1

B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
***&***














HNG DN CHI TIT LP
BN CAM KT BO V MI TRNG

















H NI - 2008
2
MC LC

LI NI U .......................................................................................................................... 3
PHN I: NHNG VN CHUNG .................................................................................... 4
1.1. M u ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Cc phng php TM s dng trong khi lp bn cam kt .................................................. 5
1.3. Ni dung ca Bn CKBVMT ................................................................................................ 5
1.4. Nhng quy nh chung v Bn CKBVMT ............................................................................ 6
PHN II: CU TRC V YU CU NI DUNG CA BN CAM KT BO V MI
TRNG ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Thng tin chung ca d n .................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Tn d n. ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Ch u t. .................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3. a ch lin h ................................................................................................................ 7
2.2. a im thc hin d n ...................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Quy m d n. ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.1. Tr lng ti nguyn ca d n .................................................................................. 8
2.3.2. Quy m sn xut ........................................................................................................... 8
2.3.3. Bin gii khai trng: .................................................................................................. 9
2.3.4. Cng ngh khai thc ..................................................................................................... 9
2.3. 5. Tng hp cc thit b chnh ca m. ........................................................................ 12
2.3.6. Tng hp nhu cu nng lng, nhin liu v nc phc v sn xut .................. 12
2.4. Tc ng ca d n n mi trng ................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. Cc loi cht thi pht sinh ...................................................................................... 13
2.4.2. Cc tc ng khc ....................................................................................................... 16
2.5. Bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc .............................................................................. 17
2.5.1. X l cht thi ............................................................................................................. 17
2.6. Cam kt thc hin ................................................................................................................ 21



















3

LI NI U

Thc hin nghim tc Lut Bo v mi trng, trong nhng nm qua hu ht cc d n
pht trin kinh t trong c cc d n khai thc m quan tm v thc hin cc trch nhim
bo v mi trng ni chung v nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) ni ring. Cc Bo co
TM v Bn cam kt Bo v Mi trng (CKBVMT) m trc y gi l Bn ng k t Tiu
chun Cht lng Mi trng ca cc d n khai thc m c tin hnh v vn dng theo cc
vn bn hng dn ca B KHCN v MT (nay l B TN&MT) ban hnh t trc nhng nm
2000. Ti nay, do c mt s thay i trong cc vn bn php quy mi (Lut Bo v mi trng;
Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP) v mt khc, do nhu cu ca x hi ngy cng cao v cc loi
nguyn, nhin, vt liu c ngun gc t khong sn, cc hot ng khai thc, ch bin than, qung
cc loi, vt liu xy dng,... pht trin mnh m trong ton quc. Ngoi nhng d n ln phi lp
bo co TM theo quy nh ca iu 18- Lut BVMT v Ph lc 1 ca Ngh nh Chnh ph s
80/2006/N-CP th cc hot ng khong sn nh l cn li nh cc m nh, cc im khai thc
l va, khai thc tn thu, cc cng trng khai thc th cng,... phi lp Bn CKBVMT. S lng
cc d n ny kh ln v a phn do cc a phng qun l, nhng cho ti nay cha c mt vn
bn hng dn chi tit no cho vic xy dng Bn CKBVMT ca cc d n loi ny. lm c
s php l trong qu trnh xy dng v ph duyt Bn CKBVMT, cn thit bin son hng dn
chi tit ny. Bn hng dn c xy dng trn c s Lut Bo v Mi trng, Ngh nh
80/2006/N-CP v Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT.
Bn hng dn s gii thiu chi tit cc ni dung k thut c bn theo tinh thn ca cc
vn bn ni trn theo trnh t lp Bn CKBVMT cho cc d n khai thc khong sn rn.
Trong qu trnh thc hin, p dng vo thc t nu c kh khn, vng mc xin kp thi
phn nh v V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng.
a ch: V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, 83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H
Ni.
in thoi: (04) 773 42 47
Fax:
E-mail :





4
PHN I: NHNG VN CHUNG

1.1. M u
Trong cc hot ng khong sn th hot ng khai thc (KTLT) ang l i tng ng
quan tm trong cng tc bo v mi trng. Bn cnh nhng tc ng tch cc ca ngnh KTLT
nh hng nm ng gp vo GP gn mt chc ngn t ng; to cng n vic lm cho hn hai
mi vn lao ng; nng cao i sng vt cht, tinh thn cng nh trnh dn tr cho mt s
cng ng dn c, c bit l cc vng su, vng xa, gp phn y nhanh tin trnh cng
nghip ha v hin i ha t nc, th cc tc ng xu ca KTLT ti mi trng l rt ng
k: chim dng nhiu t ai canh tc v trng trt dn n thu hp thm thc vt v lm thay i
vi kh hu; lm nhim bn t, nc ngm, nc mt ca khu vc; x bi v kh c hi vo
khng kh; gy ting n v rung cho cc khu vc ln cn khu khai thc; gy tn tht ti tnh a
dng sinh hc ca h ng thc vt;c bit, cc hot ng khai thc, ch bin khong sn nh
l thng c quy m manh mn, vn u t nh, t c iu kin c gii ho cao, trnh cn
b qun l k thut yu km, nhn thc v bo v mi trng hi ht... nn cc gii php nhm
hn ch, khc phc hu qu ca qu trnh khai thc ch bin khong sn ti cht lng mi trng
cha c coi trng v thc hin nghim tc.
S pht trin t ca KTLT (c bit l ca b phn m a phng v ca t nhn khai
thc tri php) khng ch gy nhng hu qu xu ti mi trng nh cp trn v cn lm
mt trt t an ninh x hi, gy tn tht ti nguyn ln v lm kh khn cho cng tc qun l nh
nc trong lnh vc hot ng khong sn.
Trc tnh hnh , ngy 27 thng 12 nm 1993 k hp th t kha IX Quc hi thng
qua lut bo v Mi trng v ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1996, k hp th 9 kha IX Quc hi
thng qua Lut Khong sn. Tip theo l cc Ngh nh, Thng t, TCVN v cc vn bn khc
ca Chnh ph, cc B, cc Ngnh nhm hng dn chi tit vic thc hin cc lut trn.
Nm 2005 Quc hi thng qua Lut sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Lut Khong sn
cho ph hp vi iu kin tnh hnh pht trin mi ca t nc. Tip , ngy 12 thng 12 nm
2005 Ch tch nc cng b Sc lnh s 29/2005/L/CTN v Lut Bo v Mi trng mi
c Quc hi thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005 v ngy 9/8/2006 Th tng Chnh ph
k Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP nhm quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut
BVMT mi. Vn nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi mi trng v cam kt BVMT theo
tinh thn ca Lut BVMT c hng dn chi tit trong thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ca B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh ngy 08/09/2006.
Theo tinh thn ca iu 24 Lut BVMT v Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP th cc d n
hot ng khai thc khong sn sau y phi lp Bn CKBVMT:
1) Khai thc, no vt tn thu vt liu xy dng trn t lin v di lng sng (t, , ct,
si) c cng sut thit k di 50.000m
3
/nm.
5
2) Khai thc khong sn rn khng s dng ha cht, c cng sut thit k theo khi lng
m (bao gm khong sn v t thi) di 100.000m
3
/nm.
3) D n ch bin khong sn rn c cng sut thit k di 50.000tn sn phm/nm.
Bn hng dn ny gii thiu chi tit nhng ni dung c bn ca Bn CKBVMT chung
cho cc d n khai thc khong sn ni trn. Trong qu trnh s dng, c th vn dng cc ni
dung thch hp ty theo iu kin t nhin, k thut c th ca d n.

