http://youtu.

be/yfB7vF7nCdA


H THNG CC VN V
NHC L C BN.
Tra cu thut ng m nhc ti y:
http://www.maikien.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27&Itemid=40

Chi tit... Xem y:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory

Trong m nhc c 4 yu t: CAO , TRNG , CNG v M SC.

CAO : Nt cao, nt thp. Cao c rt nhiu vn (qung thang m, cc cch gi khc
l ging, scale... hp m), v nhiu vn nn c ni dung chi tit di...

TRNG : Nt di, nt ngn (..., nt trng, nt en, nt mc n,...).
Gm c ngn ny th http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_value... Tnh t di ln trn di (trng )
nt trn gp i nt di VD nt en c di trong 1 giy nt trng c di 2 giy; ngc li nt
mc n c di 1/2 giy.

Khi cc nt nhc c trng , kt hp vi nhau theo nhng s la chn nht nh; quy m, quy nh,...
nht nh th tr thnh TIT TU (http://www.vn4000.com/content/view/47/96/). Tit tu phi khp vi...
Nhp v phch.

Trng (ni chung) v tit tu (ni ring) lin quan n mt s c nh v mt thi gian...
Thi gian c 60s l 1 pht... Ly ci ny lm c s...
Nu mi giy p mt phch th gi l Tc = 60 (Tempo = 60) Tempo = 120
ngha l mi giy p 2 phch (nhanh hn) ngc li Tempo = 30 ngha l mi
giy p 0,5 (na) phch hiu cch khc l hai giy p mt phch (chm hn)... c
th m tnh (tng i..., vi cc s liu l, VD Tempo = 57, Tempo = 48,...)... Ta s c
nhng ch s tc nh sau:
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%8Bp_%C4%91%E1%BB%99. Ngi ta gi l nhp
. Chi tit hn v Tempo "tnh ton" lin kt "trng nt nhc" vo " nhp" ( phn
di)...
Ngha l ngi ta xc nh Tempo mt cch DT KHOT NGAY T U rng "bn nhc ny
chi vi "nt en = 1s, nt en = 2s, nt en = x giy" th "cc nt nhc c trng gp i "nt
en (nt trng)" s xc nh r rng l x*2 "nt trn" = x*4; ngc li, "nt mc n" = x/2, "nt
mc i" = x/4,...v.v... Nhc li VD: NU nt en c di trong 1 giy TH nt trng c di 2
giy; ngc li nt mc n c di 1/2 giy... Xem LI tng quan cc nt trn.
y trnh hiu lm "Tempo (tc )" vi "trng ". "Tc " l " nhanh chm" ca
mi phch, cn "trng " s tnh ra "vi tc th tng thi gian p ht y phch
s l bao nhiu".
trn l vn TC CA BN NHC CN C VO THI GIAN (Pht/giy)... Cn "thut ng v
cc k hiu" trong m nhc gi vn ny l.
...Nhp (thut ng) v phch:
Phch: L nhng nhp p (vn ng) u, phch mnh, phch nh. Kt hp phch mnh,
phch nh... vo vi nhau theo quy lut nht nh th tr thnh Nhp (thut ng)...
nhp din t cch vit nhc v khong thi gian t phch mnh ny n phch
mnh tip theo... VD Khong cch Phch mnh - Phch nh - Phch nh - Phch
mnh - Phch nh - Phch nh - Phch mnh - ....
http://truongngocthuy.wordpress.com/2007/11/27/bai-5-o-nh%E1%BB%8Bp/
Tng nhp c gii hn bi vch nhp cc loi vch nhp dng cho cc chc nng
khc nhau. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(music).
di ca tng nhp c cn c theo Tempo ch s ch nhp ca nhp c ghi nh
sau VD: ... Trong :
Ch s trn l s lng phch trong mi nhp. Ch s di l ch Tempo ca 1 phch, ta
ni trn Tempo = 60 ngha l mi giy p mt phch..., trong "k hiu bn nhc"
ngi ta ko ghi l "tempo l mt giy/mt phch", ngi ta ch ghi Tempo = 60 v ta phi
ngm hiu Tempo = 60 ngha l mi giy p mt phch 1 phch c Tempo = x th
nhp c y phch s c Tng trng l x*y, x l trng tnh theo thi gian ca 1
phch, y l s lng phch kt qu s ra trng tnh theo thi gian.
Ch s di: "Tempo = 60" ngha l "nt no trong s cc trng = 60???
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_value)"... Ci ny c quy c gi tr l "mt t l vi
nt trn", ghi ti "ch s di". Nu ch s di l 4 ngha l "1/4 nt trn" ngha l "nt
en"...; nu ch s di l 32 ngha l "1/32 nt trn" v "1/32 nt trn l nt mc 3".
VD chi tit:
Ghi l "Nhp 4/4" ngha l "mi nhp c 4 phch, mi phch c tnh l 1 nt en
(1/4 nt trn)" v ngi ta s ghi trn u bn nhc l " (Hiu l Tempo
= xxx hoc Tempo nt en = xxx)".
"Nhp 6/8" ngha l "mi nhp c 6 phch, mi phch c tnh l 1 nt mc n
(1/8 nt trn)" v ngi ta s ghi trn u bn nhc l . Nhp 32/44 hay
28/32,..., cng tnh nh vy.
Thnh thong c nhng trng hp ngi ta ghi nhp 6/8 i vi hoc c
nhng ci khc... th li phi lun ra ngha l nhng t khi ngi
ta ghi kiu phi lun ra ny.
Nguyn tc lin kt trng nt nhc v nhp (cch ghi tit tu).
Lin kt c bn: Mi nt en c trng bng mt phch
VD vi bn nhc c ghi ch s ch nhp l 4/4, i vi , ngha l "trong mi nhp
c 4 phch, mi phch l mt nt en (1/4 nt trn)". Mi phch chim thi gian l 1 giy,
mi nhp c 4 phch mi nhp l 4 giy... V trong nhp , tng di ca cc
nt cng ch c 4 giy (ng ngha vi 4 phch).
VD: . Xem li phn "nt n di gp i nt
kia ( trn)".
VD khc. Vi bn nhc c ghi ch s ch nhp l 7/2, i vi , ngha l "trong mi
nhp c 7 phch, mi phch l mt nt trng (1/2 nt trn)". Mi phch chim thi gian l 1
giy, mi nhp c 7 phch mi nhp l 7 giy... V trong nhp , tng di ca
cc nt cng ch c 7 giy (ng ngha vi 7 phch).
VD: . Xem li phn
"nt n di gp i nt kia ( trn)" nt en = nt trng, nt mc i = nt trng...

