Giao Trinh O Nhiem Khong Khi

I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH
VIEN MOI TRNG VA TAI NGUYEN (IER)

PGS.TS. INH XUAN THANG

GIAO TRNH
O NHIEM KHONG KH
(Ti bn ln th nht, 2007)

NHA XUAT BAN AI HOC QUOC GIA
TP HO CH MINH 2007

3
LI NOI AU
Moi trng song cai noi cua nhan loai ang ngay cang o nhiem tram trong
do con ngi. Cung vi s phat trien cua xa hoi, moi trng ang tng bc b huy
diet la moi quan tam khong ch rieng cua mot quoc gia nao. Bao ve moi trng la
ngha vu cua cong ong toan cau va cua Viet Nam noi rieng. Ch th so 36/CT-TW
ngay 25/06/1998 cua Bo Chnh tr ang Cong san Viet Nam a the hien ng loi
ch ao ung an oi vi cong tac bao ve va gn gi moi trng song cua nc ta.
Hien trang moi trng khong kh nc ta, ac biet la trong cac khu cong nghiep va
o th ln nh thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Ha Noi, Hai Phong, ong Nai ang la moi
lo ngai cho cac c quan quan ly nha nc ve mat moi trng cung nh toan the dan
c trong khu vc. Phan ln cac nha may x nghiep cha co he thong x ly o nhiem
khong kh hoac co nhng hot ong khong co hieu qua va mang tnh chat oi pho.
Ben canh o, vi ac iem cua mot nen cong nghiep, tieu thu cong nghiep mang
tnh chat san xuat nho, cong nghiep lac hau, thieu thon nguyen vat lieu, nen ngay
cang thai vao moi trng song mot khoi lng bui, hi kh oc va mui hoi khng lo,
gay anh hng khong nhng cho cong nhan trc tiep san xuat ma ngay ca dan c
khu vc lan can cung chu anh hng ang ke.
Viec xay dng at nc tren c s cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa cung vi
mc o gia tang ang ke cac khu vc o th, khu dan c khong co quy hoach ong
bo, tong the va thieu hp ly lai cang gay phc tap them cho cong tac quan ly va
khong che o nhiem t cac nguon thai. Cac phng tien giao thong cong cong t hoac
khong thuan tien cho viec i lai cua nhan dan cung vi hien trang quy hoach ve
mang li cac tuyen ng khong ap ng nhu cau rat cao cua thc te a gop phan
rat ln gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh cac khu o th ln nh thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh, Ha Noi, ac biet la vao gi cao iem thng gay ra ket xe oi khi ti 3
hoac 4 gi lien.
Cuon sach nay c bien soan nham muc ch phuc vu cho cong tac giang day
va hoc tap cua can bo, sinh vien va cac hoc vien sau ai hoc chuyen nganh Ky thuat
Moi trng.
4
Noi dung cua cuon sach bao gom nhng van e ve nguon goc o nhiem khong
kh, tac hai cua o nhiem khong kh, cac qua trnh bien oi, khuech tan chat o nhiem
trong kh quyen va kiem soat cac nguon thai.
Vi noi dung tren, cuon sach nay cung co the phuc vu cho ong ao ban oc
thuoc cac chuyen nganh khac co quan tam en lnh vc o nhiem moi trng khong
kh.
Do nhieu yeu to khach quan cung nh chu quan, sach khong tranh khoi nhng
thieu sot. Tac gia xin chan thanh cam n s quan tam theo doi va mong nhan c
nhieu y kien ong gop cua cac ong nghiep va ban oc.
Tac gia xin bay to long biet n sau sac en Giao s Tien si Tran Ngoc Chan
a gop y cho noi dung cua cuon sach.
Chan thanh cam n Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia thanh pho Ho Ch Minh a
sm tai ban cuon sach nay.

TP. Ho Ch Minh, 02/2007
Tac gia
5
CHNG I
GII THIEU VE
O NHIEM KHONG KH
1.1. TONG QUAN VE O NHIEM KHONG KH
Mosris Neibusger - nha kh tng hoc cua mot trng ai hoc California a
trch dan t tap ch Todays Health do hiep hoi Y hoc My xuat ban nh sau: Tat
ca cac quoc gia van minh roi se i theo con ng, khong phai la nhng bien ong
bat thnh lnh ma la s nget th t trong bau khong kh cha chat thai cua chnh ho.
Mot so nha s hoc a tien oan cac gia thiet rang: S bung no ve dan so se keo
theo cac nhu cau thiet yeu can nhieu thc pham hn, nhieu nc hn, cung nh ni
, phng tien giao thong i lai va cong an viec lam. e thoa man c nhu cau o
se khong bao gi cham dt c nan o nhiem khong kh xung quanh ta.
Nhng song, ho sach se t i to tien ong ba ta e lai a nhanh chong tr thanh
cac dong chay co mui, nhng ho nc thoi ra ma trong o khong mot sinh vat nao
du la nho be co the song noi. Kha nang t lam sach cua cac dong chay hau nh
khong con na hoac vi kha nang giam i rat nhieu v cac nhan to gay o nhiem gom
qua nhieu loai nc thai nh: nc thai sinh hoat t cac ong cong, chat giat tay,
thuoc tr sau va cac chat thai cong nghiep.
Cac phng tien giao thong van tai nh may bay, tau hoa dung dau Diesel, kh
thai t cac xe gan may, xe o to, lo ot va chat thai ran cung thai vao kh quyen cua
chung ta. Trong bai bao Man - An erglangerred Spieceis ( Con ngi Moi hiem
hoa), nam 1968 Department of the interrion year boook a canh bao rang: Chung ta
phai nang cao tat ca moi th trong tng lai tr toc o gia tang dan so cua loai
ngi. Trc ay tre em va cai may xuc la hai ieu kien tot nhat e phat trien xa
hoi. Nhng ngay nay neu loai ngi muon ton tai th phai a ra ke hoach cho s
phat trien.
6
Mot ac trng can lu y la viec thuyet phuc con ngi phong benh hn cha
benh la mot viec lam rat kho. ieu nay co ngha la, vi o nhiem moi trng, e
thuyet phuc con ngi phong chong, bao ve va gn gi moi trng la mot viec lam
rat kho khong ch vi nhng ngi khong hieu biet g ve o nhiem moi trng ma
ngay ca nhng ngi hieu biet ve chung cung tm cach ne tranh.
Irving S. Bengelsdorf thuoc Los Angeles Times a noi rang, t khi cac nha khoa
hoc va cac ky s a nhan thc c van e o nhiem la trach nhiem cua ho phai giai
quyet van e nay, e xuat cac chnh sach va tr giup cac nha lanh ao hanh chnh
trong viec hng dan thc hien co hieu qua cong tac bao ve moi trng. Tuy nhien,
van e o nhiem khong ch giai quyet bang cong nghe ma phai xem xet tren ca
phng dien xa hoi va kinh te hoc. Nguyen nhan c ban gay phien toai moi trng
cua chung ta la s roi ram, phc tap va chieu sau cua no. Chung ta phai thay the s
tang trng ve chat thay cho s tang trng ve lng, cung cap ay u cac tnh toan
ve ph ton cua xa hoi cua cac van e o nhiem, xem xet cac yeu to ve mat moi
trng khi co ke hoach hoac quyet nh mot van e nao o, nhan thc moi trng
nh mot van e tong hp. Chung ta phai hieu va cong nhan s phu thuoc c ban cua
tat ca cac kha canh cua moi trng bao gom ca con ngi.
Van e o nhiem moi trng la mot van e mang tnh chat toan cau, yeu cau
phai co bien phap giai quyet tren toan the gii. To chc giao duc, van hoa, khoa hoc
cua Lien Hiep Quoc a co nhng hoat ong tch cc trong lnh vc nay. Hoi thao
quoc te cua Lien Hiep Quoc ve con ngi va moi trng c to chc tai
Stockholm - Thu ien thang 6/1972 a tap hp rat nhieu chuyen gia, cac nha khoa
hoc, cac quan chc cua chnh phu cac nc tren the gii nham thong nhat cng lnh
hanh ong chung trong cong tac gn gi va bao ve moi trng. Hoi thao a khang
nh viec giai quyet van e o nhiem moi trng khong ch co cac nha khoa hoc, cac
ky s, cac quan chc hanh chnh, cac to chc the gii, ma phai mang tch chat cong
ong - tc la moi ca nhan, moi con ngi eu phai co y thc gi gn va bao ve moi
trng. Cung tai hoi ngh nay ngi ta thong nhat lay ngay 5 thang 6 hang nam lam
ngay Moi trng the gii.
Trong thong iep gi toan the gii hay Cu lay trai at chien lc cho cuoc
song ben vng, cua Hiep hoi quoc te ve bao ve thien nhien (IUCN), Chng trnh
moi trng cua Lien Hiep Quoc (UNEP) va Quy quoc te ve bao ve thien nhien
(WWF) Grand, Thu Sy thang 10 nam 1991, a nhan manh ba muc tieu chien lc
bao ve toan cau la:
7
Phai duy tr cac qua trnh sinh thai quan trong cua cac he bao am s
song;
Phai bao ton tnh a dang di truyen;
Phai s dung ben vng bat c mot loai hay mot he sinh thai nao.
e thc hien c cac muc tieu o, li keu goi nhan manh phai hanh ong ngan
chan nan o nhiem moi trng. Tat ca cac chnh phu can phai ban hanh nguyen tac
phong nga. o la giam hoac ni nao o co ieu kien th ngan chan viec thai bo ba
bai cac chat thai oc hai. Tot nhat la danh viec bao ve at, khong kh, song ngoi va
bien cho mot c quan. Phai van dung ca cac bien phap kch thch bang kinh te va
quy che. Tat ca cac chnh quyen thanh pho, cong xng, cong nghiep va nong dan
eu phai ong gop cho cong viec o.
Viec thai ra cac chat SO
x
, NO
x,
CO va cac chat hydrocarbon phai c giam
ti mc toi thieu cac nc co thu nhap cao. Ben canh o, vi cac nc ang cong
nghiep hoa, tnh trang o khong c e tang len. Viec thai ra cac chat gay hieu
ng nha knh can phai han che ti mc toi a. Vi cac nc co thu nhap thap can
phai co gang giam thieu o nhiem t nhng nguon mi.
Cung theo li keu goi o Vao cuoi the ky nay, tat ca cac chnh phu phai ban
hanh nguyen tac phong nga. Nhng nc co thu nhap cao phai giam thai sulfur
ioxit en 10 % cua mc nam 1980 va giam 75 % cua kh thai NO
x
cua mc nam
1985. Viec che tao va s dung cac chat CFCI (hp chat cua chlor, flor va carbon
trong cong nghe ong lanh) phai c ngng nhng nc co thu nhap cao, giam
nhanh va manh cac nc khac. Viec thai CO phai c cat giam 20 % cua mc
nam 1990 vao nam 2005, nhng nc thu nhap cao phai ngng viec san xuat va s
dung vao nam 2010.
Tai My, t chnh sach quoc gia ve moi trng nam 1969, ngay 1 thang 1 nam
1970 a ban hanh chnh sach bao ve moi trng nh la mot luat dan s (Bo luat N
o

91 - 190). Chnh sach nay c thong qua mot hoi ong ve chat lng moi trng va
quan ly tat ca cac chng trnh ve chat lng moi trng vi s xem xet ky lng
tat ca cac moi lien quan cua cac chng trnh khac nhau co anh hng en moi
trng.
C quan Bao ve Moi trng cua My (Environmental Protection Agency - EPA),
a a ra s thong nhat cua nhieu c quan thuoc nhieu s, ban, nganh khac nhau
cung giai quyet cac van e ve moi trng. Nhiem vu cua EPA la to chc giai quyet
cac van e moi trng tren c s hp nhat, tha nhan moi quan he gia cac chat o
nhiem, hnh thc o nhiem va cong nghe x ly.
8
Tai Viet Nam, van e o nhiem moi trng mi c Nha nc quan tam va au
t kha nhieu kinh ph trong nhng nam gan ay. Tuy la mot nc lac hau, kinh te
kem phat trien nhng van e o nhiem moi trng cung gay khong t phien phc cho
xa hoi do nen kinh te Viet Nam mang mot hnh thai kinh te rieng biet vi cong nghe
lac hau, nguyen vat lieu thieu thon, quy mo nho, nam xen ke trong khu dan c va
ac biet la nguon kinh ph au t cho cong tac gn gi va bao ve moi trng la kha
han hep.
Mot ac thu khac la nhng thanh pho ln nh Ha Noi, thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh, do mat o giao thong ln, cac phng tien cong cong t hoac gan nh khong
phu hp vi th hieu ngi dan nen van e o nhiem khong kh do giao thong van tai
gay ra khong phai la nho. Theo thong ke mi ay nhat dan so thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh la 6.239.938 ngi (con so ieu tra cuoi nam 2005), vi mat o dan so nh vay
viec gay o nhiem moi trng do hang trieu xe may, hang tram ngan xe tai, xe hi la
khong tranh khoi.
Tuy nhien, trong nhng nam gan ay, mot phan do nen kinh te c ngay mot
nang cao, c ang va Nha nc quan tam ung mc cong tac gn gi va bao ve
moi trng Viet Nam tng bc a i vao ne nep. Song song vi viec ra i cua
bo chu quan (Bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe va Moi trng, nay la Bo Tai nguyen Moi
trng) la cac he thong nganh doc (cac S Khoa hoc Cong nghe va Moi trng nay
l S Ti nguyn & Mi trng) cung cac c quan hanh chnh khac. ieu quan trong
nhat la s ra i cua Bo Luat bao ve moi trng cua nc Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu
ngha Viet Nam 10/1/1994 va Luat Moi trng sa oi c Quoc Hoi khoa XI, ky
hop th 8 thong qua ngay 29/11/2005, Chu tch nc ky ban hanh ngay 12/12/2005
va c hieu lc t 01/07/2006, cong tac bao ve moi trng a c chu trong tren
pham vi ca nc. Cac cong tac giam sat, x ly moi trng c thc hien cho hau
het cac c s, x nghiep, nha may a, ang va se xay dng trong tng lai. Song
song o la hang loat cac van ban, ngh nh di luat cua cac c quan Nha nc va
cac a phng nham thc hien tot Bo Luat neu tren.
1.2. CAC TAC NHAN GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH
1.2.1. Khong kh sach
Khong kh va nc cung vi thc pham la mot trong cac ieu kien het sc can
thiet va quan trong oi vi s song cua cac loai ong va thc vat noi chung. Ngi ta
co the nhn an, nhn uong hang chuc ngay van khong chet nhng neu con ngi
ngng th trong vai phut a co the dan en t vong.
9
Hang ngay, mot ngi trung bnh phai ht, th khoang tren di 15 kg khong kh
e phuc vu cho s song. Yeu cau oi vi khong kh o la s trong sach cua no. Thi
xa xa neu khong ke en cac hien tng thien nhien xay ra nh ong at, nui la,
bao cat sa mac hay dch phan hoa th moi trng thien nhien von la trong sach, yen
tnh, khong b o ue. No rat thuan li va tien nghi cho con ngi cung nh cac loai
sinh vat khac. Mot cach tng oi, co the coi khong kh o la khong kh sach.
Trong giao trnh nay, ke t ay chung ta thong nhat goi khong kh sach la khong kh
e tien s dung.
Khong kh la hon hp cua khong kh kho va hi nc. Ngi ta cung co the goi
khong kh neu tren la khong kh am v thanh phan cua chung ngoai cac chat kh ra,
chung con cha mot lng hi nc nhat nh tuy thuoc vao nhiet o va ap suat cua
kh quyen.
ieu kien bnh thng khong kh cha b o nhiem co cac thanh phan chnh sau
y:
Bang 1. 1. Thanh phan cac chat trong khong kh kho cha b o nhiem
Ten chat Cong thc
phan t
Ty le theo the tch
Tong trong lng trong kh
quyen (Trieu tan)
Nit
N
2
78,09 3.850.000.000
Oxy
O
2
20,91 1.180.000.000
Argon
Ar 0,93 65.000.000
Cacrbon dioxit
CO
2
0,032 2.500.000
Neon
Ne 18ppm (*) 64.000
Heli
He 5,2 3.700
Metan
CH
4
1,3 3.700
Kripton
Kr 1,0 15.000
Hydro
H
2
0,5 180
Nit oxit
N
2
O 0,25 1.900
Cacrbonmonoxt
CO 0,10 500
Ozon
O
3
0,02 200
Sulfur dioxit
SO
2
0,001 11
Nit dioxit
NO
2
0,001 8
Ghi chu: (*) 1 ppm = 0,0001 % the tch; 1 ppm = M/22,4 mg/m
3
10
hoac 1 mg/m
3
= 22,4/M.
Trong o: M la phan t lng cua chat kh;
22,4 la the tch (tnh bang lt) cua mot mole chat kh ieu kien tieu
chuan (0
o
C va 1 atm).
Nh a trnh bay tren, ngoai cac thanh phan kho neu tren ma ngi ta thng
goi la khong kh kho, trong khong kh con cha mot lng hi nc nhat nh. Thong
thng hi nc ton tai trong khong kh di dang hi qua nhiet, tc la chung
trang thai cha bao hoa. Khong kh co the nhan them hi nc e tr ve trang thai
bao hoa.
Nong o bao hoa cua hi nc trong khong kh phu thuoc rat nhieu vao nhiet
o. Lng hi nc bo ha theo nhit co the tham khao bang 1.2 sau ay:
Bang 1.2. Nong o bao hoa hi nc phu thuoc vao nhiet o
Nhiet o (t
o
C) Nong o hi nc bao hoa (%)
0
10
20
25
30
0,6
1,2
2,3
3,1
4,2
Lng hi nc cha trong khong kh co anh hng rat ln en van e o nhiem
moi trng. Cung vi cac yeu to khac cua kh quyen, chung co the la moi trng tao
nen cac phan ng hoa hoc gia cac chat o nhiem vi nhau ac biet la vi cac chat
kh co tnh ho nc de tao thanh cac axit, ay la nguyen nhan tao nen cac tran
ma axit ma chung ta thng nhac en.
1.2.2. Cac tac nhan gay o nhiem khong kh
tren chung ta a e cap en khai niem khong kh sach, nh vay : The nao la
khong kh b o nhiem? Co the hiu mot cach tng oi nh sau:
Ben canh cac thanh phan chnh cua kho ng kh, bat ky mot chat nao dang ran,
long, kh c thai vao moi trng khong kh vi nong o va u gay anh hng ti
sc khoe con ngi, gay anh hng xau en s sinh trng, phat trien cua ong, thc
11
vat, pha huy vat lieu, lam giam canh quan moi trng eu gay o nhiem moi trng,
hay noi khac i la khong kh o a b o nhiem.
O nhiem khong kh co the la the pha tron cua cac the ran, long, kh. Nhng the
ma chung c phan tan rat nhanh nh cac ieu kien ve kh hau. Khi xay ra hien
tng giam ap (ap thap nhiet i) cac khoi khong kh chuyen ong lam cho cac chat
gay o nhiem tr nen am ac, tham hoa o nhiem co the xay ra. Tng t nh vay,
cac chat vo hai di tac dung cua ap xuat se boc len va co the tr thanh chat gay o
nhiem nghiem trong cho moi trng khong kh khi chung ket hp vi chat khac cung
co trong moi trng khong kh.
Cac nhan to gop phan tao nen o nhiem khong kh bao gom ca nhan to t nhien
va do con ngi. Cac nhan to t nhien bao gom cac qu trnh t nhin nh: ng t,
ni la, bo ct sa mc, chy rng, sng thn hay dch phan hoa v qu trnh thi ra
ca ng v thc vt. Thong thng, cac nhan to t nhien thng xay ra xa ngoai
tam kiem soat cua con ngi.
Cac nhan to o nhiem do con ngi tao ra th de kiem soat hn. Chat gay o
nhiem do con ngi tao ra thng phat sinh t qua trnh hot ng cng nghip, giao
thng vn ti, nng nghip, dch v thng mi, ph rng v k c cc hot ng trong
chin tranh gy ra. Chat o nhiem khong kh do con ngi tao ra ve tong quan co the
chia lam cac dng sau: nhim do bi, hi kh c, nhit tha, mi hi, cht phng x
v cc vi sinh vt.
1.3. MOT SO HIEM HOA VE O NHIEM KHONG KH
1.3.1. Tren the gii
Lch s nhan loai a xay ra kha nhieu hiem hoa ve o nhiem khong kh. Co the
ke en tham hoa au tien xay ra trong the ky 20 do o nhiem moi trng khong kh
gay ra la kh thai cong nghiep thai ra gay nen hien tng nghch ao nhiet km
ham khong cho kh thai phat tan len cao, gay ra hien tng au oc thanh pho
thuoc thung lung Manse cua B vao nam 1930 va cung tng t nh vay doc thung
lung Monongahela vao nam 1948. Trong cac tham hoa nay lam cho hang tram ngi
chet va rat nhieu ngi khac b anh hng en sc khoe. Hien tng nghch ao a
lam tang nong o hi kh oc gay ngat th tai thu o London nc Anh, lam chet va
b thng 4.000 en 5.000 ngi.
Tai nc My vao thang 8 nam 1969 khong kh o nhiem b tu ham lau ngay a
bao phu t mien Chicago va Milwankee ti New Orleans va Philadelphia gay rat
12
nhieu thiet hai. Tham hoa ln nhat do o nhiem khong kh xay ra trong thi gian gan
ay nhat, o la vu ro r kh MIC (kh Metylisocyanate) cua lien hiep san xuat
phan bon Bhopal thuoc An o vao nam 1984. Khoang tren 2 trieu ngi a b
nhiem oc, trong o co 5.000 ngi chet va 50.000 ngi b nhiem oc tram trong,
rat nhieu ngi b mu Kh MIC la loai kh oc c dung trong thuoc tr sau. No
tac dung vi nc rat nhanh, tham nhap vao ng ho hap gay nen benh phoi phu
thung. Rat nhieu ngi Bhopal a chet v phoi cua ho cha ay nc. C 3 tre em
ma me cua chung co thai trong thi gian o th ch co mot em c song sot. Rat
nhieu em sinh ra b d tat. Thc vat cung b anh hng nghiem trong, pham vi 3,5
km
2
bao quanh nha may, cay coi eu b chet hoac vang la, nang suat thu hoach cua
cac loai cay an trai, cu rat thap.
Thanh pho Mexico, thu o cua Mexico vi 20 trieu dan la thanh pho ong dan
nhat the gii va cung la ni o nhiem moi trng khong kh vao loai bac nhat the
gii. Thang 3 nam 1992, dan chung thanh pho a trai qua nhng ngay rat kho khan
do tren 2,5 trieu chiec xe hi va khoang 30 ngan x nghiep cong nghiep hoat ong
thai vao moi trng lng hi kh oc, bui va mui hoi rat ln. Theo thong ke cho
thay moi nam khoang 4,3 trieu tan chat thai oc hai thai vao moi trng a lam cho
nong o Ozon cao hn tieu chuan cho phep 3 lan. Thanh pho a phai ap dung bien
phap khan cap la trng hoc pho thong phai ong ca, giam bt gi sinh hoat va lam
viec cua ngi ln. Tam ngng hoat ong cua 1 trieu o to, hang tram nha may, x
nghiep cong nghiep phai ngng san xuat hoac hoat ong vi 3/4 cong suat nham
giam lng hi kh oc thai vao kh quyen.
Chac chung ta han con nh tham hoa nha may ien nguyen t Trernobn cu a
Ucraina (thuoc Lien Xo cu) vao nam 1984. Hau qua cua tham hoa nay khong ch
gay anh hng ngay khi xay ra ma no con tiem an va gay anh hng rat lau dai cho
en nay van cha khac phuc c. Toan the gii eu quan tam en tai hoa nay. Phai
mat hang chuc ty dollar mi co the khac phuc hau qua nay.
O nhiem khong kh cung vi viec khai thac tai nguyen khong hp ly, chat pha
rng ba bai, lam cho tang zon b thung, gay nen hieu ng nha knh va ac biet la
thay oi kh hau toan cau gay nen hien tng Elnino va Lanina kem theo nhng tran
ma lut, bao khung khiep va han han keo dai. Ket qua cuoi cung la dan en thiet
hai nhan mang tai san cua cong ong cung nan chay rng nghiem trong nh a tng
xay ra tai Bangladesh, Trung Quoc, My, Nhat, Indonesia va cac nc khac tren the
gii trong o co Viet Nam. Kem theo cac hien tng nay la o nhiem nguon nc, o
13
nhiem moi trng khong kh khong ch tren pham vi mot nc ma co the anh hng
ti cac nc lan can.
1.3.2. Tai Viet Nam
Tai Viet Nam, that may man cho chung ta la cha xay ra tham hoa nao gay anh
hng ln en moi trng do o nhiem khong kh. Tuy nhien, thc te cho thay do cac
hoat ong cong nghiep, giao thong van tai, sinh hoat, nong nghiep, a lam gia tang
mc o o nhiem khong kh len rat cao, nhat la sau khi co chnh sach m ca au t
vao san xuat t nam 1984 cua ang va Nha nc ban hanh. Tai cac khu cong
nghiep, cac thanh pho ln, nong o cac chat o nhiem vt qua tieu chuan cho phep
rat nhieu lan. Gan ay chung ta a phat hien a co ma axit Ca Mau, Bac Lieu va
rat co the con nhieu ni khac ma chung ta cha biet en.
1.4. O NHIEM KHONG KH THANH PHO HO CH MINH VA
MOT SO O TH VIET NAM
Tnh hnh o nhiem khong kh tai Viet Nam thng tap trung mot so thanh pho
ln va cac khu o cong nghiep. Cac thanh pho ln va khu cong nghiep cua Viet
Nam so vi nhieu nc tren the gii tuy quy mo va tam c cha bang, nhng tnh
trang o nhiem moi trng noi chung va o nhiem moi trng khong kh noi rieng
ang co nguy c ngay mot tang, co ni a mc tram trong. Cong tac ieu tra, anh
gia hien trang o nhiem moi trng mi c cac c quan chc nang thc hien trong
nhng nam cua thap nien 90 thong qua cac tram quan trac quoc gia, cac mang li
kiem soat va giam sat o nhiem moi trng cua cac tnh, cac khu cong nghiep. V the
cha co u so lieu e anh gia mot cach ay u tnh hnh o nhiem khong kh cua
nc ta. Mat khac, nc ta ang trong thi ky cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa at
nc nen dien mao khu o th va cong nghiep thay oi rat nhanh, do vay phai
thng xuyen cap nhat thong tin, ieu tra, giam sat bo sung th mi co c s e anh
gia va e xuat cac chnh sach quan ly va giam sat thch hp. Tuy nhien, theo nhng
so lieu ban au cung co the s bo cho thay tnh hnh o nhiem khong kh tai mot so
o th va khu cong nghiep ien hnh nh sau.
1.4.1. Tnh trang o nhiem khong kh tai TP Ho Ch Minh
Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh trc nam 1945 ch co khoang 400.000 dan c sinh
song (ke ca Ch Ln), cac hoat ong ve giao thong van tai chu yeu bang xe tho, ghe
thuyen, so lng xe hi khong ang ke, chu yeu ch co mot so thng gia giau co va
thc dan Phap luc ng thi. Theo thong ke mi nhat dan so thanh pho Ho Ch
14
Minh la 6.239.938 ngi (con so ieu tra cuoi nam 2005), l cha k s dn vng
lai khng thng k c. ay la thanh pho co so dan ong nhat Viet Nam, la trung
tam van hoa, khoa hoc ky thuat va giao dch vi nc ngoai thong qua cac cang ln
nh Sai Gon, Ben Nghe, Tan Cang va san bay Tan Sn Nhat. Mat khac, no con la
au moi giao thong rat quan trong vi cac tnh mien ong Nam Bo va cac tnh ong
bang song Cu Long.
Tren a ban thanh pho Ho Ch Minh hien nay co hang chuc khu cong nghie p
a va ang hnh thanh vi quy mo hang chuc ngan hecta nh khu cong nghiep Tan
Thuan, Linh Xuan, Linh Trung, Tan Tao, Vnh Loc, Le Minh Xuan, khu cong nghiep
quan Tan Bnh Theo so lieu thong ke trong nhng nam gan ay cho thay co khoang
gan 800 x nghiep cong nghiep, tren 30.000 c s san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep ang
hoat ong trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Qua hai t kiem tra cua S Khoa hoc Cong nghe Moi trng thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh oi vi cac nha may x nghiep ln a phan loai va anh gia c 85 nha may,
x nghiep c liet ke vao sach en, o la nhng nha may, x nghiep co mc o o
nhiem nang can phai giai quyet tc thi. Qua thc te o co the thay tai lng cac
chat o nhiem do cac nha may, x nghiep nay thai ra rat ln, nong o cac chat o
nhiem thng cao hn tieu chuan cho phep. Bang 1.3. di ay cho chung ta thay
cac so lieu o.
Bang 1.3. Hien trang o nhiem moi trng khong kh cua mot so nha may thanh
pho Ho Ch Minh
Ten nha may Tai lng
bui
(tan/nam)
Tai lng
SO
2

(tan/nam)
Tai lng
NO
2

(tan/nam)
Nong o
bui
(mg/m
3
)
Nong o
SO
2

(mg/m
3
)
Nong o
NO
2

(mg/m
3
)
Tieng
on
(dBA)
Det Viet Thang
Det Phc Long
Det Phong Phu
Det Thanh Cong
Det Thang Li
Det Chan A
Det Quyet Thang
Det may Gia nh
11,26
5,28
8,45
-
-
-
11,26
0,64
153,73
72,06
115,30
126,8
116,6
67,84
153,73
42,4
35,25
13,22
26,44
26,9
25,7
15
35,25
-
0,59
0,56
0,6
-
-
1,90
0,42
-
0,20
0,23
0,35
-
-
0,142
0,30
-
0,083
0,13
0,22
-
-
0,08
0,015
-
90
96100
96100
84 97
84 96
108
90
-
15
Giay Vnh Hue
Giay Xuan c
Giay Liksin
Hoa chat T.Bnh
Vissan
Saigon Vewong
Ru Bnh Tay
XK Cau Tre
Vifon
Bia Sai Gon
Bot giat VISO
Bot giat TICO
Cty Phng ong
Thep Thu c
Thep Nha Be
Thep Tan Bnh
ien Thu c
ien Ch Quan
Cement Ha Tien 1
Cement QK.7
Cement Bnh ien
Thuoc la Vnh Hoi
Thuoc la Saigon
Thuy tinh Khanh
Hoi
1,714
-
2,82
-
0,5
1,6
1,02
-
-
-
3,53
1,0
0,8
47,17
114,31
98,6
1078,8
-
140,4
181
3,6
-
-
1,8
19,22
-
48,08
160 200
0,03
0,9
0,58
117,8
233,2
408,7
56,52
95,4
79,5
129,71
44,09
56,4
13.872
583
1.900
48
-
63
98
466,4
4,41
-
11,02
21,4
3,4
106
67,84
25,9
51,4
97,6
11,02
21
17,5
29,74
20,22
19,2
4.687,2
128
436
12
-
14,2
20,6
102,8
0,83
0,59
0,51
-
-
-
-
0,2
0,19
-
0,53
0,48
-
0,85
0,77
-
0,41
-
5,2
46,2
8,6
-
-
4,1
0,32
0,14
0,14
-
-
-
-
0,35
0,245
-
0,33
0,02
-
0,53
0,55
-
0,68
-
0,45
-
-
-
-
0,62
0,06
-
0,021
-
-
-
-
0,053
0,122
-
0,03
-
-
1,01
0,96
-
0,71
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,095
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
85100
-
-
-
95 - 110
90105
-
-
-
Nguon so lieu: S Khoa hoc Cong nghe Moi trng tp Ho Ch Minh
16
Ve giao thong van tai, theo so lieu thong ke nhng nam gan ay cho thay mot
so lng xe co khong lo ang lu hanh tren a ban thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. Co the
tham khao so lieu di ay:
Bang 1.4. Thong ke so lng xe tai tp Ho Ch Minh (so lieu 1997) (chiec)
Loai xe Nam 1993 Nam1994 Nam 1995 Nam 1996 Nam 1997
Xe gan may
Xe o to
866.000
73.000
954.738
87.929
1.004.000
96.000
1.098.899
100.992
1.288.754
194.777
Nguon so lieu: S Khoa hoc Cong nghe Moi trng tp Ho Ch Minh. 1997
o la cha ke mot so lng xe vang lai va xe khong ang ky tai S Giao thong
Cong chanh. Hang nam so lng xe tang len kha nhanh.
Cung theo so lieu thong ke nam 1996, lng nhien lieu tieu thu cua cac loai xe
noi tren vi mot khoi lng ang ke. Bang 1.5 cho thay ieu o.
Bang 1.5. Lng nhien lieu tieu thu trong giao thong ng bo 1996 (lt/ngay)
Khu vc Dau DO Xang
Vanh ai ngoai
Vanh ai trong
Noi thanh
Toan thanh
163.062
117.195
106.836
387.093
110.711
199.017
668.280
978.008
Tren c s cac so lieu tren co the tnh toan s bo lng kh thai thai ra do cac
phng tien tren trong cac nam 1996 va 1997 nh sau:
Bang 1.6. Tai lng o nhiem theo lng nhien lieu ban ra nam 1996 (tan/nam)
Ch tieu o nhiem Xe chay dau Xe chay xang Tong cong
Bui
SO
2

NO
x

CO
HC
Ch
1.672
7.783
21.404
10.895
4.665
2.518
2.157
14.387
215.790
21.597
186
4.190
9.940
35.791
226.685
26.241
186
17
Bang 1.7. Tai lng o nhiem theo lng nhien lieu ban ra nam 1997 (tan/nam)
Bui
SO
2

NO
x

CO
HC
Ch
1.551
7.217
19.849
10.103
4.330
-
2.755
2.360
15.741
236.100
23.610
203
4.306
9.577
35.590
246.203
27.940
203
Nguon so lieu: S Khoa hoc Cong nghe Moi trng tp Ho Ch Minh.
Mot ieu ang chu y la trong o nhiem giao thong van tai, do ac iem la nguon
ng nen rat kho kiem soat va pham vi o nhiem lan rat nhanh gay anh hng xau
en dan c hai ven ng. Co the tham khao so lieu sau ay:
Bang 1.8. Nam 1997 tai lng o nhiem theo hanh trnh va loai xe (tan/nam)
Bu
SO
2

NO
x

CO
HC
Ch
686
3.193
8.782
4.470
1.196
-
1.328
1.138
7.586
113.785
11.397
98
2.014
4.331
16.368
118.255
13.295
98
Bao cao cua S Khoa hoc Cong nghe Moi trng thanh pho Ho Ch Minh thang
2 nam 1997 ve Hoat ong moi trng thanh pho Ho Ch Minh cho thay chat lng
moi trng khong kh b o nhiem chu yeu la t cac nganh cong nghiep hoa chat,
luyen kim, vat lieu xay dng, nang lng, giao thong van tai va cac hoat ong co
lien quan en ot cac loai nhien lieu ac biet la dau DO.
Toan thanh pho co 688 con ng ln nho vi tong chieu dai 811km, co tre n
600 hem nho hep vi tong chieu dai 813km. So lng nut giao thong la 9.814, so nut
co kha nang gay un tac 1.102 nen rat de gay hien tng un tac ve giao thong tham
18
ch ngay ca trong cac gi khong phai cao iem. Vi ac iem ng nho hep, mat
khac, cac phng tien giao thong chu yeu la xe gan may va cac loai xe hi, xe ap
va so lng tang rat nhanh hang nam, do vay tnh trang o nhiem giao thong tang len
cung kha nhanh.
Theo ket qua nghien cu cua e tai 28.01.04 (1985) do Ky s o Tran nh va
Tien si Pham c Nguyen tien hanh cho thay o nhiem do bui va tieng on khu vc
thanh pho Ho Ch Minh va khu vc Bien Hoa la ln nhat vung ong Nam Bo.
ng ang tr bui lang 40 mg/m
3
bao quanh khu vc giap ranh quan 1 va quan 5.
Tren ng Tran Hng ao, t nga t Nguyen Van C en nga t Nguyen Tri
Phng la khu vc o nhiem bui ln nhat thanh pho, nong o bui vt t 3 en 4 lan
tieu chuan cho phep. ng ang tr bui lang 30 mg/m
3
bao quanh khu vc t ch
Ben Thanh en th tran An Lac va xa cang mien Tay. ng ang tr bui lang 20
mg/m
3
(vt tr so cho phep khoang 2 lan) bao gom toan bo khu vc dan c con lai
cua thanh pho tr Thao Cam Vien, Phu Tho Hoa va khu vc Thanh a.
Ve o nhiem do SO
2
, ng ang tr nong o SO
2
= 0,8 mg/m
3
bao phu toan bo
khu vc ch Ben Thanh, ch Bnh Tay. Nga t Tran Hng ao va Nguyen Tri
Phng la ni o nhiem SO
2
cao nhat. Nong o SO
2
= 1,84 mg/m
3
cao hn tieu chuan
cho phep (0,05 mg/m
3
) la 37 lan. ng ang tr SO
2
= 0,5 mg/m
3
bao phu hau het
khu vc ong dan t b song Sai Gon en xa cang mien Tay, Nha Be, Bnh Trieu,
Thu c va Bien Hoa.
Ve tieng on, thanh pho Ho Ch Minh chu yeu do cac phng tien giao thong
van tai gay nen ac biet la cac loai xe van tai, xe ba gac may, xch lo may. Tuy mat
o xe thap hn cac nc khac tren the gii nhng mc o on lai cao hn rat nhieu.
Tren cac ng Tran Hng ao, Ly Thng Kiet, Ba thang Hai, vv mc o on o
c xap x 80 dBA, hau het cac ng khac la 75 dBA, cao hn tieu chuan cho
phep t 15 en 20 dBA.
Theo nhng so lieu thong ke gan ay cho thay mat o giao thong tai thanh pho
Ho Ch Minh tang len rat nhanh. Co the tham khao so lieu sau ay ve lu lng xe
mot so tuyen ng chnh trong thanh pho.
Bang 1.9. Lu lng xe gi cao iem tren mot so ng chnh (1997) tai tp HCM
Ten ng Lu lng (xe/gi)
Ba thang hai
Tran Hng ao
Hung Vng
13.000
12.500
10.015
19
Ly Thng Kiet 11.306
Nguon: Vien Moi trng va Tai nguyen HQGTPHCM
Mc o lu thong cua cac loai xe gia tang, mac du thanh pho a co nhieu bien
phap khac nhau nh cam xe gi cao iem, xay dng nhieu nut giao thong, m rong
ng, giai toa long le ng nhng qua ket qua giam sat cua cac tram giam sat
quoc gia cho thay mc o o nhiem khong kh van ngay mot gia tang. Theo ket qua
giam sat cua tram quan trac quoc gia thuoc Vien Moi trng va Tai nguyen ai
hoc Quoc gia thanh pho Ho Ch Minh nong o mot so chat o nhiem nh bui, SO
2
,
tieng on, a vt tieu chuan cho phep.
Bang 1.10. Nong o cac chat o nhiem tai mot so iem trong tp Ho Ch Minh (4/1997)
iem o
Bui
(mg/m
3
)
CO
(mg/m
3
)
Ch
(mg/m
3
)
NO
2

(mg/m
3
)
inh Tien Hoang ien Bien Phu
Hang Xanh
Minh Phung Hau Giang
Phu Lam
1.35
0,5
0,86
0,37
16,76
10,37
11,78
10,31
0,0031
0,0022
0,0023
0,0017
0,127
0,083
0,0063
0,029
Theo cac so lieu giam sat gan ay nhat cho thay nong o bui cua cac iem
giam sat eu vt tieu chuan cho phep. Cac ch so o nhiem khac eu co xu hng
tang hn so vi nhng nam trc.
Bang 1.11. Nong o cac chat o nhiem tai mot so iem trong tp Ho Ch Minh (7/1999)
iem o
Bui
(mg/m
3
)
CO
(mg/m
3
)
Ch
(mg/m
3
)
NO
2

(mg/m
3
)
inh Tien Hoang ien Bien Phu
Hang Xanh
Phu Lam
1.87
1,14
0,63
17,29
6,96
6,77
0,0032
0,0023
0,0017
0,217
0,115
0,052
Ben canh o cac dch vu san xuat, xay dng c ban cung lam cho mc o o
nhiem giao thong cua thanh pho tang len rat nhieu, co ni nong o bui tang len qua
tieu chuan cho phep t 50 en 60 lan.
Ve lnh vc cong nghiep, tieu thu cong nghiep mc o gay o nhiem moi trng
khong kh cung khong kem phan quan trong. Qua hai t kiem tra thanh pho a
thong ke c 84 nha may, x nghiep c liet ke vao sach en e x ly. Cac loai
20
x nghiep nh hoa chat, det nhuom, che bien thc pham, san xuat giay, nha may
ien, thuoc tr sau, san xuat thep, my an lien, san xuat vat lieu xay dng thng
nam trong dien o. V du: nha may ien Thu c moi ngay ot 1.000 tan dau FO va
750 tan dau DO e phat ien; Moi nam thai ra 1.078 tan bui;, 13.872 tan SO
2
;
4.687,2 tan NO
2
. Nha may hoa chat Tan Bnh san xuat cac san pham H
2
SO
4
va phen
nhom. Nha may s dung mot so lng rat ln lu huynh, quang boxit, dau FO. Cac
chat o nhiem thai ra moi trng khong kh bao gom: SO
2
va SO
3
= 160 en 200
tan/nam; 21,4 tan NO
2
; o la cha ke lng bui phen va tieng on. Nha may cement
Ha Tien thai ra lng kh thai t lo hi vi lng bui 140,4 tan/nam, NO
2
= 436
tan/nam, ngoai ra con lng bui cement thai ra rat ln cha co so lieu o ac chnh
xac ve chung.
Ben canh cac x nghiep cong nghiep ln nh neu tren, vi tren 30.000 c s tieu
thu cong nghiep va c s san xuat hoat ong ang lam cho moi trng khong kh
thanh pho b o nhiem nang ne khong kem. Trong nhng nam gan ay, vi chnh
sach dan dan, xay dng them nhieu khu cong nghiep ln, giai toa bt cac c s gay
o nhiem nang cua thanh pho a at c nhng thanh tch nhat nh. Tuy nhien, cac
khu vc o nhiem nang nh khu cong nghiep va tieu thu cong nghiep thuoc phng
19, 20 Tan Bnh, khu vc Suoi Cai, Xuan Trng, Suoi Nhum Thu c, Quan 6,
Quan 8, 11 va Quan 5, van con la nhng ni co mc o o nhiem khong kh rat cao.
Theo nhng con so thong ke gan ay cho thay dan so thanh pho tnh en nam
2005 la 6.239.938 ngi vi mc o tang hang nam khoang tren 110.000 ngi cha
ke so dan nhap c khong hp phap va khach vang lai a gay ap lc rat ln ve nhu
cau i lai cua ngi dan thanh pho. Mang li giao thong cong cong cua thanh pho
cung vi he thong ng xa cha c quy hoach va phat trien ong bo mac du
thanh pho a co nhieu chnh sach u tien cho lnh vc nay au t them cac phng
tien xe bus, co chnh sach tr gia cho xe bus, tang cng sa cha mang li ng
xa, xay dng cac vong xoay, cau vt nhng van khong han che c mc o o
nhiem moi trng khong kh ngay cang gia tang hien nay. Co the minh hoa s gia
tang so lng phng tien giao thong qua bang 1.12. sau ay:
Bang 1.12. Thong ke so lng phng tien van chuyen TP. HCM (V: chiec)
Loai phng tien 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Xe 2 banh 1.723.754 2.181.456 2.498.992 2.809.853 3.115.838
Xe o to cac loai 27.765 53.764 80.186 130.848 228.300
Xe bus, xe lam 2.190 3.836 4.379 4.894 5.389
21
Nguon: S Giao thong Cong chanh thnh ph. HCM
Co the noi mc o o nhiem moi trng cua thanh pho Ho Ch Minh la cao nhat
so vi tat ca cac thanh pho, cac tnh khac trong ca nc.
1.4.2. Tnh hnh o nhiem moi trng khong kh tai Ha Noi
Trc nam 1954 Ha Noi la mot thanh pho mang nang tnh chat hanh chnh va
trung tam tieu thu, cong nghiep cha phat trien. Noi thanh chiem 1.200 ha trong o
co 120 ha c cau truc o th hoan chnh. Dan so noi thanh co 25.000 ngi. en
nam 1992 noi thanh a m rong len 4.300 ha (tang 3,5 lan), dan so noi thanh gan 1
trieu ngi. Ve cong nghiep, nam 1955 mi ch co 9 x nghiep cong nghiep, nay con
so nay tang len en 277 (nam 1990), ngoai ra con 240 x nghiep thng nghiep, an
uong, 300 x nghiep dch vu, sa cha, 450 hp tac xa tieu thu cong nghiep va 3.550
to san xuat dch vu vi tren 30.000 lao ong. Phan ln cac x nghiep cong nghiep,
nha may eu s dung cac thiet b cu, cong nghe lac hau, ac biet la cac n v san
xuat nho. Mot so ni cha co cac he thong thong gio va x ly hi kh oc, mot so ni
tuy a co nhng khong duy tu, bao dng tot hoac h hong cha thay the do khong
co kinh ph, nen thc te khong hoat ong c. V vay, tuy mc o san xuat cong
nghiep nho nhng moi trng khong kh lai b o nhiem tram trong hn so vi thu o
cac nc khac.
Nha may ien Yen Phu thuoc Quan Ba nh trc ay la nguon gay o nhiem
rat ln cho khu vc dan c xung quanh. Nong o SO
2
trong khu vc gan nha may at
ti 0,32 mg/m
3
gap 6 lan tieu chuan cho phep, v vay Nha nc a quyet nh ong
ca.
Thng nh khu cong nghiep ln nhat Ha Noi bao gom 22 x nghiep, nha
may ln, nho trc ay nam xa khu dan c, nay hang loat khu dan c xung quanh
moc len nh Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan Nam, Kim Giang, mat khac, cac nha
may, x nghiep lai nam xen ke trong khu dan c, c quan, trng hoc nen mc o
anh hng rat ln.
Quan Hai Ba Trng trc ay cac x nghiep cong nghiep nam vung ven noi
thanh, nay do mc o o th hoa phat trien nhanh dan en tnh trang cac nha may, x
nghiep lai nam xen ke trong khu dan c. V du Nha may c kh Tran Hng ao,
Ru bia Ha Noi, Det kim ong Xuan, Det 8 thang 3, Hoa chat Ba Nhat, C kh Mai
ong Nong o bui va hi kh oc cac khu vc tren vt qua tieu chuan cho phep
t 7 en 8 lan, co ni en 15 hoac 16 lan. Theo so lieu thong ke va o ac tren 110
x nghiep cong nghiep cua noi thanh thuoc 4 quan a cho thay ket qua ang lo ngai.
22
Bang 1.13 di ay cho thay ket qua khao sat cua 4 quan noi thanh neu tren.
Bang 1.13. Tnh hnh o nhiem moi trng khong kh 4 quan noi thanh Ha Noi
Ten Quan
Bui
(mg/m
3
)
SO
2

(mg/m
3
)
CO
2

(mg/m
3
)
CO
(mg/m
3
)
Quan ong a
Quan Hai Ba Trng
Quan Ba nh
Quan Hoan Kiem
0,3 1
0,3 1
0,15
-
0,15 0,3
0,15 0,5
0,05 0,15
-
6 10
6 10
2
-
2 5
5 10
1
-
Nguon so lieu: e tai NCKH do Uy ban Khoa hoc Ha Noi UBND tp Ha Noi
quan ly.
Ve giao thong van tai, tuy mat o xe khong ln, cac tuyen ng chnh ch
khoang 1.500 3.000 xe/gi nh do ng hep, mat ng xau, khong phan tuyen
ro rang nen cac phng tien phai luon thay oi toc o, ac biet mot so nut giao
thong nh Ca Nam, Nga T S, Kham Thien, cac xe phai dng lau nen lng
khoi thai sinh ra rat ln. Theo thong ke cua S Giao thong Cong chanh Ha Noi, nam
1996 Ha Noi co khoang 65.000 o to cac loai, 1.200 xe lam, 1.150 xe Bong Sen,
600.000 xe gan may 2 banh, 150 xe bus cac loai. Hang nam so lng xe Ha Noi
tang len rat nhanh, khoang 17 20 % /nam. D bao en nam 2.000 so xe Ha Noi
tang len rat nhanh so vi nam 1996 (2,35 lan), trong o o to con tang 2,35 lan, xe tai
62 lan va xe bus 1,23 lan.
Tai mot so tuyen ng nh Mai ong, Lo uc, Minh Khai, Giai Phong, Nga
T S, Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan nong o cac chat o nhiem so vi tieu chuan cho
phep (TCVN 1995) cao hn rat nhieu lan.
Nong o SO
2
tai Nga T S len en 1,5 7,5 mg/m
3
, vt tieu chuan cho phep
3 15 lan.
Ve tieng on do cac phng tien giao thong gay ra trung bnh tren cac tuyen
ng t 75 79 dBA, ay la mc on tng oi ln, tng ng vi mc on cua cac
thanh pho khac tren the gii.
Mot ac iem can lu y na la do cac dch vu an uong, che bien thc an va ch
nho nhieu nen lng vi khuan ton tai trong khong kh kha nhieu. Qua khao sat mot
so ng pho pha Nam thanh pho th c 10 lt khong kh cha 282 386 con vi
khuan gay benh khac nhau, trong khi o tai Berlin (c) sau the chien th 2 so
lng vi khuan trong 10 lt khong kh ch la 1 con.
Mc o ton tai cac loai vi khuan trong khong kh cao co the dan en dch benh
23
va anh hng en sc khoe cua dan c xung quanh cao hn cac ni khac.
1.4.3. O nhiem khong kh thanh pho Hai Phong
Thanh pho Hai Phong vi dan so tren 400.000 ngi, ng sa chat hep, to chc
giao thong khong khac g Ha Noi nen o nhiem moi trng khong kh gay ra khong
khac g Ha Noi. Mat khac, ay lai la mot hai cang ln thng xuyen on cac tau ch
hang xuat va nhap khau vao cac tnh pha Bac va la trung tam phan phoi hang i cac
tnh pha Bac nen mat o giao thong tang kha cao.
Ve cong nghiep, Nha may cement Hai Phong la nguon gay o nhiem ln nhat
thanh pho Hai Phong. Nha may san xuat vi he thong thiet b lac hau, he thong loc
bui va x ly kh oc hoat ong vi hieu qua kem va hay hong, khong hoat ong.
Lng khoi bui thai ra moi trng kha ln. Ve mua he do cuoi hng gio nen noi
thanh t b o nhiem nh vung ngoai thanh la ni chu anh hng rat ln nguon o
nhiem nay. Nong o bui l lng xung quanh nha may bien thien t 1,4 en 4,2
mg/m
3
, cao hn tieu chuan cho phep t 3 en 8 lan. Vung dan c cach xa ong khoi
1.000 m b anh hng ln nhat do qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem gay nen. Ngoai
Nha may cement Hai Phong ra, cac nha may ien Thng Ly, C kh Duyen Hai,
ong tau Bach ang, nha may Thuy Tinh, vv cung la nhng nguon o nhiem ang
ke gay nen hien trang o nhiem hien nay cua thanh pho Hai Phong. Khu vc b o
nhiem a chiem 60 % dien tch toan thanh pho. Trong mot so nha may nong o cac
chay o nhiem tang cao qua ln; v du nong o bui trong Nha may cement Hai Phong
tai phan xng ong bao len ti 639 mg/m
3
. Tieng on trong mot so Nha may nh C
kh Duyen Hai la 112 dBA, Nha may ong tau Bach ang 106 en 116 dBA.
1.4.4. O nhiem moi trng khong kh mot so khu cong nghiep va cac tnh khac
Trong nhng nam trc ay, khi cha co chnh sach cho phep au t san xuat,
tren lanh tho Viet Nam con kha t cac khu cong nghiep. mien Bac co mot so khu
cong nghiep nh vung mo Quang Ninh, khu gang thep Thai Nguyen, khu cong
nghiep Viet Tr, Hai Phong Ben canh o con mot so nha may ln vi mc o o
nhiem kha tram trong nh Nha may cement Hoang Thach, Nha may nhiet ien Ninh
Bnh, Phan am Ha Bac, Phan lan Van ien, vv mien Nam, ln nhat la khu cong
nghiep Bien Hoa (nay oi thanh Bien Hoa 1) thuoc tnh ong Nai, ngoai ra con kha
nhieu nha may nam rai rac xen ke trong cac khu dan c nh khu vc quan Tan Bnh
vi cac nha may Hoa chat Tan Bnh, Dau an Tan Bnh, M Vifon, Det Thang Li,
khu cac nha may det Phc Long, Viet Thang thuoc huyen Thu c, Hoa chat Thu
c, vv o la cha ke hang chuc ngan c s san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep va san
24
xuat t nhan.
Trong cac khu cong nghiep hoac cac nha may neu tren, nong o cac chat o
nhiem rat cao, co ni vt tieu chuan cho phep hang tram lan. Pham vi b o nhiem
cung rat rong, co ni len ti hang chuc km.
V du Nha may cement Hoang Thach, vi chieu cao ong khoi 87 m, trc ay
khi he thong loc bui tnh ien hoat ong tot, lng bui thai ra ngoai tuy co nong o
cao hn tieu chuan cho phep nhng khong nhieu. Trong nhng nam 1986 en 1988,
do he thong loc bui bui hong, khong kh trong khu vc b o nhiem rat nang ne.
Lng bui thai ra moi ngay trung bnh la 100 tan, co ni cach xa 10 en 15 km van
b o nhiem. Qua ket qua nghien cu cua mot so e tai trc ay mien Bac cho
thay, nong o bui cac xa xung quanh nha may rat cao. V du xa Minh Tan (Huyen
Kim Mon) cach nha may 0,5 en 2 km nong o bui trong khong kh mua he ti 9,2
mg/m
3
, mua ong 1,2 mg/m
3.
Bui lang tren mat at mua he t 110 en 417 g/m
2

/thang, mua ong t 13 en 163 mg/m
2
/ thang. xa Kim Sn thuoc huyen ong
Trieu cach xa 5 en 10 km, nong o bui mua he la 0,65 en 0,75 mg/m
3
, mua ong
t 0,65 en 0,8 mg/m
3
; bui lang tren mat at mua he la 107 en 128 g/m
2
/thang,
mua ong la 69 en 91 g/m
2
/thang. Nong o SO
2
cac xa eu ln, co ni rat ln nh
xa Minh Tan at 1,67 en 2,61 mg/m
3
.
Tai vung mo Quang Ninh, va than ln nhat ca nc tnh trang o nhiem moi
trng khong kh cung ang mc bao ong. Nong o bui co c hat 5 m (bui gay
benh ho hap) chiem ty le rat cao, ham lo la 70 en 95 %, con cac nha may sang,
tuyen th thay oi theo mua, mua ma thi tiet am ty le nay la 50 en 60 %, mua
kho ty le nay la 60 en 8 %. Ham lng SiO
2
(cac tac nhan gay benh bui phoi)
chiem ty le 16 en 30 % trong bui than. Do o ty le cong nhan mac cac benh ve
ng tai mui hong chiem 80 % trong tong so ngi c kham, con so ngi b
benh bui phoi chiem ti 85 % tren tong so cong nhan mac benh bui phoi trong nganh
cong nghiep. mot so mo than ham lo nh Mao Khe, Ha Lam, Thong Nhat nong o
bui eu vt tieu chuan cho phep rat nhieu lan. Bang 1.14 cho chung ta thay ieu
o.
Bang 1.14. Nong o bui tai mot so ham lo (mg/m
3
)
Lo ch
Nong o bui trong khong kh
(mg/m
3
)
Thong Nhat
Vang Danh
Ha Lam
33
58,2
128
25
Mao Khe 77,7
mo lo thien nong o bui con cao hn rat nhieu, co ni vt qua tieu chuan
cho phep hang tram lan.
mot so cac khu cong nghiep khac, nong o cac chat o nhiem cung rat cao,
theo ket qua s bo ieu tra cua cac c quan quan ly va giam sat moi trng cho thay
mot so ket qua sau,
Bang 1.15. O nhiem moi trng khong kh mot so nha may mien Bac
Ten nha may iem o Chat o nhiem Nong o (mg/m
3
)
Hoa chat Viet Tr
Phan am Ha Bac

Accu Vnh Phu

Phan lan Van ien

Vicaco
Phoi lieu thuoc 666
May tao kh
Phan xng ure
uc ch
uc ban cc
Nap lieu lo cao
Ra lieu lo cao
Xng ien giai
Bui 666
CO
NH
3

Hi Ch
Hi Ch
CO
HF
Cl
2

0,8
150 170
95 101
0,04
0,03
40 110
0,8 4
5
Ve tieng on trong cac nha may nh C Kh Duyen Hai, xe la Gia Lam, Det
Nam nh, Det Vnh Phu, C kh Cam Pha, tieng on len en 100 en 115 dBA, con
trong cac khu dan c la 60 en 70 dBA, vt tieu chuan cho phep hang chuc dBA.
Sau nam 1985, hang loat cac khu cong nghiep a hnh thanh, thu hut hang ngan
cac nha au t chu yeu la nc ngoai va mot so nha au t trong nc tap trung
mot so tnh, thanh pho nh Ha Noi, thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, ong Nai, Bnh Dng,
Tay Ninh, Long An, Ba Ra Vung Tau, vv... Viec quan ly chat che ngay t au ve
o nhiem moi trng a han che mc o o nhiem moi trng noi chung va moi trng
khong kh noi rieng rat nhieu. ay la mot thanh tch ang ke cua cac c quan quan
ly va giam sat moi trng tren a ban ca nc.
Cau hoi kiem tra va anh gia:
1. The nao la khong kh sach?
2. Cac tac nhan nao gay o nhiem khong kh?
Tai lieu tham khao:
Tieng Viet
26
1. Tran Ngoc Chan, O nhiem khong kh va ky thuat x ly, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc
va Ky thuat, Ha Noi, 2000 2001.
2. Pham Ngoc ang, Moi trng khong kh, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat,
Ha Noi, 1997.
Tieng Anh
3. Henry C. Perkins, Air pollution, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
Department University of Arizona, 1974.

