NGUYN L HOT NG CA IN THAI DI NG

Bn dch ting Vit bi ng Quang Duy K2003

Da theo bn ting Anh t www.HowStuffWorks.com

Hng triu ngi dn M v trn ton th gii s dng in thoi di ng. Chng qu l mt
dng tht tuyt vi-- vi mt chic DTDD bn c th ni chuyn vi bt c ai t bt c u trn
hnh tinh ny.
Ngy nay, TD cung cp nhng chc nng khng th tin c v nhng chc nng mi vn
ang c thm vo vi tc cc nhanh. Vi mt chic TD bn c th:
- Ghi nh cc thng tin lin lc.
- To list cc cng vic.
- Ghi lch ca cc cuc hn v sp t chc nng nhc nh.
- Tnh ton nhng php ton n gin vi chc nng my tnh i km.
- Gi v nhn Email.
- Ly thng tin ( tin tc, gii tr, t chng khon) t Internet.
- Chi nhng game n gin.
- Kt ni vi cc thit b khc nh PDAs, My nghe nhc MP3 v My thu GPS(Global
Positioning System)
Th nhng bn bao gi thc mc xem TD hot ng ra sao? Ci g lm cho n khc so
vi in thoi bnh thng? Nhng cm t phc tp nh PCS, GSM, CDMA v TDMA ngha l
g? Trong bi ny chng ti s gii thiu s qua nhng cng ngh ng sau chic TD va gip
bn c th thy c s k diu ca chng.
Nu bn ang ngh n vic mua mt chic TD, hy xem qua phn How Buying a Cell
Phone Works hc tt c nhng th bn nn bit trc khi mua.
By gi hy bt u vi phn c bn: V bn cht TD l mt chic Radio



