Introduction To Finite Element Method: Georges Cailletaud & Saber El Arem

Introduction Examples Bibliography on nite element Discrete versus continuous Element Global problem
Introduction to Finite Element Method

Georges CAILLETAUD & Saber EL AREM
Centre des Materiaux, MINES ParisTech, UMR CNRS 7633
WEMESURF course, Paris 21-25 juin
1/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
3 Bibliography on nite element
4 Discrete versus continuous
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
2/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Introduction 3/79
Numerical methods for PDE solving
Many physical phenomena in engineering and
science can be described in terms of partial
dierential equations (PDE) .
In general, solving these equations by classical
analytical methods for arbitrary shapes is almost
impossible.
The nite element method (FEM) is a numerical
approach by which these PDE can be solved
approximately.
The FEM is a function/basis-based approach to
solve PDE.
FE are widely used in diverse elds to solve static
and dynamic problems Solid or uid mechanics,
electromagnetics, biomechanics, etc.
Introduction 4/79
Google search results for FEM
Introduction 5/79
Google search results for FE+course
Introduction 6/79
FE problem solving steps
Two key words: Discretization & Interpolation
1
Denition of the physical problem: development of
the model.
2
Formulation of the governing equations.
Systems of PDE, ODE, algebraic equations,
dene initial conditions and/or boundary conditions to get a
well-posed problem.
3
Discretization of the equations.
4
Solution of the discrete system of equations.
5
Interpretation of the obtained results.
6
Errors analysis.
Introduction 7/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Examples 8/79
AUTOMOBILE
Abaqus et lautomobile
* Engine durability * Transmission performance * Seal integrity * Component design *
Powertrain bending * Noise & vibration * Gasket analysis * Thermal cycling * Sheet metal
forming * Forging analysis * Mechanisms analysis * Assembly (bolt loading)
(daprès http://www.abaqus.com)
Examples 9/79
AERONAUTICS
Crash-test, Boeing 737 par la NASA
* Static, dynamic, and coupled acoustic-structural analysis of aircraft frames *
Simulations of large deployable space structures such as solar sails, space radars and
reector antennas * Simulating the performance of various aircraft components, such as
bulkhead under pressurization, wing panel buckling, and crack propagation in the fuselage *
Blade containment evaluations and bird strike simulations * Thermomechanical simulation
of aircraft engines and rocket motors under dierent operating conditions * Verication of
turbine blade designs *Simulation of various aircraft mechanisms such as landing gears, wing
aps, and cargo doors
Examples 10/79
Power generation equipment
Examples 11/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Bibliography on nite element 12/79
Bibliography on nite element
Bathe, K. (1982).
Finite element procedures in engineering analysis.
Prentice Hall, Inc.
Batoz, J. and Dhatt, G. (1991).
Modelisation des structures par elements nis, IIII.
Hermès.
Belytschko, T., Liu, W., and Moran, B. (2000).
Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures.
Besson, J., Cailletaud, G., Chaboche, J.-L., and Forest, S. (2001).
Mecanique nonlineaire des materiaux.