1.2. Cc phng php TM s dng trong khi lp bn cam kt
Trong qu trnh lp Bn CKBVMT i vi cc d n khai thc khong sn rn c th
tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng bng cch kt hp cc phng php sau y :
1. Phng php lit k.
2. Phng php ma trn.
3. Phng php so snh.
4. Phng php chuyn gia.
5. Phng php nh gi nhanh.
6. Phng php nghin cu, kho st thc a.

1.3. Ni dung ca Bn CKBVMT
Ni dung c bn ca Bn CKBVMT l cn c vo iu kin t nhin v k thut c th ca
d n, tin hnh d bo, nh gi nhng tc ng tim tng tch cc v tiu cc, trc tip v gin
tip m vic thc hin d n c th gy ra cho mi trng.
Trn c s nhng d bo v nh gi ny, xut nhng bin php gim thiu (bao gm
qun l v k thut) nhm pht huy nhng tc ng tch cc v gim nh ti mc c th nhng
tc ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng.
Cn c vo cc quy nh trong iu 25 - Lut BVMT v cc hng dn trong Thng t s
08/2006/TT-BTNMT ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng th ngoi cc thng tin v Ch u t ,
ni dung Bn CKBVMT ca d n khai thc- ch bin khong sn rn bao gm cc phn sau:
1) Gii thiu tm lc v d n, bao gm: tn d n, a im thc hin, quy m hot ng,
phng tin thit b s dng, nhu cu nguyn nhin liu.
2) Tc ng ca d n khi a vo thc hin ti mi trng nh cc loi cht thi pht sinh,
cc tc ng ti cnh quan khu vc, kinh t x hi,... trong qu trnh hot ng pht trin ca d
n.
3) Cc bin php nhm gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng nh vn x l
cht thi, x l cc tc ng ti cnh quan khu vc, ti kinh t x hi,...
6
4) Cam kt ca ch u t v vic thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nhim, x l cht
thi v tun th cc quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng.

1.4. Nhng quy nh chung v Bn CKBVMT
1. Ch th ca Bn CKBVMT l Ch d n.
2. Bn CKBVMT ca cc d n khai thc khong sn rn phi c cc t chc, c nhn
c chuyn mn v mi trng v khai thc m, c t cch php nhn (theo quy nh ca mc 1-
iu 8- Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP) lp.
3. Ni dung v hnh thc ca Bn CKBVMT phi tun th theo cc quy nh ca Ngh nh
80/2006/N-CP, Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT v Bn hng dn chi tit ny.
4. Cc d liu, s liu v cc thng tin quan trng s dng trong Bn CKBVMT phi ghi r
ngun gc, tn ti liu tham kho.
5. Trong bn cam kt cn s dng cc biu , s v hnh v minh ho nhng ni dung
cn thit.
6. Cc ch vit tt phi c thng k trong bng t u bn cam kt.
7. Ti liu tham kho c t cui bn cam kt. Cc ti liu c thng k theo trnh t:
ting Vit, cc ting dng Latinh v cui cng l ting Nga.

PHN II: CU TRC V YU CU NI DUNG CA BN CAM KT BO
V MI TRNG
Yu cu chung:
Ngoi nhng thng tin chung v tn ca d n, ca c quan doanh nghip ch d n, a
ch lin h, ngi ng u ca ch d n,... Bn CKBVMT ca d n khai thc khong sn rn
cn m t s lc v d n khai thc, ch bin khong sn mt cch xc tch, r rng, y
bng ngn ng k thut, d hiu v cn c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng, s , bn
t l thch hp c th c c; Phi nu y c nhng nhng tc ng tiu cc ca
hot ng d n ti mi trng mt cch khoa hc, st thc, nh lng (khi c th); Nhng gii
php gim thiu xut phi c tnh kh thi, ph hp vi iu kin kinh t-k thut c th ca d
n v kt qu sau x l phi p ng c cc tiu chun cho php v BVMT, phi m bo
trnh c cc s c mi trng v s mt an ton ng tic xy ra.



