/1er
relative%s+wit1)odil*1ar0,exectionor
ot1erwron(/lacts6
%:+ Con/ine0ent in solitar* cells or secret
detentionplaces6
%$+Prolon(edinterro(ation6
%9+ Preparin( a prisoner /or a Ms1ow trialM,
p)lic displa*orp)lic 10iliationo/ a
detaineeorprisoner6
%D+ Casin( nsc1edled trans/er o/ a
person deprived o/ li)ert* /ro0 one
placetoanot1er,creatin(t1e)elie/t1at
1e/s1es1all)es00aril*exected6
%F+ Maltreatin( a 0e0)er/s o/ a personPs
/a0il*6
%E+ Casin( t1e tortre sessions to )e
witnessed )* t1e personPs /a0il*,
relativesoran*t1irdpart*6
%'+Denialo/sleep/rest6
%$>+ S1a0e in/liction sc1 as strippin( t1e
person na#ed, paradin( 1i0/1er in
p)licplaces,s1avin(t1evicti0Ps1ead
orpttin(0ar#son1is/1er)od*a(ainst
1is/1erwill6
%$$+ Deli)eratel* pro1i)itin( t1e victi0 to
co00nicate wit1 an* 0e0)er o/
1is/1er/a0il*6and
%$2+ !t1er analo(os acts o/
0ental/ps*c1olo(icaltortre.
Acts pnis1a)le )* reclsion perpeta nder
Sec.$;B
%$+ .ortre resltin( in t1e deat1 o/ an*
person6
%2+.ortreresltin(in0tilation6
%:+.ortrewit1rape6
%;+.ortrewit1ot1er/or0so/sexala)se
and, in conse7ence o/ tortre, t1e
victi0 s1all 1ave )eco0e insane,
i0)ecile, i0potent, )lind or 0ai0ed /or
li/e6and
%9+.ortreco00itteda(ainstc1ildren.
W1oarelia)le
SEC. $:. W1o are Cri0inall* Lia)le. & An*
person w1o actall* participated !r indced
anot1er in t1e co00ission o/ tortre or ot1er
crel, in10an and de(radin( treat0ent or
pnis10entorw1ocooperatedint1eexection
o/t1eacto/tortreorot1ercrel,in10anand
de(radin(treat0entorpnis10ent)*previos
orsi0ltaneosactss1all)elia)leasprincipal.
An*sperior0ilitar*,policeorlawen/orce0ent
o//icerorsenior(overn0ento//icial w1oissed
an order to an* lower ran#in( personnel to
co00it tortre /or w1atever prpose s1all )e
1elde7all*lia)leasprincipals.
.1e i00ediate co00andin( o//icer o/ t1e nit
concerned.o/t1eA,Port1ei00ediatesenior
p)lic o//icial o/ t1e PNP and ot1er law
en/orce0ent a(encies s1all )e 1eldlia)le asa
principal tot1ecri0eo/tortreorot1ercrelor
in10anandde(radin(treat0entorpnis10ent
/oran*actoro0ission,orne(li(enceco00itted
)*1i0/1ert1ats1all1aveled,assisted,a)etted
or allowed, w1et1er directl* or indirectl*, t1e
co00ission t1ereo/ )* 1is/1er s)ordinates. I/
1e/s1e 1as #nowled(e o/ or, owin( to t1e
circ0stances at t1e ti0e, s1old 1ave #nown
t1atactso/ tortreorot1ercrel,in10anand
de(radin( treat0ent or pnis10ent s1all )e
co00itted, is )ein( co00itted, or 1as )een
co00itted)*1is/1er s)ordinatesor)*ot1ers
wit1in1is/1erareao/responsi)ilit*and,despite
sc1 #nowled(e, did not ta#e preventive or
corrective action eit1er )e/ore, drin( or
i00ediatel* a/ter its co00ission, w1en 1e/s1e
1as t1e at1orit* to prevent or investi(ate
alle(ationso/tortreorot1ercrel,in10anand
de(radin(treat0entorpnis10ent)t/ailedto
prevent or investi(ate alle(ations o/ sc1 act,
w1et1er deli)eratel* or de to ne(li(ence s1all
also)elia)leasprincipals.
An*p)lico//icerore0plo*ees1all)elia)leas
an accessor* i/ 1e/s1e 1as #nowled(e t1at
tortre or ot1er crel, in10an and de(radin(
treat0entorpnis10entis)ein(co00ittedand
wit1ot 1avin( participated t1erein, eit1er as
principal or acco0plice, ta#es part s)se7ent
toitsco00issioninan*o/t1e/ollowin(0annerB
%a+"*t1e0selvespro/itin(/ro0orassistin(
t1eo//endertopro/it/ro0t1ee//ectso/
t1eacto/tortreorot1ercrel,in10an
andde(radin(treat0entorpnis10ent6
%)+"*concealin(t1eacto/tortreorot1er
crel,in10anandde(radin(treat0ent
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
or pnis10ent and/or destro*in( t1e
e//ectsorinstr0entst1ereo/inorderto
preventitsdiscover*6or
%c+ "* 1ar)orin(, concealin( or assistin(0
t1eescapeo/t1eprincipal/sint1eacto/
tortre or ot1er crel, in10an and
de(radin( treat0ent or pnis10entB
Provided, .1at t1e accessor* acts are
done wit1 t1e a)se o/ t1e o//icialPs
p)lic/nctions.
:.CRIMESA?AINS.P-"LIC!RDER%$:;&$9'+
Cri0esa(ainstp)licorder
$. Re)ellionorinsrrection%Art.$:;+6
2. Conspirac*andproposaltoco00itre)ellion
%Art.$:D+6
:. Dislo*alt*top)lico//icersore0plo*ees%Art.
$:F+6
;. Incitin(tore)ellion%Art.$:E+6
9. Sedition%Art.$:'+6
D. Conspirac*toco00itsedition%Art.$;$+6
F. Incitin(tosedition%Art.$;2+6
E. Acts tendin( to prevent t1e 0eetin( o/
Con(ressandsi0ilar)odies%Art.$;:+6
'. Distr)ance o/ proceedin(s o/ Con(ress or
si0ilar)odies%Art.$;;+6
$>. 5iolation o/ parlia0entar* i00nit* %Art.
$;9+6
$$. Ille(alasse0)lies%Art.$;D+6
$2. Ille(alassociations%Art.$;F+6
$:. Directassalts%Art.$;E+6
$;. Indirectassalts%Art.$;'+6
$9. Diso)edience to s00ons issed )*
Con(ress, its co00ittees, etc., )* t1e
constittional co00issions, its co00ittees,
etc.%Art.$9>+6
$D. Resistanceanddiso)ediencetoapersonin
at1orit* or t1e a(ents o/ sc1 person %Art.
$9$+6
$F. .0lts and ot1er distr)ances o/ p)lic
order%Art.$9:+6
$E. -nlaw/l se o/ 0eans o/ p)lication and
nlaw/ltterances%Art.$9;+6
$'. Alar0sandscandals%Art.$99+6
2>. Deliverin(prisoners/ro0Aails%Art.$9D+6
2$. Evasiono/serviceo/sentence%Art.$9F+6
22. Evasiononoccasiono/disorders%Art.$9E+6
2:. 5iolationo/conditionalpardon%Art.$9'+6and
2;. Co00ission o/anot1ercri0edrin( service
o/ penalt* i0posed /or anot1er previos
o//ense%Art.$D>+.
Article$:;.Re)ellionorInsrrection
Ele0ents
$. .1ere is a p)lic prisin( and ta#in( ar0s
a(ainstt1e(overn0ent6
2. .1eprposeo/t1eprisin(or0ove0entisC
a. to re0ove /ro0 t1e alle(iance to t1e
(overn0entoritslawsP1ilippineterritor*
or an* part t1ereo/, or an* )od* o/ land,
naval,orot1erar0ed/orces6or
). to deprive t1e C1ie/ Exective or
Con(ress, w1oll* or partiall*, o/ an* o/
t1eirpowersorprero(atives.
.1eessenceo/t1iscri0eisap)licprisin(wit1
t1e ta#in( p o/ ar0s. It re7ires a 0ltitde o/
people. Itai0stoovert1rowt1edl*constitted
(overn0ent. Itdoes notre7iret1eparticipation
o/ an* 0e0)er o/ t1e 0ilitar* or national police
or(ani8ation or p)lic o//icers and (enerall*
carriedot)*civilians.Lastl*,t1ecri0ecanonl*
)eco00ittedt1ro(1/orceandviolence.
Re)ellion and insrrection are not s*non*0os.
Re)ellionis0ore/re7entl*sedw1eret1eo)Aect
o/ t1e 0ove0ent is co0pletel* to overt1row and
spersede t1e existin( (overn0ent6 w1ile
insrrection is 0ore co00onl* e0plo*ed in
re/erence to a 0ove0ent w1ic1 see#s 0erel* to
e//ect so0e c1an(e o/ 0inor i0portance, or to
prevent t1e exercise o/ (overn0ental at1orit*
wit1 respect to particlar 0atters o/ s)Aects
%Re*es,citin(:>A0.Gr.$+.
Re)ellion can now )e co0plexed wit1 co00on
cri0es. Not lon( a(o, t1e Spre0e Cort, in
Enrile v. Sala8ar, $ED SCRA 2$F, reiterated and
a//ir0ed t1e rle laid down in People v.
4ernande8,''P1il9$9,t1atre)ellion0a*not)e
co0plexed wit1 co00on cri0es w1ic1 are
co00ittedin/rt1erancet1ereo/)ecaset1e*are
a)sor)ed in re)ellion. In view o/ said
rea//ir0ation, so0e )elieve t1at it 1as )een a
settled doctrine t1at re)ellion cannot )e
co0plexed wit1 co00on cri0es, sc1 as #illin(
and destrction o/ propert*, co00itted on t1e
occasionandin/rt1erancet1ereo/.
.1ist1in#in(isnolon(ercorrect6t1ereisnole(al
)asis/orsc1rlenow.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
.1e state0ent in People v. 4ernande8 t1at
co00on cri0es co00itted in /rt1erance o/
re)ellion are a)sor)ed )* t1e cri0e o/ re)ellion,
wasdictated)*t1eprovisiono/Article$:9o/t1e
RevisedPenalCodepriortoitsa0end0ent)*t1e
Rep)lic Act No. D'DE %An Act Pnis1in( t1e
Cri0eo/CopD3etat+,w1ic1)eca0ee//ectiveon
!cto)er$''>.Priortoitsa0end0ent)*Rep)lic
Act No. D'DE, Article $:9 pnis1ed t1ose Hw1o
w1ile 1oldin( an* p)lic o//ice or e0plo*0ent,
ta#epartt1ereinI)*an*o/t1eseactsBen(a(in(in
wara(ainstt1e/orceso/?overn0ent6destro*in(
propert*6 co00ittin( serios violence6 exactin(
contri)tions, divertin( /nds /or t1e law/l
prpose/orw1ic1t1e*1ave)eenappropriated.
Sincea1i(1erpenalt*isprescri)ed/ort1ecri0e
o/ re)ellion w1en an* o/ t1e speci/ied acts are
co00itted in /rt1erance t1ereo/, said acts are
pnis1ed as co0ponents o/ re)ellion and,
t1ere/ore,arenotto)etreatedasdistinctcri0es.
.1e sa0e acts constitte distinct cri0es w1en
co00itted on a di//erent occasion and not in
/rt1eranceo/re)ellion. Ins1ort,itwas)ecase
Article $:9 t1en pnis1ed said acts as
co0ponents o/ t1e cri0e o/ re)ellion t1at
precldes t1e application o/ Article ;E o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code t1ereto. In t1e e*es o/ t1e
lawt1en,saidactsconstitteonl*onecri0eand
t1at is re)ellion. .1e 4ernande8 doctrine was
rea//ir0edinEnrilev.Sala8ar)ecaset1etexto/
Article$:91asre0ainedt1esa0easitwasw1en
t1eSpre0eCortresolvedt1esa0eisseint1e
People v. 4ernande8. So t1e Spre0e Cort
invitedattentiontot1is/actandt1sstatedB
H.1ere is a an apparent need to restrctre t1e
lawonre)ellion,eit1ertoraiset1epenalt*t1ere/or
ortoclearl*de/ineanddeli0itt1eot1ero//enses
to )e considered a)sor)ed t1ere)*, so t1at it
cannot)econvenientl*tili8edast1e0)rella/or
ever*sorto/ille(alactivit*nderta#eninitsna0e.
.1ecort1asnopowertoe//ectsc1c1an(e,/or
it can onl* interpret t1e law as it stands at an*
(iven ti0e, and w1at is needed lies )e*ond
interpretation. 4ope/ll*, Con(ress will perceive
t1eneed/orpro0ptl* sei8in(t1einitiativeint1is
0atter,w1ic1isprel*wit1initsprovince.I
!)viosl*, Con(ress too# notice o/ t1is
prononce0ent and, t1s, in enactin( Rep)lic
ActNo.D'DE,itdidnotonl*provide/ort1ecri0e
o/ cop d3etat in t1e Revised Penal Code )t
0oreover,deleted/ro0t1eprovisiono/Article$:9
t1atportionre/errin(tot1oseC
HTw1o, w1ile 1oldin( an* p)lic o//ice or
e0plo*0ent ta#es part t1erein <re)ellion or
insrrection=,en(a(in(inwara(ainstt1e/orceso/
(overn0ent, destro*in( propert* or co00ittin(
serios violence, exactin( contri)tions or
divertin(p)lic/nds/ro0t1elaw/l prpose/or
w1ic1t1e*1ave)eenappropriatedTI
4ence, overt acts w1ic1 sed to )e pnis1ed as
co0ponents o/ t1e cri0e o/ re)ellion 1ave )een
severedt1ere/ro0)*Rep)licActNo.D'DE..1e
le(ali0pedi0enttot1eapplicationo/Article;Eto
re)ellion 1as )een re0oved. A/ter t1e
a0end0ent, co00on cri0es involvin( #illin(s,
and/or destrctions o/ propert*, even t1o(1
co00itted )* re)els in /rt1erance o/ re)ellion,
s1all)rin(a)otco0plexcri0eso/re)ellionwit1
0rder/1o0icide, or re)ellion wit1 ro))er*, or
re)ellionwit1arsonast1ecase0a*)e.
.o reiterate, )e/ore Article $:9 was a0ended, a
1i(1er penalt* was i0posed w1en t1e o//ender
en(a(es in war a(ainst t1e (overn0ent. MWarM
connotes an*t1in( w1ic1 0a* )e carried ot in
prsanceo/war..1isi0pliest1atallactso/war
or1ostilitiesli#eseriosviolenceanddestrction
o/ propert* co00itted on occasion and in
prsance o/ re)ellion are co0ponent cri0es o/
re)ellion w1ic1 is w1* Article ;E on co0plex
cri0esisinapplica)le.Ina0endin(Article$:9,t1e
acts w1ic1 sed to )e co0ponent cri0es o/
re)ellion,li#eseriosactso/violence,1ave)een
deleted..1esearenowdistinctcri0es..1ele(al
o)stacle/ort1eapplicationo/Article;E,t1ere/ore,
1as)eenre0oved. !rte(asa*sle(islatorswant
topnis1t1eseco00oncri0esindependentl*o/
re)ellion. !rte(acitesnocaseovertrnin(Enrile
v.Sala8ar.
InPeoplev.Rodri(e8,$>FP1il.9D',itwas1eld
t1atanaccsedalread*convictedo/re)ellion0a*
not)eprosected/rt1er/orille(alpossessiono/
/irear0anda00nition,aviolationo/Presidential
Decree No. $EDD, )ecase t1is is a necessar*
ele0entorin(rediento/t1ecri0eo/re)ellionwit1
w1ic1t1eaccsedwasalread*convicted.
4owever,inPeople v. .io8on, $'ESCRA :DE, it
was1eldt1atc1ar(in(oneo/ille(alpossessiono/
/irear0s in /rt1erance o/ re)ellion is proper
)ecaset1isisnotac1ar(eo/aco0plexcri0e.
Acri0endert1eRevisedPenalCodecannot)e
a)sor)ed)*astattor*o//ense.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
In People v. de ?racia, it was rled t1at ille(al
possession o/ /irear0 in /rt1erance o/
re)ellion nder Presidential Decree No.
$EDDisdistinct/ro0t1ecri0eo/re)ellion
nder t1e Revised Penal Code and,
t1ere/ore, Article $:9 %2+ o/ t1e Revised
PenalCodes1oldnotappl*..1eo//ense
o/ille(alpossessiono//irear0isa0al0
pro1i)it0,inw1ic1case,(ood/ait1and
a)sence o/ cri0inal intent are not valid
de/enses.
In People v. Lo)edioro, an NPA cadre #illed a
police0an and was convicted /or 0rder. 4e
appealedinvo#in(re)ellion. .1eSpre0eCort
/ondt1att1erewasnoevidences1ownto/rt1er
t1eendo/t1eNPA0ove0ent. It1eldt1att1ere
0st)eevidences1ownt1att1eact/rt1eredt1e
caseo/t1eNPA6itisnoteno(1tosa*it.
Re)ellion0a*)eco00ittedevenwit1otasin(le
s1ot )ein( /ired. No enconter needed. Mere
p)licprisin(wit1ar0seno(1.
Article $:9, as a0ended, 1as two penaltiesB a
1i(1er penalt* /or t1e pro0oters, 1eads and
0aintainers o/ t1e re)ellion6 and a lower penalt*
/ort1osew1oareonl*/ollowerso/t1ere)ellion.
Distinctions)etweenre)ellionandsedition
%$+ As to natre && In re)ellion, t1ere 0st )e
ta#in(porar0sa(ainstt1e(overn0ent. In
sedition,itiss//icientt1att1ep)licprisin(
)et0ltos.
%2+ As to prpose && In re)ellion, t1e prpose is
alwa*spolitical. Insedition,t1eprpose0a*
)epoliticalorsocial.Exa0pleBt1eprisin(o/
s7atters a(ainst ,or)es par# residents. .1e
prposeinseditionisto(oa(ainstesta)lis1ed
(overn0ent,nottoovert1rowit.
W1enan*o/t1eo)Aectiveso/re)ellionisprsed
)tt1ereisnop)licprisin(int1ele(al sense,
t1ecri0eisdirectassalto/t1e/irst/or0. "ti/
t1ere is re)ellion, wit1 p)lic prisin(, direct
assaltcannot)eco00itted.
Article$:;&A.CopdPetat
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisapersonorpersons)elon(in(to
t1e 0ilitar* or police or 1oldin( an* p)lic
o//iceore0plo*0ent6
2. It is co00itted )* 0eans o/ a swi/t attac#
acco0panied)*violence,inti0idation,t1reat,
strate(*orstealt16
:. .1e attac# is directed a(ainst t1e dl*
constitted at1orities o/ t1e Rep)lic o/ t1e
P1ilippines, or an* 0ilitar* ca0p or
installation, co00nication networ#s, p)lic
tilities or ot1er /acilities needed /or t1e
exerciseandcontinedpossessiono/power6
;. .1e prpose o/ t1e attac# is to sei8e or
di0inis1statepower.
.1eessenceo/t1ecri0eisaswi/tattac#pont1e
/acilities o/ t1e P1ilippine (overn0ent, 0ilitar*
ca0psandinstallations,co00nicationnetwor#s,
p)lic tilities and /acilities essential to t1e
continedpossessiono/(overn0entalpowers. It
0a*)eco00ittedsin(l*orcollectivel*anddoes
not re7ire a 0ltitde o/ people. .1e o)Aective
0a*not)etoovert1rowt1e(overn0ent)tonl*
todesta)ili8eorparal*8et1e(overn0entt1ro(1
t1esei8reo//acilitiesandtilitiesessentialtot1e
contined possession and exercise o/
(overn0ental powers. It re7ires as principal
o//ender a 0e0)er o/ t1e A,P or o/ t1e PNP
or(ani8ation or a p)lic o//icer wit1 or wit1ot
civilianspport. ,inall*,it0a*)ecarriedotnot
onl*)*/orceorviolence)talsot1ro(1stealt1,
t1reatorstrate(*.
Personslia)le/orre)ellion,insrrectionorcopdPetatnderArticle$:9
$. .1eleadersC
a. An* person w1o pro0otes, 0aintains or
1eadsare)ellionorinsrrection6or
). An* person w1o leads, directs or
co00ands ot1ers to nderta#e a cop
dPetat6
2. .1eparticipantsC
a. An* person w1o participates or exectes
t1e co00ands o/ ot1ers in re)ellion,
insrrectionorcopdPetat6
). An*personnotint1e(overn0entservice
w1oparticipates,spports,/inances,a)ets
oraidsinnderta#in(acopdPetat.
Article$:D.Conspirac*andProposaltoCo00itCopdPetat,Re)ellionorInsrrection
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Conspirac* and proposal to co00it re)ellion are
twodi//erentcri0es,na0el*B
$. Conspirac*toco00itre)ellion6and
2. Proposaltoco00itre)ellion.
.1ereisconspirac*toco00itre)ellionw1entwo
or 0ore persons co0e to an a(ree0ent to rise
p)licl*andta#ear0sa(ainst(overn0ent/oran*
o/t1eprposeso/re)ellionanddecidetoco00it
it.
.1ere is proposal to co00it re)ellion w1en t1e
personw1o1asdecidedtorisep)licl*andta#e
ar0s a(ainst t1e (overn0ent /or an* o/ t1e
prposes o/ re)ellion proposes its exection to
so0eot1erpersonorpersons.
Article$:F.Dislo*alt*o/P)lic!//icersorE0plo*ees
Actspnis1ed
$. "* /ailin( to resist a re)ellion )* all t1e
0eansint1eirpower6
2. "*continin(todisc1ar(et1edtieso/t1eir
o//icesndert1econtrolo/t1ere)els6or
:. "* acceptin( appoint0ent to o//ice nder
t1e0.
!//ender0st)eap)lico//icerore0plo*ee.
Article$:E.Incitin(toRe)ellionorInsrrection
Ele0ents
$. !//enderdoesnotta#ear0sorisnotinopen
1ostilit*a(ainstt1e(overn0ent6
2. 4e incites ot1ers to t1e exection o/ an* o/
t1eactso/re)ellion6
:. .1eincitin( isdone )*0eans o/ speec1es,
procla0ations,writin(s,e0)le0s,)annersor
ot1er representations tendin( to t1e sa0e
end.
Distinction )etween incitin( to re)ellion and
proposaltoco00itre)ellion
$. In )ot1 cri0es, o//ender indces anot1er to
co00itre)ellion.
2. In proposal, t1e person w1o proposes 1as
decided to co00it re)ellion6 in incitin( to
re)ellion, it is not re7ired t1at t1e o//ender
1asdecidedtoco00itre)ellion.
:. In proposal, t1e person w1o proposes t1e
exectiono/t1ecri0esessecret0eans6in
incitin(tore)ellion,t1eacto/incitin(isdone
p)licl*.
Article$:'.Sedition
Ele0ents
$. !//endersrisep)licl*andt0ltosl*6
2. !//enderse0plo*/orce,inti0idation,orot1er
0eansotsideo/le(al0et1ods6
:. Prpose is to attain an* o/ t1e /ollowin(
o)AectsB
a. .opreventt1epro0l(ationorexection
o/ an* law or t1e 1oldin( o/ an* poplar
election6
). .opreventt1enational(overn0entoran*
provincialor0nicipal(overn0ent,oran*
p)lic o//icer /ro0 exercisin( its or 1is
/nctions or prevent t1e exection o/ an
ad0inistrativeorder6
c. .oin/lictan*acto/1ateorreven(epon
t1epersonorpropert*o/an*p)lico//icer
ore0plo*ee6
d. .oco00it,/oran*politicalorsocialend,
an*acto/1ateorreven(ea(ainstprivate
personsoran*socialclasses6
e. .o despoil /or an* political or social end,
an* person, 0nicipalit* or province, or
t1enational(overn0ento/allitspropert*
oran*partt1ereo/.
.1e cri0e o/ sedition does not conte0plate t1e
ta#in(po/ar0sa(ainstt1e(overn0ent)ecase
t1e prpose o/ t1is cri0e is not t1e overt1row o/
t1e (overn0ent. Notice /ro0 t1e prpose o/ t1e
cri0e o/ sedition t1at t1e o//enders rise p)licl*
and create co00otion ad distr)ance )* wa* o/
protesttoexpresst1eirdissentando)edienceto
t1e (overn0ent or to t1e at1orities concerned.
.1isisli#et1eso&calledcivildiso)edienceexcept
t1at t1e 0eans e0plo*ed, w1ic1 is violence, is
ille(al.
Personslia)le/orseditionnderArticle$;>
$. .1eleadero/t1esedition6and 2. !t1erpersonparticipatin(int1esedition.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article$;$.Conspirac*toCo00itSedition
Int1iscri0e,t1ere0st)eana(ree0entanda
decision to rise p)licl* and t0ltosl* to
attainan*o/t1eo)Aectso/sedition.
.1ereisnoproposaltoco00itsedition.
Article$;2.Incitin(toSedition
Actspnis1ed
$. Incitin(ot1erstot1eacco0plis10ento/an*
o/ t1e acts w1ic1 constitte sedition )*
0eanso/speec1es,procla0ations,writin(s,
e0)le0s,etc.6
2. -tterin( seditios words or speec1es w1ic1
tendtodistr)t1ep)licpeace6
:. Writin(, p)lis1in(, or circlatin( scrrilos
li)els a(ainst t1e (overn0ent or an* o/ t1e
dl* constitted at1orities t1ereo/, w1ic1
tendtodistr)t1ep)licpeace.
Ele0ents
$. !//enderdoesnotta#edirectpartin
t1ecri0eo/sedition6
2. 4e incites ot1ers to t1e
acco0plis10ent o/ an* o/ t1e acts w1ic1
constittesedition6and
:. Incitin( is done )* 0eans o/
speec1es,procla0ations,writin(s,e0)le0s,
cartoons, )anners, or ot1er representations
tendin(towardst1esa0eend.
!nl*non&participantinsedition0a*)elia)le.
Considerin( t1at t1e o)Aective o/ sedition is to
express protest a(ainst t1e (overn0ent and in
t1eprocesscreatin(1atea(ainstp)lico//icers,
an* act t1at will (enerate 1atred a(ainst t1e
(overn0ent or a p)lic o//icer concerned or a
social class 0a* a0ont to Incitin( to sedition.
Article$;2is,t1ere/ore,7ite)road.
.1e0ere0eetin(/ort1eprposeo/discssin(
1atred a(ainst t1e (overn0ent is incitin( to
sedition. La0)astin( (overn0ent o//icials to
discredit t1e (overn0ent is Incitin( to sedition.
"ti/t1eo)Aectiveo/sc1preparator*actionsis
t1e overt1row o/ t1e (overn0ent, t1e cri0e is
incitin(tore)ellion.
Article$;:.Acts.endin(toPreventt1eMeetin(o/t1eCon(resso/t1eP1ilippinesandSi0ilar"odies
Ele0ents
$. .1ere is a proAected or actal 0eetin( o/
Con(ress or an* o/ its co00ittees or
s)co00ittees, constittional co00ittees or
divisionst1ereo/,oro/an*provincial)oardor
cit*or0nicipalconcilor)oard6
2. !//ender, w1o 0a* )e an* person, prevents
sc10eetin(s)*/orceor/rad.
Article$;;.Distr)anceo/Proceedin(s
Ele0ents
$. .1ere isa0eetin(o/ Con(ress or an*o/ its
co00ittees or s)co00ittees, constittional
co00issions or co00ittees or divisions
t1ereo/, or o/ an* provincial )oard or cit* or
0nicipalconcilor)oard6
2. !//enderdoesan*o/t1e/ollowin(actsB
a. 4edistr)san*o/sc10eetin(s6
). 4e)e1avesw1ileint1epresenceo/an*
sc1 )odies in sc1 a 0anner as to
interrpt its proceedin(s or to i0pair t1e
respect
deit.
Article$;9.5iolationo/Parlia0entar*I00nit*
Actspnis1ed
$. -sin(/orce,inti0idation,t1reats,or/radsto
prevent an* 0e0)er o/ Con(ress /ro0
attendin(t1e0eetin(so/Con(ressoro/an*
o/ its co00ittees or s)co00ittees,
constittional co00issions orco00ittees or
divisions t1ereo/, or /ro0 expressin( 1is
opinionorcastin(1isvote6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Ele0ents
$. !//ender ses /orce, inti0idation,
t1reatsor/rad6
2. .1e prpose o/ t1e o//ender is to
prevent an* 0e0)er o/ Con(ress
/ro0C
a. attendin( t1e 0eetin(s o/ t1e
Con(ress or o/ an* o/ its
co00ittees or constittional
co00issions,etc.6
). expressin(1isopinion6or
c. castin(1isvote.
2. Arrestin( or searc1in( an* 0e0)er t1ereo/
w1ile Con(ress is in re(lar or special
session, except in case sc1 0e0)er 1as
co00itted a cri0e pnis1a)le nder t1e
Code)*apenalt*1i(1ert1anprision0a*or.
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisap)lico//icero/e0plo*ee6
2. 4e arrests or searc1es an* 0e0)er o/
Con(ress6
:. Con(ress,att1eti0eo/arrestorsearc1,
isinre(larorspecialsession6
;. .1e 0e0)er arrested or searc1ed 1as
notco00ittedacri0epnis1a)lender
t1eCode)*apenalt*1i(1ert1anprision
0a*or.
-nderSection$$,Article5Io/t1eConstittion,a
p)lico//icerw1oarrestsa0e0)ero/Con(ress
w1o1asco00ittedacri0epnis1a)le)*prision
0a*or%six*earsandoneda*,to$2*ears+isnot
lia)leArticle$;9.
Accordin( to Re*es, to )e consistent wit1 t1e
Constittion,t1ep1raseM)*apenalt*1i(1ert1an
prision0a*orMinArticle$;9s1old)ea0ended
to readB M)* t1e penalt* o/ prision 0a*or or
1i(1er.M
Article$;D.Ille(alAsse0)lies
Actspnis1ed
$. An* 0eetin( attended )* ar0ed persons /or
t1e prpose o/ co00ittin( an* o/ t1e cri0es
pnis1a)lendert1eCode6
Ele0ents
%a+ .1ere is a 0eetin(, a (at1erin( or
(rop o/ persons, w1et1er in /ixed
placeor0ovin(6
%)+ .1e 0eetin( is attended )* ar0ed
persons6
%c+ .1e prpose o/ t1e 0eetin( is to
co00it an* o/ t1e cri0es pnis1a)le
ndert1eCode.
2. An* 0eetin( in w1ic1 t1e adience, w1et1er
ar0edornot,isincitedtot1eco00issiono/
t1ecri0eo/treason,re)ellionorinsrrection,
sedition,orassaltponpersoninat1orit*or
1isa(ents.
%a+ .1ere is a 0eetin(, a (at1erin( or
(rop o/ persons, w1et1er in a /ixed
placeor0ovin(6
%)+ .1eadience,w1et1erar0edor not,
is incited to t1e co00ission o/ t1e
cri0e o/ treason, re)ellion or
insrrection,seditionordirectassalt.
Personslia)le/orille(alasse0)l*
$. .1eor(ani8erorleaderso/t1e0eetin(6
2. Persons 0erel* present at t1e 0eetin(, w1o
0st 1ave a co00on intent to co00it t1e
/elon*o/ille(alasse0)l*.
I/ an* person present at t1e 0eetin( carries an
nlicensed/irear0,itispres0edt1att1eprpose
o/ t1e 0eetin( inso/ar as 1e is concerned is to
co00itactspnis1a)lendert1eRevisedPenal
Code,and1eisconsideredaleaderoror(ani8er
o/t1e0eetin(.
.1e(rava0eno/t1eo//enseis0ereasse0)l*o/
or (at1erin( o/ people /or ille(al prpose
pnis1a)le)* t1e Revised Penal Code. Wit1ot
(at1erin(,t1ereisnoille(alasse0)l*.I/nlaw/l
prposeisacri0enderaspeciallaw,t1ereisno
ille(al asse0)l*. ,or exa0ple, t1e (at1erin( o/
dr( ps1ers to /acilitate dr( tra//ic#in( is not
ille(al asse0)l* )ecase t1e prpose is not
violative o/ t1e Revised Penal Code )t o/ .1e
Dan(erosDr(sActo/$'F2,asa0ended,w1ic1
isaspeciallaw.
.wo/or0so/ille(alasse0)l*
%$+ Noattendanceo/ar0ed0en,)tpersonsin
t1e 0eetin( are incited to co00it treason,
re)ellion or insrrection, sedition or assalt
pon apersonin at1orit*. W1en t1e ille(al
prposeo/t1e(at1erin(istoincitepeopleto
co00it t1e cri0es 0entioned a)ove, t1e
presenceo/ar0ed0enisnnecessar*. .1e
0ere(at1erin(/ort1eprposeiss//icientto
)rin(a)ott1ecri0ealread*.
%2+ Ar0ed 0en attendin( t1e (at1erin( C I/ t1e
ille(al prposeisot1ert1ant1ose0entioned
a)ove,t1epresenceo/ar0ed0endrin(t1e
(at1erin( )rin(s a)ot t1e cri0e o/ ille(al
asse0)l*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Exa0pleB Persons conspirin( to ro) a )an#
were arrested. So0e were wit1 /irear0s.
Lia)le/orille(alasse0)l*,not/orconspirac*,
)t/or(at1erin(wit1ar0ed0en.
Distinction )etween ille(al asse0)l* and ille(al
association
In ille(al asse0)l*, t1e )asis o/ lia)ilit* is t1e
(at1erin(/oranille(alprposew1ic1constittesa
cri0endert1eRevisedPenalCode.
Inille(alassociation,t1e)asisist1e/or0ationo/
oror(ani8ationo/anassociationtoen(a(einan
nlaw/lprposew1ic1isnotli0itedtoaviolation
o/t1eRevisedPenalCode.Itincldesaviolation
o/ a special law or t1ose a(ainst p)lic 0orals.
Meanin( o/ p)lic 0oralsB ini0ical to p)lic
wel/are6 it 1as not1in( to do wit1 decenc*., not
actso/o)scenit*.
Article$;F.Ille(alAssociations
$. Associations totall* or partiall* or(ani8ed /or
t1e prpose o/ co00ittin( an* o/ t1e cri0es
pnis1a)lendert1eCode6
2. Associations totall* or partiall* or(ani8ed /or
so0eprposecontrar*top)lic0orals.
Personslia)le
$. ,onders,
directorsandpresidento/t1eassociation6
2. Mere0e0)erso/t1eassociation.
Distinction )etween ille(al association and ille(al
asse0)l*
$. In ille(al association, it is not necessar* t1at
t1ere)eanactal0eetin(.
Inille(alasse0)l*,itisnecessar*t1att1ereis
an actal 0eetin( or asse0)l* or ar0ed
persons/ort1eprposeo/co00ittin(an*o/
t1e cri0es pnis1a)le nder t1e Code, or o/
individals w1o, alt1o(1 not ar0ed, are
incitedtot1eco00issiono/treason,re)ellion,
sedition,orassaltponapersoninat1orit*
or1isa(ent.
2. Inille(alassociation,itist1eacto//or0in(or
or(ani8in(and0e0)ers1ipint1eassociation
t1atarepnis1ed.
In ille(al asse0)l*, it is t1e 0eetin( and
attendanceatsc10eetin(t1atarepnis1ed.
:. Inille(alassociation,t1epersonslia)leare%$+
t1e/onders,directorsandpresident6and%2+
t1e0e0)ers.
Inille(alasse0)l*,t1epersonslia)leare%$+
t1e or(ani8ers or leaders o/ t1e 0eetin( and
%2+t1epersonspresentat0eetin(.
Article$;E.DirectAssalt
Actspnis1ed
$. Wit1otp)licprisin(,)*e0plo*in(/orceor
inti0idation /or t1e attain0ent o/ an* o/ t1e
prposesen0eratedinde/inin(t1ecri0eso/
re)ellionandsedition6
Ele0ents
%a+ !//endere0plo*s/orceorinti0idation6
%)+ .1eai0o/t1eo//enderistoattainan*o/
t1e prposes o/ t1e cri0e o/ re)ellion or
an*o/t1eo)Aectso/t1ecri0eo/sedition6
%c+ .1ereisnop)licprisin(.
2. Wit1ot p)lic prisin(, )* attac#in(, )*
e0plo*in(/orceor)*seriosl*inti0idatin(or
)* seriosl* resistin( an* person in at1orit*
or an* o/ 1is a(ents, w1ile en(a(ed in t1e
per/or0anceo/o//icial dties,oronoccasion
o/sc1per/or0ance.
Ele0ents
%a+ !//ender0a#esanattac#,e0plo*s/orce,
0a#esaseriosinti0idation,or0a#esa
seriosresistance6
%)+ .1e person assalted is a person in
at1orit*or1isa(ent6
%c+ At t1e ti0e o/ t1e assalt, t1e person in
at1orit* or 1is a(ent is en(a(ed in t1e
actal per/or0ance o/ o//icial dties, or
t1at1eisassalted)*reasono/t1epast
per/or0anceo/o//icialdties6
%d+ !//ender #nows t1at t1e one 1e is
assaltin( is a person in at1orit* or 1is
a(entint1eexerciseo/1isdties.
%e+ .1ereisnop)licprisin(.
.1e cri0e is not )ased on t1e 0aterial
conse7ence o/ t1e nlaw/l act. .1e cri0e o/
direct assalt pnis1es t1e spirit o/ lawlessness
andt1econte0ptor1atred/ort1eat1orit*ort1e
rleo/law.
.o)especi/ic,i/aAd(ewas#illedw1ile1ewas
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
1oldin( a session, t1e #illin( is not t1e direct
assalt,)t0rder..1erecold)edirectassalt
i/t1eo//ender#illedt1eAd(esi0pl*)ecaset1e
Ad(eissostrictint1e/l/ill0ento/1isdt*. Itis
t1e spirit o/ 1ate w1ic1 is t1e essence o/ direct
assalt.
So, w1ere t1e spirit is present, it is alwa*s

co0plexed wit1 t1e 0aterial conse7ence o/ t1e
nlaw/l act. I/ t1e nlaw/l act was 0rder or
1o0icide co00itted nder circ0stance o/
lawlessness or conte0pt o/ at1orit*, t1e cri0e
wold )e direct assalt wit1 0rder or 1o0icide,
ast1ecase0a*)e. Int1eexa0pleo/t1eAd(e
w1o was #illed, t1e cri0e is direct assalt wit1
0rderor1o0icide.
.1e onl* ti0e w1en it is not co0plexed is w1en
0aterial conse7ence is a li(1t /elon*, t1at is,
sli(1t p1*sical inAr*. Direct assalt a)sor)s t1e
li(1ter/elon*6t1ecri0eo/directassaltcannot)e
separated/ro0t1e0aterialreslto/t1eact.So,i/
ano//enderw1oisc1ar(edwit1directassaltand
inanot1ercort/ort1esli(1tp1*sicalInAr*w1ic1
isparto/t1eact,ac7ittalorconvictioninoneisa
)artot1eprosectionint1eot1er.
Exa0pleo/t1e/irst/or0o/directassaltB
.1ree 0en )ro#e into a National ,ood At1orit*
ware1oseandla0enteds//erin(so/t1epeople.
.1e*calledonpeopleto1elpt1e0selvestoallt1e
rice. .1e* did not even 1elp t1e0selves to a
sin(le(rain.
.1e cri0e co00itted was direct assalt. .1ere
was no ro))er* /or t1ere was no intent to (ain.
.1ecri0e isdirect assalt )* co00ittin(acts o/
sedition nder Article $:' %9+, t1at is, spoilin( o/
t1epropert*,/oran*politicalorsocialend,o/an*
person 0nicipalit* or province or t1e national
(overn0ento/alloran*itspropert*,)tt1ereis
nop)licprisin(.
Person in at1orit* is an* person directl* vested
wit1 Arisdiction, w1et1er as an
individal or as a 0e0)er o/ so0e
cort or (overn0ent corporation,
)oard, or co00ission. A )aran(a*
c1air0an is dee0ed a person in
at1orit*.
A(ento/apersoninat1orit*isan*personw1o
)*directprovisiono/lawor)*election
or )* appoint0ent )* co0petent
at1orit*, is c1ar(ed wit1 t1e
0aintenance o/ p)lic order and t1e
protection and secrit* o/ li/e and
propert*, sc1 as a )aran(a*
concil0an, )arrio police0an,
)aran(a* leader and an* person w1o
co0es to t1e aid o/ a person in
at1orit*.
Inappl*in(t1eprovisionso/Articles$;Eand$9$,
teac1ers, pro/essors, and persons c1ar(ed wit1
t1espervisiono/p)licordl*reco(ni8edprivate
sc1ools, colle(es and niversities and law*ers in
t1e actal per/or0ance o/ t1eir dties or on t1e
occasiono/sc1per/or0ance,s1all)edee0eda
personinat1orit*.
Indirectassalto/t1e/irst/or0,t1estatreo/t1e
o//ended person is i00aterial. .1e cri0e is
0ani/ested)*t1espirito/lawlessness.
In t1e second /or0, *o 1ave to distin(is1 a
sitationw1ereapersoninat1orit*or1isa(ent
was attac#ed w1ile per/or0in( o//icial /nctions,
/ro0 a sitation w1en 1e is not per/or0in( sc1
/nctions. I/attac#wasdonedrin(t1eexercise
o/ o//icial /nctions, t1e cri0e is alwa*s direct
assalt. Itiseno(1t1att1eo//ender#newt1at
t1epersonin at1orit*was per/or0in(ano//icial
/nction w1atever 0a* )e t1e reason /or t1e
attac#,alt1o(1w1at0a*1ave1appenedwasa
prel*privatea//air.
!nt1eot1er1and,i/t1epersoninat1orit*ort1e
a(entwas#illedw1ennolon(erper/or0in(o//icial
/nctions, t1e cri0e 0a* si0pl* )e t1e 0aterial
conse7ence o/ t1e nlaw/l actB 0rder or
1o0icide. ,ort1ecri0eto)edirectassalt,t1e
attac#0st)e)*reasono/1iso//icial/nctionin
t1e past. Motive )eco0es i0portant in t1is
respect. Exa0ple, i/ a Ad(e was #illed w1ile
resistin(t1eta#in(o/1iswatc1,t1ereisnodirect
assalt.
In t1e second /or0 o/ direct assalt, it is also
i0portant t1at t1e o//ended part* #new t1at t1e
person 1eisattac#in(isa personinat1orit*or
an a(ent o/ a person in at1orit*, per/or0in( 1is
o//icial /nctions. No#nowled(e,nolawlessness
orconte0pt.
,orexa0ple,i/twopersonswere7arrelin(anda
police0an in civilian clot1es co0es and stops
t1e0, )t one o/ t1e prota(onists sta)s t1e
police0an,t1erewold)enodirectassaltnless
t1eo//ender#newt1at1eisapolice0an.
Int1isrespectitiseno(1t1att1eo//enders1old
#nowt1att1eo//endedpart*wasexercisin(so0e
/or0 o/ at1orit*. It is not necessar* t1at t1e
o//ender #nows w1at is 0eant )* person in
at1orit* or an a(ent o/ one )ecase i(norantia
le(isnonexcsat.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article$;'.IndirectAssalt
Ele0ents
$. A person in at1orit* or 1is a(ent is t1e
victi0 o/ an* o/ t1e /or0s o/ direct assalt
de/inedinArticle$;E6
2. Apersonco0estot1eaido/sc1at1orit*
or1isa(ent6
:. !//ender0a#esseo//orceorinti0idation
pon sc1 person co0in( tot1eaido/ t1e
at1orit*or1isa(ent.
.1evicti0inindirectassalts1old)eaprivate
personw1oco0esinaido/ana(ento/aperson
inat1orit*. .1eassaltis pon a personw1o
co0es in aid o/ t1e person in at1orit*. .1e
victi0 cannot )e t1e person in at1orit* or 1is
a(ent.
.1ere is no indirect assalt w1en t1ere is no
directassalt.
.a#e notet1at nder Article $92,as a0ended,
w1en an* person co0es in aid o/ a person in
at1orit*, said person at t1at 0o0ent is no
lon(eracivilianC1eisconstittedasana(ento/
t1epersoninat1orit*.I/sc1personweret1e
oneattac#ed,t1ecri0ewold)edirectassalt.
Detot1ea0end0ento/Article$92,wit1ott1e
correspondin( a0end0ent in Article $9>, t1e
cri0eo/indirectassaltcanonl*)eco00itted
w1enassaltisponacivilian(ivin(aidtoan
a(ent o/ t1e person in at1orit*. 4e does not
)eco0eanot1era(ento/t1epersoninat1orit*.
Article$9>. Diso)ediencetoS00onsIssed)*Con(ress,ItsCo00itteesorS)co00ittees,)*t1e
ConstittionalCo00issions,ItsCo00ittees,S)co00itteesorDivisions
Actspnis1ed
$. "* re/sin(, wit1ot le(al excse, to o)e*
s00onso/Con(ress,itsspecialorstandin(
co00ittees and s)co00ittees, t1e
Constittional Co00issions and its
co00ittees, s)co00ittees or divisions, or
)*an*co00issionorco00itteec1air0anor
0e0)erat1ori8edtos00onwitnesses6
2. "* re/sin( to )e sworn or placed nder
a//ir0ationw1ile)ein()e/oresc1le(islative
orconstittional)od*oro//icial6
:. "*re/sin(toansweran*le(alin7ir*orto
prodce an* )oo#s, papers, doc0ents, or
recordsin1ispossession,w1enre7ired)*
t1e0 to do so in t1e exercise o/ t1eir
/nctions6
;. "* restrainin( anot1er /ro0 attendin( as a
witness in sc1 le(islative or constittional
)od*6
9. "* indcin( diso)edience to a s00ons or
re/sal to )e sworn )* an* sc1 )od* or
o//icial.
Article$9$.ResistanceandDiso)ediencetoAPersoninAt1orit*ort1eA(entso/Sc1Person
Ele0entso/resistanceandseriosdiso)edience
ndert1e/irstpara(rap1
$. Apersoninat1orit*or1isa(entisen(a(ed
int1eper/or0anceo/o//icialdt*or(ivesa
law/lordertot1eo//ender6
2. !//ender resists or seriosl* diso)e*s sc1
personinat1orit*or1isa(ent6
:. .1eacto/t1eo//enderisnotincldedint1e
provisiono/Articles$;E,$;'and$9>.
Ele0ents o/ si0ple diso)edience nder t1e
secondpara(rap1
$. Ana(ento/apersoninat1orit*isen(a(ed
int1eper/or0anceo/o//icialdt*or(ivesa
law/lordertot1eo//ender6
2. !//enderdiso)e*ssc1a(ento/apersonin
at1orit*6
:. Sc1diso)edienceisnoto/aseriosnatre.
Distinction )etween resistance or serios
diso)edienceanddirectassalt
$. In resistance, t1e person in at1orit* or 1is

a(ent 0st )e in actal per/or0ance o/ 1is
dties.
Indirectassalt,t1epersoninat1orit*or1is
a(ent0st)een(a(edint1eper/or0anceo/
o//icial dties or t1at 1e is assalted )*
reasont1ereo/.
2. Resistance or serios diso)edience is
co00itted onl* )* resistin( or seriosl*
diso)e*in(apersoninat1orit*or1isa(ent.
Directassalt%t1esecond/or0+isco00itted
in/orwa*s,t1atis,%$+)*attac#in(,%2+)*
e0plo*in(/orce,%:+)*seriosl*inti0idatin(,
and %;+ )* seriosl* resistin( a persons in
at1orit*or1isa(ent.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
:. In )ot1 resistance a(ainst an a(ent o/ a
person in at1orit* and direct assalt )*
resistin( an a(ent o/ a person in at1orit*,
t1ereis/orcee0plo*ed,)tt1eseo//orce
inresistanceisnotsoserios,ast1ereisno
0ani/est intention to de/* t1e law and t1e
o//icersen/orcin(it.
.1e attac# or e0plo*0ent o/ /orce w1ic1
(ivesrisetot1ecri0eo/directassalt0st
)eseriosanddeli)erate6ot1erwise,evena
caseo/si0pleresistancetoanarrest,w1ic1
alwa*s re7ires t1e se o/ /orce o/ so0e
#ind, wold constitte direct assalt and t1e
lesser o//ense o/ resistanceordiso)edience
inArticle$9$woldentirel*disappear.
"t w1en t1e one resisted is a person I
at1orit*, t1e se o/ an* #ind or de(ree o/
/orcewill(iverisetodirectassalt.
I/ no /orce is e0plo*ed )* t1e o//ender in
resistin(ordiso)e*in(apersoninat1orit*,
t1ecri0eco00ittedisresistanceorserios
diso)edience nder t1e /irst para(rap1 o/
Article$9$.
W1oaredee0edpersonsinat1orit*anda(entso/personsinat1orit*nderArticle$92
Exa0pleso/personsinat1orit*
$. Mnicipal0a*or6
2. Divisionsperintendento/sc1ools6
:. P)licandprivatesc1oolteac1ers6
;. .eac1er&nrse6
9. Presidento/sanitar*division6
D. Provincial/iscal6
F. Gsticeo/t1ePeace6
E. Mnicipalconcilor6
'. "arriocaptainand)aran(a*c1air0an.
A person in at1orit* is one directl* vested wit1
Arisdiction, t1at is, t1e power and at1orit* to
(overnandexectet1elaws.
Ana(ento/apersoninat1orit*isonec1ar(ed
wit1 %$+ t1e 0aintenance o/ p)lic order and %2+
t1eprotectionandsecrit*o/li/eandpropert*.
Article$9:..0ltsand!t1erDistr)anceso/P)lic!rder
Actspnis1ed
$. Casin( an* serios distr)ance in a p)lic
place,o//iceoresta)lis10ent6
2. Interrptin( or distr)in( per/or0ances,
/nctionsor(at1erin(s,orpeace/l0eetin(s,
i/ t1e act is not inclded in Articles $:$ and
$:26
:. Ma#in(an*otcr*tendin(toincitere)ellionor
seditioninan*0eetin(,associationorp)lic
place6
;. Displa*in( placards or e0)le0s w1ic1
provo#eadistr)anceo/p)licorderinsc1
place6
9. "r*in(wit1po0pt1e)od*o/apersonw1o
1as)eenle(all*exected.
.1e essence is creatin( p)lic disorder. .1is
cri0e is )ro(1t a)ot )* creatin( serios
distr)ancesinp)licplaces,p)lic)ildin(s,and
even in private places w1ere p)lic /nctions or
per/or0ancesare)ein(1eld.
,oracri0eto)endert1isarticle,it0stnot/all
nder Articles $:$ %pro1i)ition, interrption, and
dissoltion o/ peace/l 0eetin(s+ and $:2
%interrptiono/reli(ioswors1ip+.
Int1eacto/0a#in(otcr*drin(speec1tendin(
to incite re)ellion or sedition, t1e
sitation 0st )e distin(is1ed /ro0
incitin( to sedition or re)ellion. I/ t1e
spea#er, even )e/ore 1e delivered 1is
speec1, alread* 1ad t1e cri0inal intent
toincitet1elistenerstorisetosedition,
t1e cri0e wold )e incitin( to sedition.
4owever, i/ t1e o//ender 1ad no sc1
cri0inal intent, )t in t1e corse o/ 1is
speec1, te0pers went 1i(1 and so t1e
spea#er started incitin( t1e adience to
rise in sedition a(ainstt1e (overn0ent,
t1e cri0e is distr)ance o/ t1e p)lic
order.
.1e distr)ance o/ t1e p)ic order is t0ltos
andt1epenalt*isincreasedi/itis)ro(1ta)ot
)*ar0ed0en..1eter0Har0edIdoesnotre/erto
/irear0s )t incldes even )i( stones capa)le o/
casin((raveinAr*.
Itisalsodistr)anceo/t1ep)licorderi/aconvict
le(all* pt to deat1 is )ried wit1 po0p. 4e
s1oldnot)e0adeotasa0art*r6it0i(1tincite
ot1ersto1atred.
Article$9;.-nlaw/l-seo/Meanso/P)licationand-nlaw/l-tterances
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Actspnis1edB
$. P)lis1in( or casin( to )e p)lis1ed, )*
0eans o/ printin(, lit1o(rap1* or an* ot1er
0eanso/p)lication,asnewsan*/alsenews
w1ic1 0a* endan(er t1e p)lic order6 or
caseda0a(etot1einterestorcredito/t1e
State6
2. Encora(in(diso)ediencetot1elawortot1e
constittedat1oritiesorpraisin(,Asti/*in(or
extollin(an*actpnis1ed)*law,)*t1esa0e
0eansor)*words,tterancesorspeec1es6
:. Maliciosl* p)lis1in( or casin( to )e
p)lis1ed an* o//icial resoltion or doc0ent
wit1ot proper at1orit*, or )e/ore t1e* 1ave
)eenp)lis1edo//iciall*6
;. Printin(,p)lis1in(ordistri)tin(%or casin(
t1e sa0e+ )oo#s, pa0p1lets, periodicals, or
lea/lets w1ic1 do not )ear t1e real printer3s
na0e,orw1ic1areclassi/iedasanon*0os.
Actal p)lic disorder or actal da0a(e to t1e
credito/t1eStateisnotnecessar*.
Rep)lic Act No. 2;E pro1i)its t1e reprintin(,
reprodction or rep)lication o/ (overn0ent
p)lications and o//icial doc0ents wit1ot
previosat1orit*.
Article$99.Alar0sandScandals
Actspnis1ed
$. Disc1ar(in( an* /irear0, roc#et, /irecrac#er,
or ot1er explosive wit1in an* town or p)lic
place, calclated to case %w1ic1 prodces+
alar0o/dan(er6
2. Insti(atin( or ta#in( an active part in an*
c1arivariorot1erdisorderl*0eetin(o//ensive
toanot1erorpreAdicialtop)lictran7ilit*6
:. Distr)in(t1ep)licpeacew1ilewanderin(
a)otatni(1torw1ileen(a(edinan*ot1er
noctrnala0se0ents6
;. Casin(an*distr)anceorscandalinp)lic
places w1ile intoxicated or ot1erwise,
providedArticle$9:innotapplica)le.
W1enapersondisc1ar(esa/irear0inp)lic,t1e
act 0a* constitte an* o/ t1e possi)le cri0es
ndert1eRevisedPenalCodeB
%$+ Alar0s and
scandalsi/t1e/irear0w1endisc1ar(edwas
notdirectedtoan*particlarperson6
%2+ Ille(al disc1ar(e o/ /irear0 nder Article
29;i/t1e/irear0is directedorpointedtoa
particlarpersonw1endisc1ar(ed)tintent
to#illisa)sent6
%:+ Atte0pted 1o0icide, 0rder, or parricide i/
t1e /irear0 w1en disc1ar(ed is directed
a(ainstapersonandintentto#illispresent.
In t1is connection, nderstand t1at it is not
necessar*t1att1eo//endedpart*)ewondedor
1it. Mere disc1ar(e o/ /irear0 towards anot1er
wit1 intent to #ill alread* a0onts to atte0pted
1o0icide or atte0pted 0rder or atte0pted
parricide. It cannot )e /rstrated )ecase t1e
o//endedpart*isnot0ortall*wonded.
InAranetav.Corto/Appeals,itwas1eldt1ati/
apersoniss1otatandiswonded,t1e
cri0e is ato0aticall* atte0pted
1o0icide. Intentto#illisin1erentint1e
seo/t1edeadl*weapon.
.1ecri0ealar0sandscandalisonl*onecri0e.
Do not t1in# t1at alar0s and scandals are two
cri0es.
Scandal 1ere does not re/er to 0oral scandal6
t1at one is (rave scandal in Article 2>>. .1e
essence o/ t1e cri0e is distr)ance o/ p)lic
tran7ilit* and p)lic peace. So, an* #ind o/
distr)ance o/ p)lic order w1ere t1e
circ0stanceatt1eti0erenderst1eacto//ensive
to t1e tran7ilit* prevailin(, t1e cri0e is
co00itted.
C1arivari is a 0oc# serenade w1erein t1e
spposed serenaders se )ro#en cans,
)ro#en pots, )ottles or ot1er tensils
t1ere)* creatin( discordant notes.
Actall*, it is prodcin( noise, not 0sic
and so it also distr)s p)lic tran7ilit*.
-nderstand t1e natre o/ t1e cri0e o/
alar0s and scandals as one t1at distr)s
p)lic tran7ilit* or p)lic peace. I/ t1e
anno*ance is intended /or a particlar
person,t1ecri0eisnAstvexation.
Even i/ t1e persons involved are en(a(ed in
noctrnal activit* li#e t1ose pla*in( patintero at
ni(1t,orsellin()alt,i/t1e*condctt1eiractivit*
in sc1 a wa* t1at distr)s p)lic peace, t1e*
0a*co00itt1ecri0eo/alar0sandscandals.
Article$9D.Deliverin(Prisoners/ro0Gail
Ele0ents
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
$. .1ereisapersoncon/inedinaAail orpenal
esta)lis10ent6
2. !//enderre0ovest1ere/ro0sc1person,or
1elpst1eescapeo/sc1person.
Penalt*o/arresto0a*orinits0axi00periodto
prision correccional in its 0ini00 period is
i0posed i/ violence, inti0idation or )ri)er* is
sed.
Penalt*o/arresto0a*ori/ot1er0eansaresed.
Penalt* decreased to t1e 0ini00 period i/ t1e
escapeo/t1eprisoners1allta#eplaceotsideo/
said esta)lis10ents )* ta#in( t1e (ards )*
srprise.
Inrelationtoin/idelit*int1ecstod*o/prisoners,
correlate t1e cri0e o/ deliverin(
person /ro0 Aail wit1 in/idelit* in t1e
cstod* o/ prisoners pnis1ed nder
Articles 22:, 22; and 229 o/ t1e
RevisedPenalCode.In)ot1acts,t1e
o//ender 0a*)e a p)lic o//iceror a
private citi8en. Do not t1in# t1at
in/idelit* in t1e cstod* o/ prisoners
can onl* )e co00itted )* a p)lic
o//iceranddeliverin(persons/ro0Aail
can onl* )e co00itted )* private
person. "ot1 cri0es 0a* )e
co00itted)*p)lico//icersaswellas
privatepersons.
In )ot1 cri0es, t1e person involved 0a* )e a
convictora0eredetentionprisoner.
.1e onl* point o/ distinction )etween t1e two
cri0es lies on w1et1er t1e o//ender is t1e
cstodian o/ t1e prisoner or not at t1e ti0e t1e
prisonerwas0adetoescape. I/t1eo//enderis
t1ecstodianatt1atti0e,t1ecri0eisin/idelit*in
t1ecstod*o/prisoners."ti/t1eo//enderisnot
t1e cstodian o/ t1e prisoner at t1at ti0e, even
t1o(1 1e is a p)lic o//icer, t1e cri0e 1e
co00ittedisdeliverin(prisoners/ro0Aail.
Lia)ilit*o/t1eprisonerordetaineew1oescapedC
W1en t1ese cri0es are co00itted,
w1et1er in/idelit* in t1e cstod* o/
prisoners or deliverin( prisoners /ro0
Aail,t1eprisonersoescapin(0a*also
1avecri0inallia)ilit*andt1isissoi/t1e
prisoner is a convict servin( sentence
)*/inalAd(0ent..1ecri0eo/evasion
o/serviceo/sentenceisco00itted)*
t1e prisoner w1o escapes i/ sc1
prisoner is a convict servin( sentence
)*/inalAd(0ent.
I/ t1e prisoner w1o escapes is onl* a detention
prisoner,1edoesnotincrlia)ilit*/ro0escapin(
i/ 1e does not #now o/ t1e plan to re0ove 1i0
/ro0Aail."ti/sc1prisoner#nowso/t1eplotto
re0ove 1i0 /ro0 Aail and cooperates t1erein )*
escapin(,1e1i0sel/)eco0eslia)le/ordeliverin(
prisoners/ro0Aailasaprincipal)*indispensa)le
cooperation.
I/ t1ree persons are involved C a stran(er, t1e
cstodian and t1e prisoner C t1ree cri0es are
co00ittedB
%$+ In/idelit*int1ecstod*o/prisoners6
%2+ Deliver*o/t1eprisoner/ro0Aail6and
%:+ Evasiono/serviceo/sentence.
Article$9F.Evasiono/Serviceo/Sentence
Ele0ents
1. !//enderisaconvict)*/inalAd(0ent6
2. 4eisservin(sentencew1ic1consistsint1e
deprivationo/li)ert*6
3. 4e evades service o/ 1is sentence )*
escapin(drin(t1eter0o/1isi0prison0ent.
Jali/*in(circ0stancesastopenalt*i0posed
I/sc1evasionorescapeta#esplaceC
$. "* 0eans o/ nlaw/l entr* %t1is s1old )e
H)*scalin(I&Re*es+6
2. "* )rea#in( doors, windows, (ates, walls,
roo/sor/loors6
:. "* sin( pic#loc#, /alse #e*s, dis(ise,
deceit,violenceorinti0idation6or
;. .1ro(1 connivance wit1 ot1er convicts or
e0plo*eeso/t1epenalinstittion.
Evasiono/serviceo/sentence1ast1ree/or0sB
%$+ "*si0pl*leavin(orescapin(/ro0t1epenal
esta)lis10entnderArticle$9F6
%2+ ,ailretoretrnwit1in;E1orsa/ter1avin(
le/t t1e penal esta)lis10ent )ecase o/ a
cala0it*, con/la(ration or 0tin* and sc1
cala0it*, con/la(ration or 0tin* 1as )een
annonced as alread* passed nder Article
$9E6
%:+ 5iolatin( t1e condition o/ conditional pardon
nderArticle$9'.
Inleavin(orescapin(/ro0Aailorprison,t1att1e
prisoner i00ediatel* retrned is
i00aterial.Itiseno(1t1at1ele/tt1e
penal esta)lis10ent )* escapin(
t1ere/ro0. 4is volntar* retrn 0a*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
onl* )e 0iti(atin(, )ein( analo(os to
volntar*srrender. "tt1esa0ewill
nota)solve1iscri0inallia)ilit*.
Article$9E.Evasiono/Serviceo/Sentenceont1e!ccasiono/Disorders,Con/la(rations,Eart17a#es,
or!t1erCala0ities
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisaconvict)*/inalAd(0ent,w1ois
con/inedinapenalinstittion6
2. .1ereisdisorder,resltin(/ro0C
a. con/la(ration6
). eart17a#e6
c. explosion6or
d. si0ilarcatastrop1e6or
e. 0tin*inw1ic11e1asnotparticipated6
:. 4e evades t1e service o/ 1is sentence )*
leavin( t1e penal instittion w1ere 1e is
con/ined,ont1eoccasiono/sc1disorderor
drin(t1e0tin*6
;. 4e /ails to (ive 1i0sel/ p to t1e at1orities
wit1in ;E 1ors /ollowin( t1e issance o/ a
procla0ation )* t1e C1ie/ Exective
annoncin( t1e passin( awa* o/ sc1
cala0it*.
.1e leavin( /ro0 t1e penal esta)lis10ent is not
t1e )asis o/ cri0inal lia)ilit*. It is t1e /ailre to
retrn wit1in ;E 1ors a/ter t1e passin( o/ t1e
cala0it*, con/la(ration or 0tin* 1ad )een
annonced. -nderArticle$9E,t1ose w1o retrn
wit1in;E1orsare(ivencreditordedction/ro0
t1ere0ainin(periodo/t1eirsentence e7ivalent
to$/9o/t1eori(inalter0o/t1esentence. "ti/
t1eprisoner/ailstoretrnwit1insaid;E1ors,an
addedpenalt*,also$/9,s1all)ei0posed)tt1e
$/9penalt*is)asedont1ere0ainin(periodo/t1e
sentence,notont1eori(inalsentence.Innocase
s1allt1atpenalt*exceedsix0ont1s.
.1osew1odidnotleavet1epenalesta)lis10ent
arenotentitledtot1e$/9credit. !nl*t1osew1o
le/tandretrnedwit1int1e;E&1orperiod.
.1e 0tin* re/erred to in t1e second /or0 o/
evasion o/ service o/ sentence does not inclde
riot. .1e 0tin* re/erred to 1ere involves
s)ordinate personnel risin( a(ainst t1e
spervisor wit1in t1e penal esta)lis10ent. !ne
w1oescapesdrin(ariotwill)es)AecttoArticle
$9F,t1atis,si0pl*leavin(orescapin(t1epenal
esta)lis10ent.
Mtin*isoneo/t1ecasesw1ic10a*at1ori8ea
convict servin( sentence in t1e penitentiar* to
leavet1eAailprovided1e1asnotta#enpartint1e
0tin*.
.1ecri0eo/evasiono/serviceo/sentence0a*
)e co00itted even i/ t1e sentence is destierro,
and t1is is co00itted i/ t1e convict sentenced to
destierrowill entert1epro1i)itedplacesorco0e
wit1in t1e pro1i)ited radis o/ 29 #ilo0eters to
sc1placesasstatedint1eAd(0ent.
I/ t1e sentence violated is destierro, t1e penalt*
pon t1e convict is to )e served )* wa* o/
destierro also, not i0prison0ent. .1is is so
)ecase t1e penalt* /or t1e evasion cannot )e
0oreseveret1ant1epenalt*evaded.
Article$9'.!t1erCaseso/Evasiono/Serviceo/Sentence
Ele0entso/violationo/conditionalpardon
$. !//enderwasaconvict6
2. 4e was (ranted pardon )* t1e C1ie/
Exective6
:. 4e violated an* o/ t1e conditions o/ sc1
pardon.
In violation o/ conditional pardon, as a rle, t1e
violationwilla0onttot1iscri0eonl*i/
t1e condition is violated drin( t1e
re0ainin(periodo/t1esentence.Asa
rle, i/ t1e condition o/ t1e pardon is
violated w1en t1e re0ainin( nserved
portion o/ t1e sentence 1as alread*
lapsed, t1ere will )e no 0ore cri0inal
lia)ilit* /or t1e violation. 4owever, t1e
convict 0a*)e re7ired to serve t1e
nservedportiono/t1esentence,t1atis,
contineservin(ori(inalpenalt*.
.1ead0inistrativelia)ilit*o/t1econvictndert1e
conditional pardonisdi//erentand1asnot1in(to
do wit1 1is cri0inal lia)ilit* /or t1e evasion o/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
serviceo/sentenceint1eeventt1att1econdition
o/t1epardon1as)eenviolated.ExceptionBw1ere
t1e violation o/ t1e condition o/ t1e pardon will
constitte evasion o/ service o/ sentence, even
t1o(1co00itted)e*ondt1ere0ainin(periodo/
t1esentence..1isisw1ent1econditionalpardon
expressl* so provides or t1e lan(a(e o/ t1e
conditional pardon clearl* s1ows t1e intention to
0a#e t1e condition perpetal even )e*ond t1e
nservedportion o/ t1esentence. In sc1 case,
t1econvict0a*)ere7iredtoservet1enserved
portiono/t1esentenceevent1o(1t1eviolation
1as ta#en place w1en t1e sentence 1as alread*
lapsed.
In order t1at t1e conditional pardon 0a* )e
violated, it is conditional t1at t1e pardonee
receivedt1econditionalpardon. I/1eisreleased
wit1ot con/or0it* to t1e conditional pardon, 1e
willnot)elia)le/ort1ecri0eo/evasiono/service
o/sentence.
Article $D>. Co00ission o/ Anot1er Cri0e Drin( Service o/ Penalt* I0posed /or Anot1er Previos
!//ense
Ele0ents
$. !//ender was alread* convicted )* /inal
Ad(0ento/oneo//ense6
2. 4e co00itted anew/elon*)e/ore)e(innin(
to serve sc1 sentence or w1ile servin( t1e
sa0e.
A. &DECREE C!DI,LIN? .4E LAWS !N ILLE?AL / -NLAW,-L P!SSESSI!N, MAN-,AC.-RE,
DEALIN?IN,ACJ-ISI.I!N!RDISP!SI.I!N,!,,IREARMS,AMM-NI.I!N!REOPL!SI5ES%P.D.
$EDD, AS AMENDED "L R.A. E2';+ AS AN ELEMEN. !, .4E CRIMES !, RE"ELLI!N,
INS-RREC.I!N,SEDI.I!N,!RA..EMP.EDC!-PD3E.A.
/#0 5iolation o/ Sec. : in /rt1erance o/ or
incidentto,orinconnectionwit1t1ecri0eo/
re)ellion, insrrection, sedition or atte0pted
copd3etat,s1all)ea)sor)edasanele0ent
o/ t1e cri0e o/ re)ellion or insrrection,
seditionoratte0ptedcop,t1ssc1se1as
noe//ectont1epenalt*.
%2+ .1e penalt* /or 0ere possession o/
nlicensed/irear0s1all)e)asedonw1et1er
t1e /irear0 is low&powered or 1i(1&powered.
4i(1&powered /irear0s are t1ose wit1 )ores
)i((ert1an.:Ecal.And'00andt1osewit1
lesser)ores)tconsideredaspower/l,sc1
as.:9Fcal.And.22center&/ire0a(n0,and
/irear0swit1/irin(capa)ilit*o//ll ato0atic
or)*a)sto/twoort1ree.
%:+ Si0ple ille(al possession o/ /irear0s can
onl* )e co00itted i/ no ot1er cri0e was
co00ittedwit1sc1/irear0)*t1epossessor.
/.0 !wners1ip is not an essential ele0ento/
ille(alpossessiono//irear0s/a00nition..1e
lawre7ires0erepossessionw1ic1incldes
not onl* actal )t also constrctive
possession or t1e s)Aection o/ t1e t1in( to
one3scontroland0ana(e0ent %?on8alesvs.
CA,?R'992:,>E/$E/$''F+.
/40 .1e cri0e s1old )e deno0inated
1o0icide a((ravated )* ille(al possession o/
/irear0 )ecase it is t1e latter w1ic1
a((ravates t1e cri0e o/ 1o0icide nder t1e
a0endator* law %People vs. Castillo, ?R
$$:';>,?R$$:';>,>2/$9/2>>>+.
%D+ Possi)lecri0est1at0a*)eco00ittedB
%a+ Mere possession C si0ple ille(al
possessiono//irear06
%)+ Co00ission o/ 1o0icide or 0rder C
4o0icide or 0rder wit1 t1e
nlicensed /irear0 as a((ravatin(
circ0stance,nlesst1eIn/or0ations
/or t1e 1o0icide or 0rder was /iled
separatel* and separate trials were
1eld /or t1e 1o0icide or 0rder and
/or t1e ille(al possession o/ /irear0s,
in w1ic1 case t1e accsed can )e
convicted/or)ot1cri0es.
/c0 Re)ellion, insrrection, sedition or
copd3etatCseo/nlicensed/irear0
is a)sor)ed as an ele0ent o/ t1ese
cri0es.
%d+ An* ot1er cri0es co00itted sc1 as
alar0s and scandal C onl* /or t1at
cri0e and t1e se o/ nlicensed
/irear0 is a)solved %no lia)ilit* /or
sc1seandneit1erdoesitserveas
ana((ravatin(circ0stance+.
".4-MANSEC-RI.LAC.!,2>>F%R.A.':F2+
Pnis1a)leactso/terroris06W1oarelia)le
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
SEC.:..erroris0.&An*personw1oco00itsanactpnis1a)lenderan*o/t1e/ollowin(provisionso/
t1eRevisedPenalCodeB
a.Article$22%Pirac*in?eneralandMtin*int1e4i(1Seasorint1eP1ilippineWaters+6
c.Article$:;&a%CopdPEtat+,incldin(actsco00itted)*privatepersons6
e.Article2DF%Ridnappin(andSeriosIlle(alDetention+6
/.Article:2;%Cri0esInvolvin(Destrction+,ornder
$.PresidentialDecreeNo.$D$:%.1eLawonArson+6
2. Rep)lic Act No. D'D' %.oxic S)stances and 4a8ardos and Nclear Waste Control Act o/
$''>+6
:.Rep)licActNo.92>F,%Ato0icEner(*Re(lator*andLia)ilit*Acto/$'DE+6
;.Rep)licActNo.D2:9%Anti&4iAac#in(Law+6
9.PresidentialDecreeNo.9:2%Anti&Pirac*andAnti&4i(1wa*Ro))er*Lawo/$'F;+6and,
D.PresidentialDecreeNo.$EDD,asa0ended%DecreeCodi/*in(t1eLawsonIlle(aland-nlaw/l
Possession,Man/actre,Dealin(in,Ac7isitionorDispositiono/,irear0s,A00nitionsor
Explosives+t1ere)*sowin(andcreatin(aconditiono/widespreadandextraordinar*/earand
panica0on(t1epoplace,inordertocoercet1e(overn0entto(iveintoannlaw/lde0and
s1all )e (ilt* o/ t1e cri0e o/ terroris0 and s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/ /ort* %;>+ *ears o/
i0prison0ent, wit1ot t1e )ene/it o/ parole as provided /or nder Act No. ;$>:, ot1erwise
#nownast1eIndeter0inateSentenceLaw,asa0ended.
SEC.;.Conspirac*toCo00it.erroris0.&Personsw1oconspiretoco00itt1ecri0eo/terroris0s1all
s//ert1epenalt*o//ort*%;>+*earso/i0prison0ent.
.1ereisconspirac*w1entwoor0orepersonsco0etoana(ree0entconcernin(t1eco00issiono/
t1ecri0eo/terroris0asde/inedinSection:1ereo/anddecidetoco00itt1esa0e.
SEC.9.Acco0plice.&An*personw1o,not)ein(aprincipalnderArticle$Fo/t1eRevisedPenalCode
oraconspiratorasde/inedinSection;1ereo/,cooperatesint1eexectiono/eit1ert1ecri0eo/
terroris0orconspirac*toco00itterroris0)*previosorsi0ltaneosactss1alls//ert1epenalt*
o//ro0seventeen%$F+*ears,/or0ont1soneda*totwent*%2>+*earso/i0prison0ent.
SEC.D.Accessor*.&An*personw1o,1avin(#nowled(eo/t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0eo/terroris0or
conspirac* to co00it terroris0, and wit1ot 1avin( participated t1erein, eit1er as principal or
acco0plice nder Articles $F and $E o/ t1e Revised Penal Code, ta#es part s)se7ent to its
co00issioninan*o/t1e/ollowin(0annerB%a+)*pro/itin(1i0sel/orassistin(t1eo//endertopro/it)*
t1e e//ects o/ t1e cri0e6 %)+ )* concealin( or destro*in( t1e )od* o/ t1e cri0e, or t1e e//ects, or
instr0entst1ereo/,inordertopreventitsdiscover*6%c+)*1ar)orin(,concealin(,orassistin(int1e
escapeo/t1eprincipalorconspiratoro/t1ecri0e,s1alls//ert1epenalt*o/ten%$>+*earsandone
da*totwelve%$2+*earso/i0prison0ent.
Notwit1standin(t1ea)ovepara(rap1,t1epenaltiesprescri)ed/oraccessoriess1allnot)ei0posed
pont1osew1oaresc1wit1respecttot1eirsposes,ascendants,descendants,le(iti0ate,natral,
and adopted )rot1ers and sisters, or relatives )* a//init* wit1in t1e sa0e de(rees, wit1 t1e sin(le
exceptiono/accessories/allin(wit1int1eprovisionso/s)para(rap1%a+.
A)sorptionprincipleinrelationtoco0plexcri0es
;.CRIMESA?AINS.P-"LICIN.ERES.%$D$&$EF+
Cri0esa(ainstp)licinterest
$. Conter/eitin(t1e(reatsealo/t1e?overn0ento/t1eP1ilippines%Art.$D$+6
2. -sin(/or(edsi(natreorconter/eitin(sealorsta0p%Art.$D2+6
:. Ma#in(andi0portin(andtterin(/alsecoins%Art.$D:+6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
;. Mtilationo/coins,i0portationandtterin(o/0tilatedcoins%Art.$D;+6
9. Sellin(o//alseor0tilatedcoins,wit1otconnivance%Art.$D9+6
D. ,or(in(treasr*or)an#notesorot1erdoc0entspa*a)leto)earer,i0portin(andtterin(o/sc1
/alseor/or(ednotesanddoc0ents%Art.$DD+6
F. Conter/eitin(,i0portin(andtterin(instr0entsnotpa*a)leto)earer%Art.$DF+6
E. Ille(alpossessionandseo//or(edtreasr*or)an#notesandot1erinstr0entso/credit%Art.$DE+6
'. ,alsi/icationo/le(islativedoc0ents%Art.$F>+6
$>. ,alsi/ication)*p)lico//icer,e0plo*eeornotar*%Art.$F$+6
$$. ,alsi/ication)*privateindividalsandseo//alsi/ieddoc0ents%Art.$F2+6
$2. ,alsi/ication o/ wireless, ca)le, tele(rap1 and telep1one 0essa(es and se o/ said /alsi/ied
0essa(es%Art.$F:+6
$:. ,alse0edicalcerti/icates,/alsecerti/icateso/0eritorservice%Art.$F;+6
$;. -sin(/alsecerti/icates%Art.$F9+6
$9. Man/actrin(andpossessiono/instr0entsori0ple0ents/or/alsi/ication%Art.$FD+6
$D. -srpationo/at1orit*oro//icial/nctions%Art.$FF+6
$F. -sin(/ictitiosna0eandconcealin(trena0e%Art.$FE+6
$E. Ille(alseo/ni/or0sorinsi(nia%Art.$F'+6
$'. ,alsetesti0on*a(ainstade/endant%Art.$E>+6
2>. ,alsetesti0on*/avora)letot1ede/endant%Art.$E$+6
2$. ,alsetesti0on*incivilcases%Art.$E2+6
22. ,alsetesti0on*inot1ercasesandperAr*%Art.$E:+6
2:. !//erin(/alsetesti0on*inevidence%Art.$E;+6
2;. Mac1inationsinp)licaction%Art.$E9+6
29. Monopoliesandco0)inationsinrestrainto/trade%Art.$ED+6
2D. I0portationanddispositiono//alsel*0ar#edarticlesor0erc1andise0adeo/(old,silver,orot1er
precios0etalsort1eirallo*s%Art.$EF+6
2F. S)stittin(andalterin(trade0ar#sandtradena0esorservice0ar#s%Art.$EE+6
2E. -n/air co0petition and /radlent re(istration o/ trade 0ar# or trade na0e, or service 0ar#6
/radlentdesi(nationo/ori(in,and/alsedescription%Art.$E'+.
.1ecri0esint1istitleareint1enatreo//rador/alsit*tot1ep)lic..1eessenceo/t1ecri0ender
t1istitleist1atw1ic1de/radt1ep)licin(eneral..1ereisdeceitperpetratedpont1ep)lic..1isis
t1eactt1atis)ein(pnis1edndert1istitle.
Article $D$. Conter/eitin( t1e ?reat Seal o/ t1e ?overn0ent o/ t1e P1ilippine Islands, ,or(in( t1e
Si(natreorSta0po/t1eC1ie/Exective
Actspnis1ed
$. ,or(in(t1e(reatsealo/t1e?overn0ento/t1eP1ilippines6
2. ,or(in(t1esi(natreo/t1ePresident6
:. ,or(in(t1esta0po/t1ePresident.
Article$D2.-sin(,or(edSi(natreorConter/eitSealorSta0p
Ele0ents
$. .1e (reat seal o/ t1e Rep)lic was
conter/eitedort1esi(natreorsta0po/t1e
C1ie/ Exective was /or(ed )* anot1er
person6
2. !//ender #new o/ t1e conter/eitin( or
/or(er*6
:. 4e sed t1e conter/eit seal or /or(ed
si(natreorsta0p.
!//ender nder t1is article s1old not )e t1e
/or(er.
Article$D:.Ma#in(andI0portin(and-tterin(,alseCoins
Ele0ents
$. .1ere)e/alseorconter/eitedcoins6
2. !//ender eit1er 0ade, i0ported or ttered
sc1coins6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
:. Incaseo/tterin(sc1/alseorconter/eited
coins,1econnivedwit1t1econter/eitersor
i0porters.
Rinds o/ coins t1e conter/eitin( o/ w1ic1 is
pnis1ed
$. Silvercoinso/t1eP1ilippinesorcoinso/t1e
Central"an#o/t1eP1ilippines6
2. Coinso/t1e0inorcoina(eo/t1eP1ilippines
oro/t1eCentral"an#o/t1eP1ilippines6
:. Coino/t1ecrrenc*o/a/orei(ncontr*.
Article$D;.Mtilationo/Coins
Actspnis1ed
$. Mtilatin(coinso/t1ele(alcrrenc*,wit1t1e
/rt1er re7ire0ents t1at t1ere )e intent to
da0a(eortode/radanot1er6
2. I0portin( or tterin( sc1 0tilated coins,
wit1 t1e /rt1er re7ire0ent t1at t1ere 0st
)econnivanceswit1t1e0tilatorori0porter
incaseo/tterin(.
.1e/irstactso//alsi/icationor/alsit*areC
%$+ Conter/eitin(Cre/ersto0one*orcrrenc*6
%2+ ,or(er*Cre/erstoinstr0entso/credit and
o)li(ations and secrities issed )* t1e
P1ilippine (overn0ent or an* )an#in(
instittion at1ori8ed )* t1e P1ilippine
(overn0enttoisset1esa0e6
%:+ ,alsi/ication C can onl* )e co00itted in
respecto/doc0ents.
In so /ar as coins in circlation are concerned,
t1erearetwocri0est1at0a*)eco00ittedB
%$+ Conter/eitin( coins && .1is is t1e cri0e o/
re0a#in( or 0an/actrin( wit1ot an*
at1orit*todoso.
Int1e cri0eo/conter/eitin(, t1elaw isnot
concerned wit1 t1e /rad pon t1e p)lic
sc1 t1atevent1o(1 t1e coin is nolon(er
le(al tender, t1e act o/ i0itatin( or
0an/actrin(t1ecoino/t1e(overn0entis
penali8ed. In pnis1in( t1e cri0e o/
conter/eitin(, t1e law wants to prevent
people /ro0 tr*in( t1eir in(enit* in t1eir
i0itationo/t1e0an/actreo/0one*.
Itisnotnecessar*t1att1ecoinconter/eited
)e le(al tender. So t1at even i/ t1e coin
conter/eited is o/ vinta(e, t1e cri0e o/
conter/eitin(isco00itted..1ereasonisto
)art1econter/eiter/ro0per/ectin(1iscra/t
o/conter/eitin(..1elawpnis1est1eactin
order to discora(e people /ro0 ever
atte0ptin( to (ain expertise in (ainin(
0one*. .1is is )ecase i/ people cold
conter/eit0one*wit1i0pnit*Ast)ecase
itisnolon(erle(altender,peoplewoldtr*
toconter/eitnon&le(altendercoins.Soon,i/
t1e* develop t1e expertise to 0a#e t1e
conter/eitin( 0ore or less no lon(er
discerni)le or no lon(er noticea)le, t1e*
cold 0a#e se o/ t1eir in(enit* to
conter/eit coins o/ le(al tender. ,ro0 t1at
ti0eon,t1e(overn0ents1all 1avedi//iclt*
deter0inin( w1ic1 coins are conter/eited
andt1osew1ic1arenot.It0a*1appent1at
t1econter/eitedcoins0a*loo# )ettert1an
t1erealones.So,conter/eitin(ispenali8ed
ri(1tatt1ever*startw1et1ert1ecoinisle(al
tenderorot1erwise.
It is not necessar* t1at t1e coin )e o/ le(al
tender. .1e provision pnis1in(
conter/eitin( does not re7ire t1at t1e
0one* )e o/ le(al tender and t1e law
pnis1es t1is even i/ t1e coin concerned is
not o/ le(al tender in order to discora(e
people /ro0 practicin( t1eir in(enit* o/
i0itatin(0one*.I/itwereot1erwise,people
0a* at t1e )e(innin( tr* t1eir in(enit* in
i0itatin(0one*noto/le(altenderandonce
t1e* ac7ire expertise, t1e* 0a* t1en
conter/eit0one*o/le(altender.
%2+ Mtilation o/ coins && .1is re/ers to t1e
deli)erateacto/di0inis1in(t1eproper0etal
contents o/ t1e coin eit1er )* scrapin(,
scratc1in(or/illin(t1eed(eso/t1ecoinand
t1eo//ender(at1erst1e0etal dstt1at1as
)eenscraped/ro0t1ecoin.
Re7isiteso/0tilationndert1eRevisedPenal
Code
%$+ Coin0tilatediso/le(altender6
%2+ !//ender(ains/ro0t1eprecios0etal dst
a)stracted/ro0t1ecoin6and
%:+ It1asto)eacoin.
Mtilationis)ein(re(ardedasacri0e)ecase
t1e coin, )ein( o/ le(al tender, it is still in
circlationandw1ic1woldnecessaril*preAdice
ot1erpeoplew1o0a*co0eacrosst1ecoin.,or
exa0ple,O0tilatedaP2.>>coin,t1eocta(onal
one, )* convertin( it into a rond one and
extractin($/$>o/t1eprecios0etaldst/ro0it.
.1ecoin1ereisnolon(erP2.>>)tonl*P$.E>,
t1ere/ore,preAdicetot1ep)lic1asreslted.
.1ereisnoexpertiseinvolved1ere.In0tilation
o/ coins nder t1e Revised Penal Code, t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o//ender does not1in( )t to scrape, pile or ct
t1e coin and collect t1e dst and, t1s,
di0inis1in(t1eintrinsicvaleo/t1ecoin.
Mtilation o/ coins is a cri0e onl* i/ t1e coin
0tilatedisle(altender.I/t1ecoinw1ose0etal
content 1as )een depreciated t1ro(1 scrapin(,
scratc1in(, or /ilin( t1e coin and t1e o//ender
collectin( t1e precios 0etal dst, even i/ 1e
wold se t1e coin a/ter its intrinsic vale 1ad
)eenredced,no)od*willacceptt1esa0e. I/it
isnotle(altenderan*0ore,noonewillacceptit,
sono)od*will)ede/raded."ti/t1ecoiniso/
le(al tender, and t1e o//ender 0ini0i8es or
decreasest1eprecios0etaldstcontento/t1e
coin,t1ecri0eo/0tilationisco00itted.
Int1eexa0ple,i/t1eo//ender1ascollected$/$>
o/t1eP2.>>coin,t1ecoinisactall*wort1onl*
P $.E>. 4e is pa*in( onl* P$.E> in e//ect
de/radin( t1e seller o/ P .2>. Pnis10ent /or
0tilation is )ro(1t a)ot )* t1e /act t1at t1e
intrinsicvaleo/t1ecoinisredced.
.1e o//ender 0st deli)eratel* redce t1e
precios 0etal in t1e coin. Deli)erate intent
arises onl* w1en t1e o//ender collects t1e
precios0etaldst/ro0t1e0tilatedcoin.I/t1e
o//ender does not collect sc1 dst, intent to
0tilate is a)sent, )t Presidential Decree No.
2;Fwillappl*.
Presidential Decree No. 2;F %De/ace0ent,
Mtilation,.earin(,"rnin(orDestro*in(Central
"an#NotesandCoins+
It s1all )e nlaw/l /or an* person to will/ll*
de/ace, 0tilate, tear, )rn, or destro* in an*
0anner w1atsoever, crrenc* notes and coins
issed)*t1eCentral"an#.
Mtilationndert1eRevisedPenalCodeistre
onl* to coins. It cannot )e a cri0e nder t1e
Revised Penal Code to 0tilate paper )ills
)ecaset1eideao/0tilationndert1ecodeis
collectin( t1e precios 0etal dst. 4owever,
nderPresidential DecreeNo.2;F,0tilationis
notli0itedtocoins.
$. .1e people pla*in( cara * cr8, )e/ore t1e*
t1rowt1ecoinint1eairwoldr)t1e0one*
to t1e sidewal# t1ere)* di0inis1in( t1e
intrinsic vale o/ t1e coin. Is t1e cri0e o/
0tilationco00ittedN
Mtilation,ndert1eRevisedPenalCode,is
not co00itted )ecase t1e* do not collect
t1e precios 0etal content t1at is )ein(
scraped /ro0 t1e coin. 4owever, t1is will
a0ont to violation o/ Presidential Decree
No.2;F.
2. W1ent1ei0a(eo/GoseRi8alona/ive&peso
)ill is trans/or0ed into t1at o/ Rand*
Santia(o, is t1ere a violation o/ Presidential
DecreeNo.2;FN
Les.PresidentialDecreeNo.2;Fisviolated
)*sc1act.
:.So0eti0e)e/ore0artiallawwasi0posed,t1e
people lost con/idence in )an#s t1at t1e*
pre/erred 1oardin( t1eir 0one* t1an
depositin( it in )an#s. ,or0er President
,erdinandMarcosdeclaredpondeclaration
o/0artiallawt1atall)illswit1ott1e"a(on(
Lipnan si(n on t1e0 will no lon(er )e
reco(ni8ed. "ecaseo/t1is,t1epeople1ad
no c1oice )t to srrender t1eir 0one* to
)an#sandexc1an(et1e0wit1t1osewit1t1e
"a(on( Lipnan si(n on t1e0. 4owever,
peoplew1oca0epwit1aloto/0one*were
also )ein( c1ar(ed wit1 1oardin( /or w1ic1
reason certain printin( presses did t1e
sta0pin( o/ t1e "a(on( Lipnan si(n
t1e0selvestoavoidprosection. Wast1ere
aviolationo/PresidentialDecreeNo.2;FN
Les. .1is act o/ t1e printin( presses is a
violationo/PresidentialDecreeNo.2;F.
4. Anoldwo0anw1owasaci(arettevendorin
Jiapore/sedtoacceptone&centavocoins
/or pa*0ent o/ t1e vendee o/ ci(arettes 1e
prc1ased. .1en ca0e t1e police w1o
advised 1er t1at s1e 1as no ri(1t to re/se
sincet1ecoinsareo/le(altender. !nt1is,
t1e old wo0an accepted in 1er 1ands t1e
one&centavo coins and t1en t1rew it to t1e
/aceo/t1evendeeandt1epolice. Wast1e
old wo0an (ilt* o/ violatin( Presidential
DecreeNo.2;FN
S1e was (ilt* o/ violatin( Presidential
DecreeNo.2;F)ecasei/nooneeverpic#s
p t1e coins, 1er act wold reslt in t1e
di0intiono/t1ecoinincirclation.
5. Acertaincsto0erinarestarantwantedto
s1owo//andsedaP2>.>>)ill toli(1t1is
ci(arette. Was 1e (ilt* o/ violatin(
PresidentialDecreeNo.2;FN
4e was (ilt* o/ arrested /or violatin( o/
PresidentialDecreeNo.2;F.An*onew1ois
in possession o/ de/aced 0one* is t1e one
w1oist1eviolatoro/PresidentialDecreeNo.
2;F. .1e intention o/ Presidential Decree
No.2;Fisnottopnis1t1eacto/de/radin(
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1ep)lic)tw1atis)ein(pnis1edis t1e
act o/ destrction o/ 0one* issed )* t1e
Central"an#o/t1eP1ilippines.
Notet1atpersons0a#in()raceletsoto/so0e
coinsviolatePresidentialDecreeNo.2;F.
.1e pri0ar* prpose o/Presidential DecreeNo.
2;Fat t1eti0eitwasordainedwastostopt1e
practice o/ people writin( at t1e )ac# or on t1e
ed(eso/t1e paper )ills,sc1 asMwantedB pen
palM.
So,i/t1eacto/0tilatin(coinsdoesnotinvolve
(at1erin(dstli#epla*in(cara*cr8,t1atisnot
0tilation nder t1e Revised Penal Code
)ecaset1eo//enderdoes not collect t1e 0etal
dst. "t)*r))in(t1ecoinsont1esidewal#,
1ealsode/acesanddestro*st1ecoinandt1atis
pnis1a)lenderPresidentialDecreeNo.2;F.
Article$D9.Sellin(o/,alseorMtilatedCoin,wit1otConnivance
Actspnis1ed
$. Possession o/ coin, conter/eited or
0tilated )* anot1er person, wit1 intent to
tter t1e sa0e, #nowin( t1at it is /alse or
0tilated6
Ele0ents
%a+ Possession6
%)+ Wit1intenttotter6and
%c+ Rnowled(e.
2. Actall*tterin(sc1/alseor0tilatedcoin,
#nowin(t1esa0eto)e/alseor0tilated.
Ele0ents
%a+ Actall*tterin(6and
%)+ Rnowled(e.
Article $DD. ,or(in( .reasr* or "an# Notes or !t1er Doc0ents Pa*a)le to "earer6 I0portin( and
-tterin(Sc1,alseor,or(edNotesandDoc0ents
Actspnis1ed
$. ,or(in(or/alsi/icationo/treasr*or)an#notesorot1erdoc0entspa*a)leto)earer6
2. I0portationo/sc1/alseor/or(edo)li(ationsornotes6
:. -tterin(o/sc1/alseor/or(edo)li(ationsornotesinconnivancewit1t1e/or(ersori0porters.
Article$DF.Conter/eitin(,I0portin(,and-tterin(Instr0entsNotPa*a)leto"earer
Ele0ents
1. .1ereisaninstr0entpa*a)letoorderorot1erdoc0entso/creditnotpa*a)leto)earer6
2. !//endereit1er/or(ed,i0portedortteredsc1instr0ent6
3. Incaseo/tterin(,1econnivedwit1t1e/or(erori0porter.
Article$DE.Ille(alPossessionand-seo/,alse.reasr*or"an#Notesand!t1erInstr0entso/Credit
Ele0ents
$. An* treasr* or )an# note or certi/icate or
ot1er o)li(ation and secrit* pa*a)le to
)earer,oran*instr0entpa*a)letoorderor
ot1erdoc0ento/creditnotpa*a)leto)earer
is/or(edor/alsi/ied)*anot1erperson6
2. !//ender#nowst1atan*o/t1oseinstr0ents
is/or(edor/alsi/ied6
:. 4eeit1erC
%a+ ses an* o/ sc1 /or(ed or
/alsi/iedinstr0ents6or
%)+ possesses wit1 intent to se an*
o/ sc1 /or(ed or /alsi/ied
instr0ents.
4ow,or(er*isCo00itted-nderArticle$D'
1. "* (ivin( to a treasr* or )an# note or an*
instr0ent pa*a)le to )earer or to order
0entioned t1erein, t1e appearance o/ a tre
and(eninedoc0ent6
2. "* erasin(, s)stittin(, conter/eitin(, or
alterin( )* an* 0eans t1e /i(res, letters,
words,orsi(ncontainedt1erein.
,or(er*ndert1eRevisedPenalCodeappliesto
papers, w1ic1 are in t1e /or0 o/ o)li(ations and
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
secritiesissed)*t1eP1ilippine(overn0entas
itsowno)li(ations,w1ic1is(ivent1esa0estats
as le(al tender. ?enerall*, t1e word
Hconter/eitin(Iisnotsedw1enitco0estonotes6
w1atissedisH/or(er*.I Conter/eitin(re/ersto
0one*,w1et1ercoinsor)ills.
.1e Revised Penal Code de/ines /or(er* nder
Article $D'. Notice t1at 0ere c1an(e on a
doc0ent does not a0ont to t1is cri0e. .1e
essence o/ /or(er* is (ivin( a doc0ent t1e
appearanceo/atreand(eninedoc0ent.Not
an*alterationo/aletter,n0)er,/i(reordesi(n
wolda0ontto/or(er*.At0ost,itwoldonl*)e
/rstrated/or(er*.
W1en w1atis)ein(conter/eited iso)li(ationor