Hermès.
Buchanan, G. (1995).
Finite element analysis.
Schaums outlines.
Ciarlet, P. and Lions, J. (1995).
Handbook of Numerical Analysis : Finite Element Methods (P.1), Numerical Methods for
Solids (P.2).
North Holland.
Criseld, M. (1991).
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures.
Bibliography on nite element 12/79
Wiley.
Dhatt, G. and Touzot, G. (1981).
Une presentation de la methode des elements nis.
Maloine.
Hughes, T. (1987).
The nite element method: Linear static and dynamic nite element analysis.
PrenticeHall Inc.
Kardestuncer, H., editor (1987).
Finite Element Handbook.
Mc Graw Hill.
Mc Neal, R. (1993).
Finite Element: their design and performance.
Marcel Dekker.
Simo, J. and Hughes, T. (1997).
Computational Inelasticity.
Springer Verlag.
Zienkiewicz, O. and Taylor, R. (2000).
The nite element method, Vol. I-III (Vol.1: The Basis, Vol.2: Solid Mechanics, Vol. 3:
Fluid dynamics).
ButterworthHeinemann.
Discrete versus continuous 13/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Continuous DiscreteContinuous
How much rain ?
Geometry discretization
Unknown eld discretization
Use elements
Finite Element Discretization
Replace continuum formulation by a discrete representation for unknowns
and geometry
Unknown eld:
u
e
(M) =
i
N
e
i
(M)q
e
i
Geometry:
x(M) =
i
N
e
i
(M)x(P
i
)
Interpolation functions N
e
i
and shape functions N
e
i
such as:
M,
i
N
e
i
(M) = 1 and N
e
i
(P
j
) =
ij
Isoparametric elements i N
e
i
N
e
i
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Element 19/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Element 20/79
2D-mapping
Subparametric Superparametric Isoparametric
element element element
Geometry
Unknown field
Geometry
Unknown field
Geometry
Unknown field
more eld nodes more geometrical nodes same number of
than geometrical nodes than eld nodes geom and eld nodes
Rigid body displacement not represented for superparametric element that has nonlinear edges !
The location of the node at the middle of the edge is critical for quadratic edges
Element 21/79
Shape function matrix, [N] Deformation matrix, [B]
Field u, T, C
Gradient
, grad(T),. . .
Constitutive equations
, q = kgrad(T)
Conservation div(
) + f = 0, . . .
First step: express the continuous eld and its gradient wrt the
discretized vector
Element 22/79
Deformation matrix [B] (1)
Knowing:
u
e
(M) =
i
N
e
i
(M)q
e
i
Deformation can be obtained from the nodal displacements, for
instance in 2D, small strain:
xx
=
u
x
x
=
N
1
(M)
x
q
e
1x
+
N
2
(M)
x
q
e
2x
+ . . .
yy
=
u
y
y
=
N
1
(M)
y
q
e
1y
+
N
2
(M)
y
q
e
2y
+ . . .
2
xy
=
u
x
y
+
u
y
x
=
N
1
(M)
y
q
e
1x
+
N
2
(M)
x
q
e
1y
+ . . .
Element 23/79
Deformation matrix [B] (2)
Matrix form, 4-node quadrilateral
{u}
e
= [N]
T
{q}
e
=
_
N
1
0 N
2
0 N
3
0 N
4
0
0 N
1
0 N
2
0 N
3
0 N
4
_
_
_
_
_
q
e
1x
q
e
1y
...
q
e
4y
_
_
_
_
{}
e
= [B]
T
{q}
e
=
_
_
N
1,x
0 N
2,x
0 N
3,x
0 N
4,x
0
0 N
1,y
0 N
2,y
0 N
3,y
0 N
4,y
N
1,y
N
1,x
N
2,y
N
2,x
N
3,y
N
3,x
N
4,y
N
4,x
_
_
_
_
_
_
q
e
1x
q
e
1y
...
q
e
4y
_
_
_
_
Shear term taken as = 2
12
Element 24/79
Reference element
x
y
Actual geometry
Physical space (x, y)
1
1
1 1
Reference element
Parent space (, )
_
f (x, y)dxdy =
_
+1
1
_
+1
1
f
(, )Jdd
J is the determinant of the partial derivatives x/. . . matrix
Element 25/79
Remarks on geometrical mapping
The values on an edge depends only on the nodal values on the same
