Ton Ma Kem

http://www.ebook.edu.
vn
Bo v kim loi chng n mn

- 1 -
LI M U

n mn kim loi l vn rt nghim trng gy nn tn tht rt ln cho
nn kinh t quc dn. Trn th gii c khong mt phn ba trng lng kim loi
hng nm b n mn, ph hy. Tc hi do n mn kim loi gy ra l rt ln, gm
nhiu tc hi trc tip v gin tip. V th, chng n mn kim loi l mt vn
v ang c p dng lm gim thit hi ny.
Sn v m in l mt phng php rt c hiu qu bo v kim loi
khi n mn trong mi trng xm thc v trong kh quyn. Trong , m km
l mt ng dng quan trng ca m in bo v vt liu khi b n mn.V th,
chng ti xin c trnh by chi tit v k thut ny di y.
Tc gi
Hong Anh Huy

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

- 2 -
MC LC

Li M u: ...............................................................................................................2
Chng 1. Tng quan v n mn v bo v kim loi.............................................5
1.1. Khi nim v s n mn kim loi..........................................................................5
1.2.Phn loi cc qu trnh n mn kim loi ................................................................5
1.3.Tc n mn kim loi..........................................................................................7
1.4.Nhng nhn t nh hng n s n mn .............................................................8
1.5. Cc phng php bo v kim loi khi s n mn...............................................8
a. Cch ly kim loi vi mi trng ...................................................................8
b. Dng hp kim chng g.................................................................................8
c. Dng cht chng n mn...............................................................................8
d. Dng phng php in ha .........................................................................9
Chng 2. Nguyn liu sn xut tn.........................................................................10
2.1. Khi qut v vt liu..............................................................................................10
2.2. Cc tc nhn gy n mn......................................................................................10
2.3. C ch n mn.......................................................................................................11
Chng 3. Bo v tn khi b n mn bng phng php sn.............................12
3.1. Mc ch................................................................................................................12
3.2. Khi nim..............................................................................................................12
3.3.Thnh phn ca sn................................................................................................12
3.4. S quy trnh ph sn trn tn...........................................................................15
3.5. u v nhc im ca phng php ....................................................................16
Chng 4: Bo v tn bng phng php m km ......................................................17
4.1.Mc ch ................................................................................................................18
4.2.Gii thiu chung v km v m km.....................................................................18
4.3.Cc dung dch m km...........................................................................................19
4.5.Bn cht v yu cu ca lp m.............................................................................19
4.6.Chun b b mt trc khi ma ................................................................................23

- 3 -

4.7. S quy trnh cng ngh m km ......................................................................24
4.8.Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut tn m km..............................................................26
Chng 5: Mt s hnh nh ca tn m km..........................................................29
Kt lun: ................................................................................................................30
Ti liu tham kho: ....................................................................................................31


- 4 -

Chng 1: TNG QUAN V N MN V BO V KIM LOI
1.1 Khi nim v s n mn kim loi.
S ph hy kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ha hc hoc in ha ca kim
loi vi mi trng xung quanh gi l s n mn kim loi.
Kt qu l kim loi s b oxi ha thnh cc ion dng v s mt i nhng tnh
cht qu bu ca kim loi.
M ne = M
n+

1.2 Phn loi Cc qu trnh n mn kim loi.
Phn loi cc qu trnh n mn kim loi, ngi ta c th phn loi n mn theo
nhiu cch khc nhau. C ngi phn loi n mn nhit cao v nhit
thp, c ngi phn loi n mn kh v n mn t. Trong bi tiu lun ny,
chng ti phn loi n mn theo c ch phn ng v s n mn kim loi c
chia lm hai loi chnh :
a. n mn ha hc.
n mn ha hc l s ph hy kim loi do kim loi phn ng ha hc vi cht
kh hoc hi nc nhit cao.
c im ca n mn ha hc l khng pht sinh dng in ( khng c cc in
cc ) v nhit cng cao th tc n mn cng nhanh.
S n mn ha hc thng xy ra cc thit b ca l t, cc chi tit ca ng
c t trong hoc cc thit b tip xc vi hi nc nhit cao.
Kim loi c nung nhit cao trong mi trng cha cht xm thc nh :
S
2
, O
2
, Cl
2
.
,.v.v
Me + O
2
MeO
Trong Me l kim loi