secrities,w1ic1ndert1eRevisedPenalCodeis
(ivenastatso/0one*orle(altender,t1ecri0e
co00ittedis/or(er*.
$. Instead o/ t1e peso si(n %P+, so0e)od*
replaced it wit1 a dollar si(n %Z+. Was t1e
cri0eo//or(er*co00ittedN
No. ,or(er*wasnotco00itted. .1e/or(ed
instr0ent and crrenc* note 0st )e (iven
t1e appearance o/ a tre and (enine
doc0ent..1ecri0eco00ittedisaviolation
o/ Presidential Decree No. 2;F. W1ere t1e
crrenc*note,o)li(ationorsecrit*1as)een
c1an(ed to 0a#e it appear as one w1ic1 it
prportsto)eas(enine,t1ecri0eis/or(er*.
In c1ec#s or co00ercial doc0ents, t1is
cri0eisco00ittedw1ent1e/i(resorwords
are c1an(ed w1ic1 0ateriall* alters t1e
doc0ent.
2. An old 0an, in 1is desire toearn so0et1in(,
scrapedadi(itinalosin(sweepsta#estic#et,
ctotadi(it/ro0anot1ertic#etandpastedit
t1ere to 0atc1 t1e series o/ di(its
correspondin( to t1e winnin( sweepsta#es
tic#et. 4e presented t1is tic#et to t1e
P1ilippine C1arit* Sweepsta#es !//ice. "t
t1ealterationissocrdet1atevenac1ildcan
notice t1at t1e spposed di(it is 0erel*
speri0posed on t1e di(it t1at was scraped.
Wast1eold0an(ilt*o//or(er*N
"ecase o/ t1e i0possi)ilit* o/ deceivin(
w1oever wold )e t1e person to w1o0 t1at
tic#et is presented, t1e Spre0e Cort rled
t1at w1at was co00itted was an i0possi)le
cri0e. Note, 1owever, t1at t1e decision 1as
)een critici8ed. In a case li#e t1is, t1e
Spre0eCorto/Spainrledt1att1ecri0eis
/rstrated. W1ere t1e alteration is sc1 t1at
no)od* wold )e deceived, one cold easil*
seet1atitisa/or(er*,t1ecri0eis/rstrated
)ecase1e1asdoneallt1eactso/exection
w1ic1 wold )rin( a)ot t1e /elonios
conse7ence)tnevert1elessdidnotresltin
a cons00ation /or reasons independent o/
1iswill.
:. A person 1as a twent*&peso )ill. 4e applied
toot1ac1e drops on one side o/ t1e )ill. 4e
1asa0i0eo(rap1papersi0ilarintextreto
t1ato/t1ecrrenc*noteandplaceditontop
o/t1etwent*&peso)illandptso0ewei(1ton
topo/t1epaper.A/terso0eti0e,1ere0oved
itandt1eprintin(ont1etwent*&peso)illwas
reprodcedont1e0i0eopaper.4etoo#t1e
reversesideo/t1eP2>)ill,appliedtoot1ac1e
drops and reversed t1e 0i0eo paper and
pressed it to t1e paper. A/ter so0eti0e, 1e
re0oved it and it was reprodced. 4e ct it
ot, scraped it a little and went to a sari&sari
store tr*in( to )* a ci(arette wit1 t1at )ill.
W1at1eoverloo#edwast1at,w1en1eplaced
t1e )ill, t1e printin( was inverted. 4e was
appre1ended and was prosected and
convictedo//or(er*.Wast1ecri0eo//or(er*
co00ittedN
.1e Spre0e Cort rled t1at it was onl*
/rstrated /or(er* )ecase alt1o(1 t1e
o//ender 1as per/or0ed all t1e acts o/
exection,itisnotpossi)le)ecase)*si0pl*
loo#in( at t1e /or(ed doc0ent, it cold )e
seent1at it isnot(enine. Itcan onl* )e a
cons00ated /or(er* i/ t1e doc0ent w1ic1
prports to )e (enine is (iven t1e
appearanceo/atreand(eninedoc0ent.
!t1erwise,itisat0ost/rstrated.
Article$F>.,alsi/icationo/Le(islativeDoc0ents
Ele0ents
$. .1ere is a )ill, resoltion or ordinance
enactedorapprovedorpendin(approval)*
eit1er 4ose o/ t1e Le(islatre or an*
provincial)oardor0nicipalconcil6
2. !//enderalterst1esa0e6
:. 4e1asnoproperat1orit*t1ere/or6
;. .1e alteration 1as c1an(ed t1e 0eanin( o/
t1edoc0ents.
.1ewordsM0nicipalconcilMs1oldincldet1e
cit*concilor0nicipal)oardCRe*es.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
.1e cri0e o/ /alsi/ication 0st involve a writin(
t1atisadoc0entint1ele(alsense..1ewritin(
0st )e co0plete in itsel/ and capa)le o/
extin(is1in( an o)li(ation or creatin( ri(1ts or
capa)leo/)eco0in(evidenceo/t1e/actsstated
t1erein.-ntilandnlesst1ewritin(1asattained
t1is7alit*,itwillnot)econsideredasdoc0ent
in t1e le(al sense and, t1ere/ore, t1e cri0e o/
/alsi/ication cannot )e co00itted in respect
t1ereto.
,iveclasseso//alsi/icationB
%$+ ,alsi/icationo/le(islativedoc0ents6
%2+ ,alsi/icationo/adoc0ent)*ap)lico//icer,
e0plo*eeornotar*p)lic6
%:+ ,alsi/ication o/ a p)lic or o//icial, or
co00ercial doc0ents )* a private
individal6
%;+ ,alsi/ication o/ a private doc0ent )* an*
person6
%9+ ,alsi/ication o/ wireless, tele(rap1 and
telep1one0essa(es.
Distinction)etween/alsi/icationand/or(er*B
,alsi/icationist1eco00issiono/an*o/t1eei(1t
acts0entionedinArticle$F$onle(islative%onl*
t1e act o/ 0a#in( alteration+, p)lic or o//icial,
co00ercial,orprivatedoc0ents,orwireless,or
tele(rap10essa(es.
.1eter0/or(er*assedinArticle$D're/ersto
t1e /alsi/ication and conter/eitin( o/ treasr* or
)an#notesoran*instr0entspa*a)leto)earer
ortoorder.
Note t1at /or(in( and /alsi/ication are cri0es
nder,or(eries.
Article$F$.,alsi/ication)*P)lic!//icer,E0plo*eeorNotar*orEcclesiasticalMinister
Ele0ents
$. !//ender is a p)lic o//icer, e0plo*ee, or
notar*p)lic6
2. 4eta#esadvanta(eo/1iso//icialposition6
:. 4e/alsi/iesadoc0ent)*co00ittin(an*o/
t1e/ollowin(actsB
%a+ Conter/eitin( or i0itatin( an*
1andwritin(,si(natreorr)ric6
%)+ Casin( it to appear t1at persons 1ave
participated in an* act or proceedin(
w1ent1e*didnotin/actsoparticipate6
%c+ Attri)tin( to persons w1o 1ave
participated in an act or proceedin(
state0entsot1ert1ant1osein/act0ade
)*t1e06
%d+ Ma#in( ntrt1/l state0ents in a
narrationo//acts6
%e+ Alterin(tredates6
%/+ Ma#in(an*alterationorintercalationina
(enine doc0ent w1ic1 c1an(es its
0eanin(6
%(+ Issin( in an at1enticated /or0 a
doc0entprportin(to)eacop*o/
an ori(inal doc0ent w1en no sc1
ori(inalexists,orincldin(insc1acop*
astate0entcontrar*to,ordi//erent/ro0,
t1ato/t1e(enineori(inal6or
%1+ Intercalatin( an* instr0ent or note
relative to t1e issance t1ereo/ in a
protocol,re(istr*,oro//icial)oo#.
;. In case t1e o//ender is an ecclesiastical
0inisterw1os1allco00itan*o/t1eo//enses
en0erated, wit1 respect to an* record or
doc0ent o/ sc1 c1aracter t1at its
/alsi/ication 0a* a//ect t1e civil stats o/
persons.
,orexa0ple,acsto0erina1oteldidnotwrite
1is na0e on t1e re(istr* )oo#, w1ic1 was
intended to )e a 0e0orial o/ t1ose w1o (ot in
and ot o/ t1at 1otel. .1ere is no co0plete
doc0ent to spea# o/. .1e doc0ent 0a* not
extin(is1 or create ri(1ts )t it can )e an
evidenceo/t1e/actsstatedt1erein.
Notet1atac1ec#isnot*etadoc0entw1enitis
notco0pleted*et. I/so0e)od*writesonit,1e
0a#esadoc0entoto/it.
.1edoc0entw1ereacri0ewasco00ittedor
t1edoc0ents)Aecto/t1eprosection0a*)e
totall* /alse in t1e sense t1at it is entirel*
sprios. .1is notwit1standin(, t1e cri0e o/
/alsi/icationisco00itted.
It does not re7ire t1at t1e writin( )e (enine.
Eveni/t1ewritin(wast1ro(1andt1ro(1/alse,
i/ it appears to )e (enine, t1e cri0e o/
/alsi/icationisnevert1elessco00itted.
JestionsQAnswers
$. Aisoneo/t1osesellin(residencecerti/icates
in Jiapo. 4e was )ro(1t to t1e police
precinctsonsspiciont1att1ecerti/icates1e
was sellin( to t1e p)lic proceed /ro0
spriossorcesandnot/ro0t1e"reao/
.reasr*.-ponveri/ication,itwas/ondot
t1att1ecerti/icateswereindeedprintedwit1
a)oo#leto/spposedresidencecerti/icates.
W1atcri0ewasco00ittedN
Cri0e co00itted is violation o/ Article $FD
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%0an/actrin( and possession o/
instr0ents or i0ple0ents /or /alsi/ication+.
Acannot)ec1ar(edo//alsi/ication)ecase
t1e)oo#leto/residencecerti/icates/ondin
1is possession is not in t1e natre o/
Hdoc0entI in t1e le(al sense. .1e* are
0ere/or0sw1ic1arenotto)eco0pletedto
)e a doc0ent in t1e le(al sense. .1is is
ille(alpossessionwit1intenttose0aterials
or apparats w1ic1 0a* )e sed in
conter/eitin(//or(er*or/alsi/ication.
2. P)lic o//icers /ond a tra//ic violation
receipts/ro0acertainperson. .1ereceipts
werenotissed)*t1eMotor5e1icle!//ice.
,orw1atcri0es1old1e)eprosected/orN
Itcannot)eacri0eo/ srpationo/o//icial
/nctions.It0a*)et1eintention)tnoovert
actwas*et per/or0ed)*1i0. 4ewasnot
arrestedw1ileper/or0in(sc1overtact.4e
wasappre1endedonl*w1ile1ewasstandin(
ont1estreetsspiciosl*.Neit1ercan1e)e
prosected /or /alsi/ication )ecase t1e
doc0ent is not co0pleted *et, t1ere )ein(
nona0eo/an*errin(driver..1edoc0ent
re0ains to )e a 0ere /or0. It not )ein(
co0pleted*et,t1edoc0entdoesnot7ali/*
asadoc0entint1ele(alsense.
:. Cant1ewritin( ont1ewall )econsidereda
doc0entN
Les. It is capa)le o/ spea#in( o/ t1e /acts
stated t1erein. Writin( 0a* )e on an*t1in(
aslon(asitisaprodcto/t1e1andwritin(,it
isconsideredadoc0ent.
;. In a case w1ere a law*er tried to extract
0one* /ro0 a spinster )* t*pin( on a )ond
paper a s)poena /or esta/a. .1e spinster
a(reed to pa*. .1e spinster went to t1e
prosector3so//icetoveri/*t1eexacta0ont
and /ond ot t1at t1ere was no c1ar(e
a(ainst 1er. .1e law*er was prosected /or
/alsi/ication. 4e contended t1at onl* a
(eninedoc0entcold)e/alsi/ied.Rle.
As lon( as an* o/ t1e acts o/ /alsi/icationis
co00itted,w1et1ert1edoc0entis(enine
or not, t1e cri0e o/ /alsi/ication 0a* )e
co00itted. Even totall* /alse doc0ents
0a*)e/alsi/ied.
.1ereare/or#indso/doc0entsB
%$+ P)licdoc0entint1eexectiono/w1ic1,a
personinat1orit*ornotar*p)lic1asta#en
part6
%2+ !//icialdoc0entint1eexectiono/w1ic1a
p)lico//icialta#espart6
%:+ Co00ercial doc0ent or an* doc0ent
reco(ni8ed)*t1eCodeo/Co00erceoran*
co00erciallaw6and
%;+ Private doc0ent in t1e exection o/ w1ic1
onl*privateindividalsta#epart.
P)licdoc0entis)roadert1ant1eter0o//icial
doc0ent. "e/ore a doc0ent 0a* )e
considered o//icial, it 0st /irst )e a p)lic
doc0ent. "t not all p)lic doc0ents are
o//icial doc0ents. .o )eco0e an o//icial
doc0ent,t1ere0st)ealaww1ic1re7iresa
p)lico//icertoisseortorendersc1doc0ent.
Exa0pleB A cas1ier is re7ired to isse an
o//icial receipt /or t1e a0ont 1e receives. .1e
o//icial receipt is a p)lic doc0ent w1ic1 is an
o//icialdoc0ent.
Article$F2.,alsi/ication)*PrivateIndividaland-seo/,alsi/iedDoc0ents
Actspnis1ed
$. ,alsi/ication o/ p)lic, o//icial or co00ercial
doc0ent)*aprivateindividal6
2. ,alsi/ication o/ private doc0ent )* an*
person6
:. -seo//alsi/ieddoc0ent.
Ele0entsnderpara(rap1$
$. !//ender is a private individal or p)lic
o//icer or e0plo*ee w1o did not ta#e
advanta(eo/1iso//icialposition6
2. 4eco00ittedan*acto//alsi/ication6
:. .1e /alsi/ication was co00itted in a p)lic,
o//icial, or co00ercial doc0ent or letter o/
exc1an(e.
Ele0entsnderpara(rap12
$. !//ender co00itted an* o/ t1e acts o/
/alsi/ication except Article $F$%F+, t1at is,
issin(inanat1enticated/or0adoc0ent
prportin( to )e a cop* o/ an ori(inal
doc0ent w1en no sc1 ori(inal exists, or
incldin(insc1acop*astate0entcontrar*
to, or di//erent /ro0, t1at o/ t1e (enine
ori(inal6
2. ,alsi/ication was co00itted in an* private
doc0ent6
:. ,alsi/ication cases da0a(e to a t1ird part*
oratleastt1e/alsi/icationwasco00ittedwit1
intenttocasesc1da0a(e.
Ele0entsndert1elastpara(rap1
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Inintrodcin(inaAdicialproceedin(C
1. !//ender #new t1at t1e doc0ent was
/alsi/ied)*anot1erperson6
2. .1e/alsedoc0entisinArticles$F$or
$F2%$or2+6
3. 4eintrodcedsaiddoc0entinevidence
inan*Adicialproceedin(.
Inseinan*ot1ertransactionC
1. !//ender #new t1at a doc0ent was
/alsi/ied)*anot1erperson6
2. .1e /alse doc0ent is e0)raced in
Articles$F$or$F2%$or2+6
3. 4esedsc1doc0ent6
4. .1esecasedda0a(etoanot1erorat
leastsedwit1intenttocaseda0a(e.
Article $F:. ,alsi/ication o/ Wireless, Ca)le, .ele(rap1 and .elep1one Messa(es, and -se o/ Said
,alsi/iedMessa(es
Actspnis1ed
$. -tterin( /ictitios wireless, tele(rap1 or
telep1one0essa(e6
Ele0ents
%a+ !//enderisano//icerore0plo*ee
o/ t1e (overn0ent or an o//icer or
e0plo*ee o/ a private corporation,
en(a(ed in t1e service o/ sendin( or
receivin( wireless, ca)le or telep1one
0essa(e6
%)+ 4etters/ictitioswireless,ca)le,
tele(rap1ortelep1one0essa(e.
2. ,alsi/*in( wireless, tele(rap1 or telep1one
0essa(e6
Ele0ents
%a+ !//enderisano//icerore0plo*ee
o/ t1e (overn0ent or an o//icer or
e0plo*ee o/ a private corporation,
en(a(ed in t1e service o/ sendin( or
receivin( wireless, ca)le or telep1one
0essa(e6
%)+ 4e /alsi/ies wireless, ca)le,
tele(rap1ortelep1one0essa(e.
:. -sin(sc1/alsi/ied0essa(e.
Ele0ents
%a+ !//ender #new t1at wireless,
ca)le, tele(rap1, or telep1one 0essa(e
was/alsi/ied)*ano//icerore0plo*eeo/
t1e(overn0entorano//icerore0plo*ee
o/ a private corporation, en(a(ed in t1e
service o/ sendin( or receivin( wireless,
ca)leortelep1one0essa(e6
%)+ 4esedsc1/alsi/ieddispatc16
%c+ .1e se reslted in t1e preAdice
o/at1irdpart*oratleastt1erewasintent
tocasesc1preAdice.
Article$F;. ,alseMedicalCerti/icates,,alseCerti/icateso/MeritsorService,Etc.
Personslia)le
1. P1*sicianorsr(eonw1o,inconnectionwit1
t1e practice o/ 1is pro/ession, isses a /alse
certi/icate%it0stre/ertot1eillnessorinAr*
o/aperson+6<.1ecri0e1ereis/alse0edical
certi/icate)*ap1*sician.=
2. P)lico//icerw1oissesa/alsecerti/icateo/
0erit o/ service, (ood condct or si0ilar
circ0stances6 <.1e cri0e 1ere is /alse
certi/icate o/ 0erit or service )* a p)lic
o//icer.=
3. Privatepersonw1o/alsi/iesacerti/icate/allin(
wit1in t1e classes 0entioned in t1e two
precedin(s)divisions.
Article$F9.-sin(,alseCerti/icates
Ele0ents
$. .1e/ollowin(issesa/alsecerti/icateB
%a+ P1*sician or sr(eon, in connection
wit1 t1e practice o/ 1is pro/ession,
issesa/alsecerti/icate6
%)+ P)lic o//icer isses a /alse certi/icate o/
0erit o/ service, (ood condct or si0ilar
circ0stances6
%c+ Privateperson/alsi/iesacerti/icate/allin(
wit1in t1e classes 0entioned in t1e two
precedin(s)divisions.
2. !//ender#nowst1att1ecerti/icatewas/alse6
:. 4esest1esa0e.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article$FD.Man/actrin(andPossessiono/Instr0entsorI0ple0ents/or,alsi/ication
Actspnis1ed
$. Ma#in(orintrodcin(intot1eP1ilippinesan*
sta0ps, dies, 0ar#s, or ot1er instr0ents or
i0ple0ents/orconter/eitin(or/alsi/ication6
2. Possessionwit1intenttoset1einstr0ents
ori0ple0ents/orconter/eitin(or/alsi/ication
0adeinorintrodcedintot1eP1ilippines)*
anot1erperson.
Article$FF.-srpationo/At1orit*or!//icial,nctions
Actspnis1ed
$. -srpationo/at1orit*6
Ele0ents
%a+ !//ender #nowin(l* and /alsel*
represents1i0sel/6
%)+ As ano//icer,a(entorrepresentative
o/ an* depart0ent or a(enc* o/ t1e
P1ilippine (overn0ent or o/ an*
/orei(n(overn0ent.
2. -srpationo/o//icial/nctions.
Ele0ents
%a+ !//enderper/or0san*act6
%)+ Pertainin( to an* person in at1orit*
or p)lic o//icer o/ t1e P1ilippine
(overn0ent or an* /orei(n
(overn0ent,oran*a(enc*t1ereo/6
%c+ -nderpretenseo/o//icialposition6
%d+ Wit1ot )ein( law/ll* entitled to do
so.
Article$FE.-sin(,ictitiosNa0eandConcealin(.reNa0e
Actspnis1ed
$. -sin(/ictitiosna0e
Ele0ents
%a+ !//endersesana0eot1ert1an
1isrealna0e6
%)+ 4e ses t1e /ictitios na0e
p)licl*6
%c+ Prpose o/ se is to conceal a
cri0e,toevadet1eexectiono/a
Ad(0entortocaseda0a(e<to
p)licinterestCRe*es=.
2. Concealin(trena0e
Ele0ents
%a+ !//ender conceals 1is tre na0e
andot1erpersonalcirc0stances6
%)+ Prpose is onl* to conceal 1is
identit*.
Article$F'.Ille(al-seo/-ni/or0sorInsi(nia
Ele0ents
1. !//ender 0a#es se o/ insi(nia, ni/or0s or
dress6
2. .1einsi(nia,ni/or0sordresspertainstoan
o//ice not 1eld )* sc1 person or a class o/
personso/w1ic11eisnota0e0)er6
:. Saidinsi(nia,ni/or0ordressissedp)licl*
andi0properl*.
Wearin(t1eni/or0o/ani0a(inar*o//iceisnot
pnis1a)le.
Soalso,anexacti0itationo/ani/or0ordressis
nnecessar*6 a colora)le rese0)lance calclated
todeceivet1eco00onrno/peopleiss//icient.
Article$E>.,alse.esti0on*a(ainstADe/endant
Ele0ents
$. .1ereisacri0inalproceedin(6
2. !//ender testi/ies /alsel* nder oat1 a(ainst
t1ede/endantt1erein6
:. !//enderw1o(ives/alsetesti0on*#nowst1at
itis/alse.
;. De/endanta(ainstw1o0t1e/alsetesti0on*is
(iveniseit1erac7ittedorconvictedina/inal
Ad(0ent.
.1ree/or0so//alsetesti0on*
$. ,alsetesti0on*incri0inalcasesnderArticle
$E>and$E$6
2. ,alsetesti0on*incivilcasenderArticle$E26
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
:. ,alse testi0on* in ot1er cases nder Article
$E:.
Article$E$.,alse.esti0on*,avora)letot1eDe/endant
Ele0ents
$. Aperson(ives/alsetesti0on*6
2. In/avoro/t1ede/endant6
:. Inacri0inalcase.
Article$E2.,alse.esti0on*inCivilCases
Ele0ents
$. .esti0on*(iveninacivilcase6
2. .esti0on* relates to t1e isses presented in
saidcase6
:. .esti0on*is/alse6
;. !//ender#nowst1attesti0on*is/alse6
9. .esti0on* is 0alicios and (iven wit1 an
intent to a//ect t1e isses presented in said
case.
Article$E:.,alse.esti0on*in!t1erCasesandPerAr*inSole0nA//ir0ation
Actspnis1ed
$. "*/alsel*testi/*in(nderoat16
2. "*0a#in(a/alsea//idavit.
Ele0entso/perAr*
$. !//ender 0a#es a state0ent nder oat1 or
exectesana//idavitpona0aterial0atter6
2. .1e state0ent or a//idavit is 0ade )e/ore a
co0petent o//icer, at1ori8ed to receive and
ad0inisteroat1s6
:. !//ender 0a#es a will/l and deli)erate
assertion o/ a /alse1ood in t1e state0ent or
a//idavit6
;. .1eswornstate0entora//idavitcontainin(t1e
/alsit*isre7ired)*law,t1atis,itis0ade/or
ale(alprpose.
Article$E;.!//erin(,alse.esti0on*inEvidence
Ele0ents
$. !//endero//ersinevidencea/alsewitnessor
testi0on*6
2 4e #nows t1at t1e witness or t1e testi0on*
was/alse6
:. .1e o//er is 0ade in an* Adicial or o//icial
proceedin(.
Article$E9.Mac1inationsinP)licActions
Actspnis1ed
$. Solicitin( an* (i/t or pro0ise as a
consideration/orre/rainin(/ro0ta#in(partin
an*p)licaction6
Ele0ents
%a+ .1ereisap)licaction6
%)+ !//endersolicitsan*(i/torapro0ise
/ro0an*o/t1e)idders6
%c+ Sc1 (i/t or pro0ise is t1e
consideration /or 1is re/rainin( /ro0
ta#in(partint1atp)licaction6
%d+ !//ender 1as t1e intent to case t1e
redction o/ t1e price o/ t1e t1in(
actioned.
2. Atte0ptin(tocase)idderstosta*awa*/ro0
an action )* t1reats, (i/ts, pro0ises or an*
ot1erarti/ice.
Ele0ents
%a+ .1ereisap)licaction6
%)+ !//ender atte0pts to case t1e
)idders to sta* awa* /ro0 t1at
p)licaction6
%c+ It is done )* t1reats, (i/ts,
pro0isesoran*ot1erarti/ice6
%d+ !//ender 1as t1e intent to case
t1e redction o/ t1e price o/ t1e
t1in(actioned.
Article$ED.MonopoliesandCo0)inationsinRestrainto/.rade
Actspnis1ed
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
$. Co0)inationtoprevent/reeco0petitionint1e
0ar#et6
Ele0ents
%a+ Enterin( into an* contract or
a(ree0ent or ta#in( part in an*
conspirac* or co0)ination in t1e
/or0o/atrstorot1erwise6
%)+ In restraint o/ trade or co00erce
or to prevent )* arti/icial 0eans
/reeco0petitionint1e0ar#et.
2. Monopol* to restrain /ree co0petition in t1e
0ar#et6
Ele0ents
%a+ "*0onopoli8in(an*0erc1andise
oro)Aecto/tradeorco00erce,or
)* co0)inin( wit1 an* ot1er
person or persons to 0onopoli8e
said0erc1andiseoro)Aect6
%)+ Inordertoaltert1epricest1ereo/
)* spreadin( /alse r0ors or
0a#in(seo/an*ot1erarti/ice6
%c+ .orestrain/reeco0petitionint1e
0ar#et
:. Man/actrer, prodcer, or processor or
i0porter co0)inin(, conspirin( or a(reein(
wit1 an* person to 0a#e transactions
preAdicial to law/l co00erce or to increase
t1e0ar#etpriceo/0erc1andise.
Ele0ents
%a+ Man/actrer, prodcer,
processor or i0porter o/ an*
0erc1andise or o)Aect o/
co00erce6
%)+ Co0)ines, conspires or a(rees
wit1an*person6
%c+ Prpose is to 0a#e transactions
preAdicial to law/l co00erce or
toincreaset1e0ar#etpriceo/an*
0erc1andise or o)Aect o/
co00erce 0an/actred,
prodced, processed, asse0)led
ori0portedintot1eP1ilippines.
Article$EF.I0portationandDispositiono/,alsel*Mar#edArticlesorMerc1andiseMadeo/?old,Silver,
or!t1erPreciosMetalso/.1eirAllo*s
Ele0ents
$. !//ender i0ports, sells or disposes articles
0adeo/(old,silver,orot1erprecios0etals
ort1eirallo*s6
2. .1e sta0ps, )rands, or 0ar#s o/ t1ose
articles o/ 0erc1andise /ail to indicate t1e
actal /ineness or 7alit* o/ said 0etals or
allo*s6
:. !//ender #nows t1at t1e sta0ps, )rands, or
0ar#s /ail to indicate t1e actal /ineness or
7alit*o/t1e0etalsorallo*s.
Article$EE.S)stittin(andAlterin(.rade0ar#s,.radena0es,orServiceMar#s
Actspnis1ed
$. S)stittin( t1e trade na0e or trade0ar# o/
so0e ot1er 0an/actrer or dealer, or a
colora)lei0itationt1ereo//ort1etradena0e
or trade0ar# o/ t1e real 0an/actrer or
dealer pon an* article o/ co00erce and
sellin(t1esa0e6
2. Sellin( or o//erin( /or sale sc1 articles o/
co00erce #nowin( t1at t1e trade na0e or
trade0ar#1as)een/radlentl*sed6
:. -sin(ors)stittin(t1eservice0ar#o/so0e
ot1erperson,oracolora)lei0itation o/sc1
0ar#nt1esaleoradvertisin(o/1isservices6
;. Printin(, lit1o(rap1in( or reprodcin( trade
na0e, trade0ar#, or service 0ar# o/ one
person or a colora)le i0itation t1ereo/ to
ena)leanot1erpersonto/radlentl*set1e
sa0e #nowin( t1e /radlent prpose /or
w1ic1itisto)esed.
Article$E'. -n/airCo0petition,,radlentRe(istrationo/.radeNa0e,.rade0ar#,orServiceMar#,
,radlentDesi(nationo/!ri(in,and,alseDescription
Actspnis1ed
$. -n/airco0petition6
Ele0ents
%a+ "*sellin(1is(oods6
%)+ ?ivin( t1e0 t1e (eneral
appearance o/ t1e (oods o/
anot1er0an/actrerordealer6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%c+ .1e(eneralappearanceiss1own
int1e(oodst1e0selves,orint1e
wrappin( o/ t1eir pac#a(es, or in
t1edeviceorwordst1erein,orin
an*/eatreo/t1eirappearance6
%d+ .1ere is actal intent to deceive
t1ep)licorde/radaco0petitor.
2. ,radlent desi(nation o/ ori(in6 /alse
descriptionB
Ele0ents
%a+ "*a//ixin(to1is(oodsorsin(in
connection wit1 1is services a
/alsedesi(nationo/ori(in,oran*
/alse description or
representation6and
%)+ Sellin(sc1(oodsorservices.
:. ,radlentre(istration
Ele0ents
%a+ "*procrin(/radlentl*/ro0t1e
patento//ice6
%)+ .1e re(istration o/ trade na0e,
trade0ar#orservice0ar#
A..4ENEWP-"LIC"IDDIN?LAW%R.A.'$E;+
Section D9. !//enses and Penalties. & %a+
Wit1ot preAdice to t1e provisions o/ Rep)lic
Act No. :>$', ot1erwise #nown as t1e MAnti&
?ra/tandCorrptPracticeActMandot1erpenal
laws, p)lic o//icers w1o co00it an* o/ t1e
/ollowin( acts s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/
i0prison0ento/notlesst1ansix%D+*earsand
one%$+da*,)tnot0oret1an/i/teen%$9+*earsB
$. !pen an* sealed "id incldin( )t not
li0ited to "ids t1at 0a* 1ave )een
s)0ittedt1ro(1t1eelectronics*ste0
and an* and all doc0ents re7ired to
)e sealed or divl(in( t1eir contents,
priortot1eappointedti0e/ort1ep)lic
openin(o/"idsorot1erdoc0ents.
2. Dela*in(, wit1ot Asti/ia)le case, t1e
screenin(/oreli(i)ilit*,openin(o/)ids,
evalation and post evalation o/ )ids,
and awardin( o/ contracts )e*ond t1e
prescri)ed periods o/ "ids or ot1er
doc0ents.
:. -ndl* in/lencin( or exertin( nde
pressreonan*0e0)ero/t1e"ACor
an*o//icerore0plo*eeo/t1eprocrin(
entit*tota#eaparticlar)idder.
;. Splittin( o/ contracts w1ic1 exceed
procedral prc1ase li0its and
co0petitive)iddin(.
9.W1ent1e1eado/t1ea(enc*a)sest1e
exerciseo/1ispowertoreAectan*and
all)idsas0entionednderSection;$
o/ t1is Act wit1 0ani/est pre/erence to
an*)idderw1oisclosel*relatedto1i0
in accordance wit1 Section ;F o/ t1is
Act.
W1en an* o/ t1e /ore(oin( acts is done in
collsion wit1 private individals, t1e
private individals s1all li#ewise )e
lia)le/ort1eo//ense.
In addition, t1e p)lic o//icer involved s1all
also s//er t1e penalt* o/ te0porar*
dis7ali/ication /ro0 p)lic o//ice, w1ile
t1e private individal s1all )e
per0anentl* dis7ali/ied /ro0
transactin( )siness wit1 t1e
(overn0ent.
%)+ Private individals w1o co00it an* o/ t1e
/ollowin( acts, incldin( an* p)lic o//icer,
w1o conspires wit1 t1e0, s1all s//er t1e
penalt*o/i0prison0ento/notlesst1ansix
%D+*earsandone%$+da*)tnot0oret1an
/i/teen%$9+*earsB
$. W1en two or 0ore )idders a(ree and
s)0it di//erent "ids as i/ t1e* were
)ona /ide, w1en t1e* #new t1at one or
0oreo/t1e0wasso0c11i(1ert1an
t1e ot1er t1at it cold not )e 1onestl*
accepted and t1at t1e contract will
srel* )e awarded to t1e pre&arran(ed
lowest"id.
2. W1en a )idder 0aliciosl* s)0its
di//erent "ids t1ro(1 two or 0ore
persons, corporations, partners1ips or
an* ot1er )siness entit* in w1ic1 1e
1asinteresto/createt1eappearanceo/
co0petitiont1atdoesnotin/actexistso
asto)eadAd(edast1ewinnin()idder.
:.W1entwoor0ore)iddersenter intoan
a(ree0ent w1ic1 call pon one to
re/rain /ro0 )iddin( /or Procre0ent
contracts,orw1ic1call/orwit1drawalo/
)ids alread* s)0itted, or w1ic1 are
ot1erwise intended to secre as nde
advanta(etoan*oneo/t1e0.
;. W1en a )idder, )* 1i0sel/ or in
connivance wit1 ot1ers, e0plo*
sc1e0es w1ic1 tend to restrain t1e
natralrivalr*o/t1epartiesoroperates
to sti/le or sppress co0petition and
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1s prodce a reslt disadvanta(eos
tot1ep)lic.
In addition, t1e persons involved s1all also
s//er t1e penalt* o/ te0porar* or
perpetal dis7ali/ication /ro0 p)lic
o//ice and )e per0anentl* dis7ali/ied
/ro0 transactin( )siness wit1 t1e
(overn0ent.
%c+ Private individals w1o co00it an* o/ t1e
/ollowin( acts, and an* p)lic o//icer
conspirin(wit1t1e0,s1alls//ert1epenalt*
o/ i0prison0ent o/ not less t1an six %D+
*earsandone%$+da*)t0oret1an/i/teen
%$9+*earsB
$. S)0it eli(i)ilit* re7ire0ents o/
w1atever #ind and natre t1at contain
/alse in/or0ation or /alsi/ied doc0ents
calclated to in/lence t1e otco0e o/
t1e eli(i)ilit* screenin( process or
concealsc1in/or0ationint1eeli(i)ilit*
re7ire0ents w1en t1e in/or0ation will
leadtoadeclarationo/ineli(i)ilit*/ro0
participatin(inp)lic)iddin(.
2. S)0it "iddin( Doc0ents o/ w1atever
#ind and natre t1an contain /alse
in/or0ation or /alsi/ied doc0ents or
concealsc1in/or0ationint1e"iddin(
Doc0ents, in order to in/lence t1e
otco0eo/t1ep)lic)iddin(.
:. Participate in a p)lic )iddin( sin( t1e
na0eo/anot1erorallowanot1ertose
onePs na0e /or t1e prpose o/
participatin(inap)lic)iddin(.
;. Wit1draw a "id, a/ter it s1all 1ave
7ali/ied as t1e Lowest Calclated
"id/4i(1estRated"id,ortoacceptand
award, wit1ot Ast case or /or t1e
prpose o/ /orcin( t1e Procrin( Entit*
toawardt1econtracttoanot1er)idder.
.1iss1allincldet1enon&s)0issiono/
re7ire0entssc1as,)tnotli0itedto,
per/or0ancesecrit*,preparator*tot1e
/inalawardo/t1econtract.
%d+W1ent1e)idderisaAridicalentit*,
cri0inal lia)ilit* and t1e accessor*
penalties s1all )e i0posed on its
directors, o//icers or e0plo*ees w1o
actall* co00it an* o/ t1e /ore(oin(
acts.
Pro1i)itedacts
%$+ Wit1ot preAdice to t1e provisions o/
t1eAnti&?ra/tLaw,t1epro1i)itedactsareB
%a+ !penin(an*sealedandan*andall
doc0entsre7iredto)esealed,or
divl(in( t1eir contents prior to t1e
appointed ti0e /or t1e p)lic
openin( o/ )ids and ot1er
doc0ents6
%)+ Dela*in(, wit1ot Asti/ia)le case,
t1escreenin(/oreli(i)ilit*, openin(
o/ )ids, evalation and post
evalationo/ )ids, andawardin( o/
contracts )e*ond t1e prescri)ed
periodso/actionprovided/orint1e
i0ple0entin(rlesandre(lations6
%c+ -ndl* in/lencin( or exertin(
nde pressre on an* 0e0)er o/
t1e "ids and Awards Co00ittee
%"AC+oran*o//icerore0plo*eeo/
t1e procrin( entit* to ta#e a
particlar action w1ic1 /avors or
tendto/avoraparticlar)idder6
%d+ Splittin( o/ contracts w1ic1 exceed
procedral prc1ase li0its and
co0petitive)iddin(6and
/e0 A)sin(t1eexercise)*t1e1eado/
a(enc* o/ 1is power to reAect an*
andall)idswit10ani/estpre/erence
toan*)idderw1oisclosel*related
to1i0.
%2+ In p)lic )iddin(, t1ere 0st )e
co0petition t1at is le(iti0ate, /air, and
1onest..1s,t1et1reeprincipleso/ap)lic
)iddin(areB
%a+ .1eo//ertot1ep)lic6
%)+ Anopportnit*/orco0petition6and
%c+ A)asis/orexactco0parisono/)ids.
%:+ A contract (ranted wit1ot t1e
co0petitive)iddin(re7ired)*lawisvoid,
andt1epart*tow1o0itisawardedcannot
)ene/it/ro0it.
In/or0ation.ec1nolo(*,ondation
o/t1eP1ilippinesvs.C!MELEC
?RNo.$9'$:'%>$/$:/2>>;+
%$+ .1ere is (rave a)se o/ discretion %a+
w1en an act is done contrar* to t1e
Constittion,t1elaworArisprdence6or%)+
w1enitisexectedw1i0sicall*,capriciosl*
orar)itraril*oto/0alice,illwillorpersonal
)ias. In t1e present case, t1e C!MELEC
approved t1e assailed Resoltion and
awarded t1e s)Aect Contract not onl* in
clearviolationo/lawandArisprdence,)t
alsoinrec#lessdisre(ardo/itsown)iddin(
rlesand procedre.,ort1eato0ationo/
t1econtin(andcanvassin(o/t1e)allotsin
t1e2>>;elections,C!MELECawardedt1e
Contract to Me(a Paci/ic Consorti0, an
entit* t1at 1ad not participated in t1e
)iddin(. Despite t1is, t1e poll )od* si(ned
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1e actal ato0ation contract wit1 Me(a
Paci/ic eSoltions, Inc., a co0pan* t1at
Aoined t1e )iddin( )t 1ad not 0et t1e
eli(i)ilit*re7ire0ents.
%2+ C!MELEC awarded t1is )illion&peso
nderta#in(wit1inexplica)le1aste,wit1ot
ade7atel* c1ec#in( and o)servin(
0andator* /inancial, tec1nical and le(al
re7ire0ents.Italsoacceptedt1epro/erred
co0pter1ardwareandso/twareeveni/,at
t1eti0eo/t1eaward,t1e*1adndenia)l*
/ailed to pass E critical re7ire0ents
desi(ned to sa/e(ard t1e inte(rit* o/
elections,especiall*t1e/ollowin(:ite0sB
%a+ .1e* /ailed to ac1ieve t1e
accrac* ratin( criteria o/ ''.'''9V
set&p)*t1eC!MELECitsel/6
%)+ .1e* were not a)le to detect
previosl* downloaded reslts at
varios canvassin( or consolidation
levelsandtopreventt1ese/ro0)ein(
inptteda(ain6
%c+ .1e* were na)le to print t1e
stattoril* re7ired adit trails o/ t1e
cont/canvass at di//erent levels
wit1otan*losso/data.
%:+ C!MELEC/la(rantl*violatedt1ep)lic
polic* on p)lic )iddin(s %a+ )* allowin(
MPC/MPEItoparticipateint1e)iddin(even
t1o(1itwasnot7ali/iedtodoso6and%)+
)* eventall* awardin( t1e Contract to
MPC/MPEI.Now,wit1t1elatestexplanation
o/ C!MELEC, it is clear t1at t1e
Co00ission /rt1er desecrated t1e law on
p)lic )iddin( )* per0ittin( t1e winnin(
)iddertoc1an(eandaltert1es)Aecto/t1e
Contract %so/tware+, in e//ect allowin( a
s)stantive a0end0ent wit1ot p)lic
)iddin(.
".AN.I&ALIASLAW%C.A.$;2,ASAMENDED"LRAD>E9+
Pnis1a)leacts
$. -se o/ an* na0e and/or na0es and alias or
aliasesdi//erent/ro01isori(inalorrealna0e
and dl* recorded in t1e proper local civil
re(istr*%Sec.$,;+.
2. -se o/ an* na0e di//erent /ro0 t1e one wit1
w1ic11ewasre(isteredat)irt1int1eo//iceo/
t1e local civil re(istr*, or wit1 w1ic1 1e was
)apti8ed /or t1e /irst ti0e, or, in case o/ an
alien, wit1 w1ic1 1e was re(istered in t1e
"rea o/ I00i(ration pon entr*6 or sc1
s)stittena0eas0a*1ave)eenat1ori8ed
)*aco0petentcort%Sec.:+.
Exception
%$+ An individal can 0a#e se o/ a second
na0e wit1ot in/rin(in( pon t1e law in t1e
/ollowin(instancesB
%a+ As a psedon*0 solel* /or literar*,
cine0a, television, radio or ot1er
entertain0entprposesandinat1letic
eventsw1eret1eseo/psedon*0is
anor0all*acceptedpractice6
%)+ W1ent1eseo/t1esecondna0eor
alias is Adiciall* at1ori8ed and dl*
recorded in t1e proper local civil
re(istr*6
/c0 .1e se o/ /ictitios na0e or a
di//erent na0e )elon(in( to a sin(le
person in a sin(le instance wit1ot
an* si(n or indication t1at t1e ser
intends to )e #nown )* t1is na0e in
additionto1isrealna0e/ro0t1atda*
/ort1.
9.CRIMESRELA.I5E.!!PI-MAND!.4ERPR!4I"I.EDDR-?S
AR.S. $'> C $'; 4AD "EEN REPEALED R.A
'$D9.
A. .4E C!MPRE4ENSI5E DAN?ER!-S
DR-?SAC.!,2>>2%R.A.'$D9+
Pnis1a)leacts
$. I0portation o/ Dan(eros Dr(s and/or
Controlled Precrsors and Essential
C1e0icals
%a+ I0port or )rin( into t1e P1ilippines an*
dan(eros dr(, re(ardless o/ t1e
7antit* and prit* involved, incldin(
an* and all species o/ opi0 popp* or
an* part t1ereo/ or s)stances derived
t1ere/ro0even/or/loral,decorativeand
clinar*prposes.
%)+ I0port an* controlled precrsor and
essentialc1e0ical6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%c+ I0port or )rin( into t1e P1ilippines an*
dan(eros dr( and/or controlled
precrsor and essential c1e0ical
t1ro(1 t1e se o/ a diplo0atic
passport, diplo0atic /acilities or an*
ot1er 0eans involvin( 1is/1er o//icial
statsintendedto/acilitatet1enlaw/l
entr*o/t1esa0e6
%d+ !r(ani8es, 0ana(es or acts as a
M/inancierMo/an*o/t1eille(alactivities6
%e+ Acts as a Mprotector/coddlerM o/ an*
violator o/ t1e provisions nder t1is
Section.%Sec.;+.
2. Sale, .radin(, Ad0inistration, Dispensation,
Deliver*, Distri)tion and .ransportation o/
Dan(eros Dr(s and/or Controlled
PrecrsorsandEssentialC1e0icals.
%a+Sell,trade,ad0inister,dispense,deliver,
(iveawa*toanot1er,distri)tedispatc1
in transit or transport an* dan(eros
dr(, incldin( an* and all species o/
opi0 popp* re(ardless o/ t1e7antit*
and prit* involved, or s1all act as a
)ro#erinan*o/sc1transactions.
%)+Sell,trade,ad0inister,dispense,deliver,
(ive awa* to anot1er, distri)te,
dispatc1 in transit or transport an*
controlled precrsor and essential
c1e0ical,ors1allactasa)ro#erinsc1
transactions.
I/ t1e sale, tradin(, ad0inistration,
dispensation, deliver*, distri)tion or
transportation o/ an* dan(eros dr(
and/or controlled precrsor and
essentialc1e0icaltranspireswit1inone
1ndred %$>>+ 0eters /ro0 t1e sc1ool,
t1e0axi00penalt*s1all )ei0posed
inever*case.
%c+ ,or dr( ps1ers w1o se 0inors or
0entall* incapacitated individals as
rnners,coriersand0essen(ers,orin
an*ot1ercapacit*directl*connectedto
t1e dan(eros dr(s and/or controlled
precrsorsandessentialc1e0icaltrade,
t1e0axi00penalt*s1all )ei0posed
inever*case.I/t1evicti0o/t1eo//ense
is a 0inor or a 0entall* incapacitated
individal, or s1old a dan(eros dr(
and/or a controlled precrsor and
essential c1e0ical involved in an*
o//ense 1erein provided )e t1e
proxi0ate case o/ deat1 o/ a victi0
t1ereo/, t1e 0axi00 penalt* provided
/orndert1isSections1all)ei0posed.
%d+ !r(ani8es, 0ana(es or acts as a
M/inancierMo/an*o/t1eille(alactivities
prescri)edint1isSection.
%e+ Act as a Mprotector/coddlerM o/ an*
violator%Sec.9+.
:.Maintenanceo/aDen,DiveorResort
%a+Maintainaden,diveorresortw1erean*
dan(erosdr(,orcontrolledprecrsor
andessentialc1e0icalissedorsoldin
an*/or0.
%)+ W1ere an* dan(eros dr( is
ad0inistered, delivered or sold to a
0inorw1oisallowedtoset1esa0ein
sc1aplace.
%c+ S1old an* dan(eros dr( )e t1e
proxi0ate case o/ t1e deat1 o/ a
personsin(t1esa0einsc1den,dive
or resort, t1e penalt* s1all )e i0posed
on t1e 0aintainer, owner and/or
operator.
%d+!r(ani8e,0ana(eoractasaM/inancierM
%e+ Act as a Mprotector/coddlerM o/ an*
violator%SectionD+.
;. E0plo*ees and 5isitors o/ a Den, Dive or
Resort
%a+ An* e0plo*ee o/ a den, dive or resort,
w1oisawareo/t1enatreo/t1eplace
assc16and
%)+ An* person w1o, not )ein( inclded in
t1e provisions o/ t1e next precedin(,
para(rap1,isawareo/t1enatreo/t1e
place as sc1 and s1all #nowin(l* visit
t1esa0e%Sec.F+.
9. Man/actre o/ Dan(eros Dr(s and/or
C1e0icals
%a+ En(a(e in t1e 0an/actre o/ an*
dan(eros dr(, controlled precrsor
andessentialc1e0ical.
.1e presence o/ an* controlled
precrsor and essential c1e0ical or
la)orator*e7ip0entint1eclandestine
la)orator* is a pri0a /acie proo/ o/
0an/actre o/ an* dan(eros dr(. It
s1all )e considered an a((ravatin(
circ0stance i/ t1e clandestine
la)orator* is nderta#en or esta)lis1ed
ndert1e/ollowin(circ0stancesB
%$+ An* p1ase o/ t1e 0an/actrin(
process was condcted in t1e
presenceorwit1t1e1elpo/0inor/sB
%2+An*p1aseor0an/actrin(process
was esta)lis1ed or nderta#en
wit1inone1ndred%$>>+0eterso/
a residential, )siness, c1rc1 or
sc1oolpre0ises6
%:+ An* clandestine la)orator* was
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
secred or protected wit1 )oo)*
traps6
%;+ An* clandestine la)orator* was
concealed wit1 le(iti0ate )siness
operations6or
%9+ An* e0plo*0ent o/ a practitioner,
c1e0ical en(ineer, p)lic o//icial or
/orei(ner.
%)+ !r(ani8es, 0ana(es or acts as a
M/inancierMo/an*o/t1eille(alactivities
prescri)edint1isSection.
%c+ Acts as a Mprotector/coddlerM o/ an*
violator%SectionE+.
D. Ille(al C1e0ical Diversion o/ Controlled
PrecrsorsandEssentialC1e0icals
%a+ Ille(all* divert an* controlled precrsor
andessentialc1e0ical%Sec.'+.
F. Man/actre or Deliver* o/ E7ip0ent,
Instr0ent, Apparats, and !t1er
Parap1ernalia /or Dan(eros Dr(s and/or
C1e0icals.
%a+deliver,possesswit1intenttodeliver,or
0an/actre wit1 intent to deliver
e7ip0ent, instr0ent, apparats and
ot1er parap1ernalia /or dan(eros
dr(s,#nowin(,orndercirc0stances
w1ereonereasona)l*s1old#now,t1at
it will )e sed to plant, propa(ate,
cltivate, (row, 1arvest, 0an/actre,
co0pond, convert, prodce, process,
prepare, test, anal*8e, pac#, repac#,
store,containorconcealan*dan(eros
dr( and/or controlled precrsor and
essentialc1e0ical6
%)+ i/ t1e e7ip0ent, instr0ent, apparats
andot1erparap1ernaliawill )esedto
inAect, in(est, in1ale or ot1erwise
introdce into t1e 10an )od* a
dan(erosdr(6
%c+-sea0inorora0entall*incapacitated
individal to deliver sc1 e7ip0ent,
instr0ent, apparats and ot1er
parap1ernalia /or dan(eros dr(s
%Sec.$>+.
E. Possession o/ Dan(eros Dr(s in t1e
/ollowin( 7antities, re(ardless o/ t1e
de(reeo/prit*t1ereo/B
%a+$>(ra0sor0oreo/opi06
%)+$>(ra0sor0oreo/0orp1ine6
%c+$>(ra0sor0oreo/1eroin6
%d+$>(ra0sor0oreo/cocaineorcocaine
1*droc1loride6
%e+9>(ra0sor0oreo/0et1a0p1eta0ine
1*droc1lorideorMs1a)M6
%/+ $> (ra0s or 0ore o/ 0ariAana resin or
0ariAanaresinoil6
%(+9>>(ra0sor0oreo/0ariAana6and
%1+ $> (ra0s or 0ore o/ ot1er dan(eros
dr(s sc1 as, )t not li0ited to,
0et1*lenediox*0et1a0p1eta0ine
%MDA+ or Mecstas*M,
para0et1ox*a0p1eta0ine %PMA+,
tri0et1ox*a0p1eta0ine %.MA+, l*ser(ic
acid diet1*la0ine %LSD+, (a00a
1*drox*a0p1eta0ine %?4"+,and t1ose
si0ilarl* desi(ned or newl* introdced
dr(s and t1eir derivatives, wit1ot
1avin( an* t1erapetic vale or i/ t1e
7antit* possessed is /ar )e*ond
t1erapeticre7ire0ents,
!t1erwise, i/ t1e 7antit* involved is less
t1an t1e /ore(oin( 7antities, t1e penalties
s1all)e(radated%Sec.$$+.
'. Possession o/ E7ip0ent, Instr0ent,
Apparats and !t1er Parap1ernalia /or
Dan(erosDr(s
%a+ possess or 1ave nder 1is/1er control
an* e7ip0ent, instr0ent, apparats
and ot1er parap1ernalia /it or intended
/or s0o#in(, cons0in(, ad0inisterin(,
inAectin(, in(estin(, or introdcin( an*
dan(erosdr(intot1e)od*BProvided,
.1atint1ecaseo/0edicalpractitioners
and varios pro/essionals w1o are
re7ired to carr* sc1 e7ip0ent,
parap1ernalia in t1e practice o/ t1eir
pro/ession,t1e"oards1allprescri)et1e
necessar* i0ple0entin( (idelines
t1ereo/.
.1e possession o/ sc1 e7ip0ent,
parap1ernalia /it or intended /or an* o/
t1e prposes en0erated in t1e
precedin( para(rap1 s1all )e pri0a
/acie evidence t1at t1e possessor 1as
s0o#ed, cons0ed, ad0inistered to
1i0sel//1ersel/, inAected, in(ested or
sed a dan(eros dr( and s1all )e
pres0ed to 1ave violated Section $9
%Sec.$2+.
$>. Possession o/ Dan(eros Dr(s Drin(
Parties, Social ?at1erin(s or Meetin(s
re(ardlesso/t1e7antit*andprit*o/sc1
dan(erosdr(s%Sec.$:+.
$$. Possession o/ E7ip0ent, Instr0ent,
Apparats and !t1er Parap1ernalia /or
Dan(eros Dr(s Drin( Parties, Social
?at1erin(sorMeetin(s
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
(a) possess or 1ave nder 1is/1er control
an* e7ip0ent, instr0ent, apparats
and ot1er parap1ernalia /it or intended
/or s0o#in(, cons0in(, ad0inisterin(,
inAectin(, in(estin(, or introdcin( an*
dan(eros dr( into t1e )od*, drin(
parties,social(at1erin(sor0eetin(s,or
int1eproxi0ateco0pan*o/atleasttwo
%2+persons%Sec.$;+.
$2. -se o/ Dan(eros Dr(s. C A person
appre1endedorarrested,w1ois/ondto)e
positive/orseo/an*dan(erosdr(,a/ter
acon/ir0ator*test%Sec.$9+.
$:.CltivationorCltreo/PlantsClassi/iedas
Dan(erosDr(sorareSorces.1ereo/
%a+ Plant, cltivate or cltre 0ariAana,
opi0 popp* or an* ot1er plant
re(ardless o/ 7antit*, w1ic1 is or 0a*
1erea/ter )e classi/ied as a dan(eros
dr( or as a sorce /ro0 w1ic1 an*
dan(eros dr( 0a* )e 0an/actred
orderived
%$+ in t1e case o/ 0edical la)oratories
and0edicalresearc1centersw1ic1
cltivateorcltre0ariAana,opi0
popp*andot1erplants,or0aterials
o/sc1dan(erosdr(s/or0edical
experi0entsandresearc1prposes,
or /or t1e creation o/ new t*pes o/
0edicine,t1e"oards1all prescri)e
t1e necessar* i0ple0entin(
(idelines/ort1epropercltivation,
cltre, 1andlin(, experi0entation
and disposal o/ sc1 plants and
0aterials.
%)+!r(ani8e,0ana(eoractasaM/inancierM6
%c+ActasaMprotector/coddlerM%Section$D+.
$;. Maintenance and Reepin( o/ !ri(inal
Records o/ .ransactions on Dan(eros
Dr(s and/or Controlled Precrsors and
EssentialC1e0icals
%a+ Practitioner, 0an/actrer, w1olesaler,
i0porter, distri)tor, dealer or retailer
w1oviolatesor /ailstoco0pl*wit1t1e
0aintenanceand#eepin(o/t1eori(inal
records o/ transactions on an*
dan(eros dr( and/or controlled
precrsor and essential c1e0ical %Sec.
$F+
$9. -nnecessar* Prescription o/ Dan(eros
Dr(s
%a+ Practitioner, w1o s1all prescri)e an*
dan(eros dr( to an* person w1ose
p1*sical or p1*siolo(ical condition does
not re7ire t1e se or in t1e prescri)ed
dosa(e, particlarl* t1ose w1o are
involved in t1e care o/ persons wit1
severepain%Sec.$E+.
$D. -nlaw/l Prescriptiono/Dan(erosDr(sC
0a#e or isse a prescription or an* ot1er
writin(prportin(to)eaprescription/oran*
dan(erosdr(%Sec.$'+.
$F.Misappropriation,Misapplicationor,ailreto
Accont )* P)lic !//icer or E0plo*ee /or
t1eCon/iscated,Sei8edand/orSrrendered
Dan(eros Dr(s, Plant Sorces o/
Dan(eros Dr(s, Controlled Precrsors
and Essential C1e0icals,
Instr0ents/Parap1ernalia and/or
La)orator* E7ip0ent Incldin( t1e
Proceeds or Properties !)tained /ro0 t1e
-nlaw/lActCo00itted
%a+ an* p)lic o//icer or e0plo*ee w1o
0isappropriates, 0isapplies or /ails to
accont /or con/iscated, sei8ed or
srrendered dan(eros dr(s, plant
sorces o/ dan(eros dr(s, controlled
precrsors and essential c1e0icals,
instr0ents/parap1ernalia and/or
la)orator* e7ip0ent incldin( t1e
proceeds or properties o)tained /ro0
t1enlaw/lacts6
(b) An* elective local or national
o//icial/ondto1ave)ene/ited/ro0t1e
proceedso/t1etra//ic#in(o/dan(eros
dr(sasprescri)edint1isAct,or1ave
received an* /inancial or 0aterial
contri)tions or donations /ro0 natral
or Aridical persons /ond (ilt* o/
tra//ic#in( dan(eros dr(s as
prescri)edint1isAct,s1all)ere0oved
/ro0 o//ice and perpetall* dis7ali/ied
/ro0 1oldin( an* elective or appointive
positions in t1e (overn0ent, its
divisions, s)divisions, and
inter0ediaries, incldin( (overn0ent&
ownedorCcontrolledcorporations %Sec.
2F+.
$E. Cri0inal Lia)ilit* o/ ?overn0ent !//icials
andE0plo*ees.C.1e0axi00penaltieso/
t1e nlaw/l acts provided /or in t1is Act
s1all )e i0posed, in addition to a)solte
perpetal dis7ali/ication /ro0 an* p)lic
o//ice,i/t1ose/ond(ilt*o/sc1nlaw/l
acts are (overn0ent o//icials and
e0plo*ees.
$'. Cri0inal Lia)ilit* /or Plantin( o/ Evidence C
An*personw1ois/ond(ilt*o/Mplantin(M
an* dan(eros dr( and/or controlled
precrsor and essential c1e0ical,
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
re(ardlesso/7antit*andprit*,s1alls//er
t1epenalt*o/deat1%Sec.2E+.
2>. Cri0inalLia)ilit*o/!//icerso/Partners1ips,
Corporations,Associationsor!t1erGridical
Entities
%a+ Incasean* violationisco00itted)* a
partners1ip, corporation, association or
an* Aridical entit*, t1e partner,
president, director, 0ana(er, trstee,
estate ad0inistrator, or o//icer w1o
consentstoor#nowin(l*toleratessc1
violations1all)e1eldcri0inall*lia)leas
aco&principal.
%)+ .1e penalt* provided /or t1e o//ense
nder t1is Act s1all )e i0posed pon
t1e partner, president, director,
0ana(er, trstee, estate ad0inistrator,
or o//icer w1o #nowin(l* at1ori8es,
tolerates or consents to t1e se o/ a
ve1icle, vessel, aircra/t, e7ip0ent or
ot1er /acilit*, as an instr0ent in t1e
i0portation, sale, tradin(,
ad0inistration, dispensation, deliver*,
distri)tion, transportation or
0an/actre o/ dan(eros dr(s, or
c1e0ical diversion, i/ sc1 ve1icle,
vessel, aircra/t, e7ip0ent or ot1er
instr0ent is owned )* or nder t1e
controlorspervisiono/t1epartners1ip,
corporation, association or Aridical
entit* to w1ic1 t1e* are a//iliated %Sec.
:$+.
2$.AdditionalPenalt*i/!//enderisanAlien
%a+Inadditiontot1epenaltiesprescri)edin
t1e nlaw/l act co00itted, an* alien
w1oviolatessc1provisionso/t1isAct
s1all, a/ter service o/ sentence, )e
deported i00ediatel* wit1ot /rt1er
proceedin(s,nlesst1epenalt*isdeat1
%Sec.:$+.
,inancier.CAn*personw1opa*s/or,raisesor
spplies 0one* /or, or nderwrites an* o/
t1e ille(al activities prescri)ed nder t1is
Act.
Ille(al .ra//ic#in(. C .1e ille(al cltivation,
cltre, deliver*, ad0inistration,
dispensation, 0an/actre, sale, tradin(,
transportation, distri)tion, i0portation,
exportation and possession o/ an*
dan(erosdr(and/orcontrolledprecrsor
andessentialc1e0ical.
Protector/Coddler. C An* person w1o #nowin(l*
and will/ll* consents to t1e nlaw/l acts
provided /or in t1is Act and ses 1is/1er
in/lence, power or position in s1ieldin(,
1ar)orin(, screenin( or /acilitatin( t1e
escapeo/an*person1e/s1e#nows,or1as
reasona)le (ronds to )elieve on or
sspects,1asviolatedt1eprovisionso/t1is
Act in order to prevent t1e arrest,
prosectionandconvictiono/t1eviolator.
Atte0ptorconspirac*,e//ectonlia)ilit*
An* atte0pt or conspirac* to co00it t1e
/ollowin(nlaw/lactss1all)epenali8ed)*
t1e sa0e penalt* prescri)ed /or t1e
co00issiono/t1esa0easprovidednder
t1isActB
%a+ I0portation o/ an* dan(eros dr(
essentialc1e0ical6
%)+ Sale, tradin(, ad0inistration,
dispensation, deliver*, distri)tion and
transportation o/ an* dan(eros dr(
essentialc1e0ical6
%c+ Maintenance o/ a den, dive or resort
w1ere an* dan(eros dr( is sed in
an*/or06
%d+ Man/actre o/ an* dan(eros dr(
essentialc1e0ical6and
%e+Cltivationorcltreo/plantsw1ic1are
sorceso/dan(erosdr(s%Sec.2D+.
D.CRIMESA?AINS.P-"LICM!RALS%2>>&2>2+
Cri0esa(ainstp)lic0orals
1. ?a0)lin(%Art.$'9+Crepealed)*PD$D>2,
RA'2EF6
2. I0portation, sale and possession o/ lotter*
tic#ets or advertise0ents %Art. $'D+ &
repealed)*PD$D>2,RA'2EF6
3. "ettin( in sport contests %Art. $'F+ &
4. Ille(al )ettin( on 1orse races %Art. $'E+ &
5. Ille(al coc#/i(1tin( %Art. $''+ C repealed )*
PD;;'6
6. ?ravescandal%Art.2>>+6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
7. I00oraldoctrines,o)scenep)licationsand
ex1i)itions%Art.2>$+6and
8. 5a(ranc*andprostittion%Art.2>2+.
Article$'9.W1atActsArePnis1a)lein?a0)lin(
Actspnis1ed
$. .a#in(partdirectl*orindirectl*inC
%a+ an* (a0e o/ 0onte, Aeten(, or
an* ot1er/or0 o/ lotter*, polic*,)an#in(,
or percenta(e (a0e, do( races, or an*
ot1er(a0eorsc1e0et1eresltso/w1ic1
depend w1oll* or c1ie/l* pon c1ance or
1a8ard6 or w1erein wa(ers consistin( o/
0one*,articleso/vale,orrepresentative
o/valeare0ade6or
%)+ t1eexploitationorseo/an*
ot1er 0ec1anical invention or
contrivance to deter0ine )* c1ance
t1e loser or winner o/ 0one* or an*
o)Aectorrepresentativeo/vale6
2. Rnowin(l*per0ittin(an*/or0o/(a0)lin(to
)ecarriedoninan*placeownedorcontrolled
)*t1eo//ender6
:. "ein( 0aintainer, condctor, or )an#er in a
(a0eo/Aeten(orsi0ilar(a0e6
;. Rnowin(l* and wit1ot law/l prpose
possessin( lotter* list, paper, or ot1er 0atter
containin( letters, /i(res, si(ns or s*0)ol
w1ic1pertaintoorareinan*0annersedin
t1e(a0eo/Aeten(oran*si0ilar(a0e.
Article$'D.I0portation,SaleandPossessiono/Lotter*.ic#etsorAdvertise0ents
Actspnis1ed
1. I0portin(intot1eP1ilippines/ro0an*/orei(n
place or port an* lotter* tic#et or
advertise0ent6or
2. Sellin(ordistri)tin(t1esa0einconnivance
wit1t1ei0porter6
3. Possessin(,#nowin(l*and wit1 intenttose
t1e0,lotter*tic#etsoradvertise0ents6or
4. Sellin( or distri)tin( t1e sa0e wit1ot
connivancewit1t1ei0portero/t1esa0e.
Note t1at possession o/ an* lotter* tic#et or
advertise0entispri0a/acieevidenceo/anintent
to sell, distri)te or se t1e sa0e in t1e
P1ilippines.
Article$'F."ettin(inSportContests
.1is article 1as )een repealed )* Presidential
Decree No. ;E: %"ettin(, ?a0e&/ixin( or Point&
s1avin(andMac1inationsinSportContests+B
Section 2. "ettin(, (a0e&/ixin(, point&s1avin( or
(a0e 0ac1ination nlaw/l. C ?a0e&/ixin(, point&
s1avin(, (a0e 0ac1ination, as de/ined in t1e
precedin(section,inconnectionwit1t1e(a0eso/
)as#et)all, volle*)all, so/t)all, )ase)all6 c1ess,
)oxin( )ots, Aai&alia, sipa, pelota and all ot1er
sportscontests,(a0esorraces6aswellas)ettin(
t1erein except as 0a* )e at1ori8ed )* law, is
1ere)*declarednlaw/l.
Article$'E.Ille(al"ettin(on4orseRace
Actspnis1ed
1. "ettin( on 1orse races drin( periods not
allowed)*law6
2. Maintainin( or e0plo*in( a totali8er or ot1er
device or sc1e0e /or )ettin( on races or
reali8in(pro/itt1ere/ro0drin(t1eperiodsnot
allowed)*law.
W1en1orseracesnotallowed
1. Gl*;%Rep)licActNo.$:F+6
2. Dece0)er:>%Rep)licActNo.22'+6
3. An* re(istration or votin( da*s %Rep)lic Act
No.$E>,RevisedElectionCode+6and
4. 4ol*.1rsda*and?ood,rida*%Rep)licAct
No.';D+.
Article$''.Ille(alCoc#/i(1tin(
.1is article 1as )een 0odi/ied or repealed )*
Presidential Decree No. ;;' %.1e Coc#/i(1tin(
Lawo/$'F;+B
!nl* allows one coc#pit per 0nicipalit*,
nless t1e poplation exceeds $>>,>>> in
w1ic1casetwococ#pits0a*)eesta)lis1ed6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Coc#/i(1ts can onl* )e 1eld in licensed
coc#pits on Snda*s and le(al 1olida*s and
local/iestas/ornot0oret1ant1reeda*s6
Alsoalloweddrin(provincial,0nicipal,cit*,
indstrial, a(ricltral /airs, carnivals, or
expositionnot0oret1ant1reeda*s6
Coc#/i(1tin( not allowed on Dece0)er :>,
Gne$2,Nove0)er:>,4ol*.1rsda*,?ood
,rida*, Election or Re/erend0 Da*, and
re(istration da*s /or re/erend0s and
elections6
!nl*0nicipalandcit*0a*orsareallowedto
isselicenses/orsc1.
Article2>>.?raveScandal
Ele0ents
1. !//enderper/or0sanactoracts6
2. Sc1 act or acts )e 1i(1l* scandalos as
o//endin(a(ainstdecenc*or(oodcsto0s6
3. .1e 1i(1l* scandalos condct is not
expressl*/allin(wit1inan*ot1erarticleo/t1is
Code6and
4. .1eactoractsco0plainedo/)eco00ittedin
ap)licplaceorwit1int1ep)lic#nowled(e
orview.
In (rave scandal, t1e scandal involved re/ers to
0oral scandal o//ensive to decenc*, alt1o(1 it
doesnotdistr)p)licpeace."tsc1condctor
act0st)eopentot1ep)licview.
In alar0s and scandals, t1e scandal involved
re/erstodistr)anceso/t1ep)lictran7ilit*and
nottoactso//ensivetodecenc*.
An*actw1ic1isnotoriosl*o//ensivetodecenc*
0a* )rin( a)ot cri0inal lia)ilit* /or t1e cri0e o/
(rave scandal provided sc1 act does not
constitte so0e ot1er cri0e nder t1e Revised
Penal Code. ?rave scandal is a cri0e o/ last
resort.
Distinctions1old)e0adeastot1eplacew1ere
t1e o//ensive act was co00itted,
w1et1erint1ep)licplaceorinaprivate
placeB
%$+ In p)lic place, t1e cri0inal lia)ilit* arises
irrespectiveo/w1et1ert1ei00oralactisopen
tot1ep)licview. Ins1ortp)licviewisnot
re7ired.
%2+ W1en act o//ensive to decenc* is done in a
privateplace,p)licvieworp)lic#nowled(e
isre7ired.
P)lic view does not re7ire n0eros persons.
Eveni/t1erewasonl*onepersonw1owitnessed
t1e o//ensive act /or as lon( as t1e t1ird person
was not an intrder, (rave scandal is co00itted
provided t1e act does not /all nder an* ot1er
cri0eint1eRevisedPenalCode.
IllstrationsB
%$+A 0an and a wo0an enters a 0ovie 1ose
w1ic1is a p)lic place andt1en(oes to t1e
dar#estparto/t1e)alcon*andw1ilet1eret1e
0anstartedper/or0in(actso/lasciviosness
ont1ewo0an.
I/itisa(ainstt1ewillo/t1ewo0an,t1ecri0e
wold)eactso/lasciviosness."ti/t1ereis
0talit*, t1is constittes (rave scandal.
P)lic view is not necessar* so lon( as it is
per/or0edinap)licplace.
%2+A0anandawo0anwenttoLnetaandslept
t1ere. .1e*coveredt1e0selvest1eir)lan#et
and0adet1e(rasst1eirconA(al)ed.
.1isis(ravescandal.
%:+Inacertainapart0ent,alad*tenant1ad t1e
1a)it o/ ndressin( in 1er roo0 wit1ot
s1ttin(t1e)linds. S1edoest1isever*ni(1t
at a)ot ei(1t in t1e evenin(. So t1at at t1is
1or o/ t1e ni(1t, *o can expect people
otside(at1eredin/ronto/1erwindowloo#in(
at1ersil1oette. S1ewasc1ar(edo/(rave
scandal.4erde/ensewast1ats1ewasdoin(
itin1erown1ose.
It is no de/ense t1at s1e is doin( it in 1er
private1o0e.Itisstillopentot1ep)licview.
%;+Inaparticlar)ildin(inMa#atiw1ic1stands
ri(1t next to t1e 1ose o/ a *on( lad* w1o
(oes sn)at1in( in 1er poolside. Ever*
0ornin(several0enint1epper/loorswold
stic#t1eir1eadsotto(eta/llviewo/said
lad*w1ilein1ertwo&pieceswi0sit..1elad*
was t1en c1ar(ed wit1 (rave scandal. 4er
de/ensewast1atitis1erownprivatepooland
it is t1ose 0en loo#in( down at 1er w1o are
0alicios.
.1is is an act w1ic1 even t1o(1 done in a
private place is nonet1eless open to p)lic
view.
Article2>$.I00oralDoctrines,!)sceneP)licationsandEx1i)itionsandIndecentS1ows
Actspnis1ed
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
$. .1osew1os1allp)licl*expondorproclai0
doctrinesopenl*contrar*top)lic0orals6
2. .1e at1ors o/ o)scene literatre, p)lis1ed
wit1 t1eir #nowled(e in an* /or0, t1e editors
p)lis1in( sc1 literatre6 and t1e
owners/operators o/ t1e esta)lis10ent sellin(
t1esa0e6
:. .1osew1o,int1eaters,/airs,cine0ato(rap1s,
oran*ot1erplace,ex1i)itindecentori00oral
pla*s, scenes, acts, or s1ows, it )ein(
nderstood t1at t1e o)scene literatre or
indecent or i00oral pla*s, scenes, acts or
s1ows, w1et1er live or in /il0, w1ic1 are
proscri)ed)*virte1ereo/,s1allincldet1ose
w1ic1B%$+(lori/*cri0inalsorcondonecri0es6
%2+ serve no ot1er prpose )t to satis/* t1e
0ar#et /or violence, lst or porno(rap1*6 %:+
o//end an* race, or reli(ion6 %;+ tend to
a)ettra//icinandseo/pro1i)iteddr(s6and
%9+ are contrar* to law, p)lic order, 0orals,
(ood csto0s, esta)lis1ed policies, law/l
orders,decreesandedicts6and
;. .1ose w1o s1all sell, (ive awa*, or ex1i)it
/il0s, prints, en(ravin(s, sclptres, or
literatrew1ic1areo//ensiveto0orals.
Article2>2.5a(rantsandProstittes
$. Prostittes,w1oarewo0enw1o,/or0one*or
pro/it,1a)itall*indl(einsexal intercorse
orlascivioscondct.
Rep)lic Act $>$9E %2>$>+ alread* re0oved
va(ranc* /ro0 t1e list o/ o//enses. So, w1enever
con/rontedwit1asitationw1ereva(ranc*wold
previosl*appl*,)ere0indedo/t1isdevelop0ent.
Mostli#el*,t1is0a*)eas#edint1e"ar.
Prostittes are wo0en w1o, /or 0one* or pro/it,
1a)itall* indl(e in sexal intercorse or
lascivioscondct,aredee0edto)eprostittes.
.est o/ !)scenit*B W1et1er or not t1e 0aterial
c1ar(edaso)scene1ast1etendenc*todeprave
and corrpt t1e 0inds o/ t1ose open to t1e
in/lence t1ereo/, or into w1ose 1ands sc1
0aterial0a*co0eto%Rottin(erRle+.
.1etestiso)Aective.Itis0oreont1ee//ectpon
t1e viewer and not alone on t1e condct o/ t1e
per/or0er.
I/ t1e 0aterial 1as t1e tendenc* to deprave and
corrpt t1e 0ind o/ t1e viewer t1en t1e sa0e is
o)scene and w1ere sc1 o)scenit* is 0ade
p)licl*,cri0inallia)ilit*arises.
"ecase t1ere is a (overn0ent )od* w1ic1
deli)erates w1et1er a certain ex1i)ition, 0ovies
and pla*s is porno(rap1ic or not, i/ sc1 )od*
approves t1e wor# t1e sa0e s1old not )e
c1ar(edndert1istitle. "ecaseo/t1is,t1etest
o/o)scenit*0a*)eo)soletealread*. I/allowed
)* t1e Movies and .elevision Review and
Classi/ication "oard %M.RC"+, t1e 7estion is
0ootandacade0ic.
.1e law is not concerned wit1 t1e 0oral o/ one
person. As lon( as t1e porno(rap1ic 0atter or
ex1i)ition is 0ade privatel*, t1ere is no cri0e
co00itted nder t1e Revised Penal Code
)ecase w1at is protected is t1e 0oralit* o/ t1e
p)lic in (eneral. .1ird part* is t1ere.
Per/or0anceo/onetoanot1erisnot.
IllstrationB
Asex*dancin(per/or0ed/ora'>*earoldisnot
o)scenean*0oreeveni/t1edancerstripsna#ed.
"ti/per/or0ed/ora$9*earold#id,t1enitwill
corrpt t1e #id3s 0ind. %Appl* Rottin(er Rle
1ere.+
Inso0einstancest1o(1,t1eSpre0eCortdid
not stic# to t1is test. It also considered t1e
intentiono/t1eper/or0er.
InPeoplev.Aparici,t1eaccsedwasaper/or0er
in t1e de/nct Paci/ic .1eatre, a 0ovie
1osew1ic1opensonl*at0idni(1t.S1e
wasarrested)ecases1ewasdancin(in
a Hdi//erent #ind o/ wa*.I S1e was not
reall*nde. S1ewaswearin(so0esort
o/ana))reviated)i#iniwit1a/li0s*clot1
over it. 4owever, on 1er waist 1n( a
strin( wit1 a )all reac1in( down to 1er
privatepartsot1atever*ti0es1e(*rates,
it aroses t1e adience w1en t1e )all
woldactall*toc11erprivatepart..1e
de/ense set p )* Aparici was t1at s1e
s1old not )e cri0inall* lia)le /or as a
0atter o//act, s1eis)etter dressed t1an
t1e ot1er dancers. .1e Spre0e Cort
rledt1at it is not onl* t1e displa*o/ t1e
)od*t1at(ivesitadepraved0eanin()t
rat1ert1e0ove0ento/t1e)od*copled
wit1t1eHto0&to0dr0sIas)ac#(rond.
Ndit* alone is not t1e real scale.
%Reaction.est+
I/ a person is /ond wanderin( in an estate
)elon(in( to anot1er, w1et1er p)lic or private,
wit1otan*law/lprpose,w1atot1ercri0es0a*
)eco00ittedN
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
W1enapersonisappre1endedloiterin(insidean
estate )elon(in( to anot1er, t1e /ollowin( cri0es
0a*)eco00ittedB
%$+ .respass to propert* nder Article 2E$ i/ t1e
estateis/encedandt1ereisaclearpro1i)ition
a(ainst enterin(, )t t1e o//ender entered
wit1ott1econsento/t1eowneroroverseer
t1ereo/.W1atisre/erredto1ereisestate,not
dwellin(.
%2+ Atte0pted t1e/t nder Article :>E, para(rap1
:, i/ t1e estate is /enced and t1e o//ender
enteredt1esa0eto1ntt1ereinor/is1/ro0
an* waters t1erein or to (at1er an* /ar0
prodcts t1erein wit1ot t1e consent o/ t1e
owneroroverseert1ereo/6
%:+ 5a(ranc*nderArticle2>2i/t1eestateisnot
/encedort1ereisnoclearpro1i)itiona(ainst
enterin(.
Prostittionandva(ranc*are)ot1pnis1ed)*t1e
sa0e article, )t prostittion can onl* )e
co00itted)*awo0an.
.1eter0prostittionisapplica)letoawo0anw1o
/orpro/itor0one*1a)itall*en(a(esinsexalor
lascivios condct. A 0an i/ 1e en(a(es in t1e
sa0econdctCsex/or0one*Cisnotaprostitte,
)tava(rant.
In law t1e 0ere indl(in( in lascivios condct
1a)itall*)ecaseo/0one*or(ainwolda0ont
to prostittion, even i/ t1ere is no sexal
intercorse.5ir(init*isnotade/ense.4a)italit*
ist1econtrollin(/actor6is1asto)e0oret1anone
ti0e.
.1erecannot)eprostittion)*conspirac*. !ne
w1o conspires wit1 a wo0an in t1e prostittion
)siness li#e pi0ps, taxi drivers or solicitors o/
clientsare(ilt*o/t1ecri0enderArticle:;$/or
w1iteslaver*.
F.CRIMESC!MMI..ED"LP-"LIC!,,ICERS%2>:&2;9+
Cri0esco00itted)*p)lico//icers
$. Rnowin(l* renderin( nAst Ad(0ent %Art.
2>;+6
2. Gd(0ent rendered t1ro(1 ne(li(ence %Art.
2>9+6
:. -nAstinterloctor*order%Art.2>D+6
;. Malicios dela* in t1e ad0inistration o/
Astice%Art.2>F+6
9. Prosection o/ o//enses6 ne(li(ence and
tolerance%Art.2>E+6
D. "etra*al o/trst)*an attorne* orsolicitor C
Revelationo/secrets%Art.2>'+6
F. Direct)ri)er*%Art.2$>+6
E. Indirect)ri)er*%Art.2$$+6
'. Jali/ied)ri)er*%Art.2$$&A+6
$>. Corrptiono/p)lico//icials%Art.2$2+6
$$. ,radsa(ainstt1ep)lictreasr*andsi0ilar
o//enses%Art.2$:+6
$2. !t1er/rads%Art.2$;+6
$:. Pro1i)itedtransactions%Art.2$9+6
$;. Possessiono/pro1i)itedinterest)*ap)lic
o//icer%Art.2$D+6
$9. Malversation o/ p)lic /nds or propert* C
Pres0ptiono/0alversation%Art.2$F+
$D. ,ailre o/ acconta)le o//icer to render
acconts%Art.2$E+6
$F. ,ailre o/ a responsi)le p)lic o//icer to
render acconts )e/ore leavin( t1e contr*
%Art.2$'+6
$E. Ille(al se o/ p)lic /nds or propert* %Art.
22>+6
$'. ,ailre to 0a#e deliver* o/ p)lic /nds or
propert*%Art.22$+6
2>. Connivin(wit1orconsentin(toevasion%Art.
22:+6
2$. Evasiont1ro(1ne(li(ence%Art.22;+6
22. Escape o/ prisoner nder t1e cstod* o/ a
personnotap)lico//icer%Art.229+6
2:. Re0oval, conceal0ent or destrction o/
doc0ents%Art.22D+6
2;. !//icer)rea#in(seal%Art.22F+6
29. !penin(o/closeddoc0ents%Art.22E+6
2D. Revelationo/secrets)*ano//icer%Art.22'+6
2F. P)lic o//icer revealin( secrets o/ private
individal%Art.2:>+6
2E. !pendiso)edience%Art.2:$+6
2'. Diso)edience to order o/ sperior o//icer
w1en said order was sspended )* in/erior
o//icer%Art.2:2+6
:>. Re/salo/assistance%Art.2::+6
:$. Re/saltodisc1ar(eelectiveo//ice%Art.2:;+6
:2. Maltreat0ento/prisoners%Art.2:9+6
::. Anticipation o/ dties o/ a p)lic o//ice %Art.
2:D+6
:;. Prolon(in(per/or0anceo/dtiesandpowers
%Art.2:F+6
:9. A)andon0ento/o//iceorposition%Art.2:E+6
:D. -srpationo/le(islativepowers%Art.2:'+6
:F. -srpationo/exective/nctions%Art.2;>+6
:E. -srpationo/Adicial/nctions%Art.2;$+6
:'. Diso)e*in( re7est /or dis7ali/ication %Art.
2;2+6
;>. !rders or re7ests )* exective o//icers to
an*Adicialat1orit*%Art.2;:+6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
;$. -nlaw/lappoint0ents%Art.2;;+6and
;2. A)sesa(ainstc1astit*%Art.2;9+.
.1edesi(nationo/t1etitleis0isleadin(. Cri0es
ndert1istitlecan)eco00itted)*p)lico//icers
oranon&p)lic o//icer,w1ent1elatter)eco0ea
conspiratorwit1ap)lico//icer,oranacco0plice,
oraccessor*tot1ecri0e. .1ep)lico//icer1as
to)et1eprincipal.
In so0e cases, it can even )e co00itted )* a
private citi8en alone sc1 as in Article 2F9
%in/idelit* in t1e cstod* o/ a prisoner w1ere t1e
o//ender is not a p)lic o//icer+ or in Article 222
%0alversation+.
Re7isitesto)eap)lico//icernderArticle2>:
$. .a#in( part in t1e per/or0ance o/ p)lic
/nctionsint1e(overn0ent6or
Per/or0in(insaid(overn0entorinan*o/its
)ranc1es p)lic dties as an e0plo*ee,
a(ent or s)ordinate o//icial, or an* ran# or
class6
2. 4isat1orit*tota#epartint1eper/or0ance
o/p)lic/nctionsortoper/or0p)licdties
0st)eC
%a+ "*directprovisiono/t1e
law6
%)+ "*poplarelection6or
%c+ "* appoint0ent )* co0petent
at1orit*.
!ri(inall*,.itle5IIsedt1ep1raseHp)lico//icer
or e0plo*eeI )t t1e latter word 1as )een 1eld
0eanin(less and seless )ecase in cri0inal
law, Hp)lic o//icerI covers all p)lic servants,
w1et1er an o//icial or an e0plo*ee, /ro0 t1e
1i(1esttot1elowestpositionre(ardlesso/ran#
or class6 w1et1er appointed )* co0petent
at1orit* or )* poplar election or )* direct
provisiono/law.
-nderRep)licActNo.:>$'%.1eAnti&?ra/tand
Corrpt Practices Act+, t1e ter0 p)lic o//icer is
)roader and 0ore co0pre1ensive )ecase it
incldes all persons w1et1er an o//icial or an
e0plo*ee, te0porar* or not, classi/ied or not,
contractal or ot1erwise. An* person w1o
receivesco0pensation/orservicesrenderedisa
p)lico//icer.
"reac1o/oat1o/o//iceparta#eso/t1ree/or0sB
%$+Mal/easance&w1enap)lico//icerper/or0s
in1isp)lico//iceanactpro1i)ited)*law.
Exa0pleB)ri)er*.
%2+Mis/easance&w1enap)lico//icerper/or0s
o//icialactsint1e0annernotinaccordance
wit1w1att1elawprescri)es.
%:+Non/easance& w1en a p)lico//icer will/ll*
re/rainsorre/sestoper/or0ano//icialdt*
w1ic11iso//icere7ires1i0toper/or0.
Article2>;.Rnowin(l*Renderin(-nAstGd(0ent
1. !//enderisaAd(e6
2. 4erendersaAd(0entinacases)0ittedto
1i0/ordecision6
3. Gd(0entisnAst6
4. .1eAd(e#nowst1at1isAd(0entisnAst.
Article2>9.Gd(0entRenderedt1ro(1Ne(li(ence
1. !//enderisaAd(e6
2. 4erendersaAd(0entinacases)0ittedto
1i0/ordecision6
3. .1eAd(0entis0ani/estl*nAst6
4. It is de to 1is inexcsa)le ne(li(ence or
i(norance.
Article2>D.-nAstInterloctor*!rder
1. !//enderisaAd(e6
2. 4eper/or0san*o/t1e/ollowin(actsB
%a+ Rnowin(l* renderin( an nAst
interloctor*orderordecree6or
%)+ Renderin( a 0ani/estl* nAst
interloctor* order or decree
t1ro(1 inexcsa)le ne(li(ence
ori(norance.
.1e cri0e o/ #nowin(l* renderin( an nAst
Ad(0ent, or #nowin(l* issin( an nAst
interloctor*order,0a*)eco00ittedonl* )*a
Ad(e o/ a trial cort and never o/ an appellate
cort. .1e reason /or t1is is t1at in appellate
cort,notonl*one0a(istraterendersorisses
t1e interloctor* order. An appellate cort
/nctionsasadivisionandt1eresoltionst1ereo/
are1andeddownonl*a/terdeli)erationsa0on(
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1e 0e0)ers o/ a division so t1at it cannot )e
said t1at t1ere is 0alice or inexcsa)le
ne(li(ence or i(norance in t1e renderin( o/ a
Ad(0ent or order t1at is spposedl* nAst as
1eld)*t1eSpre0eCortinonead0inistrative
case.
.1ereis0oreinAsticedoneincaseso/Ad(0ent
t1an 0ere interloctor* order t1at is w1* t1e
penalt*is1i(1erint1e/irstcase.
Article2>F.MaliciosDela*int1eAd0inistrationo/Gstice
1. !//enderisaAd(e6
2. .1ereisaproceedin(in1iscort6
3. 4edela*sint1ead0inistrationo/Astice6
4. .1edela*is0alicios,t1atis,wit1deli)erate
intenttoin/lictda0a(eoneit1erpart*int1e
case.
Malice0st)eproven. Maliceispresentw1ere
t1e dela* is so(1t to /avor one part* to t1e
preAdiceo/t1eot1er.
.1ese 1ave )een interpreted )* t1e Spre0e
Corttore/eronl*toAd(eso/t1etrialcort.
Article2>E.Prosectiono/!//enses6Ne(li(enceand.olerance
ActsPnis1ed
$. Maliciosl* re/rainin( /ro0 instittin(
prosectiona(ainstviolatorso/t1elaw6
2. Maliciosl* toleratin( t1e co00ission o/
o//enses.
Ele0entso/derelictiono/dt*int1eprosection
o/o//enses
1. !//ender is a p)lic o//icer or o//icer o/ t1e
laww1o1asadt*tocaset1eprosection
o/,ortoprosecte,o//enses6
2. .1ere is a dereliction o/ t1e dties o/ 1is
o//ice,t1atis,#nowin(t1eco00issiono/t1e
cri0e,1edoesnotcaset1eprosectiono/
t1ecri0inal,or#nowin(t1atacri0eisa)ot
to)eco00itted,1etoleratesitsco00ission6
3. !//ender acts wit1 0alice and deli)erate
intentto/avort1eviolatoro/t1elaw.
A p)lic o//icer en(a(ed in t1e prosection o/
o//enders s1all 0aliciosl* tolerate t1e
co00issiono/cri0esorre/rain/ro0prosectin(
o//endersorviolatorso/t1elaw.
.1is cri0e can onl* )e co00itted )* a p)lic
o//icer w1ose o//icial dt* is to prosecte
o//enders, t1at is, state prosectors. 4ence,
t1oseo//icersw1oarenotdt*)ondtoper/or0
t1eseo)li(ationscannotco00itt1iscri0eint1e
strictsense.
W1enapolice0antoleratest1eco00issiono/a
cri0e or ot1erwise re/rains /ro0 appre1endin(
t1e o//ender, sc1 peace o//icer cannot )e
prosected /or t1is cri0e )t t1e* can )e
prosectedasB
%$+ Anaccessor*tot1ecri0eco00itted)*t1e
principal in accordance wit1 Article $',
para(rap1:6or
%2+ 4e 0a* )eco0e a /ence i/ t1e cri0e
co00ittedis ro))er*ort1e/t,in w1ic1case
1eviolatest1eAnti&,encin(Law6or
%:+ 4e 0a*)e 1eldlia)le /orviolatin(t1e Anti&
?ra/tandCorrptPracticesAct.
4owever, in distant provinces or 0nicipalities
w1eret1ereareno0nicipalattorne*s,t1elocal
c1ie/o/policeist1eprosectin(o//icer. I/1eis
t1e one w1o tolerates t1e violations o/ laws or
ot1erwiseallowso//enderstoescape,1ecan)e
prosectedndert1isarticle.
.1is is also tre in t1e case o/ a )aran(a*
c1air0an. .1e* are spposed to prosecte
violators o/ laws wit1in t1eir Arisdiction. I/ t1e*
do not do so, t1e* can )e prosected /or t1is
cri0e.
Prevaricacion
.1is sed to )e a cri0e nder t1e Spanis1
Codi(oPenal,w1ereinap)lico//icerre(ardless
o/ 1is dt* violates t1e oat1 o/ 1is o//ice )* not
carr*in(ott1edtieso/1iso//ice/orw1ic11e
was sworn to o//ice, t1s, a0ontin( to
derelictiono/dt*.
"t t1e ter0 prevaricacion is not li0ited to
derelictiono/dt*int1eprosectiono/o//enders.
It covers an* dereliction o/ dt* w1ere)* t1e
p)lico//icerinvolvedviolates1is oat1o/ o//ice.
.1e t1rst o/ prevaricacion is t1e )reac1 o/ t1e
oat1 o/ o//ice )* t1e p)lic o//icer w1o does an
actinrelationto1iso//icialdties.
W1ileinArticle2>E,derelictiono/dt*re/ersonl*
to prosectin( o//icers, t1e ter0 prevaricacion
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
appliestop)lico//icersin(eneralw1oisre0iss
or w1o is 0aliciosl* re/rainin( /ro0 exercisin(
t1edtieso/1iso//ice.
IllstrationB
.1eo//enderwasca(1t/orw1iteslaver*. .1e
police0an allowed t1e o//ender to (o /ree /or
so0e consideration. .1e police0an does not
violateArticle2>E)t1e)eco0esanaccessor*
tot1ecri0eo/w1iteslaver*.
"t in t1e cri0e o/ t1e/t or ro))er*, w1ere t1e
police0an s1ared in t1e loot and allowed t1e
o//ender to (o /ree, 1e )eco0es a /ence.
.1ere/ore,1eisconsideredano//enderndert1e
Anti&,encin(Law.
Relativetot1iscri0enderArticle2>E,consider
t1e cri0e o/ 7ali/ied )ri)er*. A0on( t1e
a0end0ents0ade)*Rep)licActNo.FD9'on
t1eRevisedPenalCodeisanewprovisionw1ic1
readsas/ollowsB
Article.2$$&A.Jali/ied"ri)er*C
I/an*p)lico//icerisentrstedwit1
lawen/orce0entand1ere/rains/ro0
arrestin( or prosectin( an o//ender
w1o 1as co00itted a cri0e
pnis1a)le )* Reclsion Perpeta
and/ordeat1inconsiderationo/an*
o//er, pro0ise, (i/t, or present, 1e
s1all s//er t1e penalt* /or t1e
o//ensew1ic1wasnotprosected.
I/itist1ep)lico//icerw1oas#sor
de0ands sc1 (i/t or present, 1e
s1alls//ert1epenalt*o/deat1.
Actall*t1ecri0eisa#indo/direct)ri)er*w1ere
t1e )ri)e, o//er, pro0ise, (i/t or present 1as a
considerationont1eparto/t1ep)lico//icer,t1at
is re/rainin( /ro0 arrestin( or prosectin( t1e
o//enderinconsideration/orsc1o//er,pro0ise,
(i/t or present. In a wa*, t1is new provision
0odi/ies Article 2$> o/ t1e Revised Penal Code
ondirect)ri)er*.
4owever, t1e cri0e o/ 7ali/ied )ri)er* 0a* )e
co00ittedonl*)*p)lico//icersHentrstedwit1
en/orce0entIw1oseo//icialdtiesat1ori8et1en
toarrestorprosecteo//enders.Apparentl*,t1e*
are peace o//icers and p)lic prosectors since
t1e non/easance re/ers to Harrestin( or
prosectin(.I"tt1iscri0earisesonl*w1ent1e
o//ender w1o0 sc1 p)lic o//icer re/rains /ro0
arrestin(or prosectin(, 1asco00itted a cri0e
pnis1a)le)*reclsionperpetaand/ordeat1.I/
t1e cri0e were pnis1a)le )* a lower penalt*,
t1en sc1 non/easance )* t1e p)lic o//icer
wold a0ont to direct )ri)er*, not 7ali/ied
)ri)er*.
I/t1ecri0ewas7ali/ied)ri)er*,t1edereliction
o/ t1e dt* pnis1ed nder Article 2>E o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code s1old )e a)sor)ed
)ecase said article pnis1es t1e p)lic o//icer
w1o H0aliciosl* re/rains /ro0 instittin(
prosection/ort1epnis10ento/violatorso/t1e
lawors1alltoleratet1eco00issiono/o//ensesI.
.1e derelictiono/ dt* re/erred toisnecessaril*
incldedint1ecri0eo/7ali/ied)ri)er*.
!nt1eot1er1and,i/t1ecri0ewasdirect)ri)er*
nderArticle2$>o/t1eRevisedPenalCode,t1e
p)lico//icerinvolveds1old)eprosectedalso
/ort1ederelictiono/dt*,w1ic1isacri0ender
Article2>Eo/t1eRevisedPenalCode,)ecase
t1e latter is not a)sor)ed )* t1e cri0e o/ direct
)ri)er*. .1isis)ecaseindirect)ri)er*,w1ere
t1e p)lic o//icer a(reed to per/or0 an act
constittin( a cri0e in connection wit1 t1e
per/or0ance o/ 1is o//icial dties, Article 2$>
expressl* provides t1at t1e lia)ilt* t1erender
s1all)eHinadditiontot1epenalt*correspondin(
tot1ecri0ea(reedpon,i/t1ecri0es1all1ave
)eenco00itted.
IllstrationB
A /iscal, /or a s0 o/ 0one*, re/rains /ro0
prosectin(apersonc1ar(ed)e/ore1i0. I/t1e
penalt* /or t1e cri0e involved is reclsion
perpeta,t1e/iscalco00its7ali/ied)ri)er*. I/
t1e cri0e is pnis1a)le )* a penalt* lower t1an
reclsionperpeta,t1ecri0eisdirect)ri)er*.
Int1elattersitation,t1reecri0esareco00ittedB
direct)ri)er*andderelictiono/dt*ont1eparto/
t1e/iscal6andcorrptiono/ap)lico//icer)*t1e
(iver.
Article2>'."etra*alo/.rst)*AnAttorne*orSolicitorCRevelationo/Secrets
Actspnis1ed
1. Casin(da0a(eto1isclient,eit1er@
%a+ "* an* 0alicios )reac1 o/
pro/essionaldt*6
%)+ "* inexcsa)le ne(li(ence or
i(norance.
NoteB W1ent1eattorne*actswit10alicios
a)se o/ 1is e0plo*0ent or inexcsa)le
ne(li(ence or i(norance, t1ere 0st )e
da0a(eto1isclient.
2. Revealin( an* o/ t1e secrets o/ 1is client
learned)*1i0in1ispro/essionalcapacit*6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
:. -nderta#in( t1e de/ense o/ t1e opposin(
part* int1esa0e case, wit1ott1econsent
o/1is/irstclient,a/ter1avin(nderta#ent1e
de/ense o/ said /irst client o/ a/ter 1avin(
received con/idential in/or0ation /ro0 said
client.
-nder t1e rles on evidence, co00nications
0adewit1prospectiveclientstoalaw*erwit1a
view to en(a(in( 1is pro/essional services are
alread* privile(ed even t1o(1 t1e client&law*er
relations1ip did not eventall* 0ateriali8e
)ecase t1e client cannot a//ord t1e /ee )ein(
as#ed )* t1e law*er. .1e law*er and 1is
secretar*orcler#cannot)eexa0inedt1ereon.
.1att1isco00nicationwit1aprospectiveclient
isconsideredprivile(ed,i0pliest1att1esa0eis
con/idential..1ere/ore,i/t1elaw*erwoldreveal
t1e sa0e or ot1erwise accept a case /ro0 t1e
adverse part*, 1e wold alread* )e violatin(
Article 2>'. Mere 0alicios )reac1 wit1ot
da0a(eisnotviolativeo/Article2>'6at0ost1e
will )e lia)le ad0inistrativel* as a law*er, e.(.,
sspension or dis)ar0ent nder t1e Code o/
Pro/essionalResponsi)ilit*.
IllstrationB
", w1o is involved in t1e cri0e o/ sedction
wantedA,anattorne*atlaw,to1andle1iscase.
A received con/idential in/or0ation /ro0 ".
4owever,"cannotpa*t1epro/essional/eeo/A.
C, t1e o//ended part*, ca0e to A also and t1e
sa0ewasaccepted.
A did not co00it t1e cri0e nder Article 2>',
alt1o(1 t1e law*er3s act 0a* )e considered
net1ical..1eclient&law*errelations1ip)etween
A and " was not *et esta)lis1ed. .1ere/ore,
t1ereisnotrsttoviolate)ecase"1asnot*et
actall*en(a(edt1eserviceso/t1elaw*erA.A
isnot)ondto".4owever,i/Awoldrevealt1e
con/idential 0atter learned )* 1i0 /ro0 ", t1en
Article2>'isviolated )ecase it is eno(1t1at
sc1con/idential 0atterswereco00nicatedto
1i0in1ispro/essionalcapacit*,oritwas0adeto
1i0 wit1 a view to en(a(in( 1is pro/essional
services.
4ere, 0atters t1at are considered con/idential
0st1ave)eensaidtot1elaw*erwit1t1eview
o/ en(a(in( 1is services. !t1erwise, t1e
co00nications1allnot)econsideredprivile(ed
andnotrstisviolated.
IllstrationB
A went to ", a law*er/notar* p)lic, to 1ave a
doc0entnotari8ed.Anarratedto"t1edetailo/
t1e cri0inal case. I/ " will disclose w1at was
narratedto1i0t1ereisno)etra*alo/trstsince
" is actin( as a notar* p)lic and not as a
consel. .1e law*er 0st 1ave learned t1e
con/idential0atterin1ispro/essionalcapacit*.
Several acts w1ic1 wold 0a#e a law*er
cri0inall*lia)leB
%$+ Maliciosl* casin( da0a(e to 1is client
t1ro(1 a )reac1 o/ 1is pro/essional dt*.
.1e )reac1 o/ pro/essional dt* 0st )e
0alicios. I/itisAstincidental,itwoldnot
(iveriseto cri0inal lia)ilit*, alt1o(1it 0a*
)et1es)Aecto/ad0inistrativediscipline6
%2+ .1ro(1(rossi(norance,casin(da0a(eto
t1eclient6
%:+ Inexcsa)lene(li(ence6
%;+ Revelation o/ secrets learned in 1is
pro/essionalcapacit*6
%9+ -nderta#in(t1ede/enseo/t1eoppositepart*
inacasewit1ott1econsento/t1e/irstclient
w1osede/ense1asalread*)eennderta#en.
Note t1at onl* n0)ers $, 2 and : 0st
approxi0ate0alice.
Alaw*erw1o1adalread*nderta#ent1ecaseo/
aclientcannotlaterons1i/ttot1eopposin(part*.
.1iscannot)edone.
-ndert1ecirc0stances,itisnecessar*t1att1e
con/idential 0atters or in/or0ation was con/ided
tot1elaw*erint1elatter3spro/essionalcapacit*.
Itisnott1edt*o/t1elaw*erto(iveadviceon
t1eco00issiono/a/trecri0e.Itis,t1ere/ore,
not privile(ed in c1aracter. .1e law*er is not
)ond )* t1e 0andate o/ privile(e i/ 1e reports
sc1 co00ission o/ a /tre cri0e. It is onl*
con/identialin/or0ationrelatin(tocri0esalread*
co00itted t1at are covered )* t1e cri0e o/
)etra*alo/trsti/t1elaw*ers1oldnderta#et1e
case o/ opposin( part* or ot1erwise divl(e
con/identialin/or0ationo/aclient.
-nder t1e law on evidence on privile(ed
co00nication, it is not onl* t1e law*er w1o is
protected )* t1e0attero/privile(e )talso t1e
o//icesta//li#et1esecretar*.
.1e no0inal lia)ilit* nder t1is article 0a* )e
constitted eit1er /ro0 )reac1 o/ pro/essional
dtiesint1e1andlin(o/t1ecaseorit0a*arise
oto/t1econ/identialrelation)etweent1elaw*er
andt1eclient.
"reac1o/pro/essionaldt*
.ardinessint1eprosectiono/t1ecase/orw1ic1
reason t1e case was dis0issed /or )ein( non&
prosected6 or tardiness on t1e part o/ t1e
de/enseconselleadin(todeclarationo/de/alt
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
andadverseAd(0ent.
Pro/essional dties C Law*er 0st appear on
ti0e. "tt1eclient0st1aves//eredda0a(e
de to t1e )reac1 o/ pro/essional dt*.
!t1erwise,t1elaw*ercannot)e1eldlia)le.
I/ t1e prosector was tard* and t1e case was
dis0issed as non&prosected, )t 1e /iled a
0otion/orconsiderationw1ic1was(ranted,and
t1ecasewascontined,t1elaw*erisnotlia)le,
)ecaset1eclientdidnots//erda0a(e.
I/ law*er wasne(lect/l in/ilin( an answer, and
1is client declared in de/alt, and t1ere was an
adverse Ad(0ent, t1e client s//ered da0a(es.
.1elaw*erislia)le.
"reac1o/con/identialrelation
Revealin( in/or0ation o)tained or ta#in(
advanta(et1ereo/)*acceptin(t1een(a(e0ent
wit1t1eadversepart*..1ereisnoneedtoprove
t1at t1e client s//ered da0a(es. .1e 0ere
)reac1o/con/identialrelationispnis1a)le.
In a conA(al case, i/ t1e law*er disclosed t1e
con/identialin/or0ationtoot1erpeople,1ewold
)ecri0inall*lia)leevent1o(1t1eclientdidnot
s//eran*da0a(e.
.1eclientw1owassin(1iswi/edisclosedt1at
1e also co00itted acts o/ n/ait1/lness. .1e
law*ertal#eda)ott1istoa/riend. 4eis,t1s,
lia)le.
Article2$>.Direct"ri)er*
Actspnis1ed
$. A(reein( to per/or0, or per/or0in(, in
consideration o/ an* o//er, pro0ise, (i/t or
present C an act constittin( a cri0e, in
connectionwit1t1eper/or0anceo/1iso//icial
dties6
2. Acceptin( a (i/t in consideration o/ t1e
exectiono/anactw1ic1doesnotconstitte
acri0e, in connection wit1 t1e per/or0ance
o/1iso//icialdt*6
:. A(reein( to re/rain, or )* re/rainin(, /ro0
doin(so0et1in(w1ic1itis1iso//icialdt*to
do,inconsiderationo/(i/torpro0ise.
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisap)lico//icerwit1int1escopeo/
Article2>:6
2. !//ender accepts an o//er or a pro0ise or
receives a (i/t or present )* 1i0sel/ or
t1ro(1anot1er6
:. Sc1o//erorpro0ise)eaccepted,or(i/tor
presentreceived)*t1ep)lico//icerC
%a+ Wit1aviewtoco00ittin(so0ecri0e6or
%)+ Inconsiderationo/t1eexectiono/anact
w1ic1doesnotconstitteacri0e,)tt1e
act0st)enAst6or
%c+ .ore/rain/ro0doin(so0et1in(w1ic1it
is1iso//icialdt*todo.
;. .1eactw1ic1o//endera(reestoper/or0or
w1ic1 1e exectes )e connected wit1 t1e
per/or0anceo/1iso//icialdties.
It is a co00on notion t1at w1en *o tal# o/
)ri)er*,*ore/ertot1eonecorrptin(t1ep)lic
o//icer.Invaria)l*,t1eactre/erstot1e(iver,)t
t1is is wron(. "ri)er* re/ers to t1e act o/ t1e
receiverandt1eacto/t1e(iveriscorrptiono/
p)lico//icial.
Distinction )etween direct )ri)er* and indirect
)ri)er*
"ri)er* is direct w1en a p)lic o//icer is called
pon to per/or0 or re/rain /ro0 per/or0in( an
o//icial act in exc1an(e /or t1e (i/t, present or
consideration(ivento1i0.
I/1esi0pl*acceptsa(i/torpresent(ivento1i0
)* reason o/ 1is p)lic position, t1e cri0e is
indirect)ri)er*."earin0indt1att1e(i/tis(iven
M)* reason o/ 1is o//iceM, not Min considerationM
t1ereo/. So never se t1e ter0 Hconsideration.I
.1e p)lic o//icer in Indirect )ri)er* is not to
per/or0an*o//icialact.
Note1owevert1atw1at0a*)e(inasanindirect
)ri)er*0a*actall*ripenintodirect)ri)er*.
IllstrationB
Wit1otan*nderstandin(wit1t1ep)lico//icer,
ataxioperator(aveanexpensivesitin(0aterial
to a "L. re(istrar. -pon receipt )* t1e "L.
re(istraro/1isvala)lesitin(0aterial,1eas#ed
w1ot1e(iverwas.4e/ondott1at1eisataxi
operator. As/arast1e(iverisconcerned,1eis
(ivin( t1is )* reason o/ t1e o//ice or position o/
t1e p)lic o//icer involved. It is Ast indirect
)ri)er*.
I/t1e"L.re(istrarcallsp1iss)ordinatesand
saidtota#ecareo/t1etaxiso/t1etaxioperator
so 0c1 so t1at t1e re(istration o/ t1e taxis is
/acilitated a1ead o/ t1e ot1ers, w1at ori(inall*
wold1ave)eenindirect)ri)er*)eco0esdirect
)ri)er*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Indirect)ri)er*,considerw1et1ert1eo//icialact,
w1ic1t1ep)lico//icera(reedtodo,is
acri0eornot.
I/itwilla0onttoacri0e,itisnotnecessar*t1at
t1ecorrptors1olddeliver t1econsiderationor
t1e doin( o/ t1e act. .1e 0o0ent t1ere is a
0eetin(o/t1e0inds,evenwit1ott1edeliver*o/
t1econsideration,evenwit1ott1ep)lico//icer
per/or0in(t1eacta0ontin(toacri0e,)ri)er*
is alread* co00itted on t1e part o/ t1e p)lic
o//icer. Corrption is alread* co00itted on t1e
parto/t1espposed(iver..1ereasonist1att1e
a(ree0entisaconspirac*involvin(t1edt*o/a
p)lic o//icer. .1e 0ere a(ree0ent is a /elon*
alread*.
I/ t1e p)lic o//icer co00its t1e act w1ic1
constittest1ecri0e,1e,aswellast1ecorrptor
s1all)elia)lealso/ort1atot1ercri0e.
IllstrationsB
%$+ I/ t1e corrptor o//ers a consideration to a
cstodiano/ap)licrecordtore0ovecertain
/iles,t1e0erea(ree0ent,wit1otdeliver*o/
t1e consideration, )rin(s a)ot t1e cri0e o/
direct)ri)er*andcorrptiono/p)lico//icial.
I/t1erecordswereactall*re0oved,)ot1t1e
p)lico//icerandt1ecorrptorwillinaddition
tot1etwo/eloniesa)ove,will also)e lia)le
/ort1ecri0eco00itted,w1ic1isin/idelit*in
t1e cstod* o/ t1e p)lic records /or w1ic1
t1e* s1all )e lia)le as principals6 one as
principal )* indce0ent, t1e ot1er as
principal)*directparticipation.
%2+ A part* liti(ant approac1ed t1e cort3s
steno(rap1er and proposed t1e idea o/
alterin( t1e transcript o/ steno(rap1ic notes.
.1e cort steno(rap1er a(reed and 1e
de0andedP2,>>>.>>.
-n#nown to t1e0, t1ere were law en/orcers
w1o alread* 1ad a tip t1at t1e cort
steno(rap1er1ad)eendoin(t1is)e/ore.So
t1e* were waitin( /or t1e c1ance to entrap
1i0. .1e* were appre1ended and t1e* said
t1e*1avenotdonean*t1in(*et.
-nder Article 2$>, t1e 0ere a(ree0ent to
co00itt1eact,w1ic1a0ontstoacri0e,is
alread*)ri)er*..1atsteno(rap1er)eco0es
lia)le alread* /or cons00ated cri0e o/
)ri)er*andt1epart*w1oa(reedto(ivet1at
0one* is alread* lia)le /or cons00ated
corrption,event1o(1notasin(lecentavo
is delivered *et and even t1o(1 t1e
steno(rap1er 1ad not *et 0ade t1e
alterations.
I/1ec1an(edt1etranscript,anot1ercri0eis
co00ittedB/alsi/ication.
.1e sa0e criterion will appl* wit1 respect to a
p)lic o//icer w1o a(rees to re/rain /ro0
per/or0in( 1is o//icial dties. I/ t1e re/rainin(
wold(iverisetoacri0e,sc1asre/rainin(to
prosecteano//ender,t1e0erea(ree0enttodo
so will cons00ate t1e )ri)er* and t1e
corrption, even i/ no 0one* was delivered to
1i0.I/t1ere/rainin(isnotacri0e,itwoldonl*
a0ont to )ri)er* i/ t1e consideration )e
deliveredto1i0.
I/ it is not a cri0e, t1e consideration 0st )e
delivered)*t1ecorrptor)e/oreap)lico//icer
can)eprosected/or)ri)er*. Merea(ree0ent,
isnoteno(1toconstittet1ecri0e)ecaset1e
actto)edoneint1e/irstplaceisle(iti0ateorin
t1eper/or0anceo/t1eo//icialdtieso/t1ep)lic
o//icial.
-nless t1e p)lic o//icer receives t1e
consideration /or doin( 1is o//icial dt*, t1ere is
no )ri)er*. It is necessar* t1at t1ere 0st )e
deliver* o/ 0onetar* consideration. .1is is so
)ecaseint1esecondsitation,t1ep)lico//icer
actall* per/or0ed w1at 1e is spposed to
per/or0.ItisAstt1at1ewoldnotper/or0w1at
1eisre7ired)*lawtoper/or0wit1otanadded
consideration/ro0t1ep)licw1ic1(ivesriseto
t1ecri0e.
.1eideao/t1elawist1at1eis)ein(paidsalar*
/or)ein(t1ere. 4eisnotspposedtode0and
additional co0pensation /ro0 t1e p)lic )e/ore
per/or0in(1isp)licservice..1epro1i)itionwill
appl*onl*w1ent1e0one*isdeliveredto1i0,or
i/1eper/or0sw1at1eisspposedtoper/or0in
anticipationo/)ein(paidt1e0one*.
4ere, t1e )ri)er* will onl* arise w1en t1ere is
alread* t1e acceptance o/ t1e consideration
)ecaset1eactto)edoneisnotacri0e. So,
wit1ot t1e acceptance, t1e cri0e is not
co00itted.
Direct )ri)er* 0a* )e co00itted onl* in t1e
atte0ptedandcons00atedsta(es)ecase,in
/rstrated /elon*, t1e o//ender 0st 1ave
per/or0ed all t1eacts o/exection w1ic1wold
prodcet1e/elon*asaconse7ence. Indirect
)ri)er*,itispossi)leonl*i/t1ecorrptorconcrs
wit1t1eo//ender.!ncet1ereisconcrrence,t1e
direct)ri)er*isalread*cons00ated. Ins1ort,
t1eo//endercoldnot1aveper/or0edallt1eacts
o/ exection to prodce t1e /elon* wit1ot
cons00atin(t1esa0e.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Actall*,*ocannot1avea(ivernlesst1ereis
onew1oiswillin(toreceiveandt1erecannot)e
areceivernlesst1ereisonewillin(to(ive.So
t1is cri0e re7irestwotoco00it. It cannot )e
said, t1ere/ore, t1at one 1as per/or0ed all t1e
actso/exectionw1ic1woldprodcet1e/elon*
asaconse7ence)t/orreasonsindependento/
t1ewill,t1ecri0ewasnotco00itted.
It is now settled, t1ere/ore, t1at t1e cri0e o/
)ri)er*andcorrptiono/p)lico//icialscannot)e
co00itted in t1e /rstrated sta(e )ecase t1is
re7irestwotoco00itandt1at0eansa0eetin(
o/t1e0inds.
IllstrationsB
%$+I/ t1e p)lic o//icial accepted t1e corrpt
consideration and trned it over to 1is
sperior as evidence o/ t1e corrption, t1e
o//enseisatte0ptedcorrptiononl*andnot
/rstrated. .1e o//icial did not a(ree to )e
corrpted.
I/t1ep)lico//icerdidnotreportt1esa0eto
1is sperior and actall* accepted it, 1e
allowed 1i0sel/ to )e corrpted. .1e
corrptor )eco0es lia)le /or cons00ated
corrptiono/p)lico//icial..1ep)lico//icer
also)eco0ese7all*lia)le/orcons00ated
)ri)er*.
%2+I/ap)lico//icialde0andedso0et1in(/ro0
ataxpa*erw1opretendedtoa(reeandse
0ar#ed 0one* wit1 t1e #nowled(e o/ t1e
police, t1e cri0e o/ t1e p)lic o//icial is
atte0pted )ri)er*. .1e reason is t1at
)ecaset1e(iver1asnointentiontocorrpt
1er and t1ere/ore, 1e cold not per/or0 all
t1eactso/exection.
"e sre t1at w1at is involved is a cri0e o/
)ri)er*,notextortion.I/itwereextortion,t1e
cri0e is not )ri)er*, )t ro))er*. .1e one
w1o*ieldedtot1ede0anddoesnotco00it
corrption o/ ap)lico//icer )ecase itwas
involntar*.
Article2$$.Indirect"ri)er*
Ele0ents
1. !//enderisap)lico//icer6
2. 4eaccepts(i/ts6
3. .1e(i/tsareo//eredto1i0)*reasono/1is
o//ice.
.1ep)lico//icialdoesnotnderta#etoper/or0
anactora)stain/ro0doin(ano//icialdt*/ro0
w1at 1e received. Instead, t1e o//icial si0pl*
receivesoraccepts(i/tsorpresentsdeliveredto
1i0 wit1 no ot1er reason except 1is o//ice or
p)lic position. .1is is alwa*s in t1e
cons00ated sta(e. .1ere is no atte0pted
0c1less/rstratedsta(einindirect)ri)er*.
.1e Spre0e Cort 1as laid down t1e rle t1at
/or indirect )ri)er* to )e co00itted, t1e p)lic
o//icer 0st 1ave per/or0ed an act o/
appropriatin(o/t1e(i/t/or1i0sel/,1is/a0il*or
e0plo*ees. It is t1e act o/ appropriatin( t1at
si(ni/iesacceptance.Merel*deliverin(t1e(i/tto
t1ep)lico//icerdoesnot)rin(a)ott1ecri0e.
!t1erwise it wold )e ver* eas* to re0ove a
p)lico//icerBAstdelivera(i/tto1i0.
Article2$$&A.Jali/ied"ri)er*
Ele0ents
1. !//enderisap)lico//icerentrstedwit1law
en/orce0ent6
2. 4e re/rains/ro0 arrestin( or prosectin( an
o//enderw1o1asco00ittedacri0e6
3. !//ender 1as co00itted a cri0e pnis1a)le
)*reclsionperpetaand/ordeat16
4. !//ender re/rains /ro0 arrestin( or
prosectin( in consideration o/ an* o//er,
pro0ise,(i/t,orpresent.
Note t1at t1e penalt* is 7ali/ied i/ t1e p)lic
o//icer is t1e one w1o as#s or de0ands sc1
present.
Presidential Decree No. ;D %Exclded /ro0
covera(e+
Presidential Decree No. ;D pro1i)its (ivin( and
acceptance o/ (i/ts )* a p)lic o//icer or to a
p)lic o//icer, even drin( anniversar*, or w1en
t1ereisanoccasionli#eC1rist0as,NewLear,or
an* (i/t&(ivin( anniversar*. .1e Presidential
Decreepnis1es)ot1receiverand(iver.
.1epro1i)ition(ivin(andreceivin((i/ts(iven)*
reason o/o//icial position,re(ardlesso/w1et1er
ornott1esa0eis/orpastor/tre/avors.
.1e(ivin(o/parties)*reasono/t1epro0otion
o/ a p)lic o//icial is considered a cri0e even
t1o(1it0a*call/oracele)ration..1e(ivin(o/
apart*isnotli0itedtot1ep)lico//iceronl*)t
alsotoan*0e0)ero/1is/a0il*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Presidential Decree No. F;' %exclded /ro0
covera(e+
.1edecree(rantsi00nit*/ro0prosectiontoa
private person or p)lic o//icer w1o s1all
volntaril*(ivein/or0ationandtesti/*inacaseo/
)ri)er* or in a case involvin( a violation o/ t1e
Anti&(ra/tandCorrptPracticesAct.
It provides i00nit* to t1e )ri)e&(iver provided
1edoestwot1in(sB
%$+ 4e volntaril* discloses t1e transaction 1e
1adwit1 t1e p)lico//icer constittin( direct
or indirect )ri)er*, or an* ot1er corrpt
transaction6
%2+ 4e 0st willin(l* testi/* a(ainst t1e p)lic
o//icerinvolvedint1ecaseto)e/ileda(ainst
t1elatter.
"e/oret1e)ri)e&(iver0a* )edropped/ro0t1e
in/or0ation, 1e 1as to )e c1ar(ed /irst wit1 t1e
receiver. "e/ore trial, prosector 0a* 0ove /or
droppin( )ri)e&(iver /ro0 in/or0ation and )e
(rantedi00nit*. "t/irst,/iveconditions1ave
to)e0etB
%$+ In/or0ation 0st re/er to cons00ated
)ri)er*6
%2+ In/or0ation is necessar* /or t1e proper
convictiono/t1ep)lico//icerinvolved6
%:+ .1att1ein/or0ationortesti0on*to)e(iven
is not *et in t1e possession o/ t1e
(overn0entor#nowntot1e(overn0ent6
%;+ .1at t1e in/or0ation can )e corro)orated in
its0aterialpoints6
%9+ .1att1ein/or0ation1asnot)eenconvicted
previosl* /or an* cri0e involvin( 0oral
trpitde.
.1eseconditionsareanalo(ostot1econditions
nder t1e State Witness Rle nder Cri0inal
Procedre.
.1e i00nit* (ranted t1e )ri)e&(iver is li0ited
onl*tot1eille(altransactionw1eret1ein/or0ant
(avevolntaril*t1etesti0on*.I/t1erewereot1er
transactions w1ere t1e in/or0ant also
participated,1eisnoti00ne/ro0prosection.
.1ei00nit*inonetransactiondoesnotextend
toot1ertransactions.
.1e i00nit* attac1es onl* i/ t1e in/or0ation
(iventrnsotto)etreandcorrect.I/t1esa0e
is/alse, t1e p)lico//icer0a*even /ilecri0inal
andcivilactionsa(ainstt1ein/or0ant/orperAr*
and t1e i00nit* nder t1e decree will not
protect1i0.
Article2$2.Corrptiono/P)lic!//icials
Ele0ents
$. !//ender0a#eso//ersorpro0isesor(ives(i/tsorpresentstoap)lico//icer6
2. .1eo//ersorpro0isesare0adeort1e(i/tsorpresents(iventoap)lico//icer,ndercirc0stances
t1atwill0a#et1ep)lico//icerlia)le/ordirect)ri)er*orindirect)ri)er*.
Article2$:.,radsa(ainstt1eP)lic.reasr*andSi0ilar!//enses
Actspnis1ed
$. Enterin( into an a(ree0ent wit1 an*
interestedpart*orspeclatoror0a#in(se
o/ an* ot1er sc1e0e, to de/rad t1e
(overn0ent,indealin(wit1an*personwit1
re(ard to /rnis1in( spplies, t1e 0a#in( o/
contracts,ort1eadAst0entorsettle0ento/
accontsrelatin(top)licpropert*or/nds6
2. De0andin(, directl* or indirectl*, t1e
pa*0ento/s0sdi//erent/ro0orlar(ert1an
t1ose at1ori8ed )* law, in collection o/
taxes,licenses,/ees,andot1eri0posts6
:. ,ailin( volntaril* to isse a receipt, as
provided )* law, /or an* s0 o/ 0one*
collected)*1i0o//iciall*,int1ecollectiono/
taxes,licenses,/ees,andot1eri0posts6
;. Collectin( or receivin(, directl* or indirectl*,
)* wa* o/ pa*0ent or ot1erwise, t1in(s or
o)Aects o/ a natre di//erent /ro0 t1at
provided )* law, in t1e collection o/ taxes,
licenses,/ees,andot1eri0posts.
Ele0entso//radsa(ainstp)lictreasr*nder
para(rap1$
$. !//enderisap)lico//icer6
2. 4e1asta#enadvanta(eo/1iso//ice,t1atis,
1eintervenedint1etransactionin1iso//icial
capacit*6
:. 4e entered into an a(ree0ent wit1 an*
interestedpart*orspeclatoror0adeseo/
an* ot1er sc1e0e wit1 re(ard to /rnis1in(
spplies, t1e 0a#in( o/ contracts, or t1e
adAst0entorsettle0ento/accontsrelatin(
top)licpropert*or/nds6
;. 4e1adintenttode/radt1e(overn0ent.
.1e essence o/ t1is cri0e is 0a#in( t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
(overn0ent pa* /or so0et1in( not received or
0a#in(itpa*0oret1anw1atisde. Itis also
co00itted )* re/ndin( 0ore t1an t1e a0ont
w1ic1s1oldproperl*)ere/nded. .1isoccrs
sall* in cases w1ere a p)lic o//icer w1ose
o//icial dt* is to procre spplies /or t1e
(overn0entorenterintocontract/or(overn0ent
transactions,conniveswit1t1esaidspplierwit1
t1e intention to de/rad t1e (overn0ent. Also
w1en certain spplies /or t1e (overn0ent are
prc1ased /or t1e 1i(1 price )t its 7antit* or
7alit*islow.
IllstrationsB
%$+Ap)lico//icialw1oisinc1ar(eo/procrin(
spplies /or t1e (overn0ent o)tained /nds
/ort1e/irstclass0aterialsand)*sin/erior
7alit* prodcts and poc#ets t1e excess o/
t1e/nds. .1isissall*co00itted)*t1e
o//icials o/ t1e Depart0ent o/ P)lic Wor#s
and4i(1wa*s.
%2+Poorest 7alit* o/ in# paid as i/ it were o/
sperior7alit*.
%:+!ne t1osand pieces o/ )lan#et /or certain
nit o/ t1e Ar0ed ,orces o/ t1e P1ilippines
were paid /or )t actall*, onl* $>> pieces
were)o(1t.
%;+ .1eJe8onCit*(overn0entordered$>,>>>
)t w1at was delivered was onl* $,>>> .&
s1irts, t1e p)lic treasr* is de/raded
)ecaset1e(overn0entis0adetopa*t1at
w1ic1isnotdeor/ora1i(1erprice.
Not all /rads will constitte t1is cri0e. .1ere
0st )e no /ixed allocation or a0ont on t1e
0atteractedpon)*t1ep)lico//icer.
.1e allocation or otla* was 0ade t1e )asis o/
/radlent 7otations 0ade )* t1e p)lic o//icer
involved.
,or exa0ple, t1ere was a need to pt so0e
additional li(1tin(alon(t1eastreetandnoone
#nows 1ow 0c1 it will cost. An o//icer was
as#edto canvasst1ecost )t 1e connived wit1
t1esellero/li(1t)l)s,pricin(eac1li(1t)l)at
P99>.>> instead o/ t1e actal price o/ P9>>.>>.
.1isisacaseo//rada(ainstp)lictreasr*.
I/ t1ere is a /ixed otla* o/ P2>,>>>.>> /or t1e
li(1tin( apparats needed and t1e p)lic o//icer
connived wit1 t1e seller so t1at alt1o(1
allocationwas0adealessern0)erwasas#ed
to )e delivered, or o/ an in/erior 7alit*, or
second1and. In t1is case t1ere is no /rad
a(ainst t1e p)lic treasr* )ecase t1ere is a
/ixed allocation. .1e /rad is in t1e
i0ple0entation o/ procre0ent. .1at wold
constittet1ecri0eo/Hot1er/radIinArticle2$;,
w1ic1isint1enatreo/swindlin(oresta/a.
"e sre to deter0ine w1et1er /rad is a(ainst
p)lictreasr*oronenderArticle2$;.
Ele0entso/ille(alexactionsnderpara(rap12
$. !//enderisap)lico//icerentrstedwit1t1e
collection o/ taxes, licenses, /ees and ot1er
i0posts6
2. 4e is (ilt* o/ an* o/ t1e /ollowin( acts or
o0issionsB
%a+ De0andin(,directl*orindirectl*,t1e
pa*0ent o/ s0s di//erent /ro0 or
lar(er t1an t1ose at1ori8ed )* law6
or
%)+ ,ailin( volntaril* to isse a receipt,
as provided )* law, /or an* s0 o/
0one*collected)*1i0o//iciall*6or
%c+ Collectin( or receivin(, directl* or
indirectl*, )* wa* o/ pa*0ent or
ot1erwise, t1in(s or o)Aects o/ a
natredi//erent/ro0t1atprovided)*
law.
.1iscanonl*)eco00ittedprincipall*)*ap)lic
o//icer w1ose o//icial dt* is to collect taxes,
license /ees, i0port dties and ot1er des
pa*a)letot1e(overn0ent.
Not an* p)lic o//icer can co00it t1is cri0e.
!t1erwise,itisesta/a.,ixerscannotco00itt1is
cri0enless1econspireswit1t1ep)lico//icer
at1ori8edto0a#et1ecollection.
Also,p)lico//icerswit1sc1/nctions)tarein
t1eserviceo/t1e"reao/InternalReveneand
t1e"reao/Csto0sarenotto)eprosected
nder t1e Revised Penal Code )t nder t1e
RevisedAd0inistrativeCode..1eseo//icersare
at1ori8edto0a#ei0positionsandtoenterinto
co0pro0ises. "ecase o/ t1is discretion, t1eir
de0andin( or collectin( di//erent /ro0 w1at is
necessar*isle(al.
.1is provision o/ t1e Revised Penal Code was
provided )e/ore t1e "rea o/ Internal Revene
andt1e.ari//andCsto0sCode.Now,we1ave
speci/ic Code w1ic1 will appl* to t1e0. In t1e
a)senceo/an*provisionapplica)le,t1eRevised
Ad0inistrativeCodewillappl*.
.1eessenceo/t1ecri0eisnot0isappropriation
o/an*o/t1ea0onts)tt1ei0proper0a#in(o/
t1e collection w1ic1 wold preAdice t1e
accontin( o/ collected a0onts )* t1e
(overn0ent.
!nt1e/irst/or0o/ille(alexaction
In t1is /or0, 0ere de0and will cons00atet1e
cri0e,eveni/t1etaxpa*ers1all re/setoco0e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
across wit1 t1e a0ont )ein( de0anded. .1at
willnota//ectt1econs00ationo/t1ecri0e.
In t1e de0and, it is not necessar* t1at t1e
a0ont )ein( de0anded is )i((er t1an w1at is
pa*a)le to t1e (overn0ent. .1e a0ont )ein(
de0anded0a*)elesst1ant1ea0ontdet1e
(overn0ent.
Note t1at t1is is o/ten co00itted wit1
0alversation or esta/a )ecase w1en a p)lic
o//icer s1all de0and an a0ont di//erent /ro0
w1at t1e law provides, it can )e expected t1at
sc1p)lico//icerwillnottrnover1iscollection
tot1e(overn0ent.
IllstrationsB
%$+ A taxpa*er (oes to t1e local 0nicipal
treasrertopa*realestatetaxeson1island.
Actall*, w1at is de t1e (overn0ent is
P;>>.>> onl* )t t1e 0nicipal treasrer
de0andedP9>>.>>. "*t1atde0andalone,
t1e cri0e o/ ille(al exaction is alread*
co00ittedevent1o(1t1etaxpa*erdoesnot
pa*t1eP9>>.>>.
%2+Sppose t1e taxpa*er ca0e across wit1
P9>>.>>. "t t1e 0nicipal treasrer,
t1in#in(t1at1ewolda)stractt1eP$>>.>>,
issed a receipt /or onl* P;>>.>>. .1e
taxpa*er wold natrall* as# t1e 0nicipal
treasrer w1* t1e receipt was onl* /or
P;>>.>>. .1e treasrer answered t1at t1e
P$>>.>>is spposed to )e/or doc0entar*
sta0ps..1etaxpa*erle/t.
4e1asareceipt/orP;>>.>>..1e0nicipal
treasrer trned over to t1e (overn0ent
co//ers P;>>.>> )ecase t1at is de t1e
(overn0entandpoc#etedt1eP$>>.>>.
.1e0ere/actt1att1erewasade0and/oran
a0ont di//erent /ro0 w1at is de t1e
(overn0ent, t1e p)lic o//icer alread*
co00ittedt1ecri0eo/ille(alexaction.
!n t1e P$>>.>> w1ic1 t1e p)lic o//icer
poc#eted,willit)e0alversationoresta/aN
In t1e exa0ple (iven, t1e p)lic o//icer did
notincldeint1eo//icialreceiptt1eP$>>.>>
and,t1ere/ore,itdid not )eco0eparto/t1e
p)lic/nds. Itre0ainedto)eprivate. Itis
t1etaxpa*erw1o1as)eende/radedo/1is
P$>>.>> )ecase 1e can never clai0 a
re/nd /ro0 t1e (overn0ent /or excess
pa*0entsincet1ereceiptissedto1i0was
onl* P;>>.>> w1ic1 is de t1e (overn0ent.
As/arast1eP$>>.>>isconcerned,t1ecri0e
co00ittedisesta/a.
%:+ Ataxpa*erpa*s1istaxes. W1atisdet1e
(overn0entisP;>>.>>andt1ep)lico//icer
issesareceipt/orP9>>.>>ponpa*0ento/
t1e taxpa*er o/ said a0ont de0anded )*
t1ep)lico//icerinvolved."t1ealteredt1e
dplicate to re/lect onl* P;>>.>> and 1e
extractedt1edi//erenceo/P$>>.>>.
Int1iscase,t1eentireP9>>.>>wascovered
)*ano//icialreceipt..1atacto/coverin(t1e
w1olea0ontreceived/ro0t1etaxpa*erin
ano//icialreceiptwill1avet1ec1aracteristics
o/)eco0in(aparto/t1ep)lic/nds. .1e
cri0es co00itted, t1ere/ore, are t1e
/ollowin(B
%a+ Ille(alexactionC/orcollectin(0oret1an
1eisat1ori8edtocollect..1e0ereact
o/de0andin(iseno(1toconstittet1is
cri0e.
%)+ ,alsi/ication C )ecase t1ere was an
alteration o/ o//icial doc0ent w1ic1 is
t1e dplicate o/ t1e o//icial receipt to
s1ow an a0ont less t1an t1e actal
a0ontcollected.
%c+ Malversation C )ecase o/ 1is act o/
0isappropriatin( t1e P$>>.>> excess
w1ic1 was covered)* ano//icial receipt
alread*, event1o(1notpa*a)le tot1e
(overn0ent. .1e entire P9>>.>> was
covered )* t1e receipt, t1ere/ore, t1e
w1olea0ont)eca0ep)lic/nds. So
w1en 1e appropriated t1e P$>> /or 1is
own)ene/it,1ewasnotextractin(private
/ndsan*0ore)tp)lic/nds.
S1oldt1e/alsi/ication)eco0plexedwit1t1e
0alversationN
As /ar as t1e cri0e o/ ille(al exaction is
concerned,it will )e t1es)Aecto/ separate
accsation)ecaset1ere,t1e0erede0and
re(ardlesso/w1et1ert1etaxpa*erwillpa*or
not, will alread* cons00ate t1e cri0e o/
ille(alexaction. Itist1e)reac1o/trst)*a
p)lico//icerentrstedto0a#et1ecollection
w1ic1 is penali8ed nder sc1 article. .1e
/alsi/ication or alteration 0ade on t1e
dplicate cannot )e said as a 0eans to
co00it0alversation. At0ost,t1edplicate
was altered in order to conceal t1e
0alversation. So it cannot )e co0plexed
wit1t1e0alversation.
Itcannotalso)esaidt1att1e/alsi/icationisa
necessar*0eanstoco00itt1e0alversation
)ecaset1ep)lico//icercan0isappropriate
t1eP$>>.>>wit1otan*/alsi/ication.Allt1at
1e1astodoisto(ett1eexcesso/P$>>.>>
and0isappropriateit.Sot1e/alsi/icationisa
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
separateaccsation.
4owever,ille(alexaction0a*)eco0plexed
wit10alversation)ecaseille(alexactionis
anecessar*0eansto)ea)letocollectt1e
P$>>.>>excessw1ic1was0alversed.
In t1is cri0e, pa* attention to w1et1er t1e
o//ender is t1e one c1ar(ed wit1 t1e
collectiono/t1etax,licenseori0posts)Aect
o/t1e0isappropriation. I/1eisnott1eone
at1ori8ed)*dispositiontodot1ecollection,
t1ecri0eo/ille(alexactionisnotco00itted.
I/ it did not (ive rise to t1e cri0e o/ ille(al
exaction, t1e /nds collected 0a* not 1ave
)eco0eparto/t1ep)lic/nds.I/it1adnot
)eco0e part o/ t1e p)lic /nds, or 1ad not
)eco0e i0pressed wit1 )ein( part o/ t1e
p)lic /nds, it cannot )e t1e s)Aect o/
0alversation.Itwill(iverisetoesta/aort1e/t
ast1ecase0a*)e.
%:+ .1eMnicipal.reasrerde0andedP9>>.>>
w1enonl*P;>>.>>wasde. 4eissedt1e
receiptatP;>>.>>andexplainedtotaxpa*er
t1at t1e P$>> was /or doc0entar* sta0ps.
.1e Mnicipal .reasrer placed t1e entire
P9>>.>>int1evalto/t1eo//ice. W1en1e
needed 0one*, 1e too# t1e P$>>.>> and
spentit.
.1e/ollowin(cri0eswereco00ittedB
%a+ Ille(al exaction C /or de0andin( a
di//erenta0ont6
%)+ Esta/aC/ordeceivin(t1etaxpa*er6and
%c+ Malversation C /or (ettin( t1e P$>>.>>
/ro0t1evalt.
Alt1o(1 t1e excess P$>>.>> was not
covered )* t1e !//icial Receipt, it was
co00in(ledwit1t1eot1erp)lic/ndsint1e
valt6 1ence, it )eca0e part o/ p)lic /nds
ands)se7entextractiont1ereo/constittes
0alversation.
Note t1at n0)ers $ and 2 are co0plexed as
ille(al exaction wit1 esta/a, w1ile in n0)er :,
0alversationisadistincto//ense.
.1e issance o/ t1e !//icial Receipt is t1e
operative/acttoconvertt1epa*0entintop)lic
/nds..1epa*or0a*de0andare/nd)*virte
o/t1e!//icialReceipt.
Incasesw1eret1epa*ordecidestolett1eo//icial
toH#eep t1ec1an(eI, i/t1e latter s1old poc#et
t1e excess, 1e s1all )e lia)le /or 0alversation.
.1e o//icial 1as no ri(1t )t t1e (overn0ent,
ndert1eprincipleo/accretion,ast1eownero/
t1e )i((er a0ont )eco0es t1e owner o/ t1e
w1ole.
!nt1esecond/or0o/ille(alexaction
.1eacto/receivin(pa*0entdet1e(overn0ent
wit1ot issin( a receipt will (ive rise to ille(al
exaction even t1o(1 a provisional receipt 1as
)eenissed.W1att1elawre7iresisareceiptin
t1e/or0prescri)ed)*law,w1ic10eanso//icial
receipt.
IllstrationB
I/ a (overn0ent cas1ier or o//icer to w1o0
pa*0ent is 0ade issed a receipt in 1is own
private /or0, w1ic1 1e calls provisional, even
t1o(1 1e 1as no intention o/ 0isappropriatin(
t1ea0ontreceived)*1i0,t1e0ere/actt1at1e
issedareceiptnotint1e/or0prescri)ed)*law,
t1ecri0eo/ille(alexactionisco00itted. .1ere
0st )e volntar* /ailre to isse t1e !//icial
Receipt.
!nt1et1ird/or0o/ille(alexaction
-nder t1e rles and re(lations o/ t1e
(overn0ent,pa*0ento/c1ec#snot)elon(in(to
t1etaxpa*er,)tt1ato/c1ec#so/ot1erpersons,
s1oldnot)eacceptedtosettlet1eo)li(ationo/
t1atperson.
IllstrationB
A taxpa*er pa*s 1is o)li(ation wit1 a c1ec# not
1is own )t pertainin( to anot1er. "ecase o/
t1at,t1ec1ec#)oncedlateron.
.1ecri0eco00ittedisille(al exaction)ecase
t1epa*0ent)*c1ec#isnotallowedi/t1ec1ec#
does not pertain to t1e taxpa*er 1i0sel/, nless
t1e c1ec# is a 0ana(er3s c1ec# or a certi/ied
c1ec#, a0ended alread* as o/ $''>. %See t1e
caseo/Ro0anCat1olic.+
-nderArticle2$:,i/an*o/t1eseactspenali8ed
as ille(al exaction is co00itted )* t1ose
e0plo*edint1e"reao/Csto0sor"reao/
InternalRevene,t1elawt1atwillappl*tot1e0
will )e t1e Revised Ad0inistrative Code or t1e
.ari// and Csto0s Code or National Revene
Code.
.1is cri0e does not re7ire da0a(e to t1e
(overn0ent.
Article2$;.!t1er,rads
Ele0ents
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
2. 4eta#esadvanta(eo/1iso//icialposition6
:. 4e co00its an* o/ t1e /rads or deceits
en0eratedinArticle:$9to:$E.
Article2$9.Pro1i)ited.ransactions
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisanappointivep)lico//icer6
2. 4e)eco0esinterested,directl*orindirectl*,
in an* transaction o/ exc1an(e or
speclation6
:. .1e transaction ta#es place wit1in t1e
territor*s)Aectto1isArisdiction6
;. 4e )eco0es interested in t1e transaction
drin(1isinc0)enc*.
Article2$D.Possessiono/Pro1i)itedInterest"*AP)lic!//icer
Personslia)le
$. P)lic o//icer w1o, directl* or indirectl*,
)eca0e interested in an* contracts or
)siness in w1ic1 it was 1is o//icial dt* to
intervene6
2. Experts, ar)itrators, and private accontants
w1o,inli#e0anner,too#partinan*contract
or transaction connected wit1 t1e estate or
propert* in t1e appraisal, distri)tion or
adAdicationo/w1ic1t1e*1adacted6
:. ?ardiansandexectorswit1respecttot1e
propert* )elon(in( to t1eir wards or t1e
estate.
Article2$F.Malversationo/P)lic,ndsorPropert*CPres0ptiono/Malversation
Actspnis1ed
$. Appropriatin(p)lic/ndsorpropert*6
2. .a#in(or0isappropriatin(t1esa0e6
:. Consentin(, or t1ro(1 a)andon0ent or
ne(li(ence, per0ittin( an* ot1er person to
ta#esc1p)lic/ndsorpropert*6and
;. "ein(ot1erwise(ilt*o/t1e0isappropriation
or0alversationo/sc1/ndsorpropert*.
Ele0ents co00on to all acts o/ 0alversation
nderArticle2$F
2. 4e 1ad t1e cstod* or control o/ /nds or
propert*)*reasono/t1edtieso/1iso//ice6
:. .1ose/ndsorpropert*werep)lic/ndsor
propert*/orw1ic11ewasacconta)le6
;. 4e appropriated, too#, 0isappropriated or
consented or, t1ro(1 a)andon0ent or
ne(li(ence,per0ittedanot1erpersontota#e
t1e0.
.1iscri0eispredicatedont1erelations1ipo/t1e
o//ender to t1e propert* or /nds involved. .1e
o//ender 0st )e acconta)le /or t1e propert*
0isappropriated. I/t1e/ndorpropert*,t1o(1
p)licinc1aracterist1eresponsi)ilit*o/anot1er
o//icer, 0alversation is not co00itted nless
t1ereisconspirac*.
It is not necessar* t1at t1e o//ender pro/ited
)ecase so0e)od* else 0a* 1ave
0isappropriatedt1e/ndsin7estion/oraslon(
ast1eacconta)leo//icerwasre0issin1isdt*
o/ sa/e#eepin( p)lic /nds or propert*. 4e is
lia)le/or0alversationi/sc1/ndswerelostor
ot1erwise0isappropriated)*anot1er.
.1ere is no 0alversation t1ro(1 si0ple
ne(li(ence or rec#less i0prdence, w1et1er
deli)eratel* orne(li(entl*. .1isis one cri0e in
t1eRevisedPenalCodew1eret1epenalt*ist1e
sa0ew1et1erco00ittedwit1doloorclpa.
JB W1at cri0e nder t1e Revised Penal Code
carriest1esa0epenalt*w1et1erco00itted
intentionall*ort1ro(1ne(li(enceN
AB Malversation nder Article 2$F. .1ere is no
cri0e o/ 0alversation t1ro(1 ne(li(ence.
.1ecri0eis0alversation,plainandsi0ple,
w1et1er co00itted t1ro(1 dolo or clpa.
.1ere is no cri0e o/ 0alversation nder
Article:D9Concri0inalne(li(enceC)ecase
in0alversationnderArticle2$F,t1e sa0e
penalt*isi0posedw1et1ert1e0alversation
reslts/ro0ne(li(enceorwast1eprodcto/
deli)erateact.
.1ecri0eo/0alversationcan)eco00itted
onl*)*ano//iceracconta)le/ort1e/ndsor
propert* w1ic1 is appropriated. .1is cri0e,
t1ere/ore, )ears a relation )etween t1e
o//enderandt1e/ndsorpropert*involved.
.1e o//ender, to co00it 0alversation, 0st
)e acconta)le /or t1e /nds or propert*
0isappropriated)*1i0. I/1eisnott1eone
acconta)le )t so0e)od* else, t1e cri0e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
co00ittedist1e/t. Itwill)e7ali/iedt1e/ti/
t1ereisa)seo/con/idence.
Acconta)le o//icer does not re/er onl* to
cas1ier, dis)rsin( o//icers or propert*
cstodian. An*p)lico//icer1avin(cstod*
o/ p)lic /nds or propert* /or w1ic1 1e is
acconta)le can co00it t1e cri0e o/
0alversationi/1ewold0isappropriatesc1
/ndorpropert*orallowot1erstodoso.
$. An nlicensed /irear0 was con/iscated )* a
police0an. Instead o/ trnin( over t1e
/irear0 to t1e propert* cstodian /or t1e
prosection o/ t1e o//ender, t1e police0an
soldt1e/irear0.W1atcri0ewasco00ittedN
.1e cri0e co00itted is 0alversation
)ecase t1at /irear0 is s)Aect to 1is
acconta)ilit*. 4avin(ta#encstod*o/t1e
/irear0, 1e is spposed to accont /or it as
evidence/ort1eprosectiono/t1eo//ender.
2. Can t1e )*er )e lia)le nder t1e Anti&
/encin(lawN
No..1ecri0eisneit1ert1e/tnorro))er*,)t
0alversation.
:. A 0e0)er o/ t1e P1ilippine National Police
went on a)sence wit1ot leave. 4e was
c1ar(ed wit1 0alversation o/ t1e /irear0
issedto1i0. A/tertwo*ears,1eca0eot
o/1idin( andsrrendered t1e/irear0. W1at
cri0ewasco00ittedN
.1e cri0e co00itted was 0alversation.
Pa*0ent o/ t1e a0ont 0isappropriated or
restittion o/ propert* 0isappropriated does
not erase cri0inal lia)ilit* )t onl* civil
lia)ilit*.
W1en privatepropert*is attac1ed or sei8ed
)* p)lic at1orit* and t1e p)lic o//icer
acconta)le t1ere/or 0isappropriates t1e
sa0e,0alversationisco00ittedalso.
IllstrationB
I/ a s1eri//levied t1e propert* o/t1ede/endants
anda)scondedwit1it,1eisnotlia)leo/7ali/ied
t1e/t)to/0alversationevent1o(1t1epropert*
)elon(edtoaprivateperson..1esei8reo/t1e
propert*or/ndi0presseditwit1t1ec1aractero/
)ein(parto/t1ep)lic/ndsit)ein(incstodia
le(is.,oraslon(ast1ep)lico//icerist1eone
acconta)le /or t1e /nd or propert* t1at was
0isappropriated,1ecan)elia)le/ort1ecri0eo/
0alversation. A)sent sc1 relation, t1e cri0e
cold)et1e/t,si0pleor7ali/ied.
IllstrationB
A (overn0ent cas1ier did not )ot1er to pt t1e
p)lic/ndint1ep)licsa/e/valt)tAstle/titin
t1edrawer o/1is ta)lew1ic1 1as noloc#. .1e
next 0ornin( w1en 1e ca0e )ac#, t1e 0one*
was alread* (one. 4e was 1eld lia)le /or
0alversation t1ro(1 ne(li(ence )ecase in
e//ect, 1e 1as a)andoned t1e /nd or propert*
wit1otan*sa/et*.
A private person 0a* also co00it 0alversation
ndert1e/ollowin(sitationsB
%$+ Conspirac*wit1ap)lico//icerinco00ittin(
0alversation6
%2+ W1en 1e 1as )eco0e an acco0plice or
accessor* to a p)lic o//icer w1o co00its
0alversation6
%:+ W1en t1e private person is 0ade t1e
cstodian in w1atever capacit* o/ p)lic
/nds or propert*, w1et1er )elon(in( to
national or local (overn0ent, and 1e
0isappropriatest1esa0e6
%;+ W1en 1e isconstitted as t1edepositar* or
ad0inistrator o/ /nds or propert* sei8ed or
attac1ed)*p)licat1orit*event1o(1said
/nds or propert* )elon( to a private
individal.
IllstrationB
Mnicipal treasrer connives wit1 otsiders to
0a#eitappeart1att1eo//iceo/t1etreasrerwas
ro))ed. 4e wor#ed overti0e and t1e co&
conspirators)ar(edin,1o(&tiedt1etreasrerand
0adeitappeart1att1erewasaro))er*. Cri0e
co00ittedis0alversation)ecaset1e0nicipal
treasrerwasanacconta)leo//icer.
Notet1atda0a(eont1eparto/t1e(overn0ent
is not considered an essential ele0ent. It is
eno(1 t1at t1e proprietar* ri(1ts o/ t1e
(overn0entovert1e/nds1ave)eendistr)ed
t1ro(1)reac1o/trst.
It is not necessar* t1at t1e acconta)le p)lic
o//icers1oldactall*0isappropriatet1e/ndor
propert* involved. It is eno(1 t1at 1e 1as
violated t1e trst reposed on 1i0 in connection
wit1t1epropert*.
IllstrationB
%$+ It is a co00on practice o/ (overn0ent
cas1ierstoc1an(et1ec1ec#so/t1eir/riends
wit1 cas1 in t1eir cstod*, so0eti0es at a
discont. .1e p)lic o//icer #nows t1at t1e
c1ec#is(ood)ecaset1eissert1ereo/isa
0ano/na0e.So1ec1an(edt1esa0ewit1
cas1..1ec1ec#trnedotto)e(ood.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Wit1 t1at act o/ c1an(in( t1e cas1 o/ t1e
(overn0ent wit1 t1e c1ec# o/ a private
person, even t1o(1 t1e c1ec# is (ood,
0alversation is co00itted. .1e reason is
t1atac1ec#isclearedonl*a/tert1reeda*s.
Drin( t1at period o/ t1ree da*s, t1e
(overn0ent is )ein( denied t1e se o/ t1e
p)lic/nd. Wit10orereasoni/t1atc1ec#
)once)ecaset1e(overn0ents//ers.
%2+ Anacconta)lep)lico//icer,oto/la8iness,
declarest1att1epa*0entwas0adeto1i0
a/ter1e1adcleaned1ista)leandloc#ed1is
sa/e/ort1ecollectiono/t1eda*.Ataxpa*er
ca0eand1einsistedt1at1epa*t1ea0ont
sot1at1ewillnotretrnt1enextda*.So1e
acceptedt1epa*0ent)tistoola8*toopen
t1e co0)ination o/ t1e p)lic sa/e. 4e Ast
poc#etedt1e0one*. W1en1eca0e1o0e,
t1e0one*wasstill in1ispoc#et. .1enext
da*, w1en 1e went )ac# to t1e o//ice, 1e
c1an(edclot1esand1eclai0st1at1e/or(ot
to pt t1e 0one* in t1e new /nds t1at 1e
wold collect t1e next da*. ?overn0ent
aditors ca0e and s)Aected 1i0 to
inspection. 4e was /ond s1ort o/ t1at
a0ont.4eclai0edt1atitisin1is1ose&&
wit1 t1at alone, 1e was c1ar(ed wit1
0alversationandwasconvicted.
An* overa(e or excess in t1e collection o/ an
acconta)lep)lico//icers1oldnot)eextracted
)* 1i0 once it is co00in(led wit1 t1e p)lic
/nds.
IllstrationB
W1en taxpa*erspa*t1eiracconta)ilitiestot1e
(overn0ent )* wa* o/ taxes or licenses li#e
re(istrationo/0otorve1icles,t1etaxpa*erdoes
not )ot1er to collect loose c1an(e. So t1e
(overn0ent cas1ier acc0lates t1e loose
c1an(e ntil t1is a0onts to a si8a)le s0. In
order to avoid 0alversation, t1e cas1ier did not
separatew1atisdet1e(overn0entw1ic1was
le/tto1er)*wa*o/loosec1an(e. Instead,1e
(ets all o/ t1ese and #eeps it in t1e p)lic
valt/sa/e. A/ter t1e pa*0ent o/ t1e taxes and
licensesist1ro(1,1e(etsallt1eo//icialreceipts
andta#est1es0totalo/t1epa*0ent.4et1en
opens t1e p)lic valt and conts t1e cas1.
W1atever will )e t1e excess or t1e overa(e, 1e
(ets.Int1iscase,0alversationisco00itted.
Notet1att1e0o0entan*0one*isco00in(led
wit1 t1e p)lic /nd even i/ not de t1e
(overn0ent, it )eco0es i0pressed wit1 t1e
c1aracteristico/)ein(parto/p)lic/nds.!nce
t1e*areco00in(led,*odonot#nowan*0ore
w1ic1 )elon( to t1e (overn0ent and w1ic1
)elon( to t1e private persons. So t1at a p)lic
valtorsa/es1oldnot)esedto1oldan*/nd
ot1ert1atw1atisdetot1e(overn0ent.
W1en does pres0ption o/ 0isappropriation
ariseN
W1en a de0and is 0ade pon an acconta)le
o//icer and 1e cannot prodce t1e /nd or
propert* involved, t1ere is a pri0a /acie
pres0ption t1at 1e 1ad converted t1e sa0e to
1is own se. .1ere 0st )e ind)ita)le proo/
t1att1in(nacconted/orexists.Adits1old)e
0adetodeter0inei/t1erewass1orta(e. Adit
0st )e co0plete and trstwort1*. I/ t1ere is
do)t,pres0ptiondoesnotarise.
Pres0ptionarisesonl*i/att1eti0et1ede0and
to prodce t1e p)lic /nds was 0ade, t1e
acconta)ilit* o/ t1e accsed is alread*
deter0inedandli7idated. Ade0andpont1e
accsed toprodcet1e/nds in 1is possession
anda/ailreon1isparttoprodcet1esa0ewill
not)rin(a)ott1ispres0ptionnlessandntil
t1ea0onto/1isacconta)ilit*isalread*#nown.
InD0a(atv.Sandi(an)a*an,$D>SCRA;E:,it
was 1eld t1at t1e pri0a /acie
pres0ption nder t1e Revised Penal
Codearisesonl*i/t1ereisnoisseasto
t1e accrac*, correctness and re(larit*
o/ t1e adit /indin(s and i/ t1e /act t1at
p)lic /nds are 0issin( is ind)ita)l*
esta)lis1ed..1eadit0st)et1oro(1
and co0plete down to t1e last detail,
esta)lis1in( wit1 a)solte certaint* t1e
/actt1att1e/ndsareindeed0issin(.
InDe?80anv.People,$$'SCRA::F,itwas
1eld t1at in 0alversation, all t1at is
necessar*toproveist1att1ede/endant
received in 1is possession t1e p)lic
/nds and t1at 1e cold not accont /or
t1e0 and t1at 1e cold not (ive a
reasona)le excse /or t1eir
disappearance. An acconta)le p)lic
o//icer0a*)econvictedo/0alversation
even i/ t1ere is no direct evidence o/
0isappropriationandt1eonl*evidenceis
t1e s1orta(e in t1e acconts w1ic1 1e
1as not )een a)le to explain
satis/actoril*.
InCa)ellov.Sandi(an)a*a,$'FSCRA';,itwas
1elditwas1eldt1at0alversation0a*)e
co00ittedintentionall*or)*ne(li(ence.
.1e dolo or clpa )rin(in( a)ot t1e
o//ences is onl* a 0odalit* in t1e
perpetration o/ t1e o//ense. .1e sa0e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o//ense o/ 0alversation is involved,
w1et1er t1e 0ode c1ar(ed di//ers /ro0
t1e0odeesta)lis1edint1eco00ission
o/ t1e cri0e. An accsed c1ar(ed wit1
will/l 0alversation 0a* )e convicted o/
Malversationt1ro(11erne(li(ee.
InJi8ov.Sandi(an)a*an,t1eaccsedincrred
s1orta(e %P$.F;+ 0ainl* )ecase t1e
aditordisallowedcertaincas1advances
t1eaccsed(rantedtoe0plo*ees. "t
on t1e sa0e date t1at t1e adit was
0ade, 1e partl* rei0)rsed t1e a0ont
and paid it in /ll t1ree da*s later. .1e
Spre0e Cort considered t1e
circ0stances as ne(ative o/ cri0inal
intent..1ecas1advanceswere0adein
(ood /ait1 and ot o/ (ood will to co&
e0plo*ees w1ic1 was a practice
tolerated in t1e o//ice. .1e actal cas1
s1orta(e was onl* P$.F; and to(et1er
wit1 t1e disallowed advances were /ll*
rei0)rsed wit1in a reasona)le ti0e.
.1ere was no ne(li(ence, 0alice, nor
intenttode/rad.
InCia0/rancaGr.v.Sandi(an)a*an, w1eret1e
accsed in 0alversation cold not (ive
reasona)le and satis/actor* explanation
or excse /or t1e 0issin( /nds or
propert*acconta)le)*1i0,itwas1eld
t1att1eretrno/t1e/ndsorpropert*is
not a de/ense and does not extin(is1
cri0inallia)ilit*.
InParn(aov.Sandi(an)a*an,$'FSCRA$F:,it
was 1eld t1at a p)lic o//icer c1ar(ed
wit10alversationcannot)econvictedo/
tec1nical 0alversation %ille(al se o/
p)lic/ndsnderArticle22>+..odoso
wold violate accsed3s ri(1t to )e
in/or0edo/natreo/accsationa(ainst
1i0.
.ec1nical 0alversation is not inclded in t1e
cri0e o/ 0alversation. In 0alversation, t1e
o//ender0isappropriatesp)lic/ndsorpropert*
/or 1is own personal se, or allows an* ot1er
person to ta#e sc1 /nds or propert* /or t1e
latter3s own personal se. In tec1nical
0alversation,t1ep)lico//icerappliest1ep)lic
/nds or propert* nder 1is ad0inistration to
anot1er p)lic se di//erent /ro0 t1at /or w1ic1
t1e p)lic /nd was appropriated )* law or
ordinance.RecorseB,ilet1eproperin/or0ation.
Article2$E.,ailreo/Acconta)le!//icertoRenderAcconts
Ele0ents
1. !//ender is p)lic o//icer, w1et1er in t1e
serviceorseparatedt1ere/ro0)*resi(nation
oran*ot1ercase6
2. 4eisanacconta)leo//icer/orp)lic/nds
orpropert*6
3. 4eisre7ired)*laworre(lationtorender
acconttot1eCo00issiononAdit,ortoa
provincialaditor6
;. 4e/ailstodoso/oraperiodo/two0ont1s
a/tersc1accontss1old)erendered.
Article2$'.,ailreo/AResponsi)leP)lic!//icertoRenderAcconts)e/oreLeavin(t1eContr*
Ele0ents
2. 4eisanacconta)leo//icer/orp)lic/nds
orpropert*6
3. 4enlaw/ll*leavesoratte0ptstoleavet1e
P1ilippine Islands wit1ot secrin( a
certi/icate /ro0 t1e Co00ission on Adit
s1owin( t1at 1is acconts 1ave )een /inall*
settled.
W1en an acconta)le o//icer leaves t1e contr*
wit1ot /irst settlin( 1is acconta)ilit* or
ot1erwise secrin( a clearance /ro0 t1e
Co00ission on Adit re(ardin( sc1
acconta)ilit*, t1e i0plication is t1at 1e le/t t1e
contr* )ecase 1e 1as 0isappropriated t1e
/ndsnder1isacconta)ilit*.
W1ocanco00itt1iscri0eNAresponsi)lep)lic
o//icer,notnecessaril*anacconta)leone,w1o
leaves t1e contr* wit1ot /irst secrin(
clearance/ro0t1eCo00issiononAdit.
.1e prpose o/ t1e law is to discora(e
responsi)le or acconta)le o//icers /ro0 leavin(
wit1ot/irstli7idatin(t1eiracconta)ilit*.
Mere leavin( wit1ot secrin( clearance
constittesviolationo/t1eRevisedPenal Code.
It is not necessar* t1at t1e* reall*
0isappropriatedp)lic/nds.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article22>.Ille(alseo/p)lic/ndsorpropert*
Ele0ents
2. .1erearep)lic/ndsorpropert*nder1is
ad0inistration6
3. Sc1 /nd or propert* were appropriated )*
laworordinance6
4. 4e applies sc1 p)lic /nd or propert* to
an* p)lic se ot1er t1an /or w1ic1 it was
appropriated/or.
Ille(al se o/ p)lic /nds or propert* is also
#nown as tec1nical 0alversation. .1e ter0
tec1nical 0alversation is sed )ecase in t1is
cri0e, t1e /nd or propert* involved is alread*
appropriated or ear0ar#ed /or a certain p)lic
prpose.
.1e o//ender is entrsted wit1 sc1 /nd or
propert*onl*toad0inisterorappl*t1esa0eto
t1ep)licprpose/orw1ic1itwasappropriated
)*laworordinance.Insteado/appl*in(ittot1e
p)licprposetow1ic1t1e/ndorpropert*was
alread* appropriated )* law, t1e p)lic o//icer
appliedittoanot1erprpose.
Sinceda0a(eisnotanele0ento/0alversation,
even t1o(1 t1e application 0ade proved to )e
0ore)ene/icialtop)licinterestt1ant1eori(inal
prpose /or w1ic1 t1e a0ont or propert* was
appropriated)*law,t1ep)lico//icerinvolvedis
stilllia)le/ortec1nical0alversation.
I/p)lic/ndswerenot*etappropriated)*lawor
ordinance, and t1is was applied to a p)lic
prpose )* t1e cstodian t1ereo/, t1e cri0e is
plain and si0ple 0alversation, not tec1nical
0alversation.I/t1e/nds1ad)eenappropriated
/oraparticlarp)licprpose,)tt1esa0ewas
appliedtoprivateprpose,t1ecri0eco00ittedis
si0ple0alversationonl*.
IllstrationB
.1e o//ice lac#ed )ond papers. W1at t1e
(overn0ent cas1ier did was to send t1e Aanitor,
(et so0e 0one* /ro0 1is collection, told t1e
Aanitor to )* )ond paper so t1at t1e o//ice will
1ave so0et1in( to se. .1e a0ont involved
0a*)e i00aterial )t t1e cas1ier co00its
0alversationpreandsi0ple.
.1is cri0e can also )e co00itted )* a private
person.
IllstrationB
A certain road is to )e ce0ented. "a(s o/
ce0entwerealread*)ein(nloadedatt1eside.
"t t1en, rain )e(anto /all so t1espervisor o/
t1eroad)ildin(wenttoacertain1osewit1a
(ara(e, as#ed t1e owner i/ 1e cold possi)l*
deposit t1e )a(s o/ ce0ent in 1is (ara(e to
preventt1esa0e/ro0)ein(wet. .1eownero/
t1e1ose,!live,a(reed.Sot1e)a(so/ce0ent
were trans/erred to t1e (ara(e o/ t1e private
person. A/tert1ep)lico//icer1adle/t,andt1e
wor#ers1adle/t)ecaseitisnotpossi)letodo
t1e ce0entin(, t1e owner o/ t1e (ara(e started
sin( so0e o/ t1e ce0ent in pavin( 1is own
(ara(e. .1e cri0e o/ tec1nical 0alversation is
alsoco00itted.
Notet1atw1enaprivatepersonisconstittedas
t1e cstodian in w1atever capacit*, o/ p)lic
/nds or propert*, and 1e 0isappropriates t1e
sa0e, t1e cri0e o/ 0alversation is also
co00itted.SeeArticle222.
IllstrationB
.1e pa*roll 0one* /or a (overn0ent
in/rastrctreproAectont1ewa*tot1esiteo/t1e
proAect, t1e o//icers )rin(in( t1e 0one* were
a0)s1ed. .1e* were all wonded. !ne o/
t1e0, 1owever, was a)le to (et awa* /ro0 t1e
scene o/ t1e a0)s1 ntil 1e reac1ed a certain
1ose. 4e told t1e occpant o/ t1e 1ose to
sa/e(ard t1e a0ont )ecase it is t1e pa*roll
0one*o/t1e(overn0entla)orerso/aparticlar
proAect..1eoccpanto/t1e1oseacceptedt1e
0one*/or1isownse..1ecri0eisnott1e/t)t
0alversationas lon( as1e #newt1at w1atwas
entrstedin1iscstod*isp)lic/ndorpropert*.
Article22$.,ailretoMa#eDeliver*o/P)lic,ndso/Propert*
Actspnis1ed
$. ,ailin( to 0a#e pa*0ent )* a p)lic o//icer
w1o is nder o)li(ation to 0a#e sc1
pa*0ent /ro0 (overn0ent /nds in 1is
possession6
2. Re/sin(to0a#edeliver*)*ap)lico//icer
w1o 1as )een ordered )* co0petent
at1orit* to deliver an* propert* in 1is
cstod*ornder1isad0inistration.
Ele0entso//ailreto0a#epa*0ent
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
$. P)lic o//icer 1as (overn0ent /nds in 1is
possession6
2. 4eisndero)li(ationto0a#epa*0ent/ro0
sc1/nds6
:. 4e/ailsto0a#et1epa*0ent0aliciosl*.
Article22:.Connivin(wit1orConsentin(toEvasion
2. 4e 1ad in 1is cstod* or c1ar(e a
prisoner,eit1erdetentionprisonerorprisoner
)*/inalAd(0ent6
:. Sc1 prisoner escaped /ro0 1is
cstod*6
;. 4e was in connivance wit1 t1e
prisonerint1elatter3sescape.
Classeso/prisonersinvolved
$. I/ t1e /(itive 1as )een sentenced )* /inal
Ad(0enttoan*penalt*6
2. I/ t1e /(itive is 1eld onl* as detention
prisoner /or an* cri0e or violation o/ law or
0nicipalordinance.
Article22;.Evasiont1ro(1Ne(li(ence
Ele0ents
2. 4eisc1ar(edwit1t1econve*anceorcstod*o/aprisonerorprisoner)*/inalAd(0ent6
:. Sc1prisonerescapest1ro(1ne(li(ence.
Article229.Escapeo/Prisonerndert1eCstod*o/aPersonnotaP)lic!//icer
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisaprivateperson6
2. .1e conve*ance or cstod* o/ a
prisonerorpersonnderarrestiscon/idedto
1i06
:. .1e prisoner or person nder arrest
escapes6
;. !//ender consents to t1e escape, or
t1at t1e escape ta#es place t1ro(1 1is
ne(li(ence.
.1ecri0eisin/idelit*int1ecstod*o/prisonersi/
t1e o//ender involved is t1e cstodian o/ t1e
prisoner.
I/ t1e o//ender w1o aided or consented to t1e
prisoner3s escapin( /ro0 con/ine0ent, w1et1er
t1eprisonerisaconvictoradetentionprisoner,is
not t1e cstodian, t1e cri0e is deliverin(
prisoners/ro0AailnderArticle$9D.
.1ecri0eo/in/idelit*int1ecstod*o/prisoners
can )e co00itted onl* )* t1e cstodian o/ a
prisoner.
I/ t1e Aail (ard w1o allowed t1e prisoner to
escapeisalread*o//&dt*att1atti0eand1eis
nolon(ert1ecstodiano/t1eprisoner,t1ecri0e
co00itted)*1i0isdeliverin(prisoners/ro0Aail.
Note t1at*o do not appl*1ere t1e principle o/
conspirac* t1at t1e act o/ one is t1e act o/ all.
.1epart*w1oisnott1ecstodianw1oconspired
wit1 t1e cstodian in allowin( t1e prisoner to
escapedoesnotco00itin/idelit*int1ecstod*
o/ t1e prisoner. 4e co00its t1e cri0e o/
deliverin(prisoners/ro0Aail.
JB I/aprivatepersonapproac1edt1ecstodian
o/ t1e prisoner and /or a certain consideration,
told t1e cstodian to leave t1e door o/ t1e cell
nloc#ed/ort1eprisonertoescape.W1atcri0e
1ad)eenco00ittedN
AB Itisnotin/idelit*in t1e cstod*o/ prisoners
)ecase as /ar as t1e private person is
concerned,t1iscri0eisdeliverin(prisoners/ro0
Aail. .1e in/idelit* is onl* co00itted )* t1e
cstodian.
.1is cri0e can )e co00itted also )* a private
person i/ t1e cstod* o/ t1e prisoner 1as )een
con/idedtoaprivateperson.
IllstrationB
A police0an escorted aprisonerto cort. A/ter
t1ecort1earin(,t1ispolice0anwass1otatwit1
aviewtoli)eratet1eprisoner/ro01iscstod*.
.1e police0an /o(1t t1e attac#er )t 1e was
/atall* wonded. W1en 1e cold no lon(er
controlt1eprisoner,1ewenttoanear)*1ose,
tal#edtot1e1eado/t1e/a0il*o/t1at1oseand
as#ed 1i0 i/ 1e cold (ive t1e cstod* o/ t1e
prisonerto1i0. 4esaid*es. A/tert1eprisoner
was 1andc//ed in 1is 1ands, t1e police0an
expired..1erea/ter,t1e1eado/t1e/a0il*o/t1at
private 1ose as#ed t1e prisoner i/ 1e cold
a//ord to (ive so0et1in( so t1at 1e wold allow
1i0to(o. .1eprisonersaid,HLes,i/*owold
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
allow0etoleave,*ocanco0ewit10eandI
will(ivet1e0one*to*o.I.1isprivatepersons
wentwit1t1eprisonerandw1ent1e0one*was
(iven, 1e allowed1i0to (o. W1at cri0e/s 1ad
)eenco00ittedN
-nderArticle229,t1ecri0ecan)eco00itted)*
a private person to w1o0 t1e cstod* o/ a
prisoner1as)eencon/ided.
W1ere sc1 private person, w1ile per/or0in( a

