Tai Lieu Huong Dan SXSH Nganh Hoan Tat SPKL

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi 1
Mc lc
Mc lc ........................................................................................................................... 1
M u ........................................................................................................................... 5
1 Gii thiu chung ...................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi ca Vit nam............................................. 6
1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Chun b b mt v lm sch cc chi tit.................................................. 8
1.2.2 M ............................................................................................................. 8
1.2.3 Hon tt c hc....................................................................................... 15
1.2.4 Khu vc ph tr...................................................................................... 16
1.3 Cc vn mi trng trong hon tt sn phm kim lo i ............................ 17
1.3.1 Cc vn mi trng trong cng on tin x l................................. 18
1.3.2 Cc vn mi trng trong cng on m in .................................. 19
1.3.3 Cc vn mi trng trong ph phi kim............................................... 21
1.3.4 Cc vn mi trng trong hon tt bng sn.................................... 22
2 Sn xut sch hn Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun........................ 24
2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn (SXSH)....................................................... 24
2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH .......................................................................................... 25
2.2.1 Cc tc ng n sc khe v mi trng............................................. 26
2.2.2 Bo ton ha cht v cc cht tr .......................................................... 26
2.2.3 Kim sot nhim.................................................................................. 27
2.2.4 Sc p cng lun.................................................................................... 27
2.2.5 Cc yu cu ca th trng xut khu.................................................... 28
2.3 Tim nng Sn xut sch hn ....................................................................... 28
2.4 Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn............................................ 31
2.5 Cc k thut SXSH......................................................................................... 34
3 Cc c hi SXSH trong hon tt sn phm kim loi ............................................. 38
3.1 Qun l tt ni vi............................................................................................. 38
3.1.1 Ni lm vic sch s ngn np............................................................... 38
3.1.2 Bo dng d phng.............................................................................. 39
3.1.3 Kim k qun l kho................................................................................ 39
3.1.4 Phng nga v kim sot hin tng trn ............................................. 39
3.1.5 o to nhn vin................................................................................... 40
3.1.6 S quy trnh ....................................................................................... 40
3.1.7 Lp k hoch v lch sn xut................................................................. 40
3.2 Lm sch v tin x l ................................................................................... 42
3.2.1 Trnh cc yu t pht sinh nhu cu lm sch......................................... 43
3.2.2 Cc phng php lm sch vt l .......................................................... 43
3.2.3 Ko di tui th dung dch lm sch ....................................................... 44
3.2.4 Thit b lm sch cc chi tit ................................................................... 45
3.2.5 Cht lm sch sinh hc........................................................................... 45
3.2.6 Lm sch siu m................................................................................... 45
3.2.7 Nhit phn cho sn tnh in.................................................................. 45
3.3 Kim sot thng s b x l........................................................................... 46
3.3.1 Nng ho cht.................................................................................... 46
3.3.2 Nhit b.............................................................................................. 46
3.3.3 Ngn tht thot nhit v bay hi ............................................................. 46
3.3.4 Chng nhim bn dung dch m ............................................................. 47
2 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi
3.4 Gim lng dung dch dnh theo vt m........................................................ 47
3.4.1 Thi gian nhc chi tit ra khi thng m v treo ro............................... 48
3.4.2 nh hng sn phm v cc gi treo.................................................... 48
3.4.3 iu chnh sn phm.............................................................................. 49
3.4.4 Tm thu dch v khay hng..................................................................... 49
3.4.5 Cc cht thm t .................................................................................. 50
3.4.6 Dao kh.................................................................................................... 50
3.4.7 Tr li dung dch dnh theo vt m v b m.......................................... 50
3.5 Ci tin cng ngh ra................................................................................... 50
3.5.1 Khuy trn............................................................................................... 50
3.5.2 Ra xt v phun sng ........................................................................... 51
3.5.3 Ra ng v tnh .................................................................................... 52
3.5.4 Ra ngc dng..................................................................................... 52
3.5.5 Kim sot dng nc.............................................................................. 53
3.5.6 Trnh nhu cu ra .................................................................................. 53
3.6 Cc k thut ti s dng nc ra v thu hi kim loi ................................... 53
3.6.1 Thu hi kim loi bng phng php in phn ...................................... 54
3.6.2 3.6.2 Thm thu ngc .......................................................................... 55
3.6.3 Trao i Ion............................................................................................. 55
3.6.4 in thm tch........................................................................................ 55
3.7 Cc quy trnh khc ......................................................................................... 55
3.7.1 H thng m khng xyanua .................................................................... 55
3.7.2 Thay th Crm+6 bng Crm+3 trong quy trnh m Crm ..................... 56
3.7.3 Gia tng tui th b m khng in ........................................................ 57
3.8 Cng ngh mi............................................................................................... 57
3.8.1 Ant ha axt Boric/Sulphuric (SBAA).................................................... 57
3.8.2 Cng ngh in thm tch cho dung dch x l...................................... 58
3.8.3 High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) Thermal Spray...................................... 58
3.8.4 Qu trnh kt t hi ion (Ion Vapour Deposition (IVD) ............................ 58
3.8.5 Thu hi bng in phn ti ch xyanua kim loi ................................ 59
3.9 Tng lai ca ngnh cng nghip hon tt kim loi ...................................... 61
4 Phng php lun 6 bc nh gi SXSH .......................................................... 62
4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng......................................................................................... 63
4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm.................................................................. 63
4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Cc bc quy trnh & nhn din cc dng thi .................. 67
4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on.................................................................. 73
4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh .................................................... 73
4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu, nng lng v cu t ........................... 74
4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh tnh cht ca dng thi......................................... 80
4.2.4 Nhim v 6: nh gi cho cc dng thi................................................. 80
4.2.5 Nhim v 7: Xc nh nguyn nhn ........................................................ 83
4.3 Bc 3: Phn tch cc bc quy trnh........................................................... 88
4.3.1 Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH ........................................... 88
4.3.2 Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH.................................................. 90
4.4 Bc 4: La chn cc gii php SXSH......................................................... 91
4.4.1 Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thut .......................................................... 91
4.4.2 Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t............................................................ 92
4.4.3 Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng .................................................... 93
4.4.4 Nhim v 13: La chn gii php thc hin ...................................... 94
4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH........................................................ 95
4.5.1 Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin............................................................ 95
4.5.2 Nhim v 15: Trin khai cc gii php.................................................... 96
4.5.3 Nhim v 16: Quan trc v nh gi kt qu.......................................... 96
4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr hot ng SXSH................................................................... 97
5 Tr ngi trong vic thc hin SXSH v cch khc phc....................................... 98
5.1 Cc ro cn thi ........................................................................................ 98
5.1.1 Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng......................... 99
5.1.2 Khng mun thay i .............................................................................. 99
5.1.3 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn thi ........................................ 99
5.2 Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng.................................................................. 100
5.2.1 Thiu cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip............................................ 100
5.2.2 Cc h s sn xut s si .................................................................... 101
5.2.3 Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu .......................... 101
5.2.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn mang tnh h thng......................... 101
5.3 Cc ro cn t chc..................................................................................... 103
5.3.1 Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh ....................................................... 103
5.3.2 Qu ch trng vo sn xut .................................................................. 103
5.3.3 Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn .................................................. 103
5.3.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn mang tnh t chc.................... 104
5.4 Cc ro cn k thut .................................................................................... 105
5.4.1 Nng lc k thut hn ch .................................................................... 105
5.4.2 Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch ........................................ 105
5.4.3 Cc hn ch v cng ngh ................................................................... 105
5.4.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn k thut ........................................... 106
5.5 Cc ro cn kinh t ...................................................................................... 107
5.5.1 u tin cho khi lng sn xut hn l chi phi ph sn xut................ 107
5.5.2 Nguyn liu th gi r v d kim......................................................... 107
5.5.3 Chnh sch u t hin hnh................................................................ 107
5.5.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn kinh t ...................................... 108
5.5.5 Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh........................... 108
5.5.6 Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch...................................... 108
5.5.7 Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di ..................................................... 108
5.5.8 Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh .............................................................. 108
5.6 Cc ro cn t pha chnh ph..................................................................... 109
5.6.1 Cc chnh sch cng nghip................................................................. 109
5.6.2 Cc chnh sch mi trng................................................................... 109
5.6.3 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn chnh ph........................................ 109

M u
Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngun
thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn xut
sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, m cn ng
gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng.
Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi c
bin son trong khun kh hp tc gia Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, thuc
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H ni v Hp
phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tc Vit
nam an mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cng thng.
Mc tiu chnh ca ti liu hng dn ny l nhm tng bc hng dn thc hin
nh gi SXSH (CPA) cho ngnh cng nghip hon tt sn phm kim loi ti Vit
Nam. i tng ca b ti liu hng dn ny l cc lnh o nh my, cc k thut
vin v nhn vin ca cc ban ngnh chnh ph v cc t chc chu trch nhim thc
y v iu chnh/quy nh cng tc qun l mi trng ti cc nh my trong ngnh
ti Vit Nam.
Cc cn b bin son dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quan n
hin trng sn xut ca Vit nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mi trng
cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kin Vit nam.
Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam v Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip
xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp ca ng Rajiv Garg, cn b Hi ng Nng sut
quc gia ca n , cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPRO v c bit l
Chnh ph Thy s, thng qua T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO
v chnh ph an mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA h tr thc hin ti liu ny.
Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam,
email: vncp@vncpc.org hoc Vn Phng Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng
nghip, email: cpi-cde@vnn.vn.

H Ni, thng 2 nm 2010
Nhm bin son
1 Gii thiu chung
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v tnh hnh cc c s hon tt sn phm kim loi Vit Nam v cung
cp cho ngi c thng tin khi qut v khuynh hng th trng v tng lai ca ngnh cng nghip
ny. T y, ngi c c th hiu cc loi quy trnh khc nhau v nguyn liu th c s dng trong
ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi. Cui cng, ngi c c th c tnh c v cc loi cht thi v
nhim pht sinh t ngnh cng nghip ny Vit Nam.
Nu thiu x l hon tt, cc sn phm kim loi s ch tn ti c trong mt phn
khong thi gian vng i ca chng. X l hon tt kim loi s tc ng ln b mt
ca sn phm nhm tng cng cc c tnh nh chng n mn, chng mi mn,
dn in, in tr, h s phn chiu, m quan, dung sai momen xon, tnh d hn,
chng xn, chng ha cht, kh nng gn kt vi cao su (lu ha) v mt lot cc tnh
cht c bit khc. Nhng ngnh cng nghip c s dng qu trnh x l hon tt sn
phm kim loi bao gm:
t
in t
v tr
vin thng
kim hon
thit b cng nghip
gia dng
trang sc
C nhiu loi vt liu, quy trnh v sn phm c s dng lm sch, khc axit v
bao ph cc b mt kim loi v phi kim. Qu trnh c trng nht y l phn kim
loi ca sn phm s tri qua mt hoc nhiu quy trnh x l vt l, ha hc v in
ha. Cc quy trnh vt l bao gm m, mi, nh bng, phun ct. Cc quy trnh ha
hc bao gm ty du m, lm sch, ty axit, khc mi, nh bng v m khng dng
in. Cc quy trnh in ha bao gm: m, nh bng in ha v anod ha.
1.1 Ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi ca Vit nam
Vit Nam, cc qu trnh hon tt sn phm kim loi thng c xem l mt b
phn trong dy chuyn sn xut mt sn phm kim loi no . i b phn cc
doanh nghip sn xut cc sn phm kim loi thng t t chc cho mnh mt phn
xng m hoc sn hon thin sn phm ca mnh. Chnh v vy, cc n v m
in hoc sn thng c quy m nh v nm ri rc trong cc ngnh sn xut nh
ngnh kim loi v cc sn phm kim loi, ngnh sn xut v sa cha cc phng
tin giao thng vn ti, ngnh ch to my mc v thit b. Ngoi ra, Vit Nam cng
c mt s xng m kim loi nhng nng, thng nm trong cc nh my sn xut
kt cu thp ca ngnh in hoc ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng (tm lp kim loi).
Ngoi mt s rt t cc cng ty ln sn xut ni tht xut khu hoc doanh nghip
lin doanh vi nc ngoi l c dy chuyn sn xut m, sn tnh in t ng ng
b, nhn chung, do c im l cc n v nh l, nn trang thit b phn ln thng t
ch to, khng ng b, nng sut thp, tiu hao nhiu ha cht v gy ra tc ng
tiu cc ti mi trng.
Theo s liu thng k ca VDC, Vit Nam c 203 doanh nghip thuc ngnh kim loi
v cc sn phm kim loi trn ton quc tri trn din rng ca 26 tnh v thnh ph.
Phn ln cc doanh nghip thng tp trung cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni (45
doanh nghip), Hi Phng (24 doanh nghip), Nam nh (13 doanh nghip) v thnh
ph H Ch Minh (64 doanh nghip).
Ngnh sn xut my mc v thit b c 304 doanh nghip nm ri rc trn 46 tnh v
thnh ph, trong ti H Ni c 85 doanh nghip, thnh ph H Ch Minh c 104
doanh nghip v Hi Phng c 11 doanh nghip.
Ngnh sn xut v sa cha cc phng tin giao thng vn ti c 279 doanh nghip
phn b ti 36 tnh v thnh ph. Cc doanh nghip ngnh ny tp trung ng nht ti
H Ni (68 doanh nghip), thnh ph H Ch Minh (66 doanh nghip), Hi Phng (30
doanh nghip), Nng (12 doanh nghip), Qung Ninh (6 doanh nghip), Nam nh,
Khnh Ha v Vnh Phc u c 5 doanh nghip.
1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut
C hai dng doanh nghip trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi: (1) cc nh my
hon tt sn phm kim loi c lp, thng c bit n vi nh cc xng gia
cng hoc cc cng ty hon tt sn phm kim loi c lp (m v sn); v (2) cc
n v hon tt kim loi trc thuc l mt b phn sn xut thc hin cc quy trnh
hon tt sn phm kim loi trong mt nh my ln.
Cc n v hon tt sn phm kim loi trc thuc c th mang tnh c th nhiu hn
trong hot ng sn xut ca mnh v cc qu trnh hon tt kim loi y thng
mang tnh hiu qu hn v ch x l mt s lng nht cc chi tit khc nhau. Ni cch
khc l h bit c hng ngy sn phm ca h cho ra l g v c nhiu s ch ng
iu chnh thit b ca mnh sao cho ph hp vi yu cu sn xut hng ngy. Kt
qu l khi mt quy trnh vn hnh ti hiu sut ti u th ph thi s t hn.
Sn phm ca cc n v hon tt sn phm kim loi c lp thng c tnh c th
t hn so vi cc n v trc thuc v h thng c rt nhiu khch hng vi nhng
yu cu v c im v cht lng sn phm khc nhau. Yu cu v tnh linh hot
trong vn hnh tha mn yu cu ca cc khch hng khc nhau thng lm gii
hn cc u tin la chn v cc quy trnh sn xut thn thin mi trng.
Mc d hai dng doanh nghip k trn c s khc nhau trong vn hnh sn xut
nhng cc cng ngh hon tt cc sn phm kim loi c p dng th cng ging
nhau v kt qu l cc loi tc ng ti mi trng gy ra l tng t.
Sn xut hon tt cc sn phm kim loi l qu trnh s dng nhiu nng lng in,
nc v cc loi ha cht, trong c cha nhiu kim loi nng. Cc ngun nng
lng chnh l nhin liu (than, du, gas) t l hi, in v du diesel cho my
pht in. Cc quy trnh v hot ng chnh trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi
cng vi cc loi u vo v cc dng thi s c cp mt cch chi tit ti cc
phn tip theo.
1.2.1 Chun b b mt v lm sch cc chi tit
Chun b b mt, mc sch b mt cc chi tit v cc iu kin mi trng ha
cht l cc yu t thit yu qu trnh hon tt sn phm kim loi c thc hin
mt cch m bo. Nu b mt khng c lm sch tt, th cc lp che ph k c
loi t tin nht cng khng th bm c hoc khng ngn chn c tc ng n
mn ca mi trng bn ngoi. Cc k thut chun b b mt gm t k thut mi,
nh bng, phun ct n ty bng axit v cc quy trnh lm sch bng ha cht qua
nhiu bc phc hp. Cc c im u vo v u ra ca qu trnh ny gm:
Cc nguyn liu u vo: cc dung mi, tc nhn nh ha, kim, v a-xt.
Cc pht thi kh: cc dung mi bay hi (ch trong trng hp s dng phng
php ty bng dung mi v lm sch nh tng)
Nc thi: cc cht thi dung mi, kim v a-xt
Cht thi rn/nguy hi: cht thi d chy, cht thi dung mi, kim loi, v cc cn
lng.
1.2.2 M
M v c bn l to ra lp che ph v c ln b mt ca chi tit cn m nhm em li
cc c tnh mong mun nh chng n mn, to cng, chng mi mn, chng rn
nt, dn in hoc nhit, hoc trang tr. Nhng quy trnh m phc tp c bit
thng ng dng mi quan h in cc (cc m/cc dng) gia vt cn m v b
m. Cc dng m ch yu l:
M trng quay loi k thut ny dng m mt lc rt nhiu cc chi tit nh.
Cc chi tit ny c o vo b m t cc thng hoc cc thng nhng.
M xoa lp dung dch m c ph ln b mt vt cn m bng mt vt thm
dung dch m ging nh mt cy chi qut, ng vai tr nh cc dng. Chi tit
cn m gi vai tr l cc m v qu trnh c thc hin bng mt dng in trc
tip.
M khng in tch thc hin n gin ch l nhng vt cn m vo b m.
M in l mt quy trnh ph bin nht ti cc nh my hon tt kim loi. Trong mt
s k thut m in cc ion kim loi trong mi trng dung dch a-xt, kim, hoc
trung tnh c gim xung trn vt cn m. Cc ion kim loi trong dung dch
thng c b sung bng s tan r kim loi t cc dng kim loi rn c lm
t chnh loi kim loi ang m, hoc c th c b sung trc tip dung dch mui
kim loi hoc cc loi -xt. Xyanua, thng dng mui hoc kali xyanua, thng
c dng nh mt hot cht tng hp cho m ct-mi v cc kim loi qu, v vi
cp t hn, cho cc dung dch khc nh cc b m ng v km.
M c kh l mt qu trnh din ra trong thng lng kim loi ln nhiu cht lm
nn s dng c hc ch khng dng nng lng in.
M trn r - t cc chi tit ln v tr d m nht tip xc vi dng m.
M xung in c s dng ph bin m vng v hp kim vng, nickel, bc,
chromium, hp kim tr thic, v palladium.
M nhng nng l k thut m chi tit kim loi bng mt kim loi khc to ra lp
mng bo v bng cch nhng chi tit cn m vo trong mt bn nng chy. M
km (km nhng nng) l mt dng m ph bin trong k thut to b mt nhng
nng.
o Cc nguyn liu u vo a-xt, cc dung dch kim, dung dch c cha kim
loi nng, v cc dung dch c cha xyanua
o nhim kh kh cha ion kim loi v hi a-xt
o Nc thi t quy trnh a-xt/ kim, xyanua, v cc cht thi kim loi;
o Cht thi rn/nguy hi kim loi v cc cht thi phn ng (hot ng mnh)
Trong cc k thut m k trn th m in l ph bin nht, v th cc phn di y
s tp trung m t chi tit v k thut m ny.
1.2.2.1 M in
M in l mt qu trnh in phn, mt b mt kim loi s c ph mt lp kim
loi khc qua qu trnh in phn. Hot ng m in ch yu ng dng vi cc dng
m v c cho cc b mt v mc ch chng g, to cng, chng mn, to c tnh
chng rn nt, dn in hoc nhit, hoc trang tr. Cc kim loi v hp kim thng
c dng trong m in l ng (ng-km), ct-mi, crm, ng , vng, nickel,
bc, thic, v km. (OECA, 1995). Hnh 1 biu din mt quy trnh m in c bn.
Bc u tin trong quy trnh thng l bc loi b cc cht bn dnh trn b mt chi
tit kim loi (du, m, t v.v...). Nhm v thp, hai loi kim loi phi ph bin nht, s
dng hai quy trnh ty bn khc nhau. C th nhng thp vo dung dch soda kim
nng, cn nhm th phi c lm sch bng a-xt hoc cht ty epoxi v nhm b n
mn trong dung dch kim.
Ty loi chi tit cn m c th cn phi nh bng s b trc khi m. Kim loi phi
thng c nhng vo mt dung dch a-xt ty nh l bc lm sch cui cng.
C th dng rt nhiu loi a-xt nhng:
A-xt n: a-xt ni-t-rc 50% ti nhit bnh thng
A-xt kp: a-xt sulfuric 15% nhng 2 pht nhit 82C, ra qua, v sau
nhng vo dung dch a-xt ni-t-rc 50%
A-xt hn hp: a-xt ni-t-rc 75% ha vi a-xt hydrofluoric 25%
Cng c th t vo mt thng ty in s dng dng in ngc chiu loi b -xi
v du, m hoc bi bn cn st li. Phi kim loi c th c m trc mt lp ng
mng (thm qua ng) y l lp chng n mn rt hiu qu v ng thi cng to ra
b mt m tt hn cho lp m nickel sau . Sau chi tit c nhng vo mt bn
in phn c cha dung dch nickel sulphate v cc dng nickel, v chi tit m s
lm cc m. Nickel s to ra lp o khoc bo v khi n mn v l lp hon tt to
sng bng cho chi tit. dy ca lp m ph thuc vo mnh yu ca dng
in v thi gian nhng chi tit trong bn.
Sau khi c ra bng nc, chi tit s c nhng vo bn a-xt chromic m
chrome. Hiu sut dng in khi phn r chrome t dung dch chromic l rt km, v v
th m m chrome l mt k thut m tiu th nhiu nng lng.

Hnh 1. Quy trnh m in vi cc u vo v cht thi
1.2.2.2 A-nt ha
A-nt ha l mt qu trnh in phn bin b mt kim loi thnh mt lp ph khng
ha tan -xt. M a-nt to ra lp bo v chng n mn, cc b mt trang tr, lm nn
sn hoc cho cc quy trnh to lp ph b mt khc, ng thi to ra cc c tnh
c kh cng nh in c th. Nhm l vt liu thng c dng nhiu nht trong m
a-nt. Cc quy trnh a-nt ha nhm gm: a-nt a-xt chromic, a-nt a-xt sulfuric, v a-
nt boric-sulfuric.
Sau khi a-nt ha cc chi tit s c ra k v i qua mt qu trnh bt l nng cao
tnh chng n mn ca lp ph b mt. Cc cht ph kn ny thng l: a-xt chromic,
nickel acetate, nickel-cobalt acetate, v nc nng.
U VO U RA
Chi tit
kim loi
Nng lng
Kim
Dch ra
dng
Dch ty g
dng
Axit
RA
TY R
Dch m
dng
M
KL/mui
KL
Cht lm bng
Nng lng
Dch i theo
vt m
Nng lng
tht thot
Nc RA
Thnh
phm
X L
Nc thi
Bn thi
Nguyn liu u vo A-xt, cht ph b mt
Pht thi kh kh cha ion kim loi v hi a-xt
Nc thi t quy trnh cht thi a-xt
Cht thi rn/nguy hi Cc dung dch dng, bn x l nc thi, v cc
mt kim loi.

Hnh 2: Quy trnh a-nt ha cng vi cc yu t u vo v pht thi
1.2.2.3 M km nhng nng
M km l mt quy trnh to lp ph b mt bng km cho thp c chun b
khng s dng k thut in phn. Trong tt c cc k thut to b mt ph bin cho
thp th m km l phng php to b mt chng g tt nht. Trong quy trnh m km
kim loi c nu thnh hp kim vi cht nn. V th lp km m s khng b trc ra
nh khi dng sn to ra lp bo v vnh cu cho cht nn.
Bc u tin l bc ra sch trong kim nng loi b cc cht bn bm trn b
mt chi tit. Sau cc chi tit c t vo mt b ty (a-xt sulfuric hoc
hydrochloric) loi b cc vy sc, g kim loi v cc cht bn bm trn b mt khc.
Cc chi tit c ra loi b dung dch ty cn dnh trn sn phm.
Sau c th chuyn chi tit sang nhng vo mt dung dch to x, thng c 30%
km ammonium chloride vi cc cht to m, c duy tr nhit khong 65
o
C.
Dung dch chuyn ng loi b lp mng -xt hnh thnh trn b mt thp hot ng
mnh sau qu trnh lm sch bng a-xt, v ngn chn s -xi ha thm 2 gi trc
khi m km.
Cc chi
tit nhm
Nc
Kim
A-xt sulphuric/
chromic
A-xt Nitric
A-xt Chromic
Bn
Cht thi
Kim
A-xt
Thnh
phm
Lm sch Ra
X l
Ra
Ra
Ra
Ra
Khc mn ty
oxit
Ty g
A-nt ha
Nhum mu
U VO
CHT THI
Cc chi tit sau khi c chun b sn sng s c nhng vo dung dch km
nng chy, duy tr nhit khong 450
o
C, to ra nhng lp m hp kim km-st
ng nht. Cc quy trnh thay th gm mt b m/xc kt hp trong c mt lp km
ammonium chloride nng chy ni trn b mt ca km nng chy, v m km in
phn cng c s dng rng ri. Quy trnh m km c bit ch ph hp vi quy m
cu trc ln v n gin. Cc l nh trn b mt trang tr s c x km lp y. Cc
quy trnh m km ly tm trn chuyn s loi b phn km tha lm cho cht lng b
mt m ca cc chi tit nh c ci thin ng k.
Cng ging nh hin tng n bn km, mt lng sn phm thi ln thot ra t b
km do -xt km hnh thnh rt nhanh chng trn b mt b. Lp -xt ny cn phi
c ht b trc khi nhc vt phm m ra khi b nhm trnh hin tng xn mu v
bm cn tro trn b mt m. y l mt kh khn i vi cc chi tit cn phi nhc ra
khi b m mt cch t t v lp -xt kp hnh thnh trong khi nhc v bm vo b
mt thnh phm.
Nu khng c cnh bo an ton y th hot ng m km c th dn n cc ri
ro. Khi nhng cc chi tit vo trong b km 450
o
C, km s phn ng d di v n
bn rt nhiu ra ngoi. Khng kh trong cc l hng nng ln cc k nhanh v c th
to ra p sut ln. Nu khng c cc l thng thot kh th chi tit c th b n tan.
ng thi Km cng c th lp kn cc u cui ca ng v khi p sut trong ng tng
ln th s km bt u c th b bn bt ra ging nh mt khu ca-nng. Nu khng
c cc thit b che chn m bo th qu trnh m ny s b tht thot mt lng km
rt ln v c th gy nguy him cho ngi cng nhn. Nu cc cng nhn vn hnh
phi s tn khi khu vc thc hin quy trnh trong khi nhng c th lm nh hng ln
ti nng sut.

Hnh 3: Quy trnh m km cng vi cc u vo v pht thi
Chi tit
thp
Kim
Nc
H2SO4/ HCL
Nng lng
Km 450
0
C
bi, cht thi
rn
Cht thi
Bn A-xt khc
dng
Km bn
Nng lng
lng ph
Thnh
phm
Ty du m
Ra
Khc n mn
Xc s b
Nhng vo km
nng chy
X l
1.2.2.4 Sn tnh in
Sn tnh in l vic ph mt lp cht do ln b mt cc chi tit cn che ph. C 2
loi cht do ph bin l nha nhit do v nha nhit rn. Cc loi nha nhit do l
cc cht hnh thnh mt lp ph m khng cn phi tri qua qu trnh bin i cu trc
phn t (nh polyetylen, polypropylene, nylon, polyvinylclorua, v nha nhit do
polyeste). Cc loi nha nhit rn xp cho qua nhau to ra mt lp mng vnh cu
chu nhit v s khng b tan chy li (epoxy, hybrit, uretan polyeste, acrylic, polyester
triglycidyl isoxyanuric (TGIC)).
Cc vt liu thch hp sn tnh in l thp, nhm, thp m km, magie, nhm,
km v ng thau. Sn tnh in c s dng v mc ch thng mi i vi rt
nhiu sn phm kim loi t c nh n c trung bnh, bao gm nhng b g n
chiu sng, v thit b, cc thit b ngoi tri, cc k gi, v khung ca s, ...
Lp ph c to ra bng cch phun bt c tch in nh phng php tnh in
ln b mt ca ca chi tit, v em nung nng, khi bt ph s chy v to thnh lp
b mt c lin kt tt. Sn tnh in thng c p dng khi sn 1 lp. Sn tnh in
ang ngy cng ph bin v y l mt cng ngh to lp ph b mt to ra pht thi t
hn so vi cc cng ngh khc. Xu hng ny xut pht t nguyn nhn chi ph tng
ln v thi gian sn xut ko di ca cc cng ngh khc, cng vi cc quy nh lut
php v vn mi trng ngy cng kht khe. u th chnh ca phng php sn
tnh in l khng dng cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC) v v th m khng cn
n cc thit b phn hy VOC tn km nh l thiu hoc cc thit b hp th carbon.
Hiu qu ca cc h thng phun bt cao hn nhiu so vi phun dung mi hoc nc.
Sau khi phun, lng bt khng bm vo chi tit c th c thu hi v ti s dng. So
vi cc k thut phun t, phun tnh in t c bao ph ln hn v bt c th
ph ln tt c cc gc cnh v b mt ca chi tit khng trc din vi sng phun.
Trc khi phun bt, b mt chi tit cn phi c lm sch, sy kh, v ci thin cht
lng b mt. Vic ci thin cht lng b mt c th c thc hin bng cch ra
hay sc a-xt. Cc phng php gia cng c bit trc khi sn gm lm sch bng
dung mi chuyn dng, bng cc cht mi mn, hay bng ha cht pha long. Vic
lm sch b mt c ngha quan trng i vi cng ngh sn tnh in hn nhiu so
vi m in v trong quy trnh sn s khng c thm mt bc lm sch no.
C rt nhiu loi nha nhit do c dng cho k thut sn tnh in nh polyetylen,
polypropylen, nylon, PVC v nha nhit do polyeste. Cc loi nha nhit do ny ch
yu c s dng lm cc lp ph bo v v thc hin chc nng nht nh ch
khng phi l thay th cho cc sn dung mi.
Cc loi nha nhit rn s c nghin thnh bt mn v c to thnh cc mng
mng, do b mt ph gn tng t nh sn nc. C 5 h nha nhit rn ch yu
l: epoxy, hybrit, uretan polyeste, acrylic, v tri-glycidyl iso-cyanuric (TGIC) polyeste.
Cc nguyn liu dng trong sn tnh in c gi cao hn kh nhiu so vi cc nguyn
liu sn truyn thng khc cho cng mt th tch. Tuy nhin, c nhiu trng hp chi
ph sn xut ra thnh phm li thp hn, c bit l khi cn phi to lp ph dy, v c
th b li cho khon chi ph nguyn liu bt cao (EnviroSense, 1994).
Nhng hn ch ln nht khi p dng k thut sn tnh in l cn phi lm nng vt
cn sn nhit cao (260
o
C) lm nng chy bt, v th n ch p dng c cho
nhng vt phm bng kim loi, kch c ca chi tit cng cn phi ph hp cho
vo trong l v mu sc cc m phi ng nht cng nh phi ph hp mu vi cc
loi sn thng dng khc (EnviroSense, 1994).