V d:
2 3 2
0
2
6 2 6 4 H O Fe O H Fe
t
+ = +

- 5 -

3
0
2
2 3 2 Cl Fe Cl Fe
t
= +
Bn cht ca n mn ha hc l qu trnh oxi ha kh, trong cc electron ca
kim loi c chuyn trc tip sang mi trng tc dng.
b. n mn in ha.
n mn in ha l s ph hy kim loi do hp kim tip xc vi dung dch cht
in li to nn dng in.
V d: phn v tu bin chm trong nc, ng dn t trong lng t, kim loi
tip xc vi khng kh m... Do vy, n mn in ha l loi n mn kim loi
ph bin v nghim trng nht
Cc iu kin n mn in ha.
- Cc in cc phi khc cht nhau: c th l cp kim loi khc nhau, cp kim
loi - phi kim (C), cp kim loi - hp cht ha hc ( xmentit Fe3C ). Trong
kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s l cc m. Nh vy kim loi nguyn cht kh
b n mn.
- Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau ( hoc trc tip hoc gin tip qua dy
dn ).
- Cc in cc cng tip xc vi mt dung dch in li.
C ch n mn in ha.
S n mn in ha ca kim loi gm 3 qu trnh c bn :
- Qu trnh Anot :
qu trnh Anot l qu trnh oxi ha in ha, trong kim loi chuyn vo dung
dch di dng cation Me
z+
v gii phng in t : kim loi b n mn
Me Me
z+
+ z.e
- Qu trnh Catot:
qu trnh catot l qa trnh kh in ha, trong cht oxi ha nhn in t do
kim loi b n mn nhng cho in t
Ox + z.e Red
Red: dng kh lien hp ca Ox ( tc Ox.ze )

- 6 -
- Qu trnh dn in :
Cc in t do cc kim loi b n mn gii phng s i t Anot n catot, cn
cc ion di chuyn trong dung dch.
Nh vy, qu trnh n mn kim loi xy ra ng thi vi s xut hin dng in
gia hai cc khc nhau ca kim loi. Vng kim loi b ha tan ng vai tr cc
dng ( + ) Anot, vng kia ng vai tr cc m ( -) catot.
Ta c th tm tt qu trnh trn bng s sau ( ly s n mn ca Zn trong
dung dch H
2
SO
4
lm v d )
2 e Z n . 2 e
2 +
2 e Z n . 2 e
2 +
Z n n H O
2 +
2
2 H + 2 e 2 H S O
+
H a p p h u 4
H
+
2 -

1.3 Tc n mn kim loi :
Tc n mn c th o bng cc i lng sau :
Tn tht trng lng:
Tn tht trng lng l trng lng kim loi b n mn trn n v b mt trong
n v thi gian :

t S
m m
P
.
2 1

=
m
1
, m
2
l trng lng mu kim loi trc v sau khi b n mn ( mg )
S : din tch b mt kim loi ( dm
2
)
t: thi gian ( s )
thm nhp P : Tnh bng chiu su trung bnh kim loi b n mn trong mt
nm.

G
P 76 . 8 =

- 7 -
Trong , G : lng vt liu b n mn ( g/m
2
.h )
: khi lng ring ca kim loi ( kg / m
3
)
1.4. Nhng nhn t nh hng n s n mn.
nh hng ca bn cht kim loi.
Tnh chng n mn kim loi lin quan n in th tiu chun, hot ha hc
ca kim loi. in th tiu chun ca kim loi cng m th hot ha hc cng
cao, kim loi cng d b n mn. Tuy nhin c nhng kim loi (nh Crom, Niken),
in th tiu chun m, hot ha hc cao nhng tnh bn n mn tt. l do
trn b mt hnh thnh lp mng oxi ha kn, rt mng, c th bo v kim loi khi
s n mn. Nh vy gi l s th ng ha kim loi.
Tnh chng g ca kim loi cn lin quan n hm lng tp cht v bng ca
n. Tp cht ca kim loi cng nhiu tnh chng g ca n cng km. bng kim
loi cng cao, tnh chng g cng tt.
nh hng ca nhit .
Nhit nh hng rt ln ti s n mn. Nhit cng cao, hot ha hc ca
kim loi v dung dch tng, do lm tng s n mn.
nh hng ca mi trng n mn.
Tnh chng g ca nguyn liu c quan h trc tip ti mi trng n mn.
Trong nhng mi trng khc nhau, tnh n nh ca kim loi cng khc nhau.
V d: Vng n nh trong nhiu dung dch nhng b n mn trong nc cng
toan.