private /nction )* virte o/ a provision o/ law,
s1allacceptan*considerationor(i/t/ort1enon&
per/or0anceo/adt*con/idedto1i0,"ri)er*is
alsoco00itted. Sot1ecri0eco00itted)*1i0
is in/idelit* in t1e cstod* o/ prisoners and
)ri)er*.
I/ t1e cri0e is deliverin( prisoners /ro0 Aail,
)ri)er* is Ast a 0eans, nder Article $9D, t1at
woldcall/ort1ei0positiono/a1eavierpenalt*,
)tnotaseparatec1ar(eo/)ri)er*nderArticle
$9D.
"tnderArticle229inin/idelit*,w1atis)asicall*
pnis1ed is t1e )reac1 o/ trst )ecase t1e
o//enderist1ecstodian. ,ort1at,t1ecri0eis
in/idelit*.I/1eviolatest1etrst)ecaseo/so0e
consideration,)ri)er*isalsoco00itted.
A1i(1erde(reeo/vi(ilanceisre7ired. ,ailre
to do so will render t1e cstodian lia)le. .1e
prevailin(rlin(isa(ainstlaxit*int1e1andlin(o/
prisoners.
IllstrationB
A prison (ard acco0paniedt1eprisoner in t1e
toilet. W1ileanswerin(t1ecallo/natre,police
o//icer waitin( t1ere, ntil t1e prisoner escaped.
Policeo//icerwasaccsedo/in/idelit*.
.1ereisnocri0inal lia)ilit*)ecaseitdoesnot
constittene(li(ence. Ne(li(enceconte0plated
1erere/erstodeli)eratea)andon0ento/dt*.
Note, 1owever, t1at accordin( to a recent
Spre0eCortrlin(,/ailretoacco0pan*lad*
prisoner in t1e co0/ort roo0 is a case o/
ne(li(ence and t1ere/ore t1e cstodian is lia)le
/orin/idelit*int1ecstod*o/prisoner.
Prison(ards1oldnot(otoan*ot1erplacenot
o//iciall*called/or. .1isisacaseo/in/idelit*in
t1ecstod*o/prisonert1ro(1ne(li(encender
Article22;.
Article22D.Re0oval,Conceal0ent,orDestrctiono/Doc0ents
Ele0ents
2. 4e a)stracts, destro*s or conceals a
doc0entorpapers6
:. Said doc0entor papers s1old 1ave )een
entrstedtosc1p)lico//icer)*reasono/
1iso//ice6
;. Da0a(e, w1et1er serios or not, to a t1ird
part* or to t1e p)lic interest 1as )een
cased.
Cri0es/allin(ndert1esectiononin/idelit*int1e
cstod* o/ p)lic doc0ents can onl* )e
co00itted)*t1ep)lico//icerw1ois0adet1e
cstodiano/t1edoc0entin1iso//icialcapacit*.
I/ t1e o//icer was placed in possession o/ t1e
doc0ent)titisnot1isdt*to)et1ecstodian
t1ereo/,t1iscri0eisnotco00itted.
IllstrationB
A letter is entrsted to a post0aster /or
trans0issiono/are(isteredlettertoanot1er..1e
post0aster opened t1e letter and /indin( t1e
0one*, extracted t1e sa0e. .1e cri0e
co00ittedisin/idelit*int1ecstod*o/t1ep)lic
doc0ent )ecase nder Article 22D, t1e law
re/ers also to papers entrsted to p)lic o//icer
involved and crrenc* note is considered to )e
wit1in t1e ter0 paper alt1o(1 it is not a
doc0ent.
Wit1 respect to o//icial doc0ents, in/idelit* is
co00itted )* destro*in( t1e doc0ent, or
re0ovin( t1e doc0ent or concealin( t1e
doc0ent.
Da0a(e to p)lic interest is necessar*.
4owever,0aterialda0a(eisnotnecessar*.
IllstrationB
I/an*citi8en(oestoap)lico//ice,desirin(to(o
over p)lic records and t1e cstodian o/ t1e
records 1ad concealed t1e sa0e so t1at t1is
citi8enisre7iredto(o)ac#/ort1erecordto)e
ta#en ot, t1e cri0e o/ in/idelit* is alread*
co00itted )* t1e cstodian w1o re0oved t1e
records and #ept it in a place w1ere it is not
spposedto)e#ept.4ere,itisa(aint1e)reac1
o/p)lictrstw1ic1ispnis1ed.
Alt1o(1 t1ere is no 0aterial da0a(e cased,
0ere dela* in renderin( p)lic service is
consideredda0a(e.
Re0ovalo/p)licrecords)*t1ecstodiandoes
notre7iret1att1erecord)e)ro(1toto/t1e
pre0isesw1ereitis#ept. It iseno(1t1att1e
record)ere0oved/ro0t1eplacew1ereits1old
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)eandtrans/erredtoanot1erplacew1ereitisnot
spposedto)e#ept.I/da0a(eiscasedtot1e
p)licservice,t1ep)lico//iceriscri0inall*lia)le
/orin/idelit*int1ecstod*o/o//icialdoc0ents.
Distinction )etween in/idelit* in t1e cstod* o/
p)licdoc0ent,esta/aand0alicios0isc1ie/
Inin/idelit*int1ecstod*o/p)licdoc0ent,
t1e o//ender is t1e cstodian o/ t1e o//icial
doc0entre0ovedorconcealed.
Inesta/a,t1eo//enderisnott1ecstodiano/
t1edoc0entre0ovedorconcealed.
In0alicios0isc1ie/,t1eo//enderprposel*
destro*ed and da0a(ed t1e
propert*/doc0ent.
W1ere in case /or )ri)er* or corrption, t1e
0onetar*considerationswas0ar#edasex1i)its,
sc1 considerations ac7ires t1e natre o/ a
doc0entsc1 t1ati/ t1e sa0e wold )e spent
)*t1ecstodiant1ecri0eisnot0alversation)t
In/idelit*int1ecstod*o/p)licrecords,)ecase
t1e 0one* addced as ex1i)its parta#e t1e
natre o/ a doc0ent and not as 0one*.
Alt1o(1 sc1 0onetar* consideration ac7ires
t1enatreo/adoc0ent,t1e)estevidencerle
doesnotappl*1ere.Exa0ple,p1otocopies0a*
)epresentedinevidence.
Article22F.!//icer"rea#in(Seal
Ele0ents
2. 4eisc1ar(edwit1t1ecstod*o/papersor
propert*6
:. .1ese papers or propert* are sealed )*
properat1orit*6
;. 4e )rea#s t1e seal or per0its t1e0 to )e
)ro#en.
I/ t1e o//icial doc0ent is sealed or ot1erwise
placed in an o//icial envelope, t1e ele0ent o/
da0a(e is not re7ired. .1e 0ere )rea#in( o/
t1e seal or t1e 0ere openin( o/ t1e doc0ent
wold alread* )rin(a)ot in/idelit*event1o(1
no da0a(e 1as )een s//ered )* an*one or )*
t1ep)licatlar(e..1eo//enderdoesnot1aveto
0isappropriatet1esa0e. Gsttr*in(todiscover
orloo#w1atisinsideisin/idelit*alread*.
.1e act is pnis1ed )ecase i/ a doc0ent is
entrsted to t1e cstod* o/ a p)lic o//icer in a
sealedorclosedenvelope,sc1p)lico//iceris
spposednotto#noww1atisinsidet1esa0e.I/
1e wold )rea# t1e seal or open t1e closed
envelop,indicationswold)et1at1etriedto/ind
ott1econtentso/t1edoc0ent.,ort1atact,1e
violatest1econ/idenceortrstreposedon1i0.
A cri0e is alread* co00itted re(ardless o/
w1et1ert1econtentso/t1edoc0entaresecret
orprivate.Itiseno(1t1atitisentrstedto1i0
inasealed/or0orinaclosedenvelopeand1e
)ro#e t1e seal or opened t1e envelop. P)lic
trstisalread*violatedi/1e0ana(edtoloo#into
t1econtentso/t1edoc0ent.
Distinction)etweenin/idelit*andt1e/t
.1ere isin/idelit* i/ t1eo//ender opened t1e
letter)tdidnotta#et1esa0e.
.1ere is t1e/t i/ t1ere is intent to (ain w1en
t1eo//endertoo#t1e0one*.
Notet1at1edoc0ent0st)eco0pleteinle(al
sense. I/t1ewritin(sare0ere/or0,t1ereisno
cri0e.
IllstrationB
Asre(ardt1epa*roll,w1ic11asnot)eensi(ned
)*t1eMa*or,noin/idelit*isco00itted)ecase
t1e doc0ent is not *et a pa*roll in t1e le(al
sense since t1e doc0ent 1as not )een si(ned
*et.
InM)rea#in(o/sealM,t1ewordM)rea#in(Ms1old
not)e(ivenaliteral0eanin(. Eveni/actall*,
t1eseal wasnot)ro#en,)ecaset1ecstodian
0ana(edtoopent1eparcelwit1ot)rea#in(t1e
seal.
Article22E.!penin(o/ClosedDoc0ents
Ele0ents
2. An*closedpapers,doc0ents,oro)Aectare
entrstedto1iscstod*6
:. 4e opens or per0its to )e opened said
closedpapers,doc0entsoro)Aects6
;. 4edoesnot1aveproperat1orit*.
Article22'.Revelationo/Secrets)*An!//icer
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Actspnis1ed
$. Revealin(an*secrets#nowntot1eo//endin(
p)lico//icer)*reasono/1iso//icialcapacit*6
Ele0ents
%)+ 4e#nowso/asecret)*reason
o/1iso//icialcapacit*6
%c+ 4e reveals sc1 secret wit1ot
at1orit*orAsti/ia)lereasons6
%d+ Da0a(e, (reat or s0all, is
casedtot1ep)licinterest.
2. Deliverin( wron(/ll* papers or copies o/
papers o/ w1ic1 1e 0a* 1ave c1ar(e and
w1ic1s1oldnot)ep)lis1ed.
Ele0ents
%)+ 4e1asc1ar(eo/papers6
%c+ .1ose papers s1old not )e
p)lis1ed6
%d+ 4e delivers t1ose papers or
copiest1ereo/toat1irdperson6
%e+ .1edeliver*iswron(/l6
%/+ Da0a(e is cased to p)lic
interest.
Article2:>.P)lic!//icerRevealin(Secretso/Privateindividal
Ele0ents
2. 4e#nowso/t1esecretso/aprivateindividal)*reasono/1iso//ice6
:. 4erevealssc1secretswit1otat1orit*orAsti/ia)lereason.
Article2:$. !penDiso)edience
Ele0ents
$. !//icerisaAdicialorexectiveo//icer6
2. .1ere is a Ad(0ent, decision or order o/ a
speriorat1orit*6
:. Sc1Ad(0ent,decisionororderwas0ade
wit1in t1e scope o/ t1e Arisdiction o/ t1e
speriorat1orit*andissedwit1allt1ele(al
/or0alities6
;. 4e, wit1ot an* le(al Asti/ication, openl*
re/ses to execte t1e said Ad(0ent,
decisionororder,w1ic11eisdt*)ondto
o)e*.
Article 2:2. Diso)edience to !rder o/ Sperior !//icer W1en Said !rder Was Sspended )* In/erior
!//icer
Ele0ents
2. An order is issed )* 1is sperior /or
exection6
:. 4e 1as /or an* reason sspended t1e
exectiono/sc1order6
;. 4is sperior disapproves t1e sspension o/
t1eexectiono/t1eorder6
9. !//ender diso)e*s 1is sperior despite t1e
disapprovalo/t1esspension.
Article2::.Re/salo/Assistance
2. A co0petent at1orit* de0ands /ro0 t1e
o//endert1at1elend1iscooperationtowards
t1e ad0inistration o/ Astice or ot1er p)lic
service6
:. !//ender/ailstodoso0aliciosl*.
An*p)lico//icer w1o,pon)ein(re7estedto
renderp)licassistancewit1in1iso//icialdt*to
renderand1ere/sestorendert1esa0ew1enit
isnecessar*int1ead0inistrationo/Asticeor/or
p)lic service, 0a* )e prosected /or re/sal o/
assistance.
.1isisacri0e,w1ic1apolice0an0a*co00it
w1en, )ein( s)poenaed to appear in cort in
connection wit1 a cri0e investi(ated )* 1i0 )t
)ecaseo/so0earran(e0entwit1t1eo//enders,
t1epolice0andoesnotappearincortan*0ore
totesti/*a(ainstt1eo//enders.4etriedtoassail
t1e s)poena so t1at lti0atel* t1e case wold
)e dis0issed. It was alread* 1eld t1at t1e
police0ancold)eprosectedndert1iscri0e
o/re/salo/assistanceandnott1ato/dereliction
o/dt*.
IllstrationB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
A (overn0ent p1*sician, w1o 1ad )een
s)poenaed to appear in cort to testi/* in
connection wit1 p1*sical inAr* cases or cases
involvin(10anlives,doesnotwanttoappearin
corttotesti/*.4e0a*)ec1ar(ed/orre/salo/
assistance. Aslon(ast1e*1ave)eenproperl*
noti/ied )* s)poena and t1e* diso)e*ed t1e
s)poena, t1e* can )e c1ar(ed alwa*s i/ it can
)e s1own t1at t1e* are deli)eratel* re/sin( to
appearincort.
Itisnotalwa*sacaseorinconnectionwit1t1e
appearance in cort t1at t1is cri0e 0a* )e
co00itted. An* re/sal )* t1e p)lic o//icer to
renderassistancew1ende0anded)*co0petent
p)lic at1orit*, as lon( as t1e assistance
re7ested/ro0t1e0iswit1int1eirdt*torender
andt1atassistanceisneeded/orp)licservice,
t1e p)lic o//icers w1o are re/sin( deli)eratel*
0a*)ec1ar(edwit1re/salo/assistance.
Notet1att1ere7est0stco0e/ro0onep)lic
o//icertoanot1er.
IllstrationB
A /ire0an was as#ed )* a private person /or
services)twasre/sed)*t1e/or0er/orlac#o/
HconsiderationI.
It was 1eld t1at t1e cri0e is not re/sal o/
assistance )ecase t1e re7est did not co0e
/ro0 a p)lic at1orit*. "t i/ t1e /ire0an was
ordered)*t1eat1orit*toptott1e/ireand1e
re/sed,t1ecri0eisre/salo/assistance.
I/ 1e receives consideration t1ere/ore, )ri)er* is
co00itted. "t0erede0andwill/allndert1e
pro1i)ition nder t1e provision o/ Rep)lic Act
No.:>$'%Anti&?ra/tandCorrptPracticesAct+.
Article2:;.Re/saltoDisc1ar(eElective!//ice
Ele0ents
$. !//enderiselected)*poplarelectiontoap)lico//ice6
2. 4ere/sesto)esworninortodisc1ar(et1edtieso/saido//ice6
:. .1ereisnole(al0otive/orsc1re/salto)esworninortodisc1ar(et1edtieso/saido//ice.
Article2:9.Maltreat0ento/Prisoners
Ele0ents
2. 4e 1as nder 1is c1ar(e a prisoner or
detentionprisoner6
:. 4e 0altreats sc1 prisoner in eit1er o/ t1e
/ollowin(0annersB
%a+ "*overdoin(1i0sel/int1ecorrectionor
1andlin( o/ a prisoner or detention
prisonernder1isc1ar(eeit1erC
%$+ "* t1e i0position o/ pnis10ent not
at1ori8ed)*t1ere(lations6or
%2+ "*in/lictin(sc1pnis10ents%t1ose
at1ori8ed+inacreland10iliatin(
0anner6or
%)+ "*0altreatin(sc1prisonerstoextorta
con/essionortoo)tainso0ein/or0ation
/ro0t1eprisoner.
.1is is co00itted onl* )* sc1 p)lic o//icer
c1ar(edwit1directcstod*o/t1eprisoner. Not
allp)lico//icercanco00itt1iso//ense.
I/ t1e p)lic o//icer is not t1e cstodian o/ t1e
prisoner,and1e0an1andlest1elatter,t1ecri0e
isp1*sicalinAries.
.1e0altreat0entdoesnotreall*re7irep1*sical
inAries. An*#indo/ pnis10entnotat1ori8ed
ort1o(1at1ori8edi/exectedinexcesso/t1e
prescri)edde(ree.
IllstrationB
Ma#e 1i0 drin# dirt* water, sit on ice, eat on a
can, 0a#e 1i0 strip, 1an( a si(n on 1is nec#
sa*in(Hsnatc1erI.
"t i/ as a reslt o/ t1e 0altreat0ent, p1*sical
inArieswerecasedtot1eprisoner,aseparate
cri0e/ort1ep1*sicalinAriess1all)e/iled. Lo
donotco0plext1ecri0eo/p1*sicalinArieswit1
t1e0altreat0ent)ecaset1ewa*Article2:9is
worded,itpro1i)itst1eco0plexin(o/t1ecri0e.
I/ t1e 0altreat0ent was done in order to extort
con/ession, t1ere/ore, t1e constittional ri(1t o/
t1e prisoner is /rt1er violated. .1e penalt* is
7ali/iedtot1enext1i(1erde(ree.
.1eo//endedpart*1ere0st)eaprisonerint1e
le(alsense. .1e0ere/actt1ataprivateciti8en
1ad )een appre1ended or arrested )* a law
en/orcerdoesnotconstitte1i0aprisoner. .o
)e a prisoner, 1e 0st 1ave )een )oo#ed and
incarceratedno0atter1ows1ortitis.
IllstrationB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
A certain snatc1er was arrested )* a law
en/orcer, )ro(1t to t1e police precinct, trned
over to t1e cstodian o/ t1at police precinct.
Ever* ti0e a police0an entered t1e police
precinct,1ewoldas#,HW1atist1is/ellowdoin(
1ereNW1atcri0e1as1eco00ittedNI..1eot1er
police0an wold t1en tell, H.1is /ellow is a
snatc1er.I So ever* ti0e a police0an wold
co0ein,1ewoldin/lictinAr*to1i0..1isisnot
0altreat0ento/prisoner)ecaset1eo//enderis
not t1e cstodian. .1e cri0e is onl* p1*sical
inAries.
"t i/ t1e cstodian is present t1ere and 1e
allowed it, t1en 1e will )e lia)le also /or t1e
p1*sicalinAriesin/licted,)tnot/or0altreat0ent
)ecaseitwasnott1ecstodianw1oin/lictedt1e
inAr*.
"t i/ it is t1e cstodian w1o e//ected t1e
0altreat0ent, t1e cri0e will )e 0altreat0ent o/
prisoners pls a separate c1ar(e /or p1*sical
inAries.
I/aprisonerw1o1adalread*)een)oo#edwas
0a#etostrip1isclot1es)e/ore1ewasptint1e
detentioncellsot1atw1en1ewasplacedinside
t1edetentioncell,1ewasalread*na#edand1e
sed)ot1o/1is1andstocover1isprivatepart,
t1ecri0eo/0altreat0ento/prisoner1adalread*
)eenco00itted.
A/ter1avin()een)oo#ed,t1eprisonerwas0ade
to s1owan*si(n on 1isar0,1and or 1isnec#6
HDonot/ollow0*/ootsteps,Ia0at1ie/.I.1atis
0altreat0ento/prisoneri/t1eo//endedpart*1ad
alread*)een)oo#edandincarceratedno0atter
1ows1ort,asaprisoner.
"e/ore t1is point in ti0e, w1en 1e is not *et a
prisoner,t1eacto/1an(in(asi(non1isnec#will
onl* a0ont to slander )ecase t1e idea is to
castdis1onor. An*inAr*in/lictedpon 1i0will
onl*(iverisetot1ecri0eo/p1*sicalinAries.
Article2:D.Anticipationo/Dtieso/AP)lic!//ice
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisentitledto1oldap)lico//iceor
e0plo*0ent, eit1er )* election or
appoint0ent6
2. .1elawre7irest1at1es1old/irst)esworn
inand/ors1old/irst(ivea)ond6
:. 4e ass0es t1e per/or0ance o/ t1e dties
andpowerso/sc1o//ice6
;. 4e 1as not ta#en 1is oat1 o/ o//ice and/or
(ivent1e)ondre7ired)*law.
Article2:F.Prolon(in(Per/or0anceo/DtiesandPowers
Ele0ents
$. !//enderis1oldin(ap)lico//ice6
2. .1e period provided )* law, re(lations or
specialprovision/or1oldin(sc1o//ice,1as
alread*expired6
:. 4e contines to exercise t1e dties and
powerso/sc1o//ice.
Article2:E.A)andon0ento/!//iceorPosition
Ele0ents
2. 4e/or0all*resi(ns/ro01isposition6
3. 4isresi(nation1asnot*et)eenaccepted6
;. 4ea)andons1iso//icetot1edetri0ento/t1e
p)licservice.
Article2:'.-srpationo/Le(islativePowers
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisanexectiveorAdicialo//icer6
2. 4e %a+ 0a#es (eneral rles or re(lations
)e*ond t1e scope o/ 1is at1orit* or %)+
atte0ptstorepealalawor%c+sspendst1e
exectiont1ereo/.
Article2;>.-srpationo/Exective,nctions
Ele0ents $. !//enderisaAd(e6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
2. 4e %a+ ass0es a power pertainin( to t1e
exective at1orities, or %)+ o)strcts t1e
exectiveat1oritiesint1elaw/lexerciseo/
t1eirpowers.
Article2;$.-srpationo/Gdicial,nctions
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisano//icero/t1eexective)ranc1
o/t1e(overn0ent6
2. 4e %a+ ass0es Adicial powers, or %)+
o)strcts t1e exection o/ an* order or
decision rendered )* an* Ad(e wit1in 1is
Arisdiction.
Article2;2.Diso)e*in(Re7est/orDis7ali/ication
Ele0ents
2. A proceedin( is pendin( )e/ore sc1 p)lic
o//icer6
:. .1ereisa7estion)ro(1t)e/oret1eproper
at1orit* re(ardin( 1is Arisdiction, w1ic1 is
not*etdecided6
4. 4e1as)eenlaw/ll*re7iredtore/rain/ro0
continin(t1eproceedin(6
5. 4econtinest1eproceedin(.
Article2;:.!rdersorRe7est)*Exective!//icerstoAn*GdicialAt1orit*
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisanexectiveo//icer6
2. 4eaddressesan*orderors((estiontoan*
Adicialat1orit*6
:. .1eorderors((estionrelatestoan*case
or )siness co0in( wit1in t1e exclsive
Arisdictiono/t1ecortso/Astice.
Article2;;.-nlaw/lAppoint0ents
Ele0ents
2. 4e no0inates or appoints a person to a
p)lico//ice6
:. Sc1 person lac#s t1e le(al 7ali/ications
t1ere/ore6
;. !//ender #nows t1at 1is no0inee or
appointee lac#s t1e 7ali/ication at t1e ti0e
1e0adet1eno0inationorappoint0ent.
Article2;9.A)sesa(ainstC1astit*
Actspnis1ed
$. Solicitin( or 0a#in( i00oral or indecent
advances to a wo0an interested in 0atters
pendin( )e/ore t1e o//endin( o//icer /or
decision, or wit1 respect to w1ic1 1e is
re7iredtos)0itareporttoorconsltwit1
asperioro//icer6
2. Solicitin( or 0a#in( i00oral or indecent
advances to a wo0an nder t1e o//ender3s
cstod*6
:. Solicitin( or 0a#in( i00oral or indecent
advances to t1e wi/e, da(1ter, sister or
relativewit1int1esa0ede(ree)*a//init*o/
an* person in t1e cstod* o/ t1e o//endin(
wardenoro//icer.
Ele0entsB
2. 4e solicits or 0a#es i00oral or indecent
advancestoawo0an6
:. Sc1wo0anisC
%a+ interested in 0atters pendin(
)e/ore t1e o//ender /or decision,
or wit1 respect to w1ic1 1e is
re7iredtos)0itareporttoor
consltwit1asperioro//icer6or
%)+ ndert1ecstod*o/t1eo//ender
w1o is a warden or ot1er p)lic
o//icer directl* c1ar(ed wit1 t1e
careandcstod*o/prisonersor
personsnderarrest6or
%c+ t1e wi/e, da(1ter, sister or
relative wit1in t1e sa0e de(ree
)* a//init* o/ t1e person in t1e
cstod*o/t1eo//ender.
.1ena0eo/t1ecri0eis0isleadin(. Iti0plies
t1att1ec1astit*o/t1eo//endedpart*isa)sed
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)t t1is is not reall* t1e essence o/ t1e cri0e
)ecaset1eessenceo/t1ecri0eis0ere0a#in(
o/i00oralorindecentsolicitationoradvances.
IllstrationB
Mere indecent solicitation or advances o/ a
wo0anoverw1o0t1ep)lico//icerexercisesa
certainin/lence,)ecaset1ewo0anisinvolved
inacasew1eret1eo//enderisto0a#eareport
o/resltwit1speriors,orot1erwiseacasew1ic1
t1eo//enderwasinvesti(atin(.
.1is cri0e is also co00itted i/ t1e wo0an is a
prisoner and t1e o//ender is 1er Aail warden or
cstodian,oreveni/t1eprisoner0a*)ea0ani/
t1e Aail warden wold 0a#e t1e i00oral
solicitations pon t1e wi/e, sister, da(1ter, or
relative)*a//init*wit1int1esa0ede(reeo/t1e
prisonerinvolved.
.1reeinstancesw1ent1iscri0e0a*ariseB
%$+ .1ewo0an,w1oist1eo//endedpart*,ist1e
part*ininterestinacasew1eret1eo//ended
ist1einvesti(atoror1eisre7iredtorender
a report or 1e is re7ired to conslt wit1 a
sperioro//icer.
.1isdoesnotincldean*casalorincidental
interest. .1isre/erstointerestint1es)Aect
o/t1ecasenderinvesti(ation.
I/ t1e p)lic o//icer c1ar(ed wit1 t1e
investi(ation or wit1 t1e renderin( o/ t1e
reportorwit1t1e(ivin(o/advice)*wa*o/
consltation wit1 a sperior, 0ade so0e
i00oral or indecent solicitation pon sc1
wo0an,1eista#in(advanta(eo/1isposition
overt1ecase. ,ort1ati00oralorindecent
solicitation, a cri0e is alread* co00itted
even i/ t1e wo0an did not accede to t1e
solicitation.
Even i/ t1e wo0an 0a* 1ave lied wit1 t1e
1earin( o//icer or to t1e p)lic o//icer and
acceded to 1i0, t1at does not c1an(e t1e
cri0e )ecase t1e cri0e see#s to penali8e
t1eta#in(advanta(eo/o//icialdties.
It is i00aterial w1et1er t1e wo0an did not
a(ree or a(reed to t1e solicitation. I/ t1e
wo0an did not a(ree and t1e p)lic o//icer
involved ps1ed t1ro(1 wit1 t1e advances,
atte0ptedrape0a*1ave)eenco00itted.
%2+ .1ewo0anw1oist1eo//endedpart*int1e
cri0e is a prisoner nder t1e cstod* o/ a
wardenort1eAailerw1oist1eo//ender.
I/ t1e warden or Aailer o/ t1e wo0an s1old
0a#ei00oralorindecentadvancestosc1
prisoner,t1iscri0eisco00itted.
.1iscri0ecannot)eco00ittedi/t1ewarden
isawo0anandt1eprisonerisa0an. Men
1avenoc1astit*.
I/ t1e warden is also a wo0an )t is a
les)ian, it is s)0itted t1at t1is cri0e cold
)e co00itted, as t1e law does not re7ire
t1att1ecstodian)ea0an)tre7irest1at
t1eo//ended)eawo0an.
I00oral orindecentadvancesconte0plated
1ere 0st )e persistent. It 0st )e
deter0ined.A0ereAo#ewoldnots//ice.
IllstrationsB
%$+ Aninvesti(atin(prosectorw1eret1ewo0an
is c1ar(ed wit1 esta/a as t1e respondent,
0ade a re0ar# to t1e wo0an, t1sB HLo
#now,t1ewa*o/decidin(t1iscasedepends
on0e.IcanAstsa*t1isiscivilinc1aracter.
I want to see a 0ovie toni(1t and I want a
co0panion.I Sc1 a re0ar#, w1ic1 is not
discernedi/notpersistentwillnot(iveriseto
t1is cri0e. 4owever, i/ t1e prosector #ept
on callin( t1e wo0an and invitin( 1er, t1at
0a#es t1e act deter0ined and t1e cri0e is
co00itted.
%2+ A Aailer was prosected /or a)se a(ainst
c1astit*. .1e Aailer said, HIt was 0tal on
t1eirpart.Ididnotreall*/orce0*wa*pon
t1ewo0an..1ewo0an/ellinlovewit10e,I
/ell in love wit1 t1e wo0an.I .1e wo0an
)eca0epre(nant..1ewo0anad0ittedt1at
s1ewasnot/orced.Gstt1esa0e,t1eAailer
wasconvictedo/a)sea(ainstc1astit*.
Le(all*,aprisonerisanacconta)ilit*o/t1e
(overn0ent. So t1e cstodian is not
spposed to inter/ere. Even i/ t1e prisoner
0a* li#e it, 1e is not spposed to do t1at.
!t1erwise, a)se a(ainst c1astit* is
co00itted.
"ein( responsi)le/or t1e pre(nanc* is itsel/
ta#in(advanta(et1eprisoner.
I/ 1e /orced 1i0sel/ a(ainst t1e will o/ t1e
wo0an, anot1er cri0e is co00itted, t1at is,
rapeaside/ro0a)sea(ainstc1astit*.
Lo cannot consider t1e a)se a(ainst
c1astit*asa)sor)edint1erape)ecaset1e
)asis o/ penali8in(t1e acts isdi//erent /ro0
eac1ot1er.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%:+ .1e cri0e is co00itted pon a /e0ale
relativeo/aprisonerndert1ecstod*o/t1e
o//ender, w1ere t1e wo0an is t1e da(1ter,
sisterorrelative)*a//init*int1esa0elineas
o/ t1e prisoner nder t1e cstod* o/ t1e
o//ender w1o 0ade t1e indecent or i00oral
solicitation.
.1e 0ot1er is not inclded so t1at an*
i00oral or indecent solicitation pon t1e
0ot1er o/ t1e prisoner does not (ive rise to
t1is cri0e, )t t1e o//ender 0a* )e
prosectedndert1eSection2Eo/Rep)lic
Act No. :>$' %Anti&(ra/t and Corrpt
PracticesAct+.
W1*ist1e0ot1erle/totN"ecaseitist1e
0ot1er w1o easil* scc0)s to protect 1er
c1ild.
I/ t1e o//ender were not t1e cstodian, t1en
cri0ewold/allnderRep)licActNo.:>$'
%.1eAnti&?ra/tandCorrptPracticesAct+.
AN.I&?RA,.ANDC!RR-P.PRAC.ICESAC.%R.A.:>$',ASAMENDED+
Covera(e
/#0 .1e law covers t1e corrpt practices o/
an*B
/a0 P)lic o//icers && w1ic1 incldes
elective and appointive o//icials and
e0plo*ees,per0anentorte0porar*,
w1et1er in t1e classi/ied or
nclassi/ied or exe0ption service
receivin( co0pensation, even
no0inal, /ro0 t1e (overn0ent %Sec.
2<)=+.
/b0 Privateindividals&&1avin(/a0il*or
close personal relations wit1 an*
p)lic o//icial %,a0il* relation
incldes t1e spose or relatives )*
consan(init* or a//init* in t1e t1ird
civilde(ree.Closepersonalrelations
inclde close personal relations1ip,
socialand/raternalconnections,and
pro/essional e0plo*0ent all (ivin(
rise to inti0ac* w1ic1 assres /ree
access to sc1 p)lic o//icer+ %Sec.
;+6
/c0 Relatives&&sposeo/oran*relative
)*consan(init*ora//init*wit1int1e
t1ird civil de(ree, o/ t1e President,
5ice President, Senate President,
andSpea#ero/t1e4ose%Sec.9+6
/d0 Me0)erso/Con(ress%Sec.D+.
Pnis1a)leacts
/#0 Inadditiontoactsoro0issionso/p)lic
o//icersalread*penali8ed)*existin(law,t1e
/ollowin( acts nder Section : o/ t1e law
constitte corrpt practices o/ an* p)lic
o//icerB
/a0 Persade, indce or in/lence
anot1er p)lic o//icer to per/or0 an
act constittin( a violation o/ rles
andre(lationsdl*pro0l(ated)*
co0petentat1orit*orano//ensein
connection wit1 t1e o//icial dties o/
t1e latter, or allowin( 1i0sel/ to )e
persaded,indced,orin/lencedto
co00itsc1violationoro//ense6
/b0 Directl* or indirectl* re7est or
receive an* (i/t, present, s1are,
percenta(e,or)ene/it,/or1i0sel/or
/or an* ot1er person, in connection
wit1 an* contract o/ transaction
)etween t1e ?overn0ent and an*
ot1erpart*,w1ereint1ep)lico//icer
in 1is o//icial capacit* 1as to
intervenendert1elaw6
/c0 Directl* or indirectl* re7est or
receive an* (i/t, present or ot1er
pecniar* or 0aterial )ene/it /or
1i0sel/ o/ /or anot1er, /ro0 an*
person/orw1o0t1ep)lico//icer,in
an*0annerorcapacit*,1assecred
oro)tained,orwill secreoro)tain,
an*?overn0entper0itorlicense,in
consideration/ort1e1elp(ivenorto
)e(iven6
/d0 Accept or 1ave an* 0e0)er o/ 1is
/a0il* accept e0plo*0ent in a
privateenterprisew1ic11aspendin(
o//icial )siness wit1 1i0 drin( t1e
pendenc* t1ereo/ wit1in one *ear
a/teritster0ination6
/e0 !//icersande0plo*eeso/o//icesor
(overn0ent corporations c1ar(ed
wit1t1e(ranto/licenseorper0itsor
ot1er concessions, to case an*
nde inAr* to an* part*, incldin(
t1e ?overn0ent,or (ivean* private
part* an* nwarranted )ene/its,
advanta(e or pre/erence in t1e
disc1ar(e o/ 1is o//icial,
ad0inistrative or Adicial /nctions
t1ro(1 0ani/est partialit*, evident
)ad /ait1 or (ross inexcsa)le
ne(li(ence6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
/f0 Ne(lectorre/se,a/terdede0and
or re7est, wit1ot s//icient
Asti/icationtoactwit1inareasona)le
ti0e on an* 0atter pendin( )e/ore
1i0 /or t1e prpose o/ o)tainin(
directl*orindirectl*,/ro0an*person
interested in t1e 0atter so0e
pecniar* or 0aterial )ene/it or
advanta(e,or/orprposeo//avorin(
1is own interest or (ivin( nde
advanta(e in /avor o/ or
discri0inatin( a(ainst an* ot1er
interestedpart*6
%(+ Enter, on)e1al/ o/ t1e?overn0ent,
into an* contract or transaction
0ani/estl* and (rossl*
disadvanta(eos to t1e sa0e,
w1et1er or not t1e p)lic o//icer
pro/itedorwillpro/itt1ere)*6
/h0 Directl*orindirectl*1ave/inancialor
pecniar* interest in an* )siness,
contract or transaction inconnection
wit1 w1ic1 1e intervenes or ta#es
part in 1is o//icial capacit*, or in
w1ic1 1e is pro1i)ited )* t1e
Constittion or )* an* law /ro0
1avin(an*interest6
/i0 Directl* or indirectl* )eco0e
interested, /or personal (ain, or
1avin( a 0aterial interest in an*
transaction or act re7irin( t1e
approval o/ a )oard, panel or (rop
o/w1ic11eisa0e0)er,andw1ic1
exercisediscretioninsc1approval,
eveni/1evotesa(ainstt1esa0eor
does not participate in t1e action o/
t1e)oard,co00ittee,panelor(rop.
Interest /or personal (ain s1all )e
pres0ed a(ainst t1ose p)lic
o//icers responsi)le /or t1e approval
o/0ani/estl*nlaw/l,ine7ita)le,or
irre(lar transactions or acts )* t1e
)oard, panel or (rop to w1ic1 t1e*
)elon(6
/j0 Rnowin(l* approve or (rant an*
license,per0it,privile(eor)ene/itin
/avor o/ an* person not 7ali/ied /or
ornotle(all*entitledtosc1license,
per0it,privile(eoradvanta(e,oro/a
0ererepresentativeord00*o/one
w1oisnotso7ali/iedorentitled6
/k0 Divl(e vala)le in/or0ation o/ a
con/idential c1aracter, ac7ired )*
1iso//iceor)*1i0onacconto/1is
o//icial position to nat1ori8ed
persons, or releasin( sc1
in/or0ation in advance o/ its
at1ori8edreleasedate.
/!0 An* person 1avin( /a0il* or close
personal relation wit1 an* p)lic o//icial to
capitali8eorexploitorta#eadvanta(eo/sc1
/a0il*orclosepersonalrelation)*directl*or
indirectl*re7estin(orreceivin(an*present,
(i/t or0aterial orpecniar* advanta(e/ro0
an* ot1er person 1avin( so0e )siness,
transaction, application, re7est or contract
wit1 t1e (overn0ent, in w1ic1 sc1 p)lic
o//icial1astointervene%Sec.;+.
%:+ ,or an* private person #nowin(l* to
indceorcasean*p)lico//icialtoco00it
an*o/t1eo//ensesde/inedinSec.:.
/.0 ,or t1e spose o/ or an* relative, )*
consan(init*ora//init*,wit1int1et1irdcivil
de(ree o/ t1e President, 5ice President,
Senate President, orSpea#ero/t1e 4ose,
to intervene, directl* or indirectl*, in an*
)siness,transaction,contractorapplication
wit1t1e?overn0ent%Sec.9+6
%9+ ,oran*Me0)ero/Con(ressdrin(t1e
ter0/orw1ic11e1as)eenelected
/a0 .o ac7ire or receive an* personal
pecniar* interest in an* speci/ic
)siness enterprise w1ic1 will )e
directl* and particlarl* /avored or
)ene/ited )* an* law or adopted )*
Con(ressdrin(t1esa0eter0..1e
sa0e applies to an* p)lic o//icer
w1o reco00ended t1e initiation in
Con(ress o/ t1e enact0ent or
adoptiono/an*laworresoltionand
ac7ires or receives an* sc1
interestdrin(1isinc0)enc*%Sec.
D+6
/b0 !r ot1er p)lic o//icer, w1o, 1avin(
sc1interestpriortot1eapprovalo/
sc1 law or resoltion at1ored or
reco00ended)*1i0,tocontine/or
t1irt* da*s a/ter sc1 approval to
retainsc1interest%Sec.D+.
Exceptions
/#0 Sec.9doesnotappl*toan*personw1o,
priortot1eass0ptiono/o//iceo/an*o/t1e
o//icials 0entioned t1erein to w1o0 1e is
related, 1as alread* )een dealin( wit1 t1e
?overn0entalon(t1esa0elineo/)siness,
nortoan*transaction,contractorapplication
alread* existin( or pendin( at t1e ti0e o/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
sc1 ass0ptiono/p)lico//ice,nortoan*
application/iled)*1i0t1eapprovalo/w1ic1
isnotdiscretionar*ont1eparto/t1eo//icial
or o//icials concerned )t depends pon
co0pliance wit1 re7isites provided )* law,
rles or re(lations, nor to an* act law/ll*
per/or0ed in an o//icial capacit* or in t1e
exerciseo/pro/ession.
/!0 -nsolicited (i/ts or presents o/ s0all or
insi(ni/icantvaleo//eredor(ivenasa0ere
ordinar* to#en o/ (ratitde or /riends1ip
accordin( to local csto0s or sa(e %Sec.
$;+.
.1e 0ere act o/ a p)lic o//icer de0andin( an
a0ont/ro0ataxpa*ertow1o01eistorender
p)licservicedoesnota0ontto)ri)er*,)twill
a0onttoaviolationo/t1eAnti&(ra/tandCorrpt
PracticesAct.
IllstrationB
A cort secretar* received P9>> .>> /ro0 a
liti(anttoseta0otion/oranearl*1earin(..1is
isdirect)ri)er*eveni/t1eactto)eper/or0edis
wit1in 1is o//icial dt* so lon( as 1e received a
considerationt1ere/or.
I/ t1e secretar* persaded t1e Ad(e to 0a#e a
/avora)leresoltion,eveni/t1eAd(edidnotdo
so, t1is constittes a violation o/ Anti&?ra/t and
CorrptPracticesAct,S)&SectionA.
-nder t1e Anti&?ra/t and Corrpt Practices Act,
particlarl* Section :, t1ere are several acts
de/inedascorrptpractices. So0eo/t1e0are
0ere repetitions o/ t1e act alread* penali8ed
nder t1e Revised Penal Code, li#e pro1i)ited
transactionsnderArticle2$9and2$D.Insc1a
case,t1eactoro0issionre0ainsto)e0alain
se.
"tt1ereareactspenali8edndert1eAnti&?ra/t
and Corrpt Practices Act w1ic1 are not
penali8edndert1eRevisedPenalCode..1ose
acts 0a* )e considered as 0ala pro1i)ita.
.1ere/ore,(ood/ait1isnotade/ense.
IllstrationB
Section : %e+ o/ t1e Anti&?ra/t and Corrpt
Practices Act C casin( nde inAr* to t1e
(overn0ent or a private part* )* (ivin(
nwarranted)ene/ittot1epart*w1o0doesnot
deservet1esa0e.
Int1iscase,(ood/ait1isnotade/ense)ecase
itisint1enatreo/a0al0pro1i)it0.Cri0inal
intentont1eparto/t1eo//enderisnotre7ired.
Itiseno(1t1at1eper/or0edt1epro1i)itedact
volntaril*. Even t1o(1t1epro1i)itedact0a*
1ave)ene/itedt1e(overn0ent..1ecri0eisstill
co00itted)ecaset1elawisnota/tert1ee//ect
o/t1eactaslon(ast1eactispro1i)ited.
Section : %(+ o/ t1e Anti&?ra/t and Corrpt
PracticesActCw1ereap)lico//icerenteredinto
acontract/ort1e(overn0entw1ic1is0ani/estl*
disadvanta(eos to t1e (overn0ent even i/ 1e
did not pro/it /ro0 t1e transaction, a violation o/
t1e Anti&?ra/t and Corrpt Practices Act is
co00itted.
I/ a p)lic o//icer, wit1 1is o//ice and a private
enterprise 1ad a transaction and 1e allows a
relative or 0e0)er o/ 1is /a0il* to accept
e0plo*0entint1atenterprise,(ood/ait1isnota
de/ense)ecaseitisa0al0pro1i)it0. Itis
eno(1t1att1att1eactwasper/or0ed.
W1ere t1e p)lic o//icer is a 0e0)er o/ t1e
)oard, panel or (rop w1o is to act on an
applicationo/acontractandt1eactinvolvedone
o/discretion,an*p)lico//icerw1oisa0e0)er
o/ t1at )oard, panel or (rop, even t1o(1 1e
voteda(ainstt1eapproval o/t1eapplication,as
lon( as 1e 1as an interest in t1at )siness
enterprise w1ose application is pendin( )e/ore
t1at )oard, panel or (rop, t1e p)lic o//icer
concerneds1all)elia)le/orviolationo/t1eAnti&
?ra/tandCorrptPracticesAct.4isonl*corse
o/actiontoavoidprosectionndert1eAnti&(ra/t
andCorrptPracticesActistosell1isinterestin
t1e enterprise w1ic1 1as /iled an application
)e/oret1at )oard,panel or(ropw1ere1eisa
0e0)er.!rot1erwise,1es1oldresi(n/ro01is
p)licposition.
IllstrationB
Sen. Do0inador A*tono 1ad an interest in t1e
Ili(an Steel Mills, w1ic1 at t1at ti0e was )ein(
s)Aect o/ an investi(ation )* t1e Senate
Co00itteeo/w1ic11ewasac1air0an.4ewas
t1reatened wit1 prosection nder Rep)lic Act
No. :>$' so 1e was co0pelled to sell all 1is
interest in t1at steel 0ill6 t1ere is no de/ense.
"ecaset1elawsa*sso,eveni/1evoteda(ainst
it,1eco00itsaviolationt1ereo/.
.1esecasesare/iledwit1t1e!0)ds0anand
not wit1 t1e re(lar prosector3s o//ice.
Grisdiction is exclsivel* wit1 t1e
Sandi(an)a*an..1eaccsedp)lico//icer0st
)esspendedw1ent1ecaseisalread*/iledwit1
t1eSandi(an)a*an.
-nder t1e Anti&?ra/t and Corrpt Practices Act,
t1e p)lic o//icer w1o is accsed s1old not )e
ato0aticall* sspended pon t1e /ilin( o/ t1e
in/or0ationincort.Itist1ecortw1ic1willorder
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1e sspension o/ t1e p)lic o//icer and not t1e
sperioro/t1atp)lico//icer.Aslon(ast1ecort
1as not ordered t1e sspension o/ t1e p)lic
o//icerinvolved,t1esperioro/t1atp)lico//icer
isnotat1ori8edtoordert1esspensionsi0pl*
)ecase o/ t1e violation o/ t1e Anti&?ra/t and
CorrptPracticesAct..1ecortwillnotordert1e
sspension o/ t1e p)lic o//icer wit1ot /irst
passin( pont1evalidit*o/t1ein/or0ation/iled
incort.Wit1ota1earin(,t1esspensionwold
)e nll and void /or )ein( violative o/ de
process.
IllstrationB
Ap)lico//icerwasassi(nedtodirecttra//icina
ver*)s*corner.W1ilet1ere,1eca(1tat1ie/in
t1eacto/li/tin(t1ewalleto/apedestrian.As1e
coldnotleave1ispost,1es00onedacivilian
to deliver t1e t1ie/ to t1e precinct. .1e civilian
a(reedso1ele/twit1t1et1ie/.W1ent1e*were
)e*ond t1e view o/ t1e police0an, t1e civilian
allowedt1et1ie/to(o1o0e.W1atwold)et1e
lia)ilit*o/t1ep)lico//icerN
.1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e tra//ic police0an wold )e
0erel*ad0inistrative..1ecivilian1asnolia)ilit*
atall.
,irstl*,t1eo//enderisnot*etaprisonersot1ere
isnoacconta)ilit**et..1eter0HprisonerIre/ers
toonew1oisalread*)oo#edandincarceratedno
0atter1ows1ortt1eti0e0a*)e.
.1e police0an cold not )e said as 1avin(
assisted t1e escape o/ t1e o//ender )ecase as
t1epro)le0sa*s,1eisassi(nedtodirecttra//ic
in a )s* corner street. So 1e cannot )e
considered as /allin( nder t1e t1ird :rd
para(rap1o/ Article$'t1atwold constitte 1is
asanaccessor*.
.1e sa0e is tre wit1 t1e civilian )ecase t1e
cri0e co00itted )* t1e o//ender, w1ic1 is
snatc1in(ora#indo/ro))er*ort1e/tast1ecase
0a* )e, is not one o/ t1ose cri0es 0entioned
nder t1e t1ird para(rap1 o/ Article $' o/ t1e
RevisedPenalCode.
W1ere t1e p)lic o//icer is still inc0)ent, t1e
prosections1all)ewit1t1e!0)ds0an.
W1eret1erespondentisseparated/ro0service
and t1e period 1as not *et prescri)ed, t1e
in/or0ation s1all )e /iled in an* prosection3s
o//ice in t1e cit* w1ere t1e respondent resides.
.1eprosections1all/ilet1ecaseint1eRe(ional
.rial Cortnlesst1eviolationcarriesapenalt*
1i(1er t1an prision correccional, in w1ic1 case
t1eSandi(an)a*an1asArisdiction.
.1e/actt1att1e(overn0ent)ene/itedoto/t1e
pro1i)ited act is no de/ense at all, t1e violation
)ein(0alapro1i)ita.
Section : %/+ o/ t1e Anti&?ra/t and Corrpt
Practices Act C w1eret1e p)lic o//icerne(lects
orre/sestoactona0atterpendin()e/ore1i0
/or t1e prpose o/ o)tainin( an* pecniar* or
0aterial )ene/it or advanta(e in /avor o/ or
discri0inatin(a(ainstanot1erinterestedpart*.
.1e law itsel/ additionall* re7ires t1at t1e
accsed3s dereliction, )esides )ein( wit1ot
Asti/ication,0st)e/ort1eprposeo/o)tainin(
/ro0 an* person interested in t1e 0atter so0e
pecniar*or0aterial)ene/itor/ort1eprposeo/
/avorin( an* interested part*, or discri0inatin(
a(ainstanot1erinterestedpart*..1isele0entis
indispensa)le.
Inot1erwords,t1ene(lectorre/saltoact0st
0otivated)*(ainor)ene/it,orprposel*to/avor
t1eot1erinterestedpart*as1eldinCoronadov.
S",decidedonA(st$E,$'':.
AN.I&PL-NDERAC.%R.A.F>E>,ASAMENDED+
De/initiono/ter0s
Plnderisacri0ede/inedandpenali8ednder
Rep)licActNo.F>E>,w1ic1)eca0ee//ective
in$''$. .1iscri0eso0e1ow0odi/iedcertain
cri0esint1eRevisedPenalCodeinso/arast1e
overt acts )* w1ic1 a p)lic o//icer a0asses,
ac7ires, or acc0lates ill&(otten wealt1 are
/elonies nder t1e Revised Penal Code li#e
)ri)er*%Articles2$>,2$$,2$$&A+,/rada(ainst
t1e p)lic treasr* <Article 2$:=, ot1er /rads
%Article 2$;+, 0alversation %Article 2$F+, w1en
t1eill&(ottenwealt1a0ontstoatotalvaleo/
P9>,>>>,>>>.>>..1ea0ontwasredced/ro0
PF9,>>>,>>>.>> )* Rep)lic Act No. FD9' and
t1epenalt*wasc1an(ed/ro0li/ei0prison0ent
toreclsionperpetatodeat1.
S1ort o/ t1e a0ont, plnder does not arise.
An* a0ont less t1an P9>,>>>,>>>.>> is a
violationo/t1eRevisedPenalCodeort1eAnti&
?ra/tandCorrptPracticesAct.
W1ile t1e cri0e appears to )e 0al0
pro1i)it0,Rep)licActNo.F>E>providest1at
Hin t1e i0position o/ penalties, t1e de(ree o/
participation and t1e attendance o/ 0iti(atin(
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
and a((ravatin( circ0stances s1all )e
considered)*t1ecortI.
Ill&(ottenwealt1
Ill&(otten wealt1 0eans an* asset, propert*,
)siness enterprise or 0aterial possession o/
an* person wit1in t1e prview o/ Sec. 2,
ac7ired )* 1i0 directl* or indirectl* t1ro(1
d00ies, no0inees, a(ents, s)ordinates
and/or)sinessassociates)*an*co0)ination
or series o/ t1e /ollowin( 0eans or si0ilar
sc1e0esB
%$+ .1ro(1 0isappropriation, conversion,
0isse, or 0alversation o/ p)lic /nds or
raidsont1ep)lictreasr*6
%2+ "* receivin(, directl* or indirectl*, an*
co00ission, (i/t, s1are, percenta(e,
#ic#)ac#s or an* ot1er /or0 o/ pecniar*
)ene/it /ro0 an* person and/or entit* in
connectionwit1an*(overn0entcontractor
proAect)*reasono/t1eo//iceorpositiono/
t1ep)lico//icerconcerned6
%:+ "* ille(al or /radlent conve*ance or
disposition o/ asset )elon(in( to t1e
National ?overn0ent or an* o/ its
s)divisions, a(encies or instr0entalities
or (overn0ent&owned or controlled
corporationsandt1eirs)sidiaries6
%;+ "*o)tainin(,receivin(,oracceptin(directl*
or indirectl* an* s1ares o/ stoc#, e7it* or
an* ot1er /or0 o/ interest or participation
incldin(t1epro0iseo//tree0plo*0ent
inan*)sinessornderta#in(6
%9+ "* esta)lis1in( a(ricltral, indstrial, or
co00ercial 0onopolies or ot1er
co0)inations and/or i0ple0entations o/
decrees and orders intended to )ene/it
particlarpersonsorspecialinterests6or
%D+ "* ta#in( nde advanta(e o/ o//icial
position, at1orit*, relations1ip, connection
or in/lence to nAstl* enric1 1i0sel/ or
t1e0selves at t1e expense and to t1e
da0a(eandpreAdiceo/t1e,ilipinopeople,
and t1e Rep)lic o/ t1e P1ilippines %Sec.
$d+.
Plnder
An* p)lic o//icer w1o, )* 1i0sel/ or in
connivancewit10e0)erso/1is/a0il*,relatives
)*a//init*orconsan(init*,)sinessassociates,
s)ordinates or ot1er persons, a0asses,
acc0lates or ac7ires ill&(otten wealt1
t1ro(1 a co0)ination or series o/ overt or
cri0inalactsasdescri)edinSection$%d+1ereo/,
int1ea((re(atea0ontortotalvaleo/atleast
,i/t* 0illion pesos %P9>,>>>,>>>.>>+, s1all )e
(ilt* o/ t1e cri0e o/ plnder and s1all )e
pnis1ed )* reclsion perpeta to deat1. An*
person w1o participatedwit1said p)lic o//icer
int1eco00issiono/ano//ense contri)tin(to
t1ecri0eo/plnders1allli#ewise)epnis1ed
/orsc1o//ense.Int1ei0positiono/penalties,
t1ede(reeo/participationandt1eattendanceo/
0iti(atin( and extenatin( circ0stances s1all
)e considered )* t1e cort. .1e cort s1all
declare an* and all ill&(otten wealt1 and t1eir
interestsandot1erinco0esandassetsincldin(
t1epropertiesands1areso/stoc#derived/ro0
t1e deposit or invest0ent t1ereo/ /or/eited in
/avoro/t1eState%Sec.2+.
Series/Co0)ination
.1eres1old)eco00itted)*aco0)inationor
t1ro(1aserieso/acts..1eres1old)eatleast
two acts ot1erwise t1e accsed s1old )e
c1ar(edwit1t1eparticlarcri0eco00ittedand
notwit1plnder.Aco0)ination0eansatleast
two acts o/ a di//erent cate(or*6 w1ile a series
0eans at least two acts o/ t1e sa0e cate(or*
%Estrada vs. Sandi(an)a*an, ?R $;E9D>,
$$/2$/2>>$+.
Pattern
Rleo/Evidence&,orprposeso/esta)lis1in(
t1ecri0eo/plnder,its1allnot)enecessar*to
proveeac1andever*cri0inal act done)*t1e
accsed in /rt1erance o/ t1e sc1e0e or
conspirac*toa0ass,acc0lateorac7ireill&
(otten wealt1, it )ein( s//icient to esta)lis1
)e*ond reasona)le do)t a pattern o/ overt or
cri0inal acts indicative o/ t1e overall nlaw/l
sc1e0eorconspirac*%Sec.;+.
,ailretoDeliverSspecttot1eProperGdicial
At1orit*wit1in.1reeDa*s.&.1epenalt*o/ten
%$>+*earsandoneda*totwelve%$2+*earso/
i0prison0ents1all)ei0posedponan*police
or law en/orce0ent personnel w1o 1as
appre1ended or arrested, detained and ta#en
cstod*o/apersonc1ar(edwit1orsspected
o/t1ecri0eo/terroris0orconspirac*toco00it
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
terroris0 and /ails to deliver sc1 c1ar(ed or
sspectedpersontot1eproperAdicialat1orit*
wit1int1eperiodo/t1reeda*s%Sec.2>+.
In/idelit*int1ecstod*o/detainedpersons
An* p)lic o//icer w1o 1as direct cstod* o/ a
detainedpersonornder t1e provisionso/ t1is
Act and w1o)* 1isdeli)erate act, 0iscondct,
orinexcsa)lene(li(encecasesorallowst1e
escapeo/sc1detainedpersons1all)e(ilt*o/
an o//ense and s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/B %a+
twelve %$2+ *ears and one da* to twent* %2>+
*ears o/ i0prison0ent, i/ t1e detained person
1asalread*)eenconvictedandsentencedina
/inalAd(0ento/aco0petentcort6and%)+six
*ears and one da* to twelve %$2+ *ears o/
i0prison0ent, i/ t1e detained person 1as not
)een convicted and sentenced in a /inal
Ad(0ento/aco0petentcort%Sec.;;+.
,alseprosection
Da0a(es /or -nproven C1ar(e o/ .erroris0. &
-pon ac7ittal, an* person w1o is accsed o/
terroris0 s1all )e entitled to t1e pa*0ent o/
da0a(es in t1e a0ont o/ ,ive 1ndred
t1osand pesos %P9>>,>>>.>>+ /or ever* da*
t1at1eors1e1as)eendetainedordeprivedo/
li)ert*orarrestedwit1otawarrantasareslto/
sc1 an accsation. .1e a0ont o/ da0a(es
s1all )e ato0aticall* c1ar(ed a(ainst t1e
appropriationso/t1epolicea(enc*ort1eAnti&
.erroris0Concilt1at)ro(1torsanctionedt1e
/ilin(o/t1ec1ar(esa(ainstt1eaccsed.Its1all
also)ereleasedwit1in/i/teen%$9+da*s/ro0t1e
dateo/t1eac7ittalo/t1eaccsed..1eaward
o/ da0a(es 0entioned a)ove s1all )e wit1ot
preAdicetot1eri(1to/t1eac7ittedaccsedto
/ile cri0inal or ad0inistrative c1ar(es a(ainst
t1oseresponsi)le/orc1ar(in(1i0wit1t1ecase
o/terroris0.
An*o//icer,e0plo*ee,personnel,orpersonw1o
dela*s t1e release or re/ses to release t1e
a0onts awarded to t1e individal ac7itted o/
t1e cri0e o/ terroris0 as directed in t1e
para(rap1i00ediatel*precedin(s1alls//ert1e
penalt*o/six0ont1so/i0prison0ent.
I/t1ededctionsarelesst1ant1ea0ontsde
tot1edetainedpersons,t1ea0ontneededto
co0pletet1eco0pensations1all)eta#en/ro0
t1e crrent appropriations /or intelli(ence,
e0er(enc*,socialorot1er/ndso/t1e!//iceo/
t1ePresident.
Int1eeventt1att1ea0ontcannot)ecovered
)* t1e crrent )d(et o/ t1e police or law
en/orce0ent a(enc* concerned, t1e a0ont
s1all )e ato0aticall* inclded in t1e
appropriationso/t1esaida(enc*/ort1eco0in(
*ear%Sec.9>+.
E.CRIMESA?AINS.PERS!NS%2;D&2DD+
Cri0esa(ainstpersons
$. Parricide%Art.2;D+6
2. Mrder%Art.2;E+6
:. 4o0icide%Art.2;'+6
;. Deat1casedinat0ltosa//ra*%Art.
29$+6
9. P1*sical inAries in/licted in a t0ltos
a//ra*%Art.292+6
D. ?ivin(assistancetosicide%Art.29:+6
F. Disc1ar(eo//irear0s%Art.29;+6
E. In/anticide%Art.299+6
'. Intentionala)ortion%Art.29D+6
$>. -nintentionala)ortion%Art.29F+6
$$. A)ortion practiced )* t1e wo0an 1ersel/
or)*1erparents%Art.29E+6
$2. A)ortion practiced )* a p1*sician or
0idwi/e and dispensin( o/ a)ortives %Art.
29'+6
$:. Del%Art.2D>+6
$;. C1allen(in(toadel%Art.2D$+6
$9. Mtilation%Art.2D2+6
$D. Seriosp1*sicalinAries%Art.2D:+6
$F. Ad0inisterin( inArios s)stances or
)evera(es%Art.2D;+6
$E. Lessseriosp1*sicalinAries%Art.2D9+6
$'. Sli(1t p1*sical inAries and 0altreat0ent
%Art.2DD+6and
2>. Rape%Art.2DD&A+.
.1eessenceo/cri0e1ereinvolvest1eta#in(o/
10an li/e, destrction o/ t1e /ets or in/lictin(
inAries.
Astot1eta#in(o/10anli/e,*o1aveB
%$+ Parricide6
%2+ Mrder6
%:+ 4o0icide6
%;+ In/anticide6and
%9+ ?ivin(assistancetosicide.
Note t1at parricide is pre0ised on t1e
relations1ip )etween t1e o//ender and t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o//ended..1evicti0ist1reeda*soldorolder.
A stran(er w1o conspires wit1 t1e parent is
(ilt*o/0rder.
In in/anticide, t1e victi0 is *on(er t1an t1ree
da*s or F2 1ors old6 can )e co00itted )* a
stran(er. I/ a stran(er w1o conspires wit1
parent,)ot1co00itt1ecri0eo/in/anticide.
Article2;D.Parricide
Ele0ents
$. Apersonis#illed6
2. .1edeceasedis#illed)*t1eaccsed6
:. .1edeceasedist1e/at1er,0ot1er,orc1ild,
w1et1er le(iti0ate or ille(iti0ate, or a
le(iti0ate ot1er ascendant or ot1er
descendant,ort1ele(iti0atespose,o/t1e
accsed.
.1isisacri0eco00itted)etweenpeoplew1o
are related )* )lood. "etween sposes, even
t1o(1 t1e* are not related )* )lood, it is also
parricide.
.1e relations1ip 0st )e in t1e direct line and
notint1ecollateralline.
.1e relations1ip )etween t1e o//ender and t1e
o//endedpart*0st)ele(iti0ate,exceptw1en
t1eo//enderandt1eo//endedpart*arerelated
asparentandc1ild.
I/t1eo//enderandt1eo//endedpart*,alt1o(1
related )* )lood and in t1e direct line, are
separated )* an intervenin( ille(iti0ate
relations1ip, parricide can no lon(er )e
co00itted. .1e ille(iti0ate relations1ip
)etween t1e c1ild and t1e parent renders all
relatives a/ter t1e c1ild in t1e direct line to )e
ille(iti0atetoo.
.1e onl* ille(iti0ate relations1ip t1at can )rin(
a)ot parricide is t1at )etween parents and
ille(iti0ate c1ildren as t1e o//ender and t1e
o//endedparties.
IllstrationB
Aist1eparento/",t1eille(iti0ateda(1ter."
0arriedCandt1e*)e(otale(iti0atec1ildD.I/
D, da(1ter o/ " and C, wold #ill A, t1e
(rand0ot1er, t1e cri0e cannot )e parricide
an*0ore)ecaseo/t1eintervenin(ille(iti0ac*.
.1erelations1ip)etweenA andDisnolon(er
le(iti0ate. 4ence, t1e cri0e co00itted is
1o0icideor0rder.
Since parricide is a cri0e o/ relations1ip, i/ a
stran(er conspired in t1e co00ission o/ t1e
cri0e,1ecannot)e1eldlia)le/orparricide.4is
participationwold0a#e1i0lia)le/or0rderor
/or1o0icide,ast1ecase0a*)e. .1erleo/
conspirac* t1at t1e act o/ one is t1e act o/ all
does not appl* 1ere )ecase o/ t1e personal
relations1ipo/t1eo//endertot1eo//endedpart*.
IllstrationB
Asposeo/"conspireswit1Cto#ill".Cist1e
stran(er in t1e relations1ip. C #illed " wit1
treac1er*..1e0eanse0plo*edis0ade#nown
toAandAa(reedt1att1e#illin(will)edone)*
poisonin(.
As/arasAisconcerned,t1ecri0eis)asedon
1is relations1ip wit1 ". It is t1ere/ore parricide.
.1etreac1er*t1atwase0plo*edin#illin("on(
willonl*)e(enerica((ravatin(circ0stancein
t1e cri0e o/ parricide )ecase t1is is not one
cri0et1atre7iresa7ali/*in(circ0stance.
"t t1at sa0e treac1er*, inso/ar as C is
concerned,asastran(erw1ocooperatedint1e
#illin(, 0a#es t1e cri0e 0rder6 treac1er*
)eco0esa7ali/*in(circ0stance.
In #illin( a spose, t1ere 0st )e a valid
s)sistin( 0arria(e at t1e ti0e o/ t1e #illin(.
Also, t1e in/or0ation s1old alle(e t1e /act o/
sc1 valid 0arria(e )etween t1e accsed and
t1evicti0.
Inarlin()*t1eSpre0eCort,itwas1eldt1at
i/t1ein/or0ationdidnotalle(et1att1eaccsed
wasle(all*0arriedtot1evicti0,1ecoldnot)e
convictedo/parricideeveni/t1e0arria(ewas
esta)lis1ed drin( t1e trial. In sc1 cases,
relations1ip s1all )e appreciated as (eneric
.1eSpre0eCort1asalsorledt1atMsli0
1s)andswit1severalwivescan)econvictedo/
parricide onl* in case t1e /irst wi/e is #illed.
.1ereisnoparricidei/t1eot1erwivesare#illed
alt1o(1 t1eir 0arria(e is reco(ni8ed as valid.
.1isisso)ecaseaCat1olic0ancanco00it
t1ecri0eonl*once.I/aMsli01s)andcold
co00itt1iscri0e0oret1anonce,ine//ect,1e
is)ein(pnis1ed/ort1e0arria(ew1ic1t1elaw
itsel/at1ori8ed1i0tocontract.
.1at t1e 0ot1er #illed 1er c1ild in order to
conceal 1er dis1onor is not 0iti(atin(. .1is is
i00aterialtot1ecri0eo/parricide,nli#eint1e
caseo/in/anticide.I/t1ec1ildislesst1ant1ree
da*soldw1en#illed,t1ecri0eisin/anticideand
intent to conceal 1er dis1onor is considered
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0iti(atin(.
Article2;F.Deat1orP1*sicalInAriesIn/lictednderExceptionalCirc0stances
Ele0ents
$. A le(all* 0arried person, or a parent,
srprises 1is spose or 1is da(1ter, t1e
latternder$E*earso/a(eandlivin(wit1
1i0, in t1e act o/ co00ittin( sexal
intercorsewit1anot1erperson6
2. 4eors1e#illsan*or)ot1o/t1e0,orin/licts
pon an* or )ot1 o/ t1e0 an* serios
p1*sical inAr* in t1e act or i00ediatel*
t1erea/ter6
:. 4e 1as not pro0oted or /acilitated t1e
prostittiono/1iswi/eorda(1ter,ort1at1e
ors1e1asnotconsentedtot1ein/idelit*o/
t1eot1erspose.
.wosta(esconte0plated)e/oret1earticlewill
appl*B
%$+ W1en t1e o//ender srprised t1e ot1er
spose wit1 a para0or or 0istress. .1e
attac# 0st ta#e place w1ile t1e sexal
intercorseis(oin(on. I/t1esrprisewas
)e/ore or a/ter t1e intercorse, no 0atter
1owi00ediateit0a*)e,Article2;Fdoes
notappl*..1eo//enderint1issitationonl*
(etst1e)ene/ito/a0iti(atin(circ0stance,
t1at is, s//icient provocation i00ediatel*
precedin(t1eact.
%2+ W1en t1e o//ender #ills or in/licts serios
p1*sicalinAr*pont1eot1ersposeand/or
para0orw1ileint1eacto/intercorse,or
i00ediatel* t1erea/ter, t1at is, a/ter
srprisin(.
Lo1avetodividet1esta(es)ecaseas/aras
t1e/irststa(eisconcerned,itdoesnotad0ito/
an*sitationlesst1ansexalintercorse.
Soi/t1esrprisin(too#place)e/orean*actal
sexal intercorse cold )e done )ecase t1e
partiesareonl*int1eirpreli0inaries,t1earticle
cannot)einvo#edan*0ore.
I/ t1e srprisin( too# place a/ter t1e actal
sexal intercorsewas/inis1ed,eveni/t1eact
)ein( per/or0ed indicates no ot1er conclsion
)tt1atsexal intercorsewas1ad,t1earticle
doesnotappl*.
As lon( as t1e srprisin( too# place w1ile t1e
sexal intercorse was (oin( on, t1e second
sta(e)eco0esi00aterial.
It is eit1er #illin( or in/lictin( p1*sical inAries
w1ileint1atactori00ediatel*t1erea/ter.I/t1e
#illin(wasdonew1ileint1atact,nopro)le0.I/
t1e#illin(wasdonew1ensexalintercorseis
/inis1ed, a pro)le0 arises. ,irst, were t1e*
srprisedinactalsexalintercorseNSecond,
weret1e*#illedi00ediatel*t1erea/terN
.1e p1rase Hi00ediatel* t1erea/terI 1as )een
interpretedto0eant1at)etweent1e
srprisin( and t1e #illin( o/ t1e
in/lictin( o/t1ep1*sical inAr*, t1ere
s1old)eno)rea#o/ti0e.Inot1er
words, it 0st )e a continos
process.
.1e article pres0es t1at a le(all* 0arried
person w1o srprises 1is or 1er )etter 1al/ in
actalsexalintercorsewold)eoverco0e)*
t1eo)/scation1e/eltw1en1esawt1e0int1e
actt1at1elost1is1ead..1elaw,t1s,a//ords
protectiontoasposew1oisconsideredto1ave
actedinaAsti/iedot)rsto/passionorastate
o/0ental dise7ili)ri0. .1e o//endedspose
1asnoti0etore(ain1issel/&control.
I/t1erewasalread*a)rea#o/ti0e)etweent1e
sexal act and t1e #illin( or in/lictin( o/ t1e
inAr*, t1e law prespposes t1at t1e o//ender
re(ained1isreasonandt1ere/ore,t1earticlewill
notappl*an*0ore.
Aslon(ast1eactiscontinos,t1earticlestill
applies.
W1ere t1e accsed srprised 1is wi/e and 1is
para0orint1eacto/illicitintercorse,
as a reslt o/ w1ic1 1e went ot to #ill
t1e para0or in a /it o/ passionate
ot)rst. Alt1o(1a)otone1or1ad
passed )etween t1e ti0e t1e accsed
discovered 1is wi/e 1avin( sexal
intercorsewit1t1evicti0andt1eti0e
t1elatterwasactall*#illed,itwas1eld
in People v. A)arca, $9: SCRA F:9,
t1at Article 2;F was applica)le, as t1e
s1ootin( was a contination o/ t1e
prsit o/ t1e victi0 )* t1e accsed.
4ere,t1eaccsed,a/tert1ediscover*o/
t1eacto/in/idelit*o/1iswi/e,loo#ed/or
a/irear0in.aclo)anCit*.
Article2;Fdoesnotprovidet1att1evicti0isto
)e#illedinstantl*)*t1eaccseda/tersrprisin(
1is spose in t1e act o/ intercorse. W1at is
re7iredist1att1e#illin(ist1eproxi0atereslt
o/t1eotra(eoverw1el0in(t1eaccsedpon
t1ediscover*o/t1ein/idelit*o/1isspose..1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
#illin( s1old 1ave )een actall* 0otivated )*
t1esa0e)lindi0plse.
IllstrationB
A pon co0in( 1o0e, srprised 1is wi/e, ",
to(et1erwit1C..1epara0orwas/asteno(1
toA0poto/t1ewindow. A(ott1e)oloand
c1ased C )t 1e disappeared a0on( t1e
nei(1)or1ood. SoAstartedloo#in(arond/or
a)ot an 1or )t 1e cold not /ind t1e
para0or.A(avepandwason1iswa*1o0e.
-n/ortnatel*,t1epara0or,t1in#in(t1atAwas
nolon(erarond,ca0eoto/1idin(andatt1at
0o0ent, A saw 1i0 and 1ac#ed 1i0 to deat1.
.1erewasa)rea#o/ti0eandArticle2;Fdoes
not appl* an*0ore )ecase w1en 1e (ave p
t1esearc1,itisacirc0stances1owin(t1at1is
an(er1adalread*dieddown.
Article 2;F, /ar /ro0 de/inin( a /elon* 0erel*
(rants a privile(e or )ene/it, 0ore o/ an
exe0ptin( circ0stance as t1e penalt* is
intended0ore/ort1eprotectiono/t1eaccsed
t1an a pnis10ent. Deat1 nder exceptional
c1aracter cannot )e 7ali/ied )* eit1er
a((ravatin(or0iti(atin(circ0stances.
Int1ecaseo/Peoplev.A)arca,$9:SCRAF:9,
two persons s//ered p1*sical inAries as t1e*
wereca(1tin t1e cross/irew1ent1eaccsed
s1ot t1e victi0. A co0plex cri0e o/ do)le
/rstrated 0rder was not co00itted as t1e
accsed did not 1ave t1e intent to #ill t1e two
victi0s. 4ere, t1e accsed did not co00it
0rder w1en 1e /ired at t1e para0or o/ 1is
wi/e. In/lictin( deat1 nder exceptional
circ0stancesisnot0rder..1eaccsedwas
1eld lia)le /or ne(li(ence nder t1e /irst part,
second para(rap1 o/ Article :D9, t1at is, less
serios p1*sical inAries t1ro(1 si0ple
ne(li(ence. Noa)erratioicts)ecase1ewas
actin(law/ll*.
A person w1o acts nder Article 2;F is not
co00ittin( a cri0e. Since t1is is 0erel* an
exe0ptin(circ0stance,t1eaccsed0st/irst
)ec1ar(edwit1B
%$+ ParricideCi/t1esposeis#illed6
%2+ Mrderor1o0icideCdependin(on1owt1e
#illin(wasdoneinso/arast1epara0oror
t1e0istressisconcerned6
%:+ 4o0icide C t1ro(1 si0ple ne(li(ence, i/ a
t1irdpart*is#illed6
%;+ P1*sical inAries C t1ro(1 rec#less
i0prdence,i/at1irdpart*isinAred.
I/ deat1 reslts or t1e p1*sical inAries are
serios, t1ere is cri0inal lia)ilit* alt1o(1 t1e
penalt* is onl* destierro. .1e )anis10ent is
intended0ore/ort1eprotectiono/t1eo//ender
rat1ert1anapenalt*.
I/ t1e cri0e co00itted is less serios p1*sical
inAries or sli(1t p1*sical inAries, t1ere is no
cri0inallia)ilit*.
.1e article does not appl* w1ere t1e wi/e was
notsrprisedin/la(rantadlter*)twas)ein(
a)sed )* a 0an as in t1is case t1ere will )e
de/enseo/relation.
I/ t1e o//ender srprised a cople in sexal
intercorse,and)elievin(t1ewo0anto)e1is
wi/e, #illed t1e0, t1is article 0a* )e applied i/
t1e0ista#eo//actsisproved.
.1e )ene/its o/ t1is article do not appl* to t1e
person w1o consented to t1e in/idelit* o/ 1is
sposeor w1o /acilitatedt1e prostittion o/ 1is
wi/e.
.1earticleisalso0adeavaila)letoparentsw1o
s1all srprise t1eir da(1ter )elow $E *ears o/
a(einactalsexalintercorsew1ileHlivin(wit1
t1e0.I.1eacts1old1ave)eenco00itted)*
t1e da(1ter wit1 a sedcer. .1e two sta(es
also appl*. .1e parents cannot invo#e t1is
provisioni/,inawa*,t1e*1aveencora(edt1e
prostittiono/t1eda(1ter.
.1ep1raseHlivin(wit1t1e0Iisnderstoodto)e
int1eirowndwellin(,)ecaseo/t1e
e0)arrass0entand10iliationdone
notonl*tot1eparent)talsotot1e
parentala)ode.
I/ it was done in a 0otel, t1e article does not
appl*.
IllstrationB
A a)andoned 1is wi/e " /or two *ears. .o
spport t1eir c1ildren, A 1ad to accept a
relations1ipwit1anot1er0an.Alearnedo/t1is,
and srprised t1e0 in t1e act o/ sexal
intercorse and #illed ". A is not entitled to
Article2;E.4avin(a)andoned1is/a0il*/ortwo
*ears, it was natral /or 1er to /eel so0e
a//ection/orot1ers,0oresoo/a0anw1ocold
1elp1er.
4o0icide co00itted nder exceptional
circ0stances,alt1o(1pnis1edwit1destierro,
is wit1in t1e Arisdiction o/ t1e Re(ional .rial
Cort and not t1e M.C )ecase t1e cri0e
c1ar(edis1o0icideor0rder..1eexceptional
circ0stances,not)ein(ele0entso/t1ecri0e
)t a 0atter o/ de/ense, are not pleaded. It
practicall* (rants a privile(e a0ontin( to an
exe0ption/orade7atepnis10ent.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article2;E.Mrder
Ele0ents
$. Apersonwas#illed6
2. Accsed#illed1i06
:. .1e #illin( was attended )* an* o/ t1e
/ollowin(7ali/*in(circ0stancesC
(A) Wit1 treac1er*, ta#in(
advanta(eo/speriorstren(t1,wit1t1e
aidorar0ed0en,ore0plo*in(0eans
towea#ent1ede/ense,oro/0eansor
personstoinsreora//ordi0pnit*6
%)+ In consideration o/ a price,
rewardorpro0ise6
%c+ "* 0eans o/ inndation, /ire,
poison, explosion, s1ipwrec#, strandin(
o/avessel,derail0entorassaltpona
railroad, /all o/ an airs1ip, )* 0eans o/
0otor ve1icles, or wit1 t1e se o/ an*
ot1er 0eans involvin( (reat waste and
rin6
%d+ !n occasion o/ an* o/ t1e
cala0itiesen0eratedint1eprecedin(
para(rap1,oro/aneart17a#e,erption
o/ a volcano, destrctive c*clone,
epide0ic,oran*ot1erp)liccala0it*6
%e+ Wit1evidentpre0editation6
%/+ Wit1crelt*,)*deli)eratel*and
in10anl* a(0entin( t1e s//erin( o/
t1evicti0,orotra(in(orsco//in(at1is
personorcorpse.
;. .1e#illin(isnotparricideorin/anticide.
4o0icide is 7ali/ied to 0rder i/ an* o/ t1e
7ali/*in( circ0stances nder Article 2;E is
present.Itist1enlaw/l#illin(o/apersonnot
constittin(0rder,parricideorin/anticide.
In 0rder, an* o/ t1e /ollowin( 7ali/*in(
circ0stancesispresentB
%$+ .reac1er*, ta#in( advanta(e o/ sperior
stren(t1, aid or ar0ed 0en, or e0plo*in(
0eanstowea#ent1ede/ense,oro/0eans
orpersonstoinsreora//ordi0pnit*6
.1ere is treac1er* w1en t1e o//ender
co00its an* o/ t1e cri0es a(ainst t1e
persone0plo*in(0eans,0et1odsor/or0s
in t1e exection t1ereo/ t1at tend directl*
andespeciall*toinsreitsexectionwit1ot
ris# to 1i0sel/ arisin( /ro0 t1e de/ense
w1ic1t1eo//endedpart*0i(1t0a#e.
.1is circ0stance involves 0eans,
0et1ods,/or0int1eexectiono/t1e#illin(
w1ic1 0a* actall* )e an a((ravatin(
circ0stance also, in w1ic1 case, t1e
treac1er*a)sor)st1esa0e.
IllstrationB
Apersonw1oisdeter0inedto#illresorted
to t1e cover o/ dar#ness at ni(1tti0e to
insre t1e #illin(. Noctrnit* )eco0es a
0eans t1at constittes treac1er* and t1e
#illin( wold )e 0rder. "t i/ t1e
a((ravatin( circ0stance o/ noctrnit* is
considered )* itsel/, it is not one o/ t1ose
w1ic1 7ali/* a 1o0icide to 0rder. !ne
0i(1t t1in# t1e #illin( is 1o0icide nless
noctrnit* is considered as constittin(
treac1er*,inw1ic1caset1ecri0eis0rder.
.1e essence o/ treac1er* is t1at t1e
o//ended part* was denied t1e c1ance to
de/end 1i0sel/ )ecase o/ t1e 0eans,
0et1ods, /or0 in exectin( t1e cri0e
deli)eratel*adopted)*t1eo//ender. Itisa
0attero/w1et1erornott1eo//endedpart*
wasdeniedt1ec1anceo/de/endin(1i0sel/.
I/ t1e o//ended was denied t1e c1ance to
de/end1i0sel/,treac1er*7ali/iest1e#illin(
to0rder. I/despitet1e0eansresortedto
)*t1eo//ender,t1eo//endedwasa)letopt
p a de/ense, alt1o(1 nsccess/l,
treac1er* is not availa)le. Instead, so0e
ot1er circ0stance 0a* )e present.
Consider now w1et1er sc1 ot1er
circ0stance7ali/iest1e#illin(ornot.
IllstrationB
I/ t1e o//ender sed sperior stren(t1 and
t1evicti0wasdeniedt1ec1ancetode/end
1i0sel/, t1ere is treac1er*. .1e treac1er*
0st)ealle(edint1ein/or0ation."ti/t1e
victi0 was a)le to pt p an nsccess/l
resistance, t1ere is no 0ore treac1er* )t
t1eseo/speriorstren(t1can)ealle(ed
anditalso7ali/iest1e#illin(to0rder.
!ne attendant 7ali/*in( circ0stance is
eno(1. I/ t1ere are 0ore t1an one
7ali/*in( circ0stance alle(ed in t1e
in/or0ation /or 0rder, onl* one
circ0stancewill7ali/*t1e#illin(to0rder
andt1eot1ercirc0stanceswill)eta#enas
(eneric.
.o )e considered 7ali/*in(, t1e particlar
circ0stance 0st )e alle(ed in t1e
in/or0ation. I/ w1at was alle(ed was not
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
proven and instead anot1er circ0stance,
notalle(ed,wasesta)lis1eddrin(t1etrial,
even i/ t1e latter constittes a 7ali/*in(
circ0stance nder Article 2;E, t1e sa0e
cannot 7ali/* t1e #illin( to 0rder. .1e
accsedcanonl*)econvictedo/1o0icide.
?enerall*,0rdercannot)eco00ittedi/at
t1e)e(innin(,t1eo//ended1adnointentto
#ill )ecase t1e 7ali/*in( circ0stances
0st)eresortedtowit1aviewo/#illin(t1e
o//endedpart*. Soi/t1e#illin(wereatt1e
Hspro/t1e0o0entI,event1o(1t1evicti0
was denied t1e c1ance to de/end 1i0sel/
)ecase o/ t1e sddenness o/ t1e attac#,
t1e cri0e wold onl* )e 1o0icide.
.reac1er* conte0plates t1at t1e 0eans,
0et1ods and /or0 in t1e exection were
consciosl* adopted and deli)eratel*
resorted to )* t1e o//ender, and were not
0erel*incidentaltot1e#illin(.
I/t1eo//ender0a*1avenotintendedto#ill
t1e victi0 )t 1e onl* wanted to co00it a
cri0e a(ainst 1i0 in t1e )e(innin(, 1e will
still)elia)le/or0rderi/int1e0annero/
co00ittin( t1e /elon* t1ere was treac1er*
and as a conse7ence t1ereo/ t1e victi0
died..1isis)asedont1erlet1ataperson
co00ittin( a /elon* s1all )e lia)le /or t1e
conse7ences t1ereo/ alt1o(1 di//erent
/ro0t1atw1ic11eintended.
IllstrationB
.1e accsed, t1ree *on( 0en, resented
t1e /act t1at t1e victi0 contined to visit a
(irl in t1eir nei(1)or1ood despite t1e
warnin( t1e* (ave 1i0. So one evenin(,
a/ter t1e victi0 1ad visited t1e (irl, t1e*
sei8edandtied1i0toatree,wit1)ot1ar0s
andle(sarondt1etree..1e*t1o(1tt1e*
wold (ive 1i0 a lesson )* w1ippin( 1i0
wit1 )ranc1es o/ (0a0ela ntil t1e victi0
/ell nconscios. .1e accsed le/t not
#nowin(t1att1evicti0died.
.1e cri0e co00itted was 0rder. .1e
accseddeprivedt1evicti0o/t1ec1anceto
de/end1i0sel/w1ent1elatterwastiedtoa
tree. .reac1er*isacirc0stancere/errin(
to t1e 0anner o/ co00ittin( t1e cri0e.
.1ere was no ris# to t1e accsed arisin(
/ro0t1ede/ense)*t1evicti0.
Alt1o(1 w1at was initiall* intended was
p1*sical inAr*, t1e 0anner adopted )* t1e
accsed was treac1eros and since t1e
victi0 died as a conse7ence t1ereo/, t1e
cri0eis0rder&&alt1o(1ori(inall*,t1erewas
nointentto#ill.
W1ent1evicti0isalread*dead,intentto#ill
)eco0esirrelevant.Itisi0portantonl*i/t1e
victi0didnotdietodeter0inei/t1e/elon*is
p1*sical inAr* or atte0pted or /rstrated
1o0icide.
Solon(ast1e0eans,0et1odsand/or0in
t1eexectionisdeli)eratel*adopted,eveni/
t1erewasnointentto#ill,t1ereistreac1er*.
%2+ In consideration o/ price, reward or
pro0ises6
%:+ Inndation, /ire, poison, explosion,
s1ipwrec#,strandin(o/avessel,derail0ent
or assalt pon a street car or loco0otive,
/all o/ an airs1ip, )* 0eans o/ a 0otor
ve1icle, or wit1 t1e se o/ ot1er 0eans
involvin((reatwasteandrin6
.1eonl*pro)le0inso/arast1e#illin()*/ire
is concerned is w1et1er it wold )e arson
wit11o0icide,or0rder.
W1en a person is #illed )* /ire, t1e
pri0ordial cri0inal intent o/ t1e o//ender is
considered. I/t1epri0ordialcri0inalintent
o/ t1e o//ender is to #ill and /ire was onl*
sedasa0eanstodoso,t1ecri0eisonl*
0rder. I/ t1e pri0ordial cri0inal intent o/
t1e o//ender is to destro* propert* wit1 t1e
se o/ p*rotec1nics and incidentall*,
so0e)od*wit1in t1e pre0isesis#illed,t1e
cri0eisarsonwit11o0icide."tt1isisnot
a co0plex cri0e nder Article ;E. .1is is
sin(le indivisi)le cri0e penali8ed nder
Article :2D, w1ic1 is deat1 as a
conse7enceo/arson..1atso0e)od*died
drin( sc1 /ire wold not )rin( a)ot
0rder )ecase t1ere is no intent to #ill in
t1e0indo/t1eo//ender. 4eintendedonl*
to destro* propert*. 4owever, a 1i(1er
penalt*will)eapplied.
InPeoplev.P(a*andSa0son,$DFSCRA
;:', t1ere was a town /iesta and t1e two
accsed were at t1e town pla8a wit1 t1eir
co0panions. All were proariosl* 1app*,
apparentl* drenc1ed wit1 drin#. .1en, t1e
(rop saw t1e victi0, a 29 *ear old retard
wal#in(near)*andt1e*0ade1i0dance)*
tic#lin(1issideswit1apieceo/wood..1e
victi0andt1eaccsedP(a*were/riends
and, at ti0es, slept in t1e sa0e place
to(et1er. 4avin( (otten )ored wit1 t1eir
/or0o/entertain0ent,accsedP(a*went
and(otacano/(asolineandporeditall
overt1eretard..1en,t1eaccsedSa0son
B a r E x a m s
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lit1i0p,0a#in(1i0a/ren8ied,s1rie#in(
10antorc1..1eretarddied.
It was 1eld t1at P(a* was (ilt* o/
1o0icide t1ro(1 rec#less i0prdence.
Sa0son onl* (ilt* o/ 1o0icide, wit1 t1e
0iti(atin( circ0stance o/ no intention to
co00it so (rave a wron(. .1ere was no
ani0osit*)etweent1etwoaccsedandt1e
victi0 sc1 t1at it cannot )e said t1at t1e*
resortto/ireto#ill1i0.Itwas0erel*apart
o/ t1eir /n 0a#in( )t )ecase t1eir acts
were/elonios,t1e*arecri0inall*lia)le.
%;+ !n occasion o/ an* o/ t1e cala0ities
en0eratedint1eprecedin(para(rap1c,or
an eart17a#e, erption o/ volcano,
destrctive c*clone, epide0ic or an* ot1er
p)liccala0it*6
%9+ Evidentpre0editation6and
%D+ Crelt*, )* deli)eratel* and in10anl*
a(0entin( t1e s//erin( o/ t1e victi0, or
otra(in(orsco//in(at1ispersonorcorpse.
Crelt* incldes t1e sitation w1ere t1e
victi0 is alread* dead and *et, acts were
co00itted w1ic1 wold decr* or sco// t1e
corpse o/ t1e victi0. .1e cri0e )eco0es
0rder.
4ence,t1isisnotactall*li0itedtocrelt*.
It (oes )e*ond t1at )ecase even i/ t1e
victi0 is alread* a corpse w1en t1e acts
deli)eratel* a(0entin( t1e wron( done to
1i0 were co00itted, t1e #illin( is still
7ali/ied to 0rder alt1o(1 t1e acts done
nolon(era0onttocrelt*.
-nder Article $;, t1e (eneric a((ravatin(
circ0stance o/ crelt* re7ires t1at t1e
victi0)ealive,w1ent1ecrelwondswere
in/lictedand,t1ere/ore,0st)eevidenceto
t1at e//ect. Let, in 0rder, aside /ro0
crelt*, an* act t1at wold a0ont to
sco//in(ordecr*in(t1ecorpseo/t1evicti0
will7ali/*t1e#illin(to0rder.
IllstrationB
.wo peopleen(a(ed in a 7arrel and t1e*
1ac#edeac1ot1er,one#illin(t1eot1er.-p
to t1at point, t1e cri0e is 1o0icide.
4owever,i/t1e#illertriedtodis0e0)ert1e
di//erent parts o/ t1e )od* o/ t1e victi0,
indicativeo/anintentiontosco//atordecr*
or 10iliate t1e corpse o/ t1e victi0, t1en
w1at wold 1ave 0rder )ecase t1is
circ0stance is reco(ni8ed nder Article
2;E, even t1o(1 it was in/licted or was
co00itted w1en t1e victi0 was alread*
dead.
.1e/ollowin(are1oldin(so/t1eSpre0eCort
wit1respecttot1ecri0eo/0rderB
%$+ Rillin( o/ a c1ild o/ tender a(e is 0rder
7ali/ied )* treac1er* )ecase t1e
wea#nesso/t1ec1ilddeto1istendera(e
resltsint1ea)senceo/an*dan(ertot1e
a((ressor.
%2+ Evident pre0editation is a)sor)ed in price,
reward or pro0ise, i/ wit1ot t1e
pre0editation t1e indctor wold not 1ave
indcedt1eot1ertoco00itt1eact)tnot
asre(ardst1eoneindced.
%: A)seo/speriorstren(t1isin1erentinand
co0pre1ended )* t1e circ0stance o/
treac1er*or/or0sparto/treac1er*.
%;+ .reac1er*isin1erentinpoison.
%9+ W1ere one o/ t1e accsed, w1o were
c1ar(ed wit1 0rder, was t1e wi/e o/ t1e
deceased )t 1ere relations1ip to t1e
deceasedwasnotalle(edint1ein/or0ation,
s1ealsos1old)econvictedo/0rder)t
t1e relations1ip s1old )e appreciated as
a((ravatin(.
%D+ Rillin( o/ t1e victi0s 1it )* 1and (renade
t1rown at t1e0 is 0rder 7ali/ied )*
explosionnot)*treac1er*.
%F+ W1ere t1e accsed 1ose0aid (a((ed a
t1ree*earold)o*,sono/ 1er0aster, wit1
stoc#in(s, placed 1i0 in a )ox wit1 1ead
downandle(spwardandcoveredt1e)ox
wit1 so0e sac#s and ot1er )oxes, and t1e
c1ild instantl* died )ecase o/ s//ocation,
and t1en t1e accsed de0anded ranso0
/ro0 t1e parents, sc1 did not convert t1e
o//ense into #idnappin( wit1 0rder. .1e
accsedwaswellawaret1att1ec1ildcold
)es//ocatedtodeat1ina/ew0intesa/ter
s1e le/t. Ranso0 was onl* a part o/ t1e
dia)olical sc1e0e to 0rder t1e c1ild, to
conceal 1is )od* and t1en de0and 0one*
)e/orediscover*o/t1e)od*.
.1e essence o/ #idnappin( or serios ille(al
detentionist1eactalcon/ine0entorrestrainto/
t1evicti0ordeprivationo/1isli)ert*.I/t1ereis
nos1owin(t1att1eaccsedintendedtodeprive
t1eir victi0s o/ t1eir li)ert* /or so0e ti0e and
t1ere)ein(noapprecia)leinterval)etweent1eir
)ein(ta#enandt1eir)ein(s1ot,0rderandnot
#idnappin(wit10rderisco00itted.
B a r E x a m s
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Article2;'.4o0icide
Ele0ents
$. Apersonwas#illed6
2. !//ender #illed 1i0 wit1ot an* Asti/*in(
circ0stances6
:. !//ender 1ad t1e intention to #ill, w1ic1 is
pres0ed6
;. .1e #illin( was not attended )* an* o/ t1e
7ali/*in( circ0stances o/ 0rder, or )*
t1ato/parricideorin/anticide.
4o0icideist1enlaw/l #illin(o/apersonnot
constittin(0rder,parricideorin/anticide.
Distinction )etween 1o0icide and p1*sical
inAriesB
In atte0pted or /rstrated 1o0icide, t1ere is
intentto#ill.
In p1*sical inAries, t1ere is none. 4owever, i/
asa reslto/t1e p1*sical inAries in/licted, t1e
victi0died,t1ecri0ewill)e1o0icide)ecase
t1elawpnis1est1ereslt,andnott1eintento/
t1eact.
wit1respecttot1ecri0eo/1o0icideB
%$+ P1*sicalinAriesareincldedasoneo/t1e
essentialele0entso//rstrated1o0icide.
%2+ I/ t1e deceased received two wonds /ro0
two persons actin( independentl* o/ eac1
ot1erandt1ewondin/licted)*eit1ercold
1avecaseddeat1,)ot1o/t1e0arelia)le
/ort1edeat1o/t1evicti0andeac1o/t1e0
is(ilt*o/1o0icide.
%:+ I/t1einArieswere0ortal)twereonl*de
to ne(li(ence, t1e cri0e co00itted will )e
serios p1*sical inAries t1ro(1 rec#less
i0prdenceast1eele0ento/intentto#illin
/rstrated 1o0icide is inco0pati)le wit1
ne(li(enceori0prdence.
%;+ W1eret1e intent to#ill is not0ani/est,t1e
cri0e co00itted 1as )een (enerall*
considered as p1*sical inAries and not
atte0ptedor/rstrated0rderor1o0icide.
%9+ W1en several assailants not actin( in
conspirac*in/lictedwondsonavicti0)tit
cannot )e deter0ined w1o in/licted w1ic1
woldw1ic1casedt1edeat1o/t1evicti0,
allarelia)le/ort1evicti03sdeat1.
Notet1atw1ileitispossi)leto1aveacri0eo/
1o0icidet1ro(1rec#lessi0prdence,itisnot
possi)leto1aveacri0eo//rstrated1o0icide
t1ro(1rec#lessi0prdence.
Article29$.Deat1CasedinA.0ltosA//ra*
Ele0ents
$. .1ereareseveralpersons6
2. .1e*donotco0pose(ropsor(ani8ed/or
t1e co00on prpose o/ assaltin( and
attac#in(eac1ot1erreciprocall*6
:. .1ese several persons 7arreled and
assalted one anot1er in a con/sed and
t0ltos0anner6
;. So0eone was #illed in t1e corse o/ t1e
a//ra*6
9. Itcannot)eascertainedw1oactall*#illed
t1edeceased6
D. .1epersonorpersonsw1oin/lictedserios
p1*sical inAries or w1o sed violence can
)eidenti/ied.
.0ltosa//ra*si0pl*0eansaco00otionin
at0ltosandcon/sed0anner,to
sc1 an extent t1at it wold not )e
possi)le to identi/* w1o t1e #iller is i/
deat1 reslts, or w1o in/licted t1e
seriosp1*sicalinAr*,)tt1eperson
or persons w1o sed violence are
#nown.
Itisnotat0ltosa//ra*w1ic1)rin(sa)ot
t1e cri0e6 it is t1e ina)ilit* to ascertain actal
perpetrator.Itisnecessar*t1att1ever*person
w1ocasedt1edeat1cannot)e#nown,nott1at
1ecannot)eidenti/ied."ecasei/1eis#nown
)tonl*1isidentit*isnot#nown,t1en1ewill)e
c1ar(ed /or t1e cri0e o/ 1o0icide or 0rder
nder a /ictitios na0e and not deat1 in a
t0ltosa//ra*. I/t1ereisaconspirac*,t1is
cri0eisnotco00itted.
.o )econsidered deat1inat0ltos a//ra*,
t1ere0st)eB
%$+ a 7arrel, a /ree&/or&all, w1ic1 s1old not
involveor(ani8ed(rop6and
%2+ so0eonew1oisinAredor#illed)ecaseo/
t1e/i(1t.
As lon( as it cannot )e deter0ined w1o #illed
t1e victi0, all o/ t1ose persons w1o in/licted
serios p1*sical inAries will )e collectivel*
answera)le/ort1edeat1o/t1at/ellow.
.1e Revised Penal Code sets priorities as to
w1o0a*)elia)le/ort1edeat1orp1*sicalinAr*
int0ltosa//ra*B
%$+ .1e persons w1o in/licted serios p1*sical
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
inAr*pont1evicti06
%2+ I/t1e*coldnot)e#nown,t1enan*onew1o
0a*1avee0plo*edviolenceont1atperson
willanswer/or1isdeat1.
%:+ I/ no)od* cold still )e traced to 1ave
e0plo*edviolencepont1evicti0,no)od*
willanswer..1ecri0esco00itted0i(1t)e
distr)anceo/p)licorder,ori/participants
are ar0ed, it cold )e t0ltos
distr)ance,ori/propert*wasdestro*ed,it
cold)e0alicios0isc1ie/.
.1e/i(1t0st)et0ltos. .1eparticipants
0st not )e 0e0)ers o/ an or(ani8ed (rop.
.1is is di//erent /ro0 a r0)le w1ic1 involves
or(ani8ed(ropsco0posedo/personsw1oare
to attac# ot1ers. I/ t1e /i(1t is )etween sc1
(rops, even i/ *o cannot identi/* w1o, in
particlar, co00itted t1e #illin(, t1e adverse
part* co0posin( t1e or(ani8ed (rop will )e
collectivel*c1ar(ed/ort1edeat1o/t1atperson.
IllstrationB
I/a/i(1tensed)etween2>Si(e&Si(e?an(
0enand2>"a1ala&Na&?an(0en,andint1e
corset1ereo/,one/ro0eac1(ropwas#illed,
t1e cri0e wold )e 1o0icide or 0rder6 t1ere
will )e collective responsi)ilit* on )ot1 sides.
Note t1at t1e person #illed need not )e a
participantint1e/i(1t.
Article292.P1*sicalInAriesIn/lictedinA.0ltosA//ra*
Ele0ents
$. .1ereisat0ltosa//ra*6
2. A participant or so0e participants t1ereo/
s//eredseriosp1*sicalinAriesorp1*sical
inArieso/alessseriosnatreonl*6
:. .1e person responsi)le t1ereo/ cannot )e
identi/ied6
;. Allt1osew1oappearto1avesedviolence
pon t1e person o/ t1e o//ended part* are
#nown.
I/ in t1e corse o/ t1e t0ltos a//ra*, onl*
serios or less serios p1*sical inAries are
in/licted pon a participant, t1ose w1o sed
violencepont1eperson o/t1eo//ended part*
s1all)e1eldlia)le.
In p1*sical inAries cased in a t0ltos
a//ra*,t1econditionsarealsot1esa0e."t*o
donot1aveacri0eo/p1*sicalinAriesresltin(
/ro0at0ltosa//ra*i/t1ep1*sicalinAr*is
onl* sli(1t. .1e p1*sical inAr* s1old )e
serios or less serios and resltin( /ro0 a
t0ltos a//ra*. So an*one w1o 0a* 1ave
e0plo*edviolencewill answer/orsc1serios
orlessseriosp1*sicalinAr*.
I/t1ep1*sicalinAr*sstainedisonl*sli(1t,t1is
isconsideredasin1erentinat0ltosa//ra*.
.1eo//endedpart*cannotco0plaini/1ecannot
identi/* w1o in/licted t1e sli(1t p1*sical inAries
on1i0.
Article29:.?ivin(AssistancetoSicide
Actspnis1ed
$. Assistin(anot1ertoco00itsicide,w1et1er
t1esicideiscons00atedornot6
2. Lendin(1isassistancetoanot1ertoco00it
sicide to t1e extent o/ doin( t1e #illin(
1i0sel/.
?ivin( assistance to sicide 0eans (ivin(
0eans%ar0s,poison,etc.+orw1atever0anner
o/ positive and direct cooperation %intellectal
aid, s((estions re(ardin( t1e 0ode o/
co00ittin(sicide,etc.+.
Int1iscri0e,t1eintention0st)e/ort1eperson
w1o is as#in( t1e assistance o/ anot1er to
co00itsicide.
I/t1eintentionisnottoco00itsicide,asw1en
1eAstwantedto1aveapictreta#eno/1i0to
i0press pon t1e world t1at 1e is co00ittin(
sicide )ecase 1e is not satis/ied wit1 t1e
(overn0ent, t1e cri0e is 1eld to )e incitin( to
sedition.
4e )eco0es a co&conspirator in t1e cri0e o/
incitin(tosedition,)tnoto/(ivin(assistance
tosicide)ecaset1eassistance0st)e(iven
to one w1o is reall* deter0ined to co00it
sicide.
I/t1epersondoest1e#illin(1i0sel/,t1epenalt*
issi0ilartot1ato/1o0icide,w1ic1isreclsion
te0poral. .1ere can )e no 7ali/*in(
circ0stance )ecase t1e deter0ination to die
0st co0e /ro0 t1e victi0. .1is does not
conte0plate et1anasia or 0erc* #illin( w1ere
t1e cri0e is 1o0icide %i/ wit1ot consent6 wit1
consent,covered)*Article29:+.
wit1respecttot1iscri0eB
%$+ .1ecri0eis/rstratedi/t1eo//ender(ives
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1eassistance)*doin(t1e#illin(1i0sel/as
/irin(pont1e1eado/t1evicti0)tw1odid
notdiedeto0edicalassistance.
%2+ .1epersonatte0ptin(toco00itsicideis
not lia)le i/ 1e srvives. .1e accsed is
lia)le i/ 1e #ills t1e victi0, 1is sweet1eart,
)ecaseo/asicidepact.
Inot1erpenalcodes,i/t1epersonw1owanted
to die did not die, t1ere is lia)ilit* on 1is part
)ecase t1ere is p)lic distr)ance co00itted
)* 1i0. !r Revised Penal Code is silent )t
t1ere is no )ar a(ainst accsin( t1e person o/
distr)ance o/ p)lic order i/ indeed serios
distr)anceo/p)licpeaceoccrreddeto1is
atte0pt to co00it sicide. I/ 1e is not
prosected, t1is is ot o/ pit* and not )ecase
1e1asnotviolatedt1eRevisedPenalCode.
In0erc*#illin(,t1evicti0isnotinapositionto
co00itsicide.W1oeverwold1eed1isadvice
is not reall* (ivin( assistance to sicide )t
doin(t1e#illin(1i0sel/.In(ivin(assistanceto
sicide, t1e principal actor is t1e person
co00ittin(t1esicide.
"ot1inet1anasiaandsicide,t1eintentionto
t1e end li/e co0es /ro0 t1e victi0 1i0sel/6
ot1erwiset1earticledoesnotappl*..1evicti0
0stpersistentl*indcet1eo//endertoend1is
li/e. I/t1ereisonl*sli(1tpersasiontoend1is
li/e,andt1eo//enderreadil*assentedt1ereto.
Article29;.Disc1ar(eo/,irear0s
1. !//enderdisc1ar(esa/irear0a(ainstorat
anot1erperson6
2. !//ender1adnointentionto#illt1atperson.
.1is cri0e cannot )e co00itted t1ro(1
i0prdence )ecase it re7ires t1at t1e
disc1ar(e0st)edirectedatanot1er.
I/t1e/irear0isdirectedatapersonandt1e
tri((er was pressed )t did not /ire, t1e
cri0eis/rstrateddisc1ar(eo//irear0.
I/t1edisc1ar(eisnotdirectedataperson,t1e
cri0e0a*constittealar0andscandal.
wit1respecttot1iscri0eB
%$+ I/ serios p1*sical inAries reslted /ro0
disc1ar(e, t1e cri0e co00itted is t1e
co0plexcri0eo/seriosp1*sicalinAr*wit1
ille(aldisc1ar(eo//irear0,ori/lessserios
p1*sical inAr*, t1e co0plex cri0e o/ less
seriosp1*sicalinAr*wit1ille(aldisc1ar(e
o//irear0willappl*.
%2+ ,irin( a (n at a person even i/ 0erel* to
/ri(1ten 1i0 constittes ille(al disc1ar(e o/
/irear0.
Article299.In/anticide
Ele0ents
1. Ac1ildwas#illed)*t1eaccsed6
2. .1e deceased c1ild was less t1an
F21orsold.
.1isisacri0e)asedont1ea(eo/t1evicti0.
.1evicti0s1old)elesst1ant1reeda*sold.
.1e o//ender0a*actall* )e t1e parento/ t1e
c1ild. "t *o call t1e cri0e in/anticide, not
parricide, i/ t1e a(e o/ t1e victi0 is less t1an
t1reeda*sold.I/t1evicti0ist1reeda*soldor
a)ove,t1ecri0eisparricide.
IllstrationB
Ann0arriedwo0an,A,(ave)irt1toac1ild,".
.oconceal1erdis1onor,Aconspiredwit1Cto
dispose o/ t1e c1ild. C a(reed and #illed t1e
c1ild")*)r*in(t1ec1ildso0ew1ere.
I/t1ec1ildwas#illedw1ent1ea(eo/t1ec1ild
wast1reeda*soldanda)ovealread*,t1ecri0e
o/ A is parricide. .1e /act t1at t1e #illin( was
done to conceal 1er dis1onor will not 0iti(ate
t1e cri0inal lia)ilit* an*0ore )ecase
conceal0ento/dis1onorin#illin(t1ec1ildisnot
0iti(atin(inparricide.
I/t1ecri0eco00itted)*Aisparricide)ecase
t1ea(eo/t1ec1ildist1reeda*soldora)ove,
t1ecri0eo/t1eco&conspiratorCis0rder.Itis
not parricide )ecase 1e is not related to t1e
victi0.
I/ t1e c1ild is less t1an t1ree da*s old w1en
#illed,)ot1t1e0ot1erandt1estran(erco00its
in/anticide)ecasein/anticideisnotpredicated
on t1e relation o/ t1e o//ender to t1e o//ended
part*)tont1ea(eo/t1ec1ild.Insc1acase,
conceal0ent o/ dis1onor as a 0otive /or t1e
0ot1erto1avet1ec1ild#illedis0iti(atin(.
Conceal0ent o/ dis1onor is not an ele0ent o/
in/anticide. It 0erel* lowers t1e penalt*. I/ t1e
c1ildisa)andonedwit1otan*intentto#illand
deat1 reslts as a conse7ence, t1e cri0e
co00itted is not in/anticide )t a)andon0ent
B a r E x a m s
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nderArticle2FD.
I/ t1e prpose o/ t1e 0ot1er is to conceal 1er
dis1onor, in/anticide t1ro(1 i0prdence is not
co00itted )ecase t1e prpose o/ concealin(
t1edis1onorisinco0pati)lewit1t1ea)senceo/
0aliceinclpa)le/elonies.
I/t1ec1ildis)orndead,ori/t1ec1ildisalread*
dead,in/anticideisnotco00itted.
Article29D.IntentionalA)ortion
Actspnis1ed
$. -sin( an* violence pon t1e person o/ t1e
pre(nantwo0an6
2. Actin(, )t wit1ot sin( violence, wit1ot
t1e consent o/ t1e wo0an. %"*
ad0inisterin(dr(sor)evera(esponsc1
pre(nantwo0anwit1ot1erconsent.+
:. Actin( %)* ad0inisterin( dr(s or
)evera(es+,wit1t1econsento/t1epre(nant
wo0an.
Ele0ents
$. .1ereisapre(nantwo0an6
2. 5iolence is exerted, or dr(s or )evera(es
ad0inistered,ort1att1eaccsedot1erwise
actsponsc1pre(nantwo0an6
3. Asareslto/t1eseo/violenceordr(sor
)evera(espon1er,oran*ot1eracto/t1e
accsed,t1e/etsdies,eit1erint1ewo0)
ora/ter1avin()eenexpelledt1ere/ro06
;. .1ea)ortionisintended.
A)ortionist1eviolentexplsiono/a/ets/ro0
t1e 0aternal wo0). I/ t1e /ets 1as )een
delivered )t it cold not s)sist )* itsel/, it is
stilla/etsandnotaperson..1s,i/itis#illed,
t1ecri0eco00ittedisa)ortionnotin/anticide.
Distinction)etweenin/anticideanda)ortion
Itisin/anticidei/t1evicti0isalread*aperson
lesst1att1reeda*soldorF21orsandisvia)le
orcapa)leo/livin(separatel*/ro0t1e0ot1er3s
wo0).
It is a)ortion i/ t1e victi0 is not via)le )t
re0ainsto)ea/ets.
A)ortion is not a cri0e a(ainst t1e wo0an )t
a(ainstt1e/ets.I/0ot1erasaconse7enceo/
a)ortion s//ers deat1 or p1*sical inAries, *o
1ave a co0plex cri0e o/ 0rder or p1*sical
inAriesanda)ortion.
Inintentionala)ortion,t1eo//ender0st#nowo/
t1e pre(nanc* )ecase t1e particlar cri0inal
intentionistocaseana)ortion..1ere/ore,t1e
o//ender0st1ave#nowno/t1epre(nanc*/or
ot1erwise,1ewoldnottr*ana)ortion.
I/ t1e wo0an trns ot not to )e pre(nant and
so0eone per/or0s an a)ortion pon 1er, 1e is
lia)le /or an i0possi)le cri0e i/ t1e wo0an
s//ersnop1*sicalinAr*.I/s1edoes,t1ecri0e
will)e1o0icide,seriosp1*sicalinAries,etc.
-nder t1e Article ;> o/ t1e Civil Code, )irt1
deter0inespersonalit*. Apersonisconsidered
)ornatt1eti0ew1ent1e0)ilicalcordisct.
4et1enac7iresapersonalit*separate/ro0t1e
0ot1er.
"tevent1o(1t1e0)ilicalcord1as)eenct,
Article ;$ o/ t1e Civil Code provides t1ati/t1e
/ets1adanintra&terineli/eo/lesst1anseven
0ont1s, it 0st srvive at least 2; 1ors a/ter
t1e0)ilical cordisct/oritto )econsidered
)orn.
IllstrationB
A 0ot1er delivered an o//sprin( w1ic1 1ad an
intra&terine li/e o/ seven 0ont1s. "e/ore t1e
0)ilicalcordisct,t1ec1ildwas#illed.
I/itcold)es1ownt1at1adt1e0)ilicalcord
)een ct, t1at c1ild, i/ not #illed, wold 1ave
srvived )e*ond 2; 1ors, t1e cri0e is
in/anticide )ecase t1at conceived c1ild is
alread*considered)orn.
I/it cold )es1own t1att1e c1ild, i/not #illed,
wold not 1ave srvived )e*ond 2; 1ors, t1e
cri0eisa)ortion)ecasew1atwas#illedwasa
/etsonl*.
In a)ortion, t1e conceal0ent o/ dis1onor as a
0otive o/ t1e 0ot1er to co00it t1e a)ortion
pon 1ersel/ is 0iti(atin(. It will also 0iti(ate
t1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e 0aternal (randparent o/ t1e
victi0 C t1e 0ot1er o/ t1e pre(nant wo0an C i/
t1e a)ortion was done wit1 t1e consent o/ t1e
pre(nantwo0an.
I/ t1e a)ortion was done )* t1e 0ot1er o/ t1e
pre(nant wo0an wit1ot t1e consent o/ t1e
wo0an 1ersel/, even i/ it was done to conceal
dis1onor,t1atcirc0stancewillnot0iti(ate1er
cri0inallia)ilit*.
"ti/t1osew1oper/or0edt1ea)ortionaret1e
parents o/ t1e pre(nant wo0an, or eit1er o/
t1e0, and t1e pre(nant wo0an consented /or
t1e prpose o/ concealin( 1er dis1onor, t1e
penalt* is t1e sa0e as t1at i0posed pon t1e
wo0anw1opracticedt1ea)ortionpon1ersel/.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
,rstrateda)ortionisco00ittedi/t1e/etst1at
isexpelledisvia)leand,t1ere/ore,notdeadas
a)ortiondidnotresltdespitet1ee0plo*0ento/
ade7ate and s//icient 0eans to 0a#e t1e
pre(nant wo0an a)ort. I/ t1e 0eans are not
s//icient or ade7ate, t1e cri0e wold )e an
i0possi)le cri0e o/ a)ortion. Incons00ated
a)ortion,t1e/ets0st)edead.
!new1opersades1ersistertoa)ortisaco&
principal,andonew1oloo#s/orap1*sicianto
0a#e 1is sweet1eart a)ort is an acco0plice.
.1ep1*sicianwill)epnis1ednderArticle29'
o/t1eRevisedPenalCode.
Article29F.-nintentionalA)ortion
$. .1ereisapre(nantwo0an6
2. 5iolence is sed pon sc1 pre(nant
wo0anwit1otintendin(ana)ortion6
3. .1eviolenceisintentionall*exerted6
;. As a reslt o/ t1e violence, t1e /ets dies,
eit1er in t1e wo0) or a/ter 1avin( )een
expelledt1ere/ro0.
-nintentionala)ortionre7iresp1*sicalviolence
in/licted deli)eratel* and volntaril* )* a t1ird
personpont1epersono/t1epre(nantwo0an.
Mere inti0idation is not eno(1 nless t1e
de(ree o/ inti0idation alread* approxi0ates
violence.
I/ t1e pre(nant wo0an a)orted )ecase o/
inti0idation, t1e cri0e co00itted is not
nintentional a)ortion )ecase t1ere is no
violence6t1ecri0eco00ittedisli(1tt1reats.
I/t1epre(nantwo0anwas#illed)*violence)*
1er 1s)and, t1e cri0e co00itted is t1e
co0plex cri0e o/ parricide wit1 nlaw/l
a)ortion.
-nintentional a)ortion 0a* )e co00itted
t1ro(1ne(li(enceasitiseno(1t1att1ese
o/violence)evolntar*.
IllstrationB
A 7arrel ensed )etween A, 1s)and, and ",
wi/e. A)eca0esoan(r*t1at1estrc#",w1o
wast1enpre(nant,wit1aso/tdrin#)ottleont1e
1ip.A)ortionresltedand"died.
In-Sv.Ge//r*,$9P1il.:'$,t1eSpre0eCort
said t1at #nowled(e o/ pre(nanc* o/ t1e
o//ended part* is not necessar*. In People v.
Carnaso,decidedonAprilF,$'D;,1owever,t1e
Spre0e Cort 1eld t1at #nowled(e o/
pre(nanc*isre7iredinnintentionala)ortion.
Criticis0B
-nder Article ;, para(rap1 $ o/ t1e Revised
Penal Code,an*personco00ittin(a/elon*is
cri0inall* lia)le /or all t1e direct, natral, and
lo(ical conse7ences o/ 1is /elonios acts
alt1o(1 it 0a* )e di//erent /ro0 t1at w1ic1 is
intended. .1e act o/ e0plo*in( violence or
p1*sical /orce pon t1e wo0an is alread* a
/elon*. Itisnot0ateriali/o//ender#newa)ot
t1ewo0an)ein(pre(nantornot.
I/t1eacto/violenceisnot/elonios,t1atis,act
o/sel/&de/ense,andt1ereisno#nowled(eo/t1e
wo0an3s pre(nanc*, t1ere is no lia)ilit*. I/ t1e
act o/ violence is not /elonios, )t t1ere is
#nowled(e o/ t1e wo0an3s pre(nanc*, t1e
o//enderislia)le/ornintentionala)ortion.
IllstrationB
.1eacto/ps1in(anot1ercasin(1erto/allis
a /elonios act and cold reslt in p1*sical
inAries. Correspondin(l*, i/ not onl* p1*sical
inAries were sstained )t a)ortion also
reslted, t1e /elonios act o/ ps1in( is t1e
proxi0atecaseo/t1enintentionala)ortion.
Article29E.A)ortionPracticed)*t1eWo0an4ersel/or)*4erParents
Ele0ents
$. .1ere is a pre(nant wo0an w1o 1as
s//eredana)ortion6
2. .1ea)ortionisintended6
:. A)ortioniscased)*C
%a+ .1e pre(nant wo0an
1ersel/6
%)+ An* ot1er person, wit1
1erconsent6or
%c+ An*o/1erparents,wit1
1er consent /or t1e
prpose o/ concealin(
1erdis1onor.
Article29'.A)ortionPracticed)*AP1*sicianorMidwi/eandDispensin(o/A)ortives
Ele0ents $. .1ere is a pre(nant wo0an w1o 1as
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
s//eredana)ortion6
2. .1ea)ortionisintended6
:. !//ender, w1o 0st )e a p1*sician or
0idwi/e, cased or assisted in casin( t1e
a)ortion6
;. Saidp1*sicianor0idwi/etoo#advanta(eo/
1isor1erscienti/ic#nowled(eors#ill.
I/t1ea)ortionisprodced)*ap1*siciantosave
t1eli/eo/t1e0ot1er,t1ereisnolia)ilit*..1isis
#nown as a t1erapetic a)ortion. "t a)ortion
wit1ot 0edical necessit* to warrant it is
pnis1a)leevenwit1t1econsento/t1ewo0an
or1er1s)and.
IllstrationB
Awo0anw1oispre(nant(otsic#. .1edoctor
ad0inistered a 0edicine w1ic1 reslted in
A)ortion. .1e cri0e co00itted was
nintentional a)ortion t1ro(1 ne(li(ence or
i0prdence.
Article2D>.Responsi)ilit*o/ParticipantsinADel
Actspnis1ed
$. Rillin(one3sadversar*inadel6
2. In/lictin( pon sc1 adversar* p1*sical
inAries6
:. Ma#in( a co0)at alt1o(1 no p1*sical
inAries1ave)eenin/licted.
Personslia)le
$. .1e person w1o #illed or in/licted p1*sical
inAries pon 1is adversar*, or )ot1
co0)atantsinan*ot1ercase,asprincipals.
2. .1eseconds,asacco0plices.
.1ere is no sc1 cri0e nowada*s )ecase
people1iteac1ot1erevenwit1otenterin(into
an* pre&conceived a(ree0ent. .1is is an
o)soleteprovision.
A del 0a* )e de/ined as a /or0al or re(lar
co0)atpreviosl*consentedto)*twopartiesin
t1e presence o/ two or0ore seconds o/law/l
a(e on eac1 side, w1o 0a#e t1e selection o/
ar0sand/ixallt1eot1erconditionso/t1e/i(1t
tosettleso0eantecedent7arrel.
I/ t1eseare not t1e conditionso/ t1e /i(1t,it is
not a del in t1e sense conte0plated in t1e
Revised Penal Code. It will )e a 7arrel and
an*one w1o #illed t1e ot1er will )e lia)le /or
1o0icideor0rder,ast1ecase0a*)e.
.1e concept o/ del nder t1e Revised Penal
Codeisaclassicalone.
Article2D$.C1allen(in(toADel
Actspnis1ed
$. C1allen(in(anot1ertoadel6
2. Incitin(anot1erto(iveoracceptac1allen(e
toadel6
:. Sco//in( at or decr*in( anot1er p)licl* /or
1avin(re/sedtoacceptac1allen(eto/i(1t
adel.
IllstrationB
I/onec1allen(esanot1ertoadel)*s1otin(
HCo0e down, !l*0pia, let s 0easre *or
prowess.Wewillseew1oseintestineswillco0e
ot.Loareacowardi/*odonotco0edownI,
t1e cri0e o/ c1allen(in( to a del is not
co00itted. W1at is co00itted is t1e cri0e o/
li(1t t1reats nder Article 2E9, para(rap1 $ o/
t1eRevisedPenalCode.
Article2D2.Mtilation
Actspnis1ed
$. Intentionall*0tilatin(anot1er)*deprivin(
1i0, eit1er totall* or partiall*, o/ so0e
essentialor(an/orreprodction6
Ele0ents
%a+ .1ere )e a castration,
t1at is, 0tilation o/
or(ans necessar* /or
(eneration,sc1ast1e
penisorovari06
%)+ .1e0tilationiscased
prposel* and
deli)eratel*, t1at is, to
deprive t1e o//ended
part* o/ so0e essential
or(an/orreprodction
2. Intentionall*0a#in(ot1er0tilation,t1atis,
)* loppin( or clippin( o// an* part o/ t1e
)od* o/ t1e o//ended part*, ot1er t1an t1e
essential or(an /or reprodction, to deprive
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
1i0o/t1atparto/1is)od*.
Mtilationist1eloppin(orclippin(o//o/so0e
parto/t1e)od*.
.1e intent to deli)eratel* ct o// t1e particlar
part o/ t1e )od* t1at was re0oved /ro0 t1e
o//endedpart*0st)eesta)lis1ed. I/t1ereis
no intent to deprive victi0 o/ particlar part o/
)od*,t1ecri0eisonl*seriosp1*sicalinAr*.
.1e co00on 0ista#e is to associate t1is wit1
t1e reprodctive or(ans onl*. Mtilation
incldesan*parto/t1e10an)od*t1atisnot
sscepti)leto(rowa(ain.
I/w1atwascto//wasareprodctiveor(an,t1e
penalt*is0c11i(1ert1ant1at/or1o0icide.
.1is cannot )e co00itted t1ro(1 cri0inal
ne(li(ence.
Article2D:.SeriosP1*sicalInAries
4owco00itted
$. "*wondin(6
2. "*)eatin(6
:. "*assaltin(6or
;. "*ad0inisterin(inArioss)stance.
Inonecase,t1eaccsed,w1ileconversin(wit1
t1eo//endedpart*,drewt1elatter3s)olo/ro0its
sca))ard..1eo//endedpart*ca(1t1oldo/t1e
ed(e o/ t1e )lade o/ 1is )olo and wonded
1i0sel/. Itwas1eldt1atsincet1eaccseddid
not wond, )eat or assalt t1e o//ended part*,
1ecannot)e(ilt*o/seriosp1*sicalinAries.
Seriosp1*sicalinAries
$. W1en t1e inAred person )eco0es insane,
i0)ecile, i0potent or )lind in conse7ence
o/t1ep1*sicalinAriesin/licted6
2. W1ent1einAredpersonC
%a+ Losest1eseo/speec1
ort1epowerto1earor
to s0ell, or loses an
e*e, a 1and, a/oot, an
ar0,orale(6
%)+ Loses t1e se o/ an*
sc10e0)er6or
%c+ "eco0es incapacitated
/ort1ewor#inw1ic11e
was t1ereto/ore
1a)itall* en(a(ed, in
conse7ence o/ t1e
p1*sical inAries
in/licted6
:. W1ent1epersoninAredC
%a+ "eco0esde/or0ed6or
%)+ Losesan*ot1er0e0)ero/ 1is
)od*6or
%c+ Losest1eset1ereo/6or
%d+ "eco0esill orincapacitated/or
t1e per/or0ance o/ t1e wor# in
w1ic1 1e was 1a)itall*
en(a(ed/or0oret1an'>da*s
in conse7ence o/ t1e p1*sical
inAriesin/licted6
;. W1en t1e inAred person )eco0es ill or
incapacitated/orla)or/or0oret1an:>da*s
%)t0stnot)e0oret1an'>da*s+,asa
reslto/t1ep1*sicalinAriesin/licted.
.1ecri0eo/p1*sicalinAriesisacri0eo/reslt
)ecase nder or laws t1e cri0e o/ p1*sical
inAries is )ased on t1e (ravit* o/ t1e inAr*
sstained. So t1is cri0e is alwa*s
cons00ated, notwit1standin( t1e opinion o/
Spanis1co00entatorsli#eCelloCalon,5iada,
etc.,t1atitcan)eco00ittedint1eatte0ptedor
/rstratedsta(e.
I/t1eactdoesnot(iverisetoinAries,*owill
not)ea)letosa*w1et1eritisatte0ptedsli(1t
p1*sicalinAries,atte0ptedlessseriosp1*sical
inAries, or atte0pted serios p1*sical inAries
nlesst1eresltist1ere.
.1e reason w1* t1ere is no atte0pted or
/rstratedp1*sicalinAriesis)ecaset1ecri0e
o/p1*sicalinAriesisdeter0inedont1e(ravit*
o/t1einAr*. Aslon(ast1einAr*isnott1ere,
t1ere can )e no atte0pted or /rstrated sta(e
t1ereo/.
Classi/icationo/p1*sicalinAriesB
%$+ "etween sli(1t p1*sical inAries and less
serios p1*sical inAries, *o 1ave a
drationo/onetonineda*si/sli(1tp1*sical
inAries6or$>da*sto2>da*si/lessserios
p1*sical inAries. Consider t1e dration o/
1ealin(andtreat0ent.
.1e si(ni/icant part 1ere is )etween sli(1t
p1*sical inAries and less serios p1*sical
inAries. Lo will consider not onl* t1e
1ealin( dration o/ t1e inAr* )t also t1e
0edical attendance re7ired to treat t1e
inAr*. Sot1e1ealin(dration0a*)eone
to nine da*s, )t i/ t1e 0edical treat0ent
contines )e*ond nine da*s, t1e p1*sical
inArieswoldalread*7ali/*aslessserios
p1*sical inAries. .1e 0edical treat0ent
0a* 1ave lasted /or nine da*s, )t i/ t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o//endedpart*isstillincapacitated/orla)or
)e*ond nine da*s, t1e p1*sical inAries are
alread* considered less serios p1*sical
inAries.
%2+ "etween less serios p1*sical inAries and
serios p1*sical inAries, *o do not
consider t1e period o/ 0edical treat0ent.
Lo onl* consider t1e period w1en t1e
o//endedpart*isrenderedincapacitated/or
la)or.
I/t1eo//endedpart*isincapacitatedtowor#
/or less t1an :> da*s, even t1o(1 t1e
treat0ent contined )e*ond :> da*s, t1e
p1*sical inAries are onl* considered less
serios)ecase/orprposeso/classi/*in(
t1ep1*sical inAriesasserios,*odonot
consider t1e period o/ 0edical treat0ent.
Lo onl* consider t1e period o/ incapacit*
/ro0wor#.
%:+ W1en t1e inAr* created a de/or0it* pon
t1eo//endedpart*,*odisre(ardt1e1ealin(
dration or t1e period o/ 0edical treat0ent
involved. At once, it is considered serios
p1*sicalinAries.
Soevent1o(1t1ede/or0it*0a*not1ave
incapacitatedt1eo//endedpart*/ro0wor#,
orevent1o(1t1e0edicaltreat0entdidnot
(o )e*ond nine da*s, t1at de/or0it* will
)rin( a)ot t1e cri0e o/ serios p1*sical
inAries.
De/or0it* re7ires t1e concrrence o/ t1e
%a+ .1e inAr*
0st
prodce
(liness6
%)+ It 0st )e
visi)le6
%c+ .1e
(linesswill
not
disappear
t1ro(1
natral
1ealin(
process.
IllstrationB
Losso/0olartoot1C.1isisnotde/or0it*asitis
notvisi)le.
Losso/per0anent/ronttoot1C.1isisde/or0it*
asitisvisi)leandper0anent.
Losso/0il#/ronttoot1C.1isisnotde/or0it*as
itisvisi)le)twill)enatrall*replaced.
Seriosp1*sicalinAriesispnis1edwit11i(1er
penaltiesint1e/ollowin(casesB
%$+ I/itisco00itteda(ainstan*o/t1epersons
re/erred to in t1e cri0e o/ parricide nder
Article2;D6
%2+ I/an*o/t1ecirc0stances7ali/*in(0rder
attendeditsco00ission.
.1s, a /at1er w1o in/licts serios p1*sical
inAries pon 1is son will )e lia)le /or 7ali/ied
seriosp1*sicalinAries.
Article2D;.Ad0inisterin(InAriosS)stancesor"evera(es
Ele0ents
$. !//enderin/lictedpon anot1eran*serios
p1*sicalinAr*6
2. It was done )* #nowin(l* ad0inisterin( to
1i0an*inArioss)stanceor)evera(esor
)* ta#in( advanta(e o/ 1is wea#ness o/
0indorcredlit*6
:. 4e1adnointentto#ill.
Article2D9.LessSeriosP1*sicalInAries
Mattersto)enotedint1iscri0e
$. !//endedpart*isincapacitated/orla)or/or
$> da*s or 0ore %)t not 0ore t1an :>
da*s+,orneeds 0edical attendance/ort1e
sa0eperiodo/ti0e6
2. .1e p1*sical inAries 0st not )e t1ose
descri)edint1eprecedin(articles.
Jali/iedastopenalt*
$. A/inenotexceedin(P9>>.>>,inadditionto
arresto 0a*or, s1all )e i0posed /or less
seriosp1*sicalinAriesw1enC
%a+ .1ere is a 0ani/est
intenttoinsltoro//end
t1einAredperson6or
%)+ .1ere are
circ0stances addin(
i(no0in*tot1eo//ense.
2. A1i(1erpenalt*isi0posedw1ent1evicti0
iseit1erC
%a+ .1e o//ender3s parents,
ascendants, (ardians,
cratorsorteac1ers6or
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%)+ Persons o/ ran# or
person in at1orit*,
provided t1e cri0e is
notdirectassalt.
I/ t1e p1*sical inAries do not incapacitate t1e
o//ended part* nor necessitate 0edical
attendance,sli(1tp1*sicalinAriesisco00itted.
"t i/ t1e p1*sical inAries 1eal a/ter :> da*s,
serios p1*sical inAries is co00itted nder
Article2D:,para(rap1;.
Article 2D9 is an exception to Article ;E in
relation to co0plex cri0es as t1e latter onl*
ta#es place in cases w1ere t1e Revised Penal
Code 1as no speci/ic provision penali8in( t1e
sa0e wit1 a de/inite, speci/ic penalt*. 4ence,
t1ere is no co0plex cri0e o/ slander )* deed
wit1lessserios p1*sical inAries )tonl* less
serios p1*sical inAries i/ t1e act w1ic1 was
co00itted prodced t1e less serios p1*sical
inArieswit1t1e0ani/estintenttoinsltoro//end
t1e o//ended part*, or nder circ0stances
addin(i(no0in*tot1eo//ense.
Article2DD.Sli(1tP1*sicalInAriesandMaltreat0ent
Actspnis1ed
$. P1*sical inAries incapacitatedt1e o//ended
part* /or la)or /ro0 one to nine da*s, or
re7ired 0edical attendance drin( t1e
sa0eperiod6
2. P1*sical inAries w1ic1 did not prevent t1e
o//endedpart*/ro0en(a(in(in1is1a)ital
wor# or w1ic1 did not re7ire 0edical
attendance6
:. Ill&treat0ent o/ anot1er )* deed wit1ot
casin(an*inAr*.
.1is involves even ill&treat0ent w1ere t1ere is
nosi(no/inAr*re7irin(0edicaltreat0ent.
Slappin( t1e o//ended part* is a /or0 o/ ill&
treat0ent w1ic1 is a /or0 o/ sli(1t p1*sical
inAries.
"ti/t1eslappin(isdonetocastdis1onorpon
t1e person slapped, t1e cri0e is slander )*
deed. I/ t1e slappin( was done wit1ot t1e
intention o/ castin( dis1onor, or to 10iliate or
e0)arrasst1eo//endedpart*oto/a7arrelor
an(er, t1e cri0e is still ill&treat0ent or sli(1t
p1*sicalinAries.
IllstrationB
I/4illar*slapsMonicaandtold1erHLoc1oose
*orseconds.Lets0eet)e1indt1eJirino
?randstandandseew1oist1e)etterand0ore
)eati/l)etweent1etwoo/sI,t1ecri0eisnot
ill&treat0ent,sli(1tp1*sicalinAriesorslander)*
deed6itisa/or0o/c1allen(in(toadel..1e
cri0inalintentistoc1allen(eapersontoadel.
.1ecri0eissli(1tp1*sical inAr*i/t1ereisno
proo/ as to t1e period o/ t1e o//ended part*3s
incapacit* /or la)or or o/ t1e re7ired 0edical
attendance.
Article2DD&A.Rape,W1enand4owCo00itted
Ele0entsnderpara(rap1$
$. !//enderisa0an6
2. !//ender1adcarnal#nowled(eo/awo0an6
:. Sc1act is acco0plis1ednder an*o/ t1e
/ollowin(circ0stancesB
%a+ "* sin( /orce or
inti0idation6
%)+ W1en t1e wo0an is
deprived o/ reason or
ot1erwisenconscios6
%c+ "* 0eans o/ /radlent
0ac1ination or (rave
a)seo/at1orit*6or
%d+ W1en t1e wo0an is
nder $2 *ears o/ a(e
orde0ented.
Ele0entsnderpara(rap12
$. !//enderco00itsanacto/sexalassalt6
2. .1e act o/ sexal assalt is co00itted )*
an*o/t1e/ollowin(0eansB
%a+ "* insertin( 1is penis
into anot1er personPs
0ot1oranalori/ice6or
%)+ "* insertin( an*
instr0entoro)Aectinto
t1e (enital or anal
ori/ice o/ anot1er
person6
:. .1e act o/ sexal assalt is acco0plis1ed
nderan*o/t1e/ollowin(circ0stancesB
inti0idation6or
%)+ W1en t1e wo0an is
deprived o/ reason or
ot1erwise nconscios6
or
%c+ "* 0eans o/ /radlent
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0ac1ination or (rave
a)seo/at1orit*6or
%d+ W1en t1e wo0an is
nder $2 *ears o/ a(e
orde0ented.
Rep)lic Act No. E:9: %An Act Expandin( t1e
De/inition o/ t1e Cri0e o/ Rape, Reclassi/*in(
t1e Sa0e as A Cri0e a(ainst Persons,
A0endin( /or t1e Prpose t1e Revised Penal
Code+repealedArticle::9onrapeandaddeda
c1apteronRapender.itleE.
Classi/icationo/rape
%$+ .raditional concept nder Article ::9 C
carnal#nowled(ewit1awo0ana(ainst1er
will..1eo//endedpart*isalwa*sawo0an
andt1eo//enderisalwa*sa0an.
%2+ Sexal assalt & co00itted wit1 an
instr0entorano)Aectorseo/ t1epenis
wit1 penetration o/ 0ot1 or anal ori/ice.
.1eo//endedpart*ort1eo//endercaneit1er
)e0anorwo0an,t1atis,i/awo0anora
0an ses an instr0ent on anal ori/ice o/
0ale,s1eor1ecan)elia)le/orrape.
Rape is co00itted w1en a 0an 1as carnal
#nowled(e o/ a wo0an nder t1e
%$+ W1ereinti0idation or violenceis e0plo*ed
wit1 a view to 1ave carnal #nowled(e o/ a
wo0an6
%2+ W1ere t1e victi0 is deprived o/ reason or
ot1erwisenconscios6
%:+ W1eret1erapewas0adepossi)le)ecase
o/ /radlent 0ac1ination or a)se o/
at1orit*6or
%;+ W1eret1evicti0isnder$2*earso/a(e,
or de0ented, even t1o(1 no inti0idation
norviolenceise0plo*ed.
Sexalassaltisco00ittedndert1e/ollowin(
circ0stancesB
%$+ W1eret1epenisisinsertedintot1eanalor
oralori/ice6or
%2+ W1ere an instr0ent or o)Aect is inserted
intot1e(enitalororalori/ice.
I/t1ecri0eo/rape/sexalassaltisco00itted
wit1 t1e /ollowin( circ0stances, t1e /ollowin(
penaltiesarei0posedB
%$+ Reclsion perpetato deat1/ prision0a*or
toreclsionte0poral&&
%a+ W1ere rape is perpetrated )* t1e
accsedwit1adeadl*weapon6or
%)+ W1ere it is co00itted )* two or 0ore
persons.
%2+ Reclsion perpeta to deat1/ reclsion
te0poral&&
%a+ W1ere t1e victi0 o/ t1e rape 1as
)eco0einsane6or
%)+ W1eret1erapeisatte0pted)ta#illin(
was co00itted )* t1e o//ender on t1e
occasionor)*reasono/t1erape.
%:+ Deat1/reclsionperpeta&&
W1ere1o0icideisco00itted)*reasonor
onoccasiono/acons00atedrape.
%;+ Deat1/reclsionte0poral&&
%a+ W1ere t1e victi0 is nder $E *ears o/
a(eand t1e o//ender is 1erascendant,
step/at1er, (ardian, or relative )*
a//init* or consan(init* wit1in t1e :rd
civil de(ree, or t1e co00on law
1s)ando/t1evicti03s0ot1er6or
%)+ W1eret1evicti0wasndert1ecstod*
o/ t1e police or 0ilitar* at1orities, or
ot1erlawen/orce0enta(enc*6
%c+ W1eret1erapeisco00ittedin/llview
o/t1evicti03s1s)and,t1eparents,an*
o/ t1e c1ildren or relatives )*
consan(init*wit1int1e:rdcivilde(ree6
%d+ W1eret1evicti0isareli(ios,t1atis,a
0e0)er o/ a le(iti0ate reli(ios
vocation and t1e o//ender #nows t1e
victi0 as sc1 )e/ore or at t1e ti0e o/
t1eco00issiono/t1eo//ense6
%e+ W1eret1evicti0isac1ildnderF*rso/
a(e6
%/+ W1eret1eo//enderisa0e0)ero/t1e
A,P, its para0ilitar* ar0, t1e PNP, or
an* law en/orce0ent a(enc* and t1e
o//endertoo#advanta(eo/1isposition6
%(+ W1eret1eo//enderisa//lictedwit1AIDS
orot1ersexall*trans0issi)lediseases,
and 1e is aware t1ereo/ w1en 1e
co00itted t1e rape, and t1e disease
wastrans0itted6
%1+ W1ere t1e victi0 1as s//ered
per0anentp1*sical0tilation6
%i+ W1ere t1e pre(nanc* o/ t1e o//ended
part*is#nowntot1erapistatt1eti0eo/
t1erape6or
%A+ W1eret1erapistisawareo/t1evicti03s
0ental disa)ilit*, e0otional distr)ance
orp1*sical1andicap.
Prior to t1e a0end0ent o/ t1e law on rape, a
co0plaint0st)e/iled)*t1eo//endedwo0an.
.1epersonsw1o0a*/ilet1esa0ein)e1al/o/
t1eo//endedwo0ani/s1eisa0inoror i/s1e
was incapacitated to /ile, were as /ollowsB a
parent6 in de/alt o/ parents, a (randparent6 in
de/altor(randparent,t1eAdicial(ardian.
Sincerapeisnotaprivatecri0ean*0ore,itcan
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)eprosectedeveni/t1ewo0andoesnot/ilea
co0plaint.
I/carnal#nowled(ewas0adepossi)le)ecase
o/ /radlent 0ac1inations and (rave a)se o/
at1orit*, t1e cri0e is rape. .1is a)sor)s t1e
cri0eo/7ali/iedandsi0plesedctionw1enno
/orce or violence was sed, )t t1e o//ender
a)sed1isat1orit*torapet1evicti0.
-nder Article 2DD&C, t1e o//ended wo0an 0a*
pardont1eo//endert1ro(1as)se7entvalid
0arria(e, t1e e//ect o/ w1ic1 wold )e t1e
extinctiono/t1eo//ender3slia)ilit*.Si0ilarl*,t1e
le(al1s)and0a*)epardoned)*/or(iveness
o/t1ewi/eprovidedt1att1e0arria(eisnotvoid
a) initio. !)viosl*, nder t1e new law, t1e
1s)and0a*)elia)le/orrapei/1iswi/edoes
notwantto1avesexwit11i0.Itiseno(1t1at
t1ere is indication o/ an* a0ont o/ resistance
asto0a#eitrape.
Incestos rape was coined in Spre0e Cort
decisions. It re/ers to rape co00itted )* an
ascendant o/ t1e o//ended wo0an. In sc1
cases,t1e/orceandinti0idationneednot)eo/
sc1natreaswold)ere7iredinrapecases
1adt1eaccsed)eenastran(er. Conversel*,
t1eSpre0eCortexpectedt1ati/t1eo//ender
isnot#nowntowo0an,itisnecessar*t1att1ere
)eevidenceo/a//ir0ativeresistancept p)*
t1e o//ended wo0an. Mere Hno, noI is not
eno(1i/t1eo//enderisastran(er,alt1o(1i/
t1erapeisincestos,t1isiseno(1.
.1enewrapelawalsore7irest1att1ere)ea
p1*sical overt act 0ani/estin( resistance, i/ t1e
o//ended part* was in a sitation w1ere 1e or
s1e isincapa)le o/(ivin( valid consent,t1is is
ad0issi)le in evidence to s1ow t1at carnal
#nowled(ewasa(ainst1isor1erwill.
W1en t1e victi0 is )elow $2 *ears old, 0ere
sexalintercorsewit11erisalread*rape.Even
i/itwass1ew1owantedt1esexalintercorse,
t1e cri0e will )e rape. .1is is re/erred to as
stattor*rape.
Inot1ercases,t1ere0st)e/orce,inti0idation,
orviolenceprovento1ave)eenexertedto)rin(
a)ot carnal #nowled(e or t1e wo0an 0st
1ave )een deprived o/ reason or ot1erwise
nconscios.
W1eret1evicti0isover$2*earsold,it0st)e
s1own t1at t1e carnal #nowled(e wit1 1er was
o)tained a(ainst 1er will. It is necessar* t1at
t1ere)eevidenceo/so0eresistanceptp)*
t1e o//ended wo0an. It is not, 1owever,
necessar* t1at t1e o//ended part* s1old exert
all 1ere//ortstopreventt1ecarnal intercorse.
It is eno(1 t1at /ro0 1er resistance, it wold
appeart1att1ecarnalintercorseisa(ainst1er
will.
Mere initial resistance, w1ic1 does not indicate
re/sal ont1epart o/ t1e o//endedpart*to t1e
sexal intercorse, will not )e eno(1 to )rin(
a)ott1ecri0eo/rape.
Note t1at it 1as )een 1eld t1at in t1e cri0e o/
rape, conviction does not re7ire 0edico&le(al
/indin( o/ an* penetration on t1e part o/ t1e
wo0an. A 0edico&le(al certi/icate is not
necessar* or indispensa)le to convict t1e
accsedo/t1ecri0eo/rape.
It1asalso)een1eldt1atalt1o(1t1eo//ended
wo0an w1o is t1e victi0 o/ t1e rape /ailed to
addceevidencere(ardin(t1eda0a(esto1er
)*reasono/t1erape,t1ecort0a*ta#eAdicial
notice t1at t1ere is sc1 da0a(e in cri0es
a(ainst c1astit*. .1e standard a0ont (iven
nowisP:>,>>>.>>,wit1orwit1otevidenceo/
an* 0oral da0a(e. "t t1ereareso0ecases
w1eret1ecortawardedonl*P2>,>>>.>>.
An accsed 0a* )e convicted o/ rape on t1e
soletesti0on*o/t1eo//endedwo0an. Itdoes
not re7ire t1at testi0on* )e corro)orated
)e/ore a conviction 0a* stand. .1is is
particlarl*trei/t1eco00issiono/t1erapeis
sc1 t1at t1e narration o/ t1e o//ended wo0an
wold lead to no ot1er conclsion except t1at
t1erapewasco00itted.
IllstrationB
Da(1ter accses 1er own /at1er o/ 1avin(
raped1er.
Alle(ation o/ several accsed t1at t1e wo0an
consentedtot1eirsexalintercorsewit11eris
apropositionw1ic1isrevoltin(toreasont1ata
wo0anwoldallow0oret1anone0anto1ave
sexal intercorse wit1 1er in t1e presence o/
t1eot1ers.
It 1as also )een rled t1at rape can )e
co00itted in a standin( position )ecase
co0plete penetration is not necessar*. .1e
sli(1testpenetrationCcontactwit1t1ela)iaCwill
cons00atet1erape.
!nt1eot1er1and,aslon(ast1ereisanintent
to e//ect sexal co1esion, alt1o(1
nsccess/l, t1e cri0e )eco0es atte0pted
rape. 4owever, i/ t1at intention is not proven,
t1e o//ender can onl* )e convicted o/ acts o/
lasciviosness.
.1e 0ain distinction )etween t1e cri0e o/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
atte0ptedrapeandactso/lasciviosnessist1e
intenttoliewit1t1eo//endedwo0an.
In a case w1ere t1e accsed A0ped pon a
wo0an and t1rew 1er to t1e (rond, alt1o(1
t1e accsed raised 1er s#irts, t1e accsed did
not 0a#e an* e//ort to re0ove 1er nderwear.
Instead, 1e re0oved 1is own nderwear and
placed1i0sel/ontopo/t1ewo0anandstarted
per/or0in( sexal 0ove0ents. .1erea/ter,
w1en1ewas/inis1ed,1estoodpandle/t..1e
cri0e co00itted is onl* acts o/ lasciviosness
andnotatte0ptedrape..1e/actt1at1edidnot
re0ove t1e nderwear o/ t1e victi0 indicates
t1at1edoesnot1avearealintentiontoe//ecta
penetration.Itwasonl*tosatis/*alewddesi(n.
Is t1ere a co0plex cri0e nder Article ;E o/
#idnappin(wit1rapeNRead#idnappin(.
AN.I&5I!LENCEA?AINS.W!MENAND.4EIRC4ILDRENAC.!,2>>;%R.A.'2D2+
M5iolence a(ainst wo0en and t1eir c1ildrenM
re/ers to an* act or a series o/ acts
co00itted)*an*persona(ainstawo0an
w1o is 1is wi/e, /or0er wi/e, or a(ainst a
wo0anwit1w1o0t1eperson1asor1ada
sexal or datin( relations1ip, or wit1w1o0
1e1asaco00onc1ild,ora(ainst1erc1ild
w1et1er le(iti0ate or ille(iti0ate, wit1in or
wit1ott1e/a0il*a)ode,w1ic1resltinoris
li#el* to reslt in p1*sical, sexal,
ps*c1olo(ical 1ar0 or s//erin(, or
econo0ic a)se incldin( t1reats o/ sc1
acts,)atter*,assalt,coercion,1arass0ent
orar)itrar*deprivationo/li)ert*.Itincldes,
)tisnotli0itedto,t1e/ollowin(actsB
A. MP1*sical 5iolenceM re/ers to acts t1at
inclde)odil*orp1*sical1ar06
".MSexalviolenceMre/erstoanactw1ic1is
sexal in natre, co00itted a(ainst a
wo0an or 1er c1ild. It incldes, )t is
notli0itedtoB
a+ rape, sexal 1arass0ent, acts o/
lasciviosness,treatin(awo0anor1er
c1ildasasexo)Aect,0a#in(de0eanin(
and sexall* s((estive re0ar#s,
p1*sicall* attac#in( t1e sexal parts o/
t1e victi0Ps )od*, /orcin( 1er/1i0 to
watc1 o)scene p)lications and
indecents1owsor/orcin(t1ewo0anor
1er c1ild to do indecent acts and/or
0a#e/il0st1ereo/,/orcin(t1ewi/eand
0istress/lover to live in t1e conA(al
1o0e or sleep to(et1er in t1e sa0e
roo0wit1t1ea)ser6
)+ acts casin( or atte0ptin( to case t1e
victi0 to en(a(e in an* sexal activit*
)* /orce, t1reat o/ /orce, p1*sical or
ot1er1ar0ort1reato/p1*sicalorot1er
1ar0orcoercion6
c+Prostittin(t1ewo0anorc1ild.
C.MPs*c1olo(icalviolenceMre/erstoactsor
o0issions casin( or li#el* to case
0ental or e0otional s//erin( o/ t1e
victi0 sc1 as )t not li0ited to
inti0idation, 1arass0ent, stal#in(,
da0a(e to propert*, p)lic ridicle or
10iliation, repeated ver)al a)se and
0ental in/idelit*. It incldes casin( or
allowin( t1e victi0 to witness t1e
p1*sical,sexalorps*c1olo(icala)se
o/a0e0)ero/t1e/a0il*tow1ic1t1e
victi0 )elon(s, or to witness
porno(rap1* in an* /or0 or to witness
a)sive inAr* to pets or to nlaw/l or
nwanted deprivation o/ t1e ri(1t to
cstod* and/or visitation o/ co00on
c1ildren.
D. MEcono0ic a)seM re/ers to acts t1at
0a#e or atte0pt to 0a#e a wo0an
/inanciall* dependent w1ic1 incldes,
)tisnotli0itedtot1e/ollowin(B
$. wit1drawal o/ /inancial spport or
preventin(t1evicti0/ro0en(a(in(
in an* le(iti0ate pro/ession,
occpation, )siness or activit*,
except in cases w1erein t1e ot1er
spose/partner o)Aects on valid,
serios and 0oral (ronds as
de/ined in Article F: o/ t1e ,a0il*
Code6
2.deprivationort1reato/deprivationo/
/inancial resorces and t1e ri(1t to
t1e se and enAo*0ent o/ t1e
conA(al, co00nit* or propert*
ownedinco00on6
:.destro*in(1ose1oldpropert*6
;.controllin(t1evicti0sPown0one*or
properties or solel* controllin( t1e
conA(al 0one*or properties %Sec.
:+.
Pnis1a)leacts
Acts o/ 5iolence A(ainst Wo0en and .1eir
C1ildren.&.1ecri0eo/violencea(ainstwo0en
and t1eir c1ildren is co00itted t1ro(1 an* o/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1e/ollowin(actsB
%a+Casin(p1*sical1ar0tot1ewo0anor1er
c1ild6
%)+.1reatenin(tocaset1ewo0anor1erc1ild
p1*sical1ar06
%c+Atte0ptin(tocaset1ewo0anor1erc1ild
p1*sical1ar06
%d+ Placin( t1e wo0an or 1er c1ild in /ear o/
i00inentp1*sical1ar06
%e+ Atte0ptin( to co0pel or co0pellin( t1e
wo0an or 1er c1ild to en(a(e in condct
w1ic1t1ewo0anor1erc1ild1ast1eri(1tto
desist/ro0ordesist/ro0condctw1ic1t1e
wo0anor1erc1ild1ast1eri(1ttoen(a(e
in,oratte0ptin(torestrictorrestrictin(t1e
wo0anPsor1erc1ildPs/reedo0o/0ove0ent
or condct )* /orce or t1reat o/ /orce,
p1*sicalorot1er1ar0ort1reato/p1*sical
or ot1er 1ar0, or inti0idation directed
a(ainst t1e wo0an or c1ild. .1is s1all
inclde,)tnotli0itedto,t1e/ollowin(acts
co00itted wit1 t1e prpose or e//ect o/
controllin(orrestrictin(t1ewo0anPsor1er
c1ildPs0ove0entorcondctB
%$+ .1reatenin( to deprive or actall*
deprivin( t1e wo0an or 1er c1ild o/
cstod*to1er/1is/a0il*6
%2+ Deprivin( or t1reatenin( to deprive t1e
wo0an or 1er c1ildren o/ /inancial
spportle(all*de1eror1er/a0il*,or
deli)eratel* providin( t1e wo0anPs
c1ildrenins//icient/inancialspport6
%:+ Deprivin( or t1reatenin( to deprive t1e
wo0anor1erc1ildo/ale(alri(1t6
%;+Preventin(t1ewo0aninen(a(in(inan*
le(iti0ate pro/ession, occpation,
)siness or activit* or controllin( t1e
victi0Ps own 0on;e* or properties, or
solel* controllin( t1e conA(al or
co00on0one*,orproperties6
%/+In/lictin(ort1reatenin(toin/lictp1*sical1ar0
ononesel//ort1eprposeo/controllin(1er
actionsordecisions6
%(+Casin(oratte0ptin(tocaset1ewo0anor
1er c1ild to en(a(e in an* sexal activit*
w1ic1 doesnotconstitte rape, )* /orce or
t1reat o/ /orce, p1*sical 1ar0, or t1ro(1
inti0idation directed a(ainst t1e wo0an or
1erc1ildor1er/1isi00ediate/a0il*6
%1+En(a(in(inprpose/l,#nowin(,orrec#less
condct,personall*ort1ro(1anot1er,t1at
alar0s or cases s)stantial e0otional or
ps*c1olo(ical distress tot1e wo0an or1er
c1ild. .1is s1all inclde, )t not )e li0ited
to,t1e/ollowin(actsB
%$+ Stal#in( or /ollowin( t1e wo0an or 1er
c1ildinp)licorprivateplaces6
%2+ Peerin( in t1e window or lin(erin(
otside t1e residence o/ t1e wo0an or
1erc1ild6
%:+Enterin(orre0ainin(int1edwellin(or
on t1e propert* o/ t1e wo0an or 1er
c1ilda(ainst1er/1iswill6
%;+ Destro*in( t1e propert* and personal
)elon(in(sorin/lictin(1ar0toani0als
orpetso/t1ewo0anor1erc1ild6and
%9+En(a(in( in an*/or0 o/ 1arass0ent or
violence6
%i+Casin(0ental ore0otionalan(is1,p)lic
ridicle or 10iliation to t1e wo0an or 1er
c1ild,incldin(,)tnotli0itedto,repeated
ver)al and e0otional a)se, and denial o/
/inancial spport or cstod* o/ 0inor
c1ildren o/ access to t1e wo0anPs
c1ild/c1ildren%Sec.9+.
AN.I&C4ILDP!RN!?RAP4LLAW%R.A.'FF9+
De/initiono/ter0s
%a+ MC1ildM re/ers to a person )elow ei(1teen
%$E+ *ears o/ a(e or over, )t is na)le to
/ll*ta#ecareo/1i0sel//1ersel//ro0a)se,
ne(lect, crelt*, exploitation or
discri0ination )ecase o/ a p1*sical or
0entaldisa)ilit*orcondition.
,ort1eprposeo/t1isAct,ac1ilds1allalso
re/ertoB
%$+ a person re(ardless o/ a(e w1o is
presented, depicted or portra*ed as a
c1ildasde/ined1erein6and
%2+ co0pter&(enerated, di(itall* or
0anall*cra/tedi0a(esor(rap1icso/a
person w1o is represented or w1o is
0adetoappearto)eac1ildasde/ined
1erein.
%)+ MC1ild porno(rap1*M re/ers to an*
representation, w1et1er visal, adio, or
written co0)ination t1ereo/, )* electronic,
0ec1anical,di(ital,optical,0a(neticoran*
ot1er0eans,o/c1ilden(a(edorinvolvedin
realorsi0latedexplicitsexalactivities.
%c+ MExplicit Sexal Activit*M incldes actal or
si0lated&
%$+Asto/or0B
%i+ sexal intercorse or lascivios act
incldin(,)tnotli0itedto,contact
involvin( (enital to (enital, oral to
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
(enital, anal to (enital, or oral to
anal, w1et1er )etween persons o/
t1esa0eoroppositesex6
%2+)estialit*6
%:+0astr)ation6
%;+sadisticor0asoc1istica)se6
%9+ lascivios ex1i)ition o/ t1e (enitals,
)ttoc#s, )reasts, p)ic area and/or
ans6or
%D+ se o/ an* o)Aect or instr0ent /or
lasciviosacts
%d+MInternetaddressMre/erstoawe)site,)lletin
)oard service, internet c1at roo0 or news
(rop, or an* ot1er internet or s1ared
networ#protocoladdress.
%e+ MInternet ca/e or #ios#M re/ers to an
esta)lis10entt1ato//ersorproposestoo//er
services to t1e p)lic /or t1e se o/ its
co0pter/s or co0pter s*ste0 /or t1e
prposeo/accessin(t1einternet,co0pter
(a0esorrelatedservices.
%/+MInternetcontent1ostMre/erstoapersonw1o
1osts or w1o proposes to 1ost internet
contentint1eP1ilippines.
%(+ MInternet service provider %ISP+M re/ers to a
personorentit*t1atsppliesorproposesto
sppl*, an internet carria(e service to t1e
p)lic.
%1+ M?roo0in(M re/ers to t1e act o/ preparin( a
c1ildorso0eonew1ot1eo//ender)elieves
to )e a c1ild /or sexal activit* or sexal
relations1ip )* co00nicatin( an* /or0 o/
c1ild porno(rap1*. It incldes online
entice0entorentice0entt1ro(1an*ot1er
0eans.
%i+MLrin(Mre/erstot1eacto/co00nicatin(,)*
0eanso/aco0pters*ste0,wit1ac1ildor
so0eonew1ot1eo//ender)elievesto)ea
c1ild /or t1e prpose o/ /acilitatin( t1e
co00ission o/ sexal activit* or prodction
o/ an* /or0 o/ c1ild porno(rap1*.%2+
"estialit*6
%A+ MPanderin(M re/ers to t1e act o/ o//erin(,
advertisin(, pro0otin(, representin( or
distri)tin(t1ro(1an*0eansan*0aterial
or prported 0aterial t1at is intended to
caseanot1erto)elievet1att1e0aterialor
prported0aterialcontainsan*/or0o/c1ild
porno(rap1*, re(ardless o/ t1e actal
contento/t1e0aterialorprported0aterial.
%#+ MPersonM re/ers to an* natral or Aridical
entit*%Sec.:+.
-nlaw/lorpnis1a)leacts
$. .o 1ire,e0plo*,se, persade,indce or
coerceac1ildtoper/or0int1ecreationor
prodction o/ an* /or0 o/ c1ild
porno(rap1*6
2. .o prodce, direct, 0an/actre or create
an*/or0o/c1ildporno(rap1*6
:. .o p)lis1 o//er, trans0it, sell, distri)te,
)roadcast, advertise, pro0ote, export or
i0portan*/or0o/c1ildporno(rap1*6
;. .opossessan*/or0o/c1ildporno(rap1*
wit1t1eintenttosell,distri)te,p)lis1,or
)roadcastB Provided. .1at possession o/
t1ree %:+ or 0ore articles o/ c1ild
porno(rap1* o/ t1e sa0e /or0 s1all )e
pri0a /acie evidence o/ t1e intent to sell,
distri)te,p)lis1or)roadcast6
9. .o #nowin(l*, will/ll* and intentionall*
provide a vene /or t1e co00ission o/
pro1i)itedactsas,)tnotli0itedto,dens,
private roo0s, c)icles, cine0as, 1oses
or in esta)lis10ents prportin( to )e a
le(iti0ate)siness6
D. ,or /il0 distri)tors, t1eaters and
teleco00nication co0panies, )*
t1e0selves or in cooperation wit1 ot1er
entities, to distri)te an* /or0 o/ c1ild
porno(rap1*6
F. ,or a parent, le(al (ardian or person
1avin( cstod* or control o/ a c1ild to
#nowin(l* per0it t1e c1ild to en(a(e,
participate or assist in an* /or0 o/ c1ild
porno(rap1*6
E. .o en(a(e in t1e lrin( or (roo0in( o/ a
c1ild6
'. .oen(a(einpanderin(o/an*/or0o/c1ild
porno(rap1*6
$>. .o will/ll* access an* /or0 o/ c1ild
porno(rap1*6
$$. .oconspiretoco00itan*o/t1epro1i)ited
acts stated in t1is section. Conspirac* to
co00itan*/or0o/c1ildporno(rap1*s1all
)e co00itted w1en two %2+ or 0ore
personsco0etoana(ree0entconcernin(
t1e co00ission o/ an* o/ t1e said
pro1i)itedactsanddecidetoco00itit6and
12. .opossessan*/or0o/c1ildporno(rap1*
%Sec.;+.
AN.I&4AUIN?LAW%R.A.E>;'+
4a8in(6De/inition 4a8in( is an initiation rite or practice as a
prere7isite/orad0issioninto0e0)ers1ipina
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
/raternit*,sororit*oror(ani8ation)*placin(t1e
recrit, neop1*te or applicant in so0e
e0)arrassin( or 10iliatin( sitations sc1 as
/orcin(1i0todo0enial,sill*,/oolis1andot1er
si0ilartas#soractivitiesorot1erwises)Aectin(
1i0 to p1*sical or ps*c1olo(ical s//erin( or
inAr*%Sec.$+.
Allowedinitiationrites
No 1a8in( or initiation rites in an* /or0 or
0anner )* a /raternit*, sororit* or or(ani8ation
s1all )e allowed wit1ot prior written notice to
t1e sc1ool at1orities or 1ead o/ or(ani8ation
seven %F+ da*s )e/ore t1e condct o/ sc1
initiation. .1e written notice s1all indicate t1e
period o/ t1e initiation activities w1ic1 s1all not
exceedt1ree%:+da*s,s1all incldet1ena0es
o/t1oseto)es)Aectedtosc1activities,and
s1all /rt1er contain an nderta#in( t1at no
p1*sical violence )e e0plo*ed )* an*)od*
drin(sc1initiationrites%Sec.2+.
Pnis1a)leacts6W1oarelia)le
I/t1epersons)Aectedto1a8in(orot1er/or0s
o/ initiation rites s//ers an* p1*sical inAr* or
dies as a reslt t1ereo/, t1e o//icers and
0e0)ers o/ t1e /raternit*, sororit* or
or(ani8ation w1o actall* participated in t1e
in/liction o/ p1*sical 1ar0 s1all )e lia)le as
principals. .1e person or persons w1o
participatedint1e1a8in(s1alls//erB
$. .1e penalt* o/ reclsion perpeta %li/e
i0prison0ent+i/deat1,rape,sodo0*or
0tilationresltst1ere/ro0.
2. .1e penalt* o/ reclsion te0poral in its
0axi00 period %$F *ears, ; 0ont1s
and$da*to2>*ears+i/inconse7ence
o/ t1e 1a8in( t1e victi0 s1all )eco0e
insane,i0)ecile,i0potentor)lind.
:. .1e penalt* o/ reclsion te0poral in its
0edi0period%$;*ears,E0ont1sand
oneda*to$F*earsand;0ont1s+i/in
conse7ence o/ t1e 1a8in( t1e victi0
s1all1avelostt1eseo/speec1ort1e
powerto1earortos0ell,ors1all1ave
lostane*e,a1and,a/oot,anar0ora
le(ors1all1avelostt1eseo/an*sc1
0e0)er s1all 1ave )eco0e
incapacitated /or t1e activit* or wor# in
w1ic11ewas1a)itall*en(a(ed.
;. .1e penalt* o/ reclsion te0poral in its
0ini00period%$2*earsandoneda*
to $; *ears and E 0ont1s+ i/ in
conse7ence o/ t1e 1a8in( t1e victi0
s1all )eco0e de/or0ed or s1all 1ave
lost an*ot1erpart o/ 1is)od*, or s1all
1avelostt1eset1ereo/,ors1all1ave
)een ill or incapacitated /or t1e
per/or0ance on t1e activit* or wor# in
w1ic1 1e was 1a)itall* en(a(ed /or a
periodo/0oret1anninet*%'>+da*s.
9. .1e penalt* o/ prison 0a*or in its
0axi00period%$>*earsandoneda*
to $2 *ears+ i/ in conse7ence o/ t1e
1a8in( t1e victi0 s1all 1ave )een ill or
incapacitated/ort1eper/or0anceont1e
activit* or wor# in w1ic1 1e was
1a)itall*en(a(ed/oraperiodo/0ore
t1ant1irt*%:>+da*s.
D..1epenalt*o/prison0a*orinits0edi0
period%E*earsandoneda*to$>*ears+
i/ in conse7ence o/ t1e 1a8in( t1e
victi0 s1all 1ave )een ill or
1a)itall* en(a(ed /or a period o/ ten
%$>+ da*s or 0ore, or t1at t1e inAr*
sstained s1all re7ire 0edical
assistance/ort1esa0eperiod.
F. .1e penalt* o/ prison 0a*or in its
0ini00period%D*earsandoneda*to
E*ears+i/inconse7enceo/t1e1a8in(
t1e victi0 s1all 1ave )een ill or
1a)itall*en(a(ed/ro0one%$+tonine
%'+ da*s, or t1at t1e inAr* sstained
s1all re7ire 0edical assistance/or t1e
sa0eperiod.
E. .1e penalt* o/ prison correccional in its
0axi00period%;*ears,20ont1sand
oneda*toD*ears+i/inconse7enceo/
t1e1a8in(t1evicti0sstainedp1*sical
inAries w1ic1 do not prevent 1i0 /ro0
en(a(in(in1is1a)italactivit*orwor#
norre7ire0edicalattendance.
.1eresponsi)leo//icialso/t1esc1ooloro/t1e
police, 0ilitar* or citi8enPs ar0* trainin(
or(ani8ation, 0a* i0pose t1e appropriate
ad0inistrative sanctions on t1e person or t1e
persons c1ar(ed nder t1is provision even
)e/ore t1eir conviction. .1e 0axi00 penalt*
1erein provided s1all )ei0posed inan* o/ t1e
/ollowin(instancesB
%a+w1ent1erecrit0entisacco0panied)*
/orce, violence, t1reat, inti0idation or
deceit ont1e persono/t1e recrit w1o
re/sestoAoin6
%)+ w1en t1e recrit, neop1*te or applicant
initiall* consents to Aoin )t pon
learnin(t1at1a8in(will)eco00ittedon
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
1isperson,isprevented/ro07ittin(6
%c+ w1en t1e recrit, neop1*te or applicant
1avin( nder(one 1a8in( is prevented
/ro0 reportin( t1e nlaw/l act to 1is
parents or (ardians, to t1e proper
sc1ool at1orities, or to t1e police
at1orities, t1ro(1 /orce, violence,
t1reatorinti0idation6
%d+w1ent1e1a8in(isco00ittedotsideo/
t1esc1oolorinstittion6or
%e+ w1en t1e victi0 is )elow twelve %$2+
*earso/a(eatt1eti0eo/t1e1a8in(.
.1e owner o/ t1e place w1ere 1a8in( is
condcted s1all )e lia)le as an acco0plice,
w1en 1e 1as actal #nowled(e o/ t1e 1a8in(
condctedt1erein)t/ailedtota#ean*actionto
preventt1esa0e/ro0occrrin(.I/t1e1a8in(is
1eld in t1e 1o0e o/ one o/ t1e o//icers or
0e0)ers o/ t1e /raternit*, (rop, or
or(ani8ation,t1eparentss1all)e1eldlia)leas
principals w1en t1e* 1ave actal #nowled(e o/
t1e 1a8in( condcted t1erein )t /ailed to ta#e
an*actiontopreventt1esa0e/ro0occrrin(.
.1esc1oolat1oritiesincldin(/aclt*0e0)ers
w1o consent to t1e 1a8in( or w1o 1ave actal
#nowled(et1ereo/,)t/ailedtota#ean*action
to prevent t1e sa0e /ro0 occrrin( s1all )e
pnis1edasacco0plices/ort1eactso/1a8in(
co00itted)*t1eperpetrators.
.1e o//icers, /or0er o//icers, or al0ni o/ t1e
or(ani8ation, (rop, /raternit* or sororit* w1o
actall*plannedt1e1a8in(alt1o(1notpresent
w1en t1e acts constittin( t1e 1a8in( were
co00itted s1all )e lia)le as principals. A
/raternit* or sororit*Ps adviser w1o is present
w1en t1e acts constittin( t1e 1a8in( were
co00itted and /ailed to ta#e action to prevent
t1e sa0e /ro0 occrrin( s1all )e lia)le as
principal.
.1epresenceo/an*persondrin(t1e1a8in(is
pri0a /acie evidence o/ participation t1erein as
principalnless1epreventedt1eco00issiono/
t1eactspnis1a)le1erein.
An* person c1ar(ed nder t1is provision s1all
not )e entitled to t1e 0iti(atin( circ0stance
t1att1erewasnointentiontoco00itso(ravea
wron(.
.1is section s1all appl* to t1e president,
0ana(er,directororot1erresponsi)leo//icero/
a corporation en(a(ed in 1a8in( as a
re7ire0ent /or e0plo*0ent in t1e 0anner
provided1erein%Sec.;+.
!r(ani8ations inclde an* cl) or A,P, PNP,
PMA or o//icer or cadet corps o/ t1e CM. or
CA..
Section 2 re7ires a written notice to sc1ool