7
2.1. Thng tin chung ca d n
2.1.1. Tn d n.
Tn d n phi thng nht theo ng tn trong vn bn xt duyt d n u t ca c quan c
thm quyn, khng c tu tin thay i ngn t, trt t trong cu hoc thm bt k t.
2.1.2. Ch u t.
Tn c nhn hoc c quan lm ch u t d n, nu l lin doanh, lin kt th cng ghi y
tn cc thnh phn trong lin doanh. Nu c tn chung th ghi theo tn chung y v tn vit
tt bng ting Vit v ting Anh (nu c), th d:
Cng ty Lin doanh Khai thc Ch bin Khong sn Ni Pho tn ting Anh l Nui Phao
Mining Joint Venture Company Ltd. vit tt l NUIPHAOVICA.
2.1.3. a ch lin h
a ch lin h chnh thc ca C quan doanh nghip, ca Ch d n v ca Vn phng i
din (nu c) :
1) Tr s chnh : Cng ty TNHH ....., X... , Huyn..., Tnh... (S nh. Ph Phng.
Qun.. Thnh ph..).
in thoi .. Fax .. Email...
2) Vn phng i din : S nh. Ph. Phng. Qun... Thnh ph ...).
in thoi ... Fax ... Email...

2.2. a im thc hin d n
Ghi r v tr a l ca khu vc d n (thuc khong sng no hay x, huyn, tnh no) v
ranh gii tip gip 4 pha (nu c). Nu c giy php cp t th ghi to c th ca cc mc
c cp theo h ta VN - 2000 v h to a phng (nu c) km theo s quyt nh, c
quan cp v ngy thng cp. Nu cha c giy php cp t th c th ghi theo to cc ct mc
d kin xin cp. Ngoi ra c km bn a hnh khu vc thc hin d n t l c th c c
(tu theo din tch khu vc thc hin d n chn t l bn 1/1000, 1/2000 hoc hn, nhng
phi r rng).
Th d: M Puzlan Gia Quy thuc a phn x Phc Thnh, huyn t , tnh B Ra-
Vng Tu. M nm cc th x B Ra 15 km v pha ng v cch thnh ph H Ch Minh 125
km theo hng ng-nam. Ranh gii chnh xc ca khu vc d n chy theo cc ct mc c to
theo h VN- 2000 c giao theo quyt nh s ngy ca ..... k ngy/ / .. v vic
ph duyt D n khai thc nguyn liu lm ph gia cho ximng Puzlan Gia Quy (xem bng
v bn s . km theo).
8
Trong phn a im thc hin d n cn c s (hoc bn ) minh ho cc i
tng a l trong vng nh ao h ln, sng ngi, ng giao thng,...cn m t s lc cc i
tng kinh t- x hi trong khu vc d n nh dn c, th, cc c s sn xut cng
nghip,...ngun tip nhn nc thi, cht thi rn ca d n.
2.3. Quy m d n.
Yu cu :
Bn CKBVMT phi gii thiu tm lc cc ni dung v ti nguyn tr lng, bin gii khai
trng, quy m sn lng, tui th ca m cng nh cng ngh khai thc, phng tin- thit b s
dng v cc nhu cu v nguyn nhin vt liu cn thit cho d n.
2.3.1. Tr lng ti nguyn ca d n
Tr lng khong sn cng nghip c trong phm vi cp t ca d n, bao gm cc cp 111,
121, (theo quyt nh s 06/2006/Q-BTNMT).
Tr lng khong sn cn i l tr lng c th thu hi v s dng c ca d n, sau khi
tr i phn ti nguyn nm di cc tr bo v, ng giao thng, trong b m, di y
m,
Th d: Tr lng khong sn cng nghip trong phm vi d n: 24.179 tn.
Trong : Cp 121 = 22.515 tn
Cp 122 = 1.664 tn
Tr lng khong sn cn i (c th thu hi c) ca d n: 23.625 tn.
Trong : Cp 121 = 21.266 tn
Cp 122 = 1.359 tn
2.3.2. Quy m sn xut
Sn lng ca m bao gm sn lng t v sn lng khong sn. Sn lng ca
m c th tnh theo khong sn nguyn khai (m3, tn/nm) hoc khong sn thng phm ( qua
tuyn hoc gia cng ch bin).
Tui th m - bao gm c thi gian xy dng m v thi gian kt thc ng ca m.
Th d: Tr lng khong sn thu hi c v t phi bc trong bin gii m :
- Qung: 23.625 tn.
- t bc: 197.218 m
3
- H s bc trung bnh K
tb
= 8,35 m
3
/ tn
- Sn lng khong sn nguyn khai: A
q
= 5.000 tn/nm ,
Ch : Cn phn bit sn lng m tnh theo khong sn nguyn khai v tnh theo khong
sn nguyn khi (trong thn khong). Mi quan h gia chng xc nh thng qua biu thc :
9
Aq = Aqn
r
Km

1
1
, tn/nm
Do vy vi trng hp trn, sn lng m tnh theo khong sn trong nguyn khi s l :
Aqn = Aq
Km
r

1
1
= 5.000
05 , 0 1
07 , 0 1

= 4.895 tn/nm (vi h s tn tht v lm ngho qung

trong qu trnh khai thc tng ng l K
m
= 0,05, r = 0,07 )

Sn lng t : A = Ktb.Aqn 41 ng.m3/nm
Thi gian khai thc thun tu ca m l : T
k
=
895 . 4
625 . 23
= 4,8 nm
Tui th ca m l : 6, 1 nm.

