SANDIA REPORT

SAND86-- 1085 Unlimited Release UC60

Printed September 1986
,
Developments in Blade Shape
Design for a Darrieus Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine
Thomas D. Ashwill, Timothy M. Leonard
Prepared by
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550
for the United Statea Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC04-76DPO0789
SF ?9[)O(jf,8 31I
,
Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States
Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation.
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2
SAND86 1085
Unl i mi ted Rel ease
Pri nted September 1986
Di stri buti on
Category UC 60
Developments in Blade Shape Design for a
Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Thomas D. Ashwi l l
Wi nd Energy Research Di vi si on
Ti mothy M. Leonard
Advanced Systems Devel opment Di vi si on I I
Sandi a Nati onal Laboratori es
Al buquerque, NM 87185
Abstract
A new computer program package has been devel oped that determi nes the troposkei n shape
for a Darri eus Verti cal Axi s Wi nd Turbi ne Bl ade wi th any geometri cal confi gurati on or
rotati on rate. Thi s package al l ows users to i nteract and devel op a bui l dabl e bl ade whose
shape cl osel y approxi mates the troposkei n. Use of thi s package can si gni fi cantl y reduce
fl atwi se mean bendi ng stresses i n the bl ade and i ncrease fati gue l i fe.
3-4
-
...
..-..._. .

Developments in Blade Shape Design for a

Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Introduction
As the wi nd turbi ne i ndustry enters an era wi th-
out government tax credi ts, i t becomes i ncreasi ngl y
i mportant that the cost per ki l owatt hour of wi nd-
produced power be substanti al l y reduced. Wi nd tur-
bi nes that are l ess expensi ve to manufacture but more
dependabl e to operate are requi red i n order to com-
pete wi th other sources of energy. New turbi ne de-
si gns, therefore, must become l ess conservati ve and
i ncorporate i mproved fati gue desi gn and anal ysi s
techni cl ues for i ncreased turbi ne l ongevi ty.
Verti cal Axi s Wi nd Turbi ne(VAWT) bl ades, be-
cause of thei r l arge osci l l atory l oadi ng condi ti ons, are
very suscepti bl e to fati gue fai l ure. When combi ned
wi th the osci l l atory l oadi ng, the mean l oadi ng due to
centri fugal forces and gravi ty al so contri butes si gni fi -
cantl y to fati gue damage. One way of l oweri ng mean
stresses and extendi ng the fati gue l i fe i s to desi gn the
bl ade such that i ts shape cl osel y approxi mates an
i deal shape cal l ed the troposki en or ski ppi ng-rope
shape. Thi s reduces the fl atwi se bendi ng stresses due
to centri fugal and gravi tati onal forces as the bl ade
tends to di spl ace l ess from i ts ori gi nal shape. Recentl y
a methodol ogy for desi gni ng an i mproved bl ade shape
and thus l oweri ng the mean stresses for VAWTS was
devel oped at Sandi a and i s the subject of thi s report.
Development of Darrieus
Blade Shape
I t was real i zed earl y i n the devel opment of
Darri eus VAWTS that the shape of the bl ade was
i mportant. G. J. M. Darri eus states i n hi s 1931 U.S.
patent (of a VAWT that each bl ade shoul d have a
stream-l i ne outl i ne curved i n the form of a ski ppi ng
rope. More recentl y, i n the earl y 1970s, the Nati onal
Research Counci l of Canada i ndependentl y devel oped
the concept of a VAWT and noted that under the
acti on of centri fugal forces, a perfectl y fl exi bl e bl ade
assumes the approxi mate shape of a catenary.* Thi s i s
not preci se, however, as a catenary i s the shape formed
by a perfectl y fl exi bl e cabl e of uni form densi ty and
cross secti on hangi ng freel y from two poi nts. Once the
cabl e i s rotated about an axi s through the end poi nts,
the shape devi ates from the catenary and becomes a
troposki en. Fi gure 1 shows a compari son of a sym-
metri c (gravi ty omi tted) troposki en and a catenary for
a VAWT bl ade of uni form densi ty.