2
Khi ni Khi ni Khi ni Khi nim v cc (The Cell Approa The Cell Approa The Cell Approa The Cell Approach ch ch ch) )) )
Mt trong nhng iu th v nht ca TD l chng thc s
l mt chic radiomt chic radio cc k tinh vi. in thoi
c pht minh bi nh bc hc Alexander Graham Bell vo
nm 1876, v lin lc khng dy i theo cn nguyn ca n
i n pht minh Radio ca Nikolai Tesla vo 1880s
( chnh thc c cng b nm 1894 bi mt ngi tn l
Guglielmo Marconi ). ch l iu t nhin khi 2 pht minh
v i ny c kt hp vi nhau sau ny.
Trong thi k en ti trc khi c TD, nhng ngi thc
s c nhu cu dng lin lc di ng t nhng chic my
truyn tin ( radio Telephones) trn xe t ca h. Trong h
thng my truyn tin ny, c mt ct ng ten trung tm cho
mi thnh ph, v khong chng 25 knh c th dng trn ct
ng ten . Vic dng ng ten trung tm ny yu cu chic
in thoi trong t ca bn cn mt my pht mnhc kh
nng truyn tn hiu vi khong cch 40 n 50 dm ( khong
70 km). iu cng c ngha l khng c nhiu ngi c
kh nng s dng loi my truynh tin nybi v khng
knh s dng.
Mu cht ca h thng l chia nh thnh ph ra thnh cc nh. iu cho php m
rng vic s dng li tn s ra ton thnh ph, do vy hng triu ngi c th s dng TD
trong cng mt lc. Phn tip theo chng ta tip cn mt cch gn hn n nhng ny.
K thut (Cell Engineering Cell Engineering Cell Engineering Cell Engineering) )) )
Trong h thng TD analog c trng M, carrier nhn khong 800 tn s c th s dng
trong khp thnh ph. Carrier chia thnh ph ra lm nhiu . Mi thng c ln khong 10
dm vung ( khong 26 km vung ). thng c xem nh l cc hnh 6 cnh trong mt ci
v 6 cnh ln(hexagonal grid hexagonal grid hexagonal grid hexagonal grid ) (l mt carrier) nh hnh sau :
Bi v TD v trm c s(base station base station base station base station ) ch s dng my pht cng sut thp, nn
cng mt tn s c th c s dng li cho cc khng gn k. 2 mu tm c th s
dng cng mt tn s
Vi iu th v v TD
Hu ht nhng chic
in thoi KTS i mi
u c vi chng trnh
gii tr t tr chi
sc sc n xp hnh.
Khong 20% thanh nin
M ( n nhiu hn nam)
c TD.
TD ph bin hn
Chu u v Chu
hn l M khong
90% dn cc nc
chu u v chu c
TD trong khi con s
M ch l 50%.
3
Mi c mt trm c s gm mt ct v mt ta nh nh cha cc dng c radio ( s ni k
v trm c s cc phn sau )
Cc Tn S
Mt n l mt h thng analog s dng 1/7 s kh nng s dng ca knh m thanh
kp(duplex voice channels duplex voice channels duplex voice channels duplex voice channels). Ngha l, mi ( trong 7 ca v lc gic ) th s dng 1/7 s
knh c th dng do n mang mt b tn s duy nht v khng c s xung t vi cc
khc.
Mt carrier thng ly 832 tn s radio s dng trong thnh ph
Mi TD s dng 2 tn s cho mi cuc gimt knh kp(duplex duplex duplex duplex
channel channel channel channel )nn c 395 knh m thanh(voice channels voice channels voice channels voice channels ) c trng cho mi carrier.
( 42 tn s khc c dng cho knh iu khin(control channels control channels control channels control channels )ni n trang
sau )
V vy mi c khong 392:7=56 knh m thanh c th s dng.
Ni mt cch khc, trong bt c no 56 ngi c th ni chuyn trn TD trong cng mt
thi gian. Vi phng thc chuyn giao k thut s(KTS)( digital transmission digital transmission digital transmission digital transmission), s lng
ca cc knh c th dng tng ln. V d, s lng cuc gi thc hin trong cng mt thi gian
ca h thng KTS TDMA (TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA- -- -based based based based digital system ) c th gp 3 so vi h thng
analog, v vy mi c 168 knh c th dng ( xem trang ny c nhiu thng tin hn v
TDMA, CDMA, GSM v cc cng ngh cho TD KTS khc ).
S chuyn giao (transmission)
TD c mt my pht cng sut thp(low low low low- -- -power transmitters power transmitters power transmitters power transmitters ) trong chng. Rt nhiu
loi TD mang 2 tn hiu cng : 0.6 Watt v 3 Watt (trong khi hu ht cc radio CB u
truyn mc 4 Watt). Trm c s cng truyn mc cng sut thp. S truyn cng sut
thp c 2 li im:
S truyn(transmissions transmissions transmissions transmissions ) gia trm c s v nhng chic T trong cc ca n
ngn khng cho TD i qu xa so vi nhng . V vy, trong hnh v trn, c 2
mu hng c th dng li chung 56 tn s(reuse the same 56 frequencies reuse the same 56 frequencies reuse the same 56 frequencies reuse the same 56 frequencies) )) ). Cng
mt s tn s c th c s dng li rng trn ton thnh ph.
Cng sut tiu th(power consumptio power consumptio power consumptio power consumption nn n ) ca TD, ci c ngha l cng sut yu
cu i vi pin s thp. Cng sut thp ngha l pin nh, v chnh l iu lm cho
chic in thoi di ng cm tay tr thnh hin thc.
4
Cng ngh di ng yu cu mt s lng rt ln ca cc trm c s trong mt thnh ph bt k
n to hay nh. Mt thnh ph rng c trng c th c hng trm ct pht(towers towers towers towers). Nhng v
c qu nhiu ngi s dng TD , cho nn gi thnh m mi ngi dng phi tr vn rt r.
Mi carrier trong mi thnh ph cng chy vn hnh mt c
quan trung tm gi l MTSO(Mobile Telephone Switching
Office). C quan ny x l mi kt ni in thoi thnh h
thng in thoi mt t c s bnh thng, v iu khin mi
trm c s trong vng.( khng bit dch th no ^_^)
Trong phn sau, bn s hiu c ci g s sy ra khi bn v
chic TD ca bn di chuyn t ny sang khc.
Cc Code ca TD (Cell Phone Codes Cell Phone Codes Cell Phone Codes Cell Phone Codes) )) )
Tt c cc loi TD u c nhng code ring lin kt vi
chng. Nhng code ny c s dng nhn dng in
thoi, ngi ch ca in thoi v nh cung cp dch v
Gi s bn c mt chic TD, bn bt n ln v c ai
mun gi cho bn. Sau y l nhng g sy ra i vi cuc
gi:
Khi bn ln u tin bt my in thoi, n s nghe
theo mt SID trong knh iu khin(control control control control
channel channel channel channel) )) ). Nu TD khng tm thy bt k knh
iu khin no, th n s hiu l ngoi vng ph
song(out of range out of range out of range out of range ) v hin th l No service.
Khi n nhn SID, in thoi s so snh n vi SID
c chng trnh ha trong my. Nu cc SID
thch hp vi nhau chic in thoi hiu rng n
ang lin kt thuc mt phn ca h thng ch ca
n(home home home home system).
Cng vi SID, TD truyn mt yu cu ng
k(registration request registration request registration request registration request) )) ), v MTSO gi li du vt
v tr ca chic TD ca bn trong databasebng
cch ny, khi MTSO mun gi bn n bit c phn t no bn ang .
MTSO nhn mt cuc gi v n c gng tm bn. N nhn vo database xem bn
ang no.
Cc code ca TD