TM LI CA TRNG :
Nt nhc c cc trng . Kt hp cc nt nhc c trng khc nhau vo vi nhau th thnh
tit tu.
Tc ca mt bn nhc tnh theo "thi gian thc (pht/giy)"... K hiu ghi trong bn nhc c ch
s ch nhp v ch s ch thi gian , ,...
(gi l Tempo).
Phch l nhng nhp p mi ngi trong "ban nhc, dn nhc,..." c mt tc thng nht,
trng nhau..., "cch tnh phch" c k hiu bi ch s ch nhp, "tc phch" ghi bng ch
s ch thi gian (Tempo). Phch thng thng c phch mnh, phch nh quy lut sp xp
"phch mnh, phch nh" gi l nhp, sp xp trong mt nhp.

CNG : Ku mnh, ku nh. K hiu mnh nh xem trong ny..., p l nh, f l mnh, pp
nh hn p, ff mnh hn f..., i loi l k hiu nh th...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)...

M SC: Sc thi ca m thanh (n ny ku khc vi n khc, nh n - bm phm n kiu
ny khc bm phm n kiu khc...). Rt nhiu th c th "quy v" yu t ny..., y l mt ci
nhn kh rng... Nhng i loi l: n ny ku khc n khc,... (nh trn)".


Quay li nhng vn lin quan n
CAO :

Cao gm c M, QUNG, HP M, THNG M.

M: Mi phm n l mt M. NT NHC l m c xc nh chi tit v cao . VD M , c
nhng NT NHC (NT) l " qung tm trm, qung tm th nht, qung tm
th 3..."..., n Piano c by qung tm v hai qung tm thiu hai u ta c 8 NT .



Cc nt C1, C2... n C8... nh du trn.
7 qung 8 bt u t cc nt C (nh du trn) n nt B

7 phm trng ca Piano l 7 M (NT NHC) c bn, 5 phm en l nhng M (NT NHC)
m rng. Cch gi l "tn nt c bn + phn m rng (thng, bnh - hon, ging)"...



VD v Du ha bt thng

VD Du ha theo kha
hoc

Hai kiu s dng du ha trn s ni chi tit sau.
Du ha th ko khc g nhau, ch l cch s dng khc nhau.
n on cn s dng mi gii thch chi tit.

Trng m: Ch l cch ghi khc nhau nhng cao ca m l mt. VD: C = Dbb (R ging kp),
C# = Db, D = Cx ( thng kp), E# = F, F = Eb...

QUNG: Cu to bi 2 m.
Hiu v qung "xy dng Thang m ( di)" v "Hp m ( di...).
C 2 m kt hp vi nhau th thnh mt qung..., hai m ny c th cng nhau pht ra hoc m
ku trc cha im lng th m sau vo...

Tnh theo phm trng ca n Piano
2 phm lin k nhau (ko cch nhau phm no) gi l "qung 2",
cch nhau mt phm gi l "qung 3",
cch nhau hai phm gi l "qung 4",
cch nhau ba phm gi l "qung 5"..., l v S LNG...
Cn v mt CHT LNG (hnh tng) th ngi ta thm vo "gim, th, ng, trng,
tng", l tnh thm 5 phm en ca Piano... phn bit "qung 2 trng (vit k hiu l
2T)" vi "qung 2 th (vit k hiu l 2t)", "qung 3 trng (3T)", "qung 3 th (3t)",...v.v...
tnh tt c "phm en, trng" v ko phn bit "en/trng" na, ch tnh l "phm"... th

2 phm lin k nhau l "qung 2t (q 2t)",
cch nhau 1 phm l "qung 2T (q 2T)",
cch nhau 2 phm l "q 3t",
cch nhau 3 phm l "q 3T
...v.v...
M rng hn mt cht, cc cch gi... VD: 2 tng (2Tg), 3 gim (3gi)... thc ra, bn cht ch l
"trng m"; "2Tg = 3t", "3gi = 2T"... Ch c phm vi "q4, q5" th c gi tr thc s l "tg, gi"...
LU C TM TNG QUAN: Ci ny gi l TRNG QUNG s TRNG ny ko phi ch c
"qung", v "qung" l phn t ca "Hp m (chord)" v "Thang m (scale, m giai, gam
ging...:-j...), nh hn QUNG l TRNG M" nn hiu r rng v my v trng m ca
"Hp m" hay "Thang m" th cng l "chuyn thng tnh x"... ch cng cha t c ci
tm "huyn, tnh, thnh ph..."...:-j... hiu ht ni dung y, mong rng ngi ta s ko cn
"hi v va v vn... kiu nh ti sao nt nhc (tab, bn nhc, tay n,...) nh th ny m MI
NI CH MT KIU...???... hay ci v nhau rng... Th ny ngha l hp m ny ch ko phi l
hp m kia...:-j...".