1.5. Cc phng php bo v kim loi khi s n mn.
a. Cch li kim loi vi mi trng.
Dng nhng cht bn vng vi mi trng ph ngoi mt nhng vt bng
kim loi. Nhng cht ph ngoi thng dng l:
- Cc loi sn chng g, vecni, du m, men, hp cht polime...
- Mt s kim loi nh Crom, niken, ng, km, thic....( phng php trng
hoc m in ).
- Mt s hp cht ha hc bn vng nh oxit kim loi, photphat kim loi (
phng php to mng ).
b. Dng hp kim chng g ( hp kim inc ).
Ch to nhng hp ki khng g nh Fe - Cr - Ni trong mi trng khng kh,
mi trng ha cht.
c. Dng cht chng n mn.

- 8 -
Thm mt lng nh cht chng n mn vo dung dch axit c th lm gim tc
n mn kim loi xung hng trm ln.
d. Dng phng php in ha.
Ngi ta ni kim loi ny vi kim loi khc c tnh kh mnh hn


- 9 -
Chng 2: NGUYN LIU SN XUT TN
2.1. Khi qut v vt liu.
- Cu to:
Tn l hp kim ca st ( Fe ) v cacbon ( C ) trong hm lng cacbon
<6.62% v nhiu nguyn t ha hc khc, l cc tp cht thng c nh: Mn,
Si, P,S,..
Tn c sn xut dng tm mng, nh vi dy t 0.1-0.5 mm, chiu rng
1-2 m, chiu di 4 -10m, v khi lng t 1.1- 4.82 kg/m
2
.
Tn c dung che chn hoc ch yu l dng lp nh, nh xng cng ty

2.2. Tc nhn gy n mn:
Tn l vt liu tip xc trc tip vi mi trng xung quanh nn chu ng hng
ca nhng nhn t sau:
Nhit
nh sng
Gi, bi, sng
Ma
Trong nc ma l c cc kh CO
2
, NO
2
, SO
2
, O
2
cc kh ny do mi trng b
nhim, sm chp to thnh. Chnh v vy lm cho nc ma c tnh axit nh
vi PH=5.8
Ty thuc vo tc nhn gy n mn m tn b a7n mn vi nhng cng
khc nhau .Nh nht l tn b mng i, k n l b bong trc tng mng v
nng nht l b lng th.
2.3. C ch n mn :
A nt: cc nguyn t Fe b oxy ha thnh Fe
2+
:
Fe -2e = Fe
2+
.
Cc ion ny tan vo dung dch in li ti y c sn oxy, chng li b oxy ha
tip thnh Fe
3+
:

- 10 -
Fe
2+
-1e = Fe
3+

catt: cc ion hidro ca dung dch in li chuyn n cc dng, ti y
chng b kh thnh hidro t do, sau d thot ra khi dung dch in li:
2H
+
+ 2e = H
2

Ngoi ra trong nc cn c mt lng O
2
khuch tn nn qu trnh ca tt s l:
O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e = 2H
2
O
Cc tinh th st b oxy ha dn dn t ngoi vo trong, sau mt thi gian tm tn
s b n mn ht.
T nhng c s trn ta s a ra c cc bin php bo v tn trc mi
trng nc ma v sng mui.


- 11 -
Chng 3: BO V TN KHI B N MN BNG PHNG PHP
SN
3.1. Mc ch:
Bo v b mt sn phm, mng sn mng hnh thanh trn b mt tn cch li
tn vi mi trng nh: nc, nh sang, khng kh..bo v tn khi b n
mn.
3.2.Khi nim
Sn l huyn ph ca cc ht mu (oxit kim loi hay mui kim loi) trong cht
kt dnh hu c, ngoi ra cn thm vo cc dung mi v cc cht pha long.
Cht kt dnh hu c to nn trn b mt kim loi cn bo v mt mng rn lin
tc.
3.3. Thnh phn ca sn.
Sn bao gm hai pha: lng v rn.
Pha lng.
Pha lng gm dung mi, ph gia v cht kt dnh.
- Dung mi: ha tan cht kt dnh. Trong qu trnh sy kh dung mi bay i.
Nhng dung mi si trn 250
o
C khng b bay hi gi l cht ha do. Chng
lm cho mng sn do hn.
- Ph gia: l nhng cht cho thm mt lng nh vo cht kt dnh ci thin
tnh cht ca n.
Cht tng nhanh qu trnh kh (lm cho sn mau kh) do tng nhanh s oxy
ha cht kt dnh. Nhng cht thng dng l cc mui ca cc kim loi nh
Co, Pb, Mn, Zn, Zr.
Cht hot ng b mt ci thin s thm t ca sn vi b mt kim
loi.
Cht to nh tng lm cho sn dng nh tng n nh.
Cht phn tn c nhim v ui nc khi b mt sc t (pigment), tng
cng s bm dnh ca mng sn ngay c khi b mt kim loi m t.
Cht chng lng.

