Cc tn hiu gi tp m di rng trong cc h thng thng tin

Tc gi: Verkhovsev O. G.
Bin dch: Vng Tun Hng - !u"c Trinh
#$ %&u
'ch s( )h* *ri+n c,- v. *u/0n %i1n *( %2c %3c *rng 4$i s5
ho6n *hi1n kh.ng ng7ng c,- )h&n *( k8 *hu9* :-ng *in ;*i *in<. B-n
%&u= n> ?6 cc d-o %@ng hAnh sin v6 cc )hng )h) %iBu ch0 *ng
Cng %D %2c %u- v6o Cng dEng: %iBu ch0 4in %@= %iBu ch0 *&n s"=
%iBu ch0 )h-= %iBu ch0 )h- *ng %"i. F/ ?6 gi-i %oGn )h* *ri+n
c,- *h.ng *in v. *u/0n $ di s>ng ki?o:e*= hec*o:e*= dec-:e*.
H5 )h* *ri+n k8 *hu9* r-d- v6 Cng dEng cc di s>ng :e* v6
deIi:e* %D dJn *Ki vi1c Iu* hi1n cc *i *in :Ki $ dGng chui Iung *u&n
ho6n %2c ?) %&/ 4$i cc d-o %@ng c-o *&n hAnh sin ;gLi chung ?6
chui Iung hAnh sin<. H5 Iu* hi1n *i *in dGng chui Iung hAnh sin
n6/ %D kMo *heo h6ng ?oG* dGng %iBu ch0 :Ki: %iBu ch0 *hNi gi-n
Iung= %iBu ch0 *&n s" Iung= %iBu ch0 %@ r@ng Iung... v6 hAnh
*h6nh cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in *heo ngu/n *Oc :Ki.
Pu"i cng= s-u khi cc c.ng *rAnh nghin cCu c,- Vi1n s8 'in I.
Q-chenhico) V. R vB S'T *hu/0* Un %nh nhiVuW v6o nX: YZ[\= ;?u9n
n *i0n s8 kho- hLc vB ?8nh v5c n6/ %D %2c 4o vB *h6nh c.ng nX:
YZ]\<= c^ng nh cc k0* _u nghin cCu c,- nh6 4c hLc 'in I.
Qh-rkevich R. R.= nh6 4c hLc #` Hhennon %D %i *Ki k0* ?u9n rang k8
*hu9* v. *u/0n c> *h+ gii _u/0* h6ng ?oG* 46i *on )hCc *G) n0u s(
dEng *Tn hi1u )hCc *G) gi *G) F: ?6: *i *in. T7 %>= *rong k8 *hu9*
*h.ng *in v. *u/0n %D Iu* hi1n :@* hKng )h* *ri+n :Ki %&/ *ri+n
vLng gLi ?6 Thng tin v tuyn di rng. Tn gLi STh.ng *in v.
*u/0n di r@ngW= SH1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ngW ?6 do cc *Tn hi1u
Y
:-ng *in chi0: di *&n r@ng hn r* nhiBu so vKi *i *in *rong cc h1
*h"ng *h.ng *in *ng *5 *rKc %F/. #3c d *Tnh ch* di r@ng ?6 chung
cho ** c cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng nhng n> chb )hn nh :@*
khT- cGnh kh.ng c 4n c,- vn %B.TTnh ch* _u-n *rLng hn %> ?6
cc *Tn hi1u *i *in c,- cc h1 *h"ng n6/ c> %@ d5 *rc ?Kn= c s$ ?Kn.
Pc *Tn hi1u c> c s$ ?Kn cng vKi cc )hng )h) *hu %3c 4i1*= )hng
)h) *Tch ?u` h2) ?T %D g>) )h&n *Go r- nhcng u %i+: _u-n *rLng cho
cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng. dhcng vn %B c" hcu c,- k8 *hu9*
*h.ng *in v. *u/0n nh: ch"ng nhiVu )h-ding nhiBu *i-= nhiVu do s>ng
h6i= 4o %: %@ :9* *h.ng *in= hi1u Cng _u *i di *&n s" s( dEng
v6 h6ng ?oG* vn %B khc chb c> *h+ %2c gii _u/0* *ri1* %+ *rong
cc h1 *h"ng di r@ng.
P> *h+ kheng %nh rang= *rong *ng ?-i g&n cc h1 *h"ng v.
*u/0n di r@ng sf %2c Cng dEng r@ng rDi. Hi1n *Gi chgng %D %2c s( dEng
%+ *ru/Bn *in rNi rGc *rong *h.ng *in v. *u/0n di s>ng dec-:e* $ c5 ?i
I- ho3c *U chCc :Gng *h.ng *in c5 ?i ngOn *rong cc di s>ng :e*=
d:= c:= ho3c IF/ d5ng cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in v1 *inh v6 v^ *rE.v.v.
h
Phng Y
cc khi nim c bn trong thng tin di rng
I. Mt s tnh cht c bit c! c"c h thng thng tin
di rng
Khi a vo ng dng cc tn hiu phc tp di rng lm tn hiu
mang tin th s pht sinh cu hi! cc tn hiu n" s m# ra nh$ng
%h n&ng m'i no cho %( thu)t tru"*n tin+
Q8 *hu9* Cng dEng *Tn hi1u *G) F: v6 *Tn hi1u gi *G) F: %+
:-ng *in ;%iBu ch0< *rong knh *h.ng *in v6 *ch ;gii %iBu ch0<
chgng $ )h&n *hu%2c *h5c hi1n nhN chLn ?Lc chgng *heo dGng *Tn
hi1u. Qhi %> vi1c *ch chTnh Ic *Tn hi1u nh9n %2c n0u %- v6o :@*
%@ d5 *rc *&n s"= *Cc ?6 di *h.ng *Tn hi1u *ru/Bn ?Kn hn di chi0:
c,- *h.ng *in c&n *ru/Bn. Vi1c chLn ?Lc cc *Tn hi1u *heo dGng ;chLn
?Lc *heo c 4in %@= *&n s"= )h- v6 Iung *Tn hi1u< ?6 :@* dGng chLn
?Lc *Tn hi1u :Ki. iBu n6/ c> ngh8- rang Iu* hi1n *h: :@* ki+u
)hFn chi- *Tn hi1u :Ki *c %@ng *rong cng Y khong *hNi gi-n= *rong
i
cng Y di *&n. VB ngu/n *Oc c> *h+ kh.ng dng )hng )h) )hFn
chi- *&n s" c.ng *c *ru/Bn *h"ng gic- cc *rG: %i1n %6i ;*hi0* 4
*hu j)h*< v6 chLn ?Lc chgng $ )hT- *hu nhN cc 4@ ?Lc *&n s". Th-/
cho n> ?6 cch ?6: :Ki: cc *rG: v. *u/0n ?6: vi1c %kng *hNi *rn *o6n
4@ di *&n s" c,- *Tn hi1u gi *G) v6 *ch chgng $ *u/0n *hu 4ang cch
chLn ?Lc *heo dGng *Tn hi1u. Vi1c )hFn *Tch cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in
nh *h0 %D chCng :inh rang s" ?2ng cc %6i v. *u/0n ?6: vi1c %kng
*hNi %G* %2c *rong di *&n cho *rKc ?6 ?Kn nh*.
#@* %i+: %3c 4i1* nc- c,- h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in dng *Tn hi1u
gi *G) F: ?6 *Tnh *5 *hTch nghi c,- n>: Qhi s" ?2ng cc *rG: ?6: vi1c
gi: *hA *Tnh Un %nh nhiVu *5 %@ng *Xng ?n. dhN %@ d5 *rc *&n
s" *rong cc h1 *h"ng gi *G) F:= chgng c> *h+ vJn ?6: vi1c *"* khi
c> cc *hi0* 4 v. *u/0n di hl) *h.ng *hNng khc cng ?6: vi1c *rong
di *&n c.ng *c c,- chgng. Trong *rNng h2) n6/ di )hU *Tn hi1u gi
*G) 4 Schi- cO*W 4$i cc *rG: v. *u/0n di hl). Pc nghin cCu ?T
*hu/0* v6 *h5c nghi1: %D chCng :inh rang ng-/ c khi 4 :* hn
:@* n(- di *&n s" c,- *Tn hi1u gi *G)= h1 *h"ng vJn ?6: vi1c 4Anh
*hNng. m8 nhin khi %>= *Tnh Un %nh nhiVu c> *h+ 4 gi: *b ?1 vKi
%@ r@ng c,- di )hU *Tn hi1u 4 chi- cO*. mo v9/ sf %2c Ie: IM* )h-
ng )h) )h* n6o cho )hM) gii 46i *on *hu 4Anh *hNng cc *Tn hi1u
khi c> nhiBu *rG: )h* nhiVu :Gnh *rong di *h.ng c,- *u/0n *hu. F/
c^ng chTnh ?6 %iBu :6 vB ngu/n *Oc *hA )hng )h) *ru/Bn *h"ng
chLn ?Lc *Tn hi1u *heo *&n s" kh.ng *h+ ?6: %2c.
Vi1c chb hu/ *c chi0n c,- ?5c ?2ng hi _uFn *rong %iBu ki1n
chi0n *r-nh hi1n %Gi sf kh.ng *h+ *h5c hi1n %2c n0u kh.ng s( dEng
*h.ng *in v. *u/0n. Vi1c *Xng nh-nh kh.ng ng7ng s" ?2ng cc *rG: v.
*u/0n ?6: vi1c *rong di s>ng dec-:e* dJn *Ki 46i *on )hFn chi- gii
*&n ?6: vi1c v6 _ui %nh ch3* chf vi1c s( dEng chgng *r$ ?n kh>
]
khXn v6 do :@* s" ?2ng ?Kn cc *rG: v. *u/0n cng ?6: vi1c %kng *hNi sf
?6: *Xng :Gnh :Cc :Mo *ng h. iBu %3c 4i1* $ %F/ ?6 vn %B *-
ng *hTch %i1n *7 c,- :@* s" ?2ng ?Kn ngukn )h* IG v6 h1 *h.ng *hu
nhiBu knh *rong %iBu ki1n kh.ng gi-n hGn ch0 *rn cc *6u= *hu/Bn
c,- hi _uFn. no r6ng rang= cc h1 *h.ng *h.ng *in %2c IF/ d5ng *rn
c s$ k0* h2) :@* cch h2) ?T chLn ?Lc *heo *&n s" v6 *heo dGng *Tn
hi1u sf cho )hM) s( dEng hi1u _u di *&n c.ng *c v6 d2c Cng dEng
r@ng rDi *rong *ng ?-i kh.ng I-.
P^ng cpn :@* vn %B khc ?in _u-n %0n %@ *in c9/ c,- *h.ng
*in v. *u/0n ?6 khOc )hEc %3c *Tnh *ru/Bn ?-n nhiBu *i- c,- s>ng v.
*u/0n *rong kh.ng gi-n *5 do. VT dE %i+n hAnh c,- knh v. *u/0n
nhiBu *i- ?6 knh *h.ng *in di s>ng dec-:e*. H5 *ru/Bn ?-n nhiBu *i-
sf dJn *Ki :Mo *Tn hi1u *hu do Iu* hi1n vi1c I0) chkng cc *i- %i *Ki
%i+: *hu vKi *hNi gi-n gic ch9: khc nh-u *Gi :/ *hu. ;HAnh Y.Y. 4<=
gF/ kh> khXn cho vi1c *hu *Tn hi1u v6 gi: %@ chTnh Ic *ru/Bn *in.
Pc 4i1n )h) *ru/Bn *h"ng khOc )hEc *c %@ng c> hGi c,- *ru/Bn ?-n
nhiBu *i- c> *h+ ?6: *hu )hFn *9)= chLn ?Lc *Tn hi1u *heo *hNi gi-n v6
*heo g>c *Ki= dng :D s(- s-i v.v. Tu/ nhin ** c cc 4i1n )h) n6/
kh.ng gii _u/0* %2c vn %B :@* cch *ri1* %+.
dhN *Tnh *ng _u-n *"*= cc *Tn hi1u di r@ng gi *G) c> *h+
SnMnW ?Gi *rong cc Iung hl)= :6 %@ d6i c,- n> *b ?1 nghch vKi %@
r@ng di *&n s( dEng. dh v9/= khi ?5- chLn di *&n c,- h1 *h"ng s-o
cho %@ d6i c,- Iung SnMnW n6/ nhq hn *hNi gi-n gic ch9: c,- *i-
*hA c> *h+ )hFn *ch %2c chgng $ )hT- *hu v6 khi c@ng nXng ?2ng c,-
chgng ?Gi c> *h+ nFng c-o *Tnh Un %nh nhiVu c,- :/ *hu *Tn hi1u
gi *G) ;hAnh Y.Y.c<. Vn %B chTnh na: $ %F/.
[
HAnh Y.Y.
'r *hu/0* *h.ng *in h&u nh %D ?T gii *Tnh h2) ?T c,- vi1c s( dEng
*Tn hi1u gi *G) gii r@ng *rong %iBu ki1n nhiVu ;*5 nhin< :Gnh=
S%>iW *&n s" v6 ?-n *ru/Bn nhiBu *i-. Hn nc-= cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in
di r@ng *q r- ho6n *o6n %) Cng c *rong *rNng h2) khi :6 c&n %:
4o *h.ng *in *rong %iBu ki1n c> *c %@ng nhiVu nhFn *Go ;nhiVu c"
r< c,- %"i )hng ;k8 *hu9* *c chi0n %i1n *(< j :@* %iBu r* _u-n
*rLng *rong *h.ng *in v. *u/0n %i1n _uFn s5. #@* u %i+: nc- c,-
cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in v. *u/0n di r@ng ?6 *rong *h5c *0= c> *h+ *hu
*"* c cc *Tn hi1u /0u c> :Cc *rung 4Anh *h) hn :Cc *rung 4Anh
c,- nhiVu= *Cc ?6 khi :6 *Tn hi1u 4 SchA: ?)W *rong nhiVu. dgo6i r-
vi1c s( dEng cc *Tn hi1u )hCc *G) c^ng sf gF/ kh> khXn cho vi1c