C 12 m thanh (12 phm n piano) ta s c rt nhiu qung..., nhng trc tip lin quan
n "hp m", "thang m" th cng ch hay dng n cc qung 5 tr xung... Tt c cc
qung v cch gi cc qung, xem y
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)#Main_intervals).

HP M: t nht l cu to bi 3 m
C nhiu cch xy dng Hp m, vy nn c nhiu "cch hiu" v cng mt "i tng: Hp
m".

Cch hiu th nht: Hp m c to ra t cc Bc ca Thang m... Trong ng dng vi
nhc Pop, ngi ta xy dng bn nhc da trn mt chui hp m, gi l "vng ha m". "Vng
ha m" ny thng cn c vo "thang m"... Chi tit nh nhau...
Ly Bc I, Bc III, Bc V ca thang m ra chng ln nhau s c Hp m 3 (H 3);
Ly Bc I, Bc III, Bc V, Bc VII ca thang m ra chng ln nhau s c Hp m 7
(H 7).
VD:
Tm tha nhn bn tri l Thang m (scale)... Chi tit v Scale gii thch sau.

C chng qung ln bt k Bc no...:
VD:
Tm tha nhn nt mu xanh lam l Thang m (scale)... Chi tit v Scale gii
thch sau.
Tnh c nt mu xanh lam ln 2 m trn... thnh 3 m... th l H 3.
Tnh c nt mu xanh lam ln 3 m trn... thnh 4 m... th l H 7.
Chi tit v tn gi,... tnh sau. y ch cn hiu hnh tng: Hp m c to ra t cc
Bc ca Thang m... l nh th.

ng dng th thng dng "cch hiu th nht"... Bi v "nhc v li" ca bn nhc Pop l
"thang m" xy dng "vng ha m" lm "phn m" phi n khp, da trn nn tng l
"thang m (dng vit giai iu "nhc v li")" vi mt bi ht c vit bng thang m nt
mu xanh lam, nu ly cc H ny...
... ...

... m vit phn m (sp xp "vng ha m" hp L...) th ko bao gi phi nghe th xem n
c NGC TAI hay ko......:-j... M HT...:-j...???... PHI KH...???..., phi kh nhc Pop t
tm VTV BI HT VIT, SAO MAI IM HN... tr xung..., cng ch l o ch n, ln
ch kia, nho ch ny, nn ch khc...... t trong KHUN KH NY m ra ht..., chng c
g phi ln tn suy ngh di dng...... Xem thm phn "ni dung M cc con m n RNG".

Cch hiu th hai: Hp m c xy dng t "cc m" cch nhau "cc qung"..., ngha l
xy dng C LP vi Thang m. Cch hiu ny mang t/c l thuyt, lit k, cng thc... Nu
NG DNG th mi dng cch hiu th nht, cn m HIU BN CHT XY DNG
"HP M (ko phi vng ho m)"... th nn hiu theo cch hiu th hai... "C LP - T DO -
HNH PHC", "C LP - T DO - THY HAY HO... L QUT...:-j...", thm ch l "C LP -
T DO - NT NO PH TH... EM XIN LI... I'...M... S...O...R...R...Y..."... th cng v t i l
CHM GI..., tuy rng... "NAM V TU TA K V PHONG, nhng... THY GI VO
PHNG TH K V PHONG CNG PHT...:-j...:))..., LA, QUT... ko cn ngh, ch cn bit "
l ti"...:-j...

Ta ko nn nh "ph"...;)... trnh vic "ang nh nhc Rock..., nh ph mt pht, li phi
thanh minh rng... y l MN HP M ca NHC JAZZ"...:-j...:))...:P

Chi tit v cch hiu th hai ny...
...;)... Nhc c in c nhiu loi hp m, nhng cc loi hp m ni ting th c Hp m
3, hp m 7 v cc "th o" ca 2 loi hp m trn. Phn cn li th l nhng "Hp m
ko ni ting", th cng nhiu... Cu to nhng hp m ny nh sau:
Hp m 3 trng gm 3 m. m th nht cch m th hai mt q 3T, m th hai
cch m th 3 mt q 3t. VD: Hp m C (gm c 3 m C E G), H C# (C# E# G#),
H D (D F# A#), "H D# (D# Fx A#) - Fx l F thng kp", E (E G# B)...v.v...

l vit MY MC theo kiu "chng qung", cn theo ng cch "k hiu hp
m", th nhng g phc tp qu VD Fx ca H D# th s dng s TRNG M i
thnh Eb (Eb G Bb).