Electronic Serial
Number (ESN) mt
s 32 bit duy nht
c lp chng
trnh vo trong in
thoi trong qu trnh
sn xut.
Mobile Identification
Number (MIN) mt
s 10 bit duy nht bt
ngun t s my ca
bn.
System
Identification Code
(SID) mt s 5 bit
duy nht c n
nh cho mi carrier
bi FCC
Trong khi ESN c xem nh
l mt phn c nh ca chic
in thoi th c cc code MIN
v SID c lp chng trnh
vo trong in thoi khi bn
ng k dch v v thc hin
cuc gi.
5
MTSO ly mt cp tn s m TD s s dng trong thc hin cuc gi.
MTSO lin kt vi in thoi ca bn thng qua qua knh iu khin nh vy in thoi
ca bn bit s s dng tn s no, sau TD ca bn v ct angten chuyn sang tn
s cuc gi c thc hin.Cch ny gi l two-way radio
Khi bn ra n ra ca bn ang , trm c s ca TD ca bn s thng bo rng
ln ca sng(signal strength signal strength signal strength signal strength ) ang gim. Ngc li, trm c s m bn ang
tin ti th li thy rng ct sng ca bn ang tng. Hai trm c s ny l ngang hng
nhau thng qua MTSO, v ti vi im nht nh, TD ca bn thu tn hiu t mt
knh iu khin cho bit c s thay i tn s. Vic ny chuyn in thoi ca bn qua
mt mi.
Roaming
Nu SID knh iu khin khng khp vi SID c chng trnh ha trong TD ca
bn, th TD s bit ngha l roaming. MTSO ca cc m bn ang roaming s lin h
vi MTSO h thng ch ca bn, h thng ny s kim tra database xc nh SID no m
my bn ang s dng. H thng ch ca bn xc minh vi MTSO hin ti, sau n s ghi li
du vt khi in thoi ca bn i qua ca n. V iu k diu l tt c nhng iu ch sy ra
trong vi giy.
TD v CB Radio(Cell Phones and CBs Cell Phones and CBs Cell Phones and CBs Cell Phones and CBs) )) )
Mt cch tt hiu s tinh vi ca mt chic TD l so snh n vi mt chic CB radio hoc
l mt in i xch tay.
Full-duplex vs. half-duplex C CB radio v in i xch tay u l thit b
half-duplex . iu ngha l 2 ngi giao thip trn mt CB radio s dng cng mt
tn s, nn trong mt thi im th ch mt ngi c th ni.Trong khi mt chic
TD l mt thit b full-duplex. iu ngha l bn s dng mt tn s ni v
mt tn s ring bit nghe. V do c hai ngi c th ni chuyn vi nhau trong
cng mt lc.
Channels(cc knh) Mt chic in i xch tay thng c mt knh, v mt chic
CB radio th c 40 knh. Trong khi mt chic TD th c th giao thip vi nhau
thng qua 1,664 knh hoc nhiu hn na.
Range(Vng) Mt in i xch tay c th truyn i vi c ly khong 1 dm(1.6 km)
v dng mt my pht cng sut 0.25 watt. Mt CB radio, v c cng sut ln hn c
th truyn vi c ly khong 5 dm(8 km) v s dng mt my pht 5 watt. Trong khi
mt chic TD khi hot ng trong cc , v n c th chuyn gia cc vng khi
n di chuyn. Cc gip cho TD c bn knh s dng khng th tin c. Nhiu
6
ngi s dng TD c th chy t xa hng 100 dm m vn c th duy tr cuc gi
khng b t qung nh vo Cellular approach


half-duplex radio, c 2 my phat s dng cng mt tn s. Trong cng mt
thi im ch c mt l c th ni.