*ch ?/ *in *Cc c> Tch n0u nh kh.ng 4i0* cc s" ?i1u vB cu *rgc *Tn
hi1u= :6 %iBu n6/ c> r ngh8- kh.ng nhq %"i vKi *h.ng *in _uFn s5
IM* dKi g>c %@ 4o :9* *in. H-u %F/ sf Ie: IM* vn %B n6/ chi *i0*
hn:
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su c&u chung vB 4o %: %@ :9* *ru/Bn *in v. *u/0n %2c *h+
hi1n $ i khT- cGnh chTnh s-u:
Y. Bo %: %@ :9* _u *rAnh ?6: vi1c c,- chTnh %6i *hu )h*
v. *u/0n.
h. Bo %: %@ :9* cc /0u *" ?in _u-n %0n cc *h.ng s" *Tn
hi1u *h.ng *in.
i. Bo %: %@ :9* c,- chTnh n@i dung *in c&n *ru/Bn.
.
T* c cc /u c&u *rn %Bu %2c *ho :Dn 4$i cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng
*in di r@ng vKi :Cc %@ c-o hn r* nhiBu so vKi cc h1 *h"ng di hl)
*h.ng *hNng. Qhi s( dEng cc *Tn hi1u c> c s$ ?Kn . 1 F T t = :/ *hu c>
*h+ ?6: vi1c khi c.ng su* *Tn hi1u *Tnh *rn :@* %n v di *h.ng
*&n nhq hn c.ng su* nhiVu *hXng ging *rong di *&n s( dEng= *Cc ?6
nh %D n>i $ *rn= cc *Tn hi1u :6 n0u *hu 4ang cc :/ *hu di hl)
*h.ng *hNng sf kh.ng *h+ nghe %2c. Phgng *- sf gii *hTch %iBu n6/
4ang vT dE.
Qhi *hu kh.ng *ng c-n *heo *7ng )h&n *( *in rNi rGc= Ic su* ?i
%"i vKi h1 *h"ng nh )hFn vKi khong nghb *Tch c5c ;*rong *rNng h2)
knh c> *h-: s" c" %nh< %2c Ic %nh 4ang 4i+u *hCc:
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mo %>= *rong %iBu ki1n *c %@ng c,- nhiVu *hXng ging *hA Ic
su* ?i %2c Ic %nh chb 4$i gi *r
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h = %3c *rng cho s5 v2* *r@i c,-
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nh9n %2c gi *r *ng Cng c,- c s$ *Tn hi1u . F T s-o cho 4o %: gi
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%+ *hu *in c9/ *rong %iBu kin *b s"
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kh nhq *hA /u c&u *Xng c
s$ *Tn hi1u= %iBu :6 *rong *h5c *0 c> *h+ %G* %2c ho3c 4ang cch
:$ r@ng di *&n *Tn hi1u ;,<= ho3c gi: *"c %@ *ru/Bn *in ;*Xng -<.
@ :9* c,- *h.ng *in *rong cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng %2c
4o %: *rKc h0* nhN *Tnh *ng *5 *G) F: c,- *Tn hi1u *Go r- 4$i cc
*hu9* *on :D ho %3c 4i1*. Qhi *hu *rn cc :/ *hu di hl) *ru/Bn
*h"ng v6 *rn cc :/ *hu di r@ng :6 $ %> kh.ng s( dEng cc *h.ng
*in vB )hng )h) hAnh *h6nh *Tn hi1u di r@ng $ )hT- )h*= *Tn hi1u
sf %2c kh.i )hEc nh *G) F: 4Anh *hNng= *h9: chT vi1c chu/+n *7
*rGng *hi n6/ s-ng *rGng *hi khc ;*ng Cng vKi n v6 nh :-ni)< c^ng
sf kh.ng *h+ nh9n 4i0* %2c. $ %F/ c&n nhn :Gnh ?Gi :@* ?&n nc- ?6
*rong nhiBu *rNng h2) *G) F: n6/ c> *h+ nhq hn :Cc *G) F: *h.ng
*hNng. H-u nc-= %@ :9* *h.ng *in cpn %2c 4o %: 4$i chTnh cc
*hu9* *on :D ho %, nh-nh v6 )hCc *G) :6 %+ *ch *Tn hi1u $ )hT-
*hu c&n )hi c> cc 4@ 4i0n %Ui *ng c-n Ic %nh c> cc *h-: s"
*h-/ %Ui %2c nha: %"i )h> ?Gi cc chng *rAnh dp *A:= ch"ng )h
c,- %"i )hng. m8 nhin *rong *rNng h2) n6/= %+ gii :D *hA c&n c>
cc *hi0* 4 )hFn *Tch )hCc *G) *ng Cng *rn c s$ c.ng ngh1 :/
*Tnh %i1n *(. !u *rAnh )hFn *Tch= gii :D sf r* kh> khXn v6 ?Fu d6i=
%3c 4i1* n0u 4i0* rang khi gi *r c s$ *Tn hi1u ?6 kh ?Kn *hA vi1c
nh9n dGng *Tn hi1u *hu *heo dGng c,- n> sf )hi *h5c hi1n *rn Y *9)
r* ?Kn cc kh nXng c> *h+. VA *h0= ngNi *- n>i rang *Tn hi1u di r@ng
y
gi *G) ?6 c> Tch cho ngNi n6/ nhng ?Gi ?6 v. Tch ;ngukn nhiVu< %"i vKi
ngNi khc. T* c cc u %i+: c,- h1 *h"ng di r@ng cho *h/ rang h1
*h"ng n6/ gOn ?iBn vKi ?T *hu/0* *h"ng k= cho )hM) *h5c hi1n ho6n
ho nh* cc %iBu ki1n *hu *"i u *Tn hi1u.
Pc )hng )h) *h.ng *in v. *u/0n di r@ng vB ngu/n *Oc %2c
dng %+ *ru/Bn *in rNi rGc. Tu/ nhin c^ng c&n )hi *h/ rang k8 *hu9*
*ru/Bn *in rNi rGc *7 ?Fu %D kh.ng chb 4> hl) *rong vi1c *ru/Bn cc
vXn 4n ;%i1n 4o< :6 hi1n n-/ %D *r$ *h6nh Y *rong cc khFu _u-n
*rLng nh* khi *ru/Bn *in *rong cc h1 *h"ng %o %Gc *7 I-= %iBu khi+n
*7 I- v .v. Pc h1 *h"ng *ri+n vLng nh* *ru/Bn *in ?in *Ec ;vT dE nh
*ru/Bn *Tn hi1u *hoGi< *rn c s$ 4i0n %Ui chgng 4ang cch rNi rGc ho
gLi ?6 ?2ng *( ho *Tn hi1u. dh v9/= *h.ng *in gi *G) di r@ng c> *h+ %-
2c s( dEng *rong nhiBu dGng nh: %i1n 4o= *ru/Bn s" ?i1u= %i1n *hoGi
v6 nhiBu ?oGi hAnh *ru/Bn *in khc. T7 ** c cc )hFn *Tch *rn %F/
*h/ rang khX nXng v6 *ri+n vLng Cng dEng *h5c *0 c,- h1 *h"ng
*h.ng *in di r@ng ?6 r* ?Kn cho nn vi1c nghin cCu n> Y cch *o6n
di1n v6 *ri1* %+ ?6 *h5c s5 c&n *hi0*.
h. c s ca tn hiu
H5 khc 4i1* gic- cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng v6 *h.ng *h-
Nng ;s( dEng cc *Tn hi1u %n gin< ?6 $ dGng *Tn hi1u. Trong *h.ng
*in di r@ng= *Tn hi1u kh.ng )hi ?6 cc d-o %@ng %iBu ho6 %n gin
:6 ?6 *9) h2) cc *h6nh )h&n n6/.
Z
TTn hi1u %n gin %2c hi+u ?6 cc d-o %@ng %iBu ho6 ;vT dE
cc Iung d-o %@ng c-o *&n %2c *Go r- khi n h-/ nh :-ni) *rong ch0
%@ )h* 4o nh )hFn< %2c %3c *rng 4$i 4in %@= *&n s"= g>c )h-
%&u. Thu9* ngc S*Tn hi1u )hCc *G)W= S*Tn hi1u *U h2)W *rong *rNng h2)
chung %2c hi+u ?6 *9) h2) c,- nhiBu *Tn hi1u %n gin. Tu/ nhin $
%F/ *hu9* ngc n6/ c^ng cpn c> *h+ gOn vKi *hu9* ngc S?3) ?GiW.
Pheng hGn *rong nhiBu h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in v. *u/0n= %+ nFng c-o
%@ chTnh Ic *h.ng *in *hu *hA :i kT *5 %2c )h* %kng *hNi *rn h
*&n s" ;)hFn *9) *heo *&n s"<. dh v9/= $ )hT- *hu *Tn hi1u sf ?6 *9)
h2) c,- h *Tn hi1u vKi *&n s" khc nh-u nhng :-ng cng Y *h.ng *in
gi"ng nh-u. #@* vT dE khc vB *U h2) cc *Tn hi1u %n gin ?6 khi *hu
)hFn *9) *heo *hNi gi-n. Trong *rNng h2) n6/= cc *Tn hi1u ho6n *o6n
gi"ng nh-u nhng %2c )h* v6 *hu *rong nhcng khong *hNi gi-n khc
nh-u. dh9n IM* rang *rong c h vT dE *rn *hA %i+: khc 4i1* chung
c,- chgng vKi cc *Tn hi1u %n gin *h.ng *hNng ?6 chgng c> %@ d
*h7- *h.ng *in vA vB ngu/n *Oc *hA *h.ng *in chb c&n *ru/Bn *rn Y
*rong cc )h&n *( *Tn hi1u / ?6 %, v6 *hC nc- ?6 %+ ?6: *Xng *Tnh
ch"ng nhiVu. VKi _u-n %i+: IM* vB *h-: s" *Tn hi1u *hA *rong *rNng
h2) *hC nh*= %@ d *h7- *h.ng *in sf ?6: :$ r@ng g) %.i di *&n
chi0: c,- *Tn hi1u= cpn *rong *rNng h2) *hC h *hA ?6: *Xng %@ d6i c,-
n>. Phgng *- sf Ie: IM* *h: Y vT dE nc- %+ ?6: sng *q khi ni1:
vB *Tn hi1u %n gin.
+ cho Y 4n *in 4-o gk: cc Iung *u&n *5 c> dpng ;khi n
:-ni)< v6 kh.ng dpng ;khi nh :-ni)< vKi %@ d6i ?6 T ;ngh8- ?6 chu
kA *Ung sf ?6 hT v6 *&n s" )h* :-ni) sf ?6
1 2T
. #@* 4n *in nh v9/ c>
*h+ ?6 *Ung c,- nhiBu d-o %@ng hAnh sin c> *&n s" 4ang 4@i c,- *&n
s" c 4n. + kh.i )hEc %2c 4n *in n6/ $ %&u *hu *hA chb c&n )h*
Yw
cc *h6nh )h&n F: *&n na: *rong di
3 2 F T =
= %2c gLi ?6 )hU *in.
Trong *rNng h2) n6/ khi )h* 4o :-ni) 4in %@ *hA di *&n *Tn hi1u
s>ng :-ng sf 4ang h ?&n %@ r@ng )hU *in= *Cc ?6 4ang
3 F T =
= cpn n0u
?6 )h* %n 4in *hA n> 4ang chTnh %@ r@ng )hU *in= *Cc ?6 4ang
3 2 F T =
. B$i vA *heo r ngh8- v9* ?T *hA c s$ c,- *Tn hi1u %3c *rng
cho *b s" gic- %@ r@ng )hU *Tn hi1u vKi %@ r@ng )hU *in v6 %2c Ic
%nh 4$i *"c %@ *ru/Bn *in= nn *rong *rNng h2) *hC nh* c s$ *Tn
hi1u sf 4ang h= cpn *rong *rNng h2) *hC h j 4ang Y. TTn hi1u c,- cc h1
*h"ng di hl) %2c %3c *rng 4$i gi *r c s$ 1 - gLi ?6 cc *Tn hi1u
%n gin.
Pc *Tn hi1u *U h2) *rong cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng *heo
_u-n %i+: %nh ?2ng *hA khc so vKi cc *Tn hi1u %n gin %D IM* $
*rn nhN c> %@ d *h7- ?Kn hn %ng k+ vA chgng cu *h6nh *7 r*
nhiBu cc )h&n *( *Tn hi1u. + hi+u ro hn vB cc *Tn hi1u *U h2)
;*Tn hi1u )hCc *G)< nh v9/= *rKc h0* chgng *- sf ?6: sng *q khi ni1:
vB cc )h&n *( *Tn hi1u. m8 nhin= cc *Tn hi1u )h&n *( %2c hi+u ?6
cc *Tn hi1u kh.ng chC- %@ d *h7- *h.ng *in. Qh nXng :-ng *in c,-
*Tn hi1u c> *h+ %2c %nh ?2ng 4ang gi *r c,- 4i+u *hCc *Tch c,- %@
d6i *Tn hi1u - vKi di *&n chi0: c,- n> ,. dh %D 4i0*= *hA *Tn hi1u n6/
sf :-ng %2c s" ?Kn nh* cc kT *5 %@c ?9) ?6 . T F . mo %>= *Tn hi1u
*h.ng *hNng ;kh.ng c> %@ d *h7-< n0u *ru/Bn Y kT *5 c&n )hi c> c
s$ 4ang:
. 1 B F T =
F/ chTnh ?6 %iBu ki1n Ic %nh %"i vKi cc *Tn hi1u *h6nh
)h&n ;*Tn hi1u %n gin<.
Pc *Tn hi1u )hCc *G) *rong cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng 4q
_u- gi *r c s$ ?Kn ;:6 %> chTnh ?6 khc 4i1* c 4n vKi *Tn hi1u
YY
%n gin< %2c %3c *rng 4$i %@ d *h7- r* ?Kn: T* c ;ho3c h&u nh
** c< cc *h6nh )h&n c,- cc )h&n *( *Tn hi1u c,- n> ;cc )h&n *(<
%Bu :-ng cng Y *h.ng *in<. V6 nh v9/= chgng *- sf Ic %nh cc *Tn