- 12 -
Cht tr su, h, du.
- Cht kt dnh: Cht kt dnh ng rn do b oxy ha trong mi trng khng
kh bao quanh bao gm:
Sn du thng l cc loi du thc vt nh du lanh, du tng, du u
tng cng s b oxy ha trong mi trng khng kh bao quanh v t ng
rn.
Nha ankyt l este ca diaxit vi ru a chc.
V d: axit phtalic COOH C
2
H
4
COOH
v glyxerin CH
2
OH CHOH CH
2
OH
- Cht kt dnh ng rn do bc hi dung mi bao gm:
Sn acrylic
Axit acrylic (CH
2
= CH COOH) v metarylic (CH
2
= C(CH
3
)COOH) v cc
este ca chng u c th polymer ha thnh nha nhit do mch di polymetyl
metacrylat.

C
CH
3
COOCH
3
H
2
C
Metyl metacrylat
C
COOCH
3
CH
3
CH
2
C
CH
3
COOCH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Polymetyl metacrylat

Cao su clo ha iu ch bng tc dng ca clo vi cao su t nhin hoc
tng hp.
- Cht kt dnh ng rn do polyme ha gm:
Nha epoxy

CH
2
CH OH OH CH CH
2
O O


- 13 -
Mch epoxy

Nhm epoxy ng rn do phn ng vi cht ng rn (v d amin).
Nha polyure tan to thnh do phn ng ca isoxianat ln nhm OH ca
ru hoc nc:
R N C O
+
R'OH
R N
H
C O R'
O
Isoxianat
Polyol Uretan

Uretan li b polyme ha v lin kt cho thnh polyuretan.
Ngoi ra cn mt s nha khc nh ure-fomaldehyt, melamin formal-dehyt,
silicon
Pha rn gm sc t (pigment) v cht n.
Sc t c c trng bi mu sc, ht, tc lng, c, s ha tan
trong nc v cht hu c.
Sc t c nhiu loi:
Sc t chng n mn gm bt km, bt ch, Pb
3
O
4
, ZnCrO
4
.
Sc t gia c c lp ph dy v gim thm nc gm ZnO, TiO
2
, Fe
2
O
3
,
graphit.
Cht n: Thng dng l SiO
2
, SbSO
4
, bt talc, aming, mica, CaCO
3.


- 14 -
3.4. S quy trnh ph sn trn tn:

X l b mt trc khi sn.
Mun lp sn bm chc trn kim loi th phi chun b tt b mt ca n. C
nhiu nhiu cch chun b b mt trc khi sn nh dng dung mi, chi,
nh giy rp, phun ct
Ngoi ra trc khi sn cn phosphat ha hoc cromat ha to lp nn cho
sn bm dnh tt.
Chn sn
Ty thuc vo mi trng v iu kin lm vic m ngi ta s chn cc loi
sn vi mc ch s dng khc nhau
Pha sn.
Tin hnh pha sn vi dung mi l cc cht bay hi nhanh, gi r.ty theo dugn
mi v loi sn m ta pha cc t l khc nhau c th l 1/5 n 1/10
Sy
X l b mt
Chn sn
Pha sn
Sn ln 1
Sn ln 2
Thnh phm

- 15 -
Sn ln 1 (sn lt).
Sn lt l lp sn u tin trc tip phun ln b mt sn phm. vi mc ch
to nn lp mng sn bm chc vi kim loi nn, to iu kin cho lp sn th
hai dnh kt.
Nhng iu kin l tng ca lp sn lt l:
C bm chc, tnh do tt.
C tnh n nh cao trong kh quyn.
Khng thm nc v hi nc.
C tnh nng chng g tt.
Sn ln hai.
Sau khi sn ln th nht b mt c nhiu l chm kim, sn ln hai trn lp sn
trc c tc dng sau y :
Lp l chm kim.
Che ph vt mi.
Lm tng bm chc vi lp sn ngoi.
Nng cao bng mng sn.
Sy kh mng sn.
Qu trnh bin i ha hc v vt l lm cho mng sn thnh mng rn cng gi
l sy kh.
Nhit xy thng t 50 n 120
o
C.
Thnh phm.
Cc tm tn theo bng truyn xm ng c vn chuyn n kho
3.5. u v nhc im ca phng php.
u im.
D ph, r tin, d khi phc ch b h hng
c th kt hp vi cc phng php bo v khc
Hiu sut cao, gia cng thun tin

