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Quantitative Aptitude
-A quick reference













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Arithmetic



Types Description Example
Real Numbers All numbers on Number Li ne
Rational Numbers Any number that can be represented in the form a/b, where a & b are integers
Integers All Whole Numbers, wi thout a fractional or Decimal Part 5
Common Decimals/fractions All Numbers, wi th a fractional or Deci mal Part 0.555, 0.567
Terminating For a/b, when remainder equals 0 = 0.5
Non-Terminating For a/b, when remainder never comes to 0 0.777.
Pure Recurring Deci mals in whi ch all figures after decimal point Recur 0.99999.
Mixed Recurring Deci mals in whi ch onl y some figures after decimal point Recur 0.31222
Irrational Non-Terminating & Non-Repeati ng 2 = 1.414213

Integers

All I ntegers are Numbers, but all Numbers are not Integers
0 and 1 are not Prime Numbers
2 is the fi rst/onl yeven Pri me Number
All Pri me numbers are Positi ve
Absolute Value of n = |n| = Distance between 0 and n on the number line. For example, |-2| = 2

Types of Integers

Types Description Example
Whole or Counting All +ve numbers {0,1,2,}
Positive or Natural Greater than 0 {1,2,3,}
Negative Lesser than 0 {..,-3,-2,-1}
Even Di vi ded by 2 wi th 0 as Remainder {,-2,0,2,4,}
Odd Di vi ded by 2 wi th 1 as Remainder {,-3,-1,1,3}
Prime Greater than 1, wi th exactl y two integer factors/di visors {2,3,5,7,11,.}
Composite Any Number except 1 that is not Prime {4,6,8,9,10..}
Consecutive Set of Numbers wi th Fi xed interval {1,2,3,4,.}
Distinct Numbers wi th Di fferent Values 2 and 5


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Arithmetic Operations

Addition, Subtraction, Mul tipli cation and Di vision
Subtracting a number is same as adding i ts opposite
Di vi ding by a number is the same as mul tipl ying i ts opposi te
Di vi dend = (Di visor * Quotient) + Remainder
Order of Operation

PEMDAS : Parentheses Exponents Multipli cation Di vision Addi tion Subtraction
The operati ons of mul tiplication and di vision must be performed in order from left to ri ght
The operati ons of mul tiplication and di vision must be performed before those of addi tion and subtracti on

Laws of Operation

Commutati ve Law of Operation Addi tion or Mul tiplication can be performed in any order wi thout changing the result
Associati ve Law of Operation Addi tion or Mul tiplication can be regrouped in any order.
Distributi ve Law of Operation Factors can be distributed across the terms being added/subtracted/mul tiplied/di vided.
When the sum or difference is in the Denominator, no distributi on is appli cable

Divisibility Tests

Tests Description
Divisibility Test for 2 I f Uni ts Digi t is di visible by 2 or is a multiple of 2
Divisibility Test for 3 Sum of all di gits is di visible by 3 or is a mul tiple of 3
Divisibility Test for 4 Number made by Tens and Uni ts Digi t is di visible by 4 or is a mul tiple of 4
Divisibility Test for 5 I f Uni ts Digi t is equal to 0 or 5
Divisibility Test for 6 I f i t is di visible both by 2 and 3.
Divisibility Test for 8 Last three digi ts are di visible by 8. Or if its di visible by 2 thri ce
Divisibility Test for 9 Sum of the di gits is di visible by 9 or mul tiple of 9
Divisibility Test for 10 I f last Digi t is 0
Divisibility Test for 12 I f i t is Di visible by 3 and 4

The Product of n consecuti ve integers is always di visible by n, or is a mul tiple of n
The Sum of n consecuti ve integers is always di visible by n, or is a mul tiple of n
I f there is one even I nteger in a Consecuti ve series, the Product of the series is di visible by 2
I f there are two even I nteger in a Consecuti ve series, the Product of the series is di visible by 4
I f a is di visible by b, then a is also di visible by all the factors of b

Greatest Common Factor

GCF of two or more numbers is the largest integer that is a factor of both numbers . For Example, 6 is the GCF of 12 and 18.

Methods for Determining Prime Numbers: Test all the pri me numbers that fall below the approximate square of the gi ven number

Least Common Multiple

Smallest common multiple of all the gi ven numbers

Addi ng and Subtracting with Odd and Even Numbers

Tasks Description
Even + Even or Odd + Odd Sum and Difference is Even
Even + Odd Sum and Difference is Odd
Sum/Difference of two Even Even
Sum/Difference of two Odd Even
Sum/Difference of Even and Odd Odd

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Multiplying and Dividing with Odd and Even Numbers

Tasks Description
Even * Even , Even/Even Even
Odd * Odd, Odd/Odd Odd
Even * Odd, Even/Odd, Odd/Even Even

Sum of any two Primes will be Even
I f sum of two pri mes is Odd, then one of the number must be 2
Product of any two numbers a and b = GCF * LCM

Fractions and Decimals

Converti ng Fractions to Decimals

Step-1: Reduce the fraction to i ts l owest terms
Step-2: Next, di vi de the numerator by denominator

For example, 1/10 0.10

Converti ng Decimals to Fractions

Step-1: Fi rst Eliminate the deci mal poi nt, and wri te(Right to decimal Point) i t as the numerator of the resul ting fraction
Step-2: Next, di vi de i t by 1 followed by as many zeroes as the number of places to the ri ght of the decimal point of the gi ven number, and
wri te that as the denominator of the resulti ng fracti on
Step-3: Simplify the resul ting fraction to i ts l owest terms by di vi ding the numerator and denominator by i ts GCF

For example, 0.10 10/100 1/10

Proper Fraction a/b, where a<b ; Improper Fraction a/b, where a>b ; Mixed Fraction a(b/c)

A (b/c) ((c*a) + b)/c

Additi ve I nverse Negati ve of the Number
Mul tipli cati ve Inverse Reciprocal of the Number
Quotient of any gi ven number and its negati ve is -1

How to Simplify Fractions

Method-1: To Reduce a fraction to lowest terms, di vide the numerator and denomi nator by thei r G.C.F
Method-2: Cancel all common factors of numerator and denominator until there is no common factor other than 1
A fraction is said to be in its lowest terms when the G.C.F of the numerator and denominator is 1

Additi on of Fractions:

Wi th Common Denominators: (a/c) + (b/c) = (a + b)/c
Wi th Different Denominators: (a/b) + (b/d) = ((a*d) + (b*c))/(b*d)
Same logi c hol ds for subtracting Fractions too

Exponents (a ^ n)