hi1u %2c s( dEng *rong cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng nh ?6 Y *Tn
hi1u )hCc *G) v6 %- v6o %nh ngh8- s-u: tn hiu .c g/i l t0 h.p
1phc tp2 n3u n4 l t)p h.p c5a 6 s7 l.ng l'n cc tn hiu thnh ph8n
1ph8n t9 tn hiu2: m m;i tn hiu thnh ph8n mang c<ng 6 l.ng tin
tc v t)p h.p li to ra 6 tn hiu phc tp hon ch=nh. nh ngh8-
n6/ ?6 chung nh* v6 %gng vKi ** c cc dGng *Tn hi1u *rong cc h1
*h"ng *ru/Bn *in di r@ng.
Pc *Tn hi1u *h6nh )h&n c> *h+ c> %@ d6i nhq v6 chi0: di *&n
?Kn ;cc *Tn hi1u *h6nh )h&n di r@ng j hAnh Y.h.-< ho3c %@ d6i ?Kn v6
chi0: di *&n nhq ;*Tn hi1u *h6nh )h&n di hl) j hAnh Y.h.4<. Trong
c h *rNng h2) c s$ *Tn hi1u sf 4ang di1n *Tch )h&n gGch chMo chc
nh9* v6 c> gi *r 1 .
HAnh Y.h.
Theo %nh ngh8- %- r- $ *rn *hA c> *h+ IF/ d5ng *Tn hi1u
)hCc *G) *heo h cch ch, /0u s-u: Ho3c ?6 *9) h2) cc *Tn hi1u *h6nh
)h&n I0) cGnh nh-u *heo *hNi gi-n *h6nh Y chui ?in *i0) j *Tn hi1u
n"i *i0) ;nh *rn hAnh Y.i.- v6 Y.i.c<= ho3c nh Y *9) *Tn hi1u %2c
*ru/Bn %kng *hNi *rn cc *&n s" khc nh-uj cc *Tn hi1u song song
Yh
;nh *rn hAnh Y.i.4<. dh v9/ ro r6ng rang= c> kh nXng *Go r- c nhcng
*Tn hi1u )hCc *G) k0* h2) song song-n"i *i0)= :6 *rong %> :@* 4@
)h9n cc )h&n *( %2c *ru/Bn *rong nhcng khong *hNi gi-n khc nh-u=
cpn :@* 4@ )h9n %2c *ru/Bn %kng *hNi ;nh *rn hAnh Y.i.d<. dh9n
*h/ rang *rong )h&n ?Kn cc *rNng h2) ;vT dE hAnh Y.i.- v6 Y.i.4< *hA
c s$ c,- *Tn hi1u )hCc *G) khong ch7ng 4ang s" cc *Tn hi1u *h6nh
)h&n c> *rong *h6nh )h&n c,- n>.
HAnh Y.i
i. phn oi cc h thng thng tin di rng
Hi1n n-/= do s5 )h* *ri+n c,- *h.ng *in v. *u/0n *rn )hG: vi
*o6n c&u nn Iu hKng ?6 c&n )hi 4ang :Li cch *hu hl) )hU *&n
chi0: c,- *Tn hi1u c6ng nhq c6ng *"* %+ *rnh :Mo gi-o *ho- khi c>
Y s" ?2ng ?Kn cc *rG: *hu-)h* v. *u/0n cng ?6: vi1c *rong :@* kh.ng
gi-n hGn ch0. Vi1c *hu hl) di *&n *Tn hi1u c> *h+ %G* %2c nhN cc
gii )h) s-u:
Yi
z ) dEng cc 4i1n )h) nFng c-o %@ Un %nh *&n s" cho cc
4@ d-o %@ng.
z HAnh *h6nh cc h1 *h"ng c> hi1u _u chLn ?Lc c-o cc *Tn
hi1u.
z Cng dEng r@ng rDi dGng *Tn hi1u %n 4in.
Trong nhcng nX: g&n %F/= )h&n ?Kn cc di *&n s( dEng *rong
*h.ng *in v. *u/0n= %3c 4i1* ?6 di s>ng dec-:e* %Bu %D 4 _u *i
nn vi1c )hFn %nh= _un ?T *&n s" Y cch ch3* chf= ro r6ng *r$ ?n
kh> khXn v6 nhiVu gi-o *ho- ?6 Y hi1u Cng ** /0u kh.ng *h+ *rnh
khqi. Vi1c %- v6o Cng dEng *Tn hi1u )hCc *G) sf gig) chgng *- gii
_u/0* %2c 46i *on n6/ c^ng nh h6ng ?oG* cc vn %B _u-n *rLng khc.
Qh nXng v6 )hG: vi Cng dEng cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng ?6 r*
%- dGng v6 vi1c )hFn ?oGi chgng c> *h+ *h5c hi1n d5- *rn nhiBu du
hi1u khc nh-u. TrKc h0*= chgng *- sf ?i1* k cc hKng )h* *ri+n c 4n
v6 *i0n h6nh )hFn ?oGi chgng *heo chCc nXng.
dh>: *hC nh* 4-o gk: cc h1 *h"ng %2c s( dEng %+ )hFn 4i1*
cc *Tn hi1u 4 che ?) nh-u do c> cc %@ gic ch9: khc nh-u. > ?6
cc h1 *h"ng *hu *Tn hi1u *rong cc knh *h.ng *in nhiBu *i-.
dh>: *hC h-i 4-o gk: cc h1 *h"ng dng %+ ch"ng ?Gi cc ?oGi
nhiVu c> %3c *rng *hTch nghi: Pc h1 *h"ng su/ gi: nhiVu *9) *rung
*heo *&n s" ho3c *heo *hNi gi-n ;nhiVu %iBu ho6 h-/ nhiVu Iung<.
dh>: *hC 4- ?6 cc h1 *h"ng *ru/Bn *in v. *u/0n 4o :9*.
Pu"i cng ?6 nh>: *hC * 4-o gk: cc h1 *h"ng c> :9* %@ knh
d6/ %3c. Trong nh>: n6/ %3c 4i1* cpn 4-o gk: c cc h1 *h"ng c>
*n gLi S%- chb rNi rGcW v6 cc h1 *h"ng S*ru/ nh9) *5 doW.
Vi1c )hFn ?oGi cc h1 *h"ng di r@ng c> *h+ :$ r@ng *h: *heo
*iu chT )hFn ?oGi h1 *h"ng *u{ *hu@c v6o dGng *Tn hi1u s( dEng= *heo
)hng )h) *hu. Theo dGng *Tn hi1u= c> *h+ )hFn chi- *h6nh cc h1
Y]
*h"ng vKi *Tn hi1u *G) F:= cc h1 *h"ng vKi *Tn hi1u %iBu ch0 *&n s"
*u/0n *Tnh *rong Iung v6 cc h1 *h"ng vKi *Tn hi1u )hCc *G) gi *G).
Theo )hng )h) *hu nh9n *Tn hi1u c> *h+ )hFn *h6nh cc h1 *h"ng
*hu *ng _u-n chMo v6 cc h1 *h"ng *hu *5 *ng _u-n.
#i nh>: h1 *h"ng *heo cc du hi1u )hFn ?oGi nh ?i1* k $ *rn
%Bu c> nhcng %3c %i+: ring= %2c Ic %nh 4$i chCc nXng c,- h1
*h"ng v6 dGng *Tn hi1u s( dEng c^ng nh )hng )h) s( ?T gi- c.ng *Tn
hi1u *ng Cng. iBu n6/ c> ngh8- ?6 vi1c )hFn ?oGi cc h1 *h"ng
*h.ng *in di r@ng *heo cc *iu chu|n khc nh-u vJn %D= %-ng v6 sf
%2c *i0) *Ec. P> %iBu c&n ?u r ?6 kh.ng *h+ %3* r- :@* giKi hGn h-/
:@* *iu chT cCng nhOc n6o %+ )hFn 4i1* cc h1 *h"ng di r@ng.
Pheng hGn nh Y h1 *h"ng ki+u *hu *Tn hi1u *heo *i- ;*hu@c nh>: :@*<
*hA %kng *hNi $ :Cc %@ nh* %nh 4o %: su/ gi: nhiVu *9)
*rung v6 4o :9* *h.ng *in. VT dE= c> *h+ IF/ d5ng Y h1 *h"ng *h.ng
*in di r@ng ;nhiBu knh< vKi )hFn 4i1* *Tn hi1u *heo %@ gic ch9: $
*7ng knh ;*hu *heo *i-<. d>i cch khc= ** c cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in
di r@ng %Bu c> h6ng ?oG* %i+: chung v6 do %> vi1c *i0) c9n nghin
cCu chgng c> *h+ ) dEng :@* )hng )h) ?u9n *h"ng nh*: }e: IM*
ngu/n *Oc hAnh *h6nh *Tn hi1u di r@ng $ )hT- )h* c,- %Nng v.
*u/0n v6 )hng )h) s( ?T *Tn hi1u c,- *u/0n *hu. T7 %F/ vB s-u sf
s( dEng cc *hu9* ngc vi0* *O* s-u:
- TTn hi1u di r@ng j THmn~
- TTn hi1u gi *G) F: di r@ng j THGTmn~
- H1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng j HTTTmn.
Phng h
cc tn hiu di rng !"#$%&
Y[
#@* *rong nhcng /u c&u chTnh %3* r- %"i vKi THmn ?6 *Tnh
%kng %Bu c,- )hFn 4" )hU nXng ?2ng c,- chgng *rong di *&n Ic
%nh v6 %, ?Kn. PhTnh vi1c 4o %: /u c&u n6/ dJn *Ki h6ng ?oG*
cc u %i+: c,- n> so vKi *Tn hi1u %n gin nh %D )hFn *Tch *rong
chng Y. THmn c> *h+ %2c *Go r- 4ang nhiBu )hng )h) khc nh-u.
hU 4i0n nh* *rn *h5c *0 ?6 Y *rong i )hng )h) chTnh s-u %F/:
- TGo THmn nhN %iBu ch0 *&n s" *u/0n *Tnh Iung *rong.
- TGo THmn nhN chui Iung nh )hFn gi ngJu nhin.
- TGo THmn 4ang cch s( dEng cc *Tn hi1u *G) F:.
Trong :i )hng )h) hAnh *h6nh THmn c^ng nh $ :i HTTTmn
*ng Cng %Bu c> nhcng u v6 nh2c %i+: c,- :Anh. + c> *h+ ?6:
sng *q %iBu n6/ chgng *- sf Ie: IM* chi *i0* hn %3c %i+: *7ng
)hng )h) *Go THmn.
. Pc *Tn hi1u di r@ng vKi %iBu *&n *u/0n *Tnh Iung *rong
;TTT}T<
Y. h ng )h) *Go THmn- TTT}T: %2c Cng dEng *7 nX: YZ[Y= khi
cc chu/n gi- %B ngh s( dEng THmn- TTT}T *rong k8 *hu9* r-d-r
chb nha: khOc )hEc *Tnh kh.ng Ic %nh c,- c5 ?i. H-u %> )hng
)h) n6/ %D %2c Cng dEng r@ng rDi *rong r-d-r v6 ng6/ n-/ *hA cc
chu/n gi- %D *Tnh %0n vi1c dng n> *rong *h.ng *in v. *u/0n. Vi1c
Cng dEng )hng )h) n6/ *rong cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in s" di s>ng
dec-:e* v6 :e* cho )hM) s( dEng :@* cch hi1u _u di *&n v6 c.ng
su* :/ )h*= khOc )hEc %2c s-i ?1ch *&n s" gF/ r- 4$i cc 4@ d-o
%@ng ho3c do s5 chu/+n %@ng *ng %"i c,- -n*en ;hi1u Cng
mo))?e<= c^ng nh ?6: gi: nh h$ng c,- nhiVu *7 cc knh v. *u/0n
khc.
Y\
HAnh h.Y
T* c cc *h6nh )h&n )hU *Tn hi1u Iung %iBu *&n *h5c *0 %Bu
c> 4in %@ gi"ng nh-u ;hAnh h.Y.4< Y. Th6nh )h&n *&n s" %&u *in
c,- )hU *Tn hi1u %i *Ki :/ *hu %2c gic ch9: vKi *hNi gi-n ?Kn nh*
4ang 4@ ?Lc cho %0n khi nh9n %2c *o6n 4@ cc *h6nh )h&n cpn ?Gi %+
hAnh *h6nh %Nng 4-o c,- Iung %D cho. %i1n ) c,- *F* c cc *h6nh
)h&n %2c c@ng *ng c-n= *Go r- :@* Iung ngOn vKi c.ng su* %bnh
?Kn= cpn %@ d6i *b ?1 nghch vKi %@ r@ng )hU c,- n> ;hAnh h.Y.c<. T"c
%@ *h-/ %Ui *&n s" c> *h+ %2c gLi ?6 %iBn %&/ d"c ho3c nghing
Iung
F T
- *Cc ?6 *b s" di *h-/ %Ui ;%@ r@ng )hU< vKi chu kA *h-/
%Ui *&n s" ;%@ d6i Iung<~ vT dE= %@ d"c sf :-ng du dng n0u *&n
s" 4@ d-o %@ng *Xng *7 *h) ?n c-o ;hAnh h.Y.-< v6 chgng c> *h+ Ie:
*ng Cng nh cc 4i* nh )hFn~ cc Iung c> %@ d"c dng sf 4 nMn
*rong cc 4@ ?Lc dng v6 sf 4 dDn ;*heo *hNi gi-n< *rong cc 4@ ?Lc
F:. B@ *ch s>ng 4o %: so snh cc *Tn hi1u c,- c h 4@ ?Lc *rong
*7ng chu kA - v6 ?5- chLn *Tn hi1u r- n6o c> :Cc ?Kn hn.
m8 nhin c&n hi+u rang %+ *ru/Bn *Tn hi1u :D kh ?Kn ho3c
*ru/Bn %kng *hNi :@* s" ?2ng ?Kn cc *Tn hi1u *rong cng :@* di *&n
*hA c&n )hi c> *"i *hi+u h knh. iBu n6/ c> *h+ %G* %2c 4ang cch:
?5- chLn *"c %@ *h-/ %Ui *&n s"= ?3) ?Gi nhiBu ?&n chu kA ho3c hAnh
*h6nh %Nng 4-o Iung *heo cch %3c 4i1*. hU Iung c6ng r@ng= vi1c
Yu
)hFn *ch chgng c6ng dV~ nhcng )hU r@ng hn sf cho nhcng Iung
hl) hn s-u khi nMn v6 do %> ?6 khong *hNi gi-n %+ cho 4@ *ch