27
CHNG 2
O NHIEM KHONG KH
2.1. KHAI NIEM VE KHONG KH
2.1.1. Khong kh va phan loai khong kh
a) Khai niem ve khong kh
Khong kh la mot trong cac yeu to quan trong ma con ngi song trong o suot
ca cuoc i, lam viec, ngh ngi. Sc khoe va cam ng cua con ngi, s sinh trng
va phat trien cua tat ca cac loai ong, thc vat phu thuoc rat nhieu vao: thanh phan
hon hp cua khong kh, o trong sach va ac tnh ly hoa cua no. Co the noi khong
kh vo cung quan trong va khong the thieu c trong i song, s sinh trng va
phat trien cua tat ca cac loai ong vat, thc vat noi chung va con ngi noi rieng.
Muon hieu mot cach sau sac tam quan trong nay, chung ta phai nghien cu ve moi
trng khong kh.
b) Phan loai khong kh
Khong kh trong kh quyen ma chung ta ang ht th la mot hon hp cac chat
dang kh co the tch hau nh khong oi va hi nc. Can c vao cac thanh phan
chnh nay co the phan loai khong kh ra lam hai loai nh sau:
* Khong kh kho:
Khong kh kho la hon hp cua mot so loai kh, trong o thanh phan chu yeu nh
trong bang 1. 1 a trnh bay.
* Khong kh am
Khong kh am la hon hp cua khong kh kho va hi nc cha trong no.
Khong kh ma chung ta ang ht th la khong kh am. Tuy theo lng hi nc
cha trong khong kh am ma ta co the chia khong kh am lam hai loai: khong kh am
28
bao hoa va khong kh am cha bao hoa. Hi nc trong khong kh am co phan ap
suat rat nho (vao khoang 15-20 mm Hg). Nong o bao hoa cua hi nc trong khong
kh am phu thuoc rat nhieu vao nhiet o (xem bang 1.2).
Can c vao o am tng oi cua khong kh am va nhiet o, co the xac nh
c nong o hi nc trong khong kh am. V du: o am tng oi cua khong kh
am tai nhiet o 20
0
C la 60%, nong o hi nc se la: 0,60 x 2,3 = 1,4%.
Trong cuon sach nay, ke t ay chung ta thong nhat goi khong kh am la khong
kh e tien nghien cu.
c) Cac thong so ac trng cua khong kh
e xac nh trang thai cua khong kh can phai co cac thong so trang thai sau:
- Nhiet o: Nhiet o la mot ai lng ch mc nong lanh cua mot vat.
n v o nhiet o thng dung hien nay la nhiet o bach phan (o Xenziut
o
C)
va nhiet o tuyet oi (o Kenvin
0
K). Quan he gia hai thang nhiet o nay nh sau:
T(
0
K) = t(
0
C) + 273,15 (2.1)
Ngoai ra cac nc Anh, My con dung thang nhiet o Farenhet (
0
F). Moi quan
he gia
0
C va
0
F nh sau:
t(
0
C) = 5/9[t(
0
F) + 40] 40 (2.2.)
- Ap suat: ky hieu la p
Ap suat la lc tac dung len mot n v dien tch theo phng vuong goc vi
phng cua lc.
Ap suat do khong kh ngoai tri gay nen goi la ap suat kh quyen.
n v o ap suat thng s dung:
+ Atmotphe ky thuat (at): kg/cm
2
hay 1 bar
+ Milimet cot nc: mmH
2
O
+ Milimet cot thuy ngan: mmHg.
- o am tuyet oi: o am tuyet oi la lng hi nc cha trong mot m
3
khong
kh.
n
= G
n
/V (kg/m
3
) (2.3)
Theo cong thc (2.3), ay chnh la khoi lng rieng cua hi nc trong khong
kh am vi nhiet o t
n
= t va ap suat hi nc bang phan ap suat hi nc cua no
trong khong kh am. Ta co phng trnh trang thai viet cho hi nc nh sau:
29
P
n
V = G
n
R
n
T (2.4)
n
= G
n
/V = P
n
/R
n
T (2.5)
trong o:
n
l

m tuyt i ca khng kh (kg/m
3
), G
n

l lng hi nc ch
trong khng kh (kg), Rn = 462 J/kg.
0
C la hang so chat kh cua hi nc, p
n
l p sut
ring phn ca hi nc c trong khng kh (N/m
2
), T (
0
K) v V (m
3
) l nhit tuyt
i v th tch ca khng kh .
- o am tng oi: Ty so o am tuyet oi cua khong kh va o am tuyet oi
cc ai ma khong kh am co the co c trong trang thai ay (p, t khong oi). m
tng i ca khng kh k hiu l (%).
=
n
/
n max
(%) (2.6)
T nh ngha nay ta thay quan he gia va P
n
nh sau:
Ta co:
nmax
= P
nmax
/R
nT
=

P
nbh
/R
n
T (2.7)
V P
nmax
= P
nbh
khi P
nbh
< P con khi P
nbh
> P th P
nmax
= P. T o suy ra:
=
n
/
nmax
P
n
/P
nmax
(2.8)
Trong :
nmax
l m tuyt i cc i hay m tuyt i bo ho cua khng kh
(kg/m
3
), P
nmax
v P
nbh
l p sut ring phn cc i v p sut ring phn bo ho ca
hi nc ch trong khng kh (N/m
2
).
2.2. CAC NGUON O NHIEM KHONG KH
2.2.1. Khai niem ve nguon o nhiem
Trc het chung ta hay hieu the nao la o nhiem khong kh ?
Co the noi rang: ben canh cac thanh phan chnh cua khong kh ma chung ta a
neu tren, bat ky mot chat nao c thai vao khong kh vi nong o va u e anh
hng ti sc khoe con ngi, gay anh hng xau ti s phat trien, sinh trng cua
ong, thc vat, pha huy vat lieu, lam giam canh quan eu gay nen o nhiem moi
trng. Nh vay cac chat SO
x
, NO
x
, bui, cac chat hu c bay hi, la cac chat o
nhiem.
Van e o nhiem khong kh co the chia mot cach n gian thanh ba phan c ban
sau ay:

Nguon o nhiem Nguon tiep nhan Kh quyen

Chat o nhiem Khuay tron & chuyen hoa
30
- Nguon o nhiem
Nguon o nhiem la nguon thai ra cac chat o nhiem. V du: kh thai t ong khoi, kh
t xe co, bi t cc my mi, kh c bc ln t cc b xi m Khi nghien cu nguon
goc gay o nhiem can phai hieu biet kien thc c ban ve cong nghe san xuat, cc
nguyn vt liu, ho cht s dng va kien thc c ban ve thiet ke thiet b.
- Kh quyen
Kh quyen la moi trng trung gian e van chuyen chat o nhiem t nguon goc
gay o nhiem ti nguon tiep nhan chat o nhiem. e hieu c quy luat van chuyen
va chuyen hoa chat o nhiem trong kh quyen can co kien thc c ban ve kh tng
hoc, c hoc chat long, hoa hoc, vat ly, toan hoc
- Nguon tiep nhan chat o nhiem
Nguon tiep nhan chat o nhiem la con ngi, ong, thc vat va cac o vat, cong
trnh v cnh quan mi trng c bin php ngn nga v gim thiu nhim n
ngun tip nhn can co kien thc c ban ve tan hc, ho hc, sinh ly hoc, sinh vat
hoc va y te
Qua cac phan tch tren cho chung ta thay, van e o nhiem khong kh quy tu
nhieu lnh vc khoa hoc, khong the mot ngi, mot nganh co the giai quyet mot
cach hieu qua c, ma phai oi hoi s cong tac cua nhieu can bo khoa hoc, nhieu
lnh vc chuyen mon khac nhau.
He thong o nhiem khong kh c xem ay u bao gom cac thanh phan nh sau:
Cac o tren Hnh 2.1 bieu dien qua trnh t khi chat o nhiem sinh ra cho en
nguon tiep nhan. Cac ng ngat oan the hien nhng phan ng dan en phai ieu
chnh nguon chat thai o nhiem va phng phap khong che e han che nong o chat
o nhiem tai nguon tiep nhan.
Theo s o tren, chat thai t nguon o nhiem phai c khong che tai cho trc khi
thai vao kh quyen. Cac he thong khong che o nhiem tai nguon thai phai bao gom:
thiet b lam sach kh thai, thay oi nhien lieu, nguyen vat lieu gay o nhiem bang
nguyen lieu t gay o nhiem hoac khong gay o nhiem, cai tien day chuyen cong nghe
e han che o nhiem, tnh toan chieu cao va ng knh ong khoi hp ly. Khi chat o
nhiem thai vao moi trng, di tac dung cua cac yeu to tai nguon o nhiem (tai
lng o nhiem, nhiet o cua kh thai, chieu cao cua nguon, ng knh cua nguon),
cac yeu to ve kh tng thuy van (toc o gio, nhiet o, o am khong kh, bc xa mat
tri, o che may phu), cac yeu to ve a hnh (kch thc cua cac cong trnh lan
can), cac chat o nhiem bat au chuyen ong, phat tan, pha loang, bien oi hoa hoc.
Sau mot thi gian chat o nhiem se en nguon tiep nhan. Tai nguon tiep nhan, neu
31
nong o chat o nhiem vt qua gii han cho phep th thong qua he thong ieu khien
t ong hoac phan anh cua dan c, cac c s san xuat phai co bien phap x ly hoac
co cac phan ng lai cac c quan chc nang ve kiem soat moi trng.
Hnh 2.1. He thong o nhiem khong kh
2.2.2. Phan loai nguon o nhiem khong kh
Co nhieu cach phan loai nguon o nhiem khong kh khac nhau. Cu the nh sau:
a) Da vao nguon goc phat sinh
Da vao nguon goc phat sinh co the phan loai nguon o nhiem thanh hai nhom
nh sau:
- Nguon t nhien: la kh thoat ra t cac hoat ong t nhien cua nui la, ong at,
bui tao thanh do bao cat, s phan tan cua phan hoa, mui hoi cua cac qua trnh phan
huy sinh hoc.
- Nguon nhan tao: la cac nguon o nhiem do con ngi tao nen. No bao gom cac
nguon co nh va nguon di ong.
+ Nguon co nh: bao gom cac nguon t cac qua trnh ot kh thien nhien, ot
dau, ot cui, trau; cac nha may cong nghiep
+ Nguon di ong: la kh thai t cac qua trnh giao thong nh kh thai cua xe co,
Nguon goc o nhiem
Khong che o
nhiem tai nguon
Kh
quyen
Thiet b giam sat t
Ngi, ong, thc
vat, vat lieu, o vat
Khong che o nhiem
tai ni tiep nhan
Phan
ng
lai
Phan
ng
lai
32
may bay, tau hoa
b) Da vao tnh chat hoat ong
- O nhiem do cac qua trnh san xuat: San xuat cong nghiep, nong nghiep, tieu thu
cong nghiep.
- O nhiem do giao thong van tai: xe co, may bay, tau hoa, tau thuy
- O nhiem do sinh hoat: Cac qua trnh s dng nhin liu (dau, than, cui ) e un
nau, thap sang.
- O nhiem do cac qua trnh t nhien: o la s phan huy cac chat hu c do vi sinh
vat gay nen mui hoi, bao cat, phan hoa, nui la, ong at
c) Da vao bo tr hnh hoc
Co the chia nguon o nhiem thanh ba nhom nh sau:
- iem o nhiem: ong khoi cac nha may, cac nha may, thiet b san xuat cu the (cac
nguon co nh).
- ng o nhiem: cac qua trnh hoat ong cua cac phng tien giao thong van tai
(xe co, may bay, tau hoa, tau thuy).
- Vung o nhiem: khu chan nuoi ln, khu tap trung nhieu nha may, x nghiep cong
nghiep ; v du khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa, Linh Trung, Tan Thuan .
Cach phan loai nay ch co tnh chat tng oi. Tuy theo quan iem va muc ch
giai quyet cac bai toan ve o nhiem khong kh ma ngi ta nhn nhan o la o nhiem
mot iem hay o nhiem mot vung.
2.2.3. Nguon goc c ban cua o nhiem khong kh
Theo nguon so lieu cua to chc EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) ve s
boc hi cua a so cac chat o nhiem khong kh cap quoc gia, ch ra bon nguon goc
c ban cua chat o nhiem khong kh nh: Cac phng tien giao thong van tai, cac qua
trnh ot chay nguyen lieu, qua trnh che bien cong nghiep, s thai bo chat thai ran.
Cac nha may phat ien a so eu la nguon gay o nhiem cap 2 t viec ot chay
nhien lieu. S gia tang ve dan so dan en nhu cau oi hoi ve nang lng tang len.
Thong qua viec phan loai chat lng nhien lieu, kha nang gay o nhiem, ta cung co
the han che c phan nao tnh trang nay.
Nganh cong nghiep che bien bao gom cac nha may che bien cac san pham co
ch t cac vat chat tho s ban au. V du nganh che bien quang, can thep, loc dau,
33
san xuat cac san pham ve cao su, det vai, giay, hoa chat. Cac nganh cong nghiep o
tao ra nhng chat o nhiem trong cac qua trnh che bien, trong qua trnh hoat ong
oi hoi phai cung cap nang lng do o phai ot chay nhien lieu, ay chnh la nguon
gay ra cac chat o nhiem.
Chat thai ran cung gay o nhiem khong kh t qua trnh ot chay tai cac lo thieu,
khi co che o van hanh khong thch hp. Luat bao ve moi trng khong kh ngan
cam s hoat ong ba bai cua cac lo thieu, ieu nay se han che c kha nhieu
nguon gay ra o nhiem khong kh.
* Nguon o nhiem do cong nghiep
Viec phan loai cac nganh cong nghiep cung giong nh phan loai cac nguon ac
trng, vi ieu thc te la moi nganh cong nghiep se nay sinh ra mot van e duy
nhat, lien quan en che o van hanh trong san xuat
V du: Vat lieu tho, nhien lieu, phng phap che bien, hieu qua cua he thong va
viec lap at he thong x ly o nhiem.
Vi cac nganh cong nghiep nam tren mot dien tch gii han ma co quan he ti
cac khu dan c th mc o thai c tnh tng nguon phai nam trong tieu chuan cho
phep. Bang 2.1 minh ho mot so nganh cong nghiep chnh, hng hoat ong chnh,
cac kha nang gay o nhiem khong kh lien quan en cac nganh cong nghiep.
34
Bang 2-1: Cac loai nganh cong nghiep chnh ( Phan loai nguon ac trng )
Nganh cong nghiep Hoat ong chu yeu Loai chat gay o nhiem
S che kim loai (sat
hoac khong phai la
sat)
Kim loai nung chay uc thanh nhng tam kim loai. Can
thep-che tao cac san pham ve hp kim thep bi s dch
chuyen cac phan t cacbon t trong sat, s them hoac
bt mot so phan t khac, cac kim loai la sat hoac khong
phai sat thng khai thac t at, cat. Viec nau chay cac
manh vun uc thanh nhng thoi hp kim.
Hi khoi cua oxit kim loai, CO boc hi, khoi bui tro
tan phat sinh t qua trnh nung chay. ieu nay phu
thuoc vao tnh chat de bay hi, o nhiem ban cua
kim loai hoac nong o quang. Khi nung chay se
thoat ra cac kh SO
2
, hi ch, hi asen, hi ong phu
thuoc vao o nung chay cua kim loai.
Che tao nhng san
pham kim loai
Che tao nhng san pham ln khac nhau nh cac thiet b
gia nhiet, thiet b han, o dung, vu kh va nhng san
pham co cau truc kim loai nh: dao keo, con dau, en,
hop thiec. Viec che tao thng lien quan en viec
nung chay cac thoi kim loai, qua xng may va ket
thuc va hoan thanh be mat vat the.
Kim loai nau chay thng la kim loai nguyen chat.
Viec kiem soat cac kh thoat ra t viec nau kim loai
rat de. Chat gay o nhiem chnh la cac loai hi kim
loai, bui t lo uc
C kh che tao Che tao va hoan thanh tng chi tiet may hoac lap rap
san pham t cac bo phan khac nhau cua thiet b (tr cac
may moc ve ien) nh may nong nghiep, may dung
trong gia nh, may in va cac thiet b van phong, cac
san pham ve dau va cac thiet b loc, det vai, thiet b
ong giay, may quan ao, thiet b xay dng, thiet b
dung trong gia nh.
Bui tho, sng khoi phat sinh tai tng bo phan san
xuat, hi va khoi t kim loai nong o do nhiet o.
Viec nau chay kim loai khong phai la luon luon lien
quan en van e nay.
35
May moc thiet b ien Che tao va lap rap cac chi tiet may, cung cap may moc
cho cac nha may phat ien va nhng ni dung nang
lng ien nh cac mo t ien hoac cac bien ap.
Chat o nhiem khong kh tng t nh a mieu ta
trong phan c kh che tao.
Khai thac mo Khai thac a va nghien nhng san pham ran, khoang
chat, sat va cac loai quang kim loai, khai thac va loc
dau. Tm kiem va khai thac dau tho t trong cat, trong
at phen set, t o khoan va hut dau tho t nhng
gieng dau. Qua trnh loc dau phai thoa man cac thong
so ve lu toc, nhiet o, ap suat lam cho chung b long
ra, sau o tach kh ong hanh la mot san pham co tnh
thng mai cao, cuoi cung la tach en dau nang, dau
nhn. Kh t nhien hau het la co nguon goc t dau mo.
Chat thai sinh ra la cac kh ong hanh, CO, bui,
khoi. Mot lng ln cac kh phat sinh ra t dau gay o
nhiem khong kh. Nhng chat nay gom hi dau boc
ra t dau cha trong kho, SO
2
va khoi nhe boc ra t
qua trnh phan huy va ot chay dau khi i qua thiet
b gia nhiet.
o trang b noi that,
go xe va cac san
pham ve go
on go va che bien bao gom cac quy trnh sau: bao
nhan, dan, che tao go dan, tao ra cac san pham nh
ong hop, cac contenn, mun ca va cac san pham
khac. o trang b noi that, o dung trong nha, van
phong, o dung trong ca hang. Cac san pham phu sinh
ra t bao, nghien, on, ca va cac hnh thc khac. Sau
khi tao hnh e hoan thanh san pham phai qua cac cong
oan khac nh nhuom, sn lot, sn. Ngoai ra con co
nhng chat thai ran phai thieu ot.
Mun ca va bui phat sinh t qua trnh nghien. Kh
hu c t dung moi hoa tan trong sn hoac dau khi
sn tren be mat go.
Khoi sinh ra t qua trnh ot chay chat cac chat thai
t go, san pham nghien, bot nho mn va mun ca.
Thiet b van tai Che tao va lap rap tng phan hp thanh con tau, o to, Tr cac cong oan lap rap, ban than no khong phai
36
mo to, may bay va cac thiet b van tai khac, co lien
quan en viec che tao cac bo phan, lap rap thanh hnh.
Trong trng hp con tau b ghep bang inh tan, han t
nhng tam kim loai. mc o chuyen mon hoa cao,
ac biet la vi o to va may bay, oi hoi mot s ong bo
cao trong san xuat hoac s tap trung cua nhieu nganh
cong nghiep cung hp tac san xuat.
la nguon gay o nhiem khong kh. Con lai cac cong
oan nh uc, gia nhiet, lam o go, ma, ngam tam
eu phat sinh ra chat o nhiem. Cac chat o nhiem
phat sinh bao chu yeu la: Hi dung moi hu c sinh
ra t qua trnh lap ghep, lam kho nham bao ve be
mat.
Hoa chat va nhng
san pham tng ng
Nganh san xuat a dang cac loai san pham: Hoa dau,
dau nang, cong nghiep hoa nh san xuat acid sulfuric,
cacbonat natri (soda), xut, kh clo, amoniac, cac san
pham ve dc, thuoc tr sau, xa phong, vai tong hp,
san pham phan ra hat nhan, nha, my pham, nylon, hoa
chat nhuom va san xuat cac thiet b ve cong nghe hoa
hoc.
Cong nghe hoa hoc co the tao ra cac dang chat o
nhiem lien quan en viec boc hi cac hoa chat (gom
ca cac hoa chat va cac san pham cuoi) va cac dan
chat hoac san pham cua phan ng cua cac hoa chat
trong kh quyen.
Khoang chat (a, gach
va cac san pham knh)
San xuat t at, a, at set, cat tao ra cac san pham
nh knh, ximang, gach, gom, be tong, san pham ve
thach cao, cac san pham t viec ca a ma ra, san
pham amiang, vat lieu lp mai. Cac may moc khi san
xuat can lam nat, tron, phan loai, tao khuon, lam kho
va nung trong lo nung. Nung chay tao ra cac san pham
ve knh.
Bui t cac may moc che bien, khoi va hi t cong
oan nau chay hoac trong cac lo nung.
Det Bao gom tach si bong, xe si, xe ch, day vien ang Chat thai phat sinh t bong vai, si. Hi nc va kh
37
ten, det thanh tham, men, o theu, ang ten va cac san
pham khac lien quan en qua trnh xe ch, cuon, cuon
ong, det, vien, an len, khau va, may mac, tay trang,
nhuom, in, lam chan bong, em
khac thoat ra t qua trnh nhuom, tay, ngam tam,
lam sach. Bui khoi thoat ra t qua trnh ot chay
chat thai va t cac khung det, bang tai va cac qua
trnh khac.
Cac san pham ve cao
su
San pham san xuat t cao su t nhien, cao su tong hp,
cao su tai che (nha cao su, kep ) tao ra cac san pham
nh lam giay, e giay, got giay, cac chi tiet dung trong
cac may moc, nguyen lieu lam san va cac san pham
cao su khac. Qua trnh che bien cao su bao gom qua
trnh nhai, tron khoang chat vi cao su t nhien e tao
ra cao su hoa hoc, lam cho cao su co o lien ket cao
hn. Tao ra cac san pham theo y muon roi a vao qua
trnh lu hoa.
Bui, bot than en boc ra t qua trnh hoa tron, can
trang. Tuy nhien, nguon gay o nhiem nay luon co
the kiem soat c. Con mot nguon gay o nhiem
na la hi dung moi hu c phat sinh t qua trnh
nghien tron, gan ket, tao hnh, lam kho san pham.
Giay va cac san pham
tng ng
San xuat giay va cac san pham tng ng t bot go,
si xenlulo, gie rach ma co lien quan en qua trnh cat
chat, nhai vun lam nat, tron, nau, nghien giay bo.
Mun bui thoat ra, nhng khong co s boc hi tr
trng hp ot chay, thiet b say dung hi nc va
cac thiet b may moc dung nang lng. Cac san
pham phuc vu nganh xay dng nh cac tam lp do
viec tham am hac n, la nguyen nhan gay ra bui va
kh oc hai.
In tai cac nha xuat ban In chnh la tao ra ch bang khuon ch, thuat in a, in
kem hoac dung man hnh, ong sach, in khac, photo
anh, in ma vv Lien quan en cac khuon ch trong may
Hi o xt ch thoat ra t cac khuon ch, tuy nhien,
nguon nay cung de kiem soat. Hi dung moi hu c
hoa tan boc len t qua trnh in, ac biet la vi
38
sap ch, mot tnh chat ang lu y la trong mc co cha
rat nhieu dung moi hoa tan.
phng phap in quay.
Thiet b San xuat va lap rap cac may moc, o ien, thiet b hoa
hoc dung trong nha khoa, phong th nghiem, nghien
cu, ky nghe photo, chup anh, tao ra ong ho. Tao ra
cac khuon uc, cac san pham khac cua cac hp kim
cng. Nguyen lieu la ong thau, thep Sau o la qua
trnh lap rap, ma, hoan thanh.
Hi oc thoat ra t cac may moc nh khoi, bui, hi
(tng t nh phan c kh che tao) th luon luon
kiem soat c. Trong cac qua trnh ma thiet b ta
phai luon luon dung cac thiet b co cong nghe cao,
ay chnh la nguyen nhan gay ra hi acid.
Thc pham va cac san
pham tng t
Bao gom cac viec nh giet tht, che bien, hun khoi e
lam nguyen lieu. San xuat ra cac san pham thc pham
nh b sa, o hop, mt, trai cay rau qua, thc pham
bien, lua gao, banh va cac loai ru. T ong vat co
the san xuat ra cac loai m, dau, m nhn vv
Thng xuyen boc mui hoi. ac biet la khi tai che
va t cac thc pham trong gia nh, nhieu khi chung
b oi thiu, thoi nat. Mui hoi cung co the phat sinh
ngay tai ban than san pham chc trong kho, cac cong
viec khac nh rang ca phe, bui sinh ra t qua trnh
xay thoc.
Cac nganh cong
nghiep khac
Thuoc la, sung ong va vu kh, da va cac san pham t
qua trnh thuoc da, xay dng nha ca, san xuat o kim
hoan vv
Tat ca cac loai o nhiem phat sinh t qua trnh che
bien a c mo ta tren.
Ngun Standard Industrial Classification Manual
39
2.3. CHAT O NHIEM KHONG KH
2.3.1. Khai niem ve chat o nhiem
Nh a trnh bay tren: bat ky mot chat nao c thai vao khong kh vi nong
o u e anh hng ti sc khoe con ngi, gay anh hng xau ti s phat trien,
sinh trng cua ong, thc vat, pha huy vat lieu, lam giam canh quan moi trng
eu la cac chat o nhiem. V du cac loai bui, hi kh oc, mui hoi cac chat o nhiem
thai ra t cac nguon o nhiem thng rat a dang, chung ton tai nhieu dang khac
nhau (dang hat, kh, hi dung moi), vi cac nong o khac nhau tuy theo cac qua
trnh cong nghe, viec s dung nguyen vat lieu, hoa chat, tnh trang may moc thiet b
va tay nghe cua cong nhan Co the phan loai cac chat o nhiem theo cac cach sau
ay.
2.3.2. Phan loai chat o nhiem
a) Da vao nguon goc s dung nguyen vat lieu
Theo cach phan loai nay cac chat o nhiem c chia ra cac loai sau ay:
- Chat o nhiem t qua trnh ot: kh thien nhien, dau, cui, trau phuc vu cho cac
qua trnh cung cap nhiet cho may phat ien, noi hi, cac qua trnh si am, say nong
hoac cac qua trnh khac.
- Cac chat o nhiem sinh ra t cac qua trnh cong nghe khac nhau: do s dung
cac loai nguyen lieu co sinh ra cac chat o nhiem trong qua trnh san xuat hoac san
pham cua chung la cac chat de gay o nhiem moi trng.
b) Da vao nguon goc phat sinh
Co the chia chat o nhiem thanh hai loai nh sau:
- Chat o nhiem s cap: la cac chat o nhiem c thai trc tiep t nguon o
nhiem. V du cac chat SO
x
, NO
x
, bui thai ra t cac qua trnh ot nhien lieu.
- Chat o nhiem th cap: la cac chat o nhiem c tao thanh t cac chat o nhiem
s cap do cac qua trnh bien oi hoa hoc trong kh quyen. V du: H
2
SO
4
sinh ra t
qua trnh hap thu hi nc trong kh quyen cua SO
x
la chat o nhiem th cap.
Qua trnh lay mau va phan tch kh thai tai nguon cho phep xac nh chung loai
va nong o cua chat o nhiem s cap. Con qua trnh lay mau va phan tch cac chat o
nhiem trong kh quyen cho phep xac nh chung loai va nong o cua chat o nhiem
th cap. Cac chat o nhiem th cap thng co tnh oc cao hn cac chat o nhiem s
40
cap, tuy nhien, cung co nhng chat o nhiem th cap lai co tac ong tot cho moi
trng. V du san pham cua qua trnh phan ng gia NH
3
vi H
2
O va NO
2
trong kh
quyen se tao thanh NH
4
NO
3
la mot chat lam giau cho at.
c) Phan loai theo tnh chat vat ly
Theo tnh chat vat ly co the phan ra cac loai chat o nhiem khong kh nh sau:
- Chat o nhiem khong kh the ran: v du cac loai bui.
- Chat o nhiem khong kh the kh: v du cac loai hi kh oc.
- Chat o nhiem khong kh the long: v du cac loai hi dung moi.
2.4. O NHIEM KHONG KH DO BUI
2.4.1. O nhiem khong kh do bui
- nh ngha: Bui la mot tap hp nhieu hat, co kch thc nho be, ton tai lau
trong khong kh di dang bui bay, bui lang va cac he kh dung nhieu pha gom hi,
khoi, mu.
Bui bay co kch thc t 0,001 - 10m bao gom tro, muoi, khoi va nhng hat ran
c nghien nho, chuyen ong theo kieu Brao hoac ri xuong at vi van toc khong
oi theo nh luat Stok. Ve mat sinh hoc, bui nay thng gay ton thng nang cho c
quan ho hap, nhat la khi phoi nhiem bui thach anh (Silicose) do ht th phai khong
kh co cha bui bioxit silic lau ngay.
Bui lang co kch thc ln hn 10m , thng ri nhanh xuong at theo nh
luat Niutn vi toc o tang dan. Ve mat sinh hoc, bui nay thng gay ton hai cho da,
mat, gay nhiem trung, gay d ng
2.4.2. Phan loai bui
- Theo nguon goc
Bui hu c nh bui t nhien (bui do ong at, nui la);
Bui thc vat (bui go, bong, bui phan hoa);
Bui ong vat (len, long, toc);
Bui nhan tao (nha hoa hoc, cao su, cement);
Bui kim loai (sat, ong, ch);
Bui hon hp (do mai, uc)
- Theo kch thc hat bui
41
Khi D > 10 m : goi la bui;
Khi D = 10 0,1 m : goi la sng mu;
Khi D < 0,1 m: goi la khoi.
Vi loai bui co kch thc nho hn 0,1 m (khoi) khi ht th phai khong c
gi lai trong phe nang cua phoi, bui t 0,1- 5 m lai phoi chiem 80-90%, bui t 5-
10 m khi ht vao lai c ao thai ra khoi phoi, con vi bui ln hn 10m thng
ong lai mui.
- Theo tac hai
Theo tac hai cua bui co the phan ra:
Bui nhiem oc chung (ch, thuy ngan, benzen);
Bui gay d ng viem mui, hen, noi ban(bui bong, gai, phan hoa hoc, mot so
tinh dau go);
Bui gay ung th (bui quang, crom, cac chat phong xa);
Bui gay x hoa phoi (thach anh, quang amiang).
2.4.3. Tnh chat ly hoa cua bui
Tnh phan tan
Phan tan la trang thai cua bui trong khong kh, phu thuoc vao trong lng hat
bui (sc nang) va sc can cua khong kh. Bui be hn 10m sc can gan bang sc
nang, chung se ri theo toc o khong oi. Bui co kch thc ln, sc nang ln hn
sc can nen se ri theo van toc tang dan (bui ri co gia toc). Nh vay nhng hat co
kch thc ln se ri xuong at con cac hat be hn se bay trong khong kh, trong o
bui c 2 m chiem 40-90%. V du bui thach anh c 10 m trong khong kh chuyen
ong moi giay ri xuong c 7,87 mm, bang 100 lan toc o cua hat bui co kch
thc 1 m (0,078 mm/s). Tnh chat nay cho ta thay ro anh hng cua bui en viec
tham nhap vao c quan ho hap va en phng phap phong chong bui. Bang 2.2. sau
ay gii thieu mc o phan tan cua mot so loai bui trong san xuat (theo Piky).
Bang 2.2. Ty le % cua bui theo kch thc
Thao tac Loai bui 2m 2-5 m 5-10 m >10 m
Tien
Phay
Mai
Go
Kim loai
a
48
37
62
20.0
31.5
24.5
20.0
9.5
10.0
8.0
2.0
3.5
Bang 2.3. Ty le lang bui cao lanh tren ng ho hap
42
Kch thc
(m )
% lang ong
chung
% ong ng
ho hap
% ong trong
phe bao
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.6
5.0
47.8
63.5
68.7
71.7
92.3
9.2
16.5
26.5
46.5
82.7
34.5
50.5
34.8
25.9
9.8
Tuy theo mc o phan tan cua bui, s lang ong cua bui khac nhau cac bo
phan cua c quan ho hap. Bang 2.3 gii thieu s lang ong cua bui cao lanh theo
Paul, Hatch 1956. So lieu trong bang cho thay % bui lang ong ng ho hap tren
tang theo kch thc hat bui, con bui ong lai phe bao thng la nhng hat bui
di 2 m.
Tnh nhiem ien cua hat bui
Nh knh hien vi, ngi ta xac nh c ien tch cua hat bui. Bui at trong
mot ien trng 3000 Volt se b hut vi toc o khac nhau tuy theo kch thc cua hat
bui. Do o, khi thiet ke he thong x ly bui bang tnh ien can lu y en kch thc
hat bui.
Bang 2.4. Toc o hut bui cua ien the 3000 Volt
ng knh (m) Toc o (cm/s)
100
10.0
1.00
0.10
885
88.5
8.85
0.88
Tnh chay no
Bui cang nho dien tch tiep xuc vi oxy cang ln th tnh hoa hoc cang manh va
cang de boc chay, de gay no. V the nghiem cam viec dung la, tia la ien, en
khong co bao ve tai nhng ni san xuat sinh ra nhieu bui de chay, no.
Tnh lang bui do nhiet
Neu cho khoi chuyen ong t mot ong co nhiet o cao sang mot ong co nhiet o
thap hn rat nhieu se co hien tng phan ln khoi lang ong tren be mat ong lanh
43
hn. Hien tng nay la do s tram lang cua cac hat do s giam toc o chuyen ong
cua phan t kh theo nhiet o.
2.5. O NHIEM KHONG KH DO HI KH OC
Theo mot trong cac cach phan loai nguon o nhiem tren chung ta co the noi co
hai loai nguon gay o nhiem moi trng, o la nguon t nhien va nguon nhan tao.
- Nguon t nhien
Nguon nay do cac hien tng thien nhien nh nui la, ong at sinh ra cac loai
kh cung nham thach t long at phun ra. Cac qua trnh phn hu cua cac loai ong
vat, thc vat cung co the gay o nhiem moi trng nh tao ra cac mui hoi, mot so cac
chat kh, chung co the tac dung vi cac chat kh trong thien nhien hnh thanh cac kh
sulfat, nitrat, cac loai muoi axit cacbonic.
- Nguon nhan tao
Nguon o nhiem nay rat a dang, phc tap va co the chia ra nhieu loai nguon
khac nhau, o la o nhiem do giao thong van tai, o nhiem do cac qua trnh ot nhien
lieu, kh thai t cac qua trnh san xuat cong nghiep, nng nghip, dch v thng mi
v k c t chin tranh.
2.5.1. O nhiem do cac qua trnh ot
Qua trnh ot do cac hoat ong cua con ngi, trc het phai ke en cac qua
trnh ot nhien lieu trong cac qua trnh cong nghe phuc vu cho cac noi hi, may phat
ien, cac qua trnh say cac loai nong san, rau qua, go; sau o co the ke en qua
trnh ot pha rng, lam ray, cac qua trnh nau an Tuy nhien, cac qua trnh nay
thng gay t anh hng hn qua trnh ot nhien lieu phuc vu cho cong nghiep.
Nhien lieu ay co the la cac loai xang, dau (DO, FO, mazut), cac loai than a,
cui, trau, mun ca Tuy theo lng nhien lieu, thanh phan, tnh chat nhien lieu va
thiet b ot, khi ot se sinh ra cac hi kh oc co thanh phan, tnh chat va nong o
khac nhau. Nhn chung, vi cac loai nhien lieu tren, thanh phan cua kh thai thng
cha cac loai nh: bui, SO
x
, NO
x
, CO, aldehit. Ngoai cac yeu to tren con phai ke
en tnh trang thiet b, trnh o van hanh cua cong nhan cung anh hng rat ln en
thanh phan, nong o va tnh chat cua kh thai.
Can c vao thanh phan nhien lieu, khoi lng nhien lieu tieu thu, tnh trang
thiet b chung ta co the xac nh c thanh phan, tnh chat va khoi lng chat o
nhiem sinh ra trong khoi thai khi ot chung.
2.5.2. O nhiem do giao thong van tai
44
Cac loai hoat ong giao thong van tai cua cac loai xe co, tau hoa, may bay, tau
thuy cung gay anh hng rat ln en o nhiem moi trng. Thong thng cac loai
phng tien nay cung s dung cac loai nhien lieu nh xang, ac biet la dau FO, DO,
mazut. Mot vai hien tai con s dung than a. Thanh phan va tnh chat cua cac chat
cua cac chat gay o nhiem trong khoi thai cua cac phng tien cung giong nh trong
cac qua trnh ot cac loai nhien lieu tng t nh tren. Ngoai ra tieng on cung la mot
van e lam au au cac nha quan ly va giam sat moi trng.
Lng kh thai sinh ra tuy thuoc vao tnh nang ky thuat cua cac phng tien. Ngoai
ra no con phu thuoc vao che o van hanh, th du luc khi ong, chay nhanh, chay
cham, khi phanh (thang).
Bang 2.5. Thanh phan kh oc hai trong khoi thai cua ong c o to
Che o lam viec cua ong c
Chay cham Tang toc o On nh Giam toc o
Thanh phan kh
oc hai (%)
Etxang Diezen Etxang Diezen Etxang Diezen Etxang Diezen
Kh CO
Hydrocarbon
NO
x
(ppm)
Aldehyde
7,0
0,5
30
30
Vet
0,04
60
10
2,5
0,2
1050
20
0,1
0,02
850
20
1,8
0,1
650
10
Vet
0,01
250
10
2,0
1,0
20
300
Vet
0,03
30
30
2.5.3. O nhiem do hoat ong san xuat trong cong nghiep
San xuat cong nghiep sinh ra cac chat o nhiem rat a dang vi khoi lng ln.
Ngoai cac chat o nhiem do cac qua trnh ot nhien lieu nh ke tren c thai qua
ong khoi, moi nganh cong nghiep con sinh ra nhng chat o nhiem ac trng, khong
the co nguyen tac xac nh chung. Di ay tom tat cac chat o nhiem ch th cho mot
so nganh cong nghiep chnh nh sau:
- Cong nghiep gang thep: bui quang, oxyt sat, la cac tap chat rat nho do thoi
khong kh qua kim loai nong chay, cac hp chat flo tao thanh t chat gay chay CaF
2
,
kh thai cha bui, cac kh thai t qua trnh ot lo nung.
- Cong nghiep che bien dau mo: hydrocarbon, cac hp chat cha lu huynh co
mui hoi (mercaptan), SO
x
, H
2
SO
4
, H
2
S, NO va NO
2
.
45
- Cac nha may phan bon supper phot phat: chu yeu la HF, SiF
4
, H
2
SiF
6
t
nguyen lieu, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4,
phot phat.
- Cac nha may t nhan tao: chu yeu la cac chat co mui hoi nh cac hp chat
cha lu huynh CS
2
, H
2
S.
- Cac nha may cement: chu yeu la bui
- Lo gach: chu yeu la cac hp chat flo t at set.
- Cac nha may hoa chat khac: HCl, Cl
2
, NO
x
, NH
3
, hydrocarbon thm, thuoc tr
sau
- Cac nha may san xuat tole trang kem, xi ma cac loai: chu yeu la HCl, cac hi
kh oc cua cac dung dch ma
- Cac nha may san xuat giay: chu yeu la bui va cac chat tay trang nh Cl
2
, SO
2

Mot cach khac cung co the xac nh cac chat o nhiem dang kh da tren tnh
chat hoa hoc cua chung, o la kh vo c va kh hu c.
2.5.4. O nhiem do cac hoat ong cua san xuat nong nghiep
Trong san xuat nong nghiep, van e o nhiem khong kh can quan tam o la viec
phun thuoc tr sau va s dung cac loai phan bon cho lua va cay trong. Nhieu loai
thuoc tr sau va phan bon hoa hoc ton tai rat lau trong moi trng at, nc; chung
rat kho phan huy nen tac dung rat lau dai. ac biet cac loai thuoc tr sau do nong
dan s dung do khong dung ung lieu lng hoac khi bon cho cay trong tnh t luc
bon phan hoac phun thuoc ti luc thu hoach kha gan nen lng thuoc tr sau ton tai
trong rau xanh rat ln.
2.5.5. O nhiem khong kh do cac chat kh vo c
Kh vo c co nguon goc xuat phat t ong vat va thc vat. Tr cac hp chat
thong thng cua cacbon nh cacbon monoxit (CO) va cacbon dioxit (CO
2
). Con lai
cac kh vo c la cac kh khong co cha cacbon trong thanh phan cua chung. Kh vo
c hau het la:
* Hp chat sulfur: sulfur dioxit ( SO
2
, SO
3
) va H
2
S hau het la chat o nhiem cap
1 la ket qua t cac qua trnh ot chay than a, dau, nhien lieu diesel va t cac qua
trnh loc dau, san xuat hoa chat, kim loai va che bien khoang chat. Hydro sulfid
(H
2
S) la loai chiem a so trong cac chat o nhiem dang sulfur. Cac hp chat sulfur
cung co the coi la chat o nhiem cap 2 sinh ra t cac dan xuat cua lu huynh.
* Hp chat nitro: Nitro oxit (NO
2
, NO) la nhng chat o nhiem cap 1 sinh ra t
qua trnh khai thac dau mo, san xuat cong nghiep, t cac ong c ot trong. Amoniac
46
la san pham cua qua trnh ot chay nhien lieu va cac san pham khac, cung c coi
la chat o nhiem cap 1. NO
2
, NO co the tac dung vi cac loai kh khac di tac dung
cua phan ng quang hoa, tao ra mot chat khac la chat o nhiem cap 2. V du: ozon
(O
3
) sinh ra do tac dung cua phan ng quang hoa cua NO vi oxy phan t.
* Hp chat cua clo: a so nhng chat o nhiem la hp chat cua clo chu yeu nam
ve hai dang: kh Cl
2
va kh clorua hydro (HCl) c coi nh la chat o nhiem cap 1.
Chung phat sinh ra t cac qua trnh tay mau, loc dau vv Kh clorua hydro khi hp
vi nc tao ra chat o nhiem cap 2 o la acid clohydric.
* Hp chat cua flo (F): Hp chat cua flo ma khong co cha kim loai th hau het
la nhng chat o nhiem cap 1, nh tetra florua silic (SiF
4
), kh florua hydro (HF).
Nhng chat nay thng c sinh ra t cac nha may loc dau, nha may san xuat phan
bon, nha may san xuat cac san pham nhom, nha may thep, nha may gom, nha may
xa phong. Khi cac hp chat cua flo hp vi nc th co the se sinh ra chat o nhiem
cap 2.
* Hp chat cua cacbon: Cacbon monoxit (CO) la nhng chat o nhiem cap 1, sinh
ra t qua trnh ot chay khong hoan toan cua than a, kh vv T nhng khoi trong
viec nung nong kim loai. Cacbon dioxit la san pham co cung nguon goc nhng tnh
chat cua chung la chat khong thng xuyen gay o nhiem. Tuy nhien, CO va CO
2
la
nhng yeu to rat quan trong cua cac chat o nhiem cap 2 la hp chat cua cacbon.
* Chat oxy hoa: Ozon va nitro oxit la cac chat chiem a so trong cac qua trnh
oxy hoa trong kh quyen. Ozon la dang t nhien trong kh quyen tao thanh do viec
chuyen oi ien t (electron). Nhng ban than ozon khong phai la mot chat o nhiem,
tr khi dioxit nit nhan oi vi tac dung cua cac tia cc tm trong kh quyen se lam
phat sinh ra nhieu ozon hn. Cac kh hu c, hp chat hu c chu tac dung oxy hoa
cua ozon tao ra chat o nhiem cap 2. V du: Nit oxit (NO) la kh tao ra NO
2
t tac
dung oxy hoa c mieu ta nh la chat o nhiem cap 1.
2.5.6. O nhiem khong kh do cac chat kh hu c
Kh hu c la nhng kh ma sinh ra chu yeu t cac chat hu c, thanh phan hoa
hoc cua chung chu yeu la cacbon va hyro, oi khi cung co cac yeu to khac. Cac
hp chat hu c thng co tnh ban kha cao, loai nay chung thng co dang cau tao
cacbon - cacbon, cacbon - hydro. Cac loai kh tren co the ke ra nh sau:
* Hydrocacbon: la loai kh ma trong thanh phan phan t ch co cha cacbon va
hydro. Chung co the coi la chat o nhiem cap 1, co nguon goc chu yeu t qua trnh
47
khai thac dau mo, qua trnh ot chay khong hoan toan cua cac loai nhien lieu kh,
dau diesel, tuoc bin kh, xang may bay
* Dan xuat cua hydro cacbon: La nhng chat ma c coi nh la chat o nhiem
cap 1, di tac dung cua cac phan ng quang hoa chung tao thanh cac chat o nhiem
cap 2. Chung co the c coi la chat b o xi hoa (dan xuat hydrocacbon hp vi oxy),
nh la aldehyt va acrolein. Nhn ve tong quan cac dan xuat cua hydrocacbon co the
gom cac kh halogen hydrocacbon (hydrocacbon no). Chung cung co the la nhng
dan xuat t hon hp vi flo, clo, brom, iot nh la CCl
4
(Tetra clorua cacbon) sinh ra
trong qua trnh tay ra, lam sach, lam kho va dung hoa tan.
2.5.7. Cach xac nh tai lng chat o nhiem trong san xuat cong nghiep
Nh a trnh bay tren, san xuat cong nghiep sinh ra cac chat o nhiem rat a
dang, chung gom nhieu chat o nhiem vi cac thanh phan, tnh chat khac nhau tuy
theo cong nghe san xuat, cac hoa chat s dung, thiet b may moc va trnh o tay
nghe cua cong nhan. Co the xac nh thanh phan va lng chat o nhiem trong san
xuat cong nghiep bang cach sau.
a) Can c vao cac phan ng hoa hoc
Da vao cong suat san pham, nh mc tieu hao nhien lieu, thanh phan cua
nhien lieu, thong qua viec xac nh cac phan ng hoa hoc sinh ra trong qua trnh
cong nghe san xuat e tnh ra thanh phan va lng chat o nhiem trong qua trnh san
xuat o.
V du: Nha may hoa chat tieu thu 1 nam 395.000 tan dau FO vi thanh phan cua
lu huynh la 2,9% khoi lng. Hay tnh lng SO
2
sinh ra trong 1 nam cua nha may
tren.
Giai
Tnh lng lu huynh ot trong 1 nam:
2,9% khoi lng = 29 kg lu huynh/1 tan nguyen lieu
Vay lng lu huynh tieu thu trong1 nam la :
29 kg/tan x 395.000 tan/nam = 11.455 tan lu huynh/nam.
Khi ot lu huynh, phan ng hoa hoc xay ra nh sau:
O
2
+ SO
2
= SO
2

Theo phan ng hoa hoc tren, c 32 kg lu huynh khi ot se sinh ra 64 kg SO
2
.
Nh vay khi ot 11.455 tan lu huynh/nam se sinh ra: 22.910 tan SO
2
/nam.
48
Khoi lng SO
2
sinh ra trong 1 nam cua nha may la: 22.910 tan/nam.
b) o ac trc tiep
Mot trong cac cach xac nh khac la da vao viec o ac trc tiep nong o cac
chat o nhiem trong kh thai ket hp vi viec tnh toan lu lng kh thai t o tnh ra
tai lng cua cac chat o nhiem.
V du mot so cach tnh sau:
Theo B.B. Pameranseva (nha bac hoc Nga), khi ap dung cho dau DO va FO co
the tnh nh sau:
The tch cac chat o nhiem:
V(CO
2
) = 0,01866.C (m
3
/kg nhien lieu) (2.9)
V(SO
2
) = 0,007.S (-nt-) (2.10)
V(NO
x
) = 0,008. N + 0,79.V
B
(-nt-) (2.11)
V(H
2
O) = 0,11.H + 0,0124.W + 0,0161.V
B
+ 1,24.G
B
(m
3
/kg) (2.12)
trong o:
C, S, N, H, W la thanh phan cac nguyen to co trong nhien lieu; (%)
V
B
la khoi lng khong kh e ot chay 1 kg nhien lieu, (m
3
/kg);
G
B
la khoi lng hi nc c phun vao dau e ot; thng lay bang 0,03-1
kg/kg nhien lieu.
Tong the tch kh thai la:
V = V(SO
2
) + V(NO
2
) + V(H
2
O) + V(CO
2
) (m
3
/Kg) (2.13)
Khi xac nh c tong the tch cua san pham chay, nhan vi nong o cac chat
o nhiem co trong kh thai ta c tai lng cua cac chat o nhiem.
c) Tnh toan theo he so o nhiem
* Da vao he so o nhiem khong kh (emission factor): Theo EPA cho biet he so
o nhiem khi ot dau nh sau: (Pouds/1.000 gallons dau)
Bang 2.6. He so o nhiem trong qua trnh ot nhien lieu (dau DO, FO)
Dang lo ot
Cong nghiep
Chat
o nhiem
Nha may
ien
Chay khong hoan toan Chay hoan toan
Sinh hoat
Aldehyde 0,6 2 2 2
49
CO
Hydrocarbon
NO
2

SO
2

SO
3

Bui
0,04
3,2
104
157.S
2,40.S
10
2
2
72
157.S
2.S
23
2
2
72
157.S
2.S
15
2
3
72
157.S
2.S
8
Ghi chu: 1 gallon = 3,785 lt; 1 poud = 450 gram
S la % khoi lng lu huynh co trong nhien lieu.
Theo cach tnh cua tac gia Henry C. Perkins trong tai lieu Air pollution, trang
54 va 55, cho thay co the tnh tai lng chat o nhiem oi vi cac nguon ot than a,
kh thien nhien va trong giao thong van tai nh sau.
Bang 2.7. He so o nhiem trong qua trnh ot than a (lb/tan than a)
Chat o nhiem Nha may ien Cong nghiep Sinh hoat va Thng mai
Aldehydes (HCHO)
CO
CH
4

NO
2

SO
2

0,005
0,5
0,2
20
38.S
0,005
3
1
20
38 S
0,005
50
10
8
38 S
Bang 2.8. He so o nhiem trong qua trnh ot kh thien nhien
(pound/trieu m
3
kh thien nhien)
Chat o nhiem Nha may
ien
Cong nghiep
lo hi
Sinh hoat va cac dang lo
ot trong thng mai
Aldehyde (HCHO)
CO
Hydrocarbon (C)
NO
2