Hp m 3 th gm 3 m. m th nht cch m th hai mt q 3t, m th hai cch
m th 3 mt q 3T. VD: Tng t nh VD ca H 3T.
Hp m "Trng 7" l 3 m ca H 3T, cng thm mt q 3t l 4 m.
Hp m "Th 7" l 3 m ca H 3t, cng thm mt q 3t l 4 m.
Cho n y, th tm thi tha nhn rng "HA Trng 7 v Th 7 l cng thm q
3t"... V chuyn "HA Trng 7 v Th 7 cng thm q 3T" lin quan n Scale, s
ni sau. Tt c nhng ci trn... l HP M KHNG O. y KO C hiu
lm "cm t: HP M KHNG O" vi "thut ng: HP M THUN", cng
nh "cm t: HP M O (thut ng TH O)" vi "thut ng: HP M
NGHCH"..., l nhng vn khc nhau...
HP M O (TH O) ch n thun l thay i v tr cc m ca H KO O...
nhiu cch ghi H "hin nay" thc ra ch l TH O ca H 3, H 7 ca "cch hiu c
in" m thi, ch ko phi l "nhng hp m khc nhau". VD: H B7 v D/F# l mt, D/F#
l "th o" ca B7, H C/E l "th o" ca H C, tt nhin y l hiu rng ra... Cch k
hiu bng ch kiu ny l cch k hiu ca nhc Popular... v cch k hiu ny c "cch
hiu" kh c lp so vi kiu ghi ca nhc c in.
Quay li "TH O" l nh sau.

y ch c 2 th o nh th thi v nu o m E o qung tm khc th khng
cn gi c cm hai nt kt hp thnh mt qung 3 na mt tnh cht
HP M.
VD trn: H B7 v H D/F# vi H C v H C/E.

Do tnh cht ca n Guitar nn cc th tay t trn n hu ht l dng th
o...

i su hn vo cch k hiu hp m theo kiu Popular s TRNG HP M trong cch k
hiu... Phn ny ko thuc v NHC L C BN (M rng hn mt cht), tuy cha
lit vo dng "M cc con m n RNG".
"H 3t" k hiu tn m ch thm ch "m (vit tt ca minor), VD Cm, C#m, Dm, D#m...
H 3T th ch c tn m ch, VD C, D, E, F... Vn y l "H 3T" ghi k hiu nh th
ny th d b nhm vi "k hiu M, cng ghi nh th... nhng ngi c kinh nghim
th ty vo "bi cnh", ngi ta s hiu "A" ngha l "H La trng" hay l "nt La"...:-j...
Ni "na a, na tht" th thi ch thc ra l lt qua vi "cn c
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_music),
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note#History_of_note_names),..."..., th ta cng ch c trng
hp "Nt gc (Bc I)" v "hp m trng" l k hiu trng nhau..., ngha l trong hon
cnh nht nh th n l "Note" hay l "Major Chord" cng c..., cn tt c nhng ci
khc u phn bit r rng...
Theo nh thng k ca Wikipedia
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_music)) th ta c
th hiu nh sau.
Mt hp m gm c "tn hp m (Chord name)" v "cc cch k hiu (Chord
symbol)", y c...
Chord name: Din gii tn hp m hon ton bng "t ng" nn rt di dng... VD
nh "Dominant seventh chord", "Augmented seventh chord", "Half-diminished
seventh chord"...v.v...
Chord symbol: Chuyn cc din gii bng t ng thnh k hiu... y ngi ta
s dng nhng k hiu c ca nhc c in hoc a ra k hiu mi tng ng
VD "Minor (kiu c in)" v "m, min (kiu Popular)".
Vy cho nn ngay c cch "k hiu hp m" trn bn nhc cng l iu ko cn
nh..., m thy l th d "d liu" ra m tra, hoc tra trn cc ng dng tra cu trc
tuyn... VD nh http://www.all-guitar-chords.com/. VN CN PHI HIU L
HP M C XY DNG BNG QUNG... nh th no... V mnh theo dng
nhc no th s c nhng "hp m thng dng" ca dng nhc vic tra cu
s "gii hn hn"...
y, ngi ta lit k rt r:
Hp m 3:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_mu
sic)#Triads
Hp m 7:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_mu
sic)#Seventh_chords
V phn m rng (hp m 9, 11, 13...):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_mu
sic)#Extended_chords
Ch cn th thi..., l "ng dng bt nh" ri... VD nh
Nhc Pop thp nin 80 ngi ta ch dng n "trng, th, v 7 vi cc th o", Heavy
Metal, phn ln cc th loi nhc Metal, do c tnh ca m thanh Distortion, ngi ta
cng ch dng n hp m 3, thnh thong lm mi thm vo vi hp m 7 khi ko dng
Distortion.
Pop hin ti th hu nh l pht trin theo hng Lating, Hip-hop (Tit tu, ha thanh i
ng ring), hoc nhnh th hai l s dng cng ngh BoyBand (b ht gn nh
song song ch ko gi tr nh hp xng c in, thm b gia v b Bass thnh Hp
m trong khun kh H 3, H 7 v cc th o)..., trong c K-Pop, cng nh J-Pop
hay V-Pop l mch pht trin t nhc Dance song song vi mch s dng cng ngh
BoyBand phng ty... Li l th loi khng thin v "tnh giai iu hay chi hp m"
trn phng din Hp m li cn "gim thiu" hn c Pop ca thp nin 80..., bi v tit
tu, hp m phc tp hn v "nhc c tnh giai iu hn" th cc ng y ch nhy
c...:))...
Cc mch pht trin khc nh Jazz th ko r (Xem thm phn ni dung M cc con m
n RNG), Rock th ny sinh kiu mi thuc "phm vi Alternative Rock" c nhng cch
s dng Distortion khc vi Heavy Metal nhng cng ch nm trong khun kh Hp m 3
v th o... Cc dng nhnh Rock c cng ko c g thay i v mt "Hp m"...
Tm VD nh th cho vn "HP M THEO KIU POPULAR". l H thng C
BN... ton cnh v nhng vn lin quan n Popular hin ti... Xem thm phn "ni
dung M cc con m n RNG".
TM LI V HP M.
C 2 cch hiu v Hp m l Cch hiu th nht: Hp m c to ra t cc Bc ca
Thang m, cch ny mang nng tnh thc hnh, ng dng v Cch hiu th hai: Hp
m c xy dng t "cc m" cch nhau "cc qung", cch hiu ny mang tnh l
thuyt, hon ton n vo l thuyt m nhc C in c th coi l bn cht ca cu to
hp m, dng phn tch nhiu hn
Ngoi ra l cch k hiu hp m theo kiu Popular y l cch k hiu m thi, ch
bn cht ca cu to th n chnh l ni dung cch hiu th hai.