s>ng *h5c hi1n ?5- chLn %i1n ) r- c,- cc 4@ ?Lc ngOn hn. Th.ng
*hNng 4@ *ch s>ng kh.ng _uM* 4@ ?Lc ;kh.ng ki+: so*< *rong *hNi
gi-n %i1n ) %&u r- 4@ ?Lc *ng Cng vKi cc Iung nMn c,- *i- %i *Ki
*heo hKng )hE c> %@ gic ch9: kh.ng %ng k+ so vKi Iung nMn c,- *i-
*Ki *heo hKng chTnh. P> nhiBu )hng )h) *ru/Bn %kng *hNi :@* s" *Tn
hi1u= *rong %> c> )hng )h-) d6nh cho :i knh :@* khong *hNi
gi-n Ic %nh ;khe *hNi gi-n<. Tu/ nhin )h&n ?Kn cc )hng )h) %Bu
/u c&u *Tnh %kng 4@ c,- h1 *h"ng. TTnh %kng 4@ %2c Ie: nh ?6 :@*
/u c&u nUi 49* *rong cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in v1 *inh= ni :6 cc *rG:
v1 *inh :3* %* %2c dng kh.ng chb vKi chCc nXng ?6 *rG: chu/+n
*i0) :6 cpn ?6 c: 4i0n %kng 4@ *rung *F: c,- h1 *h"ng. Bn cGnh
%>= cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in _u- cc *rG: v1 *inh :3* %* *hNng r*
)hCc *G) v6 %O* *iBn= %3c 4i1* khi c&n *h5c hi1n %kng 4@ ch3* chf
vB )h- c,- ** c cc *rG: :3* %*. Qh *hi hn c> ?f ?6 cc h1 *h"ng
kh.ng %kng 4@. Pc h1 *h"ng n6/ cho )hM) *ru/Bn nhiBu *Tn hi1u
%kng *hNi *rong cng :@* di *&n= *rong %> vi1c nh9n dGng *Tn hi1u
c,- cc knh khc nh-u %2c *h5c hi1n *heo %@ d"c %3c *rng. Vi1c
nh9n %2c nhcng %@ d"c nh v9/ vKi %@ *u/0n *Tnh cho )hM) kh.ng
kh>. Tu/ nhin chu kA *h-/ %Ui *&n s" *rong cc *Tn hi1u )hCc *G)
c6ng ?Kn *hA c6ng kh> *Go r- cc 4@ ?Lc )h"i h2) vKi chgng. Th5c *0 *h/
rang= %Nng 4-o c,- cc Iung %- v6o 44L *ch s>ng c6ng ?Kn ;*Cc ?6
chu kA *h-/ %Ui *&n s" *Tn hi1u c,- :i knh c6ng ?Kn< *hA *b s"
*Tn*G) nh9n %2c c6ng nhq. ;hAnh h.h.<. H-u khi *Tnh *on )hn Cng
c,- 4@ ?Lc )h"i h2) *rn ** c cc %@ d"c c,- *Tn hi1u ngNi *- *i0n
h6nh %nh gi s" knh cho )hM).
Yy
HAnh h.h.
Vi1c %nh gi n6/ chCng :inh rang n0u cc %@ d"c khc nh-u
Y=[ ?&n *hA chgng sf %2c )hFn 4i1* dV d6ng 4ang cc 4@ *ch s>ng.
d>i *>: ?Gi= s" *Tn hi1u cho )hM) *ru/Bn %kng *hNi )hE *hu@c v6o *b
s" *Tn hi1u *rn *Ung nhiVu *hXng ging v6 nhiVu *9) *rung= v6 do %>
)hE *hu@c v6o Ic su* ?i. VT dE *rong h1 *h"ng c> *b s" *Tn*G) 4ang
Yw dB= c> *h+ *ru/Bn %kng *hNi
10 TF
knh *rong cng :@* di *&n vKi
%iBu ki1n :Cc *Tn hi1u ?Kn hn nhiBu so vKi :Cc *G) F: ;khi
f
i
kh v6 > Yww 4o* *hA n i~ khi
f
i kh v6 > [w 4o* *hA n \<.
h. Gii %iBu ch0 *Tn hi1u. d0u vi1c *Go r- THmn- TTT}T kh.ng
kh> ?O: ;khi TF kh.ng _u ?Kn< *hA vi1c gii %iBu ch0 chgng r* )hCc
*G). Vi1c gii %iBu ch0 THmn- TTT}T %2c *h5c hi1n 4ang cch s(
dEng :/ *hu *ng _u-n.
T7 h-i )hng )h) gii %iBu ch0 %D nu *rn *hA *hu9n *in hn
c ?6 :/ *hu c> s( dEng %Nng dF/ gic ch9: cu *Go *7 cc :Gch vKi
*h-: s" *9) *rung ;vT dE nh cc khFu n'P %2c :Oc n"i *i0)< ho3c %-
Nng dF/ gic ch9: siu F:. Trong cc s %k n6/ :"i _u-n h1 gic-
*hNi gi-n gic ch9: vKi *&n s" %2c 4i+u diVn 4ang 4i+u *hCc d#ng b$c
th!ng. #@* *rong cc s %k 4@ ?Lc )hFn *n= s( dEng cc )h&n *( c>
*h-: s" *9) *rung ?6 4@ ?Lc O:eir. B@ ?Lc n6/ c> %3c *Tnh *&n s"-)h-
;*Cc ?6 s5 )hE *hu@c c,- *hNi gi-n gic ch9: v6o *&n s"< *u/0n *Tnh ;vKi
%@ chTnh Ic cv h< *rong giKi hGn ]=[ kh c u=[ kh ;Ie: hAnh h.i.<.
YZ
P^ng gi"ng nh cc 4@ ?Lc )hFn *n ?6 cc 4@ ?Lc IF/ d5ng *rn cc
dF/ gic ch9: siu F: ;dF/ gic ch9: ki+u dF/ _un= *hGch -nh
ho3c ch* ?qng<.
HAnh h.i
Qhi di *&n v6 *hNi gi-n *h-/ %Ui *&n s" ?Kn *hA h2) ?T hn c ?6
s( dEng :/ *hu *ng _u-n. VKi :/ *hu *ng _u-n= 4@ *Go d-o %@ng
%iBu ch0 *&n s" 4o %: s5 *h-/ %Ui c,- *&n s" *Tn hi1u *rong di
*&n v6 *"c %@ gi"ng nh $ )hT- )h*. i1n ) hi1u c,- *Tn hi1u *hu v6
c,- 4@ *Go d-o %@ng %iBu *&n ;hAnh h.].< s-u 4@ *r@n sf %- v6o 4@
khu0ch %Gi v6 %2c %- _u-/ *r$ ?Gi *heo :Gch vpng )hn hki dng nhN
khung d-o %@ng n"i *i0).
hw
HAnh h.].
#i chu kA - giF/= *Tn hi1u *7 %&u r- 4@ khu0ch %Gi _u- kho
%i1n *( %+ *Ki 4@ *ch s>ng. kng *hNi nhN c> :Gch kh( ;kho %i1n *(
Y< sf *ri1* *iu cc d-o %@ng *rong khung c@ng h$ng *rong :Gch )hn
hki. Vi1c %kng 4@ *rong :/ *hu *ng _u-n ?6 *ng %"i kh> khXn. #@*
*rong cc )hng )h) %kng 4@ ?6 so snh hi1u )h- gic- *Tn hi1u
%iBu *&n *hu nh9n %2c v6 *Tn hi1u c,- 4@ *Go d-o %@ng %iBu *&n c,-
:/ *hu. Qhi Iu* hi1n ?i %kng 4@ *rn %&u r- c,- knh *5 %@ng
%iBu chbnh *&n s" j )h- sf )h* sinh *Tn hi1u ?i. TTn hi1u n6/ dng
%+ %iBu chbnh *&n s" cho 4@ d-o %@ng c,- :/ *hu.
Pc /u c&u vB cu *rgc %"i vKi %Nng dF/ gic ch9: v6 :/ *hu
*ng _u-n sf *r$ ?n ch3* chf hn *u{ *heo %@ ?Kn c,- *Tch TF = v6 :Cc
%@ kh> khXn sf r* nghi: *rLng gOn ?iBn vKi _ui ?u9* *h-/ %Ui )hi
*u/0n c,- *&n s" 4@ *Go d-o %@ng. chTnh %iBu n6/ gF/ r- :Mo *Tn
hi1u %&u r-. Trong 4ng h.Y ?6 vT dE :@* v6i *h-: s" c,- h1 *h"ng
*h.ng *in dng THmn - TTT}T %2c *h( nghi1: *Gi #8.
?ng @A6
Cc h
$o '()( ti*n h+nh $o #i ,un -. ti*n
h+nh
hY
thng
BiCn lc gi$a Dm" Ea" F
EGH
BiCn lc gi$a D-u F EGH
3c *Tnh c
4n c,- h1
*h"ng *h.ng
*in
Pc *Tn hi1u *hoGi v6 s"
?i1u s" vB cc *rG: :3*
%* %2c chu/+n *i0) *Ki
cc *6u hoG* %@ng *rn
4i+n _u- *rG: v1 *inh
%- *8nh
Pc *Tn hi1u c,- )h-o v.
*u/0n *ru/Bn s" ?i1u *hu
vXn sf %2c )hn IG *7 *&ng
%i1n ?i vB hKng *rG: v.
*u/0n *rn 4N.
B" *rT *hi0*
4 *rn *6u
#/ )h* v. *u/0n %3* *Gi
s- :Gc #oh-ve ;4-ng
P-?i)hoocni-<= :/ *hu
%3* *rn :/ 4-/
#/ )h* v. *u/0n %3*
*rn )h-o v. *u/0n $ vnh
#ecIico= :/ *hu %3* *rn
:/ 4-/
3c *Tnh c
4n c,- knh
TTn hi1u c> )hU r@ng [w
kh~ *&n s" *rung 4Anh
Y[w kh
TTn hi1u c> di *h.ng~
i kh *Gi *&n s" Z #h
\ kh *Gi *&n s" Y[ #h
T"c %@
*ru/Bn s" ?i1u
h]ww 4i*giF/ u[ ho3c Y[w 4i*giF/
i. u v6 nh2c %i+: c,- h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in s( dEng THmn -
TTT}T
-< Qhi s( dEng THmn - TTT}T chb c&n :$ r@ng kh.ng %ng k+
di *&n *Tn hi1u~ %@ r@ng )hU Iung vu.ng 4ang cv di *h-/ %Ui. VA
v9/ c> *h+ *hi0* k0 cc 4@ ?Lc su/ gi: :Cc *G) F: di r@ng na:
ngo6i )hU THmn - TTT}T. dg2c ?Gi= vKi cc )hng )h) )hU 4i0n khc
*hA vi1c nMn )hU 4in %@ *Tn hi1u vB dGng
sin x
x
= *Cc ?6 %Nng 4-o
)hU c> chC- %i+: c5c %Gi c 4n v6 :@* s" %i+: c5c %Gi nXng ?2ng
)hE. mo %> c&n )hi d6nh Y di *&n ?Kn %+ )h* nhcng *Tn hi1u n6/~
ngo6i r- _u- cc 4@ ?Lc )h"i h2) %2c *Tnh *on %+ cho _u- di *h.ng
?Kn nh v9/ sf ?6: *Xng :Cc nhiVu.
4< Pc 4i1n )h) nMn *Tn hi1u cho )hM) *rnh %2c vn %B giKi
hGn c.ng su* %bnh c,- :/ )h*. Vn %B ?6 $ ch c.ng su* ?Kn nh*
:6 :/ )h* c> *h+ *Go r- *rong khong *hNi gi-n ngOn ;
:-I
*rong
Iung< sf 4 hGn ch0 4$i hi1n *2ng %nh *h,ng= ion ho kh.ng khT Iung
hh
_u-nh v.v. THmn - TTT}T cho )hM) )hFn chi- cc *i- ki+u n6/ v6
chu/+n %Ui nXng ?2ng *h6nh )h* cc %n v nh )hFn= %iBu :6
chb c> *h+ ?6: %2c khi c.ng su* %bnh c,- :/ )h* ?6 r* ?Kn. iBu
n6/ c> %2c nhN s5 )hFn 4" %Bu nXng ?2ng )h* *rong khong *hNi gi-n
%@ d6i Iung v6 s-u %> ?6 nMn n> ?Gi ;ch9) ?Gi< *rong cc 4@ ?Lc )h"i h2)
c,- :/ *hu.
i< Pc 4@ ?Lc )h"i h2) sf gic ch9: cc *Tn hi1u nhiVu *G) ;%gng
r- ?6 kh.ng chLn ?Lc< v6 s-n 4ang )hFn 4" *&n s" c,- cc nhiVu Iung.
VA v9/= c.ng su* %bnh c,- cc *Tn hi1u kh.ng *Un h-o ;cc *Tn
hi1u ?in *Ec< sf kh.ng %Ui *rong *hNi gi-n nMn *rong cc 4@ ?Lc= *rong
khi %> c.ng su* nhiVu Iung ?Gi 4 gi:. VA 4@ *ch s>ng ?5- chLn
%i1n ) r- c,- 4@ ?Lc *rong khong
1 F
giF/ s-u :i - giF/= nn
nhiVu c,- c h-i ?oGi %Bu 4 su/ gi: *rong *hNi gi-n :6 THmn -
TTT}T %2c *ch r-.
]< Qhi c&n ch"ng ?Gi vKi %@ dch *&n %o)?er ho3c s-i ?1ch *&n s"
4-n %&u c,- cc 4@ d-o %@ng c^ng nh khi ?6: vi1c *rong cc giKi hGn
4Xng *&n s" v. *u/0n 4 hGn ch0 ch3* chf *hA THmn - TTT}T *q r- c> -
u %i+: ro r1*.
[< TTnh )hCc *G) v6 gi *h6nh c-o c,- vi1c 4o %: s5 *ng c-n
v6 %kng 4@ )h- *rong cc h1 *h"ng s( dEng *Tn hi1u gi *G) v6 *rong
cc h1 *h"ng nh/ *&n sf ?6 kh.ng kinh *0 khi *ru/Bn *in 4ang cc *Tn
hi1u ngOn.
\< Tu/ nhin n0u *Tch TF ?6 r* ?Kn v6 n0u *"c %@ *ru/Bn *in *h-/
%Ui *hNng Iu/n *hA cc h1 *h"ng vKi THmn - TTT}T *h5c hi1n kh>
khXn hn r* nhiBu so vKi cc h1 *h"ng *ri+n vLng khc j cc h1 *h"ng
vKi *Tn hi1u gi *G) F:= h1 *h"ng nh/ *&n.
hi
u< d0u c.ng su* )h* kh.ng ?Kn *hA hi+n nhin ?6 kh.ng nn s(
dEng THmn - TTT}T vA *Tnh Un %nh *h) c,- n> vKi *c %@ngc,-
cc nhiVu ngJu nhin.
/ 0. cc tn hiu gi tp di rng tr1n c s chu2i gi ng3u nhi1n
Pc *Tn hi1u gi *G) %2c hAnh *h6nh *7 cc *Tn hi1u *h6nh )h&n
dKi dGng cc d-o %@ng hAnh sin= )h- c,- n> *h-/ %Ui *rong khong
*hNi gi-n
0