TOWER CENTERLINE ~1
I
/
/
I
SYMMETRIC
TROPOSKIEN
- - CATENARY
Figure 1. Symmetri c Troposkei n vs. Catenary Shape
5
I n 1974, Bl ackwel l and Rei s, i n thei r report, Blade
Shape for a Troposkien Type of Vertical-Axis Wind
Turbine, defi ned the term troposki en as the shape
assumed by a perfectl y fl exi bl e cabl e of uni form den-
si ty and cross secti on i f i ts ends are attached to two
poi nts on a verti cal axi s and i t i s then spun at constant
angul ar vel oci ty about that verti cal axi s. Si nce a
VAWT bl ade i s not perfectl y fl exi bl e, i t shoul d be
bent or formed as cl osel y as possi bl e i nto the shape i t
woul d become duri ng rotati on i f i t were fl exi bl e, thus
mi ni mi zi ng the fl atwi se bendi ng stresses. Bl ackwel l
and Rei s devel oped the equati ons that geometri cal l y
descri be a troposki en shape for a bl ade of uni form
densi ty and used an i terati ve sol uti on of these equa-
ti ons i n thei r computer program TROP. The equa-
ti ons were devel oped for onl y hal f the bl ade, and
gravi ty effects were negl ected i n the sol uti on; thus, the
resul ti ng troposki ens were symmetri c about the equa-
tor. Thi s was a good approxi mati on for hi gh-rotati on-
rate, smal l -di ameter turbi nes l i ke the Sandi a 2-m
turbi ne.z
I n the l ate 1970s the i terati ve techni que em-
pl oyed by Bl ackwel l and Rei s to defi ne any uni form-
densi ty troposki en was extended by Sandi a to i ncl ude
gravi tati onal effects and bl ades of three di fferent
cross secti ons. These modi fi cati ons were i mpl emented
i n the computer program BENDO.
Current Sandi a bl ade-shape desi gns have been
based i n general on the computer program
DMG,:whi ch formul ates the bl ade shape as an ap-
proxi mati on to the symmetri c troposki en (as deter-
mi ned by BENDO). Thi s approxi mati on consi sts of
three secti ons: a strai ght secti on at both the top and
bottom porti ons of the bl ade and a ci rcul ar arc
through the equator that meets the strai ght secti ons
tangenti al l y. The DMG user i nputs the hei ght and
di ameter of the turbi ne rotor and the upper and l ower
bl ade-to-tower angl es. DMG then determi nes the
strai ght-ci rcul ar arc-strai ght (S-C-S) geometry that
approxi mates the symmetri c troposki en for that par-
ti cul ar turbi ne. Fi gure 2 shows a compari son of a
symmetri c troposki en and i ts S-C-S approxi mati on
for a VAWT bl ade of uni form densi ty. The S-C-S
approxi mati on has an advantage over the catenary
approxi mati on i n that the bl ade-to-tower angl es can
be made to match those of the troposki en. Thi s tends
to l ower the fl atwi se bendi ng stresses. When i t was
real i zed that gravi ty shoul d be i ncl uded i n the tropos-
ki en formul ati on, the bl ade-shape desi gn conti nued to
be S-C-S approxi mati ons to a symmetri c troposki en,
but the bl ade-to-tower angl es were adjusted to ac-
count for the bl ade sag.
I n the remai nder of thi s report the defi ni ti on of a
troposki en shal l be expanded to become the shape
TOWER CENTERLINE
SYMMETRIC
TROPOSKIEN
\ \
SYMMETRIC
s-c-s
APPROXIMATION
\
\
\
Figure 2. Symmetri c Troposki en VS,
Approxi mati on
Symmetri c S-C-S
assumed by a fl exi bl e structure of uni form or nonuni -
form densi ty attached at i ts ends to a verti cal axi s
such that when i t i s spun at a constant angul ar vel oc-
i ty about the verti cal axi s, no fl atwi se bendi ng stresses
occur i n the structure. Wi th the i ncl usi on of nonuni -
form densi ti es, the defi ni ti on becomes more general
and al l ows for desi gn condi ti ons where bl ades are
constructed i n mul ti pl e secti ons wi th varyi ng geomet-
ri cal or materi al properti es and heavy joi nt secti ons.
Thi s i s the case for the desi gn of the Sandi a 34-m Test
Bed.* I t shoul d be noted that a troposki en shape for a
parti cul ar bl ade or fl exi bl e structure i s di fferent for
each rate of rotati on when gravi ty i s i ncl uded. When
gravi ty i s excl uded, the troposki en shape i s the same
for any rotati on rate.