Hnh 4: Quy trnh sn tnh in
1.2.2.5 Ph phi kim
Crmat ho c dng vi nhiu loi kim loi khc nhau thng qua phng php x
l ha cht hoc in ha. Cc dung dch, thng cha crm ha tr 6 v cc hp cht
khc, phn ng vi b mt kim loi to mt lp c cha mt hn hp phc tp gm
cc hp cht ca crm, cc thnh phn khc v kim loi nn.
Pht pht ho c th c to ra bng cch nhng thp, st hoc thp m km vo
dung dch mui pht pht long hay a-xt pht pht v cc cht xc tc khc to mi
trng b mt cho cng on ch bin tip theo.
Nhum mu kim loi bng cch dng ha cht bin b mt kim loi thnh hp cht
-xt hoc hp cht kim loi tng t to ra b mt hon tt trang tr nh mu xanh
trn ng.
U VO
CHT THI
Chi tit
kim loi
Cht kim/a-xt
lm sch
A-xt
Nng lng
Bt nha
Dung dch ra
dng
A-xt dng
Nng lng
hao ph
Bt phun tha
Lm sch
Ci thin cht lng
b mt
Gia nhit nn
Phun sn
tnh in
ng rn
Thnh
phm
Th ng ha l mt quy trnh to lp mng bo v trn kim loi bng cch nhng vo
mt dung dch a-xt, thng l a-xt nitric hoc a-xt nitric ln natri icromat.
Cc c im ca quy trnh ny bao gm:
Nguyn liu u vo: kim loi v a-xt
Kh thi: kh mang ion kim loi v hi a-xt
Nc thi: cc mui kim loi, a-xt, v cc cht thi t kim loi phi
Cht thi rn/nguy hi: dung dch dng ht, bn x l nc thi, v kim loi phi

1.2.3 Hon tt c hc
Hon tt bng phng php thi (blast finishing) gip to ra cc b mt hon tt m
hay bng, th hay mn, v li hay loi b nhng yu t khng hon ho khc.
Hon tt khi (mass finishing) l mt quy trnh m trong b mt chi tit c hon
tt hoc chun b cho cc hot ng khc bng cch khuy mt s lng ln cc chi
tit trong hn hp gm cc cht trung gian nh g, nc, v cc hp cht hon tt b
mt.
nh bng (polishing) l mt hot ng mi mn loi b hoc lm nhn cc li b
mt (xc, r, hay du vt khi gia cng) c nh hng xu n ngoi quan hoc chc
nng ca sn phm. Cc c im bao gm:
Nguyn liu u vo: cc cht trung gian nh bng
Kh thi: rt t
Nc thi: nc c cha cn nh bng, kim loi v hp cht hon tt b mt
Cht thi rn/ nguy hi: kim loi b mt b bong ra, cht nh bng trung gian.
Sn v to lp ph b mt
Sn phun l mt quy trnh trong sn c ng trong mt khoang cha b nn v
c phun thnh cc tia qua mt vi phun. Trong c 2 phng php ny th nguyn
liu lp ph u c phun ln mt v sau ng rn. Cc dy chuyn to lp ph
b mt hin i nht c dng c nguyn liu bt v cht lng c th ng rn bng tia
cc tm.
Lp ph bng nguyn l ngng hi vt l (Physical vapor deposition-PVD) l cc lp
ph c bit mng ch khong 2 n 5 micromet. PVD gm mt s qu trnh ngng kt
trong cc nguyn t b tch bng phng php vt l t ngun v bm ln sn
phm. Nhit nng v phng php bn ph ion chuyn ha cht ph thnh dng hi.
Cc c im ca quy trnh ny bao gm:
Nguyn liu u vo: cc dung mi v cht ph
Kh thi: cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC) v cc cht nhim khng kh
nguy hi (HAP)
Nc thi: nc cha nhiu dung mi, nc ra
Cht thi rn/nguy hi: cc cht cn, x, dung mi sn, sn tha hoc ht hn s
dng.
Khc axit
Khc to ra cc mu thit k c th hoc hnh thc b mt ca sn phm bng
cch ha tan c kim sot s dng cc ha cht phn ng hay cht khc axit.
Nguyn liu u vo: axit, cht khc axit, ho cht phn ng.
Kh thi: VOCs
Cht thi rn/ nguy hi: bn, axit v ho cht phn ng qua s dng.
1.2.4 Khu vc ph tr
Khu vc ph tr bao gm cp nc, cp in, h thng kh nn, v ni hi cng mng
phn phi hi nc.
Ngnh x l hon tt kim loi s dng rt nhiu nc, c bit ti cc bc ra. Vic
cp nc hin c m bo bng cch ly nc t mng cp nc a phng
hoc bng cc ging khoan ca cc cng ty. Cht lng nc c bit c tc ng
quan trng ti cht lng lp ph v mt nn c phi c x l trc khi s dng
vo sn xut.
Kh nn c dng cho cc khu xt phun trong qu trnh x l hon tt. Cc my nn
thng l yu t gp phn lm gim hiu qu s dng nng lng.
H thng l hi v mng phn phi hi trong cc nh my hon tt kim loi cng cn
c cn nhc khi nh gi tn hao nng lng. Khi thi t ni hi c thi ra
thng qua mt qut gi y vo ng khi. H thng kim sot khi thi nh cyclon a
bc, ti lc, v ESP c th c s dng kim sot pht thi ht l lng.
Mt s nh my c cc b pht in dng diesel m bo cc yu cu v in
nng, phng trng hp mt in t li in quc gia.

1.3 Cc vn mi trng trong hon tt sn phm kim loi
Ngnh hon tt kim loi gy ra rt nhiu vn mi trng nh cc cht nhim
trong nc thi v kh thi cng nh cc cht c hi trong bn thi. Kt qu l ngnh
ny lin tc phi i mt vi ngy cng nhiu cc quy nh lut php v gii hn mi
trng. Vn ni cm nht l nc thi, sau l kh thi v cht thi rn. Bng 1
s tng kt li cc dng cht thi ca ngnh hon tt kim loi.
Bng 1: Cc dng cht thi trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi
Cht thi Cc nguy c
tim tng
Dng thi Cng on
Kim (hydroxide) n mn Nc thi Lm sch, khc
axit
Axt (Nit, Lu
hunh, axit
clohydric, axit
flohydric)
n mn Nc thi Lm sch, khc
axit, ngm ty,
nhng lm sng
Cc cht hot
ng b mt
c i vi thu
sinh
Nc thi Lm sch
Du v m c i vi thu
sinh
Nc thi, dung
mi thi
Lm sch
Caimi, km,
Niken, ng, v
cc kim loi khc
c B m, dung dch
bm theo ra,
nc ra, cc
mng lc thi,
bn
M
Percloroetylen,
Tricloroetylen, cc
dung mi khc
Bnh h hp v
da
Dung mi thi,
(lng hoc bn),
kh thi
Lm sch
Xyanua c B m, dung dch
bm theo ra,
nc ra, bn,
nc thi khc
M, lm sch
bng tang quay,
bc lp m, x l
nhit, ty g
Cromat c B m, dung dch
bm theo ra,
nc ra, bn,
nc thi khc
v kh m
M, crm ho,
khc axit
Nc Nc ra, nc
bm theo ra, b
x l, kh thi
(bay hi), nc
lm mt, x y
l hi
rt nhiu quy
trnh

1.3.1 Cc vn mi trng trong cng on tin x l
Cc dung mi, a-xt, v dung dch kim c s dng trong cc cng on tin x l
thng dn n cc pht thi kh, nc thi hoc cht thi c hi. Cc ha cht ny
c th gy ra cc tc ng mi trng nghim trng nu khng c x l thch hp.
Nc thi: nc thi t qu trnh tin x l ch yu l nc thi b nhim t cc b
ra v nc v sinh cho quy trnh. Loi nhim cn ph thuc vo ngun gc. Hu
ht nhng dung dch m t cc b ty g v t cng on ra kim loi u c tnh a-xt
v cha cc dung dch a-xt sulfuric, nitric v clohydric. Nc thi kim t thit b lm
sch bng kim v nc ra c cha x phng, cc loi du v cht rn l lng. Dung
dch lm sch kim tnh c cha natrihydroxit, cc loi mui pht-pht, silicat,
carbonat, mt s cht nh tng hu c v cc cht thm t tng hp.
Cc hp cht hu c thi: Thng thng quy trnh sn hon tt l ngun chnh pht
thi cc hp cht hu c bay hi (VOC). Khong 40% pht thi dung mi ca cc hot
ng cng nghip l t quy trnh ny. trong s bt ngun t ngnh cng nghip
sn xut -t.
Cc cng ty s dng tricloetylen hoc cc loi dung mi cha clo khc gy ra nhim
khng kh nghim trng v 75-90% cc dung mi l bay hi. Tuy nhin, c th s dng
cc loi thit b lc than c bit gi li cc dung dch ny. Nn thay th cht ty
dung mi cha clo bng cc k thut ty khc chng hn nh ty kim.
Pht thi VOC dn n hin tng to ozone v gy khi m ti tng i lu. Qu
trnh ny rt c hi cho sc khe con ngi v lm gim sn lng ma mng t 10 -
15%. Tc ng mi trng ch yu t cc quy trnh tin x l c lit k trong Bng
2.
Bng 2: Cc vn mi trng t nhng hot ng tin x l
Quy trnh Tiu hao / Cht thi Cc vn mi trng
X l c hc Tiu hao nng lng
Cc phn t kim loi nng v
bi ca mi cht nh bng
Cn kit ti nguyn v nhim
khng kh. c bit l gp phn
gy ra hin tng m ln ton cu.
Mi trng lm vic khng bo
m v nhim ting n.
Ty du m
bng dung mi
Cc hp cht hu c bay hi
Cht thi nguy hi
Cc hp cht hu c bay hi t
cc dung mi l rt c hi v gy
ra hin tng khi quang ho lm
kch ng ng h hp v dn ti
cc bnh v phi. Mt s dung mi
cha clo l nhng cht ph hy
tng ozon, v cn c loi b
theo Ngh nh th Montreal

Quy trnh Tiu hao / Cht thi Cc vn mi trng
Ty du m
bng kim
Hi v nc thi t cc b x
l kim c cha du, ion kim
loi v cc ha cht khc
Tiu hao nng lng
C nguy c gy nhim c cho
thy sinh nu nh nc thi ny
thot ra mi trng
Ty du m
bng phng
php in phn
Sn kh v cc dch x l s
dng c cha du, ion kim loi
v cc ha cht

Tiu th in
Sn kh c th nh hng xu ti
mi trng lm vic. Cc dch x l
dng c th gy nhim c cho
thy sinh
Cn kin ti nguyn, nhim
khng kh v gp phn vo hin
tng m ln ton cu
Ty r bng axit Hi axit Nguy c ph hng cc cng trnh
nh xng
Cc dch x l bng a-xt s
dng cn cha du, ion kim
loi, ha cht
Nguy c nhim c cho thy sinh
nu x nc thi ny ra mi trng
M lt Tiu th nng lng v nc
thi ra c cha ion kim loi, cc
ha cht
Tiu th nng lng dn n suy
gim ti nguyn khng ti sinh
(nh du m), pht thi kh v hin
tng m ln ton cu
Nc thi: nh trn
Ra Tiu hao nc

Nc thi c cha du, ion kim
loi v ha cht t b trc
Tiu th nc c th dn n cn
kit ngun nc sch trong khu
vc
Nc thi c kh nng gy nhim
c cho thy sinh

Nm 1995 tng lng pht thi VOC hng nm ca Lin minh Chu u c tnh mc 8 triu tn trong
8% bt ngun t cc hot ng sn cng nghip. cc nc cng nghip pht trin th t l ny cng
c d on mc tng t.

1.3.2 Cc vn mi trng trong cng on m in
Cc cht thi ca cng on m in ch yu l cc dung dch c cha kim loi. Cc
loi kim loi v hp kim thng c m in l ng thau (ng-km), caimi, crm,
ng, vng, nickel, bc, thic v km.
Tnh cht v nhim ca cc cht thi trong m in rt khc nhau v ty thuc
vo cc yu cu m, phng php ra v s lng cng on tin x l thc hin ti
nh my.
Kh thi: cc hot ng m lm pht sinh pht thi v sn kh. Cc sn kh thot ra t
cc dung dch m in v cc kh trong quy trnh l ngun pht thi kh v c th cha
cc kim loi nng hoc cc cht khc c trong b m. Cc sn kh v hi dung dch
nh hng xu n mi trng lm vic ti khu vc sn xut.
Tiu th nc: Cc quy trnh m in tiu th nc rt khc nhau ty thuc vo din
tch b mt c m. Mc tiu th nc ti cng on m in trong thc hnh tt c
th t mc 10-20 lt/m
2
b mt .
Bng 3: Tnh hnh tiu th nc tnh theo din tch b mt m
Loi m in Lng nc tiu th/m
2

M km quay 10 - 210 l/m
2

M km treo 10 - 600 l/m
2

M nicken quay 20 - 50 l/m
2

M nicken treo 40 - 50 l/m
2

M crm cng 20 l/m
2

M thic quay 50 l/m
2

Nc thi: Nc thi t cng on m in ch yu l nc ra v cht nhim bao
gm cc ion kim loi, i khi l xyanua ty thuc vo thnh phn ca b m.
Nc thi thng c x l ti ch bng phng php kt ta hydroxit truyn thng.
Nc thi c cha Cr
6+
phi c x l s b kh Cr
6+
thnh Cr
3+
. Nc thi c
cha xyanua phi c -xy ho ring. Vic x l nc thi s to ra bn. Hm lng
kim loi nng trong nc thi nh m gim xung v chuyn thnh pha c c gm
cc hydroxit kim loi. Bn sau khi to ra cn phi c lm lng.
Xyanua: Xyanua, ch yu l natri hoc kali xyanua, thng c dng lm tc nhn
to phc cho m ct-mi v, cc kim loi qu, v dng cho cc dung dch khc nh
dung dch m ng v km. Cc mui xyanua thng c a dng v chng l cc
dung mi tt, v trong m km th n cho ra sn phm sng hn v t r hn. Xyanua
rt c hi i vi c, cc loi thu sinh khc, cng nh con ngi. Ch cn trong
nc c nhim mt lng nh xyanua l rt nguy him v cn phi trnh.
Cc loi cht thi khc: Cc cht thi khc pht sinh t m in gm cc dung dch
qua s dng b nhim bn trong qu trnh s dng v v th lm gim bt hiu sut
x l. Cc dung dch qua s dng c th c x b nh k. Bng 4 trnh by cc
vn mi trng t cc bc x l trong cng on m in.
Bng 4: Cc vn cn quan tm trong qu trnh m in
Quy trnh Tiu hao/cht thi Cc vn mi trng
Tiu hao nng lng

Tiu hao nng lng c th
dn n suy gim cc ngun
ti nguyn khng ti to (vd:
du m) v pht thi kh, c
bit l gp phn gy ra hin
tng nng ln ton cu v
pht thi carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
S dng cc b dung dch c
cha cc ion kim loi v ho
cht
Nu thi cc dung dch s
dng ra mi trng th n c
th gy ra cc tc ng c
hi cho thy sinh. Ngoi ra cn
c nguy c gy nhim t
M Nickel
t pht thi kh v sn kh Cc kh thi v sn kh khin
cho mi trng lm vic tr
ln c hi
M km axt Tiu th nng lng Nh trn
Hi axt Nguy c ph hu nh xng
Cc dung dch a-xt qua s
dng c cha cc ion kim loi
v ho cht
Nh trn
Ra Tiu hao nc

Tiu hao nc c th dn n
cn kit ngun nc sch
trong vng
Nc thi c cha ion kim loi
v cc ho cht t b trc
Nc thi c th gy tc ng
c hi ti mi trng thy
sinh do n c cha kim loi
nng

1.3.3 Cc vn mi trng trong ph phi kim
Cc vn mi trng trong ph phi kim cng tng t nh trong cc quy trnh m
in.
Trong crmt ha mu vng, c crm ho tr 6 v ho tr 3 u xut hin trong nc
thi t cc b ra. V crm ho tr 6 rt c nn cn phi trnh s dng loi ny v nn
ch dng crm mu xanh c cha duy nht crm ho tr 3.
Bng 5: Cc vn mi trng cn quan tm trong qu trnh ph phi kim
Pht pht ho Tiu hao nng lng

Tiu hao nng lng c th
dn n cn kit cc ngun ti
nguyn khng ti to (v d:
du m) v pht thi kh, c
bit l gp phn gy ra hin
tng m ln ton cu.
Cc b dung dch s dng
c cha cc ion kim loi v
ho cht
Cc dung dch s dng nu
x mi trng th s gy ra
cc tc ng c hi cho thy
sinh. Ngoi ra cn c nguy c
gy nhim t.
Lng nh pht thi kh v
sn kh
Cc pht thi kh v sn kh c
th khin cho mi trng lm
vic tr ln c hi
Crm-mt ho Tiu hao nng lng Nh trn
Cc b dung dch a-xt s
dng c cha cc ion kim loi
v ho cht
Nc thi c cha crm ho
tr 6 rt c hi
Lng nh pht thi kh v
sn kh
Nh trn
Ra Tiu hao nc Tiu hao nc c th dn n
cn kit ngun nc sch
trong vng
Nc thi c cha ion kim loi
v cc ho cht t b trc
Nc thi c th gy tc ng
c hi ti mi trng nc
do n c cha kim loi nng

1.3.4 Cc vn mi trng trong hon tt bng sn
Cc vn mi trng lin quan ti hon tt s dng sn rt phc tp v cc phn
tch thc hin SXSH cn phi cn c vo ci nhn tng qut. Bng 6 trnh by cc
quy trnh c chn v nu ra cc ngun gy nhim tng cng on. Mt s vn
mi trng lin quan n cng on hon tt s dng sn l:
Pht thi cha cc ht l lng;
Cc dung mi thi (cc hp cht hu c d bay hi)
Mi
Ti lng thy lc, nc thi; v
Pht sinh cht thi c v nguy hi.
Bng 6: Cc vn mi trng cn quan tm trong qu trnh sn
To lp sn lt Cc cht mu c hi c hi vi con ngi v mi
trng
Cht thi rn, bung phun C th gy ra mi ti bi rc
Cht thi lng, cn sn Tc ng v mt m quan ti
nc thi, v c nguy c gy
c
Dung mi thi Cc hp cht hu c bay hi
l cc cht c v to ra khi
m quang ha gy kch ng
ng h hp v gy ra cc
bnh v phi
Cc ht l lng trong kh thi C th gy ra cc bnh v phi
Mi Gy kh chu cho ngi dn
khu vc xung quanh
Cc cht nhim siu nh
(cht mu l lng trong khng
kh)
Sc khe an ton lao ng
khng c m bo
ng rn nhit Dung mi thi Nh trn
Cc ht l lng trong kh thi Nh trn
Mi Nh trn
Cc cht nhim siu nh Nh trn
Tiu hao nng lng Tiu hao nng lng c th
dn n cn kit cc ngun ti
nguyn khng ti sinh (v d:
du m), kh thi v hin
tng m ln ton cu
Sn lp ngoi Ging nh quy trnh to lp
sn lt
Ging nh quy trnh to lp
sn lt

2 Sn xut sch hn Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng
php lun
Chng ny gii thiu cc nguyn tc v SXSH, cc yu cu ca tip cn ny v tim nng thc hin i
vi ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi Vit Nam. Chng ny s gii thiu tng quan phng php lun
v SXSH v cc bc khc nhau trong phng php lun ny. Ngi c cng s c gii thiu nhiu
k thut khc nhau xc nh cc la chn SXSH trong sn xut hon tt sn phm kim loi. Chi tit
hng dn s dng phng php lun ny v cch tip cn tng bc s c cung cp c th hn trong
Chng 4.
2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn (SXSH)
Qu trnh cng nghip ha nhanh v rng l mt trong nhng yu t ng gp quan
trng vo s pht trin ca nn kinh t Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, i km vi s bng n
tng trng cng nghip thng l cc vn v mi trng. Mt trong cc cch thc
tip cn gii quyt vn ny l phng php tip cn cui ng ng (EOP),
tc l x l pht thi/cht thi ch sau khi chng pht sinh. V thc tin, iu ny
ng ngha vi xy dng v vn hnh cc c s x l nc thi, cc thit b km sot
nhim khng kh v cc bi chn lp an ton - y l nhng cng vic rt tn km.
Xt n quy trnh cng nghip cn phi hiu rng bt c quy trnh hoc hot ng no
cng khng bao gi t c hiu sut 100%. Lun c tn hao no vo mi trng
v khng th chuyn thnh dng sn phm hu ch. Tn hao ny l s lng ph hay s
nhim lun gn lin vi sn xut cng nghip. Yu t ny thng c nhc n
nh c hi b mt i trong qu trnh sn xut. T l pht sinh cht thi thng rt cao
v c mt thc t l rt t nh sn xut cng nghip nhn ra iu ny. Hin nay tip
cn x l cui ng ng vn ang c p dng ph bin trong cc c s cng
nghip, nhng kh nng tip nhn nhim ca mi trng ang gn nh cn kit v
cc n v sn xut cng nghip dn nhn thc c s cn thit phi xem xt li cc
cng on sn xut ca mnh. iu ny dn n s xut hin khi nim v mt tip
cn mang tnh ch ng gim cht thi ti ngun trong qun l cht thi. Tip cn
ch ng ny c gi l Sn xut sch hn (SXSH).
SXSH c nh ngha l s p dng lin tc chin lc mi trng tng hp mang
tnh phng nga trong cc quy trnh, sn phm, v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut
v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng.
Vi cc quy trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo tn cc nguyn liu th v
nng lng, loi b cc nguyn liu th c hi, v gim lng v c tnh ca tt
c cc dng cht thi;
Vi cc sn phm, SXSH bao gm vic gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong
vng i sn phm, t khi khai thc nguyn liu th cho ti khi thi b cui cng;
v
Vi cc dch v, SXSH l s tch hp cc mi quan tm v mi trng trong qu
trnh thit k v cung ng dch v.
S khc bit cn bn gia EOP hay cn gi l kim sot nhim v SXSH l vn
thi im hnh ng. Kim sot nhim l phng php tip cn sau khi vn
pht sinh, phn ng v x l; trong khi , SXSH li mang tnh ch ng, theo "trit l
d on v phng nga". Phng nga, c tha nhn rng ri, lun lun tt hn
x l, ging nh cu ni phng bnh hn cha bnh. Khi gim thiu cht thi v
nhim thng qua SXSH th ng thi s gim tiu th nguyn liu v nng lng.
SXSH l c gng a hiu sut s dng u vo ti st 100% trong gii hn v kh
thi kinh t. Mt im quan trng cn nhn mnh rng, SXSH khng ch n thun l
thay i thit b m SXSH cp ti thay i thi quan im, p dng cc b quyt
v ci tin quy trnh sn xut cng nh ci tin sn phm. Cc khi nhim khc tng
t nh SXSH l:
Gim thiu cht thi;
Phng nga nhim; v
Nng sut xanh.
Nhng khi nim ny v cn bn l tng t nh SXSH, vi tng nn tng l lm
cho cc cng ty tr ln hiu qu hn v t nhim hn.
2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH
Cc nguyn liu c s dng trong cng ngh hon tt kim loi v cc loi cht thi
nu khng c qun l tt u tim n kh nng gy nguy hi cho sc khe con
ngi v mi trng. iu ny c bit ng i vi cc quy trnh to lp ph b mt
v m in. Cc quan ngi v vn an ton v sc khe, tc ng ti mi trng,
chi ph x l cht thi, cc yu cu v tun th quy nh lut php v mi trng, trch
nhim php l tim n v vn tiu th nng lng v nc l mt s trong rt nhiu
l do v sao cn phi nghin cu cc cng ngh hon tt kim loi mi hn v t
nhim hn.
Gn y, SXSH ni ln nh mt gi hp dn i ph vi cc vn mi
trng pht sinh t s cng nghip ha nhanh chng v tip cn ny ang c chp
nhn ngy cng rng ri trn khp th gii. Ngoi vic gim thiu nhim, SXSH cn
nng cao hiu sut ca qu trnh sn xut, t gim chi ph sn xut. Ngnh hon tt
kim loi c c im l tiu th ti nguyn nh nc, nhin liu, v ha cht mc
cao, ng thi cng l ngnh c hiu sut thp dn ti s lng ph ti nguyn rt ln.
Trong bi cnh , SXSH chnh l mt tip cn c bit ph hp cho ngnh.
Do xut hin nhng thch thc ln t qu trnh ton cu ha thng mi v t do ha
nhp khu, s cnh tranh trong ngnh hon tt kim loi ang tr ln cng thng hn
tng ngy. Hin nay, s tng trng v tn ti ca nhiu doanh nghip ngnh ny ph
thuc kh nhiu vo vn h c th vn hnh sn xut mc chi ph thp nht c
th hay khng. Do chi ph ha cht v nng lng chim n hn 75% tng chi ph
sn xut trong ngnh nn vic gim thiu tiu th hai loi ti nguyn ny mang tnh
quyt nh. Bn cnh , nu lm c vic ny th yu cu xy dng cc trm x l
tn km v phc tp c th p ng c cc tiu chun ca lut php cng s
c gim i do gim c lng cht thi pht sinh.
Ngoi cc im chnh nu trn, SXSH cn gip tm ra cc gii php hiu qu cho
cc kha cnh khc lin quan ti hot ng ca doanh nghip nh c phn tch
di y:
2.2.1 Cc tc ng n sc khe v mi trng
Nhiu quy trnh hon tt kim loi lm pht sinh cc cht nhim c hoc nguy hi
trc tip tc ng ti ngi cng nhn hoc ti mi trng khng kh, t v nc.
Vic thi b cc cht thi ca cc quy trnh hon tt kim loi m khng qua x l hoc
ch x l mt phn s c th gy hng thit b x l cht thi tp trung v nh vy cht
thi khng c x l s thot ra v gy nhim tng nc mt. S tiu th nng
lng v nc trong hon tt kim loi cng l l do dn n nhng tc ng mi
trng.
Chun b b mt v lm sch cc chi tit: Cc cht lm sch gc dung mi c
cha VOC v cc cht nhim khng kh nguy hi (HAP) cn kim sot do chng
c tc ng xu ti sc khe v mi trng. Bi t qu trnh thi v lm sch bng
c kh c th gy ra cc vn v ng h hp.
M: Cc kim loi nng v xyanua l nhng cht c bit nguy him v l nhng
cht thi ph bin trong ngnh m. Crm v m crm cng c th to ra lp m b
mt c c tnh chng n mn tuyt vi, nhng cromat li l cht gy ung th cho
ngi c khng nh v crm ha tr 6 l cht gy ung th phi tim tng.
Cc m mm b nhim ch c th gy tn thng cho gan, thn, no, v c, cn tr
em th c bit nhy cm khi tip xc vi ch (cc hp kim cha ch c sinh ra
t cc ant ch cng nh cc hp kim cha ch s dng trong m). Caimi c th
gy hi cho thn v phi, thm ch l ung th. Cc kim loi khc dng trong ngnh
m gm nickel, km, bc, v ng cng vi cc hp cht ca chng l nhng cht
c nguy c gy hi cho mi trng v sc khe. Xyanua, s dng trong cc b
m, l mt cht c hot ng cc nhanh gy cn tr qu trnh hp th -xy ca
cc t bo. S phn hy xyanua thnh cc dng phc cng s gy hi cho i
sng thy sinh.
A-nt ha, Khc a-xt, v ph phi kim: Ty thuc vo cc ha cht c dng
trong cc quy trnh ny, cc cht hot tnh mnh, cc a-xt cha kim loi, cc hp
cht cha pht-pht v crm l nhng cht nguy hi cn c kim sot. Nh
ni trn, Cr
+6
trong qu trnh a-nt ha crm l mt cht gy ung th phi tim
tng.
To lp ph b mt: Sn dung mi v cc loi cht ph dng lng cng nh cc
cht lm sch v pha long bng dung mi, cc bn cn v cc cht lng, u c
cha VOC v HAP c hi.
2.2.2 Bo ton ha cht v cc cht tr
Ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi s dng rt nhiu loi ha cht v cht tr vi khi
lng ln. Lng ha cht s dng ph thuc vo thnh phm, loi quy trnh v yu
cu v cht lng b mt hon tt. Hin khng c bt c ch s r rng no v lng
ha cht ti u, bi iu ny ph thuc vo c tnh sn phm m cc khch hng
khc nhau yu cu. Nhng nhn chung c th tit kim c ha cht trc tip hoc
gin tip thng qua thu hi v ti ch.
2.2.3 Kim sot nhim
Bn cnh vic tiu th nng lng v nc ln, ngnh hon tt kim loi cn s dng
rt nhiu loi ha cht nh a-xt, cc dung mi hu c cha kim, v cc ha cht c
hi, v.v Mt lng ln cc ha cht ny xut hin trong dng thi nhiu cng on
x l. Cht thi ny nu thi loi ra mi trng m khng qua x l c th gy ra
nhng thm ha ln cho mi trng. Cc pht thi pht sinh t qu trnh t nhin liu
gy nhim khng kh. Vic x l nc thi t cc nh my hon tt kim loi c th
dn n hai vn ln:
Lng dng thi ln nn cn phi c cc h thng x l ln v tn km. y
c bit l vn i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh, bi h phi i mt vi
nhng kh khn v khng gian v ti chnh.
Tnh cht kh x l khin cho vic x l tr ln phc tp v mt k thut v
rt d gay nn ch.
Do vy, bc u tin trong vic i ph vi cc vn v mi trng nm ch
gim thiu lng cht thi pht sinh. Tip n l nhng n lc gim thiu pht thi ha
cht v cc cht ph tr gim c hi cng nh gim phc tp trong x l.
p dng SXSH c th gip gi quyt c hai vn ny, thc y qu trnh x l cht
thi vi mc chi ph thp hn ng thi m bo p ng cc yu cu v mt lut
php.
Pht thi v cc cht pht sinh t ngnh cng nghip hon tt kim loi c qun l
theo php lut, do vy cc doanh nghip phi chu nhng gnh nng v vic bo co
ti chnh, xin giy php. Gim vic s dung nhng nguyn liu th chu s qun l ca
php lut c th gim bt cho doanh nghip nhng gnh nng trn ng thi gim
nhng tc ng xu ti an ton v sc khe ngh nghip.
2.2.4 Sc p cng lun
Ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam ang phi i mt vi mt tnh th ht sc kh khn khi
ngy cng nhiu cc doanh nghip nh nc chuyn sang hnh thc hp tc t nhn-
nh nc, nhn thc ca cng ng v vn bo v mi trng c nng ln
ng k. C mt s t chc phi chnh ph v bo v mi trng xut hin, khng
ch nhm nng cao nhn thc v vn ny m cn hot ng nh nhng t chc
gim st cc nh my. Cc cht thi pht sinh t cc n v hon tt kim loi rt c
hi c bit l cc kim loi nng v xyanua c ln trong nc thi, v v vy thu ht
nhiu ch ca cng chng. iu ny to ra nhiu p lc hn i vi ngnh cng
nghip ny khin h quan tm hn n vic qun l pht thi ca mnh ngay c khi cc
pht thi ch vi khi lng nh. Ngnh cng nghip hon tt kim loi cng khng th
tch mnh ra khi p lc v phi thc hin cc bc tch cc gim thiu nhim
mi trng.
2.2.5 Cc yu cu ca th trng xut khu
Do ngnh hon tt kim loi c ng gp kh ng k vo nn cng nghip xut khu
ca quc gia nn cc yu t kch thch th trng xut khu phi c xem xt k
lng. Ngnh cng nghip ch bin kim loi s dng rt nhiu loi ha cht v a-xt,
rt nhiu trong s c tnh cht c hi. Mt s cc quc gia Chu u, ngoi vic
a ra cc quy nh cm sn xut v s dng cc ha cht c hi trn t nc mnh
cn cm nhp khu cc vt phm s dng cc yu t ny trong quy trnh sn xut. Rt
nhiu cc quc gia khc cng ang chun b p dng cc cm vn ny. Do , tn
ti trong cc th trng xut khu ny th vic trnh s dng cc ha cht c hi l
mt iu kin bt buc. p dng SXSH c th gip ngnh ny tm ra cc cht thn
thin vi mi trng thay th cho cc ha cht c hi ny.
Do cc khch hng cc nc pht trin ngy cng quan tm n mi trng, nn
ngnh cn phi c mt h thng qun l mi trng y . Trong bi cnh , vic p
dng cc h thng qun l theo tiu chun quc t ISO 14001 l mt ng thi ng
n i vi cc n v xut khu. SXSH c th rt hu dng v n gip ngnh ny to
ra cc s liu, ci tin vn bn h s v xy dng h thng qun l mi trng, p
ng c nhng iu kin tin quyt t c chng ch ISO 14001.
SXSH c th c s dng nh l mt b cng c ci tin hnh nh ca cng ty trc
cng chng bng vic nhn mnh cc bc cng ty thc hin bo v mi
trng. Mt khi SXSH tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong quy trnh sn xut
ca cng ty, cc tuyn ngn nh Ch bin trong Mi trng Xanh hoc Sn phm
xanh/thn thin mi trng c th c s dng nng cao th phn v s chp
nhn sn phm.
2.3 Tim nng Sn xut sch hn
Tim nng SXSH Vit Nam c th thy t nhng li ch t c ti 5 nh my
hon tt kim loi tham gia chng trnh trnh din p dng SXSH do Trung tm Sn
xut sch Vit Nam trin khai (2003 2004).
Cc cng ty tham gia chng trnh SXSH xy dng c 122 c hi SXSH, trong
s c 103 gii php c thc hin trong thi gian din ra chng trnh. Phn
nhm cc gii php c biu th trong hnh 5 di y.
Implemented CP measures by categories
Good HK
50%
Recycle
5%
Process Control
22%
Equipment
9%
Technology
13%
Material
1%

Thc hin cc gii php SXSH xut, cc cng ty tham gia chng trnh thu
c nhng kt qu tch cc c v k thut/ mi trng v kinh t thng qua vic
gim nh mc tiu hao u vo ti tt c cc cng ty. Hnh 6 cho bit cc li ch k
thut thu c ti cc cng ty.
Technical benefits
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
water electricity f uel oil gas chemical
max
min

Do vic gim tiu hao cc loi nguyn nhin liu u vo cc cng ty thu c li
ch kinh t nh sau:
Ti thiu (ng) Ti a (ng)
Tng u t 25.000.000 212.000.000
Tit kim d tnh mi nm 72.775.000 2.589.690.000

Hnh 5: Phn nhm cc gii php SXSH c thc hin
Tun hon
Qun l ni vi
50%
Chnh sa thit b
9%

Thay i cng ngh
13%
Kim sot quy trnh
22%
Vt liu
5%
Hnh 6: Li ch k thut
Nc in Du FO Ha cht
Mt khc, SXSH khng ch gip gim c chi ph sn xut m cn c th gp phn
bo v mi trng. Qua qu trnh trin khai chng trnh SXSH ti cc cng ty, tiu
th ti nguyn mi nm d tnh gim:
Nc thi: 129.000 m
3

Ha cht: 36 tn
in: 1.000 MWh
Du FO: 3.100 lt
DO: 58.000 lt
Kh t ha lng (LPG): 66.000 lt
Pht thi CO
2
: 1.118 tn
Bn cnh cc li ch v mt s lng, cc cng ty tham gia cn nng cao c cht
lng sn phm (theo phn hi t pha khc hng). Chng trnh khng ch tit kim
c ngn qu cho cng ty, gp phn bo v mi trng m cn lm thay i thi
ca ngi cng nhn trong sn xut.
Tm li, hot ng hon tt sn phm kim loi ti Vit Nam c tim nng ng k trong
ct gim tiu hao cc loi u vo v gim cc dng pht thi. Bng 7 tm tt tim
nng SXSH trong chng trnh.
Bng 7. Tim nng SXSH trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi Vit Nam.
Cc thng s Mc ct gim
T l x l li [%] T 0, 3 5 cn n 0,15 2
Tiu th nc gim [%] 15 30
Tiu th ha cht gim [%] 5 50
Tiu th nhin liu gim [%] 2 15
Tiu th in gim [%] 5 30
Gim lng nc thi [%] 10 25
Ti lng nhim COD [%] 5 20
Gim ti lng cht rn l lng [%] 5 10
Gim ti lng kim loi nng trong nc thi [%] 10 30

2.4 Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn
Phn tch dng nguyn liu v nng lng vo v ra ca mt quy trnh l yu t trng
tm ca nh gi SXSH. Vic thc hin mt nh gi SXSH phi c thc hin theo
tip cn c phng php lun v logic gip nhn din c cc c hi SXSH, gii
quyt cc vn v cht thi v pht thi ngay ti ngun, v m bo tnh lin tc ca
cc hot ng SXSH ti nh my. Tip cn nh gi phn tch ny c tng quan
nh m t trn Hnh 7. Chng 4 s gii thiu chi tit tng bc thc hin nh gi
SXSH theo tip cn ny.
Mc d theo nh ngha th nh gi SXSH bao gm c cc vn v nguyn liu v
nng lng, nhng trong thc t cc vn nng lng i vi cc quy trnh t khi
c xem xt mt cch chi tit tr cc vn v bo n, r r, thu hi nc ngng,
v.v ngha l ch i vi cc dng hu hnh. y l iu ng tic v SXSH v nng
cao hiu qu nng lng thng c tnh b tr cho nhau rt cao v s tch hp gia
hai hot ng ny c th to ra sc mnh m rng phm vi ng dng v em li cc
kt qu c hiu qu cao hn c v mi trng v kinh t. Ti liu ny s cp n
c nguyn liu v nng lng trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi.