full-duplex radio, 2 my pht s dng 2 tn s khc nhau nn c 2 c th
cng ni trong cng mt thi im.
TD l mt full-duplex.
phn sau bn s tm hiu k hn v bn trong ca mt chic my TD KTS.
7
Ph Ph Ph Phn bn n n n trong c trong c trong c trong ca mt chic TD (Inside a Cell Phone Inside a Cell Phone Inside a Cell Phone Inside a Cell Phone) )) )
L mt cu trc rc ri trn nhng khi lp phng tnh bng inch, TD l mt trong
nhng thit b phc tp nht m con ngi tip xc hng ngy. TD KTS ngy nay c th
thc hin c hng triu php tnh trong vng mt giy c th nn hoc gii nn cc
lung m thanh.


Cc phn ca mt chic TD
Nu bn tho ri mt chic TD, bn s thy n ch cha vi phn c lp:
Mt bng mch phc tp cha b no ca chic my
Mt ng ten.
Mt mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD).
Mt bn phm ( khng ging vi bn phm trn ci iu khin TV)
Mt ci microphone
Mt ci loa
Mt cc pin
phn tip theo, bn s tm hiu su hn v bng mch v cc thnh phn ca n.
8
Trn m Trn m Trn m Trn mt bng mch
Bng mch l tri tim ca h thng. V y l mt bng mch c trng ca TD KTS ca
Nokia.

ng trc ca bng mch ng sau ca bng mch
Trong hnh v trn, bn c th thy c vi con chip my tnh. Hy ni qua v cng vic m
nhng ci chip lm. Cc chip analog-to-digital v digital-to-analog dch cc tn hiu m
thanh ra t analog thnh digital v cc tn hiu vo t digital thnh analog. Bn c th hc
thm v s chuyn A-to-D v D-to-A v tm quan trng ca n ti cng ngh m thanh KTS ti
How Compact Discs Work.
- B s l tn hiu digital l mt b s l k thut cao c thit k thc hin cc php ton
tn hiu tc cao.
-B vi s l (microprocessor) s l mi cng vic dng cho bn phm v mn hnh hin th, ra
lnh v iu khin tn hiu vi trm c s ng thi phi hp nhng phn cn li trn bng
mch.
9

B vi x l
Rom v Flash Memory ca cc chip(The ROM and Flash memory chips ) cung cp b nh
cho h iu hnh ca TD v cc c tnh( v d nh ch dn in thoi). Tn s Radio v
phn nng lng (radio frequency (RF) and power (RF) and power (RF) and power (RF) and power section )c chc nng iu hnh cng
sut, sc pin v tt nhin c giao dch vi hng trm knh FM. Cui cng, my khuch i tn
s Radio(RF amplifiers RF amplifiers RF amplifiers RF amplifiers ) x l tn hiu n v i t ng ten.

Mn hnh v bng tip xc bn phm
10
Mn hnh pht trin ng k v kch c cng nh cc c tnh ca TD tng ln. Hu
ht in thoi ngy nay a ra cc ch dn, my tnh ton v ngay c game gn lin. V rt
nhiu loi in thoi sp nhp mt s loi nh PDA v trnh duyt Web.

Sim card trn bng mch

Sim Card khi c tho ri
Vi loi TD lu tr nhng thng tin ch xc no nh code ca SID v MIN, trong b
nh trong. Trong khi mt s khc s dng card nh ngoi tng t nh SmartMedia Card.
11

Loa, Mic v Pin ca TD
TD s dng nhng chic loa v mic rt nh v tht kh tin khi bit c chng to m thanh
tt th no. Nh hnh trn, chic loa nh ch c mt ng xu v chic Mic khng ln hn
chic pin ng h cnh n l bao. V chic pin , n c dng trong ng h bn trong con
chip ca TD(internal clock chip).
Tt c nhng iu trn tht k diuci ch trong vng 30 nm trc thi c th chim din tch
ca c mt tng ca mt ta nh cn ngy nay n c to ra trn mt gi nh v nm gn
trong lng bn tay ca bn.