An Exponent is a number that tells how many ti mes the base is a factor. For example, in 5
2
, there are 2 factors. Here 5 is the base and 2 is
the exponent.
For any number a: a
n
= a*a*a*a* n number of times = b i .e., n
th
root of b is a
n
b = a
Square of any posi ti ve number or square of i ts negati ve will always be positi ve
n
0 =
1, where n # 0

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Any number raised to the negati ve power equals the reciprocal of that same number or expression raised to the absolute value of the
power indi cated, whi ch resul ts in a fraction wi th a numerator of 1. a
-n
= 1/a
n

a
m/n
=
n
a
m
(nth root of a raised to the power of m)

Table for Combi ning Exponents

Same Base Same Exponent
Add When mul tipl ying expressions wi th the same base,
ADD the exponents.
a
m
* a
n
= a
(m + n)
When mul tipl ying expressions wi th the same exponent,
MULTI PLY the bases
a
n
* a
n
= (ab)
n

Multiply
Subtract When di vi ding expressions wi th the same base,
SUBTRACT the exponents
a
m
/ a
n
= a
(m - n)

When di vi ding expressions wi th the same exponent,
DI VI DE the bases
a
n
/ a
n
= (a/b)
n

Divide
Same Base Same Exponent

Format of Scienti fi c notation a.bcde * 10
(n)
, where a,b,c,d,e are any posi ti ve numeri c digi ts, such that, 0<a<10, and n is the number of
places the decimal point is moved, whi ch can be negati ve, positi ve or zero.
Radicals

Exponents and Radi cals are opposi te operations
Root of a number or an expression.
a
b Denotes a
th
root of b, where a is the I ndex, b is the Radicand
a
1/n
=
n
a
(
m
n)
m
= n
Square root of negative numbers is not defined. Negative Numbers do not have real numbers as their roots
I f x yiel ds an integer, then x is a perfect square
I f x yiel ds a non-integer, then x is an imperfect square

n
(a * b) =
n
a *
n
b

Common Square roots

X 2 3 5 6 7 8 11
2
X 1.41 1.73 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3.32

( a* b) (n * m) = an * bm
(a / b) = a / b
a * b = (a * b)
a / b = (a / b)
(a + b) # a + b
(a - b) # a - b
(a + b) # a + b
a- b # (a - b)
a * a = a
(a
2
* b) = a b
(a + b)
2
= a + b + 2 (a * b)
(a - b)
2
= a + b - 2 (a * b)
(a + b) (a - b) = a-b
n (a + b) = n a + n b










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Algebra


(X
m
Y
n
)/ (X
p
Y
q
) = X
m-p
Y
n-q

(X
m
+ Y
n
)/Z = (X
m
)/Z + (Y
n
)/Z

Factor ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 into the following two factors. (p+q) (r+s); such that:
Fi rst term of the trinomial p * r
Last term of the tri nomial q * s
Middle term of the tri nomial (ps) + (qr)

Eight steps to solve equations (To be followed in same order)

Step-1: Get rid of fractions and/or decimals by mul tipl ying each term of both si des by the LCD. (Appl y onl y i f equation has Decimal/Fractions)
Step-2: Get rid of all the parentheses using distributi ve law. (Appl y onl y if equation has parentheses)
Step-3: Combine Like Terms on both sides (Appl y onl y if Like Terms Exist)
Step-4: Isolate all the terms with variable expressions on one side by addi tion or subtraction, and then combine them (Appl yonl y if Variables exists
on both sides)
Step-5: Isolate all the terms with numeri cal expressions on the other side of the equation by addi tion or subtracti on, and combine them (Appl y onl y
if numeri cal expressions are on both sides)
Step-6: Get rid of the radi cal signs if there are any, by squaring both sides of the equation (Appl y onl y if equation has radi cals )
Step-7: Get rid of the exponents i f there are any, by taking the root of both the sides by the same number (Appl yonl y if equati on has exponents)
Step-8: Mul tipl y and/or Di vi de both sides by the coeffi cient of the variable (Appl yonl y if equati on has co -effi cient)

Six Steps to Solve Linear Equations

Step-1: Mul tipl y one or both the equati ons by the same or different numbers so that the coefficient of one of the variables are of same absolute
value but of opposi te si gns
Step-2: Add the resul ting equations
Step-3: Now, one of the variables will be eliminated by cancelling out to zero; hence new equations with onl y one variable resul ts out.
Step-4: Sol ve this new linear equation wi th one variable by following the above 8 steps
Step-5: This will result in a val ue of one of the variables; substitute this value into ei ther one of the ori ginal equati ons, whi ch will result in new
equation wi th the other variable
Step-6: Sol ve this equation and find the value of other variable

Quadratic Equations roots/soluti ons

X = 1/2a [-b + (b
2
4ac)] and X = 1/2a [-b - (b
2
4ac)]

I f (b
2
4ac) > 0, then (b
2
4ac) will be two distinct real number roots
I f (b
2
4ac) < 0, then there exists no solution or real roots
I f (b
2
4ac) = 0, then (b
2
4ac) will be zero. And expression has onl y one real root or solution
Sum of Roots -b/a
Product of Roots c/a
Axis of symmetry -b/2a

Solving Quadratic Equati ons

Step-1: If requi red manipulate the equation by grouping, such that, all the terms are set on one side of equation and othe r side is zero in such a
way that i t can be factored and put into the standard form: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
Step-2: Combine the Like terms on the nonzero side of the equation
Step-3: Factor the left side of the equation into linear binomial expression factors
Step-4: After breaking the equati on into linear factors, set each linear factor equal to zero
Step-5: Sol ve for both the mini equations, the two resul ting values is the solution set



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Applications


To
From
Fraction (1/2) Decimal (0.50) Percent (50%)
Fraction (1/2) Not Appli cable Step-1: Di vide the numerator by
Denominator
Ex: 1 / 2 = 0.50
Step-1: Mul tipl y the Fraction by 100
Step-2: Simplify and insert % sign.
Ex. 1/2 = (1/2) * 100 = 50 %
Decimal (0.50) Step-1: Drop the decimal point by
di vi ding i t by 1 plus add as many zeroes
as the number of places to the right of
the deci mal point.
Step-2: Simplify.
Ex: 0.50 50 / 100 = 1/2
Not Appli cable Step-1: Move the Decimal Point two
places to the ri ght
Ex: 0.50 50 %
Percent (50%) Step-1: Drop the percent sign, next
di vi de the percent number by 100.
Step-2: Simplify.
Ex: 50 % 50/100 = 1/2
Step-1: Move the percents decimal
point two places to the left.
Ex: 50% 0.50
Not Appli cable

