Chng trnh Ton 4

I/ n tp v s t nhin
1) c vit s t nhin
VD: 1237005 c l: Mt triu hai trm ba mI by nghn khng trm linh
nm
2) Cc php tnh vi s t nhin
a) Php cng
a+b=c
Tnh cht
- Giao hon: a + b = b + a
- Kt hp: (a+b)+c= a+(b+c)
a+0=0+a=a
b) Php tr
ab=c
Tnh cht
- Tr I s 0: a 0 = a
- S b tr bng s tr: a a = 0
- Tr i mt tng: a (b+c) = (a b) c = (a- c) b
- Tr i mt hiu: a (b-c) = (a + c) b
Tm s b tr, s tr:
xb=c ax=c
x=c+b x=ac
c) Php nhn: a x b = c
Tnh cht
- Giao hon: a x b = b x a
- Kt hp: a x (bxc) = (axb) x c
- Nhn vi 1: a x 1 = 1 x a = a
- Nhn vi 0: a x 0 == 0 x a = 0
- Nhn vi mt tng: a x (b+c) = a x b + c
- Nhn vi mt hiu: a x (b c) = a x b a x c
- Nhn nhm vi 10, 100, 1000. Ta ch vic thm 1,2,3 ch s 0 vo
bn
phi s .
Tm s cha bit:
xxb=c
axx=c
x=c:b
x=c:a
d) Php chia: a : b = c
Tnh cht:
- Chia cho s 1:
a:1=a
- S b chia v s chia bng nhau: a : a = 1
- S b chia bng 0:
0:a=0
- Khng th chia cho 0

- Chia cho mt tch:

a : (b x c) = (a : b) : c
= (a : c) : b
- Chia cho mt thng: a : (b : c) = (a x c) : b
- Mun chia mt s chn chc, chn trm cho 10, 100, 1000Ta ch vic
bt I 1, 2, 3, ch s 0 bn phi s .
Tm s b chia, s chia.
x:b=c
a:x=c
x=cxb
x=a:c
* Php chia c d.
a : b = c (d r) (r # 0 )
S d r phi b hn s chia.
VD: Tm kt qu ca dy tnh sau bng cch nhanh nht.
a. (42 x 54 + 17 x 42) : 71
b. (123 x 154 65 x 123) : 89
= 42 x (54 + 17) : 71
= 123 x ( 154 65) : 89
= 42 x 71 : 71
= 123 x 89 : 89
= 42 x (71 : 71)
= 123 x (89 : 89)
= 42
= 123
II. Phn s.
- Phn s c t s bng a, mu s bng b.Ta c
- Phn s

a
(a, b # 0)
b

a
cn hiu l thng ca php chia a : b
b

- Mi s t nhin a u c th coi l mt phn s c mu s bng 1,a=

a
1

- Phn s c t s nh hn mu s th phn s nh hn 1. C t s
ln hn mu s th phn s ln hn 1, c t v mu bng nhau th
phn s bng 1.
3
1
5

7
1
4

7
1
7

- Phn s c mu s bng 10, 100, 1000gi l phn s thp phn.

25 57
68
;
;
10 100 1000

- Nu nhn (chia) c t v mu s vi mt s t nhin khc 0 th pc

phn s mi bng phn s cho.

axm a
(m # 0)
bxm b

3x4
3

4x4
4

- Nu ta cng c t s v mu s ca mt phn s vi cng mt s hoc

tr c t s v mu s i cng mt s th hiu gia t s v mu s khng
thay i.
7 1

4 1

6
3

 So snh phn s
- Phn s c cng mu s: Ta so snh t s, nu t s ln hn th phn
s ln hn. VD:

5 3

8 8

- Phn s khng cng mu s: th ta phi quy ng mu s:

VD:

a
c
v
b
d

c
cxb
a axd

b bxd
d
dxb
* So snh

2
3
va
5
7

2x7
2
14

5
5x7
35

3 3 x 5 15

7 7 x 5 35

Vy V y

2 3
14 15
vi

5 7
35 35

- Nu hai phn s c cng t s th phn s no c mu s nh hn th

phn s ln hn.
VD:

8
8

28 18

c e
a e
a c

v d f th b f
b d
16
15
16 16
16 15
16 15

VD:
v
Ta c:
v
Vy:
27
29
27 29
29 29
27 29
a
c
a c
- So snh 2 phn b vi 1 ca mi phn s: 1 1 th
b d
b
d
1995
1996
VD: So snh 2 phn s sau:
v
1996
1997
1995
1
1996
1

Ta c: 1
;
1996 1996
1997 1997
1
1
1995 1996

Ta thy:
vy
1996 1997
1996 1997

- So snh qua mt phn s trung gian:

- So snh o ngc mi phn s cho:

VD: So snh 2 phn s sau:
13
27
o thnh
;
27
13
27
15
So snh
v . Ta c
13
7
1
1
27
nn 2 2 Do
<
13
7
13

Vit

13
7
v 15
27

7
15
o thnh
15
7
27
1
15
1
1 1
= 2 v
= 2 V
13
13
7
7
13 7
15
13
7
Vy 27 15
7

Bn php tnh v phn s:

a. Php cng.

