Atlas Geoquimico 2010

D
E
C
E
M
B
E
R
December 2010
Volume 14, Special Edition
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
CAGUN- PUTUMAYO BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
CATATUMBO BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
CAUCA-PATIABASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
CESAR- RANCHERABASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
CHOC BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
EASTERNCORDILLERABASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
EASTERNLLANOS BASIN..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
GUAJIRABASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
GUAJIRAOFFSHOREBASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
LOS CAYOS BASIN ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 89
LOWERMAGDALENAVALLEYBASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 93
MIDDLEMAGDALENAVALLEYBASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 105
SINOFFSHOREBASIN......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
SIN- SANJACINTO BASIN.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123
TUMACO BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132
TUMACO OFFSHOREBASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 137
UPPERMAGDALENAVALLEYBASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141
URABBASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162
APPENDIX- ANH ORGANICGEOCHEMISTRYDATABASE DATASOURCES ......................................................................................................................................... 164

Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia
Second Edition
4
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
By: Roberto Aguilera , Vctor Sotelo , Carla Burgos , Carolynna Arce , Clemencia Gmez , Jairo Mojica , Hardany Castillo , Diana Jimnez and Jos Osorno
1 2
RAGEOLOGIAE.U. and ANH
2
0
0 50 100
100
50
0 100
50
0
%NSO %AROMATIC
%SATURATE
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
In
d
e
x
(m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
. 5
%
R
o
Immature Mature Overmature
1
2
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Earth Sciences Research Journal Special Edition
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Second Edition
Roberto C. Aguilera
RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Vctor A. Sotelo
RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Carla A. Burgos
RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Carolynna Arce
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
Clemencia Gmez
Jairo Mojica
Hardany Castillo
Diana Jimnez
Jos Osorno
2010
Earth Sciences Research Journal
Bogot
I
Letter of Editor
Science is the knowledge of consequences and the
dependence of one fact on another
Thomas Hobbes.
In a short time we are here again to offer you a new version of
the Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia. This effort is
supported by the ANH, and extends the geochemical
knowledge disposed in the previous version to new basins, and
updated information up to 2009.
We hope that this document may be helpful to developers of
projects of oil exploration and production, in a moment, when
the exploration of new basins increases, and the oil
associated activities are extended to new business.
This Atlas will serve as a guide for the oil industry as well as
research centers and academic institutions, who may consult
on their pages the state of knowledge in this field in Colombia,
and the need to continue carrying out projects of this nature.
Can these pages help to answer questions like: Has the trap
received economic quantities of petroleum?. What types of
hydrocarbons are likely to be present (oil and/or gas and in
what relative proportion)?. What are the oil or gas properties
(e.g., viscosity, API gravity, sulfur content, etc.)? Is reservoir
compartmentalization an issue?
We let the answers to our readers, from whom we hope to
hear their findings and if possible their contribution.
Luis Montes
ESRJ Chief Editor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1
Methodology........................................................................................................................................ 3
Cagun-Putumayo Basin.......................................................................................................................... 5
Catatumbo Basin.................................................................................................................................. 20
Cauca-Pata Basin................................................................................................................................. 31
Cesar-Ranchera Basin............................................................................................................................ 39
Choc Basin......................................................................................................................................... 47
Eastern Cordillera Basin.......................................................................................................................... 53
Eastern Llanos Basin............................................................................................................................. 61
Guajira Basin....................................................................................................................................... 77
Guajira Offshore Basin........................................................................................................................... 83
Los Cayos Basin.................................................................................................................................. 89
Lower Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 93
Middle Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 105
Sin Offshore Basin............................................................................................................................... 118
Sin-San Jacinto Basin........................................................................................................................... 123
Tumaco Basin...................................................................................................................................... 132
Tumaco Offshore Basin.......................................................................................................................... 137
Upper Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 141
Urab Basin........................................................................................................................................ 157
References.......................................................................................................................................... 162
Appendix - ANH Organic Geochemistry Database Data Sources.............................................................................. 164
Introduction
This new and updated edition Organic Geochemistry Atlas of
Colombia provides the explorationist with an overview of the
existing information on source rocks and crude oils in
Colombia. The data compiled in this work is updated to 2009,
and is found in the Organic Geochemistry Database of the
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH).
This updated version of the database includes 10329 new
samples and 190836 associated geochemical data from
pyrolysis, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and
surface geochemistry reports, from works developed by the
ANH and exploration companies since 2003 to 2009. The
references of the data sources included in this database can
be found at the end of this volume.
This document is presented in a simple and graphical way to
provide a quick look of the state of the art of the colombian
basins, useful for newcomers or experts alike.
The Atlas is alphabetically organized, following the
nomenclature and boundaries proposed by the ANH for the
Colombian sedimentary basins (Barrero et al. 2007).
Includes geochemical information, from 18 basins,
corresponding to source rock analyses, organic matter
content (%TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, organic petrography,
crude oil and extract analyses, liquid chromatography, gas
chromatography, biomarkers and isotopes.
All the graphs and conclusions are drawn from the information
existing in the organic geochemistry database ,and were used
for source rocks quality assesments and to generate crude oil
and gas characterization graphs of depositional, maturity and
quality parameters, along with quality and maturity maps of
some of the main source rocks in Colombia.
Two new topics are present in this version of the Atlas, one
about hydrocarbons origin from surface geochemistry data
and the other about petroleum systems from crude-rock
1
correlations.
These topics are treated in those basins in which surface
geochemistry data, and where crude oil and rock extracts
information, from reservoir and source rock units properly
identified, exists.
Based on this information some insights on the source rocks,
the origin of the hydrocarbons and petroleum systems found
in the Colombian basins are presented.
The Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia is intended to
assist E&P professionals interested in understanding the
origin and evolution of source rocks and crude/gas
accumulations present in any of the colombian basins, and
additionally as a guide on the future work that might be
needed to improve the knowledge and reduce the exploratory
risk, especially in frontier areas of Colombia.
Therefore, this new version of the Organic Geochemistry Atlas
of Colombia is expected to become a valuable tool for
exploration and educational purposes as well.
3
Methodology
showing the degree of preservation and processes affecting
the accumulations like mixing of different thermal maturity
oils ( refreshing) and biodegradation.
- Source Rock Characterization: In order to show the quality
and maturity of the source rocks, crossplots based on Pyrolysis
Rock-Eval and organic petrology data has been made. The
parameters used to estimate quality are organic matter
content (%TOC),Hydrogen Index, Oxygen Index, and
generative potential (S2 peak).The maturity parameters used
were Pyrolysis Tmax in degrees Celsius, and vitrinite
reflectance (%Ro). In the following tables are summarized the
general values used for interpretation of these data.
Organic matter generation potential:
Based on the organic geochemistry database of the ANH,
compiled in 2010, an updated version of the Organic
Geochemistry Atlas of the Colombian basins has been made.
In order to provide an overview of the knowledge on crude oil
and source rock characteristics in the colombian basins, this
volume has been structured in chapters containing
information on the following subjects, depending on the
information available for each basin:
- Generalities: Including location, stratigraphy, structural
sections and highlights on the organic geochemistry data
available and used in the interpretations presented.
- Wells and Seeps: location map of wells and/or surface
locations with geochemical information and oil and gas seeps
in the basin.
- Crude Oil Quality: Crossplots of quality-related, bulk
analysis parameters like Ni/V, sulfur content, API gravity.
These parameters give insights on the preservation or
degradation of the oils, their maturity (API gravity and sulfur
content), depositional conditions (sulfur content and Ni/V)
and/or lithology of the source rocks (sulfur content).
- Depositional Environments: Crossplots of environment and
organic facies related biomarkers and ratios (Peters and
Moldowan, 1993), like Oleanane Index, Homohopane Index,
Pristane, Phytane, Pristane/nC17, Phytane/nC18, C27, C28
and C29 steranes. These parameters provides information on
the type of organic matter terrestrial, marine or mixed
(pristane/nC17 vs phytane/nC18, C27-C29 steranes, oleanane
index), bottom oxicity (homohopane index, pristane/nC17vs
phytane/nC18), depositional environments(homohopane
index, oleanane index, pristane/phytane) and even age of the
source rocks (oleanane index).
- Chromatography: Typical examples of whole oil
chromatograms and fragmentograms (m/z 191and m/z 217)
Generation
Potential
TOC (wt %)
Rock-Eval S2 Peak (mg HC/ g
rock)
Poor 0 - 0.5 0 - 2.5
Fair 0.5 - 1 2.5 - 5
Good 1 - 2 5 - 10
Very Good 2 - 4 10 - 20
Excellent > 4 > 20
Kerogen Type Hydrogen Index (mg HC/ g TOC)
I > 600
II 300 - 600
III 50 -200
IV < 50
4
Methodology
3. The symbol expressing the level of certainty.
The table below shows how the level of certainty is
determined for a petroleum system (Magoon and Dow, 1994).
Based on these crossplots and maps some general conclusions
on the crude oils , source rocks, gases and petroleum systems
are presented for each basin.
- Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps: These maps were
generated based on organic matter content (%TOC), Hydrogen
Index and Tmax information available.
- Gas Characterization: Crossplots of gas molecular
composition and stable carbon isotopes of methane, ethane
and propane were made in order to establish the origin and
generation conditions of the gases found in the basins.
- Surface Geochemistry: Bernard and compositional plots of
sorbed gases in soil samples were made to help establishing its
origin (thermogenic or biogenic) (Whiticar, 1990).
- Petroleum Systems (Crude - Rock Correlations): Based on
the crossplots used for depositional environments
determination, a series of correlations of crude oil from
reservoirs and extracts from potential source rocks were
made in order to better establish petroleum systems,
following the nomenclature proposed by Magoon and Dow
(1994), in which the name of a petroleum system contains
three parts:
1. The source rock in the pod of active source rock.
2. The name of the reservoir rock that contains the largest
volume of petroleum.
Thermal Maturity Rock-Eval Tmax (C)
Vitrinite Reflectance
Ro (%)
Immature < 435 0.2 - 0.6
Early Mature 435 - 445 0.6 - 0.65
Generation Peak 445 - 450 0.65 - 0.9
Late Mature 450 - 470 0.9 - 1.35
Overmature > 470 > 1.35
Level of Certainty Criteria Symbol
Known
A positive oil-source rock or gas -source
rock geochemical correlation
(!)
Hypothetical
In the absence of a positive petroleum-
source rock correlation, geochemical
evidence
(.)
Speculative Geological or geophysical evidence (?)
CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Depositional Environments
Chromatography
Source Rock Characterization
Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps
Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Generalities
6
The source rock geochemical information
interpreted for the Cagun-Putumayo Basin
includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from
2912 samples taken in 64 wells; additionally 335
organic petrography samples from 56 wells were
interpreted.
Crude oil and extracts information from 124 bulk
analysis samples, 403 liquid chromatography
samples, 330 gas chromatography samples,582
biomarker samples and 90 isotopes samples were
also interpreted.
TD 9715ft
Sea level
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION
PUTUMAYO BASIN
NW SE
Paleozoic Jurassic
Paleogene
Upper Cretaceous
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
Lower Cretaceous
Neogene
0
10000
ft
CAGUAN - PUTUMAYO BASIN
LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
Cali
Neiva
Villavicencio
24
S .
F .
R
.
ECUADOR
PERU
P
a
c
i
f
i
c

O
c
e
a
n
73 72 74 75 76 77 78
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
73 72 74 75 76 77 78
BOUNDARIES
Northwest: Eastern Cordillera Foothills fault system
East: Structural high, including the Serrana de
Chiribiquete (SCH)
South: Ecuadorian-Peruvian International border
Northeast: Sierra de la Macarena (SM)
San Jose
del Guaviare
SCH
02
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forming structural highs
Basement high
Florencia
SM
From Barrero et al., 2007
From Mojica et al., 2010
Source Reservoir Seal Sandstone Basement Shale
Wells and Seeps
The number of wells and/or surface locations
with geochemical information in the Cagun -
Putumayo Basin is 116.
Oilseeps are located at the northern and
western parts of the basin, as well as the oil
fields
7
MOCOA
FLORENCIA
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
0 50 100kms
Oil and gas fields
Wells with geochemical information
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
Orito
Capella
Costayaco
Hormiga
Loro
Mary
Burdine/Maxine
Alea
Map datum: Magna Sirgas
Coord. origin: Bogot
E
A
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
ECUADOR
PER
Crude Oil Quality
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10 to 40 and sulfur content
between 0 and 3% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 30 API have sulfur values below 1%, and oils
below 30 show higher dispersion in sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggests
that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities,the more mature
have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but there are also crudes that having
similar API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate
biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different source rocks, considering
that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils from
carbonates (Figure A).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5,
suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic
environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
- There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that
similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to
vertical migration in faulted reservoirs. But additionally there is the fact that
different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different
preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
8
LEGEND
A
B
C
CABALLOS Fm.
PEPINO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Biodegraded Oil
Heavy Oil Normal Oil Light Oil Condensates
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
Anoxic Marine
Lacustrine or Continental
9
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin
from terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing
environment and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in
the mixed kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic
matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that
most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2) which
indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine
environments. There are some samples with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph
(>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine
deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of
the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and
low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that
most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating
that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine
environment. Additionally there are some samples with low homohopane index but
higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic
environments (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
CABALLOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
PEPINO Fm.
RUMIYACO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
- The liquid chromatography data from oils in the basin are plotted in the ternary diagram above, and
their distribution indicate that oils are well preserved having low biodegradation (low %NSO compounds).
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in siliciclastic environments ranging from
marine to deltaic with an important terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low
oleanane index values corresponding to the Villeta and Caballos formations.
- These crude oils are of good quality with API gravities above 25 and sulfur content below 1% for most of them, and are well preserved (low
biodegradation).
- Hydrocarbons have been found in reservoirs corresponding to the Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations of Cretaceous age and the Cenozoic
Pepino and Rumiyaco formations.
(saturates, aromatics and NSO compunds)
10
LEGEND
CABALLOS Fm.
PEPINO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 50 100
100
50
0 100
50
0
%NSO
%AROMATIC
%SATURATE
Chromatography
Crude oil of the Orito-16 well shows predominance of low
molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio close to
1.
This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes
indicating high thermal maturity. The diasteranes abundance
suggests that the oil was generated from clay-rich rocks but also
increased thermal maturity.
C
1
8
C
1
7
C
1
6
C
1
5
C
1
4
C
1
3
C
1
2
C
1
1
C
1
9
C
2
1
C
2
0
C
2
2
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
P
h
y
t
a
n
e
C
1
0
C
9
C
2
3
C
2
4
C
2
5
C
2
6
Well Orito - 16
Chromatogram
Fragmentogram m/z 191
11 CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Diasteranes
Chromatography
Crude oil of the Unicornio-1 well shows a bimodal chromatogram
with high molecular weight paraffins abundance and very high
Pristane/Phytane ratio (>5.0), indicating generation from
organic facies deposited in deltaic environments.
The predominance of hopanes over tricyclics indicates low
thermal maturity of the oil. The low diasteranes abundance
suggests that the oil was generated from clay-poor rocks.
Well Unicornio - 1
Pr/Ph = 5.2
Chromatogram
Pr
Ph
Diasteranes
Hopanes
Tricyclics
12
13
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples
the depletion
effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data also indicate that
the Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) all have poor
generation potential (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that
rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations have
type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these formations with type III
gas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units (Mirador, Arrayn,
Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone
kerogen to type IV kerogen. The Paleozoic samples have very low HI values and
correspond mainly with type IV kerogen (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and
Macarena formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5
mg HC/g rock). Taking into account that these units are deeply buried in the basin,
the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil
generation peak conditions in the basin (Figure C).
LEGEND
A
B
C
ARRAYAN Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
PALEOZOIC
RUMIYACO Fm.
TOROYACO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
Poor Generation Potential
and/or High thermal maturity
Excellent Generation Potential
Low thermal maturity
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
II
III
0.5%
R
o
1.35% Ro
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there
are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations) with good to excellent oil generation
potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). In the case of the Cenozoic units (Mirador, Arrayn, Rumiyaco
and Toroyaco formations) their samples indicate poor oil generation potential (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early
maturity in the basin. This behavior does not correspond with the Tmax values indicative of early to oil generation
peak, and would not explain the oil accumulations and crude oil quality found in the basin (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the
Cretaceous rocks of the Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations. The Cenozoic rocks of the Mirador, Arrayn,
Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations have poor oil generation potential. Tmax maturity data indicates that the
Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature and the sources for the hydrocarbons in the basin.
14
LEGEND
LEGEND
A B
ARRAYAN Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
PALEOZOIC
RUMIYACO Fm.
TOROYACO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
50
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
UNKNOWN
ACAE-1
ACAE-10
ACAE-2
ALEA-1
AZUL GRANDE-2
BAGRE WEST-1
BURDINE-1
CAFELINA-1
CAIMAN-1
CAIMAN-2
CAIMAN-4
CALDERO-1
CARIBE-1
CARIBE-4
CENCELLA-1
CHIGUACO-1
CONDOR-1
CONEJO-1
DOLORES-1
EVELYN-1
GARZA-1
GAVILAN WEST-1
GAVILAN WEST-2
GAVILAN-1A
GUAMUES-1
HORMIGA-1X
LAS CHICAS-1
LOSADA S.E.-1
LUCILLE-1
MANDUR-1
MANDUR-3
MANDUR-5
MIRAFLOR-1
NANCY-1
ORITO SUR-1
ORITO-20
ORITO-80
PINUNA-1
PUERTO ASIS-1
PUTUMAYO-1
QUILILI-1
QUILLACINGA-1
QUILLACINGA-2
RIO MOCOA-1
RIO PESCADO-1
RIO SEVILLA-1
SETUKO-1
SUCUMBIO-2
TAMBOR-1
TAPIR-1
TEMBLON-1X
TOROYACO-1
TUCAN-1
UMBRIA-2
VENADO-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
Caballos Fm. Villeta Fm.
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro)
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
2
3
5
6 11
12
13
16
18
19
20 21
22
24
25
28
29
32
33
0.2 %Ro
0.4 %Ro
0.6 %Ro
0.8 %Ro
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
31
33
34
36
0.4% Ro
0.5% Ro
0.6% Ro
0.7% Ro
0.8% Ro
0.9% Ro
15
1. ACAE-2
2. AZUL GRANDE-2
3. BAGRE WEST-1
4. BURDINE-1
5. CAFELINA-1
6. CALDERO-1
7. CARIBE-4
8. CONDOR-1
9. CONEJO-1
10. DOLORES-1
11. EVELYN-1
12. GARZA-1
LEGEND
13.GAVILAN WEST-2
14. HORMIGA-1X
15. LAS CHICAS-1
16. LUCILLE-1
17. MANDUR-1
18. MANDUR-3
19. MIRAFLOR-1
20. NANCY-1
21. ORITO SUR-1
22. ORITO-20
23. PINUNA-1
24. PUERTO ASIS-1
25. QUILILI-1
26. QUILLACINGA-1
27. RO MOCOA-1
28. RO PESCADO-1
29. RO SEVILLA-1
30. SETUKO-1
31. SUCUMBIO-2
32. TEMBLN-1X
33. TOROYACO-1
34. TUCN-1
35. URIBE-1
36. VENADO-1
Hydrogen Index
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
12
16 22
33
35
50mg HC/g TOC
150mg HC/g TOC
250mg HC/g TOC
350mg HC/g TOC
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
12
16 22
23
33
0mg HC/g TOC
40mg HC/g TOC
80mg HC/g TOC
120mg HC/g TOC
160mg HC/g TOC
200mg HC/g TOC
16
1. ACAE-2
2. AZUL GRANDE-2
3. BAGRE WEST-1
4. BURDINE-1
5. CAFELINA-1
6. CALDERO-1
7. CARIBE-4
8. CONDOR-1
9. CONEJO-1
10. DOLORES-1
11. EVELYN-1
12. GARZA-1
LEGEND
13.GAVILAN WEST-2
14. HORMIGA-1X
15. LAS CHICAS-1
16. LUCILLE-1
17. MANDUR-1
18. MANDUR-3
19. MIRAFLOR-1
20. NANCY-1
21. ORITO SUR-1
22. ORITO-20
23. PINUNA-1
24. PUERTO ASIS-1
25. QUILILI-1
26. QUILLACINGA-1
27. RO MOCOA-1
28. RO PESCADO-1
29. RO SEVILLA-1
30. SETUKO-1
31. SUCUMBIO-2
32. TEMBLN-1X
33. TOROYACO-1
34. TUCN-1
35. URIBE-1
36. VENADO-1
Organic Matter Content (TOC)
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
6
9
12
16 22
31
33
35
0.6% wt
0.9% wt
1.2% wt
1.5% wt
1.8% wt
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
6
12
16 22
23
33
0.2% wt
0.8% wt
1.4% wt
2% wt
2.6% wt
1. ACAE-2
2. AZUL GRANDE-2
3. BAGRE WEST-1
4. BURDINE-1
5. CAFELINA-1
6. CALDERO-1
7. CARIBE-4
8. CONDOR-1
9. CONEJO-1
10. DOLORES-1
11. EVELYN-1
12. GARZA-1
LEGEND
13.GAVILAN WEST-2
14. HORMIGA-1X
15. LAS CHICAS-1
16. LUCILLE-1
17. MANDUR-1
18. MANDUR-3
19. MIRAFLOR-1
20. NANCY-1
21. ORITO SUR-1
22. ORITO-20
23. PINUNA-1
24. PUERTO ASIS-1
25. QUILILI-1
26. QUILLACINGA-1
27. RO MOCOA-1
28. RO PESCADO-1
29. RO SEVILLA-1
30. SETUKO-1
31. SUCUMBIO-2
32. TEMBLN-1X
33. TOROYACO-1
34. TUCN-1
35. URIBE-1
36. VENADO-1
17
18
oils from the Caballos, Villeta, Pepino and Rumiyaco reservoirs have low oleanane
index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate well with rock extracts from
the Villeta and Caballos formations, suggesting that these units are the sources for
the hydrocarbons found in those reservoirs at the basin. Additionally the low
oleanane values correlate well with the Cretaceous age of the sources
(Figure
B).
-
(Figure A).
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph shows good correlation between the
crude oils found in the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs with rock extracts from
samples of the Caballos and Villeta formations. Indicating that the oils have origin
from terrestrial organic matter and to a minor extent from mixed kerogen (type II-
III), but additionally that the crudes and rocks have similar thermal maturities
The steranes ternary plot shows good correlation of crude oils from the Caballos,
Villeta, Pepino and Rumiyaco reservoirs with rock extracts from Caballos and Villeta
Formations, and that these rocks were deposited in an estuarine to marine
environment which is conformable with terrigenous input and shelf marine
depositional environment indicated by other parameters (c.e. Pristane/Phytane,
Oleanane Index, Homohopanes Index, Pristane/ nC17) (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%C29 Steranes
%C28 Steranes
%C27 Steranes
LACUSTRINE
TERRESTRIAL
SUPERIOR
PLANTS
MARINE
PLANKTON
ESTUARINES
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm.
CRUDE- PEPINO Fm.
CRUDE- RUMIYACO Fm.
CRUDE- VILLETA Fm.
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK- RUMIYACO Fm.
ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
- The Homohopanes Index (C35/C34 Hopane ratio) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between the crude oils from the
Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs with rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations, indicating also that these crudes were
formed from rocks deposited in suboxic environments with variable clay content (Figure A).
- The Ts/(Ts+Tm) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between crude oils from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino formations
with rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations. In this graph there is better correlation of Caballos formation crudes with
Villeta formation extracts than with Caballos formation extracts, and of Villeta formation oils with Caballos and Villeta extracts.
Additionally this graph suggests that oils were formed from clay-poor rocks.
Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following:
- Good correlation between crudes from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs and extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations
(low diasteranes/steranes, low Ts/Tm, C35/C34 hopane ratio < 1, low oleanane index, Pristane/Phytane < 2, and predominance of C27/C29
steranes).
- This indicates the presence of several active petroleum systems at the basin named as follows: Caballos (!), Caballos (!), Villeta
(!), Villeta - Pepino (!) and Caballos - Pepino (!).
Villeta -
19
LEGEND
A B
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Diasteranes / Steranes
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
R
a
t
i
o
DECREASING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES) OR
HIGH REDUCING CONDITIONS (ANOXIC)
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT (SHALES) OR
LOW REDUCING CONDITIONS (OXIC)
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm.
CRUDE- PEPINO Fm.
CRUDE- RUMIYACO Fm.
CRUDE- VILLETA Fm.
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK- RUMIYACO Fm.
ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
T
s
/
(
T
s
+
T
m
)
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT
DECRESING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES)
CATATUMBO BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Gas Characterization
From Barrero et al, 2007
Fluvial
U
r
ib
a
n
t
e