SO
2

Cac chat hu c khac
Bui
1
N*
N
390
0,4
3
15
2
0,4
N
214
0,4
5
18
N
0,4
N
116
0,4
N
19
50
N*: khoi lng khong ang ke
Bang 2.9. He so o nhiem cua xe o to
Chat o nhiem Pounds/1.000
mile
Pound/1.000
gallon gas
Pound/ngay
Aldehyde (HCHO)
CO
Hydrocarbon (C)
NO
2

SO
2

Axit hu c (acetic)
Bui
0,3
165
12,5
8,5
0,6
0,3
0,8
4
2.300
200
113
9
4
12
0,007
4,16
0,363
0,202
0,016
0,007
0,022
Bang 2.10. He so o nhiem cua cac ong c diesel
(Pound/1.000 gallon dau diesel)
Chat o nhiem He so o nhiem
Aldehydes (HCHO)
CO
Hydrocarbons (C )
NO
2

SO
2

Axit hu c (acetic)
Bui
10
60
136
222
40
31
110
Cung theo EPA, 1973 He so o nhiem cua SO
2
con co the tnh nhanh theo cac he
so o nhiem sau ay.
Bang 2.11. He so o nhiem cua SO
2
oi vi mot so nguon
Loai nguon phat thai He so o nhiem Ghi chu
1. ot than a
* Than bot Antracite (kg/MT): 19S
Cho ay lo (kg/MT) 19S
Cho vao tng t (kg/MT) 18S
51
Than cha Bitum (kg/MT) 19S Danh lo cao vi
cong suat nhiet
lng 10
3
Btu/gi)
2. ot dau
Nha may ien (kg/m
3
) 19,6S
Dau can (kg/m
3
) 19S
Dau chng cat (kg/m
3
) heater) 17S
3. Dau nhe (petroleum refining): Lo hi
va cac qua trnh gia nhiet (Process
19,2S S chuyen oi SO
2

thanh SO
3
la 93 %
4. Nha may san xuat H
2
SO
4
(kg/MT cua
H
2
SO
4
nguyen chat)
48 Lng sulfur t
13 19 %
5. Nha may luyen kem tho (kg/MT)
6. Nha may luyen ong tho (kg/MT) 550
7. Nha may luyen ch tho (kg/MT) 625
Qua trnh ket tinh 275 Gia tr trung bnh
Lo cao 22,5
Luyen tinh 40
Xe gan may:
g/min 0,2
g/km 0,12 Lng sulfur
khoang 0,4 %
9. au may keo 6,8
kg/MT = kg SO
2
/10
9
kg nhien lieu
S la phan tram khoi lng lu huynh
Btu/h = 0,2931 Watts.
2.6 O NHIEM KHONG KH DO MUI HOI
Noi en o nhiem khong kh ngoai bui, cac loai hi kh oc va tieng on, khong
the khong ke en cac chat gay mui hoi thoi kho chu. Thc chat cac chat gay mui
hoi eu la cac loai hi kh oc.
52
Cac chat gay mui (ke ca mui hoi va mui thm) eu phat sinh t cac qua trnh t
nhien va hau het cac hoat ong kinh te xa hoi.
- Trong lnh vc hoat ong cong nghiep, tieu thu cong nghiep
Cac loai nha may san xuat giay, det nhuom, phan bon, thuoc tr sau, hoa chat
(sn, vernis, can cao su, che bien mu cao su, che bien thc pham), che bien lng
thc, thc an gia suc, thc pham (nc mam, banh keo, hat ieu, thuoc la, lo giet
mo, thuy san)
- Trong nong nghiep
Chan nuoi gia suc, gia cam nh heo bo, trau, ga
- Giao thong van tai
Mui xang dau, cac loai nguyen vat lieu chuyen ch tren ng.
- Dch vu thng mai
Cac kho cha hang, cha nguyen lieu, thanh pham, ch bua, cac ca hang ban
lng thc, thc pham, thuoc tr sau, nha hang, khach san, benh vien, kenh rach
Ngoai ra cung can phai ke en cac sinh hoat cua con ngi nh nau an, chan
nuoi suc vat va cac qua trnh phan huy t nhien cua cac loai ong, thc vat.
Cac chat gay mui xuat hien tai hau het moi ni do trc tiep thai ra t nguon va
qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem trong kh quyen. Cac chat gay mui rat de nhan biet
do khu giac cua con ngi, nhng do thanh phan a dang, phc tap, phu thuoc vao
tng lnh vc hoat ong nen rat kho ch danh cac chat o nhiem gay ra mui la chat
nao.
Tuy nhien, trong mot so trng hp, ngi ta van co the nhan dien c cac
chat gay mui hoi nh trong bang 2.12. di ay.
Bang 2.12. Cac chat o nhiem gay mui hoi trong mot so lnh vc khac nhau
Nganh cong nghiep Cac chat o nhiem ch th gay mui
Cao su, nha Cac hp chat Nitro (amin, oxit nit) SO
x
, chat hoa
deo, dung moi, Hydrocarbon b oxy hoa cha hoan
toan (aldehyde, keton, phenol, ru )
Thuy tinh SO
x,
NO
x
, CO, HF, HCl
Nau m t cac suc vat chet Cac hp chat sulfur hu c, disulfur, mercaptan,
aldehyde, trometyl amin, quinolin, dimetyl pyrazin
53
va cac hp chat khac
Cong nghiep dc: Mercaptan, axit beo, amin, aldehyder
Tach chiet Aldehyde, cac hp cat vong thm, phenolic,
amoniac
Tong hp dc lieu Dung moi, cac axit va amin
San xuat khang sinh H
2
S, mercaptan, metyl va dimetyl sulfur
Giay Craft SO
x,
NO
x
, phenol, hydrocarbon
Nha Asphalt Aldehyde, phenol
uc kim loai Phenol, hydrocarbon, hp chat clo, axit
Thuoc tr sau H
2
S, mercaptan, NH
3
, aldehyde, amin
Thc pham, nong nghiep Cac chat vo c: NH
3
, Cl
2
, SO
2
, H
2
S, CS
2

Hoa hoc v Hoa dau Cac chat hu c: ru, hydrocarbon, amin, keton,
eter, ester
Loc dau SO
2
, H
2
S, NH
3
, THC, axit hu c, mercaptan,
aldehyde
Thoi kh lam sach va thu hoi SO
2
, NH
3
, aldehyde
Crackinh xuc tac SO
2
, NH
3
, THC, aldehyde
Thap xuc tac dong SO
2
, H
2
S, NH
3
, THC, aldehyde, mercaptan
Thap say nong THC
Bon cha
Hoa dau vo c
Phan bon va phot phat NH
3,
SO
2
, adehyte
Axit photphoric SO
2
, H
2
S, aldehyde, mot so hp chat gay mui cua
HF
Soa va xut NH
3

H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
NH
3
, SO
2
, aldehyde
Hoa dau hu c
Hoa chat hu c Mercaptan, NH
3
, SO
2
, THC, aldehyde, axit hu c
54
va mot so chat gay mui khac
Sn NH
3
, SO
2
, THC, aldehyde, axit hu c va mot so
chat gay mui khac
Cao su tong hp NH
3
, THC, SO
2
, aldehyde, axit hu c va mot so
chat gay mui khac
Xabong, chat tao bot NH
3
, THC, SO
2
, aldehyde, axit hu c va mot so
chat gay mui khac
Det NH
3
, THC, SO
2
, aldehyde, axit hu c
Trai chan nuoi NH
3
, H
2
S, mercaptan, amin hu c, aldehyde hu c
X ly nc thai sinh hoat H
2
S, NH
3
, mercaptan, amin hu c
X ly rac thai H
2
S, NH
3
, CH
4

2.7. O NHIEM NHIET
2.7.1. Cac nguon o nhiem nhiet
Moi hoat ong cua con ngi hau het eu san sinh ra nhiet. Nhng nguon gay o
nhiem cho con ngi trong cac hoat ong san xuat cong nghiep co the ke en nh
sau:
- Nhiet sinh ra t cac qua trnh ot chay cac loai nhien lieu: dau, than a, cui,
trau, kh ot
- Nhiet sinh ra t cac qua trnh cong nghe san xuat nh nhiet toa t cac lo nau
giay, t cac be dung dch co nhiet o cao, cac lo nung, cac qua trnh say, t cac may
moc, thiet b, cac loai en chieu sang, nhiet toa ra do ngi cong nhan
- Ngoai ra mot nguon nhiet khong the khong ke en, o la lng nhiet truyen
qua cac ket cau cong trnh: mai nha, tng nha, nen nha vao ben trong cong trnh.
Tat ca cac nguon nhiet tren sinh ra se ton tai trong xng san xuat, neu khong
co bien phap khong che tot, chung se lam cho nhiet o moi trng lam viec cua
cong nhan tang len rat nhieu so vi nhiet o moi trng khong kh. o la nguyen
nhan gay nen o nhiem nhiet, lam anh hng trc tiep en ngi cong nhan. Co the
thay ieu ay qua viec nghien cu s trao oi nhiet gia con ngi va moi trng.
55
2.7.2. S trao oi nhiet gia con ngi va moi trng
a) Trang thai on hoa de chu cua con ngi
Muc ch thong gio la tao cam giac on hoa de chu cho con ngi luc lam viec
cung nh ngh ngi. Noi nh vay la phai giai quyet mot moi tng quan to hp gia
nhieu yeu to kh hau tac dung len con ngi cung mot luc. Ve mat ve sinh, sinh ly,
cam giac on hoa, de chu cua con ngi phu thuoc rat nhieu yeu to, o la:
- Mc o trong sach cua khong kh
- Cng o lao ong cua con ngi
- La tuoi, sc khoe
- Quan ao mac tren ngi
- Kha nang thch ng vi kh hau va thoi quen cua con ngi
- Nhiet o, o am va toc o chuyen ong cua khong kh
- Nhiet o cua be mat ket cau xung quanh
Nhng yeu to nay cung to hp anh hng hoac anh hng rieng biet en cam
giac cua con ngi.
b) S trao oi nhiet gia con ngi va moi trng
ieu kien can bang nhiet gia con ngi va moi trng xung quanh c bieu
dien bang phng trnh sau:
Q
0
= + Q
bx
+ Q
l
+ Q
mh
+ Q
hh
+ Q
dn
kcal/gi

Trong o:
- Q
o
: la nhiet lng do ngi thai ra, no phu thuoc vao cng o lao ong cua
con ngi. Bang 2.13 gii thieu lng nhiet sinh ra cua con ngi tuy theo trang thai
hoat ong cua con ngi.
Bang 2.13. Lng nhiet thai ra trung bnh cua ngi
Trang thai lao ong Q
0
(Kcal/h)
Nam yen tnh
Ngoi ngh ngi
ng ngh ngi
Mac hoac ci ao quan
70
100
110
120
56
i bo vi toc o 3 km/h, ng bang
i bo vi toc o 5 km/h, ng bang
i bo vi toc o 6,5 km/h, ng bang
Chay vi toc o 8 - 9,5 km/h, ng bang
Lao ong nhe (may, va, theu )
Lao ong va (c kh, giat, nau an )
Lao ong nang (uc, can, ren)
Lao ong rat nang (khuan vac)
170
270
350
580
100 120
120 170
170 220
220 270
- Q
bx
: la lng nhiet trao oi bang bc xa nhiet, no phu thuoc vao nhiet o be
mat cac ket cau xung quanh va o am khong kh (khong kh cang am th tia bc xa
cang kho i qua) c xac nh bang cong thc:
Q
bx
=
bx
. F .(t
d
- t
bm
) (2.14)
Trong o:
F: dien tch be mat da, ngi cao 1,6m , nang 60 kg co F= 1,6 m
2

t
d
: nhiet o be mat da,
o
C
t
bx
: nhiet o be mat ket cau xung quanh
bx
: he so trao oi nhiet bang bc xa, Kcal/m
2
h
o
C
- Q
l
: la lng nhiet trao oi bang oi lu, no phu thuoc vao nhiet o khong kh
xung quanh va toc o chuyen ong cua khong kh, c xac nh bang cong thc:
Q
l
=
l
. F .(t
d
- t
xq
) (2.15)
trong o:
F: dien tch be mat da, m
2
.
t
d
: nhiet o be mat da,
0
C.
t
xq
: nhiet o khong kh xung quanh,
0
C.

l
: he so trao oi nhiet oi lu, Kcal/m
2
h
0
C
- Q
mh
: la lng nhiet trao oi do boc hi mo hoi, no phu thuoc vao toc o
chuyen ong cua khong kh va o chenh lech ap suat hi nc trong khong kh vi
ap suat hi nc bao hoa tren be mat da.
Thong thng lng nhiet bang ho hap va dan nhiet nho va thng khong ke
57
en trong cac qua trnh tnh toan thong gio hoac ieu tiet khong kh.
1. Cac nguon gay o nhiem khong kh thng gap? Phan loai nguon o nhiem?
2. nh ngha chat o nhiem? Phan loai chat o nhiem?
3. Tnh chat cua bui? Phan loai bui?
4. Cac chat o nhiem trong qua trnh ot nhien lieu?
5. Thanh phan, tnh chat cac chat o nhiem trong cong nghiep?
6. Nguon gay o nhiem mui hoi? ac iem?
7. Nguon gay o nhiem do nhiet?
8. Cac nguon gay o nhiem khac?
Tai lieu tham khao:
Tieng Viet
1. Tran Ngoc Chan, Ky thuat thong gio, tap 1; Nha xuat ban Xay dng, Ha Noi,
1998.
2. Tran Ngoc Chan, O nhiem khong kh va ky thuat x ly, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc
va Ky thuat, Ha Noi, 2000 2001.
3. Le Ba, Ky thuat moi trng, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP HCM, 1980
Ha Noi, 1997.
5. Pham Ngoc ang, O nhiem moi trng khong kh khu o th va cong nghiep,
Ha Noi, 1992.
Tieng Anh va Tieng Nga
2. U.B. Kocogo, Promixlennaia otrixtca gazob, Moskva Khimia, 1981.
3. US. Departerment of Helth, Education and Welfare, Air pollution Control
Field Operation Manual, PHS, Pub. N
0
937, Washington D.C., U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1962.

58
CHNG 3
S BIEN OI CUA CHAT O NHIEM TRONG
KH QUYEN
Cac chat o nhiem khi sinh ra nguon se thai vao kh quyen. Di tac ong cua
cac yeu to ve nguon, cac yeu to ve kh tng thuy van va cac yeu to ve a hnh, cac
chat o nhiem se c thanh loc ra khoi kh quyen. Trong kh quyen se xay ra nhieu
c che thanh loc cac chat o nhiem khac nhau. Co bon c che thanh loc chu yeu sau
ay:
- Cac phan ng hoa hoc;
- Qua trnh sa lang kho;
- Qua trnh sa lang t;
- Phat tan chat o nhiem trong kh quyen.
Nhng c che nay xac nh thi gian lu chat o nhiem trong kh quyen.
Thi gian lu chat o nhiem trong kh quyen la thi gian can thiet e nong o chat
o nhiem giam i 1/e lan nong o ban au.
Neu nong o chat o nhiem thay oi nhanh, thi gian lu chat o nhiem co the
xac nh bang t le gia nong o trung bnh toan cau va toc o san sinh ra no tren
mot n v the tch.
3.1. CAC PHAN NG HOA HOC
Khi thai ra kh quyen se xay ra cac phan ng hoa hoc gia cac chat o nhiem s
cap vi nhau hoac gia cac chat o nhiem s cap vi cac chat o nhiem co san trong
kh quyen. Cac phan ng hoa hoc co the xay ra trong kh quyen la:
- Phan ng nhiet trong pha kh;
- Phan ng quang hoa trong khong kh;
- Phan ng nhiet trong pha long;
59
- Phan ng xay ra tren cac be mat hat.
Phan ng nhiet trong pha kh la ket hp cua hai phan t co nang lng phu hp.
Mat khac, phan ng quang hoa bao gom qua trnh phan huy hoac hoat hoa cua cac
phan t khi hap thu tia bc xa. Phan ng trong pha long thng la phan ng gia cac
ion, co s tham gia cua chat xuc tac co trong pha long. Be mat cac hat ran cung co
the thuc ay cac qua trnh phan ng hoa hoc.
3.1.1. Phan ng trong pha kh
NO + O
3
= NO
2
+ O
2

NO
2
+ OH
-
= HNO
3

NO
2
+ O
3
= NO
3
+ O
2

NO
3
+ NO
2
= N
2
O
5

N
2
O
5
+ H
2
O = 2HNO
3 ........
3
NH
NH
4
NO
3

3.1.2. Phan ng tren cac be mat
SO
2
+ O
2
= ......
bo maf
SO
3

SO
3
+ H
2
O = H
2
SO
4
3.1.3. Phan ng trong pha long
SO
2
+ H
2
O = H
2
SO
3

2H
2
SO
3
+ O
2
= 2 H
2
SO
4

H
2
SO
3
+ O
3
= H
2
SO
4
+ O
2

H
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
2
= H
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
3.1.4. Phan ng quang hoa
Phan ng quang hoa trong kh quyen sinh ra chat o nhiem rat quan trong la ozon
(O
3
)
.
Ozon c tao thanh trong qua trnh phan chia NO
2
di tac ong cua tia cc
tm (UV).
NO
2
+ h = NO + O
O + O
2
+ (M) = O
3
+ (M)
O
3
+ NO = NO
2
+ O
2

S tch tu O
3
co the xay ra neu qua trnh bien oi NO thanh NO
2
thong qua phan
ng NO vi hp chat khac khong phai O
3
. Hydrocarbon la hp chat nh vay:
60
RH + OH = ROO
-
+ H
2
O
ROO
-
+ NO = NO
2
+ RO
RO + O
2
= Aldehyde + HOO
HOO + NO = NO
2
+ OH
Tr cac phan ng hoa hoc a trnh bay tren la loai c che thanh loc cac chat o
nhiem hieu qua (hoac chuyen hoa chat o nhiem nay thanh chat o nhiem khac)
khoang cach ma cac chat o nhiem a i qua xac nh c che thanh loc cac chat o
nhiem, a chung tr lai be mat at. Hieu qua cua cac qua trnh o phu thuoc vao
tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua chat o nhiem va co the tac ong khac nhau len chat o
nhiem co kha nang oxy hoa hoac khong co kha nang oxy hoa. V vay, cac qua trnh
thanh loc cac chat o nhiem anh hng len s can bang nong o cac chat o nhiem
tren tang bnh lu.
Cac c che nay co the chia thanh ba nhom: Ket tua (xay ra oi vi cac hat co
kch thc ln hn 10 m); Sa lang kho: la qua trnh ri cua cac chat o nhiem (the
kh va hat trc tiep len la cay, cac be mat cong trnh, at hoac nc; Sa lang t: la
qua trnh ri cac chat o nhiem xuong mat at nh cac hat nc ma trong thi gian
ma.
3.2. QUA TRNH SA LANG KHO
3.2.1. C che cua qua trnh sa lang kho
Sa lang kho cac chat c xem xet qua hai giai oan:
- Giai oan dch chuyen: la qua trnh dch chuyen cac chat ti be mat;
- Giai oan hap phu: la qua trnh hap phu cac chat tren be mat.
Trong kh quyen cac chat co kch thc ht nho hn 5 m c van chuyen bang
qua trnh khuech tan (cuon xoay) nh tac ong cua cac lc ma sat tai be mat trai at
va nh s thay oi nhiet o khong kh. Tuy nhien, ton tai lp khong kh tiep xuc be
mat vi chieu day khoang 1mm va luong kh nay co the coi la song song be mat.
Trong lp kh nay s cuon xoay khong xay ra va co the coi ay la lp bien chay
tang.
Cac chat kh c khuech tan qua lp kh nay bang khuech tan phan t, toc o
khuech tan c xac nh bang gradient nong o va he so khuech tan phan t ( gia
tr nay co the xac nh t thuyet ong hoc n gian). Cac hat nho hn 0,1m c
mang qua lp bien chay nh khuech tan Brown. Cac hat co kch thc ln hn
1,0m co the chuyen qua lp bien nh anh hng quan tnh, nhng oi vi cac hat
61
co kch thc t 0,1m en 1,0m ca hai c che nay eu xay ra va toc o chuyen
ong qua lp bien chay la nho nhat oi vi cac hat co kch thc nam trong khoang
nay. Hau het cac hat aerosol cha lu huynh va nit nam trong khoang kch thc
0,1 1,0m, v vay chuyen ong cua chung qua lp bien chay rat kho khan.
o kho hay de cua cac chat khi chuyen ong qua lp bien c dien ta bang tr
lc cua lp bien oi vi qua trnh sa lang (r
b
).
Thuat ng th hai can phai bo sung cho khai niem tr lc nham anh gia ai lc
(s thu hut) cua chnh be mat oi vi cac chat o nhiem la tr lc cua be mat r
c
hoac
tr lc cua tan la cay trong trng hp sa lang tren la cay.
Tr lc cua be mat c xac nh bang ai lc vat ly va hoa hoc cua cac chat oi
vi be mat. oi vi be mat ong nhat (v du be mat nc) tr lc cua be mat co the
xac nh n gian. Nhng oi vi cay coi nhieu yeu to phc tap can phai tnh en v
du nh la cay kho hay t, kh khong m hay ong,
Thuat ng can phai tnh en khi xac nh toc o sa lang kho cua cac chat o
nhiem la tr lc kh ong lc r
a
. Gia tr nay phu thuoc vao toc o gio, o nham cua
be mat. Nh vay tr lc tong cong oi vi qua trnh sa lang kho r
t
c xac nh nh
sau:
r
t =
r
a
+ r
b
+ r
c
( n v la S/cm hoac S/m)
Toc o sa lang kho V
g
co the c xac nh bang gia tr nghch ao cua r
t
V
g
=
f
1
r

Ve nguyen tac r
a
+ r
b
co the o c va tr lc tong cong r
t
cung co the o c,
nh vay co the xac nh tr lc cua be mat hoac tr lc cua tan la cay r
c
. Khi biet
cac thanh tr lc cua tan la co the xac nh c toc o sa lang kho cua cac chat o
nhiem len cac be mat khac. Tuy nhien, o ac cac gia tr r
a
, r
b
, va r
t
rat la kho khan
v vay rat kho xac nh nh lng chat o nhiem c thanh loc nh sa lang kho.
3.2.2. o ac toc o sa lang kho
Qua trnh o ac so lng cac chat o nhiem c thanh loc do c che sa lang
kho c tien hanh qua hai giai oan:
(i) o toc o sa lang kho SO
2

(ii) o nong o SO
2
trong kh quyen
Tch cua hai gia tr nay la so lng cac chat o nhiem c thanh loc do c che
sa lang kho. Co bon phng phap chnh e o toc o sa lang kho SO
2
la: phng
62
phap gradient nong o, phng phap anh dau, phng phap can bang khoi lng va
phng phap tng quan xoan (eddy correlation).
a) Phng phap gradient nong o
Phng phap nay yeu cau o ong thi gradient nong o SO
2
theo chieu cao va
cac gia tr vi kh hau e xac nh he so khuech tan xoay:
F = -K(z) d/dZ
F : dong vat chat ri xuong mat at
: Nong o SO
2
Z : Chieu cao tren mat at
Phng phap nay khong the dung e o toc o sa lang tren a hnh khong ong
nhat nh cay coi, b rao, b dau,
b) Phng phap anh dau
Phng phap nay dung ong v phong xa anh dau SO
2
e anh gia mc o sa
lang lu huynh tren dien tch a biet. Cach nay cho phep phan biet ham lng lu
huynh sa lang va ham lng lu huynh co san trong at va cay coi. Phng phap nay
phu hp nhat cho cac th nghiem trong phong th nghiem hay ngoai thc a tren a
ban nho, nhng s o nhiem be mat sau lan anh dau th nhat khong cho phep o ac
nh ky tren cung mot dien tch.
c) Phng phap can bang khoi lng
Phng phap nay bao gom o toc o sa lang SO
2
t khong kh trong cung mot
he kn hoac s tch tu lu huynh trong cac cay coi khi so sanh vi mau oi chng.
Tuy nhien, ieu kien th nghiem thng khac xa ieu kien thc te ngoai thc a cho
nen giai thch ket qua rat kho khan.
d) Phng phap tng quan xoay
Phng phap nay phu thuoc vao viec o ac ong thi nong o va thanh phan
thang ng cua toc o gio (W). Nh vay dong vat chat sa lang c xac nh bang
cong thc:
E = W hoac F = ' W + W
ay gach ngang tren ch dung e ch gia tr trung bnh.
Trong cong thc
' W la dong xoay do chuyen ong trung bnh
W dong vat chat do chuyen ong trung bnh, thng thng at bang 0.
63
Ky thuat nay c e xuat nh la phng phap e o sa lang SO
2

3.3. QUA TRNH SA LANG T
3.3.1. C che cua qua trnh
Nhieu c che khac nhau c gia thiet e giai thch qua trnh sa lang cac hp
chat lu huynh theo cac giot nc ma.
Bang 3.1. minh ho t le ong gop cua moi qua trnh vao so lng lu huynh sa
lang t. Gia thiet rang 65% lu huynh trong nc ma la cac hat ngng tu trong
may hoac t dung dch oxy hoa cac chat kh cha lu huynh. Tiep o 10% co the
c ong gop do va ap hoac tham nhap may vao cac hat nc ma, khoang 2,5%
do qua trnh khuech tan xuyen (diffusiophoresis) va 2,5% do qua trnh khuech tan
Brown (hon loan).
Chung ta se xem xet ay cac qua trnh c ban:
Tao thanh cac hat nhan ngng tu may
Hau het cac hat sulfate co ng knh hat 0,04 1,0 m c tao thanh tren o
cao cua cac am may. Nhng hat nay c tao thanh do oxy hoa SO
2
bang goc OH
-

trong pha kh. Hat sulfate la hat nhan cho qua trnh ngng tu hi nc e tao thanh
may bao gom cac hat vi kch thc hat t 10-40m. Nhng hat nay ln dan do qua
trnh keo tu va tao thanh cac hat ma ri xuong at.
Hoa tan va oxy hoa SO
2

Oxy hoa SO
2
trong pha long a c trnh bay trong chng trc. Ion sulfate
c tao thanh trong cac am may co the ri xuong at hoac co the bay hi nc e
tao thanh cac sulfate. Sau o, cac hat sulfate lai ong vai tro hat nhan e tao thanh
may va cuoi cung ri xuong at theo cac hat nc ma.
Va ap va ket hp
Cac hat aerosol sulfate co the xam nhap vao may va cac giot nc ma nh ket
qua cua qua trnh va ap gia cac giot nc va nhng hat sulfate. S thanh loc cac
hat sulfate do cuon theo nc ma ong vai tro quan trong trong qua trnh sa lang
cac chat lu huynh khi ma nho. ieu o giai thch s tang nong o sulfate trong
nc ma au tran ma ln.

64
Bang 3.1. Mot so qua trnh sa lang t
Qua trnh Nong o chat o
nhiem trong nc ma
() (gSO
4
2
/g nc
ma)
S ong gop
trung bnh vao
qua trnh sa lang
Khuech tan xuyen 10
-2
10
1
2,5%
Khuech tan Brown 10
-2
10
1
2,5%
Va ap va xam nhap 10
-1
1,0 10%
Hoa tan va oxy hoa cac chat kh 0,5 3,0 20%
Tao thanh hat nhan ngng tu may 2,0 20,0 65%
() Nong o SO
4
2-
trung bnh la 3,5 gSO
4
2
/g nc ma.
Bac My lp bien chay b pha v do cac tran bao oi lu, nen thi gian e cac
chat o nhiem b thanh loc theo nc ma co the ngan hn 1 gi va nong o cac chat
o nhiem trong nc ma cao. V ly do o s thanh loc do sa lang t Bac My va
Tay u rat khac nhau.
Loai ma na la ma a hnh phu thuoc nhieu vao a hnh mat at va tac ong
cua cac yeu to kh tng. Loai ma nay thng gap khi khong kh co o am cao b
bat buoc ay len vung at cao. Khi khong kh am b ay len cao va b lam lanh, hi
nc se ngng tu thanh cac hat nhan ngng tu, sau o tao thanh ma. Cac chat o
nhiem c thanh loc khoi khong kh theo nc ma.
Mot yeu to quan trong na can nhan manh la ngay sau khi tran ma mat at con
am, toc o sa lang kho se tang.
3.3.2. o ac qua trnh sa lang t
o ac so lng chat o nhiem sa lang t co the thc hien n gian bang cach
lay mau va phan tch nc ma. Tuy nhien, cac ket qua at c co the b anh
hng cua qua trnh thanh loc khac.
Thiet b thu mau n gian nhat la mot cai chai va mot cai pheu c at ni
khong kh thoang, cach xa cay coi va nha ca tren o cao 1m t mat at e tranh at
cat cuon vao. Bo thu mau can phai lam bang vat lieu tr khong b tham nc ma.
Tuy nhien, trong thi gian mua kho, chat o nhiem b sa lang kho vao pheu va se
b ra troi vao chai trong tran ma au tien. Qua trnh sa lang kho co the khong xay
ra lien tuc v be mat pheu b bao hoa, toc o sa lang kho se b giam. Sa lang bui tren
65
pheu cung se b anh hng cua cac chat acid hoac kiem, ac biet cuoi hng gio
cua vung cong nghiep hoac o th.
Mot ieu phc tap na xuat hien la, s thu nhan nc ma tren mot n v dien
tch cua pheu khong giong nh trong mot n v dien tch mat at do anh hng cua
gio thoi ngang va s can tr cua thiet b. Hn na, ca pheu lay mau va mat at thu
nhan cac hat bui, sng khong hieu qua bang cay coi va cac cong trnh xay dng.
Nhng yeu to nay phai tnh en khi o toc o sa lang t tong cong.
Nc ma c gi trong chai ng mau co the cha vi sinh vat (v du tao) co
kha nang phat trien, hap thu hoac san sinh ra cac hoa chat trong nc ac biet la cac
hp chat nit va photpho. Cac yeu to nay co the lam thay oi thanh phan cua nc
ma khi bao quan hoac d tr. Do o, ket qua phan tch co the sai so en 25%.
Nhieu co gang nham han che cac nguon goc gay sai so ket qua. Cac thiet b ch
thu sa lang t a c thiet ke va e xuat, no ch t ong m khi co ma va mau
nc c lam lanh khi d tr e tranh hoat ong cua vi sinh vat. Tuy nhien, cung
can lu y en nhng sai so do s xuat. Thng thng, sai so o ac sa lang t cac
chat lu huynh khoang 15%.
Cau hoi kiem tra, anh gia:
1. Cac c che cua qua trnh bien oi thng xay ra trong kh quyen cua cac
chat o nhiem?
2. C che va o ac qua trnh sa lang kho?
3. C che va o ac qua trnh sa lang t?
Tai lieu tham khao
Tieng Viet:
1. Tran Ngoc Chan, O nhiem khong kh va ky thuat x ly, tap 1; Nha xuat ban
Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha Noi, 2000 2001.
Ha Noi, 1997.
3. Vo Th Ngoc Ti, Vo Van Bang, Vu Ba Minh, Qua trnh va thiet b cong nghe
hoa hoc, tap 3, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh, 1993.
Tieng Anh
1. William L.Heumann, Industrial Air Pollution Control Systems, Section 2,
1985.
2. H. Brauer. Y.B.G. Varma, Air pollution Control Equipment, 1981.

66
CHNG 4
PHAT TAN CHAT O NHIEM TRONG KH
QUYEN
Nh a trnh bay tren, chat o nhiem khi thai ra kh quyen se chu s anh
hng cua cac yeu to ve kh tng thuy van, a hnh cung vi cac yeu to ve nguon
o nhiem chung se phat tan, pha loang trong kh quyen va ong thi xay ra cac qua
trnh bien oi hoa hoc, sa lang kho, sa lang t Trong nhng nam gan ay cac nha
bac hoc tren the gii a i sau tm hieu, nghien cu cac qua trnh phat tan cac chat
o nhiem tren c s ly thuyet va ca bang o ac thc nghiem bang cac mo hnh tnh
toan. Hau het cac nghien cu ve phat tan chat o nhiem c nghien cu trong lp
kh quyen gan mat at t o cao tren 100 met en khoang vai ngan met. S thay oi
ve oi lu nhiet cung nh thay oi ve toc o gio cung thng xay ra trong lp kh
quyen nay. S oi lu cua khong kh quan he rat chat che en bien thien nhiet o
theo chieu cao hay noi khac i la theo s bien oi cua gradient nhiet o. Cac bien
oi nay anh hng trc tiep en s oi lu cua khong kh trong kh quyen ong thi
cung anh hng trc tiep en qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem trong kh quyen.
Cac nha bac hoc Sutton (1932), Pasquill va Hay (1957), Gifford (1961), Briggs
(1975) a nghien cu mot cach rat ky lng va ty my cac qua trnh nay. Viet
Nam mot so tac gia nh GS.TS. Tran Ngoc Chan, GS.TS. Pham Ngoc ang, ky s
Nguyen Van Cung bc au cung a co nhng nghien cu chung trong ieu kien
Viet Nam. Cac ket qua nghien cu tren a cho phep chung ta ng dung no e tnh
toan d bao mc o o nhiem cua cac chat trong kh quyen.
4.1. CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN QUA TRNH PHAT TAN
Qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem trong kh quyen chu anh hng cua nhieu yeu
to khac nhau. Tuy nhien, chung ta co the chia chung thanh ba nhom yeu to nh sau:
4.1.1. Nhom yeu to ve nguon
67
Cac yeu t ve nguon bao gom: tai lng chat o nhiem, toc o va nhiet o kh
thai, chieu cao va ng knh nh cua nguon, ban chat cua kh thai
- Tai lng chat o nhiem: la khoi lng chat o nhiem thai ra ngoai kh quyen.
ay la yeu to co anh hng rat ln en qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem trong kh
quyen. Tai lng chat o nhiem cang ln co ngha la chat o nhiem thai ra kh quyen
cang nhieu va mc o o nhiem cang tang.
- Toc o cua kh thai: la van toc cua kh thai trc khi thoat ra khoi nguon.
Thong thng o la van toc cua kh thai tnh theo ng knh nh cua nguon.
Van toc kh thai cang ln th phat tan chat o nhiem cang xa va ngc lai.
- Nhiet o cua kh thai: la nhiet o cua kh thai trong ong khoi trc khi thai ra kh
quyen.
Nhiet o cua kh thai cang ln dan en o chenh nhiet o gia kh thai va
khong kh ben ngoai cang ln va cuoi cung chung tao ra o chenh ap suat gia kh
thai va khong kh ben ngoai cang ln thuc ay qua trnh phat tan cang xa hn.
- Chieu cao cua nguon: la chieu cao tnh t mat at en nh cua ong khoi.
Chieu cao cua nguon co anh hng rat ln en qua trnh phat tan cua chat o
nhiem. Chieu cao cua nguon cang ln th chat o nhiem phat tan cang xa va ngc
lai. Tuy nhien, viec nang cao chieu cao cua nguon e pha loang kh thai cung co gii
han do chung con phu thuoc vao cac yeu to kinh te, ky thuat khi xay dng no.
- ng knh nh cua nguon: la ng knh trong cua ong khoi. Neu ong khoi co
dang hnh con th o la ng knh trong tai nh ong khoi.
Thong so nay co lien quan en lu lng va toc o chuyen ong cua kh thai
trc khi ra khoi ong khoi. ng knh cua ong khoi cang nho th toc o kh thai
cang ln va qua trnh phat tan cang xa va ngc lai.
- Ban chat cua kh thai: la ke en cac tnh chat vat ly, hoa hoc cua chat o nhiem.
Cac tnh chat nay cung co anh hng rat ln en qua trnh phat tan cua chat o nhiem
trong kh quyen. V du, vi chat kh th thng phat tan xa hn chat long; cac chat co
trong lng ln th de xay ra cac qua trnh sa lang kho, sa lang t hn cac chat co
trong lng be. Cac loai co khi co nong o bui cao va kch thc hat ln th thng
phat tan gan hn, cac hat bui sau khi ra khoi ong khoi se b sa lang kho va sa lang
rat nhanh hn ket qua la chung ri gan ong khoi hn.
4.1.2. Nhom yeu to ve kh tng thuy van
Noi en cac yeu to ve kh tng thuy van la ke en s anh hng cua cac yeu
68
to nh: toc o chuyen ong cua khong kh trong kh quyen (toc o gio); o am cu a
khong kh, nhiet o cua khong kh, cng o bc xa mat tri va cuoi cung la o che
phu cua may tren bau tri.
- Toc o gio: la toc o chuyen ong cua khong kh trong kh quyen do chenh
lech ap suat cua khong kh gia cac vung vi nhau.
Thc chat toc o chuyen ong cua khong kh luon bien oi theo ca chieu ng
va chieu ngang lam xao tron tang kh quyen va dan en xao tron s phat tan, pha
loang kh thai trong kh quyen. ay la yeu to quan trong nhat lam cho kh quyen
khong on nh, luon luon bien oi. ay la nhan to rat quan trong e xac nh o
ben vng kh quyen trong mo hnh tnh toan. Thong thng neu trong cung mot ieu
kien nh nhau, neu toc o gio cang ln th kha nang phat tan va pha loang kh thai
cang cao.
- o am cua khong kh: la lng hi nc cha trong khong kh.
Lng hi nc cha trong khong kh phu thuoc vao nhiet o va phan ap suat
cua hi nc. Trong ieu kien bnh thng hi nc cha trong kh quyen trang
thai cha bao hoa, gap khi tri ma o am cua khong kh tang len, neu tri ma lau
khong kh co the at trang thai bao hoa. Khong kh co o am cang thap th kha nang
phat tan, pha loang kh thai cang cao va ngc lai. Vi nhng ngay tri nang th kh
thai phat tan tot hn nhng ngay tri am thap hoac vung co nhieu sng mu. Tuy
nhien, cung phai thay them rang khi o am khong kh cao tc la lng hi nc
trong kh quyen nhieu se giup cho qua trnh sa lang t hoac cac phan ng hoa hoc
gia cac chat o nhiem hao nc vi hi nc co trong kh quyen nhanh hn. ieu
nay dan en viec lam giam nong o cac chat o nhiem trong kh quyen nhng lai lam
tang nong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc ma. ieu nay cung ly giai tai sao 10
phut au cua tran ma nong o SO
4
2-
thng lai rat cao.
- Bc xa mat tri va o may che phu: thc chat hai yeu to nay anh hng cung
khong t en qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem. Tuy nhien, mc o cua no thap hn
cac yeu to neu tren.
- Nhiet o khong kh: la ai lng bieu th mc o nong hay lanh cua khong
kh.
Yeu to nay co lien quan en qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem thong qua hieu so nhiet
o gia kh thai va khong kh trong kh quyen nh a trnh bay tren.
4.1.3. Cac yeu to ve a hnh
Anh hng cua cac yeu to a hnh khong kem phan quan trong oi vi qua
69
trnh phat tan chat o nhiem trong kh quyen. o la anh hng cua cac cong trnh,
nha ca, cay coi hoac oi, nui xung quanh nguon thai ang xet. S anh hng nay
khong nhng ch oi vi chieu cao ma ngay ca vi chieu rong cua cac cong trnh,
nha ca cung anh hng khong kem phan quan trong.
Trong qua trnh tnh toan phat tan chat o nhiem anh hng cua yeu to nay c
anh gia thong qua viec xac nh o ben vng kh quyen cua khu vc at nguon.
4.2. PHNG TRNH PHAT TAN CHAT O NHIEM
4.2.1. Ly thuyet khuech tan chat o nhiem (dang kh va dang l lng) trong kh
quyen
a) Phng trnh vi phan c ban cua qua trnh khuech tan chat o nhiem dang kh
va dang l lng trong kh quyen c dung lam c s cho moi tnh toan toan hoc ve
qua trnh nay la xuat phat t phng trnh co ien ve dan nhiet trong vat ran [
F.Pasquill Noel de nevers ].
Trong trng hp ta ang xem xet ay la dong kh chay roi, phng trnh
bieu dien nong o chat o nhiem khoi lng cua chat o tren n v the tch tai mot
iem co toa o x, y, z co dang nh sau:

= + +

x y z
c c c
K K K
x x x y z z
(4.1 )
trong o :
c nong o chat o nhiem, (g/m
3
)
- thi gian, (s)
K
x
, K
y
, K
z
Lan lt la he so khuech tan roi theo phng x, y, z mot cach
tng ng.
e dien giai phng trnh vi phan neu tren au tien ta chon iem quan sat di
ong theo truc cua luong khoi (h.4.1). o la phng phap iem quan sat Lagrange
(Lagrangian viewpoint). T iem quan sat nay, mat ngi quan sat co cam giac

mat
at chuyen ong ve pha ngc lai chieu gio giong nh khi ta nhn t may bay xuong
di.
70
Hnh 4.1. Phat tan chat o nhiem theo chieu gio
Ta bat au bay va quan sat t pha au gio cua nguon phat thai (ong khoi), do
o ta co the gia thuyet nong o ban au cua chat o nhiem C
0
=0 (Neu C
0
# 0 ta phai
cong vao ket qua tnh toan c ay e anh gia nong o o nhiem c chnh xac
hn). Khi bay qua sat ngang ben tren ong khoi ta quan sat thay nong o o la
cc ai, sau o cang ra xa ong khoi theo chieu gio luong khoi cang m rong, nong
o chat o nhiem cang giam dan do co hien tng hoa tron bi khuech tan roi.
Ta xem xet mot khoi nho hnh hop co canh la x, y va z gan truc cua luong
khoi va thiet lap d can bang vat chat xay ra trong khoi hnh hop nay.
Gia thiet rang chat o nhiem khong c sinh ra, cung khong b phan huy tieu
hao trong kh quyen, tc la khong co cac phan ng hoa hoc cung nh khong xay ra
cac qua trnh sa lang kho, sa lang t, ta co the viet:

(2)

Lng vat chat tch tu trong n v thi gian la vi phan theo thi gian cua lng
tch tu, tc tch so cua nong o va the tch. Nh vay ta co:

Lng vat chat
tch tu trong khoi
hnh hop

=
Lng
vat chat
i vao

-
Lng
vat chat
i ra
Cng o tch tu
theo thi gian
=

C
z y x
C
V V C ) . ( (4.3)

(4.2)
71
ay khong co dong kh chuyen ong i vao cung nh i ra khoi khoi hnh
hop v khoi hnh hop cung vi ngi quan sat chuyen ong theo ung van toc cuc bo
cua gio. Tuy nhien, ay van xay ra s chuyen ong cua dong vat chat i qua 6 mat
cua khoi hnh hop do co hoa tron bi khuech tan roi ma cng o cua no tren 1 n
v dien tch co the xem la ty le thuan vi bien thien nong o C tren phng phap
tuyen n cua tiet dien xem xet:

trong o:
K He so ty le c goi la he so khuech tan roi. V dong vat chat co n v la
(g/m
2
.s), nen he so khuech tan K co th nguyen la m
2
/s
ung nh th nguyen cua he so dan nhiet o trong phng trnh dan nhiet.
n khoang cach theo phng phap tuyen cua tiet dien xem xet, cu the la x oi
vi tiet dien y, z, y - x y va z - xy.
Dau trong bieu thc, (4.4) co ngha dong vat chat i t pha nong o cao sang
pha nong o thap.
Ap dung bieu thc (4.4) oi vi hai mat cua hnh hop trc giao vi chieu x, ta
co:

Tng t nh tren ta viet cac bieu thc cung loai (3.5) oi vi 4 mat con lai
cua khoi hnh hop, sau o cong lai va can bang vi ve phai cua ang thc (4.3), ta
thu c:
Dong vat chat do hoa tron tren
n v dien tch cua tiet dien
xem xet trong n v thi gian

n
C
K
= (4.4.)
Lng vat chat con lai trong
khoi hnh hop do hoa tron roi
theo phng x

z y
x
C
K
x
C
K
x taix taix

=
+

(4.5)
4
/ m g
n
C
x
x
C
K
x
C
K
C
taix x taix
+
+
...
z
z
C
K
z
C
K
taiz z taaiz
+
+
y
y
C
K
y
C
K
taiy y taaiy
+
+
+
...
(4.6)
72
ma
2
2
0
lim
x
C
K
x
x
C
K
x
C
K
taix x taix
x
+

(4.7)
Tng t nh vay oi vi cac so hang th hai va th ba cua phng trnh
(4.6), cuoi cung ta co:
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
C
K
y
C
K
x
C
K
C
(4.8)
T thc nghiem ngi ta thay rang, he so khuech tan roi trong kh quyen theo
cac phng x, y va z khong giong nhau, do o ta can them vao he so K trong phng
trnh tren cac ch so chan x, y, z mot cach tng ng: K
x
, K
y
, K
z
va t o ta thu c
dang phng trnh (4.1) a neu tren ay.

b) Cac phng trnh khuech tan mot chieu, hai chieu va ba chieu.
Nh tren a noi, phng trnh (4.1) hoac (4.8) co dang hoan toan giong vi
phng trnh dan nhiet trong vat ran. Qua trnh khuech tan cung giong nh qua trnh
dan nhiet co the dien ra trong khong gian mot chieu, hai chieu hoac ba chieu.
V du: e minh hoa cho trng hp dan nhiet mot, hai hoac ba chieu co the
neu ra mot cach cu the la: Dan nhiet tren 1 day kim loai manh (mot chieu); dan
nhiet tren mot tam kim loai mong va phang (hai chieu) va dan nhiet trong mot khoi
kim loai hnh hop (ba chieu) khi co nguon nhiet cap vao mot iem nao o cua cac
vat the dang si, dang tam hoac dang khoi noi tren (xem hnh 4.2).
Hnh 4.2. Minh hoa hien tng lan truyen
mot chieu (a), hai chieu (b) va ba chieu (c)
Li giai cua phng trnh (4.1) hoac (4.8 ) cho trng hp mot, hai hoac ba
chieu a c trnh bay rat t my trong cac giao trnh truyen nhiet cua cac tac gia TS
Hoang nh Tn, TS Bui Hai cu the la:
oi vi bai toan mot chieu:
73
( )

=
x
x
y x
K
x
K
Q
C
2
2 / 1 2 / 1
) , (
4
1
exp
) ( 2

(4.9)
oi vi bai toan hai chieu:

( )

+ =
y x
y x
y x
K
y
K
x
K K
Q
C
2 2
2 / 1
) , (
4
1
exp
) ( 4

(4.10)
oi vi bai toan ba chieu:
( )

+ + =
z y x
z y x
z y x
K
z
K
y
K
x
K K K
Q
C
2 2 2
2 / 1 2 / 3
) , , (
4
1
exp
) ( 8

(4.11)
Trong cac cong thc tren:
Q- la tai lng phat thai chat o nhiem tai nguon iem tc thi , (g/s).
4.3. MOT SO CONG THC TNH TOAN KHUECH TAN
Cac cong thc tnh toan khuech tan c ap dung rong rai trc ay e anh
gia s phan bo nong o chat o nhiem xuoi theo chieu gio cua cac nguon iem lien
tuc (nguon hoat ong lien tuc) la do Sutton (1932, 1947a, 1947b) va Bosanquet va
Pearson (1936) e xuat tren c s ly thuyet khuech tan chuan Taylor G.I (1915) va
Shmidt W. (1917) vi phng trnh vi phan tng t nh phng trnh (4.1) nhng
ve trai co them thanh phan
x
C
u
e ke en yeu to van toc gio trung bnh u thoi

theo hng song song truc x vi trng hp quan sat iem co nh
4.2.1. Cong thc cua Bosanquet va Pearson (1936)
Cong thc xac nh nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at cua Bosanquet va Pearson
co dang nh sau [Ara pollection Hangbook]:

+ =
px
H
x q
y
pqux
M
y x C
2 2
2
2 2 / 1
2
exp
) 2 (
) , (
(4.12)
Tr so nong o cc ai C
max
tren mat at:
=
q
p
u q
p
u e
C
2 2 2 / 1 2
2 / 3
max
216 , 0
2

Khoang cach t nguon (chan ong khoi) en v tr co nong o cc ai C
max
tren
mat at
(4.13)
74
p
x
C
2
max

= (4.14)
Trong cac cong thc tren ngoai cac ky hieu a biet con co
M: tai lng cua chat o nhiem tai nguon iem lien tuc (g/s)
H: chieu cao hieu qua cua nguon thai dang ong khoi, (m.)
p, q lan lt la he so khuech tan theo chieu ng va chieu ngang c xac
nh bang thc nghiem va la he so khong th nguyen. Tr so p thay oi trong pham
vi t 0,02 0,1 va tr so q = 0,04 0,16 tuy theo mc o roi cua kh quyen t yeu
en manh.
Gia tr trung bnh cua cac he so p va q ng vi mc o roi trung bnh cua kh
quyen co the nhan p = 0,05 va q = 0,08.
e c so logarit t nhien (e = 2,7183).
4.2.2. Cong thc cua Sutton (1947 b)
S dung ly thuyet khuech tan cua Taylor G.I va gia thiet rang s phan bo nong
o chat o nhiem do luong khoi lan toa ra moi trng xung quanh la tuan theo luat
phan phoi chuan Gauss, Sutton O.G a tm ra cong thc xac nh nong o tai iem
co toa o x, y, z xuoi theo chieu gio [A.C Stern Air Pellution].
( ) ( )

=
n
z
n
z
n
z
n
x y
z y x
x S
H z
x S
H z
x S
y
ux S S
M
C
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
) , , (
exp exp exp
(4.15a)
tai mat at (z = 0), cong thc tren tr thanh:

+ =
2
2
2
2
2 2
) , , (
1
exp
2
z
n n
x y
z y x
S
H
Sy
y
x ux S S
M
C
(4.15b)
Tr so nong o cc ai :
=
y
z
y
z
S
S
u S
S
u e
C
2 2
max
234 , 0
2
(4.16)
va khoang cach t nguon en v tr co C
max
:
z
n
z
S
H
S
H
x
) 2 /( 2
(4.17)
Trong cac cong thc tren cac he so S
z
va S
y
co y ngha tng t nh cac he so
p va q trong cong thc (4.12) cua Bosanquet va Pearson nhng th nguyen cua
chung la (o dai )
n/2
, trong o n la he so phu thuoc vao o bien thien nhiet o theo
75
chieu cao.
Tr so S
y
, S
z
va n trong cong thc Sutton c cho bang (4.1).
Bang 4.1: Cac he so khuech tan roi (xoan) tong quat cua Sutton O. G [A.C
Stern,Vol.1,1962]
He so S
y
= S
z
, m
n/2

o cao tren mat at, m
Th
t

ieu kien on nh cua kh quyen
N
25 50 75 100
1 Nhiet o giam manh theo o cao 0,02 0,21 0,17 0,16 0,12
2 Nhiet o giam nhe hoac khong kh
thay oi
0,25 0,12 0,10 0,09 0,07
3 Nghch nhiet trung bnh 0,33 0,08 0,06 0,05 0,04
4 Nghch nhiet manh 0,50 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03
4.2.3. So sanh cac cong thc cua Bosanquet va Pearson (4.12,13) va cua Sutton
(4.15,16)
T cac cong thc (4.13) va (4.16) ta thay rang neu gia thiet ty so
q
p
va
y
z
S
S
la
bang nhau th gia tr C
max
tnh theo hai cong thc neu tren ch lech nhau khoang
8,5 % cac he so : 0,216 cong thc (4.13) va 0,234 cong thc (4.16 ). Tuy nhien,
trong cong thc Sutton ty so
y
z
S
S
c nhan bang 1 oi vi ong khoi co o cao 25m
(xem bang 3.1), trong khi o ty so
q
p
co gia tr nam trong khoang t 0,5 0,63, do o
ket qua tnh c theo cong thc cua Bosanquet va Pearson (4.13) ch bang 46
58% tr so tnh c theo cong thc Sutton (4.16).
e thay c hnh dang ng cong phan bo nong o tren mat at doc theo truc
gio (truc x) ta co the bien oi cac cong thc (4.12) va (4.15) ve dang khong th
nguyen vi cac ham va bien ty oi :
=
x
x
x (4.18)
va =
max
C
C
C
(4.19)
76
T (3.12) (3.14) va (3.15) (3.17) Ta thu c mot cach tng ng: Bosanquet
va Pearson ] / ) 1 ( 2 exp[ ) (
2
0 x x x Cy =

= (4.20)
Sutton : ] ) ( 1 exp[ ) (
2 2
0

= =
n n
y x x C (4.21)
Tren hnh 4.3 la cac ng bieu dien ve theo cac phng trnh (4.20)va (4.21).
Mot khi cac tr so C
max
va x
M
a c xac nh theo (4.13) va (4.14) hoac theo (4.16)
va (4.17) th cac tr so C khac tren truc gio co the xac nh c mot cach de dang
nh bieu o neu tren.
Hnh 4.3. Biu nng khng th nguyn dc theo trc gi
T cac cong thc tnh toan nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at neu tren ta co the
rut ra mot so ket luan sau ay:
1. Nong o o nhiem ty le thuan bac nhat vi cng o phat thai
2. Noi chung, s pha loang kh thai bang cach hoa tron them khong kh vao kh
thai khong co tac dung ang ke en viec giam nong o o nhiem tren mat at. Them
khong kh e pha loang kh thai se lam tang chieu cao hieu qua cua ong khoi do van
toc thoat kh mieng ong khoi tang. ieu nay co y ngha khi van toc gio be. Mat
khac, khi pha loang kh thai th nhiet o cua no se giam va do o o nang cao luong
khoi do nhiet se giam. Tom lai, s pha loang co tac dung trc tiep en s giam nong
o chat o nhiem trong luong khoi vung gan ong khoi.
3. Chieu cao hieu qua cua ong khoi gom ba thanh phan: chieu cao hnh hoc h,
o nang luong khoi do van toc thoat h
v
va o nang luong khoi do chenh lech nhiet
77
o h
t
: H = h + h
v
+

h
t
.
4. Khi o cao hieu qua cua ong khoi tng ng nhau th nong o o nhiem
cuoi hng gio ty le nghch vi van toc gio. Van toc gio tang gap oi th nong o o
nhiem tren mat at giam khoang 1,5 lan.
5. Cac cong thc xac nh nong o tren mat at thu c vi gia thiet mat at
bang phang anh hng cua a hnh khong bang phang co the c ke en bang cac
he so hieu chnh o cao hieu qua cua ong khoi.
6. V tr tren mat at co nong o cc ai C
max
la ham so cua o on nh kh
quyen. Trong ieu kien khong on nh v tr co C
max
nam gan ong khoi; ngc lai,
khi kh quyen cang on nh v tr co C
max
cang nam xa ong khoi.
4.4. CONG THC XAC NH S PHAN BO NONG O CHAT O
NHIEM THEO LUAT PHAN PHOI CHUAN GAUSS
4.4.1. Cong thc c s
Theo mo hnh luong khoi cua Pasquill va Gifford lng chat o nhiem trong
luong khoi co the c xem nh tong hp cua vo so cac khoi phut tc thi, nhng
khoi phut o c gio mang i va dan dan n rong ra khi ra xa ong khoi giong nh
mot o banh m c cat ra thanh nhieu lat mong va xep luong ke mep len nhau (h
4.4).
Lng chat o nhiem trong tng lat mong cua luong khoi co the c xem la
nh nhau, tc la co qua s trao oi c chat t lat nay sang lat no ke ben nhau tren
truc x. T cach lap luan o, bai toan lan truyen chat o nhiem ay la bai toan hai
chieu va do o ta chon cong thc (4.10) e ap dung cho trng hp nay.
Neu ta thiet lap s can bang vat chat trong tng lat khoi co be day 1m theo
chieu x va cac chieu y, z la vo cc khi cac lat khoi chuyen ong cung vi van toc
gio u th thi gian e tng lat i qua khoi ong khoi la
u
m 1
va do o lng chat o
nhiem cha trong lat khoi se la
u
x Q
1
= .
Hnh 4.4. S phat trien cua luong khoi phut
Ngoai ra, can lu y la bai toan hai chieu ay la chieu y va chieu z thay v cho
chieu x va y trong cong thc (4.10).
u
78
Hnh 4.4. S pht trin ca lung khi pht
T nhng ieu noi tren, cong thc (4.10) se tr thanh:
( )

+ =
K
z
K
y
K K u
M
C
z y
2 2
2 / 1
4
1
exp
4

(4.22)
Tiep theo neu at:
, =
2
y y
u
K 0 5
x
(4.23)
, =
2
z z
u
K 0 5
x
(4.24)
va =
x
u
(4.25)
trong o:
y
va
z
c goi la he so khuech tan theo phng ngang va phng ng co
th nguyen la o dai m (v K
y
, K
z
co th nguyen la m
2
/s).
Sau khi thay the ba ang thc (4.23); (4.24); (4.25) tren vao phng trnh (4.22)
ta se thu c:

+ =
2
2
2
2
2 2
exp
2
z y z y
z y
u
M
C

=
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp
2
z y z y
z y
u
M
C

(4.26)
ay la cong thc c s cua mo hnh lan truyen chat o nhiem theo luat phan
phoi chuan Gauss ma ngi ta quen goi tat la mo hnh Gauss c s.
4.4.2. Dien giai cong thc c s bang phng phap phan tch th nguyen
Cong thc (4.26) con co the c dien giai bang phng phap phan tch th
nguyen nh sau.
T mieng ong khoi chat o nhiem c gio mang i theo truc x trung vi hng
gio vi van toc bang van toc gio u (m/s). Neu lng phat thai chat o nhiem (g/s)
la khong oi theo thi gian th mat o cua chat o nhiem tren tat ca cac mat cat trc
giao vi truc gio (cung la truc luong khoi) se bang ( / )
g m
u
(h4.5)
Cng o phat thai M = 4 n v / s
79

Khoang cach doc theo truc gio x(m)
Hnh 4.5 : S o minh hoa anh hng cua van toc gio en nong o chat o nhiem do
nguon phat thai lien tuc va hang so gay ra
Neu gia thiet chat o nhiem khong co phan ng hoa hoc vi khong kh xung
quanh tc khong san sinh ra cung nh phan huy i th mat o chat o nhiem tren tat
ca cac mat cat truc giao vi truc gio moi khoang cach x eu nh nhau nh the hien
hnh 4.5 nhng nong o chat o nhiem trong luong khoi th giam dan khi khoang
cach x tang do co hien tng khuech tan theo phng ngang (truc y) va theo phng
ng (truc z). Chnh v vay ma luong khoi lan toa rong ra chung quanh truc luong.
Cang ra xa khoi truc luong theo phng y va z nong o cang giam nho, tc nong o
nghch bien vi khoang cach y va z. T o ta co the viet: C
z y u
M
. .