at1orities /ro0 t1e 1ead o/ t1e or(ani8ation
seven da*s prior to t1e rites and s1old not
exceedt1reeda*sindration.
Section : re7ires spervision )* 1ead o/ t1e
sc1oolort1eor(ani8ationo/t1erites.
Section;7ali/iest1ecri0ei/rape,sodo0*or
0tilation reslts t1ere/ro0, i/ t1e person
)eco0es insane, an i0)ecile, or i0potent or
)lind )ecase o/ sc1, i/ t1e person loses t1e
seo/speec1ort1epowerto1earors0ell or
ane*e,a/oot,anar0orale(,ort1eseo/an*
sc1 0e0)er or an* o/ t1e serios p1*sical
inAries or t1e less serios p1*sical inAries.
Also i/ t1e victi0 is )elow $2, or )eco0es
incapacitated/ort1ewor#1e1a)itall*en(a(es
in/or:>,$>,$&'da*s.
It 1olds t1e parents, sc1ool at1orities w1o
consentedorw1o1adactal#nowled(ei/t1e*
didnot1in( toprevent it,o//icersand 0e0)ers
w1o planned, #nowin(l* cooperated or were
present, present al0ni o/ t1e or(ani8ation,
ownero/t1eplacew1eresc1occrredlia)le.
SPECIAL PR!.EC.I!N !, C4ILDREN A?AINS. C4ILD A"-SE, EOPL!I.A.I!N, AND
DISCRIMINA.I!NAC.%R.A.FD$>,ASAMENDED+
.1elastpara(rap1o/Article5Io/Rep)licAct
No.FD$>,providesB
H,or prposes o/ t1is Act, t1e penalt* /or t1e
co00ission o/ acts pnis1a)le nder Articles
2;E,2;',2D2%2+and2D:%$+o/ActNo:E$9,as
a0ended o/ t1e Revised Penal Code /or t1e
cri0es o/ 0rder, 1o0icide, ot1er intentional
0tilation, and serios p1*sical inAries,
respectivel*, s1all )e reclsion perpeta w1en
t1evicti0isndertwelve*earso/a(e.I
.1e provisions o/ Rep)lic Act No. F$D>
0odi/ied t1e provisions o/ t1e Revised Penal
Code in so /ar as t1e victi0 o/ t1e /elonies
re/erredtoisnder$2*earso/a(e. .1eclear
intention is to pnis1 t1e said cri0es wit1 a
1i(1er penalt* w1en t1e victi0 is a c1ild o/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
tendera(e.Incidentall*,t1ere/erencetoArticle
2;'o/t1eCodew1ic1de/inesandpenali8est1e
cri0e o/ 1o0icide were t1e victi0 is nder $2
*earsoldisanerror. Rillin(ac1ildnder$2is
0rder, not 1o0icide, )ecase t1e victi0 is
nder no position to de/end 1i0sel/ as 1eld in
t1ecaseo/Peoplev.?ano1on,$'DSCRA;:$.
,or 0rder, t1e penalt* provided )* t1e Code,