*The 34-m Test Bed i s a prototype VAWT bei ng desi gned
and constructed by Sandi a. I t has a rotor di ameter of 110 ft
(34 m) and an H/D rati o of 1.25. Each bl ade has fi ve
secti ons: a strai ght 48-i n. chord secti on at each end of the
bl ade, two 42-i n. chord i ntermedi ate secti ons, and a 36-i n.
chord center secti on. The 48-i n. chord has an NACA 0021
contour and the 36- and 42-i n. chords have an SNLA 0018/
50 contour.4
6
Development of New
Troposkien Program
A recentl y devel oped troposki en shape-determi -
nati on program cal l ed TROP-113 combi nes the previ -
ous devel opments of the programs TROP and
BENDO and i ncl udes addi ti onal features and i m-
provements. I t empl oys the i terati ve techni que devel -
oped by Bl ackwel l and Rei s to determi ne the tropos-
ki en shape and i ncl udes gravi ty, nonuni form bl ade
densi ti es, l umped masses, and the enforcement of a
constant bl ade l ength. I t al so al l ows for the offset due
to tower radi us. These enhancements wi l l enabl e the
desi gner to produce bl ades that wi l l more cl osel y
approxi mate exact troposki ens.
Fi gure 3 i s a schemati c that shows the l oads on a
perfectl y fl exi bl e cabl e rotati ng at a constant angul ar
vel oci ty about a verti cal axi s Z. The di stance from the
Z axi s to a poi nt on the cabl e i s i ndi cated by R. R~.X i s
the maxi mum di stance from the Z axi s to a poi nt on
the cabl e. Thi s poi nt i s cal l ed the equator and al ways
occurs where a tangent to the cabl e i s i n a verti cal
ori entati on. The l oads acti ng al ong the l ength of cabl e
are the centri fugal forces and the gravi tati onal forces.
I
I
I
(0
&
.
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
i
I
I
Figure 3. Loads on a Perfectl y Fl exi bl e Cabl e Rotati ng
About a Verti cal Axi s
Fi gure 4 i s a free-body di agram that shows the
l oads on a secti on of the cabl e when i t i s rotati ng at a
constant angul ar vel oci ty. TOi s the tensi on i n the cabl e
at the equator and acts verti cal l y downward. T i s the
tensi on at an arbi trary poi nt P. I ntermedi ate poi nts
on the cabl e secti on are desi gnated as Pl , Pz, and P~,
and n i s the number of cabl e segments between the
equator E and the poi nt P. Summi ng forces i n the
hori zontal di recti on for thi s cabl e secti on resul ts i n
T si n/3 = C (1)
where C, the centri fugal force, can be formul ated as
f
C= au2Rds. (2)
,,
The quanti ty u i s the mass of the cabl e per uni t l ength,
and S i s the l ength of cabl e between poi nt E, the
equator, and poi nt P i n Fi gure 4.
z
A
u
T
6
/[
P
n
P3
3
c P2
2
PI
1=1
E
I
I
\
G
C = CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
G = GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
To
I
Figure 4. Free-Body Di agram of Secti on of Rotati ng, Fl exi -
bl e Cabl e
Summi ng forces i n the verti cal di recti on resul ts i n
TCOS6=TO+G
(3)
where G, the gravi tati onal force, can be wri tten as
f
G= ugds (4)
!)
Here, g i s the accel erati on due to gravi ty.
Di vi di ng Eq (1) by Eq (3) gi ves
tanf3 =
c
(5)
T,, +G
Hol di ng the mass per uni t l ength constant (thus mak-
i ng the gravi tati onal force per uni t l ength constant)
and substi tuti ng Eqs (2) and (4) i nto Eq (5), one
obtai ns
Jo
tantl =
TO + ags
(6)
Thi s i s the same as Eq (6) i n Reference 1, where i t i s
sol ved after negl ecti ng ugs and gravi ty. For the more
general case of nonconstant mass per uni t l ength (and
thus nonconstant gravi tati onal force per uni t l ength)
substi tuti on of Eqs (2) and (4) i nto Eq (5) yi el ds
\
s
~?
uRds
tan~ = s
/
(7)
To + g uds
o
Thi s equati on can be sol ved by breaki ng i t up i nto a
seri es of i ntegral s as fol l ows:
ano=F2+[F0+gJ:ds) +F0+gr2ds)
+...+ ro+gl:l,uds)]}]}
r ,s. r.s.
. . . + /s ui Ri ds] (8)
(Jo Js, JSn_,
J
where Si i s the l ength of cabl e from poi nt E to poi nt Pi .
R, i s the di stance from the Z axi s to the mi dpoi nt of
cabl e secti on i , and ai i s the mass per uni t l ength of
cabl e secti on i .