(4.27)
Trong o th nguyen cua ve phai bieu thc (3.27) la (g/m
3
) bang nghien cu ly
thuyet va thc nghiem ngi ta thay rang s phan bo nong o tren mat cat trc giao
vi truc luong theo chieu ngang y va theo chieu ng z la tuan theo dang hnh
chuong cua luat phan phoi chuan Gauss vi sai phng chuan nao o (h 4.6).
T ly thuyet xac suat ta biet bieu thc phan phoi chuan Gauss co dang:
/
( )

=

2 2
2
1
o
2
(3.28)
Hnh 4.6. ng cong phan phoi chuan
Gauss khi = 1
Hnh 4.7. S phan bo nong o chat o
nhiem theo chieu y va z cua mat cat trc
80

giao vi truc luong khoi
Neu xem xet mot mat cat tren giao vi luong khoi ta se thay s phan bo cng
o chat o nhiem theo chieu ngang y va chieu ng z cua mat cat o co dang nh
hnh ve (4.7).
Ap dung bieu thc (4.28) vao trng hp cu the ay th co the la y hoac z
va ham
(y)
,
(z)
nghch bien vi y va z , do o t bieu thc (4.27 ) ta co the viet
thanh:
C =
( ) ( )
.
y z
M
u
= . .
. .

2
2
2
2
y
z
y
z
2
2
y z
M
o o
2 u
(4.29 )
trong o
y
va
z
la he so khuech tan theo phng ngang y va phng ng z va la
ham so cua khoang cach x ke t nguon en mat cat xem xet. He so
y
va
z
c
xac nh bang thc nghiem phu thuoc vao khoang cach x ng vi cac ieu kien kh
hau khac nhau. Chnh v vay ma dau ty le trong bieu thc (4.27) a c thay the
bang dau = ang thc (4.29).
Bieu thc (4.29) cung chnh la bieu thc (4.26) ma ta a nhan c tren ay
bang cach giai phng trnh vi phan ao ham rieng cua qua trnh khuech tan.
4.3.3. S bien dang cua mo hnh Gauss c s
ieu can lu y trc tien la trong cac cong thc (4.22 ), (4.26) va (4.29) cac
toa o y va z eu tnh t ng truc cua luong khoi.
81
Hnh 4.8. Khoang cach theo chieu ng cua cac iem xem xet A va B en truc cua
luong thc va luong ao
Khi chuyen ve he truc x, y, z ma goc O trung vi chan ong khoi tren mat at th y
khong thay oi nhng z phai c thay the bang Z - H hoac H - Z (hnh 4.8 ), do o
cac cong thc (4.26 ) hoac (4.29 ) se tr thanh:
( )

=
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp
2
z y z y
H Z y
u
M
C

(4.30)
Ngoai ra, tuy thuoc theo o xa x khi luong khoi n rong ra cham mat at th
mat at can tr khong cho luong tiep tuc phat trien, ngc lai, chieu hng khuech
tan se b mat at phan xa ngc tr len nh the co mot nguon ao oi xng qua mat
at c xem nh "tam gng" phan chieu ( h4.8).
e ke en anh hng cua mat at phan xa khuech tan, nong o tai cac iem
bat ky A, B c gia thiet nh do 2 nguon giong het nhau gay ra, trong o co mot
nguon thc va mot nguon ao hoan toan oi xng qua mat at c xem nh tam
gng phan chieu (h 4.8). e ke en anh hng cua mat at phan xa khuech tan,
nong o tai cac iem bat ky A, B c gia thiet nh do hai nguon giong het nhau
gay ra, trong o co mot nguon thc va mot nguon ao hoan toan oi xng qua mat
at. Nong o tai iem xem xet A va B do nguon thc gay ra c tnh bang cong
thc (4.30), con do nguon ao gay ra se c tnh bang cong thc (4.31) sau:

( ) ( )
+
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp
2
exp
2
z z y z y
H Z H Z y
u
M
C

(4.31)
Nong o tong cong c tnh t (4.30 va (4.31) se la:

( ) ( )
+
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp
2
exp
2
z z y z y
H Z H Z y
u
M
C

(4.32)

ay chnh la cong thc tnh toan khuech tan chat o nhiem t nguon iem cao
lien tuc va hang so theo "mo hnh Gauss" ma cho en ngay nay van c ap dung
kha pho bien.
Khi tnh toan nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at th Z = 0 va cong thc (4.32)
se tr thanh:
82

( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
0 , ,
2
exp
2
exp
2
x
z
y
y z y
y x
H y
u
M
C
= (4.33 )
Trng hp tnh s phan bo nong o tren mat at doc theo truc gio (truc x ), ta
cho y = 0 va thu c:

( )

=
2
2
0 , ,
2
exp
2
z z y
y x
H
u
M
C

(4.34 )
e tnh nong o cc ai C
max
tren mat at, ta co the gia thiet mot cach gan
ung rang ty so
y
/
z
la khong phu thuoc vao x, tc hang so. Luc o ta lay ao ham
phng trnh (4.34) theo
z
va cho triet tieu, ta se co:
z(Cmax)
=
2
H
(4.35 )
Neu biet mot quan he cua
z
phu thuoc vao x (xem bieu o 4.10 hoac bang
3.2), ta co the tnh khoang cach x
M(Cmax)
t (4.35), sau o tnh
y
phu thuoc vao x
M
bang bieu o 3.9 hoac 3.2 roi thay vao (4.34).
max
=
,
. . . . .
=

y y
2M 0 1656M
2 ou H u H
(4.36)
ieu can lu y la cac cong thc xac nh nong o o nhiem cua cac tac gia tren
ay cung nh cong thc theo mo hnh Gauss (cong thc 4.32) eu c da tren c
s cac gia thiet sau ay:
1. Cac ieu kien on nh: van toc gio va che o roi khong thay oi theo thi
gian.
2. Dong chay ong nhat: van toc gio va che o roi khong thay oi theo khong gian.
3. Chat o nhiem co tnh tr, tc la khong xay ra phan ng hoa hoc cung nh
khong lang ong do trong lc.
4. Co s phan xa tuyet oi cua be mat at oi vi luong khoi, tc la khong co
hien tng mat at hap thu chat o nhiem.
5. S phan bo nong o tren mat cat trc giao vi truc gio theo phng ngang (y)
va phng ung (z) la tuan theo luat phan phoi (xac suat) chuan Gauss.
6. Van toc gio khac khong va la hang so e cho hien tng khuech tan theo
phng x c coi la khong ang ke so vi lc van chuyen va loi cuon luong khoi ve
pha trc cua gio.
83
Mac dau co gia thiet th hai neu tren nhng nhieu tac gia van s dung van toc
gio o c cac tram kh tng thong thng e o cao 10m e tnh toan xem nh
o la van toc gio trung bnh ke t mat at en o cao cac nguon thai thong thng.
A.C. Stern lai cho rang khi tnh nong o doc theo truc luong khoi trong cong thc
Sutton lay cac gia tr u, S
y
, S
z
o cao luong la hp ly, nhng khi tnh nong o tren
mat at can lay cac so lieu tren lp khong kh trung gian gia mat at va truc
luong. Cung co tac gia e ngh dung van toc gio o cao hieu qua cua ong khoi tnh
c t qui luat bien thien van toc gio theo chieu cao theo ham so mu e tnh toan
khuech tan chat o nhiem.
Can thay rang nhan van toc gio o cao nao e tnh toan cung eu khong
phu hp vi noi dung cua gia thiet th hai a neu ra tren ay. Tuy nhien, neu nhan
van toc gio do tram kh tng o o cao 10m e tnh toan oi vi nguon thai cao
hn 10m th viec d bao nong o o nhiem tren mat at se thien ve kha nang nguy
hiem co the xay ra.
4.3.4. He so khuech tan
y
va
z

e ap dung c cac cong thc tnh toan khuech tan theo mo hnh Gauss, can
phai biet cac gia tr cua cac he so
y
,
z
.
T cac bieu thc (4.23) va (4.24) ta co :
y
=
/
/
.

=

1 2
1 2
y
z
z
2K x
2K x
va
u u
(4.37)
Nh vay,
y
va
z
phu thuoc vao khoang cach x, o roi cua kh quyen va van
toc gio.
Pasquill va Gifford a bang thc nghiem thiet lap c moi quan he cua cac
he so
y
,
z
phu thuoc vao khoang cach x xuoi theo chieu gio ng vi cac mc o on
nh cua kh quyen khac nhau A, B, C, D, E va F. Moi quan he tren c cho di
dang bieu o (H4.9 va 4.10 ).

84
Hnh 4.10. He so khuech tan ng
z

Hnh 4.9 He so khuech tan ngang
y
.
85
Ngoai dang bieu o, Briggs. G, a gia cong cac so lieu thc nghiem cua Gifford
thanh dang cong thc e ap dung c thuan tien khi tnh toan, nhat la khi can lap
trnh tren may tnh ien t.
Di ay la bang cong thc tnh toan
y
va
z
do Briggs G. lap oi vi khoang
cach x t 100 en 10.000m (bang 4.2)
Theo nh luat Martin, cac cong thc tnh
y
,
z
thay cho bieu o H4.9 va H4.10
co dang nh sau :
y
= ax
0 ,894
va
z
= bx
c
+ d ( 4.38)
trong o :
x: la khoang cach xuoi theo chieu gio ke t nguon, tnh bang km. Cac he so a,
c, d va f cho bang sau ( bang 4.2 ).
Bang 4.2 : Cac he so a, b, c, d trong cong thc (4.36)
x 1km x >1km
Cap on nh A
b c d B C d
A 213 440,8 1,941 9,27 459,7 2,094 -9,6
B 156 106,6 1,149 3,3 108,2 1,098 2,0
C 104 61 0,911 0 61 0,911 0
D 68 33,2 0,725 -1,7 44,5 0,516 -13,0
E 50,5 22,8 0,678 -1,3 55,4 0,305 -34,0
F 34 14,35 0,740 -0,35 62,6 0,180 -48,6

Tnh toan
y
,
z
theo cong thc (4.38) cho ket qua kha sat vi so lieu tra theo
bieu o oi vi cac cap D, E, F, tuy nhien trong mot so trng hp van co sai so
tng oi ln. V du : cap on nh B khi x = 2km, sai so la -60%.
Bang 4.3 : Cong thc tnh toan cac he so
y
va
z
(x tnh theo m).
Cap on
nh theo
Pasquill
y
, (m)
z
(m)
Vung nong thon
86
A 0,22x(1 + 0,0001x )
-1/2
0,20x
B 0,16x(1+0,0001x)
-1/2
0,12x
C 0,11x(1+0,0001x)
-1/2
0,08x(1+0,0002x)
-1/2
D 0,08x(1+0,0001x)
-1/2
0,06x(1+0,00015x)
-1/2
E 0,06x(1+0,0001x)
-1/2
0,03x(1+0,0003x)
-1/2
F 0,04x(1+0,0001x)
-1/2
0,016x(1+0,0003x)
-1/2
Khu vc thanh pho
A-B 0,32x(1+0,0004)
-1/2
0,24x(1+0,0001x)
1/2
C 0,22x(1+0,0004x)
-1/2
0,20x

D 0,16x(1+0,0004x)
-1/2
0,14x(1+0,0003x)
-1/2
E-F 0,11x(1+0,0004x)
-1/2
0,08x(1+0,00015x)
-1/2
Han che cua cac cong thc tnh
y
va
z
cho bang 4.3 la chung ch ap dung
c cho khoang cach x = 100 10.000m. Ngoai ra, trong nhieu trng hp so lieu
tnh c theo cong thc cho bang 3.4 va tra theo bieu o sai lech nhau kha nhieu.
v du tr so
z
khoang cach x = 1000m ng vi cap on nh A tnh c la 200,
trong luc tra bieu o la 550, tc sai so 275 %.
Cach tot nhat e at o chnh xac cao la dung phng phap hoi qui e chuyen
cac so lieu tra c theo bieu o thanh cong thc tnh toan va viet di dang cac
chng trnh chat o nhiem e phuc vu cho viec xay dng phan mem tnh toan
khuech tan chat o nhiem.
cap on nh D khi x = 2km, sai so la +100% (tc so lieu tra gap hai lan so
lieu tra bieu o).
4.3.5 Cac cap on nh cua kh quyen
87
Theo Pasquill va Gifford, cac cap on nh cua kh quyen co lien quan chat che
vi s bien thien nhiet o khong kh theo chieu cao. Tuy theo chieu hng va mc
o thay oi nhiet o theo chieu cao ta co cac trng hp ang nhiet, oan nhiet, sieu
nhiet hoac nghch nhiet (hnh 4.11) .
Hnh 4.11. Cac trng hp bien thien nhiet o khong kh theo chieu cao tren mat at
S bien thien nhiet o theo chieu cao phu thuoc vao cac yeu to thi tiet nh
bc xa mat tri ban ngay, o may che phu ve ban em, van toc gio
bang 4.4 la cac cap on nh cua kh quyen phu thuoc vao cac yeu to kh hau
khac nhau do Pasquill e xuat ng vi cac ng cong
y
va
z
tren cac bieu o
H4.9 va H4.10.
Bang 4.4 : Xac nh cac cap on nh cua kh quyen theo Pasquill
88
Bc xa mat tri ban
ngay
o may che phu ve ban em
Van toc gio o cao 10m
(m/s)
Manh
> 60
0

Va
35
60
Yeu
35
May mong hoac
o may 4/8
Quang may hoac
o may 3/8
< 2 A A-B B - -
2-3 A-B B C E F
3-5 B B-C C D E
5-6 C C-D D D D
6 C D D D D
Ghi chu :
1. Cac cap on nh A, B, C, F tng ng vi cac ky hieu vi cac ky hieu cac
bieu o hnh 4.9 va 4.10.
2. o may c xac nh nh la ty le vung tri b may phu so vi toan bo bau
tri nhn thay tren ong chan tri.
3. Bc xa mat tri manh ng vi trng hp tri nang gat vao buoi tra gia
mua he hoac co the coi no tng ng vi bien o bc xa mat tri > 60
0

4. Bc xa mat tri va la luc gia buoi sang hoac co the tnh tng ng khi
bc xa mat tri t 35 60
0

5. Bc xa mat tri yeu ng vi trng hp tri nang vao buoi tra gia mua
ong hoac khi bien o bc xa mat tri < 35
0
.
6. ieu kien trung tnh ap dung cho trng hp tri nhieu may ban ngay hoac
ban em.
7. Khi gio yeu (< 2m/s) vao ban em va tri trong, la ieu kien hnh thanh
sng gio, s lan toa theo chieu ng se nho hn nhieu ro ret so vi cap F do o
bang tren e trong khong xac nh cap on nh nao bi v luong khoi t co kha nang
i theo mot hng nhat nh.
8. oi vi cac cap on nh trung gian A-B, B-C cac he so
y
,
z
c lay gia
tr trung bnh cua hai cap tng ng.
S phan cap on nh cua kh quyen theo Paquill con c cu the hoa phu thuoc
theo o cao mat tri (h
O
), lng may tang thap, tang cao va tang cong (n
T
, n
C
, n
O
),
89
cung nh s co mat cua lp tuyet phu va mot so yeu to khac trong cac cong trnh
nghien cu cua Turner (1961), Ulig (1965), Bzov (1974), Mashkov va Khatraturov
(1979), [Berliand].
bang 4.5 di ay la mot trong nhng hnh thc phat trien cua bang xac nh
cap on nh cua kh quyen. Trong bang nay, ngoai cap 6 (cap F) ra, con them mot
cap th 7 na.
Bang 4.5 : Cap on nh kh quyen theo o cao mat tri va o may
Van toc gio m/s Ban ngay Ngay hoac em Ban em
< 2 1 1-2 2-3 4 5-6 6-7
2-3 1-2 2 3 4 5 5
3-4 2 2-3 3 4 4 5
5-6 3 3-4 4 4 4 4
>6 3 4 4 4 4 4
4.4 SO SANH KET QUA TNH TOAN NONG O O NHIEM TREN
MAT AT THEO BA PHNG PHAP BOSANQUET,
PEARSON, SUTTON VA "MO HNH GAUSS"
V du 4.4.1
Tnh toan nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at v tr cach nguon thai 2 km nam
tren truc gio i qua nguon, cho biet:
Chieu cao hieu qua cua nguon thai H = 100m.
Lng phat thai chat o nhiem M = 500g/s.
Van toc gio trung bnh u = 5m/s
Kh quyen co mc on nh trung bnh.
Giai
a) Tnh theo cong thc cua Bosanquet va Pearson.
Nhan gia tr trung bnh cua cac he so khuech tan ng va ngang : p = 0,05, q =
0,08.
Ap dung cong thc (4.12), ta co:
90
C
(x,y=0,z=0)
=
2000 . 05 , 0
100
exp
2000 . 5 . 08 , 0 . 05 , 0 . 2
10 . 500
2
3

= 2,493.e
-1
= 0,917mg/m
3
.
b. Tnh theo cong thc cua Sutton
ng vi mc on nh trung tnh tc la bien thien nhiet o theo chieu cao la
giam nhe hoac khong giam, o cao nguon thai 100m, t bang 4.1. ta tra c:
S
y
= S
z
= 0,07 va n = 0,25
Ap dung cong thc (4.15b) ta co:
C
(x,y=0,z=0)
=
2 ) 25 , 0 2 (
2
) 25 , 0 2 (
3
07 , 0 . 2000
100
exp
2000 . 5 . 07 , 0 . 07 , 0 .
10 . 500 . 2

= 21,721.e
-3,412
= 0,716mg/m
3
.
c. Tnh theo cong thc cua Pasquill gifford ( Mo hnh Gauss ")
ng vi ieu kien trung tnh (cap on nh D), t bieu o hnh 4.9 va 4.10 o
xa x = 2000m ta tra c cac he so khuech tan theo chieu ngang va chieu ng nh
sau :
y
= 139,8m va
z
= 53,1m
thay cac so lieu a biet vao cong thc (4.34) ta tnh c.
C
(x)
=
1 , 53 . 2
100
exp
1 , 53 . 8 , 139 . 5 .
10 . 500
2 3
= 4,288 x e
-1,773
= 0,728mg/m
3
.
Nong o cc ai tren mat at C
max
va khoang cach x
Cmax
tnh oc ghi bang
4.6 sau ay:
Bang 4.6 : So sanh ket qua tnh toan theo ba phng phap khac nhau
Ket qua tnh toan
Tnh tr Phng phap Cong thc tnh toan
C
max
, mg/m
3
X
Cmax
, m
1 Bosanquet va Pearson (4.13 ) va (4.14) 1,350 1000
2 Sutton (4.16) va (4.17) 2,342 4033
3 Pasquill va Gifford ("mo
hnh Gauss")
(436 ) va (435) 0,810
*
3200
*

91
* Chu thch : Theo cong thc (4.36) xac nh
z(Cmax)
m 7 , 70
2
100
= . ng vi
z
= 70,7 dung bieu o h4.9 tra ra c x
Cmax
= 3200m. Biet x
Cmax
, dung bieu o
H3.9 tra ra c
y
= 205m va sau o dung cong thc 4.36 ta tnh ra c
C
max
= 0,810mg/m
3
.
Nhan xet : Nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at khoang cach x = 2000m doc
theo truc gio ke t nguon tnh theo ba phng phap tng oi gan nhau, trong o sai
lech gia ket qua tnh theo Sutton va "mo hnh Gauss" la nam trong pham vi sai so
cho phep. Ngc lai, so lieu ve C
max
va x
Cmax
cua 3 phng phap la khac biet nhau
tng oi ln.
V du 4.4.2 : e thay ro phan bo nong o o nhiem tren mat at doc theo truc
gio, cung nh tren mat cat trc giao vi truc gio cua ba phng phap neu tren, ta co
the lap chng trnh tnh toan va ve bieu o tren cung mot ty le xch e co the so
sanh c ro rang nhat.
Cac bieu o phan bo nong o ng vi so lieu au vao (so lieu nguon) khac
nhau cho hnh 4.12 en 4.15.
Chu y : Trong cac so lieu nguon dung e tnh toan ay: H - la o cao hieu
qua cua ong khoi.
Tren hnh 4.12 va 4.13 la cac ng cong phan bo nong o doc theo truc gio
va tren mat cat trc giao vi truc gio khoang cach x = 3000m cua nguon co so lieu
cho v du 4.4.1. Cac ng cong c ky hieu Bosanquet va Pearson, SUTT -
Sutton va G - Gauss. Cac ket qua tnh toan v du 4.4.1 cung co the oc c tren
cac ng cong tng ng hnh 4.12. Trong o can lu y la cac tr so C
max
va x
Cmax

cua phng phap "Gauss" tnh theo cong thc la gan ung, do o tr so oc tren bieu
o mi la tr so tnh c theo cong thc.
Cac ng cong phan bo nong o tren mat cat trc giao vi truc gio (H4.13)
cho ta thay be rong cua "vet khoi" tnh theo phng phap Sutton rat hep so vi cac
phng phap khac.
Cac ng cong tren hnh 4.14 tng t nh hnh 4.12, nhng lap cho hai nguon
so lieu khac nhau (ghi tren bieu o). ieu ac biet can lu y ay la neu gi cac he
so khuech tan cua hai phng phap Bosanquet - Pearson va Sutton nh trc "Mo
hnh Gauss " chuyen t D sang C th cac ng cong phan bo nong o tren mat at
doc theo truc gio cua phng phap Bosanqeut - Pearon va "Mo hnh Gauss " rat
giong nhau. Nh vay co the rut ra ket luan la he so khuech tan ung p = 0,05 va
92
ngang q = 0,08 trong phng phap Bosanquet - Pearson la tng ng vi cap khong
on nh nhe (cap C) cua Pasquill - Gifford.
Hnh 4.15 la bieu o nong o tren hai mat cat ngang (cross-wind
concentration). Khac nhau x = 1000m va x = 1400m cua nguon so 1 tren h 4.14 c
tach rieng biet. Ta thay cac mat cat khac nhau 2 phng phap Bosanquet - Pearson
va "mo hnh Gauss" cho ket qua gan nhau hn so vi phng phap Sutton.

Hnh 4.12. Bieu o nong o tren mat at doc theo gio
93
Hnh 4.13. Bieu o nong o tren mat at trc giao vi truc gio
Hnh 4.14. So sanh bieu o nong o doc theo truc gio cua hai nguon tnh theo ba
phng phap
94
Hnh 4.15. Bieu o nong o tren hai mat cat trc giao vi truc gio cua mot nguon
tnh theo ba phng phap
4.5. CHIEU CAO HIEU QUA CUA ONG KHOI
Vao nhng nam 1950 - 1960 tren the gii co rat nhieu cong trnh nghien cu
ve o nang cao cua luong khoi khi thoat ra khoi mieng ong khoi. Phan ln cac cong
trnh nghien cu nay eu da vao quan sat thc te va thc nghiem hoac ket hp gia
ly thuyet va thc nghiem.
Sau ay xin neu ra mot so cong thc tnh toan o nang cao cua luong khoi
c ap dung rong rai nhat.
Tren hnh 4.1 a the hien hnh dang cua luong khoi. Tai mieng ong, khoi co
mot ong nang ban au lam cho no xu hng boc thang ng len tren.
Mat khac, do nhiet o cua khoi cao hn nhiet o khong kh xung quanh, luong
khoi chu tac dung cua "lc noi" do chenh lech nhiet o gay ra. Cung vi cac lc
nang, luong khoi chu tac dung cua lc gio nam ngang, do o ieu chnh cao nhat
cua luong khoi se nam cach xa ong khoi mot khoang cach nhat nh nao o xuoi
theo chieu gio. Khi a at c o cao ay tc la luc ong nang ban au cua luong
khoi b triet tieu va nhiet o khoi a tr nen can bang vi nhiet o kh quyen do ket
95
qua cua qua trnh hoa tron vi khong kh xung quanh, luong khoi se gi phng nam
ngang song song vi chieu gio.
4.5.1. Cong thc cua Davidson W.F.
Da vao ket qua thc nghiem tien hanh tren ong kh ong Bryant, Davidson
W.E. a a ra cong thc sau ay - c goi la cong thc Bryant - Davidson.
,

= +

1 4
khoI
T
h 1
u T
(4.39).
Cong thc tren co the c phan biet thanh hai thanh phan;
Thanh phan o nang do van toc ban au cua khoi (momentum rise):
,

=

1 4
v
h
u
(4.40)
va thanh phan o nang do sc noi gay ra bi chenh lenh nhiet o ( buoyaney rise):
,
.

=

1 4
1
khoI
T
h
u T
(4.41 ).
D - ng knh cua mieng ong khoi, (m)
w - van toc ban au cua luong khoi tai mieng ong khoi, (m/s)
u - van toc gio, (m/s)
T
khoi
- nhiet o tuyet oi cua khoi tai mieng ong khoi, (
0
K)
T - chenh lech nhiet o gia khoi va khong kh xung quanh, (
0
C) hoac (
0
K)
4.5.2. Cong thc cua Bosanquet - Carcy va Halton
Cong thc cua Bosanquet va cong s c da tren ly thuyet ket hp vi thc
nghiem, trong o o nang do ong nang va o nang do chenh lech nhiet o la ham
so cua khoang cach x ke t chan ong khoi xuoi theo chieu gio. Cac cong thc c
xay dng cho ieu kien trung tnh cua kh quyen.
o nang cao do ong nang ban au:

=
x
h
h h
v
v v
max
max
8 , 0 1 (4.42 )
Khi x > 2h
vmax

h
vmax

. ,
,
1
I 4 77
x
u
u
1 0 43
(4.43)
96
o nang cao do lc noi (chenh lech nhiet o).
1
3
1 1
.
. . . 37 , 6
T u
Z T L g
h
t

= (4.44)
trong o Z la ham so cua X ma:
X =
, . .
1
ux
3 57 I
(4.45)
Khi u
2
>
.
1 1
1
T g I
x
T
(4.46)
Ham so Z = f(x) c cho di dang bieu thc (H4.16)
o nang tong cong cua luong khoi:
h = h
v
+ h
t
(4.47)
V chieu cao hieu qua cua ong khoi:
H = h + 0,75h (4.48)
Trong o cong thc tren ngoai nhng k hieu a biet, ta co:
T
1
: Nhiet o tuyet oi ma tai o khoi lng n v cua khoi can bang vi khoi
lng n v cua khong kh xung quanh (mot cach gan ung co the xem T
1
= T x q).
L
1
- lu lng khoi thai nhiet o T
1
, m
3
/s
T
1
= T
khoi
- T
1
- hieu so gia nhiet o cua khoi tai mieng ong khoi va nhiet o
T
1

g - gia toc trong trng, m/s
2

Hnh 4.16. Ham so Z = f(x) dung trong cong thc Bosanquet va cong s
Bosanquet va cong s con cho cong thc sau ay ap dung cho c ieu kien
kh quyen on nh. ay la tr so gii han cua cong thc neu tren trong ieu kien kh
quyen a cho.
97
max
. ,
, ln
,

= + +

+
1 2
I 4 77 2
h x 6 37gx J 2
u
u J
1 0 43x
(4.49)
vi
J = , ,
. .

2
1 1
1 1
u T T
0 43 0 28 1
g gradf g T I 20
(4.50)
Trong o:
grad t : o bien thien nhiet o theo chieu cao cua lp kh quyen sat mat at.

4.5.3. Cong thc Holland
Da vao ket qua khao sat luong khoi t nhng ong khoi nho vung Oak Ridge,
Holland J.Z. (Uy ban Nang lng nguyen t cua My -1953) a a ra cong thc xac
nh o nang cao luong khoi, c goi la cong thc Oak Ridge [A.C.SternAir
pollution]
h = (1,5.D + 4,1 .10
-5
Q
h
)/u (4.51)
h , D - tnh theo m
u - tnh theo m/s
Q
h
- cng o nhiet cua luong khoi thai ra moi trng xung quanh:
Q
h
= t L C
p
. . (4.52)
C
p
- ty nhiet ang nhiet cua khoi (cal/kg)
- khoi lng (kg/m
3
).
t : chiet tnh nhiet cua khoi va khong kh xung quanh.
Cong thc tren ap dung cho ieu kien trung tnh cua kh quyen. oi vi ieu
kien on nh ket qua tnh c theo cong thc tren can tang them 10-20%, ngc lai
oi vi ieu kien khong on nh - giam bt i cung chng ay phan tram.
Sau nay Moses va Carson (1968) thuoc To chc Kh tng the gii WMO
Dipersion and forccasting of air pollution da tren cong thc cua Holland va phat
trien oi vi loai ong khoi co cong suat ln. Cong thc co dang sau ay:
h = (a
1
D + a
2
Q
h
1/2
)/u (4.53).
trong o a
1
va a
2
la cac hang so thc nghiem phu thuoc vao o on nh cua kh
quyen:
98
a
1
a
2

Khong on nh 3,5 0,33
Trung tnh 0,4 0,171
On nh -1,0 0,145

n v tnh trong cong thc 4.53 giong nh trong cong thc 4.51.
e ap dung "Mo hnh Gauss" trong tnh toan khuech tan chat o nhiem Holland
lai a ra cong thc sau ay e xac nh o nang cao cua luong khoi:
h = , , .

+

khoI xq
3
khoI
T T
1 5 2 68 10 P
u T
(4.54)
trong o:
h - o nang tong cong cua luong khoi do ong nang ban au va do chenh
lech nhiet o, m.
P - ap suat kh quyen, millibar (1atm = 1013mb)
T
kho,
T
xq
- lan lt la nhiet o tuyet oi cua khoi va cua khong kh xung quanh.
oi vi cac cap on nh theo Pasquill - Gifford cua kh quyen khac nhau, ket
qua tnh toan theo cong thc tren c nhan vi he so tng ng - cu the la:
oi vi cap A va B nhan he so 1,1 hoac 1,2.
oi vi D, E hoac F nhan he so 0,8 hoac 0,9.
Thc chat hai cong thc 4.51 va 4.53 cua Holland la nh nhau neu nhan c
p
= 240
cal/kg.K, T
xq
= 193
0
K,
xq
= 1,2kg/m
3
(khoi lng n v cua khong kh xung quanh)
va ap suat kh quyen p
kq
= 1013 mbar.
4.5.4. Cong thc cua Briggs G.A.
Cac phng phap hien ai e xac nh o nang cua luong khoi trong ieu kien
kh quyen on nh hoan toan ap ng c yeu cau, do co c s ly thuyet kha ro
rang va co the tien hanh quan trac, o ac thc te tng oi n gian bo sung cho ly
thuyet. Trong ieu kien on nh giai oan au cua s phat trien luong khoi di
tac dung cua lc noi, o roi ben trong cua luong chiem u the so vi o roi cua
khong kh xung quanh. Tuy nhien trong ieu kien trung bnh va khong on nh cua
kh quyen, luong khoi uon ln nhng cuoi cung cung at c o cao ma tai o o
roi ben ngoai tr nen ang ke hn so vi o roi ben trong luong, luc o luong khoi
99
ngng phat trien. Trng hp nay rat phc tap cho cong viec nghien cu va quan
sat, tuy nhien lai la trng hp kha pho bien.
Briggs G.A 1975 a nghien cu trng hp noi tren a ra cong thc sau ay
ap dung cho ieu kien co tac dung cua lc noi la chu yeu ng vi cac cap on nh A
- D.
m x
u
F
h
f
, . 6 , 1
3 / 2
3 / 1
= (4.55)
trong o : F - lc noi ban au cua luong khoi c xac nh theo cong thc:
F =
. .
. ,
2 4
khoI xq
3
khoI
T T
g m
4 T
s
(4.56)
x
f
- khoang cach t nguon en iem ket thuc o nang cao trung bnh cua luong
khoi:
Khi F < 55
3
4
s
m
th x
f
= 50F
0,625

F 55
3
4
s
m
th x
f
= 120F
0,4

Rieng oi vi cap trung bnh cua kh quyen, Briggs E.A. con a ra cong thc:
h = 1,54
*
/
/
. ,

2 3
1 3
I
h m
u
(4.57).
trong o
*
u =
- goi la van toc ma sat.

oi vi mat at bang phang co tham co hoac trong cay nong nghiep u = 0,6 m/s;
con h la chieu cao cua ong khoi.
Trng hp co nghch nhiet, cong thc Briggs co dang sau [M.E. Berliand ]:
h = 2,6
u
F
3 / 1
(4.58)
Khi tri ng gio, o nang cao luong khoi c xac nh theo cong thc:
h = 5,1.F
1/4

8 / 3
.

Z
T
T
g
(4.59)
4.5.5 Cong thc cua M.E.Berliand va cua mot so tac gia khac Nga
100
Can c vao so lieu thc nghiem va so sanh ket qua tnh toan nong o chat o
nhiem tren mat at. Berliand va cac cong s (1964 ) a ra cong thc xac nh o
nang cao luong khoi nh sau:
h = 1,875
.
,
.

+
3
10
10 xq
g I T
1 6
u
u T
(4.60)
trong o:
u
10
: van toc gio o c cot o gio tram kh tng, tc o o cao Z = 10m.
L: lu lng khoi thai tai mieng ong khoi, m
3
/s.
Ngoai cong thc xac nh o nang luong khoi neu tren cua Berliand, Lien
Xo cu con ap dung nhieu cong thc cua nhieu tac gia khac nhau.
bang 4.7 di ay la mot so cong thc chu yeu va so lieu tnh toan theo cong
thc; oi chieu vi so lieu thc nghiem con phai ap dung nhieu cong thc cua nhieu
tac gia khac nhau.

101
Bang 4.7 : o nang cao luong khoi tnh theo cac cong thc do mot so tac gia Nga e xuat va oi chieu vi so lieu thc nghiem hoac quan sat
thc te
Cac cong thc va so lieu tnh toan
1 2 3 4
h =
, . 1 9
u
h=4,2D
,
,

0 63
0 7

h=
,
.

khoI
0 132
x
au q

h = 1,1D
,

1 54
u

So lieu thc nghiem
ng vi ng knh D cua mieng ong khoi, m
Th t
Va
n
toc
gio
u,
m/s

0,3 0,5 0,75 1,0 0,3 0,5 0,75 1,0 0,3 0,5 0,75 1,0 0,3 0,5 0,75 1,0 0,3 0,5 0,75 1,0
ng vi
van toc
cua khoi
mieng
ong khoi
(m/s)
1 5 2,85 4,7 7,0 9,5 3,29 5,5 8,25 11,0 2,47 4,12 6,2 8,25 3,7 6,1 9,15 12,2 3,0 5,0 7,5 10,0 25
2 7 4,0 6,7 10,0 13,4 4,01 6,69 10,0 13,4 3,45 5,75 8,7 11,5 6,2 10,2 15,4 20,6 4,2 7,0 10,5 14,0 49
3 10
5,7 9,5 14,2 19,0 5,14 8,55 12,8 17,1 4,95 8,25
13,8
5
16,5 10,6 17,7 26,6 35,3 5,1 8,5 12,8 17,0 100
Ghi chu :
+ Tac gia cua cac cong thc : 1-Andrayev P.I ; 2 -Kliughin S.A; 3- Ivanov iU.V ; 4- Vien Nghien cu Ky thuat ve sinh Moscow.
+ Mot so ky hieu mi : a- He so roi cua dong kh mieng ong khoi, a= 0,06 en 0,07,
khoi
,
xq
- khoi lng n v cua khoi va cua
khong kh xung quanh.(kg/m
3
)
+ Cong thc 3 tnh cho trng hp a=0,06 va t
khoi
= 250
0
C, t
xq
= 20
0
C.
102
Nhan xet :
Trong cac cong thc neu bang 4.7 ch co cong thc 3 la co ke en yeu to
chenh lech nhiet o thong qua ty so khoi lng n v cua khoi va cua khong kh xung
quanh. Tuy vay, ket qua tnh toan theo cong thc 2 lai phu hp nhat so vi ket qua
thc nghiem.
4.6. S LANG ONG CUA BUI TRONG QUA TRNH KHUECH
TAN KH THAI CAC NGUON IEM CAO
Nhng cong thc tnh toan khuech tan neu ra tren ay la ap dung cho cac chat
kh. oi vi bui nhe l lng, mot cach gan ung co the xem van toc ri cua chung
di tac dung cua trong lc la khong ang ke va mc o khuech tan cua chung cung
gan nh cua kh, luc o ta van co the ap dung cac cong thc o e xac nh nong o
bui tren mat at (mc nong o bui trong lp khong kh sat mat at).
Tuy nhien, oi vi kh thai co cha bui vi thanh phan c hat khac nhau
(polydisperse), kch thc m 20 > la ang ke, do o chung se lang ong nhanh
xuong mat at vung gan chan ong khoi xuoi theo chieu gio. Nh vay, se co s khac
biet ang ke gia nong o bui va nong o kh tren mat at.
Tren hnh 4.17 the hien s lang ong cua cac loai c bui tho, mn khac nhau
tren mat at cung nh dien bien cua nong o bui va kh xuoi theo chieu gio.
Hnh 4.17 Phan bo nong o bui va kh tren mat at do ong khoi gay ra ng vi van toc
gio nhat nh.
103
Bosauquet va cong s a nghien cu ly thuyet phng phap xac nh lng lang
ong trung bnh cua bui, trong o co tnh en van toc ri t do cua bui trong ieu kien
thi tiet co gio. Ve mat ly thuyet, khi van toc ri t do cua bui cang ln th v tr co
mat o lang ong bui cc ai se nam cang gan chan ong khoi. Bosanquet con ch ra
rang: tang chieu cao ong khoi co tac dung cai thien ang ke vung gan chan ong khoi,
nhng khoang cach t 1 en 2 dam tr len viec nang chieu cao ong khoi khong co
anh hng g ro ret.
Cng o lang ong trung bnh cua bui tren goc cung 45
0
pha cuoi gio c
xac nh theo cong thc:
G
b
=
.
.
,
.
. .
.
.
+

+

r
v
H
2
2
p u
p x b r
2
r
1 27M ap v H
o
pu p x v
H f 1
pu
(4.61a)
Trong o:
M
b
: khoi lng phat thai bui trong n v thi gian tai mieng ong khoi: g/s, kg/s
hoac kg/ngay, T/thang
: ty le thi gian co gio nam trong goc cung 45
0
ve pha cuoi gio ke t nguon
p: He so khuech tan ng cua Bosanquet co the nhan p=0,05
v
r
: van toc ri t do toi han cua bui, m/s
r(1+
u p
v
r
.
): ham so gama cua ai lng 1 +
u p
v
r
.
, cho bang 4.8
Neu M va x tnh theo n v m th G
b
co n v cua M
b
tren, v du g/m
2
s, kg/m
2
h,
kg/m
2
ngay
Bang 4.8. Ham so Gamma cua (1 + v
r
/pu)
v
r
/pu (1+ v
r
/pu) v
r
/pu (1+ v
r
/pu) v
r
/pu (1+ v
r
/pu) v
r
/pu (1+ v
r
/pu)
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
1,000
0,989
0,978
0,969
0,959
0,951
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,46
0,48
0,50
0,887
0,886
0,886
0,886
0,886
0,886
0,80
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,90
0,931
0,937
0,943
0,949
0,955
0,962
1,20
1,22
1,24
1,26
1,28
1,30
1,102
1,114
1,126
1,139
1,153
1,167
104
0,12
0,14
0,16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0,28
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,944
0,936
0,930
0,924
0,918
0,913
0,908
0,904
0,901
0,898
0,895
0,892
0,890
0,889

0,52
0,54
0,56
0,58
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,68
0,70
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,887
0,888
0,890
0,891
0894
0,896
0,899
0,902
0,905
0,909
0,913
0,917
0,921
0,926
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
1,00
1,02
1,04
1,06
1,08
1,10
1,12
1,14
1,16
1,18
0,969
0,976
0,984
0,992
1,000
1,009
1,017
1,027
1,036
1,046
1,057
1,067
1,079
1,090

1,32
1,34
1,36
1,38
1,40
1,42
1,44
1,46
1,48
1,50
1,181
1,195
1,210
1,227
1,242
1,258
1,276
1,294
1,311
1,329

Cng o lang ong cua bui tren truc gio c xac nh theo cong thc:
G
a
=
x p
H
u p
r
v
e
x p
H
x
u p
v
x
u p
v
t H
p M
r
r
b .
.
.
. .
.
1 .
282 , 1
2
2
2

+
(4.61b)
Nh vay :

44 , 4
.
222 , 0
= =
p G
G
b
a

khi p = 0,55 (4.62).

Mot phng phap tiep can khac e tnh toan d bao nong o bui tren mat at do
nguon iem cao gay ra la xuat phat t mo hnh Gauss c s tc mo hnh Gauss cha
ke en s phan xa cua mat tri oi vi chat o nhiem c the hien bang cong thc
(4.30).
105
oi vi a so chat o nhiem the kh th mat at khong hap thu ma phan xa ngc
tr lai vao kh quyen, con vi bui ta co the xem xet mat at la vat hap thu hoan toan.
V vay, mo hnh Gauss c s co y ngha quan trong trong trng hp nay.
Ngoai ra, chat o nhiem the kh hau nh khong chu anh hng cua lc trong
trng, con bui th ri trong kh quyen vi van toc v
r
nhat nh tuy thuoc vao kch
thc hat va khoi lng n v cua no. Do o ai lng H trong mo hnh Gauss can
c hieu chnh bang cach tr bt i oan ng ma hat bui ri c trong khoang
thi gian t. oan ng o la v
r
.t ma t = x/u vi x la khoang cach theo truc gio tnh t
nguon va u van toc gio.
Cuoi cung, cong thc (4.30) se c hieu chnh thanh:
=
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp
2
z
r
y x y
b
b
u
v
H z
y
u
M
C
x

(4.63a)

e tnh nong o bui tren mat at ta ch viec thay z =0 vao cong thc tren, con e
tnh toan nong o bui tren mat at doc theo truc gio ta thay ca y va z = 0 va luc o
cong thc se thanh:
( )
( )

=
2
2
2
exp
2
z
u x r
x y
b
x b
v H
u
M
C

(4.63b)
Trong cong thc (4.63a,b):
C
b
: Nong o bui tnh theo g/m
3

M
b
: Lng phat thai bui thuoc nhom c hat bui can xem xet, (m/s)
v
r
: van toc ri ti han trung bnh cua nhom c hat bui xem xet, (m/s)
x: khoang cach doc theo truc gio ke t nguon, (m.)
Cac ky hieu khac va n v cua chung khong co g thay oi so vi trc.
Cng o lang ong cua bui tren mat at doc theo truc gio G
b(x)
co the c suy
ra nh sau:
106
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) x b r
C v Nongo
Nongo Khoi
= =
= =
. toc Van
tch Dien
. lng Lu
tch Dien
chuyen van lng
G
x b

T o ta thu c:
( )
( )

=
2
2
2
exp
2
z
u x r
x y
r b
x b
v H
u
v M
C

, (g/m
2
.s) (4.63c)
V du: Mot nguon phat thai bui co chieu cao hieu qua la H =120m vi lng phat thai
loai bui c hat = 40m la M
b
= 40g/s. Hay xac nh cng o lang ong cua bui
doc theo truc gio khoang cach x t 200 en 5000m ng vi ieu kien on nh
cua kh quyen thuoc cap D. Cho biet: van toc gio u=3m/s va khoi lng n v
bui
b
=1500kg/m
3
.
Giai
T cac bieu o hoac bang tra ta co van toc ri ti han cua loai bui vi =40m a
cho la v
r
= 0,073m/s.
Ap dung cong thc (4.63c) ta co:
( )

=
2
3 073 , 0 120
2
1
exp
. 3 . 2
073 , 0 . 40
z z y
x b
x
G

( )

=
2
2
2
0243 , 0 120
exp
155 , 0
z z y
x

at
z y
A

155 0,
=
Va
( )
2
2
2
0243 0 120
z
x
B
,
=
107
Cac he so
y
,
z
c tra theo bieu o hnh 4.9 va 4.10. Tnh toan c tien
hanh theo bang:
x(m)
y
(m)
z
(m) A B e
-B
G
b(x)
(g/m
2
.s)
200 16,8 9,0 1,025.10
-3
81,835 2,88.10
-36
2,95.10
-33
500 40 19,2 2,018.10
-4
15,776 1,41.10
-7
2,85.10
-5
1000 75,2 32,5 6,342.10
-5
4,335 1,31.10
-2
8,31.10
-1
2000 139,5 52 2,137.10
-5
0,943 3,90.10
-1
8,33
3000 200 65 1,192.10
-5
0,265 7,69.10
-1
9,17
4000 251 80 7,719.10
-6
7,39.10
-4
1,0 5,74
T ket qua tnh toan ta thay cng o lang ong max xay ra mot cach gan ung
toa o khoang x = 3000m.
4.7. TNH TOAN KHUECH TAN CAC CHAT O NHIEM T NGUON
IEM CAO THEO PHNG PHAP BERLIAND M.E.
4.7.1. Phng trnh c ban ban au va li giai
Lien xo trc ay, nhng cong trnh nghien cu ly thuyet ve khuech tan c
tien hanh dai a ly thien van trung ng da tren phng trnh vi phan cua qua
trnh khuech tan t nguon iem cao c viet di dang:
u = c
y
c
k
z z
c
u
x
c
y
. .
2

(4.64)
trong o:
c - Nong o chat o nhiem
u - van toc gio
w - van toc theo phng thang ng cua chat o nhiem
k
z
va k
y
- lan lt la he so phat tan theo phng thang ng va phng ngang
- he so xac nh s thay oi nong o chat o nhiem do phan huy hoa hoc hoac
goi sach bi sng,ma.
108
Cac gia thiet ban au c tha nhan la: Nguon iem c at o cao: Z = H
(khi x = 0); co s phan xa hoan toan chat o nhiem t mat at (hoac b hap thu hoan
toan tren be mat nc), nong o chat o nhiem tien dan en triet tieu khoang cach
tng oi xa ke t nguon.
a) oi vi kh va bui nhe
Vi nhng gia thiet tren, Berliand (1963) a tm c nghiem cua phng trnh
(4.62) oi vi nong o tren mat at cua kh va bui nhe nh sau:
C
(x,y,z=0)
=

+
+
x k
y
x k n
H u
x k k n
n
. 4 . . ) 1 (
exp
. . . ). 1 ( 2
11
0
2
1
2
1
1
2 / 3
0 1

(4.65)
ng vi ieu kien van toc thay oi theo chieu cao theo qui luat ham so mu va he so
phat tan k
z
ty le thuan vi o cao z, con k
y
ty le thuan theo van toc gio u:
u = u
1
.z
n
va k
z
= k
1
= z ; k
y
= k
0
.u (4.66).
u
1
- van toc gio o cao z = 1m, m/s
n = 0,15 0,2
k
1
= 0,1 0,2 (m/s)
k
0
= 0,5 1m oi vi ieu kien kh quyen khong on nh va bang 0,1 1 m khi
kh quyen on nh.
Nong o cc ai tren mat at:
C
max
=
1 0
1
5 , 1
1
2
.
.
) 1 ( .
. ) 1 ( 116 , 0
u k
k
n H u
M n
+
+

(4.67)
va khoang cach x
M
t nguon en v tr co nong o max:
X
max
=
2
1
1
1
) 1 (
.
.
3
2
n k
H u
n
+
+
(4.68)
b) oi vi bui nang c hat ong nhat
Khi ke en van toc ri ti han cua hat bui v
r
, cac cong thc xac nh nong o
bui tren mat at, nong o cc ai va khoang cach x
max
se co dang sau ay:
C
(x,y,z=0)
=
+ +
+
+
+
x k
y
x k n
H u
x k n
u H M
n k n
. 4 . . ) 1 (
exp
. . ). 1 ( . ) 1 ( 2
. .
0
2
1
2
1
1
0
2 1
1
) 1 (

(4.69)
trong o:
109
( )
1
1 k n
v
r
+
= (4.70)
C
max
=
) 1 (
) 5 , 1 (
. ) 1 ( .
) 1 ( 063 , 0
5 , 1
1 0
1
5 , 1
1
2
+
+
+
+
+
E
x
u k
k
x
n H u
M n
(4.71)
va X
max
=
1
2
1
1
). 5 , 1 .( ) 1 (
.
k n
H u
n
+ +
+
(4.72)
) 1 ( + : la ham so gama cua (1 + ) - co the s dung bang (4.8)
Neu xet ty so gia nong o bui nang C
A
va nong o bui nhe hoac kh C, ta se
co:
) 1 ( .
.
. ) 1 (
) 1 (
1
2
1
+
= =
+
x
H
k n
u
C
C
n
A
(4.73)
va oi vi nong o cc ai tren mat at, ai lng
m
co gia tr c xac nh
bang bieu thc:
) 1 ( . 25 , 2
) 5 , 1 (
5 , 1
+
+
=
+
e
m
(4.74)
bang (4.9) sau ay la tr so
m
ng vi van toc ri khac nhau cua bui khi n =
0,2 va 0,14
Bang 4.9 . Ty so gia nong o cc ai cua bui nang va bui nhe ( hoac kh ) tren
mat at.
Tr so
m

Van toc gii han
cua bui v
r
, cm/s
n = 0,2 n =0,4
5 1,20 1,22
10 1,40 1,43
15 1,59 1,64
20 1,80 1,85
25 1,99 2,01
c) oi vi bui nang c hat khong ong nhat (polydisperle)
110
ng vi moi c hat bui ta co mot van toc ri v
r
tng ng, ma thong so phu
thuoc vao v
r
, do o trong moi ieu kien khac giong nhau th ty so

cong thc
(4.73) la ham so cua v
r
:
) (
0 ri i
v = (4.75 )
Trong trng hp nay neu ta biet o phan cap trong lng c hat cua bui khong
phai theo ng kch hat ma theo van toc ri v
r
: P(v
r
)%, ta se xac nh c nong
o tong cong tren mat at theo tat ca cap hat cua bui tai mot toa o nao o xuoi theo
chieu gio nh sau:
C
A
tong
= C.
i
n
i
i v
i
P
.
100
1
) , (
=
(4.76 )
trong o : n - so cap c hat cua bui theo van toc ri v
r
.
So lieu thc te cho thay, phan ln cac c s cong nghiep neu co s dung thiet b
loc bui kieu quan tnh vi hieu suat loc tren di 90% oi vi bui co khoi lng n
v t 12g/cm
3
th so bui con lai trong kh thai se co khoang 4050% (theo khoi
lng) loai bui co van toc ri v
r
5cm/s; 4030% loai v
r
= 525cm/s va 20% loai v
r