Trong : - Thi gian xy dng m: T
xd
= 0,5 nm
- Thi gian khai thc : T
sx
= 4,8 nm
- Thi gian ng ca m: T
k
= 0,8 nm
2.3.3. Bin gii khai trng:
- Bin gii trn b mt (chiu di v chiu rng trung bnh ca b mt khai trng).
- Bin gii theo chiu su ( cao y m thi im kt thc).
2.3.4. Cng ngh khai thc
S cng ngh khai thc m kh a dng, tu theo loi khong sn, phng php m va,
h thng khai thc v ng b thit b s dng,Trong s cng ngh khai thc m khng bao
gm khu tuyn khong m ch c khu gia cng ch bin s b trn m nh sng tuyn s b,
nghin p, phn loi,
Khi khai thc cc khong sn rn, c t ph cng, th mi qu trnh sn xut trong dy
chuyn cng ngh u tun th gn ng s hnh 1. Khi khai thc cc khong sn dng sa
khong aluvi, luvi, luvi, th khu bc t ph, khoan n mn, nghin p s khng c
trong dy chuyn cng ngh. Khi khai thc than th trong khu thu hi khong sn khng c cng
on khoan n mn, trong khu gia cng ch bin ti m khng c cng on nghin p. Khi
khai thc xy dng dng ni cao th trong khu m va khong sng thay v cng on bc mt
phn t ph l bt ngn, xn chn tuyn; khu u tin ch c thot nc m (bng t chy)
m khng cn tho kh; Khng c khu bc t ph (c thi cng on loi b tp cht
nhng khng ng k). Tuy nhin trong khu gia cng ch bin ti m th phc tp hn do phi
nghin p v sng phn loi nhiu cp thu c cc c ht quy nh.
Khi khai thc st th cng on khoan n, nghin p hu nh khng xut hin trong dy
chuyn cng ngh (c th c khu nh ti khi phi liu lm nguyn liu xi mng). C bit,
nu t st c kt cu rn chc, khng th xc trc tip, th ngi ta s dng my xi lm ti
s b trc khi xc.
10
THI K HOT NG PHT TRIN CNG NGH THC HIN


























Hnh 1: S hot ng tng qut ca d n khai thc m

XY DNG M
Chun b mt bng
d n
Xy dng
cng nghip
V sinh
Thu dn
Xy dng Lp t
thit b
San gt

M va
khong sng
M ng ra vo
m v bi thi
Bc mt phn
t ph
To mt bng
cng tc u tin
Tho kh
v thot nc m
Bc t ph
Thu hi
Khong sn
Khoan n
Xc bc
Vn ti
Thi
Loi b tp
cht
Phn loi
Nghin p
Khoan n
Xc bc
Vn ti
Gia cng ch bin
ti m
Cht kho
thnh phm
KHAI THC M
NG CA M
No vt tn thu
ti nguyn
Phc hi cnh quan
Th cng kt hp
c gii
San lp
xy p
Di di

Tho
kh
Tho d Trng cy
Tho kh
11
Trong s cng ngh khai thc qung, i khi khu gia cng ch bin ti m ch c sng phn
loi v ra s b trc khi ch v nh my tuyn tinh ch khng c khu nghin p, t ph
cng c trng hp c th xc bc trc tip m khng cn khoan n, cng tng t nh vy i
vi qung.
Trong khai thc than , mt b phn kh ln than nguyn khai c th tiu th trc tip m
khng cn qua ch bin. Phn cn li th phi qua ch bin loi b tp cht (hu ht bng nht
th cng trn bng ti) sau qua sng phn loi cc loi than theo yu cu ca cht lng
thng phm. Mt s trng hp khng nhiu c cng on nghin p pha trn tn dng cc
loi than c tro ln v nhit lng thp.
i vi vic khai thc xy dng, cc m min Bc, do c cu to dng ni cao nn
trong s cng ngh khng c (hoc c khng ng k) 2 khu tho kh thot nc m v bc
t ph. Khu thi cc tp cht sau khi sng p phn loi c nhng khng nhiu. Trong khi cc
m min Nam, c bit l khu ng Nai v Bnh Dng, phn ln u nm su di lp t
ph t, do vy trong cng ngh khai thc c thm 2 khu tho kh thot nc m v bc t
ph. c im ca cng ngh khai thc xy dng l khu gia cng ch bin ch yu nm trn
m v thuc m qun l, khu ny thng c nhiu cng on hn so vi cc m qung v
than, thng thng phi s dng quy trnh sng p 2 hay 3 giai on phn loi thnh phm.














Hnh 2: S cng ngh khai thc xy dng

Thot nc
Khoan, n mn
Xc bc
Vn ti
Tiu th Gia cng ch bin
Bi thi t ph
12
Khi khai thc xy dng th cng ngh khai thc tng i n gin, tuy nhin khu
khoan n mn v ch bin li chim khi lng cng vic ln nht trong dy chuyn cng ngh.
Khu sng tuyn nhm mc ch phn loi sn phm (hnh 2).
2.3.5. Tng hp cc thit b chnh ca m.
Bao gm cc thit b chnh trong cc khu khoan - n mn, xc bc, vn ti, thi, gia cng
ch bin v tho kh thot nc m (theo mu bng di).

TT Tn thit b M hiu n v S lng Nc sn
xut
Nm sn
xut
1 2 3 4 5 6 7





2.3.6. Tng hp nhu cu nng lng, nhin liu v nc phc v sn
xut
1) Nhu cu v nng lng:
- Nhu cu in nng tiu th v ngun cung cp.
- Nhu cu cht n, ph kin n v ngun cung cp.
2) Nhu cu v nhin liu v ngun cung cp:
- Nhu cu xng.
- Nhu cu du iezen.
- M v du bi trn cc loi.
3) Nhu cu v nc:
- Nhu cu nc cho sn xut v ngun cung cp.
- Nhu cu nc sinh hot v ngun cung cp.

2.4. Tc ng ca d n n mi trng
Yu cu : Bn CKBVMT cn d bo y cc loi cht thi pht sinh cng nh thi
lng v thnh phn ca chng; cn pht hin v nh gi y cc tc ng do s xi mn,
13
trt, st, l, ln t; s xi l b sng, b sui, b h; s bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h;
s thay i mc nc mt, nc di t; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; s bin i vi kh hu;
s suy thoi cc thnh phn mi trng; s bin i a dng sinh hc v cc yu t khc khi trin
khai thc hin d n ti mi trng khu vc thc hin d n.