12
AMPS
Vo nm 1983, chic TD analog chun c gi l AMPS
c xc nhn bi FCC(Federal Communications
Commission) v ln u tin c s dng ti Chicago.
AMPS s dng mt vng tn s gia 824MHz v 894 MHz.
khuyn khch cnh tranh v gi gi thnh, chnh ph M
yu cu s c mt ca 2 carrier ti mi th trng v c
bit vi ci tn carrier A v carrier B. Mt trong nhng
Carrier thng l Carrier trao i a
phng(local local local local- -- -exchange carrier exchange carrier exchange carrier exchange carrier -LEC), mt cch ni li l
cng ty in thoi a phng.( a fancy way of saying the
local phone company.)
Carrier A v B mi ci u n nh l 832 tn s: 790 cho m
thanh v 42 cho d liu. Mt cp tn s( mt cho truyn v
mt cho nhn ) c s dng to nn mt knh. Cc tn s
c s dng trong knh m thanh analog thng c rng
l 30kHz 30kHz c chn l size chun v so snh vi
in thoi c dy n cho mt m thanh cht lng hn.
S truyn v nhn tn s ca mi knh m thanh c tch
bit bi 45MHz gi chng khng xen ln ln nhau. Mi
Carrier c 395 knh m thanh, v 21 knh d liu thc hin cc cng vic thng xuyn nh
ng k v gi.
Mt version ca AMPS l NAMPS(Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
c tch hp mt s cng ngh KTS cho php h thng c th mang gp 3 ln s cuc gi so
vi version gc. Mc d n s dng cng ngh KTS, n vn c xem l analog. AMPS v
NAMPS ch c thc hin trn di 800 MHz v khng phc v rt nhiu nhng c trng m
TD KTS c nh E-mail v trnh duyt Web.
Along Comes Digital
TD KTS cng s dng cng ngh radio nh TD analog, nhng cch khc nhau. H
thng analog khng th s dng hon ton tn hiu gia TD v mng di ng tn hiu
analog khng th b nn v thao tc d dng nh i vi mt tn hiu KTS tht s. l l do
ti sao rt nhiu cng ty v dy dn chuyn sang lm v k thut s -- v do h c th tch

Photo courtesy Motorola, Inc.
Old school: DynaTAC cell
phone, 1983
13
hp nhiu knh hn trong di tn c cho trc. Nhng hiu qu ca h thng k tht s tht
ng kinh ngc.
TD KTS (KTS) chuyn ging ni thnh thng tin nh phn (1s v 0s) v sau nn chng
li. Vic nn cho php 3 n 10 cuc gi KTS ch chim mt khng gian bng mt cuc gi
analog.
Rt nhiu h thng di ng KTS da vo FSK(frequency-shift keying) gi d liu v v ti
qua AMPS. FSK s dng 2 tn s, mt cho 1s v mt na cho 0s, thay i mt cch nhanh
chng gia 2 thng tin KTS gia ct di ng v in thoi. Module thng minh v cc lc
m c yu cu chuyn i nhng thng tin analog thnh digital, nn chng v chuyn i
ngc li trong khi vn d c cht lng ca m thanh. Tt c iu c ngha l TD
KTS phi c rt nhiu kh nng s l.
Cellular Access Technologies
C 3 cng ngh chung c dng trong mng TD truyn pht thng tin l:
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Mc d nhng cng ngh ny nghe c v rt cao siu, nhng bn c th d dng hiu c
cch chng hot ng bng mt vic n gin l phn tch tn gi ca chng.
Phng php u tin ni vi bn th no l phng thc access. T th 2, s phn chia, cho
bn bit rng n chia cuc gi da trn phng thc access .
FDMA t mi cuc gi nhng tn s khc nhau
TDMA xc nhn mi cuc gi l mt phn xc nh ca thi gian trn mt tn s nh
r
CDMA t 1 code duy nht cho mi cuc gi v tri di n trn nhng tn s c th s
dng.
Phn cui ca mi tn l Multiple access. N n gin ch c ngha l hn mt ngi dng c
th s dng trong mi .

