TRANSIENT STABILITY

ANALYSIS
TRANSIENT STABILITY
ANALYSIS
By
Prof. C. Radhakrishna
By
Prof. C. Radhakrishna
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CONTENTS
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS
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TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS
The synchronous generators are represented in varying
levels of detail depending on the phenomena being studied.
For transient stability studies dealing with the
electromechanical behavior of the power system, the
network is assumed to be in a quasi steady state.
The network is represented by a system of algebraic
equations based on the fundamental principles of the
power flowanalysis.
Load modeling is another important feature of transient
stability studies
Coupledset of differential andalgebraic equations.
These are solved numerically to obtain the condition of the
systemat each instant in time.
Various important quantities like relative rotor angles,
voltages at key buses, and power flows on critical
transmission lines are plottedandobserved.
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The behavior of these variables is then used to judge
stability or instability.
The starting point for any transient stability simulation is
the predisturbance power flowsolution.
The systemis always assumed to be in a steady state when
the initiatingdisturbance occurs.
Using the predisturbance power flow solution, all the initial
values of the state variables that govern the differential
equations are calculated.
After these are obtained, the disturbance is simulated.
Different disturbances can occur on the system.
The simulation of the disturbance causes a mismatch
between the mechanical power input to the generators and
the electrical power output of the generators.
The equilibrium is upset, and the state variables governed
by the various differential equations coupled with algebraic
equations change their values.
The change in behavior is tracked by numerically
integrating the coupled set of differential and algebraic
equations.
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Two broadcategories of numerical techniques
Implicit integration techniques and explicit integration
techniques.
The time evolution of the state variables and other system
variables is observedto determinethe behavior of thesystem.
The classical model is used to study the transient stability
of a power system for a period of time during which the
dynamic behavior of the system is dependent largely on the
storedenergy in therotatinginertias.
This is the simplest model used in stability studies and
requires a minimumamount of data.
Assumptions made
1) The mechanical power input to each synchronous machine
is constant.
2) Dampingor asynchronous power is negligible.
3) The synchronous machines are represented electrically, by
constant-voltage-behind-transient-reactance models.
4) The motion of each synchronous machine rotor (relative to
a synchronously rotating reference frame) is at a fixed angle
relative to the angle of the voltage behind the transient
reactance.
5) Loads are representedby constant impedances.
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This type of analysis is usually called first swing analysis-
Assumption 2 can be relaxed by assuming a linear damping
characteristic. Adampingtorque D is includedin the swingequation.
Figure 1: Representation of a synchronous machine by constant
voltage behind transient reactance.
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Figure 2. Multimachine system representation (classical model)
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To prepare the system data for a stability study, the following
preliminary calculations are made:
1. The system data are converted to a common system base; a
systembase of 100 MVAis conventionally chosen.
2. The load data from the prefault power flow are converted to
equivalent impedances or admittances.
The necessary information for this step is obtained from the result
of the power flow
where y
Li
= g
Li
+ jb
Li
is the equivalent shunt loadadmittance.
3. The internal voltages of the generators are calculatedfrom
the power flowdata usingthe predisturbanceterminal voltages
*
2 2
Li Li Li Li
Li
Li
Li Li
I S P jQ
y
V
V V

= = =
0
i i
E o Z
ai i
V | Z
'
i i ai di i
E V jx I o Z = +
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Since the actual terminal voltage angle is
i
, we obtain the
initial generator angle by addingthe predisturbance voltage
angle
i
to or
4. The Y
bus
matrices for the prefault, faulted, and postfault
network conditions are calculated. In obtaining these
matrices, the followingsteps are involved:
(a)The equivalent load admittances calculated in step 2 are
connected between the load buses and the reference node.
Additional nodes are provided for the internal generator
nodes (nodes 1, 2, . . . , n in Figure 2) and the appropriate
values of admittances corresponding to are connected
between these nodes andthe generator terminal nodes.
0
i
o
'
i
o
0 '
i i i
o o | = +
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(b) In order to obtain the Y
bus
corresponding to the faulted system, we
usually only consider three-phase to groundfaults.
The faulted Y
bus
is then obtained by setting the row and column
correspondingto the faultednode to zero.
(c) The postfault Y
bus
is obtained by removing the line that would have
been switchedfollowingthe protective relay operation.
Figure 3: Generator representation for computing initial angle
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The power injected into the network at node i, which is the electrical
power output of machine i, is given by Pgi = Re (Ei Ii* ) . The
expression for the injected current at each generator bus I
i
in terms
of the reduced admittance matrix parameters is given above .
0
nn nr n
n
rn rr r
Y Y V
I
Y Y V
( (
(
=
( (
(


1
( )
n nn nr rr rn n
I Y Y Y Y V

=
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5. In the final step we eliminate all the nodes except the
internal generator nodes usingKron reduction.
We get
2
1

sin( ) cos(
n
Gi i ii i j ij i j ij i j
j
j i
P E G E E B G o o o o
=
=
(
= + +

i = 1,2, . . . ,n
for a multimachine system
i = 1,2, . . . ,n
0
i i Mi Gi
M P P o =

2
0
1

sin( ) cos(
n
i i Mi i ii i j ij i j ij i j
j
j i
M P E G E E B G o o o o o
=
=
(
= +

i = 1,2, . . . ,n
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The value of the mechanical power for each machine is
determinedfromthe prefault conditions.
The mechanical power is set equal to the (active) electrical
power output of each generator at the prefault conditions.
This provides the equilibriumconditions andthe initial angles
for each generator as given by
0
i
o
2
0
1

sin( ) cos(
n
i i Mi i ii i j ij i j ij i j
j
j i
M P E G E E B G e o o o o
=
=
(
= +

i = 1,2, . . . ,n
i i
o e =

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REFERENCES :
[ 1 ] Arthur R. Bergen & Vijay Vittal : Power System Analysis , 2nd
edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2000.
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CONCLUSIONS
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THANK YOU