Hnh 7: Phng php lun v nh gi SXSH

Do SXSH thng c p dng i vi nhng lng ph ti nguyn hu hnh (v d
nguyn liu), nn hin tng lng ph ngu nhin s l rt t. Nhn chung, c th tnh
ton truy tm c vt liu u vo cho mt cng on no thng qua cc sn
phm u ra nh tnh v nh lng c. iu ny khng phi lc no cng ng khi
xem xt cc dng nng lng. Trong khi cng p dng quy lut cn bn cho cc
dng nng lng u vo (v cn bn, nng lng vo phi bng nng lng ra),
th vn gp phi y l cc dng nng lng u ra thng kh nhn bit hn so
vi dng vt liu. V th, vic xc nh v nh gi cc dng nng lng lng ph dng
n v s dng thiu hiu qu thng gp nhiu kh khn. iu ny c bit ng vi
cc thit b chy in nh my bm, qut, my nn kh, v.v khi nng lng u vo
di dng in nng c th d dng o lng c, nhng mc chuyn i hiu
qu sang u ra hu ch (v.d: nc c bm, kh c nn, v.v) th li khng th
nh lng trc tip c.
Cc mu thun c th ny sinh
SXSH v nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng (HQSDNL) c tnh b tr cho nhau
rt cao. Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung, cc kt qu c li thu c ca mt
phng php lun (chng hn SXSH) li c th c hiu l i lp vi phng php
cn li (HQSDNL). Di y l mt s v d minh chng cho iu ny:
Tun hon l mt k thut SXSH rt c li, nhng tun hon du v cht bi trn,
ti s dng cc m qua sa cha hoc qun li cc ng c b chy (c
bit l trng hp vic sa cha hoc qun li c thc hin khng hon chnh)
thng dn n tiu hao nng lng mc cao hn.
Lm lnh bng cng ngh hp th hi l mt gii php SXSH chuyn nghip v
thn thin sinh thi khi so snh vi cc my nn hi ang thnh hnh. Tuy nhin,
khi xt v mt s dng nng lng th cc h thng hp th hi li c hiu qu
thp hn.
Cc bng n hunh quang tup gy c hiu qu nng lng hn loi bng si
t, nhng v mt mi trng (SXSH) th vic ph thy ngn lm cho loi bng
ny t thn thin sinh thi hn.
Cc bc thc hin phng php lun SXSH 6 bc c m t trong Hnh 8.
Chng 4 s trnh by chi tit hn tng bc thc hin SXSH.

BC 1: KHI NG
BC 2 : PHN TCH CC BC QUY TRNH
Nhim v 3: Chun b lu ca quy trnh sn xut
Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu, nng lng v cu t
Nhim v 2: Lit k cc bc quy trnh v nhn din cc dng thi
Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH
Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thut
Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t
Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng
Nhim v 5: Xc nh c tnh dng thi
Nhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph cho cc dng thi
Nhim v 7: Xem xt li quy trnh xc nh ra cc nguyn nhn
BC 3: XUT CC GII PHP SXSH
BC 4: LA CHN CC GiI PHP SXSH
Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH
Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc gii php SXSH c th thc hin c
Nhim v 13: La chn cc gii php thc hin
Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu
Nhim v 17: Tr v bc 1
BC 5: THC HIN CC GII PHP SXSH
BC 6: DUY TR SXSH
Nhim v 15: Thc hin
Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin

Hnh 8: Cc bc thc hin phng php lun SXSH
2.5 Cc k thut SXSH
Sn xut sch hn l phng php tip cn mi v sng to gim mc s dng
ti nguyn trong qu trnh sn xut da vo mt lot cc k thut. Cc k thut ny c
th c phn thnh 3 nhm nh sau:
Gim thiu ti ngun
Qun l tt ni vi: y l loi gii php SXSH n gin nht. Qun l tt ni vi khng
i hi phi u t hoc ch u t vi thi gian hon vn rt ngn v c th trin khai
ngay khi xc nh c gii php. y bao gm cc k thut phng nga cc ch r
r, chy trn thng qua bo dng
phng nga v kim tra thit b
thng xuyn, cng nh kim sot
vic thc hin ng hng dn
cng vic hin c. Mc d qun l
ni vi l mt cng tc khng phc
tp nhng i hi c s tp trung
nghim tc ca ban lnh o, c
s o to nhn vin v gim st
ph hp.
Nhn thc c v c hi t tn
km v thm ch l khng cn chi
ph thuc loi ny, 5 cng ty tham
gia vo chng trnh SXSH ni
trn ngay lp tc trin khai cc
bin php qun l ni vi tt gm lp
t cc thit b o (nc, in,
nhit , etc.) theo di tnh hnh
tiu th; cc ng ng hi nc
cch nhit, sa cha cc ch r r
v cc ng ng c, v.v... Nhm
gii php ny khng cn nhiu u
t, nhng cn c s quan tm v
thc xy dng cao. Thng th cc
khon tit kim thu c t nhm
gii php ny l rt kh nh lng,
nhng li c ng gp rt ln vo
kt qu chung.
Bo dng: Thiu bo dng thng xuyn c th dn n h hi thit b. Thc t
ph bin l cc thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut ch c xem xt bo dng khi
chng khng cn hot ng c. R r t ng ng hay cc thng cha, b cha l
hu qu ca vic thiu bo dng. iu ny khng ch gy ra tn km do tht thot
nguyn liu, m cn thi loi ra mi trng nhng cht gy nhim.
Mt cng ty u t 5 triu ng thc hin cng tc
qun l ni vi tt nh o to, lu tr nguyn liu tt hn
trnh n mn vt cn m v a ra c ch thng
pht cho cng nhn. Cng ty tit kim c 100 triu
ng mi nm t gii php ny.
Mt cng ty khc u t 100 triu ng pht sinh vo
qun l nhn cng, nhng thit b kim tra v bo tr, lp
t ng h ga, nc v in, cng nh phn thng
cho cng nhn. Sau chin dch, cng ty thu c
khon tit kim 348 triu ng tin in, 336 triu ng
tin nc, 20 triu tin gas, v 20 triu tin ha cht.
Mt cng ty lun phi i mt vi cc s c lp m bm
km, v phi tn rt nhiu tin x l li. Trong khi tin
hnh bo dng th pht hin ra nguyn nhn l ng
ng khut dng cho x l pht pht b tc v v th quy
trnh ny khng din ra mt cch hon ton. H thng
ng ng ngay lp tc c lm sch v sa cha. K
t cng ty khng h gp phi vn g v cht lng
ca dy chuyn sn xut.
Mt cng ty m in bt u thc hin cng tc qun l
ni vi tt ngay t u chng trnh SXSH: tp hun,
cung cp nhng hng dn r rng v m in nh
nhc vt ra ngay lp tc nu n v tnh b rt vo trong
b m, sy kh vt hon ton trc khi m, gc
nhng, thi gian nhng..., qua gim ng k lng
km b cng trong b m.
Mt cng ty c kh Vit Nam sn xut l nng BBQ
tham gia chng trnh SXSH. H xc nh quyn hn v
trch nhim cho tng gim st vin v cung cp cc
khay phn loi cho cc my dp. Gii php ny gip
gim lng sn phm li v 2% lng l thp, tng
ng 400 triu ng/nm. Ngoi ra, cc ph kin c
x l cng c bo v tt hn v t b n mn hn. iu
ny cng lm gim lng a-xt tiu th trong bc ty
tip theo.
Thay i quy trnh: k thut ny bao gm:
Thay i nguyn liu u vo: Dng nguyn liu u c cht lng cao hn c
c hiu sut cao hn. Thng th c mt mi quan h trc tip gia cht lng ca
nguyn liu th v s lng cng nh cht lng sn phm u ra. Xa hn na l s
tm kim v thay th cc nguyn liu ang dng vi cc nguyn liu c tnh thn thin
vi mi trng.
Nhm gii php ny c pht hin ra bi cc cng ty tham gia sau khi nhn ra
rng rt nhiu nh cung cp khuyn co s dng ha cht cht lng cao hoc nng
cao v l do an ton (ch s an ton). Ngoi tr cc cht ph b mt, th cc ha
cht khc khng cn st li trn sn phm, m b thi ra trong cc bc sn xut tip
theo. Vic s dng qu nhiu ha cht s khng ch lm tn tht nguyn liu ca cng
ty m cn lm tn thm chi ph loi b v lm
sch. Tuy nhin, y l mt thi quen ti rt
nhiu nh my v ng dng SXSH l mt c
hi h nhn li nhng la chn c sn trn
th trng v la chn cc nguyn liu khc
thay th hiu qu hn v thn thin hn vi
mi trng.
Cc kt qu cho thy hin nay rt nhiu cng ty ang tm kim nhng nguyn liu ph
tr hiu qu hn (chng g, cc cht dn, v.v...) c th gim c khi lng v thi
gian ch bin. S dng t ha cht hn cng ng ngha vi vic gim chi ph x l.
Kim sot quy trnh tt hn: l nhm m bo cc iu kin ca quy trnh trng thi
ti u v mt tiu th ti nguyn, sn xut v pht thi. Cc thng s quy trnh nh
nhit , thi gian, p sut, pH, tc ch bin, v.v cn phi c gim st cn
thn v duy tr cng gn trng thi ti u cng tt. Cng vi vic qun l ni vi tt,
kim sot quy trnh tt hn i hi phi ci tin c cng tc gim st v c s ch
trng ca ban ngnh lnh o.

Ci tin thit b: l bin php ci tin cc thit b hin c gim thiu lng ph nguyn
liu. iu chnh thit b c th l iu chnh tc ng c, ti u ha kch c thng
cha, cch nhit cc b mt nng v lnh, hoc ci tin thit k cho mt b phn quan
trng trong thit b. Trang b thm hoc ci tin nh cho thit b trong cng ty c th
gip cng ty tm ra cc gii php sn xut hu hiu hn, ch yu bng vic tiu th t
Mt cng ty c mt dy chuyn m Ni-
Cr thay i s dng nc my sang
nc sch do thnh ph cp ra.
Vic lm ny gim c t l sn
phm li t 5% xung 2%, tit kim
280 triu ng/nm, trong khi chi
ph u t l 5 triu ng/nm
Mt cng ty s dng my sy ga sy kh cc sn phm sn tnh in. Trong khi thc hin chng trnh
SXSH, cng ty ny cch nhit cho my sy ny v iu chnh v tr ca b cm ng nhit kim sot nhit
tt hn. Ngoi ra cng ty ny cn thay i quy m ca m sy. Hai bin php ny cng li tit kim c
20% lng ga tiu th gim 3 tn CO2/nm. Chi ph cng ty u t l 500.000 ng, v thi gian hon vn
ch c cha y 2 thng.
Mt cng ty c dy chuyn m Cr-Ni t ng u t 23 triu ng lp t h thng ti ch nc lm mt.
Cng ty tit kim c 400m
3
nc/thng, tng ng vi 45 triu ng/nm. Thi gian hon vn ca gii
php ny l 7 thng.
Mt cng ty iu chnh t l kh/du ca l hi (4 l hi 0,75 tn/h/chic) v gim c 8% chi ph DO,
tng ng vi 80 triu ng/nm. Gii php ny cng ty khng phi u t cht kinh ph no.
nng lng hn. i khi cc chi ph thay th hoc sa i ci tin c v nh kh cao
nhng thi gian hon vn trn thc t li rt ngn.

Thay i cng ngh: l vic lp t thit b mi hin i c hiu sut cao hn, nh l
hi hiu sut cao hay my nhum phun c t l nc thp. Cng ngh ch bin mi
yu cu u t ln hn cc gii php
SXSH khc v th cn phi c
nghin cu cn thn. Tuy nhin vic
tit kim v ci tin cht lng
thng gip cho doanh nghip b li
khon u t rt nhanh.

Tun hon, ti s dng ti ch
Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch: l vic thu thp ph thi v ti s dng chng ngay
ti ch hoc ti mt b phn khc trong dy chuyn sn xut. Mt v d n gin l ti
s dng nc ra t mt cng on ny sang mt cng on ra khc.

Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu ch: l vic thu thp v (x l) cc dng thi
bn cho khch hng hoc cc cng ty khc.
Mt cng ty c dy chuyn m Cr-Ni s dng cc gi cch nhit km treo sn phm v th cng ty
tht thot rt nhiu kim loi (Cr, Ni) trn gi. Trong khi thc hin chng trnh, cng ty u t 2 triu ng
sn cho gi . Gii php ny tit kim cho cng ty 28 triu ng mi nm.
Mt cng ty ti s dng sn dung mi cho sn tnh in. Trong khi tham gia chng trnh SXSH, cng ty ct
ngn chiu di ca bng truyn v tng s lng chp trn gi. Gii php ny gip cng ti tng cng sut ln
2,5 ln. Khon u t ca cng ty tr gi 53,5 triu ng tit kim c cho cng ty 111,6 triu ng mi nm,
thi gian hon vn ch c 4,8 thng. Gii php ny cng gim 60 tn pht thi CO2/nm.
Mt cng ty thay th my sy t l gch sang l kim loi c hiu sut cao hn. Bin php ny gim 60% lng
in tiu th v tit kim 60 triu ng mi nm. Khon u t ban u l 25 triu ng, do cng ty ch mt 4
thng thu hi khon vn u t.
Mt nh sn xut l nng BBQ thay ti lc xoy sang h thng lc t ng cho phng sn tnh in. Bin
php ny tit kim cho cng ty hn 30 triu ng mi nm nh thu hi bt sn, v ng thi ci thin mi trng
lm vic. Gii php ny ch cn u t 5 triu ng.
Mt cng ty s dng h thng sy ga t ng cho sn phm sn tnh in. Trong khi thc hin chng trnh
SXSH cng ty pht hin ra mt lng nhit ln b tht thot do thit k khng tt v ca bung sy h. Cng
ty ny tin hnh mt s sa i cho my sy vi chi ph 11 triu ng. Sau khi lm xong tit kim c 3%
lng ga tiu th, tng ng vi 30 triu ng mi nm, v nh vy thi gian hon vn ch mt 5 thng. Ngoi
ra nhit mi trng lm vic gim t 35-37
o
C xung di 32
o
C v mi nm gim 14 tn pht thi kh CO2.
Mt cng ty m in thay i bin php ra
chy trn sang chy ngc cho dy chuyn m
km. Gii php ny tit kim 7500m
3
nc mi
nm tng ng 30 triu ng/nm. Cng ty ch
cn u t 700.000 ng, v th ch mt 0,5 thng
thu hi vn u t.
Mt cng ty lp t mt h thng tun hon nc lm mt t my nn vi chi ph u t 20 triu ng. Bin
php ny tit kim cho cng ty 20.000m
3
nc/nm, tng ng vi 82 triu ng, nh vy ch cn cha ti 3
thng hon vn.
Mt cng ty khc u t 3 triu ng xy dng mt h thng thu hi crm t b ra. Bin php ny gim
c 64 kg kim loi nng thi ra mi trng. Gii php ny khng ch tit kim cho cng ty 2 triu ng/nm t
khon tht thot nguyn liu, m cn c khon tit kim khng tnh c t h thng x l v ph mi trng.
Tng t nh vy, mt nh my tham gia chng trnh SXSH u t 7,2 triu ng vo h thng lng crm.
Vi chi ph vn hnh 24 triu ng/nm, h thng ny thu hi c 360 kg crm/nm tng ng vi 30 triu
ng. Thi gian hon vn l 13 thng.
Ci tin sn phm
Ci tin sn phm chng tr nn t nhim hn cng l mt tng ch o trong
SXSH.
Thay i sn phm ngha l suy ngh li v sn phm v cc yu cu i vi sn
phm .
Ci tin thit k sn phm c th giptit kim mt lng nguyn liu ln v s dng
t cc cht ha hc c hi hn. Thay i cch thc ng gi cng c ngha quan
trng. Quan trng nht l phi gim bt c lng bao b m vn m bo kh nng
bo v cho sn phm.
Bng 8 di y s trnh by v d v cc k thut SXSH khc nhau c ng dng
cho ngnh hon tt kim loi ti Vit Nam.
Bng 9: V d v k thut SXSH cho ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi
Q
U
N

L
T

N
I

V
I

Sa cha cc ch r r
Kha cc vi nc khi khng s dng
S dng cc khay hng dung dch theo ra cng vt m
Thng xuyn kim ra tt c cc by hi, ti hi
Thay i vt
liu u vo
Thay cht ty dung mi bng cht ty enzyme
Thay nc thng bng nc mm khi ra
Kim sot quy
trnh
iu chnh cc b gim xc trong l hi
Duy tr nhit , p sut v thi gian tt trong m in
S dng p sut kh nn ti u
Ci tin thit b Lp sung phun p lc ra
Dng t b nng h s cng sut
Lp t thit b dng v n cho h thng lc lin tc trc tuyn
G
I
M

T
H
I

T
I

N
G
U
N

T
H
A
Y

I

Q
U
Y

T
R
N
H

Thay i cng
ngh
S dng phng php ra ngc
M khng c xyanua
Ra siu m ty du
T
H
U

H
I

V
I

S
N
G

T
I

C
H
Thu hi cc ha cht nh Ni, Cr, v.v... s dng phng php

trao i ion, RO
Thu hi v tun hon nc ngng
Thu hi dung mi t nc thi ca qu trnh lm h bng dung
mi
Thu hi v tun hon ha cht thu c cc khay hng dch
ra khi b x l cng vt m
ng pht in
T
U
N

H
O
N

V
I

S
N
G

T
O

R
A

S
N

P
H
M

P
H
C
H

C
I

T
I
N

S
N

P
H
M
Dng sn phm sn tnh in ti ni c lng kim loi (metal
deposition)

3 Cc c hi SXSH trong hon tt sn phm kim loi
Chng ny cung cp thng tin tng quan v c hi SXSH c th ng dng ti cc nh my hon tt sn
phm kim loi Vit Nam. Cc c hi SXSH ny c c th trin khai ti c s sn xut quy m nh
in hnh. Tnh kinh t ca cc gii php ph thuc rt nhiu yu t nh quy m vn hnh, thnh phm,
yu cu t pha khch hng v cht lng sn phm, v th trong chng ny khng cp ti ch ph s
b cho gii php.

Vic nghin cu SXSH ti cc nh my hon tt kim loi cho thy cc tim nng
SXSH nh m t trong Chng 2 l hon ton c th t c bng nhiu gii php
SXSH khc nhau. Quan trng hn c l cc gii php ny, ngoi vic gip tng kh
nng sinh li cho cc doanh nghip, cn gip lm gim pht sinh mt lng rt ln
nc thi, hm lng nhim v cc cht c hi.
Trong chng ny, cc c hi SXSH c m t c th c thc hin ti cc n
v tng t khc vi mt s iu chnh nh. Chi tit hn, cc c hi SXSH cp
trong chng ny s c chia thnh nhiu phn khc nhau, mi phn sau s
c bn lun chi tit.
Trong ngnh cng nghip hon tt kim loi, rt kh t c cc gi tr trung bnh v
nhng yu t tit kim cng nh ngun vn s dng bi tnh cht khc nhau ca cc
quy trnh p dng, loi hon tt, v.v. Nhiu trong s cc bin php lit k di y ph
bin hu ht tt c cc doanh nghip va v nh ti Vit Nam, v c th c p
dng vi mt s iu chnh khng ng k. Mt s bin php tit kim ngun nc
hin ti c v nh khng c tnh kh thi v mt kinh t nhng ng trc tnh trng
cn kit ngun ti nguyn nc v gi c leo thang, trong tng lai gn c th s l
u tin s mt ca cc doanh nghip.
3.1 Qun l tt ni vi
Cc ci tin trong qun l ni vi chnh l cch n gin nht gim nhim mi
trng vi chi ph thp v khng cn phi u t thm thit b. Cc ci tin trong qun
l ni vi c cp n trong phn ny bao gm bo dng phng nga, kim k
qun l kho, chng trn, chng nhim bn cho dung dch trong b, phn loi cht thi
v o to cng nhn vin.
3.1.1 Ni lm vic sch s ngn np
Mt gii php chnh ca cng tc qun l ni vi tt n gin ch l gi cho ni lm vic
sch s, ngn np. Cng tc ny c th lm gim ng k cc nguy c xy ra tai nn
v h hi i vi hng trong kho hoc thit b v c th gip lm cho cng vic c
thun li hn. V d, lu tr hng ha trong cc khu vc kho c thit k sn c th
lm gim nguy c v tnh xe nng ph hng hng ha. i vi cc sn phm nguy hi,
vic ny c th ngn chn hin tng nc trn ra cc khu vc cha c che chn.
Gi cho lung cng vic thun li c th lm tng hiu qu hot ng rt ln. Vic ln
k hoch sp xp v tr nguyn vt liu c bo qun v s dng, s rt tin li khi
cn. Cht thi do cng c th d dng c tch lc hn.
3.1.2 Bo dng d phng
R r ng ng v thit b c th dn n nhng hao ph rt ln v ngun lc, bng
sau y a ra mt v d v mc tht thot nc do ng ng b r r:
Bng 9: Hao ph nc t l r r (ti p sut 4,5 bar)
Kch thc l r (mm) Kilolit/ngy Kilolit/nm
0,5 0,39 140
1 1,2 430
2 3,7 1.300
4 18 6.400
6 47 17.000

Bo dng d phng s hn ch cc ch r r, hin tng trn v cc nguy c tht
thot ngun lc khc. Lch v sinh v bo dng nh k c ghi chp, theo di cc
hot ng sa cha cng l mt cng c qun l tt.
Cc khu vc chnh cn bo dng v kim tra l my bm, mp bch, b lc, cc
dng, cc m, ng h o, in tr, b cm bin, thng cha v lp lt thng cha.
Khi pht hin ra li phi lp tc sa cha khc phc ngay.
3.1.3 Kim k qun l kho
gim khi lng nguyn vt liu nguy hi lc no cng cn phi lu tr ti hin
trng, hy cn nhc h thng mua ng lc. Mt h thng ng lc thng s
hiu qu nu nh cung cp c th cp hng ng tin , nu khng bn s cn phi
c mt h thng ghi chp thng k cc chi tit trong kho.
kim sot vic phn phi cc cht ph gia ho hc nguy him v t tin, cn phi
xem xt vic kho cc kho hng mt cch cn thn v p dng phng php mt i
mt ngha l ngi cng nhn ch c th c sn phm mi khi c v hay thng cha
ca sn phm s dng ri i. Vic ny s gip trnh khng phi tch kho qu
nhiu hoc s dng nhm, ngoi ra cn thun li cho vic hon tr cc thng cha.
3.1.4 Phng nga v kim sot hin tng trn
Cch tt nht hn ch hin tng trn l o to cho nhn vin cch qun l
nguyn vt liu ng. Cn phi c cc quy trnh c th r rng cho vic pha ha cht,
v trch nhim pha ha cht ch nn giao cho mt s t cc cng nhn qua o to
thao tc quy trnh. Ngoi vic hn ch hin tng trn, iu ny cn c tc dng ci
thin ng u ca cc cng thc pha ch.
Bng vic s dng cc mng hng v chn bn trn b cha, ha cht nh xung t
cc chi tit s c thu hi v b v b ngn khng cho rt xung sn. Cung cp y
cc phn ni trong b cha cng c th hn ch ng k hin tng trn.
Cng on gy tht thot nhiu nht trong cc xng m km l khi nhng chi tit vo
b m, do dung dch km phn ng gy n bn. Nhiu ni dng cc np y
hn ch s tht thot ny.
3.1.5 o to nhn vin
Nhng k hoch phng chng nhim ca cng ty thng hay b qua khu o to
nhn vin. o to khng ch gip ngn chn hoc hn ch tai nn m cn to thm
nng lc cho cng nhn v lm cho h cm thy c cng ty trn trng hn. Cc
doanh nghip nn cn nhc vic o to v cc yu cu qun l ni vi chung v cc
bin php khc phc hin tng trn.
3.1.6 S quy trnh
Ci thin s quy trnh c th nh hng rt ln ti s pht sinh rc thi, c bit l
trong m in. Nhiu xng m in nh thng ch c mt b bn ra phc v cho
ton b qu trnh m. iu ny c ngha l cc cng nhn vn hnh phi di chuyn rt
nhiu ln gia cc b m v bn ra. iu ny khng nhng gy lng ph thi gian
cho cng nhn sn xut, lm tng lng tht thot cc dung dch xung sn m cn
lm tng nguy c cng nhn c th b tip xc vi dung dch.
Bng cch hp l ho cng on x l v b sung thm mt b bn ra ngay cnh
mi bn m, cng nhn vn hnh c th di chuyn trong sut qu trnh lm cho lung
cng vic thun li hn. iu ny cng c ngha l dung dch b dnh v theo ra khi
bn m cng vi vt m c th c hng v quay tr li bn m, trnh hao ph.
Cc gi treo khng ch cho php tng nng sut m, m cn cho php kim sot tt
hn s ln thi b v s vng ra. Nh s c cp trong phn 1.5.2 sau y, vic
kim sot cc yu t ny c th lm gim pht thi ng k. Cc gi treo t ng thm
ch cn mang li nhiu li ch hn na, v k thut ny nn c cn nhc cho quy
m sn xut ln do lng sn phm m nhiu.
3.1.7 Lp k hoch v lch sn xut
Kim tra cc chi tit cn thn trc khi sn c th gip trnh c vic phi x l cc
chi tit c nhiu kh nng b loi. Cn c hng dn r rng v cht lng cho cng
nhn chu trch nhim treo cc chi tit vo gi h c th nhn ra cc sn phm c
kh nng b li trc khi chng c x l.
Lp k hoch v tinh chnh lch sn xut cng c th c nh hng n vn pht
thi, c bit i vi cng nhn sn tnh in. Chng hn vic cng lc sn tt c cc
sn phm cng mu s lm gim yu cu lm sch thit b gia cc m sn. Nu cc
m sn c b tr ln lt mu nht chuyn sang mu m th phn d ca cc m
nht hn c th c tn dng trong cc m c mu m hn. Nh vy yu cu lm
sch thit b cng s gim i. Qu trnh ny c gii thch trong bng di y nh
mt v d in hnh v mt quy trnh m catmi ti mt trong cc nh my ca c.

S gc

S ci tin

Cc thay i ny gip gim dung dch dnh theo vt m xyanua caimi 490 lt/ nm,
dung dch dnh theo vt m ph crm 3.300 lt/nm v nc ra 870 lt/nm. Nhu cu
bnh lc dng trong h thng x l nc thi cng gim 1.090 kg/ nm.