edge (linear interpolation equal to zero on each side for 2-node lines,
parabolic interpolation equal to zero for 3 points for 3-node lines)
Continuity...
The mid node is used to allow non linear geometries
Limits in the admissible mapping for avoiding singularities
Element 26/79
Mapping of a 3-node line
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
x
x
2
=0
x
2
=1/2
x
2
=1
Physical segment: x
1
=-1 x
3
=1 1 x
2
1
Parent segment:
1
=-1
3
=1
2
=0
x = +
1
2
x
2
Element 27/79
Jacobian and inverse jacobian matrix
_
dx
dy
_
=
_
_
_
x
_
_
_
_
d
d
_
= [J]
_
d
d
_
_
d
d
_
=
_
_
_
y
_
_
_
_
dx
dy
_
= [J]
1
_
dx
dy
_
Since (x, y) are known from N
i
(, ) and x
i
,
[J]
1
is computed from the known quantities in [J], using also:
J = Det ([J]) =
x
Element 28/79
Expression of the inverse jacobian matrix
[J]
1
=
1
J
_
_
_
y
_
_
_
For a rectangle [a, b] in the real world, the mapping function is
the same for any point inside the rectangle. The jacobian is a
diagonal matrix, with x/ = a, y/ = b, and the determinant
value is ab
For any other shape, the mapping changes according to the
location in the element
For computing [B], one has to consider N
i
/x and N
i
/y:
N
i
x
=
N
i
x
+
N
i
x
N
i
y
=
N
i
y
+
N
i
y
then
_
N
i
/x
N
i
/y
_
= [J]
1
_
N
i
/
N
i
/
_
Element 29/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Element 30/79
2D solid elements
Type shape interpol # of polynom
of disp nodes terms
C2D3 tri lin 3 1, ,
C2D4 quad lin 4 1, , ,
C2D6 tri quad 6 1, , ,
2
, ,
2
C2D8 quad quad 8 1, , ,
2
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
C2D9 quad quad 9 1, , ,
2
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
2
Element 31/79
3D solid elements
Type shape interpol # of polynom
of disp nodes terms
C3D4 tetra lin 4 1, , ,
C3D6 tri prism lin 6 1, , , , ,
C3D8 hexa lin 8 1, , , , , , ,
C3D10 tetra quad 10 1, , , ,
2
, ,
2
, ,
2
,
C3D15 tri prism quad 15 1, , , , , ,
2
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
2
,
2
,
2
2
C3D20 hexa quad 20 1, , , ,
2
, ,
2
, ,
2
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
C3D27 hexa quad 27
i
k
, (i , j , k) 0, 1, 2
Element 32/79
Isoparametric representation
Example: 2D plane stress elements with n nodes
Element geometry
1 =
n
i =1
N
i
x =
n
i =1
N
i
x
i
y =
n
i =1
N
i
y
i
Displacement interpolation
u
x
=
n
i =1
N
i
u
xi
u
y
=
n
i =1
N
i
u
y
i
Matrix form
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 1 1 ... 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
... x
n
y
1
y
2
y
3
... y
n
u
x1
u
x2
u
x3
... u
xn
u
y1
u
y2
u
y3
... u
yn
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
N
1
N
2
N
3
.
.
N
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Element 33/79
The linear triangle
I
F
E
M
F
e
l
i
p
p
a
Terms in 1, , Element 34/79
The bilinear quad
I
F
E
M
F
e
l
i
p
p
a
Terms in 1, , ,
Element 35/79
The quadratic triangle
I
F
E
M
F
e
l
i
p
p
a
Terms in 1, , ,
2
, ,
2
Element 36/79
The biquadratic quad
I
F
E
M
F
e
l
i
p
p
a
Terms in 1, , ,
2
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
2
Element 37/79
The 8-node quad
I
F
E
M
F
e
l
i
p
p
a
Corner nodes: N
i
=
1
4
(1 +
i
)(1 +
i
)(
i
+
i
1)
Mid nodes,
i
= 0: N
i
=
1
2
(1
2
)(1 +
i
)
Mid nodes,
i
= 0: n
I
=
1
2
(1
2
)(1 +
i
)
Terms in 1, , ,
2
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
Element 38/79
Approximated eld
Polynomial basis
1