THANG M (M GIAI, SCALE,...): Cu to bi nhiu m.

"Thang m" c mt "m ch" v cc m cn li s "cch nhau" bi cc "qung", "m trc"
cch "m sau (lin k sau)" bi "qung".

Nu "Lit k" ra hoc tnh theo "Lch s m nhc" th cc "thang m" l "khc nhau" nhng nhn
trn phng din "l lun" th thc ra l khng khc nhau nhiu lm...

y, ti ch "lit k" ra nhng "vn hiu lm, hiu sai,..." m ti gp cc din n...
Trc tin, ta cn phn bit "Musical Scale" vi "Musical Mode". "Musical Scale" l
cch gi TNG QUAN v mt "i tng" trong m nhc, cn "Musical Mode"...>:)... l
cch gi "bt tng quan hn" mt cht...:-j... Ngha l "Musical Scale" ni v s sp xp
nhiu m theo th t cc qung nht nh, cn khi "L thuyt m nhc" phn nh r rng
h thng cc "Scale" v t tn cho mi "Scale", "nhm Scale"... th l "Musical Mode".
Ch yu, ngi ta c "Musical Scale" l phn bit cc i tng "Note", "Interval",
"Chord"... cng nh nhn nhn chung l mt "danh t" cho vic phn bit "dng nhc ny
vi dng nhc khc Cn "Musical Mode" l phn bit cc "Scale". VY NN, CI CN
NI CHI TIT hin nay l MUSICAL MODE.
Xem List ny (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musical_scales_and_modes) v Mc lc
Mode ny (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_mode) th..., c ngi lm chuyn mn ln
nhng ngi chi bi gii tr, ca cm ln nhau..., khng ai l khng tha nhn rng
"khng hi u m hc go cho ht"...:-j... M thit thc ra th "dng n u, tra cu
n y..."... Cn nu c ai c hng th "o c dung lng b nh ca mnh...", th c
"nh i", sau hy vo th vin ca Vin m nhc tm mua quyn "t in thang m
cc vng min ca Vit Nam (i )" m nhi tip...:-j... Quyn t in ny c kh giy
A4, dy khong gn 3cm, ngha l... t nht l 200 trang A4...:))..., c y
thang m ca 3 min v thang m "54 dn tc anh em", Kinh Bc - Bc Kinh, Bc Liu,
Ty, Nng, H...a Tnh, Ngh... A...an..., Thanh Ha, Ty Nguyn, Nng... c gi l...
"nu c thiu th li c ngi i ghi chp b sung...:-j..."... NU HT VIT NAM TH
SANG CM-PU-CHIA VI SANG LO SU TP...=))...
Vy cho nn, ng dng vo chuyn "chi nhc Popular"..., th ta ch cn bit rt
r v "thang m trng, th (T nhin, Ha thanh, giai iu)..., c 7 m... Gi l
"thang 7 m", ting Ty gi l Chromatic v Diatonic... Khi bt m i th thnh "thang 5
m", ting Ty gi l Petatonic. Chi tit hn mt cht th l cc nhm lin quan, m rng
t Diatonic, cng nh Petatonic...v.v... Vy nn ta ch cn "hiu su sc" v "VI thang
m THNG DNG, NI TING... ly lm nn tng, suy lun, tnh ton ra cc thang
m khc (rt t khi cn dng n)...
..."Chromatic", ngi ta hay gi l "Chromatic v Diatonic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" bi v thc ra hai ci ny l
mt. Diatonic gm c "7 m c bn (phm trng ca n Piano)" cn Chromatic l
"7 m c bn (phm trng...)" v "cc m c s dng du ha #, b (phm en
ca n Piano)". y c "Trng/th t nhin" "Trng/th ha thanh v
Trng/th giai iu". T "bt m i" thnh "thang m ng cung
(pentatonic). Tt c nhng Diatonic cn li u khng cn nh..., m da trn
nguyn tc xy dng thang m m xy dng ln.
Thang m trng/th t nhin: S lng m 7 m. Gi l "7 m" l gi theo tnh cht
ca thang m, cn khi a vo "l thuyt" tnh ton th phi gi l "7 bc (Bc I l m
ch hay cn gi l Ch m"..., bi v c nhng trng hp trong tnh ton..., "mt m" li
c xp vo "nhiu bc khc nhau". Xy dng bi 7 m, cch nhau cc qung theo th
t nh sau.
Thang m trng: 2T, 2T, 2t, 2T, 2T, 2T, 2t,...

Thang m th: 2T, 2t, 2T, 2T, 2t, 2T, 2T,...