G
r
.
STRATIGRAPHIC
UNITS
Fluvial
Stream
Aguardiente
Capacho Fm.
La Luna Fm.
Coln Fm.
Mito-Juan Fm.
Catatumbo Fm.
Barco Fm.
Los Cuervos Fm.
Mirador Fm.
Carbonera Fm.
Len Fm.
Guayabo Fm.
N
E
O
G
E
N
E
P
A
L
E
O
G
E
N
E
C
R
E
T
A
C
E
O
U
S
J
U
R
A
S
S
I
C
Mercedes
Tib
Ro Negro
Girn Gp.
La Quinta Fm.
LITHOLOGY ENVIRONMENT
Generalities
interpreted for the Catatumbo Basin
includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
data from 1195 samples taken in 33 wells;
additionally 343 organic petrography
samples from 21 wells were interpreted.
Crude oil information from 146 bulk
samples, 275 gas chromatography samples,
242 biomarker samples and 170 isotopes
samples were also interpreted.
CATATUMBO BASIN
21
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
Barranquilla
Santa Marta
Valledupar
Cucuta
Bucaramanga
VENEZUELA
B
.
S
.
M
.
F
.
03
CATATUMBO BASIN
7
8
9
10
11
72 71 73 74 75
72 71 73 74 75
7
8
9
10
11
BOUNDARIES
North: Geographic Border with Venezuela
South: Eastern Cordillera Cretaceous rocks
West: Santader Massif igneous and metamorphics
East: Geographic Border with Venezuela
B.S.M.F. Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault System
Catatumbo
flexure zone
Eastern
flexure zone
CATATUMBO BASIN
W E
Basement Lower Cretaceous
Cenozoic
Upper Cretaceous
10Km
1000m
0
scale approx..
Modified from Yurewicz, et al., 1998
CATATUMBO BASIN
Wells and Seeps
with geochemical information in the Catatumbo
Basin is 56.
Seeps are located at the northwestern and
eastern parts of the basin. Oil fields are mostly
located to the east of the basin.
22
CUCUTA
1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1340000
1360000
1380000
1400000
1420000
1440000
1460000
1480000
1500000
0 10 20Kms
Oil and gas fields
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
Puerto Barco
Ro de Oro
Tib - Socuavo
Yuca
Sardinata
Petrolea
Carbonera
Ro Zulia
VENEZUELA
E
A
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
TIB
PUERTO
SANTANDER
Crude Oil Quality
CATATUMBO BASIN
23
between 0 and 1.2% are present in the basin. There is a straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, showing that high API gravity mature oils have low sulfur
content regarding low API gravity less mature oils. (Figure A).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,
suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic to anoxic
environment with marine organic matter input (Figure C).
-The oils of the Catatumbo Basin are of excellent quality, with high API gravity and
low sulfur content and its high thermal evolution explains the high API gravity.
LEGEND
A
B
C
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
BARCO Fm.
BARCO - LOS CUERVOS Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
MITOJUAN Fm.
UNKNOWN
URIBANTE Gr.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Biodegraded Oil
20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
Anoxic Marine
CATATUMBO BASIN
24
from mixed terrestrial-marine organic matter (Type II-III kerogens), have suffered
low biodegradation and are thermally mature. There are some samples in the
terrestrial kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial organic matter (Type III
kerogen) deposited in more oxidizing conditions (Figure A).
- The API Gravity vs C29aBB/C29aBB+aaa graph, shows that oils with higher API
gravity has higher C29 isomerization and close to equilibrium (stability boundary) as
a result of their high thermal maturity (Figure B).
most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane above 1, indicating
that these oils were generated from rocks with variable carbonatic input deposited in
a shelf marine environment. Additionally there is one sample with low homohopane
index but higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine
deltaic environments (Figure C).
LEGEND
A
B
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
BARCO Fm.
ESCANDALOSA Fm.
MITOJUAN Fm.
UNKNOWN
URIBANTE Gr.
YURUMA SUPERIOR Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
C
2
9
a
b
b
/
C
2
9
a
b
b
+
a
a
a
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
Stability boundary
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
CATATUMBO BASIN
25
-
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in marine carbonatic and siliciclastic
environments, with low terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low oleanane index
values and t
correspond to the La Luna and Capacho formations and the Uribante Group.
biodegradation).
The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and
Pr/Ph values (<2) which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine environments. There is one sample
with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic
environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in
Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks.
he C35/C34 Hopane ratio above 1.0, suggests that the deposit environment of the source rocks was anoxic (carbonatic), which
LEGEND
BARCO Fm.
MITOJUAN Fm.
UNKNOWN
URIBANTE Fm.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
CATATUMBO BASIN
Chromatography
The crude oil of the Tib-366 well is characterized
by showing in gas chromatography, predominance
of low molecular weight paraffins (high thermal
maturity) and Pristane/Phytane ratio < 1.0.
.
The high degree of thermal evolution of the oil
has reduced the hopanes and steranes abundance
and increased the tricyclics in the oil
5 10 15 20 25 30
counts
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
FID1 A, (GEOQ1107\2897755.D)
N
-
C
1
1
N
-
C
1
2
N
-
C
1
3
N
-
C
1
4
N
-
C
1
5
N
-
C
1
6
N
-
C
1
7
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
eN
-
C
1
8
P
h
y
t
a
n
e
N
-
C
1
9
N
-
C
2
0
N
-
C
2
1
N
-
C
2
2
N
-
C
2
3
N
-
C
2
4
N
-
C
2
5
N
-
C
2
6
N
-
C
2
7
N
-
C
2
8
N
-
C
2
9
N
-
C
3
0
Well Tib - 366
Chromatogram
min
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-TIB366.D
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-TIB366.D
Time-->
26
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Diasteranes
27 CATATUMBO BASIN
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples
the
depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data also
indicate that most of the Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Los Cuervos, Len and Guayabo
formations), have poor generation potential with the exception of the Barco and
Carbonera formations which have samples with good generation potential (Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Uribante Group and La Luna, Capacho and
Catatumbo formations, along with the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formations
have type II oil-prone kerogen. Some samples of these units also have type III kerogen
values. The Cretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic units (Mirador and Los
Cuervos formations) have samples predominantly of type III gas-prone kerogen to
type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
peak, indicate that most samples have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g
TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and there are few samples with good generation
potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).In the case of the
Cretaceous rocks should be considered that these units are deeply buried in the
basin, and the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to
overmature conditions in the basin, being the Cretaceous units more mature than the
Cenozoic units, explaining the high thermal maturity indicated by the oils found in
the basin (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
BARCO Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
CATATUMBO Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
COLN Fm.
COLON/LA LUNA Fm.
CAPACHO Fm.
GUAYABO Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA LUNA/COGOLLO Fm.
LEN Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
MITO JUAN Fm.
OSTREA Fm.
UNKNOWN
URAMITA Fm.
URIBANTE Gr.
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
0 50 100 150 200 250
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I I I
I I I
IV
CATATUMBO BASIN
28
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from
Cretaceous units (Uribante Group, La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations) and Cenozoic units (Barco, Los Cuervos and Carbonera
formations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 35 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). In the case of the Upper
Cretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic Guayabo and Len formations their samples indicate poor oil generation potential
(Figure A). G
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence deposited in the basin is mostly mature to overmature
which is in good agreement with the API Gravity and high thermal maturity of the oils found (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the
Uribante Group, and La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations. The Cenozoic rocks of the Barco and Carbonera formations also have
good to excellent generation potentials. Thermal maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are the
more mature sources for the hydrocarbons in the basin, and that the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formations are also in an earlier
maturity stage in the basin.
(S2 <
5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) eneration potential is reduced by high thermal maturity, especially in units like La Luna and
Capacho formations and the Uribante Group.
LEGEND
LEGEND
A B
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
BARCO Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
CATATUMBO Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
COLN Fm.
COLON/LA LUNA Fm.
CAPACHO Fm.
GUAYABO Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA LUNA/COGOLLO Fm.
LEN Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
MITO JUAN Fm.
OSTREA Fm.
UNKNOWN
URAMITA Fm.
URIBANTE Gr.
CARBONERA-4K
CARBONERA-5K
CERRITO-1
CERRO GORDO-1
CERRO GORDO-3
ESPERANZA-3
LEONCITO-2
MUCURERA-3
PETROLEA-108
PETROLEA-90
PETROLEA-91
RIO DE ORO-14K
RIO ZULIA-14
SARDINATA-3K
TIBU-178K
TIBU-2K
TIBU-408K
TIBU-87
TIBU-91K
SARDINATA-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) Hydrogen Index
La Luna Formation
1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1340000
1360000
1380000
1400000
1420000
1440000
1460000
1480000
1500000
1
3
4
5
6
78
9
11
12
13
0.1% Ro
0.8% Ro
1.5% Ro
2.2% Ro
2.9% Ro
1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1340000
1360000
1380000
1400000
1420000
1440000
1460000
1480000
1500000
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0mg HC/g TOC
40mg HC/g TOC
80mg HC/g TOC
120mg HC/g TOC
160mg HC/g TOC
1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1340000
1360000
1380000
1400000
1420000
1440000
1460000
1480000
1500000
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0% wt
2.5% wt
5% wt
7.5% wt
29 CATATUMBO BASIN
1 .CARBONERA-4K
2. CARBONERA-5K
3. CERRITO-1
4. CERRO GORDO-3
5. ESPERANZA-3
6. MUCURERA-3
7. PETROLEA-108
8. PETROLEA-91
9. RO DE ORO-14
10. RO ZULIA-14
LEGEND
11. SARDINATA-3K
12. TIBU-178K
13. TIB-2K
14. TIB-91K
15. ZULIA EAST-1
CATATUMBO BASIN
30
B Biogenic gas
T Crude oil gases
To/Tc Crude and condensate
gases
TT(m) Dry gases associated
to sapropelic organic
matter.
TT(h) Gases associated to
humic organic matter
M Mixed gases
Md Deep Migration
Ms Shallow Migration
LEGEND
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
2
+ (%)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
d
1
3
C
C
H
4
(
p
p
t
)
B
M
T
O
Ms
TT(m)
Md
T
C
TT(h)
Ro 12%
20%
30%
Migration?
Mixed
Shallow
Deep
CARBONERA Caa Brava
CERRITO-1
PETROLEA-29
RIO ZULIA-29
SARDINATA N3K
SARDINATA S32K
TIBU -4K
TIBU 191K
TORTEROS
0 4 8 12
C
2
/ C
3
(mol/mol)
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
d
C
1
3
C
2
-
d
C
1
3
C
3
(
%
P
D
B
)
Open system trend
NSO secondary cracking
Hydrocarbons secondary
cracking
Primary
cracking
Gas secondary cracking
Close system
trend
0.9 - 1.1
1.3 - 1.5
1.8 - 2.0
Ro %
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Early
Late
B
T
Oil
TT(m)
TT(h)
I
m
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
t
e
r
t
ia
r
y
D
ia
g
T
e
r
t
ia
r
y
b
a
s
in
M
a
t
u
r
e
/
M
e
s
o
z
o
ic
O
v
e
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
P
a
le
o
z
o
ic
0.5
1.2
2.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
3.0
Ro
(%)
d
13
C
CH4
(ppt)
- The samples analized in the Catatumbo Basin include gases
associated to samples from coal mines (Torteros and Caa
Brava - Carbonera).
- The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppt) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
suggests that the well samples correspond to thermogenic
gases, sourced from organic matter at different maturity
levels. These gases indicate deep to shallow migration. On the
other hand the gas samples taken from the El Tortero and Caa
Brava - Carbonera mines, correspond to humic organic matter
sources.
- The C2/C3 vs d13C C3 diagram, suggests that the gas samples
analized were originated by primary cracking.
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Surface Geochemistry
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
Generalities
NWW SEE
CROSS SECTION
CAUCA-PATA BASIN
Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene
Taken from Barrero-Lozano D., et al. 2006
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
Bogot
Cali
Pasto
22
P
a
c
i
f
i
c

O
c
e
a
n
.
Z . F .
G
.
S
.
F
.
R
ECUADOR
CAUCA - PATA BASIN
1
2
3
4
5
6
74 75 76 77 79 78
74 75 76 77 79 78
1
2
3
4
5
6
23
BOUNDARIES
West: Cauca fault system (C.F.S.), Western
Cordillera volcanic and sedimentary
rocks (23)
East:
Cordilera (22)
Romeral fault system (R.F.S.), Central
04
Popayan
C
.
F
.
S
.
G.F.Z. Garrapatas fault system
Ro Guabas/Agua
Clara, Chapungo/
Nogales
P. Morada/Chimborazo
Mosquera/Guachinte
Diabasico/Amaime
STRATIGRAPHIC
UNIT
Ridge and
plateau basalts
Collision related
oceanic basin
Remnant
oceanic basin
First oblique
collision
Molasse
interpreted for the Cauca Pata Basin includes
%TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 326
samples; additionally 96 organic petrography
samples were interpreted.
Crude oil information from 54 liquid
chr omat ogr aphy s ampl es , 395 gas
chromatography samples, 24 biomarker
samples, 66 isotopes and 1239 surface
geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
32
Wells and Seeps
Two seeps are reported at the southern part
of the basin and one in its northern part.
33
CAUCA - PATA BASIN
POPAYAN
CALI
PEREIRA
ARMENIA
650000 700000 750000 800000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1000000
1050000
0 25 50Kms
Coord.origin: Bogot
C
E
N
T
R
A
L