. TTn hi1u :-ni) )h- %2c *h5c hi1n s-o cho )hU *Tn hi1u
?6 %, r@ng= g&n *Ki )hU c,- *Tn hi1u gi *G) F:. Th.ng dEng nh* ?6
*Tn hi1u :-ni) )h- S

W. Hi1n n-/ c> r* nhiBu cc ?oGi chui :D *ho

:Dn cc /u c&u %3* r- $ *rn. &u *in )hi k+ %0n ?6 chui *Tn hi1u
rNi rGc H-:en v6 B-rker. Phgng *hu@c ?oGi chui gi ngJu nhin
;PGdd<. PGdd - %> ?6 *Tn hi1u dKi dGng chui du nh )hFn hAnh
*h6nh *heo :@* *hu9* *on Ic %nh v6 c> cc *Tnh ch* gi"ng nh :@*
_u *rAnh ngJu nhin.
TTnh rNi rGc c,- PGdd H-:en v6 B-rker Ic nh9n vB *Tnh chu
k{ c,- chgng. H6: *ng _u-n c,- cc _u *rAnh n6/ *h5c ch* khc
h6: *ng _u-n c,- cc _u *rAnh ngJu nhin d7ng c> *Tnh ch*
SecgodicW. H5 khc 4i1* n6/ ?6 ( ) R
c,- cc _u *rAnh ngJu nhin d7ng
%G* *Ki w khi *Xng

%0n v. cng= cpn 4n *hFn h6: *ng _u-n c,- _u

*rAnh d7ng chu k{ ?6 h6: *u&n ho6n c,- %"i s" H-:en. + hi+u ro
vn %B n6/ chgng *- Ie: IM* chui gi ngJu nhin H-:en v6
B-rker= ngu/n *Oc hAnh *h6nh v6 h6: *ng _u-n c,- chgng khi 4i+u
diVn cc chui n6/ $ dGng khc nh-u ;vKi dGng khc nh-u c,- *Tn hi1u
r- c,- *hi0* 4 *Go chui<.
PGdd H-:en.
h]
Phui *Tn hi1u nh )hFn H-:en khi %2c *Go r- nhN 4@ ghi dch=
c> cu *rgc %3c *rng ngJu nhin= :3c d )hng )h) *Go r- nhcng
*Tn hi1u nh v9/ ho6n *o6n c> *h+ %iBu chbnh %2c. Pc *Tn hi1u
H-:en c> chu kA 2 1
n
p N = v6 %2c dng *rong r-d-r v6 cc h1 *h"ng
*h.ng *in di r@ng vKi :-ni) )h- nhN cc *Tnh ch* *ng _u-n *"* c,-
chgng. Pc *Tn hi1u H-:en ?6 cc chui c> chu kA ?Kn nh* v6 cu *Go
*7 cc Iung %n v= nh9n cc gi *r Y v6 w= *rong %> Y Cng vKi cc d-o
%@ng c> )h- 4ang w= cpn w ?6 cc d-o %@ng c> )h- 4ang

. Pc Iung
)h&n *( %2c %3c *rng 4$i %@ d6i
0 c
T N =
= $ %F/ I ?6 s" du nh
)hFn. H6: *5 *ng _u-n d-nh %nh c,- *Tn hi1u H-:en c> :@*
c5c %Gi chTnh 4ang Y v6 cc c5c %Gi )hE c> gi *r 1 N .
d0u kT hi1u
N
r
?6 gi *r c5c %Gi chTnh= cpn
1 2 1
, ,...,
N
r r r

?6 cc c5c
%Gi )hE *hA cc *Tn hi1u H-:en *ho :Dn )hng *rAnh s-u:
1
q N q
r r

+ =
= $ %F/
1, 2,..., 1 q N =
Bi+u *hCc n6/ giKi hGn cc c5c %Gi )hE kB 4n :Cc c5c %Gi chTnh.
#Cc 1 N cho *h/ %3c *rng ngJu nhin c,- *Tn hi1u. Pc *Tn hi1u
H-:en khc nh-u $ *rAnh *5 ?uFn )hin c,- cc du ;cc Iung< SYW
v6 SwW c^ng nh cc gi *r c5c %Gi )hE. Trong s" cc *Tn hi1u H-:en
c> *h+ *A: r- cc *Tn hi1u c> gi *r c5c %Gi ?Kn nh*
max
r
c,- cc :Cc
c5c %Gi )hE ?6 nhq nh* *rong s" cc *Tn hi1u %2c IM*. > ?6 gi *r
Sc5c %Gi nhq nh*W c,- cc :Cc c5c %Gi )hE= kT hi1u ?6
min.max
r
v6 *Tn
hi1u *ng Cng gLi ?6 *Tn hi1u H-:en c> c5c %Gi nhq nh*. #@* v6i
%3c *rng c 4n c,- chgng %2c cho *rong 4ng h.h.
?ng @A@A
d d
min.max
r
N 1 N
i u Y h=\ w=iZ
h[
] Y[ i i=Z w=h\
[ iY ] [=\ w=Yu
\ \i \ h=Z w=Yi
u Yhu y YY=i w=wZ
y h[[ Yi Y\=w w=w\
VT dE vB *Tn hi1u :ini:-Ic vKi n [ ;I iY<: w= w= Y= w= w= w= w= Y= w=
Y= w= Y= Y= Y= w= Y= Y= w= w= w= Y= Y= Y= Y= Y= w= w= Y= Y= Y= Y. #odu? h6:
kh.ng chnh t%c c,- n> c> dGng: Y= w= Y= ]= Y= h= i= h= i= h= i= w= Y= h=
i= h= Y= w= Y= h= i= h= Y= h= i= h= i= h= Y= w= i= Y.
bnh nhLn v6 %@ r@ng nhq c,- h6: *5 *ng _u-n c,- n> cho
*h/ kh nXng %kng 4@ cc *Tn hi1u n6/ ?6 r* *"* ;hAnh h.[<.
HAnh h.[
Vi1c hAnh *h6nh cc *Tn hi1u rNi rGc *heo :odu? h ;) h< %2c
*h5c hi1n nhN *h-nh ghi dch. Thi0* 4 4-o gk: *h-nh ghi dch c> n
49c ; n *riger < :6 :i *riger c> *h+ na: $ Y *rong h *rGng *hi: SwW
ho3c SYW= 4@ *Ung *heo :odu? h v6 :Gch )hn hki ;hAnh h.\<.
h\
HAnh h.\
Thi0* 4 %2c kh$i %@ng *7 4@ *Go d-o %@ng Iung vu.ng c> %@
d6i
0

v6 chu kA 4ang %@ d6i c,- cc v *rT ;t<

c
T
. $ :i *riger %2c gic
cc s" nh )hFn:
1 c
S

*rong *riger *hC nh*= ....=
c n
S

*rong *riger *hC nA
Qhi %> $ %&u r- 4@ *Ung *Go r- s" %2c Ic %nh 4$i _ui ?u9* :D ho.
PC :i ?&n Iu* hi1n Y Iung kh$i %@ng= 4@ ghi dch ?Gi dch %i Y 49c.
Qhi %> $ *riger *hC nh* sf ghi s"
i
S
v6 s" n6/ c^ng chTnh ?6 s" %2c ?u
$ *rn %&u r- 4@ *Ung $ *rGng *hi *rKc %>. Ppn $ *riger *hC h-i ?6 s"
1 i
S

v.v. gic- *h-nh ghi dch v6 4@ *Ung *heo :odu? h ?6 cc 4@ khu0ch
%Gi j nhFn ;h1 s" nhFn 4ang
n
a
. H-u %>= vi1c hAnh *h6nh cc Iung
v. *u/0n *ng Cng vKi :D gi"ng nh chui nh9n %2c *7 cc Iung video c>
*h+ %2c ho6n *h6nh 4@ chu/+n :Gch *c %@ng nh-nh dKi dGng %iBu
ch0 cFn 4ang. Trong *rNng h2) *Tn hi1u H-:en= ngo6i :Gch )hn hki
chTnh= *rn cc *riger c,- *h-nh ghi dch %2c *h5c hi1n *hu9* *on
*u/0n *Tnh dGng:
1 1
...
i i n i n
U C S C S

= + +
$ %F/
n
C
?6 cc s" nh )hFn v6 )hM) c@ng ?6 *heo :odu? h. H"
*U h2) *7 n du
1 2
, ,...,
n
C C C
s-u khi ?oGi 4q s" SwW 4ang 2 1
n
N = . i1n )
?/ *rn %&u r- c,- Y *rong h n(- c,- *riger *u{ *hu@c v6o chui :D
;SYW h-/ SwW< :6 *h-nh ghi %-ng *i0) nh9n sf %2c c@ng ?Gi *rn %i1n
hu
*r$ r- ;*r$ *i< c,- 4@ *Ung. m8 nhin= ngukn *in c&n c> h1 *h"ng :D
nh )hFn dGng *Tn hi1u %i1n 4o ;4ng chc ci -?)h-4e*<. Thu9* *on
n6/ *hNng %2c *h5c hi1n *rong kh"i :D ho. Phgng *- sf Ie: IM* vT dE
vB chui gi ngJu nhin H-:en khi n i ;hAnh h.u<.
HAnh h.u
#i *riger c> h *rGng *hi Un %nh SwW v6 SYW. T"c %@ dch *h.ng
*in %2c Ic %nh 4$i *&n s" c,- chui Iung nh). B@ *Ung *heo :odu?
h %2c Ic %nh 4$i 4ng ?ogic s-u %F/:
Y z Y w
w z w w
Y z w Y
w z Y Y
Gi s( rang $ *rGng *hi 4-n %&u= SYW %D %2c ghi v6o khFu *riger
*hC nh*= *Cc ?6 *rGng *hi c,- 4@ ghi dch ?6 Yww. TrGng *hi c,- *riger
*hC nh* v6 *hC h-i sf 4 dch *ng Cng *h6nh *hC h-i v6 *hC 4- nhN
Iung nh) %&u *in *7 4@ d-o %@ng *Go Iung nh). H-u khi %D %2c
c@ng *heo :odu? h *hA *h.ng *in c,- khFu *hC h v6 i sf %2c %- *r$ ?Gi
%&u v6o c,- khFu *hC nh*. 'gc n6/ *rGng *hi c,- *h-nh ghi *heo
*rAnh *5 sf ?6 wYw. Tu/ nhin= do c> )hn hki k0* _u c@ng *rGng *hi
c,- h-i khFu *hC h-i v6 4- vB khFu *hC nh* *rong khi *rGng *hi c,- h
khFu *hC nh* v6 *hC h-i %D chu/+n *h6nh *hC h-i v6 *hC 4- nn *rGng
hy
*hi c,- *h-nh ghi ?gc n6/ sf ?6 YwY. Tng *5 *hA cc *rGng *hi *i0) s-u
sf ?6: YYw= YYY= wYY= wwY= v6 Yww v6 chu kA n6/ sf %2c ?3) ?Gi. i1n )
%&u r- c,- chui sf ?6 chui *rGng *hi c,- khFu *riger cu"i cng ;khFu
*hC i<= *rong *rNng h2) n6/ ?6 chui u du: wwYwYYY.
dh v9/ c&n nhn :Gnh ?Gi :@* ?&n nc- ?6 s" %n v nh )hFn ?Kn
nh* c,- *7 :D %2c Ic %nh *heo 4i+u *hCc:
2 1
n
N =
Bi+u *hCc n6/ Ic %nh %@ d6i ?Kn nh* c,- *7 :D nh9n %2c vKi
:@* s" Ic %nh c,- khFu *riger %2c n"i vKi 4@ *Ung. no r6ng rang= vKi
:@* s" khFu *riger kh.ng ?Kn ?O: *rong *h-nh ghi dch c> *h+ nh9n
%2c :@* chu kA ?6: vi1c %, d6i. VT dE= vKi n Yw c> *h+ nh9n %2c
chu kA ?6: vi1c 4ang Ywhi ;Ie: hAnh h.y<.
HAnh h.y
Vi1c ?5- chLn *&ng n6o %+ ?/ *Tn hi1u )hn hki %3* v6o 4@
*Ung sf _u/0* %nh *U h2) :D %&u r-. P&n nhK rang= cc chui
H-:en nhq nh* nh9n %2c chb vKi *7ng cch k0* n"i )hn hki cE *h+
c,- khFu *riger vKi 4@ *Ung. Phui Iung video nh9n %2c *heo cch *rn
%2c s( dEng %+ *Go r- *Tn hi1u gi *G) di r@ng c-o *&n ho3c 4ang
cch %- n> *r5c *i0) *Ki %&u v6o 4@ %iBu ch0 cFn 4ang= cpn *rn
%&u v6o khc c,- 4@ %iBu ch0 sf %- d-o %@ng s>ng :-ng ;hAnh
h.Z.-<= ho3c %- chui n6/ _u- :@* 4@ ?Lc di %+ *Go r- *Tn hi1u gi
*G) F: di r@ng ;hAnh h.Z.4<.
hZ
HAnh h.Z
Trong *rNng h2) *hC nh*= *rn %&u r- c,- 4@ %iBu ch0 cFn 4ang
chgng *- sf c> cc d-o %@ng s>ng :-ng %iBu ch0 )h- *heo _ui
?u9*dch chu/+n c,- cc Iung SwW v6 SYW *rn %&u r- c,- *h-nh ghi
dch= *Cc ?6 *Tn hi1u :D :-ni) )h-. Pc *Tn hi1u n6/ c> *h+ %2c s(
dEng *rong cc h1 *h"ng %- chb rNi rGc h-/ cc h1 *h"ng *ng _u-n
chMo.
Trong *rNng h2) *hC h-i= khi chui Iung video gi ngJu nhin %- *Ki
%&u v6o 4@ ?Lc di c> di *h.ng , v6 *&n s" *rung 4Anh J
K
= 4@ ?Lc chb
cho _u- cc *h6nh )h&n h6i na: *rong di *h.ng ,. mo v9/ :6 *Tn
hi1u nh9n %2c *rn %&u r- c,- 4@ ?Lc c> %3c *rng gi *G) F:. hng
)h) n6/ %2c s( dEng *rong h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in Sn-keW c,- #`.
P&n nhK ?Gi rang *rong cc THGTmn %2c s( dEng *9) cc *Tn hi1u
H-:en c> :Cc nhq nh* c,- cc %bnh c5c %Gi )hE ;cc c5c %Gi 4in<
c,- h6: *ng _u-n. #Cc ?Kn nh* c,- cc chui n6/ %2c Ic %nh
4ang 4i+u *hCc 1 N . Tu/ nhin cpn c> :@* ?oGi chui khc j chui
B-rker= c> :Cc cc c5c %Gi )hE r* nhq. Phgng *- sf Ie: IM* s-u %F/.
Phui gi ngJu nhin B-rker.
Pc chui *Tn hi1u nh )hFn B-rker ?6 cc *Tn hi1u du/ nh* c>
h6: *5 *ng _u-n kh.ng %Ui vKi :Cc c5c %Gi )hE nhq nh*
1 N
= $
%F/ I F s" )h&n *( c,- chui *Tn hi1u. Phui *Tn hi1u B-rker %2c
dng c *rong cc h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng c^ng nh *rong r-d-r. Pc
*Tn hi1u n6/ chb Ic %nh vKi cc gi *r c,- I i= [= u= YY= Yi. H6:
iw
*5 *ng _u-n c,- cc *Tn hi1u n6/ c> %bnh )hU nhLn v6 cc c5c %Gi
)hE r* %kng %Bu. Trn hAnh h.Yw 4i+u diVn h6: *5 *ng _u-n c,-
chui B-rker *ng Cng vKi I u ;hAnh h.Yw.-< v6 I Yi ;hAnh
h.Yw.4<.
HAnh h.Yw
mGng *Tn hi1u B-rker vKi cc gi *r d khc nh-u v6 s5 *h-/ %Ui
)h- *ng Cng c,- chgng *rong cc khong :D %2c dJn r- *rong 4ng
h.i.
?ng @ALA
& "n hiu 4ark5r )6 tha7 89i pha
i Y= Y= w w= w=