The sol uti on to Eq (8) i s accompl i shed wi th the
use of an i terati ve process. I n thi s process the enti re
bl ade i s broken i nto 40 segments. The bl ade l ength i s
computed usi ng i nput parameters such as the rotor
di ameter and the H/D rati o. An i ni ti al val ue for TOand
the equator l ocati on are assumed and 0, i s then deter-
mi ned segment by segment from the equator to each
end of the bl ade. After the fi rst i terati on, the ends of
the bl ade end up at posi ti ons di fferent from the bl ade-
to-tower attachment poi nts because TOand the equa-
tor l ocati on were approxi mated. Dependi ng on the
posi ti on of the bl ade ends, TOand the equator l ocati on
are adjusted on the next i terati on. Thi s i terati ve pro-
cess i s conti nued unti l the bl ade ends are at the proper
attachment poi nts. Thus the troposki en i s defi ned.
Duri ng the i terati ve process the rotor di ameter and
bl ade l ength are hel d constant and sl i ght changes i n
bl ade geometry are accommodated by modi fyi ng the
rotor hei ght and thus the H/D rati o.
The troposki en shape for a cabl e or bl ade of
uni form densi ty has a conti nuousl y changi ng radi us of
curvature. An exampl e of thi s i s shown i n Fi gure 5,
where the radi us of curvature i s pl otted versus bl ade
l ength for a troposki en of 37.5 rpm. A 42-i n. bl ade
secti on i s used so that the troposki en roughl y approxi -
mates a bl ade of the 34-m Test Bed. The hi gh radi us
of curvature at the ends of the bl ade gradual l y di mi n-
i shes towards the equator. When bl ade joi nts are
i ncl uded, the extra masses associ ated wi th the joi nts
cause sudden changes i n the radi i of curvature of the
troposki en at the joi nts. Thi s i s evi denced i n Fi gure 6,
whi ch shows a pl ot of the radi i of curvature al ong a
troposki en at 37.5 rpm correspondi ng to the actual
34-m Test Bed geometry (i ncl udi ng joi nts). The l oca-
ti on of the joi nts i s obvi ous by the sudden changes i n
radi i of curvature whi ch are due to the tendency of the
bl ades to bul ge outward at these posi ti ons. The effects
of rotati on rate on the troposki en shape when gravi ty
i s i ncl uded are apparent i n Fi gure 7. Thi s fi gure shows
troposki en shapes for di fferent rates of rotati on for a
uni form-densi ty bl ade of the Low Cost turbi ne scal e.5
The troposki en shape droops si gni fi cantl y at 5 rpm.
As the rpm i s i ncreased, the troposki en shape sags l ess
and l ess as centri fugal forces offset the gravi tati onal
forces. The effects of gravi ty are al so apparent i n
Fi gure 8. Thi s pl ot, whi ch i s to scal e, compares the
symmetri c troposki en (gravi ty omi tted) wi th the
asymmetri c troposki en (gravi ty i ncl uded) at 37.5 rpm
for the mul ti pl e-densi ty bl ade of the Test Bed. The
seemi ngl y sl i ght di fference between the two shapes i s
i mportant, as wi l l be shown l ater. Desi gni ng a bl ade to
the asymmetri c troposki en can reduce the fl atwi se
mean bendi ng stresses si gni fi cantl y.
U)
7000
I I I I 1 1 I I 1
I
d 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1
0.10 0.20 0.300.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
RATIO OF DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE TO
TOTAL BLADE LENGTH
Fi gLl re5. Radi us of Curvature forthe Troposki en of the
34-m Test Bed wi th a Uni form-Densi ty Bl ade
Figure 7. Effects of Rotati on Rate on Troposki en Shape for
a Uni form-Densi ty Bl ade
t
I I I I I I I I I
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.90 1.00
RATIO OF DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE TO
TOTAL BLADE LENGTH
Figure 6. Radi us of Curvature for the Troposki en of the
34-m Test Bed Wi th Mul ti pl e-Secti oned Bl ade
.