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
W
E
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Cities/Towns
34
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph that the rock extracts from outcrop
samples and two seep samples in the basin have origin from terrestrial organic matter
(Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment. Another oil seep sample
with very high Phytane/nC18 value suggests generation from marine organic matter
(Type II kerogen) in very reducing conditions (Figure A).
half of the rock extracts have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2)
which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf
marine environments, and the other half have low oleanane index values but high
Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these extracts were generated from source rocks deposited
in marine deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age
indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic
rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that all
the rock extracts have C35/C34 Hopane values below 1 and variable Pr/Ph (from 1 to
5), indicating that these extracts were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in
shelf marine and marine deltaic environments. (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
OIL SEEP
UNKNOWN
PEA MORADA Fm.
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
- The steranes ternary diagram (%C27, %C28 and %C29) shows that the rock extracts from the Chimborazo and Pea Morada formations have a
higher proportion of C27 steranes, indicative of more marine organic matter input, and extracts from the Chapungo sequence have a higher
proportion of C29 steranes indicative of more terrestrial organic matter input.
- In summary, rock extracts from the Paleocene Chimborazo Formation are characterized by showing Pristane/Phytane > 2.0, C35/C34 hopanes <
1.0, and Oleanane/C30 Hopane < 0.2 and predominance of C27/C29. Indicative of rocks deposited under marine deltaic conditions with
terrigenous input.
- Rock extracts from the Paleocene Pea Morada formation and Cretaceous Chapungo sequence are characterized by showing Pristane/Phytane <
2.0, C35/C34 hopanes < 1.0, and Oleanane/C30 Hopane < 0.2. Indicative of rocks deposited under marine conditions with low terrigenous input.
35
CAUCA - PATA BASIN
LEGEND
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
PEA MORADA Fm.
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
UNKNOWN
0 50 100
100
50
0 100
50
0
%C29
%C27
%C28
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
36
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of outcrop samples
(Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Chapungo Sequence and Cenozoic Chimborazo,
Guachinte, Mosquera and Esmita formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. There
are also samples from these formations with type III gas-prone characteristics along
with samples of the Cenozoic Cinta de Piedra, Pea Morada and Ferreira formations
(Figure B).
-
peak, indicate that most of the samples collected in the basin have poor generation
potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) however samples with good
generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) were obtained
from the Cretaceous Chapungo Sequence, and from the Cenozoic Chimborazo,
Guachinte, Mosquera and Esmita formations
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned are mature to overmature in the
basin (Figure C). There is no clear correlation between stratigraphic position and
thermal maturity, because younger and older rocks have similar maturities, which
suggests that there is some process in the basin affecting in the same way the whole
stratigraphic sequence, possibly related to the extensive presence of intrusive rocks
in the basin.
LEGEND
A B
C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
AGUA CLARA Fm.
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
DIABASICO Gr.
MOSQUERA Fm.
PEA MORADA Fm.
RIO GUABAS SECTION
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
UNKNOWN
CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm.
ESMITA Fm.
FERREIRA Fm.
GUACHINTE Fm.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
37
CAUCA - PATA BASIN
Cretaceous (Chapungo sequence) and Cenozoic units (Mosquera, Ferreira, and Esmita formations)
(Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that most of the samples are immature or close to early maturity in the basin.
However some samples are in the oil generation window and even overmature in accordance with Tmax data. In this graph it is
important to notice that due to the fact that the samples were taken from outcrops, the depth is a relative depth corresponding to the
stratigraphic position of the samples in the field column and not burial depths (Figure B).
Chapungo Sequence and the Cenozoic rocks of the Mosquera, Ferreira and Esmita formations. Maturity data from outcrop samples
indicate that the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from the
high thermal maturity reached by some potential source rocks in the basin.
with good to excellent oil generation
potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from the Cretaceous Ro Guabas
Formation and Cenozoic Mosquera and Cinta de Piedra formations, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), do not
have good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquid
hydrocarbons generation
LEGEND
A
B
AGUA CLARA Fm.
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
DIABASICO Gr.
MOSQUERA Fm.
PEA MORADA Fm.
RIO GUABAS SECTION
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
UNKNOWN
CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm.
ESMITA Fm.
FERREIRA Fm.
GUACHINTE Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples
indicate that most of the hydrocarbons in the basin are
thermogenic, formed mainly during oil generation
window with minor presence of high maturity
hydrocarbons (gas generation window).
(Figure A).
Isotopic data from these type of samples indicate
thermogenic origin of the gases with mixing between
different thermal maturity hydrocarbons, generation
from type II and III kerogens, and to a minor extent
microbial oxidation (Figure B).
There are very
few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an
important process in the basin.
38
LEGEND
A
B
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
-95 -85 -75 -65 -55 -45 -35 -25
d13C Methane (o/oo)
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Bacterial
Predominantly methyl
type fermentation
Predominantly
CO2 reduction
Microbial
oxidation
Mixed
Type II Kerogen
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic
CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
CESAR - RANCHERIA BASIN
W E
Basement Cretaceous Cenozoic Upper Cretaceous
0
1
2
3
4
sec
Time
CESAR RANCHERA BASIN
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRASIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BOUNDARIES
SW: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (B.S.M.F)
E-SE: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the
de Perij (22); Colombian-Venezuelan
boundary.
Serrana
NE: Oca Fault (O.F.)
NW: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta (23)
Caribbean Sea
Riohacha
Santa Marta
Barranquilla
Valledupar
22
05
VENEZUELA
B
.
S
.
M
.
F
72 71 73 74 75
9
10
11
12
72 71 73 74 75
9
10
11
12
23
22
P
A
L
E
O
G
E
N
E

N
E
O
G
E
N
E
RESERVOIR
S
O
U
R
C
E
LITHOLOGY
T
R
A
P
RANCHERIA CESAR C R C R
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
STRAT. UNITS
CESAR RANCHERIA
STRAT. UNITS
GENERATION
MIGRATION
La Jagua
Barco Fm.
Delicias Fm.
Molino Fm.
Laja/La Luna
Aguas Blancas
Lagunitas Fm.
Ro negro Fm.
La Quinta Fm.
Cachiri Gp.
Volcanoclastics
Cerrejn Fm.
Manantial Fm.
Hato Nuevo
Manaure Fm.
Laja/La Luna
Aguas Blancas
Lagunitas Fm.
Ro negro Fm.
La Quinta Fm.
Cachiri Gp.
Palmito Sh.
Tabaco Ss.
Conjunto
Calcreo
Conjunto
Conglomertico
C
R
E
T
A
C
E
O
U
S
J
U
R
A
.
HIATUS
HIATUS
Limestones Sandstones Shales Conglomerates Coals
Generalities
interpreted for the Cesar - Ranchera Basin
417 samples taken in 4 wells and 81 samples from
outcrops; additionally 91 organic petrography
samples from 4 wells and 62 samples from
outcrops, and 417 surface geochemistry samples
were also interpreted.
Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data,
crude oil interpretation can not be made for the
basin.
40
Wells and Seeps
The number of wells and/or surface locations with
geochemical information in the Cesar - Ranchera
Basin is 18.
CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN
41
VALLEDUPAR
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000
CERREJON-1
CESAR A-1X
Cesar F-1X
CESAR H-1X
CH31
COMPAE-1
EL MOLINO-1
EL PASO-1
EL PASO-2
EL PASO-3 EL PASO-4
LOS VENADOS-1
M75
MM194
MOLINO 1-X
MS63
PAPAYAL-1
RIO MARACAS-1
0 25 50Kms
Oil seeps
Cities/Towns
FONSECA
LA JAGUA
DE IBIRICO
LEGEND
42
A B
C
(Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino
formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. The Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation also
has type II kerogen, but there are samples from this formation and the Cretaceous
Molino Formation with type III gas-prone kerogen in the basin. (Figure B).
-
peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino
formations and the Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formations have good generation potential
(HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity
overmature conditions in the basin. Maturity increases with burial depth being the
Early Cretaceous rocks (Ro Negro, Lagunitas and Aguas Blancas formations) more
mature, with samples of the Lagunitas, La Luna and Molino formations at the oil
generation peak (Figure C).
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LAGUNITAS Fm.
MOLINO Fm.
RIO NEGRO Fm.
UNKNOWN
LA QUINTA Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
LEGEND
LEGEND
43 CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN
A
B
Cretaceous (Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna, and Molino formations ) and Cenozoic units (Los Cuervos Formation)
(Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that many samples in the basin are mature or overmature at the Cesar A-1X and
Compae-1 well locations to the south of the basin, and less mature at the El Molino-1X and El Paso-3 wells to the north. (Figure B).
Lagunitas,Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino formations and the Cenozoic rocks of the Los Cuervos formation. Maturity data indicate
that the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from the high
thermal maturity reached by potential source rocks in the basin.
with good to
excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from the
Cretaceous Lagunitas Formation and Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), do
not have good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquid
hydrocarbons generation
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LAGUNITAS Fm.
MOLINO Fm.
RIO NEGRO Fm.
UNKNOWN
LA QUINTA Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
CESAR A-1X
COMPAE-1
EL MOLINO-1X
EL PASO-3
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
La Luna Formation
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000
COMPAE-1
EL MOLINO-1X
0.46% Ro to 0.61% Ro
0.61% Ro to 0.75% Ro
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000
COMPAE-1
253mg HC/g TOC
44
La Luna Formation
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000
CH31
M75
MM194
MS63
COMPAE-1
0% wt
1% wt
2% wt
3% wt
4% wt
45 CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN
LEGEND
indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed
mainly during late oil generation window (condensates)
with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas
generation window) with some mixing between different
thermal maturity hydrocarbons.
Isotopic data indicates thermogenic generation from
probably type II and type III kerogens
There is no evidence of microbial gas in the basin.
46
A
B
UNKNOWN
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
-95 -85 -75 -65 -55 -45 -35 -25
d13C Methane (o/oo)
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Bacterial
type fermentation
Predominantly
CO2 reduction
Microbial
oxidation
Mixed
Type II Kerogen
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic
CHOC BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
CHOC BASIN
Generalities
48
W
E
CHOCO BASIN
Oceanic Crust Paleocene Neogene
sec
0
1
2
3
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
CHOC BASIN
BOUNDARIES
N-NW: Geographic border of Panam
South: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.)
NW: Serrana de Baud (SB)
SW: Present Pacific coastline
East:
Cretaceous rocks of the Western
Cordillera (WC) and partially the
Murind fault (M.F.)
Mande quartzdiorite (M.B.), the
PANAMA
06 Medellin
Ibagu
Pacific Ocean
U
.F
.
S
.
. Z . . F
G
3
4
5
75 76 77 79 78 80
6
7
8
75 76 77 79 78 80
3
4
5
6
7
8
SB
M.B.
WC
M
.F
.
Quibd
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for
the Choc Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
data from 168 samples taken in 2 locations; additionally 68
organic petrography samples from 2 locations, and 333
surface geochemistry samples were interpreted.
Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil
interpretation was not made for the basin.
From Mojica et al.,, 2010
D
2
5
0
0
M
U
N
G
U
ID
4
5
0
0
5
0
0
4
3
0
0
S
A
N
J
U
A
N
C
O
N
G
L
.
L
A
M
O
J
A
R
R
A
IS
T
M
IN
A
S
IE
R
R
A
O
L
IG
IR
1
0
0
0
C
O
N
D
O
T
O
2
.5
-
5
-
A
V
E
R
A
G
E
3
.7
5
3
-8
-
A
V
E
R
A
G
E
5
.5
C
A
A
S
G
O
R
D
A
S
L
A
E
Q
U
IS
S
T
A
.
C
E
C
IL
IA
?
?
P
E
R
IO
D
G
R
O
U
P
F
O
R
M
A
T
IO
N
LITHOLOGY
D
T
H
IC
K
N
E
S
S
(
m
)
T
O
C
S
C
I
P
E
T
R
O
L
E
U
M
S
Y
S
T
E
M
SANDSTONES
P
L
IO
C
E
N
E
P
L
E
IS
T
O
C
E
N
E
2
5
0
0
M
U
N
G
U
ID
U
P
P
E
R
M
IO
C
E
N
E
4
5
0
0
5
0
0
4
3
0
0
S
A
N
J
U
A
N
L
O
W
E
R
M
IO
C
E
N
E
C
O
N
G
L
.
L
A
M
O
J
A
R
R
A
IS
T
M
IN
A
S
IE
R
R
A
O
L
IG
IR
P
A
L
E
O
C
E
N
E
-
E
O
C
E
N
E
A
T
R
A
T
O
1
0
0
0
C
O
N
D
O
T
O
CONGLOMERATES
0
.3
5
%
-
0
.7
0
%
-
A
V
E
R
A
G
E
:
0
.5
7
%
0
.2
3
%
-
1
3
.6
%
-
A
V
E
R
A
G
E
:
3
.8
%
C
R
E
T
A
C
E
O
U
S
C
A
A
S
G
O
R
D
A
S
L
A
E
Q
U
IS
S
T
A
.
C
E
C
IL
IA
?
?
M
A
N
D
E
B
A
T
H
O
L
IT
H
LIMESTONES, MUDROCKS, CHERTS.
SILTSTONESANDLITHIC
SANDSTONES
DARKMUDSTONES, MARLSAND
CHERTS.
DIABASES, BASALTSANDBASIC
TUFFS,WITHDIFFERENT
SEDIMENTARYBEDS
SANDSTONESINTERBEDDEDWITH
MUDSTONES.
LIMESTONESANDMUDSTONES
INTERBEDDEDWITHIMPURE
SANDSTONES.
SILTSTONESANDCLAYSTONESWITH
BEDSOFCONGLOMERATESAND
SANDSTONES.
CONGLOMERATES
CLAYSTONES
LIMESTONES
SANDSTONES, CONGLOMERATIC
SANDSTONESANDSILTSTONES.
BASALCONGLOMERATE,
SANDSTONESANDMUDSTONES.
LIMESTONES, SANDSTONESAND
MUDSTONES.
LIMESTONESANDMARLS
INTERBEDDEDWITHCHERTAND
MUDSTONES. SANDSTONE
INTERCALATIONSINTHETOP.
Atrato Sub-Basin San Juan Sub-Basin
Wells and Seeps
geochemical information in the Choc Basin is 2.
Oil seeps are mainly located at the southern and
eastern parts of the basin.
CHOC BASIN
49
QUIBD
600000 650000 700000 750000
950000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
1350000
BUCHADO-1
0 25 50Kms
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
PACIFIC
OCEAN
W
E
S
T
E
R
N
C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
PANAM
BAHA
SOLANO
ITSMINA
RIOSUCIO
CHOC BASIN
LEGEND
50
A B
C
l (Figure A).
rock samples from the Paleogene Ir Formation have type I and II oil-prone kerogens.
In the case of the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerado de la Mojarra formations their
samples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
-
peak, indicate that samples from the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerados de la
Mojarra formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5
mg HC/g rock) but considering the high thermal maturity reached according to Tmax
data, their present values could be evidence of organic content depletion, and
samples from the Paleogene Ir Formation have good to excellent generation
potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that most samples
from the Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to overmature
generation conditions in the basin, being the samples from the Itsmina Formation the
most mature in the basin, and this high thermal maturity reached by these rocks
could cause depletion in the organic content, giving low HI and S2 values.
Considering this, it is very unlikely that these samples represent the real generation
potential of these formations in the basin (Figure C).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
IR Fm.
UNKNOWN
CONGLOMERADOS
DE LA MOJARRA Fm.
ISTMINA Fm.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
51 CHOC BASIN
A B
LEGEND
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples
from the Ir Formation with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9) (Figure A).
- The Hydrogen Index vs Organic content (%TOC) graph shows that samples from the Ir Formation have the best source rock
characteristics (HI values > 300 mg HC/g TOC and %TOC > 2), which are typical from rocks deposited in shelf marine environments.
Again the low HI and %TOC values for the samples of the Itsmina Formation could be affected by the high thermal maturity reached by
this unit, and the data could not be reliable to determine the depositional conditions of the source rock(Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rock at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals is the Paleogene Ir
Formation. However, the high thermal maturity reached by the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerados de la Mojarra formations
precludes discarding these units as good oil sources in the basin. Additionally the thermal maturity data suggests that all these units
have reached maturity for good quality hydrocarbons generation in the basin.
IR Fm.
UNKNOWN
CONGLOMERADOS
DE LA MOJARRA Fm.
ISTMINA Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
%TOC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
Shelf Marine
(Immature)
Proximal Marine to Continental
(Overmature)
CHOC BASIN
LEGEND
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during late
oil generation window (condensates) with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window).
Mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also indicated by the data.
There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
52
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Generalities
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
VENEZUELA
Cucuta
4
5
6
7
8
72 71 73 74 75 76
72 71 73 74 75 76
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
S.M.
BOUNDARIES
North: Igneous and metamorphic rocks from the
Santander massif (S.M.)
South: Algeciras-Garzn Fault System (A.G.F.S.)
West: Bituima and La Salina Fault System (B.S.F.S.)
East: frontal thrust system of the Eastern Cordillera
B
.S
.F
.S
.
Bucaramanga
4 Villavicencio
Yopal
Tunja
Bogot
A
.G
.F
.S
.
10 G
.F
.S
.
Concentracion
Len
Picacho Fm.
Los Cuervos Arc. de Socha
Esmeraldas F.
CENTRAL REGION
Lisama F.
Fomeque Fm.
Lutitas de
Macanal
Chipaque Fm.
Guaduas Fm.
Umir Fm.
La Luna F.
Simiti Fm.
Tablazo F.
Paja Fm.
Aren. de Las
Juntas
Mirador Fm.
Barco Fm.
Une Fm.
Los Santos Fm.
Une Fm.
Guadalupe Gp.
LITHOLOGY-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
WESTERN
FOOTHILLS
EASTERN
FOOTHILLS
La Paz Fm. Picacho Fm.
Aren. de Socha
Carbonera
Rosablanca Fm.
Ermitao Fm.
Girn Fm. Girn Fm.
Real Gp.
Mugrosa F.
Colorado F.
Mainly conglomerates Mainly Sandstones Shales Limestones
Guayabo F.
Mesa Fm. V
V: Volcanoclastics
interpreted for the Eastern Cordillera Basin
i ncludes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysi s
data from 1512 samples taken in 9 locations;
addi t i onal l y 369 or gani c pet r ogr aphy
samples from 8 locations were interpreted.
1 2 5 b i o ma r k e r s a mp l e , 4 2 i s o t o p e s
and 349 surface geochemistry samples were also
interpreted.
54
Albian - Turonian Berriasian - Aptian Jurassic Basement MiddleMiocene- Recent Eocene- Lower Miocene Upper Maastrichtian - Paleocene Coniacian - Lower Maastrichtian
G
U
A
IC
A
R
A
M
O
F
A
U
L
T ARCABUCO
ANTICLINE
P
E
S
C
A
F
A
U
L
T
C
H
A
M
E
Z
A
F
A
U
L
T
C
U
S
IA
N
A
F
A
U
L
T
S
A
L
IN
A
S
F
A
U
L
T
MIDDLEMAGDALENAVALLEY
SE NW
20km 0
Modified from Cooper et al., 1995
Wells and Seeps
with geochemical information in the Eastern
Cordillera Basin is 12 .
Oilseeps are located widespread all over the
basin
55
VILLAVICENCIO
BUCARAMANGA
TUNJA
YOPAL
900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 1200000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
ALPUJARRA-1
APICALA-1
BOLIVAR-1 (BOLVAR FIELD)
CHITASUGA-1
CORMICHOQUE-1
CORRALES-1
SUESCA NORTE-1
TAMAUKA-1
VILLARRICA-1
0 25 50Kms
BOGOT
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
L
L
A
N
O
S

