CLEMENTE MAGTOTO, petitioer, !s. "ON. M#G$EL M. MANG$ERA, %&'(e o) the Co&rt o) *irst #stace +,rach ##- o) Occi'eta. Mi'oro, The /EO/LE O* T"E /"#L#//#NE0, #GNAC#O CALARA, %R., a' LO$R1E0 CALARA, respo'ets. 27354345534553 *ACT06 /etitio )or 7rits o) certiorari. Respo'et 8&'(es 'ec.are' the co)essios o) the acc&se' i the t7o cases as a'9issi:.e a' 'ec.are' the ia'9issi:i.it; o) the co)essios o) the acc&se' i the thir' case, a.tho&(h the; ha!e ot :ee i)or9e' o) their ri(ht to re9ai si.et a' to co&se. :e)ore the; (a!e the co)essios, :eca&se the; 7ere (i!e :e)ore the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7 Costit&tio. #00$E6=hether the or'er o) the respo'et 8&'(es 7ere correct "EL16 This costit&tioa. 9a'ate has a' sho&.' :e (i!e a prospecti!e a' ot a retrospecti!e e<ect. Cose>&et.;, a co)essio o:taie' )ro9 a perso &'er i!esti(atio )or the co99issio o) a o<ese, 7ho has ot :ee i)or9e' o) his ri(ht +to si.ece a'- to co&se., is ia'9issi:.e i e!i'ece i) the sa9e ha' :ee o:taie' a)ter the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7 Costit&tio o %a&ar; 17, 1973. Co!erse.;, s&ch co)essio is a'9issi:.e i e!i'ece a(aist the acc&se', i) the sa9e ha' :ee o:taie' :e)ore the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7 Costit&tio, e!e i) presete' a)ter %a&ar; 17, 1973, a' e!e i) he ha' ot :ee i)or9e' o) his ri(ht to co&se., sice o .a7 (a!e the acc&se' the ri(ht to :e so i)or9e' :e)ore that 'ate. No7, a co)essio is a'9issi:.e i e!i'ece 7itho&t pre!io&s proo) o) its !o.&tariess o the theor; that it is pres&9e' to :e !o.&tar; &ti. the cotrar; is pro!e'. A' oce the acc&se' s&ccee's i pro!i( that his e?tra8&'icia. co)essio 7as 9a'e i!o.&tari.;, it sta's 'iscre'ite' i the e;es o) the .a7 a' is as a thi( 7hich e!er e?iste'. #t is ico9petet as e!i'ece a' 9&st :e re8ecte'. The 'e)ese ee' ot pro!e that its cotets are )a.se. E!e as the e7 costit&tioa. ri(ht o) a 'etaie' perso to co&se. a' to :e i)or9e' o) s&ch ri(ht &'er pai o) a; co)essio (i!e :; hi9 i !io.atio thereo) 'ec.are' ia'9issi:.e i e!i'ece, to :e prospecti!e, a' that co)essios o:taie' :e)ore the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7 Costit&tio are a'9issi:.e i e!i'ece a(aist the acc&se', his )&'a9eta. ri(ht to pro!e that his co)essio 7as i!o.&tar; sti.. sta's. A.. the co)essios i!o.!e' i sai' cases are here:; 'ec.are' A1M#00#,LE i e!i'ece.