Percents:

What is a % of b? Problem Set-Up: x = (a/100)*b
a is what percent of b? Problem Set-Up: a = (x/100)*b
What % of a is b? Problem Set-Up: b = (x/100)*a
a is b% of what number? Problem Set-Up: a = (b/100)*x
a% of what number is b? Problem Set-Up: b = (x/100)*a

Percent Changes:

Percent Change (Actual Change/Ori ginal Value) * 100 %
Percent I ncrease ((New Value Ori ginal Value)/ (Ori ginal Value)) * 100 %
Percent Decrease ((Ori ginal Value New Value)/(Ori ginal Value)) * 100 %

To Increase a number by K%, mul tipl y i t by (100% + K%)
To Decrease a number by K%, mul tipl y i t by (100 - K%)
I f a number is the result of increasing another number by K%, then, to find the ori ginal number, di vide by (100% + K%)
I f a number is the result of decreasing another number by K%, then, to find the original number, di vide by (100% - K%)

Successive Percent Changes

Appl ythe following steps when two or more series of subsequent percent changes are applicable:

Step-1: Compute the fi rst percentage change on the original base. I f the original base is not gi ven, assume i t to be 100
Step-2: Add/Subtract the fi rst percent change from the base of 100 to find the value after fi rst percent change, also known as the intermediate
value.
Step-3: Compute the second percent change on the val ue of fi rst percent change
Step-4: Add/Subtract the second percent change from value after the fi rst percent change to find the final percent change

Example problem: If the pri ce of an i tem raises by 10% one year and by 20% the next, whats the combined increase?

Percent Discounts

Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce + Discount Amount
Ori ginal Pri ce (Discount Amount/Discount %) * 100
Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce / (100% + Markup %)


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New Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce (100 % + Mark-up %) or Original Pri ce (100 % - Mark-up %)
Sale Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce Discount Amount
Discount Amount Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce

Discount % (Rate of Discount) ((Ori ginal Pri ce Selling Pri ce)/Original Pri ce) * 100 (Discount Amount/Ori ginal Pri ce) * 100

Percent Mark-Ups/Downs

Cost Pri ce: Amount that costs the seller without any profit or loss. I t is the cost that the seller pays or incurs to procure or produce an i tem.

Selling Pri ce: Amount that a seller sells an i tem for, whi ch may include a profi t (mark-up) or loss (mark-down) or neither (break-even pri ce)
Break-Even Pri ce: Nothing but the Cost pri ce

Mark-up or Profi t Selling pri ce cost pri ce
Selling Pri ce Cost Pri ce + Profi t

Ori ginal Pri ce or Cost Pri ce Sale Pri ce/ (100% + Mark-Up %)
New Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce + Mark-up (I ncrease)

Mark-down or Loss Cost pri ce - Selling pri ce
Selling Pri ce Cost Pri ce - Loss

Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce/ (100% - Mark-down %)
New Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce - Mark-Down (Decrease)

Percent Interests

Simple Interest:

Interest = Principal * Rate * Time (I n Years).
Before appl ying any of these formulas, make sure the uni ts of each measure are i n accordance.

Compound Interest:

Fi nal Balance (Principal ) * (1 + (interest rate/c))
(time) (C)

Where, C = Number of ti mes compounded annuall y; time = Number of years

Di vi ding the Interest Rate by the Number of Periods in a year:

I f the I nterest Rate is compounded annually, di vi de i t by 1
I f the I nterest Rate is compounded semi -annuall y, di vide i t by 2
I f the I nterest Rate is compounded quarterl y, di vide i t by 4
I f the I nterest Rate is compounded bi -monthl y, di vide i t by 6
I f the I nterest Rate is compounded monthl y, di vide i t by 12

The Di fference between Simple Interest and Compound Interest: Si mple I nterest is computed onl y on the pri ncipal; and compound i nterest is
computed on the pri ncipal as well as any interest al ready earned.

Ratios

Ratios are the mathemati cal relationship between two or more things. Ratios are nothing but another form of fractions. Perce nt is a ratio in
whi ch the second quanti ty is 100.





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Terms of Ratio

The Two numbers in the ratio are called the terms of the ratio

1
st
Term called the antecedent; 2
nd
Term called the consequent
Terms of Ratio must be the in the same uni t

Real Number value of each part of Ratio (n
th
part / (Total parts))*Whole

Combini ng Ratios by Multiplying Ratios

Step-1: Mul tipl y both the gi ven ratios so that the common terms cancel out, i.e., the second term of the fi rst ratio cancel fi rst term of second ratio
Step-2: Once the terms they have in common cancel out; combine the ratio as two-part or mul tipl y the cancelled terms to wri te i t as 3 part ratio

For Example; I f the Ratio of a to b is 6:5 and b to c is 2:1, what is the ratio of a: b: c?

By Multiplying Ratios:

a / b & b/c 6/5 & 2/1 (a/b) * (b*c) (6/5) * (2/1) 12/5 a:c = 12:5

Now Mul tipl y both cancelled bs to get the middle part of the ratio = 5 * 2 = 10. Now, a: b: c = 12:10:5

Laws of Proportion

I f, a:b = c:d or a/b = c/d, then following are true:

ad = bc
b/a = d/c
a/c = b/d
(a + b)/b = (c + d)/d
(a - b)/b = (c - d)/d

Direct Proporti ons

Two Quanti ties x and y, are said to be di rectl y proportional i f they satisfy a relationship of the form x = ky, where k is a non zero constant

Different Types of Direct Proportions are:

Money Spent Quanti ty Bought
Weight Quanti ty
Hei ght Shadow
Actual Si ze Map Scale
Gasoline Miles
Time Wages

Indirect Proportions

Two Quanti ties x and y, are said to be indi rectl y proportional i f they satisfy a relationship of the form x = k/y, where k is a non zero constant

Different Types of Indirect Proportions are:

Workers Time
Speed Ti me
Monthl y Installments Loan Period
Members Ti me Peri od for Suppliers



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How to figure out if two Quantities vary directly or inversely? Answering one of the followi ng questi ons woul d get the result.