VD chi tit th ti s ni thm 2 i tng mi... th mi c th VD chi tit c...
Gm c:
Kha (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clef): Link kia l y cc loi kha... Gii
hn hin ti, chng ta ch gii hn vic hiu su sc v Kha Sol
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GClef.svg). Kha Sol l mt "kha nhc" khng
nh rng "Trung tm ca kha Sol (phn hnh trn) t trn dng k nhc no, th
dng k nhc c cao l NT SOL QUNG TM TH NHT... (Sol =
391,995 Hz)",

khi "trung tm ca kha Sol dch chuyn th NT SOL QUNG TM TH NHT
dch chuyn theo ton b cc nt nhc (m), qung, thang m,... tng quan vi
"nt Sol qung tm th nht" cng TNH TIN theo s thay i ,... ci ny
l mt trong s nhng kiu DCH GING. Phi r rng, dt khot tuyt i nh th
v ngoi ni dung c bn trn, khi kt hp "kha Sol,..." vi vi k hiu khc th
li l nt Sol khc, vi tn s m thanh khc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_note)...
cha ni n chuyn ngoi kha Sol ra th cn kha (C) v kha Fa (F) vi "vi
k hiu khc" na... Cc "kha nhc" n lng nhng nh th v nhu cu s dng
i vi "nhc giao hng ni chung" v "tnh nng ca cc nhc kh Giao hng
ni ring"..., n cng long ngong nh th.

c tai...:-j...>:)...

Du ha theo kha...
VD hoc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature
Nhc li trn, "Du ha th khng khc nhau, nhng cch s dng th khc nhau
cho nhu cu s dng r rng trnh nhm ln n mc ti a...
Du ha bt thng c gi tr gii hn trong khun kh l "mt nhp" v
"mt nt nht nh (cc m nhng qung tm khc th khng c hiu
qu)", sang nhp mi buc phi VIT LI "chnh du ha bt thng
nu cn s dng".

Phn t mu xanh l phn hiu qu ca du ha
nh di..., cng chnh l giai iu ny nhng c chuyn sang du ha
theo kha phn bit r hiu qu ca 2 kiu s dng du ha...
Du ha theo kha: Vn l giai iu vn l nhng nt G nhng
du ha l du ha theo kha... hiu qu ca du ha khc hon ton.

Trong khun kh "h thng v Nhc l c bn" ny... th... s dng vo
vit, tnh ton v "Thang m" th ngi ta s dng "du ha theo
kha". "Du ha theo kha" c gi tr trong ton b BN NHC hoc c gi
tr n ON NHC c thay i "b du ha khc"... y chnh l ci m
"nhn gian" hay gi nm na l "chuyn ging, chuyn iu, chuyn gam..."...
Chnh xc ra l "chuyn ging" l "chuyn h thng cao ", "chuyn iu" l
"chuyn h thng tit tu".

Cc VD v Thang m trng t nhin, trng ha thanh, trng giai iu. Xem li phn
Kha v b du ha trn.
Bt u t m C, xy dng thang m theo qung...
Trng ha thanh: H bc VI xung qung 2t
Trng giai iu: H bc VI, VII xung qung 2t khi chy chiu i xung.

...t , bt m i thnh ng cung (Pentatonic)

Bt u t m Eb, xy dng thang m theo qung...
Trng ha thanh: H bc VI xung qung 2t
Trng giai iu: H bc VI, VII xung qung 2t khi chy chiu i xung.

...t , bt m i thnh ng cung (Pentatonic).

Bt u t m F#, xy dng thang m theo qung...
Trng ha thanh: H bc VI xung qung 2t
Trng giai iu: H bc VI, VII xung qung 2t khi chy chiu i xung.

...t , bt m i thnh ng cung (Pentatonic).

trn l 3 VD v thang m trng, bt u t m bt k. Ti s dng du ha
bt thng khng nh tng quan cc qung... cn thc t th s l b du
ha theo kha.
Thang Pentatonic y ti ch r v cc bc (s la m) xc nh bc b bt i
t thang trng t nhin..., cng nh th hin tng quan qung... Theo L thuyt
th ngi ta gi tn Cung, Thng, Dc, Try, V..., cng l nguyn l (Bc,
qung) nh trn.
Cc VD v Thang m th t nhin, th ha thanh, th giai iu. Xem li phn Kha v
b du ha trn. Tnh ton t Thang m trng trn theo QUNG ca thang m
th... Thang m th Ha thanh, th giai iu h bc q2 nh trn, ng cung bt bc nh
trn...
Xem kh chi tit v m rng hn v s lng scale ti y:
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:%C3%82m_giai......
Tng quan hn l http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_scale..., trong Music Scale c
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_mode.
Nu ko mun nh c hai cng thc v qung... Th c th xc nh bng cc phm trng
trn n Piano, ch cn mt ci nh phm Piano hoc
Bng k hiu bng ch: C 2T D 2T E 2t F 2T G 2T A 2T B 2t C 2T D 2T E 2t F 2T
G 2T A... Khi :
Tnh qung t m C di ln tng bc n m C trn ta s c th t ca
cc "q2" cho "thang m trng"
Tnh qung t m A di n m A trn ta s c th t "q2" cho "thang m
th".
TM LI: Bn cht ca thang m l s xp sp cc m theo cc qung... Tt c mi th
khc "trn th trng...", c lin quan n "Thang m" u ch l "cch tnh ton", ngha l ko
cn nh khi gi tr "qung" trong th t thay i th to thnh THANG M KHC.
Vi nhng ngi hc C BN v "K sng m" th u c th nh r rng trong u
m thanh ca tng quan gia "q2T" v "q2t", nh tng quan "thang m Trng t
nhin" vi "thang m Th t nhin" n mc "nghe m thanh ca mt nt nhc (thng
th c coi l Bc I - m ch hay ch m)" c th c ra c nhng m thanh "lin
k" trong "thang m trng/th t nhin" v nhng "hp m c bn" c xy dng da
trn thang m ... TT C NHNG NGI, CHA T C IU KIN TRN TH
HY T SA MNH HOC OUT RA KHI NGNH M NHC.
V H THNG CC THANG M TRNG/TH T NHIN: Vi mi nt nhc c
ly lm m ch th ta s c mt thang m trng t nhin, mt thang m th t nhin
trng/th ha thanh v trng/th giai iu. V vi hp m c bn (nh ni dung v
Hp m phn trn). t nht l c 12 nt nhc tm tnh l 12*2, ta s c "24 thang m
trng/th t nhin"... S c mt vi thang m "TRNG M" nhau, s lng thc s
t i do la chn thang m no "r rng, kh gy nhm ln trong qu trnh s dng..."...
trong nhng thang m TRNG M vi nhau.
VD: Bt u ly m ch l D#, gn cc th t qung 2 ca thang m trng vo
c "thang m D# trng", ta s c thang m nh sau, lu rng v mt S
LNG th thang m trng bt u t m ch D phi c th t c nh l "D E F
G A B C v D", khi mt CHT LNG (thm du ha) mi ng ngha vi
"thang m trng t nhin"... mi l: D# 2T E# 2T Fx 2t G# 2T A# 2T B# 2T Cx v
2t D#..., r rng y, c 2 nt "thng kp" tr thnh rt long ngong... TRNG
M vi D# l Eb, cho nn L thuyt mi "KHNG DNG THANG M D#
TRNG M THAY VO L Eb TRNG"..., s bt u t nt Eb, gn th
t qung hai vo... v S LNG L E F G A B C D E, CHT LNG thnh Eb
2T F 2T G 2t Ab 2T Bb 2T C 2T D 2t Eb a ra c mt "b du ha ging
cc nt B, E, A"...