as a0ended )* Rep)lic Act No. FD9', is
reclsion perpeta to deat1 C 1i(1er t1an w1at
Rep)lic Act no. FD$> provides. Accordin(l*,
inso/arast1ecri0eis0rder,Article2;Eo/t1e
Code, as a0ended, s1all (overn even i/ t1e
victi0wasnder$2*earso/a(e. Itisonl*in
respecto/t1ecri0eso/intentional0tilationin
para(rap1 2 o/ Article 2D2 and o/ serios
p1*sicalinAriesinpara(rap1$o/Article2D:o/
t1eCodet1att1e7oted provisiono/ Rep)lic
Act No. F$D> 0a* )e applied /or t1e 1i(1er
penalt*w1ent1evicti0isnder$2*earsold.
Covera(e
%$+ C1ild Prostittion and ot1er sexal
a)se6
%2+ C1ildtra//ic#in(6
%:+ !)scene p)lications and indecent
s1ows6
%;+ !t1eractso/a)ses6and
%9+ Circ0stances w1ic1 t1reaten or
endan(er t1e srvival and nor0al
develop0ento/c1ildren.
C1ildprostittion,pnis1a)leacts
$. C1ild Prostittion and !t1er Sexal
A)se. CC1ildren,w1et1er0ale or /e0ale,
w1o /or 0one*, pro/it, or an* ot1er
consideration or de to t1e coercion or
in/lence o/ an* adlt, s*ndicate or (rop,
indl(e in sexal intercorse or lascivios
condct, are dee0ed to )e c1ildren
exploited in prostittion and ot1er sexal
a)se.
.1e penalt* o/ reclsion te0poral in its
0edi0 period to reclsion perpeta s1all
)ei0posedpont1e/ollowin(B
%a+ .1ose w1o en(a(e in or pro0ote,
/acilitate or indce c1ild prostittion
w1ic1inclde,)tarenotli0itedto,t1e
/ollowin(B
%$+ Actin( as a procrer o/ a c1ild
prostitte6
%2+Indcin(apersonto)eacliento/a
c1ild prostitte )* 0eans o/ written
or oral advertise0ents or ot1er
si0ilar0eans6
%:+ .a#in( advanta(e o/ in/lence or
relations1ip to procre a c1ild as
prostitte6
%;+ .1reatenin( or sin( violence
towardsac1ildtoen(a(e1i0asa
prostitte6or
%9+?ivin(0onetar*consideration(oods
orot1erpecniar*)ene/ittoac1ild
wit1 intent to en(a(e sc1 c1ild in
prostittion.
%)+ .1ose w1o co00it t1e act o/ sexal
intercorse o/lascivioscondctwit1a
c1ild exploited in prostittion or s)Aect
to ot1er sexal a)se6 Provided, .1at
w1en t1e victi0s is nder twelve %$2+
*ears o/ a(e, t1e perpetrators s1all )e
prosectednderArticle::9,para(rap1
:, /or rape and Article ::D o/ Act No.
:E$9, as a0ended, t1e Revised Penal
Code,/orrapeorlascivioscondct,as
t1e case 0a* )eB Provided, .1at t1e
penalt*/orlascivioscondctw1ent1e
victi0isndertwelve%$2+*earso/a(e
s1all)ereclsionte0poralinits0edi0
period6and
%c+ .1ose w1o derive pro/it or advanta(e
t1ere/ro0,w1et1eras0ana(erorowner
o/ t1e esta)lis10ent w1ere t1e
prostittionta#esplace,oro/t1esana,
disco,)ar,resort,placeo/entertain0ent
or esta)lis10ent servin( as a cover or
w1ic1en(a(esinprostittioninaddition
tot1eactivit* /orw1ic1t1elicense1as
)eenissedtosaidesta)lis10ent%Sec.
9+.
2. Atte0pt.o Co00itC1ildProstittion.C
.1ere is an atte0pt to co00it c1ild
prostittion nder Section 9, para(rap1 %a+
1ereo/ w1en an* person w1o, not )ein( a
relative o/ a c1ild, is /ond alone wit1 t1e
said c1ild inside t1e roo0 or c)icle o/ a
1ose,aninn,1otel,0otel,pension1ose,
apartelle or ot1er si0ilar esta)lis10ents,
vessel, ve1icle or an* ot1er 1idden or
seclded area nder circ0stances w1ic1
wold lead a reasona)le person to )elieve
t1at t1e c1ild is a)ot to )e exploited in
prostittionandot1ersexala)se.
.1ere is also an atte0pt to co00it c1ild
prostittion,nder para(rap1 %)+o/ Section
9 1ereo/ w1en an* person is receivin(
services /ro0 a c1ild in a sana parlor or
)at1,0assa(eclinic,1ealt1cl)andot1er
si0ilar esta)lis10ents. A penalt* lower )*
two%2+de(reest1ant1atprescri)ed/ort1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
cons00ated/elon*nderSection91ereo/
s1all)ei0posedpont1eprincipalso/t1e
atte0pt to co00it t1e cri0e o/ c1ild
prostittionndert1isAct,or,int1eproper
case,ndert1eRevisedPenal Code %Sec.
D+.
C1ildtra//ic#in(,pnis1a)leacts
3. C1ild.ra//ic#in(.CAn*personw1os1all
en(a(eintradin(anddealin(wit1c1ildren
incldin(,)tnotli0itedto,t1eacto/)*in(
andsellin(o/a c1ild/or0one*,or/oran*
ot1er consideration, or )arter, s1all s//er
t1e penalt* o/ reclsion te0poral to
reclsion perpeta. .1e penalt* s1all )e
i0posed in its 0axi00 period w1en t1e
victi0 is nder twelve %$2+ *ears o/ a(e
%Sec.F+.
2.Atte0pttoCo00itC1ild.ra//ic#in(.C.1ereis
anatte0pttoco00itc1ildtra//ic#in(nder
SectionFo/t1isActB
%a+ W1en a c1ild travels alone to a /orei(n
contr*wit1otvalidreasont1ere/orand
wit1ot clearance issed )* t1e
Depart0ent o/ Social Wel/are and
Develop0ent or written per0it or
Asti/ication /ro0 t1e c1ildPs parents or
le(al(ardian6
%c+ W1en a person, a(enc*, esta)lis10ent
orc1ild&carin(instittionrecritswo0en
or coples to )ear c1ildren /or t1e
prposeo/c1ildtra//ic#in(6or
%d+W1enadoctor,1ospital orclinico//icial
or e0plo*ee, nrse, 0idwi/e, local civil
re(istrar or an* ot1er person si0lates
)irt1/ort1eprposeo/c1ildtra//ic#in(6
or
%e+ W1en a person en(a(es in t1e act o/
/indin( c1ildren a0on( low&inco0e
/a0ilies, 1ospitals, clinics, nrseries,
da*&care centers, or ot1er c1ild&drin(
instittions w1o can )e o//ered /or t1e
prposeo/c1ildtra//ic#in(.
A penalt* lower two %2+ de(rees t1an t1at
prescri)ed /or t1e cons00ated /elon*
nder Section F 1ereo/ s1all )e i0posed
pont1eprincipalso/t1eatte0pttoco00it
c1ildtra//ic#in(ndert1isAct%Sec.E+.
Co00onPenalProvisions.C
%a+.1epenalt*providedndert1isActs1all
)ei0posedinits0axi00periodi/t1e
o//ender 1as )een previosl* convicted
ndert1isAct6
%)+ W1en t1e o//ender is a corporation,
partners1iporassociation,t1eo//iceror
e0plo*eet1ereo/w1oisresponsi)le/or
t1e violation o/ t1is Act s1all s//er t1e
penalt*i0posedinits0axi00period6
%c+ .1e penalt* provided 1erein s1all )e
i0posed in its 0axi00 period w1en
t1e perpetrator is an ascendant, parent
(ardian, stepparent or collateral
relative wit1in t1e second de(ree o/
consan(init* or a//init*, or a 0ana(er
orownero/anesta)lis10entw1ic11as
no license tooperate or its license 1as
expiredor1as)eenrevo#ed6
%d+W1ent1eo//enderisa/orei(ner,1es1all
)edeportedi00ediatel*a/terserviceo/
sentence and/orever )arred /ro0 entr*
tot1econtr*6
%e+.1epenalt*provided/orint1isActs1all
)ei0posedinits0axi00periodi/t1e
o//enderisap)lico//icerore0plo*eeB
Provided, 1owever, .1at i/ t1e penalt*
i0posed is reclsion perpeta or
reclsion te0poral, t1en t1e penalt* o/
perpetal or te0porar* a)solte
dis7ali/ication s1all also2>2 )e
i0posedB Provided, /inall*, .1at i/ t1e
penalt* i0posed is prision correccional
or arresto 0a*or, t1e penalt* o/
sspensions1allalso)ei0posed6and
%/+A/ineto)edeter0ined)*t1ecorts1all
)ei0posedandad0inisteredasacas1
/nd )* t1e Depart0ent o/ Social
Wel/are and Develop0ent and
dis)rsed /or t1e re1a)ilitation o/ eac1
c1ild victi0, or an* i00ediate 0e0)er
o/1is/a0il*i/t1elatterist1eperpetrator
o/t1eo//ense%Sec.:$+.
G-5ENILEG-S.ICEANDWEL,AREAC.!,2>>D%R.A.':;;+6ALS!RE,ER.!C4ILDANDL!-.4
WEL,AREC!DE%P.D.D>:,ASAMENDED+
Pnis1a)leacts
4. La)elin(andS1a0in(. &Int1econdct
o/t1eproceedin(s)e(innin(/ro0t1einitial
contact wit1 t1e c1ild, t1e co0petent
at1orities 0st re/rain /ro0 )randin( or
la)elin(c1ildrenas*on(cri0inals,Avenile
delin7ents,prostittesorattac1in(tot1e0
inan*0anneran*ot1erdero(ator*na0es.
Li#ewise, no discri0inator* re0ar#s and
practices s1all )e allowed particlarl* wit1
respect to t1e c1ildPs class or et1nic ori(in
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%Sec.D>+.
2.!t1erPro1i)itedActs.&.1e/ollowin(andan*
ot1er si0ilar acts s1all )e considered
preAdicial and detri0ental to t1e
ps*c1olo(ical, e0otional, social, spirital,
0oralandp1*sical1ealt1andwell&)ein(o/
t1e c1ild in con/lict wit1 t1e law and
t1ere/ore,pro1i)itedB
%a+E0plo*0ento/t1reatso/w1atever#ind
andnatre6
%)+ E0plo*0ent o/ a)sive, coercive and
pnitive 0easres sc1 as crsin(,
)eatin(, strippin(, and solitar*
con/ine0ent6
%c+E0plo*0ento/de(radin(,in10anend
crel /or0s o/ pnis10ent sc1 as
s1avin( t1e 1eads, porin( irritatin(,
corrosiveor1ar0/ls)stancesovert1e
)od*o/t1ec1ildincon/lictwit1t1elaw,
or /orcin( 1i0/1er to wal# arond t1e
co00nit* wearin( si(ns w1ic1
e0)arrass, 10iliate, and de(rade
1is/1erpersonalit*anddi(nit*6and
%d+ Co0pellin( t1e c1ild to per/or0
involntar* servitde in an* and all
/or0snderan*andallinstances%Sec.
D$+.
Pnis1a)leactso/terroris06W1oarelia)le
SEC.:..erroris0.&An*personw1oco00itsan
act pnis1a)le nder an* o/ t1e /ollowin(
a.Article$22%Pirac*in?eneralandMtin*
Waters+6
e. Article 2DF %Ridnappin( and Serios
Ille(alDetention+6
/.Article:2;%Cri0esInvolvin(Destrction+,
ornder
onArson+6
Law+6
Pirac* and Anti&4i(1wa* Ro))er*
Lawo/$'F;+6and,
a0ended %Decree Codi/*in( t1e
Laws on Ille(al and -nlaw/l
Possession,Man/actre,Dealin(in,
Ac7isition or Disposition o/
,irear0s, A00nitions or
Explosives+ t1ere)* sowin( and
creatin( a condition o/ widespread
and extraordinar* /ear and panic
a0on( t1e poplace, in order to
coerce t1e (overn0ent to (ive in to
annlaw/lde0ands1all)e(ilt*o/
t1ecri0eo/terroris0ands1alls//er
t1e penalt* o/ /ort* %;>+ *ears o/
paroleasprovided/ornderActNo.
a0ended.
SEC. ;. Conspirac* to Co00it .erroris0. &
Persons w1o conspire to co00it t1e cri0e
o/ terroris0 s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/ /ort*
%;>+*earso/i0prison0ent.
co00itt1esa0e.
SEC. 9. Acco0plice. & An* person w1o, not
)ein( a principal nder Article $F o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code or a conspirator as
de/ined in Section ; 1ereo/, cooperates in
t1eexectiono/eit1ert1ecri0eo/terroris0
or conspirac* to co00it terroris0 )*
previos or si0ltaneos acts s1all s//er
t1e penalt* o/ /ro0 seventeen %$F+ *ears,
/or0ont1soneda*totwent*%2>+*earso/
i0prison0ent.
SEC. D. Accessor*. & An* person w1o, 1avin(
#nowled(eo/t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0eo/
terroris0orconspirac*toco00itterroris0,
and wit1ot 1avin( participated t1erein,
eit1er as principal or acco0plice nder
Articles $F and $E o/ t1e Revised Penal
Code, ta#es part s)se7ent to its
co00issioninan*o/t1e/ollowin(0annerB
%a+ )* pro/itin( 1i0sel/ or assistin( t1e
o//endertopro/it)*t1ee//ectso/t1ecri0e6
%)+)*concealin(ordestro*in(t1e)od*o/
t1e cri0e, or t1e e//ects, or instr0ents
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1ereo/,inordertopreventitsdiscover*6%c+
)*1ar)orin(,concealin(,orassistin(int1e
escapeo/t1eprincipalorconspiratoro/t1e
cri0e, s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/ ten %$>+
*ears and one da* to twelve %$2+ *ears o/
i0prison0ent.
t1eprovisionso/s)para(rap1%a+.
'.CRIMESA?AINS.PERS!NALLI"ER.LANDSEC-RI.L%2DF&2'2+
Cri0esa(ainstli)ert*
$. Ridnappin( and serios ille(al detention
%Art.2DF+6
2. Sli(1tille(aldetention%Art.2DE+6
:. -nlaw/larrest%Art.2D'+6
;. Ridnappin( and /ailreto retrn a 0inor
%Art.2F>+6
9. Indcin( a 0inor to a)andon 1is 1o0e
%Art.2F$+6
D. Slaver*%Art.2F2+6
F. Exploitationo/c1ildla)or%Art.2F:+6
E. Services rendered nder co0plsion in
pa*0ento/de)ts%Art.2F;+.
Cri0esa(ainstsecrit*
$. A)andon0ent o/ persons in dan(er and
a)andon0ent o/ onePs own victi0 %Art.
2F9+6
2. A)andonin(a0inor%Art.2FD+6
:. A)andon0ent o/ 0inor )* person
entrstedwit11iscstod*6indi//erenceo/
parents%Art.2FF+6
;. Exploitationo/0inors%Art.2FE+6
9. .respasstodwellin(%Art.2E>+6
D. !t1er/or0so/trespass%Art.2E$+6
F. ?ravet1reats%Art.2E2+6
E. Li(1tt1reats%Art.2E:+6
'. !t1erli(1tt1reats%Art.2E9+6
$>. ?ravecoercions%Art.2ED+6
$$. Li(1tcoercions%Art.2EF+6
$2. !t1ersi0ilarcoercions%Art.2EE+6
$:. ,or0ation, 0aintenance and pro1i)ition
o/co0)inationo/capitalorla)ort1ro(1
violenceort1reats%Art.2E'+6
$;. Discoverin( secrets t1ro(1 sei8re o/
correspondence%Art.2'>+6
$9. Revealin(secretswit1a)so/o//ice%Art.
2'$+6
$D. Revealin(o/indstrialsecrets%Art.2'2+.
Article2DF.Ridnappin(andSeriosIlle(alDetention
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisaprivateindividal6
2. 4e#idnapsordetainsanot1er,orinan*
ot1er 0anner deprives t1e latter o/ 1is
li)ert*6
:. .1e act o/detentionor#idnappin(0st
)eille(al6
;. Int1eco00issiono/t1eo//ense,an*o/
t1e/ollowin(circ0stancesispresentB
a. .1e #idnappin( lasts /or 0ore
t1an:da*s6
). It is co00itted si0latin( p)lic
at1orit*6
c. An*seriosp1*sical inAriesare
in/licted pon t1e person
#idnappedordetainedort1reats
to#ill1i0are0ade6or
d. .1e person #idnapped or
detainedisa0inor,/e0ale,ora
p)lico//icer.
I/t1ereisan*cri0ender.itleIOw1ic11asno
correspondin( provision wit1 cri0es nder .itle
II,t1en,t1eo//ender0a*)eap)lico//icerora
privateperson.I/t1ereisacorrespondin(cri0e
nder.itleII,t1eo//endernder.itleIO/orsc1
si0ilarcri0eisaprivateperson.
W1en a p)lic o//icer conspires wit1 a private
personint1eco00issiono/an*o/t1ecri0es
nder .itle IO, t1e cri0e is also one co00itted
ndert1istitleandnotnder.itleII.
IllstrationB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
I/ a private person co00its t1e cri0e o/
#idnappin( or serios ille(al detention, even
t1o(1 a p)lic o//icer conspires t1erein, t1e
cri0ecannot)ear)itrar*detention.As/arast1at
p)lic o//icer is concerned, t1e cri0e is also
ille(aldetention.
In t1e actal essence o/ t1e cri0e, w1en one
sa*s #idnappin(, t1is connotes t1e idea o/
transportin(t1eo//endedpart*/ro0oneplaceto
anot1er. W1en *o t1in# ille(al detention, it
connotes t1e idea t1at one is restrained o/ 1is
li)ert* wit1ot necessaril* transportin( 1i0 /ro0
oneplacetoanot1er.
.1e cri0e o/ #idnappin( is co00itted i/ t1e
prposeo/t1eo//enderistoextortranso0eit1er
/ro0t1evicti0or/ro0an*ot1erperson."ti/a
person is transported not /or ranso0, t1e cri0e
can )e ille(al detention. -sall*, t1e o//ended
part*is)ro(1ttoaplaceot1ert1an1isown,to
detain1i0t1ere.
W1enonet1in#so/#idnappin(,itisnotonl*t1at
o/ transportin( one person /ro0 one place to
anot1er. !ne also 1as to t1in# o/ t1e cri0inal
intent.
,orci)le a)dction && I/ a wo0an is transported
/ro0oneplacetoanot1er)*virteo/restrainin(
1er o/ 1er li)ert*, and t1at act is copled wit1
lewddesi(ns.
Serios ille(al detention C I/ a wo0an is
transported Ast to restrain 1er o/ 1er li)ert*.
.1ereisnolewddesi(norlewdintent.
?ravecoercionCI/awo0aniscarriedawa*Ast
to )rea# 1er will, to co0pel 1er to a(ree to t1e
de0andorre7est)*t1eo//ender.
In a decided case, a sitor, w1o cannot (et a