Question 1: Will an i ncrease in one quantity lead to an increase or decrease in the other quanti ty?
I f i t leads to Increase, then the two quantities vary di rectl y
I f i t leads to Decrease, then the two quantities vary inversel y

Question 2: Will a decrease in one quantity lead to a decrease or an increase in the other quantity?
I f i t leads to decrease, then the two quanti ties vary di rectl y
I f i t leads to increase, then the two quanti ties vary i nversel y

Compound Proportions

When two ratios that have three or more parts, are in the same proportion, i t is called a compound proportion













































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Geometry

Geometry

Geometry is the study of Shapes (both flat and curved). Mathemati cs of the properties, measurements, and relationshi ps of points, lines, angles,
surfaces, and solids

Perimeter Measurement of the distance all the way round any closed 2-D fi gure or Object Sum of measure of all the lengths of all its sides
Area Certain amount of region covered or Occupied by 2-D or 3-D closed fi gures Measure of the space inside a flat figure
Square Units (Unit
2
) Uni ts of measure used to measure the area of any 2-D or the Surface area of any 3-D figures.
Area of 2-D Figures Measure of the number of square uni ts that completel y fills the region on the surface area of the fi gure
Area of a Flat Surface base * alti tude
Surface Area of 3-D figures Sum of the total areas of all the 2-D outer surfaces of the 3-D object Sum of the areas of each of the solids
surfaces or faces.
Volume Certain amount of space covered, occupied, enclosed i nside 3-D closed fi gures. Are of i ts base ti mes i ts depth or hei ght.
Cubic Uni ts Uni t of measure used to measure the volume of any 3-D object Mul tipl y the area of one of the bases of the solid by the height of
the solid area of base * height

Lines

Point: I dentify specifi c location in space, but is not an object by i tself. Represented by a small dot (.)
Line: 1-D straight path that has no endpoi nts. Mi nimum of two poi nts requi red making a line and there is no maximum number of points on a line.
Practi call y i t is i mpossible to draw a line since line drawn would have some fi xed length and wi dth. The symbol ( ) wri tten on top of two letters
represents the line.
Ray: Part of line that begins at one labeled fi xed endpoint and extends infini tel yfrom that point in the other di rection. I ts li ke a half line.
Line Segment: I ts a Finite, segment or part of a line wi th two labeled fi xed endpoint. The Symbol () wri tten on top of two letters represents a
line segment

Types of Lines

Perpendicular Lines: Two lines that intersect each other to form four angles of equal measure, and each has a measure of 90
0

Parallel Lines: Li nes that remain apart, and maintain an equal and constant distance between each other and never intersect each other if
extended infinitel y in ei ther di rection
Transversal Lines: A li ne that intersect two or more parallel lines.

Angles

Angles are formed by intersection or union of two lines, line segments, or rays. Angles are measured in counterclockwise.

Sides: Si des of the angle are two lines, rays, or line segments.
Vertex: Poi nt of intersection at whi ch two sides meet or disconnect. (Note: Vertex Singular, Verti ces Plural )
Degree: Unit of angular measure. (Note: 1
0
= 60

(Mi nutes) and 1

= 60

(Seconds)

Types of Angles

Zero Angle: An Angle whose measure is exactl y 0
0
.
Acute Angle: Angle whose measure is greater than 0
0
but less than 90
0.
Right Angle: An Angle whose measure is exactl y 90
0
.
Obtuse Angle: An Angle whose measure is greater than 90
0
and less than 180
0
.
Straight Angle: An Angle, whose measure is exactl y 180
0
, forming a straight line.
Reflex Angle: An Angle, whose measure is greater than 180
0
and less than 360
0
. Sum of angles around a point is 360
0
. An Angle is formed when two
line segments extend from a common point
Congruent Angle: Congruent Angles are angles of equal measure. I f two angles have the same degree, they are said to be congruent.
Angle Bisector: A line or line segment bisects an angle as i t splits the angle into two smaller and equal angles.




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Types of Pair of Angles:

Adjacent Angles: Pai r of two angles that share a common vertex and a common side
Complimentary Angle: Pai r of two adjacent angles that make up a ri ght angle, i .e. whose degree measurements exactl y adds up to 90
0

Supplementary Angle: Pai r of two adjacent angles that make up a straight angle, i .e. whose degree measurements exactl y adds up to 180
0
.

Polygons:

Pol ygon is a geometri c fi gure in a plane that is composed of and bounded by three or more straight line segments, called the sides of the pol ygon

Parts of Polygon

Side: Si des are the line segments
Angle: I ntersection of two sides resul ts in an angle of the pol ygon
Vertex: The point of intersection of line segments or endpoints of two adjacent sides
Diagonal: Line segment inside the pol ygon connecting two nonadjacent verti ces or whose endpoints are verti ces is called diagonal of the pol ygon.
Al ti tude: Any line segment that starts from one of i ts verti ces and ends on one of i ts sides in such a manner that i t is perpendi cular to that side.

Types of Polygon

Equilateral Polygon: All sides are of equal measure
Equiangular Polygon: Al l angles are of equal measure
Regular Polygon: Equal Sides and Equal Angles
Irregular Polygons: Unequal sides and unequal angles

Types of Polygons based on number of sides or angles

Types Description
Triangle 3 si ded pol ygon
Quadrilateral 4 si ded pol ygon
Pentagon 5 si ded pol ygon
Hexagon 6 si ded pol ygon
Heptagon 7 si ded pol ygon
Octagon 8 si ded pol ygon
Nonagon 9 si ded pol ygon
Decagon 10 sided pol ygon
Dodecagon 11 sided pol ygon
N-gon N- sided pol ygon

Sum of Angles of Polygon:

By using Formula

Sum of the measures of n interior angles in a pol ygon wi th n sides (n-2) * 180
0

Degree measure of each interior angle of a regular pol ygon wi th n sides ((n-2) * 180
0
)/n

By Diving Polygon

From any vertex, draw diagonals, and di vide the pol ygon into as many non-overlapping adjacent triangles as possible.
Count the number of triangles formed
Si nce there is a total of 180
0
in the angles of each triangle, mul tipl y the number of triangles by 180
0
the product will be the sum of the
angles in the pol ygon

Any Polygons can be divided into Triangles in two different ways:

By drawing all diagonals emanating from any one gi ven vertex to all other nonadjacent verti ces or,
By drawing all diagonals connecting all the opposite verti ces

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To di vi de pol ygons into triangles, quadrilaterals would need one diagonal ; pentagons would need two diagonals; hexagons would need two
diagonals; heptagons would need two diagonals; octagons would need two diagonals;

Sum of Exterior Angle of a Polygon 360
0
/ n; Measure of an exterior angle + Measure of an interi or angle in pol ygon = 180
0

Perimeter of Polygon Sum of all sides; Peri meter of Regular Pol ygon Length of side * Number of Sides

