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Copyrights 2013 - All rights reserved.

Understanding Food & Nutrition was originally

published in English in 2010. This translation is published by
arrangment with Family Doctors Publication Limited.

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()www.familydoctor.co.uk


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( www.familydoctor.co.uk ).


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4153 Food & Nutrition

text_3254
Food and
Nutrition Food
2006 and
4/25/12
12:14
PM 4/25/12
Page 2512:14
4153
Food & Nutrition
text_3254
Nutrition
2006

PRO
TEIN

PROTEIN

starvation
substantial
protein
losses.
these

can
cause

.
substantial

Inprotein

losses. In th
starvation
can cause
circumstances,
to
muscle
in
circumstances,
body
starts
toorder
lose
. the
body
starts
the
lose

muscle in ord

to generate enough
energy.enough
If left unchecked,
thisunchecked,
can
to generate
energy. If left
this c
become life threatening.
become life threatening.

What


are proteins?
What are proteins?

compounds
are

Proteins are
large
of
smaller
units
called
Proteins
large
compounds
of
smaller units called

hydrogen
amino
acids.
Amino
acids
contain
carbon,
hydrogen,
amino
acids.
Amino
acids contain
carbon,
oxygen,
nitrogen
and
occasionally
sulphur.
All
amino
oxygen,
nitrogen

sulphur.
All amino
and occasionally
acids
have
an acid
group
and
amino
attached
have
an acid
groupgroup
and
amino group attac

acids

an
.

an
to different carbon
atoms. Amino
is the chemical
to different
carbon
atoms.
Amino
is the chemical
.

name for the combination

of
nitrogen
and
hydrogen
name for the combination of nitrogeninand hydroge

these
compounds.

these
compounds.
.Theamino

The

amino
with

can link with

group
ofamino
one amino
acid
can
link
group
of one
acid
the acid
of
amino
to form
.
group

group

acid

a
to form a
theanother
acid
of
another
amino
acid
dipeptide.
The
link
is
called
a
peptide
bond.
When
more
link
is called
a peptide
dipeptide.
The

bond. When m
than two aminothan
acidstwo
joinamino
together,
a join
polypeptide
isa polypeptide is
acids
together,

500 .
formed. A typical
proteinA may
contain 500
or contain
more
formed.
typical
.protein
may
500 or more
amino acids joined
together.
amino
acids joined together.

N
H

:O

:H

:O

:C

:N

N
24 25

4153 Food & Nutrition text_3254 Food and Nutrition 2006 4/25/12 1:14 PM Page 26

U N D E R S TA N D I N G F O O D A N D N U T R I T I O N

Polypeptides

Amino acids join together by peptide bonds to form

.can


Their

polypeptides,
which
be complex
chains.
size
and
shape determine what protein is.
formed
and its function.


AA1
AA1

AA2
AA2

)(

AA2

AA9

AA4

(
)

AA6
AA3

)(
AA

AA4

AA3

AA1

AA5

AA7

AA8

AA11

AA10

.
The size and shape of each polypeptide determine
what


protein it is and its function. Some proteins are

has

made
of several
polypeptides.
Each species
its own
of
human

characteristic proteins..
The proteins
muscle,
for instance, are different from those of beef muscle.

Howyour
proteins

body
uses


Proteins are broken down into amino acids and small
. ()
peptides by enzymes (proteases) in your gut. The small

peptides and amino acids are taken via your
.
they
are
used

bloodstream to your liver,
where
or

(to


transported
your
bodys
cells.
Your
liver
is
the
most
important
amino
acid
. site of
)
and
protein
metabolism.
Amino
acids
are
chemically

changed so that they can be used for energy, or

converted into other amino acids or proteins, or into
.)
inwhich

(
Some

urea (the
form
they
are
excreted).
25
26

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( 38 /).

33

4153 Food & Nutrition text_3254 Food and Nutrition 2006 4/26/12 10:17 AM Page 35
4153 Food & Nutrition text_3254 Food and Nutrition 2006 4/26/12 10:07 AM Page 35

FAT S
FAT S

H
H

H
H
C
C
H
H

H
H

C
C
H
H

C
C
H
H

O
O
C
C

O H
O H

O C
O
C

Essential nutrients
Fat
in your
diet
provides
fat-soluble
(for more
Essential

nutrients

vitamins

details,
see
Vitamins
and
minerals
on
page
61)
and
Fat
in
your
diet
provides
fat-soluble
vitamins
(for
more
)60
(
essential
fatty
acids. and minerals on page 61) and
details, see
Vitamins
.
essential fatty acids.

What are fats?

The
basicare
building
What
fats?blocks of fat are fatty acids and

blocks

glycerol.
fatty acid
is made
up are
of
afatty
chain
of carbon
The
basicAbuilding
of fat
acids
and
with
A fatty
acid
group

and

.
atoms
an
at
one
end
a of
methyl
glycerol.
acid
is made
up of
achain
carbon
group
at
the
other.
group
one
atoms
with
an
acid
one
end
and
a of
methyl

Agroup
methyl
at

consists

carbon
atom
and
three
hydrogens.
group
at
the
other.
A
methyl
group
consists
of
one
.
Threeatom
different
combine with glycerol to
carbon
and fatty
threeacids

hydrogens.

.
form
a triglyceride.
The acids
fat incombine
your food
is made
up to
of
Three
different fatty
with
glycerol

aform
mixture
of triglycerides.
a triglyceride.
The fat in your food is made up of
.
a mixture of triglycerides.
Triglyceride

acids

Fatty

Glycerol

3534
35

4153 Food & Nutrition text_3254 Food and Nutrition 2006 4/26/12 10:21 AM Page 36

U N D E R S TA N D I N G F O O D A N D N U T R I T I O N

.
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H

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1.................................................................
1..............................................................
1...........................................................
3...........................................................

4..............................
4...............................................
4..........................................................
4..............................................................
6............................................................
7...................................................
9..................................
10.................................................
11...........................................................
12.......................................................
13..................................................
13................................................
: 13.............................................
14.........................................................

129

15...............................................................
15......................................................
15.................................................
16................................................
19............
19.................................................
20............................................
20.................................................
22.........................................................

23............................................................
23...................................................
23....................................
24......................................................
25..........................................
27................................
28.................................
29.......................................................................
29........................................................
30.......................................................
31.......................................
: 32...................................................
32.........................................................

33..............................................................
33...................................
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