Thang m trng ny c nh cc m (c b du ha ging) trong tt c mi
trng hp (cu nhc, on nhc, bi ht, cu Solo, do...v.v...) s dng n ci
gi l THANG M Eb TRNG ngi ta mi s dng DU HA THEO KHA
cho c hiu qu ton din... l cng dng ca DU HA THEO KHA vi
m nhc ni chung.
Qua s "sp xp v chn lc" nh trn i vi tt c 12 m, ngi ta thng k ra
c cc "b du ha thng/ging" cho mi thang m nh sau
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature#Table).
Ta c "15 cp ging trng/th", tng ng vi "mt cp ging C
trng/A th, ko c du ha", "7 b du ha THNG" v "7 b du ha
GING".
Gi l "cp ging trng/th" bi v vi "mi b du ha THNG hoc b
du ha GING", ta s c "mt thang m Trng" v "mt thang m Th"
song song.
Tt c mi "th khc" trn th trng..., u ch l PHNG PHP TNH, ngha l
KHNG PHI HC GO NH CHO HT: "B du ha no th l thang m
no...???...". VD nh 2 cch nh sau y:
Cch nh th nht: B du ha THNG . B du ha GING
. Qua 2 b du ha (7 du, nhiu nht) trn, ta s thy quy lut t
du ha l... Du ha Thng, th t F C G D A E B. Du ha ging th ngc li B
E A D G C F. thnh ra s :

Ch cn NH
Nt ch ca ging trng li xung mt q3t l ra nt ch ca ging
th...
C l ging ko c du ha no ging Am (nt C li xung mt q 3t l nt
A) l ging song song cng ko c du ha;
G l ging c mt giu ha THNG (F) ging Fm (nt G li xung mt
q 3t l nt F) l ging song song cng c mt du ha thng;
F l ging c mt giu ha GING (B) ging Dm (nt F li xung mt q
3t l nt D) l ging song song cng c mt du ha ging;.
Cc du ha thng tip theo (th 2 tr i) s TNH nh nhau: Ly nt nhc
ti du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU), nng ln mt q 2t Nt ch
ca thang m trng (nt ch ca ging trng)..., nt ch ca ging
trng li xung mt q 3t ra nt ch ca ging th song song (chnh l
iu cn nh u tin - trn). VD
Ging c 5 du ha Thng trong B DU ngha l 5 du F C G D A
"du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt A#. Nng nt A# ln
mt q 2t thnh nt B y l ging (thang m) B trng (k hiu
B). H nt B xung mt q 3t thnh nt G# ging th song song l
ging G# th (K hiu G#m).
Ging c 3 du ha Thng trong B DU ngha l 3 du F C G
"du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt G#. Nng nt G# ln
mt q 2t thnh nt A y l ging (thang m) A trng (k hiu
A). H nt A xung mt q 3t thnh nt F# ging th song song l
ging F# th (K hiu F#m).
Ging c 7 du ha Thng trong B DU ngha l 7 du F C G D A
E B "du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt B#. Nng nt B#
ln mt q 2t thnh nt C# y l ging (thang m) C# trng (k
hiu C#). H nt B# xung mt q 3t thnh nt A# ging th song
song l ging A# th (K hiu A#m).
Cc du ha Ging tip theo (th 2 tr i) s TNH nh sau: Ly du Ging
CN CUI (TRONG B DU) lm Nt ch ca thang m trng (nt
ch ca ging trng)..., nt ch ca ging trng li xung mt q 3t
ra nt ch ca ging th song song (chnh l iu cn nh u tin -
trn). VD...
Ging c 5 du ha Ging trong B DU ngha l 5 du B E A D G
"du Ging CN CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt Db y l
ging (thang m) Db trng (k hiu Db). H nt Db xung mt q 3t
thnh nt Bb ging th song song l ging Bb th (K hiu Bbm).
Ging c 3 du ha Ging trong B DU ngha l 3 du B E A
"du Ging CN CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt Eb y l
ging (thang m) Eb trng (k hiu Eb). H nt Eb xung mt q 3t
thnh nt C ging th song song l ging C th (K hiu Cm).
Ging c 7 du ha Ging trong B DU ngha l 7 du B E A D G
C F "du Ging CN CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt Cb y
l ging (thang m) Cb trng (k hiu Cb). H nt Cb xung mt q
3t thnh nt Ab ging th song song l ging Ab th (K hiu
Ab).