M Xyanua
caimi

M trng
quay
ctmi
Ra
phun
Dung dch
dnh theo
vt m
Ra
chy
ngc

Ra
ngc
dng

Ra
chy
ngc

Ty
crm
Phun
nc
ra

M
crm
vng
Ra ln
cui
(Nc t)
Vn u t cho cc thay i ny l 4.520 USD bao gm thm hai b ra mi, hai b
phun mi v nhn cng. Tuy nhin, cc thay i ny mang li tit kim hng nm l
2.620 USD v thi gian hon vn l 1,7 nm. Cc thay i ny cn gip gim s bc
chn ca cng nhn trong qu trnh m t 58 xung cn 21.
Dung dch
dnh theo vt
m
M Xyanua ctmi

Ra phun
(Khng s
dng)

Ra B ty g
caimi

M Xyanua
catmi
(Khng s
dng)

M crm
vng

Ra

Ty
crm
Ra ln
cui
(Nc t)
B ng
3.2 Lm sch v tin x l
Cc chi tit kim loi cn phi c lm sch loi b v s cc cht nhim bn b
mt trc khi sn m. Cc cht bn c th tm thy trn b mt chi tit kim loi l:
Cc hp cht v kim loi dng hoc cha nhum mu pigment
Cc hp cht nh bng
M, x phng dng cho kim loi, cht mi mn, sp
Dung dch ct v nghin
G (xt kim loi)
s xi ho v vy ng trn b mt
Cc mui kim loi nng
Cht tr dung, chng g, bi trn v dung dch thu lc
Mt kim loi, bi, cn cc-bon
Sn v mc
Cc hp cht c-l-phan v nha thng
Cht tr dung
Hu ht cc quy trnh hon tt kim loi u cn c cc c ch lm sch rt trit v
cc cht nhim bn b mt nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca thnh phm. Quy
trnh lm sch cng c th c xem l hot ng tin x l b mt kim loi nhm mc
ch to bm cao hn khi m ph trn b mt kim loi.
Trong cc quy trnh m in, cng on lm sch thng c tin hnh trong cc b
dung dch kim hoc axt. Thp v ng c nhng vo dung dch lm sch kim tnh
c cha nh tng hoc cht c hot tnh b mt loi b v ho tan du v cht
rn bm trn b mt. Bn lm sch cng c th dng mt dng in hoc ngun nhit
nh mt phn ca qu trnh lm sch. Cc b mt nhm c lm sch bng dung
mi a xt v dung dch kim c tnh n mn mnh i vi nhm. Nha thng c
lm sch bng cch khc axt, b mt c lm sch ny c th dng lm phi
nh kim loi.
Trong m km, g v vy g c loi b bng cch ngm vo a-xt sulfuric hoc a-xt
clohydric. Vt m lc s c ngm trong dung dch tr dung thng c cha 30%
km amoni clorua v cc cht lm t, c duy tr ti nhit 65
o
C. Dung dch tr
dung loi b mng xt hnh thnh trn b mt st thp c tnh phn ng cao sau khi
lm sch bng a-xt, v ngn qu trnh xi ho trc khi m km.
Trong a-nt ha, vic lm sch thng c tin hnh vi dung dch kim khng cha
a-xt. Sau vt m s c ngm trong mt dung dch kh -xt c cha a-xt sulfuric
v a-xt crm-mc khong 2-5 pht loi b mng xt v qu trnh a-nt ha
c din ra ng nht.
Hin nay vic s dng dung mi lm sch gp kh nhiu hn ch. Nguyn nhn
chnh l do c cc yu cu v mi trng v v sinh an ton lao ng quy nh vic
hn ch v loi b s dng sn phm c qua ch bin bng dung mi. Do , trong
ngnh hon tt kim loi, cc dung dch kim v a-xt l cc cht chnh c dng
lm sch v tin x l. Cc dung dch ny c thi gian s dng hn ch v thng s
b thi b sau mt thi gian nht nh, t mt n su thng tu vo lng nguyn vt
liu a vo quy trnh. Do vy cht thi a xt v kim l lng thi lng ca ngnh, v
chi ph thi b thng l mt khon ng k trong chi ph sn xut ca hu ht cc
doanh nghip.
B quyt SXSH cho cc n v hon tt kim loi:
Ti a ha thi gian s dng ca cc ho cht x l.
Gi cho cc ho cht x l lun ni ca chng - trong cc bn.
Thu hi ti a dung dch dnh theo vt m ra ngoi cho tr li b quy trnh.
B quyt SHXH cho cc xng sn phun
Hn ch vic phun qu nhiu sn
Ti u ho hiu qu vn chuyn
Pha sn mt cch chnh xc
y l cc cch ng xem xt c th ko di thi gian s dng ca dung dch lm
sch nhm gim lng thi pht sinh t cng on ny ca qu trnh x l.
3.2.1 Trnh cc yu t pht sinh nhu cu lm sch
Cc cch sau y mc no c th gip trnh c mt s cng on lm
sch:
Cung cp ng lc gim vic s dng cht chng g.
Yu cu cc nh cung cp cung ng cc chi tit d lm sch hn.
Trnh ty du m nh k cho ton b cc chi tit, ch ty cc chi tit khi thc s
cn.
Trnh s dng nhiu loi cht lm sch khc nhau bng cch la chn cc cht c
di ng dng rng.
3.2.2 Cc phng php lm sch vt l
Nhiu hot ng hon tt b mt ang chuyn dn sang cc phng php lm sch
vt l nh cc k tht co, c sch hoc phun hn ch vic s dng cc dung dch
lm sch. Cc phng php lm sch vt l gm:
S dng d lau sch du tha
Thi hi
Cc h thng bn ht nha bc sn
Cc h thng bn vi ht (natri ccbont hoc cacbonic cng)
Thit b rung phng tin mi mn (v d ht thu tinh, bi thp dng cho ng; la
v cc ming carbua cho cc chi tit m kn; chi quay v bt cho ng)
Gia nhit/ t/ nhit phn
Cc dy chuyn bc lp sn c trang b cc h thng thi c cc thit b thu gom c
th loi b ti 99% lng bn so vi vic s dng k thut ty dung mi ho cht
truyn thng.
My rung vi phng tin mi mn (v d ht thu tinh, bi thp dng cho ng; la v
cc ming cacbua cho cc chi tit m kn; chi quay v bt cho ng) c thay th
cho cc quy trnh ty.
Lm sch tin ch bng cc phng tin c kh kt hp vi vic lm sch bng ho
cht c th ko di thi gian s dng ca cc dung dch lm sch.
3.2.3 Ko di tui th dung dch lm sch
Hn ch yu cu lm sch v s dng cc phng php lm sch vt l c th lm
gim pht thi t cng on lm sch mt chng mc no ; nhng phn ln cc
doanh nghip tip tc da vo cch s dng cc bn lm sch ha
Phn ng gia dung dch lm sch v b mt chi tit kim loi to ra cn ng li trong
cc bn lm sch. i vi cc bn lm sch kim, cht kim phn ng vi cht bn
du m v to ra bn cn ging nh x phng. Cn bn thi dn tch t trong bn cho
ti khi n qu bo ho v lm bn mt tc dng th n c loi b v thay th.
Thi gian s dng ca dung dch trong bn c th c tng ln ng k bng cch
lc dung dch loi b cc cht rn l lng. b p cho phn mt i ca cht lm
sch v nh tng th b ra cn phi c b sung mt lng tng ng.
Cc h thng lc hin c trn th trng nh cc thit b t trong bn hay thit b t
ngoi bn hay cc thit b nh hn rt thch hp cho cc doanh nghip c quy m nh.
cc n v sn xut ln th cc thit b lc c th phi chy lin tc, tuy nhin i vi
cc n v nh hn th chng ch cn chy mt vi gi mi ngy. Hin nay cng c
thit b lc lu ng n c th lc tt c cc dung dch lm sch, d l loi kim hay
axit.
Cc h thng lc ngoi khng cn ph bin nh trc y do gp phi cc vn nh
n mn, r r, tc, v.v... Nhng vn ny c th c gii quyt vi nhng h thng
lc c t trong b.
Vic thay th cc cht lc dn n pht sinh thm pht thi rn v lm gia tng chi ph
vn hnh. Mt s b lc s dng vt liu lc c th lm sch v ti s dng c, v
vy nn xem xt k chn la h thng lc ph hp nht.
3.2.4 Thit b lm sch cc chi tit
Thit b lm sch c dng loi b cc cht bn, du m bng vic s dng kt
hp nc v cht ty ra. Cc thit b lm sch c dung tch t 300 ti 1500 lt v
phn ln c h thng ti ch/ lm sch ti s dng dung dch ty ra hoc dung
mi.
My lm sch dng nc c th thay th cc h thng lm sch s dng cc cht lm
sch c hi khc; v dung dch ty ra s dng trong nhng h thng ny c bit c
kh nng phn hy sinh hc v c th thi trc tip ra trm x l nc thi. Quy trnh
hin ti l lm th no cc thit b lm sch cng c khp kn v t phi bo
dng cng tt.
Cng c loi thit b lm sch s dng dung dch khng mang nc nh cc dung mi
ho tan hoc du khong; tuy nhin t cch nhn ca sn xut sch hn th nn trnh
vic s dng nhng loi dung mi ny. Nu s dng dung mi th cc thit b lm sch
phi gim c s bay hi ca dung mi, hn ch tip xc gia ngi cng nhn v
cc ha cht c hi v ng thi cho php ti s dng nhm lm gim tiu th cht
lm sch.
3.2.5 Cht lm sch sinh hc
Cc h thng lm sch sinh hc hay rp lm sch ang c pht trin Thu in
nh l mt gii php thay th cho lm sch bng cht ho hc. Phng php ny mi
c pht trin giai on u v s rt ha hn cc doanh nghip m c quy m
ln. Phng php ny yu cu ni nu phi ln v qu trnh lm sch cn phi din ra
tht t t. Khi pht trin xa hn, ng dng ca phng php ny c th rng hn.
3.2.6 Lm sch siu m
Phng php lm sch siu m c th t c sch cao cho b mt kim loi v
c th loi b c cc ht vt cht nh b. Phng php ny c th loi b cht bn
trn chi tit c hnh th phc tp nhanh hn phng php ngm ra. Cc thit b ny
thng c dung tch kh nh, t 20 - 140 lt. Mt im hn ch na l chi ph cho cc
thit b ny rt tn km, tuy nhin cc nh khoa hc k vng rng phng php lm
sch siu m s c th c ng dng rng hn trong tng lai.
3.2.7 Nhit phn cho sn tnh in
i vi nghnh sn tnh in, vic bc sn bng dung mi nh metylen clorua c th
c thay th bng phng php nhit phn. Nhit phn l qu trnh chy c kim
sot din ra trong l c nhit khong 400
o
C. Sau cc sn phm in phn c
dn ti bung t ph trc khi g b.
3.3 Kim sot thng s b x l
Theo di v kim sot thng s b mc ti u s gip ti u ho hiu qu, gim
s lng ph vt liu v nng lng, v gim dung dch dnh theo vt m. C th s
dng cc b cm bin kim sot nhit , m, pH, dng nc v mc
nhim bn; v cng ngh cm bin hin nay c th kt hp vi my tnh nh
gi cc iu kin. S ci tin cng ngh cng vi gi thnh ngy mt h khin cc
b cm bin phn tch, cc giao din my tnh, v cc h thng kim sot x l ngy
cng c quan tm hn.
Nhng phn sau y s m t cc thng s chnh trong vic kim sot iu kin ca
b.
3.3.1 Nng ho cht
Nn duy tr cc b vi t l nng ho cht ti thiu t c cht lng sn
phm cn thit. Cc doanh nghip cng nn theo di theo kinh nghim thc t ch
khng nn da vo khuyn co ca cc nh cung cp ho cht v mt s nh cung
cp c th a ra cc yu cu cao hn cn thit. Bng vic h thp nng ha cht
xung mc ch trn im gy li, cc chi ph v ho cht v cc chi ph khc lin quan
n vic thi loi v x l s gim xung. Khi nng ho cht gim th lng dung
dch dnh theo vt m cng s gim theo.
3.3.2 Nhit b
Nhit ca mt b c th tc ng n hiu qu ca qu trnh m, v lng dung
dch dnh theo vt m. nhit cao hn, st (nht) ca b thp hn, v v th
dung dch dnh theo vt m gim i. Mt khc, nu nhit vn hnh cao hn cng c
ngha l chi ph nng lng cao hn, v c th lm hng cc cht lm sng. Doanh
nghip cn phi cn nhc v vn ny xem nu thay i nhit b, hoc ln
hoc xung c th thc s gip gim chi ph hay khng.
3.3.3 Ngn tht thot nhit v bay hi
Cc cch gim tht thot nhit v bay hi t cc b cha:
Cn cch nhit cho cc b c nung nng gim thiu tht thot nhit. Dng
np y trong khi cc b khng hot ng.
Thng thng, bng v cp ni c s dng gim thiu tht thot nhit v hi
nc, v c th ch cn vi thng l hon vn.
Cht ngn hi ho cht cng c th c dng trong mt s ng dng ngn
nga tht thot do bay hi.
Mt nghin cu c tin hnh bi Vin Cng ngh cng nghp (1997), Australia, ch
ra rng: Bng cch s dng cht chng bay hi, nng crm trong lp khng kh
pha trn b m c th gim xung ch cn 0,9% so vi khi khng s dng. Tng t
nh vy, ng dng ca bng poly (bng nha polypropylene c 1-3/8 inch) c th lm
gim 13% nng kim loi trong khng kh so vi khi khng dng bng. Nghin cu
cng ch ra rng vic p dng ng thi c cht ngn bay hi v bng khng mang li
li ch hn nhiu so vi vic p dng mt phng php n l.
3.3.4 Chng nhim bn dung dch m
S tch t cc cht nhim bn dn dn lm gim hiu qu ca cc dung dch m, v
dn ti vic phi thi loi cc dung dch ny. S tch t cc cht nhim bn, nh b
xyanua b nhim cacbonat, cng lm tng 50% lng dung dch dnh theo vt m v n
lm tng snh ca dung dch. Hin c mt s cng ngh hiu chnh n gin c th
ko di tui th ca dung dch cc b bng cch loi b cc cht nhim bn.
Lc: Hin c cc h thng lc gn trong hoc ngoi cc thng cha, v cc thit b
nh hn thch hp vi cc doanh nghip quy m nh.
Chit xut kim loi t dung dch bng quy trnh in ho: Vic chit xut kim
loi t cc dung dch bng cc quy trnh in ho cho php loi b cc cht bn
kim loi khng mong mun v ch cn li cc kim loi mong mun trong dung dch
m, c th thy r nht ng dng ca phng php ny trong vic loi b ng
khi cc b m km v nickel. Khi hm lng ng qu cao, mt thanh kim loi
c t trong b v cho mt dng in nh chy qua. in p thp, ng s
bm vo b mt kim loi, cn phn ln cc cht ph gia trong b khng nh
hng. Mc d mt s kim loi m (km, nickel) b loi b, nhng khon tit
kim t vic ko di tui th ca b s b p li nhng hao ht ny.
S dng nc chng ct hoc nc kh ion ho: Vic s dng nc chng
ct hoc nc kh ion ho thay v nc my b cho lng mt i ca cc b
m kim loi s lm gim s tch t cc cht gy nhim bn cc dung dch, gim
lng bn cn v gim lng dung dch dnh theo vt m ra ngoi. Nc my
cha cc cht gy nhim bn nh canxi, st, magie, mangan, clo, cacbon, v
photpho, do vic s dng nc chng ct hay nc kh ion ho s loi b s
xm nhp ca cc cht gy nhim bn ny.
Khuy trn c hc thay cho sc kh: Bin php sc kh c khuynh hng lm
tng cht nhim bn nh du t my nn v cacbonic vo cc b v v th khuy
trn c hc c l thch hp hn. Tuy nhin, nu s dng khng kh, cn phi m
bo khng kh c lc loi b cc cht gy nhim.
3.4 Gim lng dung dch dnh theo vt m
Dung dch dnh theo vt m, l lng dung dch theo ra t b x l ti b ra, v l
ngun gy nhim nc ra trong quy trnh hon tt kim loi. Gim lng dung dch
dnh theo vt m c th gp phn:
Gim s nhim bn v v vy, lm tng tui th ca nc ra;
Ko di tui th cc b x l;
Gim nhu cu cp nc v ho cht mi; v
Gim chi ph x l loi b cc cht nhim c hi hoc trong phm vi qun l ca
lut php trc khi nc c ti s dng hoc thi b.
Nhiu doanh nghip m kim loi lo ngi rng vic thay i lm gim lng dung
dch dnh theo vt m, nh tng thi gian treo ro trn b, s nh hng ti nng sut
sn phm. Tuy nhin, nguyn nhn dn n cc cuc tranh lun ny l do cc doanh
nghip cha xem xt n s lng ph ca vic tiu hao dung dch x l v khon chi
ph dnh cho vic x l. Phn ny a ra cc kin nhm lm gim lng dung dch
dnh theo vt m.
3.4.1 Thi gian nhc chi tit ra khi thng m v treo ro
Khi nhc cc chi tit ra khi b cng nhanh th lp dung dch bm trn chi tit cng dy
v lng dung dch theo ra cng vt m cng ln hn. Tng t nh vy, thi gian
treo ro cng nhanh th cng c nhiu dung dch theo ra cng vt m sang b ra.
Vic nhc chi tit ra khi thng m c ngha rt ln, chnh v th trong hu ht cc
trng hp ngi ta dng cc gi treo nhc vt m ra khi b v n nh thi gian
cn thit treo trn b lm ro.
Mt s nghin cu chng minh rng khi tng thi gian treo ro sau khi nhc cc chi
tit ra khi b m th lng dung dch dnh theo vt m c th gim i ng k.
Mt th nghim M ch ra rng khong thi gian treo ro t nht 10 giy c th
gim hn 40% lng dung dch dnh theo vt m, nu so snh vi cng ngh x l
treo ro 3 giy thng thng.
Mt th nghim Hng Kng cho thy thi gian thot nc di hn 15 n 20
giy c th gim gim 75% lng dung dch dnh theo vt m m khng h nh
hng n cht lng v s lng sn phm (Phng cng nghip Hng Kng,
1995).
Bin php ny khi p dng s khng gy nh hng g n tin sn xut bi quy
trnh lm sch khng phi l nhn t mang ngha quyt nh i vi c quy trnh.
Bng cch phn tch ton b quy trnh v xc nh yu t no l quan trng, th c th
gim thi gian hot ng ca cc quy trnh khc ti a ha thi gian treo ro.
3.4.2 nh hng sn phm v cc gi treo
C th lm tng thi gian lm ro vt m m khng cn phi tng thi gian lm vic
ca cng nhn bng cch s dng cc gi treo v cc quy trnh ra sch t ng.
Nhng h thng ny c th lm tng nng sut lao ng v v th cc xng m c
th m ng khi lng cng vic ln hn.
Cc chi tit khi c treo ln gi s t ro. Cc chi tit nn c xp sao cho cht
lng c th thot nhanh nht tr li b m, hn ch ti a lng ko theo sang b
khc. Xp nghing cc chi tit s gip trnh hin tng to cc ti ng ho cht v
khng nn xp cc chi tit ny ngay trn chi tit kia.
Nu c th c th khi nhc cc chi tit ra khi b m, quay trn cc chi tit
gim lng dung dch bm qu nhiu trn b mt.
3.4.3 iu chnh sn phm
Nhng thay i nh trn sn phm c th lm gim lng dung dch dnh theo vt m.
Thng thng ngi ta gia cng thm cc l ln cc chi tit thun tin cho vic treo
chng ln gi. Nhng l ny cn phi v tr thun li cho vic thot dung dch m
khng lm nh hng n cu trc tng th ca cc chi tit. Ta cng c th to ra cc
l loi b cc h trn b mt m dung dch thng hay ng li. Cc bin php ny
c th gip cho thi gian lm ro dung dch ngn hn.
C rt nhiu yu t lin quan n cu trc ca vt m lm tng kh nng dung dch b
dnh theo, nh cc mi hn ni/gp. Chng to thnh cc khe, l nh v dung dch b
ht vo do lc mao dn. Khi gim s lng cc chi tit lp rp v dng cc mi hn
ni 2 u th c th lm gim nh hng ny.
3.4.4 Tm thu dch v khay hng
Tm thu dch (xem hnh) c s dng rng ri trong nghnh cng nghip hon tt
kim loi thu hi dung dch m. Nhng tm ny c treo gia cc b x l v c
lm bng nha, hoc thp phng hay m teflon. Dung dch nh xung tm ny v quay
tr li cc b x l tng ng.
t mt tm bn trn ming ca 2 thng lin k hng dung dch dnh theo vt m.
Nghing tm bn ny v pha thng th nht (vic ny gip cho dung dch khng b ri
ra sn v ng cng).

Hnh 9: Tm thu dch

Vt m
Vt m
B x l B x l
Tm thu
dch
3.4.5 Cc cht thm t
Cc cht hot ng b mt v cc cht thm t khc c th lm gim 50% lng
dung dch dnh theo vt m, bng cch lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung dch
(Cng ty t vn Hagler Bailey). Tuy nhin, cc cht thm t c th to ra bt v c
th khng ph hp vi cc h thng x l nc thi. Do , cn phi lm th nghim
xc nh cc cht thm t no l thch hp nht.
3.4.6 Dao kh
Thi kh vo b mt ca chi tit khi chng c nhc ra khi b m hoc b lm sch,
y cht lng tr li b. Trong mt s ng dng, phng php lm kh nhanh ny c
th nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
3.4.7 Tr li dung dch dnh theo vt m v b m
Trc tip tr li dung dch dnh theo vt m v cc b m l dng thu hi kim loi n
gin nht v c thc hin rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip. Thng u tin sau
thng m l thng hng dung dch dnh theo vt m hoc ra tnh v thng ny
hng phn ln lng dung dch tha bm theo vt m. Lng dung dch c hng
li ny s dng b sung cho b m b li cho phn tht thot do bay hi. Ging
nh vn tch t cht bn c ni phn trc, lng dung dch thu hi c
thng nhiu hn lng dung dch cn b p cho tht thot do bay hi trong
thng m, v v th cn phi thng m hot ng nhit cao hn iu tit tt
c cc dung dch dnh theo vt m. Hoc cng c th dng cc bin php kch thch
bay hi hn ch vn ny.

3.5 Ci tin cng ngh ra
H thng ra tt nht l h thng va t c hiu sut cao nht va s dng t
nc nht. Trc nay ngnh ny vn s dng nc mt cch thoi mi nhm t
c hiu qu ra tt. Tuy nhin, c nhiu cch ra tt m li s dng t nc hn
rt nhiu. Bng cch gim thiu lng nc ra, bn c th tit kim 2 kha cnh.
Th nht l tit kim tin mua nc, v th hai bn tit kim c chi ph trong khu
x l v thi b. Phn ny m t cc cch s dng nc t hn trong khu ra nhng
vn c th duy tr c hiu qu ra tt.

3.5.1 Khuy trn
V a phn cc nh my s dng gi treo vn hnh bng tay, v th c th khuy trn
bng cch di chuyn cc gi treo ny bng tay. Vic ra sch s hiu qu hn nu cc
vt m c nng v h xung hn l khuy khi chng ang c ngm. Nhng 2 ln
trong cng mt b c th gim lng dung dch ko theo vt m hiu qu hn gp 16
ln so vi nhng 1 ln.
Vic sc kh nn thng khng phi l mt cch lm hiu qu, v thng ty ht
khng kh c trong dung dch. My khuy Vortex bng s tun hon khp kn ca dng
bn t thng ra thng rt hiu qu, nhng hiu qu khuy cao nht ch c th t
c khi s dng cc my khuy chuyn bit.
3.5.2 Ra xt v phun sng
Vic ra sch bng cch phun xt s s dng mt vi phun phun nc ra ln vt
m khi chng va c mang ra t b x l. y l cch thch hp nht ra cc
tm phng, tuy nhin c th s dng kt hp vi vic ra ngm i vi cc vt c hnh
dng c bit.
i vi cc b c gia nhit, c th sp xp cc vi phun theo c v t l dng nc
c iu chnh nh nc phun s lm cn bng lng tht thot bay hi.
Cc b sng v phun sng l mt bin i trong cch ra bng cch phun, kt hp
s phun nc vi p sut kh to ra lp sng m ca nc. Lp sng m thu
ho cht v dn chng quay li bn x l.
Cc b phun hoc b sng thng c s dng trong nhng trng hp m nc
sng c th lml ong dung dch x l ngoi mong mun.
V hiu qu ra, ra phun ch c hiu qu bng mt na so vi ra nhng, nhng li
ch tiu tn khong t 1/8 n 1/4 lng nc so vi phng php ny.

Hnh 10: B sng v phun sng

Vt m Vt m
B sng Phun sng
B x l
B x l
3.5.3 Ra ng v tnh
Mt s nh my nh ch s dng mt s lng t cc bn ra nh tnh (nc t) c
th t c hiu qu ra tng i. Tuy nhin, i vi cc nh my c s lng vt
liu sn xut cao hn, th s dng cch sc ra ng thng ph bin hn; mt lng
nc c nh thng xuyn c cung cp ti thng ra h thp nng cht
bn.
Nu ch s dng mt b ra ng th cn mt lng nc ln t c hiu qu
ra cao. C th gim vic s dng nc bng cch lp t mt hoc vi b ra tnh
trc b ra ng. C th tham kho hnh di.

Hnh 11: Lm sch ng v tnh

3.5.4 Ra ngc dng
Ra ngc dng c th lm gim nhu cu nc sch bng cch chuyn dung dch
bm vo vt v li b x l. Nc sch c cho vo thng ra cui cng v chy
trn tr li qua cc thng sc ra ang hot ng cho ti khi ti thng ra c t
ngay sau thng m.
Thng th dng nc trn t thng ra u tin s c thi ra h thng x l hay
h thng thot nc. Tuy nhin, nu thng x l hot ng nhit cao cho vic
bay hi, th dng nc trn c th i vo thng x l, bng cch c th ti s dng
c nhiu dung dch dnh trn vt m. Vic chy trn vo thng x l ch c ch khi
qu trnh ra c s dng nc kh oxi ho.
Mt h thng lm sch ngc dng nhiu giai on s dng t hn ti 90% nc ra
so vi mt h thng lm sch thng thng (m t nh hnh 12)
Vt m Vt m
B x l B cha dung
dch dnh theo
vt m tnh
B ra ng
Dng nc
Dng nc

Hnh 12: Ra ngc dng

3.5.5 Kim sot dng nc
Cch d nht v n gin nht kim sot dng nc l kho nc chy n cc b
ra khi khng s dng chng. Tuy nhin, vic ny c th hi phc tp, v th tt nht
l trang b mt h thng khng da trn hot ng ca con ngi.
Cc b hn ch dng chy ni tip (in-line flow restrictors) n gin c th gii hn
ch t l dng chy, v c gi rt r (khong US$10.-). Tuy nhin, v khng th iu
chnh c b hn ch nn chng c th khng thch hp cho mt s xng m ni
m cc sn phm cn m rt a dng v u c nhng yu cu khc nhau v t l
dng chy.
Nhng quy trnh yu cu dng bin thin, c th s dng cc h thng o lng t
ng kim sot dng chy vi chnh xc hp l. Vic ny c th hot ng hoc
da trn dng t trc i vi cc hot ng chi tit hoc kim sot dng chy s
dng cc b cm bin dn in. Cc b cm bin dn in o nng cht bn trong
nc ra v iu chnh dng ph hp; dn in cng cao th dng chy cng cao.
3.5.6 Trnh nhu cu ra
C th b qua bc ra gia b ra ngm v b ra in phn nu c hai b tng
thch.
3.6 Cc k thut ti s dng nc ra v thu hi kim loi
Khi nim v mt h thng khng dng thi ang ngy cng tr thnh mt la chn
kh thi i vi ngnh cng nghip. iu ny c c da trn l thuyt rng nc v
kim loi cha trong nc thi c th c khi phc v ti s dng trong qu trnh. V
chi ph cho vic x l v thi b cht thi ngy cng t , nn chc chn s n lc
vic x l v ti s dng nc thi s tit kim hn l x l v loi b chng.
Vt m
Vt m
B x l B ra 1 B ra 2 B ra 3
Nc thi
Nc ra thi
Nc thi c x l c th c ti s dng cho cc qu trnh ph tr nh ra, lm
sch, b ty g hay v sinh sn xng. n 90% lng nc s dng trong m in
u s dng cho cc hot ng ra, v th li ch t vic ti s dng ngun ti nguyn
ny l rt r rng.
Mt s k thut c ch ra trong phn ny cng cho php kim loi c ti ch t
dng thi. Tuy nhin, vic ti ch kim loi c th mu thun vi cc n lc gim ngun
nguyn liu. Th nht, mc ch ca vic gim ngun l lm gim nng dung
dch dnh li trn vt m, tuy nhin nhiu cng ngh thu hi kim loi hot ng tt nht
khi nng dung dch cao. Th hai, cng ngh ti ch kim loi li sinh ra cc cht thi
khc nh cc b lc, mng, catot v nha thng qua s dng.
Do , cc doanh nghip nn xem xt cn thn tnh kh thi k thut, cc tc ng mi
trng v cht lng trc khi u t vo h thng ti ch. Chng c th ch tng
thch vi cc lung rc thi m cn chi ph cao loi b hay thay th.
Vic x l v ti ch cht thi thu hi nc hoc kim loi thng yu cu vn u
t trong h thng x l nh nhng g c ch ra trong phn ny. Cc dng cng
ngh ti ch ang c s dng M cho mc ch ny c ch ra trong bng sau:
Bng 11: Cng ngh ti ch c s dng M