- 16 -
C th sn cc sn phm c din tch ln, kh nhanh, mng sn phn b
ng u, bng phng, bng.
Nhc im:
Khng chu c nhit cao qu 200
O
C
Km bn trong mi trng nc
bn c hc km


- 17 -
Chng 4: BO V TN KHI B N MN BNG PHNG PHP M
KM
4.1.Mc ch:
bo v kim loi khi b n mn, ngi ta dung nhiu phng php khc
nhau.Nhng phng php m km ( Zn ) cn gi l lp m ant c s dng
ph bin v rng ri nht.
Lp m ant nu kim loi c m c in th m hn so vi kim loi nn.
4.2.Gii thiu chung v km v m km:
Km l kim loi ng nh, mu trng hi xanh lam.
Trng lng ring: 7,14 N/m
3

Nguyn t lng: 65,37 vC
in th tiu chun: 0,76 V
ng lng in ha: 1,22 g/Ampe
Nhit nng chy: 419,44
o
C
Km c tnh gin, tng i cng, c bit khi tng nhit n 100-150
o
C
c tnh do tt, c th gia cng dp, nhng khi gia nhit n 250
o
C th gin, c
lp bt, nhit cng cao th thnh lp km oxit dng bt cng nhiu.
in th tiu chun ca km tng i m, i vi st thp km l lp m
Ant. V vy trong cng nghip, km c dng ph bin to lp bo v kim
loi khi s n mn.
tinh khit ca lp m km cao, c cu trc ng u, do c tnh n
nh ha hc cao. Tnh n hi ca lp m tt sau khi b un ko. Tuy nhin
cng thp, bng km, trong khng kh d sinh thnh mui km cacbonat
c tnh kim nn d b m. b mt km lun sng p, sau khi m ngi ta
em sn, phtsphat ha hay th ng ha lm tng bn ca lp m.
Km l kimloi thng dng bo v st thp v hp kim ca chng, sn
phm m km c dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng: cc tm tn lp, ng
dy in thoi, ng st, cc ng nc,cng nc, cc thit b dt ngoi tri.

- 18 -
Trong mi trng xm thc, lp m km phi dy. Trong iu kinbnh thng
yu cu dy lp m l 15 m. Trong iu kin n mn mnh, dy lp m
ti thiu l 30 m.
4.3.Cc dung dch m km:
a.Dung dich m km xianua
c im cng ngh
Dung dch km xianua, kh nng phn b tt, lp m mn, bng p.
Rt c, nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi.
Thnh phn ca dung dch m km xianua
Hm lng (g/l)
ZnO 35-45 20-25
NaCN 80-90 45-50
NaOH 80-85 70-80
Na
2
S 0.5
C
3
H
8
O
3
3-5
Z
8
.ATZ 5-10ml/l
Nhit (
0
C) 20-35
Mt dng in
(A/dm
2
)
1-3

Pha ch dung dch
Dung dch m km xianua pha bng cc ha cht ZnO hoc Zn(OH)
2
cho tc dng
vi NaCN. Phn ng ca chng nh sau:
2ZnO + 4NaCN = Na
2
Zn(CN)
4
+ Na
2
ZnO
2

2Zn(OH)
2
+ 4NaCN = Na
2
Zn(CN)
4
+ Na
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Pha ch dung dch m km xianua trong iu kin c qut ht. Qu trnh pha ch
nh sau:

- 19 -
- Ha tan NaCN v NaOH trong thng m c th tch nc bng th tch
thng m.
- Cho nc vo ZnO tnh ton, khuy thnh dng h c, va khuy va
cho vo thng m cho n khi tan hon ton.
- Cho glixerin v Na
2
S ha tan vo trong thng, khuy u, cho nc n
mc quy nh.
Cc cht ph gia khc cho vo theo bng thuyt minh
b. Dung dch m km zincat
c im cng ngh
Dung dch m km zincat thnh phn n gin, s dng thun li. Lp m bng,
mng th ng kh bin mu. Dung dch m t n mn thit b, c th dng thit b
m km xianua sn c, thit b x l nc thi, n gin. Nhng kh nng phn b
ca dung dch ny km hn dung dch xianua, hiu sut dng in gim (70-85%).
Khi m qu dng quy nh, gin tng ln.
Thnh phn ca dung dch m km zincat
Hm lng (g/l) 1 2 3 4
ZnO (g/l) 8-15 10-12 10-15 10-15
NaOH (g/l) 80-120 100-120 100-150 100-150
Cht ph gia DE
(ml/l)
5-6 hoc
OPE III