Cch nh th hai: y l mt ci s ... Ko c g suy lun...

Cc kiu s nh th ny hay gi l The Circle of Fifths... c ci s phi suy
lun, c ci th ko... Hay nh ci qu The Circle of Fifths Blackjack...>:)... ny
cng th...


Nhng tt c ch l nh cc cp ging theo b du ha m thi...
...Tm ht NI DUNG bi vit... s ch sa cha lt vt v cch trnh by...


VI NI DUNG: M cc con m n RNG.
Trong khi xy dng mt bn nhc Pop th c mt phng php l "bt u t VNG HA
THANH"... nh "vng ha thanh" ln, ri da vo cm hng t "vng ha thanh" vit
"nhc v li" theo "vng ha thanh" . C th ni rng, l phng php lm vic kiu "trm
hay khng bng tay quen"...
Tnh v phng din "ha thanh (ni chung) v "vng ha thanh (ni ring), th tnh t sau
"quy phm: Ha thanh bn b" ca nhc c in, ngi ta cng pht trin ra V KHI cc
"vng ha thanh (NGUN)". Vic "nh vng ha thanh trc ( trn)", thc ra l mt
"thi quen" ch ko phi l NGUYN L.
Tt c qu trnh "xy dng" l mt chui nhng "s trng lp vi NGUYN L L
THUYT mc "phn x c iu kin". VNG HA THANH c NGUN ( trn),
khi vit "nhc v li" trn "vng ha thanh" , th giai iu cng v tnh trng lp vi
nhng yu t ca "thang m (scale) nht nh".
l "phn x c iu kin" to ra nhng s trng lp vi cc i tng ca L thuyt.
Nhng ci GC ca nhng VNG HA THANH "NGUN" kia... c xy dng bi
nhng nguyn tc ca L THUYT rng "VNG HA THANH XY DNG DA TRN
NN TNG L THANG M".
Tm ht vn lin quan n VNG HA THANH.
Popular Vit Nam hin ti th thc s l tt c ang ln ln...:-j...
Phn ln cch phi khi ca cc nhc s Vit Nam hin ti (thuc loi chuyn nghip)..., ko
ra u vo vi u...:-j... Hp m th "vay mn 7, 9, 11, 13" hay dng trong nhc Jazz,
k thut phi kh th li s dng ca "nhc thnh phng", hnh thc (tuyt giai iu) cng
ko "c ng" nh Pop m li c nh l vit giai iu ca kh nhc Semi classic ri ch
li...:))... th cng c nhnh s dng cng ngh BoyBand cng OK.
Nhc Jazz th ti cha c thi gian m vo "xm xoi" --> ti cng cha nh gi c
h c " cht Jazz" hay ko...
nhc Rock th a s l "chi theo thi quen, theo phn x t pht", dn chuyn nghip
ng vo nhc Rock th cng ch c m nhi nht m thanh Distortion Guitar vo ri nh
p m m... Cht liu m thanh th "Distortion Guitar, Bass, trng Jazz", tit tu th
"phch ngc" do phn ln l c o to ngnh "nhc nh" l nhc Jazz nhp p
sinh l ko th trnh c... Heavy Rock l phch xui ca "nhc c in", "Hp m 3 (c
o)" ca nhc c in. Distortion Guitar (Accord) th ch l 2 m, phn ln l trong phm
vi qung 5.
Ha thanh nhc Jazz: M nhn nhn v nhc Jazz..., th t trc n nay, ngi ta "gn" cc
hp m 9, 11, 13, add, dim, sus,... l "Hp m ca nhc Jazz"... y nh l mt "cch nhn nhn
theo kiu thng k" thi ch ko phi l "cch suy lun hay cch ch o xc nh v nhc
Jazz"...

Nu m "Suy lun" th phi i t "Thang m ca Jazz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale)" v
"tc nhn" l s "ngu hng Solo giai iu" ca ngh s biu din mi l "suy lun xui"... Khi
ngun, gc gc... ca nhc Jazz, ngi ta "suy lun xui" qu "tha ma" ri th ngi ta mi
quay ra "suy lun ngc" ri thng k ra ci m ngy nay gi l "hp m ca nhc Jazz"...

M ring ng n nhc Jazz th ngi ta cn phi xc phn nh c s khc nhau ca "solo
giai iu" v "solo hp m"..., hay hiu cch khc l "s dng hp m theo tnh cht nh l giai
iu". V c tnh "cht liu m thanh l cc nhc kh mc, nhc kh in t th m thanh gn
gng" vic chng m ln nhau l iu... c th gi l "v bin" khi kt hp "Solo giai iu"
v "Solo hp m" vo vi nhau (chng ln nhau) n mi tr thnh cc dng "hp m chiu dc"
ca bn nhc Jazz l cc th 9, 11, 13...v.v... nh th. l "suy lun t L thuyt m nhc"...
Cn v chuyn "Vng hp m ca nhc Jazz" th ti cha nghin cu vo vn ny... Vng
hp m ngha l chui hp m c quy nh v vic "lp li" to thnh mt mng m c th
phn tch ra "cng thc".