[ Y= Y= Y= w= Y w= w= w=

= w
u Y= Y= Y= w= w= Y= w w= w= w=

= w=

YY Y= Y= Y= w= w= w= Y= w= w= Y= w w= w= w=

= w=

= w=

Yi Y= Y= Y= Y= Y= w= w= Y= Y= w= Y=
w= Y
w= w= w= w= w=

= w= w=

= w=

=
w

iY
Pc chui c> S'h(n d W c,- h6: *5 *ng _u-n 4ang ;
1 N
< %D %2c
%- r- *rn %F/ ?6 cc chui ;*Tn hi1u< B-rker= chb vKi cc gi *r 13 N .
Pc nghin cCu %D chCng :inh rang cc chui c> :Cc c5c %Gi )hE c,-
h6: *5 *ng _u-n 4ang
1 N
%"i vKi 13 N ?6 kh.ng *kn *Gi. VA v9/ %"i
vKi I ?Kn chb *kn *Gi cc chui c> :Cc c5c %Gi )hE ?Kn= vT dE nh cc chui
H-:en c> :Cc c5c %Gi )hE 4ang 1 N .
Pc *Tn hi1u gi *G) B-rker %2c *Go r- nhN 4@ *Go d-o %@ng c-o
*&n ;s>ng :-ng<
0

= :Gch :-ni) )h- ;4@ _u-/ )h-< vKi %@ dch )h-

dKi dGng 4@ %iBu ch0 cFn 4ang v6 ngun Iung :D c> %@ d6i
0

= %2c
%iBu khi+n 4$i :Gch %iBu ch0 cFn 4ang. dgukn Iung :D 4-o gk: 4@
*Go Iung chu|n %@ d6i
0

= cc dF/ gic ch9: c> cc %&u r- *ng Cng

vKi cc %@ gic ch9: cch nh-u :@* khong 4ang
0

v6 4@ *Ung ;hAnh
h.YY<. TGi 4@ *Ung sf *h5c hin c@ng cc Iung *7 ** c cc %&u r- ;SYW=
SwW< :6 gi *r c,- chgng %2c Ic %nh 4$i :D ;hAnh h.Yh<.
HAnh h.YY
Tng *5 c> *h+ :inh hoG vi1c hAnh *h6nh cc *Tn hi1u 4ang
chui B-rker vKi cc gi *r c,- s" )h&n *( I u= YY. Yi. TGi %&u *hu
%i1n ) :-ni) )h- %2c 4i0n %Ui *h6nh chui Iung g(i dpng Y chiBu
;hAnh h.Yh= h< nhN 4@ *ch s>ng )h- ;hAnh h.Yi<.
ih
HAnh h.Yh
Vi1c *hu cc chui Iung n6/ %2c *h5c hi1n nhN 4@ ?Lc )h"i h2)
;hAnh h.Yi<. Pc Iung c,- chui B-rker vKi I [ %2c %- v6o cc %-
Nng dF/ gic ch9: ;c> cc %&u r- cch nh-u Y khong gic ch9: ?6
0

<= s-u %> *Ki cc *&ng )hFn chi- ;z< v6 ;-< vKi h1 s" *ru/Bn *ng Cng
4ang Y v6 w. Ti0) *heo= chgng %2c c@ng ?Gi $ 4@ *Ung v6 cu"i cng %-
*Ki :Gch _u/0* %nh. Pc *&ng )hFn chi- ;z< v6 ;-< %2c :Oc *heo *hC
*5 *ng Cng *heo *rAnh *5 cc du c,- chui B-rker= s" *&ng 4ang s"
Iung I c,- chui.
HAnh h.Yi
ii
Pc Iung c,- chui *hu %2c dch chu/+n *heo %Nng dF/ gic
ch9: v6 *Gi *hNi %i+: khi :6 c5c *Tnh c,- ** c cc Iung *rn cc
%&u r- *ng Cng c,- dF/ gic ch9: *rng vKi cc du c,- h1 s" *ru/Bn
%G* c,- cc *&ng= *hA *rong 4@ *Ung cc Iung %kng )h- sf %2c c@ng
vKi nh-u v6 *rn %&u r- c,- :Gch _u/0* %nh sf Iu* hi1n %) Cng
Iung= 4@ ?Lc sf cho :Cc SYW. #Gch _u/0* %nh ?6 *hi0* 4 ngvng :6
ngvng %3* c,- n> c> :Cc c-o hn cc c5c %Gi )hE c,- h6: *5 *ng
_u-n c,- chui B-rker v6 4ang
1 N
.
VKi ** c cc %@ dch khc 4@ *Ung *h5c hi1n vKi cc du khc
nh-u v6 *rn %&u r- c,- :Gch _u/0* %nh sf Iu* hi1n %) Cng :6
:Cc ?Kn nh* c,- n> kh.ng v2* _u gi *r
1 N
so vKi :Cc c5c %Gi.
H6: *ng _u-n c,- chui gi ngJu nhin. dh %D *h/ $ *rn= cc
chui *Tn hi1u gi ngJu nhin H-:en v6 B-rker c> *Tnh *ng _u-n
r* *"*. V9/ r ngh8- v6 h6: *ng _u-n c,- n> c> dGng nh *h0 n6o t
P> *h+ *r ?Ni cc vn %B n6/ khi Ie: IM* vT dE h6: *ng _u-n c,-
chui gi ngJu nhin 4i+u diVn cc dGng *Tn hi1u khc nh-u %2c *Go r-
4$i cc 4@ *Go *Tn hi1u.
i]
HAnh h.Y]
Trn hAnh h.Y]. 4i+u diVn cc dGng *Tn hi1u r- khc nh-u *7 cng
:@* chui gi ngJu nhin.
-< Phui gi ngJu nhin %@ng :@* c5c *Tnh~
4< Phui gi ngJu nhin %@ng h-i c5c *Tnh~
c< Phui gi ngJu nhin *8nh :@* c5c *Tnh~
d< Phui gi ngJu nhin *8nh h-i c5c *Tnh~
e< TTn hi1u gi *G) di r@ng :-ni) )h-.
i[
HAnh h.Y[
Trn hAnh h.Y[. 4i+u diVn h6: *ng _u-n c,- chui gi ngJu
nhin n6/= dGng c,- n> *h-/ %Ui )hE *hu@c v6o dGng *Tn hi1u %&u r-.
Pc h6: *ng _u-n ;hAnh h.Y[< *ng Cng vKi cc dGng chui gi ngJu
nhin khc nh-u %2c dJn r- *rn hAnh h.Y]. Ho snh cc hAnh n6/ cho
)hM) %- r- k0* ?u9n rang cc chui gi ngJu nhin *8nh v6 chui gi
ngJu nhin %@ng ?vng c5c %2c s( dEng )hU 4i0n nh* vA c> :Cc c5c
%Gi )hE nhq.
i. cc tn hiu di rng tr1n c s tp m th6c
i\
TG) F: *h5c *rong di *&n Ic %nh c> *h+ %2c dng ?6: s>ng
:-ng *in. Qhi %> vi1c hAnh *h6nh *Tn hi1u $ )hT- )h* nh s-u. i1n
) *G) F: *7 %&u r- 4@ d-o %@ng ;hAnh h.Y\< v6 *7 %&u r- c,- %Nng
dF/ gic ch9: %2c c@ng vKi nh-u *rong 4@ c@ng. i1n ) *7 %&u r- %-
Nng dF/ gic ch9: %i _u- %o :Gch %i1n *( %2c %iBu khi+n 4$i
ch: *Tn hi1u *in c&n *ru/Bn %+ %0n 4@ c@ng.
HAnh h.Y\
H %k *rn %F/ cho )hM) *ru/Bn *Tn hi1u %i1n 4o vKi khong
nghb *hE %@ng. i1n ) %&u r- *Gi *hNi %i+: khong nghb sf ?6 *G)
F: *h.ng *hNng
( ) X t
= %2c *Go r- 4$i 4@ *Go d-o %@ng *G) F:. Qhi )h*=
%i1n ) r- sf ?6 hn h2) c,- h %i1n ) *G) F: %2c hAnh *h6nh do gi-o
*ho- c,- *G) F: %- *Ki *r5c *i0) *7 %&u r- 4@ *Go d-o %@ng *G) F: v6
*7 %&u r- %Nng dF/ gic ch9::
.
( ) ( )
g c
X t X t + +
TTn hi1u di r@ng *Go r- 4ang cch n6/ sf %2c khu0ch %Gi v6 )h*
%i. Qhi %> vi1c :D ho *Tn hi1u c> *h+ %2c *h5c hi1n 4ang cch ?5-
chLn *hNi gi-n gic ch9: cE *h+. hT- *hu= nhN *u/0n *hu *ng _u-n
cu *Go *7 %Nng dF/ gic ch9:= 4@ nhFn v6 4@ *Tch )hFn c> *h+ Ic
%nh h1 s" *5 *ng _u-n c,- *Tn hi1u *hu vKi cc %@ gic ch9:
,
. g c

iu
;hAnh h.Yu<. d0u *hNi gi-n gic ch9: $ )hT- *hu v6 )hT- )h* %2c chLn
gi"ng nh-u *hA *Gi *hNi %i+: *hu cc *h6nh )h&n *Ung .
( ) ( )
g c
X t X t + +
*rn %&u r- *u/0n *ng _u-n sf c> :Cc %i1n ) ?Kn nh*. Ppn *Gi cc
*hNi %i+: khc %i1n ) %&u r- sf g&n 4ang w.
HAnh h.Yu
#3c d s %k *h5c hi1n *ng %"i %n gin nhng h1 *h"ng
*h.ng *in gi *G) F: di r@ng s( dEng *G) F: ?6: *i *in vJn ch- %2c
Cng dEng r@ng rDi. dgu/n nhFn chTnh ?6 do r* kh> *Go r- :@* *9) cc
*Tn hi1u *r5c gi-o c^ng nh vi1c *Go r- :@* *Tn hi1u *G) F: c.ng su*
?Kn ?6 :@* vi1c kh.ng hB %n gin.
Phng i: cc h thng thng tin : tu7*n gi tp m di rng
. # thng thng tin di rng -;<== .
H1 *h"ng *h.ng *in #}- %2c nghin cCu *Gi Vi1n k8 *hu9* *h.ng
*in v. *u/0n 'ningr-* :-ng *n gio s #.R B.n*r4ruevich v6o nhcng
nX: YZ\[ j YZ\u dKi s5 chb %Go c,- gio s R.# -ed. F/ ?6 h1
*h"ng *h.ng *in di r@ng %kng 4@ *"c %@ *h) :@* knh= 4o %:
ch"ng %2c )h- dinh nhiBu *i- *rong knh v. *u/0n s>ng ngOn.
Trong h1 *h"ng s( dEng chui *Tn hi1u :@* *&n s" %2c hAnh
*h6nh 4ang cch dch )h- ;:-ni) )h-< d-o %@ng s>ng :-ng :@* ?2ng
iy
?6

nhN chui nh )hFn gi ngJu nhin H-:en. Trong *h6nh )h&n

*Tn hi1u )h* c> *h+ c@ng *h: Y ho3c nhiBu chu kA c,- chui gi
ngJu nhin vKi s" )h&n *( 4ang I Yhu= [YY= Ywhi. mi *&n c,- *Tn
hi1u *h-/ %Ui *7 hw c Yww kh= cpn *"c %@ *ru/Bn *in *7 [w c ]ww
4i*giF/ *u{ *hu@c v6o %@ d6i c,- cc )h&n *(
0

. + c> *h+ hAnh

dung %2c cu *rgc *hNi gi-n c,- *Tn hi1u *rong h1 *h"ng n6/= chgng *-
sf Ie: IM* ngu/n *Oc *Go *Tn hi1u 4n )h&n )h*. H %k cu *rgc c,-
kh"i *Go *Tn hi1u 4i+u diVn *rn hAnh i.Y.
HAnh i.Y
T&n s" d-o %@ng *hGch -nh *7 4@ d-o %@ng chu|n %2c %- *Ki kh"i
*Go Iung nh) nha: *Go r- d-o %@ng *&n s" s>ng :-ng v6 Iung nh).
}ung nh) n6/ _u/0* %nh %@ d6i )h&n *( *Tn hi1u
0