+ Php cng 2 phn s cng mu s:

a c ac

b b
b

VD:

2 3 23 5

7 7
7
7

+ Php cng 2 phn s khc mu s:

VD:

a c axd cxb

b d
bxd

5 x 3 13 15
13
5 13
28

21 7
21 7 x 3
21 21
21

b. Php tr

a c ac

b b
b

+ Php tr 2 phn s cng mu:

VD:

15 7
15
7
8
1

16 16
16
16
2

a c axd cxb

b d
bxd

+ Php tr 2 phn s khc mu:

3x4
3
12
20 3

Quy
ng:
4
4
x
4
16
16 4
20 12 20 12
8
1
Vy: 16 16 16 16 2

VD:

a c axc
x
b d bxd

c. Php nhn.
VD:

4X 2
4
2
8
X

5
3
5 X 3 15

a c axd
:
b d bxc

d. Php chia.
VD:

7 2
7
3
21
7
:

15 3 15 2
30 10

I LNG V CC DNG TON C BN

I. Cc i lng.
1. n v o khi lng:
g, dg, hg, kg, yn, t, tn. Mi n v lin nhau
hn km nhau 10 ln.
2. n v o thi gian: giy, pht, gi, ngy, thng, nm, th k.
3. n v o din tch: km2. hm2. dam2 . m2, dm2 cm2 . mm2 Mi n v o
din tch lin k hn km nhau 100 ln.
Mt
Ln hn mt vung
Nh hn mt vung
vung
km2
hm2
dam2
m2
dm2
cm2
mm2
1km2
1 hm2
1 dam2
1 m2
1 dm2
1 cm2
1 mm2
2
2
=100hm2 =100dam2 =100 m2 =100 dm =100 cm2 =100 mm
=

1
100

km2

1
100

hm2

1
100
dam2

= 100 m2

4. n v o i: km, hm, dam, m, dm, cm, mm.

1
100

dm2

= 100
cm2

II. Tm s trung bnh cng.

1. Mun tm trung bnh cng ca s hng ta tnh tng cc s ri chia cho
cc s hng.
VD: Tm 3 s chn lin tip bit trung bnh cng ca chng l 58.
Gii:
Tng ca 3 s chn lin tip l: 58 x 3 = 174
S chn b nht l:
174 (2+2+2) : 3 = 56
S chn gia l: 56 + 2 = 58
S chn ln nht l: 58 + 2 = 60
III. Tm 2 s bit tng v t.
1. Cc bc gii.
+ Tm tng s phn bng nhau.
+ Tm gi tr mt phn.
+ Tm s b.
+ Tm s ln.
2. VD: Hc sinh lp 3, 4, 5 t chc trng cy. S cy ca lp 3 bng na s
cy ca lp 4 v bng 1/3 s cy ca lp 5. Bit rng tng s cy ca lp 3
v lp 5 trng l 100 cy. Tnh s cy ca mi lp trng?
Lp 4
Gii
Lp 3
Lp 5
100 cy
Tng s cy lp 3 trng c l:
100: (3+1) = 25 (cy)
S cy lp 4 trng c l:
25 x 2 = 50 (cy)
S cy ca lp 5 trng c l:
25 x 3 = 75 (cy)
p s: 25 cy; 50 cy; 75 cy
IV. Tm hai s khi bit hiu v t s ca chng
1. Cc bc gii
- Tm hiu s phn bng nhau.
- Tnh gi tr mt phn
- Tm s b
- Tm s ln
2. VD: M hn con 24 tui. Tnh tui hin nay ca mi ngi, bit rng 3 nm
na th tui ca con bng 1/4 tui ca m.
Gii
Theo u bi 3 nm sau ta c s sau:
Tui con
24 tui
Tui m
Nu coi tui con l 1 phn th hiu gia tui m v tui con l:
4 1 = 3 (phn)

Ba nm n tui ca con l;
24 : 3 = 8 (tui)
Tui ca con l:
8 3 = 5 (tui)
Tui m hin nay l:
5 + 24 = 29 (tui)
p s: con: 5 tui; m: 29 tui
V. Tm hai s khi bit tng v hiu
- Cch gii
+ S b = (tng hiu) : 2
+ S ln = (tng + hiu): 2
VD: Tm hai s bit tng ca chng bng 390. Khi vit thm ch s 3
vo bn tri s b th c s ln?
Gii
V tng ca chng bng 390 nn s b phi l mt s c hai ch s,
vit thm ch s 3 vo bn tri s b th c ln ngha l s ln ln hn s
b 300 n v Vy s b l: (390 300): 2 = 45
S ln l: 390 45 = 345
VI. Cc bi ton v chu vi
1. Chu vi hnh ch nht: P = (a + b) x 2
2. Chu vi hnh vung: P = a x 4
3. Chu vi hnh bnh hnh: P = (a + b) x 2
VD: Cho hnh ch nht c chiu rng bng 2/5 chiu di. Nu tng chiu rng
27m ta c mt hnh vung. Tm chu vi ca hnh ch nht ?
Gii
Theo bi ra ta c chiu rng km chiu di 27m. Nu coi chiu rng
l 2 phn th chiu di l 5 phn. 27m gm: 5 2 = 3 phn
Chiu rng hnh ch nht l: 27 : 3 x 2 = 18 (m)
Chiu di hnh ch nht l: 18 + 27 = 45 (m)
Chu vi hnh ch nht l: (18 + 45) x 2 = 126 (m)
p s: 126m
VII. Din tch cc hnh:
1. Din tch hnh vung:
S=axa
2. Din tch hnh ch nht: S = a x b
3. Din tch hnh bnh hnh: S = a x h
4. Din tch hnh tam gic:

axh
2

VD : Cho tam gic ABC c cnh BC = 32cm, nu ko di cnh BC thm

4cm th din tch hnh tam gic ABC s tng thm 52cm 2. Tnh din tch hnh
tam gic ABC?
Gii
A

B
32 cm
C 4cm D
Chiu cao ca tam gic ABC cng l chiu cao ca tam gic ABD.
52 x 2 : 4 = 26 (cm)
Din tch ca hnh tam gic ABC l
32 x 26 : 2 = 416 (cm2)
p s = 416 cm2