Area of a regular polygon * Apothem * peri meter; Apothem Li ne Segment from center of pol ygon perpendi cular to any side of polygon

Radius of Regular Polygon A Line segment connecting any vertex of a regular pol ygon wi th the center of the pol ygon
Triangles

Triangle is a 3-Sided Pol ygon

Parts of Triangle

Sides: Line Segment connecti ng verti ces of two angles of the triangle.
Angle: Formed by i ntersecti on or uni on of any two of i ts sides.
Vertex: Poi nt-of-Intersection of the sides of the triangle
Degree: Unit of Angular Measure

Terms Used in Triangles

Base: One of the three sides
Altitude: Perpendi cular distance from a vertex to its opposi te side. For Acute Triangle, al ti tude falls inside the triangle; For Obtuse triangle , al titude
falls outside the triangle; for right triangle, al ti tude is one of the legs that is perpendi cular to the base









Acute Triangle Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle

Median: Line Segment connecting one of the verti ces of the triangle to the midpoi nt of the opposi te side
Perpendicular Bisector: Li ne Segment that bisects and is perpendi cular to one of the sides of the triangle.
Angle Bisector: Li ne segment containing one of the sides of the triangle to the opposite vertex bisecting that angle into two hal ves, that is , it bisects
one of the angles of the triangle into two equal angles
Midline: Line Segment that connects the midpoi nts of any two sides of the triangle.

Sum of the measures of all three interior angles = 180
0

Sum of the measures of all three exterior angles = 360
0

I f two triangles share a common angle, then the sum of other two angles are equal
Largest angle of the triangle is always opposi te to the longest side.
Smallest angle of the triangle is always opposite to the smallest side
Angles with same measure are opposi te sides wi th same length
Sum of two sides > 3
rd
Side
Di fference of two sides < 3
rd
Side
Sum of two sides > 3
rd
side > Difference of two sides
Exterior Angle + Adjacent I nterior Angle = 180
0
Exterior Angle = sum of measure of two opposi te interi or angles
Exterior Angle > ei ther of opposi te interi or Angles



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Types of Triangles

Equilateral: All 3 sides are equal i n length and all 3 angles are equal in measure
Isosceles: At least two sides are of equal length and two angles opposi te to these sides measures equally.
Scalene: None of i ts sides are equal in length and none of the angles are equal in measure
Acute: All 3 angles are acute angles
Obtuse: One of the angles is an obtuse angle
Right: One of the interior angles is a ri ght angle
Isosceles Right: One of the angles is a ri ght angle and the other two angles are equal in measure exactl y 45
0
each.

Pythagoras Theorem

Square of the length of the hypotenuse = Sum of the Squares of the lengths of the other two sides.

For any positi ve number x, there is a ri ght triangle whose sides are in the ratio 3x, 4x, and 5x. Such triangles are known as Pythagorean Triples

In a 45
0
- 45
0
- 90
0
triangle, also known as Isosceles right triangle, the lengths of the sides are in the constant ration of x : x : x2, where x is the
length of each leg. The Diagonal of a Square di vides the square i nto two equal isosceles right triangles.

In a 30
0
- 60
0
- 90
0
triangle, the sides are in the constant ratio of x : x3 : 2x, where x is the length of the shorter leg

Trigonometric Ratios

Si ne Opposite/Hypotenuse (SOH)
Cosine Adjacent/Hypotenuse (CAH)
Tangent Opposite/Adjacent (TOA)

Hei ght of the equilateral Triangle 3x

Peri meter of Triangles Sum of all sides

Area of Triangle * (base * hei ght)

Are of Isosceles Triangle * leg
2


Area of Equilateral Triangle (S
2
3)/4, where S is the side of the equilateral triangle

Conditions of Triangle Congruency

Two Triangles are congruent if two pairs of corresponding sides and the corresponding included angles are equal
Two Triangles are congruent if two pairs of corresponding angles and the corresponding included sides are equal
Two Triangles are congruent if all 3 pai rs of corresponding sides of two triangles are equal
Two ri ght triangles that have any two equal corresponding sides
In an Isosceles triangle, the alti tude to the thi rd side di vides the original triangle into two congruent triangles

Conditions of Triangle Similarity

Two Triangles are Si milar, if all 3 pai rs of correspondi ng angles are equal
Two Triangles are Si milar, if all 3 pai rs of correspondi ng sides has the same ratio

Quadrilaterals

Type of Pol ygon wi th exactl y four sides and four angles





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Parts of Quadrilaterals

Si des: Length is the measure of the longer side; Width is the measure of the shorter side
Diagonals: Line Segments connecting any two non-subsequent verti ces
Al ti tude: Perpendi cular distance between two parallel sides
Angles: Sum of the measures of 4 interior Angles = Sum of the measures of 4 exterior angles = 360
0


Types of Quadrilateral:

Square; Rectangle; Parallelogram; Rhombus; Trapezoid

Quadrilateral Type Area Perimeter Others
Square Si de
2
; Diagonal
2
Si de + Si de +Side + Side = 4S Si de = Diagonal / 2
Rectangle Length * Width 2(Length + Width) Wi dth
2
= Diagonal
2
Length
2
Parallelogram Base * Height 2(Length + Width)
Rhombus Base * Height; * (Diagonal
1
+ Diagonal
2
) Si de + Si de +Side + Side = 4S All Rhombuses are Parallelograms
Trapezoid * (Base
1
+ Base
2
) * Height Base
1
+ Base
2
+ Si de
1
+ Si de
2
Base Pai r of Parallel Sides
Si des Pai r of non-Parallel Sides

Circles

A Ci rcle is a closed li near fi gure that consists of a set or series of all the points in the same plane that is all located a t the same distance from one
fi xed point.

Parts of Circle:

Radius: Distance between center of ci rcle and any point on the ci rcle. Half of Diameter
Diameter: Distance between any two points on the ci rcle passing through the center. Twi ce the Radius
Chord: Line Segment joining two points on the ci rcle. Diameter is the longest chord i n the ci rcle. A diameter that is pe rpendi cular to a chord bisects
the chord into two congruent hal ves.

Inscribed Triangles

Triangles Inscribed in Semi circle: A Triangle inscribed in a semi ci rcle is always a right triangle. Any right triangle inscri bed in a ci rcle must
have one of i ts sides coincide wi th the diameter of the ci rcle, thus splitting the ci rcle in two semi ci rcles
Triangles formed by two Radii : Any Triangle formed at the center of a ci rcle by connecting the endpoints of any two radii always resul ts in
an Isosceles triangle.

Secant: Any Line or Line Segment that cuts through the ci rcle by intersecting the ci rcle at any two points.

