CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORTATION

- initiated and coordinated by pacemaker Sinoatrial nodes (SA Nodes)

Atria Atrial wall blood pumped
Wall contract into ventricles




SA nodes




AV Ventricles Venrical Blood pump out of
Wall Contract ventricles to lungs
and body



- controlled by:
i. parasympathetic nerve slow down the pacemaker
ii. sympathetic nerve
iii. hormone e.g: adrenaline

Diagram: The pumping of the Heart
Generate electrical
impulse
Bundle branches
Bundle of His fibres
Purkinje fibres
P1
P2
P3
P4 P5
P6
P7
P8 P9 P10
speed up the pacemaker
}

D1
Spread
Cause
Effect
Impulse
reach
Spread
impulse
Throughout Cause Effect

Change of BP Baroreceptor } location: arch of aorta and carotid arteries


BP increases

Baroreceptor
BP decreases

Cardiovascular centre



Weaker cardiac muscles contraction

Heart Stronger cardiac muscles contraction
Relax and widening (vasodilation)
To lower the resistance of blood flow
Smooth muscles of the arteries Contract and narrowing (vasoconstriction)
To higher the resistance of blood flow



Normal BP


Diagram: How blood pressure is regulated












D2



Clumped platelets

Damage cells

Clotting factors in vit K & Ca
+

the plasma (soluble protein)



(inactive plasma (active plasma
protein) proptein)

(insoluble protein)




(trapping RBC)








Diagram: Mechanisme of Blood Clotting


Form activator:
Thromboplastin
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Mesh
Scab
D3

Interstitial fluid
diffuses
transported



1. blood that enter the arterial end of a capillary is under high hydrostatic pressure

2. cause some of plasma diffuse blood capillaries to space between cells.

3. form

4. Content: all blood components except RBC, plasma protein, albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen, platelets


5. Function: exchange materials between blood capillaries and cells occurs

6. 85% of the interstitial fluid re-enter blood circulation at the end of the venule

7. 15% diffused into lymphatic vessels 10.
fatty acids
8. to form lymph ileum lacteal

9. 11. glyserol

lymphatic system

subclavian vein

12. blood circulatory system

Diagram: Formation of Lymphatic system


D4
























1. Surface of mesophyll covered with a thin layer of water
2. heat from the sun cause water on the external surface evaporate
4. concentration water vapour compare in surrounding
3. saturating the air spaces
5. water vapour evaporate and diffuse out through
stomata
6. movement of air carry away water vapour

Root pressure















8. Create a pushing force that result the inflow of water into the xylem root pressure

Capillary action
9. Cohesive force between water molecules draw up water in the xylem vessels
10. Adhesive force between water molecule and wall of xylem vessel


Transpiration pull
11. water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyll cells into air spaces
12. the water evaporates into surrounding through stomata
13. the water is lost from mesophyll cell is replaced by water in the xylem

Diagram: Transportation of water from soil to leaves


Root hair


1. surrounding soil
is hypotonic
2. water
osmosis
Cortex
3. hypotonic
5. moves inward
through:
i. cytoplasm
ii. vacuole
iii. cell walls

7. moves inward
through:
i. cytoplasm
ii. vacuole


Endodermis
6. has Cosparian strip
block the water
through cell wall


Xylem
vessel
4. diffuse
Adjacent cell


D6