>25cm/s. Trong tng khoang van toc ri nhat nh ta co the dung tr so van toc ri
trung bnh e tnh ty so
i
.
4.7.2. Cac cong thc tnh toan ky thuat
a) Van toc gio nguy hiem
Nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at do qua trnh khuech tan t cac nguon iem
cao gay ra phu thuoc rat nhieu vao cac yeu to kh hau, trong o quan trong nhat la
van toc gio.
T cac cong thc a dan ra tren ay ta thay, ng vi chieu cao hieu qua nhat
nh cua ong khoi th nong o tang khi van toc giam. Mat khac, khi van toc gio giam
th o cao hieu qua cua ong khoi lai tang va keo theo la nong o giam. Nh vay se
ton tai mot tr so van toc gio u
M
ma tai o nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at se at
gia tr cao nhat. Ngi ta goi tr so u
M
o la van toc gio nguy hiem.
Van toc gio nguy hiem u
M
c xac nh ieu kien 0
.
.
=
u
C
va phu thuoc vao
cac thong so sau:
111
t H
D w
=
.
.
10
2
2
3
,m/s
2
C (4.77)
va V
M
= 0,65
3
.
H
t L
, m/s oi vi nguon nong (4.78)

hoac V
M
= 1,3
H
wD
, m/s oi vi nguon lanh (4.79)
Nguon nong hoac lanh c phan biet theo gia tr cua thong so f va chenh lech
nhiet o t = t
khoi
- t
xq
.
Khi f < 100m/s
2 0
C va t > 0: ta co nguon nong;
Khi f 100m/s
2 0
C va t 0: ta co nguon lanh;
Van toc gio nguy hiem u
M
c xac nh nh sau:
oi vi nguon nong:
Neu V
M
0,5m/s th u
M
= 0,5m/s
(a)

V
M
= 0,5 2 th u
M
= V
M (b)
(4.80)
V
M
> 2 th u
M
= V
M
( 1+ 0,12 f )
oi vi nguon lanh:
Neu V
M
2m/s th u
M
xac nh theo (4.80 a,b )
V
M
> 2m/s th u
M
2,2V
M
(4.81)
oi vi nguon nong:
C
max
=
3
3 / 1 2
/ ,
) . (
. . . .
m mg
t L H
n m F M A
(4.82)
oi vi nguon lanh:
C
max
=
3
3 / 1
/ ,
. . 8
. . . . .
m mg
H L
n m D F M A
(4.83)
M - lng phat thai chat oc hai, g/s
L - lu lng kh thai, m
3
/s
H - chieu cao ong khoi, m
112
m, n - cac he so khong th nguyen ke en ieu kien thoat ra cua kh thai
mieng ong khoi:
m = (0,67 + 0,1 f + 0,34
3
f )
-1
(4.84)
va n = 3 khi V
M
<0,3m/s.
n = 3 - ) 36 , 4 )( 3 , 0 (
M M
v v khi 0,3 v
M
2m/s (4.85)
n = 1 khi v
M
>2m/s.
Tren hnh (4.18) va (4.19) la cac bieu o xac nh m va n c lay theo cac
cong thc neu tren.
F - he so ke en loai chat khuech tan. oi vi kh F = 1; oi vi bui: F = 2; 2,5
va 3 ng vi trng hp co loc bui vi hieu suat loc tuan t la 90%; 90 75% va <
75% hoac khong co thiet b loc bui.
A = a.
s m u
u
k
/ 2
0 1
1
1
.
=

he so ke en o on nh cua kh quyen, trong o a = 0,3 -
He so ty le;
0
- sai phng chuan cua hng gio trong khoang thi gian (chu ky) T
nao o. oi vi cac vung lanh tho khac nhau cua Lien Xo (cu). A co gia tr t
[(120 240)(s)
2/3
(
0
C)
2/3
] tuy theo mc o xao tron roi cua kh quyen t yeu ti manh.
oi vi phan ln a phng cua Viet Nam, co the nhan A = [(200 240)
( s )
2/3
(
0
C)
2/3
].
Khoang cach x
M
t nguon en v tr tren truc gio co nong o cc ai c xac
nh theo cong thc:
x
M
= m H d
F
, . 0 .
4
) 5 (
(4.86)
trong o d
0
- he so phu thuoc vao cac thong so f va V
M
.
oi vi nguon nong ( f<100 ):
Khi V
M
2m/s d
0
= 4,95V
M
(1+0,28
3
7 ) (4.87)
Khi V
M
>2m/s d
0
= 7
M
V (1+0,28
3
7 ) (4.88 )
Tr so d
0
cung co the c xac nh theo bieu o hnh 4.20.
oi vi nguon lanh:
Khi V
M
2m/s d
0
= 11,4 (4.89)
113
Khi V
M
>2m/s d
0
= 16,1
M
V (4.90)
c) Nong o tren mat at tai v tr co toa o x, y bat ky:
Nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at tai cac iem nam tren truc gio cung nh cac
iem tren ng trc giao vi truc gio tai khoang cach x c xac nh nh sau:
C
x
= S
1
.C
max
(4.91)
va C
x,y
- S
2
.C
x
= S
1
.S
2
.C
max
(4.92)
trong o:
S
1
- he so phu thuoc ty so
M
x
x
= .
Khi = 1 th S
1
= 1; khi <1 hoac >1 th S
1
dan < 1 va dan en triet tieu.
Tom lai, S
1
la ng cong phan bo nong o doc theo truc gio khi C
max
bang n v.
S
2
- he so phu thuoc vao van toc gio u va ty so y/x di dang thong so
2
=
x
y
u
M

Cac he so S
1
va S
2
c xac nh theo bieu thc o hnh 4.21 va 4.22 hoac theo
cac cong thc sau ay:
* He so S
1
(vi =
M
x
x
)
Khi < 1 : S
1
= -3
4
+ 4
3
(393 ) (4.93)
Khi 1

8 : S
1
= 1,13 (0,13
2
+ 1 )
-1
(4.94)
Khi

> 8
+ Neu F = 1 : S
1
= (3,58
2
- 35,2 + 120 )
-1
(4.95)
+ Neu F 2 : S
1
= (0,1
2
+ 2,47 - 17,8 )
-1
(4.96)
He so S
2
(
2
2
x
y
u
M
= ) :

d) Xac nh nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at khi van toc gio u # U
M

114
Trng hp van toc gio co gia tr bat ky u # U
M
nong o cc ai tren mat at
C
max(u)
va khoang cach t nguon en iem co nong o cc ai tren truc gio se c
xac nh theo cac cong thc:
max max
) ( C r u C = (4.98)
va x
M
(u) = p X
M
(4.99)
trong o : r, p: la cac he so phu thuoc va ty so u/u
M
va c xac nh theo bieu o
hnh 4.23.
e tien cho viec tnh toan, nhat la khi can lap trnh, cac he so r va p co the c
xac nh theo cac cong thc noi suy sau ay:
at: ;
M
u
u
=
He so r:
Khi 1 : r = 0,67 + 1,67
2
1,34
3
a) (4.100)
Khi > 1 : r = 3[2
2
+ 2]
-1
b)
He so p :
Khi 0,25 : p = 3 a)
Khi 0,25 < 1 : p = 8,43(d-)
5
+ 1 b) (4.101)
Khi 1 : p = 0,32 +0,68 c)
Nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at tai cac iem co toa o x, y bat ky cung c
xac nh theo cac cong thc (4.88) va (4.89) nh trc, nhng can lu y la cac he so
S
1
va S
2
trong trng hp nay ( u # u
M
) can c tnh hoac tra bieu o phu thuoc vao
ty so
) (u M
x
x va
2
x
y
u
mot cach tng ng.
115
Hnh 4.18. Biu h s m ph thuc vo thng s f

Hnh 4.19. Biu h s n ph thuc vo thng s V
m

Hnh 4.20. Biu h s d
0
ph thuc vo f v V
m

116
Hnh 4.21. Bieu o he so S
1
phu thuoc vao ty so
M
x
x

Hnh .4.22. Bieu o he so S
2
phu thuoc vao thong so
2
x
y
U
M
hoac
2
x
y
U

Hnh 4. 23. Bieu o xac nh cac he so r va phng phap khi tnh toan vi van toc
gio u # u
M

117
Khi
1 >
M
u
u neu
M
u
u tang ta co cac dien bien ngc lai, tc la C
max(u)
giam va
x
M(u)
tang.
Tat ca cac cong thc va quy luat neu tren ( khi u # u
M
) cung ap dung c cho
trng hp chat o nhiem la bui, tc khi F # 1.

e) Nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at do N nguon thai giong nhau nam lan can nhau
gay ra.
Khi co N nguon thai nam gan nhau va hoan toan giong nhau ve chieu cao, ng
knh mieng thai, lu lng, tai lng va nhiet o cung hoat ong ong thi th nong
o cc ai chat o nhiem tren mat at c xac nh theo cong thc:
oi vi nguon nong:
( )
3
2 max

=
L t
N
H
Fmn M A
C
tong
(4.102)
oi vi nguon lanh:
( )
( )
3
4 max
8 H L
FDnN M A
C
tong
=
(4.103)
Thong so V
M
:
3
65 , 0
NH
L t
V
M

=
(4.104)
T nhng cong thc tren ta thay rang oi vi nguon nong khi V
M
> 2 m/s (tc n =
1) th tr so
3
max
N C
tong
, con oi vi nguon lanh khi T 0 th N C
Tong
max
. ieu
o co ngha la so lng ong khoi cang t th nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at cang
giam.
Ngoai ra, khi xay dng ong khoi ng knh ln nhng so lng t th chi ph t
hn la xay dng nhieu ong khoi ng knh be e cung thai cung mot lng kh thai
nh nhau.
Neu cac nguon thai (ong khoi) nam gan nhau nhng cac so lieu nguon cua
chung khac nhau hoac cac nguon nam cach nhau tren mot tuyen nao ay, s phan bo
nong o tong cong do tap hp cac nguon hoat ong ong thi gay ra co the xac nh
c mot cach thuan tien bang phng phap cong bieu o.
118
oi cac nguon co van toc gio nguy hiem khac nhau cung hoat ong ong thi
th nong o tong cong cao nhat mot cach gan ung se ng vi van toc gio nguy hiem
trung bnh theo trong iem
Tb
M
U c xac nh theo bieu thc:
=
=

=
N
i
i
N
i
Mi i
TB
M
C
U C
U
1
max
1
max (4.105)
trong o:
C
max i
va U
Mi
nong o cc ai va van toc gio nguy hiem cua nguon th i.
f) Chieu cao toi thieu cua ong khoi
Trong nhieu trng hp khi cac so lieu ve nguon thai hoan toan xac nh chieu
cao ong khoi sao cho nong o cc ai tren mat at thoa man ieu kien khong gay o
nhiem moi trng:
C
max
+ C
nen
C
cf
(4.106)
trong o:
C
nen
- nong o nen cua chat o nhiem can tnh toan
C
cf
- nong o cho phep cua chat o nhiem a cho
Luc o chieu cao toi thieu cua ong khoi can c xac nh nh sau :
oi vi nguon nong
T cong thc (4.102) va ieu kien (4.106) ta rut ra c mot cach s bo
la:
( )
3
L t
N
C C
Fmn M A
H
nen cf
(4.107)
trong o tch so m n tam nhan = 1. Sau o theo H tnh c ta xac nh cac thong so
f va V
M
theo (4.75) va (4.76), t o lai xac nh tr lai m va n theo
(4.84) va (4.85). Tiep theo, chieu cao H c hieu chnh dan dan theo phng phap
uoi :
1 1
1

+
=
i i
i i
i i
n m
n m
H H
(4.108 )
trong o:
m
i
, n
i
ng vi H
i
, con m
i-1
, n
i 1
ng vi H
i-1
.
119
oi vi nguon lanh
T ( (4.103) va (4.106) ta co:
( )
( )( )
4
3
8

nen cf
C C L
FDnN M A
H
(4.109)
ay cung gia thiet lan th 1 la n = 1, sau o hieu chnh H theo quy tac tng t
nh tren
4
3
1
1

+
i
i
i i
n
n
H H
(4.110)

g) Tai lng cho phep M
cf
cua chat o nhiem
Tren c s cac cong thc va thu c tren ay ( 4.107) va (4.109), ta co the tnh
toan tai lng cho phep M
cf
cua chat gay o nhiem phat thai t mot nhom nguon a
cho e am bao nong o cc ai tren mat at thoa man ieu kien (4.106)
oi vi nguon nong
( )
=
3
2
N
L t
AFmn
H C C
M
nen cf
cf
(4.111)
Nong o phat thai cho phep tai mieng ong khoi:
( )
( )
3
2
2

= =
L N
t
AFmn
H C C
L
M
C
nen cf cf PT
cf

(4.112)
oi vi nguon lanh
( )

= L H
AFDnN
C C
M
nen cf
cf
3
4 8
(4.113)
Nong o phat thai cho phep tai mieng ong khoi:
( )
3
4 8
H
AFDnN
C C
L
M
C
nen cf cf PT
cf
= =
(4.114)

4.7.3. Khuech tan chat o nhiem t nguon iem cao trong ieu kien khong co gio
Cac phng phap tnh toan khuech tan chat o nhiem neu ra tren ay ke ca mo
hnh Gauss eu ap dung cho trng hp tri co gio, tc van toc gio khac khong
120
(non zero wind speed), bi v theo cong thc neu u = 0 th nong o se tien ti vo cc
(xem cong thc (4.12; 4.15a, b va 4.33).
S d co ket qua neu tren la v trong phng trnh xuat phat ban au eu khong
ke en hien tng khuech tan roi theo chieu x. ieu nay ch ung trong trng hp
khi van toc gio co mot gia tr nhat nh nao o (u # 0) e cho chuyen ong theo cua
chat o nhiem manh hn ang ke so vi dong khuech tan theo phng x.
e ke en anh hng cua khuech tan roi trong trng hp khong co gio,
Berliand va Kurebin (1969) a a ra phng trnh sau ay trong he toa o hnh tru:
( )
( ) 0
1
= +
H z M
z
c
k
z
c
r
c
Rk
r R
r z r

(4.115)
Vi cac ieu kien bien sau ay:
- Khi z = 0 :
0 =
z
z
c
k
va khi R
2
+ Z
2
: C 0
- S phan bo nong o o nhiem tren mat nam ngang co tnh oi xng qua tam
nguon, cho nen R = 0
0 =
r
c

trong cong thc 4.115:
+ R Ban knh ke t chan nguon en iem tnh toan.
+ Thanh phan cuoi cua ve trai the hien qua trnh trao oi chat theo
phng ban knh R va o cao Z.
R K
r

2
vi
u
2
0
2
=
;
0
sai phng chuan cua hng gio trung bnh
trong khoang thi gian tnh toan. Co the nhan k
1.
K
z
K
1
z va u u
1
z
n

( vi n 0,2 ).
Trong ieu kien oi lu manh (sieu oan nhiet) co the lay k
1
= 0,15 m/s.
Berliand va Kurenbin a giai phng trnh (4.115) vi nghiem co dang:
( )
( )
( )
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
1
.,
1 2
+
+ +
+
=
+ + + +
+ +
R z H a R z H a
R z H a
n k
M
C
n n n n
n n
z

(4.116)

trong o:
121
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
1 n
k
n k
a
+
+
=

(4.117 )
e xac nh nong o tren mat at, ta cho z = 0 va phng trnh (4.116) tr
thanh:

( )
( )( )
3
2
1
1
,
1 2
m
g
R aH n k
M
C
n
R
+ +
=
+
(4.118)
Nong o cc ai tren mat at se at ti ngay tai chan ong khoi, tc khi R = 0 va
do o:

( )
( )
3
1 2 2
1
max
,
1 2
m
g
H a n k
M
C
n +
+
=
(4.119)
Hay la:
( )
3
1 2 3
1
max
,
32
m
g
H k
M
C
n +
=
(4.120)

4.8. V DU TNH TOAN XAC NH S PHAN BO NONG O CHAT
O NHIEM TREN MAT AT THEO CAC PHNG PHAP
KHAC NHAU
V du 4.8.1
V du sau ay c thc hien theo phng phap: mo hnh Gauss (cong thc 4.33,
4.34) phng phap Berliand 1 ( cong thc 4.65 ) va phng phap Berliand ch dan
ky thuat (cong thc 4 .82; 4.83).
e thay ro s giong va khac nhau cua 3 phng phap ta can xac nh s phan bo
nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at nhieu toa o khac nhau trong vung chu tac ong
cua nguon thai, noi cach khac la lap bieu o o nhiem.
Vung chu tac ong cua nguon thai c chia thanh 4 o vuong moi canh o
vuong co o dai cang be cang chnh xac, ay e giam nhe cong viec tnh toan, ta co
the chon kch thc o vuong la 100 100 m. Nong o tai tam cua moi o vuong c
xem la nong o chung trong toan o vuong. Bang cach ky hieu nong o trong tng o
vuong theo cac mc 0[i,j] C
1
, C
2
, C
3
ta co the thay c hnh anh cua vet khoi
tren mat at cua nguon thai at tam mot o vuong toa o nao o tren bieu o.
122
Ngoai viec lap bieu o o nhiem cung tc la vet khoi cung can phai ve
ng cong phan bo nong o o nhiem doc theo truc gio i qua chan ong khoi va tren
cac mat cat trc giao vi truc gio.
Tat ca cac khau tnh toan vi khoi lng rat ln neu tren c thc hien bang
lap trnh tren may vi tnh.
So lieu ban au:
Chieu cao ong khoi : H = 40m
ng knh : D = 1,2m
Lu lng khoi thai : L = 9,05m
3
/s
Tai lng chat o nhiem : M = 17,69g/s
Nhiet o khoi thai : t
khoi
= 200
0
C
Nhiet o khong kh : t
N
= 30
0
C
Van toc gio theo so lieu kh tng (tc o o cao 10m cua tru o gio):
U
x
= 4,5m/s.
Cac thong so va he so tnh toan
- Ch so kh hau theo Gauss tc mc o on nh cua kh giam theo Pasquill
Gifford dung trong tnh toan khuech tan theo mo hnh Gauss: Mc C.
- Cac he so trong phng phap Berliand 1: k
0
= 1 ; k
1
= 0,1 va n = 0,2.
- Thong so a ly A cung tc la thc o ve o roi cua kh quyen dung trong
phng phap Berliand ch dan ky thuat: A = 250.
Vi nhng so lieu tnh toan ban au neu tren, ket qua tnh toan c the hien
di dang ban o va bieu o cho hnh (4.24) (4.29)
Ghi chu : Ket qua tnh toan the hien cac hnh (4.23) (428) eu thc hien:
- oi vi mo hnh Gauss : chieu cao hieu qua cua ong khoi tnh theo cong
thc Davidson (4.39); van toc gio lay theo so lieu kh tng (tc o o cao 10m).
- oi vi phng phap Berliand: tnh vi chieu cao thc cua ong khoi; van toc
gio o cao 1m u
1
c tnh theo qui luat logart cua bien thien van toc gio theo
chieu cao suy t van toc gio o cao 10m u
x
a biet.
- oi vi phng phap Berliand ch dan ky thuat : Tnh vi o cao thc cua
ong khoi va vi van toc gio nguy hiem U
M
. Vi so lieu a cho ta co van toc khoi thai
123
= 8 m/s, hang so f = 0,282, m = 1,057 va n = 1, V
M
= 2,194 m/s va van toc gio nguy
hiem la U
M
= 2,33 m/s
Nhan xet
1. Vet khoi xac nh theo ba phng phap kha khac nhau. Be rong cua vet khoi
theo phng phap Berliand 1 (hnh 4.25) la hep nhat, tiep en la phng phap
Gauss (hnh 4. 24) va rong nhat la phng phap Berliand ky thuat (hnh 4. 26).
Nhng du sao hai phng phap Gauss va Berliand ky thuat van co nhieu net gan
nhau hn. ieu nay cung co the nhan thay bieu o nong o tren mat cat trc giao
vi truc gio o xa x = 700m cho hnh (4. 28).
2. oi chieu vi bieu o phan bo nong o tren mat cat trc giao vi truc gio xac
nh theo phng phap Sutton cho (hnh 4.13) va (4.15). Ta thay phng phap
Berliand 1 cho ket qua gan vi phng phap Sutton.
3. Bieu o nong o theo truc gio (hnh 4.27) theo phng phap Gauss co gia tr
C
max
cao va cao hn C
max
cua hai phng phap con lai khoang t 15 16%, trong luc
o xa

, x
M
en iem co C
max
th theo phng phap Berliand 1 co o xa ln nhat va
ln hn hai phng phap kia khoang t 2 2,4 lan. Nhn chung cac ng cong theo
phng phap Gauss (G) va phng phap Berliand ky thuat (B) tng oi gan nhau
va co the ieu chnh bang tr so van toc gio U
x
hoac he so A e at ket qua gan nhau
nhat .
4. Nhng xet tren ch ung cho trng hp cac so lieu cu the a cho v du. Neu
thay oi cac so lieu ban au, ac biet la khi thay oi cap on nh cua kh quyen trong
phng phap Gauss ( cap D, E, F ) th s khac biet gia cac phng phap cung tang.
5. Neu trong phng phap Gauss dung van toc gio U
h
o cao cua ong khoi tnh
c theo qui luat logarit t van toc U
x
theo so lieu kh tng (o o cao 10m), con
trong phng phap Berliand ky thuat lay tr so A = 230 th ng cong phan bo nong
o doc theo truc gio cua hai phng phap nay se cang gan nhau hn (hnh 4. 29).
D nhien trong trng hp nay tr so nong o cc ai C
max
cung nh nong o tai
moi iem bat ky tren mat at C
(xy)
eu giam so vi ket qua thu c tren ay (the
hien cac hnh 4.24, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28) cua hai phng phap tng ng.
124
Tren hnh 4.30, va 4.31 la ban o o nhiem (vet khoi) cua hai phng phap a
neu theo cac so lieu va ieu chnh iem 5 tren ay.
Hnh 4.24. Ban o o nhiem (vet khoi ) xac nh theo mo hnh Gauss
125
Hnh 4. 25. Ban o o nhiem (vet khoi) xac nh theo phng phap Berliand 1.
Hnh 4.26. Ban o o nhiem (vet khoi) xac nh theo phng phap Berliand ch
dan ky thuat
126

Hnh 4.27: Bieu o phan bo nong o theo truc gio i qua chan ong khoi theo ba
phng phap G : Mo hnh Gauss; B1:Berliand 1; B:Berliand ch dan ky
thuat
Hnh 4.28: Bieu o nong o tren truc cat trc giao vi truc gio o xa x = 700m theo
127
ba phng phap i qua chan ong khoi theo 3 phng phap G : Gauss; B1: Berliand
1; B: Berliand ky thuat
Hnh 4.29. ng cong nong o theo truc gio khi dung van toc gio U
h
o cao ong
khoi trong phng phap Gauss va nhan A = 230 trong phng phap Berliand ky thuat
128
Hnh 4.30. Ban o o nhiem cua nguon vi so lieu a cho xac nh theo phng
phap Gauss vi van toc gio o cao ong khoi ( U
h
) /e so sanh vi H 4.24
Hnh 4.31. Ban o o nhiem cua nguon vi so lieu a cho xac nh theo phng
phap Berliand ky thuat vi A =230 / e so sanh vi hnh 4.26

V du 4.8.2
Xac nh ng cong phan bo nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at doc theo truc
gio theo cac phng phap: Gauss vi sau cap on nh kh quyen khac nhau (A, B,
C,,F) va Berliand ky thuat vi cac gia tr A khac nhau do nguon thai co so lieu a
cho v du 4.8.1 gay ra.
Muc ch tnh toan v du nay la e thay ro s dien bien khac nhau cua ng
bieu dien nong o C
x
doc theo truc gio ng vi cac cap on nh (hoac cap roi) khac
nhau cua kh quyen va t o se hieu ro hn qui luat khuech tan chat o nhiem trong kh
quyen.
e co c sau cap on nh theo tng bang phan loai cua Pasquill Gifford
(Bang 4.4) th mot ieu han che la khong the gia thiet van toc gio tnh toan bat ky ma
129
khi phai chon tr so trong mot gii han nhat nh e ng vi tr so van toc gio ay khi
cac ieu kien khac nh bc xa mat tri ban ngay, o che phu cua may ban em thay
oi ta se co c u sau cap on nh khac nhau t A en F.
Tr so van toc gio kha d ap ng c yeu cau neu tren co the nhan la U
x
=
3m/s.
Tnh toan cung c tien hanh theo cac cong thc (4.33), (4. 34) oi vi phng
phap Gauss va (3. 82 ) v.v oi phng phap Berliand ky thuat.
Cac tr so A trong phng phap Berliand ky thuat c chon e tnh toan
trng hp nay la A = 130, 180, va 230.
Ket qua tnh toan c the hien bieu o hnh 4. 32.
Hnh 4.32 Bieu o nong o doc theo truc gio cua nguon co so lieu a cho ng
vi 6 cap kh hau ( KH = 1 6) theo Gauss va 3 tr so A = 130, 180,va 230 theo
Berliand (ch dan ky thuat)
T bieu o ta co the oc c cac gia tr C
max
va x
M
nh sau (Bang 4.10)
130
Bang 4.10: Ket qua tnh toan cua v du 4.8.2.
Phng phap
Cap kh hau
KH hoac A
C
max
,
mg
/m
3
X
M
, m
GAUSS
KH=1(cap A)
KH=2(cap B)
KH=3(cap C)
KH=4(cap D)
KH=5(cap E)
KH=6(cap F)
0,74
0,340
0,327
0,230
0,212
0,143
200
300
430
940
1400
3000
BERLIAND
(Ch dan ky thuat)
A = 130
A = 180
A = 230
0,132
0,182
0,233
500
500
500
V du 4.8.3
Xac nh nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at trong trng hp lang gio, tc khi
U
x
= 0 m/s.
Cung vi cac so lieu nguon nh a cho v du: 4.8.1 ta lap ban o o nhiem tren
mat at vi cac thong so tnh toan a nhan:
n = 0,2 va k
1
= 0,1.
Tnh toan c tien hanh theo cong thc (4.16) cua Berliand M.E.
Vet khoi trong trng hp nay la nhng khoanh tron ong tam ma tam iem la
v tr chan ong khoi (hnh 4.33).
Neu xet s phan bo nong o tren truc xuyen tam qua chan ong khoi th nong
o cc ai C
max
tai tam giam rat nhanh khi ra xa khoi tam. khoang cach r = 300
400m nong o tren mat at hau nh triet tieu (hnh 4.34).
bang 4.11 sau ay la gia tr nong o cc ai C
max
tnh theo mg/m
3
tai chan ong
khoi cua trng hp ang xet ng vi cac tr so n va k
1
khac nhau qui ve cho tai lng
nguon thai bang n v (vi M =1 g/s).
131
Bang 4.11. Nong o cc ai C
max
mg/m
3
tnh cho cac tr so n va k
1
khac nhau khi
tai lng cua nguon bang n v (M =1 g/s)

N
k
1
0 0,1 0,15 0,2
0,10 6,217 3,957 3,127 2,456
0,15 1,842 1,172 0,926 0,728
0,20 0,777 0,495 0,391 0,307

Qua cac so lieu tnh toan c bang 4.11 ta thay ng vi tr so n = const, nong
o C
max
tai chan ong khoi giam rat nhanh khi k
1
tang trng hp ang xet nong
o C
max
giam khoang 8 lan. Trong luc o, neu k
1
= const ma n tang th C
max
cung giam
nhng cham hn cu the ay C
max
giam khoang 2,5 lan.
Hnh 4.33: Ban o o nhiem do ong khoi co so lieu a cho gay ra khi tri lang gio
(U
x
= 0)

132
Hnh 4.34 Bieu o nong o tren truc i qua chan ong khoi khi lang gio
4.9. ANH HNG CUA A HNH OI VI QUA TRNH KHUECH
TAN CHAT O NHIEM
Ly thuyet va cac cong thc tnh toan s phan bo nong o o nhiem tren mat at
do nguon iem cao (ong khoi) gay ra a xem xet trc ay eu ap dung cho a hnh
bang phang.
Trng hp a hnh khong bang phang, tren ng lan truyen lan khoi gap vat
can co dang nh nui oi, vc sau, thung lung khi o van toc gio se b thay oi, mc
o roi cua kh quyen b anh hng va do o luong khoi se b bien dang, keo theo la s
phan bo nong o chat o nhiem trong luong khoi cung nh tren mat at b thay oi.
Tren hnh 4.35 la hnh anh cua luong khoi tren a hnh co oi nui.

Hnh 4.35. Luong khoi lan truyen khi gap vat can oi nui
133
pha on gio cua sn oi luong gio chuyen ong theo cac ng dong cua
khong kh va do o co xu hng va va ap vao sn oi va b hat ngc len cao. V
vay nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at se tang cao so vi trng hp a hnh bang
phang.
pha khuat gio cua ngon oi, bc tranh cang phc tap hn do co hien tng
quan gio lam cho chat o nhiem b ong lai trong khu vc nay va khong lan toa c
ra xa hn na.
Nhn chung, anh hng cua a hnh oi vi qua trnh khuech tan chat o nhiem la
rat a dang va phc tap, khong the ap dung mot ly thuyet tong quat nao bao trum het
moi hnh thai vat can va tnh huong co the xay ra ma ch gii han trong mot trng
hp n gian va can da vao nghien cu thc nghiem cho tng trng hp cu the la
chu yeu.
Theo Berliand M.E va cong s th oi vi a hnh co oi nui thung lung hoac
sn doc keo dai theo chieu trc giao vi hng gio nong o chat o nhiem tren mat
at cung c tnh toan nh trng hp a hnh bang phang nhng ket qua nhan c
them he so e ke en anh hng cua vat can.
bang 4.12 la tr so
M
ng vi trng hp bat li nhat cua v tr nguon thai oi
vi vat can, v du nh nguon thai nam ay thung lung hoac ngay di chan sn
doc.
He so
M
phu thuoc vao cac thong so sau:
n
1
=
H
/h
0
(4.118)
va n
2
=
a
/h
0
(4.119)
trong o:
H: chieu cao nguon thai (ong khoi); m
h
0
: chieu cao (hoac chieu sau) cua oi nui (hoac thung lung); m
a: mot na be rong cua oi nui (hoac thung lung) hoac be dai cua chan mai doc
(Hnh 4.36).
134
Bang 4.12. Tr so cc ai cua he so
M

Thung lung Sn doc oi nui
n
2
N
1
6 - 9 10 15 16 20 6 9 10 15 16 20 6 9 10 15 16 20
< 0,5
0,6 1
> 1
2,0
1,6
1,5
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,8
1,5
1,4
1,5
1,3
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,1
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,4
1,2
1,0

He so c xac nh theo cong thc.
= 1 + f
1
(
M
- 1 ) (4.120)
He so f
1
phu thuoc vao ty so
a
x
0
c cho di dang bieu o ng vi cac dang
vat can khac nhau (hnh 4.36).
Trong cong thc tren cung nh tren hnh ve:
x
0
khoang cach tnh t nh oi (hoac ay thung lung) en v tr nguon thai.
Trng hp sn doc (hnh 4.36c), khoang cach x
0
tnh t mep cao cua sn doc.
Khoang cach t nguon thai en iem co nong o cc ai tren mat at cung c
tnh nh trng hp a hnh bang phang nhan vi he so hieu chnh d:
d = 1,1 ( 0,2 + )
1/2
(4. 121 )
Ket qua khao sat thc te va thc nghiem tren mo hnh cua nhieu tac gia, trong
o co ket qua nghien cu hp tac gia nhng nha khoa hoc cua cac nc he thong xa
hoi chu ngha (cu) Trung ong Au tien hanh Varna (Hungari) va Tixovo (Tiep
Khac) cho thay phng phap tnh toan neu tren cho ket qua rat phu hp vi thc te,
sai so khong qua 10%. Ket qua thc nghiem tren ong kh ong cua To chc bao ve
Moi trng My (EPA Environmental protection Agency) do cac nha nghien cu My
va Lien Xo (cu) phoi hp tien hanh nam 1982 cung cho ket luan tng t.
135
Hnh 4.36. Bieu o xac nh he so f
1
phu thuoc vao ty so
a
x
0
ng vi cac dang vat
can khac nhau
a) oi nui; b) Thung lung; c) Sn doc
Can lu y la cac he so va bieu o neu tren ch ap dung cho trng hp nguon thai
nam pha au gio so vi vat can v hnh 4.36a va ta co bieu o hoan toan oi xng
qua truc ng, ngc lai hnh 4.36c bieu o f
1
khong oi xng.
4.10. TNH TOAN NONG O TRUNG BNH CUA CHAT O NHIEM
TREN MAT AT DO CAC NGUON THAI GAY RA
4.10.1. Nguyen tac chung
Khi tnh toan d bao mc o o nhiem tai mot a iem nao o do cac nguon thai
khac nhau gay ra, ngoai viec xac nh nong o o nhiem tc thi, ta con can phai biet
va d bao c s phan bo nong o trung bnh ngay em, trung bnh thang hoac trung
bnh nam cua chat o nhiem tai a iem xem xet.
136
Quy tac chung e xac nh nong o trung bnh nam. Theo Noel de nevers Air
pollution control Engineering , co the c bieu dien bang bieu thc:
( ) .
caccap
cac cap faf ca cac
on djnh cua
van foc gIo nguonfhaI
8 16
kh quyon
huong gIo
nongdo frung bnh
nam cua chaf o nhIom PC
faI dIom fnh foan

=

trong o: P tan suat xuat hien cua cac thong so nh: van toc gio, hng gio va cap
on nh cua kh quyen.
C nong o tc thi cua chat o nhiem tai iem xem xet do mot nguon nhat nh
trong ieu kien thi tiet nhat nh (van toc gio, hng gio, o on nh) gay ra.
Nong o tc thi C chnh la nong o o tnh toan c theo cac phng phap
khac nhau a gii thieu cac muc e trc ay.
e thc hien qui tac tnh toan theo bieu thc tong quat neu phan au cua
chng nay oi hoi phai co ay u rat nhieu thong so au vao va khoi lng tnh toan
se rat ln.
Trng hp tnh toan nong o trung bnh cho thi gian ngan, nh trung bnh
ngay em chang han, ta co the n gian hoa van e bang cach gia thiet rang trong
tng mua nhat nh (he hoac ong), cap on nh cua kh quyen co the thay oi trong
ngay em chung quanh mot cap trung bnh nao o va ta ch tnh toan oi vi cap on
nh trung bnh ay.
Ngoai ra, cac cap van toc gio co the c thay the bang mot tr so van toc gio
trung bnh U
TB
() tren mot hng nao o cung vi tan suat xuat hien cua gio P()
tren hng ay.
Mot ieu quan trong khac can lu y la tren thc te cung nh so lieu quan trac
kh tng eu ch ro, ngoai tan suat gio tren cac hng khac nhau P() con co tan
suat lang gio P
lang
. o la ty le thi gian khong co gio tren bat ky hng nao, noi cach
khac la u = 0. Trng hp nay khac vi trng hp khong co gio tren mot hng
i

xem xet, tc la nong o tc thi tren hng o khong bang khong ma co mot gia tr
nhat nh nao o tuy thuoc vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau trong o co ban knh tnh t
iem xem xet en chan nguon thai.
Nh a e cap en trc ay, cac phng phap tnh toan cua Bosanquet,
Pearson, Sutton hoac mo hnh Gauss cua Pasquill Gifford eu ch ap dung cho
trng hp van toc gio khac khong (u # 0 non zero wind speed) v khi u = 0 th cac
137
cong thc tnh toan cua cac phng phap neu tren eu tr nen khong xac nh
(division by zero)
Do vay, e tnh toan nong o trung bnh ch co the ap dung phoi hp gia cac
phng phap tnh toan va neu tren oi vi trng hp lang gio cua Berliand hoac
da han vao phng phap Berliand ng vi ca hai trng hp: co gio va lang gio.
4.10.2. Ve he so trung bnh ng vi so lieu tan suat gio va tan suat lang gio
Co the co nhieu phng phap gia cong so lieu kh hau ve gio khac nhau.
Ta quy c goi:
gio
thi gian co gio tren tat ca cac hng.
lang
thi gian lang gio.
0
=
gio
+
lang
Tong thi gian quan trac (ngay em, thang hoac nam)
- Thi gian co gio tren hng

Phng phap th 1
- Tan suat lang gio: P
lang
=
Iang
o
(4.122)
(e n gian trong tnh toan, ay tan suat c the hien bang so thap phan,
khong dung %)
- Tan suat gio tren hng

= =

Iang Iang
P
(4.123)
Trng hp nay ta co:
=
= <
m
lang
P va P
1
1 1

- He so trung bnh K
cua hng gio trong trng hp nay se la:

= = =

gIo Iang
o gIo o gIo o
K
(4.124)
K
= P
( 1 P
lang
)
Phng phap th 2
- Tan suat lang gio:
Iang
Iang
o
P
(nh phng phap 1)
138
- Tan suat gio tren hng :
I
0
P
(4.125)
Trng hp nay ta co:

;

= =
< < + =

m m
Iang Iang
1 1
P 1 P 1 P P 1
nhung

Va luc o he so trung bnh K

chnh la P
:
K

= P
: (4.126)

Phng phap th 3
- Tan suat lang gio:
Iang
Iang
gIo
P
(4.127)
- Tan suat gio tren hng :
gIo
P (nh phng phap 2)
Trng hp nay ta van co:
=
=
m
P
1
1

, nhng he so trung bnh
K se la

( )
.

= = = =
+ + +
o gIo Iang gIo Iang gIo gIo Iang
K
P 1 P

Va do o :
lang
P
P
K
+
=
1
(4.128)
Trong ba phng phap x ly so lieu quan trac tan suat gio neu tnh th
phng phap 1 c ap dung nhieu nhat va trong Tieu chuan Viet Nam
4088 85 (TCVN 4088-85) ve so lieu kh hau xay dng so lieu gio c
x ly theo phng phap nay.
4.10.3. Cong thc xac nh nong o trung bnh theo tan suat gio
T nhng lap luan neu ra tren ay, ta co the viet bieu thc xac nh nong o
trung bnh ngay em cua chat o nhiem tren mat at tai mot v tr tnh toan nao o do
mot nguon thai th i gay ra nh sau:
=
+ =
m
i i lang lang i xy
C K C P C
1
) ( ) ( ) (

(4.129)
Thay gia tr cua he so trung bnh K
t cong thc (4.129) vao (3.134a) ta thu

c:
139
( )
=
+ =
m
i lang i lang lang i xy
C K P C P C
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1

(4.130)
va nong o tong cong trung bnh tai iem co toa o x, y do n nguon thai gay ra se la:

( )

= =

+ =
m m
i lang i lang lang tong xy
C K P C P C
1 1
) ( ) ( ) (
1

(4131)
C
xy(i)
nong o trung bnh tai v tr co toa o x, y do nguon th i gay ra
C
xy(tong)
nong o tong cong trung bnh do n nguon thai gay ra tai iem tnh
toan
C
lang(i)
- nong o tc thi do nguon thai th i gay ra tai iem tnh toan khi
lang gio ( u = 0)
C
(i)
- nong o tc thi do nguon thai th i gay ra tai iem tnh toan khi co gio
thoi theo hng ng vi van toc gio trung bnh tren hng o va o on nh trung
bnh cua kh quyen trong suot khoang thi gian tnh toan tr so trung bnh (ngay em,
thang hoac nam).
Tr so C
(i)
= 0 khi iem tnh toan nam pha au gio hoac cach xa truc cua
hng gio ang xem xet.
4.10.4. V du tnh toan
Cho hai nguon thai co so lieu nguon nh nhau:
Nguon so 1 Nguon so 2
H
1
= 40 m H
2
= 60 m
D
1
= 1,2 m D
2
= 2,0 m
L
1
= 9,05 m
3
/s L
2
= 25,14 m
3
/s
M
1
= 17,69 g/s M
2
= 49,14 g/s
t
khoi (1)
= 200
0
C t
khoi (2)
= 200
0
C
V tr tng oi cua hai nguon thai va iem tnh toan X c xem la nam tam
cua cac o vuong canh 100 100 m cho hnh 4. 37.

140

Hnh 4.37.

Hy xac nh nong o trung bnh ngay em cua chat o nhiem kh SO
2
do hai
nguon thai gay ra tai iem X nam cuoi hng gio ong Nam so vi nguon cho biet:
a phng tnh toan: Ha Noi; mua he.
Nhiet o va tan suat gio Tay theo TCVN 4088-85, thang 7
t
N
= 28,8
0
C
Tan suat lang gio: P
lang
= 11,9%
Tan suat va van toc gio trung bnh
Hng B: Tan suat 5,5% van toc TB 1,8 m/s
B: Tan suat 7,4% van toc TB 2,7 m/s
: Tan suat 14,2% van toc TB 2,9 m/s
N: Tan suat 45,2% van toc TB 3,2 m/s
N: Tan suat 12,9% van toc TB 3,0 m/s
TN: Tan suat 4,0% van toc TB 2,1 m/s
T: Tan suat 4,1% van toc TB 2,7 m/s
TN: Tan suat 6,7% van toc TB 3,0 m/s
Tnh toan c tien hanh theo phng phap Berliand ch dan ky thuat cho
trng hp co gio vi van toc gio bat ky va trng hp lang gio.
o on nh cua kh quyen ay c the hien qua thong so mc o roi cua kh
quyen A. Gia thiet mc roi trung bnh la A = 220.
oi vi chat o nhiem la khi ta co: F = 1, cac he so tnh toan cho trng hp lang
gio c nhan cac tr so n = 0,2 ; K
1
= 0,1.
GIAI
Trc tien can tnh toan C
max
, x
M
cua tng nguon ieu kien van toc gio nguy
hiem e xac nh van toc gio nguy hiem trung bnh trong iem.
141
Nguon 1

; 8
2
4 14 , 25
2
s
m
=

t = 200-28,8 = 171,2
0
C >0
Ap dung cac cong thc tnh toan tren ta co:

280 , 0
2 , 171 40
2 , 1 8
10
2
2
3
=
= f
< 100 do o ay la nguon nong.
, ,
, ,
= =
3
M
9 05 171 2
m
V 0 65 2 199
s
40
> 2
, ( , , ) , / = + = u 2 199 1 0 12 0 28 2 339m s
M

( )
, , , , , ,
= + + =
1
3
m 0 67 0 1 0 280 0 34 0 280 1 058

Ta co n = 1. (v >
M
V 2)
d
0
=
( ) 282 , 12 28 , 0 28 , 0 1 199 , 2 7
3
= +

( )
3
3
1
2
max
2224 , 0
2 , 171 05 , 9 40
1 058 , 1 1 69 , 17 220
m
mg
C =

=

m x
M
3 , 491 40 282 , 12
4
1 5
=
=

Nguon 2

; 8
2
4 14 , 25
2
s
m
=

t = 200-28,8 = 171,2
0
C > 0

280 , 0
2 , 171 40
2 , 1 8
10
2
2
3
=
= f
< 100 do o day la nguon nong.
Ap dung cac cong thc tren ta co:

s
m
V
s
m
V
M
M
2
701 , 2
60
2 , 171 14 , 25
65 , 0
3
>
=
=
do o :

( )
s
m
U
M
849 , 2 280 , 0 12 , 0 1 701 , 2 = + =

( ) 058 , 1 280 , 0 34 , 0 280 , 0 1 , 0 67 , 0
1
3
= + + =

m

142
n = 1
d
0
=
( ) 413 , 13 28 , 0 28 , 0 1 701 , 2 7
3
= +

( )
3
3
1
2
max
202 , 0
2 , 171 14 , 25 60
1 09 , 1 1 14 , 49 220
m
mg
C =

=

m x
M
8 , 804 60 413 , 13
4
1 5
=
=

Van toc gio nguy hiem trung bnh trong iem

s
m
U
TB
M
582 , 2
202 , 0 2224 , 0
202 , 0 849 , 2 224 , 0 339 , 2
=
+
+
=

iem tnh toan X nam tren truc hoac gan truc gio hng ong Nam va cach
kha xa truc cac hng gio khac, do o ay ta ch can tnh toan oi vi hng gio
nay. Van toc trung bnh cua hng ong Nam lay t bang tan suat va van toc gio
a cho:

s
m
U
TB
2 , 3 =
vi tan suat P

= 45,2%

239 , 1
582 , 2
2 , 3
= = =
M
TB
TB
U
U

[ ]
076 , 1 68 , 0 239 , 1 32 , 0
97 , 0 2 239 . 1 239 , 1 2 239 , 1 3
1
= + =
= + =

P
r

Nguon 1

x
M(u)
= 1,076 491,3 = 528,6 m

802 , 0
6 , 528
424
= = q

S
1(q)
= 0,933
C
x,y=0(u)
= 0,933 0,216 = 0,2015 mg/m
3

Khi lang gio
Ban knh R = 424 m

( )
278 , 0
2 , 0 1
1 , 0 4
2
=
+
= a

max( )
, , ,
u
3
mg
C 0 97 0 2224 0 216
m
= =
143

( ) ( )
3
2
2 , 1
3
) (
1173 , 0
424 40 278 , 0 1 , 0 2 , 0 1 2
69 , 17 10
m
mg
C
R
=
+ +

=

Nong o chung do nguon 1 gay ra tai iem X la khi co gio va khong co gio.

( )
3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
094 , 0
2015 , 0 452 , 0 119 , 0 1 1173 , 0 119 , 0
) 1 (
m
mg
C P P C P C
lang R lang xy
=
+ =
+ =

Nguon 2

3 ) max(
196 , 0 202 , 0 97 , 0
m
mg
C
u
= =

x
M(u)
= 1,076 804,8 = 866 m

816 , 0
866
707
= = q

S
1(q)
= 0,94

128 , 0
707
4 , 141
2 , 3
2
2
=
=
x
y
U
TB

( )( ) [ ] 0330 128 , 0 2 , 28 1 128 , 0 4 , 8 1 ) (
1
2
2
= + + =

S

C
xy(u)
= S
1
S
2
C
max(u)
= 0,940,330,196 = 0,061
Khi lang gio
Ban knh m R 721 707 4 , 141
2 2
= + =

( ) ( )
3
2
2 , 1
3
) (
113 , 0
721 60 278 , 0 1 , 0 2 , 0 1 2
14 , 49 10
m
mg
C
R
=
+ +

=

Nong o chung do nguon 2 gay ra tai iem X la khi co gio va khong co gio.
( )
3
) 2 (
0377 , 0
061 , 0 452 , 0 119 , 0 1 113 , 0 119 , 0
m
mg
C
xy
=
+ =
Ket qua cuoi cung
Nong o trung bnh tong cong do hai nguon gay ra tai iem X ca khi co gio lan
khi lang gio:

3 3
) ( 132 , 0 1317 , 0 0377 , 0 094 , 0
m
mg
m
mg
U tong xy
TB
= + =

144
e co the hnh dung c tong quat s phan bo nong o o nhiem trung bnh tren
mat at trong mot pham vi rong ln, tren hnh 4.38, cho thay ban o o nhiem c
lap oi vi cac nguon co so lieu ve nhiet o, tan suat va van toc gio trung bnh tren
tam hng ve mua he (thang 7) cua a phng Ha Noi.
T ban o o nhiem ta thay, hng gio chu ao ve mua he Ha Noi la ong
Nam vi tan suat 45,2% nen vung chu anh hng nhieu nhat cua cac nguon thai la
vung nam ve hng Tay Bac so vi v tr nguon thai tiep en la cac vung phia Tay
va pha Bac tc la cac vung chu anh hng cua gio ong va gio Nam vi tan suat
tng ng la 14,2% va 12,9%. Ngoai ra, cac v tr nam gan chan nguon thai chu tac
ong tng oi ln cua qua trnh khuech tan chat o nhiem khi lang gio. Nong o trung
bnh ke ca co gio va lang gio tai chan ong khoi len en 5,234
mg
/
m
3
oi vi nguon so 1
va 5,453
mg
/
m
3
oi vi nguon so hai (xem bang so lieu 4.13, cac so co gach chan, kem
theo ban o hnh 4.38).
Tren hnh 4.39 la bieu o phan bo nong o o nhiem tren cac mat cat chay doc
theo chieu ong Tay cach mep tren cua ban o o nhiem mot khoang cach la 1550m
va 1750m.
ay la cac mat cat chay qua tam cua hang o vuong th j = 16 va j = 18 cua
ban o, trong o mat cat j = 16 (1550m) chay qua iem tnh toan X cho v du. Do o
ta co the oc c tr so nong o tai iem tnh toan X tren bieu o va oi chieu vi
ket qua tnh toan bang tay thc hien v du ta thay hoan toan khp nhau. Tr so nong
o tai iem tnh toan X con co the oc c bang so lieu (bang 4.13) ng vi o i =
25 va j = 16 (tr so co ong khung bang 4.13)
145
Hnh 4.38. Ban o phan bo nong o trung bnh tong cong theo tan suat gio

Hnh 4.39. Bieu o nong o trung bnh tong cong tren cac mat cat
146
hng ong Tay.
Chung ta hnh dung co mot ong khoi thai mot lng chat o nhiem tai o cao h.
Trc het, gia thiet kh thai co nhiet o bang nhiet o cua khong kh va be mat trai
at hoan toan bang phang khong co mot chng ngai vat nao. Kh thai sau khi ra ong
khoi se chuyen ong theo chieu gio, khoi lng va toc o tai nh ong khoi nho ti
mc anh hng quan tnh co the bo qua. Khong kh b o nhiem hon hp vi khong kh
ben ngoai va phat tan trong kh quyen theo hnh non. Nong o o nhiem giam theo truc
hng gio va truc vuong goc vi hng gio. Khoi lng khong kh b o nhiem se tang,
nhng khoi lng cac chat o nhiem se gi khong oi (xem hnh 4.39).
1. Cac yeu to nao anh hng en qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem?
2. S phan bo chat o nhiem theo quy luat Gauss xay ra nh the nao?
3. So sanh s giong nhau va khac nhau gia cac mo hnh Bosanquet, peason,
sutton va Gauss?
4. Trnh bay s lang ong cua bui trong qua trnh khuech tan cua cac nguon thai
cao?
5. Trnh bay cach tnh nong o trung bnh cua cac chat o nhiem tren mat at?
Tai lieu tham khao:
Tieng Viet
1. Tran Ngoc Chan, O nhiem khong kh va ky thuat x ly, tap 1; Nha xuat ban
Ha Noi, 1997.
Tieng Anh
2. US. Departerment of Helth, Education and Welfare, Air pollution Control Field
Operation Manual, PHS, Pub. N
0
937, Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1962.