B
A
S
I
N
M
I
D
D
L
E

M
A
G
D
A
L
E
N
A

B
A
S
I
N
U
P
P
E
R

M
A
G
D
A
L
E
N
A

B
A
S
I
N
VENEZUELA
S
A
N
T
A
N
D
E
R

M
A
S
S
I
F
Crude Oil Quality
LEGEND
56
A
B
C - Heavy oils with API gravities below 20 and sulfur content above 1% are present in
the basin. There is correlation between sulfur and API gravity, indicating that the
higher the API gravity the lower the sulfur content and hence crude oil quality (Figure
A).
- The sulfur content of the oils is above 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1, suggesting that
they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic to anoxic environment
(Figure C).
- The few crude oils reported in the basin suggests that API gravity should increase
with depth and that hydrocarbons could be found relatively shallow in the basin
(Figure B).
0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
PICACHO Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Biodegraded Oil
0 1 2 3
Ni / V
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
Anoxic Marine
57
the depletion effect
caused by the high thermal maturity reached by these rocks in sub-thrust sheets
(Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta and Umir
formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these
formations with type III gas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units
(Guaduas, Concentracin and Bogot formations) their samples are indicative of type
III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index (HI)
and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna,
Villeta, Guadalupe, Los Pinos and Umir formations and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha
Formation have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g
rock). It is important to consider that these and other units with source rock
characteristics, are or were deeply buried in the basin by thrusting, and the poor
generation values obtained from many samples could reflect
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to
overmature conditions in the basin. Being the samples from the Cretaceous
Fomeque, Chipaque and Hil formations the more mature in the basin (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
BOGOTA Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
CABALLOS-UNE Fm.
CACHO Fm.
CACHO_GUADUAS Fm.
CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
CHURUVITA Fm.
CONCENTRACION Fm.
CONEJO Fm.
El DIAMANTE Fm.
HILO Fm.
LA NAVETA Fm.
SOCOTA Fm.
TRINCHERAS Fm.
FOMEQUE Fm.
NEVADA Gr.
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUADUAS Fm.
LA FRONTERA Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LOS PINOS Fm.
MONSERRATE Fm.
PICACHO Fm.
PINZAIMA Fm.
PLAENERS Fm.
SOCOTA SHALE Fm.
TIBASOSA Fm.
TILATA Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
YAV Fm.
A. TIERNA Fm.
Arc. DE SOCHA Fm.
LIDITA SUPERIOR Fm.
UMIR Fm.
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
58
are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Villeta, La Luna, and Umir) and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha Formation,
with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9) (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is mature to overmature in the
basin. With variable maturity trends caused probably by different burial and thermal histories controlled by the
structural development of the Eastern Cordillera (Figure B).
Cretaceous rocks of the formations and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha
Formation. Tmax maturity data indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature and that the high
thermal maturity reached by some source rocks, could produce crude oil with better characteristics than that already
found, and depleted or exhausted some source rocks in the basin.
Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta and Umir
LEGEND
LEGEND
A B
BOGOTA Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
CABALLOS-UNE Fm.
CACHO Fm.
CACHO_GUADUAS Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
CHURUVITA Fm.
CONCENTRACION Fm.
CONEJO Fm.
El DIAMANTE Fm.
HILO Fm.
LA NAVETA Fm.
SOCOTA Fm.
TRINCHERAS Fm.
FOMEQUE Fm.
NEVADA Gr.
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUADUAS Fm.
LA FRONTERA Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LOS PINOS Fm.
MONSERRATE Fm.
PICACHO Fm.
PINZAIMA Fm.
PLAENERS Fm.
SOCOTA SHALE Fm.
TIBASOSA Fm.
TILATA Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
YAV Fm.
A. TIERNA Fm.
Arc. DE SOCHA Fm.
LIDITA SUPERIOR Fm.
UMIR Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
UNKNOWN
CHITASUGA-1
CORMICHOQUE-1
CORRALES-1
SUESCA NORTE-1
TAMAUKA-1
VILLA RICA-1
LEGEND
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during oil
generation window with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window).
59
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
- There is no good correlation between the few crude and extracts data
available for the basin. The crude in the Picacho Formation has higher C29
steranes concentration than the rock extracts from the Guadalupe
Formation, indicating more terrestrial organic matter input (Figure A).
- The C35/C34 Hopanes, Ts/(Ts+Tm) and diasteranes/steranes indicate
that the rock extracts correspond to poor-clay rocks probably carbonatic
deposited under low reducing conditions (Figures B and C).
- This lack of correlation precludes a better determination of the active
petroleum systems in the basin, however the existence of hypothetical
petroleum systems can be stated from existing geochemical and
geological information as follows: Los Pinos - Guadalupe (.), Villeta/La
Luna - Guadalupe (.), Chipaque - Monserrate (.), Tibasosa - Une (.).
60
LEGEND
A
B
C
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
1
2
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
R
a
t
i
o
CRUDE- PICACHO Fm.
ROCK- Arc. de Socha Fm.
ROCK- GUADUAS Fm.
ROCK- LOS PINOS Fm.
ROCK- PLAENERS Fm.
ROCK- GUADALUPE Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
T
s
/
(
T
s
+
T
m
)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%C29 Steranes
%C28 Steranes
%C27 Steranes
LACUSTRINE
TERRESTRIAL
SUPERIOR
PLANTS
ESTUARINES
MARINE
PLANKTON
EASTERN LLANOS BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Generalities
NW SE
Cambro-Ordovician Devonian Jurassic Carboniferous
5Km
1500
1000
500
0
1
2
m
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BOUNDARIES
North: Geographic Border Venezuela
South: Vaups
Arch (VA), and Precambrian metamorphic
rocks (PM)
Serrana de la Macarena (SM),
West:

frontal thrust system of the Eastern Cordillera
East: Guyana Shield Precambrian rocks (GS)
San Jose
del Guaviare
VENEZUELA
Bogot
4
5
6
7
8
3
2
69 68 70 71 72 73 74
BRAZIL
69 68 70 71 72 73 74
4
5
6
7
8
3
2
SM
Yopal
GS
PM
11
Villavicencio
G
.
F
.
S
.
VA
Mainly Sandstones Mainly shales
interpreted for the Eastern Llanos Basin
addi ti onal l y 1326 organi c petrography
samples, 978 gas chromatography samples, 771
biomarker samples, 271 isotopes samples and 1767
surface geochemistry samples were also
interpreted.
62
Wells and Seeps
geochemical information in the Eastern Llanos Basin is 301.
Oilseeps are located at the western and southern parts of the
basin.
63
VILLAVICENCIO
SAN JOSE DEL GUAVIARE
PTO. INIRIDA
TUNJA
YOPAL
ARAUCA
1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
800000
900000
1000000
1100000
1200000
0 50 100Kms
BOGOT
E
A
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
M
A
C
A
R
E
N
A
R
A
N
G
E
VENEZUELA
CAO LIMN ARAUCA
CAO GARZA
TRINIDAD
TOCARA
CUPIAGUA
CUSIANA
LA GLORIA
SANTIAGO
CAO DUYA
LA FLORA
REMACHE SUR
RUBIALES
VALDIVIA/ALMAGRO
APIAY
CASTILLA
CHICHIMENE
CARACARA
Oil and gas fields
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
Crude Oil Quality
64
between 0 and 2.5% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship
between sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 25 API have sulfur values below 1%,
and oils below 25 show sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggests that in the
basin there are oils with different thermal maturities and/or different degrees of
preservation (biodegradation, water washing, etc.), because crudes having similar
API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate that
biodegradation is increasing sulfur content and/or reducing API gravity, or different
source rocks, considering that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur
content than oils from carbonates (Figure A).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,
environment with some terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
vertical migration along faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API
gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation
(biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
LEGEND
A
C
B
BARCO Fm.
BARCO- LOS CUERVOS Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
GACHETA Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
Anoxic Marine
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Biodegraded Oil
65
environment, and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in
the mixed kerogen range, suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic
matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A).
oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values ranging from 1 to 5, which
indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine to
marine deltaic environments. There are some samples with higher oleanane index
values (>0.2) and similar Pr/Ph values, indicating that these oils were generated from
source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments with important terrestrial
organic matter input. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that oil
samples have Pr/Ph values >1 and C35/C34 Hopane < 1, indicating that these oils were
generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine to deltaic environment.
(Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
BARCO Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
GACHETA Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
0.45
0.6 0.6
0.54
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
LEGEND
- The steranes ternary plot shows predominance of C27 steranes over C29 steranes, which indicates that marine organic matter predominates in the
source rocks.
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in siliciclastic environments ranging from marine to
deltaic with an important terrestrial organic matter input. Some of these source rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low
oleanane index values, but the higher Oleanane/C30 Hopane ratios (>0.2) along with high Pristane/Phytane ratios in some samples, suggest the possibility
of Cenozoic generating facies deposited in deltaic marine environments.
biodegradation).
- At the Apiay sector the oils show mixing of carbonatic marine (C35/C34 > 1.0) and deltaic marine facies (Pristane/Phytane > 1.0).
66
0 50 100
100
50
0 100
50
0
%C29
%C28
%C27
UNKNOWN
Chromatography
Well Cusiana -4
min
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
pA
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
N
N
N
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
P
h
y
t
a
n
e
N
-
C
2
0
N
-
C
2
1
N
-
C
2
2
N
-
C
2
3
N
-
C
2
4
N
-
C
2
5
N
-
C
2
6
N
-
C
2
7
N
-
C
2
8
N
-
C
2
9
N
-
C
3
0
N
-
C
3
1
N
-
C
3
2
N
-
C
3
3
N
-
C
3
4
N
-
C
3
5
N
-
C
3
6
N
-
C
3
7
NN
-
C
8
-
C
8
N
-
C
9
N
-
C
9
N
-
C
1
0
N
-
C
1
0
N
-
C
1
1
N
-
C
1
1
N
-
C
1
2
-
C
1
2
N
-
C
1
3
-
C
1
3
N
-
C
1
4
N
-
C
1
4
N
-
C
1
5
N
-
C
1
5
N
-
C
1
6
N
-
C
1
6
N
-
C
1
7
-
C
1
7
N
-
C
1
8
N
-
C
1
8
N
-
C
1
9
N
-
C
1
9
N
-
C
2
0
N
-
C
2
1
N
-
C
2
2
N
-
C
2
3
N
-
C
2
4
N
-
C
2
5
N
-
C
2
6
N
-
C
2
7
N
-
C
2
8
N
-
C
2
9
N
-
C
3
0
N
-
C
3
1
N
-
C
3
2
N
-
C
3
3
N
-
C
3
4
N
-
C
3
5
N
-
C
3
6
N
-
C
3
7
Chromatogram
The Cusiana oil does not show biodegradation,
abundant low molecular weight paraffins fraction and high
diasteranes abundance, indicative of high thermal maturity.
The Pristane/Phytane ratio > 1.0 and diasteranes abundance
are indicative of generation from a siliciclastic (shale) source
rock.
has an
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
5000
10000
15000
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 191.20 (190.90 to 191.90): PALM-2.D
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
1000
2000
3000
4000
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): PALM-2.D
Tricyclics Hopanes
Diasteranes
67 EASTERN LLANOS BASIN
Chromatography
Well La Gloria -8
min
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
pA
0
100
200
300
N
-
C
8
N
-
C
9
N
-
C
1
0
N
-
C
1
1
N
-
C
1
2
N
-
C
1
3
N
-
C
1
4
N
-
C
1
5
N
-
C
1
6
N
-
C
1
7
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
N
-
C
1
8
P
h
y
t
a
n
e
N
-
C
1
9
N
-
C
2
0
N
-
C
2
1
N
-
C
2
2
N
-
C
2
3
N
-
C
2
4
N
-
C
2
5
N
-
C
2
6
N
-
C
2
7
N
-
C
2
8
N
-
C
2
9
N
-
C
3
0
N
-
C
3
1
N
-
C
3
2
N
-
C
3
3
N
-
C
3
4
N
-
C
3
5
N
-
C
3
6
Refreshing
Chromatogram
The oil of La Gloria-8 well is representative of an oil group
typical of the central part of the basin, where biodegradation
processes have been identified and most normal alkanes have
been lost.
It is observed light oil refreshing from a second generation
pulse that increases the API gravity.
Crude oil mixing is common in the central and southern parts
of the basin.
The diasteranes abundance suggests that the oil was
generated from clay-rich rocks but also increased thermal
maturity.
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): 03200106.D
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): 03200106.D
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Diasteranes
68
(Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Chipaque, Une, Gachet and Guadalupe
formations along with samples from the Cenozoic Mirador, Los Cuervos and Carbonera
formations and Paleozoic samples have type II-III oil-gas prone kerogen. Samples of
the Len Formation have type III-IV kerogen values (Figure B).
-
peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Chipaque, Une and Gachet
formations and the Paleocene Los Cuervos Formation have good generation potential
(HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early to late oil
generation conditions in the basin, with some samples of Paleozoic rocks
overmature. The high thermal maturity reached by some samples explains the high
API gravity of some oils found in the basin (Figure C). Additionally this high thermal
maturity should explain the poor generation potential of many samples in the basin
caused by kerogen depletion.
LEGEND
A
B
C
ARENISCAS BASALES
DEL CRETACICO Fm.
BARCO Fm.
CAQUEZA Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
GACHETA Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUAYABO Fm.
GUTIERREZ Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LEON Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
PALEOZOIC
SAN FERNANDO Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
70
are samples from Cretaceous units (Chipaque, Une and Gachet formations) and Cenozoic units (Los Cuervos and
Carbonera formations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 35 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9).
There are some samples of the Barco Formation with high %TOC but low S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock) suggesting that the
kerogen in this unit has a low proportion of labile compounds and should not be a very good source for hydrocarbons in
the basin.
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that in the foreland wells the sedimentary sequence deposited in the
basin is mostly immature, and is mature in those wells in or close to the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera at the western
part of the basin (Figure B).
Cretaceous rocks of the Chipaque, Une and Gachet formations and the Cenozoic rocks of the Los Cuervos and Carbonera
formations have good to excellent generation potentials. Thermal maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) indicate that the rocks
have reached different levels of maturity and thermal histories, that along with biodegradation explain the wide range
of crude oil API gravities and oil mixing in the basin.
LEGEND
LEGEND
A B
ARENISCAS BASALES
DEL CRETACICO Fm.
BARCO Fm.
CAQUEZA Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
GACHETA Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUAYABO Fm.
GUTIERREZ Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LEON Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
PALEOZOIC
SAN FERNANDO Fm.
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
UNKNOWN
ALMAGRO-1
ANACONDA-1
APIAY-3
APIAY-4P
ARAUCA-1
ARAUQUITA-1
ARIMENA-1
BUENOS AIRES X-14
CABIONA-1
CANDILEJAS-1
CANO CUMARE-1
CANO DUYA-1
CANO LIMON-1
CANO VERDE-1
CASTILLA-1
CHAFURRAY-1
CHAFURRAY-5
CHAPARRAL-1
CHAVIVA-1
CHIGUIRO-1
COROZAL-1
CUMARAL-1AX
CUSIANA M-1(CUSIANA-1)
EL MORRO-1
ENTRERRIOS-1
FLORENA A-1(FLORENA-1)
FLORENA N-2F
GOLCONDA A-1
GUARAPITO-1
GUARILAQUE-1
GUARROJO-1
LA CABANA-1
LA GLORIA-1
LA HELIERA-1
LA MARIA-1
LETICIA-1
LOS KIOSCOS-1
LUNA ROJA-1
MEDINA-1
NEGRITOS-1
PALMA REAL-1
PATO-1
PIRIRI-1
PLANAS-1
POMARROSO-1
PORE-1
PUERTO RICO-1
QUENANE-1 (1127-1X)
RANCHO HERMOSO-1
RIO ELE-1
RONDON-1
RUBIALES-1
RUBIALES-2
RUBIALES-3
S-11A (X-R-859) (STRAT-XR-11A)
SA-1
SA-11
SA-15
SA-9A
SAN JOAQUIN-1
SAN PEDRO-1
SANTIAGO-1
SANTIAGO-2
SANTIAGO-3
SIMON-1
SM-3
SM-4
SM-8
ST CN-7
ST GU-15
SURIMENA-1
SV-3
SV-4
SV-5
SV-8
TAURAMENA-2X
TRINIDAD-1
TURPIAL-1
UNETE-1
VORAGINE-1
YALI-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
Vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)
Hydrogen Index
Gacheta Formation
1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
800000
900000
1000000
1100000
1200000
2
3
4
6
8
9
11
12
13
15
16
18
20
21
22
23 24
25
26 0.1% Ro
0.3% Ro
0.5% Ro
0.7% Ro
0.9% Ro
1.1% Ro
1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
800000
900000
1000000
1100000
1200000
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
0mg HC/g TOC
50mg HC/g TOC
100mg HC/g TOC
150mg HC/g TOC
200mg HC/g TOC
250mg HC/g TOC
300mg HC/g TOC
71
1. ANACONDA-1
2. APIAY-4P
3. ARAUQUITA-1
4. ARIMENA-1
5. BUENOS AIRES X-14
6. CAO DUYA-1
7. CAO VERDE-1
8. CASANARE-1
9. CASTILLA-1
10. CHAPARRAL-1
11. CHIGUIRO-1
12. ENTRERRIOS-1
13. GOLCONDA A-1
14. LA HELIERA-1
15. LA MARA-1
16. LETICIA-1
17. POMARROSO-1
18. PORE-1
19. QUENANE-1
20. RANCHO HERMOSO-1
21. RO ELE-1
22. SAN JOAQUN-1
23. SANTIAGO-1
24. SANTIAGO-2
25. SIMN-1
26. SURIMENA-1
27. YAL-1
LEGEND
Gacheta Formation
1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
800000
900000
1000000
1100000
1200000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 24
25
26
27
0% wt
0.5% wt
1% wt
1.5% wt
2% wt
2.5% wt
3% wt
72
1. ANACONDA-1
2. APIAY-4P
3. ARAUQUITA-1
4. ARIMENA-1
5. BUENOS AIRES X-14
6. CAO DUYA-1
7. CAO VERDE-1
8. CASANARE-1
9. CASTILLA-1
10. CHAPARRAL-1
11. CHIGUIRO-1
12. ENTRERRIOS-1
13. GOLCONDA A-1
14. LA HELIERA-1
15. LA MARA-1
16. LETICIA-1
17. POMARROSO-1
18. PORE-1
19. QUENANE-1
20. RANCHO HERMOSO-1
21. RO ELE-1
22. SAN JOAQUN-1
23. SANTIAGO-1
24. SANTIAGO-2
25. SIMN-1
26. SURIMENA-1
27. YAL-1
LEGEND
- The samples taken in the Eastern Llanos basin correspond to crude oil
gases.
- The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppm) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
suggests that the gas samples correspond to a variety of processess like
mixing, differential thermal maturity and biodegradation (Figure A).
- The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the
gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking (Figure B).
B Biogenic gas
T Crude oil gases
gases
matter.
M Mixed gases
Md Deep Migration
LEGEND
A
B
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Early
Late
B
T
Oil
TT(m)
TT(h)
I
m
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
t
e
r
t
ia
r
y
D
ia
g
T
e
r
t
ia
r
y
b
a
s
in
M
a
t
u
r
e
/
M
e
s
o
z
o
ic
O
v
e
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
P
a
le
o
z
o
ic
0.5
1.2
2.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
3.0
Ro
(%)
d
13
C
CH4
(ppt)
APIAY- 3
BARQUERENA-3
CANO DUNA -2
CANO GARZA NORTE-1
CASTILLA-1
CHICHIMENE-12
CRAVO SUR -1
GUATIQUIA-3H
GUAYURIBA -1K
LA GLORIA NORTE-1
MORICHAL-1
SARDINAS -2
SURIA SUR-1
TOCARIA -9L
VALDIVIA-1
0 20 40 60
C
2
+ (%)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
d
1
3
C
C
H
4
(
p
p
t
)
B
M
T
O
Ms
TT(m)
Md
T
C
TT(h)
Ro 12%
20%
30%
Migration?
Mixed
Shallow
Deep
0 4 8 12
C
2
/ C
3
(mol/mol)
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
d
C
1
3
C
2
-
d
C
1
3
C
3
(
%
P
D
B
)
Open system trend
cracking
Primary
cracking
Close system
trend
0.9 - 1.1
1.3 - 1.5
1.8 - 2.0
Ro %
LEGEND
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that there are hydrocarbons of thermogenic and biogenic origin at
the basin, formed mainly during oil and gas generation window indicative of a variable maturity level of the sources at the basin.
The microbial gas found in the basin, characterized by its very high content of methane, could be related to bacterial degradation,
considering the fact that it has similar C2/(C3+C4)ratios regarding thermogenic gases.
74
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
- There are very few extract samples in the basin to provide strong
correlations with the oils found in the basin, but the few extracts from the
Gachet Formation show some correlation with crude oils from the Une,
Guadalupe, Mirador and Carbonera reservoirs (Figure A).
- This indicates that the Gachet Formation could be the main source for
the accumulations found in the basin. However the presence of oils with
Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 is indicative of an alternate source in the
basin of Tertiary age and/or with an important terrestrial organic matter
input (Figure B).
-The oils with Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 are found in Upper Cretaceous
(Guadalupe Fm.) and Tertiary reservoirs (Mirador and Carbonera
formations), which are interbedded or in close proximity to Tertiary shale
sequences deposited in transitional marine environments, which might
have high terrestrial organic matter input, causing the increase of
Oleanane/C30 Hopane ratios in these oils (Figure B).
A B
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
CRUDE- CARBONERA Fm.
CRUDE- GACHETA Fm.
CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm.
CRUDE- MIRADOR Fm.
CRUDE- UNE Fm.
ROCK- BARCO Fm.
ROCK- CARBONERA Fm.
ROCK- CHIPAQUE Fm.
ROCK- GACHETA Fm.
ROCK- GUADALUPE Fm.
ROCK- MACARENA Fm.
ROCK- MIRADOR Fm.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
LEGEND
-
- Based on the crude-rock correlations and the geochemical evidence available for the basin, the following active petroleum systems for
the basin could be proposed: Gachet - Une (!), Gachet - Guadalupe (!), Gachet - Mirador (!), Gachet - Carbonera (!), Los Cuervos -
Guadalupe (.), Los Cuervos - Mirador (.) and Los Cuervos - Carbonera (.).
The C35/C34 Hopanes, Ts/(Ts+Tm) and diasteranes/steranes indicate that the rock extracts correspond to poor-clay rocks deposited
under suboxic conditions (Figures A and B).
76
LEGEND
A B
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
1
2
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
R
a
t
i
o
CRUDE- CARBONERA Fm.
CRUDE- GACHETA Fm.
CRUDE- MIRADOR Fm.
CRUDE- UNE Fm.
ROCK- GACHETA Fm.
0 2 4 6 8
0
1
2
3
4
T
s
/
(
T
s
+
T
m
)
GUAJIRA BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
GUAJIRA BASIN
Generalities
GUAJIRA BASIN
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
Caribbean Sea
12
Riohacha
Santa Marta
Barranquilla
Valledupar
VENEZUELA
O.F
C.F
9
10
11
72 71 73 74 75
12
72 71 73 74 75
9
10
11
12
BOUNDARIES
North and Northwest: Caribbean shoreline
South: Oca Fault (O.F.)
Southeast: Colombia-Venezuela border
Northeast: Caribbean shoreline
CENOZOIC
CRETACEOUS
BASEMENT
O
C
A

