Tom Tat Lenh Ubuntu

Ver 2.
0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]

Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 1

CH : UBUNTU SERVER
Tm tt l thuyt cc lnh qun tr h thng v mng
----//----
MC LC
I. Cc lnh shell c bn............................................................................................... 5
1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin, ngi dng,
mt khu...................................................................................................................... 5
a. Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux. ...................................................... 5
b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc. ................................................................ 7
c. C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc. ..................................................... 8
d. C ch qun l ngi dng v nhm. .............................................................. 9
e. C ch lu tr v qun l mt khu. .............................................................. 10
2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi phn mm cho h thng. ....................... 11
a. Cc lnh xem thng tin v qun l cc tin trnh (process) ang chy trn h
thng. ..................................................................................................................... 11
b. Ci t, g b v cp nht gi. ....................................................................... 12
c. Xem thng tin v phn cng, ghi nhn cc s kin trn h thng. ................ 13
d. Xem thng tin v dung lng a, dung lng th mc, ........................ 14
e. C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh. ......................................................... 15
II. Cu hnh cc thit t ban u cho card mng v h thng mng trn client. ...... 16
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]


1. Xem thng tin cu hnh hin ti ca card mng. ............................................... 16
2. Cu hnh IP tnh v ng cho card mng. .......................................................... 17
3. Cu hnh nh tuyn (routing). ........................................................................... 18
4. Gim st v qun l bng thng mng. .............................................................. 19
5. Cu hnh DNS trn client. .................................................................................. 21



GHI NH 1



GHI NH 2



I. Cc lnh shell c bn.
1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin,
ngi dng, mt khu.
C rt nhiu l do chng ta tm hiu v c ch dng lnh trong Linux nh
tng tc mt cch trc tip voi h thng, qun l cc ngun ti nguyn, g li trong
khi pht trin phn mm hoc trin khai h thng mng Ubuntu cung nh cc h
iu hnh da trn nhn Linux khc cung cp mt tp hp v cng a dng cc lnh
tu n gin n phc tp p ng nhu cu tu ngi dng thng thng n nhng
chuyn gia v h thng.
a. Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux.
Khng ging nh trong Windows, cy th mc trong Ubuntu bt u tu mt
im gc duy nht goi l th mc root, cc phn vng a cng c gn kt vo
mt th mc nhnh trn cy th mc ny mt cch t ng hoc th cng.
H thng tp tin trong Linux c phn bit ch hoa v ch thng, do cn
ch khi t tn th mc, g lnh hoc truy cp vo th mc web trn server Linux.
Ch : Trong Linux, tt c mi ngun ti nguyn, ngoi tr cc tin trnh
u c xem l tp tin. V d nh a, chut, bn phm Tu ta c cc loi tp
tin khc nhau: tp thun vn bn, tp tin khi (i din cho cc thit b lu tr, truy
xut theo block), tp tin thc thi Pht biu ny khng loi tru th mc, vn cung
l mt loi tp tin cha tn v a chi truy xut n cc tp tin bn trong n. Cc loi
tp tin khc nhau c vit tt nh bng k hiu sau:
File thng
thng
Th mc Lin kt Thit b
nhp k t
Socket mng Thit b lu
tr
- d l c s b



/: Th mc gc, cha tt c cac th mc khac.
/home: Th mc 'nha la ni cha tt c cac thng tin, tai liu ca tung ngi
dung, mi ngi dung (ngoi tru ngi dng root-l ngi dng c quyn qun tr ti
cao) s co mt th mc con ring nm trong th mc /home nay.
/dev: Cha cac ng dn thit b phn cng nh cc a, phn vng, thit b
nhp xut...
/etc: Cha cac Iile cu hinh cho h thng va cac dch v.
/etc/init.d: Cac script cn thit cho qua trinh khoi ng h iu hanh Linux.


/usr/bin: Cha cc file thc thi thng thng.
/usr/sbin: Cha cc file thc thi dnh cho qun tr h thng.
/usr/share/doc: Cc loi ti liu khc nhau.
/usr/share/man: Hong dn s dng cho cc lnh.
/usr/src: Cha m ngun cho cc ng dng trong h thng (nu c)
/usr/src/linux: Cha m ngun cho nhn (kernel) ca Linux
/bin: Cha cc file thc thi troc v khi khoi ng.
/tmp, /var/tmp: Cha cc file tm.
/var: Cha cc file cu hnh v d liu ca cc dch v.
/var/log: Cc file log ghi nhn li cc s kin v li trn h thng.
/lib: Th vin lin kt ng (th vin chia se).
/proc: Cha cc thng tin v cc vng b nho phc v cho cc tin trnh ang
thc thi.
b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc.
- To th mc:
mkdir Tnthmccnto
- Xa th mc:
rmdir Tnthmccnxa
- Di chuyn, i tn th mc hoc file:
mv Ngun ch
- Sao chp file hay th mc:
cp Ngun ch
- To file text:


cat > Tnfilecnto
Sau g ni dung ca file vo, n Ctrl+D kt thc.
- Xem ni dung file text:
cat Tnfilecnxem
- Xa file:
rm Tnfilecnxa
- Lit k danh sch file v th mc:
ls Tnthmc
Dng voi tham s l hin th chi tit hn: ls - -- -l ll l Tnthmc
- oc x dng u ca file text:
head n x Tnfilecnc
- oc x dng cui file text:
tail n x Tnfilecnc
c. C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc.
Xt trn bt ky h iu hnh no th vic phn quyn oc ghi file quyt nh
tnh an ton trong thao tc lu tr. Do , quyn hn khi thao tc trn file v th mc
rt c Linux ch trong.
C 3 ch th trong c ch phn quyn: User-dng cp quyn cho ngi
dng so hu file, Group-cp quyn cho nhm so hu file, Other-cp quyn cho
nhng ngi cn li.
Mi ch th s c 3 quyn hn khc nhau l: Read (r: quyn oc), Write (w:
quyn ghi) v Execute (x: Quyn thc thi file).
Quy oc v quyn hn: Read=4, Write=2, Execute=1. Quyn hn tng hp cho
mt i tng (User, Group hay Other) c tnh l tng ca 3 s trn. Nh vy c
th thy Linux biu din quyn hn bng mt con s nguyn 3 bits.


Vi d: 755 co y ngha la: User: 7=4+2+1(Read, Write, Execute), Group: 5=4+1
(Read+Execute), Other: 5=4+1 (Read+Execute).

- Lnh dung thay i quyn hn p dng cho Iile hay th mc:
chmod xyz TnF!"#n#$%&'n
Voi x: Quyn cho User, y: Quyn cho Group, z: Quyn cho Other
Vi d: chmod 755 /home/john/mydata.txt
d. C )* +&n !, n- ./n- 01 n*23.
Mi ngi dung s co th thuc v mt hay nhiu nhom, trong o co mt nhom
chinh (Initial Group).
Ngi dung co quyn hn ti cao trong h thng la ngi dung root, tng t
ta co nhom root. Trong ch dng lnh ta c th bit c ngi dng hin ti c
phi l root hay khng bng cch quan st du nhc lnh: Du nh4c l $: ngi dng
thng thng; du nh4c l #: ngi dng l root.
Nhom chinh la nhom bt buc phi co ca mi ngi dung.
Khi mt ngi dung to ra mt Iile thi mc nh ngi dung y s so hu Iile
, nhom chinh ca ngi dung s la nhom so hu Iile y.


Mt nhm c th cha nhiu ngi dng khc nhau, nhm c dng n
gin ha vic cp quyn. V d: Nu mun cho php ngi dng s dng mt ti
nguyn no , ta chi vic thm ngi dng vo nhm tng ng c cp quyn.
Mi ngi dng v mi nhm u c mt s nh danh goi l UserID v
GroupID.
- Lnh to Group:
groupadd TnNhm
- Lnh xa Group:
groupdel TnNhm
- Lnh to User:
useradd [-c ch thch] [-d thmchome]
[-g Nhmchnh] [-G nhm[,...]] TnUser
- Lnh xa User:
userdel TnUser
Ch : Trong linux ta c th xem phn hong dn s dng ca hu ht cc lnh
bng cch g man tnlnh, hay info tnlnh
e. C ch lu tr v qun l mt kh5u.
Mt khu ca user c lu o dng m ha, mc nh mt khu c lu trong
file /etc/shadow
Thng tin v ti khon ca cc user c lu trong cc file: /etc/passwd,
/etc/shadow
Thng tin v nhm c lu trong cc file: /etc/group, /etc/gshadow
- Lnh dng thay i password cho mt user no :
passwd TnUser