/avora)lerepl*/ro0awo0an,invitedt1ewo0an
to ride wit1 1i0, prportedl* to ta#e 1o0e t1e
wo0an/ro0class."tw1ilet1ewo0anisin1is
car,1edrovet1ewo0antoa/arplaceandtold
t1e wo0an to 0arr* 1i0. !n t1e wa*, t1e
o//ender1adrepeatedl*toc1edt1eprivateparts
o/ t1e wo0an. It was 1eld t1at t1e act o/ t1e
o//ender o/ toc1in( t1e private parts o/ t1e
wo0ancoldnot)econsideredaslewddesi(ns
)ecase 1e was willin( to 0arr* t1e o//ended
part*..1eSpre0eCortrledt1atw1enitisa
sitor w1o cold possi)l* 0arr* t1e wo0an,
0erel*#issin(t1ewo0anortoc1in(1erprivate
parts to Hco0pelI 1er to a(ree to t1e 0arria(e,
sc1cannot)ec1aracteri8edaslewddesi(n.It
isconsidered0erel*ast1eHpassiono/aloverI.
"t i/ t1e 0an is alread* 0arried, *o cannot
consider t1at as le(iti0ate )t i00oral and
de/initel*a0ontstolewddesi(n.
I/awo0aniscarrieda(ainst1erwill)twit1ot
lewddesi(nont1eparto/t1eo//ender,t1ecri0e
is(ravecoercion.
IllstrationB
.o0Cr8invitedNicoleC1i80ac#s/orasnac#.
.1e* drove alon( Roxas "olevard, alon( t1e
Coastal Road and to Cavite. .1e wo0an was
alread*cr*in(and wanted to)e)ro(1t 1o0e.
.o0 i0posed t1e condition t1at Nicole s1old
/irst 0arr* 1i0. Nicole /ond t1is as, si0pl*, a
0issioni0possi)le..1ecri0eco00ittedint1is
caseis(ravecoercion."ti/a/tert1e*droveto
Cavite,t1esitorplaced t1e wo0an ina1ose
and wold not let 1er ot ntil s1e a(rees to
0arr* 1i0, t1e cri0e wold )e serios ille(al
detention.
I/ t1e victi0 is a wo0an or a p)lic o//icer, t1e
detentionisalwa*sseriosCno0atter1ows1ort
t1eperiodo/detentionis.
Circ0stances w1ic1 0a#e ille(al detention
serios
%$+ W1ent1eille(aldetentionlasted/ort1ree
da*s, re(ardless o/ w1o t1e o//ended
part*is6
%2+ W1en t1e o//ended part* is a /e0ale,
even i/ t1e detention lasted onl* /or
0intes6
%:+ I/t1eo//endedpart*isa0inororap)lic
o//icer,no0atter1owlon(or1ows1ort
t1edetentionis6
%;+ W1ent1reatsto#illare0adeorserios
p1*sicalinAries1ave)eenin/licted6and
%9+ I/its1all1ave)eenco00ittedsi0latin(
p)licat1orit*.
Distinction)etweenille(aldetentionandar)itrar*
detention
Ille(aldetentionisco00itted)*aprivateperson
w1o #idnaps, detains, or ot1erwise deprives
anot1ero/1isli)ert*.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Ar)itrar* detention is co00itted )* a p)lic
o//icer w1o detains a person wit1ot le(al
(ronds.
.1e penalt* /or #idnappin( is 1i(1er t1an /or
/orci)lea)dction. .1isiswron()ecasei/t1e
o//ender #new a)ot t1is, 1e wold per/or0
lasciviosactspont1ewo0anand)ec1ar(ed
onl*/or/orci)lea)dctioninsteado/#idnappin(
orille(aldetention.4et1ere)*)ene/its/ro0t1is
a)srdit*,w1ic1arosew1enCon(ressa0ended
Article 2DF, increasin( t1e penalt* t1ereo/,
wit1ot a0endin( Article :;2 on /orci)le
a)dction.
Article 2DF 1as )een 0odi/ied )* Rep)lic Act
No.FD9'int1e/ollowin(respectsB
%$+ Ille(aldetention)eco0esseriosw1enit
s1all 1ave lasted /or 0ore t1an t1ree
da*s, instead o/ /ive da*s as ori(inall*
provided6
%2+ In para(rap1 ;, i/ t1e person #idnapped
ordetainedwasa0inorandt1eo//ender
wasan*oneo/t1eparents,t1elatter1as
)een expressl* exclded /ro0 t1e
provision. .1e lia)ilit* o/ t1e parent is
provided /or in t1e last para(rap1 o/
Article2F$6
%:+ A para(rap1 was added to Article 2DF,
w1ic1statesB
W1ent1e victi0is#illed
or dies as a
conse7ence o/ t1e
detention or is raped, or
iss)Aectedtotortre,or
de10ani8in( acts, t1e
0axi00 penalt* s1all
)ei0posed.
.1isa0end0ent)rin(sa)otaco0positecri0e
o/#idnappin(wit11o0icidew1enitist1evicti0
o/ t1e #idnappin( w1o was #illed, or dies as a
conse7enceo/t1edetentionand,t1s,onl*one
penalt*isi0posedw1ic1isdeat1.
Article;E,onco0plexcri0es,doesnot(overnin
t1iscase. "tArticle;Ewill(overni/an*ot1er
person is #illed aside, )ecase t1e provision
speci/icall* re/ers to Hvicti0I. Accordin(l*, t1e
rlin(sincaseso/ Peoplev.Parlan,Peoplev.
?in( Sa0, and ot1er si0ilar cases w1ere t1e
accsed were convicted /or t1e co0plex cri0es
o/ #idnappin( wit1 0rder 1ave )eco0e
acade0ic.
In t1e co0posite cri0e o/ #idnappin( wit1
1o0icide, t1e ter0 H1o0icideI is sed in t1e
(eneric sense and, t1s, covers all /or0s o/
#illin( w1et1er in t1e natre o/ 0rder or
ot1erwise. It does not 0atter w1et1er t1e
prposeo/t1e#idnappin(wasto#illt1evicti0or
not,aslon(ast1evicti0was#illed,ordiedasa
conse7ence o/ t1e #idnappin( or detention.
.1ere is no 0ore separate cri0e o/ #idnappin(
and 0rder i/ t1e victi0 was #idnapped not /or
t1eprposeo/#illin(1er.
I/ t1e victi0 was raped, t1is )rin(s a)ot t1e
co0positecri0eo/#idnappin(wit1rape. "ein(
a co0posite cri0e, not a co0plex cri0e, t1e
sa0eisre(arded asasin(leindivisi)leo//ense
asin/actt1elawpnis1essc1actswit1onl*a
sin(le penalt*. In a wa*, t1e a0end0ent
depreciatedt1eseriosnesso/t1erape)ecase
no0atter1ow0an*ti0est1evicti0wasraped,
t1erewillonl*)eone#idnappin(wit1rape..1is
wold not )e t1e conse7ence i/ rape were a
separate cri0e /ro0 #idnappin( )ecase eac1
acto/rapewold)eadistinctcont.
4owever/ort1ecri0eto)e#idnappin(wit1rape,
t1eo//enders1oldnot1aveta#ent1evicti0wit1
lewd desi(ns as ot1erwise t1e cri0e wold )e
/orci)le a)dction6 and i/ t1e victi0 was raped,
t1eco0plexcri0eo//orci)lea)dctionwit1rape
wold )e co00itted. I/ t1e ta#in( was /orci)le
a)dction, and t1e wo0an was raped several
ti0es,t1erewoldonl*)eonecri0eo//orci)le
a)dctionwit1rape,andeac1o/t1eot1errapes
woldconstittedistinctcontso/rape..1iswas
t1erlin(int1ecaseo/Peoplev."acalso.
In People v. Lactao, !cto)er 2', $'':, t1e
Spre0eCortstressedt1att1ecri0eisserios
ille(aldetentioni/t1eprposewastodeprivet1e
o//endedpart*o/1erli)ert*.Andi/int1ecorse
o/ t1e ille(al detention, t1e o//ended part* was
raped, a separate cri0e o/ rape wold )e
co00itted. .1is is so )ecase t1ere is no
co0plex cri0e o/ serios ille(al detention wit1
rape since t1e ille(al detention was not a
necessar*0eanstot1eco00issiono/rape.
InPeoplev."ernal,$:$SCRA$, t1eappellants
were 1eld (ilt* o/ separate cri0es o/ serios
ille(aldetentionando/0ltiplerapes. Wit1t1e
a0end0ent )* Rep)lic Act No. FD9' 0a#in(
rape a 7ali/*in( circ0stance in t1e cri0e o/
#idnappin( and serios ille(al detention, t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Arisprdenceisspersededtot1ee//ectt1att1e
rape s1old )e a distinct cri0e. Article ;E on
co0plex cri0es 0a* not appl* w1en serios
ille(al detention and rape are co00itted )* t1e
sa0eo//ender. .1eo//enderwill)ec1ar(ed/or
t1e co0posite cri0e o/ serios ille(al detention
wit1 rape as a sin(le indivisi)le o//ense,
re(ardlesso/t1en0)ero/ti0est1att1evicti0
wasraped.
Also, w1en t1e victi0 o/ t1e #idnappin( and
seriosille(aldetentionwass)Aectedtotortre
and sstained p1*sical inAries, a co0posite
cri0e o/ #idnappin( wit1 p1*sical inAries is
co00itted.
Article2DE.Sli(1tIlle(alDetention
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisaprivateindividal6
2. 4e#idnapsordetainsanot1er,orinan*
ot1er0annerdeprives1i0o/1isli)ert*.
:. .1e act o/ #idnappin( or detention is
ille(al6
;. .1e cri0e is co00itted wit1ot t1e
attendance o/ an* o/ t1e circ0stances
en0eratedinArticle2DF.
.1is /elon* is co00itted i/ an* o/ t1e /ive
circ0stances in t1e co00ission o/ #idnappin(
or detention en0erated in Article 2DF is not
present.
.1epenalt*isloweredi/C
%$+ .1eo//endedpart*isvolntaril*released
wit1int1reeda*s/ro0t1estarto/ille(al
detention6
%2+ Wit1otattainin(t1eprpose6
%:+ "e/ore t1e instittion o/ t1e cri0inal
action.
!ne s1old #now t1e natre o/ t1e ille(al
detentionto#noww1et1ert1evolntar*release
o/ t1e o//ended part* will a//ect t1e cri0inal
lia)ilit*o/t1eo//ender.
W1en t1e o//ender volntaril* releases t1e
o//ended part* /ro0 detention wit1in t1ree da*s
/ro0 t1e ti0e t1e restraint o/ li)ert* )e(an, as
lon( as t1e o//ender 1as not acco0plis1ed 1is
prposes,andt1ereleasewas0ade)e/oret1e
cri0inalprosectionwasco00enced,t1iswold
serve to 0iti(ate t1e cri0inal lia)ilit* o/ t1e
o//ender, provided t1at t1e #idnappin( or ille(al
detentionisnotserios.
I/t1eille(aldetentionisserios,1owever,eveni/
t1e o//ender volntaril* released t1e o//ended
part*, and sc1 release was wit1in t1ree da*s
/ro0 t1e ti0e t1e detention )e(an, even i/ t1e
o//ender 1as not acco0plis1ed 1is prpose in
detainin(t1eo//endedpart*,andeveni/t1ereis
no cri0inal prosection *et, sc1 volntar*
releasewillnot0iti(atet1ecri0inallia)ilit*o/t1e
o//ender.
!new1o/rnis1est1eplacew1eret1eo//ended
part* is )ein( 1eld (enerall* acts as an
acco0plice. "t t1e cri0inal lia)ilit* in
connectionwit1t1e#idnappin(andseriosille(al
detention,aswellast1esli(1tille(aldetention,is
t1ato/t1eprincipalandnoto/t1eacco0plice.
"e/ore,inPeoplev.Saliente,i/t1eo//endedpart*
s)Aected to serios ille(al detention was
volntaril* released )* t1e accsed in
accordancewit1t1eprovisionso/Article2DE%:+,
t1ecri0e,w1ic1wold1ave)eenseriosille(al
detention,)eca0esli(1tille(aldetentiononl*.
.1eprevailin(rlenowisAsistiov.Gd(e,w1ic1
providest1atvolntar*releasewill onl*0iti(ate
cri0inal lia)ilit* i/ cri0e was sli(1t ille(al
detention.I/serios,it1asnoe//ect.
In #idnappin( /or ranso0, volntar* release will
not0iti(atet1ecri0e..1isis)ecase,wit1t1e
rei0position o/ t1e deat1 penalt*, t1is cri0e is
penali8edwit1t1eextre0epenalt*o/deat1.
W1at is ranso0N It is t1e 0one*, price or
consideration paid or de0anded /or
rede0ption o/ a captred person or
persons, a pa*0ent t1at releases a
person/ro0captivit*.
.1ede/initiono/ranso0ndert1eLind)er(law
o/ t1e -.S. 1as )een adopted in or
ArisprdenceinPeoplev.A#iran,$ESCRA2:',
2;2, sc1t1atw1enacreditordetainsade)tor
andreleasest1elatteronl*pont1epa*0ento/
t1e de)t, sc1 pa*0ent o/ t1e de)t, w1ic1 was
0adeacondition/ort1ereleaseisranso0,nder
t1isarticle.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Int1ecaseo/ Peoplev.Rolna, decidedMarc1
2', $'';, witnesses saw a person )ein( ta#en
awa* wit1 1ands tied )e1ind 1is )ac# and was
not 1eard /ro0 /or six *ears. Spre0e Cort
reversed t1e trial cort rlin( t1at t1e 0en
accsed were (ilt* o/ #idnappin( wit1 0rder.
.1e cri0e is onl* sli(1t ille(al detention nder
Article2DE,a((ravated)*a)and,sincenoneo/
t1ecirc0stancesinArticle2DF1as)eenproved
)e*ond a reasona)le do)t. .1e /act t1at t1e
victi0 1as )een 0issin( /or six *ears raises a
pres0ption o/ deat1, )t /ro0 t1is dispta)le
pres0ption o/ deat1, it s1old not )e /rt1er
pres0ed t1at t1e persons w1o were last seen
wit1 t1e a)sentee is responsi)le /or 1is
disappearance.
Article2D'.-nlaw/lArrest
Ele0ents
$. !//ender arrests or detains anot1er
person6
2. .1eprposeo/t1eo//enderistodeliver
1i0tot1eproperat1orities6
:. .1earrestordetentionisnotat1ori8ed
)*lawort1ereisnoreasona)le(rond
t1ere/or.
.1is /elon* consists in 0a#in( an arrest or
detentionwit1otle(al orreasona)le(rond/or
t1e prpose o/ deliverin( t1e o//ended part* to
t1eproperat1orities.
.1eo//endedpart*0a*also)edetained)tt1e
cri0eisnotille(aldetention)ecaset1eprpose
is to prosecte t1e person arrested. .1e
detention isonl* incidental6t1e pri0ar*cri0inal
intentiono/t1eo//enderistoc1ar(et1eo//ended
part*/oracri0e1edidnotactall*co00it.
?enerall*, t1is cri0e is co00itted )*
incri0inatin( innocent persons )* t1e o//ender3s
plantin(evidencetoAsti/*t1earrestCaco0plex
cri0e reslts, t1at is, nlaw/l arrest t1ro(1
incri0inator*0ac1inationsnderArticle:D:.
I/t1earrestis0adewit1otawarrantandnder
circ0stancesnotallowin(awarrantlessarrest,
t1ecri0ewold)enlaw/larrest.
I/ t1e person arrested is not delivered to t1e
at1orities, t1e private individal 0a#in( t1e
arrestincrscri0inallia)ilit*/orille(al detention
nderArticle2DFor2DE.
I/ t1e o//ender is a p)lic o//icer, t1e cri0e is
ar)itrar*detentionnderArticle$2;.
I/t1edetentionorarrestis/orale(al(rond,)t
t1e p)lic o//icer dela*s deliver* o/ t1e person
arrested to t1e proper Adicial at1orities, t1en
Article$29willappl*.
Note t1att1is /elon* 0a*also )e co00itted)*
p)lico//icers.
Article2F>.Ridnappin(and,ailretoRetrnAMinor
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisentrstedwit1t1ecstod*o/
a 0inor person %w1et1er over or nder
seven *ears )t less t1an 2$ *ears o/
a(e+6
2. 4e deli)eratel* /ails to restore t1e said
0inorto1isparentsor(ardians.
I/ an* o/ t1e /ore(oin( ele0ents is a)sent, t1e
#idnappin(o/t1e0inorwillt1en/allnderArticle
2DF.
I/t1eaccsedisan*o/t1eparents,Article2DF
doesnotappl*6Articles2F>and2F$appl*.
I/t1eta#in(iswit1t1econsento/t1eparents,t1e
cri0einArticle2F>isco00itted.
InPeoplev.?enerosa,itwas1eldt1atdeli)erate
/ailre to retrn a 0inor nder one3s cstod*
constittesdeprivationo/li)ert*.Ridnappin(and
/ailretoretrna0inorisnecessaril*incldedin
#idnappin( and serios ille(al detention o/ a
0inornderArticle2DF%;+.
InPeoplev.Mendo8a, w1erea0inorc1ildwas
ta#en)*t1eaccsedwit1ott1e#nowled(eand
consento/1isparents,itwas1eldt1att1ecri0e
is#idnappin(andseriosille(aldetentionnder
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article2DF,not#idnappin(and/ailretoretrna
0inornderArticle2F>.
Article2F$.Indcin(AMinortoA)andon4is4o0e
Ele0ents
$. A 0inor %w1et1er over or nder seven
*earso/a(e+islivin(int1e1o0eo/1is
parents or (ardians or t1e person
entrstedwit11iscstod*6
2. !//enderindcessaid0inortoa)andon
sc11o0e.
Article2F2.Slaver*
Ele0ents
$. !//ender prc1ases, sells, #idnaps or
detainsa10an)ein(6
2. .1eprposeo/t1eo//enderistoenslave
sc110an)ein(.
.1is is co00itted i/ an*one s1all prc1ase,
#idnap,ordetaina10an)ein(/ort1eprpose
o/enslavin(1i0..1epenalt*isincreasedi/t1e
prposeo/t1eo//enderistoassi(nt1eo//ended
part*toso0ei00oraltra//ic.
.1isisdistin(is1ed/ro0ille(aldetention)*t1e
prpose. I/ t1e prpose o/ t1e #idnappin( or
detentionistoenslavet1eo//endedpart*,slaver*
isco00itted.
.1e cri0e is slaver* i/ t1e o//ender is not
en(a(edint1e)sinesso/prostittion. I/1eis,
t1ecri0eisw1iteslavetradenderArticle:;$.
Article2F:.Exploitationo/C1ildLa)or
Ele0ents
$. !//enderretainsa0inorin1isservices6
2. Itisa(ainstt1ewillo/t1e0inor6
:. It is nder t1e pretext o/ rei0)rsin(
1i0sel/ o/ a de)t incrred )* an
ascendant,(ardianorpersonentrsted
wit1t1ecstod*o/sc10inor.
Article2F;.ServicesRenderednderCo0plsioninPa*0ento/De)t
Ele0ents
$. !//enderco0pelade)tortowor#/or1i0,
eit1er as 1ose1old servant or /ar0
la)orer6
2. Itisa(ainstt1ede)tor3swill6
:. .1eprposeistore7ireoren/orcet1e
pa*0ento/ade)t.
Article2F9.A)andon0ento/PersonsinDan(erandA)andon0ento/!ne3s!wn5icti0
Actspnis1ed
$. ,ailin( to render assistance to an*
person w1o0 t1e o//ender /inds in an
nin1a)itedplacewondedorindan(er
o/ d*in( w1en 1e can render sc1
assistance wit1ot detri0ent to 1i0sel/,
nless sc1 o0ission s1all constitte a
0oreserioso//ense.
Ele0ents
$+ .1eplaceisnotin1a)ited6
2+ Accsed /ond t1ere a person
wondedorindan(ero/d*in(6
:+ Accsed can render assistance
wit1otdetri0entto1i0sel/6
;+ Accsed /ails to render
assistance.
2. ,ailin( to 1elp or render assistance to
anot1er w1o0 t1e o//ender 1as
accidentall*wondedorinAred6
:. "* /ailin( todelivera c1ild, nderseven
*ears o/ a(e, w1o0 t1e o//ender 1as
/onda)andoned,tot1eat1oritiesorto
1is /a0il*, or )* /ailin( to ta#e 1i0 to a
sa/eplace.
-nder t1e /irst act, t1e o//ender is lia)le onl*
w1en 1e can render sc1 assistance wit1ot
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
detri0entto1i0sel/,nless sc1o0issions1all
constitte a 0ore serios o//ense. W1ere t1e
personisalread*wondedandalread*indan(er
o/ d*in(, t1ere is an o)li(ation to render
assistance onl* i/ 1e is /ond in an nin1a)ited
place. I/t1e0ortall*wonded,d*in(personis
/ond in a place not nin1a)ited in le(al
conte0plation,a)andon0entwillnot)rin(a)ot
t1is cri0e. An nin1a)ited place is deter0ined
)*possi)ilit*o/personreceivin(assistance/ro0
anot1er.Eveni/t1ereare0an*1osesarond,
t1eplace0a*still)enin1a)itedi/possi)ilit*o/
receivin(assistanceisre0ote.
I/w1at1appenedwasanaccidentat/irst,t1ere
wold)enolia)ilit*prsanttoArticle$2%;+o/
t1e Civil Code C da0n0a)s7e inAria. "t i/
*oa)andon*orvicti0,*owill)elia)lender
Article 2F9. 4ere, t1e c1aracter o/ t1e place is
i00aterial. As lon( as t1e victi0 was inAred
)ecaseo/t1eaccidentcased)*t1eo//ender,
t1e o//ender wold )e lia)le /or a)andon0ent i/
1ewoldnotrenderassistancetot1evicti0.
Article2FD.A)andonin(AMinor
Ele0ents
$. !//ender1ast1ecstod*o/ac1ild6
2. .1ec1ildisnderseven*earso/a(e6
:. 4ea)andonssc1c1ild6
;. 4e1asnointentto#illt1ec1ildw1ent1e
latterisa)andoned.
Circ0stances7ali/*in(t1eo//ense
$. W1en t1e deat1 o/ t1e 0inor reslted
/ro0sc1a)andon0ent6or
2. I/ t1e li/e o/ t1e 0inor was in dan(er
)ecaseo/t1ea)andon0ent.
Article2FF.A)andon0ento/Minor)*PersonEntrstedwit14isCstod*6Indi//erenceo/Parents
Actspnis1ed
$. Deliverin( a 0inor to a p)lic instittion
or ot1er persons wit1ot t1e consent o/
t1eonew1oentrstedsc10inortot1e
careo/t1eo//enderor,int1ea)senceo/
t1at one, wit1ot t1e consent o/ t1e
properat1orities6
Ele0ents
$. !//ender 1as c1ar(e o/ t1e
rearin(oredcationo/a0inor6
2. 4edeliverssaid0inortoap)lic
instittionorot1erpersons6
:. .1e one w1o entrsted sc1
c1ild to t1e o//ender 1as not
consented to sc1 act6 or i/ t1e
one w1o entrsted sc1 c1ild to
t1eo//enderisa)sent,t1eproper
at1orities1avenotconsentedtoit.
2. Ne(lectin(1is%o//ender3s+c1ildren)*not
(ivin( t1e0 t1e edcation w1ic1 t1eir
station in li/e re7ires and /inancial
conditionper0its.
Ele0entsB
$. !//enderisaparent6
2. 4e ne(lects 1is c1ildren )* not
(ivin(t1e0edcation6
:. 4is station in li/e re7ires sc1
edcation and 1is /inancial
conditionper0itsit.
Article2FE.Exploitationo/Minors
Actspnis1ed
$. Casin(an*)o*or(irlnder$D*earso/
a(e to per/or0 an* dan(eros /eat o/
)alancin(,p1*sicalstren(t1orcontortion,
t1eo//ender)ein(an*person6
2. E0plo*in(c1ildrennder$D*earso/a(e
w1oarenott1ec1ildrenordescendants
o/ t1e o//ender in ex1i)itions o/ acro)at,
(*0nast, rope&wal#er, diver, or wild&
ani0al ta0er, t1e o//ender )ein( an
acro)at, etc., or circs 0ana(er or
en(a(edinasi0ilarcallin(6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
:. E0plo*in( an* descendant nder $2
*ears o/ a(e in dan(eros ex1i)itions
en0erated in t1e next precedin(
para(rap1,t1eo//ender)ein(en(a(edin
an*o/t1esaidcallin(s6
;. Deliverin(ac1ildnder$D*earso/a(e
(ratitosl* to an* person /ollowin( an*
o/ t1e callin(s en0erated in para(rap1
2, or to an* 1a)ital va(rant or )e((ar,
t1e o//ender )ein( an ascendant,
(ardian,teac1erorpersonentrstedin
an*capacit*wit1t1ecareo/sc1c1ild6
and
9. Indcin(an*c1ildnder$D*earso/a(e
to a)andon t1e 1o0e o/ its ascendants,
(ardians,cratorsorteac1ersto/ollow
an*personen(a(edinan*o/t1ecallin(s
0entioned in para(rap1 * 1a)ital
va(rantor)e((ar,t1eo//ender)ein(an*
person.
.1e o//ender is en(a(ed in a #ind o/ )siness
t1at wold place t1e li/e or li0) o/ t1e 0inor in
dan(er, even t1o(1 wor#in( /or 1i0 is not
a(ainstt1ewillo/t1e0inor.
Natre o/ t1e "siness C .1is involves circses
w1ic1 (enerall* attract c1ildren so
t1e* t1e0selves 0a* enAo* wor#in(
t1ere naware o/ t1e dan(er to t1eir
ownlivesandli0)s.
A(eCMst)e)elow$D*ears. Att1isa(e,t1e
0inorisstill(rowin(.
I/t1ee0plo*erisanascendant,t1ecri0eisnot
co00itted,nlesst1e0inorislesst1an$2*ears
old. "ecase i/ t1e e0plo*er is an ascendant,
t1e law re(ards t1at 1e wold loo# a/ter t1e
wel/are and protection o/ t1e c1ild6 1ence, t1e
a(eisloweredto$2*ears. "elowt1ata(e,t1e
cri0eisco00itted.
"t re0e0)er Rep)lic Act No. FD$> %Special
Protection o/ C1ildren a(ainst C1ild A)se,
ExploitationandDiscri0inationAct+.Itappliesto
0inors)elow$E*earsold,not$D*earsoldasin
t1e Revised Penal Code. As lon( as t1e
e0plo*0entisini0icalCevent1o(1t1ereisno
p1*sical ris# C and detri0ental to t1e c1ild3s
interestCa(ainst0oral,intellectal,p1*sical,and
0ental develop0ent o/ t1e 0inor C t1e
esta)lis10entwill)eclosed.
Article2FE1asnoapplicationi/0inoris$D*ears
oldanda)ove. "tt1eexploitationwill)edealt
wit1)*Rep)licActNo.FD$>.
I/ t1e 0inor so e0plo*ed wold s//er so0e
inAries as a reslt o/ a violation o/ Article 2FE,
Article 2F' provides t1at t1ere wold )e
additionalcri0inallia)ilit*/ort1eresltin(/elon*.
IllstrationB
.1eownero/acircse0plo*edac1ildnder$D
*ears o/ a(e to do a )alancin( act on t1e
ti(1trope..1ecri0eco00ittedisexploitationo/
0inors%nlesst1ee0plo*erist1eascendanto/
t1e0inorw1oisnot)elow$2*earso/a(e+. I/
t1ec1ild/ell ands//eredp1*sicalinAriesw1ile
wor#in(, t1e e0plo*er s1all )e lia)le /or said
p1*sical inAries in addition to 1is lia)ilit* /or
exploitationo/0inors.
Article2E>.Jali/ied.respasstoDwellin(
E le0ents
$. !//enderisaprivateperson6
2. 4eenterst1edwellin(o/anot1er6
:. Sc1entranceisa(ainstt1elatter3swill.
.wo/or0so/trespass
$. Jali/iedtrespasstodwellin(C.1is0a*
)eco00itted)*an*privatepersonw1o
s1allentert1edwellin(o/anot1era(ainst
t1e latter3s will. .1e 1ose 0st )e
in1a)ited at t1e ti0e o/ t1e trespass
alt1o(1 t1e occpants are ot. !r
o//ender)rea#sinwit1/orceandviolence
%Article2E>+.
2. .respass to propert* & !//ender enters
t1e closed pre0ises or /enced estate o/
anot1er6 sc1closepre0isesor/enced
estateisnin1a)ited6t1ereisa0ani/est
pro1i)ition a(ainst enterin( sc1 closed
pre0ises or /enced estate6 and o//ender
1as not secred t1e per0ission o/ t1e
ownerorcareta#ert1ereo/%Article2E$+.
%SeealsoPresidentialDecreeNo.$22Fre(ardin(
nlaw/l entr* into an* 0ilitar* )ase in t1e
P1ilippines.+
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Dwellin(C.1isist1eplacet1atapersonin1a)its.
Itincldest1edependenciesw1ic11aveinterior
co00nication wit1 t1e 1ose. It is not
necessar* t1at it )e t1e per0anent dwellin( o/
t1eperson. So,aperson3sroo0ina1otel0a*
)econsideredadwellin(.Italsoincldesaroo0
w1ereoneresidesasa)oarder.
I/ t1e prpose in enterin( t1e dwellin( is not
s1own,trespassisco00itted. I/t1eprposeis
s1own, it 0a* )e a)sor)ed in t1e cri0e as in
ro))er* wit1 /orce pon t1in(s, t1e trespass
*ieldin( to t1e 0ore serios cri0e. "t i/ t1e
prpose is not s1own and w1ile inside t1e
dwellin(1ewas/ond)*t1eoccpants,oneo/
w1o0 was inAred )* 1i0, t1e cri0e co00itted
will )e trespass to dwellin( and /rstrated
1o0icide, p1*sical inAries, or i/ t1ere was no
inAr*,nAstvexation.
I/ t1e entr* is 0ade )* a wa* not intended /or
entr*,t1atis pres0ed to)ea(ainstt1ewill o/
t1eoccpant%exa0ple,entr*t1ro(1awindow+.
Itisnotnecessar*t1att1ere)ea)rea#in(.
HA(ainst t1e willI && .1is 0eans t1at t1e
entrance is, eit1er expressl* or i0pliedl*,
pro1i)ited or t1e pro1i)ition is pres0ed.
,radlent entrance 0a* constitte trespass.
.1epro1i)itiontoenter0a*)e0adeatan*ti0e
andnotnecessaril*att1eti0eo/t1eentrance.
.o prove t1at an entr* is a(ainst t1e will o/ t1e
occpant,itisnotnecessar*t1att1eentr*s1old
)epreceded)*anexpresspro1i)ition,provided
t1at t1e opposition o/ t1e occpant is clearl*
esta)lis1ed )* t1e circ0stances nder w1ic1
t1e entr* is 0ade, sc1 as t1e existence o/
en0it*orstrainedrelations)etweent1eaccsed
andt1eoccpant.
!n violence, Cello Calon opines t1at violence
0a* )e co00itted not onl* a(ainst
persons )t alsoa(ainstt1in(s. So,
)rea#in( t1e door or (lass o/ a
window or door constittes acts o/
violence. !r Spre0e Cort
/ollowedt1isviewinPeoplev..a*a(.
5iolence or inti0idation 0st,
1owever, )e anterior or coetaneos
wit1 t1e entrance and 0st not )e
posterior. "t i/ t1e violence is
e0plo*ed i00ediatel* a/ter t1e
entrance wit1ot t1e consent o/ t1e
owner o/ t1e 1ose, trespass is
co00itted.I/t1ereisalsoviolenceor
inti0idation, proo/ o/ pro1i)ition to
enterisnolon(ernecessar*.
Distinction)etween7ali/iedtrespasstodwellin(
andviolationo/do0icile
-nli#e7ali/iedtrespasstodwellin(,violationo/
do0icile 0a* )e co00itted onl* )* a p)lic
o//icerore0plo*eeandt1eviolation0a*consist
o/an*o/t1et1reeacts0entionedinArticle$2EC
%$+ enterin( t1e dwellin( a(ainst t1e will o/ t1e
ownerwit1otAdicialorder6%2+searc1in(papers
orot1ere//ects/ondinsc1dwellin(wit1ott1e
previos consent o/ t1e owner t1ereo/6 and %:+
re/sin(toleavet1edwellin(w1ensore7ested
)*t1eownert1ereo/,a/ter1avin(srreptitiosl*
enteredsc1dwellin(.
Casesw1enArticle2E>doesnotappl*B
%$+ W1en t1e prpose o/ t1e entrance is to
prevent serios 1ar0 to 1i0sel/, t1e
occpantort1irdpersons6
%2+ W1en t1e prpose o/ t1e o//ender in
enterin( is to render so0e service to
10anit*orAstice6
%:+ An*one w1o s1all enter ca/es, taverns,
innsandot1erp)lic 1oses w1ilet1e*
areopen.
PrsanttoSectionD,Rle$$:o/t1eRleso/
Cort, a person w1o )elieves t1at a cri0e 1as
)eenco00itteda(ainst1i01asever*ri(1tto(o
a/ter t1e clprit and arrest 1i0 wit1ot an*
warrant even i/ in t1e process 1e enters t1e
1oseo/anot1era(ainstt1elatter3swill.
Article2E$.!t1er/or0so/trespass
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Ele0ents
$. !//ender enters t1e closed pre0ises or
t1e/encedestateo/anot1er6
2. .1e entrance is 0ade w1ile eit1er o/
t1e0isnin1a)ited6
:. .1epro1i)itiontoenteris0ani/est6
;. .1e trespasser 1as not secred t1e
per0issiono/t1eownerort1ecareta#er
t1ereo/.
Article2E2.?rave.1reats
Actspnis1edB
$. .1reatenin( anot1er wit1 t1e in/liction
pon1isperson,1onororpropert*ort1at
o/t1is/a0il*o/an*wron(a0ontin(toa
cri0eandde0andin(0one*ori0posin(
an* ot1er condition, even t1o(1 not
nlaw/l, and t1e o//ender attained 1is
prpose6
2. Ma#in( sc1 t1reat wit1ot t1e o//ender
attainin(1isprpose6
:. .1reatenin( anot1er wit1 t1e in/liction
pon1isperson,1onororpropert*ort1at
o/1is/a0il*o/an*wron(a0ontin(toa
cri0e,t1et1reat
?ain is not an essential ele0ent. not )ein(
s)Aecttoacondition.
.1reat is a declaration o/ an intention or
deter0ination to inAre anot1er )* t1e
co00ission pon 1is person, 1onor or propert*
or pon t1at o/ 1is /a0il* o/ so0e wron( w1ic1
0a*or0a*nota0onttoacri0eB
%$+ ?rave t1reats C w1en t1e wron(
t1reatened to )e in/licted a0onts to a
cri0e..1ecase/allsnderArticle2E2.
%2+ Li(1tt1reatsCi/itdoesnota0onttoa
cri0e..1ecase/allsnderArticle2E:.
"teveni/t1e1ar0intendedisint1enatreo/a
cri0e,i/0adeorall*andint1e1eato/an(erand
a/ter t1e oral t1reat, t1e isser o/ t1e t1reat did
not prse t1e act, t1e cri0e is onl* ot1er li(1t
t1reatsnderArticle2E9.
.oconstitte(ravet1reats,t1et1reats0stre/er
to a /tre wron( and is co00itted )* acts or
t1ro(1wordso/sc1e//icienc*toinspireterror
or /ear pon anot1er. It is, t1ere/ore,
c1aracteri8ed )* 0oral pressre t1at prodces
dis7ietdeoralar0.
.1e (reater perversit* o/ t1e o//ender is
0ani/ested w1en t1e t1reats are 0ade
de0andin( 0one* or i0posin( an* condition,
w1et1erlaw/lornot,andt1eo//enders1all1ave
attained1isprpose. Sot1elawi0posespon
1i0 t1e penalt* next lower in de(ree t1an t1at
prescri)ed /or t1e cri0e t1reatened to )e
co00itted."ti/t1eprposeisnotattained,t1e
penalt* lower )* two de(rees is i0posed. .1e
0axi00periodo/t1epenalt*isi0posedi/t1e
t1reats are 0ade in writin( or t1ro(1 a
0iddle0an as t1e* 0ani/est evident
pre0editation.
Distinction)etweent1reatandcoercionB
.1e essence o/ coercion is violence or
inti0idation. .1ere is no condition involved6
1ence,t1ereisno /trit*int1e1ar0orwron(
done.
Int1reat,t1e wron( or 1ar0doneis /tre and
conditional.Incoercion,itisdirectandpersonal.
Distinction)etweent1reatandro))er*B
%$+ As to inti0idation C In ro))er*, t1e
inti0idation is actal and i00ediate6 in
t1reat, t1e inti0idation is /tre and
conditional.
%2+ Astonatreo/inti0idationCInro))er*,
t1einti0idationispersonal6int1reats,it
0a*)et1ro(1aninter0ediar*.
%:+ Astos)Aect0atterCRo))er*re/ersto
personalpropert*6t1reat0a*re/ertot1e
person,1onororpropert*.
%;+ Astointentto(ainCInro))er*,t1ereis
intentto(ain6int1reats,intentto
%9+ Inro))er*,t1ero))er0a#est1edan(er
involved in 1is t1reats directl* i00inent
to t1e victi0 and t1e o)tain0ent o/ 1is
(ain i00ediate, t1ere)* also ta#in(
ri(1tsto1isperson)*t1eoppositionor
resistancew1ic1t1evicti00i(1to//er6in
t1reat, t1e dan(er to t1e victi0 is not
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
instantl* i00inent nor t1e (ain o/ t1e
clpriti00ediate.
Article2E:.Li(1t.1reats
Ele0ents
$. !//ender 0a#es a t1reat to co00it a
wron(6
2. .1ewron(doesnotconstitteacri0e6
:. .1ere is a de0and /or 0one* or t1at
ot1er condition is i0posed, event1o(1
notnlaw/l6
;. !//ender1asattained1isprposeor,t1at
1e1asnotattained1isprpose.
Inordertoconvictapersono/t1ecri0eo/li(1t
t1reats,t1e1ar0t1reatened0stnot)eint1e
natreo/cri0eandt1ereisade0and/or0one*
or an* ot1er condition is i0posed, even t1o(1
law/l.
"lac#0ailin(constittesw1atcri0eN
It is a cri0e o/ li(1t t1reat nder Article 2E: i/
t1ere is no t1reat to p)lis1 an* li)elos or
slanderos0attera(ainstt1eo//endedpart*. I/
t1ere is sc1 a t1reat to 0a#e a slanderos or
li)elos p)lication a(ainst t1e o//ended part*,
t1ecri0ewill)eoneo/li)el,w1ic1ispenali8ed
nder Article :9D. ,or exa0ple, a person
t1reatenstoexposet1ea//airso/0arried0ani/
t1e latter does not (ive 1i0 0one*. .1ere is
inti0idationdonenderade0and.
.1e law i0poses t1e penalt* o/ )ond /or (ood
)e1avioronl*incaseo/(raveandli(1tt1reats.
I/ t1e o//ender cannot post t1e )ond, 1e will )e
)anis1ed)*wa*o/destierrotoprevent1i0/ro0
carr*in(ot1ist1reat.
Article2E9.!t1erLi(1t.1reats
Actspnis1ed
$. .1reatenin(anot1erwit1aweapon,or)*
drawin(sc1weaponina7arrel,nless
it)einlaw/lsel/&de/ense6
2. !rall*t1reatenin(anot1er,int1e1eato/
an(er, wit1 so0e 1ar0 constittin( a
cri0e, wit1ot persistin( in t1e idea
involvedin1ist1reat6
:. !rall* t1reatenin( to do anot1er an*
1ar0notconstittin(a/elon*.
Article2ED.?raveCoercions
Actspnis1ed
$. Preventin( anot1er, )* 0eans o/
violence, t1reats or inti0idation, /ro0
doin(so0et1in(notpro1i)ited)*law6
2. Co0pellin( anot1er, )* 0eans o/
violence, t1reats or inti0idation, to do
so0et1in(a(ainst1iswill,w1et1erit)e
ri(1torwron(.
Ele0ents
$. A person prevented anot1er /ro0 doin(
so0et1in( not pro1i)ited )* law, or t1at
1e co0pelled 1i0 to do so0et1in(
a(ainst1iswill6)eitri(1torwron(6
2. .1epreventionorco0plsion)ee//ected
)*violence,t1reatsorinti0idation6and
:. .1e person t1at restrained t1e will and
li)ert*o/anot1er1adnott1eat1orit*o/
law or t1e ri(1t to do so, or in ot1er
words, t1at t1e restraint s1all not )e
0ade nder at1orit* o/ law or in t1e
exerciseo/an*law/lri(1t.
?rave coercion arises onl* i/ t1e act w1ic1 t1e
o//enderpreventedanot1ertodoisnotpro1i)ited
)* law or ordinance. I/ t1e act pro1i)ited was
ille(al,1eisnotlia)le/or(ravecoercion.
I/apersonpro1i)itsanot1ertodoanact)ecase
t1e act is a cri0e, even t1o(1 so0e sort o/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
violenceorinti0idationise0plo*ed,itwoldnot
(iveriseto(ravecoercion.It0a*onl*(iverise
tot1reatorp1*sicalinAries,i/so0einAriesare
in/licted. 4owever, in case o/ (rave coercion
w1ere t1e o//ended part* is )ein( co0pelled to
doso0et1in(a(ainst1iswill,w1et1erit)ewron(
ornot,t1ecri0eo/(ravecoercionisco00ittedi/
violence or inti0idation is e0plo*ed in order to
co0pel1i0todot1eact. Nopersons1allta#e
t1elawinto1isown1ands.
IllstrationB
Co0pellin( t1e de)tor to deliver so0e o/ 1is
properties to pa* a creditor will a0ont to
coercionalt1o(1t1ecreditor0a*1aveari(1tto
collect pa*0ent /ro0 t1e de)tor, even i/ t1e
o)li(ationislon(overde.
.1eviolencee0plo*edin(ravecoercion0st)e
i00ediate, actal,ori00inent. Int1ea)sence
o/actalori00inent/orceorviolence,coercion
isnotco00itted..1eessenceo/coercionisan
attac#onindividalli)ert*.
.1ep1*sicalviolenceisexertedto%$+preventa
person/ro0doin(so0et1in(1ewantstodo6or
%2+co0pel1i0todoso0et1in(1edoesnotwant
todo.
IllstrationB
I/a0anco0pelsanot1ertos1owt1econtentso/
t1elatter3spoc#ets,andta#est1ewallet,t1is is
ro))er*andnot(ravecoercion..1einti0idation
isa0eanso/co00ittin(ro))er*wit1violenceor
inti0idation o/ persons. 5iolence is in1erent in
t1ecri0eo/ro))er*wit1violenceorinti0idation
ponpersonsandinsrpationo/realproperties
)ecaseitist1e0eanso/co00ittin(t1ecri0e.
Exceptiontot1erlet1atp1*sicalviolence0st
)eexertedBw1ereinti0idationissoseriost1atit
is not a t1reat an*0ore C it approxi0ates
violence.
InLeev.CA,2>$SCAR;>9,itwas1eldt1at
neit1ert1ecri0eo/t1reatsnorcoercion
isco00ittedalt1o(1t1eaccsed,a
)ranc10ana(ero/a)an#0adet1e
co0plainantsi(nawit1drawalslip/ort1e
a0ontneededtopa*t1espriosdollar
c1ec#s1e1adencas1ed,andalso0ade
1erexecteana//idavitre(ardin(t1e
retrno/t1ea0onta(ainst1er)etter
senseandAd(0ent.Accordin(tot1e
cort,t1eco0plainant0a*1aveacted
relctantl*andwit11esitation,)tstill,it
wasvolntar*.Itisdi//erentw1ena
co0plainantre/sesa)soltel*toact
sc1anextentt1ats1e)eco0esa0ere
ato0atonandacts0ec1anicall*onl*,
noto/1erownwill.Int1issitation,t1e
co0plainantceasestoexistasan
independentpersonalit*andt1eperson
w1oe0plo*s/orceorinti0idationis,in
t1ee*eso/t1elaw,t1eoneactin(6w1ile
t1e1ando/t1eco0plainantsi(n,t1ewill
t1at0ovesitist1e1ando/t1eo//ender.
Article2EF.Li(1tCoercions
Ele0ents
$. !//ender0st)eacreditor6
2. 4e sei8es an*t1in( )elon(in( to 1is
de)torB
:. .1esei8reo/t1et1in()eacco0plis1ed
)* 0eans o/ violence or a displa* o/
0aterial/orceprodcin(inti0idation6
;. .1e prpose o/ t1e o//ender is to appl*
t1esa0etot1epa*0ento/t1ede)t.
.1e
/irst para(rap1 deals wit1 li(1t coercions

w1erein violence is e0plo*ed )* t1e o//ender
w1oisacreditorinsei8in(an*t1in()elon(in(to
1isde)tor/ort1eprposeo/appl*in(t1esa0eto
t1epa*0ento/t1ede)t.
In t1e ot1er li(1t coercions or nAst vexation
e0)raced in t1e second para(rap1, violence is
a)sent.
In nAst vexation, an* act co00itted wit1ot
violence,)tw1ic1nAsti/ia)l*anno*sorvexes
aninnocentpersona0ontstoli(1tcoercion.
As a pnis1a)le act, nAst vexation s1old
incldean* 10ancondct w1ic1, alt1o(1 not
prodctive o/ so0e p1*sical or 0aterial 1ar0
wold, 1owever, nAsti/ia)l* anno* or vex an
innocentperson.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Itisdistin(is1ed/ro0(ravecoercionndert1e
/irstpara(rap1)*t1ea)senceo/violence.
IllstrationB
Personsstonin(so0eoneelse3s1ose.Solon(
as stonin( is not serios and it is intended to
anno*,itisnAstvexation.Itdistr)st1epeace
o/0ind.
.1e 0ain prpose o/ t1e statte penali8in(
coercion and nAst vexation is precisel* to
en/orcet1eprinciplet1atnoperson0a*ta#et1e
law into 1is 1ands and t1at or (overn0ent is
one o/ laws, not o/ 0en. .1e essence o/ t1e
cri0esist1eattac#onindividalli)ert*.
Article2EE.!t1erSi0ilarCoercions
Actspnis1edB
$. ,orcin( or co0pellin(, directl* or
indirectl*, or #nowin(l* per0ittin( t1e
/orcin( or co0pellin( o/ t1e la)orer or
e0plo*ee o/ t1e o//ender to prc1ase
0erc1andiseo/co00oditieso/an*#ind
/ro01i06
Ele0entsB
$. !//enderisan*person,a(entor
o//icer o/ an* association or
corporation6
2. 4e or sc1 /ir0 or corporation
1as e0plo*ed la)orers or
e0plo*ees6
:. 4e/orcesorco0pels,directl*or
indirectl*,or#nowin(l*per0itsto
)e /orced or co0pelled, an* o/
1is or its la)orers or e0plo*ees
to prc1ase 0erc1andise or
co00odities o/ an* #ind /ro0
1i0 or /ro0 said /ir0 or
corporation.
2. Pa*in( t1e wa(es de 1is la)orer or
e0plo*ee )* 0eans o/ to#ens or o)Aect
ot1er t1an t1e le(al tender crrenc* o/
t1e P1ilippines, nless expressl*
re7ested)*sc1la)orerore0plo*ee.
Ele0entsB
$. !//ender pa*s t1e wa(es de a
la)orerore0plo*eee0plo*ed)*
1i0 )* 0eans o/ to#ens or
o)Aect6
$. .1ose to#ens or o)Aects are ot1er
t1ant1ele(altendercrrenc*o/
t1eP1ilippines6
:. Sc1 e0plo*ee or la)orer does
notexpressl*re7estt1at1e)e
paid )* 0eans o/ to#ens or
o)Aects.
Article 2E'. ,or0ation, Maintenance, and Pro1i)ition o/ Co0)ination o/ Capital or La)or t1ro(1
5iolenceor.1reats
Ele0ents
$. !//ender e0plo*sviolence ort1reats,in
sc1ade(reeastoco0pelor/orcet1e
la)orers or e0plo*ers in t1e /ree and
le(alexerciseo/t1eirindstr*orwor#6
2. .1e prpose is to or(ani8e, 0aintain or
prevent coalitions o/ capital or la)or,
stri#eo/la)orersorloc#oto/e0plo*ers.
Article2'>.Discoverin(Secretst1ro(1Sei8reo/Correspondence
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisaprivateindividalorevena
p)lic o//icer not in t1e exercise o/ 1is
o//icial/nction6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
2. 4e sei8es t1e papers or letters o/
anot1er6
:. .1eprposeistodiscovert1esecretso/
sc1anot1erperson6
;. !//ender is in/or0ed o/ t1e contents o/
t1epapersorletterssei8ed.
.1is is a cri0e a(ainst t1e secrit* o/ one3s
papers and e//ects. .1e prpose 0st )e to
discoveritse//ects. .1eactviolatest1eprivac*
o/co00nication.
Accordin(to!rte(a,itisnotnecessar*t1att1e
o//enders1oldactall*discovert1econtentso/
t1eletter.Re*es,citin(Peoplev.Sin(1,CA,;>
!?,Sppl.9,:9,)elievesot1erwise.
.1e last para(rap1 o/ Article 2'> expressl*
0a#es t1e provision o/ t1e /irst and second
para(rap1 t1ereo/ inapplica)le to parents,
(ardians,orpersonsentrstedwit1t1ecstod*
o/0inorsplacedndert1eircareorcstod*,and
to t1e sposes wit1 respect to t1e papers or
letterso/eit1ero/t1e0..1eteac1ersorot1er
personsentrstedwit1t1ecareandedcationo/
0inorsareincldedint1eexceptions.
In a case decided )* t1e Spre0e Cort, a
sposew1or00a(edand/ondloveletterso/
1s)andto0istressdoesnotco00itt1iscri0e,
)t t1e letters are inad0issi)le in evidence
)ecase o/ nreasona)le searc1 and sei8re.
.1erlin(1eldt1att1ewi/es1old1aveapplied
/orasearc1warrant.
Distinction/ro0esta/a,da0a(etopropert*,and
nAstvexationB
I/t1eact1ad)eenexectedwit1intento/(ain,it
wold)eesta/a6
I/, on t1e ot1er 1and, t1e prpose was not to
de/rad,)tonl*tocaseda0a(etoanot1er3s,it
wold 0erit t1e 7ali/ication o/ da0a(e to
propert*6
I/ t1e intention was 0erel* to case vexation
preventin(anot1ertodoso0et1in(w1ic1t1elaw
doesnotpro1i)itorco0pel1i0toexectew1at
1edoesnotwant,t1eacts1old)econsidered
asnAstvexation.
Revelationo/secretsdiscoverednotanele0ent
o/t1ecri0e)tonl*increasest1epenalt*.
Article2'$.Revealin(Secretswit1A)seo/!//ice
Ele0ents
$. !//ender is a 0ana(er, e0plo*ee or
servant6
2. 4e learns t1e secrets o/ 1is principal or
0asterinsc1capacit*6
:. 4erevealssc1secrets.
Ane0plo*ee,0ana(er,orservantw1oca0eto
#now o/ t1e secret o/ 1is 0aster or principal in
sc1capacit*andrevealst1esa0es1allalso)e
lia)lere(ardlesso/w1et1erornott1eprincipalor
0asters//eredda0a(es.
.1e essence o/ t1is cri0e is t1at t1e o//ender
learned o/ t1e secret in t1e corse o/ 1is
e0plo*0ent. 4e is enAo*in( a con/idential
relationwit1t1ee0plo*eror0asterso1es1old
respect t1e privac* o/ 0atters personal to t1e
latter.
I/ t1e 0atter pertains to t1e )siness o/ t1e
e0plo*er or 0aster, da0a(e is necessar* and
t1e a(ent, e0plo*ee or servant s1all alwa*s )e
lia)le. ReasonB no one 1as a ri(1t to t1e
personalprivac*o/anot1er.
Article2'2.Revelationo/IndstrialSecrets
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisapersoninc1ar(e,e0plo*ee
or wor#0an o/ a 0an/actrin( or
indstrialesta)lis10ent6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
2. .1e 0an/actrin( or indstrial
esta)lis10ent1asasecreto/t1eindstr*
w1ic1t1eo//ender1aslearned6
:. !//enderrevealssc1secrets6
;. PreAdiceiscasedtot1eowner.
A )siness secret 0st not )e #nown to ot1er
)sinessentitiesorpersons. Itisa0atterto)e
discovered,#nownandsed)*and0st)elon(
to one person or entit* exclsivel*. !ne w1o
0erel*copiest1eir0ac1ines/ro0t1osealread*
existin( and /nctionin( cannot clai0 to 1ave a
)siness secret, 0c1 less, a discover* wit1in
t1econte0plationo/Article2'2.
A.AN.I&WIRE.APPIN?AC.%R.A.;2>>+
Pnis1a)leacts
$. It s1all )e nlaw/l /or an* person, not
)ein( at1ori8ed )* all t1e parties to an*
private co00nication or spo#en word, to
tapan*wireorca)le,or)*sin(an*ot1er
deviceorarran(e0ent,tosecretl*over1ear,
intercept, or record sc1 co00nication or
spo#en word )* sin( a device co00onl*
#nown as a dictap1one or dicta(rap1 or
dictap1oneorwal#ie&tal#ieortaperecorder,
or1oweverot1erwisedescri)edB
2. Its1allalso)enlaw/l/oran*person,
)e1eaparticipantornotint1eactoracts
penali8edint1enextprecedin(sentence,to
#nowin(l* possess an* tape record, wire
record, disc record, or an* ot1er sc1
record, or copies t1ereo/, o/ an*
co00nication or spo#en word secred
eit1er )e/ore or a/ter t1e e//ective date o/
t1isActint1e0annerpro1i)ited)*t1islaw6
ortorepla*t1esa0e/oran*ot1erpersonor
persons6 or to co00nicate t1e contents
t1ereo/, eit1er ver)all* or in writin(, or to
/rnis1 transcriptions t1ereo/, w1et1er
co0plete or partial, to an* ot1er personB
Provided,.1att1eseo/sc1recordoran*
copies t1ereo/ as evidence in an* civil,
cri0inal investi(ation or trial o/ o//enses
0entionedinsection:1ereo/,s1all not)e
covered)*t1ispro1i)ition%Sec.$+.
3. An* person w1o will/ll* or #nowin(l*
doesorw1os1allaid,per0it,orcaseto)e
donean*o/t1eactsdeclaredto)enlaw/l
int1eprecedin(sectionorw1oviolatest1e
provisionso/t1e/ollowin(sectionoro/an*
orderissedt1erender,oraids,per0its,or
casessc1violations1all,ponconviction
t1ereo/,)epnis1ed)*i0prison0ent/ornot
lesst1ansix0ont1sor0oret1ansix*ears
andwit1t1eaccessor*penalt*o/perpetal
a)soltedis7ali/ication/ro0p)lico//icei/
t1eo//ender)eap)lico//icialatt1eti0eo/
t1e co00ission o/ t1e o//ense, and, i/ t1e
o//ender is an alien 1e s1all )e s)Aect to
deportationproceedin(s%Sec.2+.
Exceptions
Not1in( contained in t1is Act, 1owever, s1all
render it nlaw/l or pnis1a)le /or an* peace
o//icer,w1ois%$+at1ori8ed)*awrittenordero/
t1eCort,
%2+ to execte an* o/ t1e acts declared to )e
nlaw/lint1etwoprecedin(sections
%:+incasesinvolvin(t1ecri0eso/
(a) .reason,
(b) Espiona(e,
(c) Provo#in(waranddislo*alt*incaseo/
war,
(d) Pirac*,
(e) Mtin*int1e1i(1seas,
(f) Re)ellion,
(g) Conspirac* and proposal to co00it
re)ellion,
(h) Incitin(tore)ellion,
(i) Sedition,
(j) Conspirac*toco00itsedition,
(k) Incitin(tosedition,
(l) Ridnappin( as de/ined )* t1e Revised
PenalCode,and
(m) 5iolations o/ Co00onwealt1 Act No.
D$D, pnis1in( espiona(e and ot1er
o//ensesa(ainstnationalsecrit*B
Provided,.1atsc1 written orders1all onl*)e
issed or (ranted pon written application and
t1eexa0inationnderoat1ora//ir0ationo/t1e
applicant and t1e witnesses 1e 0a* prodce
andas1owin(B
(1) .1at t1ere are reasona)le (ronds to
)elieve t1at an* o/ t1e cri0es en0erated
1ereina)ove1as)eenco00ittedoris)ein(
co00itted or is a)ot to )e co00ittedB
Provided, 1owever, .1at in cases involvin(
t1e o//enses o/ re)ellion, conspirac* and
proposal to co00it re)ellion, incitin( to
re)ellion, sedition, conspirac* to co00it
sedition, and incitin( to sedition, sc1
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
at1orit* s1all )e (ranted onl* pon prior
proo/t1atare)ellionoractso/sedition,as
t1ecase0a*)e,1aveactall*)eenorare
)ein(co00itted6
(2) .1at t1ere are reasona)le (ronds to
)elieve t1at evidence will )e o)tained
essentialtot1econvictiono/an*person/or,
ortot1esoltiono/,ortot1epreventiono/,
an*o/sc1cri0es6and
(3) .1at t1ere are no ot1er 0eans readil*
availa)le/oro)tainin(sc1evidence.
.1eorder(rantedorisseds1allspeci/*B%$+t1e
identit* o/ t1e person or persons w1ose
co00nications, conversations, discssions, or
spo#enwordsareto)eover1eard,intercepted,
or recorded and, in t1e case o/ tele(rap1ic or
telep1onicco00nications,t1etele(rap1lineor
t1etelep1onen0)erinvolvedanditslocation6
%2+t1eidentit*o/t1epeaceo//icerat1ori8edto
over1ear, intercept, or record t1e
co00nications, conversations, discssions, or
spo#en words6 %:+ t1e o//ense or o//enses
co00ittedorso(1tto)eprevented6and%;+t1e
period o/ t1e at1ori8ation. .1e at1ori8ation
s1all )ee//ective/ort1eperiodspeci/iedint1e
order w1ic1 s1all not exceed sixt* %D>+ da*s
/ro0 t1e date o/ issance o/ t1e order, nless
extended or renewed )* t1e cort pon )ein(
satis/iedt1atsc1extensionorrenewalisint1e
p)licinterest.
All recordin(s 0ade nder cort at1ori8ation
s1all,wit1in/ort*&ei(1t1orsa/tert1eexpiration
o/t1eperiod/ixedint1eorder,)edepositedwit1
t1e cort in a sealed envelope or sealed
pac#a(e, and s1all )e acco0panied )* an
a//idavit o/ t1e peace o//icer (ranted sc1
at1orit*statin(t1en0)ero/recordin(s0ade,
t1edatesandti0escovered)*eac1recordin(,
t1en0)ero/tapes,discs,orrecordsinclded
in t1e deposit, andcerti/*in( t1atno dplicates
orcopieso/t1ew1oleoran*partt1ereo/1ave
)een0ade,ori/0ade,t1atallsc1dplicates
or copies are inclded in t1e envelope or
pac#a(edepositedwit1t1ecort..1eenvelope
orpac#a(esodepositeds1allnot)eopened,or
t1erecordin(srepla*ed,orsedinevidence,or
t1eircontentsrevealed,exceptponordero/t1e
cort, w1ic1 s1all not )e (ranted except pon
0otion, wit1 de notice and opportnit* to )e
1eard to t1e person or persons w1ose
conversation or co00nications 1ave )een
recorded.
.1e cort re/erred to in t1is section s1all )e
nderstoodto0eant1eCorto/,irstInstance
wit1in w1ose territorial Arisdiction t1e acts /or
w1ic1at1orit*isapplied/orareto)eexected
%Sec.:+.
".4-MANSEC-RI.LAC.!,2>>F%R.A.':F2+
Srveillance o/ sspects and interception and
recordin(o/co00nications
.1e provisions o/ Rep)lic Act No. ;2>> %Anti&
Wire .appin( Law+ to t1e contrar*
notwit1standin(, a police or law en/orce0ent
o//icialandt1e0e0)erso/1istea00a*,pon
awrittenordero/t1eCorto/Appeals,listento,
interceptandrecord,wit1t1eseo/an*0ode,
/or0, #ind or t*pe o/ electronic or ot1er
srveillance e7ip0ent or interceptin( and
trac#in( devices, or wit1 t1e se o/ an* ot1er
sita)lewa*sand0eans/ort1atprpose,an*
co00nication, 0essa(e, conversation,
discssion,orspo#enorwrittenwords)etween
0e0)ers o/ a Adiciall* declared and otlawed
terrorist or(ani8ation, association, or (rop o/
persons or o/ an* person c1ar(ed wit1 or
sspectedo/t1ecri0eo/terroris0orconspirac*
toco00itterroris0.
Provided, .1at srveillance, interception and
recordin( o/ co00nications )etween law*ers
andclients,doctorsandpatients,Aornalistsand
t1eir sorces and con/idential )siness
correspondences1allnot)eat1ori8ed%Sec.F+.
Restrictionontravel
In cases w1ere evidence o/ (ilt is not stron(,
and t1e person c1ar(ed wit1 t1e cri0e o/
terroris0 or conspirac* to co00it terroris0 is
entitled to )ail and is (ranted t1e sa0e, t1e
cort, pon application)*t1e prosector,s1all
li0itt1e ri(1t o/ travel o/t1e accsed towit1in
t1e 0nicipalit* or cit* w1ere 1e resides or
w1ere t1e case is pendin(, in t1e interest o/
national secrit* and p)lic sa/et*, consistent
wit1 Article III, Section D o/ t1e Constittion.
.ravel otside o/ said 0nicipalit* or cit*,
wit1ot t1e at1ori8ation o/ t1e cort, s1all )e
dee0edaviolationo/t1eter0sandconditions
o/ 1is )ail, w1ic1 s1all t1en )e /or/eited as
providedndert1eRleso/Cort.
4e/s1e0a*also)eplacednder1osearrest
)*ordero/t1ecortat1isor1ersalplaceo/
residence.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
W1ilender1osearrest,1eors1e0a*notse
telep1ones,cellp1ones,e&0ails,co0pters,t1e
internetorot1er0eanso/co00nicationswit1
people otside t1e residence ntil ot1erwise
ordered)*t1ecort.
.1e restrictions a)ove0entioned s1all )e
ter0inatedpont1eac7ittalo/t1eaccsedor
o/t1edis0issalo/t1ecase/ileda(ainst1i0or
earlierpont1ediscretiono/t1ecorton0otion
o/t1eprosectororo/t1eaccsed%Sec.2D+.
Exa0inationo/)an#depositsanddoc0ents
%a+GdicialAt1ori8ation
.1e provisions o/ Rep)lic Act No. $;>9 as
a0ended, to t1e contrar* notwit1standin(, t1e
Asticeso/t1eCorto/Appealsdesi(natedasa
specialcortto1andleanti&terroris0casesa/ter
satis/*in( t1e0selves o/ t1e existence o/
pro)a)le case in a 1earin( called /or t1at
prpose t1atB %$+ a person c1ar(ed wit1 or
sspected o/ t1e cri0e o/ terroris0 or,
conspirac*toco00itterroris0,%2+o/aAdiciall*
declared and otlawed terrorist or(ani8ation,
association, or (rop o/ persons6 and %:+ o/ a
0e0)ero/sc1Adiciall*declaredandotlawed
or(ani8ation, association, or (rop o/ persons,
0a* at1ori8e in writin( an* police or law
en/orce0ento//icerandt1e0e0)erso/1is/1er
tea0 dl* at1ori8ed in writin( )* t1e anti&
terroris0 concil toB %a+ exa0ine, or case t1e
exa0ination o/, t1e deposits, place0ents, trst
acconts, assets and records in a )an# or
/inancialinstittion6and%)+(at1erorcaset1e
(at1erin(o/an*relevantin/or0ationa)otsc1
deposits, place0ents, trst acconts, assets,
andrecords/ro0a)an#or/inancialinstittion.
.1e)an#or/inancialinstittionconcerned,s1all
not re/se to allow sc1 exa0ination or to
provide t1e desired in/or0ation, w1en so,
ordered)*andservedwit1t1ewrittenordero/
t1eCorto/Appeals%Sec.2F+.
%)+Application
.1e written order o/ t1e Cort o/ Appeals
at1ori8in( t1e exa0ination o/ )an# deposits,
place0ents,trstacconts,assets,andrecordsB
%$+o/apersonc1ar(edwit1orsspectedo/t1e
cri0e o/ terroris0 or conspirac* to co00it
terroris06 %2+ o/ an* Adiciall* declared and
otlawed terrorist or(ani8ation, association, or
(ropo/persons,or%:+o/an*0e0)ero/sc1
or(ani8ation,association,or(ropo/personsin
a)an#or/inancialinstittion,andt1e(at1erin(
o/an*relevantin/or0ationa)ott1esa0e/ro0
said )an# or /inancial instittion, s1all onl* )e
(ranted)*t1eat1ori8in(divisiono/t1eCort
o/Appealsponanexparteapplicationtot1at
e//ecto/apoliceoro/alawen/orce0ento//icial
w1o 1as )een dl* at1ori8ed in writin( to /ile
sc1 exparte application )*t1e Anti&.erroris0
Concil created inSection9:o/t1isAct to/ile
sc1exparteapplication,andponexa0ination
nder oat1 or a//ir0ation o/ t1e applicant and,
t1e witnesses 1e 0a* prodce to esta)lis1 t1e
/acts t1at will Asti/* t1e need and r(enc* o/
exa0inin( and /ree8in( t1e )an# deposits,
place0ents,trstacconts,assets,andrecordsB
%$+o/ t1e person c1ar(ed wit1 orsspectedo/
t1e cri0e o/ terroris0 or conspirac* to co00it
terroris06 %2+ o/ a Adiciall* declared and
otlawed terrorist or(ani8ation, association or
(ropo/persons6or%:+o/an*0e0)ero/sc1
or(ani8ation, association, or (rop o/ persons
%Sec.2E+.
-nat1ori8edrevelationo/classi/ied0aterials
.1e penalt* o/ ten %$>+ *ears and one da* to
twelve %$2+ *ears o/ i0prison0ent s1all )e
i0posed pon an* person, police or law
en/orce0enta(ent,Adicialo//icerorcivilservant
w1o, not )ein( at1ori8ed )* t1e Cort o/
Appealstodoso,revealsinan*0anneror/or0
an* classi/ied in/or0ation nder t1is Act %Sec.
;D+.
AN.I&.RA,,ICRIN?INPERS!NSAC.!,2>>:%R.A.'2>E+
Pnis1a)leacts
$. Acts o/ .ra//ic#in( in Persons. & It s1all )e
nlaw/l/oran*person,natralorAridical,
toco00itan*o/t1e/ollowin(actsB
%a+ .o recrit, transport, trans/er6 1ar)or,
provide, or receive a person )* an*
0eans, incldin( t1ose done nder t1e
pretext o/ do0estic or overseas
e0plo*0ent or trainin( or
apprentices1ip, /or t1e prpose o/
prostittion, porno(rap1*, sexal
exploitation, /orced la)or, slaver*,
involntar*servitdeorde)t)onda(e6
%)+.ointrodceor0atc1/or0one*,pro/it,
or 0aterial, econo0ic or ot1er
consideration, an* person or, as
provided /or nder Rep)lic Act No.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
D'99, an* ,ilipino wo0an to a /orei(n
national,/or0arria(e/ort1eprposeo/
ac7irin(, )*in(, o//erin(, sellin( or
tradin(1i0/1ertoen(a(einprostittion,
porno(rap1*,sexalexploitation,/orced
la)or, slaver*, involntar* servitde or
de)t)onda(e6
%c+ .o o//er or contract 0arria(e, real or
si0lated, /or t1e prpose o/ ac7irin(,
)*in(,o//erin(,sellin(,ortradin(t1e0
to en(a(e in prostittion, porno(rap1*,
sexal exploitation, /orced la)or or
slaver*, involntar* servitde or de)t
)onda(e6
%d+.onderta#eoror(ani8etorsandtravel
plansconsistin(o/toris0pac#a(esor
activities/ort1eprposeo/tili8in(and
o//erin( persons /or prostittion,
porno(rap1*orsexalexploitation6
%e+.o0aintainor1ireapersontoen(a(ein
prostittionorporno(rap1*6
%/+ .o adopt or /acilitate t1e adoption o/
persons /or t1e prpose o/ prostittion,
de)t)onda(e6
%(+ .o recrit, 1ire, adopt, transport or
a)dctaperson,)*0eanso/t1reator
se o/ /orce, /rad, deceit, violence,
coercion,orinti0idation/ort1eprpose
o/ re0oval or sale o/ or(ans o/ said
person6and
%1+ .o recrit, transport or adopt a c1ild to
en(a(e in ar0ed activities in t1e
P1ilippinesora)road%Sec.;+.
2. Acts t1at Pro0ote .ra//ic#in( in Persons. &
.1e /ollowin( acts w1ic1 pro0ote or
/acilitate tra//ic#in( in persons, s1all )e
nlaw/lB
%a+.o#nowin(l*leaseors)lease,seor
allowto)esedan*1ose,)ildin(or
esta)lis10ent /or t1e prpose o/
pro0otin(tra//ic#in(inpersons6
%)+.oprodce,printandisseordistri)te
nissed, ta0pered or /a#e conselin(
certi/icates, re(istration stic#ers and
certi/icates o/ an* (overn0ent a(enc*
w1ic1 isses t1ese certi/icates and
stic#ers as proo/ o/ co0pliance wit1
(overn0ent re(lator* and pre&
departre re7ire0ents /or t1e prpose
o/pro0otin(tra//ic#in(inpersons6
%c+.oadvertise,p)lis1,print,)roadcastor
distri)te, or case t1e advertise0ent,
p)lication, printin(, )roadcastin( or
distri)tion)*an*0eans,incldin(t1e
se o/ in/or0ation tec1nolo(* and t1e
internet, o/ an* )roc1re, /l*er, or an*
propa(anda 0aterial t1at pro0otes
tra//ic#in(inpersons6
%d+ .o assist in t1e condct o/
0isrepresentationor/rad/orprposes
o/ /acilitatin( t1e ac7isition o/
clearances and necessar* exit
doc0ents /ro0 (overn0ent a(encies
t1at are 0andated to provide pre&
departre re(istration and services /or
departin( persons /or t1e prpose o/
%e+.o/acilitate,assistor1elpint1eexitand
entr* o/ persons /ro0/to t1e contr* at
internationalandlocalairports,territorial
)ondaries and seaports w1o are in
possession o/ nissed, ta0pered or
/radlent travel doc0ents /or t1e
prpose o/ pro0otin( tra//ic#in( in
persons6
%/+ .o con/iscate, conceal, or destro* t1e
passport,travel doc0ents,orpersonal
doc0ents or )elon(in(s o/ tra//ic#ed
personsin/rt1eranceo/tra//ic#in(orto
preventt1e0/ro0leavin(t1econtr*or
see#in(redress/ro0t1e(overn0entor
appropriatea(encies6and
%(+ .o #nowin(l* )ene/it /ro0, /inancial or
ot1erwise,or0a#eseo/,t1ela)oror
serviceso/aperson1eldtoacondition
o/involntar*servitde,/orcedla)or,or
slaver*%Sec.9+.
:. Jali/ied .ra//ic#in( in Persons. & .1e
/ollowin( are considered as 7ali/ied
tra//ic#in(B
%a+W1ent1etra//ic#edpersonisac1ild6
%)+ W1en t1e adoption is e//ected t1ro(1
Rep)licActNo.E>;:,ot1erwise#nown
as t1e MInter&Contr* Adoption Act o/
$''9M and said adoption is /or t1e
prpose o/ prostittion, porno(rap1*,
sexalexploitation,/orcedla)or,slaver*,
%c+ W1en t1e cri0e is co00itted )* a
s*ndicate,orinlar(escale..ra//ic#in(is
dee0ed co00itted )* a s*ndicate i/
carried ot )* a (rop o/ t1ree %:+ or
0ore persons conspirin( or
con/ederatin( wit1 one anot1er. It is
dee0ed co00itted in lar(e scale i/
co00itted a(ainst t1ree %:+ or 0ore
persons,individall*orasa(rop6
%d+ W1en t1e o//ender is an ascendant,
parent, si)lin(, (ardian or a person
w1o exercises at1orit* over t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
tra//ic#edpersonorw1ent1eo//enseis
co00itted )* a p)lic o//icer or
e0plo*ee6
%e+W1ent1etra//ic#edpersonisrecritedto
en(a(einprostittionwit1an*0e0)er
o/ t1e 0ilitar* or law en/orce0ent
a(encies6
%/+ W1en t1e o//ender is a 0e0)er o/ t1e
0ilitar* or law en/orce0ent a(encies6
and
%(+ W1en )* reason or on occasion o/ t1e
acto/tra//ic#in(inpersons,t1eo//ended
part* dies, )eco0es insane, s//ers
0tilation or is a//licted wit1 40an
I00node/icienc* 5irs %4I5+ or t1e
Ac7ired I00ne De/icienc* S*ndro0e
%AIDS+%Sec.D+.
$>.CRIMESA?AINS.PR!PER.L%2':&::2+
Cri0esa(ainstpropert*
$. Ro))er*wit1violencea(ainstorinti0idation
o/persons%Art.2';+6
2. Atte0pted and /rstrated ro))er* co00itted
ndercertaincirc0stances%Art.2'F+6
:. Exectiono/deeds)*0eanso/violenceor
inti0idation%Art.2'E+6
;. Ro))er* in an in1a)ited 1ose or p)lic
)ildin( or edi/ice devoted to wors1ip %Art.
2''+6
9. Ro))er*inanin1a)itedplaceorinaprivate
)ildin(%Art.:>2+6
D. Possessiono/pic#loc#sorsi0ilartools%Art.
:>;+6
F. "ri(anda(e%Art.:>D+6
E. Aidin(anda)ettin(a)ando/)ri(ands%Art.
:>F+6
'. .1e/t%Art.:>E+6
$>. Jali/iedt1e/t%Art.:$>+6
$$. .1e/t o/ t1e propert* o/ t1e National Li)rar*
andNationalMse0%Art.:$$+6
$2. !ccpation o/ real propert* or srpation o/
realri(1tsinpropert*%Art.:$2+6
$:. Alterin()ondariesorland0ar#s%Art.:$:+6
$;. ,radlentinsolvenc*%Art.:$;+6
$9. Swindlin(%Art.:$9+6
$D. !t1er/or0so/swindlin(%Art.:$D+6
$F. Swindlin(a0inor%Art.:$F+6
$E. !t1erdeceits%Art.:$E+6
$'. Re0oval, sale or pled(e o/ 0ort(a(ed
propert*%Art.:$'+6
2>. Destrctivearson%Art.:2>+6
2$. !t1er/or0so/arson%Art.:2$+6
22. Arsono/propert*o/s0allvale%Art.:2:+6
2:. Cri0esinvolvin(destrction%Art.:2;+6
2;. "rnin( one3s own propert* as 0eans to
co00itarson%Art.:29+6
29. Settin(/iretopropert*exclsivel*owned)*
t1eo//ender%Art.:2D+6
2D. Malicios0isc1ie/%Art.:2F+6
2F. Specialcaseo/0alicios0isc1ie/%Art.:2E+6
2E. Da0a(e and o)strction to 0eans o/
co00nication%Art.::>+6
2'. Destro*in( or da0a(in( states, p)lic
0on0entsorpaintin(s%Art.::$+.
Article2':.W1oAre?ilt*o/Ro))er*
Ro))er*C.1isist1eta#in(orpersonal propert*
)elon(in(toanot1er,wit1intentto(ain,)*0eans
o/violencea(ainst,orinti0idationo/an*person,
orsin(/orceponan*t1in(.
Ele0entso/ro))er*in(eneral
$. .1ere is personal propert* )elon(in( to
anot1er6
2. .1ereisnlaw/lta#in(o/t1atpropert*6
:. .1eta#in(0st)ewit1intentto(ain6and
;. .1ereisviolencea(ainstorinti0idationo/an*
person,or/orceponan*t1in(.
Article2';.Ro))er*wit15iolencea(ainstorInti0idationo/Persons
Actspnis1ed $. W1en)*reasonoronoccasiono/t1ero))er*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%ta#in( o/ personal propert* )elon(in( to
anot1er wit1 intent to (ain+, t1e cri0e o/
1o0icideisco00itted6
2. W1ent1ero))er*isacco0panied)*rapeor
intentional0tilationorarson6
:. W1en )* reason o/ on occasion o/ sc1
ro))er*, an* o/ t1e p1*sical inAries resltin(
ininsanit*, i0)ecilit*, i0potenc* or )lindness
isin/licted6
;. W1en )* reason or on occasion o/ ro))er*,
an*o/t1ep1*sicalinAriesresltin(int1eloss
o/t1eseo/speec1ort1epowerto1earorto
s0ell,ort1elosso/ane*e,a1and,a/oot,an
ar0,orale(ort1elosso/t1eseo/an*sc1
0e0)erorincapacit*/ort1ewor#inw1ic1t1e
inAred person is t1ereto/ore 1a)itall*
en(a(edisin/licted6
9. I/t1eviolenceorinti0idatione0plo*edint1e
co00ission o/ t1e ro))er* is carried to a
de(reennecessar*/ort1eco00issiono/t1e
cri0e6
D. W1en in t1e corse o/ its exection, t1e
o//enders1all 1avein/lictedponan*person
not responsi)le /or t1e co00ission o/ t1e
ro))er* an* o/ t1e p1*sical inAries in
conse7ence o/ w1ic1 t1e person inAred
)eco0esde/or0edorlosesan*ot1er0e0)er
o/ 1is )od* or loses t1e se t1ereo/ or
)eco0es ill or incapacitated /or t1e
per/or0ance o/ t1e wor# in w1ic1 1e is
1a)itall* en(a(ed /or 0ore t1an '> da*s or
t1epersoninAred)eco0esillorincapacitated
/orla)or/or0oret1an:>da*s6
F. I/t1eviolencee0plo*ed)*t1eo//enderdoes
notcasean*o/t1eseriosp1*sical inAries
de/ined in Article 2D:, or i/ t1e o//ender
e0plo*sinti0idationonl*.
5iolence or inti0idation pon persons 0a*reslt
in deat1 or 0tilation or rape or serios p1*sical
inAries.
I/ deat1 reslts or even acco0panies a ro))er*,
t1e cri0e will )e ro))er* wit1 1o0icide provided
t1att1ero))er*iscons00ated.
.1isisacri0ea(ainstpropert*,andt1ere/ore,*o
contendnotwit1t1e#illin()twit1t1ero))er*.
As lon( as t1ere is onl* one %$+ ro))er*,
re(ardlesso/t1epersons#illed,t1ecri0ewillonl*
)e one %$+ cont o/ ro))er* wit1 1o0icide. .1e
/actt1att1ereare0ltiple#illin(sco00ittedint1e
corse o/ t1e ro))er* will )e considered onl* as
a((ravatin(soastocall/ort1ei0positiono/t1e
0axi00penalt*prescri)ed)*law.
I/, on t1e occasion or )* reason o/ t1e ro))er*,
so0e)od* is #illed, and t1ere are also p1*sical
inAries in/licted )* reason or on t1e occasion o/
t1ero))er*,don3tt1in#t1att1osew1osstained
p1*sical inAries 0a* separatel* prosecte t1e
o//ender /or p1*sical inAries. .1ose p1*sical
inAries are onl* considered a((ravatin(
circ0stances in t1e cri0e o/ ro))er* wit1
1o0icide.
.1isisnotaco0plexcri0easnderstoodnder
Article;E,)tasin(leindivisi)lecri0e. .1isisa
special co0plex cri0e )ecase t1e speci/ic
penalt*isprovidedint1elaw.
InNapolisv.CA,itwas1eldt1atw1enviolenceor
inti0idationand/orcepont1in(sare)ot1present
int1ero))er*,t1ecri0eisco0plexnderArticle
;E.
Inro))er*wit1violenceo/inti0idation,t1eta#in(
is co0plete w1en t1e o//ender 1as alread* t1e
possession o/ t1e t1in( even i/ 1e 1as no
opportnit*todisposeo/it.
Inro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s,t1et1in(s0st
)e )ro(1totsidet1e)ildin(/orcons00ated
ro))er*to)eco00itted.
!nro))er*wit11o0icide
.1eter0H1o0icideIissedint1e(enericsense,
and t1e co0plex cri0e t1erein conte0plated
co0pre1endsnotonl*ro))er*wit11o0icideinits
restricted sense, )t also wit1 ro))er* wit1
0rder.So,an*#indo/#illin()*reasono/oron
t1eoccasiono/aro))er*will)rin(a)ott1ecri0e
o/ro))er*wit11o0icideeveni/t1eperson#illed
islesst1ant1reeda*sold,oreveni/t1eperson
#illedist1e0ot1eror/at1ero/t1e#iller,oreveni/
on sc1 ro))er* t1e person #illed was done )*
treac1er* or an* o/ t1e 7ali/*in( circ0stances.
Ins1ort,t1ereisnocri0eo/ro))er*wit1parricide,
ro))er*wit10rder,ro))er*wit1in/anticideCan*
andall/or0so/#illin(isre/erredtoas1o0icide.
IllstrationB
.1ero))ersentert1e1ose.Inenterin(t1ro(1
t1ewindow,oneo/t1ero))erssteppedonac1ild
lesst1ant1reeda*sold..1ecri0eisnotro))er*
wit1 in/anticide )ecase t1ere is no sc1 cri0e.
.1e word 1o0icide as sed in de/inin( ro))er*
wit1 1o0icide is sed in t1e (eneric sense. It
re/erstoan*#indo/deat1.
Alt1o(1 it is a cri0e a(ainst propert* and
treac1er* is an a((ravatin( circ0stance t1at
appliesonl*tocri0esa(ainstpersons,i/t1e#illin(
in a ro))er* is co00itted wit1 treac1er*, t1e
treac1er*will)econsidereda(enerica((ravatin(
circ0stance)ecaseo/t1e1o0icide.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
W1en two or 0ore persons are #illed drin( t1e
ro))er*, sc1 s1old )e appreciated as an
Aslon(ast1ereisonl*onero))er*,re(ardlesso/
t1e persons #illed, *o onl* 1ave one cri0e o/
ro))er*wit11o0icide. Note,1owever,t1atHone
ro))er*Idoesnot0eant1ereisonl*oneta#in(.
IllstrationB
Ro))ers decided to co00it ro))er* in a 1ose,
w1ic1 trnedotto )e a)oardin(1ose. .1s,
t1ere were di//erent )oarders w1o were o//ended
partiesint1ero))er*. .1ereisonl*oneconto/
ro))er*. I/ t1ere were #illin(s done to di//erent
)oardersdrin(t1ero))er*)ein(co00ittedina
)oarder3s7arter,donotconsidert1atasseparate
conts o/ ro))er* wit1 1o0icide )ecase w1en
ro))ers decide to co00it ro))er* in a certain
1ose, t1e* are onl* i0pelled )* one cri0inal
intent to ro) and t1ere will onl* )e one case o/
ro))er*. I/ t1ere were 1o0icide or deat1
co00itted, t1at wold onl* )e part o/ a sin(le
ro))er*. .1at t1ere were several #illin(s done
woldonl*a((ravatet1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e
o/ro))er*wit11o0icide.
InPeoplev.JiKones,$E:SCRAF;F,itwas1eld
t1at t1ere is no cri0e o/ ro))er* wit1
0ltiple1o0icides..1ec1ar(es1old)e
/or ro))er* wit1 1o0icide onl* )ecase
t1en0)ero/persons#illedisi00aterial
and does not increase t1e penalt*
prescri)ed in Article 2';. All t1e #illin(s
are 0er(ed in t1e co0posite inte(rated
w1ole t1at is ro))er* wit1 1o0icide so
lon(ast1e#illin(swere)*reasonoron
occasiono/t1ero))er*.
In anot1er case, a )and o/ ro))ers entered a
co0pond,w1ic1isactall*as(ar0ill. Wit1in
t1eco0pond,t1erewere7arterso/t1ela)orers.
.1e*ro))edeac1o/t1e7arters. .1eSpre0e
Cort 1eld t1at t1ere was onl* one cont o/
ro))er* )ecase w1en t1e* decided and
deter0ined to ro) t1eco0pond,t1e* wereonl*
i0pelled)*onecri0inalintenttoro).
Wit1 0ore reason, t1ere/ore, i/ in a ro))er*, t1e
o//endertoo#awa*propert*)elon(in(todi//erent
owners, as lon( as t1e ta#in( was done at one
ti0e, and in one place, i0pelled )* t1e sa0e
cri0inal intent to (ain, t1ere wold onl* )e one
conto/ro))er*.
In ro))er* wit1 1o0icide as a sin(le indivisi)le
o//ense, it is i00aterial w1o (ets #illed. Even
t1o(1 t1e #illin( 0a* 1ave reslted /ro0
ne(li(ence, *o will still desi(nate t1e cri0e as
ro))er*wit11o0icide.
IllstrationB
!nt1eoccasiono/aro))er*,oneo/t1eo//enders
placed1is/irear0ont1eta)le. W1ilet1e*were
ransac#in(t1eplace,oneo/t1ero))ers)0ped
t1eta)le. Asareslt,t1e/irear0/ellont1e/loor
anddisc1ar(ed. !neo/t1ero))erswast1eone
#illed. Event1o(1t1eplacin(o/t1e/irear0on
t1eta)lew1eret1ereisnosa/et*precationta#en
0a* )e considered as one o/ ne(li(ence or
i0prdence,*odonotseparatet1e1o0icideas
one o/ t1e prodct o/ cri0inal ne(li(ence. It will
still)ero))er*wit11o0icide,w1et1ert1eperson
#illed is connected wit1 t1e ro))er* or not. 4e
neednotalso)eint1eplaceo/t1ero))er*.
In one case, in t1e corse o/ t1e str((le in a
1ose w1ere t1e ro))er* was )ein( co00itted,
t1eownero/t1eplacetriedtowrestt1ear0o/t1e
ro))er. A person several 0eters awa* was t1e
one w1o (ot #illed. .1e cri0e was 1eld to )e
ro))er*wit11o0icide.
Notet1att1eperson#illedneednot)eonew1ois
identi/ied wit1 t1e owner o/ t1e place w1ere t1e
ro))er*isco00ittedoronew1oisastran(erto
t1e ro))ers. It is eno(1 t1at t1e 1o0icide was
co00itted )* reason o/ t1e ro))er* or on t1e
occasiont1ereo/.
IllstrationB
.1erearetworo))ersw1o)ro#eintoa1oseand
carriedawa*so0evala)les.A/tert1e*le/tsc1
1oset1esetworo))ersdecidedtoctordivide
t1elootalread*sot1att1e*can(oo/t1e0. So
w1ile t1e* are dividin( t1e loot t1e ot1er ro))er
noticedt1att1eonedoin(t1edivisionistr*in(to
c1eat1i0andso1ei00ediatel*)oxed1i0.Now
t1isro))erw1owas)oxedt1enplledot1is(n
and/iredatt1eot1erone#illin(t1elatter.Wold
t1at )rin( a)ot t1e cri0e o/ ro))er* wit1
1o0icideN Les. Eveni/t1ero))er*wasalread*
cons00ated,t1e#illin(wasstill)*reasono/t1e
ro))er*)ecaset1e*7arreledindividin(t1eloot
t1atist1es)Aecto/t1ero))er*.
In People v. Do0in(o, $E; SCRA ;>', on t1e
occasiono/t1ero))er*,t1estoreowner,a
septa(enarian, s//ered a stro#e de to
t1eextre0e/earw1ic1directl*cased1is
deat1w1ent1ero))erspointedt1eir(ns
at 1i0. It was 1eld t1at t1e cri0e
co00ittedwasro))er*wit11o0icide. It
isi00aterial t1at deat1spervened asa
0ere accident as lon( as t1e 1o0icide
was prodced )* reason or on t1e
occasiono/t1ero))er*,)ecaseitisonl*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
t1eresltw1ic10atters,wit1otre/erence
tot1ecirc0stancesorcasesorpersons
intervenin(int1eco00issiono/t1ecri0e
w1ic10st)econsidered.
Re0e0)eralsot1atintenttoro)0st)eproved.
"tt1ere0st)eanalle(ationastot1ero))er*
notonl*astot1eintentiontoro).
I/t1e0otiveisto#illandt1eta#in(isco00itted
t1erea/ter,t1ecri0esco00ittedare1o0icideand
t1e/t. I/t1epri0ordial intento/t1eo//enderisto
#illandnottoro))ta/tert1e#illin(o/t1evicti0s
a ro))er* was co00itted, t1en t1ere are will )e
twoseparatecri0es.
IllstrationB
I/aperson1adanene0*and#illed1i0anda/ter
#illin( 1i0, saw t1at 1e 1ad a )eati/l rin( and
too# t1is, t1e cri0e wold )e not ro))er* wit1
1o0icide)ecaset1epri0ar*cri0inalintentisto
#ill.So,t1erewill)etwocri0esBone/ort1e#illin(
and one /or t1e ta#in( o/ t1e propert* a/ter t1e
victi0was#illed. Nowt1iswold)rin(a)ott1e
cri0eo/t1e/tanditcoldnot)ero))er*an*0ore
)ecaset1epersonisalread*dead.
,orro))er*wit11o0icidetoexist,1o0icide0st
)eco00itted)*reasonoront1eoccasiono/t1e
ro))er*,t1atis,t1e1o0icide0st)eco00itted
Hin t1e corse or )ecase o/ t1e ro))er*.I
Ro))er* and 1o0icide are separate o//enses
w1en t1e 1o0icide is not co00itted Hon t1e
occasionIorH)*reasonIo/t1ero))er*.
W1eret1evicti0swere#illed,not/ort1eprpose
o/ co00ittin( ro))er*, and t1e idea o/
ta#in( t1e 0one* and ot1er personal
propert* o/ t1e victi0s was conceived )*
t1e clprits onl* a/ter t1e #illin(, it was
1eld in People v. Do0in(o, $E; SCRA
;>', t1at t1e clprits co00itted two
separate cri0es o/ 1o0icide or 0rder
%7ali/ied )* a)se o/ sperior stren(t1+
andt1e/t.
.1evicti0swere#illed/irstt1ent1eir0one*was
ta#en t1e 0one* /ro0 t1eir dead )odies.
.1is is ro))er* wit1 1o0icide. It is
i0portant 1ere t1at t1e intent to co00it
ro))er*0stprecedet1eta#in(o/10an
li/einro))er*wit11o0icide..1eo//ender
0st 1ave t1e intent to ta#e personal
propert*)e/oret1e#illin(.
It 0st )e conclsivel* s1own t1at t1e 1o0icide
wasco00itted/ort1eprposeo/ro))in(
t1e victi0. In People v. 4ernande8,
appellants1adnott1o(1to/ro))er*prior
to t1e #illin(. .1e t1o(1t o/ ta#in( t1e
victi03s wristwatc1 was conceived onl*
a/tert1e#illin(andt1rowin(o/t1evicti0
int1ecanal.Appellantswereconvictedo/
twoseparatecri0eso/1o0icideandt1e/t
as t1ere is a)sent direct relation and
inti0ate connection )etween t1e ro))er*
andt1e#illin(.
!nro))er*wit1rape
.1is is anot1er /or0 o/ violence or inti0idation
ponperson..1erapeacco0paniest1ero))er*.
In t1is case w1ere rape and not 1o0icide is
co00itted, t1ere is onl* a cri0e o/ ro))er* wit1
rape i/ )ot1 t1e ro))er* and t1e rape are
cons00ated. I/ drin( t1e ro))er*, atte0pted
rape were co00itted, t1e cri0es wold )e
separate,t1atis,one/orro))er*andone/ort1e
atte0ptedrape.
.1e rape co00itted on t1e occasion o/ t1e
ro))er*isnotconsideredaprivatecri0e)ecase
t1e cri0e is ro))er*, w1ic1 is a cri0e a(ainst
propert*. So, even t1o(1 t1e ro))er 0a* 1ave
0arried t1e wo0an raped, t1e cri0e re0ains
ro))er*wit1rape..1erapeisnoterased..1isis
)ecase t1ecri0e isa(ainst propert*w1ic1 isa
sin(leindivisi)leo//ense.
I/t1ewo0an,w1owasrapedont1eoccasiono/
t1ero))er*,pardonedt1erapistw1oisoneo/t1e
ro))ers, t1at wold not erase t1e cri0e o/ rape.
.1e o//ender wold still )e prosected /or t1e
cri0eo/ro))er*wit1rape,aslon(ast1erapeis
cons00ated.
I/t1erapeisatte0pted,sinceitwill)easeparate
c1ar(e and t1e o//ended wo0an pardoned t1e
o//ender, t1at wold )rin( a)ot a )ar to t1e
prosectiono/t1eatte0ptedrape.I/t1eo//ender
0arried t1e o//ended wo0an, t1at wold
extin(is1t1ecri0inallia)ilit*)ecaset1erapeis
t1es)Aecto/aseparateprosection.
.1eintention0st)etoco00itro))er*andeven
i/ t1e rape is co00itted )e/ore t1e ro))er*,
ro))er*wit1rapeisco00itted."ti/t1eaccsed
tried to rape t1e o//ended part* and )ecase o/
resistance,1e/ailedtocons00atet1eact,and
t1en1esnatc1edt1evanit*case/ro01er1ands
w1en s1e ran awa*, two cri0es are co00ittedB
atte0ptedrapeandt1e/t.
.1ere is no co0plex cri0e nder Article ;E
)ecase a sin(le act is not co00itted and
atte0pted rape is not a 0eans necessar* to
co00itt1e/tandvice&versa.
.1e Revised Penal Code does not di//erentiate
w1et1er rape was co00itted )e/ore, drin( or
a/ter t1e ro))er*. It is eno(1 t1at t1e ro))er*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
acco0panied t1e rape. Ro))er* 0st not )e a
0ereaccidentora/tert1o(1t.
InPeoplev.,lores,$'9SCRA2'9, alt1o(1t1e
o//endersplanwasto(ett1evicti03s0one*,rape
1erand#ill1er,)tint1eactalexectiono/t1e
cri0e, t1et1o(1tso/deprivin( t1evicti0o/1er
vala)les was rele(ated to t1e )ac#(rond and
t1e o//ender3s prrient desires sr/aced. .1e*
persistedinsatis/*in(t1eirlst..1e*wold1ave
/or(otten a)ot t1eir intent to ro) i/ not /or t1e
accidental toc1in( o/ t1e victi03s rin( and
wristwatc1. .1e ta#in( o/ t1e victi03s vala)les
trnedotto)eana/tert1o(1t. Itwas1eldt1at
two distinct cri0es were co00ittedB rape wit1
1o0icideandt1e/t.
In People v. Dinola, $E: SCRA ;':, it was 1eld
t1at i/t1eori(inal cri0inal desi(no/ t1eaccsed
wastoco00itrapeanda/terco00ittin(t1erape,
t1e accsed co00itted ro))er* )ecase t1e
opportnit* presented itsel/, two distinct cri0es C
rape and ro))er* were co00itted C not ro))er*
wit1rape. Int1elatter,t1ecri0inalintentto(ain
0stprecedet1eintenttorape.
!nro))er*wit1p1*sicalinAries
.o )e considered as sc1, t1e p1*sical inAries
0stalwa*s)eserios.I/t1ep1*sicalinAriesare
onl*lessseriosorsli(1t,t1e*area)sor)edint1e
ro))er*..1ecri0e)eco0es0erel*ro))er*."t
i/t1elessseriosp1*sicalinArieswereco00itted
a/tert1ero))er*wasalread*cons00ated,t1ere
wold )e a separate c1ar(e /or t1e less serios
p1*sical inAries. It will onl* )e a)sor)ed in t1e
ro))er* i/ it was in/licted in t1e corse o/ t1e
exectiono/t1ero))er*. .1esa0eistreint1e
caseo/sli(1tp1*sicalinAries.
IllstrationB
A/ter t1e ro))er* 1ad )een co00itted and t1e
ro))erswerealread*/leein(/ro0t1e1osew1ere
t1e ro))er* was co00itted, t1e owner o/ t1e
1osec1asedt1e0andt1ero))ers/o(1t)ac#.
I/onl*lessseriosp1*sicalinArieswerein/licted,
t1erewill)eseparatecri0esBone/orro))er*and
one/orlessseriosp1*sicalinAries.
"t i/ a/ter t1e ro))er* was co00itted and t1e
ro))erswerealread*/leein(/ro0t1e1osew1ere
t1ero))er*wasco00itted,t1eowneror0e0)ers
o/t1e/a0il*o/t1eownerc1asedt1e0,andt1e*
/o(1t )ac# and so0e)od* was #illed, t1e cri0e
woldstill)ero))er*wit11o0icide."ti/serios
p1*sical inAries were in/licted and t1e serios
p1*sical inAries rendered t1e victi0 i0potent or
insane or t1e victi0 lost t1e se o/ an* o/ 1is
sensesorlostaparto/1is)od*,t1ecri0ewold
still)ero))er*wit1seriosp1*sicalinAries..1e
p1*sicalinAries%serios+s1oldnot)eseparated
re(ardlesso/w1et1ert1e*retortedint1e corse
o/t1eco00issiono/t1ero))er*orevena/tert1e
ro))er*wascons00ated.
InArticle2'',itisonl*w1ent1ep1*sicalinAries
reslted in t1e de/or0it* or incapacitated t1e
o//ended part* /ro0 la)or /or 0ore t1an :> da*s
t1att1elawre7iressc1p1*sicalinAriesto1ave
)eenin/lictedint1ecorseo/t1eexectiono/t1e
ro))er*, and onl* pon persons w1o are not
responsi)leint1eco00issiono/t1ero))er*.
"ti/t1ep1*sicalinAriesin/lictedaret1ose/allin(
nder s)division $ and 2 o/ Article 2D:, even
t1o(1 t1e p1*sical inAries were in/licted pon
oneo/t1ero))erst1e0selves,andevent1o(1it
1ad )een in/licted a/ter t1e ro))er* was alread*
cons00ated, t1e cri0ewill still )e ro))er* wit1
serios p1*sical inAries. .1ere will onl* )e one
conto/accsation.
IllstrationB
A/ter t1e ro))ers /led /ro0 t1e place w1ere t1e
ro))er*wasco00itted,t1e*decidedtodividet1e
spoilsandint1ecorseo/t1edivisiono/t1espoils
or t1eloot,t1e* 7arreled. .1e* s1otitot and
one o/ t1e ro))ers was #illed. .1e cri0e is still
ro))er* wit1 1o0icide even t1o(1 one o/ t1e
ro))erswast1eone#illed)*oneo/t1e0.I/t1e*
7arreled and serios p1*sical inAries rendered
oneo/t1ero))ersi0potent,)lindin)ot1e*es,or
(otinsane,or1elostt1eseo/an*o/1issenses,
lostt1eseo/an*parto/1is)od*,t1ecri0ewill
still)ero))er*wit1seriosp1*sicalinAries.
I/ t1e ro))ers 7arreled over t1e lootandoneo/
t1e ro))ers 1ac#ed t1e ot1er ro))er casin( a
de/or0it*in1is/ace,t1ecri0ewillonl*)ero))er*
and a separate c1ar(e /or t1e serios p1*sical
inAries )ecase w1en it is a de/or0it* t1at is
cased, t1e law re7ires t1at t1e de/or0it* 0st
1ave )een in/licted pon one w1o is not a
participantint1ero))er*. Moreover,t1ep1*sical
inAriesw1ic1(averisetot1ede/or0it*orw1ic1
incapacitated t1e o//ended part* /ro0 la)or /or
0oret1an:>da*s,0st1ave)eenin/lictedint1e
corseo/t1eexectiono/t1ero))er*orw1ilet1e
ro))er*wasta#in(place.
I/ it was in/licted w1en t1e t1ieves/ro))ers are