F
A
U
L
T
C
U
I
S
A

F
A
U
L
T
M
A
C
U
I
R
A

F
A
U
L
T
GUAJIRA BASIN
SW NE
Basement Jurassic Cretaceous
Neogene Paleogene
Time
sec
0
1
2
3
4
UPPER GUAJIRA SUB-BASIN LOWER GUAJIRA SUB-BASIN
STRATIGRAPHIC
UNITS
E W
P
E
R
I
O
D
LITHOLOGY
R
E
S
E
R
V
O
I
R
S
O
U
R
C
E
GENERATION / SETTING /
MATURATION / EVENTS
Minor
Compression
Translation
Transtension
T
r
a
n
s
p
r
e
s
s
i o
n
F
o
r
e
l a
n
d

B
a
s
i n
Passive
Margin
Rift
Stage
Collision
Suture
Q
N
E
O
G
E
N
E
P
A
L
E
O
G
E
N
E
C
R
E
T
A
C
E
O
U
S
Gallinas Fm.
Castilletes Fm.
Jimol Fm.
Uitpa Fm.
Siamana Fm.
HIATUS
Macarao Fm.
Guaralamai (Coln)
La Luna Fm.
Cogollo Gp.
Yuruma Gp.
Palanz Fm.
TRAP
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
A
L
S
T
R
A
T
I G
R
A
P
H
I C
S
E
A
L
HIATUS
Sandstones Shales Limestones
i nt er pr et ed f or t he Guaj i r a Bas i n
includes %TOC data from 10 samples taken in 2
wells; additionally 62 organic petrography
samples from 3 wells and 361 surface
geochemistry samples were interpreted.
crude oil interpretation was not made for the
basin.
78
Wells and Seeps
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Guajira Basin is 4.
There are no oil and gas seeps reported in this basin.
GUAJIRA BASIN
79
RIOHACHA
1100000 1150000 1200000 1250000 1300000
1750000
1800000
1850000
MAICAO-1
PUERTO ESTRELLA-1
RIOHACHA-2
UASHIR-1
0 25 50Kms
CARIBBEAN SEA
VENEZUELA
OCA FAULT
Cities/Towns
MAICAO
URIBIA
GUAJIRA BASIN
LEGEND
- The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) maturity data of the wells sampled in the basin suggests that the stratigraphic sequence is immature.
80
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
MAICAO-1
UASHIR-1
- The C2+ vs d13C CH4 (ppt) and the relationship with organic matter
maturity (Schoell, 1983), suggest that the gas samples mainly correspond
to biogenic gases.
- The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 (% PDB) diagram shows that the gases
could reach a high thermal state of evolution which contradicts the
biogenic character from the C2+ vs d13C CH4 graph.
81
GUAJIRA BASIN
B
B Biogenic gas
T Crude oil gases
gases
matter.
M Mixed gases
Md Deep Migration
LEGEND
A
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Early
Late
B
T
Oil
TT(m)
TT(h)
I
m
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
t
e
r
t
ia
r
y
D
ia
g
T
e
r
t
ia
r
y
b
a
s
in
M
a
t
u
r
e
/
M
e
s
o
z
o
ic
O
v
e
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
P
a
le
o
z
o
ic
0.5
1.2
2.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
3.0
Ro
(%)
d
13
C
CH4
(ppt)
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
2
+ (%)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
d
1
3
C
C
H
4
(
p
p
t
)
B
M
T
O
Ms
TT(m)
Md
T
C
TT(h)
Ro 12%
20%
30%
Migration?
Mixed
Shallow
Deep
0 4 8 12
C
2
/ C
3
(mol/mol)
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
d
C
1
3
C
2
-
d
C
1
3
C
3
(
%
P
D
B
)
Open system trend
cracking
Primary
cracking
Close system
trend
0.9 - 1.1
1.3 - 1.5
1.8 - 2.0
Ro %
BALLENA TOTAL
RIOHACHA-2
GUAJIRA BASIN
LEGEND
82
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
SW NE
Paleogene Basement Neogene
0
Sea level
1
2
3
4
sec
Time
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
Caribbean Sea
13
Riohacha
Santa Marta
Barranquilla
Valledupar
VENEZUELA
O.F
C.F
72 71 73 74 75
9
10
11
12
72 71 73 74 75
9
10
11
12
BOUNDARIES
North-Northwest: South Caribbean Deformed
Belt deformation front (S.C.D.B.)
Southwest: Oca Fault (O.F.)
Southeast: Continental Guajira shoreline
East: Colombia-Venezuela border
S
.C
.D
.B
.
interpreted for the Guajira Offshore Basin
additionally 106 organic petrography
basin.
84
Wells and Seeps
with geochemical information in the Guajira
Offshore Basin is 11.
There are no oil and gas seeps reported in this
basin.
85
RIOHACHA
900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 1200000 1250000 1300000 1350000
1750000
1800000
1850000
1900000
1950000
ALMEJA-1
CHUCHUPA-13
CHUCHUPA-14
CHUCHUPA-15 CHUCHUPA-16
CHUCHUPA-8
CHUCHUPA-A
JARARA-1
MERO-1
SAN JOSE-1
SANTAANA-1
0 25 50Kms
BALLENA
RIOHACHA
G
U
A
J
I
R
A

P
E
N
I
N
S
U
L
A
CARIBBEAN SEA
Oil and gas fields
Cities/Towns
LEGEND
86
A B
C
(Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that the
rock samples in the basin have values indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type
IV kerogen. (Figure B).
-
peak, indicate that most samples in the basin have poor generation potential (HI <
200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and few good generation potential (HI >
200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples from
the sedimentary sequence in the basin are immature to early mature for
hydrocarbons generation (Figure C).
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
UNKNOWN 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
LEGEND
LEGEND
87
is a widespread distribution of samples from poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) to very
good oil generation potential (S2 up to 10 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 3) (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information from two wells shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature,
however Tmax maturity data indicate that early maturity have been reached in the basin, and that along with the type
III kerogen indicated by the pyrolysis data could explain the gas accumulations found in the basin (Figure B).
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
UNKNOWN
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
MERO_1
SANTA ANA-1
- The C2+ vs d13C CH4 (ppt) and the relationship with organic matter
maturity (Schoell, 1983), suggest that the gas samples mainly correspond
to a mixture of gases (thermogenic with possible biogenic input).
- The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 (% PDB) diagram shows that the gases
could reach a high thermal state of evolution, but maturity data (Tmax
and %Ro) do not support this, suggesting that there is a source rock that
has higher thermal maturity but has not been reached by the wells drilled
in the basin.
88
B Biogenic gas
T Crude oil gases
gases
matter.
M Mixed gases
Md Deep Migration
LEGEND
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Early
Late
B
T
Oil
TT(m)
TT(h)
I
m
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
t
e
r
t
ia
r
y
D
ia
g
T
e
r
t
ia
r
y
b
a
s
in
M
a
t
u
r
e
/
M
e
s
o
z
o
ic
O
v
e
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
P
a
le
o
z
o
ic
0.5
1.2
2.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
3.0
Ro
(%)
d
13
C
CH4
(ppt)
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
2
+ (%)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
d
1
3
C
C
H
4
(
p
p
t
)
B
M
T
O
Ms
TT(m)
Md
T
C
TT(h)
Ro 12%
20%
30%
Migration?
Mixed
Shallow
Deep
CHUCHUPA-13
CHUCHUPA-14
CHUCHUPA-15
CHUCHUPA-16
CHUCHUPA-8
CHUCHUPA-A
CHUCHUPA-B
PLACHUCHUPA-A
0 4 8 12
C
2
/ C
3
(mol/mol)
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
d
C
1
3
C
2
-
d
C
1
3
C
3
(
%
P
D
B
)
Open system trend
cracking
Primary
cracking
Close system
trend
0.9 - 1.1
1.3 - 1.5
1.8 - 2.0
Ro %
LOS CAYOS BASIN
Generalities
interpreted for the Cayos Basin includes %TOC
and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 50 samples
taken in the Perlas-3 well located in the
Nicaraguan shelf.
LOS CAYOS BASIN
Generalities
LOS CAYOS BASIN
W E
Sea level
Time
sec
0
1
3
4
2
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
LOS CAYOS BASIN
PANAMA
Cartagena
Caribbean Sea
U
.
F
.
S
.
12
82 81 80 79 78 77
15
14
13
12
11
10
BOUNDARIES
North, East and West: International boundaries
0 25 50Kms.
14
08
H
.E
.
12
25 50 Kms.
South-Southeast: Hess Escarpment (H.E.)
Colombia-Jamaica Join Regime Area
90
LEGEND
LOS CAYOS BASIN
91
A B
C
(Figure A).
-
(Figure B).
-
peak, indicate that in general the samples from Early to Middle Eocene and Late
Oligocene rocks have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg
HC/g rock), and few Early to Middle Eocene samples have good generation potential
(HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock)
Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation
potential, the graph shows that there are samples from Early to Middle Eocene rocks
with good to very good oil generation potential (S2 up to 10 mg HC/g rock and % TOC
up to 4)
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that most samples
from Early to Middle Eocene rocks have reached early maturity to oil generation peak
conditions in the Nicaraguan shelf to the west of the basin (Figure C). Additionally the
Hydrogen Index values suggests the presence of type II and III kerogens in these rocks.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
II
III
0.5%
R
o
1.35% Ro
Late Oligocene
Early to Middle Eocene
LOS CAYOS BASIN
LEGEND
92
- The Hydrogen Index vs Organic content (%TOC) graph shows that samples from Early to Middle Eocene rocks have the best source
characteristics (Hydrogen Index values > 200 mg HC/g TOC and %TOC >2) but are very few samples to establish the real potential of this
sedimentary sequence. Considering that the samples taken in the well Perlas-3 have not reach high thermal maturity the data could
indicate that these Eocene rocks were deposited in a proximal marine to continental depositional environments(Figure A).
-
- In summary, the best source rock close to Los Cayos basin are the Early to Middle Eocene rocks found in the Perlas-3 well drilled in the
Nicaraguan shelf. However this information is too scarse to have a real picture on the potential source rocks in the basin.
The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence enters the oil generation window at approximately
11000 feet in the Nicaraguan shelf, and that the samples reach an early maturity condition (Figure B).
Late Oligocene
Early to Middle Eocene
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
%TOC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
Shelf Marine
(Immature)
Proximal Marine to Continental
(Overmature)
400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500
Tmax (
o
C)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Oil Window
Overmature
LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Generalities
SW
NE
LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY
Romeral
fault system
(Transpression)
Inversion
Basement Upper Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene
Transpression Transtension
Time
sec
0
1
2
3
4
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BOUNDARIES
North: Romeral fault system (R.F.S)
West: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.)
South and Southeast:
and Serrana de San Lucas
Pre-Cretaceous rocks
Central Cordillera(CC)
(SL)
East:
system (B.S.M.F.)
Bucaramanga-Santa Marta fault
Caribbean Sea
V
E
N
E
Z
U
E
L
A
Cartagena
PANAMA
SL
15
.
S
.
F
.
R
B
.
S
.
M
.
F
CC
75 74 76 77 78 73
7
8
9
10
11
11
7
8
9
10
11
11
75 74 76 77 78 73
E
.S
.F
.S
R
E
S
E
R
V
O
IR
P
E
R
IO
D
M
e
d
iu
m
CYCLES
FREQUENCIES
L
o
w
C
o
r
p
a

F
m
.
P
A
L
E
O
G
E
N
E
C
ie
n
a
g
a

d
e

O
r
o

F
m
.
U
p
p
e
r
L
o
w
e
r
P
o
r
q
u
e
r
o

F
m
.
U
p
p
.
T
u
b
a
r

F
m
.
LITHOLOGY
L
o
w
e
r
S
O
U
R
C
E
S
E
A
L
P
L
E
I
S
T
O
C
E
N
E
N
E
O
G
E
N
E
Shales Sandstones Conglomerates
S
T
R
A
T
IG
R
A
P
H
IC
U
N
IT
S
interpreted for the Lower Magdalena Valley Basin
interpreted.
15 biomarker samples,64 isotopes samples and 191
interpreted.
94
Wells and Seeps
geochemical information in the Lower Magdalena
Valley Basin is 67.
Oilseeps are reported at the northern part of the
basin, close to the Santa Marta - Bucaramanga Fault.
95
850000 900000 950000 1000000
1350000
1400000
1450000
1500000
1550000
1600000
1650000
0 25 50Kms
S
I
N