14
Cellular Access Technologies: FDMA
FDMA tch cc hnh nh/ph(spectrum ) thnh nhng knh m thanh ring bit bng cch chia
n thnh cc di bng tn chun(uniform chunks of bandwidth). hiu r hn v
FDMA, hy ngh n trm Radio: mi trm gi tn hiu ca n nhng tn s khc nhau trong
cc band s dng. FDMA c s dng ch yu cho s truyn ti tn hiu analog. Mc d r
rng c kh nng mang ti cc thng tin KTS, nhng FDMA khng c coi nh l mt
phng php hiu qu cho s truyn tn hiu KTS.

Trong FDMA, mi TD s dng mt tn s khc nhau.
Cellular Access Technologies: TDMA
TDMA l phng php thm nhp c s dng bi Khi lin minh cng nghip in t v T
chc cng nghip vin thng cho Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) v Interim Standard 136
(IS-136). S dng TDMA, mt bng tn hp 30 kHz b rng v 6.7milli giy b di c chia
t time-wise thnh 3 time slots.
Bng tn hp ngha l nhng knh trng thi truyn thng. Mi on hi thoi ly ca
radio 1/3 thi gian. iu l c th bi v d liu m thanh c chuyn thnh thng tin
KTS th c nn sao cho n ngn t khng gian truyn pht nht, mt iu rt quan trng. V
15
vy TDMA c gp 3 ln dung lng ca mt h thng analog s dng cng 1 s knh. Cc h
thng TDMA iu hnh trn gii tn s hoc l 800-MHz (IS-54) hoc l 1900-MHz (IS-136).

TDMA chia mt tn s thnh cc rnh thi gian
Cellular Access Technologies: TDMA/GSM
TDMA cng c s dng nh l cng ngh ng nhp cho GSM(h thng nh v ton cu ).
Tuy nhin GMS thc hin TDMA mt cch khc v xung khc vi IS-136. Hy xem GSM v
IS-136 nh 2 h iu hnh khc nhau m li cng lm vic trn mt b s l, ging nh c
Windows v Linux cng lm vic trn mt Intel Pentium III. H thng GSM s dng
encryption lm cc cuc gi bo mt hn. GSM iu hnh trn mt di t 900 MHz v
1800 Mhz chu u v chu , v di 1900 MHz( i khi gi l 1.9-GHz) ti M. N c
s dng trong TD KTS v h thng PCS c s. GSM cng l yu t c bn cho
IDEN(Integrated Digital Enhanced Network), mt h thng ph bin c gii thiu
bi Motorola v s dng bi Nextel.
GSM l mt tiu chun quc t ti chu u v c v mt phn ln chu v Chu Phi. trong
vng bao ph, ngi s dng TD c th mua mt chic TD v s dng bt c u m
tiu chun ny c cng nhn. lin kt vi nhng nh cung cp dch v no , ngi dng
16
GSM ch cn chuyn(subscriber identification module ) SIM card. SIM card l mt ci
a nh c th tch ri, n tho ra rt vo trong TD GSM. N lu tr mi d liu lin kt v
ng nht nhng s m bn cn access vo mt nh cung cp dich v khng dy no .
Khng may thay, in thoi 1900-MHz ca GSM nu s dng ti M s khng tng thch vi
h thng quc t. Nu bn sng ti M v cn mt chic TD khi bn nc ngoi, cch d
nht l bn mua mt my TD GSM 900MHz/1800MHz. Bn c th kim c nhng my
ti Planet Omni, 1 hng in t online ti California. H a ra mt selection phong ph ca
cc loai in thoi GSM Nokia, Motorola v Ericsson. Tuy nhin h li khng bn SIM Card
quc t. Bn c th mua mt Sim Card tr trc dng trong mt vng rng ca cc nc ti
Telestial.com.
Cool Facts
Chun GSM cho TD KTS c thnh lp chu
u vo gia nhng nm 1980trc rt lu so vi
lc TD KTS thng dng trong vn ha M.
Ngy nay c th xc nh c v tr ca mt ngi
ang s dng TD trong vng c chnh xc
tng met bt c u
in thoi 3G trng ging mt chic PDA, vi nhng
c trng nh thng thc Video, lch khoa hc, v
chi multi-player game