TOWER CENTERLINE _
/
SYMMETRIC
ASYMMETRIC
Figure 8. Symmetri c Troposki en vs. Asymmetri c Tropo-
ski en for the 34-m Test Bed at 37.5 rpm
9
Design of Blade Shapes
Methods Used for Design of
Existing Blade Shapes
The computati on of the troposki en, or i deal ,
shape of a VAWT bl ade for any confi gurati on i s the
fi rst step i n the bl ade shape desi gn process. The
second step i s desi gni ng a bui l dabl e shape that fi ts the
troposki en as cl osel y as possi bl e. Constructi ng a bl ade
bent exactl y to a troposki en wi th i ts constantl y chang-
i ng radi us of curvature woul d be very expensi ve. As
previ ousl y noted, for ei ther a symmetri c or asymmet-
ri c troposki en a good approxi mati on i s an S-C-S
shape. The Sandi a 17-m research machi ne,G whi ch was
desi gned i n 1976, has an S-C-S bl ade shape that
approxi mates a symmetri c troposki en. Fi gure 9 shows
a pl ot of the fl atwi se mean stresses al ong the bl ade at
50.5 rpm for thi s machi ne as predi cted by Sandi as
forced response code FFEVD.T Because the bl ade i s
not shaped exactl y to a 50.5-rpm troposki en and
gravi tati onal effects were not i ncl uded i n desi gni ng
the bl ade shape, fl atwi se bendi ng occurs. The peak
fl atwi se mean stress of 9800 psi occurs at the l ower
root and i s much hi gher than el sewhere al ong the
bl ade. I n the desi gn of the DOE/ALCOA Low Cost
turbi ne around 1980,b i t was determi ned that gravi ty
effects coul d easi l y be taken i nto account by rotati ng
the S-C-S bl ade shape. Thi s was done si mpl y by
modi fyi ng the bl ade-to-tower angl es. For a symmetri c
troposki en approxi mati on, the S-C-S shape attaches
to the tower wi th i denti cal angl es, both top and bot-
tom. I n the case of the Low Cost turbi ne, the sag due
to gravi ty was taken i nto account by determi ni ng the
best fi t S-C-S symmetri c troposki en and then decreas-
i ng the angl e at the top and i ncreasi ng the angl e at the
bottom. These angl e changes effecti vel y sagged the
bl ades and approxi mated gravi ty effects. The angl es
were chosen i n a tri al -and-error manner by determi n-
i ng the stresses for a seri es of bl ade confi gurati ons
that di ffered onl y i n the bl ade-to-tower angl es. The
angl es that resul ted i n the l owest mean bendi ng
stresses were i ncorporated i nto the bl ade desi gn.
FFEVD predi cts a fl atwi se mean stress di stri buti on
for the Low Cost turbi ne at 48 rpm, as shown i n Fi gure
10. Bendi ng stresses of up to 8000 psi occur, but the
hi gh stresses at the root are not evi dent.
8000
z
& 6000
i-
I I I I i I I I
~ OUTER FIBER
~ INNER FIBER
~ -6000
IL
t Ii
-8000
b
I 1 I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8009001000
DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE, INCHES
Figure 9. Fl atwi se Mean Stresses for Sandi a 17-m Turbi ne
at 50.5 rpm
I
I I I I I I I I 1 I I I
i i
-6000
OUTER FIBER
~ INNER FIBER
I I I I I I I I I I I I
o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE, INCHES
Figure 10. Fl atwi se Mean Stresses for the DOE/ALCOA
Low Cost Turbi ne at 48 rpm
10
Ne!w Blade-Shape Design
Methodology
A bl ade-shape desi gn software package, TROP-
FI T~ has been devel oped that i ncorporates the previ -
ousl y di scussed program TROP-11. Thi s package al -
l ows the user to determi ne the troposki en shape for a
parti cul ar bl ade and then devel op a bui l dabl e approx-
i mati on to thi s shape. TROPFI T contai ns several
opti ons that can be used i n the troposki en approxi ma-
ti on. One can sti l l use the S-C-S approxi mati on or
i ncorporate any or al l of the fol l owi ng opti ons.
I }Mul ti pl e radi i of curvature al ong the bl ade
Strai ght joi nt secti ons anywhere al ong the bl ade
(t Sl ope di sconti nui ti es or ki nks at the joi nts.
The moti vati on for i ncl udi ng mul ti pl e radi i of
curvature and sl ope di sconti nui ti es i n the desi gn
package resul ted from the bl ade desi gn of the 34-m
Test Bed, where these approxi mati ng techni ques were
used. Fi gure 11 i s a pl ot of the bl ade shape geometry
for the Test Bed. Because the desi gn cal l ed for fi ve
separate bl ade secti ons, use of mul ti pl e radi i of curva-
ture coul d easi l y be i mpl emented. As shown i n Fi g-
ure 6,,joi nts, because of thei r extra mass, cause sudden
changes i n the radi us of curvature of the troposki en.