147
CHNG V
ANH HNG CUA O NHIEM
KHONG KH
5.1. ANH HNG CUA O NHIEM KHONG KH VI CON NGI
Vn nhim khng kh c nghin cu t lu ti cc nc pht trin nh M,
Nht, c, Anh, Php, Cc t chc quc t nh WHO, WB, UNDP, WB, UNEP,
JICA, SIDA, UNICEP hng nm ti tr nhiu kinh ph cho cc nc ang pht trin
(chu Phi, chu , ) thc hin cc chng trnh nghin cu nhm hn ch tc ng
do nhim khng kh. Cc hi ngh quc t v mi trng khng kh ton cu c t
chc thng nin nhm xy dng chng trnh bo v bu kh quyn ca tri t. Hin
nay Trung Quc, n l nc chu tc ng nhiu do nhim khng kh. Cc quc gia
ny ang tp trung khc phc hu qu do ngnh cng nghip gy ra i vi mi trng
khng kh trong lnh th cng nh chu lc.
Vn nhim khng kh gn lin vi hot ng ca con ngi. Mi ngi va l
nn nhn va l th phm gy nhim khng kh. Bu khng kh b nhim gy nh
hng ti sc kho con ngi, lm thay i kh hu, thi tit, lm gim cht lng nc,
lm chua t, lm cn kit thu sn, lm gim din tch rng, ph hu cc cng trnh xy
dng v vt liu, gy n mn kim loi, lm gim m quan. V nhng tc hi nu trn m
vn nhim khng kh khng ch mang tnh cht cc b m l vn c quy m ton
cu. Mt s vn nhim khng kh c c th gii quan tm l Hiu ng nh knh,
qu trnh lm mng hay lm thng tng zn v qu trnh ma axt.
O nhiem moi trng khong kh la mot van e bc xuc oi vi moi trng o th,
khu cong nghiep va mot so lang nghe nc ta. O nhiem moi trng khong kh co tac
dung xau oi vi sc khoe con ngi, co anh hng xau en cac he sinh thai va gay
bien oi kh hau. Toc o cong nghiep hoa manh me va viec o th hoa nhanh chong
148
cang lam tang them cac nguon o nhiem moi trng khong kh. Cac chat o nhiem
khong kh chnh la kh SO
2
, NO
2
, CO, H
2
S, bui l lng, ch va cac chat hu c bay hi.
Theo so lieu quan trac moi trng hien nay khong kh cac o th ln nc ta a b
o nhiem bui, kh CO, trong o hoat ong giao thong van tai la nguon thai chu yeu gay
ra o nhiem cac chat oc hai, bui ho hap, CO, hi xang dau va bui ch. Lng thai kh
CO, hi xang dau chiem t le t 70 90% tong lng thai o th, con lng thai cac
chat o nhiem do hoat ong cong nghiep, thu cong nghiep, xay dng va sinh hoat o
th chiem t le 10 30%.
Chnh v the ma van e tap trung nghien cu tm ra nhng nguyen nhan, nhng
anh hng cua cac chat o nhiem khong kh en cac he sinh thai ac biet la anh hng
trc tiep en sc khoe con ngi th vo cung bc thiet. Qua o moi ngi se co cai
nhn tong quan hn va tch cc hn oi vi van e o nhiem khong kh.
5.1.1. Cac tac nhan gay o nhiem khong kh oi vi con ngi
1. O nhiem do nhiet o
Nhit cao ni lm vic v iu tr gy tc hi nht nh n sc kho cu cn
b, cng nhn vin. Trong iu kin kh hu nhit i nh nc ta, iu kin nng m
km theo nhit cao d xut hin nhng tai bin nguy him cho ngi tip xc: ri lon
iu ha nhit, say nng, say nng, mt nc, mt mui...
Trong c th, s chng vi nhit ch yu bng cch mt nhit qua da khi tip
xc vi khng kh mt. Nu nhit bn ngoi gn bng nhit c th, s mt nhit
bng bc x v i lu gim th c th s chng bng cch ra m hi v xung huyt
ngoi bin. S dn mch ngoi bin c th lm tt huyt p, thiu mu no... Ra m hi
nhiu, gy kht d di, nu ung nhiu nc m khng thm mui s gy gim clo trong
huyt tng. Lng mui mt c th ln rt cao, ti 15 - 20 g trong 24 gi, nu khng
c iu tr b p s gy cc tai bin do gim clo nh: nhc u, mt mi, nn v c
bit l co rt c ngoi mun (chut rt) hoc gy cc cn kch thch no (ci c, ni
nng khng c l do).
Nhit theo tiu chun vi kh hu vng lm vic ang p dng ti Vit Nam

Nhiet o khong kh
o
C Thi gian
(mua)
Loai lao
ong Toi a Toi
thieu
Mua lanh Nhe 20
149
Trung bnh 18
Nang 16
Nhe 34
Trung bnh 32
Mua nong
Nang 30

2. Tac hai do o nhiem bui.
Bi vo phi gy kch thch c hc v pht sinh phn ng s ho phi gy nn nhng
bnh h hp. Ni chung, bi t khng gy bnh phi cp tnh, nhng nu trong bi c
trn 2% silic t do th c th pht sinh bnh bi phi - silic sau nhiu nm tip xc (ngnh
sn xut vt liu xy dng).
Bi xt st khi th ht vo lu ngy c th pht sinh bnh bi phi-st. y l loi
bi phi lnh tnh gp phi khi ht phi bi st vi nng cao (cng nghip luyn kim).
Bi ch v c khi thm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp hoc tiu ho s b o
thi mt phn. Phn cn li s b tch lu gan lch, thn, h thn kinh, lng tc v u
xng, rng... gy thiu mu, tng huyt p v nhim c thn kinh. Nhng hat bui co
kch thc nho hn 10 m co the c gi lai trong phoi. Tuy nhien neu cac hat bui
nay co ng knh nho hn 1 m th no c chuyen i nh cac kh trong he thong ho
hap. Khi co tac ong cua cac hat bui ti mo phoi, a so xay ra cac h hai sau ay:
- Viem phoi: lam tat nghen cac phe quan, t o lam giam kha nang phan phoi
kh.
- Kh thung phoi: pha hoai cac tui phoi t o lam giam kha nang trao oi kh oxy
va O
2
.
- Ung th phoi: pha hoai cac mo phoi, t o lam tat nghen s trao oi gia mau
va te bao, lam anh hng kha nang tuan hoan cua mau trong he thong tuan hoan. T
o keo theo mot so van e ang lu y tim, at biet la lp kh o nhiem co nong o
cao.
Mot so benh thng gap cua con ngi khi tiep xuc trc tiep vi bui.
ay la mot benh thng gap trong so cac benh nghe nghiep trong khoang
tren 20 nam lai ay, benh nay chiem khoang 40 70% benh nghe nghiep noi thng,
nguyen nhan la do thng xuyen ht th bui khoang va kim loai dan en hien tng s
150
hoa phoi, lam suy chc nang ho hap. Tuy theo loai bui ht phai ma gay nen cac benh
bui phoi khac nhau. Mot so benh phoi thng gap:
- Silicose: do phoi nhiem bui silic, thng gap cac th mo, th khoang a, th
lam sac bang cat, anh bong, mai nhan, cac ni san xuat co SiO
2
nhiet o cao nh
lo gom, lo gach
- Asbestose: do phoi nhiem bui Asbest, thng thay th mo va che bien
Asbest.
- Beriliose: do phoi nhiem bui Berili, thng gap th che tao co sinh bui
huynh quang.
- Aluminose: do phoi nhiem bui Boc xt, at set.
- Anthracose: do phoi nhiem bui than thng thay th mo va dan c song
thanh pho.
- Siderose: do phoi nhiem bui sat, gap ngi che hoa quang sat, luyen kim,
han ien.
Cac benh khac do bui gay ra:
- Benh ng ho hap: tuy theo nguon goc cac loai bui ma gay ra cac benh
viem mui, hong kh phe quan khac nhau. Bui hu c nh bong si, gai, lanh dnh vao
niem mac gay viem phu thung, tiet nhieu niem dch. Bui vo c ran, canh sat nhon,
ban au thng gay viem mui, tiet nhieu niem dch lam ht th kho khan lau ngay co
the teo mui, giam chc nang gi loc bui, lam benh phoi nhiem bui de phat sinh.
Ngoai ra con ke en cac loai bui nh crom, asen, bui len, mangan, photphat co the
gay cac benh loet vach mui, viem mui, phe quan, thay oi tnh mien dch cua phoi
- Benh ngoai da: bui tac ong en cac tuyen nhn lam cho kho da, phat sinh
cac benh ve da. V du viem da trng ca thng gap cong nhan ot lo hi, th may,
san xuat cement, bui lam l loet da nh voi, thiet, thuoc tr sau, dc pham
- Benh gay ton thng mat: do khong co knh phong ho, bui ban vao mat gay
kch thch mang tiep hp, viem mi mat, sinh ra mong mat, nhai quatngoai ra bui con
co the lam giam th lc, bong giac mac, tham ch gay mu mat.
- Benh tieu hoa: bui ng, bot co the lam sau rang, lam hong men ran. Bui
kim loai co the lam ton thng niem mac da day, gay roi loan tieu hoa.

151
3. Mui hoi
O nhiem khong kh ngoai bui, cac loai hi kh oc va tieng on khong the en
cac chat gay mui hoi thoi kho chu. Thc chat cac chat gay mui hoi eu la cac loai hi
kh oc. Cac chat gay mui eu phat sinh t cac qua trnh t nhien va hau het cac hoat
ong kinh te xa hoi.
Cac chat gay mui xuat hien hau het moi ni do trc tiep thai ra t cac nguon va
qua trnh phat tan chat o nhiem trong kh quyen. Cac chat gay mui de nhan biet do
khu giac cua con ngi, nhng do thanh phan a dang, phc tap, phu thuoc vao tng
lnh vc hoat ong nen rat kho nhan danh cac chat o nhiem gay ra mui la chat nao.
Tuy nhien trong mot so trng hp, ngi ta van co the nhan dien c cac chat gay
mui hoi v du nh trong cong nghip cao su, nha: Cac hp chat nit, SO
x
, chat hoa
deo, dung moi, hydrocarbon b oxy hoa cha hoan toan (Aldehyde, keton, phenol, );
t cc sc vt cht: Cac hp chat sulfua hu c, disulfua, mercaptan, aldehyde,
trometyl amin; sn xut thuc tr su: H
2
S, Mercaptan, NH
3
, aldehyde, amin
4. Kh SO
x

Kh axt SO
x
khi tip xc vi xy v hi nc trong khng kh s bin thnh cc
hi axt gy kch thch khi tip xc vi nim mc. Hi axt vo c th qua ng h hp
hoc ho tan vo nc bt ri vo ng tiu ho sau phn tn vo mu. Hi axt khi
kt hp vi bi to thnh cc ht bi axt l lng, nu kch thc nh hn 2-3 micronmt
s vo ti ph nang, b i thc bo ph hu hoc a n h thng bch huyt.
SO
2
xm nhp vo c th ng vt qua ng h hp v tip xc vi cc nim
mc t hnh thnh nhanh chng cc axt sau s phn tn vo mu qua h thng tun
hon. mu cc axt chuyn ho thnh cc mui sulphat ri thi qua nc tiu. Tc hi
ca SO
2
l do hnh thnh cc acid H
2
SO
4
, H
2
SO
3
c hn rt nhiu ln. Nng ti a
cho php ca SO
2
trong khng kh xung quanh (trung bnh 24 gi) l 0,3mg/l.
Cc hp cht sulphat c hnh thnh trong kh quyn t SO
2
c thi ra c lin
quan n vic lm gim tm nhn, ngha l chng ta khng th nhn xa c nh trong
khi chng ta nhn trong mi trng khng kh bnh thng (khng kh trong lnh). Cc
sol kh sulphat nh hng ti tnh cht l hc v quang hc ca m my. y l nh
hng ng k th hin gia sulphat acid trong kh quyn v sng m. Cc sol kh ny
c kh nng tn x nh sng mnh.V du pha ng nc M, cc hp cht sulphat
ng gp 50-70% nhng nguyn nhn gy ra hn ch tm nhn, nh hng ti vic
thng ngon ca cc du khch trong cng vin quc gia Shenandoah v ni Great
Smoke. Bng 5.1 v 5.2 cho thy nh hng ca SO
2
theo nng v tc hi ca chng
152
n mi trng.
Bng 5.1. nh hng ca SO
2
theo nng
Triu chng (mg/m
3
) (ppm) (ppm)
- Cht nhanh t 30 pht n 1 gi
- Nguy him sau khi ht th 30
pht n 1 gi
- Kch ng ng h hp, ho
- Gii hn c tnh
- Gii hn ngi thy mi
1300
1000
260 130

50
30 20
13 - 8
500 400
100 50

20
12 8
5 - 3
665 565
165 130

-
10
-
Bng 5.2. Tc hi ca SO
2
i vi ngi
Nng Tc hi vi con ngi
30 20 (mg/m
3
) Gii hn ca c tnh
50 (mg/m
3
) Kch thch ng h hp, ho
260 130 (mg/m
3
) Liu nguy him sau khi ht th (30 - 60 pht)
1300 1000 (mg/m
3
) Liu gy cht nhanh (30 60 pht)

5. Kh NO
x
v NH
3

NO
x
l kh axt v c tc ng tng t nh kh SO
x
. Cc cht kh ny sau khi
c hp th qua mng nhy s lan to v i vo mu. Ton b ph nang c din tch rt
ln vi mt mng li mao mch dy c gip cht c khuch tn nhanh vo mu,
khng qua gan v khng c gii c nh theo ng tiu ho m i ngay qua tim i
n cc ph tng, c bit l n h thn kinh trung ng. Do , cht c xm nhp qua
ng h hp tc ng gy c nhanh gn nh l tim thng vo tnh mch.
Oxit Nit l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng tan trong nc. NO c
th gy nguy him cho c th do tc dng vi hng cu trong mu, lm gim kh nng
vn chuyn xy, gy bnh thiu mu. Nit Oxit c bit n nh mt cht gy kch
thch vim ty (vim x phi mn tnh) v c tc hi i vi h thng h hp. NO vi
nng thng c trong khng kh khng gy tc hi i vi sc kho ca con ngi, n
153
ch nguy hi khi b oxy ho thnh NO
2
. Tiu chun Vit Nam qui nh nng NO
2
cho
khu dn c nh hn 0,1mg/m
3
(trung bnh 24 gi), khu vc sn xut nh hn 0,5 mg/m
3
.
Dioxit Nit (NO
2
): Khi tip xc vi nim mc, to thnh axit qua ng h hp
hoc ho tan vo nc bt ri vo ng tiu ho, sau vo mu. hm lng 15 50
ppm, NO
2
gy nguy him cho tim, phi v gan. Tc dng ca NO
2
ph thuc vo nng
v thi gian tip xc. Bng 5.3 minh ho nh hng ca chng vi con ngi.
Bng 5.3 nh hng ca NO
2
vi con ngi
Nong o NO
2
Nhan xet
Tac ong
ppm g/m
3

Khoang
th
nghiem

Lien quan en qua trnh oxy
hoa, nong o < 200 g/m
3
(1
ppm)
0,04 80 Trong 3h t 6h-9h
Lam tang chng benh ho hap 0,062-
0,109
117-
205
2 - 3
nam
Nghien cu vi 6
nong o
Tang chng benh viem cuong
phoi tre s sinh va tre em
0,063-
0,083
118-
156
2 - 3
nam
Nghien cu vi 6
nong o
Ngng ngi thay cua con
ngi
0,12 225
Trc tiep nhan
thay
Khong chien 5 9400 10 phut t xuat hien
nng thp thng gp trong mi trng lao ng hoc trong khng kh xung
quanh, tc hi ca NO
2
tng i chm v kh nhn bit. V d theo ti liu ca Lin X
(c) mt s v tr thao tc ngh nghip ca cng nhn ni c nhim kh NO
x
vi nng
< 3ppm, tc hi ca NO
x
xy ra sau mt thi gian di t 2 5 nm. Tc hi ca NO
x

ch yu l gy bnh mn tnh i vi h thng h hp.
Amoniac (NH
3
): c mi kh chu v gy vim ng h hp cho ngi, ng vt,
gy lot gic mc, thanh qun, kh qun. Amoniac thng gy nhim c cp tnh. L
mt cht kh gy kch thch ng h hp, c mi khai c trng v c kh nng gy
ngt. Ngi lm vic trong mi trng c nng NH
3
cao thng gp cc triu chng
cay mt, kh th, vim ph qun, nng qu cao c th gy cht ngi. Tc ng ca
NH
3
ln c th tu thuc vo nng NH
3
trong mi trng lao ng. Nng khng
gy tc hi ng k khi tip xc trong vng 1 gi l 0.03% th tch, khi tip xc trong
154
vng 4-5 gi l 0.01% th tch. Trong trng hp phi ht nhiu NH
3
v t ngt, kh
NH
3
cha vo n phi m gy phn x thanh qun, cung hng, co rt t ngt
ng h hp lm nn nhn nght th cht. Bng 5.4 cho thy mc tc ng ca NH
3

vi con ngi.
Bng 5.4 Mc tc ng n c th con ngi tng ng vi cc nng NH
3

T
T
Mc tc ng Nng (% th t
ch)
1
.
Cho php NH
3
trong phn xng vi nng 0.02
2
.
Bt u cm th khu gic (ngi thy) 0.035
3
.
Nng lm khn c 0.30
4
.
Nng lm chy nc mt 0.50
5
.
Nng lm ho 1.20
6
.
Nng cho php khi lu trong khng kh c NH
3
0.07
7
.
Tc dng c hi ti a cho php khi c mt tm thi 0.2 0.35
8
.
Nng gy cht khi tc dng trong 0.5 1 gi 1.5 2.7
6. Kh HF
Cht ny c th b hp th vo c th qua ng h hp, qua da v qua ng tiu
ho. Mc d HF yu hn cc axit v c khc nhng n c th gy ra nhng nh hng
sc kho nghim trng bng bt c hnh thc tip xc no. Nhng nh hng ny l do
ion F- thm qua m t bo v ph hu.
Tu thuc vo nng v thi gian tip xc c th gy da, phng su v thi
gian cha tr lu. Hu ht cc trng hp tip xc vi HF l tip xc qua da, tip xc vi
dung dch HF. Ion F- xm nhp su vo t bo v gy ra tn thng c cc b t bo v
155
c h thng; n xm nhp nhanh chng qua cc t bo cn nguyn ln b tn thng. HF
n mn trn da, mt, v lp nim dch mng.
Nng trn 50% (bao gm HF dng khan) gy tn thng ngay lp tc, lm
rung ng, gy nn nhng vt m trng trn da, thng c dng vt phng. Nng
20%-50% c th gy au v sng. Nng nh hn 20% c th gy au ngay lp tc khi
tip xc hoc gy tn thng nghim trng sau 12-24 gi.
Tip xc vi HF dng lng qua da c th gy bng nng, ni ban , sng, ni
mn nc v ng cng nghim trng. Khi b bng nng s gy l lot, hoi t. Gy ph
hy nghim trng mt khi nng > 0.5%. Khi acid HF bn vo mt ngay lp tc hoc
sau vi ngy l b bong trc b mt ca mt, sng ty cc phn khc ca mt, hy hoi t
bo do thiu mu cung cp. V lu v di gy c b mt mt, gim tm nhn.
nng 0.2 mg/l cc k nguy him i vi h h hp mc d nhim trong thi
gian rt ngn. Do p sut hi ca HF l rt ln (122.900 Kpa) nn c th ni HF cc k
nguy him qua ng h hp ca cng nhn khi sn xut phn ln bng apatt, nht l khi
phn hy qung apatit bng acid trong hm hon ton khng m bo thong kh v
m cao s n n kh nng nhim HF nng cao. Ht phi hi HF lc u s gy
ra nh hng ln mi, c hng, v mt. nh hng ny gy tn thng vng nim mc
v gy bng, ho, v lm hp ph qun. Nhng tn thng phi c th xut hin nhanh
hoc sau 12-36 gi. S tch t cht lng trong phi lm co ph qun, v c th lm ph
hu hon ton phi. Nhng nh hng ln phi c th xut hin ngay c khi da b dnh
phi.
Nhng nguy him gy ra cho ng h hp khng ch do tip xc vi kh HF m
cn t hi do dung dch cha HF vi nng cao. Kh HF nh hn khng kh. Mt lng
nh HF cng c kh nng gy tn thng nhanh chng cho mt, mi, c hng. HF c tnh
st thng mnh nng 0,04 ppm. Nhng nh hng mang tnh h thng xut hin t
mi ng tip xc v gy ra nn ma, i, au bao t, lon nhp tim. Nhng triu chng
c th khng pht hin trong mt vi ngy c bit trong trng hp dung dch HF c
pha long.
So vi ngi ln th tr em c th tip xc vi liu lng HF ln hn bi v
chng c din tch b mt phi ln hn v do t trng c th. Tr em cng c th b tn
thng nghim trng hn ngi ln v ng knh l thong kh nh. n phi HF d l
mt lng rt nh cng gy ra nhng tn thng cho c th v c th gy ra ci cht. HF
khi an vo qua ming s gy bng, rt. bao t xut hin vt bng v chy mu; sau
l triu chng gy nn ma, au bng, lon nhp tm tht, vim rut kt cp tnh vi cc
156
l rng ca, vim d dy km chy mu xut hin, tiu chy. Nut phi 1.5 g HF gy t
vong trong vng 30 pht.
7. Kh CO
x

CO v CO
2
thm nhp vo c th con ngi qua ng h hp. Sau khi ht phi,
n c hp th qua mng nhy, lan to v i vo mu. CO cn tr s vn chuyn oxy
trong mu n cc c quan trong c th. Ty thuc vo hm lng CO ht vo lm cho
tim mch xu hn, v tng s mt mi, au u, lm suy nhc, mt phng hng, gy
bun nn v chng mt. Nu ht CO vi lng ln c th gy t vong. CO gy ng c
ch yu bng hai cch:
- CO ngn cn s vn chuyn O
2
n cc t bo, cc m ca c th:
Khi c mt CO trong khng kh ht vo, CO kt hp vi Hb thnh mt hp cht
bn l cacboxihemoglobin (COHb), cht ny lm cho O
2
khng vn chuyn n cc t
bo, theo phn ng:
O
2
Hb + CO = COHb + O
2
Trong iu kin tip xc vi CO dn n hu qu l c th thiu O
2
dn n ngt
vi cc triu chng khc nhau, cui cng c th b cht do thiu O
2
. Tuy nhin phn ng
thun trn y c th tr thnh nghch, ngha l CO c th b tch khi COHb di tc
dng ca O
2
p sut cao hoc O
2
nguyn cht, gii phng Hb lm nhim v vn
chuyn O
2
nh sau:
COHb + O
2
= O
2
Hb + CO
- CO ni sinh v cc yu t quyt nh s to thnh COHb trong mu:
Ngoi CO trong khng kh th bn ngoi, CO do c th sinh ra cng gp phn to
ra COHb trong mu (t l khong 0,1 1%). CO l kt qu qu trnh d ho ca cc nhn
pyrolic ca hemoglobin, myoglobin, cc xytochrom v cc sc t khc trong hem (hme).
Hu qu l thiu O
2
t bo cng trm trng do tc dng ca CO. Cc yu t quyt nh
t l COHb trong mu l: nng CO trong khng kh, thi hn tip xc, CO ni sinh, s
thng kh phi khi ngh ngi v hot ng,...
CO kt hp vi Hemoglobin to nn carbonxyhemoglobin (HbCO), lm gim kh
nng cung cp oxy ca mu gy ra s gim oxy huyt cp tnh. Thm mt nhn t lm
suy gim oxy gii phng mt lot l s chuyn tri ca ng cong phn tch ca
157
oxyhemoglobin gy ra bi CO cho thy CO c th lm gim lng oxy a ln no thm
ch gy t vong do s thiu oxy huyt. No s iu chnh s h hp da trn hm lng
CO
2
trong mu hn l da vo kh O
2
v th nn nhn c th b cht do thiu oxy huyt.
Hemoglobin s c mu ti khi bin i thnh carbonhemoglobin v th ngi cht do
ng c CO nhn b ngoi m hng v trng khe mnh. Tuy nhin, b ngoi mu anh
o th rt khng bnh thng (chim 2% trong tt c cc trng hp), s quan tm s
khng ch n s chn on thm ch nu mu sc khng hin ra. Hemoglobin bo thai
d kt hp vi Hemoglobin trng thnh. HbCO cng mt thi gian lm sch t s
lu thng mu trong bo thai. Ngi m ch c th lm gim s ng c CO n bo thai,
s nh hng rt xu. Bng 5.5 minh ho nh hng ca CO tu theo nng v thi
gian.
Bng 5.5: Cc nh hng ca CO vi con ngi
Nng CO(ppm) Thi gian tip xc Triu chng
100 2-3 gi Gy nhc u nh
800 45 pht
2 gi
Hoa mt, bun nn, co git.
Bt tnh
1600 20 pht
2 gi
au u, hoa mt. Bun nn.
Cht
3200 5-10 pht
30 pht
au u, hoa mt, bun nn
Cht
6400 1-2 pht
20 pht
au u, hoa mt
Cht
12800 3 pht Cht

nng thp, CO
2
kch ng trung tm h hp. nng cao, CO
2
gy ngt.
Trong iu kin khng kh th bnh thng, mu ca c th khi n phi mang theo CO
2

do c th thi ra di dng CO
2
Hb (cacbonhemoglobin). phi, CO
2
Hb phn li thnh
158
CO
2
theo khng kh th ra v Hb, Hb kt hp ngay vi O
2
ca khng kh ht vo thnh
O
2
Hb v chuyn en t bo, m, t chc ca c th.
Ngy nay theo D. Matheson, ngi ta bit CO
2
c tim nng c nng thp do
cc hu qu ca tc dng trn mng t bo v cc tn thng sinh, ho hc nh tng p
sut ring phn CO
2
, tng nng ion Cacbonat trong mu lm mt cn bng kim toan
gy ra bnh nhim axit (acidose) v c gi l nhim axit h hp.Tip xc lu di vi
CO
2
t 5 100 c th dn n tng lng ng Ca trong cc m c th, k c thn.
Nng CO
2
t 1 -2% sau vi gi c th gy nguy him d khng kh O
2
. Bng
5.6 minh ho nh hng ca CO
2
vi con ngi. Hnh 5.1 minh ho s thm nhp ca
CO vo con ngi.

Hnh 5.1. S xm nhp ca CO vo c th ngi
Bng 5.6: nh hng ca CO
2
vi con ngi
TT Nng (%) nh hng n con ngi
01 0,5 Gy kh chu v h hp
02 1,5 Khng th lm vic c
03 3 6 C th nguy him n tnh mng
04 8 10 C hin tng ngt th
05 10 30 Gy ngt th ngay
06 35 Gy cht ngi
Bng 5.7 minh ho cc triu chng thng thy con ngi khi tip xc CO
2
159
Bng 5.7: Cc triu chng thng thy con ngi khi tip xc CO
2

Cc loi Triu chng
Cc triu chng ca c
th
au u, bun nn, nn ma, au c, au khp, mt mi
thng xuyn, hoa mt, chng mt, tnh trng t lit, tai, t lit
nh
S gim st v nhn thc/
tr nh
Thiu chc nng quyt nh thc hin: cc vn v s ch ,
tp trung, cc vn v a nhim, cc vn v tm t, t t,
mt kh nng t duy, vn nhn thc chm
Ri lon cm xc (d xc
ng, nh hng n
nhn cch)
S thay i tnh tnh: d cu knh.
S suy yu, suy nhc: s lo lng, bun khc, tnh th ,
thiu ng lc, thiu s quan tm, tc gin, d cu knh, ri lon
gic ng, ri lon tm thn, tm thn phn lit.
Ri lon v gic v s
vn ng (th gic, thnh
gic )

Khng nhn r, hoa mt, tai, khng nghe c.
S nhy cm i vi cc cht ha hc, tc vn ng chm,
gim s vn ng mnh, ri lon v n ni, nut thc n.
Ri lon v thn kinh Tai bin mch mu, chng mt ngn ng, d mt thng bng,
s rng mnh.

8. Ch (Pb)
Ch c biet en nh mot chat oc, hp chat cua ch a c dung e pha
vao nhien lieu cho ong c. Ch la mot chat de dang hap thu qua da. Chung lam thuc
ay qua trnh tieu hoa m trong c the, bao gom ca no. Khoang 50% ch c hap
thu vao c the qua ng ho hap c gi lai. Khi so lng ch trong c the mc o
cao no se lam can tr qua trnh tao mau. Khong kh b o nhiem ch la ieu rat nguy
hiem cho moi trng song cua con ngi, lam anh hng nghiem trong ti sc khoe.
nc ta t khi cam x dung xang pha ch th van e o nhiem khong kh do ch giam
ang ke.
9. Thuc tr sau
160
Thuc tr sau la nhng chat oc co li ve mat kinh te, dung e kiem soat va
tieu diet sau co hai, sau hai la nguyen nhan lam hai mua mang anh hng en kinh
te va cung co tac ong co hai en sc khoe cua con ngi. Tuy nhien hydrocacbon
clorua va hp chat phospho trong thuoc tr sau la mot moi nguy hai ln oi vi sc
khoe con ngi, v tnh oc von co va tnh kho phan huy cua chung. Trieu chng cua
s nhiem oc co cac ac iem sau: au au, hoa mat, choang vang, roi loan tieu hoa
va b kch thch. Trong trng hp nhiem oc nang co trieu chng nh run giat bap
tht, roi loan than kinh trung ng va cuoi cung la t vong. Hau het cac trng hp
nay la kho xac nh neu b nhiem oc do ho hap va hap thu qua da. Li ch kinh te xa
hoi ve viec s dung thuoc tr sau la rat ln. Tuy nhien, cac tac ong la nguyen nhan
gay t vong cho ong vat la mot ieu canh bao trc cho con ngi.
10. Ozon
99% ozon co trong khong kh sinh ra t qua trnh quang hoa cac oxit co
trong khong kh. Nong o kh ozon ln hn 196Mg/m
3
. (0.1ppm) la nguyen nhan gay
kch thch mat. Neu tiep xuc vi ozon trong 8h nong o > 0.3ppm th trieu chng
au tien la kch thch khoang mui va co hong. Tieu chuan cho phep tiep xuc vi
ozon trong 1h la 0.15ppm. Khi nong o ozon t 0.3 1ppm neu tiep xuc t 15 phut -
2h th xuat hien trieu chng ngat th, ho, met moi. Neu nong o 1.5 2ppm ma tiep
xuc qua 2h gay ra cac chng au ngc, ho, au au, c the mat can bang, moi met,
au nhc cac khp xng; nong o 9ppm gay om nang.
11. Chat o nhiem sinh hoc
Chat o nhiem sinh hoc la dang vat chat trong vu tru, c xac nh bang mc
o cam nhan cua con ngi. a so cac loai benh sinh ra do anh hng cua chat o
nhiem sinh hoc la sot va hen suyen. Nhn chung cac benh nay hay gay sot, phat ban,
ngoai ra con co cac ac iem khac la viem thanh quan va not cham o tren da. Cac vi
sinh vat vu tru en t at, nc va thc vat. ong vat cung lam phat sinh cac vi sinh
vat trong chuong trai trong qua trnh bai tiet va thao mo hoi. Hau het cac vi sinh vat
co trong khong kh thuoc loai hoai sinh va khong la nguyen nhan chnh gay benh. Tuy
nhien, hau het cac vi sinh vat sinh ra trong moi trng hu c eu co kha nang gay
benh va song ky sinh tren mot vat chu. Cac vi sinh vat vu tru ch co the xam nhap vao
c the ngi khi co ieu kien thuan li. Cac vi sinh vat co tnh lam ban khong kh
thng c san sinh ra t nc thai san xuat, t cac nha may che bien thc pham co
nguon goc ong vat va thc vat. Bng 5.8, 5.9 v 5.10 minh ho triu chng ly nhim
ca mt s loi vi khun v nm trong kh quyn .
161
Bang 5.8: Chat o nhiem sinh hoc thong thng
Chat o nhiem sinh hoc Nguon goc
Phan hoa Gio lam phat tan t thc vat nh co, co dai, cay coi
Nam moc Thng phat sinh ra t cac vi sinh vat hoai sinh, xay
ra phu thuoc ieu kien ve nhiet o, o am
Kch thch (Danders) Long ga, vt, ngong, meo cho nga cu, gia suc khac
a th nghiem tren ong vat va tren ngi
Bui nha Tong hp cua tat ca cac loai bui tm thay trong nha
Chat lam mt da, mt toc Dau goi au, kem dng da, nc hoa, thuoc nhuom
toc
Rau co, si thc vat Bong, bong cay gao, cay gai, cay gai dau, cay ay,
rm ra, u u, au, hat ca phe, lua mach en, lua m
Thuoc tr sau Thanh phan chung trong thuoc tr sau la cay cuc tr
sau
Sn, vani, keo dan Dau hat lanh va chat hu c hoa tan
Ngun APTD 69-23
Bng 5.9: Cac vi khuan vu tru pho bien lay nhiem cho con ngi.
Chng
benh
Nguyen nhan Trieu chng va chuan oan
Lao phoi Vi trung lao Nguyen nhan gay thng ton bi cac u bu tm thay
trong phoi. Trong vai trng hp cac u bu b voi hoa,
trng hp khac do s tap trung u bu lam pha hoai
cac mo.
Than th Khuan que Xay ra ong vat nhng no cung xay ra vi con ngi.
ay la ieu nguy hiem mac du chung khong pho bien.
Cac trieu chng nh benh viem phoi va thng tien
trien thanh nhiem trung mau gay t vong.
Khuan tu cau
lay nhiem qua
Khuan tu cau Thng dan en cac chng viem phoi hoac xuat huyet
do phoi b ton thng nang.
162
ng ho hap
Khuan cau
chuoi lay nhiem
qua ng ho
hap.
Khuan cau chuoi
sinh mu.
Co the phat trien ra nhieu trieu chng khac nhau bao
gom viem amidan, viem xoang, viem tai gia, viem
cuong phoi, viem hau hoac b nhiem trung gay viem
hong va co the bien chng thanh sot xuat huyet khi b
nhiem trung nang.
Benh viem
mang nao.
Vi trung viem
mang nao
Trieu chng ban au la viem xoang mui, nhng trieu
chng nay nhanh chong phat trien tr thanh viem mang
nao.
Viem phoi Vi trung gay viem
phoi
Trieu chng ban au la viem thuy phoi. Tuy nhien vi
trung gay benh luon thong qua khoang mui, thong qua
cac mach mau ma chung phan phoi i khap c the tao ra
cac o vi trung. Gay t vong do can tr ho hap hoac
nhiem trung mau.
Dch viem phoi Pasteurella pestis Benh nay lay nhiem qua bo chet, lay lan thanh benh
dch. au tien chung gay benh tai phoi sau o lay
nhiem t ngi nay sang ngi khac, benh nay gay t
vong.
Ho khan Bordetella Thng phat benh tre em, au tien la tieu chay
va ho nhe, sau o chuyen sang ho d doi vi ac iem
ho nhieu keo dai, sau trong co.
Diphtheria Corynnebacterium
diphtheria
Gay benh tre em, thng lay nhiem qua lp nhay, co
hong la ni de lay nhiem nhat. Phoi la ni au tien b
lay nhiem sau o chuyen sang cac bo phan khac trong
c the.
Klebsiella
pulmonary
infection
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
Lam hoai t cac nhu mo trong phoi va thng gay t
vong neu khong c cha chay kp thi.
Staphylococcal
wound infection
Staphylococcus
aureus
Cac vet phau thuat b nhiem trung bi cac vi trung trong
khong kh. Cac vi sinh vat lay nhiem co the theo vao
cung vi cac phau thuat vien hoac chung vao phong mo
bi s trao oi khong kh.
163
Bng 5.10: Cac nm vu tru pho bien lay nhiem cho con ngi
Chng benh Nguyen nhan Trieu chng va chuan oan
Viem loet
da
Nam gay viem loet Trieu chng ban au la nhng hat nho, sau o dan
chuyen sang benh lao phoi gay ra cac chng ho, au
trong long ngc, suy giam sc khoe.
Khuan cau
gay nam
Coccidioidesimmitis nhng trng hp nang co trieu chng chung giong
benh cum, nhieu trng hp con suy giam trieu chng.
giai oan th hai hoac tiep tuc phat benh se tr thanh
nam khuan cau tren da, di da va trong phu tang, gay
ton thng trong xng, t le gay t vong cao.
Cryptococc-
csis
Cryptococcus Chu yeu phat benh do lay nhiem, chung co the chuyen
qua dang ung th phoi rat nhanh, mc o lan rong trong
phoi cao
Histoplasm-
osis
Histoplasma sulatum Khi c the b nhiem nam se co s thay oi nghiem trong
trong c the, c quan b ton hai nhanh nhat la phoi
Nocardiosis Nocardia asteroides Mot chng benh kinh nien nh lao phoi. No thng bat
au phoi nhng trong vai trng hp chung lay nhiem
ra toan c the.
Nam cuc Aspregillosis Tng t nh lao phoi, chung co kha nang lay nhiem rat
cao. Benh phat sinh do ht phai cac bao t trong vu tru.
The bao t Sporotrichum
Schenckii
Chng benh gay u bu tren da, phat sinh chng hoai t
gay viem loet. Benh phat sinh do ht phai cac bao t
trong vu tru.

12. Mot so chat o nhiem phi sinh hoc khac
Sau ay la bang tom tat ve nguon goc va nhng tac ong cua mot so chat o nhiem
phi sinh hoc len c the con ngi.
Bng 5.11: Ngun gc v tc ng ca mt s cht nhim phi sinh hc
Chat o
nhiem
Nguon goc Tac ong
164
Aldehyde Kh thai t ong c, t ot chay chat thai,
ot chay nhien lieu, phan ng quang hoa.
Kch thch mat, da va he thong
ho hap bi mui ac trng.
Amoniac Cong nghiep hoa chat, luyen than coc,
luyen kim, chan nuoi va ot chay nhien lieu
Pha huy mang nhay bao ve, h
hong mat va he thong ho hap.
Asen Lo nau kim loai, t thuoc tr sau, thuoc diet
co.
Ht vao, an vao bung, hap thu
qua da la nguyen nhan gay
viem da, viem phoi va kch
thch khoang mui, chung con b
nghi ng la chat gay ung th.
Miang (khoang
thach ma)
Nha may che bien miang hoac khai mo xay
dng.
X hoa phoi, voi hoa phoi, ung
th phoi.
Bari Khai mo, tinh che, san xuat Bari, cac nganh
cong nghiep dung Bari. o cha ke ti
lng Bari co trong thien nhien.
Anh hng en tim, viem
ng ruot, tac ong en trung
tam than kinh va he ho hap.
Berili Dung trong cong nghiep, san xuat en
huynh quang, dung lam nhien lieu che phao
sang.
Gay h hai phoi, cac mang
nhay bao ve do cac dang muoi
hoa tan cua Berili
Bo Cong nghiep san xuat bo, ot chay dau mo
than a.
Nhiem oc thong qua ng
ruot va ng ho hap. Bui sinh
ra t qua trnh thieu ot la
nguyen nhan gay kch thch.
Boronhydrid co tac hai ti trung
tam than kinh.
Cadimi T cong nghiep tinh che, che tao may, ma
ien, han bang Cadimi. San pham phu t
qua trnh tinh che ch, kem, ong. Co trong
thuoc tr sau, phan bon, cc bnh ac quy, t
cac nha may phat ien hat nhan, trong cac
san pham dau hoa.
Nhiem oc man tnh hay tc
thi, ht phai hi khoi la nguyen
nhan gay h hong than, gay
benh kh thung phoi, ung th,
roi loan ruot, da day, cac chng
ve tim, gan, nao.
Clo T san xuat kh clo, ro r trong kho va khi
van chuyen.
Kch thch mat mui, hong. Vi
nong o cao gay hai cho phoi.
Gay ra cac benh nh kh thung
165
phoi, viem mang phoi.
Etylen Kh thoat ra t cac phng tien van tai, cong
nghiep hoa chat, ot chay chat thai nong
nghiep
Gay kch thch mat giong nh
loai o nhiem sinh ra t qua trnh
quang hoa gia nitro oxit va
ozon
Acid Clohydric San pham phu t qua trnh che tao cac chat
clorua hu c, ot chay than a, ot chay
nha va giay co cha clo, ot chay dau hoa
co cha clorua etylen
Ht vao gay ho, kho th, gay
loet he thong ho hap pha tren,
lam m giac mac o mat.
H
2
S T sat sinh vat thoi ra trong nc tu ong,
nghien giay goi hang, thai bo chat thai cong
nghiep xuong ao ho, x ly nc thai, tinh
che va luyen than coc.
au au, viem ket mac, mat
ngu, au mat. Vi nong o cao
co the lam can tr s van
chuyen oxy, lam tac ong len
cac te bao, nhiem oc enzim,
lam h hai cac mo than kinh.
Sat T cac nha may san xuat sat va hp kim,
trong vai tro tan t cac qua trnh ot chay
nhien lieu than va dau, ot chay chat thai
thanh pho, th xa, viec s dung cac que han.
Bat au la viem phoi va nhiem
sat. Sat oxit sinh ra do cac
phng tien giao thong, chung
chuyen sang dang ung th va co
tac dung gi cho cac sulfur
dioxit nam sau lai trong phoi.
Mangan Phat sinh t qua trnh san xuat hp chat
ferrmangan. S dung que han, ot chay cac
san pham co cha mangan.
He thong than kinh trung ng
b nhiem oc, mangan vao
ngi qua ng ho hap, an vao
bung va hap thu qua da.
Thuy ngan Khai mo va tinh che thuy ngan, dung thuy
ngan trong phong th nghiem, t thuoc tr
sau.
Ht phai hi thuy ngan co the b
nhiem oc hoac ngo oc cac
nguyen sinh chat trong c the.
Niken T cac nha may luyen kim, ot chay nhien
lieu co cha niken, ot chay than a, dau,
ma niken cac o dung, ot cac san pham
cua niken.
Co the la nguyen nhan gay ung
th phoi, ung th cac xoang, roi
loan he thong ho hap, viem da.
166
Phospho T cac nha may san xuat phan phosphat,
phosphoacid, phospho pentocid. Phat sinh t
cac phng tien giao thong ma nhien lieu
ot co dung chat phospho lam chat chong an
mon.
Kch thch da, gay nhiem oc c
the, khi nong o cao chung se
anh hng en he than kinh.
Chat phong xa Trc tiep gay o nhiem bang viec phan ra
hat nhan, co the t bui l lng trong t
nhien hoac do nhan tao. Gian tiep gay o
nhiem do nhiem oc thc an bi nang
lng phong xa vao nc, thc vat va ong
vat.
Gay tac ong lam phat sinh
benh bach cau, loai khac gay
ung th, uc nhan mat, giam
tuoi tho. Tac ong ot bien gien
lam ot bien di truyen en the
he sau.
Selen ot chay nhien lieu trong cong nghiep va
nhien lieu thai bo, kh thai, ot chay cac san
phamve giay co cha Selen.
Kch thch mat mui, cuong
hong, bo may ho hap, viem bo
may tieu hoa. Nhiem oc man
tnh co anh hng en than gan
va phoi.
Vanadi Cong nghiep tinh che Vanadi, luyen kim,
nha may ien, lam giau vanadi trong dau.
Co cac tac ong sinh ly khac
nhau len bo may tieu hoa va ho
hap. Lam c che qua trnh tong
hp cholesterol. Nhiem oc lau
ngay gay ra cac chng benh ve
tim va ung th.
Kem Tinh che kem, san xuat ong thao, qua trnh
ma kem.
Hi kem co tnh an mon da va
kch thch gay h hai mang
nhay

5.1.2 Anh hng en sc khoe con ngi
a. Gy hi sc kho
nhim khng kh c nhiu nh hng tai hi cho sc kho con ngi. Chng loi
v s trm trng ca cc nh hng ny ty thuc vo loi ho cht, nng v thi gian
nhim. Cc nhm c bit nhy cm l nhng ngi b ri lon tim phi, tr em, nht l
167
cc em hiu ng, nhng ngi b suyn v b nght mi phi th bng ming. Kh m
ni mt cch chnh xc cht c no gy ra mt bnh no. V cc cht nhim tc ng
trong mt thi gian di, c s cng hng ca nhiu cht v thi gian bnh lu nh
bnh kh thng (emphysema), vim ph quan mn tnh, ung th phi v bnh tim.
b. S t v ca c th ngi chng nhim khng kh
Rt may l h h hp ngi c nhiu c ch t v chng li nhim khng kh.
Khi ta ht vo, lng mi chn cc bi ln v khi cht nhim kch thch mi th ta nhy
mi (ht hi) y khng kh ra. Hn na vch mi, kh qun, ph qun v vi ph qun
c ph cht nhy. Cht nhy thu gi cc bi nh v ho tan vi cht nhim khng
kh. Phn ln ng h hp c tri bi mng tim mao (cilia), chng un ln y cht
nhy v cht nhim v pha ming ni chng s c tng ra. Nu phi b kch thch,
cht nhy chy nhiu hn v to ra ho, y khng kh d v cc cht nhy b nhim ra.
c. S qu ti v xung cp ca c ch t v
Khi b nhim cht nhim mnh hoc thi gian nhim ko di tuy vi nng
thp, cht nhy b bo ho, cht nhim s vo su trong h h hp v gy hi nhiu hn.
Bi mn rt hi v c th vo su mang theo cc cht c gn vo cc b mt ca ph
qun hay ph bo. Nhim khi thuc lu di v cc cht nhim khc nh ozon, SO
2
,
NO
2
lm hy hoi tim mao. Do vi khun v cc ht mn xuyn thu ph bo lm
vim nhim v ung th phi. Ngoi ra ht thuc lu nm v nhim nhim khng kh lu
di lm cht nhy nhiu, ngn chn lung kh v to ra ho. Khi c ca ph qun b chai v
ho lu, cht nhy tch t v th ngy cng kh, s dn n vim ph qun mn tnh. Bnh
kh thng (emphysema) xy ra khi mt s ln ph bo b h hi lm cho bnh nhn
khng th th ra ht kh trong phi, ph bo b ng li, kh c s lan sang cc ph bo
k cn, chng mt kh nng n hi v c th b rch, lm gim din tch cn thit O
2

vo mu. Bnh nhn c th cht v suy tim hay nght th. Bnh kh thng git cht nhiu
ngi nhiu hn ung th v cc bnh nan y khc.
Ung th phi l do s tng trng bt bnh thng ca t bo mng nhy ca phi
v ph qun. Ht thuc l nguyn nhn hng u, nhng n cng do ht phi cc cht
168
nhim khng kh: cht phng x, bi amiant, arsenic, crm, nickel... Cc cng nhn lm
vic trong cc nh my l i tng ca nhim khng kh mn tnh. H thng b ho,
th ngn, vim phi, vim ph qun, kh thng v ung th phi. ng ch l si asbete
(mt loi amiant) d vi lng nh nhng vn gy ung th phi 15 n 40 nm sau. Tm
lp fibrociment c si amiant l mt nguy him tim tng cho chng ta. Hnh 5.2 minh
ho h thng h hp ca con ngi phn no cho chng ta thy mc nguy him khi ht
th khng kh b nhim.

Hnh 5.2 H h hp ca ngi
Hien nay vic nghien cu o nhiem khong kh lam anh hng en sc khoe
con ngi Viet Nam noi chung va thanh pho HCM noi rieng a co nhng chuyen
bien kha quan do c nha nc va cac c quan quoc te tai tr nh d n Nghin cu
nhim khng kh, i ngho v tc ng n sc kho ti thnh ph H Ch Minh vi
tng kinh ph 900.000 USD trong ADB ti tr 600.000 USD, s cn li do Vin
nghin cu sc kho ca M (HEI) v thnh ph H Ch Minh ng gp. Mc tiu ca
d n nhm tm ra cac gii php lm gim tc ng ca nhim khng kh n ngi
ngho, ci thin sc kho v cht lng cuc sng cng ng.

5.1.3 Anh hng en s sinh trng va phat trien cua con ngi
a. Dioxin (chat oc da cam)
Nh chung ta a biet hau qua cua chat oc da cam ma e quoc My gay ra cho
169
nhan dan mien Nam Viet Nam rt nng n. T nm 1961 n 1971 chng ri xung
min Nam Vit Nam 72 triu lt cht c ho hc trong c 44 triu lt cht c mu da
cam vi mc ch ph hoi mu mng, tn ph rng nhm ph hu cc cn c hoc hn
ch vic vn chuyn ca qun i ta. Hu qu ca chng li rt tn c, gy nh hng
rt nghim trng i vi con ngi v mi trng. Hn 3 triu ha rng b ph hu, nhiu
loi ng v thc vt b hu dit v khng th hi sinh, trn 1 triu nn nhn b nhim
cht c da cam, hng trm ngn gia nh vi nhiu con ci ca nhng ngi nhim cht
c b d tt, nhiu ph n b xy thai hoc sinh con di dng, c nhng gia nh c t 4
5 con u b khuyt tt do cha m chng nhim phi cht c da cam. Nh chung
ta biet chien tranh huy hoai con ngi, huy hoai moi trng mot cac tan khoc, d am
cua no keo dai en tan thi bnh. Chat oc Dioxin a i vao at, nc, va khong kh.
No ngam vao mau va gay ra nhng hau qua kho lng nh benh ung th, vo sinh hay
sinh quai thai, lam anh hng en s sinh trng va phat trien cua con ngi.
b. Cc cht c khc
Bn cnh Dioxin cn rt nhiu cc cht nhim khc cng gy nh hng rt ln
n s sinh trng v pht trin ca con ngi, trong cc hp cht ca ch l mt v
d. Ph n nhim c ch trong lc mang thai rt d sinh con qui thai hoc di dng. Rt
nhiu cht nhim khc nh Nicotin, cc loi ho cht khc u gy nh hng n sc
kho con ngi nu nhim phi chng.
5.1.4. Anh hng en cong viec
Con ngi song trong moi trng b o nhiem th en mot ngay nao o c the
se het kha nang chong choi. Nhng vi khuan lay nhiem trong moi trng o nhiem
se de dang xam nhap vao c the dan en s suy nhc cua c the, tao ieu kien cho
dch benh phat trien. Ngi lao ong khong the tap trung vao cong viec lam cho nang
xuat lao ong giam quan trong hn la tai nan lao ong rat de xay ra. Theo thong ke
cua Cuc An toan lao ong nm 2005, c nc xy ra 4.095 v tai nn lao ng (TNL),
trong c 4.220 ngi b nn, lm 495 ngi cht, hng nghn ngi b thng tt. T
l tuy c gim so vi nm 2004, nhng theo B L-TB v XH, con s thng k trn
cha phn nh y tnh trng TNL xy ra, v ch c 3.400/160 nghn doanh
nghip c bo co v tnh hnh TNL. Lnh vc xy lp cc cng trnh dn dng, cng
nghip v giao thng chim t l s v TNL cao nht v s ngi cht nhiu nht:
37,55% v 36,26%; khai thc than: 10,28% v 14,29%. S lao ng mc bnh ngh
170
nghip tng nhanh, hin c 21.537 ngi, trong ch yu l bnh bi phi v cc bnh
nhim c ngh nghip.
5.2. ANH HNG CUA O NHIEM KHONG KH EN ONG VAT
1. Tc ng do kh SO
x
v H
2
S
Tng t nh c th ngi, SO
2
xm nhp vo c th ng vt qua ng h
hp v tip xc vi cc nim mc t hnh thnh nhanh chng cc axit sau s phn tn
vo mu qua h thng tun hon. mu cc axit chuyn ho thnh cc mui sulphat ri
thi qua nc tiu. Tc hi ca SO
2
l do hnh thnh cc axit H
2
SO
4
, H
2
SO
3
c hn rt
nhiu ln. H
2
S c tc dng nhim c ton thn, tc dng kch thch ti ch ln nim mc
v tip xc m, hnh thnh cc loi sulfur. Cc sulfur c to thnh c th xm nhp h
tun hon, tc ng n cc vng nhy cm, mch, vng sinh phn x ca cc thn kinh
ng mch cnh v thn kinh.
2. Tc ng do kh NO
x
v NH
3

a. NO
x

Khi ht phi NO
x
s c mt phn c thi loi (khong 50% sc vt) mt phn
vo su trong phi v gy ra cc tc dng gy c cho ng vt. NO
x
thng gy bnh
vim phi ng vt. V d: chut, tip xc vi nng NO
2
l 0,940 mg/m
3
trong 4
gi lm thay i hnh thi cc t bo phi .
NO
2
i mu nu hoc trng, lm gy vn cc m, ngng ph hoi: 4.700 g/m
3

trong khong thi gian tc dng 4 gi. Cho ng vt tip xc 1ppm/1 gi thy bin i
cc m phi dn ti kh thng. Chut nht cho tip xc nhiu ln vi nng 0,5ppm
NO
x
b ri lon h hp dn ti vim phi. Cho kh trc tip tip xc vi kh c nng
NO
2
15-50ppm trong vng vi gi gy nguy him cho phi tim v gan. Vi nng
khong 0,06ppm cng c th gy bnh phi cho ngi nu tip xc lu di. NO t c
hn NO
2
, thc nghim ng vt cho thy NO
2
c hn 4 ln so vi NO. Kh NO
x
vi
nng khong 100ppm c th gy t vong cho ngi v ng vt sau mt s pht tip
xc c th dn n nh hng xu vi b my h hp.
b. NH
3

NH
3
c mi kh chu, gy vim ng h hp cho ngi, ng vt, gy lot gic
mc, thanh qun, kh qun. NH
3
thng gy nhim c cp tnh. c tnh ca NH
3
cn
ph thuc vo gi tr pH ca nc. Ti pH= 8,5, DO= 4-5 mg/l tng lng NH
3
= 2,5
mg/l gy c cho cc sinh vt nc. NH
3
d ho tan trong nc gy nhim c c v
171
cc sinh vt trong nc. Ch c dng NH
3
(kh ho tan) ca Amonia l gy c cho ao h.
S phn chia ny chu nh hng ca pH, nhit v mn nhng pH nh hng quan
trng hn c. Nu tng 1 n v pH th s tng 10 ln t l ca NH
3
(kh ho tan) amonia.
c ca amonia gy ra khng ng ngi lm trong ao h v thc vt phiu sinh
(phytoplankton) s gi cho c ny mc thp, tuy nhin nu ao h c mt cao
qu th mc NH
3
vn c th xut hin. Mc NH
3
(kh ho tan) amonia thay i v ban
m p ng s thay i ca pH v nhit . Di tc dng ca vi khun, Amonia s b
bin i thnh Nitrite (NO
2
) (bng nitrosomonas bacteria) ri nitrate (NO
3
) (bng
nitrobacter bacteria).
Nitrate thng v hi, nhng trong mi trng nc m lng chlorinity thp th
nitrite s gy c cho tm. Nitrite gy c chnh yu l to thnh cht methemoglobin v
gim s chuyn oxygen ti t bo. x l nitrite ta c th p dng chloride mang t
l nitrite: chloride ti 0,25.
3. Tc ng do kh HF
HF nng thp c li cho ngi v ng vt. nng cao (dng kh, bi)
rt c, gy c cho cc loi ng vt n thc vt. Gia sc n phi s chng gi hn,
lm gim hm lng canxi trong xng v rng, gy chng mm xng dn ti gy gim
trng lng. Nu gia sc n thc n nhim florua vi liu lng vt qu gii hn cho
php th xng v rng b vi ho bt bnh thng. HF l cht kh gy kch thch phi
nghim trng. dng lng, n c tnh n mn i vi da v mt. i vi chut, kh th
LC50 ln lt l 1276ppm v 1774ppm. Sau khi cho chut, th, heo Ty Phi v ch tip
xc trc tip qua ng h hp nng c th gy cht th mng tip hp t bo mi,
h h hp b kch thch. Nhng tn thng xut hin thn v gan, v mc tn thng
lin quan cht ch vi nng cht. nng gy cht, khi tip xc s gy hoi t
vng nim mc, da ng vt b tn thng vi nhng vt bng nng, lng b trc ra m
khng gy au n. Th nghim cho thy nng 20%, khi cho dung dch t t vo
mt th s gy ra tn thng ngay lp tc vng gic m gy nn s m c, s ngng
huyt vng tip hp mc, sau mt gi xut hin ph. mc nng hn, khi ch, th
tip xc nng 30ppm trong 30 ngy gy ra s xut huyt nh v ph phi. Khi gii
phu chut thy c s thoi ho nghim trng vng thn v v no, ch c s l lot
b phn sinh dc. Tip xc nng 5,5ppm trong cng iu kin gy ra s xut
huyt cc b phi (t l b mc phi ch l 20%) nhng khng c du hiu g nghim
trng chut.
4. Tc ng do kh CO
x

172
a. i vi ng vt trn cn
Cc bng 5.12, 5.13, 5.14 sau y cho thy nh hng ca CO
x
xy ra vi ng vt.
Bng 5.12: nh hng n ng vt ca CO
x
.
Loi Nhim c CO nh hng
Chut Nng CO cao, nhim
trong vi pht, thng
xuyn.
Sy thai, d ti hp th CO, nu c sng st
pht trin khng bnh thng.
Chut Nng va phi, trong
nhiu ngy.
Tng kh nng t vong ca bo thai.
nhiu ngy, gim lng
protein
Gim trng lng c th, tng kh nng t vong
bo thai, ui nh, u nh, li th ra, m
mt, ming.
nhiu ngy.
Tng kh nng ti hp th CO, gim trng
lng bo thai, tng chiu di mng v xng
khng bnh thng.
Loi gm
nhm
Nng cao, trong vi pht,
thng xuyn.
Gim la , loi sng st gim kh nng cai
sa.
Loi gm
nhm
Nng cao, vi gi,
thng xuyn.
Kh nng hp th, cht non, xng khng bnh
thng, gim trng lng bo thai, chiu di
mng.
Loi gm
nhm
Nng thp, nhiu ngy,
gim oxi
Gim trng lng bo thai, tng trng lng
no, gim trng lng phi, gim cht b trong
no
Loi gm
nhm
Nng cao, nhiu gi,
thng xuyn
Gim trng lng bo thai
Loi gm
nhm
Nng va phi, nhiu
ngy
Tng trng lng nhau, gim trng lng bo
thai
Loi gm Nng cao, nhiu gi, Gim trng lng bo thai, trng lng nhau
173
nhm thng xuyn
Th Nng trung bnh, nhiu
ngy
Tng trng lng nhau v chiu di mng.
Th Nng cao, nhiu pht,
nhiu ngy
Tng kh nng cht ca bo thai
Heo Nng trung bnh cao,
nhiu ngy
Tng kh nng cht non.
Bng 5.13: nh hng ca ng vt sau khi sinh khi tip xc vi CO.
G Nng rt cao, nhiu
gi, 7 ngy
Xut huyt vng no trc, gim kch thc nhn ca
phi thai trc khi sinh
Loi gm
nhm
Nng trung bnh
cao, trong sut thi k
thai nghn
Tng nng CO s lm gim kch thc tiu no.
Huyt thanh trong hc cu xng ty gim trc tip khi
CO tng 3 tun sau khi sinh. Norepinephrine cng tng
trong v no mi
Loi gm
nhm
Nng va phi Norepinephrine tng trong tiu no v cho php c
tng t 2-6 tun sau sinh
Loi gm
nhm
Nng trung bnh cao,
t khi th thai cho n
10 ngy sau sinh
Gim trng lng tiu no v acid gamma aminobutyric
(GABA) sau sinh.
Loi gm
nhm
Nng trung bnh cao,
trong sut thi k mang
thai
Gim tiu no v vic to ra cc cht dy thn kinh.
Gim ch gy xng, s thoi ha Purkinje v nhng t
bo nh trong v no. Th vn mi c cha DNA tng
khi nng CO tng. Noreoinephrine v huyt thanh
trong ty xng gim sau khi sinh
Loi gm
nhm
Nng trung bnh cao,
na sau giai on mang
Hat ng kh carbon trong c c nga tng gp i sau
4 gi
174
thai
Loi gm
nhm
Nng va phi, trong
sut thi gian mang thai
Du hiu bnh l gim Wallerian trong dy thn kinh
hng, c nhn thy khi loi c tui
Loi gm
nhm
Nng t thp cho n
trung bnh, trong sut
thi gian mang thai
Qu trnh ng lc hc ca s kh hot tnh ca natri
trong dy thn kinh hng din ra ngn ngi; cc m thay
i trong trng thi cn bng in th ca Natri
Loi gm
nhm
Nng t thp cho n
trung bnh, trong sut
thi gian mang thai
Thc bo kh chu thi ra cc gc Candida albicans v
calcium lm gim thy th gic
Mo Nng cao, 1-2.5 gi Khu vc b tn thng nhiu nht l m trng trong no
v h no, tip theo l nhng hch c bn sau n v
no
Kh nu Nng cao, 1-3 gi Trong 9 con mi sinh th 4 con bnh thng, 1 hot ng
khc thng, 4 trong tnh trng nguy him, 1 con khi
sinh b nhc trng, hn m, kh nng b yu. Khm
nghim t thi pht hin cht hoi do xut huyt nh
hng n lp da bn ngoi v hch song phng ca
ng vt. 4 con nguy him do tng p sut trong s, au
nhc khp ni s v hch vng mc nh ln. Chng
cho thy chng git cu mt ca xng i sau v s co
tht c ui khng lin tc. C nhiu hch cht trong v
no.
Bng 5.14: nh hng ca CO ln chut v chim hong yn.
% CO (ppm)
nh hng ln chim
hong yn
%CO (ppm) nh hng ln chut
0.16
(1600)
nh hng nh vo cui gi 0.09
(900)
nh hng nh vo cui gi
0.20 Nguy him trong 8 pht, mt 0.12 Yu hn vo cui mi gi sau
175
% CO (ppm)
nh hng ln chim
hong yn
%CO (ppm) nh hng ln chut
(2000)
s suy nhc trong 15 pht
(1200)
khi nhim CO nng 0.9%
0.31
(3100)
Nguy him trong 4 pht, suy
nhc trong 7.5 pht, gim
sc lc c bp trong 35 pht
0.15
(1500)
Nguy him trong 3 pht, ng
qu trong 18 pht
0.46
(4600)
yu trong 4 pht
0.20
(2000)
Nguy him trong 1.5 pht,
ng qu trong 5 pht
0.57
(5700)
yu trong 2 pht, gim sc
lc c bp trong 7 pht, cht
trong 16 pht
0.29
(2900)
Ng qu trong 2.5 pht
0.77
(7700)
Nguy him trong 1 pht,
gim sc c bp trong 6.5
pht, cht trong 12.5 pht

Chim hong yn thch hp trong vic xc nh s tn ti ca CO trong khng
kh bi v chng cho thy du hiu ng c nhanh hn. Triu chng ng c chim
thng d xc nh hn. nh hng chim d nhn thy hn khi bay, khi t ng l du
hiu nguy him hn khi nm. Tnh trng ny ko di hn chut, chut ch c nhn
thy khi kh i li, kh th hay nhng triu chng nhim c ban u khc.
Chim hong yn c nhng du hiu nhim c CO thng xuyn hn v triu chng
nhim c d nhn thy hn.
Khi cy pht trin chng i hi phi c cung cp CO
2
, chng cn ngay lp tc,
y v khng i. Cuc nghin cu mi y cho thy mt qu nhiu thi gian cho
CO
2
i qua tubin. Trong hu ht trng hp, chng ta s khng nhn c mc CO
2
tt
nht v s bin dng ca cy s chm tr. My pht CO
2
Green Air Product cho php
chng ta a mt lng ln CO
2
trong khu vc c ro chn mt cch nhanh chng v
hiu qu. Vi s pht tn chnh xc, CO
2
t my pht s i vo gi v phn tn, ha ln
vi khng kh trong phng.
b. i vi ng vt di nc
176
Mc CO
2
i vo i dng cao gy nn tnh axit. Cc nh khoa hc ti Hi
ngh bo tr ca nhiu Chnh ph UN kt lun: vo gia th k ny, mt lng ln
CO
2
vo i dng th gii s dn n s gia tng tnh axit ca tng pha trn lm hi n
i sng bin v ph v chui thc n ca cc loi sng trong mi trng nc. S
thay i su sc h thng CO
2
trn b mt i dng khng c quan tm trong hn 20
triu nm. Cc nh khoa hc bin tin on s tch ly CO
2
c tnh cht nghim trng ln
gp 3 ln v nhanh gp 100 ln hn l s tch lu CO
2
trong thi k bng h. Theo cuc
nghin cu c trnh by ti hi ngh t chc bi IOC: S gia tng tnh acid ny c th
ph v chui thc n ca bin v thay i chu k sinh ho ca bin. Khong 50% tng
lng kh CO
2
do con ngi thi ra k t cuc cch mng cng nghip ho tan vo cc
i dng ca th gii, nh hng xu n sinh vt bin.
y l kt lun t hai nghin cu quc t mi. Trong nghin cu th nht, cc
nh khoa hc tp trung vo lng CO
2
tch tr trong i dng. H pht hin cc i
dng th gii c chc nng nh mt chic bn khng l hp th kh nh knh. Theo h
qu trnh loi b loi kh ny khi kh quyn Tri t lm chm li s m ho ton
cu.