Cellular Access Technologies: CDMA
CDMA l mt kha cnh hon ton khc so vi TDMA. CDMA, sau khi s ha d liu, chia n
trn ton b bng tn c th s dng. Nhiu cuc gi c ph ln nhau, vi duy nht mt dy
code. CDMA l mt dng chia ph(spread spectrum spread spectrum spread spectrum spread spectrum), ci n gin ngha l d liu c gi
trong nhng phn nh qua mt s tn s ring bit s dng trong bt c thi gian no trong
nhng vng xc nh.
17

Vi CDMA, d liu ca mi TD c mt code duy nht
Tt c ngi dng chuyn giao trn cng mt bng tn ging nh mt khc ph(????). Mi tn
hiu ca ngi dng c tri ton b bng tn bi mt code tri duy nht. ngi nhn,
nhng code duy nht c dng ly li tn hiu. Bi v h thng CDMA cn t mt con
du thi gian chnh xc trn mi phn ca tn hiu, nn n dng h thng GPS gii quyt vn
. Gia 8 v 10 cuc gi tch ri c th mang trn cng mt knh ging nh trn cuc gi
AMPS analog. Cng ngh CDMA l c s cho Interim Standard 95B (IS-95) v iu hnh
trn c 2 di tn s 800 MHz v 900 MHz.
Mt cch l tng rng TDMA v CDMA l r rng i vi nhau. i vi thc hnh, nhng tn
hiu CDMA cng sut cao lm tng ting n i vi ngi nhn dng TDMA, cn nhng tn
hiu TDMA cng sut cao c th l nguyn nhn ca s qu ti v s nghn mch i vi ngi
nhn dng CDMA.
phn tip theo, bn s hc v s khc nhau gia dch v di ng v dch v PCS.