-

S
A
N

J
A
C
I
N
T
O

B
A
S
I
N
C
E
N
T
R
A
L

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
S
A
N
T
A

M
A
R
T
A

-

B
U
C
A
R
A
M
A
N
G
A

F
A
U
L
T
EL DIFCIL
CICUCO
BOQUETE
VIOL
AYHOMBE
GUEPAJE
JOBO-TABLN
SUCRE
CASTOR
MOMPOSINA
SINCELEJO
Oil and gas fields
Oil seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
MAGANGU
PLATO
CINAGA
MONTELIBANO
Crude Oil Quality
LEGEND
96
A
B
C
- Crude oils with API gravities ranging from 25 to 55 and sulfur content below 1% are
present in the basin. Light and condensate oils predominate in the basin and there is
good correlation between sulfur and API gravity, with low API gravity oils having
higher sulfur contents than high API gravity oils. The high API gravity of the oils also
suggests that they are generated from high thermal maturity source rocks in the basin
(Figure A).
- The sulfur content of crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,
environment with terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
vertical migration along faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API
gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation
(biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
UNKNOWN
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Biodegraded Oil
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
Anoxic Marine
LEGEND
97
A B
C
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that the oils have origin from
terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment
and have suffered low biodegradation (Figure A).
most of the oils have high oleanane index values (>0.2) and Pr/Ph values (>2), which
indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic
environments. There is one sample with low oleanane index values and Pr/Ph (<2),
indicating that this oil was generated from source rocks deposited in a shelf marine
environment. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source
rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane
values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that oil
samples have Pr/Ph values above 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating that
these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a marine deltaic
environment. (Figure C).
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
UNKNOWN
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
LEGEND
- The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that the only sample in the basin has predominance of C29 steranes over
C27 steranes, indicative of terrestrial organic matter input.
- In summary, the oils in the basin have Oleanane/C30 Hopane, C35/C34 Hopane, Pristane/Phytane and Pristane/nC17
ratio values supporting the presence of Cenozoic marine deltaic generating facies. They are very good quality oils with
low sulfur content and high API gravities.
98
0 50 100
100
50
0 100
50
0
%C29
%C27
%C28
UNKNOWN
Chromatography
Chromatogram and fragmentogram of the Boquete-17 well,
the presence of isoprenoids and normal alkanes along with
biomarkers like 25 Norhopane suggests mixing of a
biodegraded oil with fresh crude (refreshing).
Oleanane abundance is indicative of Cenozoic generating
facies.
Well Boquete- 17
Chromatogram
N
-
C
2
1
N
-
C
2
0
N
-
C
1
9
N
-
C
1
8
N
-
C
1
7
N
-
C
1
6
N
-
C
1
5
N
-
C
1
4
N
-
C
1
3
N
-
C
1
2
N
-
C
1
1
N
-
C
1
0 N
-
C
9
N
-
C
8
N
-
C
2
2
N
-
C
2
3
N
-
C
2
4
N
-
C
2
5
N
-
C
2
6
N
-
C
2
7
N
-
C
2
8
N
-
C
2
9
N
-
C
3
0
N
-
C
3
1
N
-
C
3
2
N
-
C
3
3
N
-
C
3
4
N
-
C
3
5
Oleanane
25 Norhopane
Well Boquete- 17
99
Chromatography
Chromatogram and fragmentogram of the Cicuco-22 well, the
presence of isoprenoids and normal alkanes along with
biomarkers like 25 Norhopane suggests mixing of a
biodegraded oil with fresh crude (refreshing).
Oleanane abundance is indicative of Cenozoic generating
facies.
Well Cicuco -22
Chromatogram
N
-
C
2
1
N
-
C
2
0
N
-
C
2
2
N
-
C
2
3
N
-
C
2
4
N
-
C
2
5
N
-
C
2
6
N
-
C
2
7
N
-
C
2
8
N
-
C
2
9
N
-
C
3
0
N
-
C
3
1
N
-
C
3
2
N
-
C
3
3
N
-
C
3
4
N
-
C
3
5
N
-
C
1
9
N
-
C
1
8
N
-
C
1
7
N
-
C
1
6
N
-
C
1
5
N
-
C
1
4
N
-
C
1
3
N
-
C
1
2
N
-
C
1
1
N
-
C
1
0 N
-
C
9
N
-
C
8
Oleanane
25 Norhopane
Well Cicuco -22
100
101
(Figure A).
rock samples from the Cenozoic Cinaga de Oro, Porquero and Tubar formations
have type III gas-prone kerogen and type IV kerogen. There are also samples from
unknown origin and the Cinaga de Oro formation with more type II oil-prone
characteristics. Figure B).
-
peak, indicate that samples from the Cenozoic Cienag de Oro, Porquero and Tubar
formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g
rock). There are samples with good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2
> 5 mg HC/g rock) of unknown origin.
have reached early maturity to oil generation peak conditions in the basi, with some
samples of unknown origin at late maturity stages. The samples from the Cinaga de
Oro and Porquera formations have reached early maturity conditions in the basin
(Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
CIENAGA DE ORO Fm.
PORQUERO Fm.
TUBAR Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
102
are samples from the Porquero and Tubar formations, with poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and
%TOC < 1) and samples from the Cinaga de Oro with fair oil generation potential (S2 up to 5 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up
to 2). There are samples from unknown origin with better oil generation potential in the basin (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is in most wells immature or close to
early maturity in the basin. The wells with samples in the oil generation window and overmature values explain the high
API gravities of the oils found in the basin (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rock at the basin, although without good source rock characteristics, seems to be the
Cinaga de Oro Formation. However samples from unknown origin have the best generation potential in the basin, and
might be the best generatin facies of the hydrocarbons found. Maturity data indicates that the sedimentary sequence is
mature enough to generate high quality oils in the basin.
LEGEND
LEGEND
A B
CIENAGA DE ORO Fm.
PORQUERO Fm.
TUBAR Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
ACHI-1
APURE-2
ARJONA-1
BARRO BLANCO-1
BETULIA-1
BOQUILLA-3
CICUCO-1
COCO-1
EL CASTILLO-1
EL DIFICIL-19
GUEPAJE-1
LA ESMERALDA-1
MAGANGUE-1
MAGANGUE-2
MARSELLA-1
MOJANA-1
MOMPOS-1
MONTELIBANO-1
PINONES-1
PINUELA-1
SAN BENITO-1
SAN JORGE-1
SUCRE-1
TACAMOCHO-1
TIERRAFIRME-1
VIOLO-1A
YATI-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
- The samples analized in the Lower Magdalena Valley Basin correspond
to gases from crude oils.
suggests that the Boquete-3 and Cicuco-15 well samples correspond to
thermogenic gases associated to the oils found in the basin, but with
different levels of thermal evolution, while the Guepaje-1 sample could
correspond to mixing of gases of different origin.
gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking. With
increasing cracking of the Guepaje-1 sample.
103
B Biogenic gas
T Crude oil gases
gases
matter.
M Mixed gases
Md Deep Migration
LEGEND
A
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Early
Late
B
T
Oil
TT(m)
TT(h)
I
m
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
t
e
r
t
ia
r
y
D
ia
g
T
e
r
t
ia
r
y
b
a
s
in
M
a
t
u
r
e
/
M
e
s
o
z
o
ic
O
v
e
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
P
a
le
o
z
o
ic
0.5
1.2
2.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
3.0
Ro
(%)
d
13
C
CH4
(ppt)
B
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
2
+ (%)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
d
1
3
C
C
H
4
(
p
p
t
)
B
M
T
O
Ms
TT(m)
Md
T
C
TT(h)
Ro 12%
20%
30%
Migration?
Mixed
Shallow
Deep
BOQUETE-3
CICUCO 15
GUEPAJE-1
0 4 8 12
C
2
/ C
3
(mol/mol)
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
d
C
1
3
C
2
-
d
C
1
3
C
3
(
%
P
D
B
)
Open system trend
cracking
Primary
cracking
Close system
trend
0.9 - 1.1
1.3 - 1.5
1.8 - 2.0
Ro %
LEGEND
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that there are hydrocarbons of thermogenic and biogenic origin at
the basin, formed mainly during oil and gas generation window indicative of a variable maturity level of the sources at the basin.
The microbial gas found in the basin, characterized by its very high content of methane, could be related to bacterial degradation,
considering the fact that it has similar C2/(C3+C4)ratios regarding the thermogenic gases.
104
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Depositional Environment
Chromatography
Generalities
Jurassic Cretaceous Neogene Paleogene
W
E
1
2
3
4
sec
Time S
a
n

L
u
is
T
h
r
u
s
t
A
r
r
u
g
a
s
T
h
r
u
s
t
L
a

S
a
lin
a
T
h
r
u
s
t
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
Southeast: Bituima and La Salina Fault System (B.S.F.S.)
VENEZUELA
CC
16
Monteria
Ibagu
Bogot
.
Z
.
S
.
R
B
.
S
.
M
.
F
.
BOUNDARIES
North: Espirit Santo fault system (E.S.F.S)
West: Onlap of Neogene sediments over the Serrana de
San Lucas (SL) and Central Cordillera (CC) basement
South: Girardot fold beld (GFB)
Northeast: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta fault system (B.S.M.F.)
SL
B
.
S
.
F
.
S
.
72 73 74 75
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
5
76 77
72 73 74 75 76 77
GFB
E
.S
.F
.S
STRATIGRAPHIC
UNITS
Mesa Fm.
PRODUCING
FIELDS
LITHOLOGY
ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
PROCESSES,
GENERATION,
MIGRATION
Real Gp.
La Cira Shale
Colorado Fm.
Mugrosa Fm.
Esmeraldas Fm.
La Paz Fm.
Lisama Fm.
Umir Fm.
La Luna Fm.
Simiti Fm.
Tablazo Fm.
Paja Fm.
Rosablanca F.
C
a
lc
a
r
e
o
u
s
B
a
s
a
l G
r
o
u
p
Cumbre Fm.
Los Santos Fm.
Giron Gp.
Sandstones Shales Limestones Conglomerates
Reservoir
and seal
(secondary)
interpreted for the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin
150 bi omar ker s ampl es , 195 i s ot opes
samples and 194 surface geochemistry samples
106
Wells and Seeps
geochemical information in the Middle Magdalena
Valley Basin is 320.
Oilseeps are located widespread in the basin.
107
TUNJA
900000 950000 1000000 1050000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
1350000
1400000
1450000
1500000
0 25 50Kms
BOGOT
E
A
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
C
E
N
T
R
A
L

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
BUTURAMA
TOTUMAL
LEBRIJA
SAN ROQUE
SANTA LUCIA
CACHIRA
CRISTALINA
BONANZA
SOGAMOSO
SUERTE
LISAMA
CANTAGALLO
LLANITO
CASABE/
GALN
LA CIRA/
INFANTAS
AGUAS
BLANCAS
MUGROSA
OPN
CHICAL
VELSQUEZ
MORICHE
TECA/NARE
Oil and gas fields
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns BUNDE
HONDA
BARRANCABERMEJA
EL BANCO
Crude Oil Quality
LEGEND
108
A
B
C
- Heavy to light oils with API gravities ranging from 5 to 40 and sulfur content
between 0 and 3% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, but there is a progressive decrease in sulfur content as API
gravity increases. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal
maturities,the more mature have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but
there are also crudes that having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents,
which might indicate biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different
content than oils from carbonates (Figure A).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1.5 %, and its Ni/V ratio below
0.5, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic
environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).There are some
samples with high Ni/V indicating high terrigenous input.
vertical migration in faulted reservoirs or regional faults. But additionally there is the
fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different
ARENISCAS DE CANTAGALLO Fm.
AVECHUCOS Fm.
CALCAREO MEMBER Fm.
COLORADO Fm.
COLORADO - MUGROSA Fm.
DOIMA Fm.
ESMERALDAS Fm.
ESMERALDAS - LA PAZ Fm.
HONDA Gr.
REAL Gr.
ZORRO DIAMANTE Gr.
GUADALUPE Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA PAZ Fm.
LISAMA Fm.
MUGROSA Fm.
ROSABLANCA Fm.
SIMITI Fm.
TABLAZO Fm.
TORO Fm.
UMIR Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Biodegraded Oil
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
Anoxic Marine
LEGEND
109 MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
A B
C
from mixed kerogen suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic matter
input (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions. There are also
several oils with more type III kerogen characteristics, indicating more terrestrial
organic matter input and oxidizing conditions of the source rock (Figure A). The data
also suggests variable preservation of the crude oils (biodegradation).
environments. There is one sample with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph
(>2) indicating that this oil was generated from source rocks deposited in marine
environment. Additionally there is one sample with low homohopane index but higher
Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic
ARENISCAS DE CANTAGALLO Fm.
CALCAREOUS MEMBER
COLORADO Fm.
DOIMA Fm.
ESMERALDAS Fm.
REAL Gr.
GUADALUPE Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA PAZ Fm.
LISAMA Fm.
MUGROSA Fm.
ROSABLANCA Fm.
SIMITI Fm.
TABLAZO Fm.
TORO Fm.
UMIR Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
LEGEND
The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that C27 steranes predominate over C29 steranes in the oil samples , indicating higher presence
of marine organic matter than terrestrial organic matter in the source rocks.
- In summary the oils in the basin correlate with generating facies deposited during the Cretaceous in siliciclastic marine shelf environments,
with variable terrestrial organic matter input. The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in the Middle Magdalena Valley includes units like the
Paja, Tablazo,Simit, La Luna and Umir formations that could match the generating facies indicated by the crude oils in the basin.
110
0 50 100
100
50
0 100
50
0
%C29
%C28
%C27
UNKNOWN
Chromatography
There are crude oils correlatable with clay-poor (carbonatic?)
marine facies, like those of the Cantagallo Field, which have low
to medium molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane
ratio < 1.0.
indicating high thermal maturity.
min 5 10 15 20 25 30
counts
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
FID1 A, (GEOQ0923\2897611.D)
N
-C
1
1
N
-C
1
2
N
-C
1
3
N
-C
1
4
N
-C
1
5
N
-C
1
6
N
-C
1
7
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
N
-C
1
8
P
h
y
t
a
n
e
N
-C
1
9
N
-C
2
0
N
-C
2
1
N
-C
2
2
N
-C
2
3
N
-C
2
4
N
-C
2
5
N
-C
2
6
N
-C
2
7
N
-C
2
8
N
-C
2
9
N
-C
3
0
Well Cantagallo -15
Chromatogram
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-CTAG15.D
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-CTAG15.D
Steranes
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Chromatography
In the central part of the basin (La Cira - Infantas Field), exist
crude oils affected by biodegradation processes that have
removed the normal alkanes.
In some wells like La Cira 1153, are observed freshing with
very light oils added during a second generation pulse.
indicating high thermal maturity.
min 5 10 15 20 25 30
counts
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
FID1 A, (GEOQ0923\2897616.D)
N
-C
1
7
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
N
-C
1
8
P
h
y
t
a
n
e
Well La Cira-1153
Biodegraded Oil
Refreshing
Chromatogram
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-LC1153.D
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-LC1153.D
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Steranes
112
LEGEND
the depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of
these rocks (Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Simit, La Luna and Umir formations have type I- II
oil-prone kerogen. There are also several samples from unknown origin with type III
gas-prone characteristics. (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous La Luna and Umir
formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g
rock), and that samples from Cretaceous Calcareous Basal Group (Rosablanca, Paja
and Tablazo formations), The Simit Formation and the Cenozoic Lisama, La Paz,
Esmeraldas, Mugrosa and Colorado formations have poor generation potential (HI <
200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock). Taking into account that the Cretaceous
units are deeply buried in the basin, the poor generation values obtained from some
samples could reflect
from the Cretaceous mentioned, have reached maturity conditions for hydrocarbons
generation in the basin (Figure C). There are samples that have Tmax values
indicative of late to overmature maturity of the Paja, Tablazo, Simit, and La Luna
formations, suggesting that the Lower Cretaceous units have reached the highest
maturity in the basin.
A B
C
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
COLORADO Fm.
GIRON Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA PAZ Fm.
LISAMA Fm.
MUGROSA Fm.
PAJA Fm.
ROSABLANCA Fm.
SIMITI Fm.
TABLAZO Fm.
UMIR Fm.
UNKNOWN
LISAMA - LA PAZ Fm.
TABLAZO- SIMITI Fm.
VILLETA Fm.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
LEGEND
LEGEND
114
A B
are samples from Cretaceous units (La Luna, Simit and Unir formations) with good to excellent oil generation potential
(S2 up to 30 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 6). In the case of the Cenozoic units their samples indicate poor oil
generation potential. There are samples with good to excellent organic matter content (%TOC ranging from 1 to 9%) but
fair to poor S2 values (< 5 mg HC/ g rock) indicating that there is a small portion of labile kerogen for hydrocarbons
generation (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence ranges from immature to
overmature in the basin, depending on the structural location in the basin, being more mature the wells located in the
central and eastern part of the basin(Figure B).
Cretaceous rocks of the La Luna and Umir formations.The maturity of the samples ranges from immature to gas
generation window with maturity increasing in the Simit Formation and Basal Calcareous Group. The high thermal
maturity reached by the Lower Cretaceous sequence could exhaust this source rocks to its present day poor generation
potential.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
EL TORO SHALE Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA PAZ Fm.
LISAMA - LA PAZ Fm.
PAJA Fm.
ROSABLANCA Fm.
SIMITI Fm.
TABLAZO Fm.
TABLAZO SIMITI Fm.
UMIR Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
ARENOSA-1
BERLIN-2
CAIMAN-1
CAPOTE-1
CASABE-199
COLORADO-34
ESCUELA-1
JERUSALEN-1
LA ROMPIDA-1
LA SALINA B-2
LLANITO-1
MONTERREY-1
MORALES-1
MUGROSA SUR-1
MUGROSA-5
NOREAN-1
PAYOA-25
PENA DE ORO-1
PICO-1
PIEDRAS-1
PPI-3
SAN FERNANDO X-1
TENERIFE-3
UNKNOWN
ZARZAL-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
La Luna Formation
900000 950000 1000000 1050000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
1350000
1400000
1450000
1500000
1
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
0% Ro
0.3% Ro
0.6% Ro
0.9% Ro
1.2% Ro
1.5% Ro
900000 950000 1000000 1050000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
1350000
1400000
1450000
1500000
1
2
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
0mg HC/g TOC
150mg HC/g TOC
300mg HC/g TOC
450mg HC/g TOC
600mg HC/g TOC
750mg HC/g TOC
900000 950000 1000000 1050000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
1350000
1400000
1450000
1500000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0% wt
1% wt
2% wt
3% wt
4% wt
5% wt
1. ARENOSA-1
2. BERLIN-2
3. BOSQUES-1
4. CASABE-199
5. CIMITARRA-1
6. INFANTAS-1613
7. LLANITO-1
8. MORALES-1
LEGEND
9. MUGROSA SUR-1
10. MUGROSA-5
11. NOREAN-1
12. PEA DE ORO-1
13. PICO-1
14. PITAL-1
15. TENERIFE-1
16. TOTUMAL-3
- The samples taken in the Middle Magdalena Valley basin correspond to
crude oil gases.
suggests that the gas samples are thermogenic in origin and from some
mixtures taking place in the reservoirs (Figure A).
gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking with
increasing thermal maturity leading to NSO secondary cracking (Figure
B).
116
B Biogenic gas
T Crude oil gases
gases
matter.
M Mixed gases
Md Deep Migration
LEGEND
A
B
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Early
Late
B
T
Oil
TT(m)
TT(h)
I
m
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
t
e
r
t
ia
r
y
D
ia
g
T
e
r
t
ia
r
y
b
a
s
in
M
a
t
u
r
e
/
M
e
s
o
z
o
ic
O
v
e
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
P
a
le
o
z
o
ic
0.5
1.2
2.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
3.0
Ro
(%)
d
13
C
CH4
(ppt)
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
2
+ (%)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
d
1
3
C
C
H
4
(
p
p
t
)
B
M
T
O
Ms
TT(m)
Md
T
C
TT(h)
Ro 12%
20%
30%
Migration?
Mixed
Shallow
Deep
AGUAS BLANCAS-4
ANGELES-5
CANTAGALLO 15
CASABE 421
COCORNA 13
COLORADO 67
OPN -4
INFANTAS 16
LA CIRA 468
LISAMA 142
LLANITO-91
OPON-3
PALAGUA 188
SANTA LUCIA-2
SANTOS 102
TOQUI TOQUI-22
0 4 8 12
C
2
/ C
3
(mol/mol)
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
d
C
1
3
C
2
-
d
C
1
3
C
3
(
%
P
D
B
)
Open system trend
cracking
Primary
cracking
Close system
trend
0.9 - 1.1
1.3 - 1.5
1.8 - 2.0
Ro %
LEGEND
No mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is indicated by the data.
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
Caribbean Sea
V
E
N
E
Z
U
E
L
A
18
PANAMA
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
BOUNDARIES
Northeast: Oca fault (O.F.)
Southeast: Present day shoreline
Northwest: South Caribbean Deformed Belt
deformation front (S.C.D.B)
Southwest: Uramita fault system (U.F.S)
N.P.D.B. North Panama Deformed Belt
U
.
F
.
S
.
75 74 76 77 78 73
7
8
9
10
11
7
8
9
10
11
75 74 76 77 78 73
S
.
C
.
D
.
B
.
Barranquilla
Cartagena
O.F.
N
.
P
.
D
.
B
.
Shale
Diapir
NW
SE
SINU OFFSHORE BASIN
Oceanic Crust Upper Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene
Sea level
Modified from Amaral, et al., 2003.
Depth
ft
0
5000
10000
S.C.D.B.
interpreted for the Sin Offshore Basin
basin.
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
119
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
Wells and Seeps
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Sin Offshore Basin is 9.
120
MONTERIA
SINCELEJO
CARTAGENA
BARRANQUILLA
SANTA MARTA
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000
1450000
1500000
1550000
1600000
1650000
1700000
1750000
BARRANQUILLA-1
CARTAGENA-1
CARTAGENA-2
CARTAGENA-3
CIENAGA-1
FUERTE-1
SAN BERNARDO-2X
SAN DIEGO-1
UVERO-1AX (1638-1XA)
0 25 50Kms
S
I
N