2

2
2

2
3
Examples :
C2D4 (1 +
i
)(1 +
i
)
C2D8, corner 0.25(1 +
i
+
i
)(1 +
i
)(1 +
i
)
C2D8 middle 0.25(1.
2
)(1. +
i
)
Element 39/79
The 2-node innite element
Displacement is assumed to be q
1
at node 1 and q
2
= 0 at node 2
x
x
1
x
2
1 2
Interpolation
N
1
=
1
2
N
2
=
1 +
2
Geometry
N
1
such as x = x
1
+
1 +
1
N
2
= 0
=?
Resulting displacement interpolation
u(x) =??
Element 40/79
1
at node 1 and q
2
= 0 at node 2
x
x
1
x
2
1 2
Interpolation
N
1
=
1
2
N
2
=
1 +
2
Geometry
N
1
such as x = x
1
+
1 +
1
N
2
= 0
=
x x
1

x x
1
+
u(x) =?
Element 41/79
1
at node 1 and q
2
= 0 at node 2
x
x
1
x
2
1 2
Interpolation
N
1
=
1
2
N
2
=
1 +
2
Geometry
N
1
such as x = x
1
+
1 +
1
N
2
= 0
=
x x
1

x x
1
+
u(x) = N
1
(x) q
1
= N
1
((x)) q
1
=
q
1
x x
1
+
Element 42/79
Connecting element
1 2 3
7 6 5
4
lin.
quad.
Connection between
a linear and a
quadratic quad
Quadratic interpolation with node number 8 in the middle of 17:
u(M) = N
1
q
1
+ N
8
q
8
+ N
7
q
7
On edge 17, in the linear element, the displacement should verify:
q
8
=?
Overloaded shape function in nodes 1 and 7 after suppressing node
8:
u(M) =??
Element 43/79
Connecting element
1 2 3
7 6 5
4
lin.
quad.
Connection between
a linear and a
quadratic quad
u(M) = N
1
q
1
+ N
8
q
8
+ N
7
q
7
q
8
= (q
1
+ q
7
)/2
8:
u(M) =??
Element 44/79
Connecting element
1 2 3
7 6 5
4
lin.
quad.
Connection between
a linear and a
quadratic quad
u(M) = N
1
q
1
+ N
8
q
8
+ N
7
q
7
q
8
= (q
1
+ q
7
)/2
8:
u(M) =
_
N
1
+
N
8
2
_
q
1
+
_
N
7
+
N
8
2
_
q
7
Element 45/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Global problem 46/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Thermal conduction
Strong form:
GIVEN r : R, a volumetric ux,
d
:
f
R, a surface ux,
T
d
:
u
R, a prescribed temperature,
FIND T : R, the temperature, such as:
in
i ,i
= r
on
u
T = T
d
on
F

i
n
i
=
d
Constitutive equation (Fourier, ux (W/m
2
) proportional to the
temperature gradient)
i
=
ij
T,
j
conductivity matrix: [] (W/m.K)
Thermal conduction (2)
Weak form:
S, trial solution space, such as T = T
d
on
u
V, variation space, such as T = 0 on
u
GIVEN r : R, a volumetric ux,
d
:
f
R, a surface ux,
T
d
:
u
R, a prescribed temperature,
FIND T S such as T V
i
T,
i
d =
_
Trd +
_
F
T
d
d
For any temperature variation compatible with prescribed temperature
eld around a state which respects equilibrium, the internal power
variation is equal to the external power variation: T,
i

i
is in W/m
3
T is present in
i
=
ij
T,
j
Elastostatic
Strong form:
volume with prescribed volume forces f
d
:
ij ,j
+ f
i
= 0
surface
F
with prescribed forces F
d
: F
d
i
=
ij
n
j
surface
u
with prescribed displacements u
d
: u
i
= u
d
i
Constitutive equation:
ij
=
ijkl
kl
=
ijkl
u
k,l
So that:
ijkl
u
k,lj
+ f
i
= 0
Principle of virtual power
Weak form:
volume V with prescribed volume forces : f
d
surface
F
with prescribed forces : F
d
surface
u
with prescribed displacements : u
d
Virtual displacement rate u kinematically admissible ( u = u
d
on
u
)
The variation u is such as: u = 0 on
u
. Galerkin form writes, u:
_
d =
_
f
d
ud +
_
F
F
d
udS
Discrete form of virtual power
Application of Galerkin approach for continuum mechanics:
virtual displacement rate u w
h
;
u
h
,
x
{ u
e
}, nodal displacements allow us to compute u and
:
u = [N]{ u
e
} ;
= [B]{ u
e
}
Galerkin form writes, { u
e
}:
elt
__
{({u
e
}).[B].{ u
e
} d
_
=
elt
(
_
f
d
.[N].{ u
e
} d
+
_
F
F
d
.[N].{ u
e
} dS)
Internal and external forces
In each element e:
Internal forces:
{F
e
int
} =
_
{({u
e
}).[B] d =
_
[B]
T
{({u
e
}) d
External forces:
{F
e
ext
} =
_
f
d
.[N]d +
_
F
F
d
.[N]dS
The solution of the problem: {F
e
int
({u
e
})} = {F
e
ext
} with Newton
iterative algorithm will use the jacobian matrix :
[K
e
] =
{F
e
int
}
{u
e
}
=
_
[B]
T
.
{}
{}
.
{}
{u
e
}
d
=
_
[B]
T
.
{}
{}
.[B] d
Linear and non linear behavior
Applying the principle of virtual power Stationnary point of
Potential Energy
For elastic behavior
[K
e
] =
_
[B]
T
.[
] .[B] d
is symmetric, positive denite (true since
and
are conjugated)
For non linear behavior, one has to examine [L
c
] =
_
{}
{}
_
. Note
that [L
c
] can be approached (quasi-Newton).
{F
e
ext
} may depend on {u
e
} (large displacements).
Elastostatic, strong and weak form, a
summary
Displacements
u
Body forces
f
Strains Stresses