18
Di ng v PCS.( Cellular vs. PCS)
Dch v lin lc c nhn (Personal Communications Services -PCS) l mt dch v in
thoi khng dy rt ging vi dch v di ng, nhng vi mt s ni bt trong dch v c nhn
v di chuyn rng. Cm t PCS thng c dng khi ni v KTS, nhng PCS thc s
ngha l cc dch v khc nh paging, ID ca ngi gi v e-mail c t trong dch v
Trong khi c ch to vi mc ch u tin l dng cho t, cn PCS th c thit k
trn mt t cho s ng hn nhng ngi dng di ng. PCS c mt nh hn v v vy yu
cu s lng ng ten ln hn c th ph sng mt vng a l. in thoi PCS s dng tn
s gia 1.85 GHz v 1.99 GHz(1850 MHz n 1990 MHz).
V mt cng ngh, h thng M iu hnh di tn s t 824 MHz n 894 MHz; PCS iu
hnh di 1850 MHz n 1990 MHz. V khi n c bn da trn TDMA, PCS c 200 kHz knh
khng gian v 8 khe thi gian thay v loi 30 kHz knh khng gian v 3 khe thi gian KTS.
By gi hy xem xt s phn bit gia cng ngh di tn kp v kiu thc kp.
Dual Band vs. Dual Mode
Nu bn l ngi du lch nhiu, c th bn cn mt loi TD c c 2 chc nng trn. Hy xem
chng l nh th no:
Dual band( giai tn kp) Mt chic in thoi c kh nng dual-band th c th chuyn
tn s. iu c ngha rng n c th hot ng trn c 2 di 800 MHz v 1900 MHz.
V d, mt chic in thoi TDMA vi dual-band c th s dng dch v TDMA trn c
2 h thng 800 MHz v 1900 MHz.
Dual Mode Trong TD, mode m ch n loi cng ngh truyn pht c dng.
V vy, mt chic in thoi AMPS v TDMA c th chuyn ln cho nhau nu cn. N
quan trng ch l mt trong nhng mode l AMPS ci m cung cp cho bn dch v
analog khi bn trong vng khng cung cp dch v digital
Dual band/Dual mode iu tt nht ca 2 yu t ny l cho php bn chuyn gia
cc gii tn s v cc mode truyn pht khi cn thit.
Thay i cc di tn v mode c thc hin t ng bi nhng chic TD c nhng c tnh
trn. Thng thng TD c mt c tnh c nh sn trc v d 1900 MHz TDMA, v s
c gng lin kt ti tn s , vi cng ngh u tin. Nu n cung cp dual band, n s
chuyn ti 800 MHz nu khng th connect ti 1900 MHz. V nu chic TD cung cp hn 1
mode, n s th cc mode KTS u tin, v sau chuyn qua analog.
19
i khi bn c th tm thy nhng chic in thoi 3 mode(tri tri tri tri- -- -mode mode mode mode ) . iu ny c th l mt
s la bp. iu ny c th c ngha l chic in thoi cung cp 2 cng ngh KTS nh CDMA
v TDMA, v 1 dch v analog. Nhng n cng c th c ngha l n cung cp cng ngh KTS
2 di tn v cng cung cp c dch v analog. Mt version ph bin ca loi in thoi
3-mode ny dng cho nhng ngi i du lch rt nhiu v c dch v GSM tn 900 MHz ti
chu u, chu v di tn 1900 MHz M, c thm dch v analog.
Trong phn tip theo, chng ta s xem xt nhng vn gp phi TD .
Cc vn vi TD
Mt chic TD, cng ging nh cc thit b in bnh thng khc cng c nhng vn ca
n
Ni chung, nu bn in thoi b t hoc dng tay t n nt th s gy ra s
hng hc khng th sa cha trong mt vi phn ca TD. Xem xt mt cch
phng nga. Nu TD b t, hy chc chn rng n hon ton kh ro trc khi bn
bt n v nh vy bn c th phng c nhng hng hc cc phn bn trong in
thoi.
S nng qu trong t c th lm hng pin hoc cc phn in t ca TD. Ngc
li s qu lnh c th l nguyn nhn dn n vic mt hin th mn hnh trong mt thi
gian.
TD analog chu mt vn gi l cloning. Mt chic in thoi b cloned khi ai
nh cp s ID ca n v thc hin nhng cuc gi lu(fraudulent fraudulent fraudulent fraudulent calls ) trn
account ca ngi ch ca chic my.
y l cch m cloning c thc hin: khi TD ca bn thc hin mt cuc gi, n truyn
ESN v MIN ti mng ti u ca cuc gi. Cp MIN/ESN l tag duy nht cho chic TD
ca bn l cch lm sao cc cng ty in thoi bit ai l ngi tr tin cuc gi. Khi TD
ca bn truyn MIN/ESN, iu bt chnh c th sy ra l nghe trm ( vi mt ci scanner) v
ly cp cp MIN/ESN ny. Vi mt cng c chnh xc, kh l d dng to mt in thoi
khc m cha cp MIN/ESN ca bn, v n cho php nhng cuc gi bt chnh c thc hin
trn account ca bn
Xem phn tip theo ni v cc ct TD!


20
C CC Ct TD
Ct TD thng l nhng ct thp hoc l cu trc hng ro v cao hng trm feet. Chic ct
TD ny cng vi I-85 nm gn Greenville,SC, l loi tiu biu ti M.

y l loi ct hin i vi 3 nh cung cp TD trn cng mt cu trc. Nu bn nhn vo
phn c bn ca chic ct bn s thy mi nh cung cp c nhng thit b ring, v bn cng c
th thy ngy ny rt t nhng thit b phc tp( nhng thit b c thng c mt ta nh nh ti
mi c s)
21

y l mt thit b ca mt nh cung cp

Cc hp cha cc my pht v nhn radio bn tri ct v c ni vi cc in thoi. Radio
lin kt vi ngten trn ct thng qua cc cap ln.

22

Nu bn nhn gn bn s thy l ct v tt c cap, thit b ti c s ca ct u c tip t mt
cch nng n. V d, tm bn trn hnh vi dy mu xanh ni cng l mt tm bn tip t
bng ng.

Mt iu chc chn rng nhng nh cung cp dch v dng chung mt thp c mt ci cng 5
kha.Mi ngi trong 5 ngi ny u khng th m cng vo trong.
23

Mi mt ct TD li c nhng hnh dng v kch c khc nhau nhng ti tin chic ct ti
Morrisville,NC, ny l mt trong nhng chic l lng nht.