Tangent

Line Tangent to a Ci rcle: Any line or Line Segment outside the ci rcle that intersects or touches the ci rcle at exactl y one point on the ci rcumference
Two Ci rcles tangent to each other: I f two ci rcles intersect or touch exactl y at one point
Poi nt-of-Tangency: The point common to a ci rcle and a tangent to the ci rcle or two ci rcles

Radius of a ci rcle is Perpendi cular to i ts Tangent; Two Tangents to a Ci rcle are equal

Line of Centers: Line passing through the Centers of two or more ci rcles
Sector: Portion of a Ci rcle bounded by two radii and an arc
Degree Measure of a Ci rcle: 360
0

Types of Circles

Full ; Semi ; Quarter; Concentri c



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Types of Angles in Circle

Central angle: An Angle whose vertex lies exactl y at the center point of the ci rcle and i ts two sides are the radii of the ci rcle
Inscribed Angle: An Angle whose vertex lies at any point on the ci rcle i tself and the two sides are chords of the ci rcle

Ci rcumference of a Ci rcle = Peri meter of the Ci rcle = Total distance around the ci rcle

Ci rcumference * Diameter 2**Radius

Arc of Ci rcle: Part or Porti on of the Ci rcumference of the Ci rcle. I t consists of two endpoints on a ci rcle and all the points between them

Arc Measure Central Angle:

Arc Degree Measure Degree Measure of the Central Angle that intercept i t.
Arc Length Measure (Degrees of Central Angle/360
0
) * Ci rcumference

Arc Measure Inscri bed Angle:

Arc Degree Measure (Degree Measure of the Central Angle that intercept it)
Arc Length Measure ((2 * Degrees of Central Angle)/360
0
))* Ci rcumference

Arc Measure Intersecting Chords Equal in degrees to one-half of the sum of i ts intercepted arcs
Arc Measure Intersecting Secants/Tangents Equals Degrees to one-half the difference of i ts intercepted arcs.
Peri meter of Sector of Ci rcle Arc Measure + (2 * Radius)
Area of Full Ci rcle *radius
2

Area of Sector of Ci rcle (Degrees of Central Angle/360
0
) * *radius
2
Solid Geometry

Study of Shapes and figures that are drawn in more than one plane

Terms used in Solids

Vertex Point at i ts corners where the edges meet
Edge Line Segments that connect the verti ces and form the sides of each face of the solid.
Face Pol ygons that form the outside boundaries of the solid

Types of Solids

Rectangular Solids Solids wi th rectangular or square faces. For Example, Bri ck
Types of Rectangular solids Cubes, Rectangular Prisms

Ci rcular Solids Solids wi th Ci rcular or Conical Faces. For Example,I ce-Cream cones
Types of Ci rculare Solids Cylinders, Cones, Spheres, Pyramids, Tetrahedrons

Surface Area of Rectangular Solids

Area of Front and Back Faces 2(Length * Hei ght)
Area of Top and Bottom Faces 2(Length * Wi dth)
Area of Right and Left Faces 2(Width * Height)
Total Surface Area Sum of the area of the six outside rectangular fa ces 2(LH + LW + WH)

Volume of Rectangular Solids Length * Breadth * Hei ght
Diagonal (Length
2
+ Widht
2
+ Hei ght
2
)





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Types Surface Area Volume Diagonal Others
Cube 6 * Side
2
Si de
3
Si de * 3
Cylinder (Area of Top and Bottom Ci rcular Bases) + (Lateral Surface
Area)
( 2**Radius
2
)+ (2**Radius * Height)
*Radius
2
*Hei ght Use onl y Lateral Surface Area when
i ts a hollow cylinder to calculate
Surface Area
Cone Area of Ci rcular Base + Lateral Surface Area
(*Radius*Slant Height) + * Radius
2

(1/3)* *
Radius
2
*Height

Sphere 4**Radius
2
(4/3)**Radius
3



Coordinate Geometry

Study of geometri c figures and properties on the coordinate place using algebrai c princi ples

Coordinate Plane XY-Plane
Coordinate Axis:

X-Axis Abscissa Hori zontal Number line, whi ch goes left and ri ght
Y-Axis Ordinate Verti cal Number Line, whi ch goes up and down

Coordinate Points (X, Y) (X-Coordinate, Y-Coordinate)

Parts of Coordi nate Plane

1
st
Quadrant Top right North-East (+X, +Y)
2
nd
Quadrant Top left North-West (-X, +Y)
3
rd
Quadrant Bottom Left South-West (-X, -Y)
4
th
Quadrant Bottom Right South East (+X, -Y)

Ori gin (0, 0)

Distance between any two gi ven points, A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) ((x
1
- x
2
)
2
+ (y
1
- y
2
)
2
)
Mid-Point between two Axes ((x
1
+ x
2
)/2, (y
1
+ y
2
)/2)


Intercepts of Line

Poi nt at whi ch a line intercepts the coordinate axes

X-Intercept Value of X-Coordinate of the point at which the line intersects the x-axis
Y-Intercept Value of Y-Coordinate of the point at whi ch the line intersects the y-axis

Slope of Line

Step-1: Pi ck any two points on the line a(x
1
, y
1
) and b(x
2
, y
2
) that lie on the line
Step-2: Next find the Rise and the Run
Rise Amount the line raises verti call y y
1
y
2
Run Amount the line runs hori zontall y x
1
x
2
Step-3: Finall y, di vide the Rise by the Run

Sl ope Intercept Form y = mx + b







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Applicati ons of Coordi nate Geometry

Categories Description
Finding Slope and Y-Intercept of Line from its equati on

Put the Equation in Standard Form y = mx + b
Identify the m-term and b-term
Finding Equation of Line from its Slope & One-Point Fi nd the Y-Intercept (b) by substi tuting the slope and the coordi nates in the
general equation
Appl y the formula y y
1
= m( x x
1
), where m is the slope, and (x
1
,y
1
) is
the gi ven coordinate
Finding Y-Intercept of Line Passing through two poi nts Fi nd the slope (m)by using slope formula m = ((y
1
y
2
)/(x
1
x
2
))
Fi nd the Y-I ntercept by substituting the slope and one of the gi ven
coordinates i n the general equation; y = mx + b
Finding the Equati on of Line Passing through two Points Fi nd the slope using Slope formula
Fi nd the y-Intercept (b) of the line by substi tuti ng ei ther (x, y) in general form
Fi nd the equation of the line y plugging the values in general form
Finding the Equation of Line from One-Poi nt and Y-
Intercept
Fi nd the Value of another Coordinate from y-Intercept
Fi nd the Slope using Slope formula
Fi nd the equation of the line by pluggi ng the values in general form
Finding Point-Of-Intersection of Two lines Fi nd the slope using co-ordinates
Fi nd the equation of each line by substi tuti ng one of the coordinates and
slope in general equation
Fi nd the point of i ntersection of lines by equating the equation of both lines
and sol ve for x and y by substi tution method
Finding Equation of Perpendicular Bisectors Fi nd the slope using Slope formula
Fi nd the slope of the perpendi cular bisector (Negati ve reciprocal or Slope)
Fi nd the midpoint of the line, whi ch is also a point i n the perpendi cular
bisector
Fi nd the y-intercept of the perpendicular bisector by substi tuting slope and y-
intercept in the general equation
Fi nd the equation of the perpendi cular bisector by substi tuting the slope and
y-Intercept in the general equation



