3.6.1 Thu hi kim loi bng phng php in phn
Thu hi kim loi bng phng php in phn gi kim loi trong dung dch bng cch
m chng trn mt tm kim loi mng lm bng loi kim loi s c khi phc hoc
mt khong trng thp khng g, ng vai tr nh mt catt trong thng. Sn phm ca
qu trnh ny l mt tm kim loi cng, n c th c khi phc v ti s dng nh
mt ant trong thng m. K thut ny yu cu s phn lung nc thi ca cc bc
ra ngn s nhim bn ca ant vi cc kim loi khc nhau.
Cng ngh ti ch
Trao i Ion
Thit b bay hi trong khng kh
Khai thc in
Thit b bay hi chn khng
Thm thu ngc
in thm tch
% doanh nghip s dng
3.6.2 Thm thu ngc
S thm thu ngc l vic cho dng cht lng s dng i qua mt mng ngn khng
thm phn ln mui ho tan, s dng p sut cao. Cc li ch ca n bao gm kh
nng x l cc dung dch long, nc thi thch hp cho vic ti s dng trong khi
nhu cu s dng nng lng li thp hn cc h thng bay hi. Nc c lm sch
c th c s dng li cc qu trnh ra v mui kim loi c ti ch b sung
vo cc b m.
Thng thng, phng php ny c s dng tinh ch nc thi ra t cc b
axit nickel. Phng php ny khng thch hp cho cc dung dch c tnh oxi ho cao,
nh axit crm, v nu cha cc cht hu c hin hu th dch s phi c i qua b
lc than hot tnh. Chi ph vn trung bnh khong 30.000 la v chi ph hot ng
hng nm khong 1/3 chi ph vn.
3.6.3 Trao i Ion
S trao i Ion loi b c kim loi in tch m v dng cng nh ion ho cht ra
khi dung dch bng cch a nc thi ra qua cc lp nha. Khi cc lp nha ny
bo ha, cc kim loi s c thu hi trong dung dch c v nha thng c
hon nguyn ti s dng. S bt li khi s dng cng ngh ny l: y l qu trnh
phc tp yu cu hot ng v bo dng cn thn, nc thi phi c phn lung
thu hi kim loi, v pht sinh thm lng nc thi b sung t qu trnh hon
nguyn v ra. Chi ph vn c th t 5.000 la n 500.000 la v chi ph hot
ng hng nm khong t 25% n 50% chi ph vn.
3.6.4 in thm tch
in thm tch l mt qu trnh x l mng, trong , nc thi i xuyn qua h thng
mng chn lc ion, h thng ny s loi b c ion m v dng. in thm tch c th
t c nng cao hn bin php thm thu ngc hoc trao i ion, tuy nhin
phng php ny li khi phc c cc tp cht v khng th khi phc mt vi cht
quan trng khc c trong dch x l nh cc tc nhn lm sng v cht ph gia. Chi
ph vn c th t 10.000 la n 50.000 la vi chi ph hot ng t 15% n 30%
vn u t.
3.7 Cc quy trnh khc
Phn ny s cung cp mt s v d v cc k thut khc - l phng php ty chn
cho cc quy trnh hon tt kim loi v c th gim ng k chi ph x l cht thi.
3.7.1 H thng m khng xyanua
Xyanua c s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip m nhng do hm lng c
cao nn nc thi c cha xyanua cn phi c x l thm mt khu oxi ha
xyanua.V vy, chuyn i sang h thng khng xyanua c th tit kim c chi ph
khong 10% nh tit kim c khu x l nc thi.
M thic l phng php thnh cng nht trong vic thay th xyanua thng qua vic
s dng dung dch km clorua v h thng kim km.
B (axt) km clorua ngy cng c a chung trong ngnh cng nghip. Ngoi li
ch tit kim chi ph x l nc thi th dung dch ny cn c u im l hiu qu hot
ng cao hn, c b ngoi p v sng bng, tit kim nng lng ng k thng qua
vic tng nng sut v t gin hydro hn. chu c trong iu kin axt, cc b
thp truyn thng cn c thay th, tuy nhin chi ph ph thm s c b nh cc
khon tit kim t vic gim chi ph x l cht thi v ri ro v an ton lao ng.
H thng kim km l h thng r nht trong cc b m km, c th c s dng
trong cc b thp truyn thng v cng c th to ra sng bng tt. H thng ny
khng chu c s thay i trong cc iu kin vn hnh v nu vn hnh bn ngoi
nhng tiu chun ca hot ng th hiu sut v cht lng c th s b nh hng.
Tuy nhin, h thng kim km chng t tnh kh thi hn trong hai h thng khng
xyanua bi n c th c p dng ngay trn cc b c trc .
Cc cng ngh thay th cc h thng xyanua khc nh ng , ng thau, vng v
bc nhng khng hiu qu bng vic dng xyanua km. Thay th gii php xyanua
bng gii php khng xyanua yu cu cc k thut lm sch, ty sch du m do cc
gii php khng xyanua i hi b mt lau sch k lng t c cht lng m
cao. Tuy nhin, h thng khng xyanua dn c chp nhn ngay sau khi c
gii thiu ln u tin.
3.7.2 Thay th Crm+6 bng Crm+3 trong quy trnh m Crm
S dng Crm+3 thay cho Crm+6 mang li mt s thun li sau:
Gim s c hi i vi sc khe khi tip xc vi Crm+6.
t lng cn trong cc b m
Gim bc chuyn ha Crm+6 sang Crm+3 trong qu trnh x l nc thi.
Gim lng dung dch dnh theo ra v dung dch t dnh hn so vi Crm+6 v nng
dung dch thp hn, v
Crm+3 s dng cng nhng thit b vi Crm+6 nn rt d thay th.
dy ti a ca lp m Crm+3 l 0,003 mm; nu m dy hn s d lm xut hin
vt nt v gim cht lng sn phm. V vy, k thut ny thng khng ph hp vi
m Crm cng c yu cu v dy t 0,508 mm tr ln.
M, qu trnh thay Crm+3 bng crm ha tr ba rt chm do cht lng m c
cho l km hn so vi s dng Crm+6. Cc cng ty sn xut t i hi lp gia cng
bng, cht lng cao m ch c Crm+6 c th p ng. Tuy nhin trong nhng ng
dng khng i hi qu cao v cht lng, c th s dng crm+3 thay th.
Tng mu ca lp m Crm+3 s khc so vi Crm+6. Tuy nhin, c th s dng mt
vi cht ph gia thm vo dung dch Crm+6 iu chnh c tng mu theo yu
cu.
3.7.3 Gia tng tui th b m khng in
M khng s dng in l mt dng m m khng trc tip s dng dng in m
kim loi, thay vo l s dng chnh lch in th ca kim loi.
Vn ln nht ca qu trnh ny l dung dch trong b s b nhim bn do cc sn
phm ph ca phn ng ha hc. Sn phm ph pht sinh trong qu trnh m s lm
gim hiu sut dung dch. Khi dung dch khng cn hiu qu thng th s c loi
b i v thay th bng dung dch mi.
Di gc ca SXSH, hnh thc m ny khng phi l gii php thay th hng u
v tui th ca b khng cao v cc dung dch qua s dng cn phi c x l.
Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, qu trnh ny c th c ci thin bng cch
tng tui th dung dch nh thm cht ha hc, thng thng l cc cht kh nh
hypophotphat. Cc cht kh s lm cho b dao ng, khin cht bn pht sinh s
c bn ra, thng th trn bng thp. Qu trnh ny s lm tng tui th ca b gp
mi ln v gim lng cht thi to ra ti 90%.
3.8 Cng ngh mi
Phn ny s cung cp nhng thng tin v cc cng ngh sch c tm thy trong cc
ti liu, ch yu t M. Mc d nhng cng ngh ny cha xut hin trong i sng
thc tin nhng chng mang nhng c im c tnh kh thi v v vy ng c
xem xt n.
Cng ngh sch l cc quy trnh hay cng ngh sn xut m gim thiu c s
nhim hay cht thi, tiu hao nng lng hay s dng ngun nguyn liu khi so snh
vi cc cng ngh khc.
3.8.1 Ant ha axt Boric/Sulphuric (SBAA)
Quy trnh SBAA l phng php thay th trc tip cho qu trnh Ant ha axt Crm
s dng trn nhng quy trnh sn xut nhm. Qu trnh SBAA cn c b Ant ha axt
Boric v b cht hn crm cc chi tit s c nhng vo sau qu trnh SBAA.
Nc ra vn cn cha kim loi v axt cn phi c tin x l nhng khi lng
crm cn x l th thp hn nhiu so vi cc phng php thng thng. Do vy,
SBAA gip gim ng k qu trnh x l axit crm cng nh gim kh c thi ra t lp
m. Chi ph hot ng SBAA bng vi chi ph hot ng m crm. M, vic gim
mc crm cho php c hy vng s lm cho SBAA tr thnh s thay th hng u
i vi qu trnh oxit ha ant thng thng trong vng 5-15 nm ti (USAEP).
3.8.2 Cng ngh in thm tch cho dung dch x l
in thm tch l mt qu trnh duy tr nng ion kim loi thp trong dung dch b
ant ha bng vic vn chuyn ion kim loi bng dng in v ht chng khi chng
thnh lp bn c.
V d khi ant ha nhm th dung dch b phi c thay v thi b khi nng nhm
t mc 80-100 gram/lt. Cng ngh thm tch bng in c th gip tng rt nhiu
tui th ca dung dch b oxit ha ant v cho php thu hi v ti s dng kim loi.
Ngoi ra, iu chnh nng ion kim loi trong dung dch ant ha s ci thin cht
lng sn phm. Lp cn s c ly b ra v catt s c thay i da trn
nguyn l c bn m bo qu trnh tch b kim loi t hiu qu.
Ti M, cha c nhiu cng ty s dng cng ngh ny do chi ph vn qu cao, ng
thi vic tm ra c mt cng ty thu hi v ti s dng kim loi t cn x l rt kh.
Khi chi ph x l tng th bin php thm tch bng in s chng t tnh kh thi v
mt kinh t (USAEP).

3.8.3 High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) Thermal Spray
Cng ngh phun nhit oxy-nhin liu tc ln (HVOF) l qu trnh sy kh nhm to
ra lp m kim loi c. Cng ngh ny s dng hn hp nhin liu/oxy trong khoang
t, y bt kim loi s c nu chy v c np vo sng phun s dng kh ga
lun chuyn v c y i vi tc cao ti thit b c m. Bt kim loi l hp
cht bao gm nickel, cacbua crm, cacbua vnfram. dy lp m c th t c
ln n 0,25 inch.
Qu trnh ny to ra mt lp m kim loi dy m c tnh k thut tng ng hoc
vt qu c c tnh ca lp m c m bng phng php crm cng s dng
crm ha tr su. Dng nc thi duy nht c to ra l sn phun li, v hin nay
vn ny c th c khc phc bng cch s dng h thng lc mn ngn nc
hoc my lc khng kh chuyn bit. Do sn phun li ch cha hp kim hoc kim loi
nguyn cht nn c th ti ch cc loi kim loi v hp kim ny thnh nguyn liu th.
M, HVOF ang dn c chp nhn v thi gian thu hi vn t 2 n 4 nm, ty
thuc vo quy m hot ng (USAEP).

3.8.4 Qu trnh kt t hi ion (Ion Vapour Deposition (IVD)
IVD l mt qu trnh bay hi dn dn to nn mt lp mng mng trn b mt kim loi,
v c th thay th qu trnh m in. Phng php ny rt ph hp cho vic to lp
ph trang tr hoc cho cc dng c.
Li ch chnh ca cng ngh ny khi thay th quy trnh m in l n gn nh khng
cn n nc ra. Tuy nhin c mt hn ch l lp m khng thc s tt cho cc b
phn cn bi trn. V do phng php ny khng phi l s la chn tt cho cc
g kp hay nh v. Ngoi ra, nhng ng dng lin quan n m cc vt th c hnh
vnh khn cng rt hn ch.
Mc d c nhiu hn ch nh vy nhng cng ngh IVD vn c mong i l s tip
tc thay th cc quy trnh m nc M (USAEP).
3.8.5 Thu hi bng in phn ti ch xyanua kim loi
Nc thi to ra t qu trnh ra cc b phn m xyanua c cha cc kim loi v hp
cht c xyanua. Cc dng nc thi ny yu cu cn phi c qu trnh tin x l trc
khi thi ra ngoi c bit l khi c cha cc ha cht c hi nh axit, kim, cc ha
cht c cha clo. Cng ngh khi phc in phn s dng dng in m kim loi
v oxy ha cht xyanua trong nc ra.
Kim loi s c thu hi t bnh phc hi in phn v l kim loi c th quay tr li b
xyanua nh l ngun ant v ch mt phn xyanua c oxy ha thnh xyanit. Cc h
thng ny c th thu hi c hn 90% ion kim loi v oxy ha khong 50% lng
xianua.
Do cc h thng ny hot ng theo ch cch t v t i hi phi thay i quy
trnh v giai on thu hi vn c tnh l khong 2 nm nu nh quy trnh hot ng
to ra 1.000 kilo lit mt nm.
Qu trnh thu hi in phn ch c th thc hin c i vi cc loi nc thi c
hm lng kim loi cao, v hiu qu kh s gim khi hm lng gim. in hnh l
cng ngh ny khng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip M nhng li rt
c a chung trong vic thu hi cc kim loi c gi tr (bc v vng).
Bng 13 di cho thy tng v Cng ngh sch hn hin c cho ngnh gia cng
tinh kim loi trn khp th gii.

Bng 13: Li ch do cc cng ngh sch mang li
Cng ngh sch hn hin c Cng ngh sch hn
ang pht trin
Li ch
M
ng
khng
xyanua
Bc lp
m
khng
xyanua
M in
km/
hp kim
km
Cng
ngh
Blackhole
Kt t
hi
ion
Kt t
hi vt
l
X l b
mt nhm
khng
crm
Ph
bng
phun
kim loi
Cacbua
Nickel-
Wolfram-
Silicon
Nickel-
Wolfram-
Bo
M
In-mold
V mt phng nga nhim:
Thay th xyanua
Thay th kim loi c hi
Loi tr/gim nc thi
Loi tr cht hu c c
hi

V mt vn hnh:
Gim s bc quy trnh
C kh nng t ng
ha

V mt kinh t:
Chi ph vn tng i
thp

Chi ph vn hnh tng
i thp

Yu cu v mc k
nng vn hnh tng
i thp

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi 61
3.9 Tng lai ca ngnh cng nghip hon tt kim loi
Cng ging nh cc nc pht trin, Vit Nam s tip tc c nhng bin php qun l
mi trng cht ch hn. Vic pht trin v ng dng nhng cng ngh sch mi v
mang tnh i mi l mt iu tin quyt m bo nn cng nghip s khng to
nn nhng p lc qu cho php i vi mi trng.
Ti M, vn v mi trng lun l yu t c u tin hng u khi tin hnh
nghin cu v pht trin cng nghip. Cc nh cung cp nguyn liu ang hng ti
nhng cng ngh thay th mi. Cc cht thay th cho xyanua, caimi, v crm+6 ang
thu ht rt nhiu s ch t cc doanh nghip.
Cc ti liu M cng on nh c trc nhng khuynh hng pht trin mi
ca cng ngh snh trong tng lai gn v c tng lai xa.
Khuynh hng trong tng lai gn: S pht trin ca sn tnh in
Trong nhng nm sp ti, sn tnh in s tr thnh mt cng ngh ph bin trong
ngnh hon tt kim loi. Cng ngh ny ang ngy cng ln sn th trng sn nc
v cng dn chim c th trng sn trang tr. Nhng ci tin ca sn tnh in
v h thng phn phi m ra nhng ng dng mi. S a chung ca sn tnh
in l do nhng u im v vic hn ch pht thi v cc hp cht hu c d bay
hi VOC cng vi hiu sut s dng nguyn liu vt tri.
Khuynh hng trung hn: S bng n cng ngh kt t hi ha hc v vt l
Cng ngh kt t hi l quy trnh hon tt kh trong m kim loi. C nhng cng
ngh chuyn ha cc kim loi sang dng hi t c lp m kim loi cng cho
mt vi chi tit quan trng trong quy trnh. Nhng cng ngh ny hin ti ch th c
p dng trong nhng ng dng cng ngh cao, chuyn bit. Tuy nhin, s pht trin
trong tng lai v nhng yu cu v sn phm cht lng cao hn chc chn s
mang li tim nng cho nhng cng ngh to ra v cng t dng thi ny.
Khuynh hng di hn: Cng ngh th h tip theo
Nhng ci tin trong ngnh cng ngh vt liu mt ngy no s a n mt nn
cng nghip hon tt kim loi hon ton mi, hoc lm gim nhu cu v ngnh ny do
ng dng ca nhng vt liu thay th. Bn cng ngh ni bt cho khuynh hng di
hn l:
Cc b dung dch khng cha nc (v d nh cn)
Lin kt vt l, trong cc kim loi c kt t bng cc phng php vt l, ch
khng phi cc phng php c in
Cng ngh nano s dng cng ngh laser nh v kim loi trn b mt
Cc vt liu thay th nh gm hay nha, hn ch c nhng nhu cu v hon tt
kim loi.
4 Phng php lun 6 bc nh gi SXSH

Chng ny gii thiu chi tit cch thc tip cn tng bc tin hnh nh gi sn xut sch hn ti
mt nh my hon tt sn phm kim loi. Cc phiu cng tc s c cung cp ti cui mi nhim v
nhm h tr cho vic thu thp, phn tch v bin son d liu. Mc d cc phiu cng tc ny c thit
k ring cho cc nh my hon tt sn phm kim loi, nhng vn cha th st vi tng iu kin ca tng
doanh nghip c th, v v th tu thuc vo quy trnh v sn phm khc nhau cn iu chnh cho ph
hp.
Bn cnh cc phiu cng tc, chng ny cn cung cp v d c th v mt nh my x l hon tt sn
phm kim loi. V d ny c xy dng da trn nghin cu nh gi SXSH c thc hin ti cc
nh my khc nhau Vit Nam. Km theo nhng v d, chng ny cng a ra nhng nhn xt v s
tho ng ca cc d liu v phn tch tin hnh. Cc nhn xt ny s gip ch cho c gi khi thu
thp v phn tch d liu cho cc nh gi SXSH tng lai.

L thuyt c bn sau mi nh gi SXSH (CPA) l bt k vt cht no i vo mt nh
my th s i ra di dng ny hoc dng khc; Tuy nhin, gi nh cn bn c a
ra l nguyn liu c d tr s khng tri qua bt c s thay i no v dng v v
cht. Thc hin CPA gip pht hin ra ngun pht thi trong quy trnh t c th
hn ch cc nguyn nhn v ng thi cht lng sn phm c th cng c nng
cao.
SXSH ti mt nh my hon tt sn phm kim loi cn c s tham gia ca tt c cc
khu vc sn xut nh lit k Chng 1, v bt k khu vc no cng c tim
nng gim thiu pht thi. Ngoi ra, cc gii php SXSH ca mi khu vc s c hiu
ng lin i v tng h vi cc b phn khc. V th, iu quan trng l phi p dng
phng php tip cn tng bc phi hp tt c cc b phn vi nhau v m bo
thc hin SXSH. Phng php tip cn cn phi c s linh hot cn thit thch ng
vi nhng tnh hung bt ng. Phng php tip cn ny cng m bo vic khai thc
ti a nhng c hi SXSH. Chng ny s lun bn v mt tip cn c trng
c th nghim v kim chng nhiu ngnh cng nghip ti Vit Nam.
X nghip C kh Bnh Minh, trc thuc y ban Nhn dn thnh ph Thi Bnh, thc hin cc nghin
cu SXSH nm 2004. Sn xut n nh vi cc dng sn phm m chnh l cc ai chi sn, khung con
ln sn, ng lt v kha mc xut khu v cc ph tng xe my cho Honda Vit Nam. X nghip c 200
cn b cng nhn vin hot ng vi 2 phn xng c kh v m.
4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng
4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm
CPA s t c hiu qu cao nht khi c thc hin theo nhm. V th vic thnh
lp nhm l mt phn quan trng khi ln k hoch trin khai CPA. Nhm s gm cc
thnh vin l nhn vin ca doanh nghip, v c s h tr thm t trung tm sn
xut sch hoc chuyn gia t vn trong nc khi cn. Cn phi ch to mi quan h
cht ch gia cc thnh vin thng qua cc cuc hp nh k. Chn la thnh phn
ca nhm l mt cng vic ht sc quan trng v nu lm khng tt th nhm c th
gp phi nhng tr ngi t ni b v c t bn ngoi (v d t pha cc nhn vin v
cng nhn ca doanh nghip).
Vi cc doanh nghip ln, mt nhm c th bao gm trong mt i nng ct (gm i din ca cc
phng ban khc nhau) v mt s thnh phn cho tng nhim v c th. Vi cc doanh nghip va v nh,
nhm c th ch gm ch doanh nghip v mt qun c - ngi gim st cc hot ng hng ngy.
Nhm ny nn khi xng, iu phi v gim st cc hot ng CPA.
cc nh my hon tt sn phm kim loi quy m ln, mt nhm c th gm 8-10 thnh vin, cn vi cc
nh my nh th nhm c th ch cn t 4-6 thnh vin.
thc hin c hiu qu, v c bn, nhm phi c kin thc phn tch v r
sot thc hnh sn xut hin ti ca doanh nghip. H cn phi c c sng to
pht hin, xy dng v nh gi nhng ci tin trong thc hnh sn xut. Cui cng,
h phi c nng lc trin khai nhng can thip kh thi v kinh t.
mt nh my hon tt sn phm kim loi, nhm ny cn phi gm nhn s ca cc
b phn: lnh o, k ton/cung ng, cc dy chuyn tin x l v m, cc khu vc
ph tr, v bo dng. Ty vo nhu cu c th, nh my c th mi cc chuyn gia
bn ngoi tham gia vo thnh phn ca nhm.
Nhm SXSH trc ht cn phi ln k hoch cng vic v cc vn v t chc cn
thit m bo s c cc d liu hoc cc thng tin cn thit trong nhiu giai on
nh gi. n cui qu trnh nh gi, nhm cn phi thu thp c cc thng tin
chung v nh my. Phiu cng tc 1 s h tr vic thu thp v tng hp thng tin.
PHIU CNG TC 1: Thng tin chung
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Lng tn/nm
m
3
/nm
m
3
/nm
kwh/nm
kwh/nm
t/nm
t/nm
t/nm
Khc
T
I

N
G
U
Y
N

N
C

V
N
G

L
N
G
T
H
I
T

B
P
H

T
R
Nc ging khoan
in mua
in pht
Nc mua
Du t cho l hi
Mui xyanua
H
A

C
H
T
Du t pht in
Cng sut
danh nh
Ni hi
My nn
Thit b sinh kh nng
Axit photphoric
Than
Sn
Thic
Khc
Cc u vo s dng
Cc quy trnh chnh
M in:
Nickel
Crm
Axit sunfuric
Dung mi ty du m
HCl
Thng tin c bn v cng ty v c im sn xut
C/Khng Din tch m, m
2
/ nm
Mui Niken
Ant ha
Sn tnh in
Khc
Pht pht ha
M nhng nng
Sn nc
Mui Crm
Km
PHIU CNG TC 1
Tn v a ch cng ty
Tn NHM SXSH Chc v B phn

H v Tn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M in
C
C
C
Ant ha Khng
Khng
Khng
Sn tnh Khng
Khng
Khng
Tn/nm
m
3
/nm
m
3
/nm
kwh/nm
kwh/nm
t/nm
t/nm
t/nm
Sn
STT
Tiu thu thng
8/2003
1 0,3
2
0.003
0.0052 0.0057
Bng s liu tiu th u vo thp v ha cht
0.0049
0.0018
0.3
Tiu th nm 2002
- Nickel sulphate
...
n v SP
kg/sn phm
kg/sn phm
kg/sn phm
Du t l hi
K
h
n
g

p

d
n
g

(
x
e
m

b
n
g

d
i
)
u vo
Thp
Ha cht
- A-xt Sulphuric
Tiu th 6 thng u
nm 2003
0,299
0.0027
My nn
Thit b sinh kh nng
C
C

T
H
I
T

B

P
H

T
R
Nc gingkhoan
in mua
in pht
1,065
Du pht in
8,735,500
8,211
khng p dng
Nc mua
Than
khng p dng
Ni hi
Niken
Crm
Km-amon
Khc
Cc u vo s dng
Photphat ha
M nhng nng
o Duy Tng
Chc v
Thnh vin
Sn nc
Khc

N
C

V
N
G

L
N
G
khng p dng
Quy trnh chnh
Phm Vn Phi
H Vn Hin
NHM SXSH
on Ngc Hng
Trng phng k thut
H Vn Hin
Ph phng ti v
Qun c phn xng m
Vai tr
Th Ng
Qun c phn xng c kh
PHIU CNG TC 1 (V d xuyn sut)
X nghip C kh Bnh Minh,
phng Tin Phong, th x Thi bnh, tnh Thi Bnh Tn v a ch cng ty
Bi K Ln
i trng Ph Gim c K thut
Trng phng k hoch
Ng Duy Chc
KT Ca m Ni-Cr
KT Ca m Ni-Cr
Thng tin c bn v cng ty v sn xut (1999)
KT ca m Km-Amn
Th in
C/Khng
Din tch m,
m
2
/nm
V B Du
Phm Cng Ng
Thnh vin
Thnh vin
Thnh vin
Thnh vin
Thnh vin
Thnh vin
Thnh vin
Thnh vin
S lng
Sn phm
ai chi sn
2,385,000
Cng sut
danh nh
Axit photphoric
Khc
Mui xyanua
Khung con ln sn tng
Ph tng xe my
Cn s xe my
H
A

C
H
T
Axit sunfuric
Dung mi ty du m
Mui Niken
Mui Crm
Km
HCL

NHN XT: Nhm c thnh lp cng ln th vic tng hp s liu v s phi hp gia cc thnh vin
trong nhm nhng giai on tip theo s ngy cng kh khn. Hn th na vic tp hp y cc
thnh vin trong cc cuc hp cng gp nhng kh khn nht nh.
Do h thng h s ca nh my, s liu v sn phm ch c dng s sn phm tng loi m cha quy
v din tch m/nm. Nn khi lp s liu nn v sut tiu hao u vo, i s phi bc tch s liu cho
tng chng loi sn phm.
Mt s d liu ca nh my khng sn c, v th cc thnh vin ca nhm cn thu
thp v in vo cc thng tin cn thiu.
Mt nh gi SXSH s yu cu phi c mt lng ti liu v thng tin nht nh. Nu
cha c nhng yu t ny th s phi xy dng v cp nht. Phiu cng tc 2 s gip
nh gi mc sn c ca thng tin.
PHIU CNG TC 2: Tnh sn c ca thng tin
THNG TIN
TNH SN
C
NGUN V CCH
TIP CN
GHI CH
S nh my
Phiu theo di sn xut
Phiu theo di s dng nguyn liu
Phiu theo di s dng ti nguyn
S m t quy trnh
Cn bng vt liu
Cn bng nng lng
Cn bng nc
H s ph phm v cht lng
Phiu theo di bo dng
Phn tch cht thi
Cc thng tin khc
Cn bng Niken
Cn bng Crm
Cn bng Km
Cc kt qu kim tra hiu sut ni hi
Kim tra r r kh nn
Kho st cch nhit ng ng hi
Hiu sut trm x l dng thi

Phiu cng tc 2: Tnh sn c ca thng tin (V d xuyn sut)
THNG TIN TNH SN C NGUN V TIP CN GHI CH
S nh my Khng c C th v c
Phiu theo di sn xut
C
Phiu theo di s dng
nguyn liu
C
S thu thp t nhiu
b phn khc nhau
Kh tng hp
Phiu theo di s dng ti
nguyn
C
S thu thp t nhiu
b phn khc nhau
Kh tng hp
S m t quy trnh
C
Cn bng vt liu
Khng c
Cn bng nng lng
Khng c
Cn bng nc
Khng c
H s ph phm v cht
lng
Khng c
Phiu theo di bo dng
C
Phn tch cht thi
Khng c

Nhn xt: D liu sn c rt khng khp nhau v v th hu ht d liu cn phi c thu thp. D liu
cha c cn phi c cc thnh vin ca nhm tng hp.

4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Cc bc quy trnh & nhn din cc dng thi
Khi c thng tin chung v nh my, nhm SXSH phi lit k tt c cc bc chnh
trong quy trnh chnh (v d m niken, m crm, sn tnh in, ...) v cc khu vc ph
tr. Nhm SXSH cn phi tin hnh mt cuc kho st thc a.
Kho st thc a l mt k thut n l hiu qu nht c c thng tin ban u
v hot ng sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn. Nhm SXSH khng nn tin hnh
kho st thc a khi ang dng sn xut (nh vo cui tun hay trong chu k sn
xut t, hoc trong cc ca m). Nhm nn bt u kho st t khu vc tip nhn
nguyn liu v kt thc b phn c lin quan n thnh phm. Kho st thc a
cng cn phi tin hnh c cc khu vc ph tr nh ni hi, my pht in, b cha
nhin liu, trm bm, cc trm lm lnh, trm x l nc th, trm x l nc thi,
v.v Kho st thc a khng phi nhm mc ch tm ra li m l hiu thu o
cc dng nguyn liu v nng lng, v pht kin cc tng nng cao hiu qu,
tng li nhun v ci tin mi trng tng th. Tin hnh kho st thc a cng l
mt c hi kt bn nhm c thm cc mi lin h v xy dng quan h hp tc
tim nng trong tng lai. V vy, ngi thc hin khng c ph phn m phi t
thi xy dng v a ra cc gi ci tin.
Nhm SXSH khi nghin cu ln u tin ti khu vc sn xut cn phi xc nh c
u vo v u ra ca cc bc quy trnh. Cc khu vc pht thi ch yu v r rng
cn phi c ghi chp li nh gi trong phiu cng tc 3. Vic ghi ch cc dng
thi theo trng thi vt l ca chng (rn, lng, kh) s gip ch trong bc nh lng
pht thi tip sau. Nu c th th nhm nn xc nh v ghi chp li nhng nguyn
nhn pht sinh cht thi.
Trong mt nh my x l hon tt kim loi, vic qun l ni vi km l mt trong nhng
yu t chnh dn n pht thi mc cao. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu nh my, vn ny
hu nh b lng qun. Ngoi ra, y cng chnh l bc khi u n gin v hp dn
nht i vi SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh nghin cu ln u tin ti khu vc sn xut,
nhm SXSH nn ht sc ch cc khu vc thc hin khng hu hiu cng tc qun l
ni vi.
Phiu cng tc 4 c th dng ghi chp li tnh trng qun l ni vi ca tng b
phn. Mt s vn thng gp trong vn qun l ni vi cc nh my x l hon
tt kim loi c th hin trong phiu cng tc ny. Tuy nhin ni dung ca phiu vn
cha th coi l y v cn ph thuc vo tnh trng ca tng nh my v nhm
SXSH cn phi da vo m xy dng thm m bo yu cu cng vic.
Sau khi ghi chp li thc trng qun l ni vi, cc s liu v chi ph c bn cn phi
c ghi chp li vo phiu cng tc 5. bc ny, ch cn thu thp thng tin v chi
ph nguyn liu u vo l . y l nhng thng tin ny c th d dng thu c t
cc kho hoc phng mua vt t.

PHIU CNG TC 3: Cc bc quy trnh chnh

Chi tit KL
Ct
Mi
Lm bng c hc
Hn
Lau mn
Ty du m
Ra
Ty r
Ra
M Niken bn bng
M Niken bng
Ra
Ra
Trung ha
Ra
Sy
Thnh phm
in
...
Vt liu mi
in, ...
Que hn
in, ...
in
Pht, ...
Gi lau
X phng, ...
Ha cht,
in,
Nc, ...
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
in
Nc
Axit
Niken, Nc
Ha cht,
in, ...
Niken, Nc
Ha cht,
in, ...
kim loi vn
bi
kim loi vn
bi
bi, khi
mi
bi, cht
thi rn
bi, cht
thi rn
dch x l
dng
Nc thi
dch x l
dng
Nc thi
dch x l
dng
dch x l
dng
Nc thi
Ra
M Crm
DD CrO3, Nc
Ha cht,
in, ...
dch x l
dng
Nc thi
Xt,
Nc
dch x l
dng
Nc thi

Phiu cng tc 3: Cc bc quy trnh vi dng thi (v d xuyn sut)
S dy chuyn m cn s xe my (Ni-Ni-Cr)

Nhn xt:
Trong thc t, ti giai on ny, nhm SXSH xc nh rng dy chuyn m cn s xe my s l trong
tm nh gi ti thi im do c y l dng sn phm c gi tr cao, tiu th nguyn vt liu t tin,
c cc loi cht thi c hi. V th, t bc ny tr i, nhm SXSH ch tin hnh cc nh gi SXSH i
vi dy chuyn m Ni-N-Cr cho sn phm cn s xe my. Tuy nhin, vn qun l ni vi c xc
nh cho ton nh my. y cng chnh l s dng trong v d xuyn sut cho nhim v 3 (phn 4.2.1).