These sudden changes can best be model ed by usi ng
sl ope di sconti nui ti es i n the bl ade shape at the joi nts
themsel ves. The ki nks i mprove the troposki en ap-
proxi mati on and substanti al l y reduce the fl atwi se
bendi ng stresses when compared to an S-C-S approxi -
mati on,
A si mpl i fi ed fl owchart for TROPFI T i s shown i n
Fi gure 12. The troposki en i s fi rst cal cul ated by sub-
routi ne TROP-11 and stored as a seri es of coordi nates.
Subrouti ne MSCFI T then takes these coordi nates
and, based on a three-poi nt curve fi t, computes the
radi us of curvature that best approxi mates each sec-
ti on of the troposki en. Strai ght secti ons are used for
the secti ons nearest the tower, both top and bottom.
Thi s causes sl ope di sconti nui ti es at the joi nts, and
MSCFI T determi nes the ki nk angl es requi red for the
geometry and stores thi s i ni ti al approxi mati on. I n
TRAI CKI T, the user i nteracts to adjust the radi i of
curvature, ki nk angl es, or secti on l engths to obtai n a
bui l dabl e geometry. TRACKI T then determi nes the
new coordi nates and stores these. Fi nal l y, the user-
desi gned bl ade shape i s used as a model i n FFEVD,
and a forced response cal cul ati on i s carri ed out.
The resul ti ng centri fugal and gravi tati onal bendi ng
stresses are compared to other desi gns i n order to
determi ne the best desi gn.
13 6
, 10wER CENTERLINE
?&55
(
IACA
)02 1-48
33.56 /
11.64 m
SANDIA 00 i 8150-42
7
= 239.7S
7.52
Y
30.00
1180.00R
/
+
SANOIA 001 S150-36
I
675.00 58.65
ARC LENGTH
/
\
1 lS0.00R
SAM)IA
00181 S0-42
\
57.000
IACA
021-48
/
/
/
>
36.56
Figure 11. Bl ade Shape Geometry for 34-m Test Bed
Fi gures 13 through 17 are pl ots from FFEVD of
predi cted fl atwi se mean stresses al ong the bl ade
l engths for the 34-m Test Bed at 40 rpm. The mean
stresses for the troposki en i tsel f are shown i n Fi g-
ure 13. Here, the i nner and outer surfaces of the bl ade
have the same stress di stri buti on, whi ch i ndi cates
that the bl ade has no fl atwi se bendi ng. These mean
stresses are the l owest obtai nabl e for thi s bl ade. Fi g-
ure 14 shows the fl atwi se mean stresses for the best
S-C-S approxi mati on. The top and bottom bl ade at-
tachment angl es were opti mi zed to obtai n 52 and
54, respecti vel y, resul ti ng i n stresses of up to 8700
psi , 7000 psi of whi ch i s due to bendi ng as the bl ade
shape tri es to form i tsel f to the troposki en.
Duri ng the bl ade desi gn process for the Test Bed
the radi us of curvature and ki nk angl es were modi fi ed
wi th the hel p. of TROPFI T to mi ni mi ze the mean
---
11
bendi ng stresses. Fi gures 15 and 16 are the fl atwi se
mean stress pl ots from i ntermedi ate bl ade shape de-
si gns for the 34-m Test Bed. I n proceedi ng from the S-
C-S approxi mati on to the fi rst i ntermedi ate desi gn,
mul ti pl e radi i of curvature were i ncorporated. As seen
i n Fi gure 15, radi i of curvature of 1100 i n. for the
i ntermedi ate secti ons of the bl ade and 660 i n. for the
center secti on were chosen. Thi s desi gn change re-
duced the peak bendi ng stress from 8700 psi to 6700
psi .
For the second i ntermedi ate desi gn, as shown i n
Fi gure 16, the peak mean bendi ng stress was l owered
to 5200 psi by usi ng radi i of curvature of 1300 and 660
i n. and addi ng ki nks at the joi nts of 3 to 4.
The fi nal bl ade desi gn resul ted i n the pl ot of
Fi gure 17. Wi th radi i of curvature of 1180 and 675 i n.
and ki nk angl es of 6.5 to 7.5, the peak mean bendi ng
stress was further reduced to 4300 psi . Thus, the
maxi mum stress at 40 rpm i s down from a peak of 8700
psi i n the best S-C-S approxi mati on (Fi gure 14) to
43OOpsi i n the fi nal bl ade desi gn (Fi gure 17). These
stresses of the fi nal desi gn represent a si gni fi cant
decl i ne i n the typi cal fl atwi se mean bendi ng stresses
of Darri eus VAWTS and may i ncrease the fati gue l i fe
of the bl ade by a factor of 2 to 4.