alread*dividin(t1espoils,itcannot)econsidered
as in/licted in t1e corse o/ exection o/ t1e
ro))er*and1ence,itwillnot(iverisetot1ecri0e
o/ro))er*wit1seriosp1*sicalinAries.Loonl*
1aveoneconto/ro))er* andanot1ercont /or
t1eseriosp1*sicalinAriesin/licted.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
I/, drin( or on t1e occasion or )* reason o/ t1e
ro))er*,a#illin(,rapeorseriosp1*sicalinAries
too#place,t1erewillonl*)eonecri0eo/ro))er*
wit11o0icide)ecaseall o/t1eseC#illin(,rape,
serios p1*sical inAries && are conte0plated )*
law as t1e violence or inti0idation w1ic1
c1aracteri8es t1e ta#in( as on o/ ro))er*. Lo
c1ar(e t1e o//enders o/ ro))er* wit1 1o0icide.
.1e rape or p1*sical inAries will onl* )e
appreciated as a((ravatin( circ0stance and is
not t1e s)Aect o/ a separate prosection. .1e*
willonl*call/ort1ei0positiono/t1epenalt*int1e
0axi00period.
I/ on t1e occasion o/ t1e ro))er* wit1 1o0icide,
ro))er* wit1 /orce pon t1in(s was also
co00itted,*owillnot1aveonl*onero))er*)t
*o will 1ave a co0plex cri0e o/ ro))er* wit1
1o0icideandro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s%see
Napolis v. CA+. .1is is )ecase ro))er* wit1
violenceorinti0idationponpersonsisaseparate
cri0e/ro0ro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s.
Ro))er* wit1 1o0icide, ro))er* wit1 intentional
0tilationandro))er*wit1rapearenot7ali/ied
)*)andornin1a)itedplace. .1esea((ravatin(
circ0stances onl* 7ali/* ro))er* wit1 p1*sical
inAries nder s)division 2, :, and ; o/ Article
2''.
W1en it is ro))er* wit1 1o0icide, t1e )and or
nin1a)ited place is onl* a (eneric a((ravatin(
circ0stance. It will not 7ali/* t1e cri0e to a
1i(1erde(reeo/penalt*.
InPeoplev.Salvilla,itwas1eldt1ati/inaro))er*
wit1seriosp1*sicalinAries,t1eo//enders1erded
t1e wo0en and c1ildren into an o//ice and
detained t1e0 to co0pel t1e o//ended part* to
co0e ot wit1 t1e 0one*, t1e cri0e o/ serios
ille(al detention was a necessar* 0eans to
/acilitatet1ero))er*6t1s,t1eco0plexcri0eso/
ro))er*wit1seriosp1*sicalinAriesandserios
ille(aldetention.
"t i/ t1e victi0s were detained )ecase o/ t1e
ti0el* arrival o/ t1e police, sc1 t1at t1e
o//enders1adnoc1oice)ttodetaint1e
victi0sas1osta(es inexc1an(e/ort1eir
sa/e passa(e, t1e detention is a)sor)ed
)* t1e cri0e o/ ro))er* and is not a
separate cri0e. .1is was t1e rlin( in
Peoplev.Astor.
!nro))er*wit1arson
Anot1erinnovationo/Rep)licActNo.FD9'ist1e
co0positecri0eo/ro))er*wit1arsoni/arsonis
co00itted )* reason o/ or on occasion o/ t1e
ro))er*. .1e co0posite cri0e wold onl* )e
co00ittedi/t1epri0ordialintento/t1eo//enderis
toco00itro))er*andt1ereisno#illin(,rape,or
intentional 0tilation co00itted )* t1e o//ender
drin(t1ero))er*.!t1erwise,t1ecri0ewold)e
ro))er* wit1 1o0icide, or ro))er* wit1 rape, or
ro))er* wit1 intentional 0tilation, in t1at order,
and t1e arson wold onl* )e an a((ravatin(
circ0stance.Itisessentialt1atro))er*precedes
t1e arson, as in t1e case o/ rape and intentional
0tilation, )ecase t1e a0end0ent inclded
arson a0on( t1e rape and intentional 0tilation
w1ic11aveacco0paniedt1ero))er*.
Moreover,its1old)enotedt1atarson1as)een
0adeaco0ponent onl* o/ro))er*wit1 violence
a(ainst or inti0idation o/ persons in said Article
2';, )t not o/ro))er*)* t1e seo/ /orce pon
t1in(sinArticles2''and:>2.
So, i/ t1e ro))er* was )* t1e se o/ /orce pon
t1in(s and t1erewit1 arson was co00itted, two
distinctcri0esareco00itted.
Article2'9.Ro))er*wit1P1*sicalInAries,Co00ittedinAn-nin1a)itedPlaceand)*A"and
Ro))er* wit1 violence a(ainst or inti0idation o/
person7ali/iedis7ali/iedi/itisco00itted
$. Inannin1a)itedplace6
2. "*a)and6
:. "*attac#in(a0ovin(train,streetcar,0otor
ve1icle,orairs1ip6
;. "*enterin(t1epassen(ers3 co0part0entsin
a train, or in an* 0anner ta#in( t1e
passen(ers t1ereo/ )* srprise in t1e
respectiveconve*ances6or
9. !n a street, road, 1i(1wa* or alle*, and t1e
inti0idationis0ade wit1t1eseo//irear0s,
t1e o//ender s1all )e pnis1ed )* t1e
0axi00 periods o/ t1e proper penalties
prescri)edinArticle2';.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article2'Dde/inesaro))er*)*a)andas/ollowsBw1enatleast/orar0ed0ale/actorsta#epartint1e
co00issiono/aro))er*.
Re7isites /or lia)ilit* /or t1e acts o/ t1e ot1er
0e0)erso/t1e)and
$. 4ewasa0e0)ero/t1e)and6
2. 4e was present at t1e co00ission o/ a
ro))er*)*t1at)and6
:. .1eot1er0e0)erso/t1e)andco00ittedan
assalt6
;. 4edidnotatte0pttopreventt1eassalt.
Article2'F.Atte0ptedand/rstratedro))er*co00ittednderexceptionalcirc0stances
.1e article pnis1es an act w1en )* reason or on occasion o/ an atte0pted or /rstrated ro))er* a
1o0icideisco00itted.
Article2'E.Exectiono/Deeds)*Meanso/5iolenceorinti0idation
Ele0ents
$. !//ender1asintenttode/radanot1er6
2. !//ender co0pels 1i0 to si(n, execte, or
deliveran*p)licinstr0entordoc0ent.
:. .1e co0plsion is )* 0eans o/ violence or
inti0idation.
Arts.2''C:>9co0priset1esectiononro))er*)*t1eseo//orcepont1in(s
Article2''.Ro))er*inAnIn1a)ited4oseorP)lic"ildin(orEdi/iceDevotedtoWors1ip
An* ar0ed person w1o s1all co00it
ro))er*inanin1a)ited1oseorp)lic
)ildin( or edi/ice devoted to reli(ios
wors1ip,s1all)epnis1ed)*reclsion
te0poral, i/ t1e vale o/ t1e propert*
ta#ens1allexceed29>pesos,andi/B
%a+ .1e 0ale/actors s1all enter t1e
1ose or )ildin( in w1ic1 t1e
ro))er* was co00itted, )* an* o/
t1e/ollowin(0eansB
$. .1ro(1 a openin( not intended
/orentranceore(ress.
2. "* )rea#in( an* wall, roo/, or
/loor or )rea#in( an* door or
window.
:."*sin(/alse#e*s,pic#loc#sor
si0ilartools.
;. "* sin( an* /ictitios na0e or
pretendin( t1e exercise o/
p)licat1orit*.
!ri/@
%)+.1ero))er*)eco00ittednderan*
o/t1e/ollowin(circ0stancesB
$."*t1e)rea#in(o/doors,wardro)es,
c1ests, or an* ot1er #ind o/ loc#ed
orsealed/rnitreorreceptacle6
2."*ta#in(sc1/rnitreoro)Aectsto
)e )ro#en or /orced open otside
t1eplaceo/t1ero))er*.
W1en t1e o//endersdo not carr* ar0s,
and t1e vale o/ t1e propert* ta#en
exceeds 29> pesos, t1e penalt* next
lowerinde(rees1all)ei0posed.
.1esa0erles1all)eappliedw1ent1e
o//enders are ar0ed, )t t1e vale o/
t1epropert*ta#endoesnotexceed29>
pesos.
W1ensaido//endersdonotcarr*ar0s
andt1evaleo/t1epropert*ta#endoes
notexceed29>pesos,t1e*s1alls//er
t1e penalt* prescri)ed in t1e two next
precedin( para(rap1s, in its 0ini00
period.
I/t1ero))er*)eco00ittedinoneo/t1e
dependencies o/ an in1a)ited 1ose,
p)lic)ildin(,or)ildin(dedicatedto
reli(ios wors1ip, t1e penalties next
lowerinde(reet1ant1oseprescri)edin
t1isarticles1all)ei0posed.
Ele0entsnders)division%a+
$. !//ender entered an in1a)ited 1ose, p)lic
)ildin(
2. .1e entrance was e//ected )* an* o/ t1e
/ollowin(0eansB
%a+ .1ro(1 an openin( not
intended /or entrance or
e(ress6
%)+ "*)rea#in(an*wall,roo/or/loor,
or)rea#in(an*doororwindow6
%c+ "* sin( /alse #e*s, pic#loc#s or
si0ilartools6or
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%d+ "* sin( an* /ictitios na0e or
pretendin(t1eexerciseo/p)licat1orit*.
:. !nce inside t1e )ildin(, o//ender too#
personalpropert*)elon(in(toanot1erwit1intent
to(ain.
Ele0entsnders)division%)+B
$. !//ender is inside a dwellin( 1ose, p)lic
)ildin(, or edi/ice devoted to reli(ios wors1ip,
re(ardless o/ t1e circ0stances nder w1ic1 1e
enteredit6
2. !//enderta#espersonalpropert*)elon(in(to
anot1er, wit1 intent to (ain, nder an* o/ t1e
%a+ "* t1e )rea#in( o/ doors,
wardro)es, c1ests, or an* ot1er #ind o/
loc#edorsealed/rnitreorreceptacle6or
%)+ "*ta#in(sc1/rnitreoro)Aects
awa*to)e)ro#enor/orcedopenotside
t1eplaceo/t1ero))er*.
M,orce pon t1in(sM 1as a tec1nical 0eanin( in
law. Not an* #ind o/ /orce pon t1in(s will
c1aracteri8e t1e ta#in( as one o/ ro))er*. .1e
/orce pon t1in(s conte0plated re7ires so0e
ele0ento/trespassintot1eesta)lis10entw1ere
t1e ro))er* was co00itted. In ot1er words, t1e
o//ender 0st 1ave entered t1e pre0ises w1ere
t1e ro))er* was co00itted. I/ no entr* was
e//ected, even t1o(1 /orce 0a* 1ave )een
e0plo*ed actall* in t1e ta#in( o/ t1e propert*
/ro0 wit1in t1e pre0ises, t1e cri0e will onl* )e
t1e/t.
.wopredicatest1atwill (iverisetot1ecri0eas
ro))er*B
$. "* 0ere enterin( alone, a ro))er* will )e
co00itted i/ an* personal propert* is ta#en
/ro0wit1in6
2. .1eenterin(willnot(iverisetoro))er*even
i/so0et1in(ista#eninside.Itist1e)rea#in(
o/ t1e receptacle or closet or ca)inet w1ere
t1epersonalpropert*is#eptt1atwill(iverise
to ro))er*, or t1e ta#in( o/ a sealed, loc#ed
receptacleto)e)ro#enotsidet1epre0ises.
I/)*t1e0ereenterin(,t1atwoldalread*7ali/*
t1e ta#in( o/ an* personal propert* inside as
ro))er*,itisi00aterialw1et1ert1eo//endersta*s
insidet1epre0ises..1e)rea#in(o/t1in(sinside
t1epre0ises will onl* )e i0portantto consideri/
t1eenterin()*itsel/willnotc1aracteri8et1ecri0e
asro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s.
Modeso/enterin(t1atwold(iverisetot1ecri0e
o/ ro))er* wit1 /orce pon t1in(s i/ so0et1in( is
ta#en inside t1e pre0isesB enterin( into an
openin(notintended/orentranceore(ress,nder
Article2''%a+.
IllstrationB
.1eentr*was0adet1ro(1a/ireescape. .1e
/ireescapewasintended/ore(ress..1eentr*will
not c1aracteri8e t1e ta#in( as one o/ ro))er*
)ecase it is an openin( intended /or e(ress,
alt1o(1 it 0a* not )e intended /or entrance. I/
t1eenterin(weredonet1ro(1t1ewindow,even
i/ t1e window was not )ro#en, t1at wold
c1aracteri8et1eta#in(o/personalpropert*inside
asro))er*)ecaset1ewindowisnotanopenin(
intended/orentrance.
IllstrationB
!n a sari&sari store, a ve1icle )0ped t1e wall.
.1e wall collapsed. .1ere was a s0all openin(
t1ere. At ni(1t, a 0an entered t1ro(1 t1at
openin(wit1ot)rea#in(t1esa0e..1ecri0ewill
alread*)ero))er*i/1eta#espropert*/ro0wit1in
)ecase t1at is not an openin( intended /or t1e
prpose.
Even o/ t1ere isa )rea#in(o/wall, roo/, /looror
window,)tt1eo//enderdidnotenter,itwoldnot
(iverisetoro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s.
"rea#in( o/ t1e door nder Article2'' %)+ C
!ri(inall*, t1e interpretation was t1at in
ordert1att1ere)ea)rea#in(o/t1edoorin
conte0plation o/ law, t1ere 0st )e so0e
da0a(etot1edoor.
"e/ore,i/t1edoorwasnotda0a(ed)tonl*t1e
loc# attac1ed to t1e door was )ro#en, t1e ta#in(
/ro0 wit1in is onl* t1e/t. "t t1e rlin( is now
a)andoned )ecase t1e door is considered
selesswit1ott1eloc#.Eveni/itisnott1edoor
t1atwas)ro#en)tonl*t1eloc#,t1e)rea#in(o/
t1e loc# renders t1e door seless and it is
t1ere/oretanta0ontto t1e)rea#in(o/t1edoor.
4ence, t1e ta#in( inside is considered ro))er*
wit1/orcepont1in(s.
I/ t1e enterin( does not c1aracteri8e t1e ta#in(
insideasoneo/ro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s,it
is t1e condct inside t1at wold (ive rise to t1e
ro))er* i/ t1ere wold )e a )rea#in( o/ sealed,
loc#edorclosedreceptaclesorca)inetinorderto
(et t1e personal )elon(in(s /ro0 wit1in sc1
receptacles,ca)inetorplacew1ereitis#ept.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
I/ in t1e corse o/ co00ittin( t1e ro))er* wit1in
t1epre0isesso0einteriordoorsare)ro#en,t1e
ta#in(/ro0insidet1eroo0w1eret1edoorleads
towillonl*(iverisetot1e/t..1e)rea#in(o/doors
conte0platedint1elawre/erstot1e0aindooro/
t1e1oseandnott1einteriordoor.
"ti/itist1edooro/aca)inett1atis)ro#enand
t1e vala)le inside t1e ca)inet was ta#en, t1e
)rea#in( o/ t1e ca)inet door wold c1aracteri8e
t1e ta#in( as ro))er*. Alt1o(1 t1at particlar
door is not inclded as part o/ t1e 1ose, t1e
ca)inet#eepst1econtentst1ereo/sa/e.
-se o/ pic#loc#s or /alse #e*s re/ers to t1e
enterin( into t1e pre0ises C I/ t1e
pic#loc# or /alse #e* was sed not to
enter t1e pre0ises )ecase t1e
o//ender 1ad alread* entered )t was
sedtonloc#aninteriordoororeven
a receptacle w1ere t1e vala)le or
personal)elon(in(wasta#en,t1ese
o//alse#e*orpic#loc#willnot(iverise
to t1e ro))er* wit1 /orce pon t1in(s
)ecase t1ese are considered )* law
asonl*a0eansto(ainentrance,and
nottoextractpersonal)elon(in(s/ro0
t1eplacew1ereitis)ein(#ept.
.1elawclassi/iesro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s
ast1oseco00ittedinB
%$+ anin1a)itedplace6
%2+ p)lic)ildin(s6
%:+ aplacedevotedtoreli(ioswors1ip.
.1e lawalsoconsiders ro))er*co00itted not in
anin1a)ited1oseorinaprivate)ildin(.
Note t1at t1e 0anner o/ co00ittin( t1e ro))er*
wit1/orcepont1in(sisnott1esa0e.
W1ent1ero))er*isco00ittedina1osew1ic1is
in1a)ited, or in a p)lic )ildin( or in a place
devoted to reli(ios wors1ip, t1e se o/ /ictitios
na0eorpretensiontopossessat1orit*inorderto
(ainentrancewillc1aracteri8et1eta#in(insideas
ro))er*wit1/orcepont1in(s.
Article :>$ de/ines an in1a)ited 1ose, p)lic
)ildin(,or)ildin(dedicatedtoreli(ioswors1ip
andt1eirdependencies,t1sB
In1a)ited 1ose C An* s1elter, s1ip, or vessel
constittin(t1edwellin(o/oneor0orepersons,
even t1o(1 t1e in1a)itants t1ereo/ s1all
te0poraril*)ea)sentt1ere/ro0w1ent1ero))er*
isco00itted.
P)lic)ildin(CIncldesever*)ildin(owned)*
t1e (overn0ent or )elon(in( to a private person
)t sed or rented )* t1e (overn0ent, alt1o(1
te0poraril*noccpied)*t1esa0e.
Dependencies o/ an in1a)ited 1ose, p)lic
)ildin(,or)ildin(dedicatedtoreli(ioswors1ip
CAllinteriorcorts,corrals,ware1oses,(ranaries,
)arns, coac11oses, sta)les, or ot1er
depart0ents, or enclosed interior entrance
connected t1erewit1 and w1ic1 /or0 part o/ t1e
w1ole. !rc1ards and ot1er lands sed /or
cltivation or prodctionare not inclded,even i/
closed, conti(os to t1e )ildin(, and 1avin(
directconnectiont1erewit1.
Article:>2.Ro))er*inAn-nin1a)itedPlaceorinAPrivate"ildin(
Ele0ents
$. !//ender entered an nin1a)ited place or a
)ildin(w1ic1wasnotadwellin(1ose,not
ap)lic)ildin(,ornotanedi/icedevotedto
reli(ioswors1ip6
2. An* o/ t1e /ollowin( circ0stances was
presentB
%a+ .1e entrance was e//ected
t1ro(1anopenin(notintended
/orentranceore(ress6
%)+ Awall,roo/,/loor,orotsidedoor
orwindowwas)ro#en6
%c+ .1e entrance was e//ected
t1ro(1 t1e se o/ /alse #e*s,
pic#loc#sorot1ersi0ilartools6
%d+ A door, wardro)e, c1est, or an*
sealed or closed /rnitre or
receptaclewas)ro#en6or
%e+ A closed or sealed receptacle
was re0oved, even i/ t1e sa0e
)e)ro#enopenelsew1ere.
:. !//ender too# t1ere/ro0 personal propert*
)elon(in(toanot1erwit1intentto(ain.
-nderArticle:>:,i/t1ero))er*nderArticle2''
and:>2consistsint1eta#in(o/cereals,/rits,or
/irewood,t1epenalt*i0posa)leislower.
Article:>;.Possessiono/Pic#loc#orSi0ilar.ools
Ele0ents $. !//ender 1as in 1is possession pic#loc#s or
si0ilartools6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
2. Sc1 pic#loc# or si0ilar tools are especiall*
adoptedtot1eco00issiono/ro))er*6
:. !//enderdoesnot1avelaw/lcase/orsc1
possession.
Article:>9de/ines/alse#e*stoincldet1e/ollowin(B
$. .ools0entionedinArticle:>;6
2. ?enine#e*sstolen/ro0t1eowner6
:. An* #e* ot1er t1an t1ose intended )* t1e
owner/orseint1eloc#/orci)l*opened)*
t1eo//ender.
"ri(anda(eC.1isisacri0eco00itted)*0ore
t1an t1ree ar0ed persons w1o /or0 a )and o/
ro))ers/ort1eprposeo/co00ittin(ro))er*in
t1e 1i(1wa* or #idnappin( persons /or t1e
prpose o/ extortion or to o)tain ranso0, or /or
an* ot1er prpose to )e attained )* 0eans o/
/orceandviolence.
Article:>D.W1oAre"ri(ands
Ele0entso/)ri(anda(e
$. .1ereareleast/orar0edpersons6
2. .1e*/or0eda)ando/ro))ers6
:. .1eprposeisan*o/t1e/ollowin(B
%a+ .oco00itro))er*int1e1i(1wa*6
%)+ .o #idnap persons /or t1e prpose o/
extortionortoo)tainranso06or
%c+ .o attain )* 0eans o/ /orce and violence
an*ot1erprpose.
Article:>F.Aidin(andA)ettin(A"ando/"ri(ands
Ele0ents
$. .1ereisa)ando/)ri(ands6
2. !//ender#nowst1e)andto)eo/)ri(ands6
:. !//enderdoesan*o/t1e/ollowin(actsB
%a+ 4e in an* 0anner aids,
a)ets or protects sc1
)ando/)ri(ands6
%)+ 4e (ives t1e0
in/or0ation o/ t1e
0ove0entso/ t1e police
orot1erpeaceo//icerso/
t1e(overn0ent6or
%c+ 4e ac7ires or receives
t1e propert* ta#en )*
sc1)ri(ands.
Distinction )etween )ri(anda(e nder t1e
Revised Penal Code and 1i(1wa*
ro))er*/)ri(anda(e nder Presidential
DecreeNo.9:2B
%$+ "ri(anda(e as a cri0e nder t1e Revised
PenalCodere/erstot1e/or0ationo/a)and
o/ro))ers)*0oret1ant1reear0edpersons
/ort1eprposeo/co00ittin(ro))er*int1e
1i(1wa*,#idnappin(/orprposeso/extortion
or ranso0, or /or an* ot1er prpose to )e
attained )* /orce and violence. .1e 0ere
/or0in(o/a)and,w1ic1re7iresatleast/or
ar0ed persons, i/ /or an* o/ t1e cri0inal
prposes stated in Article :>D, (ives rise to
)ri(anda(e.
%2+ 4i(1wa* ro))er*/)ri(anda(e nder
PresidentialDecreeNo.9:2ist1esei8reo/
an* person /or ranso0, extortion or /or an*
ot1erlaw/l prposes,ort1eta#in(awa*o/
t1epropert*o/anot1er)*0eanso/violence
a(ainst or inti0idation o/ persons or /orce
pon t1in(s or ot1er nlaw/l 0eans
co00itted )* an* person on an* P1ilippine
1i(1wa*.
"ri(anda(e nder Presidential Decree No. 9:2
re/erstot1eactalco00issiono/t1ero))er*on
t1e1i(1wa*andcan)eco00itted)*oneperson
alone.Itist1is)ri(anda(ew1ic1deservesso0e
attention)ecasenotan*ro))er*ina1i(1wa*is
)ri(anda(e or 1i(1wa* ro))er*. A distinction
s1old )e 0ade )etween 1i(1wa*
ro))er*/)ri(anda(e nder t1e decree and
ordinar*ro))er*co00ittedona 1i(1wa* nder
t1eRevisedPenalCode.
In People v. Pno, decided ,e)rar* $F, $'':,
t1e trial cort convicted t1e accsed o/
1i(1wa* ro))er*/ )ri(anda(e nder
Presidential Decree No. 9:2 and
sentenced t1e0 to reclsion perpeta.
!nappeal,t1eSpre0eCortsetaside
t1e Ad(0ent and /ond t1e accsed
(ilt* o/ si0ple ro))er* as pnis1ed in
Article2';%9+,inrelationtoArticle2'9,
and sentenced t1e0 accordin(l*. .1e
Spre0e Cort pointed ot t1at t1e
prpose o/ )ri(anda(e His, inter alia,
indiscri0inate1i(1wa*ro))er*.Andt1at
PD9:2pnis1esas1i(1wa*ro))er*or
"ri(anda(e onl* acts o/ ro))er*
perpetrated )* otlaws indiscri0inatel*
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
a(ainst an* person or persons on a
P1ilippine1i(1wa*asde/inedt1erein,not
acts co00itted a(ainst a predeter0ined
or particlar victi0I. A sin(le act o/
ro))er* a(ainst a particlar person
c1osen )* t1e o//ender as 1is speci/ic
victi0,eveni/co00ittedona1i(1wa*,is
not1i(1wa*ro))er*or)ri(anda(e.
In-Sv.,eliciano,:P1il.;22,itwaspointedot
t1at1i(1wa*ro))er*or)ri(anda(eis0oret1an
ordinar* ro))er* co00itted on a 1i(1wa*. .1e
prpose o/ )ri(anda(e is indiscri0inate ro))er*
in 1i(1wa*s. I/ t1e prpose is onl* a particlar
ro))er*, t1e cri0e is onl* ro))er* or ro))er* in
)and,i/t1ereareatleast/orar0edparticipants.
Presidential Decree No. 9:2 introdced
a0end0entstoArticle:>Dand:>F)*increasin(
t1e penalties. It does not re7ire at least /or
ar0ed persons /or0in( a )and o/ ro))ers. It
doesnotcreateapres0ptiont1att1eo//enderis
a)ri(andw1en1eannlicensed/irear0issed
nli#et1eRevisedPenalCode."tt1eessence
o/ )ri(anda(e ndert1eRevisedPenal Code is
t1esa0east1atint1ePresidentialDecree,t1at
is,cri0eo/depredationw1ereint1enlaw/lacts
aredirectednotonl*a(ainstspeci/ic,intendedor
preconceived victi0s, )t a(ainst an* and all
prospectivevicti0san*w1ereont1e1i(1wa*and
w1oevert1e*0a*potentiall*)e.
Article:>E.W1oAreLia)le/or.1e/t
Personslia)le
$. .1ose w1o wit1 intent to (ain, )t wit1ot
violence a(ainst or inti0idation o/ persons
nor/orcepont1in(s,ta#epersonalpropert*
o/anot1erwit1ott1elatter3sconsent6
2. .1osew1o1avin(/ondlostpropert*,/ailsto
delivert1esa0etot1elocalat1oritiesorto
itsowner6
:. .1ose w1o, a/ter 1avin( 0aliciosl*
da0a(edt1epropert*o/anot1er,re0oveor
0a#e se o/ t1e /rits or o)Aects o/ t1e
da0a(ecased)*t1e06
;. .1osew1oenteranenclosedestateora/ield
w1eretrespassis/or)iddenorw1ic1)elon(s
to anot1er and, wit1ot t1e consent o/ its
owner,1ntor/is1pont1esa0eor(at1er
/rits,cerealsorot1er/orestor/ar0prodcts.
Ele0ents
$. .1ereista#in(o/personalpropert*6
2. .1epropert*ta#en)elon(stoanot1er6
:. .1eta#in(wasdonewit1intentto(ain6
;. .1e ta#in( was donewit1ot t1e consent o/
t1eowner6
9. .1eta#in(isacco0plis1edwit1ott1eseo/
violencea(ainstorinti0idationo/personso/
/orcepont1in(s.
,encin(nderPresidentialDecreeNo.$D$2isa
distinct cri0e /ro0 t1e/t and ro))er*. I/ t1e
participantw1opro/itedis)ein(prosectedwit1
personw1oro))ed,t1epersonisprosectedas
an accessor*. I/ 1e is )ein( prosected
separatel*, t1e person w1o partoo# o/ t1e
proceedsislia)le/or/encin(.
InPeoplev.Gd(ede?80an, itwas1eldt1at
/encin(isnotacontinin(o//ense.Grisdictionis
wit1 t1e cort o/ t1e place w1ere t1e personal
propert* s)Aect o/ t1e ro))er* or t1e/t was
possessed,)o(1t,#ept,ordealtwit1..1eplace
w1ere t1e t1e/t or ro))er* was co00itted was
inconse7ential.
SinceSection9o/PresidentialDecreeNo.$D$2
expressl*providest1at0erepossession
o/ an*t1in( o/ vale w1ic1 1as )een
s)Aecto/t1e/torro))er*s1all)epri0a
/acieevidenceo//encin(,it/ollowst1ata
possessoro/stolen(oodsispres0edto
1ave#nowled(et1att1e(oods/ondin
1is possession a/ter t1e /act o/ t1e/t or
ro))er* 1as )een esta)lis1ed. .1e
pres0ption does not o//end t1e
pres0ption o/ innocence in t1e
/nda0ental law. .1is was t1e rlin( in
Pa0intanv.People,decidedonGl*$$,
$'';.
"rden o/ proo/ is pon /ence to overco0e
pres0ption6 i/ explanation ins//icient or
nsatis/actor*,cortwillconvict..1isisa0al0
pro1i)it0 so intent is not 0aterial. "t i/
prosectionisndert1eRevisedPenalCode,as
anaccessor*,t1ecri0inalintentiscontrollin(.
W1ent1ereisnoticetoperson)*in(,t1ere0a*
)e/encin(sc1asw1ent1epriceiswa*)elow
ordinar*prices6t1is0a*serveasnotice.4e0a*
)e lia)le /or /encin( even i/ 1e paid t1e price
)ecaseo/t1epres0ption.
CattleRstlin(andJali/ied.1e/to/Lar(eCattle
C .1e cri0e o/ cattle&rstlin( is de/ined and
pnis1ednderPresidentialDecreeNo.9::,t1e
Anti&CattleRstlin(lawo/$'F;,ast1eta#in()*
an* 0eans, 0et1od or sc1e0e, o/ an* lar(e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
cattle,wit1orwit1otintentto(ainandw1et1er
co00itted wit1 or wit1ot violence a(ainst or
inti0idation o/ person or /orce pon t1in(s, so
lon( as t1e ta#in( is wit1ot t1e consent o/ t1e
owner/)reed t1ereo/. .1e cri0e incldes t1e
#illin( or ta#in( t1e 0eat or 1ide o/ lar(e cattle
wit1ott1econsento/t1eowner.
Sincet1eintentto(ainisnotessential,t1e#illin(
ordestrctiono/lar(ecattle,evenwit1otta#in(
an* part t1ereo/, is not a cri0e o/ 0alicios
0isc1ie/)tcattle&rstlin(.
.1e Presidential Decree, 1owever, does not
spersede t1e cri0e o/ 7ali/ied t1e/t o/ lar(e
cattle nder Article :$> o/ t1e Revised Penal
Code,)t0erel*0odi/iedt1epenaltiesprovided
/or t1e/t o/ lar(e cattle and, to t1at extent,
a0ended Articles :>' and :$>. Note t1at t1e
overt act t1at (ives rise to t1e cri0e o/ cattle&
rstlin( is t1e ta#in( or #illin( o/ lar(e cattle.
W1ere t1e lar(e cattle was not ta#en, )t
received)*t1eo//ender/ro0t1eowner/overseer
t1ereo/, t1e cri0e is not cattle&rstlin(6 it is
7ali/iedt1e/to/lar(ecattle.
W1ere t1e lar(e cattle was received )* t1e
o//ender w1o t1erea/ter 0isappropriated it, t1e
cri0e is 7ali/ied t1e/t nder Article :$> i/ onl*
p1*sical or 0aterial possession t1ereo/ was
*ielded to 1i0. I/ )ot1 0aterial and Aridical
possession t1ereo/ was *ielded to 1i0 w1o
0isappropriatedt1elar(ecattle,t1ecri0ewold
)eesta/anderArticle:$9%$)+.
PresidentialDecreeNo.9::isnotaspeciallaw
int1econtexto/Article$>o/t1eRevised
Penal Code. It 0erel* 0odi/ied t1e
penaltiesprovided/ort1e/to/lar(ecattle
nder t1e Revised Penal Code and
a0ended Article :>' and :$>. .1is is
explicit /ro0 Section $> o/ t1e
Presidential Decree. Conse7entl*, t1e
trial corts1oldnot1aveconvictedt1e
accsed o/ /rstrated 0rder separatel*
/ro0 cattle&rstlin(, since t1e /or0er
s1old 1ave )een a)sor)ed )* cattle&
rstlin(as#illin(wasareslto/oront1e
occasiono/cattle&rstlin(. Its1oldonl*
)e an a((ravatin( circ0stance. "t
)ecase t1e in/or0ation did not alle(e
t1e inAr*, t1e sa0e can no lon(er )e
appreciated6 t1e cri0e s1old, t1ere/ore
)eonl*,si0plecattle&rstlin(%Peoplev.
Martinada,,e)rar*$:,$''$+.
Article:$>.Jali/ied.1e/t
.1e/tis7ali/iedi/
$. Co00itted)*ado0esticservant6
2. Co00ittedwit1(ravea)seo/con/idence6
:. .1epropert*stolenisa0otorve1icle,0ail
0atter,orlar(ecattle6
;. .1e propert* stolen consists o/ coconts
ta#en/ro0t1epre0iseso/aplantation6
9. .1e propert* stolen is /is1 ta#en /ro0 a
/is1pondor/is1er*6or
D. I/ propert* is ta#en on t1e occasion o/ /ire,
eart17a#e, t*p1oon, volcanic erption, or
an* ot1er cala0it*, ve1iclar accident, or
civildistr)ance.
Article:$$..1e/to/t1ePropert*o/t1eNationalLi)rar*orNationalMse0
I/t1epropert*stolenisan*propert*o/t1eNationalLi)rar*oro/t1eNationalMse0
Article:$2.!ccpationo/RealPropert*or-srpationo/RealRi(1tsinPropert*
Actspnis1edB
$. .a#in( possession o/ an* real propert*
)elon(in( to anot1er )* 0eans o/ violence
a(ainstorinti0idationo/persons6
2. -srpin( an* real ri(1ts in propert*
)elon(in( to anot1er )* 0eans o/ violence
a(ainstorinti0idationo/persons.
Ele0ents
$. !//ender ta#es possession o/ an* real
propert* or srps an* real ri(1ts in
propert*6
2. .1e real propert* or real ri(1ts )elon( to
anot1er6
:. 5iolencea(ainstorinti0idationo/personsis
sed )* t1e o//ender in occp*in( real
propert*orsrpin(realri(1tsinpropert*6
;. .1ereisintentto(ain.
-set1ede(reeo/inti0idationtodeter0inet1e
de(ree o/ t1e penalt* to )e applied /or t1e
srpation.
-srpationnderArticle:$2isco00ittedint1e
sa0e wa* as ro))er* wit1 violence or
inti0idation o/ persons. .1e 0ain
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
di//erence is t1at in ro))er*, personal
propert*isinvolved6w1ileinsrpation
o/realri(1ts,itisrealpropert*.%People
v.Gd(eAl/ec1e,Gl*2:,$''2+
-srpation o/ real ri(1ts and propert* s1old
not)eco0plexedsin(Article;Ew1enviolence
or inti0idation is co00itted. .1ere is onl* a
sin(le cri0e, )t a two&tiered penalt* is
prescri)edto)edeter0inedonw1et1ert1eacts
o/ violence sed is a#in to t1at in ro))er* in
Article2';,(ravet1reatsor(ravecoercionand
an incre0ental penalt* o/ /ine )ased on t1e
valeo/t1e(aino)tained)*t1eo//ender.
.1ere/ore,itisnotcorrecttostatet1att1et1reat
e0plo*edinsrpin(realpropert*isa)sor)ed
in t1e cri0e6 ot1erwise, t1e additional penalt*
wold)e0eanin(less.
.1e co0plainant 0st )e t1e person pon
w1o0violencewase0plo*ed. I/atenantwas
occp*in( t1e propert* and 1e was t1reatened
)* t1e o//ender, )t itwast1eowner w1o was
not in possession o/ t1e propert* w1o was
na0edast1eo//endedpart*,t1esa0e0a*)e
7as1edasitdoesnotc1ar(eano//ense. .1e
owner wold, at 0ost, )e entitled to civil
recorseonl*.
!ncarnappin(andt1e/to/0otorve1icle
.1eta#in(wit1intentto(aino/a0otorve1icle
)elon(in( to anot1er, wit1ot t1e latter3s
consent,or)*0eanso/violenceorinti0idation
o/ persons, or )* sin( /orce pon t1in(s is
penali8edascarnappin(nderRep)licActNo.
D9:' %An Act Preventin( and Penali8in(
Carnappin(+, asa0ended. .1eovertactw1ic1
is)ein(pnis1edndert1islawascarnappin(
is also t1e ta#in( o/ a 0otor ve1icle nder
circ0stances o/t1e/t or ro))er*. I/t1e0otor
ve1icle was not ta#en )* t1e o//ender )t was
delivered)*t1eownerort1epossessorto t1e
o//ender, w1o t1erea/ter 0isappropriated t1e
sa0e, t1e cri0e is eit1er 7ali/ied t1e/t nder
Article:$>o/t1eRevisedPenalCodeoresta/a
nderArticle:$9%)+o/t1eRevisedPenalCode.
Jali/iedt1e/to/a0otorve1icleist1ecri0ei/
onl* t1e 0aterial or p1*sical possession was
*ielded to t1e o//ender6 ot1erwise, i/ Aridical
possessionwasalso*ielded,t1ecri0eisesta/a.
!ns7attin(
Accordin( to t1e -r)an Develop0ent and
4osin(Act,t1e/ollowin(ares7attersB
$. .1ose w1o 1ave t1e capacit* or
0eanstopa*rentor/orle(iti0ate1osin(
)tares7attin(an*wa*6
2. Alsot1epersonsw1owereawarded
lots)tsoldorleaset1e0ot6
:. Intrders o/ lands reserved /or
sociali8ed1osin(, pre&e0ptin( possession
)*occp*in(t1esa0e.
Article:$:.Alterin("ondariesorLand0ar#s
Ele0ents
$. .1ereare)ondar*0ar#sor0on0entso/
towns, provinces, or estates, or an* ot1er
0ar#sintendedtodesi(natet1e)ondaries
o/t1esa0e6
2. !//enderalterssaid)ondar*0ar#s.
Article:$;.,radlentInsolvenc*
Ele0ents
$. !//ender is a de)tor, t1at is, 1e 1as
o)li(ationsdeandpa*a)le6
2. 4ea)scondswit11ispropert*6
:. .1ereispreAdiceto1iscreditors.
Article:$9.Swindlin(%Esta/a+
Ele0entsin(eneral
$. Accsedde/radedanot1er)*a)seo/
con/idenceor)*0eanso/deceit6
.1is covers t1e t1ree di//erent wa*s o/
co00ittin( esta/a nder Article :$96 t1s,
esta/aisco00ittedC
%a+ Wit1 n/ait1/lness or a)se o/
con/idence6
%)+ "*0eanso//alsepretensesor
/radlentsacts6or
%c+ .1ro(1/radlent0eans.
%.1e/irst/or0nders)division$is#nown
asesta/awit1a)seo/con/idence6andt1e
secondandt1ird/or0snders)divisions2
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
and : cover cover esta/a )* 0eans o/
deceit.+
2. Da0a(e or preAdice capa)le o/ pecniar*
esti0ationiscasedtot1eo//endedpart*or
t1irdperson.
Ele0entso/esta/awit1n/ait1/lnesso/a)se
o/con/idencenderArticle:$9%$+
-nderpara(rap1%a+
$. !//ender 1as an oneros o)li(ation to
deliverso0et1in(o/vale6
2. 4ealtersitss)stance,7antit*,or7alit*6
:. Da0a(eorpreAdiceiscasedtoanot1er.
-nderpara(rap1%)+
$. Mone*,(oods,orot1erpersonalpropert*is
received )* t1e o//ender is trst, or on
co00ission, or /or ad0inistration, or nder
an* ot1er o)li(ation involvin( t1e dt* to
0a#edeliver*o/,ortoretrn,t1esa0e6
2. .1ere is 0isappropriation or conversion o/
sc10one*orpropert*)*t1eo//ender,or
denialon1isparto/sc1receipt6
:. Sc1 0isappropriation or conversion or
denialistot1epreAdiceo/anot1er6and
;. .1ere is a de0and 0ade )* t1e
o//endedpart*tot1eo//ender.
%.1e/ort1ele0entisnotnecessar*w1ent1ere
isevidenceo/0isappropriationo/t1e(oods)*
t1ede/endant.<.))v.People,etal.,$>$P1il.
$$;=+.
-nder Presidential Decree No. $$9, t1e /ailre
o/t1eentrsteetotrnovert1eproceedso/t1e
sale o/ t1e (oods, doc0ents, or instr0ents
covered )* a trst receipt, to t1e extent o/ t1e
a0ontowin(tot1eentrster,orasappearin(
in t1e trstreceipt6 or t1e /ailreto retrn said
(oods, doc0ents, or instr0ents i/ t1e* were
not soldor disposedo/inaccordance wit1 t1e
ter0so/t1etrstreceiptconstitteesta/a.
-nderpara(rap1%c+
$. .1epaperwit1t1esi(natreo/t1eo//ended
part*isin)lan#6
2. !//endedpart*deliveredittot1eo//ender6
:. A)ovet1esi(natreo/t1eo//endedpart*,a
doc0entiswritten)*t1eo//enderwit1ot
at1orit*todoso6
;. .1e doc0ent so written creates a lia)ilit*
o/,orcasesda0a(eto,t1eo//endedpart*
oran*t1irdperson.
Ele0entso/esta/a)*0eanso//alsepretenses
or/radlentactsnderArticle:$9%2+
Actspnis1ednderpara(rap1%a+
$. -sin(/ictitiosna0e6
2. ,alsel* pretendin( to possess power,
in/lence, 7ali/ications, propert*, credit,
a(enc*,)sinessori0a(inar*transactions6
or
:. "*0eanso/ot1ersi0ilardeceits.
-nderpara(rap1%)+
Alterin( t1e 7alit*, /ineness, or wei(1t o/
an*t1in(pertainin(to1isartor)siness.
-nderpara(rap1%c+
Pretendin( to 1ave )ri)ed an* (overn0ent
e0plo*ee, wit1ot preAdice to t1e action /or
cal0n* w1ic1 t1e o//ended part* 0a* dee0
properto)rin(a(ainstt1eo//ender.
-nderpara(rap1%d+
$. !//ender postdated a c1ec#, or issed a
c1ec#inpa*0ento/ano)li(ation6
2. Sc1 postdatin( or issin( a c1ec# was
donew1ent1eo//ender1adno/ndsint1e
)an#, or 1is /nds deposited t1erein were
not s//icient to cover t1e a0ont o/ t1e
c1ec#.
Notet1att1isonl*appliesi/C
%$+ .1eo)li(ationisnotpre&existin(6
%2+ .1e c1ec# is drawn to enter into an
o)li(ation6
%Re0e0)er t1at it is t1e c1ec# t1at is
spposed to )e t1e sole consideration /or
t1e ot1er part* to 1ave entered into t1e
o)li(ation. ,or exa0ple, Rose wants to
prc1ase a )racelet and draws a c1ec#
wit1ot ins//icient /nds. .1e Aeweler sells
1er t1e )racelet solel* )ecase o/ t1e
considerationint1ec1ec#.+
%:+ Itdoesnotcoverc1ec#sw1eret1eprpose
o/drawin(t1ec1ec#isto(aranteealoan
ast1isisnotano)li(ationconte0platedin
t1ispara(rap1
.1e c1ec# 0st )e (enine. I/ t1e c1ec# is
/alsi/ied and is cas1ed wit1 t1e )an# or
exc1an(ed /or cas1, t1e cri0e is esta/a t1r
/alsi/icationo/aco00ercialdoc0ent.
.1e (eneral rle is t1at t1e accsed 0st )e
a)letoo)tainso0et1in(/ro0t1eo//endedpart*
)*0eanso/t1ec1ec#1eissedanddelivered.
ExceptionB w1en t1e c1ec# is issed not in
pa*0ento/ano)li(ation.
It0stnot)epro0issor*notes,or(aranties.
?ood/ait1isade/ense.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
I/t1ec1ec#swereissed)*t1ede/endantand
1e received 0one* /or t1e0, t1en stopped
pa*0entanddidnotretrnt1e0one*,and1e
1ad an intention to stop pa*0ent w1en 1e
issedt1ec1ec#,t1ereisesta/a.
Deceitispres0edi/t1edrawer/ailstodeposit
t1ea0ontnecessar*tocovert1ec1ec#wit1in
t1reeda*s/ro0receipto/noticeo/dis1onoror
ins//icienc*o//ndsint1e)an#.
Distinction)etweenesta/anderArticle:$9%2+
%d+ o/ t1e Revised Penal Codeandviolation o/
"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22B
%$+ -nder )ot1 Article :$9 %2+ %d+ and "atas
Pa0)ansa"l(.22,t1ereiscri0inallia)ilit*i/
t1e c1ec# is drawn /or non&pre&existin(
o)li(ation.
I/ t1e c1ec# is drawn /or a pre&existin(
o)li(ation, t1ere is cri0inal lia)ilit* onl*
nder"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22.
%2+ Esta/a nder Article :$9 %2+ %d+ is a cri0e
a(ainstpropert*w1ile"atasPa0)ansa"l(.
22 is a cri0e a(ainst p)lic interest. .1e
(rava0en /or t1e /or0er is t1e deceit
e0plo*ed, w1ile in t1e latter, it is t1e
issance o/ t1e c1ec#. 4ence, t1ere is no
do)leAeopard*.
%:+ Int1eesta/anderArticle:$9%2+%d+,deceit
and da0a(e are 0aterial, w1ile in "atas
Pa0)ansa"l(.22,t1e*arei00aterial.
%;+ In esta/a nder Article :$9 %2+ %d+,
#nowled(e )* t1e drawer o/ ins//icient
/nds is not re7ired, w1ile in "atas
Pa0)ansa"l(.22,#nowled(e)*t1edrawer
o/ins//icient/ndsisre7ired.
W1en is t1ere pri0a /acie evidence o/
#nowled(eo/ins//icient/ndsN
.1ereisapri0a/acieevidenceo/#nowled(eo/
ins//icient/ndsw1ent1ec1ec#waspresented
wit1in '> da*s /ro0 t1e date appearin( on t1e
c1ec#andwasdis1onored.
Exceptions
$. W1en t1e c1ec# was presented a/ter '>
da*s/ro0date6
2. W1ent1e0a#erordrawer&&
%a+ Pa*st1e1oldero/t1ec1ec#t1e
a0ont de wit1in /ive )an#in(
da*s a/ter receivin( notice t1at
sc1 c1ec# 1as not )een paid
)*t1edrawee6
%)+ Ma#es arran(e0ents /or
pa*0entin/ll)*t1edraweeo/
sc1 c1ec# wit1in /ive )an#in(
da*s a/ter notice o/ non&
pa*0ent
.1edrawee0stcaseto)ewrittenorsta0ped
inplainlan(a(et1ereason/ort1edis1onor.
I/ t1e drawee )an# received an order o/ stop&
pa*0ent/ro0t1edrawerwit1noreason,it0st
)e stated t1at t1e /nds are ins//icient to )e
prosected1ere.
.1e npaid or dis1onored c1ec# wit1 t1e
sta0ped in/or0ation reBre/sal to pa* is pri0a
/acieevidenceo/%$+t1e0a#in(orissanceo/
t1e c1ec#6 %2+ t1e de present0ent to t1e
drawee/orpa*0entQt1edis1onort1ereo/6and
%:+ t1e /act t1at t1e c1ec# was properl*
dis1onored /or t1e reason sta0ped on t1e
c1ec#.
Actspnis1ednderpara(rap1%e+
$. a. !)tainin( /ood, re/res10ent, or
acco00odation at a 1otel, inn, restarant,
)oardin( 1ose, lod(in( 1ose, or
apart0ent1ose6
). Wit1otpa*in(t1ere/or6
c. Wit1 intent to de/rad t1e proprietor or
0ana(er.
2. a. !)tainin( credit at an* o/ t1e
esta)lis10ents6
). -sin(/alsepretense6
:. a. A)andonin( or srreptitiosl* re0ovin(
an* part o/ 1is )a((a(e in t1e
esta)lis10ent6
). A/tero)tainin(credit,/ood,re/res10ent,
acco00odation6
c. Wit1otpa*in(.
Esta/a t1ro(1 an* o/ t1e /ollowin( /radlent
0eansnderArticle:$9%:+
-nderpara(rap1%a+
$. !//enderindcedt1eo//endedpart*tosi(n
adoc0ent6
2. Deceitwase0plo*edto0a#e1i0si(nt1e
doc0ent6
:. !//ended part* personall* si(ned t1e
doc0ent6
;. PreAdicewascased.
-nderpara(rap1%)+
Resortin(toso0e/radlentpracticetoinsre
sccessina(a0)lin((a0e6
-nderpara(rap1%c+
$. !//enderre0oved,concealedordestro*ed6
2. An*cortrecord,o//ice/iles,doc0entsor
an*ot1erpapers6
:. Wit1intenttode/radanot1er.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
In Ri0 v. People, $': SCRA :;;, it was 1eld
t1at i/ an e0plo*ee receives cas1
advance/ro01ise0plo*ertode/ra*1is
travel expenses, 1is /ailre to retrn
nspent a0ont is not esta/a t1ro(1
0isappropriationorconversion)ecase
owners1ipo/t1e0one*wastrans/erred
to e0plo*ee and no /idciar* relation
wascreatedinrespecttosc1advance.
.1e0one*isaloan..1ee0plo*ee1as
no le(al o)li(ation to retrn t1e sa0e
0one*,t1atis,t1esa0e)illsandcoins
received.
InSaddlGr.v.CA,$'2SCRA2FF,itwas1eld
t1at t1e act o/ sin( or disposin( o/ anot1er3s
propert*asi/itwereone3sown,oro/devotin(it
to a prpose or se di//erent /ro0 t1at a(reed
pon, is a 0isappropriation and conversion to
t1e preAdice o/ t1e owner. Conversion is
nat1ori8edass0ptionanexerciseo/t1eri(1t
o/owners1ipover(oodsandc1attels)elon(in(
to anot1er, resltin( in t1e alteration o/ t1eir
conditionorexclsiono/t1eowner3sri(1ts.
InAllied"an#Corporationv.Secretar*!rdone8,
$'2 SCRA 2;D, it was 1eld t1at nder
Section $: o/ Presidential Decree No.
$$9, t1e /ailre o/ an entrstee to trn
overt1eproceedso/saleo/t1e(oods
covered )* t1e .rst Receipt, or to
retrnsaid(oodsi/t1e*arenotsold,is
pnis1a)leasesta/aArticle:$9%$+%)+.
!nissanceo/a)oncin(c1ec#
.1e issance o/ c1ec# wit1 ins//icient /nds
0a* )e 1eld lia)le /or esta/a and "atas
Pa0)ansa "l(. 22. "atas Pa0)ansa "l(. 22
expressl* provides t1at prosection nder said
law is wit1ot preAdice to an* lia)ilit* /or
violation o/ an* provision in t1e Revised Penal
Code. Do)le Geopard* 0a* not )e invo#ed
)ecaseaviolationo/"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22
isa0al0pro1i)it0andis)ein(pnis1edas
a cri0e a(ainst t1e p)lic interest /or
nder0inin(t1e)an#in(s*ste0o/t1econtr*,
w1ilendert1eRevisedPenalCode,t1ecri0eis
0al0 in se w1ic1 re7ires cri0inal intent and
da0a(e to t1e pa*ee and is a cri0e a(ainst
propert*.
Inesta/a,t1ec1ec#0st1ave)eenissedasa
reciprocal consideration /or partin( o/ (oods
%#aliwaan+. .1ere0st)econco0itance. .1e
deceit 0st )e prior to or si0ltaneos wit1
da0a(e done, t1at is,sellerreliedon c1ec# to
partwit1(oods. I/itisisseda/terpartin(wit1
(oodsasincreditacco00odationonl*,t1ereis
no esta/a. I/ t1e c1ec# is issed /or a pre&
existin(o)li(ation,t1ereisnoesta/aasda0a(e
1ad alread* )een done. .1e drawer is lia)le
nder"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22.
,or cri0inal lia)ilit* to attac1 nder "atas
Pa0)ansa "l(. 22, it is eno(1 t1at t1e c1ec#
was issed to Mappl* on accont or /or valeM
andponitspresent0entitwasdis1onored)*
t1e drawee )an# /or ins//icienc* o/ /nds,
providedt1att1edrawer1ad)eennoti/iedo/t1e
dis1onorandinspiteo/sc1notice/ailstopa*
t1e 1older o/ t1e c1ec# t1e /ll a0ont de
t1ereonwit1in/iveda*s/ro0notice.
-nder"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22,adrawer0st
)e (iven notice o/ dis1onor and (iven /ive
)an#in(da*s/ro0noticewit1inw1ic1todeposit
orpa*t1ea0ontstatedint1ec1ec#tone(ate
t1e pres0tion t1at drawer #new o/ t1e
ins//icienc*. A/ter t1is period, it is conclsive
t1atdrawer#newo/t1eins//icienc*,t1st1ere
is no 0ore de/ense to t1e prosection nder
"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22.
.1e 0ere issance o/ an* #ind o/ c1ec#
re(ardless o/ t1e intent o/ t1e parties, w1et1er
t1e c1ec# is intended to serve 0erel* as a
(arantee or as a deposit, 0a#es t1e drawer
lia)le nder "atas Pa0)ansa "l(. 22 i/ t1e
c1ec#)onces.Asa0attero/p)licpolic*,t1e
issance o/ a wort1less c1ec# is a p)lic
nisanceand0st)ea)ated.
InDe5illav.CA,decidedApril$E,$''$,itwas
1eldt1atnder"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22,t1ere
isnodistinctionastot1e#indo/c1ec#issed.
As lon( as it is delivered wit1in P1ilippine
territor*, t1e P1ilippine corts 1ave Arisdiction.
Even i/ t1e c1ec# is onl* presented to and
dis1onored in a P1ilippine )an#, "atas
Pa0)ansa "l(. 22 applies. .1is is tre in t1e
caseo/dollaror/orei(ncrrenc*c1ec#s.W1ere
t1e law 0a#es no distinction, none s1old )e
0ade.
InPeoplev.Nita/an, itwas1eldt1ataslon(as
instr0ent is a c1ec# nder t1e ne(otia)le
instr0entlaw,itiscovered)*"atasPa0)ansa
"l(. 22. A 0e0orand0 c1ec# is not a
pro0issor* note, it is a c1ec# w1ic1 1ave t1e
word H0e0o,I H0e0I, H0e0orand0I written
acrosst1e/aceo/t1ec1ec#w1ic1si(ni/iest1at
i/t1e1olderpon0atrit*o/t1ec1ec#presents
t1esa0etot1edrawer,itwill)epaida)soltel*.
"t t1ere is no pro1i)ition a(ainst drawer /ro0
depositin( 0e0orand0 c1ec# in a )an#.
W1atever )e t1e a(ree0ent o/ t1e parties in
respect o/ t1e issance o/ a c1ec# is
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
inconse7ential to a violation to "atas
Pa0)ansa"l(.22w1eret1ec1ec#)onces.
"t overdra/t or credit arran(e0ent 0a* )e
allowed )* )an#s as to t1eir pre/erred clients
and"atasPa0)ansa"l(.22doesnotappl*.I/
c1ec# )onces, it is )ecase )an# 1as )een
re0issin1onorin(a(ree0ent.
.1ec1ec#0st)epresented/orpa*0entwit1in
a '>&da* period. I/ presented /or pa*0ent
)e*ondt1e'>da*periodandt1edrawer3s/nds
are ins//icient to cover it, t1ere is no "atas
Pa0)ansa"l(.22violation.
W1ere c1ec# was issed prior to A(st E,
$'E;, w1en Circlar No. $2 o/ t1e
Depart0ent o/ t1e Gstice too# e//ect,
and t1e drawer relied on t1e t1en
prevailin(CirclarNo.;o/t1eMinistr*
o/ Gstice to t1e e//ect t1at c1ec#s
issed as part o/ an
arran(e0ent/a(ree0ento/t1epartiesto
(arantee or secre /l/ill0ent o/ an
o)li(ation are not covered )* "atas
Pa0)ansa "l(. 22, no cri0inal lia)ilit*
s1old )e incrred )* t1e drawer.
Circlars1oldnot)e(ivenretroactive
e//ect. %La8aro v. CA, Nove0)er $$,
$'':, citin( People v. Al)erto, !cto)er
2E,$'':+.
Article:$D.!t1er,or0so/Swindlin(
-nder para(rap1 $ C "* conve*in(, sellin(,
enc0)erin(, or 0ort(a(in( an* real propert*,
pretendin(to)et1eownero/t1esa0e
Ele0ents
$. .1ereisani00ova)le,sc1asaparcelo/
landora)ildin(6
2. !//ender w1o is not t1e owner represents
1i0sel/ast1eownert1ereo/6
:. !//enderexectesanacto/owners1ipsc1
as sellin(, leasin(, enc0)erin( or
0ort(a(in(t1erealpropert*6
;. .1e act is 0ade to t1e preAdice to t1e
ownerorat1irdperson.
-nder para(rap1 2 C )* disposin( o/ real
propert* as /ree /ro0 enc0)rance, alt1o(1
sc1enc0)rance)enotrecorded
Ele0ents
$. .1et1in(disposedisarealpropert*B
2. !//ender #new t1at t1e real propert* was
enc0)ered, w1et1er t1e enc0)rance is
recordedornot6
:. .1ere 0st )e express representation )*
o//ender t1at t1e real propert* is /ree /ro0
enc0)rance6
;. .1e act o/disposin(o/ t1e real propert* is
0adetot1eda0a(eo/anot1er.
-nderpara(rap1:C)*wron(/ll*ta#in()*t1e
owner o/ 1is personal propert* /ro0 its law/l
possessor
Ele0ents
$. !//enderist1eownero/personalpropert*6
2. Said personal propert* is in t1e law/l
possessiono/anot1er6
:. !//ender wron(/ll* ta#es it /ro0 its law/l
possessor6
;. PreAdice is t1ere)* cased to t1e
possessorort1irdperson.
-nderpara(rap1 ;C)*exectin(an*/ictitios
contracttot1epreAdiceo/anot1er
-nder para(rap1 9 C )* acceptin( an*
co0pensation /or services not rendered or /or
la)ornotper/or0ed
-nder para(rap1 D C )* sellin(, 0ort(a(in( or
enc0)erin( real propert* or properties wit1
w1ic1t1eo//ender(aranteedt1e/l/ill0ento/
1iso)li(ationassret*
Ele0ents
$. !//ender is a sret* in a )ond (iven in a
cri0inalorcivilaction6
2. 4e (aranteed t1e /l/ill0ent o/ sc1
o)li(ation wit1 1is real propert* or
properties6
:. 4e sells, 0ort(a(es, or in an* 0anner
enc0)erssaidrealpropert*6
;. Sc1 sale, 0ort(a(e or enc0)rance is
wit1otexpressat1orit*/ro0t1e cort,or
0ade)e/oret1ecancellationo/1is)ond,or
)e/ore )ein( relieved /ro0 t1e o)li(ation
contracted)*1i0.
Article:$F.Swindlin(AMinor
Ele0ents
$. !//ender ta#es advanta(e o/ t1e
inexperience or e0otions or /eelin(s o/ a
0inor6
2. 4e indces sc1 0inor to ass0e an
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o)li(ationorto(ivereleaseortoexectea
trans/ero/an*propert*ri(1t6
:. .1e consideration is so0e loan o/ 0one*,
creditorot1erpersonalpropert*6
;. .1e transaction is to t1e detri0ent o/ sc1
0inor.
Article:$E.!t1erdeceits
Actspnis1ed
$. De/radin( or da0a(in( anot1er )* an*
ot1erdeceitnot0entionedint1eprecedin(
articles6
2. Interpretin(drea0s,)*0a#in(/orecasts,)*
tellin( /ortnes, or )* ta#in( advanta(e or
t1ecredlit*o/t1ep)licinan*ot1ersi0ilar
0anner,/orpro/itor(ain.
Article:$'.Re0oval,SaleorPled(eo/Mort(a(edPropert*
Actspnis1ed
$. Rnowin(l* re0ovin( an* personal propert*
0ort(a(ed nder t1e C1attel Mort(a(e law
toan*provinceorcit*ot1ert1ant1eonein
w1ic1itwaslocatedatt1eti0eo/exection
o/t1e0ort(a(e,wit1ott1ewrittenconsent
o/ t1e 0ort(a(ee or 1is exectors,
ad0inistratorsorassi(ns6
Ele0entsB
%a+ Personal propert*is 0ort(a(ed
ndert1eC1attelMort(a(eLaw6
%)+ !//ender #nows t1at sc1
propert*isso0ort(a(ed6
%c+ !//ender re0oves sc1
0ort(a(ed personal propert* to an*
province or cit* ot1er t1an t1e one in
w1ic1 it was located at t1e ti0e o/ t1e
exectiono/t1e0ort(a(e6
%d+ .1ere0ovalisper0anent6
%e+ .1ere is no written consent o/
t1e 0ort(a(ee or 1is exectors,
ad0inistrators or assi(ns to sc1
re0oval.
2. Sellin( or pled(in( personal propert*
alread*pled(ed,or an*partt1ereo/,nder
t1e ter0s o/ t1e C1attel Mort(a(e Law,
wit1ott1econsento/t1e0ort(a(eewritten
on t1e )ac# o/ t1e 0ort(a(e and noted on
t1erecordt1ereo/int1eo//iceo/t1ere(ister
o/ deeds o/ t1e province w1ere sc1
propert*islocated.
Ele0entsB
%a+ Personal propert* is alread*
pled(ed nder t1e ter0s o/ t1e C1attel
Mort(a(eLaw6
%)+ !//ender, w1o is t1e 0ort(a(or
o/ sc1 propert*, sells or pled(es t1e
sa0eoran*partt1ereo/6
%c+ .1ere is no consent o/ t1e
0ort(a(ee written on t1e )ac# o/ t1e
0ort(a(e and noted on t1e record
t1ereo/ in t1e o//ice o/ t1e re(ister o/
deeds.
Article:2F.W1oAreLia)le/orMaliciosMisc1ie/
Ele0ents
$. !//enderdeli)eratel*casedda0a(etot1e
propert*o/anot1er6
2. Sc1actdoesnotconstittearsonorot1er
cri0esinvolvin(destrction6
:. .1eacto/da0a(in(anot1er3spropert*was
co00itted0erel*/ort1esa#eo/da0a(in(
it6
.1ere is destrction o/ t1e propert* o/ anot1er
)t t1ere is no 0isappropriation. !t1erwise, it
wold )e t1e/t i/ 1e (at1ers t1e e//ects o/
destrction.
Article:2E.SpecialCaseo/MaliciosMisc1ie/
Actspnis1ed
$. Casin( da0a(e to o)strct t1e
per/or0anceo/p)lic/nctions6
2. -sin( an* poisonos or corrosive
s)stance6
:. Spreadin(an*in/ectionorconta(iona0on(
cattle6
;. Casin( da0a(e to t1e propert* o/ t1e
National Mse0 or National Li)rar*, or to
an* arc1ive or re(istr*, waterwor#s, road,
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
pro0enade, or an* ot1er t1in( sed is co00on)*t1ep)ic.
Article:2'.!t1erMisc1ie/s
Allot1er0isc1ie/snotincldedint1enextprecedin(article
Article::>.Da0a(eand!)strctiontoMeanso/Co00nication
.1isisco00itted)*da0a(in(an*railwa*,tele(rap1ortelep1onelines.
Article::$.Destro*in(orDa0a(in(States,P)licMon0ents,orPaintin(s
An*personw1os1alldestro*orda0a(estates
or an* ot1er se/l or orna0ental p)lic
0on0ent s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/ arresto
0a*or in its 0edi0 period to prision
correccionalinits0ini00period.
An* person w1o s1all destro* or da0a(e an*
se/lororna0entalpaintin(o/ap)licnatre
s1alls//ert1epenalt*o/arresto0enorora/ine
notexceedin(2>>pesos,or)ot1sc1/ineand
i0prison0ent,int1ediscretiono/t1ecort.
Article::2.PersonsExe0pt/ro0Cri0inalLia)ilit*
Cri0esinvolvedint1eexe0ption
$. .1e/t6
2. Esta/a6and
:. Malicios0isc1ie/.
Personsexe0pted/ro0cri0inallia)ilit*
$. Spose, ascendants and descendants, or
relatives)*a//init*int1esa0eline6
2. Widowed spose wit1 respect to t1e
propert* w1ic1 )elon(ed to t1e deceased
spose )e/ore t1e sa0e passed into t1e
possessiono/anot1er
:. "rot1ersandsistersand)rot1ers&in&lawand
sisters&in&law,i/livin(to(et1er.
!nl*t1erelativesen0eratedincrnolia)ilit*i/
t1e cri0e relates to t1e/t %not ro))er*+,
swindlin(,and0alicios0isc1ie/..1irdparties
w1oparticipatearenotexe0pt..1erelations1ip
)etween t1e sposes is not li0ited to le(all*
0arriedcoples6t1eprovisionappliestolive&in
partners.
Esta/as1oldnot)eco0plexedwit1an*ot1er
cri0einorder/orexe0ptiontooperate.
A.AN.I&,ENCIN?LAW%P.D.N!.$D$2+ANDI.SIMPLEMEN.IN?R-LESANDRE?-LA.I!NS
De/inition%a+M,encin(Mist1eacto/an*person
w1o, wit1 intent to (ain /or 1i0sel/ or /or
anot1er, s1all )*, receive, possess, #eep,
ac7ire,conceal,sellordisposeo/,ors1all
)*andsell,orinan*ot1er0annerdealin
an*article,ite0,o)Aectoran*t1in(o/vale
w1ic11e#nows,ors1old)e#nownto1i0,
to 1ave )een derived /ro0 t1e proceeds o/
t1ecri0eo/ro))er*ort1e/t.
%)+ M,enceM incldes an* person, /ir0,
associationcorporationorpartners1ipor
ot1er or(ani8ation w1o/w1ic1 co00its
t1eacto//encin(.
Pres0ptiono//encin(Pres0ptiono/,encin(.
Merepossessiono/an*(ood,article,ite0,
o)Aect,oran*t1in(o/valew1ic11as)een
t1e s)Aect o/ ro))er* or t1iever* s1all )e
pri0a/acieevidenceo//encin(%Sec.9+.
ExceptionBWit1clearanceorper0ittosell
,or prposes o/ t1is Act, all stores,
esta)lis10entsorentitiesdealin(int1e)*and
sello/an*(ood,articleite0,o)Aecto/an*t1in(
o/ valeo)tained /ro0 an nlicenseddealer or
spplier t1ereo/, s1all )e/ore o//erin( t1e sa0e
/or sale to t1e p)lic, secre t1e necessar*
clearanceorper0it/ro0t1estationco00ander
o/t1eInte(ratedNational Police int1etownor
cit*w1eresc1store,esta)lis10entorentit*is
located. .1e C1ie/ o/ Consta)lar*/Director
?eneral, Inte(rated National Police s1all
pro0l(ate sc1 rles and re(lations to carr*
ot t1e provisions o/ t1is section. An* person
w1o /ails to secre t1e clearance or per0it
re7ired )* t1is section or w1o violates an* o/
t1e provisions o/ t1e rles and re(lations
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
pro0l(atedt1erenders1allponconviction)e
pnis1edasa/ence%Sec.D+.
I0ple0entin(RlesandRe(lations
I.De/initiono/.er0s
$. M-sed second1and articleM s1all re/er to
an* (oods, article, ite0, o)Aect or
an*t1in( o/ vale o)tained /ro0 an
nlicenseddealerorspplier,re(ardless
o/ w1et1er t1e sa0e 1as actall* or in
/act)eensed.
2.M-nlicenseddealer/spplierMs1allre/erto
an* persons, partners1ip, /ir0,
corporation, association or an* ot1er
entit* or esta)lis10ent not licensed )*
t1e (overn0ent to en(a(e in t1e
)sinesso/dealin(inoro/sppl*in(t1e
articles de/ined in t1e precedin(
para(rap1.
:. MStoreM, Mesta)lis10entM or Mentit*M s1all
)e constred to inclde an* individal
dealin( in t1e )*in( and sellin( sed
second1and articles, as de/ined in
para(rap11ereo/.
;. M"* and SellM re/er to t1e transaction
w1ere)* one prc1ases sed
second1and articles /or t1e prpose o/
resaletot1irdpersons.
9. MStation Co00anderM s1all re/er to t1e
Station Co00ander o/ t1e Inte(rated
NationalPolicewit1int1eterritorialli0its
o/ t1e town or cit* district w1ere t1e
store,esta)lis10entorentit* dealin(in
t1e )*in( and sellin( o/ sed
second1andarticlesislocated.
II.Dt*toProcreClearanceorPer0it
$.Nopersons1allselloro//ertoselltot1e
p)lic an* sed second1and article as
de/ined 1erein wit1ot /irst secrin( a
clearanceorper0it/ort1eprpose/ro0
t1e proper Station Co00ander o/ t1e
Inte(ratedNationalPolice.
2. I/ t1e person see#in( t1e clearance or
per0itisapartners1ip,/ir0,corporation,
or association or (rop o/ individals,
t1eclearanceorper0its1all)eo)tained
)* or in t1e na0e o/ t1e president,
0ana(erorot1erresponsi)leo//icer&in&
c1ar(et1ereo/.
:. I/ a store, /ir0, corporation, partners1ip,
association or ot1er esta)lis10ent or
entit*1asa)ranc1ors)sidiar*andt1e
sedsecond1andarticle isac7ired )*
sc1)ranc1ors)sidiar*/orsaletot1e
p)lic, t1e said )ranc1 or s)sidiar*
s1all secre t1e re7ired clearance or
per0it.
;. An* (oods, article, ite0, or o)Aect or
an*t1in( o/ vale ac7ired /ro0 an*
sorce/orw1ic1noreceiptore7ivalent
doc0ent evidencin( t1e le(alit* o/ its
ac7isition cold )e presented )* t1e
present possessor or 1older t1ereo/, or
t1e coverin( receipt, or e7ivalent
doc0ent, o/ w1ic1 is /a#e, /alsi/ied or
irre(larl* o)tained, s1all )e pres0ed
as 1avin( )een ac7ired /ro0 an
nlicensed dealer or spplier and t1e
possessoror1oldert1ereo/0stsecre
t1e re7ired clearance or per0it )e/ore
t1esa0ecan)esoldoro//ered/orsale
tot1ep)lic.
III.Procedre/orProcre0ento/Clearancesor
Per0its
$. .1e Station Co00anders concerned
s1allre7iret1eownero/astoreort1e
president, 0ana(er or responsi)le
o//icer&in&c1ar(eo/a/ir0,esta)lis10ent
or ot1er entit* located wit1in t1eir
respective Arisdictions and in
possession o/ or 1avin( in stoc# sed
second1and articles as de/ined 1erein,
to s)0it an initial a//idavit wit1in t1irt*
%:>+ da*s /ro0 receipt o/ notice /or t1e
prpose t1ereo/ and s)se7ent
a//idavits once ever* /i/teen %$9+ da*s
wit1in /ive %9+ da*s a/ter t1e period
covered,w1ic1s1allcontainB
%a+Aco0pleteinventor*o/sc1articles
ac7ireddail*/ro0w1ateversorce
andt1ena0esandaddresseso/t1e
persons /ro0 w1o0 sc1 articles
wereac7ired.
%)+ A /ll list o/ articles to )e sold or
o//ered/orsaleaswellast1eplace
w1ere t1e date w1en t1e sale or
o//er/orsales1allco00ence.
%c+ .1e place w1ere t1e articles are
presentl*depositedor#eptinstoc#.
.1e Station Co00ander 0a*, at 1is
discretion w1en t1e circ0stances o/
eac1 case warrant, re7ire t1at t1e
a//idavit s)0itted )e acco0panied )*
ot1er doc0ents s1owin( proo/ o/
le(iti0ac* o/ t1e ac7isition o/ t1e
articles.
2.Apart*re7iredtosecreaclearanceor
per0itndert1eserlesandre(lations
s1all/ileanapplicationt1ere/orwit1t1e
Station Co00ander concerned. .1e
applications1allstateB
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%a+ .1e na0e, address and ot1er
pertinent circ0stances o/ t1e
persons,incaseo/anindividalor,
in t1e case o/ a /ir0, corporation,
association, partners1ip or ot1er
entit*,t1ena0e,addressandot1er
pertinent circ0stances o/ t1e
president, 0ana(er or o//icer&in&
c1ar(e.
%)+.1e articleto)esold oro//ered /or
saletot1ep)licandt1ena0eand
addresso/t1enlicenseddealeror
spplier/ro0w1o0sc1articlewas
ac7ired.
Inspporto/t1eapplication,t1eres1all
)e attac1ed to it t1e correspondin(
receipt or ot1ere7ivalentdoc0ent to
s1ow proo/ o/ t1e le(iti0ac* o/
ac7isitiono/t1earticle.
:. .1e Station Co00ander s1all exa0ine
t1e doc0ents attac1ed to t1e
application and 0a* re7ire t1e
presentation o/ ot1er additional
doc0ents, i/ necessar*, to s1ow
satis/actor* proo/ o/ t1e le(iti0ac* o/
ac7isition o/ t1e article, s)Aect to t1e
%a+I/t1ele(iti0ac*o/ac7isitiono/an*
article /ro0 an nlicensed sorce
cannot )e satis/actoril* esta)lis1ed
)* t1e doc0ents presented, t1e
Station Co00ander s1all, pon
approval o/ t1e INP Sperintendent
int1edistrictandatt1eexpenseo/
t1e part* see#in( t1e
clearance/per0it, case t1e
p)lication o/ a notice in a
newspapero/(eneralcirclation/or
two %2+ sccessive da*s
en0eratin( t1erein t1e articles
ac7ired/ro0 annlicenseddealer
or spplier, t1e na0es and
addresses o/ t1e persons /ro0
w1o0t1e*wereac7iredands1all
state t1at sc1 articles are to )e
soldoro//ered/orsaletot1ep)lic
at t1e address o/ t1e store,
esta)lis10ent or ot1er entit*
see#in( t1e clearance/per0it. In
placesw1erenonewspapersarein
(eneral circlation, t1e part*
see#in( t1e clearance or per0it
s1all,instead,postanoticedail*/or
one wee# on t1e )lletin )oard o/
t1e 0nicipal )ildin( o/ t1e town
w1eret1estore,/ir0,esta)lis10ent
orentit*concernedislocatedor,in
t1ecaseo/anindividal,w1eret1e
articles in 1is possessionareto)e
soldoro//ered/orsale.
%)+ I/ a/ter $9 da*s, pon expiration o/
t1e period o/ p)lication or o/ t1e
notice re/erred to in t1e precedin(
para(rap1, no clai0 is 0ade wit1
respect to an* o/ t1e articles
en0erated in t1e notice, t1e
Station Co00ander s1all isse t1e
clearanceorper0itso(1t.
%c+ I/, )e/ore expiration o/ t1e sa0e
period/orp)licationo/t1enoticeor
itspostin(,its1allappeart1atan*o/
t1e articles in 7estion is stolen
propert*, t1e Station Co00ander
s1all 1old t1e article in restraint as
evidenceinan*appropriatecaseto
)e /iled. Articles 1eld in restraint
s1all)e#eptanddisposedo/ast1e
circ0stanceso/eac1caseper0it,
ta#in( into accont all
considerationso/ri(1tandAsticein
t1e case. In an* case w1ere an*
articleis1eldinrestraint,its1all)e
t1edt*o/t1eStationCo00ander
concerned to advise/noti/* t1e
Co00ission on Adit o/ t1e case
andco0pl*wit1sc1procedreas
0a* )e proper nder applica)le
existin(laws,rlesandre(lations.
;..1eStationCo00anderconcerneds1all,
wit1in sevent*&two %F2+ 1ors /ro0
receipto/t1eapplication,actt1ereon)*
eit1er issin( t1e clearance/per0it
re7ested or den*in( t1e sa0e. Denial
o/anapplications1all)einwritin(and
s1allstatein)rie/t1ereason/st1ere/or.
9. .1e application, clearance/per0it or t1e
denial t1ereo/, incldin( sc1 ot1er
doc0ents as 0a* )e pertinent in t1e
i0ple0entationo/SectionDo/P.D.No.
$D$2s1all)eint1e/or0sprescri)edin
Annexes MAM, M"M, MCM, MDM, and MEM
1ereo/,w1ic1are0adeinte(ralpartso/
t1eserlesandre(lations.
D. ,or t1e issance o/ clearances/per0it
re7ired nder Section D o/ P.D. No.
$D$2,no/ees1all)ec1ar(ed.
I5.Appeals
An*part*a((rieved)*t1eactionta#en)*t1e
Station Co00ander 0a* elevate t1e decision
ta#en in t1e case to t1e proper INP District
Sperintendent and, i/ 1e is still dissatis/ied
t1erewit1 0a* ta#e t1e sa0e on appeal to t1e
INP Director. .1e decision o/ t1e INP Director
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0a* also )e appealed to t1e INP Director&
?eneral w1ose decision 0a* li#ewise )e
appealed to t1e Minister o/ National De/ense.
.1edecisiono/t1eMinistero/NationalDe/ense
on t1e case s1all )e /inal. .1e appeal a(ainst
t1edecisionta#en)*aCo00anderlowert1an
t1e INP Director&?eneral s1old )e /iled to t1e
next 1i(1er Co00ander wit1in ten %$>+ da*s
/ro0 receipt o/ notice o/ t1e decision. .1e
decision o/ t1eINP Director&?eneral s1old)e
appealedwit1in/i/teen%$9+da*s/ro0receipto/
noticeo/t1edecision.
". "!-NCIN?C4ECRSLAW%".P."L?.22+PL-SADMINIS.RA.I5ECIRC-LARN!.$2&2>>>REB
PENAL.L ,!R 5I!LA.I!N !, ".P. 22 AND ADMINIS.RA.I5E CIRC-LAR N!. $:&2>>$ REB
CLARI,ICA.I!N!,ADMINCIRC-LARN!.$2&2>>>
4owviolated
A.$. A person 0a#es or draws and isses
an*c1ec#6
2. .1ec1ec#is0adeordrawnandissed
toappl*onaccontor/orvale6
.1s,itcanappl*topre&existin(o)li(ations,
too.
:. .1e person w1o 0a#es or draws and
issed t1e c1ec# #nows at t1e ti0e o/
isse t1at 1e does not 1ave s//icient
/ndsinorcreditwit1t1edrawee)an#
/or t1e pa*0ent o/ sc1 c1ec# in /ll
ponitspresent0ent6
.1e c1ec# is s)se7entl* dis1onored )*
t1edrawee)an#/orins//icienc*o//ndsor
credit, or wold 1ave )een dis1onored /or
t1esa0ereason1adnott1edrawer,wit1ot
an* valid reason, ordered t1e )an# to stop
pa*0ent.
".$. Aperson1ass//icient/ndsinorcredit
wit1 t1e drawee )an# w1en 1e 0a#es or
drawsandissesac1ec#6
2. 4e /ails to #eep s//icient /nds or to
0aintainacredittocovert1e/lla0ont
o/t1ec1ec#i/presentedwit1in'>da*s
/ro0t1edateappearin(6
:. .1ec1ec#isdis1onored)*t1edrawee
)an#.
Pnis1a)leacts
C1ec#s wit1ot s//icient /nds. & An* person
w1o 0a#es or draws and isses an* c1ec# to
appl* on accont or /or vale, #nowin( at t1e
ti0e o/ isse t1at 1e does not 1ave s//icient
/ndsinor credit wit1 t1e drawee )an# /ort1e
pa*0ent o/ sc1 c1ec# in /ll pon its
present0ent, w1ic1 c1ec# is s)se7entl*
dis1onored)*t1edrawee)an#/orins//icienc*
o//ndsorcreditorwold1ave)eendis1onored
/ort1esa0ereason1adnott1edrawer,wit1ot
an* valid reason, ordered t1e )an# to stop
pa*0ent,s1all)epnis1ed)*i0prison0ento/
notlesst1ant1irt*da*s)tnot0oret1anone
%$+*earor)*a/ineo/notlesst1an)tnot0ore
t1ando)let1ea0onto/t1ec1ec#w1ic1/ine
s1allinnocaseexceed.wo4ndred.1osand
Pesos, or )ot1 sc1 /ine and i0prison0ent at
t1ediscretiono/t1ecort.
.1e sa0e penalt* s1all )e i0posed pon an*
person w1o,1avin( s//icient/nds inorcredit
wit1t1edrawee)an#w1en1e0a#esordraws
andissesac1ec#,s1all /ail to#eeps//icient
/nds or to 0aintain a credit to cover t1e /ll
a0onto/t1ec1ec#i/presentedwit1inaperiod
o/ ninet* %'>+ da*s /ro0 t1e date appearin(
t1ereon,/orw1ic1reasonitisdis1onored)*t1e
drawee)an#.
W1ere t1e c1ec# is drawn )* a corporation,
co0pan* or entit*, t1e person or persons w1o
actall* si(ned t1e c1ec# in )e1al/ o/ sc1
drawers1all)elia)lendert1isAct%Sec.$+.
Evidenceo/#nowled(eo/ins//icient/nds
.1e 0a#in(, drawin( and issance o/ a c1ec#
pa*0ent o/ w1ic1 is re/sed )* t1e drawee
)ecase o/ ins//icient /nds in or credit wit1
sc1 )an#, w1en presented wit1in ninet* %'>+
da*s/ro0t1edateo/t1ec1ec#,s1all)epri0a
/acie evidence o/ #nowled(e o/ sc1
ins//icienc* o/ /nds or credit nless sc1
0a#er or drawer pa*s t1e 1older t1ereo/ t1e
a0ontdet1ereon,or0a#esarran(e0ents/or
pa*0ent in /ll )* t1e drawee o/ sc1 c1ec#
wit1in %9+ )an#in( da*s a/ter receivin( notice
t1at sc1 c1ec# 1as not )een paid )* t1e
drawee%Sec.2+.
Pre/erenceo/i0positiono//ine
Ad0inCir.$:&2>>$.Ad0inistrativeCirclarNo.
$2&2>>>esta)lis1esarleo/pre/erencein
t1e application o/ t1e penal provisions o/
".P. "l(. 22 sc1 t1at w1ere t1e
circ0stances o/ )ot1 t1e o//ense and t1e
o//enderclearl*indicate(ood/ait1oraclear
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
0ista#e o/ /act wit1ot taint o/ ne(li(ence,
t1e i0position o/ a /ine alone s1old )e
consideredast1e0oreappropriatepenalt*.
Needless to sa*, t1e deter0ination o/
w1et1er t1e circ0stances warrant t1e
i0positiono/a/inealonerestssolel*pon
t1e Gd(e. S1old t1e Gd(e decide t1at
i0prison0ent is t1e 0ore appropriate
penalt*,Ad0inistrativeCirclarNo.$2&2>>>
o(1tnot)edee0eda1indrance.
Itis,t1ere/ore,nderstoodt1atB
$. Ad0inistrative Circlar $2&2>>> does not
re0ove i0prison0ent as an alternative
penalt*/orviolationso/".P."l(.226
2..1eGd(esconcerned0a*,int1eexercise
o/ sond discretion, and ta#in( into
consideration t1epecliarcirc0stanceso/
eac1 case, deter0ine w1et1er t1e
i0positiono/a/inealonewold)estserve
t1einterestso/Asticeorw1et1er/or)earin(
to i0pose i0prison0ent wold depreciate
t1e seriosness o/ t1e o//ense, wor#
violenceont1esocialorder,orot1erwise)e
contrar*tot1ei0perativeso/Astice6
:. S1old onl* a /ine )e i0posed and t1e
accsed)ena)letopa*t1e/ine,t1ereis
no le(al o)stacle to t1e application o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code provisions on
s)sidiar*i0prison0ent.
AN.I&CARNAPPIN?AC.!,$'F2%R.A.D9:'+
De/initiono/ter0s
$. MCarnappin(Mist1eta#in(,wit1intentto
(ain,o/a0otorve1icle)elon(in(toanot1er
wit1ott1elatterPsconsent,or)*0eanso/
violence a(ainst or inti0idation o/ persons,
or)*sin(/orcepont1in(s.
2. MMotorve1icleMisan*ve1iclepropelled
)* an* power ot1er t1an 0sclar power
sin( t1e p)lic 1i(1wa*s, )t exceptin(
road rollers, trolle* cars, street&sweepers,
sprin#lers, lawn 0owers, )lldo8ers,
(raders, /or#&li/ts, a0p1i)ian trc#s, and
cranes i/ not sed on p)lic 1i(1wa*s,
ve1icles, w1ic1 rn onl* on rails or trac#s,
andtractors,trailersandtractionen(ineso/
all #inds sed exclsivel* /or a(ricltral
prposes. .railers 1avin( an* n0)er o/
w1eels, w1en propelled or intended to )e
propelled)*attac10enttoa0otorve1icle,
s1all)eclassi/iedasseparate0otorve1icle
wit1nopowerratin(.
:. MDe/acin( or ta0perin( wit1M a serial
n0)erist1eerasin(,scratc1in(,alterin(or
c1an(in( o/ t1e ori(inal /actor*&inscri)ed
serial n0)er on t1e 0otor ve1icle en(ine,
en(ine )loc# or c1assis o/ an* 0otor
ve1icle. W1enever an* 0otor ve1icle is
/ondto1aveaserial n0)eronits0otor
en(ine, en(ine )loc# or c1assis w1ic1 is
di//erent /ro0 t1at w1ic1 is listed in t1e
recordso/t1e"reao/Csto0s/or0otor
ve1icles i0ported into t1e P1ilippines, t1at
0otorve1icles1all)econsideredto1avea
de/acedorta0peredwit1serialn0)er.
;. MRepaintin(M is c1an(in( t1e color o/ a
0otorve1icle)*0eanso/paintin(..1ereis
repaintin( w1enever t1e new color o/ a
0otor ve1icle is di//erent /ro0 its color as
re(istered in t1e Land .ransportation
Co00ission.
9. M"od*&)ildin(MisaAo)nderta#enona
0otor ve1icle in order to replace its entire
)od*wit1anew)od*.
D. MRe0odelin(Mist1eintrodctiono/so0e
c1an(esint1es1apeor/or0o/t1e)od*o/
t1e0otorve1icle.
F. MDis0antlin(Mist1etearin(apart,piece
)*pieceorpart)*part,o/a0otorve1icle.
E. M!ver1alin(M is t1e cleanin( or
repairin( o/ t1e w1ole en(ine o/ a 0otor
ve1icle)*separatin(t1e0otoren(ineand
itsparts/ro0t1e)od*o/t1e0otorve1icle.
Re(istration
9. Re(istrationo/0otorve1icleen(ine,en(ine
)loc#andc1assis.Wit1inone*eara/tert1e
approval o/ t1is Act, ever* owner or
possessor o/ nre(istered 0otor ve1icle or
parts t1ereo/ in #noc# down condition s1all
re(ister wit1 t1e Land .ransportation
Co00ission t1e 0otor ve1icle en(ine,
en(ine)loc#andc1assisin1isna0eorin
t1e na0e o/ t1e real owner w1o s1all )e
readil* availa)le to answer an* clai0 over
t1ere(istered0otorve1icleen(ine,en(ine
)loc# or c1assis. .1erea/ter, all 0otor
ve1icleen(ines,en(ine)loc#sandc1assis
notre(istered wit1 t1e Land.ransportation
Co00issions1all)econsideredasntaxed
i0portationorco0in(/ro0anille(alsorce
or carnapped, and s1all )e con/iscated in
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
/avoro/t1e?overn0ent.
Allownerso/0otorve1iclesinallcitiesand
0nicipalities are re7ired to re(ister t1eir
carswit1t1elocalpolicewit1otpa*in(an*
c1ar(es%Sec.:+.
2.Per0anentre(istr*o/0otorve1icleen(ines,
en(ine )loc#s and c1assis. .1e Land
.ransportation Co00ission s1all #eep a
per0anentre(istr*o/0otorve1icleen(ines,
en(ine )loc#s and c1assis o/ all 0otor
ve1icles,speci/*in(t1ereint1eirt*pe,0a#e
and serial n0)ers and statin( t1erein t1e
na0es and addresses o/ t1eir present and
previosowners.Copieso/t1ere(istr*and
o/ all entries 0ade t1ereon s1all )e
/rnis1edt1eP1ilippineConsta)lar*andall
Land .ransportation Co00ission re(ional,
provincialandcit*)ranc1o//icesBProvided,
.1at all Land .ransportation Co00ission
re(ional, provincial and cit* )ranc1 o//ices
are li#ewise o)li(ed to /rnis1 copies o/ all
re(istration o/ 0otor ve1icles to t1e 0ain
o//ice and to t1e P1ilippine Consta)lar*
%Sec.;+.
:. Re(istration o/ sale, trans/er, conve*ance,
s)stittion or replace0ent o/ a 0otor
ve1icle en(ine, en(ine )loc# or c1assis.
Ever* sale, trans/er, conve*ance,
s)stittion or replace0ent o/ a 0otor
ve1icleen(ine,en(ine)loc#orc1assiso/a
0otor ve1icle s1all )e re(istered wit1 t1e
Land .ransportation Co00ission. Motor
ve1icles asse0)led and re)ilt or repaired
)*replace0entwit10otorve1icleen(ines,
en(ine )loc#s and c1assis not re(istered
wit1 t1e Land .ransportation Co00ission
s1allnot)eissedcerti/icateso/re(istration
and s1all )e considered as ntaxed
i0ported 0otor ve1icles or 0otor ve1icles
carnapped or proceedin( /ro0 ille(al
sorces%Sec.9+.
;. !ri(inal Re(istration o/ 0otor ve1icles. An*
personsee#in(t1eori(inalre(istrationo/a
0otorve1icle,w1et1ert1at0otorve1icleis
newl*asse0)ledorre)iltorac7ired/ro0
a re(istered owner, s1all wit1in one wee#
a/ter t1e co0pletion o/ t1e asse0)l* or
re)ildin(Ao)ort1eac7isitiont1ereo//ro0
t1ere(isteredowner,appl*tot1eP1ilippine
Consta)lar* /or clearance o/ t1e 0otor
ve1icle /or re(istration wit1 t1e Land
.ransportation Co00ission. .1e P1ilippine
Consta)lar* s1all, pon receipt o/ t1e
application,veri/*i/t1e0otorve1icleorits
n0)eredpartsareint1elisto/carnapped
0otorve1iclesorstolen0otorve1icleparts.
I/t1e0otorve1icleor an*o/itsn0)ered
parts is not in t1at list, t1e P1ilippine
Consta)lar* s1all /ort1wit1 isse a
certi/icate o/ clearance. -pon presentation
o/ t1e certi/icate o/ clearance /ro0 t1e
P1ilippineConsta)lar*anda/terveri/ication
o/ t1e re(istration o/ t1e 0otor ve1icle
en(ine, en(ine )loc# and c1assis in t1e
per0anentre(istr*o/0otorve1icleen(ines,
en(ine )loc#s and c1assis, t1e Land
.ransportation Co00ission s1all re(ister
t1e 0otor ve1icle in accordance wit1
existin(laws,rlesandre(lations%Sec.D+.
W1oarelia)le
$.I/t1epersonviolatin(an*provisiono/t1isAct
is a Aridical person, t1e penalt* 1erein
provideds1all)ei0posedonitspresidentor
secretar* and/or 0e0)ers o/ t1e )oard o/
directorsoran*o/itso//icersande0plo*ees
w1o 0a* 1ave directl* participated in t1e
violation.
2. An* (overn0ent o//icial or e0plo*ee w1o
directl*co00itst1enlaw/lactsde/inedin
t1is Act or is (ilt* o/ (ross ne(li(ence o/
dt* or connives wit1 or per0its t1e
co00ission o/ an* o/ t1e said nlaw/l act
s1all,inadditiontot1epenalt*prescri)edin
t1eprecedin(para(rap1,)edis0issed/ro0
t1e service wit1 preAdice to 1is
reinstate0entandwit1dis7ali/ication /ro0
votin(or)ein(voted/orinan*electionand
/ro0appoint0enttoan*p)lico//ice%Sec.
$:+.
%a+Dt*o/collectoro/csto0s
Dt*o/Collectoro/Csto0storeportarrivalo/
i0ported 0otor ve1icle, etc. .1e Collector o/
Csto0s o/ a principal port o/ entr* w1ere an
i0ported 0otor ve1icle, 0otor ve1icle en(ine,
en(ine)loc#c1assisor)od*isnloaded,s1all,
wit1in seven da*s a/ter t1e arrival o/ t1e
i0ported 0otor ve1icle or an* o/ its parts
en0erated 1erein, 0a#e a report o/ t1e
s1ip0ent to t1e Land .ransportation
Co00ission, speci/*in( t1e 0a#e, t*pe and
serial n0)ers, i/ an*, o/ t1e 0otor ve1icle
en(ine, en(ine )loc# and c1assis or )od*,and
statin(t1ena0esandaddresseso/t1eowneror
consi(nee t1ereo/. I/ t1e 0otor ve1icle en(ine,
en(ine)loc#,c1assisor)od*doesnot)earan*
serial n0)er, t1e Collector o/ Csto0s
concerned s1all 1old t1e 0otor ve1icle en(ine,
en(ine )loc#, c1assis or )od* ntil it is
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
n0)ered )* t1e Land .ransportation
Co00ission%Sec.F+.
%)+Dt*o/i0porters,distri)torsandsellers
Dt* o/ i0porters, distri)tors and sellers o/
0otor ve1icles to #eep record o/ stoc#s. An*
person en(a(edin t1e i0portation,distri)tion,
and)*in(andsellin(o/0otorve1icles,0otor
ve1icleen(ines,en(ine)loc#s,c1assisor)od*,
s1all #eep a per0anent record o/ 1is stoc#s,
statin( t1erein t1eir t*pe, 0a#e and serial
n0)ers,andt1ena0esandaddresseso/t1e
persons/ro0w1o0t1e*wereac7iredandt1e
na0es and addresses o/ t1e persons to w1o0
t1e* were sold, and s1all render an accrate
0ont1l* report o/ 1is transactions in 0otor
ve1iclestot1eLand.ransportationCo00ission
%Sec.E+.
%c+Clearanceandper0it
$. Clearance and per0it re7ired /or asse0)l*
orre)ildin(o/0otorve1icles.An*person
w1os1all nderta#etoasse0)leorre)ild
or case t1e asse0)l* or re)ildin( o/ a
0otor ve1icle s1all /irst secre a certi/icate
o/ clearance /ro0 t1e P1ilippine
Consta)lar*BProvided,.1atnosc1per0it
s1all )e issed nless t1e applicant s1all
present a state0ent nder oat1 containin(
t1e t*pe, 0a#e and serial n0)ers o/ t1e
en(ine, c1assis and )od*, i/ an*, and t1e
co0pletelisto/t1esparepartso/t1e0otor
ve1icle to )e asse0)led or re)ilt to(et1er
wit1 t1e na0es and addresses o/ t1e
sorcest1ereo/.
In t1e case o/ 0otor ve1icle en(ines to )e
0ontedon0otor)oats,0otor)ancasand
ot1erli(1twatervessels,t1eapplicants1all
secre a per0it /ro0 t1e P1ilippine Coast
?ard,w1ic1o//ices1allintrn/rnis1t1e
Land .ransportation Co00ission t1e
pertinentdataconcernin(t1e0otorve1icle
en(inesincldin(t1eirt*pe,0a#eandserial
n0)ers%Sec.$>+.
2. Clearance re7ired /or s1ip0ent o/ 0otor
ve1icles, 0otor ve1icle en(ines, en(ine
)loc#s, c1assis or )od*. An* person w1o
owns or operates inter&island s1ippin( or
an* water transportation wit1 lanc1es,
)oats, vessels or s1ips s1all wit1in seven
da*s s)0it a report to t1e P1ilippine
Consta)lar* on all 0otor ve1icle, 0otor
ve1icle en(ines, en(ine )loc#s, c1assis or
)odies transported )* it /or t1e 0otor
ve1icle,0otorve1icleen(ine,en(ine)loc#,
c1assisor)od*to )e loaded on )oard t1e
lanc1,)oatvesselors1ip%Sec.$$+.
Pnis1a)leacts
$.De/acin(orta0perin(wit1serialn0)erso/
0otor ve1icle en(ines, en(ine )loc#s and
c1assis%Sec.$2+.
2.Carnappin(&t1eta#in(,wit1intentto(ain,o/
a0otorve1icle)elon(in(toanot1erwit1ot
t1elatterPsconsent,or)*0eanso/violence
a(ainst or inti0idation o/ persons, or )*
sin(/orcepont1in(s.
%a+ W1en t1e carnappin( is co00itted
wit1ot violence or inti0idation o/
persons,or/orcepont1in(s6
%)+ W1en t1e carnappin( is co00itted )*
0eans o/ violence a(ainst or
inti0idationo/an*person,or/orcepon
t1in(s6and
%c+ W1en t1e owner, driver or occpant o/
t1ecarnapped0otorve1icleis#illedin
t1eco00issiono/t1ecarnappin(%Sec.
$;+.
Pnis1a)leactso/terroris0
SEC.:..erroris0.&An*personw1oco00itsan
act pnis1a)le nder an* o/ t1e /ollowin(
a.Article$22%Pirac*in?eneral andMtin*
Waters+6
e.Article2DF%Ridnappin(andSeriosIlle(al
Detention+6
/. Article :2; %Cri0es Involvin(Destrction+,
ornder
onArson+6
Law+6
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Pirac*andAnti&4i(1wa*Ro))er*Law
o/$'F;+6and,
a0ended%DecreeCodi/*in(t1eLaws
on Ille(al and -nlaw/l Possession,
Man/actre, Dealin( in, Ac7isition
or Disposition o/ ,irear0s,
A00nitions or Explosives+ t1ere)*
sowin( and creatin( a condition o/
widespreadandextraordinar*/earand
panica0on(t1epoplace,inorderto
coercet1e(overn0entto(iveintoan
nlaw/lde0ands1all)e(ilt*o/t1e
cri0eo/terroris0ands1alls//ert1e
penalt* o/ /ort* %;>+ *ears o/
parole as provided /or nder Act No.
a0ended.
SEC. ;. Conspirac* to Co00it .erroris0. &
Persons w1o conspire to co00it t1e cri0e
o/ terroris0 s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/ /ort*
%;>+*earso/i0prison0ent.
co00itt1esa0e.
SEC. 9. Acco0plice. & An* person w1o, not
)ein( a principal nder Article $F o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code or a conspirator as
de/ined in Section ; 1ereo/, cooperates in
t1eexectiono/eit1ert1ecri0eo/terroris0
or conspirac* to co00it terroris0 )*
previos or si0ltaneos acts s1all s//er
t1e penalt* o/ /ro0 seventeen %$F+ *ears,
/or0ont1soneda*totwent*%2>+*earso/
i0prison0ent.
SEC. D. Accessor*. & An* person w1o, 1avin(
#nowled(eo/t1eco00issiono/t1ecri0eo/
terroris0orconspirac*toco00itterroris0,
and wit1ot 1avin( participated t1erein,
eit1er as principal or acco0plice nder
Articles $F and $E o/ t1e Revised Penal
Code, ta#es part s)se7ent to its
co00issioninan*o/t1e/ollowin(0annerB
%a+ )* pro/itin( 1i0sel/ or assistin( t1e
cri0e6
%)+)*concealin(ordestro*in(t1e)od*o/
t1ecri0e,ort1ee//ects,orinstr0ents
t1ereo/,inordertopreventitsdiscover*6
%c+)*1ar)orin(,concealin(,orassistin(in
t1e escape o/ t1e principal or
conspiratoro/t1ecri0e,s1alls//ert1e
penalt*o/ten%$>+*earsandoneda*to
twelve%$2+*earso/i0prison0ent.
t1eprovisionso/s)para(rap1%a+.
AN.I&ARS!NLAW%P.D.$D$:+
Rindso/arson
$. Arson, nder Section $ o/ Presidential
DecreeNo.$D$:6
2. Destrctive arson, nder Article :2> o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code, as a0ended )*
Rep)licActNo.FD9'6
:. !t1er cases o/ arson, nder Section : o/
PresidentialDecreeNo.$D$:.
Pnis1a)leacts
$. Arson. An* person w1o)rnsorsets /ireto
t1epropert*o/anot1ers1all)epnis1ed)*
PrisionMa*or.
.1esa0epenalt*s1all)ei0posedw1ena
person sets /ire to 1is own propert* nder
circ0stances w1ic1 expose to dan(er t1e
li/eorpropert*o/anot1er%Sec.$+
2. Destrctive Arson. .1e penalt* o/ Reclsion
.e0poral in its 0axi00 period to
ReclsionPerpetas1all )e i0posedi/t1e
propert*)rnedisan*o/t1e/ollowin(B
%a+ An* a00nition /actor* and
ot1er esta)lis10ent w1ere explosives,
in/la00a)le or co0)sti)le 0aterials
arestored.
%)+ An* arc1ive, 0se0, w1et1er
p)licorprivate,oran*edi/icedevoted
tocltre,edcationorsocialservices.
%c+ An* c1rc1 or placeo/ wors1ip
or ot1er )ildin( w1ere people sall*
asse0)le.
%d+ An* train, airplane or an*
aircra/t, vessel or watercra/t, or
conve*ance /or transportation o/
personsorpropert*
%e+ An* )ildin( w1ere evidence is
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
#ept /or se in an* le(islative, Adicial,
ad0inistrative or ot1er o//icial
proceedin(s.
%/+ An* 1ospital, 1otel, dor0itor*,
lod(in( 1ose, 1osin( tene0ent,
s1oppin( center, p)lic or private
0ar#et, t1eater or 0ovie 1ose or an*
si0ilarplaceor)ildin(.
(g) An*)ildin(,w1et1ersedasa
dwellin( ornot, sitated in apoplated
orcon(estedarea%Sec.2+.
:. !t1er Cases o/ Arson. .1e penalt* o/
Reclsion .e0poral to Reclsion Perpeta
s1all )e i0posed i/ t1e propert* )rned is
an*o/t1e/ollowin(B
%a+ An* )ildin( sed as o//ices o/
t1e(overn0entoran*o/itsa(encies6
%)+ An*in1a)ited1oseordwellin(6
%c+ An* indstrial esta)lis10ent,
s1ip*ard,oilwellor0ines1a/t,plat/or0
ortnnel6
%d+ An* plantation, /ar0,
pastreland, (rowin( crop, (rain /ield,
orc1ard,)a0)oo(roveor/orest6
%e+ An* rice 0ill, s(ar 0ill, cane
0illor0illcentral6and
(f) An* railwa* or )s station,
airport,w1ar/orware1ose%Sec.:+.
;.SpecialA((ravatin(Circ0stancesinArson.
.1e penalt* in an* case o/ arson s1all )e
i0posedinits0axi00period6
%a+ I/co00ittedwit1intentto(ain6
%)+ I/co00itted/ort1e)ene/ito/anot1er6
%c+ I/ t1e o//ender is 0otivated )* spite or
1atredtowardst1eowneroroccpanto/
t1epropert*)rned6
%d+ I/co00itted)*as*ndicate.
.1eo//enseisco00itted)*as*ndicatei/it
isplannedorcarriedot)*a(ropo/t1ree
%:+or0orepersons%Sec.;+.
9.W1ereDeat1Reslts/ro0Arson.I/)*reason
o/ or on t1e occasion o/ t1e arson deat1
reslts,t1epenalt*o/ReclsionPerpetato
deat1s1all)ei0posed%Sec.9+.
D. Pri0a ,acie evidence o/ Arson. An* o/ t1e
/ollowin( circ0stances s1all constitte
pri0a/acieevidenceo/arsonB
%a+ I/t1e/irestartedsi0ltaneosl*in0ore
t1an one part o/ t1e )ildin( or
esta)lis10ent.
%)+ I/ s)stantial a0ont o/ /la00a)le
s)stances or 0aterials are stored
wit1int1e)ildin(notenecessar*int1e
)siness o/ t1e o//ender nor /or
1ose1olds.
%c+ I/(asoline,#erosene,petrole0orot1er
/la00a)leorco0)sti)les)stancesor
0aterialssoa#edt1erewit1orcontainers
t1ereo/, or an* 0ec1anical, electrical,
c1e0ical, or electronic contrivance
desi(ned to start a /ire, or as1es or
traceso/an*o/t1e/ore(oin(are/ond
in t1e rins or pre0ises o/ t1e )rned
)ildin(orpropert*.
%d+ I/t1e)ildin(orpropert*isinsred/or
s)stantiall* 0ore t1an its actal vale
att1eti0eo/t1eissanceo/t1epolic*.
%e+ I/ drin( t1e li/eti0e o/ t1e
correspondin(/ireinsrancepolic*0ore
t1antwo/ires1aveoccrredint1esa0e
or ot1er pre0ises owned or nder t1e
controlo/t1eo//enderand/orinsred.
%/+ I/ s1ortl* )e/ore t1e /ire, a s)stantial
portiono/t1ee//ectsinsredandstored
in a )ildin( or propert* 1ad )een
wit1drawn /ro0 t1e pre0ises except in
t1eordinar*corseo/)siness.
%(+I/ade0and/or0one*orot1ervala)le
consideration was0ade )e/ore t1e/ire
in exc1an(e /or t1e desistance o/ t1e
o//enderor/or t1e sa/et* o/ t1e person
orpropert*o/t1evicti0%Sec.D+.
F. Conspirac* to co00it Arson. Conspirac* to
co00it arson s1all )e pnis1ed )* Prision
Ma*orinits0ini00period%Sec.F+.
$$.CRIMESA?AINS.C4AS.I.L%:::&::;,::D&:;D+
Cri0esa(ainstc1astit*
$. Adlter*%Art.:::+6
2. Conc)ina(e%Art.::;+6
:. Actso/lasciviosness%Art.::D+6
;. Jali/iedsedction%Art.::F+6
9. Si0plesedction%Art.::E+6
D. Acts o/ lasciviosness wit1 t1e consent o/
t1eo//endedpart*%Art.::'+6
F. Corrptiono/0inors%Art.:;>+6
E. W1iteslavetrade%Art.:;+6
'. ,orci)lea)dction%Art.:;2+6
$>. Consenteda)dction%Art.:;:+.
.1ecri0eso/adlter*,conc)ina(e,sedction,
a)dctionandactso/lasciviosnessaret1eso&
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
called private cri0es. .1e* cannot )e
prosected except pon t1e co0plaint initiated
)* t1e o//ended part*. .1e law re(ards t1e
privac* o/ t1e o//ended part* 1ere as 0ore
i0portant t1an t1e distr)ance to t1e order o/
societ*.,ort1elaw(ivest1eo//endedpart*t1e
pre/erencew1et1ertoseornottose."tt1e
0o0ent t1e o//ended part* 1as initiated t1e
cri0inal co0plaint, t1e p)lic prosector will
ta#e over and contine wit1 prosection o/ t1e
o//ender. .1at is w1* nder Article :;;, i/ t1e
o//endedpart*pardonst1eo//ender,t1atpardon
will onl* )e valid i/ it co0es )e/ore t1e
prosectionstarts..1e0o0entt1eprosection
starts,t1ecri0e1asalread*)eco0ep)licand
it is )e*ond t1e o//ended part* to pardon t1e
o//ender.
Article:::.W1oAre?ilt*o/Adlter*
Ele0ents
$. .1ewo0anis0arried6
2. S1e1assexal intercorsewit1a 0annot
1er1s)and6
:. As re(ards t1e 0an wit1 w1o0 s1e 1as
sexalintercorse,1e0st#now1erto)e
0arried.
Adlter* is a cri0e not onl* o/ t1e 0arried
wo0an)talsoo/t1e0anw1o1adintercorse
wit1 a 0arried wo0an #nowin( 1er to )e
0arried.Eveni/t1e0anproveslateront1at1e
doesnot#nowt1ewo0anto)e0arried,att1e
)e(innin(, 1e 0st still )e inclded in t1e
co0plaint or in/or0ation. .1is is so )ecase
w1et1er1e#nowst1ewo0anto)e0arriedor
notisa 0attero/ de/enseandits pto 1i0to
ventilatet1atin/or0alinvesti(ationsora/or0al
trial.
I/ a/ter preli0inar* investi(ation, t1e p)lic
prosector is convinced t1at t1e 0an did not
#nowt1att1ewo0anis0arried,t1en1ecold
si0pl*/ilet1ecasea(ainstt1ewo0an.
.1eac7ittalo/t1ewo0andoesnotnecessaril*
resltint1eac7ittalo/1erco&accsed.
In orderto constitteadlter*,t1ere0st )ea
Aoint p1*sical act. Goint cri0inal intent is not
necessar*. Alt1o(1 t1e cri0inal intent 0a*
exist in t1e 0ind o/ one o/ t1e parties to t1e
p1*sicalact,t1ere0a*)enosc1intentint1e
0indo/t1eot1erpart*.!ne0a*)e(ilt*o/t1e
cri0inal intent, t1e ot1er innocent, and *et t1e
Aoint p1*sical act necessar* to constitte t1e
adlter*0a*)eco0plete. So,i/t1e0an1ad
no#nowled(et1att1ewo0anwas0arried,1e
wold )e innocent inso/ar as t1e cri0e o/
adlter*isconcerned)tt1ewo0anwoldstill
)e(ilt*6t1e/or0erwold1aveto)eac7itted
and t1e latter /ond (ilt*, alt1o(1 t1e* were
triedto(et1er.
A 1s)and co00ittin( conc)ina(e 0a* )e
re7iredtospport1iswi/eco00ittin(adlter*
ndert1erleinparidelicto.
.1ere is no /rstrated adlter* )ecase o/ t1e
natreo/t1eo//ense.
,oradlter*toexist,t1ere0st)ea0arria(e
alt1o(1it)es)se7entl*annlled. .1ereis
no adlter*, i/ t1e 0arria(e is void /ro0 t1e
)e(innin(.
Adlter* is an instantaneos cri0e w1ic1 is
cons00atedandco0pletedatt1e0o0ento/
t1e carnal nion. Eac1 sexal intercorse
constittesacri0eo/adlter*.Adlter*isnota
continin(cri0enli#econc)ina(e.
IllstrationB
Mada00e O is a 0arried wo0an residin( in
Pasa* Cit*. 4e 0et a 0an, L, at Roxas
"olevard. S1e a(reed to (o wit1 to "a(io
Cit*, spposedl* to co0e )ac# t1e next da*.
W1en t1e* were in "lacan, t1e* sta*ed in a
0otel, 1avin( sexal intercorse t1ere. A/ter
t1at, t1e* proceeded a(ain and stopped at
Da(panCit*,w1eret1e*wenttoa 0otel and
1adsexalintercorse.
.1ere are two conts o/ adlter* co00itted in
t1is instanceB one adlter* in "lacan, and
anot1er adlter* in Da(pan Cit*. Even i/ it
involves t1e sa0e 0an, eac1 intercorse is a
separatecri0eo/adlter*.
Article::;.Conc)ina(e
Actspnis1ed
$. Reepin(a0istressint1econA(aldwellin(6
2. 4avin( sexal intercorse, nder
scandaloscirc0stances6
:. Co1a)itin(wit11erinan*ot1erplace.
Ele0ents
$. .1e0anis0arried6
2. 4eiseit1erC
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
%a+ Reepin( a 0istress in
t1econA(aldwellin(6
%)+ 4avin( sexal
intercorse nder
scandalos
circ0stances wit1 a
wo0an w1o is not 1is
wi/e6or
%c+ Co1a)itin( wit1 a
wo0an w1o is not 1is
wi/einan*ot1erplace6
:. Asre(ardst1ewo0an,s1e#nowst1att1e
0anis0arried.
Wit1respecttoconc)ina(et1esa0eprinciple
appliesBonl*t1eo//endedsposecan)rin(t1e
prosection. .1is is a cri0e co00itted )* t1e
0arried0an,t1e1s)and.Si0ilarl*,itincldes
t1e wo0an w1o 1ad a relations1ip wit1 t1e
0arried0an.
It1as)eenas#edw1*t1epenalt*/oradlter*is
1i(1ert1anconc)ina(ew1en)ot1cri0esare
in/idelitiestot1e0aritalvows..1ereason(iven
/or t1isist1atw1en t1ewi/eco00itsadlter*,
t1ere is a pro)a)ilit* t1at s1e will )rin( a
stran(erintot1e/a0il*.I/t1e1s)andco00its
conc)ina(e, t1is pro)a)ilit* does not arise
)ecaset1e0ot1ero/t1ec1ildwillalwa*scarr*
t1ec1ildwit11er.Soeveni/t1e1s)and)rin(s
wit1 1i0 t1e c1ild, it is clearl* #nown t1at t1e
c1ildisastran(er.Notint1ecaseo/a0arried
wo0anw1o0a*)rin(ac1ildtot1e/a0il*nder
t1e(iseo/ale(iti0atec1ild..1isist1ereason
w1* in t1e /or0er cri0e t1e penalt* is 1i(1er
t1ant1elatter.
-nli#e adlter*, conc)ina(e is a continin(
cri0e.
Article::D.Actso/Lasciviosness
Ele0ents
$. !//enderco00itsan*acto/lasciviosness
orlewdness6
2. It is done nder an* o/ t1e /ollowin(
circ0stancesB
inti0idation6
%)+ W1en t1e o//ended
part* is deprived or
reason o/ ot1erwise
nconscios6or
%c+ W1en t1e o//ended
part* is anot1er person
o/eit1ersex.
Note t1at t1ere are two #inds o/ acts o/
lasciviosness nder t1e Revised Penal CodeB
%$+nderArticle::D,and%2+nderArticle::'.
$. Article::D.Actso/Lasciviosness
-ndert1isarticle,t1eo//endedpart*0a*)e
a0an or awo0an. .1ecri0eco00itted,
w1en t1e act per/or0ed wit1 lewd desi(n
wasperpetratedndercirc0stancesw1ic1
wold1ave)ro(1ta)ott1ecri0eo/rape
i/sexalintercorsewase//ected,isactso/
lasciviosness nder t1is article. .1is
0eanst1att1eo//endedpart*iseit1erC
%a+ nder$2*earso/a(e6or
%)+ )ein( over $2 *ears o/ a(e, t1e
lascivios acts were co00itted on 1i0
or 1er t1ro(1 violence or inti0idation,
orw1ilet1eo//enderpart*wasdeprived
o/reason,orot1erwisenconscios.
2. Article::'.Actso/Lasciviosnesswit1t1e
Consento/t1e!//endedPart*B
-ndert1isarticle,t1evicti0isli0itedonl*to
awo0an. .1e circ0stancesnderw1ic1
t1elasciviosactswereco00itted0st)e
t1at o/ 7ali/ied sedction or si0ple
sedction, t1at is, t1e o//ender too#
advanta(e o/ 1is position o/ ascendanc*
overt1eo//enderwo0aneit1er)ecase1e
is a person in at1orit*, a do0estic, a
1ose1elp,apriest,ateac1erora(ardian,
ort1erewasadeceit/lpro0iseo/0arria(e
w1ic1neverwoldreall*)e/l/illed.
SeeArticle::'.
Alwa*s re0e0)er t1at t1ere can )e no
/rstration o/ acts o/ lasciviosness, rape or
adlter*)ecaseno0atter1ow/art1eo//ender
0a* 1ave (one towards t1e reali8ation o/ 1is
prpose, i/ 1is participation a0onts to
per/or0in(allt1eactso/exection,t1e/elon*is
necessaril*prodcedasaconse7encet1ereo/.
Intenttorapeisnotanecessar*ele0ento/t1e
cri0e o/ acts o/ lasciviosness. !t1erwise,
t1erewold)enocri0eo/atte0ptedrape.
Article::F.Jali/iedSedction
Actspnis1ed $. Sedction o/ a vir(in over $2 *ears and
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
nder $E *ears o/ a(e )* certain persons,
sc1 as a person in at1orit*, priest,
teac1er6and
Ele0ents
%a+ !//ended part* is a
vir(in, w1ic1 is
pres0ed i/ s1e is
n0arried and o/ (ood
reptation6
%)+ S1e is over $2 and
nder$E*earso/a(e6
%c+ !//ender 1as sexal
intercorsewit11er6
%d+ .1ere is a)se o/
at1orit*, con/idence or
relations1ip on t1e part
o/t1eo//ender.
2. Sedction o/ a sister )* 1er )rot1er, or
descendant)*1erascendant,re(ardlesso/
1era(eorreptation.
Personlia)le
$. .1osew1oa)sedt1eirat1orit*C
%a+ Personinp)licat1orit*6
%)+ ?ardian6
%c+ .eac1er6
%d+ Personw1o,inan*capacit*,is
entrsted wit1 t1e edcation or
cstod*o/t1ewo0ansedced6
2. .1ose w1o a)sed con/idence reposed in
t1e0C
%a+ Priest6
%)+ 4oseservant6
%c+ Do0estic6
:. .1osew1oa)sedt1eirrelations1ipC
%a+ "rot1er w1o sedced
1issister6
%)+ Ascendant w1o
sedced 1is
descendant.
.1iscri0ealsoinvolvessexalintercorse..1e
o//endedwo0an0st)eover$2)t)elow$E
*ears.
.1edistinction)etween7ali/iedsedctionand
si0plesedctionliesint1e/act,a0on(ot1ers,
t1att1ewo0anisavir(inin7ali/iedsedction,
w1ileinsi0plesedction,itisnotnecessar*t1at
t1ewo0an)eavir(in. Itiseno(1t1ats1eis
o/(oodrepte.
,or prposes o/ 7ali/ied sedction, vir(init*
doesnot0eanp1*sicalvir(init*. It0eanst1at
t1eo//endedpart*1asnot1adan* experience
)e/ore.
Alt1o(1 in 7ali/ied sedction, t1e a(e o/ t1e
o//ended wo0an is considered, i/ t1e o//ended
part*isadescendantorasistero/t1eo//enderC
no 0atter 1ow old s1e is or w1et1er s1e is a
prostitte C t1e cri0e o/ 7ali/ied sedction is
co00itted.
IllstrationB
I/ a person (oes to a sana parlor and /inds
t1ereadescendantanddespitet1at,1adsexal
intercorsewit11er,re(ardlesso/1erreptation
or a(e, t1e cri0e o/ 7ali/ied sedction is
co00itted.
Int1ecaseo/ateac1er,itisnotnecessar*t1at
t1eo//endedwo0an)e1isstdent.Itiseno(1
t1ats1eisenrolledint1esa0esc1ool.
Deceit is not necessar* in 7ali/ied sedction.
Jali/iedsedctionisco00ittedevent1o(1no
deceit intervened or even w1en sc1 carnal
#nowled(e was volntar* on t1e part o/ t1e
vir(in. .1isis)ecaseinsc1acase,t1elaw
ta#es/or(rantedt1eexistenceo/t1edeceitas
aninte(ralele0ento/t1ecri0eandpnis1esit
wit1 (reater severit* t1an it does t1e si0ple
sedction, ta#in( into accont t1e a)se o/
con/idence on t1epart o/ t1ea(ent. A)seo/
con/idence1erei0plies/rad.
Article::E. Si0pleSedction
Ele0ents
$. !//ender part* is over $2 and nder $E
*earso/a(e6
2. S1eiso/(oodreptation,sin(leorwidow6
:. !//ender1assexalintercorsewit11er6
;. Itisco00itted)*0eanso/deceit.
.1iscri0eisco00ittedi/t1eo//endedwo0anis
sin(le or a widow o/ (ood reptation, over $2
and nder $E *ears o/ a(e, t1e o//ender 1as
carnal #nowled(e o/ 1er, and t1e o//ender
resortedtodeceitto)ea)letocons00atet1e
sexalintercorsewit11er.
.1eo//endedwo0an0st)ender$E)tnot
less t1an $2 *ears old6 ot1erwise, t1e cri0e is
stattor*rape.
-nli#e in 7ali/ied sedction, vir(init* is not
essentialint1iscri0e.W1atisre7iredist1at
t1ewo0an)en0arriedando/(oodreptation.
Si0plesedctionisnots*non*0oswit1losso/
vir(init*.I/t1ewo0anis0arried,t1ecri0ewill
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)eadlter*.
.1e /ailre to co0pl* wit1 t1e pro0ise o/
0arria(econstittest1edeceit0entionedint1e
law.
Article::'.Actso/Lasciviosnesswit1t1eConsento/t1e!//enderPart*
Ele0ents
$. !//ender co00its acts o/ lasciviosness or
lewdness6
2. .1eactsareco00ittedponawo0anw1o
is a vir(in or sin(le or widow o/ (ood
reptation, nder $E *ears o/ a(e )t over
$2 *ears, or a sister or descendant,
re(ardlesso/1erreptationora(e6
:. !//enderacco0plis1est1eacts)*a)seo/
at1orit*,con/idence,relations1ip,ordeceit.
Article:;>.Corrptiono/Minors
.1ispnis1esan*personw1os1allpro0oteor
/acilitatet1eprostittionorcorrptiono/persons
ndera(etosatis/*t1elsto/anot1er.
It is not re7ired t1at t1e o//ender )e t1e
(ardianorcstodiano/t1e0inor.
Itisnotnecessar*t1att1e0inor)eprostitted
orcorrptedast1elaw0erel*pnis1est1eact
o/ pro0otin( or /acilitatin( t1e prostittion or
corrption o/ said 0inor and t1at 1e acted in
ordertosatis/*t1elsto/anot1er.
Article:;$.W1iteSlave.rade
Actspnis1ed
$. En(a(in(int1e)sinesso/prostittion6
2. Pro/itin()*prostittion6
:. Enlistin( t1e services o/ wo0en /or t1e
prposeo/prostittion.
Article:;2.,orci)leA)dction
Ele0ents
$. .1e person a)dcted is an* wo0an,
re(ardless or 1er a(e, civil stats, or
reptation6
2. .1ea)dctionisa(ainst1erwill6
:. .1ea)dctioniswit1lewddesi(ns.
A wo0an is carried a(ainst 1er will or )ro(1t
/ro0 one place to anot1er a(ainst 1er will wit1
lewddesi(n.
I/ t1e ele0ent o/ lewd desi(n is present, t1e
carr*in( o/ t1e wo0an wold 7ali/* as
a)dction6 ot1erwise, it wold a0ont to
#idnappin(.I/t1ewo0anwasonl*)ro(1ttoa
certainplaceinorderto)rea#1erwilland0a#e
1era(reeto0arr*t1eo//ender,t1ecri0eisonl*
(ravecoercion)ecaset1ecri0inalintento/t1e
o//enderisto/orce1iswillpont1ewo0anand
notreall*torestraint1ewo0ano/1erli)ert*.
I/ t1e o//ended wo0an is nder $2 *ears old,
even i/ s1e consented to t1e a)dction, t1e
cri0e is /orci)le a)dction and not consented
a)dction.
W1eret1eo//endedwo0anis)elowt1ea(eo/
consent, even t1o(1 s1e 1ad (one wit1 t1e
o//ender t1ro(1 so0e deceit/l pro0ises
revealedpon1erto(owit11i0andt1e*live
to(et1eras1s)andandwi/ewit1ott1e)ene/it
o/0arria(e,t1erlin(ist1at/orci)lea)dction
isco00itted)*t1e0erecarr*in(o/t1ewo0an
aslon(ast1atintentisalread*s1own.Inot1er
words,w1eret1e0ancannotpossi)l*(ivet1e
wo0ant1e)ene/ito/an1onora)leli/e,all t1at
0an pro0ised are Ast 0ac1inations o/ a lewd
desi(n and, t1ere/ore, t1e carr*in( o/ t1e
wo0an is c1aracteri8ed wit1 lewd desi(n and
wold)rin(a)ott1ecri0eo/a)dctionandnot
#idnappin(. .1is is also tre i/ t1e wo0an is
deprivedo/reasonandi/t1ewo0anis0entall*
retardate. ,orci)lea)dctionisco00ittedand
notconsenteda)dction.
Lewd desi(ns 0a* )e de0onstrated )* t1e
lasciviosactsper/or0ed)*t1eo//enderon1er.
Since t1is cri0e does not involve sexal
intercorse, i/ t1e victi0 is s)Aected to t1is,
t1enacri0eo/rapeis/rt1erco00ittedanda
co0plexcri0eo//orci)lea)dctionwit1rapeis
co00itted.
.1e ta#in( awa* o/ t1e wo0an 0a* )e
acco0plis1ed )* 0eans o/ deceit at t1e
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
)e(innin( and t1en )* 0eans o/ violence and
inti0idationlater.
.1evir(init*o/t1eco0plainin(witnessisnota
deter0inin(/actorin/orci)lea)dction.
Inordertode0onstratet1epresenceo/t1elewd
desi(n, illicit cri0inal relations wit1 t1e person
a)dcted need not )e s1own. .1e intent to
sedcea(irliss//icient.
I/t1ereisaseparationin/act,t1eta#in()*t1e
1s)ando/1iswi/ea(ainst 1er will constittes
(ravecoercion.
Distinction)etween/orci)lea)dctionandille(al
detentionB
W1en a wo0an is #idnapped wit1 lewd or
nc1aste desi(ns, t1e cri0e co00itted is
/orci)lea)dction.
W1en t1e #idnappin( is wit1ot lewd desi(ns,
t1ecri0eco00ittedisille(aldetention.
"tw1eret1eo//endedpart*was/orci)l*ta#en
to t1e 1ose o/ t1e de/endant to coerce 1er to
0arr*1i0,itwas1eldt1atonl*(ravecoercion
wasco00ittedandnotille(aldetention.
Article:;:.ConsentedA)dction
Ele0ents
$. !//endedpart*isavir(in6
2. S1eisover$2andnder$E*earso/a(e6
:. !//ender ta#es 1er awa* wit1 1er consent,
a/tersolicitationorcaAoler*6
;. .1eta#in(awa*iswit1lewddesi(ns.
W1ere several persons participated in t1e
/orci)lea)dctionandt1esepersonsalsoraped
t1e o//ended wo0an, t1e ori(inal rlin( in t1e
case o/ People v. Gose is t1at t1ere wold )e
one cont o/ /orci)le a)dction wit1 rape and
t1eneac1o/t1e0willanswer/or1isownrape
and t1erape o/ t1eot1ers 0ins t1e /irstrape
w1ic1 was co0plexed wit1 t1e /orci)le
a)dction..1isrlin(isnolon(ert1eprevailin(
rle. .1e view adopted in cases o/ si0ilar
natreistot1ee//ectt1atw1ere0oret1anone
person 1as e//ected t1e /orci)le a)dction wit1
rape,allt1erapesareAstt1econs00ationo/
t1elewddesi(nw1ic1c1aracteri8est1e/orci)le
a)dction and, t1ere/ore, t1ere s1old onl* )e
one/orci)lea)dctionwit1rape.
In t1e cri0es involvin( rape, a)dction,
sedction, and acts o/ lasciviosness, t1e
0arria(e )* t1e o//ender wit1 t1e o//ended
wo0an (enerall* extin(is1es cri0inal lia)ilit*,
not onl* o/ t1e principal )t also o/ t1e
acco0pliceandaccessor*. 4owever,t1e0ere
/act o/ 0arria(e is not eno(1 )ecase it is
alread*decidedt1ati/t1eo//ender0arriest1e
o//endedwo0anwit1otan*intentiontoper/or0
t1e dties o/ a 1s)and as s1own )* t1e /act
t1at a/ter t1e 0arria(e, 1e alread* le/t 1er, t1e
0arria(e wold appear as 1avin( )een
contractedonl*toavoidt1epnis10ent. Even
wit1 t1at 0arria(e, t1e o//ended wo0an cold
stillprosectet1eo//enderandt1at0arria(ewill
not1avet1ee//ecto/extin(is1in(t1ecri0inal
lia)ilit*.
Pardon)*t1eo//endedwo0ano/t1eo//enderis
not a 0anner o/ extin(is1in( cri0inal lia)ilit*
)tonl*a)artot1eprosectiono/t1eo//ender.
.1ere/ore, t1at pardon 0st co0e )e/ore t1e
prosection is co00enced. W1ile t1e
prosection is alread* co00enced or initiated,
pardon)*t1eo//endedwo0anwillnolon(er)e
e//ective )ecase pardon 0a* preclde
prosection)tnotpreventt1esa0e.
Allt1eseprivatecri0esCexceptrapeCcannot)e
prosecteddeo//icio. I/ an*slanderorwritten
de/a0ationis0adeoto/an*o/t1esecri0es,
t1e co0plaint o/ t1e o//ended part* is till
necessar* )e/ore sc1 case /or li)el or oral
de/a0ation 0a* proceed. It will not prosper
)ecase t1e cort cannot ac7ire Arisdiction
over t1ese cri0es nless t1ere is a co0plaint
/ro0 t1e o//ended part*. .1e para0ont
decisiono/w1et1er1eors1ewantedt1ecri0e
co00ittedon1i0or1erto)e0adep)licis1is
or1ersalone,)ecaset1eindi(nit*ordis1onor
)ro(1ta)ot)*t1esecri0esa//ects0oret1e
o//endedpart*t1ansocialorder. .1eo//ended
part*0a*pre/ertos//ert1eotra(einsilence
rat1ert1antovindicate1is1onorinp)lic.
Int1ecri0eso/rape,a)dctionandsedction,i/
t1eo//endedwo0an1ad(iven)irt1tot1ec1ild,
a0on(t1elia)ilitieso/t1eo//enderistospport
t1e c1ild. .1is o)li(ation to spport t1e c1ild
0a*)etreeveni/t1ereareseveralo//enders.
As tow1et1erall o/t1e0will ac#nowled(et1e
c1ild, t1at is a di//erent 7estion )ecase t1e
o)li(ationtospport1ereisnot/ondedoncivil
law)tist1ereslto/acri0inalactora/or0o/
pnis10ent.
It1as)een1eldt1atw1eret1ewo0anwast1e
victi0 o/ t1e said cri0e cold not possi)l*
conceive an*0ore, t1e trial cort s1old not
provideinitssentencet1att1eaccsed,incase
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
a c1ild is )orn, s1old spport t1e c1ild. .1is
s1oldonl*)eproperw1ent1ereisapro)a)ilit*
t1att1eo//endedwo0an cold(ive)irt1toan
o//sprin(.
Art. :;;. Prosection o/ t1e cri0es o/ adlter*, conc)ina(e, sedction, a)dction, rape and acts o/
lasciviosness
.1e cri0es o/ adlter* and conc)ina(e s1all
not)eprosectedexceptponaco0plaint/iled
)*t1eo//endedspose.
.1e o//ended part* cannot institte cri0inal
prosection wit1ot incldin( )ot1 t1e (ilt*
parties,i/t1e*are)ot1alive,nor,inan*case,i/
1e s1all 1ave consented or pardoned t1e
o//enders.
.1e o//enses o/ sedction, a)dction, rape or
acts o/ lasciviosness, s1all not )e prosected
except pon a co0plaint /iled )* t1e o//ended
part*or1erparents,(randparents,or(ardian,
nor, in an* case, i/ t1e o//ender 1as )een
expressl* pardoned )* t1e a)ove na0ed
persons,ast1ecase0a*)e.
In cases o/ sedction, a)dction, acts o/
lasciviosness and rape, t1e 0arria(e o/ t1e
o//enderwit1t1eo//endedpart*s1allextin(is1
t1e cri0inal action or re0it t1e penalt* alread*
i0posed pon 1i0. .1e provisions o/ t1is
para(rap1 s1all also )e applica)le to t1e co&
principals, acco0plices and accessories a/ter
t1e/acto/t1ea)ove&0entionedcri0es.
Art.:;9Civillia)ilit*o/persons(ilt*o/cri0esa(ainstc1astit*
Person (ilt* o/ rape, sedction or a)dction,
s1allalso)esentencedB
$. .oinde0ni/*t1eo//endedwo0an.
!$ .o ac#nowled(e t1e o//sprin(, nless
t1elaws1oldprevent1i0/ro0sodoin(.
:. Inever*casetospportt1eo//sprin(.
.1e adlterer and t1e conc)ine in t1e case
provided/orinArticles:::and::;0a*also)e
sentenced, in t1e sa0e proceedin( or in a
separate civil proceedin(, to inde0ni/* /or
da0a(escasedtot1eo//endedspose.
Art.:;D.Lia)ilit*o/ascendants,(ardians,teac1ers,orot1erpersonsentrstedwit1t1ecstod*o/t1e
o//endedpart*
.1e ascendants, (ardians, crators, teac1ers
and an* person w1o, )* a)se o/ at1orit* or
con/idential relations1ips, s1all cooperate as
acco0plices in t1e perpetration o/ t1e cri0es
e0)racedinc1apters,second,t1irdand/ort1,
o/t1istitle,s1all)epnis1edasprincipals.
.eac1ersorot1erpersonsinan*ot1ercapacit*
entrsted wit1 t1e edcation and (idance o/
*ot1,s1allalsos//ert1epenalt*o/te0porar*
specialdis7ali/icationinits0axi00periodto
perpetalspecialdis7ali/ication.
An*person/allin(wit1int1eter0so/t1isarticle,
and an* ot1er person (ilt* o/ corrption o/
0inors /or t1e )ene/it o/ anot1er, s1all )e
pnis1ed )* special dis7ali/ication /ro0 /illin(
t1eo//iceo/(ardian.
A.AN.I&P4!.!AND5IDE!5!LE-RISMAC.!,2>>'%R.A.'''9+
Section;.Pro1i)itedActs.&Itis1ere)*pro1i)ited
anddeclarednlaw/l/oran*personB
%a+.ota#ep1otoorvideocovera(eo/apersonor
(ropo/personsper/or0in(sexalactoran*
si0ilar activit* or to captre an i0a(e o/ t1e
privateareao/aperson/ssc1ast1ena#ed
or nder(ar0ent clad (enitals, p)ic area,
)ttoc#sor/e0ale)reastwit1ott1econsent
o/ t1e person/s involved and nder
circ0stancesinw1ic1t1eperson/s1as/1ave
areasona)leexpectationo/privac*6
%)+.ocop*orreprodce,ortocaseto)ecopied
or reprodced, sc1 p1oto or video or
recordin(o/sexal actor an* si0ilar activit*
wit1orwit1otconsideration6
%c+ .o sell or distri)te, or case to )e sold or
distri)ted,sc1p1otoorvideoorrecordin(o/
sexal act,w1et1er it )e t1e ori(inal cop*or
reprodctiont1ereo/6or
%d+ .o p)lis1 or )roadcast, or case to )e
p)lis1ed or )roadcast, w1et1er in print or
)roadcast0edia,ors1oworex1i)itt1ep1oto
orvideocovera(eorrecordin(so/sc1sexal
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
act or an* si0ilar activit* t1ro(1 5CD/D5D,
internet, celllar p1ones and ot1er si0ilar
0eansordevice.
.1epro1i)ition nder para(rap1s%)+, %c+and %d+
s1allappl*notwit1standin(t1atconsenttorecord
orta#ep1otoorvideocovera(eo/t1esa0ewas
(iven)*sc1person/s.An*personw1oviolates
t1is provision s1all )e lia)le /or p1oto or video
vo*eris0asde/ined1erein.
MP1oto or video vo*eris0M 0eans t1e act o/
ta#in( p1oto or video covera(e o/ a person or
(rop o/ persons per/or0in( sexal act or an*
si0ilar activit* or o/ captrin( an i0a(e o/ t1e
private area o/ a person or persons wit1ot t1e
latterPs consent, nder circ0stances in w1ic1
sc1person/s1as/1aveareasona)leexpectation
o/ privac*, or t1e act o/ sellin(, cop*in(,
reprodcin(, )roadcastin(, s1arin(, s1owin( or
ex1i)itin( t1e p1oto or video covera(e or
recordin(s o/ sc1 sexal act or si0ilar activit*
t1ro(1 5CD/D5D, internet, celllar p1ones and
si0ilar 0eans or device wit1ot t1e written
consento/t1eperson/sinvolved,notwit1standin(
t1at consent to record or ta#e p1oto or video
covera(e o/ sa0e was (iven )* sc1 personPs
%Sec.:<d=+.
". SPECIAL PR!.EC.I!N !, C4ILDREN A?AINS. C4ILD A"-SE, EOPL!I.A.I!N, AND
DISCRIMINA.I!NAC.%R.A.FD$>,ASAMENDED+
C1ild prostittion and ot1er acts o/ a)se6
Pnis1a)leacts
$.C1ildProstittionand!t1erSexal A)se.C
C1ildren, w1et1er 0ale or /e0ale, w1o /or
0one*,pro/it,oran*ot1erconsiderationor
detot1ecoercionorin/lenceo/an*adlt,
s*ndicate or (rop, indl(e in sexal
intercorse or lascivios condct, are
dee0ed to )e c1ildren exploited in
prostittionandot1ersexala)se.
%a+ .1ose w1o en(a(e in or pro0ote,
/acilitate or indce c1ild prostittion
w1ic1inclde,)tarenotli0itedto,t1e
/ollowin(B
%$+ Actin( as a procrer o/ a c1ild
prostitte6
%2+Indcin(apersonto)eacliento/a
c1ild prostitte )* 0eans o/ written
or oral advertise0ents or ot1er
si0ilar0eans6
%:+ .a#in( advanta(e o/ in/lence or
relations1ip to procre a c1ild as
prostitte6
%;+ .1reatenin( or sin( violence
towardsac1ildtoen(a(e1i0asa
prostitte6or
%9+?ivin(0onetar*consideration(oods
orot1erpecniar*)ene/ittoac1ild
wit1 intent to en(a(e sc1 c1ild in
prostittion.
%)+ .1ose w1o co00it t1e act o/ sexal
intercorse o/lascivioscondctwit1a
c1ild exploited in prostittion or s)Aect
to ot1er sexal a)se6 Provided, .1at
w1en t1e victi0s is nder twelve %$2+
*ears o/ a(e, t1e perpetrators s1all )e
prosectednderArticle::9,para(rap1
:, /or rape and Article ::D o/ Act No.
:E$9, as a0ended, t1e Revised Penal
Code,/orrapeorlascivioscondct,as
t1e case 0a* )eB Provided, .1at t1e
penalt*/orlascivioscondctw1ent1e
victi0isndertwelve%$2+*earso/a(e
s1all)ereclsionte0poralinits0edi0
period6and
%c+ .1ose w1o derive pro/it or advanta(e
t1ere/ro0,w1et1eras0ana(erorowner
o/ t1e esta)lis10ent w1ere t1e
prostittionta#esplace,oro/t1esana,
disco,)ar,resort,placeo/entertain0ent
or esta)lis10ent servin( as a cover or
w1ic1en(a(esinprostittioninaddition
tot1eactivit* /orw1ic1t1elicense1as
)eenissedtosaidesta)lis10ent%Sec.
9+.
2.Atte0pt.oCo00itC1ildProstittion.C.1ere
is an atte0pt to co00it c1ild prostittion
nderSection9,para(rap1%a+1ereo/w1en
an* person w1o, not )ein( a relative o/ a
c1ild, is /ond alone wit1 t1e said c1ild
inside t1e roo0 or c)icle o/ a 1ose, an
inn,1otel,0otel,pension1ose,apartelleor
ot1ersi0ilaresta)lis10ents,vessel,ve1icle
oran*ot1er1iddenorsecldedareander
circ0stances w1ic1 wold lead a
reasona)lepersonto)elievet1att1ec1ildis
a)ot to )e exploited in prostittion and
ot1ersexala)se.
.1ere is also an atte0pt to co00it c1ild
prostittion,nder para(rap1 %)+o/ Section
9 1ereo/ w1en an* person is receivin(
services /ro0 a c1ild in a sana parlor or
)at1,0assa(eclinic,1ealt1cl)andot1er
si0ilar esta)lis10ents. A penalt* lower )*
two%2+de(reest1ant1atprescri)ed/ort1e
cons00ated/elon*nderSection91ereo/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
s1all)ei0posedpont1eprincipalso/t1e
atte0pt to co00it t1e cri0e o/ c1ild
prostittionndert1isAct,or,int1eproper
case,ndert1eRevisedPenal Code%Sec.
D+.
Co0pareprosection/orActso/Lasciviosness
nderArt.::D,RPCandRAFD$>,asa0ended
Art.::D,RPC RAFD$>,Sec.9
Art. ::D. Acts o/
lasciviosness. @ An*
person w1o s1all
co00it an* act o/
lasciviosness pon
ot1er persons o/ eit1er
sex, nder an* o/ t1e
circ0stances
0entioned in t1e
precedin( article, s1all
)e pnis1ed )* prision
correccional.
.1e penalt* o/
reclsion te0poral in
its 0edi0 period to
reclsion perpeta
s1all )e i0posed
pont1e/ollowin(B
%)+ .1ose w1o
co00it t1e act o/
sexal intercorse or
lascivios condct
wit1 a c1ild exploited
in prostittion or
s)Aect to ot1er
sexal a)se6
Provided, .1at w1en
t1e victi0s is nder
twelve %$2+ *ears o/
a(e, t1e perpetrators
s1all )e prosected
nder Article ::9,
para(rap1 :, /or rape
andArticle::Do/Act
No. :E$9, as
a0ended, t1e
Revised Penal Code,
/or rape or lascivios
condct, as t1e case
0a* )eB Provided,
.1at t1e penalt* /or
lascivios condct
w1en t1e victi0 is
nder twelve %$2+
*ears o/ a(e s1all )e
reclsion te0poral in
its0edi0period
!)scene P)lications and indecent s1ows6
Pnis1a)leacts
An* person w1o s1all 1ire, e0plo*, se,
persade,indceorcoerceac1ildtoper/or0in
o)scene ex1i)itions and indecent s1ows,
w1et1er live or in video, or 0odel in o)scene
p)licationsorporno(rap1ic0aterialsortosell
or distri)te t1e said 0aterials s1all s//er t1e
penalt*o/prision0a*orinits0edi0period.
I/ t1e c1ild sed as a per/or0er, s)Aect or
seller/distri)tor is )elow twelve %$2+ *ears o/
a(e, t1e penalt* s1all )e i0posed in its
0axi00period.
An*ascendant,(ardian,orpersonentrstedin
an* capacit* wit1 t1ecare o/a c1ild w1o s1all
caseand/orallowsc1c1ildto)ee0plo*edor
to participate in an o)scene pla*, scene, act,
0ovieors1oworinan*ot1eractscovered)*
t1is section s1all s//er t1e penalt* o/ prision
0a*orinits0edi0period%Sec.'+.
AN.I&.RA,,ICRIN?INPERS!NSAC.!,2>>:%R.A.'2>E+
Pnis1a)leacts
$. Acts o/ .ra//ic#in( in Persons. & It s1all )e
nlaw/l/oran*person,natralorAridical,
toco00itan*o/t1e/ollowin(actsB
%a+ .o recrit, transport, trans/er6 1ar)or,
provide, or receive a person )* an*
0eans, incldin( t1ose done nder t1e
pretext o/ do0estic or overseas
e0plo*0ent or trainin( or
apprentices1ip, /or t1e prpose o/
prostittion, porno(rap1*, sexal
exploitation, /orced la)or, slaver*,
%)+.ointrodceor0atc1/or0one*,pro/it,
or 0aterial, econo0ic or ot1er
consideration, an* person or, as
provided /or nder Rep)lic Act No.
D'99, an* ,ilipino wo0an to a /orei(n
national,/or0arria(e/ort1eprposeo/
ac7irin(, )*in(, o//erin(, sellin( or
tradin(1i0/1ertoen(a(einprostittion,
de)t)onda(e6
%c+ .o o//er or contract 0arria(e, real or
si0lated, /or t1e prpose o/ ac7irin(,
)*in(,o//erin(,sellin(,ortradin(t1e0
to en(a(e in prostittion, porno(rap1*,
sexal exploitation, /orced la)or or
slaver*, involntar* servitde or de)t
)onda(e6
%d+.onderta#eoror(ani8etorsandtravel
plansconsistin(o/toris0pac#a(esor
activities/ort1eprposeo/tili8in(and
o//erin( persons /or prostittion,
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
porno(rap1*orsexalexploitation6
%e+.o0aintainor1ireapersontoen(a(ein
prostittionorporno(rap1*6
%/+ .o adopt or /acilitate t1e adoption o/
persons /or t1e prpose o/ prostittion,
de)t)onda(e6
%(+ .o recrit, 1ire, adopt, transport or
a)dctaperson,)*0eanso/t1reator
se o/ /orce, /rad, deceit, violence,
coercion,orinti0idation/ort1eprpose
o/ re0oval or sale o/ or(ans o/ said
person6and
%1+ .o recrit, transport or adopt a c1ild to
en(a(e in ar0ed activities in t1e
P1ilippinesora)road%Sec.;+.
2. Acts t1at Pro0ote .ra//ic#in( in Persons. &
.1e /ollowin( acts w1ic1 pro0ote or
/acilitate tra//ic#in( in persons, s1all )e
nlaw/lB
%a+.o#nowin(l*leaseors)lease,seor
allowto)esedan*1ose,)ildin(or
esta)lis10ent /or t1e prpose o/
%)+.oprodce,printandisseordistri)te
nissed, ta0pered or /a#e conselin(
certi/icates, re(istration stic#ers and
certi/icates o/ an* (overn0ent a(enc*
w1ic1 isses t1ese certi/icates and
stic#ers as proo/ o/ co0pliance wit1
(overn0ent re(lator* and pre&
departre re7ire0ents /or t1e prpose
o/pro0otin(tra//ic#in(inpersons6
%c+.oadvertise,p)lis1,print,)roadcastor
distri)te, or case t1e advertise0ent,
p)lication, printin(, )roadcastin( or
distri)tion)*an*0eans,incldin(t1e
se o/ in/or0ation tec1nolo(* and t1e
internet, o/ an* )roc1re, /l*er, or an*
propa(anda 0aterial t1at pro0otes
tra//ic#in(inpersons6
%d+ .o assist in t1e condct o/
0isrepresentationor/rad/orprposes
o/ /acilitatin( t1e ac7isition o/
clearances and necessar* exit
doc0ents /ro0 (overn0ent a(encies
t1at are 0andated to provide pre&
departre re(istration and services /or
departin( persons /or t1e prpose o/
%e+.o/acilitate,assistor1elpint1eexitand
entr* o/ persons /ro0/to t1e contr* at
internationalandlocalairports,territorial
)ondaries and seaports w1o are in
possession o/ nissed, ta0pered or
/radlent travel doc0ents /or t1e
prpose o/ pro0otin( tra//ic#in( in
persons6
%/+ .o con/iscate, conceal, or destro* t1e
passport,travel doc0ents,orpersonal
doc0ents or )elon(in(s o/ tra//ic#ed
personsin/rt1eranceo/tra//ic#in(orto
preventt1e0/ro0leavin(t1econtr*or
see#in(redress/ro0t1e(overn0entor
appropriatea(encies6and
%(+ .o #nowin(l* )ene/it /ro0, /inancial or
ot1erwise,or0a#eseo/,t1ela)oror
serviceso/aperson1eldtoacondition
o/involntar*servitde,/orcedla)or,or
slaver*%Sec.9+.
:. Jali/ied .ra//ic#in( in Persons. & .1e
/ollowin( are considered as 7ali/ied
tra//ic#in(B
%a+W1ent1etra//ic#edpersonisac1ild6
%)+ W1en t1e adoption is e//ected t1ro(1
Rep)licActNo.E>;:,ot1erwise#nown
as t1e MInter&Contr* Adoption Act o/
$''9M and said adoption is /or t1e
prpose o/ prostittion, porno(rap1*,
sexalexploitation,/orcedla)or,slaver*,
%c+ W1en t1e cri0e is co00itted )* a
s*ndicate,orinlar(escale..ra//ic#in(is
dee0ed co00itted )* a s*ndicate i/
carried ot )* a (rop o/ t1ree %:+ or
0ore persons conspirin( or
con/ederatin( wit1 one anot1er. It is
dee0ed co00itted in lar(e scale i/
co00itted a(ainst t1ree %:+ or 0ore
persons,individall*orasa(rop6
%d+ W1en t1e o//ender is an ascendant,
parent, si)lin(, (ardian or a person
w1o exercises at1orit* over t1e
tra//ic#edpersonorw1ent1eo//enseis
co00itted )* a p)lic o//icer or
e0plo*ee6
%e+W1ent1etra//ic#edpersonisrecritedto
en(a(einprostittionwit1an*0e0)er
o/ t1e 0ilitar* or law en/orce0ent
a(encies6
%/+ W1en t1e o//ender is a 0e0)er o/ t1e
0ilitar* or law en/orce0ent a(encies6
and
%(+ W1en )* reason or on occasion o/ t1e
acto/tra//ic#in(inpersons,t1eo//ended
part* dies, )eco0es insane, s//ers
0tilation or is a//licted wit1 40an
I00node/icienc* 5irs %4I5+ or t1e
Ac7ired I00ne De/icienc* S*ndro0e
%AIDS+%Sec.D+.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
AN.I&5I!LENCEA?AINS.W!MENAND.4EIRC4ILDRENAC.!,2>>;%R.A.'2D2+
Pnis1a)leacts
.1ecri0eo/violencea(ainstwo0enandt1eir
c1ildren is co00itted t1ro(1 an* o/ t1e
/ollowin(actsB
%a+Casin(p1*sical1ar0tot1ewo0anor
1erc1ild%Sec.9+6
%)+.1reatenin(tocaset1ewo0anor1er
c1ildp1*sical1ar06
%c+ Atte0ptin( to case t1e wo0an or 1er
c1ildp1*sical1ar06
%d+Placin(t1ewo0anor1erc1ildin/earo/
i00inentp1*sical1ar06
%e+ Atte0ptin( to co0pel or co0pellin( t1e
wo0anor1erc1ildtoen(a(eincondct
w1ic1 t1e wo0an or 1er c1ild 1as t1e
ri(1ttodesist/ro0ordesist/ro0condct
w1ic1 t1e wo0an or 1er c1ild 1as t1e
ri(1ttoen(a(ein,oratte0ptin(torestrict
or restrictin( t1e wo0anPs or 1er c1ildPs
/reedo0o/0ove0entorcondct)*/orce
ort1reato//orce,p1*sicalorot1er1ar0
or t1reat o/ p1*sical or ot1er 1ar0, or
inti0idation directed a(ainst t1e wo0an
orc1ild..1iss1allinclde,)tnotli0ited
to,t1e/ollowin(actsco00ittedwit1t1e
prpose or e//ect o/ controllin( or
restrictin( t1e wo0anPs or 1er c1ildPs
0ove0entorcondctB
%$+ .1reatenin( to deprive or actall*
deprivin( t1e wo0an or 1er c1ild o/
cstod*to1er/1is/a0il*6
%2+ Deprivin( or t1reatenin( to deprive
t1ewo0anor1erc1ildreno//inancial
spportle(all*de1eror1er/a0il*,
ordeli)eratel*providin(t1ewo0anPs
c1ildrenins//icient/inancialspport6
%:+ Deprivin( or t1reatenin( to deprive
t1e wo0an or 1er c1ild o/ a le(al
ri(1t6
%;+Preventin(t1ewo0aninen(a(in(in
an* le(iti0ate pro/ession,
occpation, )siness or activit* or
controllin( t1e victi0Ps own 0on;e*
orproperties,orsolel*controllin(t1e
conA(al or co00on 0one*, or
properties6
%/+ In/lictin(ort1reatenin(to in/lictp1*sical
1ar0 on onesel/ /or t1e prpose o/
controllin(1eractionsordecisions6
%(+ Casin( or atte0ptin( to case t1e
wo0an or 1er c1ild to en(a(e in an*
sexalactivit*w1ic1doesnotconstitte
rape,)*/orceort1reato//orce,p1*sical
1ar0, or t1ro(1 inti0idation directed
a(ainst t1e wo0an or 1er c1ild or
1er/1isi00ediate/a0il*6
%1+ En(a(in( in prpose/l, #nowin(, or
rec#lesscondct, personall*or t1ro(1
anot1er, t1at alar0s or cases
s)stantial e0otional or ps*c1olo(ical
distresstot1ewo0anor1erc1ild..1is
s1all inclde, )t not )e li0ited to, t1e
/ollowin(actsB
%$+ Stal#in( or /ollowin( t1e wo0an or
1erc1ildinp)licorprivateplaces6
%2+ Peerin( in t1e window or lin(erin(
otsidet1eresidenceo/t1ewo0an
or1erc1ild6
%:+Enterin(orre0ainin(int1edwellin(
oront1epropert*o/t1ewo0anor
1erc1ilda(ainst1er/1iswill6
%;+Destro*in(t1epropert*andpersonal
)elon(in(s or in/lictin( 1ar0 to
ani0alsorpetso/t1ewo0anor1er
c1ild6and
%9+En(a(in(inan*/or0o/1arass0ent
orviolence6
%i+ Casin( 0ental or e0otional an(is1,
p)lic ridicle or 10iliation to t1e
wo0an or 1er c1ild, incldin(, )t not
li0ited to, repeated ver)al and
e0otionala)se,anddenialo//inancial
spport or cstod* o/ 0inor c1ildren o/
accesstot1ewo0anPsc1ild/c1ildren.
AN.I&SEO-AL4ARASSMEN.AC.!,$''9%R.A.FEFF+
Co00itted )* an* person 1avin( at1orit*,
in/lenceor0oralascendanc*overanot1erina
wor#,trainin(oredcationenviron0entw1en1e
ors1ede0ands,re7ests,orot1erwisere7ires
an* sexal /avor /ro0 t1e ot1er re(ardless o/
w1et1ert1ede0and,re7estorre7ire0ent/or
s)0issionisaccepted)*t1eo)Aecto/t1esaid
act %/or a passin( (rade, or (rantin( o/
sc1olars1ipor1onors,orpa*0ento/astipend,
allowances, )ene/its, considerations6 /avora)le
co0pensation ter0s, conditions, pro0otions or
w1ent1ere/saltodosoresltsinadetri0ental
conse7ence/ort1evicti0+.
Also 1olds lia)le an* person w1o directs or
indces anot1er to co00it an* act o/ sexal
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
1arass0ent, or w1o cooperates in t1e
co00ission,t1e1eado/t1eo//ice,edcational
ortrainin(instittionsolidaril*.
Co0plaints to )e 1andled )* a co00ittee on
decor0, w1ic1 s1all )e deter0ined )* rles
andre(lationsonsc1.
Ad0inistrative sanctions s1all not )e a )ar to
prosectionint1epropercorts/ornlaw/lacts
o/sexal1arass0ent.
Pnis1a)leacts
Wor#, Edcation or .rainin( &Related, Sexal
4arass0entDe/ined%Sec.:+.&Wor#,edcation
or trainin(&related sexal 1arass0ent is
co00itted)*ane0plo*er,e0plo*ee,0ana(er,
spervisor, a(ent o/ t1e e0plo*er, teac1er,
instrctor,pro/essor,coac1,trainer,oran*ot1er
personw1o,1avin(at1orit*,in/lenceor0oral
ascendanc*overanot1erinawor#ortrainin(or
edcation environ0ent, de0ands, re7ests or
ot1erwise re7ires an* sexal /avor /ro0 t1e
ot1er, re(ardless o/ w1et1er t1e de0and,
re7est or re7ire0ent /or s)0ission is
accepted)*t1eo)Aecto/saidAct.
%a+ In a wor#&related or e0plo*0ent
environ0ent, sexal 1arass0ent is
co00ittedw1enB
%$+.1esexal/avoris0adeasacondition
in t1e 1irin( or in t1e e0plo*0ent,
ree0plo*0entorcontinede0plo*0ent
o/ said individal, or in (rantin( said
individal /avora)le co0pensation,
ter0s o/ conditions, pro0otions, or
privile(es6 or t1e re/sal to (rant t1e
sexal /avor reslts in li0itin(,
se(re(atin(orclassi/*in(t1ee0plo*ee
w1ic1 in an* wa* wold discri0inate,
deprive or di0inis1 e0plo*0ent
opportnities or ot1erwise adversel*
a//ectsaide0plo*ee6
%2+ .1e a)ove acts wold i0pair t1e
e0plo*eePs ri(1ts or privile(es nder
existin(la)orlaws6or
%:+ .1e a)ove acts wold reslt in an
inti0idatin(, 1ostile, or o//ensive
environ0ent/ort1ee0plo*ee.
%)+ In an edcation or trainin( environ0ent,
sexal1arass0entisco00ittedB
%$+ A(ainst one w1o is nder t1e care,
cstod*orspervisiono/t1eo//ender6
%2+ A(ainst one w1ose edcation, trainin(,
apprentices1ip or ttors1ip is entrsted
tot1eo//ender6
%:+ W1en t1e sexal /avor is 0ade a
condition to t1e (ivin( o/ a passin(
(rade, or t1e (rantin( o/ 1onors and
sc1olars1ips, or t1e pa*0ent o/ a
stipend, allowance or ot1er )ene/its,
privile(es,orconsideration6or
%;+ W1en t1e sexal advances reslt in an
inti0idatin(, 1ostile or o//ensive
environ0ent /or t1e stdent, trainee or
apprentice.
An* person w1o directs or indces anot1er to
co00itan*acto/sexal1arass0entas1erein
de/ined, or w1o cooperates in t1e co00ission
t1ereo/ )* anot1er wit1ot w1ic1 it wold not
1ave )een co00itted, s1all also )e 1eld lia)le
ndert1isAct.
$2.CRIMESA?AINS.CI5ILS.A.-S%:;F&:92+
Cri0esa(ainstt1ecivilstatso/persons
$. Si0lationo/)irt1s,s)stittiono/onec1ild
/or anot1er and conceal0ent or
a)andon0ento/ale(iti0atec1ild%art.:;F+6
2. -srpationo/civilstats%Art.:;E+6
:. "i(a0*%Art.:;'+6
;. Marria(e contracted a(ainst provisions o/
law%Art.:9>+6
9. Pre0atre0arria(es%Art.:9$+6
D. Per/or0ance o/ ille(al 0arria(e cere0on*
%Art.:92+.
Article:;F.Si0lationo/"irt1s,S)stittiono/!neC1ild/orAnot1er,
andConceal0ento/A)andon0ento/ALe(iti0ateC1ild
Actspnis1ed
$. Si0lationo/)irt1s6
2. S)stittiono/onec1ild/oranot1er6
:. Concealin( or a)andonin( an* le(iti0ate
c1ildwit1intenttocasesc1c1ildtolose
itscivilstats.
IllstrationB
People w1o 1ave no c1ild and w1o )* and
adopt t1e c1ild wit1ot (oin( t1ro(1 le(al
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
adoption.
I/ t1e c1ild is )ein( #idnapped and t1e* #new
t1at t1e #idnappers are not t1e real parents o/
t1eirc1ild,t1ensi0lationo/)irt1isco00itted.
I/ t1e parents are parties to t1e si0lation )*
0a#in(itappearint1e)irt1certi/icatet1att1e
parents w1o )o(1t t1e c1ild are t1e real
parents,t1ecri0eisnot/alsi/icationont1epart
o/ t1e parents and t1e real parents )t
si0lationo/)irt1.
Article:;'.-srpationo/CivilStats
.1is cri0e is co00itted w1en a person
represents 1i0sel/ to )e anot1er and ass0es
t1e/iliationort1eparental orconA(al ri(1tso/
sc1anot1erperson.
.1s,w1ereapersoni0personatesanot1erand
ass0est1elatterPsri(1tast1esono/wealt1*
parents, t1e /or0er co00its a violation o/ t1is
article.
.1e ter0 Mcivil statsM incldes onePs p)lic
station, or t1e ri(1ts, dties, capacities and
incapacitiesw1ic1deter0ineapersontoa(iven
class. It see0s t1at t1e ter0 Mcivil statsM
incldesonePspro/ession.
Article:;'."i(a0*
Ele0ents
$. !//ender1as)eenle(all*0arried6
2. .1e0arria(e1asnot)eenle(all*dissolved
or,incase1isor1ersposeisa)sent,t1e
a)sent spose cold not *et )e pres0ed
deadaccordin(tot1eCivilCode6
:. 4e contracts a second or s)se7ent
0arria(e6
;. .1esecondors)se7ent0arria(e1asall
t1eessentialre7isites/orvalidit*.
.1e cri0e o/ )i(a0* does not /all wit1in t1e
cate(or* o/ private cri0es t1at can )e
prosectedonl*att1einstanceo/t1eo//ended
part*..1eo//enseisco00ittednotonl*a(ainst
t1e /irst and second wi/e )t also a(ainst t1e
state.
?ood/ait1isade/ensein)i(a0*.
,ailretoexercisededili(encetoascertaint1e
w1erea)otso/t1e/irstwi/eis)i(a0*t1ro(1
rec#lessi0prdence.
.1esecond0arria(e0st1aveallt1eessential
re7isites/orvalidit*wereitnot/ort1eexistence
o/t1e/irst0arria(e.
AAdicialdeclarationo/t1enllit*o/a0arria(e,
t1at is, t1at t1e 0arria(e was void a) initio, is
nowre7ired.
!ne convicted o/ )i(a0* 0a* also )e
prosected/orconc)ina(eas)ot1aredistinct
o//enses. .1e /irst is an o//ense a(ainst civil
stats,w1ic10a*)eprosectedatt1einstance
o/ t1e state6 t1e second is an o//ense a(ainst
c1astit*, and 0a* )e prosected onl* at t1e
instanceo/ t1e o//ended part*. .1etestisnot
w1et1ert1ede/endant1asalread*)eentried/or
t1e sa0e act, )t w1et1er 1e 1as )een pt in
Aeopard*/ort1esa0eo//ense.
!ne w1o, alt1o(1 not *et 0arried )e/ore,
#nowin(l*consentsto)e0arriedtoonew1ois
alread*0arriedis(ilt*o/)i(a0*#nowin(t1at
t1elatter3s0arria(eisstillvalidands)sistin(.
Distinction)etween)i(a0*andille(al0arria(eB
"i(a0* is a /or0 o/ ille(al 0arria(e. .1e
o//ender 0st 1ave a valid and s)sistin(
0arria(e. Despitet1e/actt1att1e0arria(eis
still s)sistin(, 1e contracts a s)se7ent
0arria(e.
Ille(al 0arria(e incldes also sc1 ot1er
0arria(es w1ic1 are per/or0ed wit1ot
co0pl*in(wit1t1ere7ire0entso/law,orsc1
pre0atre 0arria(es, or sc1 0arria(e w1ic1
wassole0ni8ed)*onew1oisnotat1ori8edto
sole0ni8et1esa0e.
,or )i(a0* to )e co00itted, t1e second
0arria(e0st1aveall t1eattri)teso/avalid
0arria(e.
Article:9>.Ille(alMarria(e
Ele0ents
$. !//endercontracted0arria(e6
2. 4e#newatt1eti0et1atC
%a+ .1e re7ire0ents o/ t1e law
werenotco0pliedwit16or
%)+ .1e 0arria(e was in disre(ard
o/ale(ali0pedi0ent.
Marria(es contracted a(ainst t1e provisions o/
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
laws
$. .1e0arria(edoesnotconstitte)i(a0*.
2. .1e0arria(eiscontracted#nowin(t1att1e
re7ire0ents o/ t1e law 1ave not )een
co0plied wit1 or in disre(ard o/ le(al
i0pedi0ents.
:. !ne w1ere t1e consent o/ t1e ot1er was
o)tained)*0eanso/violence,inti0idation
or/rad.
;. I/ t1e second0arria(e isvoid )ecase t1e
accsed #nowin(l* contracted it wit1ot
co0pl*in( wit1 le(al re7ire0ents as t1e
0arria(e license, alt1o(1 1e was
previosl*0arried.
9. Marria(esole0ni8ed)*a0inisterorpriest
w1odoesnot1avet1ere7iredat1orit*to
sole0ni8e0arria(es.
Article:9$.Pre0atreMarria(e
Personslia)le
$. A widow w1o is 0arried wit1in :>$ da*s
/ro0t1edateo/t1edeat1o/1er1s)and,or
)e/ore1avin(deliveredi/s1eispre(nantat
t1eti0eo/1isdeat16
2. A wo0an w1o, 1er 0arria(e 1avin( )een
annlled or dissolved, 0arried )e/ore 1er
deliver*or)e/oret1eexpirationo/t1eperiod
o/ :>$ da*s a/ter t1e date o/ t1e le(al
separation.
.1e Spre0e Cort 1as alread* ta#en into
accont t1e reason w1* sc1 0arria(e wit1in
:>$ da*s is 0ade cri0inal, t1at is, )ecase o/
t1e pro)a)ilit* t1at t1ere 0i(1t )e a con/sion
re(ardin(t1epaternit*o/t1ec1ildw1owold)e
)orn. I/t1isreasondoesnotexist)ecaset1e
/or0er1s)andisi0potent,orwass1ownto)e
sterile sc1 t1at t1e wo0an 1as 1ad no c1ild
wit11i0,t1at)elie/o/t1ewo0ant1ata/terall
t1ere cold )e no con/sion even i/ s1e wold
0arr*wit1in:>$da*s0a*)eta#enasevidence
o/ (ood /ait1 and t1at wold ne(ate cri0inal
intent.
Art.:92.Per/or0anceo/ille(al0arria(ecere0on*
Priests or 0inisters o/ an* reli(ios
deno0ination or sect, or civil at1orities w1o
s1all per/or0 or at1ori8e an* ille(al 0arria(e
cere0on*s1all)epnis1edinaccordancewit1
t1eprovisionso/t1eMarria(eLaw.
$:.CRIMESA?AINS.4!N!R%:9:&:D;+
Cri0esa(ainst1onor
$. Li)el)*0eanso/writin(sorsi0ilar0eans
%Art.:99+6
2. .1reatenin( to p)lis1 and o//er to prevent
sc1 p)lication /or a co0pensation %Art.
:9D+6
:. Pro1i)ited p)lication o/ acts re/erred to in
t1ecorseo/o//icialproceedin(s%Art.:9F+6
;. Slander%Art.:9E+6
9. Slander)*deed%Art.:9'+6
D. Incri0inatin(innocentperson%Art.:D:+6
F. Intri(in(a(ainst1onor%Art.:D;+.
Article:9:.De/initiono/Li)el
Ali)elisap)licand0aliciosi0ptationo/a
cri0e,oro/aviceorde/ect,realori0a(inar*,or
an* act, o0ission, condition, stats, or
circ0stances tendin( to case t1e dis1onor,
discredit, or conte0pt o/ a natral or Aridical
person,orto)lac#ent1e0e0or*o/onew1ois
dead.
Ele0entsB
$. .1ere0st)eani0ptationo/acri0e,or
o/aviceorde/ect,realori0a(inar*,oran*
act, o0ission, condition, stats, or
circ0stance6
2. .1ei0ptation0st)e0adep)licl*6
:. It0st)e0alicios6
;. .1ei0ptation0st)edirectedatanatral
orAridicalperson,oronew1oisdead6
9. .1e i0ptation 0st tend to case t1e
dis1onor,discreditorconte0pto/t1eperson
de/a0ed.
Distinction)etween0alicein/actand0alicein
law
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Malice in /act is t1e 0alice w1ic1 t1e law
pres0es/ro0ever*state0entw1osetenoris
de/a0ator*. Itdoesnotneedproo/. .1e0ere
/act t1at t1e tterance or state0ent is
de/a0ator* ne(ates a le(al pres0ption o/
0alice.
In t1e cri0e o/ li)el, w1ic1 incldes oral