. m-o %@ng
Iung nh) _u- *hi0* 4 kh$i %@ng v6 ki+: *r- %2c %- *Ki h 4@ d-o
%@ng *Go chui gi ngJu nhin gi"ng nh-u ?6 PGddY v6 PGddh. B@ d-o
%@ng PGddh dng %+ ki+: *r- s5 ?6: vi1c %gng c,- 4@ d-o %@ng
ch, ;PGddY<= *hi0* 4 kh$i %@ng j ki+: *r- *h5c hi1n *Go r- ** c cc
Iung c&n %+ kh$i %@ng cc 4@ d-o %@ng c^ng nh ki+: *r- s5 ?6:
vi1c c,- chgng 4ang cch so snh cc %i1n ) r-.
iZ
m-o %@ng *&n s" s>ng :-ng *7 :Gch *Go Iung nh) _u- *hi0* 4
*Go *Tn hi1u %2c %- *Ki 4@ %iBu ch0 )h- *ng %"i %+ *h5c hi1n %iBu
ch0 d-o %@ng s>ng :-ng *heo ngu/n *Oc %iBu )h- *ng %"i *ng
Cng vKi *h.ng *in c&n *ru/Bn. Thi0* 4 :D ho sf *h5c hi1n %iBu khi+n
:Gch %iBu ch0 )h- *ng %"i 4ang cch *i0n h6nh 4i0n %Ui *h.ng *in
c&n *ru/Bn 4-n %&u *h6nh hi1u )h- c&n *hi0* c,- d-o %@ng s>ng
:-ng *ng Cng vKi :D ?5- chLn. Pc giKi hGn c,- *Tn hi1u )h* sf )hE
*hu@c v6o )h- c,- chui gi ngJu nhin :6 4@ d-o %@ng *Go chui *Go
r-.
T7 %&u r- :Gch %iBu ch0 )h- *ng %"i= d-o %@ng s>ng :-ng
%D %2c %iBu ch0 *rKc %2c %- *Ki kh"i *r@n *&n cFn 4ang v6 *Gi %> sf
*h5c hi1n nhFn d-o %@ng s>ng :-ng n6/ vKi chui nh )hFn gi
ngJu nhin. Bang cch n6/= *Tn hi1u s>ng :-ng *7 kh"i %iBu ch0 )h-
*ng %"i 4 dch )h- 4$i chui gi ngJu nhin. dhng 4$i vA chui gi
ngJu nhin 4-n %&u v6 *h.ng *in )h* c> s5 ?in h1 ch3* chf vKi nh-u
_u- *hi0* 4 :D ho= nn )h- c,- )h&n *( %&u *in c,- chui ;w ho3c

< sf )hE *hu@c v6o )h- ;w ho3c

< c,- *h.ng *in )h* $ *rn %&u r-

c,- c,- kh"i %iBu ch0 )h- *ng %"i. Trn hAnh i.h *rAnh 46/ cu
*rgc *hNi gi-n c,- *Tn hi1u %2c *Go r- 4ang )hng )h) n6/.
]w
HAnh i.h
Phgng *- sf Ie: IM* s %k cu *rgc )h&n *hu c,- h1 *h"ng *h.ng
*in #}-. TTn hi1u *hu %2c %- *Ki kh"i %iBu ch0 cFn 4ang %+ *h5c
hi1n nhFn n> vKi chui gi ngJu nhin ?/ *7 4@ *Go d-o %@ng *Gi ch
PGdd. d> c^ng %2c %- *Ki kh"i %kng 4@ %+ *h5c hi1n %kng 4@ )h-
gic- d-o %@ng *Gi ch vKi *Tn hi1u *hu %2c ;hAnh i.i<. Trn %&u r-
kh"i *r@n *&n cFn 4ang= s-u khi nhFn *Tn hi1u *hu vKi chui gi ngJu
nhin chgng *- sf c> d-o %@ng s>ng :-ng :-ni) )h- ;*ng Cng vKi
*h.ng *in )h* chC kh.ng )hi ?6 vKi chui gi ngJu nhin< c,- *&n s"
n6/.
H-u %> ngNi *- s( ?T *Tn hi1u n6/ 4ang cch *h.ng dEng nh*:
Pc )h- c,- d-o %@ng c,- :i *in g(i %2c nhK nhN cc 4@ ?Lc %@ng
;c"c b )*c c+< v6 %2c %- *Ki 4@ *ch s>ng )h-. Trn %&u r- 4@ *ch
s>ng )h-= c5c *Tnh %i1n ) sf )hE *hu@c v6o hi1u )h- c,- *Tn hi1u
*hu %2c v6 *Tn hi1u *rKc %> ;ngu/n *Oc :-ni) )h- *ng %"i<. Vi1c
chu/+n cc 4@ ?Lc %@ng *ng Cng vKi cc giKi hGn c,- *Tn hi1u %i1n
4o %2c *h5c hi1n nhN *hi0* 4 %iBu khi+n= cpn *hi0* 4 %iBu khi+n
]Y
*hA ?Gi %2c %kng 4@ 4$i *Tn hi1u chui gi ngJu nhin ;*Cc ?6 cc giKi
hGn c,- *Tn hi1u )h* ?in _u-n ch3* chf vKi chui gi ngJu nhin %iBu
)h-<.
HAnh i.i
Thi0* 4 %kng 4@ c,- :/ *hu S#}-W s( dEng ngu/n *Oc
%kng 4@ %2c gic ch9:. Qhi s( dEng *heo ngu/n *Oc n6/ *hA c> *h+
)hFn s5 ?6: vi1c c,- *hi0* 4 %kng 4@ *h6nh h gi-i %oGn nhq. Gi-i
%oGn *hC nh*= _ui Kc c> *h+ gLi ?6 gi-i %oGn *A: ki0: vng %bnh c,-
h6: *ng _u-n c,- *Tn hi1u. Trong khong *hNi gi-n c,- gi-i %oGn *hC
h-i= sf *h5c hi1n %kng 4@ S*inhW chTnh cc %bnh n6/ c,- h6: *ng
_u-n. P h-i gi-i %oGn n6/= *rong *h.ng *in gLi ?6 *A: ki0: v6 chgng
%2c %3c *rng 4$i *hNi gi-n *A: ki0:
tk
T
.
Thi0* 4 %kng 4@ 4-o gk: cc )h&n *( c 4n s-u: Thi0* 4 so
snh= 4@ chi- *&n s" c> %iBu khi+n= 4@ *Go chui Iung gi ngJu nhin
v6 4@ d-o %@ng *&n s" chu|n. dhi1: vE c,- *hi0* 4 %iBu khi+n ?6
%o %@ dch gic- chui gi ngJu nhin *Gi ch v6 *Tn hi1u *Ki. Thi0* 4
]h
4-o gk: h-i 4@ *ng _u-n :6 chui gi ngJu nhin dch nh-u :@*
khong
0

;4ang %gng %@ d6i c,- )h&n *( chui< %2c %- *Ki. Trong gi-i
%oGn *hC nh* c,- _u *rAnh %kng 4@= khi %i1n ) *rn %&u r- 4@ *-
ng _u-n nhq ;nhq hn :@* :Cc ngvng n6o %><= *rn 4@ chi- c> %iBu
khi+n %2c ?/ r- ?1nh *h-/ %Ui )h- c,- chui gi ngJu nhin *h6nh
%@ d6i c,- )h&n *( s-u :i *in g(i %i. Qhi ri v6o vng %bnh c,- h6:
*ng _u-n ;v2* _u- :Cc ngvng %D chLn< s5 *h-/ %Ui )h- c,- chui gi
ngJu nhin %2c *h5c hi1n *rn *7ng )h&n nhq c,- %@ d6i )h&n *(. Qhi
n6/ do c> h-i 4@ *ng _u-n *rong *hi0* 4 %iBu khi+n c> *h.ng *in vB
hKng *h-/ %Ui c&n *hi0* )h- c,- chui *rong gi-i %oGn %kng 4@
S*inhW: chu/+n %@ng *heo )hT- 4@ d-o %@ng n6o c> %i1n ) r- ?Kn
hn.
Qhi %nh hKng *A: ki0: *rong )hng )h) %D :iu *= c> kh
nXng %nh gi*hNi gi-n *A: ki0: ?Kn nh*:
[ ] [ ]
. tk max c
N
T NT ms s
S
=
$ %F/ I j s" )h&n *( c,- chui~
-
c
- %@ d6i *7ng *in g(i %i~
> j *"c %@ %i1n 4o *Tnh 4ang 4o*.
VT dE: khi > [w 4o* v6 I M [YY= *hA:
[ ]
3
.
511
511.20.10 10
50
tk max
T s

= =
T7 %> *h/ rang *hNi gi-n *A: ki0: *rong *h.ng *in )hE *hu@c
*r5c *i0) v6o %@ d6i c,- chui gi ngJu nhin. Qhi *h5c hi1n c@ng *Tn
hi1u c,- :@* s" *i-= )h&n *hu c,- h1 *h"ng S#}-W c> K :/ *hu %D
IM* *rn %F/. Thi0* 4 %kng 4@ :i :/ *hu *h5c hi1n *inh chbnh
)h- c,- chui *heo *i- c,- :Anh cpn s-u %> *Tn hi1u c,- cc *i- khc
nh-u s-u *ch s>ng )h- sf %2c c@ng ?Gi.
]i
h. # thng thng tin di rng Sn-keW
H1 *h"ng *ru/Bn *in rNi rGc Sn-keW ?6 :@* vT dE Cng dEng *h5c *0
cc ngu/n *Oc c 4n dng *Tn hi1u di r@ng %+ khOc )hEc nhiBu
*i- *rong cc knh *h.ng *in s>ng ngOn. d> ?6 h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in v.
*u/0n *h5c *0 %&u *in %D *h5c hi1n *h6nh c.ng vi1c *hu *heo *7ng *i-
vKi cc %@ gic ch9: khc nh-u= s-u %> c@ng cc *Tn hi1u n6/ %+
nh9n %2c *h.ng *in %D )h*. Vi1c c@ng nXng ?2ng c,- cc *Tn hi1u %i *Ki
%i+: *hu *heo nhcng con %Nng khc nh-u chTnh ?6 :@* %3c %i+:
c 4n c,- h1 *h"ng gOn ?iBn vKi *n gLi Sn-keW c,- n>. mch ngu/n
vXn *7 n6/ c> ngh8- ?6 S....W: :i .... c,- n> dNng nh %2c ?6: chOc
*h: s-u :i *i- gic ch9:.
H1 *h"ng *ru/Bn *in rNi rGc Sn-keW %D %2c nghin cCu 4$i )hpng
*hT nghi1: c,- Vi1n c.ng ngh1 'incon #-ss-chuse* v6 %2c *h(
nghi1: *rong %iBu ki1n *h5c *0 v6o :- h nX: YZ[\. Vi1c :. * v6
kho s* h1 *h"ng %D %2c cc *c gi r-ise v6 Grine *h5c hi1n v6o
nX: YZ[y. B6i *on *hi0* k0 h1 *h"ng n6/ %D %2c %3* r- vKi cc /u
c&u s-u:
Y. H1 *h"ng )hi c> kh nXng kh.i )hEc *Tn hi1u SwW v6 SYW
$ c %&u *hu v6 %&u )h* kh.ng )hE *hu@c v6o nh-u.
h. P> kh nXng du/ *rA %kng 4@ gic- cc *Tn hi1u $ %&u
*hu v6 )h* c^ng nh %kng 4@ cc *Tn hi1u *heo :@* *rong
cc *i-.
i. H6: *5 *ng _u-n c,- :i :@* *Tn hi1u SwW= SYW c&n )hi
r* nhq ;g&n 4ang w< ngo6i %bnh c 4n.
]. Pc *h6nh )h&n )hU na: *rong di *h.ng *Tn hi1u c&n
)hi %kng %Bu= cpn ngo6i di )hi c5c *i+u.
]]
[. + *hu ch"ng nhiVu *hA cc *Tn hi1u w v6 Y c&n c> h6: *-
ng _u-n chMo g&n 4ang w *rong khong *hNi gi-n )h*
:i *Tn hi1u n6/.
Q0* _u nghin cCu %D chCng :inh rang h1 *h"ng n6/ vB c 4n
%D %) Cng %2c cc /u c&u %3* r-. dh %D 4i0* *rong knh *h.ng *in
nhiBu *i-= *Tn hi1u %&u v6o :/ *hu ?6 *Ung c,- nhiBu *i- *Tn hi1u *Ki
*heo nhcng con %Nng khc nh-u do v9/ :6 )h- v6 4in %@ *Tn hi1u
sf 4 *h-/ %Ui ngJu nhin. Qhi cc *i- *Tn hi1u n6/ %2c c@ng vec*or vKi
nh-u sf gF/ r- hi1n *2ng *hXng ging h-/ cpn gLi ?6 )h-ding. r *$ng
c,- h1 *h"ng Sn-keW ?6 *rong )h&n *u/0n *Tnh c,- *u/0n *hu *rKc h0*
sf *h5c hi1n *hu *heo *7ng *i- ring s-u %> c@ng %Gi s" ;chC kh.ng
)hi ?6 c@ng vec*or< cc *h6nh )h&n ring n6/. V9/ $ )hT- )h* *Tn
hi1u di r@ng sf %2c *Go r- 4ang cch n6o v6 $ )hT- *hu sf *h5c hi1n
*hu *h0 n6o %+ c> *h+ s( dEng %2c nXng ?2ng c,- ** c cc *i- n6/ t
Qhi *ru/Bn *h.ng *in nh )hFn= cc *Tn hi1u di r@ng :-ni) *&n
s"
1
( ) A t
;*ng Cng vKi khi n :-ni)< v6
2
( ) A t
;*ng Cng khi nh :-ni)<
%2c )h* v6o kh.ng gi-n vKi %@ dch *&n ?6 YyY=y h. @ r@ng )hU *&n
s" )h* ?6 , Yw kh= %@ d6i c,- :@* Iung g(i ?6 -
c
= ngh8- ?6 *rong
h1 *h"ng Sn-keW *h5c hi1n )hng )h) :-ni) *&n s" vKi vi1c s( dEng
s>ng :-ng ?6 *Tn hi1u di r@ng %3c 4i1*. H %k cu *rgc %n gin
c,- *hi0* 4 hAnh *h6nh *Tn hi1u )h* %2c :inh hoG *rn hAnh i.].
][
HAnh i.]
Phui gi ngJu nhin %2c *Go r- *7 *Tn hi1u J
K
Yhw kh= %2c Un
%nh 4ang 4@ d-o %@ng *hGch -nh *heo s %k %3c 4i1* ;%.i khi c>
*h+ gLi ?6 4@ ?Lc H-:ee<. d> 4-o gk: *h-nh ghi dch c> Yw khFu
*riger c> )hn hki _u- 4@ c@ng :odu? h. VA *h-nh ghi c> Yw *&ng ;n
Yw< nn c> *h+ nh9n %2c chui gi ngJu nhin vKi chu kA
10
2 1 2 1 1023
n
N = = = . mo *&n s" Iung nh) ?6 Yhw kh nn %@ d6i c,-
)h&n *( nh )hFn *rn %&u r- c,- *h-nh ghi ?6
0
8,85 s =
= cpn chu kA
?3) ?Gi c,- chui ?6
0
1023 8, 525
ch
T ms = =
.
dh v9/ chu kA c,- chui gi ngJu nhin sf ?Kn hn *hNi gi-n gic
ch9: c> *h+ c,- cc *i- *rong *h.ng *in di s>ng ngOn ;*hNi gi-n gic
ch9: n6/ v6o khong i c [ :s<. Phui nh9n %2c sf %2c %- *Ki kh"i *Go
Iung %+ cho r- chui Iung F: v6 Iung dng c> %@ d6i
1
0,1 s =
;chui Iung ?vng c5c %@ng<. Th.ng _u- h 4@ ?Lc di v6 4@ hGn 4in= *7
chui Iung ?vng c5c sf *Go r- s>ng :-ng di r@ng c> )hU %Bu. B@ ?Lc
di *h.ng *hC nh* sf cho _u- cc *h6nh )h&n )hU c,- Iung nhLn hcu
]\
hGn na: *rong di [ Qh _u-nh *&n s" *rung *F: J
6
][[ Qh. TTn
hi1u *rn %&u r- 4@ ?Lc sf 4 *ri r- *heo *hNi gi-n gi"ng nh *G) F:.
VA %i1n ) %&u r- c,- 4@ ?Lc *hC nh* kh ?Kn ;4Ku Iung< nn c&n %-
n> *Ki 4@ hGn 4in h )hT-. hU *Tn hi1u s-u hGn 4in sf 4 :$ r@ng
*h:. + 4o %: )hU *Tn hi1u 4ang > Yw Qh= %i1n ) r- c,- 4@
hGn 4in %2c cho _u- 4@ ?Lc di *hC h c> di *h.ng
10 f khz =
. dhN v9/=
:Cc *hXng ging c,- %i1n ) *Tn hi1u *rn %&u r- 4@ ?Lc *hC h %2c
hGn ch0 %ng k+= :6 %iBu n6/ sf dJn *Ki vi1c *9n dEng *"* hi1u _u
c,- *&ng khu0ch %Gi c.ng su*. hU c,- *Tn hi1u *rn %&u r- 4@ ?Lc
*hC h cgng %2c hGn ch0 *rong di [ Qh _u-nh *&n s" *rung *F: J
6