2.4.1. Cc loi cht thi pht sinh
1) Kh thi, bi m v ting n
Kh thi m pht sinh do cc hot ng ca n mn, do cc thit b m v vn ti chy
bng du dizen, do s tit xut kh t cc thn khong, do qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht c
hot tnh cao cha trong t , trong khong sn hay trong cc cht s dng cho qu trnh sn
xut ca m, . Cc cht thng l CO, CO
2
, NO, NO
2
, CH
4
, H
2
S, SO
2
, CH
2
CHCHO,
HCHO...
Bi m pht sinh t tt c cc khu trong dy truyn cng ngh: n mn, xc bc, vn ti
v thi . Tu theo loi t v khong sn cng nh iu kin thi tit m mc pht thi
bi l khc nhau.
Bn CKBVMT phi xc nh c ngun pht thi tng loi kh v bi m ni trn cng
nh tng lng pht thi chng tnh theo thi gian, hm lng (hay nng ) cc thnh phn
ca chng. tnh c ti lng cc loi kh pht thi c th dng phng php chuyn gia
(kinh nghim) hoc cch nh gi nhanh ca WHO v ca cc nh khoa hc khc. Th d, qua
kt qu nghin cu thc nghim ngi ta thy khi lng cc sn phm c hi thot ra khi t
1 tn du izen nh sau: CO l 0,1g ; hydrocacbon l 0,03g ; NO
2
l 0,04g ; SO
2
l 0,02g ;
mui khi l 15,5 kg ; t l phn trm cc kh thi khi ng c izen gia tc l CO l 4,2% ;
NO
2
l 95,1% ; mui khi l 0,7% v khi chy bnh thng CO l 18% ; NO
2
l 97% ; mui
khi 0,3 %. Hoc khi n 1 kg thuc n amonit gng khai thc sinh ra: 13,940,1 lt kh c
CO v 0,87,8 lt kh NO
Hm lng hoc nng cc thnh phn cht kh c o trc tip bng cc dng c o
xch tay hoc ly mu v phn tch ti phng th nghim. Hoc c th dng phng php nh
gi nhanh nh ni. Th d, tnh nng cht nhim trung bnh khong cch bt k x
cui hng gi trong khng kh do ngun ng pht thi lin tc c th dng biu thc :

C
(x)
= 2E/ (2II)
1/2
.
z
U , mg/m
3


Hoc theo cng thc m hnh ci bin ca Sutton :

C
(x)
= 0,8E{exp[-(z+h)
2
/2
z
2
]+ exp[-(z-h)
2
/2
z
2
]}/(
z
U) , mg/m
3

Trong :
C
(x)
- Nng cht nhim trong khng kh khong cch x, mg/m
3
;
E- Ngun thi , mg/(m/s) ;
z- cao ca im tnh, m ;
14

z
- H s khuch tn theo phng Z, l hm s ca khong cch x theo phng
gi thi :
z
= cx
d
+ f .Trong trng hp ngun ng giao thng vi n nh
kh quyn loi B,
z
c th c xc nh theo cng thc n gin ca Sade (1968)
:
z
= 0,53 x
0,73
;
U- Tc gi trung bnh, m/s ;
h- cao ca mt ng so vi mt t xung quanh, m .
o nng bi trong qu trnh lp bn CKBVMT, c th tin hnh trc tip ti hin
trng bng cc thit b o chuyn dng, hoc bng phng php nh gi nhanh theo cc m
hnh sau y:
* Thi lng bi do xe ti chy trn ng t (Theo Air Chief, Cc Mi trng M, 1995 ) :
E = 1,7k (s/12)(S/48)(W/2,7)
0,7
(w/4)
0,5
[(365-p)/365] , kg/(xe.km)
Trong :
E- Lng pht thi bi , kg bi/ (xe.km)
k- H s k n kch thc bi , (k=0,8 cho bi c kch thc nh hn 30 micron)
s- H s k n loi mt ng (ng t s=6,4)
S-Tc trung bnh ca xe ti (S=30 km/h)
W- Ti trng ca xe, tn
w- S lp xe ca t
p- S ngy ma trung bnh trong nm


H s k n loi mt ng s
( Theo Air Chief, chng 13, Fugitive Dust Sources )

Loi ng Trong khong Trung bnh
ng dn dng ( t bn ) 1,6 68 12
ng th 0,4 13 5,7

H s k n kch thc bi k
( Theo Air Chief, chng 13, Fugitive Dust Sources )

Kch thc bi, micron <30 3015 1510 105 52,5
H s k 0,8 0,5 0,36 0,2 0,095

Thi lng bi do gi cun t mt ng ph thuc vo bn ca mt ng, tc lung
xe chy, mt dng xe, iu kin thi tit kh hu,Theo kt qu thc nghim ca Cc Bo v
Mi trng M, lng bi pht sinh t mt ng tun theo quy lut sau :

K = 0,81.C.(V/50).[(365-n)/365].L , kg bi/ km.ngy.
Trong :
C - Lng bi mn trn mt ng, kg bi/km.
V - Tc trung bnh lung xe, km/h.
n - S ngy ma trong nm c lng ma t hn 254 mm/ngy, ngy.
L - Mt xe trung bnh -lu lng xe (xe/h) chia cho tc lung xe trung bnh (km/h) ;
xe/km.

* Thi lng bi trong khai thc v ch bin qung ( theo WHO):
15
- N mn khai thc 0,40 kg bi/tn qung
- Xc bc 0,17 -nt-
- Nghin p 0,14 -nt-
- Vn chuyn 0,134 -nt-
Ngoi ra, trong hot ng khai thc m , trong qu trnh lm vic thit b my mc thng
pht ra ting n ting n vt tiu chun cho php, c bit l ting n pht ra do n mn thng
c cng rt ln v c kh nng lan truyn rt xa do vy c kh nng nh hng xu ti sc
khe con ngi v i sng ca ng vt hoang d ti cc khu vc xung quanh im n. S dng
m hnh d bo lan truyn ting n s cho php xc nh c phm vi nh hng ca ting n v
t c th a ra cc bin php gim thiu v m bo an ton cho con ngi.
Cng thc ton hc lm c s cho m hnh l cng thc xc nh n ti mt im c
khong cch d (m) so vi ngun pht ra ting n:
Li = Lp - L
d
- L
c
- L
cx
; dB (5.7)
Trong :
L
i
: Mc n ti im tnh ton cch ngun gy n khong cch d (m).
L
p
: Mc n o c ti ngun gy n (cch 1,5m).
L
d
: Mc n gim theo khong cch d tn s i.
] ) / lg[( 20
1
1 2
a
d
r r L
+
= ; dB (5.8)
r
1
: Khong cch ti ngun gy n ng vi Lp, m.
r
2
: Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n theo khong cch ng vi Li ; m
a: H s k n nh hng hp thu ting n ca a hnh mt t.
L
c
: gim mc n qua vt cn.
L
cx
: gim mc n sau cc di cy xanh.