Cht ph gia DPE
II (ml/l)
4-6
ZB 80 (ml/l) 2-4
KR-7(ml/l) 1-1.5
BW-901(ml/l) 4-5
NC zin 90A(ml/l) 3-5
NC zinC90B (ml/l) 5-7

- 20 -
Nhit (
0
C) 20-35 20-35 20-40 10-40
Mt dng in
(A/dm
2
)
0.5-4 0.5-4 1-5 1-5
c Dung dch m km mui amon
c im cng ngh
Dung dch m km mui amon c lp m kt tinh mn, bng, hiu sut dng
in cao, tc kt ta nhanh. Dung dch m km mui amon c my loi, chng
khc nhau kh nng phn b. Dung dch NH
4
Cl- N(CH
2
COOH)
3
kh nng phn
b tt nht, dung dch NH
4
Cl- C
6
H
8
O
7
kh nng phn b trung bnh, dung dch
NH
4
Cl, kh nng phn b km. V vy dung dch NH
4
Cl m nhng chi tit n
gin, dung dch NH
4
Cl- N(CH
2
COOH)
3
v NH
4
Cl- C
6
H
8
O
7
dng m nhng chi
tit phc tp. Dung dch m km amn n mn thit b, x l nc kh khn.
d. Dung dch m km khng c Amn
Dung dch m km khng c Amn c pht trin mnh trong thi gian gn y.
Nh s nghin cu thnh cng cc cht ph gia, m km khng c amn pht trin
rng ri thay th m km mui amn.
c im cng ngh
M km khng amon trong dung dch KCl c kt tinh nh, mn, bng, bng
phng tt, hiu sut dng in cao, tc kt ta nhanh, s dng mt dng in
cho php rng, phm vi s dng rng, x l nc n gin. Nhng lp m th
ng trong dung dch crom thp bm chc km, gin tng ln khi lp m
dy.
Thnh phn ca dung dch m khng c Amn
Pha ch
Thnh phn v ch
1 2 3
ZnCl
2
60-80 50-70
KCl 180-220

- 21 -
NaCl 180-220
H
3
BO
3
25-30 30
ZB 85 ml/l 15-20
YDZ-1 ml/l 18
Ph 4,5-5,5 5
Nhit (
o
C) 30-45 30-40
Mt dng in (A/dm
2
) 0,5-3 0,8-2

Dung dch m km khng c amon gm c ZnCl
2
, KCl, H
3
BO
3
v cht lm bng.
ZnCl
2
cung cp ion Zn
+2
, KCl l mui dn in ch yu. Dung dch mui KCl, s
dng mt dng in rng, vng bng rng, kh nng phn b tt. Dung dch
mui NaCl khng tt bng dung dch KCl, nhng mui NaCl r, dung dch chu
nhit tt, c th dng m quay. H
3
BO
3
l cht m lm cho lp m bng mn,
dng mt dng in cao, ci thin kh nng phn b.
Pha ch dung dch
Dng nc nng ha tan tng phn ring bit KCl v H
3
BO
3
. Ch dng nc si
ha tan H
3
BO
3
vi th tch gp 10 ln , sau vo b m.
Ha tan ZnCl
2
trong nc cho vo b m.
Va khuy va cho cc cht ph gia khc.
Cho nc n mc quy nh, khuy u, iu chnh pH, m th
4.4.C ch qu trnh m km.
St-km l mt cp in cc
Fe c tnh kh mnh hn nn lp km l cc m, cc dng lc ny l tm
st, hai in cc ny tip xc trc tip vi nhau v tip xc vi mi trng cht
in ly. Nh vy Zn s b n mn in ha:
cc m : cc nguyn t Zn b oxy ha thnh Zn
2+
:
Zn 2e = Zn
2+

Cc ion ny tan vo dung dch in li v kt hp vi OH
-
to thnh hidroxit
km Zn(OH)
2


- 22 -
cc dng: cc ion hidro ca dung dch in li chuyn n cc dng, ti
y chng b kh thnh hidro t do, sau d thot ra khi dung dch in li:
2H+ 2e =H
Ngoi ra trong nc cn c mt lng O
2
b khuch tn vo nn ta cn c qu
trnh ca tt l:
O
2
+ 4H
+
+4e =2H
2
O
V c nh th lp km b n mn k c khi lp km b chy xc l lp st
ra ngoi
4.5.Bn cht v yu cu ca lp m:
Lp m phi bm chc vo kim loi nn, khng b bong ra
Lp m c kt ta mn, xp nh
Lp m bong do, cng cao
Lp m c dy nht nh
4.6.Chun b b mt trc khi m:
Chun b b mt trc khi ma c tm tt theo s sau:

Gia cng c kh
Ty r
Ty du m
Ty nh
Ty in ha

- 23 -
4.7 S quy trnh cng ngh m km :
a. S quy trnh m km nng:

Kim tra nguyn liu u vo.