de/a0ation,t1ereisnoneed/ort1eprosection
topresentevidenceo/0alice.Itiseno(1t1at
t1ealle(edde/a0ator*orli)elosstate0ent)e
presentedtot1ecortver)ati0. Itist1ecort
w1ic1willprovew1et1eritisde/a0ator*ornot.
I/ t1e tenor o/ t1e tterance or state0ent is
de/a0ator*, t1e le(al pres0ption o/ 0alice
arisesevenwit1otproo/.
Malice in /act )eco0es necessar* onl* i/ t1e
0alice in law 1as )een re)tted. !t1erwise,
t1ereisnoneedtoaddceevidenceo/0alicein
/act. So, w1ile 0alice in law does not re7ire
evidence,0alicein/actre7iresevidence.
Maliceinlawcan)ene(ated)*evidencet1at,
in /act, t1e alle(ed li)elos or de/a0ator*
tterance was 0ade wit1 (ood 0otives and
Asti/ia)leendsor)*t1e/actt1att1etterance
wasprivile(edinc1aracter.
In law, 1owever, t1e privile(ed c1aracter o/ a
de/a0ator* state0ent 0a* )e a)solte or
7ali/ied.
W1en t1e privile(ed c1aracter is said to )e
a)solte, t1e state0ent will not )e actiona)le
w1et1ercri0inalorcivil)ecaset1at0eanst1e
law does not allow prosection on an action
)asedt1ereon.
IllstrationB
As re(ards t1e state0ents 0ade )*
Con(ress0en w1ile t1e* are deli)eratin( or
discssin( in Con(ress, w1en t1e privile(ed
c1aracteris7ali/ied,proo/o/0alicein/actwill
)e ad0itted to ta#e t1e place o/ 0aliceinlaw.
W1ent1ede/a0ator*state0entortteranceis
7ali/iedl* privile(ed, t1e 0alice in law is
ne(ated. .1etteranceorstate0entwoldnot
)e actiona)le )ecase 0alice in law does not
exist. .1ere/ore, /or t1e co0plainant to
prosectet1eaccsed/orli)el,oralde/a0ation
orslander,1e1astoprovet1att1eaccsedwas
actated wit1 0alice %0alice in /act+ in 0a#in(
t1estate0ent.
W1en a li)el is addressed to several persons,
nlesst1e*areidenti/iedint1esa0eli)el,even
i/ t1ere are several persons o//ended )* t1e
li)elos tterance or state0ent, t1ere will onl*
)eoneconto/li)el.
I/t1eo//endedpartiesint1eli)elweredistinctl*
identi/ied, event1o(1t1eli)el wasco00itted
atoneandt1esa0eti0e,t1erewill)eas0an*
li)elsast1erearepersonsdis1onored.
IllstrationB
I/ a person ttered t1at HAll t1e Marcoses are
t1ieves,M t1ere will onl* )e one li)el )ecase
t1ese particlar Marcoses re(arded as t1ieves
arenotspeci/icall*identi/ied.
I/ t1e o//ender said, HAll t1e Marcoses C t1e
/at1er,0ot1erandda(1teraret1ieves.I.1ere
will)et1reecontso/li)el)ecaseeac1person
li)eledisdistinctl*dis1onored.
I/*odonot#nowt1eparticlarpersonsli)eled,
*o cannot consider one li)el as (ivin( rise to
several conts o/ li)el. In order t1at one
de/a0ator* tterance or i0ptation 0a* )e
consideredas1avin(dis1onored0oret1anone
person, t1ose persons dis1onored 0st )e
identi/ied. !t1erwise, t1ere will onl* )e one
conto/li)el.
Notet1atinli)el,t1epersonde/a0edneednot
)e expressl* identi/ied. It is eno(1 t1at 1e
coldpossi)l*)eidenti/ied)ecaseHinnendos
0a*also)ea)asis/orprosection/orli)el.As
a 0atter o/ /act, even a co0pli0ent w1ic1 is
ndeserved,1as)een1eldto)eli)elos.
.1ecri0eisli)elist1ede/a0ationisinwritin(
orprinted0edia.
.1ecri0eisslanderororalde/a0ationi/itisnot
printed.
Even i/ w1at was i0pted is tre, t1e cri0e o/
li)el is co00itted nless one acted wit1 (ood
0otives or Asti/ia)le end. Poo/ o/ trt1 o/ a
de/a0ator*i0ptationisnotevenad0issi)lein
evidence,nless w1atwas i0pted pertainsto
anactw1ic1constittesacri0eandw1en t1e
person to w1o0 t1e i0ptation was 0ade is a
p)lico//icerandt1ei0ptationpertainstot1e
per/or0ance o/ o//icial dt*. !t1ert1an t1ese,
t1ei0ptationisnotad0issi)le.
W1enproo/o/trt1isad0issi)le
$. W1en t1e act or o0ission i0pted
constittes a cri0e re(ardless o/ w1et1er
t1eo//endedpart*isaprivateindividalora
p)lico//icer6
2. W1en t1e o//ended part* is a (overn0ent
e0plo*ee, even i/ t1e act or o0ission
i0pted does not constitte a cri0e,
providedi/itsrelatedtot1edisc1ar(edo/1is
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
o//icialdties.
Re7isiteso/de/enseinde/a0ation
$. I/ it appears t1at t1e 0atter c1ar(ed as
li)elosistre6
2. Itwasp)lis1edwit1(ood0otives6
:. Itwas/orAsti/ia)leends.
I/ a cri0e is a private cri0e, it cannot )e
prosected de o//icio. A co0plaint /ro0 t1e
o//endedpart*isnecessar*.
Article:99.Li)el)*Meanso/Writin(sorSi0ilarMeans
Ali)el0a*)eco00itted)*0eanso/C
$. Writin(6
2. Printin(6
:. Lit1o(rap1*6
;. En(ravin(6
9. Radio6
D. P1oto(rap16
F. Paintin(6
E. .1eatricalex1i)ition6
'. Cine0ato(rap1icex1i)ition6or
$>. An*si0ilar0eans.
Article:9D..1reatenin(toP)lis1and!//ertoPreventSc1P)lication/orACo0pensation
Actspnis1ed
$. .1reatenin( anot1er to p)lis1 a li)el
concernin( 1i0, or 1is parents, spose,
c1ild,orot1er0e0)erso/1is/a0il*6
2. !//erin( to prevent t1e p)lication o/ sc1
li)el /or co0pensation or 0one*
consideration.
"lac#0ailCInits0etap1oricalsense,)lac#0ail
0a* )e de/ined as an* nlaw/l extortion o/
0one* )* t1reats o/ accsation or exposre.
.wo words are expressive o/ t1e cri0e C 1s1
0one*. %-S v. E(ia, et al., :E P1il. E9F+
"lac#0ail is possi)le in %$+ li(1t t1reats nder
Article 2E:6 and %2+ t1reatenin( to p)lis1, or
o//erin(topreventt1ep)licationo/,ali)el /or
co0pensation,nderArticle:9D.
Article:9F.Pro1i)itedP)licationo/ActsRe/erredtoint1eCorseo/!//icialProceedin(s
Ele0ents
$. !//enderisareporter,editoror0ana(ero/
anewspaper,dail*or0a(a8ine6
2. 4e p)lis1es /acts connected wit1 t1e
privateli/eo/anot1er6
:. Sc1/actsareo//ensivetot1e1onor,virte
andreptationo/saidperson.
.1e provisions o/ Article :9F constitte t1e so&
calledM?a(Law.M
Article:9E.Slander
Slanderisoralde/a0ation..1erearetwo#inds
o/oralde/a0ationB
%$+ Si0pleslander6and
%2+ ?rave slander, w1en it is o/ a serios and
insltin(natre.
Article:9'.Slander)*Deed
Ele0ents
$. !//ender per/or0s an* act not inclded in
an*ot1ercri0ea(ainst1onor6
2. Sc1 act is per/or0ed in t1e presence o/
ot1erpersonorpersons6
:. Sc1 act casts dis1onor, discredit or
conte0ptpont1eo//endedpart*.
Slander)*deedre/erstoper/or0anceo/anact,
notseo/words.
.wo#indso/slander)*deed
$. Si0pleslander)*deed6and
2. ?raveslander)*deed,t1atis,w1ic1iso/a
seriosnatre.
W1et1er a certain slanderos act constittes
slander )* deed o/ a serios natre or not,
dependsont1esocial standin(o/t1eo//ended
part*, t1e circ0stances nder w1ic1 t1e act
wasco00itted,t1eoccasion,etc.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
Article:D:.Incri0inatin(InnocentPersons
Ele0ents
$. !//enderper/or0sanact6
2. "* sc1an act, 1e incri0inatesori0ptes
to an innocent persont1eco00issiono/ a
cri0e6
:. Sc1actdoesnotconstitteperAr*.
.1iscri0ecannot)eco00ittedt1ro(1ver)al
incri0inator*state0ents.Itisde/inedasanact
and,t1ere/ore,toco00itt1iscri0e,0oret1ana
0eretteranceisre7ired.
I/ t1e incri0inatin( 0ac1ination is 0ade orall*,
t1ecri0e0a*)eslanderororalde/a0ation.
I/ t1e incri0inator* 0ac1ination was 0ade in
writin(andnderoat1,t1ecri0e0a*)eperAr*
i/t1ereisawill/l/alsit*o/t1estate0ents0ade.
I/t1estate0entinwritin(isnotnderoat1,t1e
cri0e 0a* )e /alsi/ication i/ t1e cri0e is a
0aterial 0atter 0ade in a written state0ent
w1ic1isre7ired)*lawto1ave)eenrendered.
As/arast1iscri0eisconcerned,t1is1as)een
interpreted to )e possi)le onl* in t1e so&called
plantin(o/evidence.
Article:D;.Intri(in(a(ainst4onor
.1iscri0eisco00itted)*an*personw1os1all
0a#e an* intri(e w1ic1 1as /or its principal
prpose to )le0is1 t1e 1onor or reptation o/
anot1erperson.
Intri(in( a(ainst 1onor is re/erred to as
(ossipin(. .1e o//ender, wit1ot ascertainin(
t1etrt1o/ade/a0ator*tterance,repeatst1e
sa0eandpassitontoanot1er,tot1eda0a(e
o/ t1e o//ended part*. W1o started t1e
de/a0ator*newsisn#nown.
Distinction)etweenintri(in(a(ainst1onorand
slanderB
W1ent1esorceo/t1ede/a0ator*tteranceis
n#nown and t1e o//ender si0pl* repeats or
passest1esa0e,t1ecri0eisintri(in(a(ainst
1onor.
I/ t1e o//ender 0ade t1e tterance, w1ere t1e
sorceo/t1ede/a0ator*natreo/t1etterance
is #nown, and o//ender 0a#es a rep)lication
t1ereo/, even t1o(1 1e repeats t1e li)elos
state0entasco0in(/ro0anot1er, aslon(as
t1esorceisidenti/ied,t1ecri0eco00itted)*
t1ato//enderisslander.
Distinction)etweenintri(in(a(ainst1onorand
incri0inatin(aninnocentpersonB
Inintri(in(a(ainst1onor,t1eo//enderresorts
toanintri(e/ort1eprposeo/)le0is1in(t1e
1onororreptationo/anot1erperson.
Inincri0inatin(aninnocentperson,t1eo//ender
per/or0sanact)*w1ic11edirectl*incri0inates
or i0ptes to an innocent person t1e
co00issiono/acri0e.
A. ADMINIS.RA.I5ECIRC-LAR>E&2>>EREB?-IDELINESIN.4E!"SER5ANCE!,AR-LE!,
PRE,ERENCEIN.4EIMP!SI.I!N!,PENAL.IESINLI"ELCASES
Pre/erenceo/i0positiono//ine
All corts and Ad(es concerned s1old
1ence/ort1 ta#e note o/ t1e /ore(oin( rle o/
pre/erence set )* t1e Spre0e Cort on t1e
0attero/t1ei0positiono/penalties/ort1ecri0e
o/li)el)earin(in0indt1e/ollowin(principlesB
$..1isAd0inistrativeCirclardoesnotre0ove
i0prison0ent as an alternative penalt* /or
t1e cri0e o/ li)el nder Article :99 o/ t1e
RevisedPenalCode6
2..1eGd(esconcerned0a*,int1eexerciseo/
sond discretion, and ta#in( into
consideration t1epecliarcirc0stanceso/
eac1 case, deter0ine w1et1er t1e
i0positiono/a/inealonewold)estserve
t1einterestso/Asticeorw1et1er/or)earin(
to i0pose i0prison0ent wold depreciate
t1e seriosness o/ t1e o//ense, wor#
violenceont1esocialorder,orot1erwise)e
contrar*tot1ei0perativeso/Astice6
:. S1old onl* a /ine )e i0posed and t1e
accsed)ena)letopa*t1e/ine,t1ereis
no le(al o)stacle to t1e application o/ t1e
Revised Penal Code provisions on
s)sidiar*i0prison0ent.
B a r E x a m s
Page !1!
$;.CRIMINALNE?LI?ENCE%:D9+
Article:D9.I0prdenceandNe(li(ence
Jasi&o//ensespnis1ed
$. Co00ittin( t1ro(1 rec#less i0prdence
an*actw1ic1,1adit)eenintentional,wold
constitte a (rave or less (rave /elon* or
li(1t/elon*6
2. Co00ittin( t1ro(1 si0ple i0prdence or
ne(li(ence an act w1ic1 wold ot1erwise
constittea(raveoralessserios/elon*6
:. Casin(da0a(etot1epropert*o/anot1er
t1ro(1 rec#less i0prdence or si0ple
i0prdenceorne(li(ence6
;. Casin( t1ro(1 si0ple i0prdence or
ne(li(ence so0e wron( w1ic1, i/ done
0aliciosl*, wold 1ave constitted a li(1t
/elon*.
Distinction )etween rec#less i0prdence and
ne(li(enceB
.1etwoaredistin(is1edonl*astow1et1ert1e
dan(er t1at wold )e i0pendin( is easil*
perceiva)leornot.I/t1edan(ert1at0a*reslt
/ro0 t1e cri0inal ne(li(ence is clearl*
perceiva)le, t1e i0prdence is rec#less. I/ it
cold 1ardl* )e perceived, t1e cri0inal
ne(li(encewoldonl*)esi0ple.
.1ere is no 0ore isse on w1et1er clpa is a
cri0e in itsel/ or onl* a 0ode o/ incrrin(
cri0inal lia)ilit*. It is practicall* settled t1at
cri0inal ne(li(ence is onl* a 0odalit* in
incrrin( cri0inal lia)ilit*. .1is is so )ecase
nderArticle:,a/elon*0a*reslt/ro0doloor
clpa.
Since t1is is t1e 0ode o/ incrrin( cri0inal
lia)ilit*,i/t1ereisonl*onecarelessness,eveni/
t1ereareseveralreslts,t1eaccsed0a*onl*
)eprosectednderonecont/ort1ecri0inal
ne(li(ence. So t1ere wold onl* )e one
in/or0ation to )e /iled, even i/ t1e ne(li(ence
0a* )rin( a)ot resltin( inAries w1ic1 are
sli(1t.
Do not separate t1e accsation /ro0 t1e sli(1t
p1*sicalinAries/ro0t1eot1er0aterialreslto/
t1ene(li(ence.
I/t1ecri0inalne(li(encereslted,/orexa0ple,
in1o0icide,seriosp1*sical inAriesandsli(1t
p1*sical inAries, do not Aoin onl* t1e 1o0icide
andseriosp1*sical inAriesinonein/or0ation
/or t1e sli(1t p1*sical inAries. Lo are not
co0plexin( sli(1t w1en *o Aoin it in t1e sa0e
in/or0ation. It is Ast t1at *o are not splittin(
t1ecri0inalne(li(ence)ecaset1ereal)asiso/
t1ecri0inallia)ilit*ist1ene(li(ence.
I/*osplitt1ecri0inalne(li(ence,t1atisw1ere
do)leAeopard*woldarise.
II.Exclded.opics
#$ All Special Penal Laws and Spre0e Cort Decisions not pertinent to t1e a)ove otlined topics are
exclded.
2. Penaltieso/Speci/icCri0es.
III."i)lio(rap1*
Dean!rte(aLectreNotes
Leonor"oado,Co0pactReviewerinCri0inalLaw
B a r E x a m s
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Criminal Law Review 2012

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Criminal Law Review 2012

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E l m e r P $ B r a b a n t e % & ' ( ' ) * + + * , & E - ' E , f o r t h e ! " # !

4owever, t1e recent rlin(s o/ t1e Spre0e

4owever, i/ t1ere is onl* a second conviction,

In t1e a0end0ent, t1e law does not spea# o/

$. I/ )ond to #eep t1e peace is not t1e

W1et1er t1e conspirators are parents or

$. .1e vessel is on t1e 1i(1 seas or

"t w1ile nder Presidential Decree No. 9:2,

So, w1ere t1e spirit is present, it is alwa*s

$. In resistance, t1e person in at1orit* or 1is

W1en w1atis)ein(conter/eited iso)li(ationor

W1ere sc1 private person, w1ile per/or0in( a

Section 2 re7ires a written notice to sc1ool

,or 0rder, t1e penalt* provided )* t1e Code,

In a decided case, a sitor, w1o cannot (et a

/irst para(rap1 deals wit1 li(1t coercions

I/ it was in/licted w1en t1e t1ieves/ro))ers are

In t1e cri0e o/ li)el, w1ic1 incldes oral

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