Chi tit KL
Lm bng
Lau mn
Ty du m
Ra 1
Ty nh
Ra 2
M Niken bn bng
M Niken bng
Ra thu hi 5
Trung ha
Ra 7
Sy
Thnh phm
in
Pht, ...
Gi lau
X phng
Ha cht,
in,
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
in
Nc
H2SO4
Niken KL, Nc
Ha cht,
in
Niken, Nc
Ha cht,
in, ...
bi, cht
thi rn
bi, cht
thi rn
dch x l
dng
Nc thi
dch x l
dng
Nc thi
dung dch
m dng,
ri vi
M Crm
DD CrO3,
Nc
Ha cht,
in, ...
m dung
dch, dch
m dng,
ri vi
dch cha
crm tun
hon
Xt,
Nc
dch x l
dng
Nc thi
dung dch
m dng,
ri vi
Ra 3
Nc
Ra 4
Nc
Ra 6
Nc
Ra 8
Nc
B ch Xt,
Nc
Nc thi
Nc thi
Nc thi
Nc thi
Nc thi
PHIU CNG TC 4: Hin trng qun l ni vi
Khu vc Cc quan st lin quan n qun l ni vi
Phn xng m B tr cc b x l khng hp l
Cc vi nc chy khi khng cn thit
Trn b
Thi gian ch ro dung dch khi di chuyn chi tit kim loi t b
ny sang b khc cha
Cht lng khu lm sch cha bo m
Cc vn khc
Khu vc ph tr R kh nn t bnh cha kh nn
V tr ca van gi trong ng ng khi l hi cha ph hp
cc on khy, mt bch v ng ng thu hi nc ngng
cha c bo n
Cc vn khc
C rt nhiu gii php khng cn phi tri qua phn tch k lng c th nhn din
c. Thng vic duy nht cn lm l kho st ton nh my, v chun b sn
cc cu hi ti sao trc mt s thc hnh sn xut no hoc ti sao mt s tnh
trng no li tn ti. Vic mi mt chuyn gia bn ngoi ti kho st lun c mt
ngha tch cc v ngi ny c th a ra c mt cch nhn mi v hot ng hin
ti ca nh my.
Mt trong nhng bi hc kinh nghim t trng hp ny l ng b qua nhng s
vic tng nh hin nhin. Rt nhiu cc gii php SXSH c tm ra mt cch
d dng, v vic trin khai cc gii php ny ngay giai on u to ng lc mnh
m cho nh gi sau ny.
Phiu cng tc 4: Tnh trng qun l ni vi (V d xuyn sut)
Khu vc Cc quan st lin quan n qun l ni vi
Dy chuyn m cn s xe my B tr cc b x l khng hp l
Cc vi nc chy khi khng cn thit
Trn b
Thi gian ch ro dung dch khi di chuyn chi tit kim loi t b
ny sang b khc cha
Cht lng khu lm sch cha bo m
Khu vc ph tr R kh nn t bnh cha kh nn
V tr ca van gi trong ng ng khi l hi cha ph hp
cc on khy, mt bch v ng ng thu hi nc ngng
cha c bo n
PHIU CNG TC 5: Chi ph nguyn liu u vo
B phn/ ha cht u vo Chi ph/ Tn Tiu th
hng nm
Tiu th/n
v sn phm
Chi ph/ n v
sn phm
Ha cht
A-xt Sulphuric
Nickel sulphate
Nickel clorua
A-xt Boric
Soda kim
Chromic
Saccharine
Tubos
Crom Bat I
Crom Bat II
P1060
Cht to bt
Khc

Khu vc ph tr
Nc mua
Nc ging khoang
Than
FO cho l hi
FO cho b pht Diesel
Hi to ra
in mua
in pht
Ha cht lm mm nc
Khc

Phiu cng tc 5: Chi ph nguyn nhin liu (V d xuyn sut)
TT u vo n v
Tiu hao
nm 2002
n v Sut tiu hao
nm 2002
1 Thp kg 54.200 kg/SP 0,3
2 Ha cht kg kg/SP
- Sulphuric Acid kg 326,4 kg/SP 0,0018
- Nickel sulphate kg 900 kg/SP 0,0049
- Nickel chloride kg 475 kg/SP 0,0026
- Boric Acid kg 375 kg/SP 0,002
- Caustic soda kg 426 kg/SP 0,0023
- Chromic kg 350 kg/SP 0,0019
- Saccharine kg 50 kg/SP 0,00027
- Tubos lt 145 kg/SP 0,0008
- Crom Bat I lt - kg/SP -
- Crom Bat II lt - kg/SP -
- P1060 kg 150 kg/SP 0,0008
- Foaming kg 7,5 kg/SP 0,00004
3 in cc Niken kg 639,2 kg/SP 0,0035
4 in KWh 19.185 kWh/SP 0,106
5
Nc m
3
1.560 m
3
/SP 0,0086
Nhn xt: i SXSH khng th thu thp c s liu mt cch chi tit hn trong nh gi SXSH ny.
S liu v chi ph khng tp hp c,v th s kh khn khi phn tch chi ph mt cch chnh xc.
4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on
4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh
Vic chun b s quy trnh l bc quan trng trong nh gi SXSH. xy dng
c mt s quy trnh c hiu qu nht, nhm SXSH nn bt u t vic ln danh
sch cc cng on vn hnh quan trng, t khu tip nhn nguyn liu th ti cng
on lu kho/ bn giao thnh phm. Tip theo, mi cng on ny c th biu din
bng mt s khi cho bit cc bc chi tit vi nhng u vo v u ra tng
ng. Bng vic kt ni cc biu khi ca cc cng on vn hnh n l ny th s
xy dng c mt lu m t quy trnh sn xut. i khi, cch tt nht xy dng
v cng c mt lu quy trnh l thc hin mt s cc cuc kho st thc a. Khi
chun b lu quy trnh th nhm SXSH cn ch mt s im sau:
- S dng cc hnh hp th hin cng on vn hnh. Vi mi khi, vit tn ca
cng on v tt c cc iu kin vn hnh c bit cn phi ch ; v.d: vi cng
on nu, c th cn ghi r nhit 180 C v p sut 1,2 at.
- Th hin tt c cc u vo v u ra tng khi, ch r cc nguyn liu th
chnh, sn phm trung gian v thnh phm, nc v hi (nu c th), nc thi,
pht thi kh v cht thi rn.
- Lu quy trnh cn phi s dng nhiu loi biu tng khc nhau thm thng
tin v quy trnh. V d, nu r vn hnh theo m hay lin tc. ng thi c th s
dng cc vch lin hoc vch t th hin s pht thi thuc loi lin tc hay
khng lin tc.
- Cn phi ht sc ch quan st cc hot ng lin quan n khi ng, tt my
v bo dng; cc thay i lin quan n sn phm hoc sn xut thi v, v.v...
iu ny c th c thc hin mt cch hiu qu nht khi chun b ring mt lu
th hin mt quy trnh hoc cng on c vn hnh theo mt iu kin c
bit.
Mt lu th hin quy trnh cn phi lit k v, nu c th, phi nu c cc c
im ca dng vo v dng ra. Cn phi c bit quan tm n cc dng tun hon.
Mc d c th xy dng cc lu quy trnh cho ton b nh my, nhng bc ny
ta cha cn lm iu m ch cn phn tch nhng cng on hoc b phn lng ph
nht - tc l c nhiu tim nng SXSH nht. Hay ni cch khc, t hiu qu cao
nht, ta nn xc nh khu vc trng tm cn c vo thng tin thu thp c v
kho st thc a c thc hin.

4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu, nng lng v cu t
Sau khi lp s quy trnh cng ngh, bc quan trng nht l tin hnh cn bng
vt liu cho cng on c chn. Cn bng vt liu v nng lng (M&E) l mt
cng c kim k cn bn cho php theo di nh lng u vo v u ra v vt liu
v nng lng. Nn tng ca cn bng vt liu l s quy trnh cng ngh. Mt hot
ng quan trng trong cn bng M&E l kim tra rng ci g i vo u s phi i ra
ni no . V vy tt c cc u vo u c nhng u ra tng ng. Cn bng vt
liu v nng lng c ngha quan trng i vi cc nh gi SXSH v s gip cho
vic xc nh v nh lng nhng tht thot v pht thi m trc khng pht hin
c. Cc php cn bng ny cng hu dng cho vic gim st cc tin b t c
t chng trnh SXSH v nh gi chi ph cng nh li ch ca chng trnh ny. Mc
d ta khng th t ra nhng hng dn y xy dng cn bng vt liu v
nng lng, nhng mt s ch s vn c th c ch.
Cn bng vt liu: Di y l cc thnh t c bit ca php cn bng vt liu:
Trc tin, thit lp bng cn bng vt liu i vi tt c cc cng on chnh trong
trong nh my; v d nh x l b mt, ra, m, ...
Tip n, tinh chnh li bng cn bng nguyn liu cho cc bc quy trnh trong
dy chuyn c chn lm trng tm nh gi SXSH;
Trong ngnh x l hon tt kim loi, cn ch n nc, mt s loi ha cht quan
trng
Phiu cng tc 6 c th gip thc hin cn trng vt liu.
PHIU CNG TC 6: Cn bng nguyn liu
Nguyn liu u vo Dng thi Quy trnh
Tn S lng
S lng
nguyn liu
u ra
Dng thi Rn
Ty du Nc
Ha cht
Hi nc
Cc ha cht khc

Ra Nc
Hi nc

Ty g Nc
Hi nc
NaOH
Ha cht khc

Ra Nc
Hi nc

M Nc
Hi nc
H2O2
Cc ha cht khc

Ra Nc
Trung ha Ha cht
Nc

Ra Nc
Phiu cng tc 6: Cn bng nguyn liu (V d xuyn sut)
Nguyn liu u vo Nguyn liu ra Dng thi
STT Hot ng
Tn
Khi
lng
Tn
Khi
lng
Tn Khi lng
1 Lau mn

- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Gi lau
1000
chic
0,15 kg
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
- Gi bn
- Bn
0,15 kg
2 Ty g
V= 450l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Soda
- Nc
1000
chic
0,15 kg
1,5 lt
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
10% dung
dch soda
1,5 lt
3 Ty m bng
in ha
V= 450l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Ha cht
- Nc
1000
chic
0,96 kg
16 lt
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Dung dch ty
in ha
17 lt
4 Ra 1 - Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
1000
chic
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Nc thi c
cha ha cht

5 Lm sch
trung tnh
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- H2SO4
- Nc
1000
chic
1 lt
19 lt
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
5% dung dch
lm sch
trung tnh c
cha ha cht
v cc kim
loi nng
20 lt
6 Ra 2 - Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- nc
1000
chic

Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Nc thi c
cha a-xt
Chy trn,
khng nh
lng c
7 M Nickel bn
bng
Bn dung tch:
V=2000
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Ha cht:
+ NiSO4
(250g/l)
+ NiCl2 (60
g/l)
+ H3BO3(40
g/l)
- kim loi
Nickel
- Nc
1000
chic

2,6 kg

1,15 kg

1 kg

Cc trc li
hp cn
m Ni
NiSO4
NiCl2
H3BO3

kim loi
Nickel
Nc
1000
chic
2,37 kg
1,1 kg
0,9 kg
Dung dch m
b n bn ra
ngoi
NiSO4
NiCl2
H3BO3
1 lt

0,25 kg
0,06 kg
0,04 kg

8 M Ni bng
B dung tch:
V=1800
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Cc ha
cht:
+ NiSO4
(300g/l)
+ NiCl2 (60
g/l)
+ H3BO3(40
g/l)
- Nickel
- Nc
1000
chic

2,6 kg

1,15 kg

1 kg

Cc trc ly
hp cn
m
NiSO4
NiCl2
H3BO3

Nickel
Nc
1000
chic
2,02 kg
1,04 kg
0,86kg
Hi nc 2 lt

0,5 kg
0,12 kg
0,08 kg

20 lt
9 Ra 3
V=280l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
1000
chic
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Nc thi c
cha Ni
2+
(30
mg/l), Cr
6+

(420 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
c
10 Ra 4
V=30l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
1000
chic
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Nc thi c
cha Ni
2+

(4,5mg/l), Cr
6+

(5,5 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
c
11 M C-rm
V=900l

- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Cc ha
cht:
+ CrO3
(300g/l)
- Nc
1000
chic

2 kg

Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
+ Dung dch
m n bn
c cha:
CrO3
:

+Hi nc
c cha ha
cht
4 lt

1,2kg
1,6 lt
12 Ra 5 - Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
1000
chic
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Dung dch n
bn
1,5 lt
13 Ra 6
V=280l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
1000
chic
Cn s
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Nc thi c
cha Ni
2+
(30
mg/l), Cr
6+

(420 mg/l)
Chy trn
14 Trung ha
V=20 l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
- Soda
1000
chic
0,67 kg
10 lt
Chic
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Dung dch
trung tnh ha
bn ra ngoi
6,2%:
- Cr
6+
20,5mg/l
- Ni
2+
25,8 mg/l
10,67 lt cha:

0,000218kg
0,000275 kg
15 Ra 7
V= 30 l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
1000
chic
Chic
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Nc thi c
cha soda,
Ni
2+
(6,4 mg/l),
Cr
6+
(5,8 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
16 Ra 8
V= 50 l
- Cn s
bn thnh
phm
- Nc
1000
chic
Chic
bn
thnh
phm
1000
chic
Nc thi c
cha cc ha
cht: Ni
2+
(2,2
mg/l), Cr
6+
(3,5
mg/l)
Khng xc nh
17 Sy - Cn s
cn m
- in
- nhit
1000
chic
7 KW
80-
100
0
C
Thnh
phm
1000
chic
Hi nc,
nhit
Khng xc nh
Cng on Ra 3 sau khi m Ni bng v ra 6 sau khi m crm c thc hin trong cng mt b, v th
nc thi t b ny c cha Ni, Cr, v cc ha cht c trong hai b trc .
Cn bng nng lng: Tin hnh mt php cn bng nng lng l mt cng vic
phc tp hn cn bng nguyn liu. Nguyn nhn l c th truy tm nguyn liu u
vo cho mt hot ng thng qua cc u ra nh lng v c th quan st c, cn
i vi cc dng nng lng th khng phi lc no ta cng c th lm c iu ny.
Mc d i vi cc dng nng lng, ta vn p dng chung mt nguyn l c bn
(lng nng lng vo phi bng lng nng lng ra), nhng cc dng nng
lng u ra thng kh nhn bit hn so vi cc nguyn liu u ra. V th, vic
nhn din v nh gi cc dng tn tht nng lng n v mc khng hiu qu
trong s dng nng lng l mt phn vic kh khn hn rt nhiu. iu ny c bit
ng i vi cc trng hp cc thit b s dng in nh my bm, my nn kh,
v.v... khi nng lng u vo di dng in nng v c th d dng o c,
nhng mc hiu qu khi chuyn i sang u ra hu ch (nc c bm, kh
c nn, v.v...) li khng th nh lng trc tip c. Sau y l nhng v d v
cc trng hp in hnh khi nu ch xem xt cc dng nng lng hu hnh th c th
s b st cc tn tht nng lng u ra:
- Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti i vi thit b s dng in.
- Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti (hiu qu thp) cc thit b s dng in.
- Tn tht do in tr i vi dng chy (in tr cao nhng c th trnh c
cc dy dn in v cc ng ng dn cht lng)
- Tn tht nng lng do thit b xung cp (bnh cng tc ca bm, vng m
ca bm, v.v... xung cp s lm tng tiu hao).
xc nh c chc chn u ra (c dng nhn bit c v khng nhn bit
c) t h thng nng lng, trong nh gi SXSH cn phi nh gi/quan trc mt
s thng s khc bn cnh thng s thit yu nh nhit , dng chy, m,
c, phn trm thnh phn, v.v... Cc thng s cn phi c nh gi/quan trc b
sung c th l: kW (kilowatt in u vo); kV (kilovoltsin th vo); I (amperes
dng in); PF (h s cng sut ca thit b in cm ng); Hz (tn s dng in xoay
chiu); N (s vng/pht hoc tc quay ca thit b); P (p sut cc dng cht
lng/kh); DP (st p trong cc dng cht lng v kh u vo/ra); Lux ( ri); GCV,
NCV (gi tr calo tng th v rng ca nhin liu); v.v...
Trong thc t c th khng thc hin c php cn bng nng lng chnh xc v
ng hon ton, nhng cc thit b ph tr nh ni hi, l, thit b ha hi, v.v... bng
cn bng nng lng s c ch trong vic xc nh v c lng tn tht nng lng
cc thit b v t cc h thng . Phiu cng tc 7 l mt bng cn bng nng
lng c thc hin i vi mt xng l hi.
Cn bng cu t: Vi mt nh my hon tt kim loi php cn bng cu t ch yu
c lin quan n cc kim loi nng nh nickel, crm hoc km b tht thot t cc b
m chnh trong khi vn chuyn cc cu t t b m v b ko theo ra cc b ra.
Phiu cng tc 8 s gip thc hin cn bng cu t kim loi mong mun tng ng.
PHIU CNG TC 7: Cn bng nng lng cho l hi

Phiu cng tc 7: Cn bng nng lng (v d xuyn sut)

Hu ht cc nh my Vit Nam u quan tm ti vic thc hin cn bng nng lng v nghin cu
kim ton. Tuy nhin, v y l mt cng vic kh khn nu mun t ti mt cn bng nng lng hon
chnh cho ton b qu trnh sn xut, nn cc cng ty u thc hin cc cn bng nng lng nh trn c
s cu t, v d: quay vng nc ngng, v.v... tm ra cc la chn SXSH. Cho ti nay, cha c mt
cn bng nng lng chi tit no c thc hin.
Than
Than
Phun nc
17.0 MkJ/gi (thc) Ha cht iu ha
Tn tht 13.2%
(thc)
2.25 Mkj/gi
(thc)
Bi than
Sng th cng &
tn nh
Than
Than
Than mn (bi than bi mt)
Pht thi
Than 1.1 tn/gi (thc)
in
in Nc
Phun nc
Ha cht iu ha
Bm BFW

Thng s chun
8 tn/gi, 13kg/cm
2
Qut y

Thng s chun
100mm ct nc;
30
o
C, 15kw
0.5
MJ/gi
(thc)
17.0 MJ/gi (thc)
THNG S THAM CHIU

Cng
on
Sinh hi
Chun Vn hnh
p 12kg/cm
2
10kg/cm
2
Thng
s quy
trnh
Lng 6 tn/gi 4 tn/gi
Thit b Ni hi
Qut ht

Thng s chun
250mm WC, 200
o
C,
20kw
Khi thi
Tn tht 13.2%
(thc)
2.25 MJ/gi
(thc)
Tn tht x y 1.4%
0.24MJ/gi (thc)

Tro khng chy ht
theo x 4.85%
0.83 MJ/gi (thc)
Hi t
11.40 MJ/gi (thc)
Tch hi
Tn tht n

H2 v m: 2.5 MJ/gi
(thc ), 14.4%
Bc x:0.17 Mj/gi
(thc), 1%
m trong khng kh: 0.03
MJ/gi (thc), 0.15%
Hi kh 97%
11.31 MJ/gi (thc)
Khng kh
12.61 tn/gi (thc)
14.34 tn/gi (chun)
in
9kw (thc)
Nc ngng nng 3%
0.09 MJ/gi (thc)
PHIU CNG TC 8: Cn bng cu t
n v hot
ng
Kim loi
(mg/l) = A
Th tch ca
nc ra
tnh theo lt
= B
Tng lng
kim loi ra =
A*B
Kim loi mt Ghi ch
M
Ra
Ra

Phiu cng tc 8: Cn bng cu t (V d xuyn sut)
* Cn bng nguyn liu Nickel:
Lng tiu th NiSO
4
, v NiCl
2
trung bnh tng ng l 0,005 kg/sn phm; 0,0023 kg/sn
phm; v 0,002 kg/sn phm. Sc cha ca b m Ni bn sng (half-bright) l 2000l, v
m Ni sng l 1800l. C hai b u c pha cng mt lng ha cht. Hm lng ha
cht trong cc b ny c xem l n nh: NiSO
4
trong b Ni bn sng l 250g/l, trong b
Ni sng l 300 g/l; NiCl
2
60 g/l; H
3
BO
3
40 g/l.
Lng dung dch trn ra t b Ni bn sng trn 1000 sn phm (trong mt ca lm vic 8
gi) l khong 1 lt; Lng dung dch ri vi v bay hi ti b Ni sng trn 1000 sn phm
l khong 2 lt.
- Lng ha cht thm vo mt b cho 1000 sn phm l:
+ NiSO
4
= (0,005 kg/sp x 1000 sp)/ 2 b = 2,6 kg
+ NiCl
2
= (0,0023 kg/sp x 1000 sp)/ 2 b= 1,15 kg
+ H
3
BO
3

= (0,002 kg/sp x 1000 sp)/ 2 b = 1 kg
- Lng ha cht tht thot trong b Ni bn bng:
+ NiSO
4
= (1l x 250 g/l)/ 1000 sp = 0,25 kg
+ NiCl
2
= (1 l x 60 g/l) / 1000 sp = 0,06 kg
+ H
3
BO
3

= (1 l x 40 g/l) / 1000 sp = 0,04 kg
- Lng ha cht tht thot trong b Ni bng
+ NiSO
4
= (2 l x 250 g/l)/1000 sp = 0,5 kg
+ NiCl
2
= (2 l x 60 g/l) / 1000 sp = 0,12 kg
+ H
3
BO
3

= (2l x 40 g/l)/ 1000 sp = 0,08 kg
* Cn bng nguyn liu Crm:
Lng tiu th CrO
3
thc t l 2g/sp (0,002 kg/sp). Nng Crm trong b m c xem
nh n nh ti mc 300 g/l. Dung tch ca b l 900 lt. Lng dung dch trn v bay hi
l: 5,6 l/ 1000 sp.
Lng CrO
3
thm vo cho 1000 sp l 0,002 kg/sp x 1000 = 2 kg
Tiu th CrO
3
/1000 sp l (4 l x 300 g/l)/1000 = 1,2 kg
4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh tnh cht ca dng thi
Vic xc nh tnh cht cc dng thi s gip ta nh gi c ti lng nhim i
vo mi trng v h s pht thi ring. iu ny s gip xc nh c chi ph x l
v thi b. Cn phi theo di cc dng thi c xc nh; sau c th ly mu
v cc thng s khc nhau phn tch trong phng th nghim. Nu cng ty khng c
phng th nghim ring th c th ly mu ri gi i phn tch ti cc phng xt nghim
khc phiu cng tc 9 c th gip xc nh tnh cht ca cc dng nc thi.
PHIU CNG TC 9: Xc nh tnh cht ca nc thi
n v hot
ng
Nc thi
(lt)
BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) TS (mg/l) Nhit (
0
C )
Ty du m
Ra 1
M
Ra 2
Ra 3
Ra 4
M 2
Ra 5
Ra 6
Trung ha
Ra 7

4.2.4 Nhim v 6: nh gi cho cc dng thi
m t c tim nng thu li t cc dng thi, mt yu cu c bn l phi tnh
c chi ph cho cc dng thi . Chi ph ny cn phn nh tn tht bng tin theo
cht thi. R rng mt dng thi khng d thy c cc chi ph c th nh lng, tr
khi gn lin vi s tn tht trc tip v nguyn liu hoc sn phm, v d: hao ph
crm do ra thu hi km hiu qu, hao ph cc loi ha cht do thi gian ch ro dung
dch dch khi di chuyn chi tit t b ny sang b khc khng . Tuy nhin, khi phn
tch su hn th ta c th thy mt s yu t chi ph trc tip v gin tip c lin quan
n cc dng thi. Cc yu t chi ph c th c gm:
Chi ph cho nguyn liu trong ph thi;
Chi ph cho sn phm trong dng thi;
Chi ph cho hi nc v in s dng trong qu trnh;
Chi ph x l v thi b;
Chi ph cho nc, x l v bm nc;
Cc chi ph khc.
Cc yu t chi ph k trn cn phi c xc nh cho tng dng thi v sau ta c
th tnh ton tng chi ph cho tng n v cht thi. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, rt
kh tnh ton tt c cc thnh phn chi ph. tnh ton tht thot nguyn liu ta cn
tin hnh phn tch xc nh cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cht thi v khi lng
ca chng.
Tng t tnh ton chi ph x l dng thi, s liu v chi ph x l trung bnh c th
tham kho t Qun c trm x l nc thi. Chi ph ny sau c th p c cho
cc dng thi tng ng. i khi dng thi khng phi lc no cng c tnh bng ti
lng nhim, m c th l tn tht nhit nh nc ngng khng c thu hi. Trong
nhng trng hp nh vy, chi ph dng thi c th tng ng vi tn hao nhit
nng c tnh tng ng vi lng than , du, ga hoc in ty thuc vo bn
cht ca loi nhin liu s dng trong quy trnh. Phiu cng tc 10 s gip nh gi cho
cc dng thi.
PHIU CNG TC 10: Chi ph ca cc dng thi
n v hot
ng
Dng
thi
Nc
thi
(lt)
Thnh
phn
cht
thi
Khi
lng
Chi ph
n v
theo thnh
phn
Tng chi
ph cho cc
thnh phn
Chi ph
dng
thi
Ty du m
Ra 1
M
Ra 2
Ra 3
Ra 4
M 2
Ra 5
Ra 6
Trung tnh
ha

Ra 7

Phiu cng tc 9 v 10: Xc nh tnh cht v chi ph cc dng thi (v d xuyn sut)

STT Dng thi
Xc nh khi lng
ca dng thi
Tnh cht ca dng
thi
n nh chi ph
1 Dng thi 1: Lau
mn
Gi bn: trung bnh
khong 0,15 kg/1000
cn s
Gi c dnh du, cht
nh bng, bi
Khng xc nh
2 Dng thi 2: Ty g Nc thi: 1,5 lt/1000
trc ly hp
Cha: g st, bi, soda Khng xc nh
3 Dng thi 3: ty
du m
Dung dch ri vi, 17 lt Cha du, ha cht v
hm lng COD cao
Khng xc nh
4 Dng thi 4: Ra
1
Khng xc nh Cha du, ha cht Khng xc nh
5 Dng thi 5: Lm
sch nh
Dung dch lm sch
nh b ri vi, 20 lt
pH thp, hm lng
COD cao
Khng xc nh
6 Dng thi 6: Ra
2
Nc trn, khng xc
nh c
pH thp Khng xc nh

Phiu cng tc 9 v 10: Xc nh tnh cht v chi ph cc dng thi (v d xuyn sut)

STT Dng thi
Xc nh khi lng
ca dng thi
Tnh cht ca dng
thi
n nh chi ph
7 Dng thi 7: M
Ni bn bng
Dung dch m ri vi,
khong 1 lt dung
dch/1000 sn phm
Hm lng COD cao,
c cha cc ha
cht:
NiSO4: 0,25kg
NiCl2 : 0,06 kg
H3BO3
:
0,04 kg
- Nguyn liu tn
hao:
x 53.000VND/kg =
13.250VND
x 55.000VND/kg=
3.300VND
x14.000 VND/kg=
560VND
8 Dng thi 8: M
Ni bng

+ Dung dch m b ri
vi, khong 2 lt/1000
sp

+ Nc bay hi, 20
lt/1000 sp
C cha cc ha cht
sau:
NiSO4: 0,6kg
NiCl2 :0,12 kg
H3BO3
:
0,08 kg
Hi nc
- Nguyn liu b mt:
x 53.000VND/kg =
31800VND
x 55.000VND/kg=
6.600VND
x14.000 VND/kg=
1120VND
x 6000VND/m
3
=
120VND
9 Dng thi 9: Ra
3

Nc thi c cha
dung dch m
Hm lng COD cao,
cha kim loi nng
Ni
2+
(30 mg/l), Cr
6+

(420 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
10 Dng thi 10:
Ra 4

Nc thi c cha
dung dch m
Hm lng COD cao,
c cha cc kim loi
nng Ni
2+
(4,5 mg/l),
Cr
6+
(5,5 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
11 Dng thi 11: M
crm
4 lt dung dch m b
ri vi
1,6 lt nc b bay hi
Hm lng ha cht
cao:
C cha Cr
6+
(1,2kg)
- Nguyn liu b mt:
x 2600VND/kg =
31.200VND
12 Dng thi 12:
Ra thu hi 5
Dung dch thu hi b ri
vi, 1,5 lt/1000 sn
phm
Hm lng ha cht
cao,
C cha Cr
6+
Khng xc nh
13 Dng thi 13:
Ra 6
Nc trn, khng nh
lng c
Hm lng COD cao,
c cha mt lng
ln cc h cht nh:
Ni
2+
(30 mg/l), Cr
6+

(420 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
14 Dng thi 14:
Trung ha
Dung dch ri vi, c
tnh khong 10,67 lt
Hm lng COD v
pH cao, c cha:
- Cr
6+
0,000218 kg
- Ni
2+
0,000275 kg
Nguyn liu b mt:
x 26.000 = 5,668 VND
x 53.000 = 14,575
VND
15 Dng thi 15:
Ra 7

Nc thi chy trn Hm lng COD cao,
cha soda v cc kim
loi nng: Ni
2+
(6,4
mg/l), Cr
6+
(5,8 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
16 Dng thi 16:
Ra 8

Nc thi chy trn Hm lng COD cao,
Ni
2+
(2,2 mg/l), Cr
6+

(3,5 mg/l)
Khng xc nh
17 Dng thi 17:
Sy
Hi nc, nhit Khng xc nh
Tng trn 1000 cn s
=
108,193 VND

Tng theo nm =
19,500,000 VND

Nhn xt: Cn xem xt ch ph x l v thi b vi dng thi. Khi c tn hao nc ngng cn xem
xt k hn nhng tn hao nng lng.
4.2.5 Nhim v 7: Xc nh nguyn nhn
By gi ta c th r sot quy trnh i vi cc dng thi tn km nht. Thng qua php
cn bng nguyn liu v nng lng, ta cn tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn xc
nh cc nguyn nhn pht sinh dng thi. (C rt nhiu cng c gip thc hin cng
vic phn tch ny. Biu xng c hay cn gi l biu Ishikawa l mt trong
nhng cng c nh vy xem s cui chng). Cc nguyn nhn ny s l
nhng c s xut cc gii php SXSH. Cc nguyn nhn ny c th gm c
nhng nguyn nhn v tnh hoc hu , ta c th dng phiu cng tc 12 ghi chp
li nhng nguyn nhn ny. C th c rt nhiu cc nguyn nhn khc nhau t nhng
li n gin n nhng l do k thut phc tp. Chui cu hi di y c th tham
kho khi xy dng cc c hi SXSH.
1. Mc ch tin hnh cng on ny l g?
S n mt lc m nhm SXSH thy rng cng nhn vin ti mt cng on no
khng c kh nng a ra cc cu tr li tha ng cho vn . iu hon ton c th
xy ra y l bi v y chnh l cc thc hnh sn xut c v tr thnh thng l
m h vn tip tc tun theo. Trong trng hp ny, gii php tt nht l trnh lp li
hot ng mt cch trit l sau mt vi ln th nghim thnh cng phng php
thc hnh khc. iu ny s gip trnh pht sinh dng thi do hot ng vn hnh c
ti cng on ny, v ng thi dn n vic gim tiu th nguyn liu th ti y.
2. Lng ha cht b sung c vt qu lng cn thit khng?
Nu cu tr li cho cu hi trn l c th nhm SXSH cn tm ra nguyn nhn ng
sau vic thm d ha cht v gim lng a vo. Nng ha cht ny trong dng
thi l cao th c ngha l dng d tha ha cht .
V d, hm lng cc mui trong b m nn c duy tr mc nh nht trong
khong cho php trnh gy hi cho b m.
3. Rt nhiu cc loi ha cht s dng trong quy trnh c tc hi g ti mi trng?
Nu cc ha cht ang dng c tc ng xu n mi trng (cc ha cht c hi
hoc c hm lng COD/BOD cao), th cn phi c gng thay th cc ha cht ny
bng cc loi ha cht thn thin sinh thi hn.
V d, cc cht dung mi ty du m nn thay th bng cc enzim ty du m.
4. Hin trng ca cc hot ng qun l ni vi nh th no?
C th c thiu st trong qun l ni vi do: a) s sut ca con ngi; b) nhn cng
cha c o to y ; . Nhng thiu st bao gm vi/van/bch b r r; lng
ha cht, b trn ra; hay vi nc chy lin tc. Nhng thiu st nh th c th
khc phc bng cch o to, hng dn cng nhn v nng cao thc v SXSH.
5. C th gim lng kh thi tin hnh iu chnh ci tin thit k ca thit b khng?
Nu cu tr li l c th cn phi thc hin iu chnh trn thit k ca thit b hin c
sn loi b cc im khng hiu qu trong h thng. V d: Nhc k chi tit m ra
khi b m trong thi gian hp l . Tng thi gian gi trn khay hng dung dch m
dnh theo ra ngoi.
6. Liu sao nhng trong vn hnh/bo dng c lm pht sinh thm cht thi khng?
Cn tin hnh cc bin php ph hp gim thiu lng cht thi sinh ra do s sao
nhng trong qu trnh vn hnh/bo dng. Nhm SXSH cn tin hnh kho st thc
a pht hin s thiu nht qun ny. V d, c th gim hao ph nhit khi thay th
by hi b hng hay bo n nhit trn ng dn hi nc.
7. Cc xu hng cng ngh mi nht trong ngnh cng nghip hon tt kim loi l g?
Hu ht cc nh my thuc ngnh ny u s dng cc cng ngh truyn thng. y
chnh l l do dn n quy trnh c hiu qu thp. V vy vic nng cp cc thit b ny
bng cng ngh tn tin nht l iu v cng quan trng. Ngoi vic ci tin cht
lng sn phm, th vic lm ny cn c th gim thiu c vn pht thi. lm
c iu ny, i SXSH s phi i thm thc t c s v kho st thu thp cc
thng tin chi tit v cc cng ngh mi nht v nh gi tnh kh thi da trn cc iu
kin hin c. V d, s dng phng php m khng c xyanua thay cho m xyanua
s mang li kt qu ci thin to ln v mt mi trng.
8. Dng thi c gi tr ti ch/thu hi/ ti s dng khng?
Tim nng nm trong dng thi c hm lng nguyn liu u vo cao hoc l c kh
nng sn xut ra cc sn phm ph t ngun ph thi ny. C th s dng biu mu
cn bng nguyn liu nh gi tim nng thu hi/ ti s dng/ ti ch ca dng thi.
v d thu hi cc kim loi nng trong nc ra s dng phng php trao i ion hoc
k thut thm thu ngc c th tit kim c kh nhiu chi ph sn xut trong cc
nh my sn xut quy m ln.

