3

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1.

2.

3.

13

3.1
jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Sth; bgUkfdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l xU mwpt[g; ngiHahFk;/
,uz;lhapuj;J Kg;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhs; ,e;E}y; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ/
@ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;nf je;J thd;g[fH; bfhz;l jkpH; ehL@
vd;W kfhftp ghujpahh; jpUf;Fwspd; nkd;ikiag;g[fH;e;Jiug;ghh;/
,j;jF rpwg;g[ tha;e;j jpUf;Fwspy; bkhj;jk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fs; cs;sd/130
mjpfhu';fshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ @Fws;@ vd;gjw;Ff; FWfpa vd;W
bghUs; cz;L/ ,jdhy; vd;dnth jkpH; |jhl;o ,jid.
@mZitj; Jisj;J VH; fliyg; g[fl;of;
FWfj; jwpj;j Fws;@
vd;W ghuhl;oa[s;shh;/ r';ffhyg; g[ytuhd jpUts;Sth; kpff; FWfpa
,uz;lofisf; bfhz;L Fwis vGjpapUg;gJ rpwg;g[/ ,jidf; Fws;
btz;gh vd;W miHg;gh;/ vspikahd brhw;fisf;bfhz;L vGjg;gl;l
jpUf;Fwisg; goj;Jg; g[hpe;Jbfhs;syhk;/bja;tg;g[yth; vd;W nghw;wg;gLk;
jpUts;Sth; thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; jkpHh;fs; cd;dj epiyapy; thH;e;j fhykhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ/Mfntjhd;. jpUf;Fws; kpfr; rpwe;j fUj;Jfisj; jd;dfj;nj
bfhz;Ls;ssJ/

mwk;.bghUs;.,d;gk;

vd;w

ghFghl;oy;

,Uf;fpd;w

jpUf;Fws; gy bkhhHpfspy; bkhHp bgah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/

ek; ehl;L jkpH; bjhlf;fg;gs;spfspy; cs;s jkpH;bkhHp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;

bkhj;jk; 30 Fwl;ghf;fs; nghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/Mrphpah;fs; ,f;Fwl;ghf;fspd;
bghUis mwpe; bjsptJ eyk;/ fiyj;jpl;l nkk;ghl;L ikak; btspapl;l
,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tpsf;ft[iuia(2008) nkw;nfhshfg; gad;gLj;jt[k;/

14

3.2
jkpH;ehl;oy;

rpwg;g[w;W tps';fpa g[ytu;fSs; xUth; xsitahh;/ ,th;

gjpbdhd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;jhh;/ gy ePjp E}y;fis ,aw;wpa[s;shh;/

mit Mj;jpNo. bfhd;iw nte;jd;.thf;Fz;lhk;. ey;tHp nghd;witahFk;/
jkpH;bkhHpahw;wiy tsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fr; bra;a[s; nghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/
mjd; mog;gilapnyna mj;jpNo nghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/Mj;jpNo vDk; ePjp
E}ypy; bkhj;jk; 108 bra;a[s;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,tw;wpy; Kjy; 12 bra;a[s;fs;
caph;

vGj;jpy;

bjhl';Ffpd;wd/

khzth;fspilna

mw

rpe;jid

X';ft[k;.nfhgk; xHpe;J md;g[ bgUft[k;.Cf;fk; bgw;W Mf;f epiy bgUft[k;

,r;bra;a[s; Jizg[hpa[k; vd;gJ jpz;zk;/

3.3
20 Mk; E}w;whz;od; jiyahag;g[yth;fSs; kfhftp ghuhjpahUk; xUth;/1882
Mk;

Mz;L

vl;lag[uj;jpy;

Rg;gpukzpa

ghujpahh;

gpwe;jhh;/

jdJ

gjpndhuhtJ tajpnyna @ghujp@ vd;w gl;lj;ij vl;lag;g[u rk*;jhdg;

g[yth;fs; ,tUf;Fr; Nl;odh;/ tpLjiy ntl;ifia cz;Lgz;zp mjp jPtpu
tHp fhl;oa Kjy; jkpH;f;ftp"h;/ gy bkhH[p g[ytuhfj; jpfH;e;j ghujp. gy;yhapu
ghly;fisg; ghoapUf;fpwhh;/ moikj;jdk;.tPuk;.fy;tp.gf;jp.bgz; tpLjiy
vd;W ghujp ghoa ghly;fs; kf;fisf; fth;e;jd/ rpwhh;fSf;F Cf;fk; cl;Lk;
tz;zk; ,th; ghoa g[jpa Mj;jpNo rpwg;g[ bgWfpwJ/ bjhlf;fg;gs;sp
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s