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Word Problems

Apply the followi ng steps to solve any type of word problems:

Read the question and determine what all information is given these are the gi ven, and are known as known quanti ties.
Read the question and interpret whats being asked or, what needs to be sol ved, or what information you need to know the answer of
the question these are the quanti ties you are seeking, and they are known as the Unknown quantities
Name the Unknown quanti ties by selecting variables, such as x, y, z, etc.
Determine the relationships between the knowns and unknowns, that is, the variables and the other gi ven quanti ties in the
problem, and connect them using arithmetic problems, such as (+), (-), etc. and wri te them as algebraic expressions.
Using these variables and the relationships between the known and unknown quanti ties form algebraic equations by appl ying the
appropriate mathematical formulas
Sol ve the algebrai c equations to find the value of the unknown(s), and plug that value in other relationships or equations that invol ves
this variable in order to find any other unknown quanti ties, if there are any.

Basic Coin Conventions to be known:

1 Dollar 100 Cents; 1 Half Dollar 50 Cents; 1 Quarter 25 Cents; 1 Di me 10 Cents; 1 Nickel 5 Cents

Apply the followi ng steps to solve Age problems:

Assign a different letter (Variable) for each persons age
Establish relationships between the ages of two or more i n the problem
Transform these relationships into algebrai c equations
Sol ve the equations and determine the unknowns

Important Note in Age Problems:

Years Ago means you need to subtract
Years from now means you need to add

Rate of Work or Quantity:

Rate Amount of work done per time uni t

Work Problem tips:

Greater the rate of work faster you work sooner the job is done
Lesser the rate of work slower you work slower the job is done
Greater number of workers lesser the ti me requi red to finish the job
Lesser number of workers greater the time requi red to finish the job
I f i t takes k workers 1 hour to do a particular job, then each worker does 1/k of the job in an hour or works @ 1/k of the job per hour
I f i t takes k workers m hours to do a parti cular job, then each worker does 1/k of the job in an hour or works @ 1/(mh) o f the job per
hour

Work Problem Formula 1/x + 1/y = 1/z Inverse of the time i t would take everyone working together equals the sum of the inverses of the
time i t would take each working indi viduall y.

Distance Rate * Time

Cost per Uni t Total Cost of the Mi xture/Total Wei ght of the Mi xture
Mi xture of Weaker and Stronger Solutions Problem Weaker (Desi red Stronger) = s (Stronger Desi red), s Amount of 1
st
+ 2
nd







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Unit of Measures

US Customary System

1 yd (Yard) 3 ft (Feet) 36 Inches
1 Ton 2000lbs (Pounds)
1 lb 16 oz (Ounces)
1 Gallon 4 qt(Quart) 8 pt(Pi nt) 16 c(Cup) 128 fl oz(Fluid Ounce) 256 tbsp(Table Spoon)
1 sq yd 9 sq ft 1296 sq in
Metric System:

milli means one thousandths
centi means one thousandths
deci means one tenths
Basi c Standard uni t means one
Deka- or Deca- means tens
Hector means hundreds
Kilo- means thousands

US Customary and Metric System

US units Metric System Metric Units US Units
1 in 2.54 cm 1 cm 0.39 in
1 yd 0.9144 m 1 m 1.1 yd
1 mi 1.6 km 1 km 0.6 mi
1 lb 0.4545 kg 1 kg 2.2 lbs
1 lb 454 gm 1 l tr 1.056 fluid quart
1 oz 28 gm
1 MT (Metric Ton) 1.1 t (Ton)
1 fl oz 29.574 ml
1 fluid quart 0.9464 l tr
1 gallon 3.785 l tr
1 ton 2000 lbs
1 lb 16 oz
1 sq yd 9 sq ft
1 yd 3 ft
1 yd 36 in


Time Measures


1 Millennium/Century 10 Decades/100 Years
1 Year 12 Months/52 Weeks/365 Days
1 Day 24 Hours
1 Hour 60 Minutes
1 Minute 60 Seconds


A.M Ante Meridian before Noon; P.M Post Meridian After noon

As we travel east Sun rises earlier and therefore clock is ahead
As we travel west Sun rises later and therefore cl ock is behind




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From East to West

EST (Eastern Standard Time) 1 hour ahead of CST (Central Standard Time) 2 Hours ahead of MST (Mountain Standard Time) 3 Hours ahead
of PST (Pacifi c Standard Ti me)

Temperature Conversi on

Celsius = (5/9) (Farenhei t-32); Fahrenhei t = (9/5) Celsius + 32;

Freezing Point = 32
0
F; Boiling Point = 212
0
F; Normal Body Temperature = 98.6
0
F
















































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Logic & Stats

Simple Counti ng

Invol ves fi guring out how many integers are between any two gi ven integers

Rule # 1: When exactl y one Endpoint is inclusi ve subtract the two values
Rule # 2: When both Endpoints are inclusi ve subtract both values, and then add 1
Rule # 3: When nei ther Endpoint is inclusi ve subtract the two val ues, and then subtract 1

Fundamental Pri nciple of Counting I f two jobs need to be completed and there are m ways to do the fi rst job, and n ways to do the second
job, then there are m * n ways to do one job followed by the other. This can be extended to any number of events.

Factorials: Factorial of n is the number of ways that the n elements of a group can be ordered.

n! = n * (n-1) * (n-2) * * 2 * 1 until the last term becomes 1; 0! = 1

Permutati ons

Permutation is the Number of ways in whi ch a set of terms or elements can be arranged in order or sequentially. Also known as a selection
process in which objects are selected one by one in a certain predefined order

Factorials are invol ved in sol ving permutations or counting number of ways that a set can be ordered.