+ + =
i d cx
B Z L L 5 , 1 ; dB (5.9)
L
d
: gim mc n do khong cch; dB
1,5Z: gim mc n do tc dng phn x ca cc di cy xanh.
Z- S lng cc di cy xanh.
B
i
: Mc n h thp do m thanh b ht v khuch tn trong cc di cy xanh.
: Tr s h thp trung bnh theo tn s (=0,100,20 dB/m).
2) Nc thi m
Nc thi t m bao gm nc ngm v nc mt. Nc m thm ra xung quanh lm bn
t ai v ngc ngm. Phn ln nc b nhim bn l do cc hp cht clorua v cc ion SO
4
2+

t do, thng l t cc mui, ch yu l cc mui sunfat, kim loi nng (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, ...).
Loi nc cha cc mui sunfat, clorua v c cha Ca, Mg, Na v K thng c nng cao gp
515 ln nng ng cho php, do trc khi a vo s dng nc cng nghip phi tin
hnh lc sch v trung ho.
c bit l s hnh thnh cc dng thi axt m c nh hng rt ln n mi trng:
- Lm gia tng s ho tan cc cht c hi (nht l kim loi nng) trong t v nc.
16
- Hu hoi mi trng ca ng thc vt trn cn v di nc.
- Anh hng n sc kho con ngi (pht sinh bnh v ng c).
- Gy nhim cc ngun nc ngm v nc mt.
Dng thi axit m hnh thnh t qu trnh xy ho qung c cha sunfua khi chng b
o bi v tip xc vi khng kh, nc ... l qu trnh xy ho cc qung sunfua nh: pyrit
(FeS
2
), chancopyrit (CuFeS
2
) , sfalerit (ZnS) ... S hnh thnh dng thi axit m trong qu trnh
khai thc m xy ra cc khu vc ang khai thc, bi thi t , khu vc cha qung ui ca
nh my tuyn, nc thi ca nh my tuyn.
Thc t khai thc m nc ta c nhiu ni c kh nng tim tng ca dng thi axit m
nh than Na Dng, pyrit, cc m ng, ch, km, antimon v mt s m qung sunfua khc.
Ngc li mt s m li to ra dng thi c tnh kim t cc qu trnh tuyn c dng
thuc tuyn kim tnh hoc do khong vt kim tnh gy ra.
Bn CKBVMT cng cn c bit quan tm ti s c mt ca cc nguyn t kim loi
nng v c hi trong nc thi m nh As, Pb, Hg, Cd,... v cc cht du m ri vi t dch v
sa cha my mc thit b,...
D bo mi kh nng nhim ngun nc do d n gy ra.
3) Cht thi rn
Cht thi rn ca m bao gm 2 ngun: (i) t thi ca m; (ii) rc thi cng nghip v
sinh hot.
t thi ca m thng c khi lng ln gp nhiu ln so vi khi lng khong sn
thu hi c. Khi lng ny d dng xc nh chnh xc c trong qu trnh lp d n.
Rc thi cng nghip v sinh hot trn m bao gm bao b cc loi vt t thit b my mc bng
kim loi, g, cactng, giy, cht do,...; st thp vn; v ng thc n, dng sinh hot cng
nhn, thc phm d tha,....v cc u thi t ngi. Trong s ny c bit ch ti mt s cht
thi rn c hi nh gi lau du m, acquy hng, ch kim loi, bng n n-ng hng, cc bng
mch in t hng... Thi lng cc loi ny c xc nh gn ng theo kinh nghim, theo
thng k hoc theo nh mc.
4) Cht thi khc
Cc cht thi khc (nu c) cng cn lit k y cc thng tin v ngun pht sinh, tng
lng pht sinh trn mt n v thi gian, thnh phn cht thi v hm lng (hoc nng ) ca
tng thnh phn.

2.4.2. Cc tc ng khc
c im ca khai thc l phi chim dng mt din tch t ai kh ln m khai
trng, lm bi thi v xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr phc v cho khai thc m.
Vic m khai trng v t thi ca khi thc trc tip v gin tip lm bin
dng mt cch ng k a mo v cnh quan khu vc, c bit l i vi nhng vng c tim
nng du lch.
17
Bn cnh , din tch t canh tc v thm thc vt m cc m chim dng m khai
trng v t thi l kh ln. Vic chim dng t ai trng trt do cc m than bn, mt
s m than nu v mt s khc nh cc m qung sa khong cng rt ln. Phn ln cc m cn
li u nm trn min ni, trong rng nguyn sinh hoc th sinh, do vy bn cnh vic cht ph
rng ba bi, th vic thu hp din tch thm thc vt do khai thc m cng l mt nguyn nhn
gy ma l tht thng v thay i thi tit kh hu tiu khu vc.
S o bi to ra cc b dc kt hp vi s hot ng ca cc thit b m gy mt n
nh nn mng, to tin cho cc hin tng trt l, st ln t ai xut hin. Cc hin tng
ny thng xy ra sn tng, b m, ng trn sn ni, sn dc v b mt bi thi,....c
bit khi nn t km n nh.
Cc hin tng xi mn, bi lng xy ra ch yu do nc chy trn, do quy hoch h
thng thot nc m khng hp l.
Trng hp, khi khai thc xung su di mc thot nc t chy, phi dng thot nc
cng bc, khi phi dng bm h thp mc nc ngm th vic thot nc m c nh hng
trc tip ti mc nc ngm v nc mt ca khu vc d n.