g[jpa Mj;jpNo

khzth;fSf;Fg; g[j;Jzh;t[ Cl;o

bkUnfw;Wk; vd;gJ bts;spl kiy/

gakpd;wp tPuj;JlDk; cWjpa[lDk; nrhh;tpd;wp fy;tp fw;f ghujp TWk;
mwpt[iufs; khzth; kdjpy; g[jpa vGr;rpiaj; jUk;/ gapw;rp Mrphpah;fs;
,jida[zh;e;J fw;gpj;jy; eyk;/ g[jpa Mj;jpNoiag;gw;wp nkYk; mwpe;J
bfhs;s Mrphpah;fs; fiyj;jpl;l nkk;ghlL ikak; btspapl;l
,yf;fpa tpsf;ft[iuiaf; fhzt[k;/

15

,yf;fz

3.4
jkpH; |jhl;o xsitahh; ,aw;wpa bra;a[s;fspy; bfhd;iw nte;jDk; ml';Fk;/
bjhlf;fg;gs;sp khzth;fSf;Fj; jFe;jgo ,jpy; gj;J bra;a[s;fs; cs;sd/
khzth;fs;
Jizg[hp[a[k;

gz;g[
vd;gJ

eyj;njhLk;
jpz;zk;/

xGf;fj;njhLk;
bjhlf;f

epiy

tsu

,r;bra;a[s;fs;

khzth;fSf;F

tz;zKs;s bfhd;iw nte;jd; bra;a[s;fisg; gapw;rp Mrphpah;fs;

Vw;w
tFg;g[

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jnyhL ,iae;J nghjpg;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;/

md;gpd; tothfj; jpfGk; md;idapd; rpwg;iga[k;. Mz;ltid

tz';Fk;

nkd;ikiaa[k; gfUk; ntisapny fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig vLj;jpak;gp Mf;fKk;

Cf;fKk; Cl;LtJ mUik/ jPikfis tpl;blhHpf;ft[k; ed;ikfisr; bra;at[[k;
bghpath;fis kjpf;ft[k; khzth;fs; rpwf;ft[k; bfhd;iw nte;jd; bra;a[s;fs;
cjt[k;/ nkw;bfhz;l tpsf;fj;jpw;F fiyj;jpl;l nkk;ghl;L ikak; btspapl;l
,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tpsf;ft[iuiaf; fhzt[k;/

3.5
cyf ePjp vDk; bra;a[is cyfehj gz;ojh; ,aw;wpdhh;/ ,th; jkpH;
ehl;ilr; nrh;e;jth;/ ,th; jkpH; ,yf;fz. ,yf;fpaj;ij ed;F fw;W
mwpe;jth;/

cyf kf;fspd; thH;f;if cah;t[f;Fj; njitahd rpwe;j fUj;Jfisf; TWk;

E}yhf mike;Js;sJ cyf ePjp/jkpH;bkhHp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,lk; bgw;w
cyf

ePjp

bra;a[s;fs;

khzthpd;

mwpt[

brwpt[f;F

Mf;fj;ija[k;

Cf;fj;ija[k; Cl;Lk; vd;gJ cz;ik/ ey;y gz;g[ bewpfis Cl;Lk;

,r;bra;a[s;fis Mrphpah;fs; ed;F fw;Wzh;e;J nghw;w ntz;LtJ flik/

16

3.6
r';fk;

itj;J

jkpH;

nruh;.nrhHh;.ghz;oah;

tsh;j;j
Mfpa

bgUik
|tUk;

|nte;jh;fisr;

jkpGf;F

Mw;wpa

rhUk;/
bjhz;L

nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ/ mtu;fSs; mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; ghz;oa kd;duhthh;/

,th; kpFe;j kjpEl;gk; tha;e;jth;` tPu jpyfUk; Mthh;/ 15 Mk; E}w;whz;oy;
murhz;L te;jhh;/
irt rkak; jiHj;njh';Ftjw;Fk;. jkpH;bkhHp tsh;tjw;Fk; kpf Kf;fpag;
g';fhw;wpa[s;shh;/ ,tu; gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpa[s;shh;/ mtw;Ws; eWe;bjhif
vDk; btw;wpntw;ifa[k; xd;W/ btw;wp ntw;if bra;a[s;fs; cyf ,ay;g[fis
,ak;g[tjhf

mike;Js;sJ/

nkw;bfhz;L

tpsf;fk;

bgw

fiyj;jpl;l

nkk;ghl;L ikak; btspapl;l ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tpsf;ft[iuiaf; fhz;f/

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