-

S
A
N

J
A
C
I
N
T
O

B
A
S
I
N
C
A
R
I
B
B
E
A
N

S
E
A
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
LEGEND
121
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
A B
C
(Figure A).
rock samples in the basin have type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure
B).
-
for Hydrogen Index
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the source rocks in the basin have poor generation
potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock)
fhave reached early maturity to overmature conditions in the basin (Figure C). The
high thermal maturity of these samples could cause kerogen depletion indicated by
the low Hydrogen Index and S2 values of some samples in figure A.
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
UNKNOWN
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
LEGEND
LEGEND
122
A B
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that the
samples from potential source rocks in the basin, have poor oil generation potential (S2 < 2.5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC <
2) (Figure A).
maturity in most wells in the basin, with some samples up to late generation window (Figure B).
The high thermal maturity reached by the sedimentary sequence in some wells, according to Tmax and %Ro data,
suggests that there are thermal conditions for hydrocarbons generation. Being the main concern in the basin the
quality of the source rocks, because so far no good quality source for liquid hydrocarbons has been found, and the
pyrolysis samples suggests the existence of gas-prone source rocks.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
UNKNOWN
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
CARTAGENA-1
CARTAGENA-2
FUERTE-1
SAN BERNARDO-2X
SAN DIEGO-1
UVERO-1AX (1638-1XA)
SIN - SAN JACINTO BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Generalities
NW SE
Oceanic Crust Paleogene Neogene
Sea level
Romeral
Fault system
Continental Crust
Caribbean Sea
V
E
N
E
Z
U
E
L
A
Sincelejo
Monteria
17
WC
S
.
F
.
R
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BOUNDARIES
North- northwest: Present Caribbean coast
West: Uramita fault system (U.F.S.)
South: Cretaceous rocks of the Western Cordillera (WC)
East: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.)
75 74 76 77 78
7
8
9
10
73
11
7
8
9
10
11
75 74 76 77 78 73
S
.
F
.
U
Cartagena
Barranquilla
PANAMA
Sin-San Jacinto Basin Sin Offshore Basin
NW SE
Toluviejo
Floresanto Fm.
Pajuil Fm.
Corpa Fm.
Pavo Fm.
San Jacinto Fm.
Chengue Fm.
Crmen
Tubar Fm.
Maralu Fm.
Manantial Fm.
Candelaria Fm.
Maco Fm.
San Cayetano Fm.
Cansona Fm.
Oceanic basement
Volcanic rocks Sandstones Shales Limestones
Cinaga de Oro Fm.
Sincelejo Fm.
P
A
L
E
O
G
E
N
E
C
R
E
T
A
C
.
N
E
O
G
E
N
E
SIN SAN JACINTO
interpreted for the Sin - San Jacinto Basin
129 bi omar ker s ampl es , 71 i s ot opes
samples and 854 surface geochemistry samples
124
From Barrero et al., 2007 From Barrero et al., 2007
Wells and Seeps
with geochemical information in the Sin - San
Jacinto Basin is 23.
Oil and gas seeps are located widespread in the
basin.
125
BALSAMO-2
CARACOLI-1
CHINU-1
COLOMBOY-1
FLORESANTO-1
FLORESANTO-6
GUAMO-1
HECHIZO-1
LA YE-1
LAS PERDICES-1
LAS PERDICES-4
LORICA-1
MANATI-1
MOLINERO-1
MOLINERO-2
PARUMAS-1
PERDICES WEST-1
POLONUEVO-1
PORQUERA-1
SAN ANDRES A-1
SANTA RITA-1
TOLU-1
TUBARA-1
MONTERIA
SINCELEJO
CARTAGENA
BARRANQUILLA
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000
1300000
1350000
1400000
1450000
1500000
1550000
1600000
1650000
1700000
0 25 50Kms
W
E
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
S
I
N

-

S
A
N

J
A
C
I
N
T
O

B
A
S
I
N
C
A
R
I
B
B
E
A
N

S
E
A
U
R
A
B

B
A
S
I
N
Oil and gas fields
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
Crude Oil Quality
LEGEND
126
A B
C
below 2% are present in the basin. There is good correlation between sulfur and API
gravity, with low API gravity oils having higher sulfur content than high API gravity
oils. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities
and/or preservation (biodegradation) (Figure A).
- Additional supporting evidence of different thermal maturities and preservation of
the crude oils can be seen in the API gravity vs %Saturates graph. In this two trends,
one of low API gravity (<25) in which saturates percentage diminishes as a result of
biodegradation, and the other of high API gravity (>25) in which saturates
percentage increases with maturity (Figure B).
- The API Gravity vs C29aBB/C29aBB+aaa graph, shows that oils with high and low API
gravity has similar C29 isomerization levels suggesting similar thermal maturity, and
also that the low API gravity could be the result of biodegradation of a higher maturity
crude oil. (Figure C).
UNKNOWN
LAS PERDICES Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
S
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
s
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
B
i
o
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
C
2
9
a
b
b
/
C
2
9
a
b
b
+
a
a
a
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
Stability boundary
127
all have poor generation potential in the basin (Figure A).
rock samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation have type II oil-prone
kerogen. For the rest of the Cenozoic units (San Cayetano, Toluviejo, Chengue, El
Floral, Luruaco, Cinaga de Oro and Sincelejo formations) their samples are
indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation
have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). The
rest of Cenozoic
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples from
the Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil generation peak
conditions in the basin (Figure C).
- The presence of a source rock with type II kerogen (Arroyo Seco Formation) in the
basin as shown by the pyrolysis data, suggests that the many oil seeps reported in the
basin could have origin , at least in part from this formation.
LEGEND
A B
C
ARROYO SECO Fm.
CHENGUE Fm.
CINAGA DE ORO Fm.
EL FLORAL Fm.
LURUACO Fm.
SAN CAYETANO Fm.
SINCELEJO Fm.
TOLUVIEJO Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
128
are samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg
HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). There are samples with good to very good %TOC but poor S2 values of the Chengue,
Toluviejo and Cinaga de Oro formations, which suggest that the labile portion of the kerogen is poor to generate liquid
hydrocarbons (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that in most wells the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to
early maturity in the basin, with fewer wells reaching higher levels of thermal maturity. (Figure B).
Paleocene rocks of the Arroyo Seco Formation. The rest of the Cenozoic rocks have poor oil generation potential.
Maturity data indicate that the sedimentary sequence has reached thermal maturity, explaining the very important
presence of oil seeps in the basin.
LEGEND
LEGEND
A B
ARROYO SECO Fm.
CHENGUE Fm.
CINAGA DE ORO Fm.
EL FLORAL Fm.
LURUACO Fm.
SAN CAYETANO Fm.
SINCELEJO Fm.
TOLUVIEJO Fm.
UNKNOWN
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
CHINU-1
GUAMO-1
MANATI-1
MOLINERO-1
MOLINERO-2
PORQUERA-1
SAN ANDRES A-1
SANTA RITA-1
TOLU-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
LEGEND
indicate that most of the hydrocarbons are thermogenic,
formed mainly during oil generation window with minor
presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation
window) (Figure A).
Isotopic data indicates thermogenic origin and mixing
between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also
indicated by the data (Figure B).
There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider
biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
129 SIN - SAN JACINTO BASIN
A
B
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
-95 -85 -75 -65 -55 -45 -35 -25
d13C Methane (o/oo)
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Bacterial
type fermentation
Predominantly
CO2 reduction
Microbial
oxidation
Mixed
Type II Kerogen
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic
130
oils from the San Sebastin-3, San Sebastin-2 and Ro Sin-4 wells have low oleanane
index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate well with rock extracts from
the Arroyo Seco Toluviejo and El Flora formationsl, suggesting that these units are the
sources for the hydrocarbons found in those wells. The oil from the San Sebastin-1
well has higher Pr/Ph value (>4) and seems to correlate well with rock extracts from
the Arroyo Seco Formation
(Figure B).
-
(Figure A).
crude oils found in the San Sebastin-1, San Sebastin-3, Perdices-10 and Floresanto-
6 wells with rock extracts from samples of the Arroyo Seco, Cinaga de Oro, El Floral
and Toluviejo formations. Indicating that the oils have origin from terrestrial organic
matter and to a minor extent from mixed kerogen (type II-III), but additionally that
the crudes and rocks have similar thermal maturities
The steranes ternary plot shows good correlation of crude oil from the Perdices-1
well with rock extracts from the El Floral formation, and that these rocks were
deposited in an estuarine to lacustrine environment (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
CRUDE- PERDICES N 9
CRUDE LAS PERDICES-1
CRUDE- LAS PERDICES-4
CRUDE- FLORESANTO-6
CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN N 3
CRUDE- PERDICES N 10
CRUDE- PERDICES N 8
CRUDE- RO SIN N 4
ROCK- ARROYO SECO Fm.
ROCK- CINAGA DE ORO Fm.
ROCK- EL FLORAL Fm.
ROCK- TOLUVIEJO Fm.
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%C29 Steranes %C28 Steranes
%C27 Steranes
LACUSTRINE
TERRESTRIAL
SUPERIOR
PLANTS
ESTUARINES
MARINE
PLANKTON
The diasteranes/steranes vs Ts/(Ts+Tm) graph shows that the oils and rock extracts were generated from poor-clay rocks.
There is few crude and extracts information available for the basin, however some preliminary conclusions on the possible petroleum
systems active at the basin can be obtained from this data.
- The extracts from the Tertiary formations (Arroyo Seco, Cinaga de Oro, El Floral and Toluviejo) have low oleanane index values (<
0.2), indicative of low terrestrial organic matter input from angiosperms.
- Most of the crudes in the basin have high olenanane index values (> 0.4), and high values of this index are indicative of high terrestrial
organic matter input and/or Tertiary age of the source rocks (Peters and Moldowan, 1993).
- Some crude oils correlate with the low oleanane extracts of the Tertiary formations, suggesting that these units could be the sources
for those oils, particularly those with Pristane/Phytane < 2 (Arroyo Seco and El Floral formations).
- From the existing information at the basin some hypothetical petroleum systems can be postulated: Arroyo Seco (.), Arroyo Seco
Chengue (.), Arroyo Seco Toluviejo (.), Arroyo Seco Cinaga de Oro (.), Toluviejo (.), Toluviejo Chengue (.), Toluviejo Cinaga de
Oro (.), Cinaga de Oro (.).
131 SIN - SAN JACINTO BASIN
LEGEND
0 2 4 6 8
0
1
2
3
T
s
/
(
T
s
+
T
m
)
CRUDE- PERDICES N 9
CRUDE- PERDICES N 10
CRUDE- PERDICES N 8
CRUDE- RIO SINU N 4
ROCK- ARROYO SECO Fm.
ROCK- CINAGA DE ORO Fm.
ROCK- EL FLORAL Fm.
ROCK- TOLUVIEJO Fm.
TUMACO BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
TUMACO BASIN
Generalities
ECUADOR
PERU
Cali
Tumaco
19
WC
Pacific Ocean
.
Z . F . G Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
TUMACO BASIN
BOUNDARIES
North: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.)
South: Colombian-Ecuadorian border
East: Western Cordillera (WC) Volcanic rocks
West: Coast line of the Pacific Ocean
77 75 78 79 80
0
1
2
3
4
5
76
77 75 78 79 80 76
0
1
2
3
4
5
i nt er pr et ed f or t he Tumaco Bas i n
basin.
TAMBORA-1
P-1982-6600S TB-1991-7810 L-1973-43
0 10Km
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NW SE
TAMBORA-1
L
I
N
E
D
0
3
P-1982-6600S TB-1991-7810 L-1973-43
0 10Km
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mud diapirs
Pacific Ocean
NW SE
D
E
P
T
H
(
K
m
)
C
O
A
S
T
L
I
N
E
Upper Oligocene Lower Miocene Middle Miocene Upper Miocene Pliocene-Pleistocene
CretaceousBasement: Gorgona terrane CretaceousBasement: Dagua Pin terrane
Estimated Basement depth
133
TUMACO BASIN
Wells and Seeps
geochemical information in the Tumaco Basin is 2.
There are five seeps reported in the basin.
134
PASTO
500000 550000 600000 650000 700000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
MAJAGUA-1
REMOLINO GRANDE-1
0 25 50Kms
W
E
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
P
A
C
I
F
I
C

O
C
E
A
N
E
C
U
A
D
O
R
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
BUENAVENTURA
GUAPI
TUMACO
TUMACO BASIN
LEGEND
A B
C
(Figure A).
rock samples have type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen, with some samples
with higher Hydrogen Index, indicative of a type II-II kerogen (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the potential source rocks in the basin have poor
generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock)
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that samples in the
basin have reached early maturity conditions (Figure C).
135
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
UNKNOWN 0 50 100 150 200 250
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
TUMACO BASIN
LEGEND
LEGEND
B A
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, the graph shows that the
samples have good to excellent organic matter contents (%TOC) but fair to poor S2 values, indicating that the labile
fraction of the kerogen is small and generation of important volumes of liquid hydrocarbons from these rocks might be
not very likely (Figure A).
maturity in the basin. (Figure B).
136
UNKNOWN
0 2 4 6 8
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
MAJAGUA-1
REMOLINO GRANDE-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
0
Time
sec
NW SE
Sea level
Oceanic Crust Neogene
1
2
3
4
Paleogene
SHALE
DIAPIR SHALE
DIAPIR
ECUADOR
PERU
Cali
Tumaco
20
Pacific Ocean
C
.
P
.
S
.
Z
.
.
Z . F .
G
BRAZIL
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BOUNDARIES
North: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.)
South: Colombian-Ecuadorian border
East: Present shoreline
West:
zone (C.P.S.Z.)
Trench of the Colombian Pacific subduction
0
1
2
3
4
5
77 75 78 79 80 76
77 75 78 79 80 76
0
1
2
3
4
5
interpreted for the Tumaco Offshore Basin
basin.
138
Wells and Seeps
geochemical information in the Tumaco Offshore Basin is 2.
There are nine seeps reported in the basin.
139
300000 350000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
SANDI-1
TAMBORA-1
0 25 50Kms
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Cities/Towns
TUMACO
GUAPI
LEGEND
LEGEND
140
A B
C - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that the
rock samples taken in the basin are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV
kerogen (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary
sequence is immature to early mature in the basin. There are two samples
overmature off trend in the Tambora-1 well (Figure B).
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples,
have reached early maturity conditions in the basin, in agreement with the %Ro data.
(Figure C).
-
0 50 100 150 200 250
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
UNKNOWN
SANDI-1
TAMBORA-1
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Generalities
EPOCH LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
Quaternary
Pliocene
Miocene
Upper
Oligocene
Upper to mid.
Eocene
Paleocene to
Lower Eocene
Maastrichtian
Campanian
Santonian
Coniacian
Turonian
Cenomanian
Upper Albian
Mid. Aptian?-
Mid. Albian
Lower Aptian
(Barremian)
Terraces, Aluvian Fans
Guacacallo Fm., Lajar de Altamira and other Units
Gigante Fm. (Mesa)
Honda Group
Villavieja Fm.
La Victoria Fm.
Barzalosa Fm.
Gualanday Group Doima Fm.
Potrerillo Fm.
Chicoral Fm.
Guaduala
Fm. / Group(Guaduas)
Teruel Fm.
San Francisco Fm.
Monserrate / La Tabla / Tobo
Shale And Sands Level
Olini
Group
Villeta
Group
Upper Shale
Shale Level /
Arenisca el Cobre
Lower Chert
G
u
a
d
a
l u
p
e
G
r
o
u
p
La Luna
Bambuca
Tetuan
Caballos Fm.
Yavi Fm.
Pre - Cretaceous Basement
(Saldaa Fm.)
Alluvial
Rio
Ceibas
Andalucia
Fluvial
Lacustrine
to Fluvial
Fluvial
to coastal
Plane
Shallow
Marine
Platform
to Marine
Neritic
Shallow Marine
Fluvial Estuarine
Fluvial
to
Yaguara
San
Francisco
Balcon
Dina-K
Tello
Cebu
C
R
E
T
A
C
E
O
U
S
Economic Basement
LI THOLOGY
Sandstones
Conglomerates
Gray Shales
Siliceous Shales
Limestones
Intrusive Igneous
Rocks
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Main Reservoirs
Main Sources
Main Seals
Secondary Reservoirs,
Seal And Sources.
Marl Vulcanites
Red and varicolored
shales
Alluvial
Alluvial
From Mora, J.A., 2003
P
A
L
E
O
G
E
N
E
N
E
O
G
E
N
E
P
E
R
IO
D
P
E
T
R
O
L
E
U
M
S
Y
S
T
E
M
P
A
L
E
O
-
E
N
V
IR
O
N
M
E
N
T
M
A
IN
F
IE
L
D
S
LITHOLOGY
Volcano-
clastic
(lahars)
interpreted for the Upper Magdalena Valley Basin
interpreted.
samples, 1026 gas chromatography samples, 428
biomarker samples, 234 isotopes samples and 379
interpreted.
142
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRASIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
Bogot
IIbague
CC
P
a
c
i
f
i
c