2.5. Bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc
Yu cu:
- Mi loi cht thi pht sinh u phi c km theo bin php x l tng ng, thuyt minh
v mc kh thi, hiu qu x l. Trong trng hp khng th c bin php hoc c nhng kh
kh thi trong khun kh ca d n phi nu r l do v c kin ngh c th cc c quan lin
quan c hng gii quyt, quyt nh.
- Phi c chng minh rng, sau khi p dng bin php th cc cht thi s c x l n
mc no, c so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh. Trng hp
khng p ng c yu cu quy nh th phi nu r l do v c nhng kin ngh c th cc
c quan lin quan c hng gii quyt, quyt nh.

2.5.1. X l cht thi
1) X l kh thi, bi m v ting n
Tu theo iu kin c th v ngun gc pht sinh v loi kh thi, bi m cng nh kh nng
kinh t k thut ca doanh nghip m xut nhng gii php gim thiu thch hp. Th d,
gim thiu cc cht c hi do n mn sinh ra cn la chn loi cht n c cn bng xy bng
hoc xp x bng khng, loi cht n t pht thi kh c hi nh ANFO, nh tng,.... Hoc nu
iu kin cho php (khi tc truyn m ca t m v
a
2500 m/s) th dng my xi lm
ti t thay cho n mn. S dng cc loi cht t c ch s ctan v cetan thp. Tng cng s
dng cc thit b dng nng lng in.
Vic gim thiu bi pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng khai thc m ch yu bng cc gii
php phng nga v hn ch. Trong khu khoan- n mn c cc gii php sau:
- Dng my khoan c c cu ht bi v c cabin iu khin kn, hoc dng phng php ly
phoi bng hn hp nc + kh nn.
18
- Dng bua nc (np trong l khoan hoc t trn ming l khoan).
- Ti nc trc v sau khi n mn.
gim bi trong khu xc bc, c th tin hnh phun ti nc trc khi xc hoc dng
loi my xc c trang b h thng vi phun nc u cc rng gu.
Khu vn ti trn m thng pht tn nhiu bi trn phm vi rng trong khu m. Gii php
gim thiu bi c hiu qu trong khu ny l ri btng (nha atphan hoc ximng) mt ng,
phun ti ng thng xuyn v ph bt kn thng xe trong qu trnh lm vic. Nu c iu kin
nn xy dng cc trm ra xe t ng ti cc im ng m ho mng vi ng giao thng
cng cng.
Gim ting n trn m bng cch s dng cc thit b tin tin, khng cho thit b lm vic
qu ti, bo dng v sa cha thit b ng nh k, p dng n mn vi sai ton phn,...
2) X l nc thi
* Nc thi m
x l tt nc thi m trc ht cn b tr hp l h thng mng rnh tho kh, thot
nc m, ngn nc mt chy trn vo m, la chn ngun tip nhn nc thi,....
Tu theo tnh hnh thc t v cht lng nc thi ca m v yu cu ca ngun tip nhn
m c th s dng cc phng php x l nc thi sau:
- Phng php lng c hc
- Phng php lng c hc kt hp vi k thut vi sinh
- Phng php trung ho
- Phng php trao i ion.
* Nc thi cha du m
i vi nc thi m cha nhiu du m, kim loi v cc tp cht khc t xng sa cha
c kh, bo dng t v trm ra xe... Sau khi qua h lng ga lng cn phi c x l tch du
m bng by du trc khi thi ra mi trng. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sau x
l phi tho mn cc tiu chun quy nh trong TCVN 5945 : 2005.
Trong thc t, dung tch ca b c xc nh bng lng nc lu li trong b l 5 - 10
pht, chiu su b ti thiu 1m, m bo tc dng nc chy qua b 0,005m/s tch ti
90% lng du m trong nc thi.
C th dng k thut vi sinh (b lc sng) nh rong to lm sch nc hoc to ra cc
vi khun c kh nng hp th cc cht du trong nc. Th d, cng ty General Engineering
dng phng php cy trng gen to ra cc vi khun hp th cht du trong nc m, cc cht
bn cn li th dng c thanh lc.
* Nc thi sinh hot
i vi nc thi sinh hot c th x l bng h ga lng cn v b t hoi (3 ngn) trc
khi thi ra mi trng. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot sau x l tha mn
cc tiu chun TCVN 6772 : 2000. B t hoi l cng trnh gi 2 chc nng: lng v phn hy cn
lng. Cn lng c gi li trong b t 6 8 thng, di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt ym kh, cc
19
cht hu c c b phn hu, mt phn to thnh cc kh v mt phn to thnh cc cht v c ho
tan. Nc thi lng trong b vi thi gian di bo m hiu sut lng cao. Nc thi sau khi x l
c th tho ra h thng thot nc chung.