Hnh 5.3 Nhng ng khi thi ra nhiu kh nh knh
Tuy nhin trong nghin cu lin quan th hai, cc nh khoa hc cho bit hiu
ng bn cha ny hin ang thay i tnh cht ho hc ca i dng. S thay i
lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca ng vt ph du, san h v cc loi ng vt khng
xng sng khc, yu t c bn nht trong chui thc n i dng. Cc tc ng ti
sinh vt bin c th l rt nghim trng.
177

Hnh 5.4 Hin tng c cht hng lot
Chuyn gia a vt l Christopher Sabine, thuc Cc kh quyn v i dng M,
cho bit: Cc i dng ang phc v nhn loi bng cch loi b CO
2
khi kh quyn.
Vn l s gip ny gy hu qu cho cu trc sinh thi v sinh hc ca i dng.
L mt loi kh nh knh, CO
2
by nhit mt tri trong kh quyn Tri t. y l
loi kh ng gp ln nht vo qu trnh m ho ton cu. K t khi nhin liu ha thch
c s dng mnh vo khong nm 1800, lng CO
2
trong kh quyn tng t khong
280mg/l ln 380mg/l. Mc CO
2
trong kh quyn ngy nay ch bng khong 50% so vi
lng m cc nh khoa hc d on, da trn c tnh mi nm con ngi ng gp
244 t tn CO
2
vo kh quyn. Theo Sabine, na lng kh CO
2
pht thi cn li c i
dng hoc thc vt trn cn hp th..
5. Tc ng ca kh CFC
c cp tnh khi ht vo:
Halogen ha hon ton Chlorofluoromethanes, CFC12 v CFC13 th hin
c cc k thp khi ht vo, CFC-11 cng c c thp, nng gy cht ngi nm
trong khong 571 1427 g/m3 (100 000 250 000 ppm). Trong khi
chlorofuorethanes, CFC114 v 115 dng nh c cng thp tip theo l CFC113
v CFC112. Triu chng ca s nhim c cp tnh nh hng trn h thn kinh trung
ng v tip theo l nh hng n h tim mch v h h hp.
Bng 5.15 c cp tnh khi ht vo ca s halogen ha hon ton CFCs
Hp
cht v
cc loi
Nng a Nng b Thi gian
phi nhim
(pht)
nh hng quan
st c
Tc gi
CF 11 22-25 125-
143
120 Run ry, kh th
N k ll (1993)
178
Hp
cht v
cc loi
phi nhim
(pht)
nh hng quan
st c
Tc gi
45-51

257-
291
120

Run ry, bt u
gy m
100 571 50 B gy m
250

1427 30 Gy cht (LC
50
)
Scholz (1961)
Caujolle(1964)
Paulet (1969)

10 57 1440

Khng c du hiu
lm sng
Quevauviller et
al.
Chut
nh
(1963)
100 571 30 Gy cht (LC
50
) Paulet (1969)
50 285 120 Bt u gy m Scholz (1961)

90 514 30 Gy m Lester&Greenbe
rg (1950)

Chut
150 856 30 Gy cht (LC
50
) Paulet (1969)
Chut
ng
100 571 240 Gy cht (LC
50
) Taylor & Drew
(1974)
Mo 100 571 60 Gy cht Scholz (1961)

CFC
12
Chut
lang
Nam M

540
900

2716
4527

30
30
nh hng n h
thn kinh, nhng
khng gy t vong

Paulet (1969)
Chut
nh
320 1610 30 nh hng trn h
thn kinh
Paulet (1969)
179
Hp
cht v
cc loi
phi nhim
(pht)
nh hng quan
st c
Tc gi
200 1006 30 Khng nh hng
300 -400 1509 -2012 30 Gy m
500 2515 30 Gim phn x
700-800 3521-4024 30 Gy m, khng gy
t vong
Chut
800 4024 360 Khng gy t vong
Lester &
Greenberg
(1950)
Kh, ch 200 1006 420-480 Khng kt hp Sayers et al.
(1930).
CFC-13
Chut
lang
Nam M

600

2604

120

Khng nh hng
Chut 600 2604 120 Khng nh hng

Weigand (1971)

30 254 40-60 CFC
112

5-10 42-85 1080
Gy cht (xut
huyt phi)
Lester &
Greenberg
(1950)
CFC
113
Chut
lang
Nam M

120

935

60

Gy t vong (LC
50
)

Trockimowitz
(1984)
90-95 701-
740
120 Gy cht (LC
50
) Desoille et al.
(1968)
Chut
nh
90 701 120 Gy cht (LC
50
) Trockimowitz
(1984)
52.5 409 240 Gy cht (LC
50
)
180
Hp
cht v
cc loi
phi nhim
(pht)
nh hng quan
st c
Tc gi
110 857 120 Gy cht (LC
50
)
Th 59.5 463 120 Gy cht (LC
50
) Trockimowitz
(1984)

20-47

42-

120

Kh th

Nuckolls (1933)
CFC -
114
Chut
lang
Nam M
400 2844 1440 Khng kt hp Scholz (1961)
Chut
nh
700 4977 30 Khng t vong Paulet (1969)
300 2133 120 Khng kt hp Scholz (1961)
Chut
720 5119 30 Khng t vong Paulet (1969)
Th 750 5332 30 Khng t vong Paulet (1969)
CFC -
115
Chut
lang
Nam M

600

3852

120

Khng nh hng

Weigand (1971)
Chut 600 3852 120 Khng nh hng Weigand (1971)
Ch thch: a nng phn ngn; b nng : g/m
3

Bng 5.16: c cp tnh khi tip xc bng ng ming ca nhng
cloruafloruaankan trn chut.
Hp cht Mc c c th gy cht (mg/kg)
CFC 11 3725
b
181
CFC 12 > 1000
c
CFC 112 25000
CFC 112
a
25000
CFC 113 45000
d
CFC-114 > 2250
c
Ch thch:
a c xc nh t: Clayton (1966).
b c xc nh t: Slater (1965).
c c ca CFC phn hy trong u
d
LD
50
= 43000 mg/kg.
Trong trng hp ca CFC11, s phi nhim khng lin tc n nng 143
g/m
3
(25000ppm) (3.5 h/ngy, 5 ngy /tun trong 4 tun) khng gy nh hng bt li
cho loi chut ln v chut lang Nam M (Scholz, 1962). Tng t, khng c nhng nh
hng xut hin trong nhng con chut ln, chut lang Nam M, kh, ch sau khi s phi
nhim khng lin tc n nng 58.5 g/m
3
(10.250 ppm) (8h/ ngy, 5 ngy/ tun trong
6 tun) hoc phi nhim lin tc n nng 57.1 g/m
3
(10.000 ppm) trong 90 ngy
(Jenkins et al., 1970). Leuschner et al. (1983) cho phi nhim nhm nhng con ch
n nng 28.5 g/m
3
(5000 ppm) v nhng con chut ln n nng 57.1 g/m
3

(10000 ppm) trong 6h/ ngy trong sut 90 ngy v khng thy s thay i no.
S phi nhim ca nhng con chut ln, mo, chut lang, v ch i vi CFC12
nng 503 g/m
3
(100000ppm) (3.5h/ngy, 5 ngy/ tun trong 4 tun) khng gy nh
hng bt li (Scholz, 1962). Prendergast et al. (1967) quan st c hin tng thm
qua m v gy hoi t gan sau khi phi nhim lin tc (90 ngy) ca chut lang Nam
M i vi CFC12 nng 4.02 g/m
3
(800 ppm) nhng khng c trong loi chut,
th, ch, kh c phi nhim n c gn nhau. S phi nhim i vi CFC12
trong 90 ngy (6h/ ngy) ca ch nng 25.1 g/m
3
(5.000 ppm) v chut ti nng
0.3 g/m
3
(10000 ppm) th khng gy c (Leuschner et al). (1983).
Trong hu ht cc nghin cu v c khi ht vo, CFC-113 khng gy nh
hng bt li, thm ch sau 90 ngy phi nhim ca chut ti nng 155g/m
3
(20.000
ppm) (Trochimowicz, 1984) v ch ti nng 40 g/m
3
(5000 ppm) (Leuschner et al.,
182
1983). Tuy nhin, theo Clayton (1966) a ra nhng nh hng trn loi chut sau 30
ln phi nhim (mi ln 7h) ti nng 40 g/m
3
(5.000 ppm) v Vaibio et al. (1980)
tm thy s thay i ca hot ng cc enzym trong gan v lm tng trn mng li
ni cht sau khi chut b phi nhim n nng 15.6 31.2 g/m
3
(2.000 4.000 ppm)
(6h/ngy trong khong t 7 14 ngy). Lm tuyn gip ca kh ln ln v lm gia tng
trng lng qu thn trong chut sau khi phi nhim lin tc n nng 15.6 g/m
3

(2000 ppm) trong 14 ngy (Carter et al., 1970.
CFC114 khng gy nh hng trn loi chut ln, chut lang Nam M, mo,
ch sau khi phi nhim khng lin tc vi nng 711 g/m3 (100000 ppm). Ti mc
c cao hn (995 1422 g/m
3
; 140.000 200.000 ppm) s nhim c c nh du
trn loi chut lang Nam M, ch, mo, chut (xem bng 5.17). Loi chut ln phi
nhim vi CFC112 nng 8.470 mg/m
3
(1.000 ppm) (6h/ngy trong 31 ngy) lm
gan c s thay i nhng khng ng k. S phi nhim n nng tng t trong
18h/ngy trong sut 16 ngy khng gy ra c, trong khi h thn kinh trung ng v
h h hp nng cao hn (25.410 mg/m
3
; 3.000 ppm) (Clayton, 1967). Ngc li,
loi chut, th v ch chu tc ng ca CFC115 ti nng 642 g/m
3
(100.000 ppm)
trong 90 ngy (6h/ngy) m khng b bt c nh hng c c no (Clayton, 1966).
Tm li c th kt lun rng c khi ht vo trong thi k ngn th thp. nh
hng ca c t lin quan chnh n h thn kinh trung ng, h h hp, v gan.
Bng 5.17: S phi nhim ca CFC khi ht vo trong thi k ngn ca cc loi
th.
Loi v s
lng th
S phi nhim
(g/m
3a
)
nh hng Tc gi
CFC11
Loi chut (4)

68 (12.000 ppm),
4h/ngy, 10 ngy.

Thay i triu
chng phi, gan,
no v l lch

Clayton (1966)

Chut (5)

143 (25.000 ppm),
3.5 h/ngy, 5 ngy/
tun, 4 tun

Khng gy bt li

Scholz (1962)
183
Loi v s
lng th
S phi nhim
(g/m
3a
)
nh hng Tc gi

Loi ch (2)

71 (12.500 ppm)
3.5h/ ngy, 5 ngy
/tun, 4 tun

Khng gy bt li

Scholz (1962)

Mo (2)
Chut (12)
Chut lang Nam
M (2)
Th (1)

23 (4.000 ppm), 6h/
ngy, 5 ngy/ tun,
28 ln phi nhim

Khng gy bt li

Clayton (1966)
Chut (15)
Chut lang Nam
M (15)
Kh (9)
Ch (2)

58 (10.250),
8h/ngy, 5ngy/
tun, 6 tun

Khng nh hng

Jenkins et al (1970)
Chut (15)
Chut lang Nam
M (15)
Kh (9)
Ch (2)
5.7 (1.008 ),
24h/ngy, 90 ngy
Khng nh hng

Jenkins et al (1970)
Ch (6) 28.5 (5.000),
6h/ngy, 90 ngy
Khng gy bt li Leuschner et al. (1983)
Chut ln (40) 57.1 (10.000),
6h/ngy, 90 ngy
184
Loi v s
lng th
S phi nhim
(g/m
3a
)
nh hng Tc gi
Mo (2)
Chut ln (5)
Chut lang Nam
M (3)
Ch (2)
503 (100.000),
3.5h/ngy, 5ngy/
tun
Khng gy bt li Scholz (1962)
Chut lang Nam
M (15)
Chut ln (15)
Ch (2)
Kh (3)
4.1 (810), 24h/ngy,
90 ngy
Cht bo thm vo,
gy hoi t gan ca
chut lang Nam M,
khng nh hng
trn cc loi khc

Prendergast et al. (1967)
Chut lang Nam
M (15)
Chut ln (15)
Ch (2)
Kh (3)
4.1 (800), 8h/ ngy,
5 ngy/tun
Cht bo thm vo,
gy hoi t gan ca
chut lang Nam M,
khng nh hng
trn cc loi khc

Prendergast et al. (1967)
Ch
Kh
1.006 (200.000) 7 -8
h/ngy
Gy m, kh th,
chy nc ming,
khng c s thay
i trong m.
Sayers (1930)
Ch (6) 25 (5.000), 6h/ngy,
90 ngy
Khng gy bt li Leuschner et al (1983)
Chut ln (40) 50 (10.000)
6h/ngy, 90 ngy
Khng gy bt li Leuschner et al
(1983)
185
Loi v s
lng th
S phi nhim
(g/m
3a
)
nh hng Tc gi
8.5 (1.000),
18h/ngy, 16 ngy
Khng gy c Chut ln
25 (3.000), 4h/ngy,
10 ngy
C du hiu trn h
thn kinh trung
ng v h h hp

Clayton (1967a)
Chut ln, chut
nh, chut lang
Nam M, th
8.5 (1.000),
6h/ngy, 31 ngy
Thay i t trong
gan
Clayton (1967a)
CFC113
Chut ln
16-31 (2.000-
4.000), 6h/ngy, 7-
14 ngy
Thay i hot ng
enzym trong gan,
lm tng trn
trong mng ni cht
Vainio et al. (1980)
Chut ln, chut
nh, ch, kh
16 (2.000),
24h/ngy, 14 ngy
Khng gy bt li Trochimowicz (1984)
Kh, chut ln 16 (2.000), 24h/
ngy, 14 ngy
Tuyn gip ca kh
ln ln, tng trng
lng qu thn
trong chut
Carter et al. (1970)
Chut nh, ch 16 (2.000),
24h/ngy, 14 ngy
Khng gy bt li Carter et al. (1970)
Chut ln, chut
lang Nam M
195 (25.000),
3.5h/ngy, 20 ln
phi nhim
Ch 97 (12.500),
3.5h/ngy, 29 ln
phi nhim
Chut ln, ch,
chut lang Nam
M
40 (5.100), 6h/ngy,
20 ln phi nhim
186
Loi v s
lng th
S phi nhim
(g/m
3a
)
nh hng Tc gi
Chut ln 16-22 (2075 2850),
7h/ngy, 30 ln phi
nhim
Khng gy bt li,
lm gim t l ln
can ca c th, lm
i mu gan.
Clayton (1966)
Chut ln Trn 156 (20.000),
6h/ngy, 5ngy/
tun, 90 ngy
Ch (6) 39 (5.000), 6h/ngy,
90 ngy
Chut ln (40) 78 (10.000),
6h/ngy, 90 ngy
CFC 114
Mo, chut ln,
ch, chut lang
Nam M
711 (100.000),
3.5h/ngy, 20 ln
phi nhim
Khng gy bt li Scholz (1962)
Chut lang
Nam M(6)
1.002
(141.000), 8h/ngy,
21 ngy
Gy thoi ha m
trong gan
Yant et al. (1932)
Chut lang Nam
M (6)
1.422 (200.000),
8h/ngy, 4 ngy
Gy thoi ha m
trong gan
Yant et al. (1932)
Ch (3) 1.002 (141.000),
8h/ngy, 3-21 ngy
S nghin cu
khng ph hp, gy
m, thnh thong co
git; bt u t ngy
th 3-5 tr i

Yant et al. (1932)
Ch (5) 1.422 (200.000),
8h/ngy, 3-4 ngy
100% cht, gy m,
co git, lm gim
s tng trng lng
c th, s thay i
trong mu, sung

Yant et al. (1932)
187
Loi v s
lng th
S phi nhim
(g/m
3a
)
nh hng Tc gi
huyt cc b phn
c th
Chut ln (10)
Chut nh (10)
711 (100.000),
2.5h/ngy, 5 ngy/
tun, 2 tun
Khng gy bt li Paulet & Desbrousses
(1969)
Chut ln (10)
Chut nh (10)
1.422 (200.000),
2.5h/ngy, 5
ngy/tun, 2 tun
Gim s tng cn
trong c th, lm
tng s lng t bo
bch huyt, gy
bnh v m, mu
ti phi v cung
phi

Paulet & Desbrousses
(1969)
Chut ln (10)
Chut nh (10)
71 (10.000),
2.5h/ngy,
5ngy/tun, 2tun
Khng gy bt li Paulet & Desbrousses
(1969)
Ch (6) 36 (5000), 6h/ngy,
90 ngy
Chut ln (40) 71 (10.000),
6h/ngy, 90 ngy
CFC 115
Chut ln, chut
nh, ch, th
642 (100.000),
6h/ngy, 90 ngy
Khng gy bt li Clayton (1966)
Ch thch: a gi tr trong du ngoc c phi nhim vi nng mt phn ngn.
Nhng nghin cu trong thi k di v c t qua ng ming c thc hin
trn CFC11 v CFC12. NCI (1978) hon thnh mt th nghim i vi CFC11,
c thc hin bng vic a ng cc bng ng vo d dy, v nhng cht c th gy ung
th c trong loi chut ln Osborne-Mendel v nhng con chut nht B6C3F1. Nhng
nghin cu v cc cht gy ung th l ph nh i vi loi chut nh v khng c kt
lun g i vi loi chut ln. Trng lng c trung bnh l 488 v 977 mg/kg/ngy i
vi chut c ln, 538 v 1.077 mg/kg/ngy i vi chut ci ln, 1962 v 3.925
188
mg/kg/ngy i vi chut nh. Tt c cc c c thc hin 5 ngy/tun. C nhng
con chut c v ci u c kh nng t vong cao khi so snh vi phng php t dc
lng trong th nghim Tarone. Kh nng t vong ny tng cao xut hin sm trong 4 tun
loi chut ci khi chng nhn c nng c cao. Tuy nhin, s t vong sm ny
khng c lin quan n s thay i trng lng c th, du hiu lm sng, hoc khng c
nhng chng bnh v u bu. T l mc phi vim mng phi v vim mng ngoi tim
thp (2-6%) c thy c nhng con chut c v ci trong th nghim ti c hai mc
c nhng khng c trong cc loi th c kim sot.
Sherman (1957) thc hin nhng nghin cu v c qua ng ming trong
thi gian di trn loi chut ln v ch. Mt phn ca nghin cu v c t, nhm gm
50 con c v 50 con ci loi chut Charles River ca th h F1a c gi li th nghim
trong 2 nm, vi mt thi gian cht l 1 nm. Bt u t nhm 6 tun tui, kim sot vi
c thp v c cao c thc hin i vi CFC 12 trong du ng cc bng
phng php a thc n bng ng vo d dy trong 6 tun v 5 ln/tun sau . Sau
nghin cu ny, c ca CFC-12 vi c thp trn nhng con c v con ci gim
t 27 -11 v 25 11 mg/kg/ngy, vi c cao gim t 273 -130 v 242 128
mg/kg/ngy. c trung bnh l 15 mg/kg/ngy i vi nhm c c thp v 150
mg/kg/ngy i vi c cao. Lm gim s tng trng lng c th trong nhm c
cao, c bit l gia nhng con ci. Khng thy c du hiu no ca c t, v khng c
s khc nhau c bit gia nhng nhm th nghim v nhm c kim sot trong nhng
con cn sng,
Trong nhng nghin cu tng t, nhm gm 4 con ch sn th c v ci CFC
12 c a qua ng ming (trong thc n lnh ca ch) nng o c l 1, 8, 80
mg/kg/ngy trong 2 nm. Khng c con ch no cht hoc du hiu v c t. Khng c
s khc nhau c bit gia nhm dng lm th nghim v nhm c kim sot c tm
thy trong thc phm tiu dng, trng lng c th, chu k mu, ha hc lm sng, kim
tra nc tiu, trng lng cc b phn. Mt th nghim trn tuyn thng thn cng
khng em li kt qu. Khng c du hiu no ca cht gy ung th (Sherman, 1974).
i vi CFC113 nhng kch thch cc b c thy sau 5 ngy trn da ca th
dng m nng 5g/kg/ngy (Waritz, 1971). Quevauviller et al. (1964) and
Quevauviller (1965) p dng i vi CFC11; CFC12; CFC114; v hn hp CFC
11, CFC12, CFC11 v CFC 22 trn da, li, vm ming, thnh gic, thc qun ca
loi chut ln, 1 - 2 ln/ngy, 5 ngy/tun, trong 5 - 6 tun. Nhng hp cht tng t
c p dng mt ln trong ngy, 5 ngy/tun trong 1 thng trn mt ca th. Nhng
189
kch thch nh ch thy trn da ca loi chut v trn mt ca th.
Khi c p dng trn da ca th nng 7.5g/kg gy ra bnh ban v
CFC 112a nng 11g/kg gy ra nhng kch thch mnh m trn da, trong khi
CFC 113 nng 11g/kg ch gy ra nhng kch thch cc b. CFC114 khng gy ra
kch thch khi phun trc tip trn lng ca loi chut lang Nam M (Clayton, 1966).
CFC112 gy ra nhng kch nh nhng khng gy mn cm khi c p dng trn da
ca loi chut lang Nam M (Clayton et al., 1964).
6. nh hng cua chat o nhiem sinh hoc len ong vat
Bng 5.18: Cac chng benh do nam va vi khuan vu tru cua ong vat.
Chng benh Vat chu Nhan to gay
benh
Chuan oan va nhan xet
Bovine Gia suc, ln Vi khuan
mycobacterium
Lay sang con ngi
Lao Cu, cho meo Vi khuan bovis Tr mam benh bang cach giet bo.
Loet mui truyen
nhiem
Nga, la Vi khuan
Actinobaccillus
Dang u bu, viem loet he thong
ho hap, cac c quan ben trong, tren
da, t le t vong cao
Nam Chim, chim bo cau,
vt ga
Nam
Aspergillosis
fumigatus
Ht phai nam t thoc lua, rm ra b
mc, lien quan en phoi.
Cryptococcosi Nga Nam
Cryptococcus
neoformans
Gay ra cac not san trong phoi
nga, tm thay trong phan cac loai
bo cau.
Coccidiomyco-
sis, sot rng, thap
khp
Gia suc, nga, ln,
cho, loai gam
nham
Nam
coccidioides
immitis
mc o nang nhn chung la b
cam lanh, ret run.
Histoplasmosi-s Vat nuoi trong nha. Nam
Histopplasma
sulatum
Ht phai cac bao t gay ton thng
cho phoi.

7. nh hng cua chat o nhiem phi sinh hoc khac len ong vat
190
Bng 5.19: nh hng cua chat o nhiem phi sinh hoc khac len ong vat.
Chat o nhiem Nhan to gay benh va nguon goc
cua no
Tac ong hoac benh tat
Asen trioxit Neu chay asen va ong, asen t
thuoc tr sau.
Nhiem oc cho gia suc, nga, cu
Miang Th nghiem tren ong vat Ung th phoi vi vat th nghiem
Cadimi Vien nen cadimi Bo giam kha nang cho sa, ln b chet
Clo Tran, ro r ngau nhien Gay t vong cho ong vat
DDT Thuoc tr sau Gay lang ong canxi, la nguyen nhan gay
mem vo trng chim cach cut, rung long
ai bang.
Flo va
floruahydro
Phan bon phosphat va cac nha
may san xuat cac san pham nhom
Co tnh an mn rang va xng. La
nguyen nhan gay ra chng mem xng
thu nuoi.
Ch

uc ch Lam liet chi gia suc va nga
Thuy ngan Thuoc tr sau ong vat b nhiem oc bi an phai thc
an nhiem thuoc tr sau co cha thuy ngan
Molypden Nha may luyen kim Gay t vong cho gia suc
Nitro dioxit Th nhiem tren ong vat ong vat th nghiem de b xuc cam vi
cac benh viem phoi khi th vi lieu lng
NO
2
Ozon Th nhiem tren ong vat Viem phoi, kh thng. Viem cuong phoi.
Giam kha nang sinh san vat th nghiem
Chat phong xa Strontium 90, iodine 131, sesium -
137
Tap trung trong tht sa, tac ong gian
tiep khi an phai cac loai tht sa nay.
Selen Co nhieu selen trong co dai, hp
chat vo c selen co trong thc vat
hoac bam vao thoc, lua, rm ra,
Nhiem oc cap, gay t vong cho nhng
ong vat an co. Nhiem oc gay m mat,
i khong vng, chng benh kiem hoa.

191
5.3. NH HNG CUA O NHIEM KHONG KH EN THC VAT
5.3.1. Cc tc hi chung
Tac hai cap cua thc vat bi o nhiem khong kh la rat khoc liet, viec pha hong
cac mo trong la thng lien quan en viec v vun cac nguyen sinh chat, v vun cac
mo. Viec pha hoai cac mo trong la, lam kho la, ot chay mep la nh la qua trnh chet
hoai trong la.
+ Chet hoai
ay la hien tng lam cho tat ca cac mo b chet, ca pha tren va pha di be mat
la.
+ Tac hai man tnh
Khac vi tac hai cap, tac hai man tnh la ket qua cua qua trnh tac ong lau dai
cua chat o nhiem nong o thap, tac hai nay thng xuyen lam thay oi mau la hoac
ua vang bi v s pha hoai chat diep luc vi mot cng o khong ro rang.
+ Ton hai sac to
o la cac chng lam cho la nau en, en, o ta hoac la o lom om xuat hien.
+ Tac ong en s phat trien
Nhng tac hai nay la khong ro rang ma khong phai luon luon xac nh c.
Nhng co the nhan thay qua s km ham s phat trien hoac s kch thch phat trien
cua thc vat. Trong trng hp b km ham s phat trien th cac choi non b gi lai
khong nay choi c (cac choi non b km ham lam can tr s nay choi cua cac choi
khac), lam cho chung b xoan lai, ruc ru hoac coi coc, la b rung va hoa n th cung
chong b tan heo. Trong trng hp chung lam kch thch s phat trien th chung lai
phat trien cac la qua nhanh, la nguyen nhan lam cho phien la b quan xoan lai.
5.3.2. Cac chat o nhiem gay tac hai cho thc vat
1. Tc ng do kh SO
x
v H
2
S
a. Kh SO
x
Kh axt SO
x
ni ring khi kt hp vi nc ma to nn ma axt gy nh hng
ti s pht trin ca cy trng v thm thc vt. Khi nng hi axt trong khng kh
192
cao c th gy chn thng i vi l cy sau vi gi tip xc. Theo R. Hyperman (1979)
ngng chu ng ca cy n qu i vi SO
2
khi b tc ng trong thi gian di l
0.010- 0.083 ppm (0.0285 - 0.23 mg/m
3
). Khi nng SO
2
khong 1-2 ppm (2.85 - 5.70
mg/m
3
) c th gy cht tng phn i vi l cy. Mt s cy rt bn vng i vi SO
2
(v
d: cy ng, hnh). Oxt lu hunh (SO
x
), oxt nit (NO
x
), florua hydr (HF) v cc cht
nhim khc thm nhp t khng kh vo cy xanh thng qua qu trnh trao i kh hoc
sa lng nc ma, sng, bi trn b mt chi cy. Cc loi kh axt (SO
2
, NO
2
, HF) tc
ng vo cy xanh khi b tip xc lu di, vi nng ln s gy tn thng ti cy
trng.
Tc hi ca cc cht nhim khng kh i vi cy xanh ph thuc vo nng
cht nhim v thi gian tip xc. Trong giai on u b tc ng du hiu cy xanh b
tn thng cha r rng nhng th hin thay i ha hc, sinh ha, cu trc, chc
nng. Nhng du hiu tn thng ca cy xanh l :
- S tch t cht c trong thc vt.
- S thay i pH trn b mt chi hoc trong m.
- Tng hoc gim hot tnh ca men (v d HF lm gim hot tnh ca men enolaza,
tng hot tnh ca men peroxidaza).
- Phn hy clorophyl.
- nh ch qu trnh quang hp.
- Thay i trong qu trnh trao i protein v ng ha th cp.
- Ph hy s pht trin dn n gim nng sut cy trng ...
Khi nng SO
2
trong khng kh khong 1-2 ppm c th gy chn thng i
vi l cy sau vi gi tip xc. i vi cc loi thc vt nhy cm gii hn gy c kinh
nin khong 0.15 - 0.30 ppm. Nhy cm nht i vi SO
2
l ng vt bc thp nh ru,
a y. Theo mt s tc gi nc ngoi th ngng b tc ng xu i vi cy trng trong
thi gian lu di:
- Nng SO
2
t 0,029 mg/m
3
- 0,23 mg/m
3
gy nh hng ti cnh cy, nng
SO
2
t 2,85 - 5,70mg/m
3
c th lm cht tng phn ca l cy.
S i vo thc vt nh cc ion SO
2-4
, hn na trong cc vng khng kh b nhim
ban bi SO
2
th S c th b hp th bi l cy di dng SO
2
, nu hm lng ln c th
193
tiu dit thc vt trn mt din tch rng. Mt s th nghim cho thy SO
2
c lin quan
ti s tng trng cy c nhng ni thiu ht S trong t. dng kh, nng SO
2

khong 0.03ppm gy nh hng ti s sinh trng ca rau qu. Nhiu loi thc vt
nhy cm khc, gii hn gy c kinh nin khong 0.15-0.30 ppm. Nhy cm nht vi
SO
2
l cc loi thc vt bc thp: ru, a y. nng thp nhng thi gian ko di c
th gy vng l, rng. Khi nng SO
2
khong 1-2ppm c th gy chn thng l cy
sau vi gi tip xc. nng cao th trong mt thi gian ngn lm rng l v gy
benh cht hoi i vi thc vt.
Khi SO
2
chuyn ho thnh H
2
SO
4
to ra tnh axit trong nc ma lm tn thng
l cy, l cy, tr ngi qu trnh quang hp lm cho cy b vng a ri rng, ph hoi cc
t chc bn trong, khin cho cy trng mc rt kh khn, cn tr s sinh trng ca r
lm gim kh nng chng bnh v su hi cy. nh hng gin tip: nc ma lm axit
ho t gii phng cc ion kim loi gy c.
b. Kh H
2
S
H
2
S c tc dng lm tn thng l cy, lm rng l v lm gim sinh trng. H
2
S
lm ng oc r thc vt, gy cht cho ng vt v mt s vi sinh vt hiu kh trong mi
trng t. Lu hunh xut hin di dng sunfide th rt c vi cc m thc vt. Lu
hunh b bin i thnh dng sunfide trong qu trnh phn hy ym kh trong t v tch
ly n nng gy c trong m ly mn. S thch ng vi nng sulfur cao ca
thc vt ngp nc c bin thay i rng. Cc loi thc vt khc nhau th c kh nng
chu c khc nhau.
Mt trong nhng tc hi nghim trng ca ma axit l cc tc hi i vi thc vt
v t. Khi c ma axit, cc dng cht trong t s b ra tri. Cc hp cht cha nhm
trong t s phng thch cc ion nhm v cc ion ny c th hp th bi r cy v gy c
cho cy. Nh chng ta ni trn, khng phi ton b SO
2
trong kh quyn c
chuyn ha thnh acid sulfuric m mt phn ca n c th lng ng tr li mt t di
dng kh SO
2
. Khi kh ny tip xc vi l cy, n s lm tt cc th soma ca l cy gy
cn tr qu trnh quang hp. Mt th nghim trn cy Vn Sam (cy l kim) cho thy, khi
phun mt hn hp acid sulfuric v acid nitric c pH t 2,5 - 4,5 ln cc cy Vn Sam con
s lm xut hin v pht trin cc vt tn thng c mu nu trn l ca n v sau cc
l ny rng i, cc l mi s mc ra sau nhng vi mt tc rt chm v qu trnh
quang hp b nh hng nghim trng.
2. Tc ng do kh NO
x
v NH
3

194
a. Kh NO
x

NO
x
to ma axit, bn cht ho hc ca ma axit khng phc tp lm nhng vn
ma axit c th a n hng lot nhng nh hng trc tip v gin tip trn h sinh
thi cn v h sinh thi thu vc. Trong nhng nh hng ca ma axit c cng b l
suy thoi rng, suy thai h sinh thi thu vc v chuyn t thm thc vt ngho nit
sang giu nit. Cc axit ho c th tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip. Nhng tc ng trc
tip l nhng tc ng xy ra do thc vt hoc ng vt tip xc vi khng kh c cha
cht nhim vi nng qu cao. Tc ng gin tip khi thm thc vt v h sinh thi b
ph hu do t hoc nc b axt ho. c bit kh d on cc tc ng gin tip v
chng cn ph thuc vo tnh cht l ho ca t v nc s thc vt c tnh nhy cm
i vi mi trng s b tc hi khi nng NO
x
khong 1ppm v thi gian tc dng l
khong 1 ngy. Nu NO
x
nh khong 0.35ppm th thi gian tc dng 1 thng.
NO
x
l cht dinh dng cn thit cho qu trnh pht trin ca ng thc vt (trn
cn cng nh di nc). Hu ht cc loi thc vt thch nghi vi iu kin ngho dinh
dng.
- Tc hi cp tnh: vi nguy hi th hin r trn phin l mng, thng tc ng
ph hu plasmolyit v gn l.
- Tc hi lu di: l kt qu do s biu hn ko di mc nhim thp v
thng thy c s i mu dip lc t cng vi s phn hu dip lc v kh khng th
hin r tc hi ca n ln trn c th thc vt.
- Trng thi cy: Tc hi dng n c th biu hin trong qu trnh pht trin s suy
yu biu hin kch thc trong tng trng, ngn biu hin dng xon, phnh to, s
trng n hoc tn li ca hoa thng dn n sinh ra d dng, s pht trin khng ng
u ca cun l gy ra hin tng xon l v d dng phin l.
3. Tc ng do kh HF
Nng HF rt nh 0.001 - 0.002 ppm (tc l 0.00089 - 0.00178 mg/m
3
) gy
tc ng i vi l cy nh lm chy l. Khi tip xc vi nng HF ln hn 0.002
mg/m
3
th l cy b tn thng hoc cy b ph hu. Mt s cy n qu rt nhy i
vi HF. Mt s cy rt bn vng i vi HF nh c chua, hng dng, mng tre, la.
Theo Treshow (1980): nng HF: 0.2 0.5 /m
3
trong thi gian 24 gi: ngng c
hi i vi thc vt. Theo Le Blanc v Rao (1975): a y (lichen) mn cm vi nhim
florua. HF c th s dng lm thc vt ch th cho sch ca khng kh. nng 0.1
/m
3
c th gy c hi i vi a y Ramalina siliquosa. Kh florua xm nhp qua kh
195
khng v bi florua c hp ph trn b mt l dn n hin tng ng tng phn cc
kh khng. Theo Agrawal v Rao (1984): florua lm tng hm lng acid amin t do,
asparagin trong cy h u v lm cht l.
Purohit (1988) xp nhiu loi thc vt thnh ba loi:
Mn cm i vi nhim florua: o Trung Quc, h o, ng cc, thng.
Mn cm trung bnh: cy c ch, chanh, cam, hoa hng v mt s loi to.
Chng chu i vi nhim florua: cy hoa hng dng, la m, cy liu.

HF vi nng nh hn ch ch sinh trng ca cy, lm rng qu, lp qu,
qu nh v hay b nt. N l cht ph hoi cy xanh rt mnh: t chy u l. HF cng
nh hu ht cc cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh u c tc hi xu n thc vt,
gy nh hng c hi i vi ngh nng v ngh lm vn. Biu hin chnh l lm cho
cy trng chm pht trin c bit l sng khi quang ho gy tc hi rt ln i vi
cc loi rau: rau dip, u H Lan, la, ng, cc loi cy n qu v cc loi phong lan.
Nhng thnh phn nhim trong mi trng khng kh nh sulfur SO
2
, hydro florua
HF, natri clorua NaCl, cc hi, bi t cng nghip luyn ng, ch, km, nhum c
bit l hi kh bc ra t cc l nung vi, nung gch th cng, ngay c khi nng ca
chng cn thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca thc vt, nng cao lm
vng l, lm hoa qu b lp, b nt, b thi v mc cao hn th l cy cng nh hoa qu
u b rng, cht hoi.
4. Tc ng do kh CO
x

- Dioxit cacbon (CO
2
) vi nng nh hn 1 % khng nhng khng c hi i
vi cy xanh m ngc li lm tng cng qa trnh ng ha dn n tng sinh trng.
- Thc vt t nhy cm vi CO so vi ngi v ng vt nhng khi nng CO
cao (100 - 10.000 ppm) lm cho l rng, b xon, qun, cy non b cht, cy ci chm
pht trin. Ngoi ra, CO lm mt kh nng c nh Nit, lm thc vt b thiu m. V
d: Tri cy c th b nhim CO
2
khi ngoi khng kh, v c mu nu, nhm, b lm
vo
196

Hnh 5.3: nh hng ca CO
2
vi tri cy
Nhng cuc iu tra ch ra rng s tng mc CO
2
trong nh knh n 550 ppm
s lm cho cy trng mc nhanh hn t 30 40%. Mc CO
2
t nhin trong kh quyn
khong 450 ppm tng 250 ppm so vi thi k bng h, v vy s tng nh ny khng
quan trng vo lc u. Vn quan trng l mc CO
2
trung bnh trong nh knh c h
thng thng hi kn s gim nhanh do s hp th cu cy trng v s nm trong khong
150 -200 ppm nu khng c g xy ra trong nhng ngy ma ng Bc di, lnh v m
u. Hu ht nhng nh knh thng mi s c h thng chiu sng v si m khuyn
khch s tng trng ca cy trng nhng khng c m h thng thng hi v cho
khng kh lnh bn ngoi vo nh knh nu khng ma mng s b mt sm. Trong mt
vi cch, l phng n duy nht lm tng mc CO
2
t nhin, quy lut chung l tng
khong 1.000 ppm vo ban ngy v n gim mt cch t nhin vo ban m. K t khi
cc qu trnh sinh hc ca cy trng tiu th oxy v sinh ra CO
2
vo ban m, th vo
sng sm nng ca CO
2
s t ng tng ln nh. iu ny cn c kim tra v c qu
nhiu yu t lin quan c th thay i v mt h thng iu khin n gin m s dng
b cm bin hng ngoi c th gi nng kh c nh mi lc.
T l tiu th s khc nhau tng ma, cng nh, nhit , thi tit, thi k
pht trin ca cy trng v mc dinh dng. Mc tiu th trung bnh c c tnh
khong 0.12 0.24 kg/gi/100m
2
khu vc di sn nh knh. T l cao hn phn nh
cch s dng trong ngy c nng v nhng ma trng nhiu.
C nhiu qu trnh sinh ra CO
2
mt cch t nhin v khng th trnh c nh
s ln men v s t chy. Trong nhng vng n i tht l cn thit si m nh knh
v s si m ny s hu nh lun lun lin quan n vic t nhin liu ha thch, m
vic ny sn sinh ra CO
2
. iu ny thc y s lu thng li t nhin ca kh ga t h
thng si m li vo trong nh knh v v vy t c s tng trng gp i cho cy
trng. Kim sot mt cch cn thn cc ng khi s m bo rng hu ht ch c mt t
197
CO vo c nh knh, iu ny khng nhng lm hi cy trng m cn c kh nng gy
cht ngi ang lm vic . S kt hp ca nh my sn xut bia vi h thng nh
knh l mt vic nghim trng mt s vng. Ni chung, nhng phng php ny c
s chp nhn v tht s xng ng vi s ng h ca chnh ph, khng nhng to ra ma
mng m chng cn loi b cht gy nhim khng kh.
5. Tc ng ca kh CFC
a. Thc vt trn cn
S gia tng bc x UV-B ln b mt tri t do s suy gim tng ozon c th xem
l c nh hng khng tt ln c sinh vt trn cn v di nc. Vic nh gi tc ng
ca s gia tng phi nhim bc x UV-B i vi ma mng v h sinh vt trn cn hin
nay vn cn tn ti nhng nhn thc khng y v khng chnh xc. Tuy vy, nhiu
d liu nghin cu ch ra rng ma mng c kh nng b tn thng bi s gia tng
cng bc x UV-B. Khng ging nh nhng tc ng do s kh hn hay do nhng
iu kin a l khc, suy gim ozon tng bnh lu nh hng ln tt c cc khu vc
trn th gii, bao gm c nhng h sinh thi m s nhy cm ca n i vi tia UV-B
cha c iu tra pht hin.
C hn 200 loi v lp ph thc vt chu nh hng ca tia UV, khong 2/3 trong
s c xc nh l kh nhy cm. Nhng th nghim c tin hnh trong mi
trng c kim sot vi ngun bc x UV nhn to. S nhy cm thng b qu mc
khi so snh vi kt qu thu c t s phi nhim bc x mt tri trn cnh ng. Nhng
nhm thc vt nhy cm nht bao gm nhng cnh ng trng u H Lan, ht caf, da
hu, cy m tp v ci bp, nhng c s khc nhau rt ln trong s nhy cm gia nhng
ma v khc nhau cc khu vc nghin cu khc nhau. Nhn chung, bc x UV-B gim
s lng l cy v s tng trng ca thn cy, tng trng lng kh s nh hn, v tnh
cht quang tng hp cng b gim. Nhng kt qu ny thu c tng ng vi th
nghim lm gia tng thm 25% bc x mt tri UV-B (tng ng vi vic gim 12%
ca tng ozon), s phi nhim tia UV-B c kim sat bi mng lc ozon nhn to
cao cao v ti nhng v tuyn pha Nam. Loi thn tho nhn chung t nhy cm, c
l l do tnh cht t bo v ging nh kh nng t phc hi quang hc hay s sn sinh ra
nhng mng chn c mu.
S bin i ln trong kh nng nhy cm cc v ma vi mi loi cy trng
khc nhau cho thy mc chu ng tia UV-B phi nm trong nhng gen chung. Di
truyn hc c bn v s nhy cm i vi nhng tia UV-B th khng c hiu mt cch
y . Tuy nhin, n li cn cho vic la chn s sinh si ca ma v c th lm
198
gim mt s tc ng c hi tim tng. Ngoi nhng nhn t trn, sn lng ma v c
th b gim st do vic tng cng bc x UV-B, c bit l mt s loi cy trng
nh c chua, khoai ty, c ci ng v u nnh. Nhng loi cy trng c bit c cha
Protein v du hay nhng ht u nnh b st gim n 10% khi cy trng b phi
nhim di cng bc x UV-B tng ng vi mc suy gim 25% tng ozon.
S gia tng cng bc x UV-B cng c th nh hng ln kh nng sn xut
ca rng. Theo nghin cu ca Sullivan & Teramura (1988) th c n mt na loi cy
trng t ht d chu cc nh hng bt li bi bc x UV-B. Nhng kt qu nghin cu
cng ch ra rng s gia tng bc x UV-B s lm gim s phn b v tnh a dng ca
thc vt, v lm thay i cu trc ca h sinh thi do nhng bin i ca s cnh tranh
cn bng gia cc loi khc nhau. S thay i nh trong cnh tranh cn bng trong mt
khong thi gian cng c th dn n s thay i ln trong cu trc v thnh phn loi.
b. Thc vt di nc
Nhng kinh nghim thc t cho thy bc x UV-B c th lm tn hi n u trng
c v nhng con c nh, cng nh u trng ca cc loi tm hm, cua v nhng thc vt
ch yu ca mng li thc n bin. S tc ng ny cn nh hng ln c s gim kh
nng sinh sn, tng trng, tn ti v lm gim nhng chc nng khc nhau ca cc t
chc sng. Nhiu bng chng cho thy bc x mt tri UV-B mc d khng quan
trng bng nh sng, nhit , hay bc dinh dng, nhng ngy nay n gn nh l mt
gii hn quan trng ca nhn t sinh thi, v mi mt s gia tng nh trong s phi
nhim UV-B cng dn ti nhng bin i quan trng trong h sinh thi.
Nhng nh hng gy ra bi bc x mt tri UV-B c th xc nh c su
hn 200m vng nc trong v hn 5m nhng vng nc t trong hn. Trong nhng
h sinh thi vng bin, bc x UV-B xuyn qua c khong trn 10% ca i thu
quang (vng nc l thin bin v h c nh sng mt tri gip cho s quang hp)
trc khi n b suy yu i 99% kh nng chiu ln b mt. S chiu xuyn qua nhng
vng nc t nhin ca bc x UV-B c th c xem l cha kha quan trng trong vic
c nh nhng tc ng tim tng ca bc x ny ln bt k h sinh thi di nc no.
i vi h thng thc vt bin, mt khi s thay i thnh phn loi xy ra nhanh
hn s gim st trong mng li sn xut cng s c coi l kt qu tt yu ca s gia
tng phi nhim UV-B. Bt k s thay i no trong thnh phn ca chui thc n c bn
cng c kh nng to nn tnh khng n nh trong h sinh thi v c th gy nh hng
n bc dinh dng cao hn. Thi gian ra i ca thc vt ph du (thc vt ni) bin
c tnh t gi n ngy, trong khi s gia tng tim tng cc mc khc nhau ca
199
bc x mt tri UV-B s xy ra qua hng thp k sau. Cu hi c t ra l nhng gen
chung cc loi sinh vt c kh nng thch ng trong sut qu trnh ny (lin quan n
thi gian ra i ca cc sinh vt ch) hay li b thay i khi b bi nhim bi bc x UV-
B. C mt s tht hin nhin rng s gim mc phong ph ca lp Ozon s lm thu
hp li khu vc sinh sng ca cc loi thc vt ni gn b mt. i vi mt s loi
ng vt ni, thi gian sng b mt hay gn li to iu kin cho s tp trung thc
n v sinh sn.
Tc ng trc tip ca bc x UV-B ln u trng ca cc loi c khng c gn
nh tng ng vi tc ng ln cc ng vt ni khng xng sng. Trong mt
nghin cu bao gm c u trng c trng c tnh c rng s gia tng 20% bc x
UV-B (tng ng vi s suy gim 9% ca lp Ozon) s dn n ci cht ca khong
8% s lng u trng.
6. Aldehyde
Hp chat vo c bao gom acrolein va formaldehyde la san pham cua qua trnh ot
chay khong hoan toan cua cac hydrocacbon va cac vat chat vo c khac. ac biet
chung boc hi vao trong kh quyen t cac ong thai kh cua cac phng tien giao thong.
Them vao na la mot lng aldehyde co dang la chat o nhiem cap 2, la do phan ng
quang hoa xay ra khi chung bay hi vao trong kh quyen. Cay canh trong trong cac
nha knh se b h hai la khi chung tiep xuc vi aldehyde nong o vt qua 200
g/m
3
trong 2h. Cac h hai nay bieu hien nh xuat hien cac vet chet hoai tren be mat
la sau o la di be mat la. Co linh lang tiep xuc vi acrolein trong 9h nong o 250
g/m
3
th cung xuat hien cac hien tng tng t.
7. Asen
Asen c dung nh mot chat hut am (lam kho cac nhan to) cho mat hang ve
bong (cotton) trc khi em vao san xuat; no con c dung nh la mot chat diet co
dai tren mat at. Khi asen va cac dan xuat cua no khong c dung chnh xac theo
mot s ch dan th chung co the la nguyen nhan gay ra cac tac hai nghiem trong cho
thc vat. Trong mot vai trng hp asen t cac lo nau ong, vang thoat ra la nguyen
nhan lam h hai cho thc vat cac vung lan can.
8. Berili
Berili, nhn chung, thng tm thay nh la mot chat o nhiem khong kh tai cac
vung gan cac nha may san xuat cac san pham ve berili. Mot vai ket luan t cac cuoc
200
ieu tra cho thay khi berili hoa tan trong at nong o 1ppm th no c coi la mot
chat oc. nong o t 0,5 en 5 ppm chung se km ham kha nang phat trien cua cay
trong.
9. Kh dung sinh hoc
ay la nhan to gay benh co trong vu tru, co the chung cung gay ra cac tac hai
cho thc vat. Mot vai chng benh do nam, vi sinh vat, virus c reo rac bi sau bo
con trung, bi cac loai chim ong vat va nc, nhng nhieu nhan to gay benh th lai
c phat tan theo gio ac biet la nam. Bang 5.13 liet ke cac chng benh do cac vi
khuan vu tru gay ra cho thc vat.
10. Bo
Bo c tm thay trong thc vat mot lng rat nho, neu khong co no thc vat
se phat trien khong bnh thng, tham ch se b kho heo roi chet. dan xuat cua bo la
borat c tm thay trong phan bon. Tuy nhien, neu dung bo vi mot lng ln chung
co tac dung nh thuoc diet co, chung cc ky oc cho tat ca cac loai thc vat va viec
dung khong phu hp theo mot ch dan chung se lam cho cay coi b chet hoai.
11. Clo
Clo a c tm thay trong kh quyen gan nhng vung co s dung chat tay ra,
dung loc nc trong cac be bi hoac nc ti cho thc vat, ni co cac nha may san
xuat ra clo ma b ro r, tran khi trong kho cha hoac la hi acid clohydric boc hi.
Khi nong o clo trong kh quyen t 300 en 4500 g/m
3
lam cho mep la b quan,
cuong la b chet hoai, phien la b tay trang vv
12. Crom
Crom c dung trong nganh luyen kim va cong nghiep hoa chat va con trong
cac nganh nh san xuat xi mang, amiang. Crom la mot nguon gay o nhiem ma ta co
the khang nh. Crom kch thch s phat trien cua cay trong, nhng no cung co tnh
oc oi vi thc vat, tnh oc cua no phu thuoc vao loai thc vat, nong o crom co
trong at. Crom con c dung lam chat diet nam va bao quan go, bao quan cho
khoai tay va ca chua khong b thoi ra, dung lam chat kh trung cho hat giong va
dung kh cac loai nam moc. Tnh pha hoai cua crom cung gan lien vi tnh bao ve
cua no, khi crom co qua nhieu trong thuoc diet nam chung co the la nguyen nhan gay
h hai cho thc vat.
201
13. Etylen
Etylen c tm thay chu yeu nhng ni co mat o cac phng tien giao thong
i lai cao, ni s dung nhieu kh t nhien va nhien lieu dau cho he thong si, ot
chay than va san xuat cong nghiep. Etylen la mot oc to thc vat quan trong (nhiem
oc cho thc vat) va la nhan to quan trong gop phan lam o nhiem khong kh. No la
mot trong so t cac hydrocacbon dung lam nang lng va gay hai trc tiep cho thc
vat ma khong can ti phan ng quang hoa vi nitro oxide. nhng khu trung tam,
nong o etylen trung bnh khoang 40 - 120 g/m
3
. Etylen ch co mot tac ong duy nhat
la tac ong gian tiep len cac mo thc vat, nhng ieu phien toai nhat la trong ieu
kien bnh thng no tac ong len hocmon sinh trng cua cay lam thay oi kha nang
phat trien cua cay, ket qua la lam cho hnh thai, sinh ly hoc trong cac mo thc vat b
bien oi. Nhn chung, etylen la nguyen nhan lam km ham kha nang phat trien cua
thc vat, lam giam tnh kch thch phat trien cay trong va lam giam kha nang ny
choi cay. La khong phat trien c lam cho chung b ua vang, chet hoai va cuoi
cung la cat bo.
14. Thuy ngan
Thuy ngan c thoat vao trong kh quyen bi cac nha may che bien cac quang
co cha thuy ngan. No cung c phat sinh vao trong kh quyen bi cac qua trnh ot
chay than, dau va tai cac lo ot cac san pham tng t giay co cha thuy ngan trong
cac nha may. Thuy ngan c chuyen hoa trong moi trng theo mot chu trnh gia
khong kh, at, nc trong mot khoang thi gian dai. Thuy ngan gay h hai cho thc
vat nh cac hien tng sau ua vang, rung la, lam giam kha nang phat trien cua thc
vat, lam cho cay b coi coc va khong phat trien c. Vi nhng cay trong trong nha
knh, ni ma hi thuy ngan t diclorua thuy ngan lan trong at, t thuoc diet nam co
thuy ngan th t hn trong kh quyen. nhng cay co th than cay co co nhieu nhay
cam vi hi thuy ngan hn la la.
15. Ozon
Trong mot chng mc nao o, thong qua nhng tac ong quan sat c tren thc
vat, co the cho thay cac nguon quan trong phat sinh ra nitro dioxit nong o cao nh
cac nguon ma nhan thay mot cach ngau nhien, cac nguon do tran hoac ro r trong thi
gian ngan. Ozon la san pham quan trong nhat sinh ra t cac phan ng quang hoa gia
nitro dioxit va cac hydrocacbon. Bi vay co the ay la cac nguyen nhan quan trong
202
gay nguy hai cho thc vat con hn cac loai chat o nhiem khac. Qua trnh quang phan
(phan huy chat hoa hoc nh nang lng cua cac tia sang) cua nitro dioxit (NO
2
)