Biu Ishikawa hay cn gi l biu xng c ch yu c s dng xc nh cc nguyn
nhn ca vn nhn nh vn hoc xut gii php nhm trnh hoc loi b cc nguyn
nhn .
Biu Ishikawa c s dng khi mt nhm c gng tm kim cc gii php tim n cho mt vn
v tm kim nguyn nhn gc r. Biu ny rt hu ch i vi vn tng i ln, v khai
thc t nhiu kha cnh hot ng.
Ta c th s dng biu xng c cu trc ha cc mi quan h nhn-qu cho mt vn .
Phn tch nhn qu cho php phn tch vn mt cch h thng hn l ch a ra c cc gii
php khc phc tc thi xung quanh vn .

V d trong hnh trn v th hin cch s dng biu Ishikawa c th p dng c xc nh nguyn
nhn ca vn .
xy dng mt biu xng c th mt phng php n gin nht l s dng phng php phn
nhm 4M1E. Theo phng php ny tt c cc nguyn nhn chnh v ph phi c chia thnh cc nhm
nh hng l Con ngi, My mc, Nguyn liu, Phng php v Mi trng. Vic chia nhm i tng
theo m hnh 4M1WE c th l im xut pht v c th lm k hn na.
Cc bc chnh trong cng c ny l:
- Xc nh vn v t pha bn phi ca biu , ti im cui ca ng k ngang
- Xc nh cc nguyn nhn chnh v ni vo ng k ngang bng cc mi tn
- ng no tm nhng nguyn nhn ph v nh vo cc ng nguyn nhn chnh.
- Tm ra nguyn nhn gc r bng cch xc nh cc nguyn nhn lin quan
- xut cc gii php cho nguyn nhn gc r.

PHIU CNG TC 11: Tm tt nguyn nhn
Dng thi Cng on Nguyn nhn ch quan Nguyn nhn khch quan

Mi trng Nguyn liu Con ngi
My mc Phng php
Bn v c t chc di
qu nhiu nhm
My in xanh
c mi
Khng gian
cht hp
Bn v c
phn nhm di
qu nhiu ch s
Bn v khng cp
nht
Ch vit trn bn v
khng r rng
Ni dung ca h
kh h
Thiu nhn lc
Kh khn khi
xc nh v tr
bn v
Ngi dng qu ph
thuc vo ngi qun l
h s
Cc ngn ti liu
nm ri rc
Khng c th my
to ra cc nhn tiu
chun
Cc t ti liu
Khng c nhn
r rng
Lp ch dn
khng tt
Ngi s dng th
vin khng c
thng bo y

Phiu cng tc 11: Phn tch nguyn nhn v pht trin cc gii php SXSH (V d
xuyn sut)
Dng thi Nguyn nhn Cc c hi SXSH
0.0 nguyn liu u vo
km cht lng, t l g cao
0.0.1 Chn loi nguyn liu cht lng tt hn
0.1 Dnh du, cht nh
bng v t trn cn s bn
thnh phm
0.1.1 Bo dng v lu tr cn s bn thnh phm ti
ni sch s
0.1.2. Thit k my chi thay v dng gi lau.
0. gi lau bn
0.2 Gi lau km cht lng 0.2.1 S dng loi gi cht lng tt hn
1.1 Thi gian ro ngn 1.1.1 Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi cng nhn
m bo thi gian lm ro l 3 giy pha trn ca b
trc khi chuyn sang b khc.
1. Dung dch
b ri vi ti
b ty
1.2 Khong cch gia cc
b qu xa
1.2.1 Chuyn cc b li gn nhau hn thun li
hn cho cng vic ca ngi cng nhn
1.2.2 Lp t mt chic mng nghing t gia b ty
v b tip theo, cho mng nghing v pha b ty.
2.1 nh 1.1 2.1.1 nh 1.1.1 2. Dung dch
ri vi t b
ty du m
2.2 nh 1.2 2.2.1 nh 1.2.1
2.2.2 nh 1.2.2
3.1 Khng c h thng thu
hi
3.1.1 Nghin cu kh nng lp t mt h thng ht
thu hi hi t dung dch lm sch
3. Pht thi
ti b ty du
m
3.2 Nhit lm vic khng
ph hp dn n t l bay
hi tng
3.2.1 iu chnh v nhit ph hp cho b ty du
4. Bn 4.1 Nguyn liu u vo b
g
4.1.1 Chn loi nguyn liu cht lng tt hn
4.1.2 Ci thin hiu sut lm sch c kh
5.1 Ra khng sch, lng
nc ra t
5.1.1 Lp mt b thu hi trc b ra
5.1.2 Apd dng phng php ra trn chy ngc a
cp.
5. Nc thi
t b 1 c
cha dung
dch ty du
m
5.2 Thi gian treo ro ngn 5.2.1 Nng cao nhn thc ca cng nhn m bo
thi gian treo ro l 3 giy pha trn b ty du trc
khi a sang b khc.
5.2.2 Chuyn cc b x l li gn nhau hn cho
cng vic ca ngi cng nhn thun li hn.
thi gian treo ro l 3 giy pha trn b ra nh trc
khi a sang b khc.
6. Dung dch
a-xt b ri vi
t cng on
ra nh
6.2 khong cch gia cc
b qu xa
6.2.2 Lp mng nghing gia b lm sch nh v b
tip theo. Mng t nghing v b lm sch.
7.1 Ra khng sch, nc
ra t
7.2.1 Lp t mt b thu hi trc b ra.
7.2.2 p dng phng php ra chy ngc a cp
7.Nc trn
c cha a-xt
thi gian treo ro l 3 giy pha trn b trc khi a
sang b khc.
8. Dung dch
m Ni ri vi
thi gian treo ro l 3 giy pha trn b m Ni trc
khi a sang b khc.
8.2 khong cch gia hai b
qu xa
8.2.2 Lp mt mng nghing gia b m Ni bn sng
v b m Ni sng. Mng t nghing v pha b m
bn sng.

Phiu cng tc 11: Phn tch nguyn nhn v pht trin cc gii php SXSH (V d
xuyn sut)
Dng thi Nguyn nhn Cc c hi SXSH
9.1 Ra khng sch (nc
ra t, mi ln ch ra c
mt chi tit)
9.1.1 Lp 1 b thu hi trc b ra.
9.1.2 Lp mt mng nghing gia b m v b thu
hi, t mng nghing v pha b m.
9.1.3 p dng phng php ra chy ngc a cp
b qu xa
9.2.1 Chuyn cch b li gn nhau hn thun tin
cho cng vic ca ngi cng nhn.
9. Nc trn
t b ra c
cha mt
lng dung
dch m Ni
ln
9.3 Thi gian treo ro ngn
khin cho mt lng ha
cht ln b ko t b b
sang b ra
9.3.1 Nng cao nhn thc ca cng nhn m bo
thi gian treo ro l 3 giy pha trn b m trc khi
a sang b khc
10.1 B tr cc b m v b
thu hi khng hp l, khng
thu hi trit
10.1.1 lp t li b thu hi dung dch Cr thun tin
hn cho cng nhn
10.1.2 Lp t mt b thu hi th 2 ci thin vic
thu hi Cr.
10. Dung
dch m Cr b
ri vi
10.2 Thi gian treo ro ngn 10.2.1 Nng cao nhn thc ca cng nhn m
bo thi gian treo ro l 3 giy pha trn b m trc
khi a sang b khc
11.1 H thng ht hot ng
khng hiu qu
11.1.1 Lp t cc h thng ht v x l Cr. 11. Hi dung
dch Cr
khng th thu
hi c trn
b mt b
m
11.2 T l bay hi cao do b
mt b qu nhit trong qu
trnh m
11.2.1 Kim sot nhit b mt b m gim thiu
lng dung dch bay hi
12.1 Ra khng sch (nc
ra t, mi ln ch ra c
mt chi tit, ra trong cng
mt b dng cho ra sau
m Ni sng)
12.1.1 p dng phng php ra chy ngc nhiu
bc
12.1.2 Tch cc quy trnh ra sau khi m N v sau khi
thu hi Cr.
12. Nc
thi trnh c
cha cc ha
cht v kim
loi nng (Ni,
Cr)
12.2 Thi gian treo ro ngn
dn n mt lng ln ha
cht b ko theo t b thu
hi sang b ra
12.2.1 Nng cao nhn thc ca cng nhn m
bo thi gian treo ro l 3 giy pha trn b trc khi
a sang b khc.
a sang b ra khc.
13. Dung
dch trung
ha b ri vi
b xa
13.2.2 Lp t mt mng nghing gia b trung tnh
ha v b tip theo, mng nghing v pha b
trung tnh nhm hn ch ti a lng soda b ri vi
vo v ra.
14.1 Ra khng sch 14.1.1 p dng phng php ra chy ngc a cp 14. Nc
trn c cha
soda
a sang b khc.
15. Chi ph
in nng
cho quy trnh
sy ln
15.1 Thit k my sy
khng ph hp, tiu th
in nng nhiu
15.1.1 Thay my sy tng gch bng khoang sy
kim loi c hiu sut nhin cao hn.
4.3 Bc 3: Phn tch cc bc quy trnh
4.3.1 Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH
Sau khi nhn din v xc nh cc nguyn nhn pht thi, ta c th a ra cc bin
php SXSH. Tm tt cc dng thi nh trong phiu cng tc 12 s gip c lng
nh tnh nhanh cc kh nng thc hin SXSH.
bc ny ta c th ng dng cc k thut nh ng no v tho lun nhm xc
nh tt c cc gii php SXSH c th c. Tm ra cc gii php tim nng nh vo kin
thc v tnh sng to ca cc thnh vin trong i.
ng no l mt cng c c dng rt ph bin khi pht tng. Tuy nhin cc tng cha cn
c gii thch mt cch chi tit ti bc ny. Cng vic kim tra tnh kh thi ca tng c thc hin
bng cc cu hi hoc ng no mang tnh phn bin. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh ng no l a
ra cng nhiu tng cng tt khi gii quyt mt vn c th no c xc nh t trc.

Cng c ny c ng dng theo nhm khi c gng nhn din nhng nguyn nhn gc r c th c hoc
khi tm kim cc gii php cho mt vn . ng no cng c th c s dng trong xy dng v trin
khai k hoch khi cn lp u tin v th t cho nhiu gii php khc nhau.

C th s dng nguyn tc sau y khi tin hnh ng no. Mc d vy, cc nguyn tc ny l tng i
linh hot v c th phi iu chnh cho ph hp vi cc tnh hung c th.

- Duy tr bui hp trong khng kh thoi mi
- Trng nhm ch nn h tr cho cuc hp
- Mi cc thnh vin c lin quan ca nhm tham gia hp
- Xc nh cc vn mt cch r rng. Mi ngi trong cuc hp cn phi c chung cch hiu v vn
, nu khng cc tng s b chch mc ch chnh.
- S dng phng php bnh xe ln t do (t do cho ra tng) hoc phng php theo vng (tng
ngi ng gp tng) a ra cng nhiu tng cng tt.
- Ghi li tt c cc tng. Cc tng khng nn b loi b ti khi chng minh c l tng
khng kh thi.
Bn cnh vic ng no, xy dng c cc gii php SXSH th cn xem xt ht
thm cc gii php SXSH nh gi trong Chng 3. Cc gii php SXSH trong
chng mi cn phi c phn tch k hn trong bi cnh ca nh my p dng.
Mt s ngun h tr xy dng cc gii php SXSH khc c th l:
Cc chuyn gia t cc nh my hon tt sn phm kim loi ln khc
Cc chuyn gia t vn ngoi cng ty
Cc chuyn gia ca cc trng i Hc v TTSXSVN
Hip hi ngnh
Cc t chc quc t khc nh UNIDO, UNEP v.v
Rt nhiu cc c hi SXSH thuc cc khu vc khc nhau ca nh my c tm tt
li v lp bng nh trong phiu cng tc 12. k thut SXSH cho tng gii php
s tip tc c xc nh.
PHIU CNG TC 12: Tm tt cc dng thi v c hi SXSH
Tim nng
Gim thiu ti ngun Tun hon
B phn/Dng
thi
C hi
SXSH
QLNV TDNL KSQT CTTB TDCN TH&TSD SPP
1
2
3
4
5

Cc thit bi ph
tr
1
2
3
4
5

Ghi ch: QLNV (Qun l ni vi), TDNL (thay i nguyn liu), KSQT (kim sot quy trnh), CTTB (ci tin
thit b/quy trnh ), TDCN (thay i cng ngh), TH&TSD (tun hon v ti s dng), SPP (to ra sn
phm ph)

Phiu cng tc 12: Tng kt cc dng thi v tim nng SXSH (V d xuyn sut)
TIM NNG
GIM NGUN TI CH
DNG THI
Qun
l ni
vi
Thay
i
nguyn
liu
Kim
sot
quy
trnh
Sa
ci tin
thit b
Thay
i
cng
ngh
Tun
hon/
ti s
dng
Sn
phm
ph
0. Bn bn, gi bn

1. Dung dch b ri vi t b khc
n mn

2. Dung dch b ri vi t b ty
du m

3. Pht thi ti b ty du m

4. Bn

5. Nc thi t b 1 c cha
dung dch ty du m

6. Dung dch a-xt ri vi t cng
on lm sch nh

7. Nc trn c cha a-xt

8. Dung dch m Ni b ri vi

9. Nc thi trn t b ra c
cha lng ln dung dch m
Ni

10. Dung dch m Cr b ri vi

11. Hi Cr khng th thu hi c
pha trn b mt b

12. Nc thi trn c cha cc
ha cht v kim loi nng (Ni,
Cr)

13. Dung dch trung tnh ha b ri
vi

14. Nc trn c cha soda

15. Chi ph tiu th in cho cng
on sy qu cao

4.3.2 Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH
Cc gii php c xy dng trn s c kim tra tnh kh thi. Quy trnh lc b
nn n gin, nhanh v trc tip v thng ch mang tnh cht nh tnh. Mi im cn
phi tht r rng, khng nn c bt k thnh kin m h no. Mc ch ca vic lc b
nhm trnh tin hnh phn tch kh thi chi tit khng cn thit cho cc c hi khng
thc t hoc khng kh thi. Phiu cng tc 13 s gip nhn din v lit k cc c hi
SXSH: (a) c th trin khai ngay m khng cn phn tch kh thi (cc gii php r
rng); (b) cn phi phn tch kh thi t m hn; v (c) c th loi b. Trong bng ny ch
cn nh du vo mc ph hp, v khng cn phn tch chi tit.
PHIU CNG TC 13: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH c th thc hin c
Phn loi TT C hi SXSH
Trin khai ngay Phn tch thm Loi b
1
2
3
4
5

Phiu cng tc 13: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH (V d xuyn sut)
TT Gii php SXSH Phn
nhm
Thc
hin
ngay
Nghin
cu
thm
Loi Nhn xt/l do
1 Bo tr v lu tr cc khp ly
hp bn thnh phm ti ni
sch s
QLNV X n gin d thc
hin
2 Thit k my chi thay cho dng
gi lau
CTTB x Cn thi gian u t
v thit k, khng th
thc hin vo thi
im hin ti.
3 La chn nguyn liu tt hn, t
g hn
QLNV X
4 S dng gi lau cht lng tt
hn
QLNV X
5 Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi
cng nhn m bo l chi tit
c treo 3 giy trn b x l
trc khi chuyn sang b khc
KSQT X C th rt hiu qu
nhng cn mt nhiu
thi gian thay i
nhn thc v thc
hnh ca ngi cng
nhn
6 Chuyn cc b li gn nhau hn
thun li hn cho cng vic
ca cng nhn.
QLNV X Tm hiu khu vc
sn xut ca nh
my b tr cc b
cho hp l hn.
7 Lp mng nghing gia b ha
cht v b tip theo, mng
nghing v pha b ha cht
QLNV X u t t, d thc
hin
8 Nghin cu kh nng lp t
mt h thng ht thu hi hi
t dung dch ty du m in-
ha.
CTTB x u t ln, phc
tp, cn nghin cu
thm
9 iu chnh nhit ti b ty
du m cho ph hp
KSQT X D thc hin


4.4 Bc 4: La chn cc gii php SXSH
Vic chn mt gii php SXSH thc hin i hi khng ch phi xem xt tnh kh thi
kinh t-k thut m cn phi c li cho mi trng. Danh sch cc c hi cn phn
tch thm trn s c nghin cu theo cc kha cnh sau:
4.4.1 Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thut
nh gi tnh kh thi k thut nhm xc nh xem liu gii php SXSH c xut c
thc hin c vi mt ng dng c th no khng. Vic nh gi thng bt u
bng cch kim tra tc ng ca gii php xut i vi quy trnh, sn phm, t l
sn xut, an ton, v.v Nu trong trng hp c s khc bit ln so vi thc hnh
quy trnh hin ti th c th cn phi tin hnh th nghim trong phng th nghim v
chy th nh gi tnh kh thi k thut. Phiu cng tc 14 l mt bng mu c th
nh gi v k thut.
Cc gii php khng c tnh kh thi v k thut (do khng c sn cng ngh, thit b,
khng gian hoc bt c l do no khc) cn phi a vo danh sch ring cc cn
b k thut nghin cu k hn. Cc gii php c tnh kh thi v mt k thut th s
c tip tc phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t.

Phiu cng tc 13: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH (V d xuyn sut)
TT Gii php SXSH Nhm Thc
hin
ngay
Nghin
cu
thm
Loi Nhn xt/l do
11 p dng phng php ra
chy ngc a cp cho cc
quy trnh nh lm sch nh, ty
du m, m Ni v Cr, v trung
tnh ha
CT X u t t, nng cao
hiu qu ra, t cht
bn trong b ha
cht hn
11 Ci tin cc h thng x l v
thu hi Cr, h thng ht
Qun l
ni vi
tt
X C nhiu ch li mi
trng
12 Thay my sy tng gch
bng khoang sy kim loi s
dng t in nng hn
Sa i
thit b
X

Tt c cc gii php xut u c th trin khai ngay do chng mang li li ch kinh t cho
nh my. Mt khc cc gii php ny cng mang li li ch v mt mi trng nh vic
gim thiu ng k lng nhim kim loi nng trong nc thi. Tuy nhin c mt gii
php b loi (gii php 2) do nh my khng kh nng thit k loi my xut. Gii
php ny vn c th c trin khai trong tng li khi c nh cung cp thit b ph hp
cho sn xut ca nh my. Mt gii php khc (gii php 8) cn phi c nghin cu
thm v c cho vo k hoch hnh ng trin khai trong tng lai.
PHIU CNG TC 15: Phn tch tnh kh thi k thut
A) YU CU K THUT
Yu cu Sn c trong nc Ni dung
C Khng
1 Phn cng
Thit b
Thit b o
Cng ngh

2 Khng gian
3 Nhn lc
4 Dng sn xut
B) TC NG K THUT
Tc ng Khu vc
Tch cc Tiu cc
Sn lng
Cht lng sn phm
Tit kim nng lng
Hi nc
in

Tiu th ha cht
An ton
Bo dng
linh hot khi vn hnh
Khc

4.4.2 Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t
Tnh kh thi kinh t thng l cc thng s chnh ban lnh o chp nhn hoc t
chi xut SXSH. mi vic c thun li th cn phi c mt vi gii php SXSH
tht hp dn v mt kinh t bo co ln ban lnh o. Chin lc ny s gip thu
ht c s quan tm v cam kt cao hn. Phn tch kinh t c th c thc hin
bng rt nhiu phng php khc nhau, v d, phng php tnh ton thi gian hon
vn, phng php IRR (t l hon vn ni ti), phng php NPV (gii tr hin ti
rng), v.v Vi cc khon u t nh, cc gii php ngn hn c tnh kh thi kinh t
cao th ch cn p dng phng php n gin nht l tnh thi gian hon vn l .
Phiu cng tc 15 di y s gip phn tch tnh kh thi kinh t. Phiu ny c th
c iu chnh cho ph hp vi cc gii php khc nhau, nhng cn phi ch xy
dng n cng n gin v cng r rng cng tt.
Khng nn b i bt c gii php no k c nhng gii php khng c tnh kh thi v
kinh t. C th c mt s gii php em li ci thin ng k v mi trng v v th,
c th c thc hin d khng c tnh hp dn v kinh t.
PHIU CNG TC 15: Phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t
Tn/m t gii php SXSH:
u t VND Tit kim VND
Phn cng
1
2
3
4
5
6
Thit b
Yu cu v t
Chi ph khc
TNG
Hi nc
in
Ha cht 1
Ha cht 2
Bt
Nc
Nhn cng
Gim ph x l cht thi
Gim ph thi b cht thi
Chi ph khc
TNG

Chi ph vn hnh hng nm VND
Li
Khu hao
Bo dng
Nhn cng tay ngh cao
Nhn cng tay ngh thp
Hi nc/ nhin liu
in
Ha cht
Chi ph do dng my
Chi ph khc
TNG

TIT KIM RNG = TIT KIM CHI PH VN
HNH

HON VN = (U T/TIT KIM RNG) X 12
THNG

4.4.3 Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng
Cc gii php SXSH phi c nh gi t kha cnh tc ng ti mi trng. C rt
nhiu trng hp, li ch mi trng th hin rt r rng: gim c tnh v/hoc lng
cht thi. Cc tc ng khc c th l nhng thay i kh nng x l, thay i v kh
nng p dng cc quy nh v mi trng. cc bc u tin, kha cnh mi
trng c v nh khng phi l yu t thc p nh cc kha cnh kinh t. Tuy nhin,
cn phi nhn thc rng trong tng lai gn, v hin din ra cc nc ang pht
trin, cc kha cnh mi trng s tr thnh yu t xem xt quan trng nht bt k tnh
kh thi kinh t l g. Phiu cng tc 16 l bn danh mc gip nh gi tnh kh thi mi
trng.
PHIU CNG TC 16: Phn tch tnh kh thi mi trng
Tn/m t gii php:
Tc ng mi trng Mi trng Thng s
nh tnh nh lng
Khng kh Bi
Kh xx
Khc

Nc BOD
COD
TS
Khc

Cht thi rn Cht thi rn
Bn ha cht
Bn hu c

4.4.4 Nhim v 13: La chn gii php thc hin
Sau khi nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng, ta s la chn cc gii php
SXSH trin khai. Hin nhin l cc gii php hp dn nht chnh l nhng gii php
c li ch kinh t ln nht, tnh kh thi k thut cao. Tuy nhin, ngy cng c nhiu
trng hp, c bit l khi chu p lc, th cc yu t v mi trng li l tiu ch la
chn u tin. C nhiu trng hp khi c rt nhiu gii php SXSH c xy dng
th s dn n kh khn trong vic chn la cng nh t u tin thc hin cho cc
gii php. Phiu cng tc 17 s gip nh gi v lp th t u tin thc hin cc
gii php. Ta cng cn xc nh cc ngun lc cn thit (ti chnh, nhn lc, thi gian,
v.v) v xy dng mt k hoch thc hin. Phiu c cho im theo phng php
chuyn gia, da trn nhn xt ch quan ca cc thnh vin.
PHIU CNG TC 17: La chn cc gii php SXSH thc hin
Kh thi
k thut (25)
Kh thi
kinh t (50)
Kh thi
mi trng (25) Gii php SXSH
T TB C T TB C T TB C
Tng im Hng

Ghi ch: H s 25, 50, 25 ch mang tnh v d. im c cho vi loi kh thi thp (T): 0-5, trung bnh
(TB): 6-14, cao (C): 15-20
4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH
Sau khi la chn cc gii php s c trin khai thc hin, c rt nhiu gii php c
th thc hin c ngay, nhng cng c nhiu gii php khc li yu cu phi c mt
k hoch mang tnh h thng trin khai.
4.5.1 Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin
Nhm SXSH cn phi chun b cho bn thn cng nh nhng ngi lin quan khc
trong nh my trin khai gii php chn. Cng tc chun b c th bao gm xin
ph duyt ti chnh, yu cu phi hp t cc b phn c lin quan, thit lp cc mi
lin kt trong trng hp cc gii php c lin quan n nhiu b phn, v.v Cc
cng vic ny, ngoi kha cnh k thut, cn cn phi c nhng ngi lin quan
thc hin cn thn m bo rng s h tr v cng tc ca h c lin tc xuyn
sut giai on trin khai. Lin kt tt, nhn thc tt v trao i thng tin tt rt c ch
cho cng vic thc thi cc gii php. Cc bng kim nh cng vic lin quan, cc b
phn phng ban cn phi lin h, cc a ch cn bit, v.v cng rt hu ch. Phiu
cng tc 18 s h tr cho vic lp k hoch trin khai. Phiu ny ghi li nhng ngi
chu trch nhim trin khai, theo di tin trin khai v hn hon thnh. Phiu ny
cng cho thy tng quan v nhng li ch kinh t v mi trng c th so snh vi
cc kt qu thc t t c sau qu trnh trin khai.
PHIU CNG TC 18: K hoch trin khai
Kt qu nh gi tin
Kinh t Mi trng
Gii php
c chn
Ngy
trin khai
Ngi
ph trch
D
kin
Thc D
kin
Thc
Phng
php
Giai on

Phiu cng tc 18: K hoch trin khai v quan trc (V d xuyn sut)
Cng vic Ngi chu
trch nhim
Thi gian
thc hin
Cch thc theo di
Cc gii php lin quan n
QLNV v KSQT ti phn xng
Cc qn c
phn xng
Thng
xuyn
Xc inh tiu th ha cht, nng
lng, in v nc hng thng
Cc gii php v CTQT Bi K Ln Thng
xuyn
Xc nh lng nguyn liu, ha
cht, nng lng, nc tiu th v
cht lng sn phm sau khi trin
khai cc gii php
Cc gii php lin quan n
QLNV v KSQT ton nh my
Th Ng Thng
xuyn

- Vic theo di v gim st chung ca chng trnh SXSH do b Thi Ng, ph gim c nh my
chu trch nhim.
- ng Bui Ky Lan, qun c phn xng c kh chu trch nhim thc hin cc gii php k thut
cn tin hnh ti phn xng ca ng. V qun c ny cng phi bo co nh k ln ban lnh
o nh my.
- Cc qun c phn xng chu trch nhim cho cc gii php SXSH c trin khai ti b phn
ca mnh, bao gm cc gii php lin quan n qun l ni vi tt, kim sot quy trnh, sa i quy
trnh v thit b, theo di kt qu...
- Cc gii php cn nghin cu su hn c bn giao li Phng k thut ca cng ty. Phng ny
chu trch nhim ln k hoch hnh ng v bo co vi banh lnh o nh my.

4.5.2 Nhim v 15: Trin khai cc gii php
Vic trin khai cc gii php SXSH cng tng t nh cc ci tin cng nghip khc
v khng cn phi m t qu chi tit y. Cc nhim v bao gm chun b s v
bn v, ch to/mua sm thit b, v vn chuyn n cng trng, lp t v vn
hnh. Khi cn c th tin hnh o to nhn lc song song v ngay c nhng gii php
tuyt vi nht cng c th b tht bi do khng c tip qun bi nhng ngi c
o to y . Nhm trin khai cn bit r v cng vic cng nh mc ch cng vic
mc c th, v c nhng gi hu ch thng xut pht t i trin khai.
4.5.3 Nhim v 16: Quan trc v nh gi kt qu
Cui cng, cc gii php c trin khai cn phi c quan trc nh gi vic
thc hin. Cc kt qu thu c cn phi ph hp vi nhng g c tnh/tnh ton
trong nh gi k thut; v cc nguyn nhn sai lch, nu c, cng phi c nu ra.
C th dng phiu cng tc 19 thc hin mc tiu ny. Cc vn sp xy ra cn
phi c bit nh du v lu tm. Cn phi chun b bn bo co y trnh ln
ban lnh o. Nhng ngi c lin quan cn phi c bit cc kt qu ny. Cng tc
trin khai ch c coi l kt thc sau khi thc hin thnh cng v duy tr hot ng n
nh trong mt thi gian di.
PHIU CNG TC 19: Quan trc kt qu thc hin SXSH
Cc li ch k thut Tn u
vo
n
v
Trc khi p
dng SXSH
Sau khi p
dng SXSH
Tit kim
hng nm
Cc li
ch kinh
t
Cc li ch
mi trng
Ha cht
Nc
in
Du
.