O
c
e
a
n
21
ECUADOR
BOUNDARIES
North: Girardot fold belt (GFB)
Southeast: Partially the Algeciras-
system (A.G.F.S.)
Garzn fault
Northeast: The Bituima-La Salina fault system
(B.S.F.S.)
West: Pre-cretaceous rocks of the Central
Cordillera (CC)
B
.
S
.
F
.
S
.
Neiva
GFB
A
.G
.F
.S
MAGDALENA
RIVER
GUACACALLO
HIGH GALLARDO HIGH
0
1000
2000
-1000
-2000
3000
4000
L
A
P
L
A
T
A
F
A
U
L
T
S
A
L
A
D
O
B
L
A
N
C
O
F
A
U
L
T
M
A
G
D
A
L
E
N
A
F
A
U
L
T
S
A
N
J
A
C
IN
T
O
F
A
U
L
T
S
U
A
Z
A
F
A
U
L
T
A
C
E
V
E
D
O
F
A
U
L
T
Ktg Kv
GARZON
MASSIF
CENTRAL
CORDILLERA
Precambrian Jurassic
Taken from Fabre, 1995
NW SE
NEIVA SUB-BASIN
-2000 m
-1000 m
0
1000 m
2000 m
SW NE
GIRARDOT SUB-BASIN
Paleozoic Metamorphics Triasic-Jurassic
Lower Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous
Paleogene Neogene
Taken from Montes, 2001
Wells and Seeps
geochemical information in the Upper Magdalena
Valley Basin is 192.
Oil seeps are mainly located in the northern and
central parts of the basin.
143
Oil and gas fields
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
MOCOA
FLORENCIA
NEIVA
IBAGUE
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
0 25 50Kms
C
E
N
T
R
A
L

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
E
A
S
T
E
R
N

C
O
R
D
I
L
L
E
R
A
Ortega
Tetun
San Francisco
Tello
Yaguar
La Caada
Venganza
GIRARDOT
Crude Oil Quality
LEGEND
144
A
B
C
Heavy to light oils with API gravities ranging from 10 to 40 and sulfur content
between 0 and 3% are present in the basin.
(Figure A).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 2%, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5,
environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
There is no straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, but there is a progressive decrease in sulfur content as API
gravity increases. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal
maturities,the more mature have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but
there are also crudes that having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents,
which might indicate biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different
content than oils from carbonates
CABALLOS Fm.
CHICORAL Fm.
CHICORAL-ROSABLANCA Fm.
DOIMA Fm.
HONDA Gp.
GUADALUPE Fm.
MONSERRATE Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Biodegraded Oil
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
M
a
t
u
r
i
t
y
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
3
%
S
u
l
f
u
r
Anoxic Marine
LEGEND
145 UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
A B
C
environment and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in
the mixed kerogen range, suggesting a source rock with terrestrial and marine
organic matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions
(Figure A).
environments. There are some samples with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph
(>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine
-
The data also suggests variable preservation of the crude oils
(biodegradation).
The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that
environment. Additionally there are some samples with low homohopane index but
higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic
BAMBUC Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
CABALLOS-TETUAN Fm.
CHICORAL Fm.
CHICORAL-ROSABLANCA Fm.
DOIMA Fm.
EL OCAL Fm.
HONDA Gr.
GUADALUPE Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
MONSERRATE Fm.
OLINI Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
r
e
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
r
o
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
LEGEND
146
The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that C27 steranes predominate over C29 steranes in the oil samples , indicating higher presence
of marine organic matter than terrestrial organic matter in the source rocks.
- In summary the oils in the basin correlate with generating facies deposited during the Cretaceous in siliciclastic marine shelf environments,
with variable terrestrial organic matter input. The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in the Upper Magdalena Valley includes units like the
Villeta and Olini groups that could match the generating facies indicated by the crude oils in the basin.
0 50 100
100
50
0 100
50
0
%C29
%C28
%C27
CABALLOS Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
Chromatography
The Upper Magdalena crude oils are characterized by the presence of
low molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio > 1.0.
Some crude oils, like the Hato Nuevo well, although having high API
gravity, shows low levels of biodegradation eliminating the low
molecular weight paraffins.
Well Hato Nuevo
37 API
Well Andaluca -34
34 API
Chromatograms
N-C7
N-C8
N-C10 N-C15
N-C20
Pr
Ph
N-C25
N-C30
N-C10
N-C15
Pr
Ph
N-C20
Steranes
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): E-SN-1F.D
Time-->
Abundance
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): E-SN-1F.D
50000
30000
40000
20000
10000
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.0070.00 75.00
18000
16000
14000
10000
8000
12000
6000
4000
2000
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.0070.00 75.00
Fragmentograms
LEGEND
148
B
C
A
(Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Calizas de Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna
and Villeta formations have type I - II oil-prone kerogen. Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Calizas de
Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna and Villeta formations have good to excellent generation
potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock)
from the Cretaceous units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil generation
peak conditions in the basin (Figure C).
BAMBUC Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
El OCAL Fm.
PAYANDE Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
OLINI Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
YAV Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
II
III
1.35% Ro
0.5% Ro
LEGEND
LEGEND
A B
are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Calizas de Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna and Villeta formations), with good
to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 10) (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence ranges from immature to oil
generation peak (Figure B).
Cretaceous rocks of the Tmax and %Ro maturity
data indicate that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation in the basin.
Caballos, Calizas de Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna and Villeta formations.
BAMBUC Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
El OCAL Fm.
PAYANDE Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
OLINI Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
YAV Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
50
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
UNKNOWN
BALCON-6
BOGA-1
CHENCHE-1
CHIPALO-1
COELLO-1
GUADALAJARA-1
HATO NUEVO-1
LA CANADA-1
LA LAGUNA-1
LIBANO-1
LOS MANGOS-1
LOS MANGOS-31
LOS MANGOS-4
OLINI-1
ORTEGA-1
ORTEGA-12
OSO-1
PALERMO-2
PANTERA-1
PIGOANZA-1
PILU-1
QUIMBAYA-2
RIO SALDANA-1
RIO SALDANA-2
ROSITA-1
SAN FRANCISCO-50
SANTA CLARA-2
SUAREZ-1
TOCAIMA-1
TOLDADO-3
TOLIMA-1
TOMOGO-1
TOY-1
VENGANZA-1
YAVI-1
AMOYA-1
ANDINO-1
ESTAMBUL-1
Tetun Fm. La Luna Fm.
Maximum Temperature (Tmax)
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1
4
5
7
420C
425C
430C
435C
440C
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
300C
330C
360C
390C
420C
450C
150
1. BOGA-1
2. CHENCHE-1
3. MICH-1
4. PACANDE-1
5. ROSITA-1
6. STRATIGRAPHIC-1
7. TOLDADO-1
8. TOY-1
9. YAV-1
LEGEND
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0mg HC/g TOC
200mg HC/g TOC
400mg HC/g TOC
600mg HC/g TOC
800mg HC/g TOC
1000mg HC/g TOC
Hydrogen Index
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1
4
5
7
440mg HC/g TOC
480mg HC/g TOC
520mg HC/g TOC
560mg HC/g TOC
600mg HC/g TOC
640mg HC/g TOC
1. BOGA-1
2. CHENCHE-1
3. MICH-1
4. PACANDE-1
5. ROSITA-1
6. STRATIGRAPHIC-1
7. TOLDADO-1
8. TOY-1
9. YAV-1
LEGEND
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0% wt
2% wt
4% wt
6% wt
8% wt
10% wt
12% wt
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1
4
5
7
0% wt
2% wt
4% wt
6% wt
8% wt
10% wt
152
1. BOGA-1
2. CHENCHE-1
3. MICH-1
4. PACANDE-1
5. ROSITA-1
6. STRATIGRAPHIC-1
7. TOLDADO-1
8. TOY-1
9. YAV-1
LEGEND
The samples taken in the Upper Magdalena Valley basin correspond to
crude oil gases.
- The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppm) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
suggests that the gas samples are thermogenic in origin with
predominance of mixtures (Figure A).
gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking (Figure B).
A
B
B Biogenic gas
T Crude oil gases
gases
matter.
M Mixed gases
Md Deep Migration
LEGEND
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Early
Late
B
T
Oil
TT(m)
TT(h)
I
m
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
t
e
r
t
ia
r
y
D
ia
g
T
e
r
t
ia
r
y
b
a
s
in
M
a
t
u
r
e
/
M
e
s
o
z
o
ic
O
v
e
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
/
P
a
le
o
z
o
ic
0.5
1.2
2.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
3.0
Ro
(%)
d
13
C
CH4
(ppt)
BALCON -8
DINA K-2
DINA T -2
GIGANTE-1
MANGOS -3-SL
RIO CEIBAS -27
SAN FRANCISCO-57
TOLDADO-1
VENGANZA -5
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
2
+ (%)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
d
1
3
C
C
H
4
(
p
p
t
)
B
M
T
O
Ms
TT(m)
Md
T
C
TT(h)
Ro 12%
20%
30%
Migration?
Mixed
Shallow
Deep
0 4 8 12
C
2
/ C
3
(mol/mol)
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
d
C
1
3
C
2
-
d
C
1
3
C
3
(
%
P
D
B
)
Open system trend
cracking
Primary
cracking
Close system
trend
0.9 - 1.1
1.3 - 1.5
1.8 - 2.0
Ro %
LEGEND
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during late
oil and gas generation window (condensates) with minor presence of early oil hydrocarbons (gas generation window).
154
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C
2
/(C
3
+C
4
)
1
10
100
1000
C
1
/
(
C
2
+
C
3
)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate
Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
LEGEND
A
B
C
0.1 1 10 100
Phytane / nC
18
0.1
1
10
100
P
r
i
s
t
a
n
e
/
n
C
1
7
B
io
d
e
g
ra
d
a
tio
n
M
a
tu
r
ity
O
x
id
ix
in
g
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
T
e
r
re
s
tr
ia
l
T
y
p
e
III
K
e
ro
g
e
n
T
y
p
e
II
K
e
ro
g
e
n
A
lg
a
l,
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
M
ix
e
d
K
e
ro
g
e
n
II
-
III
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
O
l
e
a
n
a
n
e
/
C
3
0
H
o
p
a
n
e
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%C29 Steranes %C28 Steranes
%C27 Steranes
LACUSTRINE TERRESTRIAL
SUPERIOR
PLANTS
ESTUARINES
MARINE
PLANKTON
CRUDE- BAMBUC Fm.
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm.
CRUDE- CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm.
CRUDE- CHICORAL Fm.
CRUDE- DOIMA Fm.
CRUDE- HONDA Gp.
CRUDE- LA LUNA Fm.
CRUDE- MONSERRATE Fm.
CRUDE- VILLETA Fm.
CRUDE-VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK- BAMBUC Fm.
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK - CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm.
ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
ROCK- LA LUNA Fm.
ROCK- HONDA Gp.
oils from the Caballos, Monserrate-Guadalupe, Calizas de Tetun and Honda
reservoirs have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate
well with rock extracts from the Caballos, Bambuca, Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and
Villeta formations, suggesting that these units are the sources for the hydrocarbons
found in those reservoirs at the basin. Additionally the low oleanane values correlate
well with the Cretaceous age of the sources
(Figure B).
-
(Figure A).
crude oils found in the reservoirs mentioned above with rock extracts from samples of
the Caballos, Bambuca, Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and Villeta formations. Indicating
that the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter and to a minor extent from
mixed kerogen (type II-III), but additionally that the crudes and rocks have similar
thermal maturities
The steranes ternary plot shows less correlation between crude oils and rock
extracts, because there are very few data from extracts in the basin, mainly from the
Cenozoic Honda Group, which is not considered a good and active source rock in the
basin (Figure C). The data suggests these oils were generated from rocks deposited in
an estuarine to marine environment
LEGEND
- The Homohopanes Index (C35/C34 Hopane ratio) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows some correlation between
the crude oils from the Caballos, Monserrate-Guadalupe, Calizas de Tetun and Honda reservoirs with rock
extracts from the Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and Villeta formations, indicating also that these crudes were formed
from rocks deposited in suboxic environments with variable clay content (Figure A).
- The Ts/(Ts+Tm) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between crude oils from the reservoirs
mentioned with rock extracts from the Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and Villeta formations. Additionally this graph
suggests that oils were formed from clay-poor rocks.

Villeta Group - Villeta Group - Villeta Group - Villeta Group -
- Good correlation between crudes from the Caballos, Guadalupe/Monserrate, Doima, Chicoral and Honda
reservoirs and extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations (low diasteranes/steranes, low Ts/Tm, C35/C34
hopane ratio < 1, low oleanane index, Pristane/Phytane < 2, and predominance of C27/C29 steranes).
- This indicates the presence of several active petroleum systems at the basin named as follows: Caballos (!),
Caballos (!), Monserrate/Guadalupe (!), Doima (.),
Chicoral (.), and Villeta Group - Honda (!).
156
B
0 2 4 6 8
0
1
2
3
T
s
/
(
T
s
+
T
m
)
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm.
CRUDE- CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm.
CRUDE- CHICORAL Fm.
CRUDE- DOIMA Fm.
CRUDE- HONDA Gr.
CRUDE- MONSERRATE Fm.
ROCK- BAMBUC Fm.
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK- CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm.
ROCK- HONDA Gr.
ROCK- LA LUNA Fm.
ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
A
0 1 2 3
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
C
3
5
/
C
3
4
H
o
p
a
n
e
R
a
t
i
o
URAB BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
URAB BASIN
Generalities
SW NE
Sea level
URAB BASIN
Paleogene Oceanic Crust Neogene
Inversion Transtension
Time
sec
0
1
2
3
4
3
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
N
.P
.D
.B
PANAMA
Medellin
URAB BASIN
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BOUNDARIES
North-Northwest: Colombian-Panam Boundary
N.P.D.B. North Panama Deformed Belt
Southwest:
fault
Mand batholith (M.B.) and Murind
East: Uramita fault system (U.F.S.)
West: Serrana del Darien (SD)
75 76 77 79 78
6
7
8
9
10
6
7
8
9
10
75 76 77 79 78
South: Cretaceous rocks of the Western
Cordillera (WC)
SD
22
U
.
F
.
S
M.B.
WC
M
.
F
.
i n t e r p r e t e d f o r t h e Ur a b B a s i n
data from 3 samples taken in 1 location;
samples from 1 location were interpreted.
basin.
158
Wells and Seeps
with geochemical information in the Urab Basin
is 1.
There is one seep reported in this basin.
URAB BASIN
159
640000 660000 680000 700000 720000 740000
1280000
1300000
1320000
1340000
1360000
1380000
1400000
1420000
1440000
1460000
1480000
1500000
NECOCLI-1
0 12.5 25Kms
S
I
N

-

S
A
N

J
A
C
I
N
T
O

B
A
S
I
N
M
U
R
I
N
D

F
A
U
L
T
CARIBBEAN SEA
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
NECOCL
TURBO
APARTAD
CHIGOROD
URAB BASIN
LEGEND
160
A B
C
(Figure A).
rock samples have type IV kerogen very poor for hydrocarbons generation (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the potential source rocks have poor generation
potential in the basin (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock)
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that samples are
immature to early mature in the basin (Figure C).
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
UNKNOWN
0 50 100 150 200 250
Oxygen Index (mg CO
2
/ gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (
o
C)
0
200
400
600
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
I
n
d
e
x
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
T
O
C
)
I II
III
1.35% Ro
0
.
5
%
R
o
LEGEND
LEGEND
161 URAB BASIN
A
B
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that the
samples have poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) (Figure A).
maturity in the basin (Figure B).
The existing data is too few to drawn definite conclusions on the exploratory potential of the basin, and much more has
to be gathered to have a better idea on its real prospectivity.
UNKNOWN
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S
2
(
m
g
H
C
/
g
R
O
C
K
)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
D
e
p
t
h
(
F
e
e
t
)
Immature
Overmature
(Gas Window)
O
i
l
W
i
n
d
o
w
NECOCLI-1
References
BARRERO, D., PARDO, A., VARGAS, C., and MARTINEZ, J.F. (2007).
Colombian Sedimentary Basins: nomenclature, boundaries and
petroleum geology, a new proposal. Publicacin Especial ANH. Bogot.
92 p.
COOPER, M. A., ADDISON, F. T.,ALVAREZ, R., CORAL, M.,GRAHAM, R. H.,
HAYWARD A. B., HOWE, S., MARTNEZ, J., NAAR, J., PEAS, R., PULHAM,
A. J., and TABORDA, A. (1995) Basin Development and Tectonic History
of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley,
Colombia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, V. 79,
No. 10, p. 14211443.
MAGOON, L. B., and DOW, W.G. (1994) The Petroleum System, in L.B.
Magoon and W.G. Dow, eds., The Petroleum System - From Source to
Trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 3- 24.
MOJICA J., CASTILLO H., BRICEO L., ARCE C., CUARTAS C., GMEZ C.,
JIMNEZ D., PEAFORT C., KHURAMA S., REY C., RESTREPO J., CERN
M.R., OSORNO J.F. (2009). Prospectividad de las cuencas ofrecidas para
la Ronda Abierta Colombia 2010. Publicacin Especial ANH. Bogot.
116 p.
PETERS, K.E. and MOLDOWAN, J.M. (1993), The Biomarker Guide.
Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
SCHOELL, M. (1983), Genetic Characteristics of Natural Gases. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 12, p 2225-
2238.
WHITICAR, M. (1994). Correlation of Natural Gases with Their Sources.in
L.B. Magoon and W.G. Dow, eds., The Petroleum System - From Source to
Trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 261 - 283.
162
APPENDIX
ANH ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASE
DATA SOURCES
Data Sources
CHEVRON (1996). Anaconda-1. Evaluacin geoqumica.
CHEVRON (1997). Geological Evaluation of The Sabana de Bogot Basin,
Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. 290 p.
CONTINENTAL (1972). Informe Geoqumico Pozo Chaparral-1.
CORE LAB (1979). Hydrocarbon source-bed evaluation well: San Diego
no. 1. Texaco. 114 p.
CORE LAB (1982). Crude oil characterization putumayo basin, Colombia.
ECOPETROL.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Acae-2. TEXACO.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Bagre West-1.
ECOPETROL.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Burdine-1. CAYMAN.
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