PROGRAM TROPFIT
+
BLADE DEFINITION-
SECTION PROPERTIES AND SECTION LENGTHS
\
DETERMINE
TROPOSKIEN
DETERMINE
USER INTERACTS TO
STORE CHOOSE NICE VALUE
COORDINATES
TROPOSKIEN FOR RADIUS OF CURVATURE
AND KINK ANGLES
STORE
COORDINATES
DETERMINE
CLOSED FORM
GEOMETRY
.
d
STORE
COORDINATES
Figure 12. Fl owchart for TROPFI T
12
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000
-4000
-6000
I I I I I I I I I 1 I
1
A A A OUTER FIBER
INNER FIBER
1
I I 1 1 1 I 1 I I I I
o 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE, INCHES
Figuro 13. Fl atwi se Mean Stresses for Troposki en Bl ade
Shape of 34-m Test Bed
8000
6000
U. 1
4000
2000
0
-2000
I I I I I I I r 1 I I
~ OUTER FIBER
~ INNER FIBER
g
~
-4000
t
ROC INTERMEDIATE
SECTION =11 00 INCHES i
z
-6000
t
ROC CENTER SECTION= 660 INCHES
~ NO KINKS AT JOINTS -1
L
1-
ROC = RADIUS OF C1.RVAIWE
-s000
IMIIIIU III
o 400 600 1200 1600 2000 2400
DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE, INCHES
Figure 15. Fl atwi se Mean Stresses for Fi rst I ntermedi ate
Bl ade Shape for 34-m Test Bed
u
-1
u.
I
1 I I I 1 1 I I I I I
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000
-4000
-6000 I
t
~ OUTER FISER
-6000 ~ INNER FISER
i
1 I I I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 t I
o 400 600 1200 1600 2000 2400
DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE, INCHES
Figure 14. Fl atwi se Mean Stresses for S-C-S Bl ade ShaDe
.
of 34-m Test Bed
Sooo
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000
-4000
-6000
I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I 1
_ OUTER FISER
~ INNER FIBER
1
ROC INTERMEDIATE SECTION= 1300 INCHES
ROC CENTER SECTION= 660 INCHES I
KINK ANGLES ==3 -4
1 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 400 600 1200 1600 2000 2400
DISTANCE FROM TOP OF BLADE, INCHES
Figure 16. Fl atwi se Mean Stresses for Second I ntermedi ate
Bl ade Shape for 34-m Test Bed
13
.. . . ..
8000
z
a 6000
a-
$ 4000
s
(n
2000
z
<
0
* -2000
ul
g
3
-4000
1-
a
4
-6000
IA
-8000
1 1 I I 1 1 ! I I I I
I
~ OUTER FIBER
~ INNER FIBER i
1
ROC INTERMEDIATE SECTION = 11 BO INCHES
ROC CENTER SECTION = 675 INCHES
KINK ANGLES =6.5 -7.5
1
I I 1 I I I I I I I I I
o 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
DISTANCE FROM TOPOF BLADE, INCHES
Figure 17. Fl atwi se Mean Stresses for Fi nal Bl ade Shape of
34-m Test Bed
Summary
A program cal l ed TROP-I I hasbeen devel opedto
determi ne the troposki en shape for a bl ade of any
confi gurati on at any rotati on rate. Thi s program has
been i ncorporated i nto a bl ade-shape-desi gn package
cal l ed TROPFI T, whi ch al l ows user i nteracti on to
devel op abui l dabl e bl adeshapethat cl osel yapprox-
i mates an establ i shed troposki en. Wi th the use of
these programs, one can si gni fi cantl y reduce mean
bendi ng stresses i n the bl ade and thus i ncrease fati gue
l i fe. The practi cal i ty of the methodol ogy was veri fi ed
by appl yi ng i t to the 34-m Test Bed.
References
B. F. Bl ackwel l and G. E. Rei s, Blade Shape / or a
Troposkien Type of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine, SLA-74-
0154 (Al buquerque, NM: Sandi a Nati onal Laboratori es,
Apri l 1974).
B. F. Bl ackwel l , R. E. Shel dahl , and L. V. Fel tz, Wind
Tunnel Performance for the Darrieus Wind Turbine with
NACA 0012 Blades, SAND76-0130 (Al buquerque, NM:
Sandi a Nati onal Laboratori es, March 1977).