BCu
BCs
Kinematics
Constitutive
equations
Equilibrium
STRONG
BCu: u = u
d
on
u
Kinematics: = [B] u in
=
Equilibrium: [B] + f = 0
BCs: n = F on
F
WEAK
BCu: u
h
= u
d
on
u
Kinematics: = [B] u
h
in
=
Equilibrium: = 0
BCs: = 0
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Matrixvectors formulation of the weak form
of the problem
[K] {q} = {F}
Thermal conduction:
[K] =
_
[B]
T
[] [B] d {F} =
_
[N] rd +
_
[N]
d
d
Elasticity:
[K] =
_
[B]
T
[] [B] d {F} =
_
[N] f
d
d +
_
[N] F
d
d
In each element e:
Internal forces:
{F
e
int
} =
_
{({u
e
}).[B] d =
_
[B]
T
{({u
e
}) d
External forces:
{F
e
ext
} =
_
f
d
.[N]d +
_
F
F
d
.[N]dS
The stiness matrix
Example of a 4-node quad and of a 20-node hexahedron ()
[B]
T
[D] [B] [K]
=
3 (6) 3 (6) 8 (60) 8 (60)
8 3 3 8
(60) (6) (6) (60)
The element stiness matrix is a square matrix, symmetric, with no zero
inside.
Its size is equal to the number of dof of the element.
Nodal forces (1)
{F
e
ext
} =
_
F
[N]
T
F
d
dS
F
n
1
5
7
F
t
8
4
2
3
6
1
1
1 1
F
x
ds = F
t
dx F
n
dy
F
y
ds = F
n
dx + F
t
dy
with
_
dx
dy
_
= [J]
_
d
d
_
Nodal forces (2)
Integration on edge 57: dx =
x
d dy =
y
d
Components 9, 10, for the nodes 5; 11, 12 for nodes 6; 13, 14 for nodes 7
F
e
ext
(2i 1) = e
_
1
1
N
i
_
F
t
x
F
n
y
_
d
F
e
ext
(2i ) = e
_
1
1
N
i
_
F
n
x
+ F
t
y
_
d
Example, for a pressure F
n
= p, and no shear (F
t
= 0) on the 57 edge
of a 8-node rectangle
a x a y = b represented by 1 1 = 1
x
= a
y
= 0
N
5
= (1 + )/2 N
6
= 1
2
N
7
= (1 )/2
Nodal forces (3)
7 6
5
7 6
5
(1)
(4)
(1)
F
10
= F
5y
= e
_
1
1
1
2
(1 + )pad =
ap
3
F
12
= F
6y
= e
_
1
1
(1
2
)pad =
4ap
3
The nodal forces at the middle node are 4 times the nodal forces at
corner nodes for an uniform pressure (distribution 12121... after
adding the contribution of each element)
Nodal forces (4)
Axisymmetric 8-node quad
7 6
5
7 6
5
(2)
(1)
z
Face of a 20-node hexahedron
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Nodal forces (5)
who knows ?
(3)
(3)
(3)
Assembling the global matrix
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
Local versus global numbering
0
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
@
F
1
= F
A
1
F
2
= F
A
2
+F
B
1
F
3
= +F
B
2
F
4
= F
A
3
+F
B
4
+F
C
1
F
5
= +F
B
3
+F
C
2
F
6
= +F
C
4
F
7
= +F
C
3
1
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
0
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
@
q
1
= q
A
1
q
2
= q
A
2
= q
B
1
q
3
= = q
B
2
q
4
= q
A
3
= q
B
4
= q
C
1
q
5
= = q
B
3
= q
C
2
q
6
= = q
C
4
q
7
= = q
C
3
1
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
11
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
21
11 12
22
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
21
11 12 13
22 23
32
31
33
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
21
11 12 13
11
22 23
32
31
33
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
21
11 12 13
11
22 23
32
31
33
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
21
11 12 13
11
22
12
23
22 21
32
31
33
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
33
21
11 12 13
11
22
12
23
13
23
22 21
32
31
31 32
33
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
44
33
11
33
43
34
21
11 12 13
11
22
12
14
23
13
23
24 22 21
41
32
31
31 32
42
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
44
33
11
33
22
12
21
43
34
21
11 12 13
11
22
12
14
23
13
23
24 22 21
41
32
31
31 32
42
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
44
33
11
33
22
12
21
43
34
23
13
31
21
11 12 13
11
22
12
14
23
13
23
24 22 21
41
32
31
31 32
42
32 33
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
44
33
11
33
22
12
21
43
34
23
13
31
21
11 12 13
11
22
12
14
23
13
23
24 22 21
41
32
31
31 32
42 14
43
44
42
41
34 32 33
24
1
2 3
4 5
7
1
6
A
B
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
C
2
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Global algorithm
For each loading increment, do while {R}
iter
> EPSI :
iter = 0; iter < ITERMAX; iter + +
1
Update displacements: {u}
iter +1
= {u}
iter
+ {u}
iter
2
Compute {} = [B].{u}
iter +1
then
for each Gauss point