][[ Qh. !u *rAnh *Go *Tn hi1u s>ng :-ng di r@ng coi nh %D ho6n
*h6nh. + *Go r- cc *Tn hi1u *r5c gi-o w v6 Y= *Cc ?6 cc *Tn hi1u *ng
Cng vKi n v6 nh :-ni)= sf s( dEng :-ni) dch *&n nhng kh.ng )hi
nh *rong cc h1 *h"ng %i1n 4o dch *&n *h.ng *hNng khi :6 )hU c,-
cc du w v6 Y h&u nh ring 4i1* v6 kh.ng *rng ?n nh-u. d0u nh v9/
*hA sf r* kh.ng kinh *0. P> *h+ chCng :inh rang vKi %@ di *&n
c
l T
- $
%F/ l ?6 s" ngu/n 4* kA khc w~ -
c
- %@ d6i )h&n *( c,- )h*~ cc
*Tn hi1u w v6 Y sf *i0n g&n *Ki *r5c gi-o. iBu ki1n *r5c gi-o nh %D 4i0*
c> *h+ :. * $ dGng:
( ) ( )
1 2
0
0
c
T
f t f t dt + =

%"i vKi ** c cc gi *r c,-

*rong khong
0
c
T ) )
.
Trong h1 *h"ng Sn-keW= %@ di *&n 4ang:
3
4 4 22.10 181,8
c
T hz

= =
v6
nhN c> :Gch hGn 4in v6 s-n 4ang )hU *Tn hi1u *rong kh"i *Go *Tn hi1u
4o %: *"i u ho cc %iBu ki1n vB *r5c gi-o c,- *Tn hi1u )h* gic-
khi n v6 nh :-ni). + *h5c hi1n :-ni) *&n s"= %i1n ) %&u r- 4@
?Lc *hC h-i %2c %- *Ki h 4@ *r@n. TGi %&u v6o *hC h c,- cc 4@ *r@n n6/
]u
%2c %3* v6o %i1n ) *&n s" J
@
z Zw=Z h *ng Cng khi n :-ni) v6 J
@
j Zw=Z h *ng Cng khi nh :-ni). Pc %i1n ) n6/ %2c chu/+n :Gch
)h h2) vKi chui *in :D ho c&n *ru/Bn. Gi *r *&n s" J
@
%2c ?/ 4ang
Y[[ kh. H-u 4@ 4i0n %Ui %i1n ) %&u r- c> *&n s" nh s-u:
1 2
90, 9 300 90, 9 f f hz khz hz + = +
v6
1 2
90, 9 300 90, 9 f f hz khz hz =
TTn hi1u $ *&n s" n6/ %2c nFng ?n *&n s" c.ng *c c,- knh
*h.ng *in nhN cc h6i c,- d-o %@ng chu|n *hGch -nh. dh v9/= *rn %&u
r- c,- 4@ 4i0n %Ui chgng *- c> cc *Tn hi1u c-o *&n
1
( ) A t
v6
2
( ) A t
*ng
Cng vKi khi n v6 nh :-ni). Pc *Tn hi1u
1
( ) A t
v6
2
( ) A t
n6/ %i _u- 4@
khu0ch %Gi c.ng su* c,- :/ )h* v6 %2c )h* v6o kh.ng gi-n. VB
*hNi gi-n *hA cc *Tn hi1u n6/ c> %3c *Tnh *ng *5 *G) F:. hU c,-
chgng *9) *rung *rong giKi hGn di *&n [ Qh so vKi *&n s"
90, 9
ct
f hz +
v6
90, 9
ct
f hz
= *rong %>
ct
f
?6 *&n s" c.ng *c c,- knh *h.ng *in.
Qhi *h( nghi1: cc h1 *h"ng Sn-ke= ngNi *- %D s( dEng cc gi
*r
8; 12; 17
ct
f hz =
. mo di *&n c,- *Tn hi1u di r@ng *rong *rNng h2)
n6/ ?6 , Yw kh= nn c s$ c,- *Tn hi1u 4ang ,A- hhw= $ %F/ T
T
c
hh.Yw
-i
s. Th( nghi1: c^ng %2c *i0n h6nh vKi :/ )h* *Tn hi1u
%n 4in c> c.ng su* hw = %3* *Gi 4-ng P-?i)hoocni-= cpn :/ *hu
%3* *Gi 4-ng de-ersi. Trong _u *rAnh *h( nghi1:= h1 *h"ng %D ?6:
vi1c *"*= %) Cng %2c cc /u c&u %B r- khi *h-/ %Ui cu *rgc c,- cc
*Tn hi1u nhiBu *i- *rong :@* giKi hGn kh r@ng.
#@* ?&n nc- c&n nhOc ?Gi rang cc *Tn hi1u
1
( ) A t
v6
2
( ) A t
?6 *r5c
gi-o= %@ dch *&n gic- chgng ?6 YyY=y h v6 gi *r *u/1* %"i c,- %@
d6i cc Iung g(i *in ?6 -
c
hh :s. B$i vA %@ d6i :@* chu kA c,- chui
gi ngJu nhin ?6
0
1023 8, 525
ch
T ms = =
= nn *rong khong *hNi gi-n Y Iung
g(i c> s" chu kA chui ?6:
22 8, 525 2, 6
c ch
T T = =
. dgu/n *Oc hAnh *h6nh
]y
*Tn hi1u *rong h1 *h"ng Sn-keW c> *h+ %2c gii *hTch *rn %k *h
hAnh i.[.
HAnh i.[
Phgng *- sf Ie: IM* cc %3c %i+: chung nh* c,- *hi0* 4 *hu
*rong h1 *h"ng *h.ng *in Sn-keW. H %k cu *rgc c,- n> %2c cho *rn
hAnh i.\.
]Z
HAnh i.\
TTn hi1u )h* *Ki %2c *hu 4ang :@* :/ *hu %i+n hAnh 4i0n *&n
kM). *Tn hi1u c> *&n s" ][[ kh %2c %- *Ki %Nng dF/ gic ch9: siu
F:= c> %@ gic ch9: 4ang
.
3
! C
ms =
. iBu n6/ cho )hM) *hu %2c cc
*i- c> *hNi gi-n gic ch9: *Ki i :s.
Nng dF/ gic ch9: ?6 .....c> %Nng kTnh w=y :: ......
Vi1c *hu cc *Tn hi1u %- *Ki :i %&u dF/ gic ch9: %2c *h5c
hi1n nhN )hng )h) *ng _u-n 4ang cch nhFn *Tn hi1u vKi h d-o
%@ng chu|n *Gi ch= %2c *Go r- *Gi :/ *hu *Gi h 4@ d-o %@ng SnW v6
SnhW *ng Cng. #i 4@ d-o %@ng %Bu c> cu *rgc *ng *5 nh 4@ *Go
*Tn hi1u di r@ng gi *G) $ )hT- )h* nhng chb khc ?6 *Tn hi1u c,- 4@
d-o %@ng SnW 4ang
1
90, 9 f hz +
cpn *Tn hi1u r- c,- 4@ d-o %@ng
SnhW 4ang
1
90, 9 f hz
= $ %F/
1
455 , 20 f khz khz = =
. TrKc khi c@ng= cc
*Tn hi1u *7 cc 4@ nhFn %2c hi1u chbnh )h- v6 %- *h: v6o h1 s"
h6: *rLng s" *rong :i nh"nh
i i

. H5 _u-/ )h- ?6 c&n *hi0* %+ c@ng
*ng c-n ** c cc *i- *hu %2c *rn 4@ ?Lc *Tch )hFn.
Bang cch %- v6o h1 s" *rLng s" sf 4o %: s( dEng *Tn hi1u
c,- *i- n6o c> :Cc ?Kn hn ;chTnh Ic hn ?6 *Tn hi1u ?/ *7 %&u r-
n6o *rong s" cc %&u r- c,- %Nng dF/ gi^ ch9:<. i1n ) *rn cc
%&u r- khc kh.ng c> *Tn hi1u ho3c :Cc *Tn hi1u r* nhq dKi *c
%@ng c,- nhiVu sf 4 ..... $ :Cc c5c %Gi.
Pc *Tn hi1u *7 cc 4@ nhFn %2c %- *Ki h 4@ *Tch )hFn dKi dGng
cc 4@ ?Lc *Tch )hFn )h|: ch* c-o v6 s-u khi *ch s>ng 4in %@=
chgng sf %2c %- *Ki h %&u v6o c,- *hi0* 4 _u/0* %nh. Thi0* 4
_u/0* %nh sf Ic %nh *Tn hi1u *hu %2c c> *ng _u-n ?Kn nh* vKi *Tn
hi1u chu|n n6o v6 *7 %> %- r- k0* _u *ng Cng *rn %&u r- sf ?6
SnW h-/ SnhW :-ni).
[w
d0u cc *Tn hi1u chu|n ,ng b chTnh Ic ;vB *&n s" v6 vB
)h-< vKi *i- *Ki s-u cng ;*Cc ?6 4o %: :Cc *ng _u-n ?Kn nh* gic-
chgng<= *hA cc *i- *Ki sK: hn sf *ng _u-n vKi cc %i1n ) chu|n *u{
*hu@c v6o *hNi gi-n gic ch9: c,- cc *i- *rn cc %&u r- *ng Cng c,-
%Nng dF/ gic ch9:. Trn cc %&u r- khc c,- dF/ gic ch9:= cc *i-
sf %2c nhFn vKi *Tn hi1u chu|n kh.ng *ng _u-n v6 do %> h6: *ng
_u-n sf kh.ng c> :@* %bnh nhLn c,- n6o ro r1*. H %k chCc nXng
%n gin c,- *hi0* 4 *hu *rong h1 *h"ng Sn-keW cho *rn hAnh i.\.
nV r6ng nh9n *h/ rang *rong s %k *hNi gi-n *Ung %+ cc *i-
*Tn hi1u khc nh-u %i *7 :/ )h* j :.i *rNng - %0n %&u r- 4@ nhFn
sf nh nh-u %"i vKi ** c cc *i- vA rang *i- %i *heo %Nng ngOn nh*
c^ng sf *A: %2c *Tn hi1u chu|n *ng _u-n vKi n> *rn :@* *rong cc
%&u r- I- nh* c,- %Nng dF/ gic ch9:= cpn *i- %i *heo %Nng d6i
nh* sf ?Gi *A: %2c %&u r- g&n nh* ;%&u r- *hC nh*<. Pc %&u r-
c,- %Nng dF/ gic ch9: %2c *Tnh *on v6 ch0 *Go cch nh-u Y khong
*hNi gi-n
,
1 F ;$ %F/ ,
:
?6 di *h.ng c,- *u/0n *hu<= *Cc ?6 _u- cc
khong g&n 4ang *hNi gi-n *ng _u-n gic- cc d-o %@ng *rong di ,
=
.
V6o *hNi %i+: 4O* %&u )hin ?in ?Gc c&n 8?nh pha *Tn hi1u
gi *G) F: *hu %2c %i *heo %Nng d6i nh* *rong kh.ng gi-n= ?/ *rn
%&u *hC nh* c,- %Nng dF/ gic ch9: vKi *Tn hi1u chu|n *ng *5 *Gi
ch. iBu n6/ %2c *h5c hi1n 4$i v. *u/0n %i1n vin 4ang cch *h-/
%Ui s" Iung %3* ?n %&u v6o *h-nh ghi dch *rong cc 4@ *Go d-o
%@ng n v6 nh. Vi1c %- *h: v6o cc Iung chu|n sf ?6: gi:
chu kA ?3) ?Gi c,- *Tn hi1u chu|n v6 ... H-u khi %kng 4@
[Y