3T. D. Ashwi l l and T. M. Leonard, DMG-A Darri eus
VAWT Fi ni te El ement Mesh Generator and Rotor Desi gn
Package; SAND86-1854 (Al buquerque, NM: Sandi a Na-
ti onal Laboratori es, I n Preparati on).
D. E. Berg and T. D. Ashwi l l , An Update on the
Structural Desi gn of the Sandi a 34-m Verti cal Axi s Wi nd
Turbi ne, Proceedi ngs (SED-VO1. 2), Fi fth ASME Wi nd
Energy Symposi um, February 1986.
5AI COA Laboratori es, Desi gn and Fabri cati on of a
Low-Cost Darri eus Verti cal Axi s Wi nd Turbi ne System,
Phase I - Techni cal Report, ALO-4272 (Al buquerque, NM:
Sandi a Nati onal Laboratori es, March 1980).
M. H. Worstel l , Aerodynamic Performance of the 17
meter Diameter Darrieus Wind Turbine, SAND78-1737
(Al buquerque, NM: Sandi a Nati onal Laboratori es, Septem-
ber 1978).
7D. W. Lobi tz, Forced Vi brati on Anal ysi s of Rotati ng
Structures wi th Appl i cati on to Verti cal Axi s Wi nd Tur-
bi nes, i n Vol I I I of Proceedings of Fifth Biennial Wind
Energy Conference and Workshop, October 1981,
SERI /CP-635-1340 (Gol den, CO: Sol ar Research I nsti tute).
.
14
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15
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.. . ..
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Attn: Dr. R. N. Cl ark
Bushl and, TX 79012
Utah Power and Li ght Co.
Attn: K. R. Rasmussen
51 East Mai n Street
PO Box 277
Ameri can Fork, UT 84003
W. A. Vachon
W. A. Vachon & Associ ates
PO Box 149
Manchester, MA 01944
VAWTPOWER, I nc.
Attn: P. N. Vosburgh
134 Ri o Rancho Dri ve
Ri o Rancho, NM 87124
Washi ngton State Uni versi ty
Dept. of El ectri cal Engi neeri ng
Attn: F. K. Bechtel
Pul l man, WA 99163
West Texas State Uni versi ty
Government Deposi tory Li brary
Number 613
Canyon, TX 79015
West Texas State Uni versi ty
Department of Physi cs
Attn: V. Nel son
PO BOX 248
Canyon, TX 79016
West Vi rgi ni a Uni versi ty
Dept. of Aero Engi neeri ng
Attn: R. Wal ters
1062 Kountz Avenue
Morgantown, WV 26505
D. Westl i nd
Central Li ncol n Peopl es Uti l i ty Di stri ct
2129 North Coast Hi ghway
Newport, OR 97365-1795
Wi chi ta State Uni versi ty (2)
Aero Engi neeri ng Department
Attn: M. Snyder
W. Wentz
Wi chi ta, KS 67208
20
DI STRI BUTI ON (Conti nued):
Wi nd Power Di gest
Attn: Mi chael Evans
PO Box 700
Bascom, OH 44809
Wi sconsi n Di vi si on of State Energy
Attn: Wi nd Program Manager
8th Fl oor
101 South Webster Street
Madl i son, WI 53702
1520
1521!
1523
1524:
1524:
160C1
1612!
1612
163C1
1636
2525
2542
316CI
3162
600C1
620Cl
622CI
6225,
6225I
6225I
6225,
6225,
62251
6225,
6225
6225
6225,
6225I
6225I
7111
7544
7544
8024.
3141
3151
3154-1
D. J. McCl oskey
R. C. Reuter, Jr.
J. H. Bi ffl e
A. K. Mi l l er
D. W. Lobi tz
R. G. Cl em
R. H. Braasch
T. M. Leonard
R. C. Maydew
G. F. I -I omi cz
R. P. Cl ark
W. N. Sul l i van
J. E. Mi tchel l (15)
P. S. Wi l son
E. H. Beckner
V. L. Dugan
D. G. Schuel er
H. M. Dodd (50)
T. D. Ashwi l l
D. E. Berg
L. R. Gal l o
P. C. Kl i mas
D. S. Oscar
M. E. Ral ph
D. C. Reda
M. A. Rumsey
W. A. Stephenson
H. J. Sutherl and
M. H. Worstel l
J. W. Reed
T. G. Carri e
J. Lauffer
P. W. Dean
C. M. Ostrander (5)
W. L. Garner (3)
C. H. Dal i n (28)
For DOE/OSTI (Unl i mi ted Rel ease)
21
. ..