3) X l cht thi rn
* t thi
t thi ca m c vo bi thi. Tuy nhin cn ct gi v qun l ng k thut
trnh cc tc ng ti mi trng nh bi lp cc lng sng, sui, dng chy,.., hoang ho t
trng v vi lp hoa mu vng h lu.
m bo bi thi khng b st ln, trt l, t thi khng b ra tri, lm hoang ho
h lu, khng bi lp lng sng sui,...khi thi phi tun th theo nhng yu cu sau:
- Thi theo tng lp dy 20 25 m tu theo dung lng bi thi , khi lng v tnh cht c
l t thi.
- v tr kt thc ca mi tng thi, phi li ai bo v nhm m bo gc dc chung
ca sn bi thi khng ln hn 3035
0
v thun li trong vic trng cy, ph xanh sn bi
thi sau khi kt thc thi.
- B mt cc tng thi phi dc vo pha trong khng di 23% khng cho nc ma
chy trn qua sn bi thi.
- Mi tng u phi c rnh thot nc c gia c bng gch (hoc hc) xy, t pha
trong (gn st chn tng thi trn) dn nc ma v mng thot nc chnh ca m.
- Di chn bi thi phi c chn, phng bn t thi chy trn xung pha h ngun
v phi thng xuyn no vt t thi tri lp chn.
Khi trong t thi ca m c cha cc cht c hi (lu hunh, cc kim loi nng,...) th
trc khi thi phi lt y bi thi bng mt lp t khng thm nc (st) vi chiu dy t
0,6-1m v lu ln n k<10
-6
cm/s, hoc lt bng vi a k thut. Cng phi lm tng t nh vy
sau khi kt thc thi v trc khi ri t mu trng cy phc hi mi trng.
* Cht thi rn cng nghip v sinh hot
i vi cht thi rn cng nghip v sinh hot cn tin hnh thu gom, phn loi, ti s dng
v bo qun ct, gi theo quy nh hin hnh.
*Cht thi nguy hi
Cht thi nguy hi phi c x l theo ng nhng quy nh hin hnh.
2.5.2. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc
1) Gim chim dng t ai
Bao gm cc gii php: b tr mt bng hp l, s dng khong trng khai thc lm
bi thi (bi thi trong), tn dng ti a chiu su khai thc v tit kim ti nguyn lng t,...
2) m bo n nh nn mng, b dc
20
Bao gm cc gii php: n mn vi sai, n mn to bin, n mn vi khi lng nh, dng
my xi lm ti t thay cho n mn, la chn gc nghing ca b hp l, ...
3) Chng tri lp lng sng sui, hoang ho t canh tc vng h ngun
thi ng k thut, thot nc hp l (nh trnh by trn).
4) Phc hi mi trng, cnh quan khu vc
Phc hi mi trng (hon th) nhm khc phc mt phn hay ton b hu qu do vic
chim dng thm thc vt m khai trng, lm bi thi v xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr
khc do khai thc gy ra, cng vic hon th c th c tin hnh theo 3 hng:
- Ph ln b mt bi thi (hoc cc cng trnh m) mt lp th nhng (t mu) dy 30
120 cm km theo vic ci to bng cc loi phn khong;
- Trc tip ci to t bng cc bin php thun ho nh bn thm vi, phn khong, thm
canh ci to...;
- Trc tip ci to t bng cch s dng ch phm c hot tnh sinh hc nh phn vi sinh
sn xut t than, t cc rc hu c, cc hot tnh vi sinh th nhng.
Qu trnh hon th gn lin vi vic phc hi thm thc vt, c tin hnh theo hai giai
on:
a) Giai on hon th
Mc ch ca giai on ny l xy dng nhng iu kin ph hp vi vic phc hi vng
b ph hoi. Vic chun b c phi hp cht ch vi cng tc bc t , khai thc KSCI v
thi t . Ni dung cng vic giai on chun b l:
- Phn tch cc tnh cht ho nng ca t bc.
- San gt b mt bi thi, bt thoi sn dc.
- Thu hi v ri lp t mu, trng trt ln b mt san gt.
- Xy dng cc cng trnh tiu thot nc.
- Xy dng cc ng vn chuyn.
Vic xc nh cc tnh cht ho nng ca t thi l c s xc nh phng thc
phc hi ging cy trng, t quyt nh trnh t bc t v thi thch hp.
b) Giai on phc hi thc vt
Vic ph hi thc vt bao gm phc hi nng nghip, phc hi lm nghip v i khi ch
trng c. Phc hi nng nghip c tin hnh trn khu vc c iu kin thun li v a hnh,
chm bn v tiu ti. Ngi ta tin hnh san gt v lm phng b mt din tch cn phc hi v
sau ri u ln trn mt lp t mu v t trng trt c thu gom t khi bt u khai thc
m. Phc hi nng nghip thng phi tin hnh trong nhiu nm (i khi t 6 8nm) theo hai
bc:
* Bc mt: Tin hnh cc cng vic lm tng mu m ca t ai cho n khi c iu
kin nui sng cy trng, la chn cch ci to t c hiu qu v thnh phn phn bn hp l.
21
* Bc hai: Bt u t khi t ai c pht huy hiu qu cho qu trnh gieo trng cy
ci.
Phc hi lm nghip p dng cho mi loi bi thi v b mt m. Ngi ta tin hnh san
gt phng cc b mt, bt thoi sn dc, xy dng cc cng trnh thot nc, ng giao thng
v tin hnh trng rng. Trn cc khu vc c iu kin cn thu gom t mu v t r cy ngay t
khi m m v trong qu trnh bc t c lu gi nhng bi thi t mt ring, s dng
li khi phc hi lm nghip, nhm nng cao hiu qu sinh sn ca cy rng.
Nhim v chung ca phng n phc hi thm thc vt, bo v mi trng sinh thi ca
vng m l:
1. Gy trng cc thm c, ph kn cc sn bi thi v b m ngng hot ng nhm
chng xi l sn dc v dn dn phc hi rng cy g cng nh cc iu kin t nhin ca khu
vc.
2. Gy trng cc di rng cy ngn gi t thi v vng k cn chn cc bi thi ang
hot ng nhm gim lc ph hoi ca cc dng chy, ngn gi t , chng bi lp ph hoi ra
cc khu vc xung quanh.
3. Gy trng cc khu rng cy ly g trn cc b mt bi thi ngng hot ng.
4. Xy dng cc cng trnh ( chn, mng rnh tiu thot nc) xen k, to iu kin
thun li cho thc vt pht trin.
5. Bo v rng cy sn c ln cn m v bi thi, nht l cc khu vc gn chn bi thi.
5) Gim thiu cc tc ng xu v mt x hi
Kt hp vi chnh quyn a phng, tng cng cng tc gio dc v bin php qun l.

2.6. Cam kt thc hin
Cam kt v vic thc hin cc bin php x l cht thi, gim thiu tc ng khc nu
trong bn cam kt; cam kt x l t cc tiu chun c th ang cn hiu lc, quy chun hin
hnh v mi trng; cam kt phc hi mi trng sau khi kt thc khai thc; cam kt thc hin
cc bin php bo v mi trng khc theo quy nh hin hnh ca php lut Vit Nam.

Ch d n
(K, ghi h tn, chc danh, ng du)

- Ti liu tham kho
- Ph lc