H thng s yu cu nhp password moi cho user nay, cn co quyn root
thc hin thao tac nay.
2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi h!n m"m ch# h th$ng.
a. #6) !n* 7"3 8*9n- 8n 01 +&n !, )6) 8n 8:;n* <$:=)">>? @n- )*' 8:n
* 8*An-.
Mi tin trinh ang chy trong h thng c nh danh bng mt ProcessID,
tin trinh co mt u tin, goi la Process Priority.
Trong ng cnh tin trinh th nht goi thc thi tin trinh th hai, ta goi tin
trinh th nht la tin trinh cha, tin trinh th hai la tin trinh con.
xem thng tin v cac tin trinh ang chy, dung lng b nho va tai nguyn
x ly ang cp cho tin trinh ta co th dung lnh top

xem c cy cac tin trinh ta dung lnh pstree


kt thuc mt tin trinh ang thc thi ta co th dung lnh kill hoc killall
kill B.)C@$:=)">>)n84t
killall Tn)C@$:=)">>)n84t
Trong vi d v lnh top trn, ta co th kt thuc tin trinh top bng 2 cach: kill
5763 hoc killall top
b. #1 D8, gE FG 01 )$ n*8 -2.
Bn cnh cng c trong giao din hoa (GNOME, KDE...) cai t phn
mm cho Linux, cac lnh cai t bng dong lnh la khng th thiu i voi ngi
qun tr h thng.
Mi bn phn phi linux co h thng qun ly goi khac nhau. Trong Ubuntu
Server o la b cng c apt-get.
Lnh apt-get dung mt kho lu tr trn mng internet hoc trn a ly cac
goi ng dng v va cai t.
Danh sach a chi cac kho lu tr phn mm c t trong file
/etc/apt/sources.list
Bn cnh o, b apt-get con lam cac cng vic qun ly cai t trn may cc b.


- cp nht danh sach goi phn mm trn may cc b voi kho lu tr ta
dung lnh
apt-get update
- nng cp tt c cac goi phn mm ang chy trn h thng theo phin
bn moi nht co trn kho lu tr ta dung lnh:
apt-get upgrade
- cai t mt goi phn mm nao o ta dung lnh:
apt-get install 8n-2)n)1
Tn goi cn cai phi tn ti trong danh sach goi.
- g b mt goi phn mm khi h thng ta duung lnh:
apt-get remove 8n-2)ngE
c. H"3 8*9n- 8n 0 $*n )In-J -* n*n )6) > Kn 8:n * 8*An-.
Xem thng tin chi tit v phn cng ta co th dung lnh lspci

Xem thng tin v cc thit b kt ni thng qua cng usb: lsusb


Lnh lshw dung xem thng tin chi tit v cac thit b, ngt, cac tuyn bus
ca h thng.
Cac Iile log trong h thng c lu tr trong /var/log, trong o co cac Iile
chinh la syslog: ghi nhn li cac s kin ca h thng, dmesg: cac thng tin v qua
trinh khoi ng ca h thng. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu file log ng voi cc dch v ang
chy nh apache, mysql
Ta co th dung lnh tail xem phn cui ca Iile log, vi d: xem 15 dong
cui trong Iile syslog: tail n 15 /var/log/syslog
d. H"3 8*9n- 8n 0 .&n- !n- L M@J .&n- !n- 8* 3),
Xem thng tin v dung lng cac phn vung ang c s dng: df h

- Xem thng tin v tng dung lng ca tung th mc con trong mt th
mc nao o:
du sh n-.Nn


e. C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh.
C cu pipeline trong linux ap ng cho nhu cu ly kt qu ca mt lnh
truyn vao lnh khac, v trong thc t ngi qun tr vin c th phi thc hin nhiu
thao tc phc tp lin quan n nhiu yu cu nh: thng k cc t tn cng tu bn
ngoi, qun l ti nguyn lu tr trn mt lng lon ngi dng, sn loc cc nguyn
nhn gy li cc cng vic ny i hi phi kt hp nhiu lnh li voi nhau v cc
lnh c th ly kt qu ln nhau thc thi.
Cu truc tng quat:
On*PQ R On*_2 ...
Khi s dng nh trn, Lnh 2 s ly tham s u vao la kt qu ca lnh 1,
tng quat ta s co lnh sau ly tham s u vao tu kt qu ca lnh troc.
Vi d: ls /etc/init.d | tail n 5
Lnh ls /etc/init.d s tr v kt qu la danh sach cac Iile hay th mc co trong
/etc/init.d, tuy nhin kt qu nay khng hin ra man hinh, ma c 'dn vao cho lnh
tail hin ra 5 dong cui. Kt qu ca lnh nh sau:


II. #& *;n* )6) 8*8 D8 F@n & )*= )@:. 3n- 01 * 8*An-
3n- 8:n )!"n8.
1. %em thng tin c& h'nh hin t(i c)* c*+, m(ng.
Tng t nh trong Windows, Ubuntu Linux cung co cc lnh xem va cu
hinh cho cac card mng trong h thng.
- Lnh xem thng tin ca cac card mng ang hot ng:
ifconfig [tncard3n-]
Tn ca cac card mng c t ng t theo quy oc ca Linux, voi card
mng Ethernet: eth0, eth1...
Cac thng tin hin ra bao gm: IP, broadcast, netmask, MAC, dung lng goi,
dung lng nhn...
Lnh ifconfig khng c tham s s xut ra thng tin cu hnh cu tt c cc
card mng.