T
n
g

t
i
t

k
i
m

h
n
g

n
m
:

.
.

n
g

Gim tiu th
Ha cht
Gim ...m
3
nc thi
Gim tn
CO2
Gim ... kg
ho cht thi
Gim BOD,
COD
K hoch hnh ng cho cc cng vic lin quan ti SXSH
Cng vic Ngi chu
trch nhim
Thi gian
thc hin
Cch thc
theo di
Chu trch nhim chung cho ton b cng tc
trin khai SXSH
Th Ng Thng xuyn
Kim sot vic trin khai cc gii php khng cn
phi u t ln v c th trin khai ngay
Qun c cc
phn xng
Thng xuyn
Tp hun nh k cho cng nhn lm vic ti cc
quy trnh cng ngh
Bi K Ln Thng xuyn
Nghin cu kh thi cc gii php cn u t ln Phng k thut 2004
Khi ng vng nh gi SXSH tip theo Th Ng 6/2004

4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr hot ng SXSH
Thch thc ln nht cho cc hot ng SXSH cc nh my nh l lm th no
duy tr bn vng chng trnh SXSH. Thnh cng ca chng trnh SXSH d b tiu
tan, v nh my li tr v tnh trng nh ban u. S nhit tnh v tc ca i
SXSH cng c xu hng trng xung. Thng th lnh o cao nht l ngi chu
trch nhim cho nhng ci kt ng bun . Rt b cam kt, chi ph sn xut ph tri,
khng c chnh sch khen thng v khch l cng vic v hon i cc u tin chnh
l nhng l do thng gp phi m chng ta cn phi kim tra v trnh. Vic quan trc
v xem xt li cc gii php trin khai cn phi c trnh by c th khch l
c mong mun gim thiu cht thi. Cn phi c n lc tch hp SXSH vo quy
trnh lp k hoch thng ngy ca cng ty. Vic tham gia ca nhiu nhn vin v
khen thng cho ngi xng ng s l mt cha kha chc chn m bo s bn
vng ca chng trnh.
Trin khai xong cc gii php SXSH trong khu vc nghin cu, nhm SXSH nn tr
li bc 2 Phn tch quy trnh tin hnh xc nh cng nh la chn cc bc quy
trnh gy lng ph tip theo. Chu trnh ny s li din ra lin tc ti khi tt c cc bc
c thc hin y . Khi ti bc u tin c trin khai, cc c hi SXSH
khc s c th xc nh c, v iu ny cho php tip tc chu trnh. Ni tm li, trit
l SXSH cn phi c xy dng ngay chnh trong cng ty. iu ny c ngha l
SXSH cn phi tr thnh mt phn khng th tch ri ca hot ngsn xut ca cng
ty. Mi chng trnh SXSH thnh cng cho ti nay u p dng trit l ny.
Phiu cng tc 19: Theo di v nh gi kt qu (V d xuyn sut)
Cc li ch k thut Tn nguyn
liu hoc
ngun lc
Trc SXSH Thc t sau
SXSH
Nguyn liu v
nng lng tit
kim c
Cc li ch
kinh t
(VND/nm)
Cc li ch mi
trng (lng
pht thi
gim/nm)
in cho cng
on sy
200kwh/ngy 80kwh/ngy 120kwh/ngy 59.904.000
Pht thi CO2
gim 40,44 tn
/nm
Nc ti xng
DEMO (th
im)
0,0031m
3
/dm
2 0,0026
m
3
/dm
2 0,0005m
3
/dm
2
1.872.000
Nc thi gim
312 m
3
/nm
Ha cht chnh:
Chromic
0,681
gram/dm
2
0,579
gram/dm
2 0,102gram/dm
2
2.359.000
Crom thi ra
mi trng
gim 63,76 kg
/nm
Nc cc
phn xng
khc
750 m
3
/ thng 630m
3
/thng 120m
3
/ thng 8.640.000
Nc thi gim
1440m
3
/nm
Tng: 72.775.000 VND/nm

Nhn xt:
S liu v in cho sy v nc cc phn xng khc bng ny tnh theo n v lng/thi gian,
v th m php so snh l khng khch quan v thiu chnh xc. c con s theo di li ch do cc
gii php SXSH mang li mt cch ng tin cy, cn thu thp s liu tiu hao cc u vo trn mi
dm
2
nh hai thng s cn li trong bng trn.
5 Tr ngi trong vic thc hin SXSH v cch khc phc
Chng ny cp n cc tr ngi khc nhau khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. ng thi cc bin php
khc phc cc tr ngi ny cng c xut. Cc bin php ny c th thuc phm vi ngnh hoc cng
c th l cc quyt nh mang tnh chnh sch ca chnh ph.
Gn y SXSH c chng minh l mt trong nhng cch thc tip cn ch ng
nhm nng cao kh nng sinh li, ci thin mi trng lm vic v gim nhim trong
ngnh x l hon tt sn phm kim loi. Tuy nhin, cn tn ti mt s loi ro cn c
th lm ngng tr hoc cn tr tin ca mt chng trnh SXSH. Chng ny s
bn n mt s ro cn i vi vic trin khai chng trnh SXSH, gm:
Ro cn thi
Ro cn h thng
Ro cn t chc
Ro cn k thut
Ro cn kinh t
Ro cn chnh ph
Vic xc nh cc tr ngi thng s h tr pht sinh ra nhng gi vt qua. V
th chng ny s a ra nhiu bin php i ph v g b cc ro cn. y l
nhng bc ch ng, tch cc m nhng ngi ng h SXSH c th p dng
khc phc tr ngi khi xy dng tng v thc hnh mi thng km hm chng
trnh SXSH.
Th t trnh by cc ro cn cng nh gii php trong phn ny phn nh trnh t m
cc ro cn thng pht sinh. Tuy nhin, cch phn loi ny khng phi l bt buc p
cho tt c cc nh my, bi l cc ro cn gp phi trong bt k nh my no cng
u c th l kt qu ca nhiu cn tr ng thi. Xin c li khuyn cho cc cn b
lnh o nh my l nhng ro cn cng nh bin php cn phi c xc nh c
th cho tng doanh nghip v khng bao gi c bin php chung no ph hp cho
mi doanh nghip.
5.1 Cc ro cn thi
Thi phn nh trong cc cu ni nh S lun phi chu tn km nu quan tm n
mi trng v SXSH trong thi gian ti l iu khng tng vn cn ph bin trong
cng nghip. Tuy nhin nhng cch nhn ny s t i nu xem xt n kinh nghim
thc tin hoc c tnh chi ph thc t, v v th, chnh l cc v d hon ho v
nhng ro cn thi cn tr doanh nghip quan tm cc gii php SXSH. Cc nh
gi SXSH hoc cc nghin cu khc thng ch ra rng nhiu loi ro cn khc nhau
c a ra di cc thut ng ti chnh hoc k thut nhng k thc li l vn
thi . Ta c th phn loi ro cn thi nh sau:
Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng
Khng mun thay i
5.1.1 Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng
Qun l tt ni vi mang tnh vn ha nhiu hn l k thut. Rt nhiu doanh nghip
va v nh (SMEs) l nhng doanh nghip gia nh v v vy hiu bit v vn ha
qun l ni vi cha y . Cc doanh nghip ny t khi hnh thnh khng c c
mt h thng qun l chuyn nghip. T nhng ngi cng nhn n ngi iu hnh
cao nht u coi nhng thiu st trong qun l ni nh mt phn tt yu ca hot ng
cng nghip ch khng phi l do li qun l hoc hiu qu km. Li suy ngh ny
trong cng nghip gy ra cc vn mi trng, l kt qu do s th trc cc
vn mi trng v mt h thng nh gi khng ng mc cc vn mi trng
khi ch quan tm ti cc chin lc kinh doanh v mc ch kim li trong thi gian
ngn.
5.1.2 Khng mun thay i
Nhn s ca nh my thng khng mun thay i do s tht bi hoc do khng hiu
bit. Rt nhiu cng nhn vn hnh khng c o to mt cch chnh quy v ngn
ngi trc cc hot ng th nghim v h s rng nhng thay i so vi thc hnh
tiu chun lm h mt kh nng kim sot quy trnh v gim nng sut. V th m
ngi ta thng t chi th nghim cc gii php SXSH. S e ngi chnh l nn
tng pht sinh hi chng ng bt ti l ngi u tin (NMF not me first), ngha l
ngi ta khng sn sng th bt k tng no nu nh cha c thc hin thnh
cng u trc.
5.1.3 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn thi
Cc gii php sau y rt c hiu qu i ph vi cc ro cn thi :
Thnh cng sm
C s tham gia ca cng nhn
Khch l hot ng th nghim
Cng b nhng thnh cng u tin v SXSH
Thnh cng u tin v SXSH
Nhng thnh cng u tin c th khch l ban lnh o cng nh cng nhn vn
hnh v qun c tip tc cc th nghim SXSH. Cc nh gi trc ht cn phi
nhn din cc gii php hin nhin vi chi ph thp hoc khng tn chi ph. Cc gii
php ny dn n vic loi b cc thiu st trong qun l ni vi, bo dng v kim
sot quy trnh, c con s tit kim ti chnh r rng, v thng c xc nh trong
cuc kho st thc a ln u tin ti cng ty.
C s tham gia ca cng nhn
loi b c cc ro cn thc trong ton b i ng cng nhn vin ca doanh
nghip, th ngay t u mi nhn vin u phi c tham gia xy dng cc gii php
SXSH.
Khch l cc hot ng th nghim (c bit l vi cc gii php chi ph thp
hoc khng tn ph).
Ni lo s v tht bi v nhng iu v hnh c th c loi b bng nhng hng
dn c th ng trng tm th nghim nh sa i quy trnh lm vic hoc chn
loi nguyn liu th hoc cc ph gia thay th. hn ch ti a ri ro, cc hot ng
th nghim nn bt u bng nhng thc hnh khng tn chi ph hoc chi ph thp,
chng hn nh ci thin cng tc qun l ni vi v ti u ha quy trnh, v dn dn s
m rng da trn cc bi hc kinh nghim thu c.
Cng b nhng thnh cng ban u trong thc hin SXSH:
Cc nh my nn nhn mnh nhng li ch c v ti chnh ln mi trng ca nhng
thnh cng ban u trong thc hin SXSH nng cao nhn thc trong ton th lc
lng lao ng v duy tr s cam kt cng nh s tham gia ca nhng ngi c thm
quyn quyt nh chnh.
5.2 Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng
Cc d liu quan trc sn xut v cc quy trnh thng thng phn tch d liu c
ngha rt quan trng gip trnh c nhng cuc tho lun mang tnh ch quan v
phin din trong khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. Vic thu thp d liu v xy dng cc
h thng thng tin trong ni b cng ty l iu kin tin quyt thit lp ln mt c s
chnh xc v ng tin cy trong SXSH v cc hot ng khc.
Tuy nhin, c kin cho rng cc li ch kinh t mang tnh tc thi ca vic khng lu
gi h s sn xut c th lm lu m cc u im ca hot ng thu thp v nh gi
d liu mt cch thch hp nhm hng ti ti u ha quy trnh sn xut. Mc d vic
thu thp cc d liu nn l mt iu kin quan trng bt u cc hot ng SXSH
nhng thng th cc cng vic ny cha phi bt buc phi lm ngay cho ti khi
nhng thiu st trong qun l ni vi v bo dng thit b c hon ton loi b. Cc
ro cn mang tnh h thng c th c xc nh nh sau:
Thiu k nng qun l chuyn nghip,
Cc h s sn xut s si,
Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu,
5.2.1 Thiu cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip
Hin nhiu cng ty vn c th cn c s thiu ht trong nhng lnh vc sau thuc cc
k nng qun l chuyn nghip:
K nng lnh o: rt t ch doanh nghip hoc nhng ngi c quyn quyt nh
l nhng nh qun l chuyn nghip v thng khng thc hin ng vai tr lnh
o v dn dt cn thit pht trin doanh nghip. Kt qu l nhn vin b hn
ch t duy sng to trong nhng cng vic chi tit hng ngy m khng c cc
mc tiu cho tng lai.
K nng gim st: Nhng ngi qun c trong cc doanh nghip va v nh
thng l nhng ngi c c ln v h c thnh tch tt trong cng vic m
khng phi l ngi c o to k nng gim st: nh hng dn, qun l
v dn dt nhng ngi cng nhn khc. V vy m nhng ngi cng nhn vn
hnh thng xem cc qun c nh nhng ng nghip cp cao thay v xem h
nh nhng qun c phn xng ngi c nhng ch o v tm nhn rng, v l
ngi chu trch nhim trc h.
5.2.2 Cc h s sn xut s si
Cc nh my thng khng thc hin c y cng tc ghi chp h s tiu th
nc, nng lng, nguyn liu; kim k ha cht, nhin liu v nguyn liu th; cc
phiu ghi chp hng ngy ti xng v thng tin u vo, u ra, thi gian dng my,
v.v...; hoc cc ghi chp v mi trng nh cht lng v khi lng cht thi lng,
rn v kh. Do duy tr hot ng ghi chp h s nn cc k nng phn tch nh gi d
liu khng c rn ra, y l mt thiu st lm nh hng n vic xc nh cc
gii php mt cch c h thng.
5.2.3 Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu
Khi khng c mt h thng qun l tt, th cc lung chc nng, trch nhim bo co,
v trch nhim cng vic s khng c r rng. S m h v cc tiu ch thc hin
s lm cho cng nhn ln trnh cc cng vic khng thng l nh cc gii php lin
quan n SXSH. Cc l hng trong h thng qun l c bit r rng trong cc kha
cnh sau:
Nng cao tnh chuyn nghip cho cng nhn: rt nhiu cng ty cha thc hin y
hoc khng thc hin cng tc o to mt cch h thng nhm nng cao cc
k nng ngh nghip cho cng nhn v vy m ngi cng nhn khng c
cp nht vi nhng khi nim mi trong cng nghip nh SXSH.
Lp k hoch sn xut: Cc k hoch sn xut thng c lp trn c s tng
ngy mt, iu ny lm cn tr cng vic lu di mang tnh h thng, chng hn
nh vic thu thp s liu u vo hoc nh gi tc ng cho cc bin php
trin khai.
5.2.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn mang tnh h thng
Cc bin php khc phc sau y c a ra nhm gii quyt cc cn tr mang tnh
h thng:
Lp h s v bn v s nh my chi tit y
Xy dng b phn bo dng SXSH trong ni b cng ty
o to mt nhm SXSH cp nh my
Xy dng cc ch s qun l n gin
Phat ng qun l tt ni vi t tt c cc cp.
Qung b cc v d thnh cng
Lp h s v bn v s nh my chi tit y
Cc nh my c th hon thin cc bn v s v ti liu v c s mnh bao gm tt
c nhng d n sa cha v m rng cng sut gn y nht. Cc ti liu ny s l
ngun thng tin quan trng cho cng tc phn tch v nh gi d liu trong cc nh
gi SXSH.
Xy dng b phn bo dng SXSH trong ni b cng ty
Thng thng, cc cng ty c b phn bo dng ni b v cc thit b ch to c
bn s lun i trc mt bc so vi cc cng ty phi ph thuc vo cc nh thu bo
dng v sa cha bn ngoi.
o to mt nhm SXSH ca nh my
Vic t chc mt cuc tp hun cho nhm SXSH ca nh my khi bt u tin hnh
nh gi SXSH l mt trong nhng khuyn co hng u. Cuc tp hun ny cn phi
lm r cc mc tiu SXSH gim cc tc ng mi trng bng cch nng cao hiu
qu sn xut v chng minh c nhng li ch ca vic sn xut c k hoch v
s cn thit phi thu thp v nh gi cc h s sn xut mang tnh thc cht. Cng ty
cng cn phi ch minh ha nhng phng php gii quyt vn , nu c km cc
v d ca chnh cng ty th cng tt, chng hn nh nhng thiu st trong qun l ni
vi hoc bo dng. c c nhng kt qu tt nht, nhng ngi ra quyt nh
ch cht, bao gm c ch s hu doanh nghip ln cc qun c phn xng cn
phi tham gia hot ng ny.
Xy dng cc ch s qun l n gin
Khi khng c nhng k nng qun l chuyn nghip, th cng ty cn xy dng cc ch
s n gin gip ban lnh o v cc qun c c th kim sot c cc quy
trnh sn xut v hn ch ti a vic lng ph nguyn liu, nc v nng lng.
Cc ch s n gin nh lng nguyn liu u vo v nng lng tiu th trn mt
n v sn phm u ra c th l th hin c cc li ch khi ci thin cng
tc qun l ni vi, v l c s khi xng cc n lc lin tc trong vn ny.
Pht ng qun l ni vi tt c cc cp
Nh c th thy rt nhiu cng ty thc hin kim sot cng tc qun l ni vi,
cng tc ny s c ci thin khi c cp lnh o lm gng. Ban lnh o cao nht
ca doanh nghip c th u n xc nh nhng thiu st trong vic qun l ni vi, v
d nh thit b v ng ng b r r v nguyn liu ri trn, v theo di st vic loi
tr nhng thiu st ny.
Qung b cc v d thnh cng
Cc v d thc hin SXSH thnh cng c th gip to ra v nng cao nhn thc v
SXSH. Nhng trng hp ny cn phi c ghi chp li chi tit gm cc d liu
trc v sau lin quan n c kinh t v mi trng, qua chng minh vai tr quan
trng ca h thng thng tin chnh xc i vi s thnh cng ca chng trnh SXSH.
Ti liu v cc cuc hi tho chung cng nh chuyn ngnh c th l nhng bin php
qung b hu hiu cho nhng thnh cng t c.
5.3 Cc ro cn t chc
C cu t chc ca mt cng ty c th cn tr vic a vo p dng cc thc hnh
qun l mi trng. V th, vic nh gi mi lin h ca cc nhim v v trch nhim
n qun l sn xut v cc vn mi trng c phn chia nh th no trong
cng ty v khuyn ngh thay i thun li cho chng trnh SXSH l rt quan trng.
Qun c phn xng v cc nhn vin k thut cn tham gia vo nhm d n, cng
nh s hp tc vi cc t vn vin bn ngoi. Cc ro cn mang tnh t chc c th
c phn thnh 3 nhm tch bit nhng lin quan vi nhau (c bit l trong cc
SMEs):
Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh
Qu ch trng vo sn xut
Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn.
5.3.1 Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh
Thng ngi a ra mi quyt nh l gim c iu hnh, d ch l nhng quyt
nh v gii php n gin t tn km. Cc v lnh o ny thng khng nm c
nhng tc ng tch cc ca cc cng c to ng lc, v d nh cng nhn v tng
thng cho nhn vin hoc cc ch khen thng v khch l. Khng c chia s
trch nhim a ra quyt nh, cc nhn vin khc thiu ch ng tham gia cc nhim
v mi c tnh thch thc nh SXSH, v nu thnh lp nhm SXSH, cc thnh vin
ca nhm c th s cho l h khng c vai tr g thc s trong chng trnh ny.
5.3.2 Qu ch trng vo sn xut
Sc p sn xut c th dn n vic khng ch trng dnh thi gian v cng sc cn
thit tin hnh nh gi SXSH. mt s cng ty, s ch trng ny c duy tr bi
thc t l tin lng cho cng nhn c thanh ton theo hnh thc khon sn phm,
theo cng lm ra nhiu sn phm th thu nhp ca ngi cng nhn cng cao. V
trong mt h thng kiu ny th s c khuynh hng b b qua vn v SXSH v
cc tiu chun v qun l ni vi nng cao s lng sn phm.
5.3.3 Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn
Ngi lao ng b phn sn xut khng tham gia vo cc hot ng SXSH tr phi
h c gim c iu hnh ra lnh. Cc cng nhn k thut thng gp phi tnh
trng cng vic qu ti v khng c thi gian tham gia vo thc hin nh gi
SXSH. i khi h c cc nhn vin trnh thp tham gia vo cc cuc hp nhm
SXSH vi l do cng vic qu ti.
5.3.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn mang tnh t chc
Cc c ch i ph vi cc ro cn mang tnh t chc gm:
Chia s thng tin
T chc nhm d n c nng lc
Cng nhn v khen thng nhng n lc thc hin SXSH
Xc nh chi ph i vi sn xut v pht thi.
Chia s thng tin
Chia s cc d liu v chi ph gia cn b qun l v cc cng nhn vn hnh s
khuyn khch nhng cng nhn vn hnh lm vic cn thn hn vi cc nguyn liu
t tin. Chia s thng tin v cc nguyn nhn hng thit b nhn din c hoc
cc sn phm khng t tiu chun, gia cc cng nhn vn hnh, gia ngi cng
nhn k thut v qun c, s to iu kin thun li cho tip cn gii quyt vn
loi b cc nguyn nhn pht sinh lng ph.
T chc mt i d n c nng lc
Mt i SXSH c t chc tt v c nng lc l mt iu kin then cht thc hin
nh gi SXSH v loi b cc ro cn ca SXSH. Tuy nhin, vic thit lp mt nhm
SXSH hiu qu c th khng phi l mt vic d dng khi tnh n kh nng t c
cng nhn v mc u tin dnh cho hot ng SXSH hin cn ang thp, t l
tham gia cng nhn t, v cung cch qun l chuyn quyn. V th cn phi to ra
c th cn bng gia tnh hung mong mun l mt i d n thc hin tt chc
nng ca mnh - c th t mnh xy dng v thc thi gii php SXSH - v tnh hung
ph bin l cu trc t chc hn ch quyn quyt nh v cn tr s sng to trong
gii quyt vn . Cc cng ty nn chn i trng l ngi c thm quyn quyt nh
vic thc thi ch t l cc gii php chi ph thp v khng tn chi ph. Nhm ny cng
cn phi c mt hoc vi v qun c v cng nhn c lin quan trc tip nht (cc
cng nhn trong phn xng).
Cng nhn v khen thng cc n lc thc hin SXSH
Khi nhm nhn nh v nh gi c cc c hi SXSH, th cng ty cn phi thit
lp ra cc c ch khch l ng vin cho nhm chng hn nh cng nhn rng ri v
chng trnh, cc phn thng, v cng b nhng thnh cng ban u.
Xc nh chi ph sn xut v pht thi
m rng phm vi qun l vt ra ngoi qun l thnh phm nhm tin ln mt bin
php qun l ton din hn v tnh hiu qu ca sn xut th vic xc nh cc chi ph
cho tng yu t sn xut khc nhau v dng thi l v cng cn thit. Thng thng,
cc nh qun l c th c khuyn khch thc hin nh nhng php tnh n gin v
gi tr bng tin ca nguyn liu, ha cht v nhng sn phm b tht thot cho mt
dng thi c bit no .
5.4 Cc ro cn k thut
SXSH thng yu cu phi c nhng thay i k thut trong cc h thng thit b,
cng c, cc nguyn liu u vo, ph gia, quy trnh v thit b. Do vic trin khai
SXSH ph thuc vo cng ngh, cc yu t k thut thng tr thnh nhng ro cn
trong qu trnh ny. Cc ro cn k thut trong cc nh my hay doanh nghip va v
nh (SMEs) c th nhm li nh sau:
Nng lc k thut hn ch
Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch
Cc hn ch cng ngh
5.4.1 Nng lc k thut hn ch
Vi hu ht cc SMEs, nng lc sn xut b gii hn trong phm vi kinh nghim ca
ngi cng nhn m hu ht khng c nng lc trnh k thut gim st, iu
khin v ci tin cng ngh sn xut. Cc hn ch v tay ngh k thut c th nm
di cc dng:
Ngun nhn lc khng c o to hoc c o to khng y : khng c
nhn s k thut trong cng ty hoc ti a phng, v vy m nhiu cng ty phi
ph thuc vo cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tin hnh nh gi SXSH.
Thiu cc phng tin quan trc: khng c cc phng tin quan trc trin khai
nh gi SXSH nn nhiu cng ty phi ph thuc vo mt s lng c hn cc c
quan bn ngoi, chi ph tn km v thng c tr s xa. Khi khng c y
trang thit b quan trc th vic thu thp d liu nn s b nh hng.
Cc iu kin bo dng cn hn ch: B phn bo dng ti cc doanh nghip
va v nh thng ch c trang b v cung cp nhn s va cho cc hot
ng bo dng thng thng v ng tic l nh vy th khng c kh nng
ng ph vi cc trng hp s c thit b h hng xy ra. cc cng ty ny, cc
cng vic bo dng ln nh i tu, qun li ng c v lm v sinh ni hi
thng phi nh n cc cng ty bn ngoi vi chi ph m cc SMEs u e ngi
v v th lm nh hng n cng tc trin khai SXSH.
5.4.2 Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch
Thng thng cc SMEs hay gp hn ch trong vic tip cn cc ngun thng tin k
thut v nhng trng hp thnh cng v gim tiu th ti nguyn v cc k thut t
lng ph. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc cng ty u khng c ti liu k thut thch hp. Cc
thng tin t nc ngoi khng phi lc no ph hp hoc khng phi l c vit
ring cho thc t v quy m k thut trong hot ng ca cc SMEs.
5.4.3 Cc hn ch v cng ngh
Cc khong cch cng ngh vn cn tn ti cc SMEs bt chp nhng n lc hin
i ha, do cc quy trnh li v theo li mn bin i hu ht cng ngh c truyn
thng thiu nghin cu yu t k thut v ha hc c bn ca h thng. Chnh s b
qua ny dn n tnh trng tn dng thit b khng hiu qu, di mc ti u v rt
cuc l pht thi mc cao.
5.4.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn k thut
Cc nh my c kh nng vt qua nhng ro cn k thut l nhng ni c cng
nhn c o to nhng k nng k thut ph hp v khng phi ph thuc vo cc
ngun bn ngoi v cc nhu cu ch to ca cng ty mnh. Cc ro cn tip cn cng
ngh ph hp c th c khc phc thng qua cc bin php sau:
Nhn vin c trnh k thut cao
Trang b c s vt cht cho cng tc gia cng ti nh my
Qung b cc v d thnh cng khi p dng cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH
H tr theo nhu cu cho cng tc nghin cu v pht trin v mi trng.
Nhn vin c trnh k thut cao
Nhng cng ty s hu nhng cng nhn c trnh k thut s gp t kh khn hn
khi bt u tin hnh SXSH. Cc nhn vin ny c th d dng tip thu nhng khi
nhim mi v SXSH v c th vn dng phng php lm vic chung trong nhng
tnh hung c th ti cng ty mnh.
Trang b c s vt cht cho cng tc gia cng ti nh my
Cc doanh nghip va v nh c truyn thng tn dng cc thit b c, b thi ra
ni khc mang v sa cha s dng theo mt cch mi v ci tin, v qua tch
ly thm trnh chuyn mn trong vic tm ra k thut sa cha n gin nhng
thng minh. c bit cc cng ty thc hin ch to ti ch (nh c cc xng c kh,
in hay dn dng) th thng c nhng kh nng chuyn mn gip h c th
nhn din ra cc gii php SXSH hoc bin nhng xut ci tin m cc chuyn gia
bn ngoi gi thnh cc gii php.
Qung b cc trng hp thnh cng khi p dng cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH
Qung b cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH thnh cng c th to ra mt ng lc
mnh m xa b nhng tr ngi k thut c hu. Vic pht hnh cc ti liu k
thut SXSH v t chc cc hi tho v hi ngh chuyn l nhng hot ng hu
hiu trong cng tc qung b nhng thnh cng ny. chun ha vic thc hin cc
k thut v cng ngh SXSH trong phm vi ngnh th cc k thut cng nh cng ngh
ny cn phi c qung b ti cc doanh nghip thng qua cc t chc trung gian
nh cc c quan dch v cng nghip, cc t chc chuyn nghip, cc hip hi cng
nghip v thm ch l c nhng nh cung cp thit b.
H tr theo nhu cu cho cc nghin cu v pht trin v mi trng
Cng tc nghin cu v pht trin s gip xa b nhng khu vc m ti ngay c
cng ngh tin b nht cng khng th ngn chn c cc vn mi trng theo
cc quy m sn xut c th ca cc doanh nghip va v nh.
5.5 Cc ro cn kinh t
Cc ro cn kinh t chnh ca SXSH l:
Cc u i ti chnh thng u tin khi lng sn xut hn cc chi ph sn xut
Nguyn liu th gi thp v d kim
Chnh sch u t hin hnh
Vn c chi ph cao v v kh tip cn
5.5.1 u tin cho khi lng sn xut hn l chi phi ph sn xut
Cc u i ti chnh ph bin hin nay, nh min gim v thu thu mn bi, thu thu
nhp doanh nghip, v.v... ch yu lin quan n khi lng sn xut v rt t hoc
khng c lin quan g ti cc chi ph sn xut. V th cc doanh nghip thng c xu
hng tp trung ti a ha sn xut to ra li nhun ti chnh ti a v xp vic
thc hnh gim chi ph sn xut nh SXSH sang hng th yu.
5.5.2 Nguyn liu th gi r v d kim
Nhit tnh xc nh v trin khai cc bin php SXSH thng b lm ngui i bi cc
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu sn v r mt nhiu vng c ti nguyn thin
nhin, chng hn nh cc ph phm nng nghip, nc, v nhin liu.
5.5.3 Chnh sch u t hin hnh
Bn cht lm thi ca cc hot ng u t trong ngnh cng nghip x l hon tt
kim loi l mt yu t bt li cho SXSH mt s phng din lin quan ln nhau:
Gii hn php phn tch kinh t trong phm vi cc chi ph v li ch trc tip: Yu t
kinh t ca tt c cc khon u t bao gm c cc gii php SXSH c tnh ch yu
da trn c s khon hon vn trc tip v cc khon thu ti chnh ngn hn. V th,
ch c tng cng sut sn xut, gim tiu th nguyn nhin liu v gim nhng chi ph
sn xut hin nhin, nh lao ng, mi c c bit ch . Nhng li ch tch ly t
lng in tiu th gim v chi ph kim sot nhim gim thng khng c tnh
n thng xuyn, do cc chi ph thc hin cc gii php nhm thu c nhng
khon tit kim cha pht sinh. Cc khon tit kim thu c t cc gii php mi
trng thng l mt phn quan trng trong cc li ch kinh t ca cc gii php
SXSH. V th, khi khng gp c cc tiu ch vo trong qu trnh phn tch kinh t
th cc gii php SXSH kh m c chp nhn.
5.5.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn kinh t
Cc nh my c nn tng ti chnh vng vng, v nhng doanh nghip khng ngn
ngi trin khai cc gii php khng tn km hoc chi ph thp thng m rng c
cc c hi khc phc cc ro cn kinh t cho mnh. Cc cng ty c th tn dng
cc bin php sau:
Ti chnh vng mnh
Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh
Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch
Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di
Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh
V thc t cho thy cc cng ty c kh nng ti chnh vng mnh thng t chu nh
hng ca cc ro cn kinh t hn cho nn cn s dng thc trng ti chnh ca cng
ty nh mt tiu ch la chn cng ty d trnh din u t cho SXSH.
5.5.5 Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh
Trin khai cc gii php SXSH chi ph thp hoc khng tn chi ph c th m ng
cho vic trin khai cc gii php c la chn c chi ph cao hn trong tng lai gn.
Trnh din tnh kh thi kinh t ca cc gii php ny c th gip cng ty nh lng
c khon h tr ti chnh tng thm.
5.5.6 Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch
Nhn thc v cc chi ph pht sinh do lng ph l mt im quan trng ca bt c
chng trnh SXSH no. dn chng tim nng tit kim nh SXSH, cng ty cn
phi tin hnh c tnh chi ph cho rt nhiu yu t trong mt dng thi, v.d: nng
lng, nguyn liu th, nc, v sn phm. Khi phn b c cc chi ph ca cc
yu t ny, cng ty c th xc nh chi ph cho mt dng thi v c tnh cc khon
tit kim thu c t vic gim thiu hoc xa b dng thi . Hot ng ny cng s
gip xc nh c khon ti chnh tht thot qua cng thi.
5.5.7 Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di
Cc chnh ph cn phi trnh vic thng xuyn thay i cc chnh sch cng nghip,
mt kiu duy tr vic lp k hoch u t thin cn trong khu vc kinh t t nhn. Cc
k hoch u t cng nghip di hn s gip cc nh my tch hp SXSH vo vic lp
k hoch u t v khuyn kh h tr nn c tnh cnh tranh cao hn m khng cn
c s bo h ti chnh gi to.
5.5.8 Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh
thc y vic trin khai cc gii php SXSH u t ln, cc k hoch ti chnh,
trong t u tin cho cc n SXSH hn so vi cc n cui ng ng, c th
c nh nc hoc cc c quan ti tr xy dng. Cc k hoch nh th (c tnh d
tip cn v th tc n gin) s c nh hng ln ti chi ph vn v tnh sn sng ca
cc khon u t cho SXSH i vi cc SME. Cc chnh ph c th to ra nhng u
i ti chnh cho SXSH, chng hn chit khu khu hao 100% cho cc khon u t
SXSH t nhn, hay mt chnh sch mua vo ca chnh ph h tr cc cng ty cam kt
tham gia thc hin SXSH, hay tr cp thu doanh nghip cho cc cng ty tin hnh
nng cp nng lc t ng.
5.6 Cc ro cn t pha chnh ph
Cc chnh sch Nh nc c tc ng n vic ra quyt nh v v vy c th cn tr
hoc khuyn khch cc cng ty p dng SXSH. Cc ro cn chnh ph bao gm c cc
chnh sch cng nghip trong khuyn khch trin khai SXSH, cc chnh sch mi
trng trong khuyn khch hot ng x l cui ng ng thay v cc gii php
phng nga.
5.6.1 Cc chnh sch cng nghip
Nh trnh by, chnh sch cng nghip lun thay i s khng c li i vi n lc
SXSH. Hin vn cha c cc chnh sch u i nh cp trong phn ny i vi
SXSH.
5.6.2 Cc chnh sch mi trng
Cc c quan c thm quyn c xu hng p t mt b gii hn v cc tiu chun
pht thi ra mi trng m khng c cc hng dn lm th no gim pht thi. V
th cc doanh nghip chn cc gii php kim sot cui ng ng truyn thng
nhm p ng nhng quy nh php l, hn l p dng cc thc hnh SXSH hin l
iu khng nht thit phi thc hin c tha nhn bi cc c quan cng quyn.
5.6.3 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn chnh ph
Chnh ph c th thc hin cc bin php sau thc y hot ng SXSH:
u i ti chnh
Thc thi bt buc lut mi trng
u i ti chnh
Chnh ph c th xy dng cc k hoch ti chnh, trong t u tin cho cc n
SXSH so vi cc n x l cui ng ng. Cc k hoch ny (d tip cn v th
tc n gin), c th c tc ng rt ln ti chi ph vn v tnh sn sng ca cc khon
u t SXSH i vi cc SME. Chnh ph c th a ra cc chnh sch u i ti
chnh cho SXSH, v d nh chit khu khu hao 100% cc khon u t SXSH t
nhn, chnh sch mua vo ca chnh ph h tr cc cng ty cam kt thc hin SXSH,
v gim thu cho cc cng ty thc hin nng cao nng lc t ng.
Thi hnh bt buc lut mi trng
Nu lut mi trng khng c cng ch thi hnh th cc doanh nghip s khng
nht thit phi nhn ra mt iu l cn gp cc quan ngi v mi trng vo trong
hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh.

Tai Lieu Huong Dan SXSH Nganh Hoan Tat SPKL

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Tai Lieu Huong Dan SXSH Nganh Hoan Tat SPKL

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Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh hon tt sn phm kim loi 1

Thu hi cc ha cht nh Ni, Cr, v.v... s dng phng php

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