Cn cun tn en, ghi v lu cc s liu nh : trng lng cun l thuyt
(ca nh xn xut) v thc t(trng lng khi em cn), trng lng bao b, qui
cch v loi tn ( tn mm hay tn cng ) vo s theo di cht lng tn en.
Kim tra cht lng tn en:
+ Kim tra s b: qui cch, ngun gc xut x.
+ Tho b bao b v kim tra bn trong nguyn liu, i vi cc cun khng t
tiu chun nh b mo, b gin bin, gin bng, r st nng,
+ Trong qu trnh m phi thng xuyn theo di cht lng tn en ( mc
du m, gin bin, gin bng, t ni gia cun, ).

Kim tra nguyn
liu u vo
Cung cp nguyn
liu vo dy chuyn
Ty du m r st
Gia nhit
M km Lm ngui
Th ng ho b mt
Sy kh
Kim tra sn phm
Lu kho

- 24 -
Cp nguyn liu lin tc vo dy chuyn.

Sau khi nguyn liu t tiu chun m, nguyn liu c a vo
thit b x cun v ni vo cun c cp tn lin tc cho dy chuyn.
Ty du m v r st.
Trc khi tn c a vo m phi qua cng on ty du m v r st, cng
on ny bao gm 4 phn :
* Dng ha cht ty du m: Trc tin bng tn c i qua 1 b nhng c
nng t 23 - 40 im, c kch hot nhit bng hi nc t t 60
o
C
80
o
C, sau qua hai bung phun. Bung phun c phun bng h thng bm
nc p lc cao kt hp vi mt hm lng nh cht ty du ko t b nhng
qua, phun ln ln c hai mt ca bng tn v dng cp trc ch bng cc ty
sch phn du m trn b mt tn.
* Sau khi i qua hai bung phun, bng tn tip tc qua 1 bung phun nc
nng nhit t 60
o
C 80
o
C ra sch du m cng ha cht trn bng tn.
* Kt thc cng vic ty du m, bng tn c i vo 1 b dung dch HCl vi
nng t 10 20% tu theo mc r st ca tn tin hnh ty r st.
* Qua 3 v tr ty ra trn, lc ny bng tn tip tc i qua 1 b nc trng
ra thnh phn axt cn li, sau qua 1 bung phun bng nc nng ri li qua
1 b nc trng ra ln cui v c vt kh bng 1 cp trc cao su trc khi
qua cng on sy.
Gia nhit bng tn trc khi xung cho.
Sau khi ty ra sch s b mt, bng tn c a qua mt l sy nhit trc tip
nhm mc ch nng nhit bng tn ln khong 200
0
C trnh s mt nhit
gy hi cho cho m.
Qu trnh m km - y l cng on quan trng nht ca dy chuyn.
Bng tn sau khi t n nhit 180~200
0
C s i qua ngn cha tr dung
(Ammonium Chloride v mt s kim loi khc nh Antimon, Alummium, ...)

- 25 -
ty sch b mt ln cui, lm tng bng sng ca b mt km v c tnh
lp m km...

Sau bng tn i qua ngn cha km v cui cng l i qua cm thit b
dao gi hon tt qu trnh m km. dy mng ca lp m km c kim
sot thng qua cm thit b dao gi ny.
Qu trnh lm ngui.
Khi bng tn c m ph mt lp km theo yu cu, lc ny bng tn cn
nng v c lm ngui nh h thng ng gi v qut ngui gn pha trn dn
lm ngui. Sau khi qua cng on lm ngui bng gi, lc ny nhit ca bng
tn vn cn kh cao.
V vy bng tn c chy qua mt b nc lm ngui gim nhit xung
cn khong 60
o
C - 80
o
C, ng thi trng ra nhng hn hp mui, bi km v
cc tp cht khc bm trn b mt tn m nhm gi cho b mt tn m c
sch s trc khi i qua cng on th ng ha.
Th ng ho b mt.
Sau khi c lm ngui v ra sch bng b nc, bng tn c vt kh bng
1 cp trc cao su v tip tc qua b th ng ho, ti y bng tn c nhng
trong b dung dch cromat vi nng t 3 7 im (3%-7%), nhit t 55
o
C
65
o
C. Bng tn m km khi i qua b th ng c ph mt lp chromate
v nh hnh trn b mt tn tng kh nng chng g cho b mt tn, sau
c vt kh nh cp trc cao su trc khi qua cng on lm kh.
u v nhc im ca phng php.
u im.
Tm kim loi c bo v hon ton,thi gian s dng lu ti 50 nm, lp
km ny chu c lc va p ln, chng thm, chng c tia cc tim
Nhc im.
Phng php ny i hi phi u t dy truyn khp kn vi chi ph kh cao,
lng km ln gy lng ph nn ch p dng cho mt s loi tn c bit.