Permutation
m
P
n
m! / (m-n)! m * (m-1) * (m-2) * (m-n+1)
Where, m Number i n the larger group; n number being arranged

I f there are m different terms/elements in a set, and there are k available or empty spots, then there are p di fferent ways of arranging them,
gi ven by the formula p = m! / k!

Combinati ons

Combinati on is the number of ways of choosing a gi ven number of elements from a set, where the order of elements does not matter. For instance,
AB and BA counts as two different permutati ons, but onl y as 1 combi nation

Combinati on
m
C
n
m! / n! (m-n)! (m * (m-1) * (m-2) * (m-n+1))/n! =
m
P
n
/ n!
Where, m Number i n the larger group; n number being chosen

Probability

Probability P (E) Number of Favorable Outcomes/ Total number of possible Outcomes
Probability i n all cases is always between 0 and 1
I f two or more events constitute all the possible outcomes, then the sum of thei r probabil i ties is 1

Probability of Event that will not happen = 1 Probabili ty of Event that will happen

I f A and B are independent events, then to determine the probability that event A and event B will BOTH together occur: MULTI PLY the
probabilities of two indi vi duals together
I f A and B are independent events, and that they are mutually exclusi ve, then to determine the probabili ty that event A o r event B will occur:
ADD the probabilities of two indi viduals together. Two Events are said to be mutuall ye xclusi ve i f the occurrence of one event will rule out the
other
I f A and B are independent events, and that they are mutually non-exclusi ve, then to determine the probability that event A or event B will
occur: ADD the probabilities of two indi viduals together and then SUBTRACT the probability that both events occur together. Two Events are said
to be mutuall y non-excl usi ve i f the occurrence of one event will not rule out the other



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Dependent Events: Two Events are said to be dependent, if the outcome of one event affects the probability of another event. For example,
pi cking a card from a fai r deck of cards wi th each card we pi ck, the total possible events for the next event will be 1 less than the one before that.

P (A and B) = P (A) * P (B|A); where P (B|A) is the condi tional probability of B gi ven A

Sets

A Set is a collecti on of well defined thi ngs or i tems called elements or members of the set

Fi nite Set: If a set contains onl y a fini te number of elements
Infini te Set: I f a set contains infini te number of elements
Subset: If all the elements of one set S, are also elements of another set T; then the fi rst set S, is a Subset of T

Venn Diagrams Graphicall y represents sets

Union Set: The set consisting of all the elements that exist in ei ther one or all of the sets what we get when we merge two or more sets
Intersection Set: The set of elements that are common in di fferent sets invol ved

Sequence A series, list, collection, or group of numbers that follows a specifi c pattern
Pattern A series of numbers or objects whose sequence is determined by a parti cular rule

Ari thmeti c Sequence: If d is the common difference and a is the fi rst term of an arithmeti c progression, then the nth term of the ari thmeti c
progression will be = a + (n-1)d.

Geometri c Sequence: If a
1
is the fi rst term, and r is the common ratio between consecuti ve terms of a geometri c progression, and a
n
is the nth
term, then the n
th
term will be a
n
= a
1
r
n-1

Sum of n terms in a Geometri c Sequence (ar
n
a)/(r-1), when r # 1

Harmonic Sequence Sequence of fracti ons in whi ch the numerator is 1, and the denominators form an arithmeti c sequence

Ari thmeti c Mean Mean Average Total Sum of all terms / Total number of terms
Sum of consecuti ve terms Mean of Consecuti ve Terms * Number of Consecuti ve Terms
Where, Mean of Consecuti ve Terms (Fi rst Term + Last Term) / 2; Number of terms (Last term Fi rst Term) + 1

Sum of Existing term + Missing Term = Sum of all terms

Weighted Mean Number of ti mes a quanti ty or term occurs Sum of Products / Sum of Wei ghts Sum / Frequency

Median Middle When there are n terms, the median is the value of ((n+1)/2)
th
term

Mode Set of Data that occurs most frequentl y

Quartiles Di vides data into equal quarters or four equal parts

Range Largest term Smallest Term

Standard Deviation Distance or the gap between the ari thmetic mean and the set of numbers

Appl ythe following steps to calculate the Standard Deviation of a set of n numbers:

Fi nd the Average (Ari thmeti c Mean) of the set
Fi nd the differences between that average and each value of the numbers in the set
Square each of the differences
Fi nd the average of squared di fferences by summing the squared values and di viding the sum by the number of values
Take the posi ti ve square root of that average



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Statistics Graphs

Graph Type How to Read?
Tables and charts Look for a speci fi c uni t on the row heading
Then match that row wi th the corresponding uni t on the column heading
Pictographs Look at the speci fi c row
Then compute i ts value based on the conversion factor gi ven in the key. Each symbol represents a fi xed
number of i tems as indi cated in the key
Single Line Graph Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal axis
Match the hei ght of the point on the line with the number on the verti cal axis whi ch is the actual quanti ty
for that specifi c time period
In order to fi nd a specifi c numeri cal value of a parti cular point on the line from a line graph, find the correct
point on the line and move hori zontall y across from that point on the line to the value on the scale on the
left.
The verti cal distance from the bottom of the graph to the point on the line is the value of that point
A line that slopes up from left to ri ght, shows an increase in the quanti ty during that time peri od
A line that slopes down from left to ri ght, shows a decrease i n the quanti ty duri ng that time peri od
Double Line Graph Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal axis
Match the point on the line wi th the number on the verti cal axis whi ch is the actual quanti ty of that specifi c
variable for that speci fi c ti me period
Single Bar Graph Look for a bar label or specifi c time period on the hori zontal axis
Match the hei ght of the bar wi th the number on the verti cal axis whi ch is the actual quanti ty for that speci fic
bar or ti me period
In order to fi nd a specifi c numeri c value of a parti cular bar from a bar graph, find the correct bar
Move hori zontally across from the top of the bar that points on the line to the value on the scale on the left
The verti cal distance from the bottom of the graph to the point on the line is the value of that point
Double Bar Graph Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal axis
Match the hei ght of each of the bars wi th the number on the verti cal axis which is the actual quanti ty of that
specified variable for that specifi c time period
Scatter Plot Graphs Look for the specifi c Quanti ty on the hori zontal axis and the 2
nd
quanti ty in the verti cal axis
The Point of Intersection of these two val ues is the point that represents those two quanti ties
Circle Graphs/Pie Charts Look at a specifi c sector and then identify the category and the quanti ty i t represents
To find the value of a parti cular piece of the pie, mul tipl ythe appropriate percent by value of the whole pie