2. C& h'nh -. t/nh v 0ng ch# c*+, m(ng.
Cac thng tin cu hinh cho card mng c lu trong Iile
/etc/network/interfaces
Cu hinh IP ng da trn giao thc DHCP, ta thm vao Iile cu hinh trn cac
dong sau (gi s ang cu hinh cho card mng eth1):
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet dhcp
Dong u tin dung t ng bt card mng eth1 khi khoi ng Linux hoc
khi co tin hiu. Dong th 2 cho h thng bit dung a chi ng voi giao thc
DHCP.
Cu hinh IP tnh: Xet vi d cu hinh tnh cho card mng eth0 voi cac thng
tin: IP 192.168.1.2, subnetmask 255.255.255.0, a chi default gateway 192.168.1.1 ta
thm vao Iile /etc/network/interIace nhng dong sau
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.2
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1


Ch : sau khi cu hinh thng qua cac Iile cu hinh, ap dng thit t moi ta
chy lnh /etc/init.d/networking restart khoi ng li dch v mng theo cu hinh
moi.
3. C& h'nh 1nh t&2n (routing).
Cac tuy chon v routing giup cho mng hot ng n nh hn, linux cung cp
lnh thao tac trn bng nh tuyn (routing table). Thao tac nh tuyn c bit hu
dng khi may co nhiu card mng ni voi nhiu mng khac nhau. Cac thao tac bao
gm: xem thng tin nh tuyn, thm mt default gateway, thm mt dong nh tuyn
moi, xoa mt dong nh tuyn...
xem thng tin ta dung lnh route, lnh nay s hin th thng tin v bng
nh tuyn, dong co destination la deIault chinh la dong m t v deIault gateway.

- thm mt deIault gateway ta dung lnh route voi cu phap:
route add default gw @)*SBTgateway
Vi d thm mt deIault gateway co a chi 192.168.100.2 vao bng nh
tuyn ta chy lnh route add default gw 192.168.100.2, sau khi thm ta co
th goi lnh route kim tra.

- xoa mt deIault gateway ta dung lnh:
route del default gw @)*SBT-@8"U@')n72@
Thm mt mu tin nh tuyn: Xet 2 vi d sau


route add 192.168.1.8 gw 192.168.10.1
route add net 192.168.100.0
netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.10.1
Lnh th nht dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n host c IP 192.168.1.8
thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1
Lnh th hai dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n mng c ip
192.168.100.0/24 thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1
Xa mt mu tin nh tuyn: Tng t nh lnh route add nhng thay th bng
route del
Ch : Khi nh tuyn cho ng i n mng ta cn chi nh netmask. C th
thm ty chon dev chi ra tn card mng no c dng cho mu tin nh tuyn
c thm.
4. Gim st v qun l bng thng m(ng.
Linux cung cp rt nhiu cng c, gip cho vic qun l mng t hiu nng
cao. Cc cng c ny c thit k giao tip voi nhn linux v gim st/can thip
vo qu trnh x l gi tin.
Mt s cng c gim st v qun l bng thng mng: iftop, bwm-ng, bwm,
wondershaper
Cng c iftop: dng gim st bng thng mng theo tung kt ni trn mt card
mng nht nh. Cch dng:
iftop i TnCardMng


C9n- ) bwm-ng, bwm: Dung giam sat bng thng goi (Tx) va nhn (Rx) trn
tt c cac card mng, n v hin th la Kilobyte/s. Cach dung:
Goi lnh bwm-ng

Cng c wondershaper: la cng c dung gioi hn bng thng trn mt
card mng nao o, cach s dng:
wondershaper tn)@:.3n- 8A)V.=Un tAcVup
Tc down va up tinh bng Kilobit/giy
Ch : khi vua cai t h thng, mc nh mt s goi cng c trn cha c
cai. cai ta dung lnh apt-get install 8nP-2.


5. Cu hnh DNS trn client.
Vic cu hnh DNS trn my client n gin chi l vic chi ra IP ca DNS
server cn dng khi truy vn.
Tp tin cha thng tin DNS trn client l /etc/resolv.conf
thm mt DNS server vo danh sch ta thm mt dng c dng
nameserver IPDNSserver vo file trn.

Tom Tat Lenh Ubuntu

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Tom Tat Lenh Ubuntu

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Ver 2.

0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]

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