- 26 -
b.S quy trnh m km lnh:

X l b mt trc khi ph.
Lm sch b mt: Kh du trn b mt vt liu v cc cht bn khc.
To nhm b mt trc khi phun ph: rt quan trng nhm m bo bn
v kt dnh ca kim loi ph vi b mt c ph. Chng ta c th to
nhm b mt bng cc phng php nh: gia cng phun ct, gia cng phun bi
(phun ct kim loi), phng php ct ren thng, phng php ant c hc
to nhp nh b mt
Pha dung dch km.
Pha dung dch nh l pha sn truyn thng c khch l chn dung mi v
thm phu gia bm dnh.
Phun ph.
Phun ph ln u tin to mt lp km u.
Phun ph ln hai to cho b mt lng bng hn lp km dy hn.
Sy.
To iu kin cho cc ht km n nh v lm kh dung mi.

4.8.Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut tn m km:

Thnh phm
Xy
Phun ph ln 2
Phun ph ln 1
Pha dung dch km
X l b mt

- 27 -

1. X cun
2. X l b mt
nguyn liu
3. Dn b 1
4. Sy kh v gia
nhit
5. Cho m km
6. To bng
7. X l b mt
thnh phm
8. sy kh thnh
phm
9 Dn b 2
10. Kim tra cht
lng
11. Thu cun

Chng 5: MT S HNH NH TN V TN M KM


- 28 -
Tn _ M ngh Sng ngi

Sn phm hng Th cng M ngh
(chu Hoa) c lm t Tn Km
mm
Hai dng tn sng ngi c bit ny
c cn qua my cn sng chuyn
dng ca i Loan.

Tn phng Sng nh

TN M KM

Dng sng nh ny rt c bit. S lng
sng c th gm t 21 sng n 28 sng trn
mt tm tn vi di cao nht l 6 mt.
TN NHM KM

Ngun nguyn liu chnh phm
t Nht v i Loan

cng thc 55% Nhm(Al)-Km(Zn) v 45%
ca cc Kim loi khc.

TON MAU


- 29 -

Cc sn phm tn mu c to ra nh vo ngun nguyn liu ca tn m
km. Mt cun tn mu t cht lng cao th trn c bn l do ngun nguyn liu
tn m km c cht lng tt.


- 30 -
KT LUN
M km chng minh tnh nng bo v u vit cho cc cng trnh nn
hu nh tt c cng trnh ca ngnh in hin nay u s dng st thp c m
km nhng nng. Lp m ny theo thi gian cng b mn dn, mc nhanh
hay chm ty vo cht lng m v mi trng n mn. Khi , vic bo tr
bng sn ph m km lnh tht s l mt gii php ti u nht v mt k thut
v kinh t v lp m km mi s lin kt phn t vi lp m km hin hu, duy
tr chc nng chng n mn catt. Ngoi ra, phng php ny cho php thi cng
d dng ti cng trng vi cch phun, qut hay ln nh cc loi sn truyn
thng khc.


- 31 -
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hong nh Ly, n mn v bo v kim loi, NXB Cng nhn k thut H
Ni 1980.
2. Trng Ngc Lin, n mn kim loi, NXB Khoa hc k thut 2004
3. Nguyn Khng, M in tp 2, NXB Khoa hc v k thut
4. Nguyn Vn Lc, Cng ngh m in, NXB Gio dc 2005
5. Nguyn Vn Lc, K thut m in, NXB Gio dc 1998
6. Trn Minh Hong, Cng ngh m in, NXB Khoa hc v k thut 2001
7. Dip Vn Lm, Cng ngh m phc hi, NXB TP H Ch Minh 1980.


- 32 -

Ton Ma Kem

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