3
Integrate the constitutive equation:
,
I
,

4
Compute int and ext forces: {F
int
({u}
t
+ {u}
iter +1
)} , {F
e
}
5
Compute the residual force: {R}
iter +1
= {F
int
} {F
e
}
6
New displacement increment: {u}
iter +1
= [K]
1
.{R}
iter +1
Convergence
Value of the residual forces < R
, e.g.
||{R}||
n
=
_
i
R
n
i
_
1/n
; ||{R}||
= max
i
|R
i
|
Relative values:
||{R}
i
{R}
e
||
||{R}
e
||
<
Displacements
{U}
k+1
{U}
k
n
< U
Energy
_
{U}
k+1
{U}
k
T
. {R}
k
< W

Bathe, K. (1982).
Finite element procedures in engineering analysis.
Prentice Hall, Inc.
Batoz, J. and Dhatt, G. (1991).
Modelisation des structures par elements nis, IIII.
Hermès.
Belytschko, T., Liu, W., and Moran, B. (2000).
Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures.
Besson, J., Cailletaud, G., Chaboche, J.-L., and Forest, S. (2001).
Mecanique nonlineaire des materiaux.
Hermès.
Buchanan, G. (1995).
Finite element analysis.
Schaums outlines.
Ciarlet, P. and Lions, J. (1995).
Handbook of Numerical Analysis : Finite Element Methods (P.1),
Numerical Methods for Solids (P.2).
North Holland.
Criseld, M. (1991).
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures.
Wiley.
Dhatt, G. and Touzot, G. (1981).
Une presentation de la methode des elements nis.
Maloine.
Hughes, T. (1987).
The nite element method: Linear static and dynamic nite element
analysis.
PrenticeHall Inc.
Kardestuncer, H., editor (1987).
Finite Element Handbook.
Mc Graw Hill.
Mc Neal, R. (1993).
Finite Element: their design and performance.
Marcel Dekker.
Simo, J. and Hughes, T. (1997).
Computational Inelasticity.
Springer Verlag.
Zienkiewicz, O. and Taylor, R. (2000).
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Mechanics, Vol. 3: Fluid dynamics).
ButterworthHeinemann.

Introduction To Finite Element Method: Georges Cailletaud & Saber El Arem

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Introduction Examples Bibliography on nite element Discrete versus continuous Element Global problem

Introduction to Finite Element Method

for each Gauss point

Global problem 79/79

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