va cac
chat co lien quan, chuyen hoa thanh nitro oxit (NO), san pham nay phan ng vi cac
goc HC t do tao ra ozon. Ozon co tac dung lam om la cay thuoc la, cham lom om
va tay trang be mat tren la cay au van, cham om be mat tren la cay nho. Viec lam
ton hai sac to cho la cay la nguyen nhan dan en cac tac hai cho lp te bao bao ve
di lp bieu b. Hien tng ua vang, lom om cac loai thc vat ho kim la nguyen
nhan lam cho cac la non b rung sm, la cay ngu coc th ru ruc xuong. Vi cac loai
thc vat than mem (nh ca chua, thuoc la, khoai tay, au, rau bina, au ua vv ) th
kha nang chu ozon con yeu hn. Vi loai au ua, thuoc la chung b h hai nang khi
nong o ozon vt qua 0,02 ppm trong 8h.
16. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
PAN la ket qua sinh ra t phan ng quang hoa cua cac hydrocacbon va nitro oxit,
chung co tnh oc rat cao vi nhieu loai thc vat, ac biet la vi nhng cay con va la
non. PAN gay h hai nhieu hn trong moi trng co cng o anh sang manh, khi co
anh sang manh th PAN hoat ong manh hn la trong moi trng co cng o anh
sang yeu. Tiep xuc 4h nong o 15 - 20 ppb la nguyen nhan lam cho cay thuoc la,
cay canh, ca chua, rau diep b h hai. Cac trieu chng co the nhan thay bao gom cac
chng chuyen sang mau ong thiec, mau trang bac vv be mat di cua la va mot
vai trieu chng khong the nhan thay be mat pha tren cua la. Nhng tac hai do PAN
di anh sang mat tri ban ngay, co the phat trien tiep thanh nhng dai lom om la
co vao ban em. Cac trieu chng h hai quan sat thay la cay bong la nhng vet lom
om, cac van mau vang xanh, cac trieu chng xoan la chet hoai cay ca chua, ho
tieu.
17. Bui
Nhn chung, bui khong co nguy hai g cho thc vat tr phi chung co tnh an mon
cao hoac chung lang ong qua nhieu. Bui bam qua nhieu tren vo hoa qua, cay cu la
nguyen nhan lam giam chat lng cua cac loai san pham nay, ong thi cung lam
tang chi ph e lam sach chung. Bui lang tren la con lam cho giam kha nang quang
hp cua cay. Bui xi mang lang ong lam lap ay nhng lo kh khong, bao xung quanh
nhng hat diep luc thu anh sang can cho qua trnh quang hp. Bui cung co the lam
tang kha nang nhiem benh cua cay coi, thong qua viec lam giam sc song cua cay, co
the con lam can tr kha nang thu phan cay.
203
18. Mot vai loai thuoc tr sau
Cac loai thuoc co anh hng bi mui, v cua chung. Thuoc diet co, thuoc diet
nam nhn chung, la c s dung co chon loc, nhng khi dung khong can than
hoac khi dung qua nhieu th chung tr nen khong an toan na, luc nay no la
nguyen nhan gay ra nhng nguy hai tram trong cho thc vat dan ti lam cho cay
rung la, quan la, coi coc, van xoan, ln cham hoac co the chet. Mot trng hp
a co Anh, khi thuoc diet co dang 2, 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic (2, 4D) c
phun ra diet co cho cay lua th xuoi theo chieu gio 15 - 20 dam khoang 10.000
mau (1 mau Anh = 4.046 m
2
) bong b h hai tram trong. Thnh thoang mot vai h
hai cung xay ra cho thc vat cac vung lan can cua cac nha may san xuat thuoc
diet co.
19. Chat phong xa l lng
Van e ang lu y nhat la chung lang ong tren cac thc ong vat, hap thu vao
trong thc ong vat nay sau o con ngi an phai thc an t cac loai ong thc vat
nay. Ve chat phong x ngi ta a quan sat cac tac ong cua chat phong xa ti s
phat trien cua thc vat lieu lng thap, ti nhng tac ong gay chet hoai thc vat
lieu lng cao. Nhn chung, cac h hai do phong xa rat kho xac nh, ma phai chap
nhan rang so lan tac ong cao hn rat nhieu so vi tnh toan. Tac ong phong xa th
khong the xac nh c khi khong co nhng thiet b ac biet, nhng bieu hien cua s
tac ong th khong ro rang ngay ca mot thi gian kha dai sau khi b tac ong.
20. Selen
Thc vat can mot lng nho cho nhu cau phat trien cua mnh. Mot thi gian dai
selen tch tu lai trong thc vat, bi vay ma chung lam cho ong vat b nhiem oc khi
an phai chung. Vi mot vai loai thc vat nh ngu coc, lua m, lua mach th khong co
nhu cau hap thu selen nen ch can mot lng nho selen cung co the lam cho chung b
h hai do tch tu lai trong than cay.

204
Bang 5.20: Tom tat ve cac chat o nhiem, nguon goc, trieu chng, thc vat co lien quan,
ngng b hai, nong o chat hoa hoc.

Ngng pha hai
Chat o
Nhiem
Nguon
Trieu
Chng
Loai la
co lien
quan
Phan la
lien quan
ppm g/m
3

Khoan
g tac
dung
Ozon Sinh ra t cac
phan ng
quang hoa cac
hydrocacbon va
nitro oxit, t
ot chay nhien
lieu, ot chay
chat thai, boc
hi t dau la
hoac kh hu c
hoa tan.
Lom om, cham,
tay trang, tay
trang theo tng
vet, mat sac to,
cham phat trien
va sm b rung.
Cuong la cua ho
la kim b chuyen
sang mau nau,
chet hoai.
La gia,
mam
Xng la 0.03 70 4h
Perox-
yacetyl
nitrate
(PAN)
Nguon sinh ra
giong vi ozon
Lam cho la b
lang bong, co
mau bac hoac
mau ong thiec
be mat di cua
la.
La non Te bao
ngam
nc
0,01 250 6h
Nitro
dioxit
(NO
2
)
ot chay than,
dau, kh ot va
dau la lam
nang lng
phat ien hoac
trong cac ong
c ot trong.
Nhn chung, la
khong theo qui
luat, lam oi mau
nau hoac trang,
lam gay vun cac
mo phan gia
xng la va gan
mep la.
La Te bao
tht la
2,5

1,0
4700

1880
4h

21-48h
205
Ngng pha hai
Chat o
Nhiem
Nguon
Trieu
Chng
Loai la
co lien
quan
Phan la
lien quan
ppm g/m
3

Khoan
g tac
dung
Sulfur
dioxit
(SO
2
)
Than a, dau,
dau la.
Tay trang lom
om, tay trang
theo tng vet
gia cac gan la,
tay trang mep la,
ua vang, cham
phat trien, nhanh
rung la, giam
nang suat.
La Te bao
tht la
0,3 800 8h
Hydro
florua
(HF)
Che bien phan
photphas, cac
san pham
nhom, nau
chay kim loai,
nung gach,
ceramic, si
thuy tinh.
Chay cuong va
mep la, ua vang,
coi coc, nhanh
rung la, giam
nang suat.
La trng
thanh
Te bao
bieu b,
tht
0,1
ppb
0,2 5 tuan
Clo Ro r clo trong
kho, boc hi t
acid clohydric.
Tay trang phan
gia cac gan la,
cuong la va mep
la b chay, la
nhanh rung.
La trng
thanh
Te bao
bieu b,
tht 0,1 300 2h
Etylen
(C
2
H
2
)
Chay khong
hoan toan than
a, kh ot,
dau, kh thai t
cac ong c.
Ua vang cac la
gia, la khong bnh
thng, hoa rung,
hoa nhanh tan khi
n ra.
Hoa Tat ca
0,05 60 6h
- 206 -
21. Cac chng benh do vi sinh vat vu tru cua thc vat
Bng 5.21: Ngun gc, triu chng v ngng c hi vi mt vi loi thc vt.
Nguon pha hoai Chat o
nhiem
Nguon Trieu chng Loai la
co lien
quan
Phan
la lien
quan
ppm m/
m
3
Khoang
tac dung
Ozone Sinh ra t cac phn
ng quang hoa cac
hydrocacbon va
nutrooxit, t ot
chay nhien lieu,
ot chay chat thai,
boc hi t au la
hoac kh hu c
hoa tan.
Lom om, cham, tay
trang, tay trang theo
tng vet, mat sac to,
cham phat trien va sm
b rung. Cuong la cua ho
la kim b chuyen sang
mau nau, chet hoai.
La gia,
mam
Xng
la
0,03 70 4h
Peroxya
cetylnit
rate
(PAN)
Nguon sinh ra
giong vi ozon.
Lam cho la b lang
bong, co mau bac hoac
mau ong thiec be
mat di cua la.
La non Te bao
ngam
nc
0,01 250 6h
Nitrodi
oxit
(NO
2
)
ot chay than,
dau, kh ot va
dau la lam nang
lng phat ien
hoac trong cac
ong c ot trong.
Nhn chung, la khong
theo quy luat, lam oi
mau nau hoac trang,
lam gay rung cac mo
phan gia xng la va
gan mep l.
La Te bao
tht la
2,5
1,0
470
188
0
4h
21-4h
Sulfurdi
oxit
(SO
2
)
Than a, dau, dau
la.
Tay trang lom om, tay
trang theo tng vet gia
cac gan la, tay trang
mep la, u vang, cham
phat trien, nhanh rung
la, giam nang suat.
La Te bao
tht la
0,3 800 8h
Hydrofl
orua
(HF)
Che bien phan
phophas, cac san
pham nhom, nau
Chay cuong va mep la,
ua vang, coi coc, nhanh
rung la, giam nang suat.
La
trng
thanh
Te
bao,
bieu
0,1
Ppb
0,2 5 tuan
- 207 -
chay kim loai,
nung gach,
ceramic, si thuy
tinh.
b, tht
Clo Ro r clo trong
kho, boc hi t
acidclohydric.
Tay trang phan gia cac
gan la, cuong la va mep
la b chay, la nhanh
rung.
La
trng
thanh
Te
bao,
bieu
b, tht
0,1 300 2h
Etylen
(C
2
H
2
)
Chay khong hoan
toan than a, kh
t dau, kh thai t
cac ong c.
a vang cac la gia, la
khong bnh thng, hoa
rung, hoa nhanh tan khi
n ra.
Hoa Tat ca 0,05 60
6
Tom lai, cac loai thc vt u rt nhy cm i vi nhim khng kh. Mc
nhy cm mt vi nhm thc vt, nh a y v tng bch, cao n ni ngi ta
ngh n vic dng chng nh l cc ch th sinh hc cho cc nhim ny.
SO
2
l mt trong nhng cht o nhiem khong kh rt c cho thc vt. K n l
NO
2
, ozon, fluor, ch... Chng gy hi trc tip cho thc vt khi chng i vo kh khng
(stomates). Chng s lm h hi h thng gim thot nc v gim kh nng khng bnh.
o nhiem khong kh cng c th ngn cn s quang hp v tng trng ca thc vt; gim
s hp thu thc n, lm l vng v rng sm.
Ma axit cn tc ng gin tip ln thc vt v lm cy thiu thc n nh Ca v
git cht cc vi sinh vt t. N lm ion Al c gii phng vo nc lm hi r cy
(lng ht) v lm gim hp thu thc n v nc. Nhng thit hi do o nhiem khong kh
gy ra cho rng v nng nghip v vy rt quan trng, nht l nhng nc k ngh ho.
5.4. ANH HNG EN CANH QUAN MOI TRNG
Canh quan moi trng cung la mot van e can quan tam en cong tac gn
gi va bao ve moi trng. Moi trng b o nhiem se lam giam i ve ep thien nhien
cua moi trng nhat la ngay nay khi cuoc song cua con ngi oi hoi can co nhieu
hn cac khu du lch, khu vui chi giai tr va cac danh lam thang canh...
- 208 -
H Noi co Ho Tay, Ho Gm, TPHCM co song Sai Gon, song Th Vai
ang mc o o nhiem tram trong ac biet la song Th Vai va nhieu con kenh nho
thanh pho. Nhng con song nay va nhng con kenh nay hang ngay phai tiep nhan
mot lng nc thai cong nghiep va nc thai sinh hoat vo cung ln dan en cac loai
cakhong the song c, mui hoi thoi t song phat ra nong nac, gay anh hng nghiem
trong en cuoc song va sc khoe cua dan c doc ven song cung nh la canh quan moi
trng.
5.5 ANH HNG EN KH HAU TOAN CAU.
1. Ma a xit
a. Nguyn nhn gy ra ma axt :
Ma axt gy ra ch yu do xt lu hunh v xt nit trong khng kh kt hp
vi hi nc to thnh axt sulphuric v axt nitric, trong cc hp cht lu hunh
ng gp 2/3, cc hp cht nit ng gp 1/3 lng axt trong nc ma.
Kh xt lu hunh to thnh ch yu t qu trnh t than, du. Hng nm, trn
th gii thi ra khong 50-75 triu tn lu hunh, trong c khong 80% lu hunh
sinh ra t cc qu trnh t nhin liu ho thch, phn ch yu cn li ch yu sinh ra t
cc ngnh cng nghip. Ngoi ra, lu hunh trong kh quyn cn sinh ra t cc ni la,
i dng v cc qu trnh khc xy ra trong t. Ti lng lu hunh sinh ra t qu trnh
t nhin cng xp x bng ti lng sinh ra t hot ng ca con ngi.
Kh xt nit c to thnh ch yu t cc qu trnh chy nhit cao do phn
ng ho hc gia nit v oxy khng kh trong bung t. Mt phn xt nit c to
thnh do t chy nit c sn trong nhin liu. Ngun thi ra kh xt nit ln nht l cc
phng tin giao thng. Ti Scandinavia c khong 2/3 ti lng kh xt nit sinh ra t
xe c. Ngoi ra, phn bn ho hc, phn gia sc cng gp phn to ra khi lng ln kh
amniac trong khng kh.
Qu trnh axt ho mi trng sinh ra do qu trnh sa lng kh v sa lng t. Cc
kh axt c th trc tip gy axt ho ngun nc, t ... khi tip xc vi cc thnh phn
mi trng ny.

b. Tc ng ca ma axt ti mi trng
Qu trnh axt ho ngun nc gn lin vi qu trnh axt ho t ti mi vng, v
phn ln nc chy vo sng, h u chy qua mt t. Vng t v ngun nc no c
tnh m cao (v d: c hm lng bicacbonat cao) th kh nng b axt ho thp. Ti
- 209 -
Thu S c khong 25% cc h c din tch ln hn 1 ha b axt ho. Thnh phn ca
to Diatoms bt u thay i t nm 1950 ch ra chiu hng axt ho ngun nc.
Chiu hng ny tng r rt vo nhng nm 70. Tnh trng tng t xy ra Bc M,
hng trm h c pH<5 b mt hu ht hoc ton b ngun thu sn. Tnh trng cn kit
ngun c cn c bo co ti vng Scandinavia.
Axt ho ngun nc cn dn n tng kh nng ho tan mt s kim loi nng
trong trm tch, lm tng nng kim loi nng trong nc (v d: thu ngn, ng, st,
nhm ...).
Ty Bc u do tng cng pht trin chn nui, kh amniac t phn, nc tiu
ng vt tr thnh nguyn nhn chnh gy ra ma axt. Hm lng nitrit (NO
2
-
) to thnh
do ma axt gy nhim ngun nc mt v nc ngm, nh hng ti vic cung cp
nc cho sinh hot. Ngun nc ngm cng b axt ho, lm tng s ho tan ca mt s
kim loi c hi, nh hng ti hng triu ngi s dng nc ngm.
t b axt ho s gy ra cc tc ng sinh hc do pH gim, hm lng c t kim
loi nng (V d: nhm) trong t tng, mt cc cht dinh dng trong t (kali, canxi,
magnh) do tng qu trnh thm v ra tri ion kim loi. Ma axt dn n ph hu cy
trng khng c kh nng chu axt v thay vo l cc loi c di c kh nng chu
c mi trng axt. Hn na, t b axt ho s hn ch s hot ng cc ng vt v
vi sinh vt trong t, lm gim xp v ph nhiu ca t.
Ma axt lm ph hu clorophyl ca l cy, lm axt ho t, nc, do lm hn
ch s pht trin ca cy trng, ph hu ma mng, lm gim din tch rng. T nm
1982 CHLB c bt u ra cc chng trnh nghin cu nh hng ca nhim
khng kh ti din tch v tnh cht rng. Tnh n nm 1986 ti CHLB c c 290
chng trnh nghin cu nh hng ca cc cht nhim khng kh ni chung v ma
axt ni ring ti din tch rng vi tng kinh ph 115 triu Mc. Theo kt qu ca
chng trnh ny nm 1983 c 34% din tch rng b thit hi. Tnh n nm 1984 c
tnh khong 50% din tch rng (tng ng 3,7 triu ha) b ph hu. Ngi ta cng
quan st thy s cht dn ca gn 7 triu ha rng 15 nc chu u vo cui nm 1985.
Ma axt nh hng ti cc cng trnh kin trc v vt liu. Ti Italia, thit hi do
ma axt lm ph hu cc tng i v cc cng trnh ngh thut nm 1985 ln ti 150 t
Lia.

2. Hieu ng nha knh
- 210 -
Cc tia bc x sng ngn ca mt tri xuyn qua bu kh quyn n mt t v c
phn x tr li thnh cc bc x nhit sng di. Mt s phn t trong bu kh quyn,
trong trc ht l ixt cacbon v hi nc, c th hp th nhng bc x nhit ny v
thng qua gi hi m li trong bu kh quyn. Hm lng ngy nay ca kh ioxit
cacbon vo khong 0,036% tng nhit thm khong 30C. Nu khng c
hiu ng nh knh t nhin ny nhit tri t ca chng ta ch vo khong 15C.
thi k u tin ca lch s tri t, cc iu kin to ra cuc sng ch c th xut hin v
thnh phn ca ixt cacbon trong bu kh quyn nguyn thy cao hn, cn bng li
lng bc x ca mt tri lc yu hn n khong 25%. Cng ca cc tia bc x
tng ln vi thi gian. Trong khi c cy c trn Tri t, thng qua s quang
hp, ly i mt phn kh ixt cacbon trong khng kh to nn cc iu kin kh hu
tng i n nh.
T khong 100 nm nay con ngi tc ng mnh vo s cn bng nhy cm ny
gia hiu ng nh knh t nhin v tia bc x ca mt tri. S thay i nng ca cc
kh nh knh trong vng 100 nm li y (ixt cacbon tng 20%, mtan tng 90%)
lm tng nhit ln 2C. Sau y l mt s hu qu lin i vi vic thay i kh hu
do hiu ng ny c th gy ra:
- Cc ngun nc: Cht lng v s lng ca nc ung, nc ti tiu, nc cho
k ngh v cho cc my pht in, v sc khe ca cc loi thy sn c th b nh hng
nghim trng bi s thay i ca cc trn ma ro v bi s tng kh bc hi. Ma tng
c th gy lt li thng xuyn hn. Kh hu thay i c th lm y cc lng cho ni
vi sng ngi trn th gii.
- Cc ti nguyn b bin: Ch ti ring Hoa K, mc nc bin d on tng 50 cm
vo nm 2100, c th lm mt i 5.000 dm vung t kh ro v 4.000 dm vung t
t.
- Sc khe: S ngi cht v nng c th tng do nhit cao trong nhng chu k di
hn trc. S thay i lng ma v nhit c th y mnh cc bnh truyn nhim.
- Lm nghip: Nhit cao hn to iu kin cho nn chy rng d xy ra hn.
- 211 -
- Nng lng v vn chuyn: Nhit m hn tng nhu cu lm lnh v gim nhu
cu lm nng. S c t s h hi do vn chuyn trong ma ng hn, nhng vn chuyn
ng thy c th b nh hng bi s trn lt tng hay bi s gim mc nc sng.
Xa hn na nu nhit ca qu t cao th c th lm tan nhanh bng tuyt
Bc Cc v Nam Cc v do mc nc bin s tng qu cao, c th dn n nn hng
thy.
3. S suy gim tng Ozon
Trong kh quyn O
3
ch chim mt t l nh (khong 6%) v ch yu (90%) c
phn b tng bnh lu (stratosphere) vi cao t khong 12 50 km tnh t mt t.
Trong tng bnh lu O
2
hp th tia cc tm (UV) dng sng di c bc sng 0,18
0,21m v phn hu thnh xy t do (O), cc nguyn t xy ny kt hp vi O
2
thnh O
3

(ozon). O
3
to ra cng hp th nng lng mt tri v phn hu ti to O
2
to thnh chui
phn ng thun nghch. O
3
hp th nng lng di bc sng 0,2 0,32 m. Qu trnh
hp thu ny ngoi vic si m bu khng kh v to ra tng bnh lu cn c tc dng
nh mng lc tia UV c hi cho cc sinh vt trn tri t. Hin nay tng ozon ang b hu
hoi dn do sinh ra cc l thng tng ozon gy nguy him khng t cho tri t ca
chng ta. Chnh hoat ong cua con ngi a pha hoai can bang cua tang ozon. Viec s
dung rong rai chat CFC, CFC la mot chat hoa hoc c s dung pho bien trong nganh
o to, dung rong rai trong qua trnh lanh, chat phun sng trong cong nghiep, chat tao
bot cua chat do va no theo kh thai thoat ra ngoai kh quyen. CFC khi chu bc xa
cua tia t ngoai phan giai tao thanh nguyen t Clo, chnh nguyen t nay phan giai O
3
thanh O
2
. Mot nguyen t Clo co the phan huy 100.000 phan t ozon lam mat i mot
lng ozon ang ke. ong thi chat ozon trong kh quyen co the ton tai t 10 en gan
100 nam.
Tang ozon trong kh quyen trang thai bnh thng ngan c 90% tia t
ngoai co hai cho sinh vat tren trai at. Khi tang ozon b pha hoai tia t ngoai chieu
trc tiep xuong mat at, gay benh ung th cho con ngi va ong vat tren at lien va
bien, lam bien oi gien cua cac sinh vat, huy hoai he sinh thai tren trai at. Tuy nhien
ngay nay van e bao ve tang ozon a co nhng chuyen bien tch cc, chnh viec cam
s dung hoa chat CFC a lam giam ang ke mc o pha huy tang ozon, va theo kt
qu nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc thuc c quan hng khng v tr ca M (NASA)
- 212 -
cho thy cng vi qu trnh gim thi kh CFC ph hoi tng ozon, chnh gi kh quyn
thc y s phc hi nhanh ca tng ozon bo v s sng trn tri t. Theo s liu
cu NASA mc d l thng ca tng ozon Nam Cc ngy cng tng v hin t ti
gi tr 24 triu km
2
nhng ton b tng ozon ca tri t ngng suy gim trong sut 9
nm qua. Theo d bo tng ozon quanh tri t s c phc hi nh nm 1980 vo
khong nm 2030 2070, khi l thng Nam Cc cng s c lp y.
4. nhim do cc hot ng cng nghip
Nn cng nghip lc hu, va v nh thng t c ch ti vic x l kh thi.
y cng l nguyn nhn gp phn gy nh hng n kh hu ton cu khi thi ra cc
loi kh thi khc nhau. Tc pht trin cng nghip ng thi cng lm tng mc
nhim do cc hot ng cng nghip. S ra i cc khu cng nghip, cc nh may trong
cng cuc cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc trn phm vi c nc cho thy tc
pht trin rt nhanh chng trn din rng v a ngnh, a lnh vc. Cc loi kh SO
x,

NO
x,
CO
x,
CFC, CH
4
gp phn ng k trong vic gy ma axit cng nh gy hiu ng
nh knh.

5. nhim khng kh do cc hot ng giao thng vn ti
Cng vi pht trin kinh t, nhu cu i li v vn chuyn ngy cng tng ca
ngi dn v cc nh may x nghip. iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic gia tng mc
nhim do giao thng vn ti nht l cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, thnh ph H Ch
Minh Ngoi nhim do ting n, cc cht nhim SO
x,
NO
x,
CO
x
cng gp phn
khng nh nh hng n kh hu ton cu m c th l gp phn tng thm kh nng
gy ma axit cng nh gy hiu ng nh knh.

6. nhim do cc hot ng xy dng
Tc th ho ngy mt tng cng gp phn nh hng n mi trng khng
kh ni chung v kh hu ton cu ni ring. Ngoi nhim do bi, ting n mt s loi
kh thi SO
x,
NO
x,
CO
x
, do cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v cc thit b
thi cng trn cng trng cng gp phn khng nh lm gia tng mc nhim cng
nh nh hng n kh hu ton cu.

5.6. ANH HNG CUA O NHIEM KHONG KH LEN BE MAT
- 213 -

Vat chat co the b h hai trc tiep do tac ong cua cac chat o nhiem nh tac ong
an mon, cac tac ong nay co y ngha ly hoc hn hoa hoc, hoac co the do tac ong trc
tiep hoac gian tiep cua cac chat hoa hoc nh hien tng lam m be mat bac, s hap
thu sulfua dioxit cua cac chat lieu da, khi hut hi am vao chung tao ra acid sulfuric la
mot chat an mon manh lam lam pha huy vat lieu da thuoc. Hien tng an mon ien
hoa cua sat kim loai xay ra khi co mot lp nc tren be mat kim loai, tao ieu kien
trao oi ien tch lam pha huy lp oxit bao ve tren be mat kim loai. Cac h hai co the
la gian tiep bi s lang ong cac hat bui tren be mat cac cong trnh xay dng, la sn
phu b ban.

1. Tac ong cua chat o nhiem len tng loai be mat vat chat
a. Nha ca va cong trnh xay dng
S mai mon cac be mat bi hat bui, la nguyen nhan cua hien tng mai mon
vat l khi cac hat bui chuyen ong thanh dong qua cac be mat cong trnh, cac hat bui
at co the bam dnh vao be mat cac cong trnh. Tac ong cua hoa chat cung lam anh
hng ti gia tr cong trnh, ac biet la cac cong trnh xay dng bang sa thach, a voi,
a hoa la nhng vat chat co cha canxi, magie cacbonat. Sulfua oxid tac dung vi hi
nc thanh acid sulfuric co tac dung an mon lam cho cac be mat b hong.
b. Kim loai
Kim loai co tnh an mon cao, nong o sulfua oxit trong khong kh cang cao th
mc o an mon kim loai cang ln. Tuy nhien trong kh quyen kim loai chu tac ong
nhieu yeu to nh sulfua, bui, va o am trong khong kh.
Cacbon co trong bui la yeu to kch thch lam xay ra cac phan ng ien hoa cac phan
t kim loai. Nhom ong la hai dang dung e ma bao ve kim loai. Kem cung la mot
dang kim loai dung e bao ve chong lai s an mon kim loai, tuy nhien vi s co mat
cua SO
2
th kem cacbonat b hoa tan va lam mat tnh bao ve cua no.

c. Day ien tran
Chung c che tao bang ong hoac bac, do anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh
chung b an mon hoac lam m lp bao ve. Lp mang bao ve nay co tac dung han che
s phong ien gia cac day dan, khi chung b an mon qua nhieu co the gay ra hien
- 214 -
tng chap ien, ngan mach ien gay h hai cho he thong ien. Cac day dan ien
thng che tao vi kch thc nho co tiet dien tron, vi kim loai co tnh an mon cao
th kha nang phong ien cang nhanh va de gay hien tng chap ien, lam h hai he
thong ien. Nhng vi khuan hoai sinh, co the phat trien tren be mat cua nhieu vat
chat vo sinh trong moi trng co o am cao. Nhng day ien tron co the b h hai bi
cac loai nam, tr phi chung c bao ve bi mot lp vani co tam chat diet nam.

d. Sn
Vi loai sn co cha ch lam chat sac to th chung se b sam lai do ch ket hp
vi H
2
S tao ra ch Sulfide. Vi cac loai sn dung kem va Titan lam chat sac to th co
the han che c van e nay. Mot nguyen nhan quan trong lam ban be mat cac lp
sn la s lang ong bui khi co tac ong cua gio cong vi nhng bat li ve thi tiet.
Cac chat hu c dung lam chat bao ve be mat sn cung la oi tng cho cac vi khuan
tan cong lam h hai.

e. Cao su
Cao su cracking a cho thay nhng tac ong hoa hoc cua ozon, ac biet la nhng
vung giong nh Los Angeles, thanh pho Ho Ch minh, Bangkok , ni co mat o cac
phng tien giao thong cao nen lng kh thai ra bau khong kh rat nhieu, hn na
vung nay co cng o chieu sang cao, cong vi hien tng thng xuyen co s ao
ngc ve thi tiet. Khi san xuat cac san pham ve cao su, ngi ta thng pha them
vao thanh phan cua no mot lng cac chat chong oxi hoa, giup cho cao su co the chu
c cac tac ong oxi hoa.
f. Giay
Giay chu tac ong cua sulfur dioxit trong kh quyen lam cho no b nga sang mau
trang uc, mau vang. Co hien tng o bi v giay co khuynh hng giong nh chat
hut am, do vay chung co the hap thu nc, do trong giay co nc lam cho sulfur dioxit
chuyen thanh dang sulfuric acid va crom chuyen thanh dang cromic acid lam cho giay
chuyen t mau trang sang mau trang uc va mau vang.
g. Da thuoc
- 215 -
Da thuoc dung lam nem va lam ba sach b chuyen mau do viec hap thu sulfur
dioxit. Di tac dung cua thi tiet nong am, nam va mot so vi khuan hoai sinh cung la
nguyen nhan gay h hai cac mat hang da thuoc, bi v nhng chat pha mau am t
trong da thuoc la moi trng song cho chung.
h. Si
Si vai b giam o ben la do tac ong mai mon cua bui trong khong kh b o
nhiem, do tac ong hoa hoc cua cac chat o nhiem, do cac tac ong c hoc do giat gi,
la ui. Si nhan tao co xu hng de tay sach hn si bong, v chung t hap thu nc hn
si bong (chung co ai lc thap vi cac hi am). SO
x
va cac kh dung acid khac trong
kh quyen la nguyen nhan lam dan si nylon trong bt tat, lam cho cac si man de b
tha dan ra. NO
x
, SO
2
, ozon la nhng nguyen nhan lam cho si vai b nhat mau hay
nga t mau trang sang mau vang. Amoniac, clo, crom, sat, mangan la nhng chat o
nhiem khong kh co lien quan en cac si vai. Tng tac ong cua cac chat o nhiem
khong kh trong t nhien la do cac tac ong hoa hoc, ien hoa len tng loai vat chat,
trong mot ieu kien chung la do o nhiem khong kh.

2. Tac ong cua o nhiem khong kh len be mat vat chat
Bng 5.22: nh hng ca cc cht nhim ln cc b mt.
Chat o
nhiem
Loai tac ong Vat chat co lien quan
Amoniac Lam giam mc o o nhiem khi co
mat SO
2
va hi am.
H hai cho vani va be mat sn,
lam oi mau si vai.
Kh dung
sinh hoc va vi
khuan hoai sinh
Lam giam gia tr cac be mat va
lam h hai thc pham.
Tat ca be mat vat chat co tiep
xuc vi khong kh, hau het cac thc
pham khong bao quan tot.
Nam Lam giam gia tr vat chat. Day dan ien tron, da thuoc
Cacbon
dioxit
CO
2
va hi am tao ra acid
cacbonic n mon lam giam gia tr vat
chat.
Cac cong trnh xay dng bang
a.
Clo n mon, lam oi mau. Kim loai sn, si vai.
- 216 -
Crom n mn khi dang axit cromic,
lam oi mau.
Kim loai sn, VLXD, giay, si
vai.
Acid
clohydric
Ban khac ch. Knh va kim loai.
Hydro
sulfide
Lam m va bien mau. Sn (ac biet khi co ch), ong,
kem, bac.
Sat Bien mau, gay ban do tao thanh
dang oxit sat.
Sn, vat chat khac, si vai.
Mangan Cat, ac biet la gan vi cac nha
may san xuat ferromangan.
Hau het cac vat chat, si vai.
Nitro oxit La nguyen nhan gay ra nhat mau
va chuyen t trang sang vang.
Si vai.
Chat o
nhiem do mui
Mui bam vao da, toc, ao quan
(ac biet toi te khi gan cac nha may xa
phong).
Luon luon phai tam ra, giat
ui kho ao quan cho sach se.
Ozon oxit
hu c
Lam giam gia tr, nhat mau thuoc
nhuom.
Cao su, si vai.
Bui Mai mon va an mon khi ket hp
vi chat o nhiem khac.
Hau het cac kim loai, sn, si
vai.
Phospho Co tnh an mon khi dang
phosphoric acid.
Hau het cac vat chat.
Sulfur oxid n mon. Hp kim, kem, thiet b ien,
a voi, a hoa lat mai, va, tng,
si vai, da thuoc, ba sach.
Oxyt st Gay h hai do an mon ien hoa. Sat, nhom, ong, bac, VLXD,
da thuoc giay, si vai.
1. Anh hng cua chat o nhiem en con ngi nh the nao?
2. Anh hng cua chat o nhiem en ong vat nh the nao?
3. Anh hng cua chat o nhiem en thc vat nh the nao?
- 217 -
4. Anh hng cua chat o nhiem en canh quan moi trng nh the nao?
5. Anh hng cua chat o nhiem en kh hau toan cau nh the nao?
6. Anh hng cua chat o nhiem en cac be mat nh the nao?
Tai lieu tham khao
Tieng Viet
1. Tran Ngoc Chan, O nhiem khong kh va ky thuat x ly, tap 1, 2; Nha xuat ban
Tieng Anh
0
Office, 1962.
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Rigister, National Ambient AQ
Standards, Vol.36, No.67, pp.6680 6701, Washington D,C., U.S. Government
Printing Office, Apr.7, 1971.
3. U.S. Bereau of the Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957 1958.
4. U.S Department of Helth, Education and Welfare, Air Quality Criteria
Pamphlet, PHS (NAPCA), Pub. No.:
AP 49, Particulates, 1969
AP 50, Sulfur oxides, 1969
AP 62, Carbon monoxide, 1970
AP 63, Photochemical oxidant, 1970
AP 64, Hydrocarbons, 1970
Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office
5. U.S. Department of Helth, Education and Welfare, Preliminary Air Pollution
Servey A Literature Review, PHS (NAPCA) Pub. No. APTD 69 23 through
69 49, Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.
6. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Lead and Public Heath,
APCO, Pub. No. AP 90, Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office,
1971.
- 218 -
CHNG VI
KIEM SOAT O NHIEM KHONG KH
6.1. KIEM SOAT O NHIEM KHONG KH T
NGUON CO NH
Kiem soat o nhiem khong kh cua nhng nguon co nh co the c thc hien bi
hai phng phap c ban la: kiem soat o nhiem bang bien phap phat tan e pha loang
vao kh quyen, thiet ke he thong x l o nhiem nham lam giam mc o o nhiem ti
mc nho nhat.
6.1.1. Kiem soat bang viec pha loang vao kh quyen nh phat tan
Phng phap tot nhat e han che o nhiem khong kh la ngan chan ngay t nguon
phat thai ra. Tuy nhien, s dung ong khoi cung la mot bien phap lam giam nong o o
nhiem khong kh tai lp sat mat at, bang cach pht tn v pha long chng bng chiu
cao v ng knh ng khi hp l. Bien phap nay mot vai mc o no cung co
the cho php gi c cho chat lng khong kh nh mong muon. Bau kh quyen co
kha nang rat ln trong viec phat tan, pha loang va lam thay oi tnh chat cua phan ln
cac vat chat trong kh quyen ma con ngi khong the lam c.
Tac ong trc tiep cua cac ong khoi cao la lam cho nong o cac chat o nhiem
cac ngoi nha cao lan can giam nhe, khi chung nam trong khoang cach t 0 - 2,5H
chieu cao ong khoi. S lan toa cua khoi vao trong kh quyen phu thuoc vao cac yeu to
v ngun thi, cc yu t v kh tng thu vn v cc yu t v ngun. Cc yu t ny
s c trnh by k cc chng sau.
- 219 -
Viec quy hoach mot khu dan c, khu cng nghip hay th c lin quan cht ch
n cc ngun thi cao nham ngan chan kha nang lan toa chat o nhiem mc o nguy
hai sang vung ln cn. Viec quy hoach cung yeu cau phai xac nh v tr cac nha may,
cu the la la chon v tr ong khoi sao cho tac ong ti cac vung lan can la nho nhat.
Viec nghien cu kh hau hoc giup cho viec khoanh vung khong kh quy hoach cho khu
dan c, bao am cho cac khu dan c mot vanh ai an toan. So lieu kh hau cho phep
d oan c nhng s thay oi cua thi tiet, t o ta co bien phap thch hp e ngan
chn s pht tn kh thai kh vao trong kh quyen da tren nhng bao cao hang ngay
ve kh hau.
6.1.2. Kiem soat nguon o nhiem
Kiem soat chat o nhiem tai nguon thc cht l gi lai hoc tch chng ra khi
dng kh cac chat o nhiem, tr kh chung hoac chuyen oi chung sang dang khac lam
chung khong con tnh oc, trc khi thai chung vao moi trng. Sau ay la mot vai
phng phap kiem soat nguon.
a. Chuyen nguon sang v tr khac
ay la mot phng phap han che o nhiem ngay tai v tr cu cua nguon. Trong qua
trnh nghien cu kh hau hoc e quy hoach va xac nh mot khu dan c, th hay khu
cng nghip oi khi cung xac nh c mot v tr tot hn ap ng c nhieu yeu cau
e at mot nha may cong nghiep, cu the la v tr c ong thai khoi. Bi vay viec di
chuyen nguon thai ra xa khu dan c sinh song la ieu cn thit, cung co the la tai v tr
mi se co thuan li hn ve gio va cho phep mot nong o chat o nhiem khong kh cao
hn la v tr cu.
b. Ngng hoat ong nguon
Mot nguon gay o nhiem khong kh co the c ngng hoat ong mot thi gian,
khi ma nong o chat o nhiem at ti mc o co the e doa ti sc khoe cong ong.
Cac c quan bao ve moi trng co trach nhiem thong ke, giam sat cac nguon o
nhiem; khi co s thay oi thi tiet d bao co the xay ra tham hoa o nhiem th c quan
nay phai co trach nhiem ngng ngay hoat ong mot so nguon; hoac khi mot nguon
nao o co dau hieu gay o nhiem nghiem trong, c quan nay phai thong ke ngay c
cac so lieu lien quan va co bien phap cng che ngng hoat ong, neu sc khoe cong
ong dan c xung quanh co dau hieu b e doa.
- 220 -
c. Thay oi nang lng hoac nguyen lieu s dung
ay cung la mot bien phap kiem soat o nhiem khong kh. Nhien lieu hoac vat
chat dung lam nang lng co the c thc hien thay oi bang cach thay than mem
bang than cng, dau d, dau chng tach hoac kh t nhien. Cach cai thien tot nhat la
thay nhien lieu hoa thach bang cac nguon nang lng sach nh: sc nc, ien, nang
lng mat tri hoac nang lng nhiet. Nhien lieu cung co the c x ly trc khi
mang vao ot, bang cach sulfur hoa than va dau. Hay bang cach loc ra than hoac kh
t nhien bang cac kh t nhien a hoa long (LNG) hoac hoa long kh dau mo (LPG)
lam cho sulfur thoat ra khoi nhien lieu.
d. Thay oi quy trnh cong nghe
ay la phng phap han che o nhiem khong kh co the dung ma khong can thay
oi nhien lieu s dung. V du: Trong cong nghiep luyen kim, lo luyen c m ca
tam lo thay the cho m ca hong lo hoac dung lo nau bang ien e thay the cho lo
ot dung nhien lieu, nh vay se lam giam c khoi, cacbon monoxit va hi kim loai.
Viec thay oi nay phai ket hp cung vi thiet b x ly kh, nh vay ma han che c
rat nhieu o nhiem khong kh.
e. Che o van hanh tot
ay cung la mot bien phap e kiem soat o nhiem nguon. Khi khong ke ti cac
yeu to nh thiet b lap at, nhien lieu ot, nguyen vat lieu c s dung th che o
van hanh la mot cha khoa kha quan trong e lam giam o nhiem khong kh t cac
nguon thai. Nhng thiet b c dung phai thch hp, lap at van hanh ung se han
che c kha nhieu s thai chat o nhiem vao kh quyen. V du, gii thieu ve viec ot
chay sulfur hoa long cac nha may san xuat acid sulfuric, ma khong u khong kh
cung cap cho qua trnh chay, ket qua la tao ra rat nhieu kh sulfur oxit thoat ra.
Mot v du khac, o la s thai ra rat nhieu tro tan nha may nhiet ien la do sai
sot trong van hanh, co the la a a qua nhieu khong kh vao trong lo ot. Co trng
hp quat thai lau ngay khong c sa cha, bao dng lam cho sc hut kem, la
nguyen nhan lam cho lo ot b thieu khong kh cho qua trnh chay, khoi la nam lai
trong lo roi lai tran ra khu vc xung quanh lo ma khong thoat ra ngoai xa c.
Bi vay can phai to chc huan luyen, hng dan van hanh s dung, yeu cau
nhng ngi van hanh lo ot phai co giay chng nhan a hoc qua khoa van hanh va
s dung nhien lieu.
- 221 -
f. Thiet b va ky thuat kiem soat o nhiem khong kh
Co the ap dung nh mot bien phap kiem soat o nhiem. Viec lap at va van hanh
mot he thong thiet b kiem soat o nhiem khong kh nham muc ch lam bien oi cau
truc, lam am, lam giam hieu qua tac ong cua chat o nhiem hoac lam giam nng o
cua chat o nhiem.
Nhng ky thuat, thiet b o thng rat can thiet, dung ket hp vi cac bien phap
khac e kiem soat o nhiem kh, cac bien phap o ta a noi ti trong chng trc
nham han che mc o o nhiem at ti cc tiu chun cho php ca nh nc ban
hnh.
He thong thiet b kiem soat o nhiem nhn chung, c thiet ke x ly cho ca kh
c va bui, nhng cung ch co mot vai loai thiet b co hieu qua cao oi vi ca hai loai
kh c va bui. Mot vai loai thiet b c thiet ke e x ly tng loai chat nhim hay
thu hoi ng vi tng kch c hat bui. e la chon mot thiet b x ly o nhiem phai xem
xet, can nhac ti cac van e co lien quan nh: bui thu hoi co c a vao s dung lai
khong, co can thu hoi ca bui va kh o nhiem khong, viec thu bui co anh hng bi
nhiet o khong, co cac yeu to tac ong tong hp khong (trong trng hp phai thu gi
nhng bui hoa chat sinh ra trong san xuat th nhng bui nay co tnh chat an mon
khong, co can yeu cau cac thiet b ac biet khong), hay ni khc i l cn phi kho
st tht k thnh phn, tnh cht ca cc cht nhim. Ngoi ra cng cn phi da vo
cc tiu chun v kh thi ca nh nc ban hnh v iu kin kinh t, iu kin thc
t ca tng c s.
6.1.3. Thiet b va ky thuat kiem soat o nhiem khong kh
Ky thuat va thiet b c dung e kiem soat chat o nhiem dang kh c chon
phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua tng loai kh can kiem soat. Nhn chung, ky thuat x ly
chat o nhiem dang kh bao gom cac loai sau ay: hap thu, hap phu, thieu ot, sinh hc
va ngng tu. Mac du nhng thiet b dung trong phng phap o c thiet ke phuc vu
cho viec han che o phat thai cua cac kh c ban, nhng oi khi no cung co tac dung
lam han che mau sac kh thai cung nh han che lng bui sinh ra. Trong khuon kho
cuon sach nay tac gia ch gii thieu nguyen ly lam viec cua mot so thiet b x ly kh
thai ma khong i sau vao viec tnh toan va thiet ke. Cac noi dung nay se c bien
son trong mot giao trnh khac Giao trnh ky thuat x ly o nhiem khong kh.
a. Hap thu kh
- 222 -
Nguyen tac c ban cua viec hap thu kh la tao ra mot s tiep xuc gia dng kh
cha cc cht nhim va cc ht dung dch hp th thng c phun ra vi kch thc
nh v mt ln. Cac cht nhim c tach ra bang viec hoa tan trong chat long
hap thu hoac xay ra phan ng hoa hoc gia chat o nhiem va dung dch hap thu. Trong
ky thuat hap thu, dng kh thng c cho i ngc chiu vi cc ht dung dch hap
thu vi tc hp l, thng thng ngi ta thng chn vn tc ny trong khong 1,0
2,5 m/s.
Hieu qua cua cac qua trnh phu thuoc vao dien tch be mat tiep xuc gia dng kh
va cc ht dung dch hp th, thi gian tiep xuc, dung dch hap thu, nhit kh thi,
hng chuyn ng tng i ca dng kh v dung mi, tc ca dng kh
Dung dch hap thu
Trong cc yu t nu trn, dung dch hp th l mt trong cc yu t rt quan
trng. Yu cu vi dung dch hp th cn phi t c: c kh nng hp th c cc
cht nhim cn x l, r tin, d kim, d bay hi nhit v p sut thp, nht
ng lc hc thp, t hoc khng gy n mn thit b. Tuy nhin kh c loi dung dch
hp thu no p ng c tt c cc yu cu trn, v th khi la chn dung dch ngi ta
thng da vo kh nng c th hp th c cc loi cht nhim lm yu t quan
trng nht.
Dung dch hap thu co the c phan loai nh tnh phan ng cua chung, neu chung
la hoa chat dung e tach chat o nhiem. V du: sulfur dioxit co the chuyen sang mau
xanh nhat do ket hp vi nc va oxit canxi (CaO), cu the la do no ket hp vi
hydroxyt canxi Ca(OH)
2
, tao ra dang muoi sulfat canxi (CaSO
4
). Chnh phan ng nay
co tac dung lam tay sach SO
2
ra khoi dong kh.
Neu ch tach kh ra do hoa tan ma khong xay ra phan ng hoa hoc, chat hap thu
nay c coi nh la chat hap thu khong phan ng. Nc hoac dau cacbon nang la
nhng v du cho dung dch hap thu khong phan ng.
Loai dung dch hap thu o khong the dung lai c sau khi a dung hap th,
ngha la sau hap thu phai bo i, do vay goi chung la dung dch hap thu khong tai sinh.
Nc la mot v du. Vi nhng loai dung dch hap thu ma thu c lng kh o nhiem
nh mot tac ong nao o nh thay oi nhiet o dung dch, thay oi ap suat th goi la
dung dch hap thu co the tai sinh c. Dung dch hap thu co the tai sinh (co the s
dung lai) la nhng dung dch hoa chat at tien hoac la nhng chat xuc tac, co the la
hoa chat dung e trung hoa chat o nhiem e co the chuyen hoa chung thanh dang ran
- 223 -
hoac long roi tach chung ra hoac la nhng chat a them vao quy trnh san xuat e
tap trung chat o nhiem. Mot v du cua dung dch hap thu co the tai sinh la tetraclorua
cacbon (CCl
4
), di ieu kien ap suat thch hp no ket hp vi kh Clo va b cuon theo
dong kh. Tiep o la s khac nhau gia nhiet o va ap suat trong thap, hai chat nay
c tach ra va CCl
4
va clo t do co the c dung tr lai nh dung dch hap th. Clo
con co the c khoi phuc tr ve dang kh hoac long e co the dung trong thng
mai.
Thiet b hap thu
Thiet b hap thu la loai thiet b ma trong ban than no co cha dung dch hap thu,
hap thu kh i qua. Viec lap at, thiet ke sao cho co the tach ra c mot lng kh
ln nhat t dong kh. Sau ay la mot vai kieu thiet b hap thu.
1/ Thap em (Hnh 6.1)
Thap em co dang mot hnh tru ng thang, trong no cha ay nhng hat vat lieu
thch hp, co the la hat polyetylen co dang hnh xoan oc hoac hnh vanh khuyen, cc
- 224 -
Hnh 6.1. Thap hap thu kieu em
khu s lm t t st nung vi cc kch thc khc nhau, v d (50 x 50 x 3), (25 x 25 x
3) mm c xp ngu nhin trong thit b.
Vat lieu em phai am bao khong the gay v, phai co trong lng nho, khng b
n mn do ho cht v to ra din tch b mt ln. Qu trnh tip xc gia dng kh v
dung dch hp th l tip xc dng mng. Dong dung dch hap thu bam tren be mat cua
lp vat lieu em mot lp mong, bi vay tao ra mot be mat tiep xuc ln gia dung dch
va kh. Thong thng dong dung dch hap thu chay qua thap la xac nh c, chung
c chay tng giot mot t tren nh thap xuong chan thap, trong khi dong kh th i t
chan thap len nh xuyen qua lp vat lieu em. Thap hap thu em cung co tac dung
e tach ra (hat bui nc kch thc khoang 10m hoac nho hn, do ngng hi cac
phan t t trang thai hi). Neu hap thu kh, hi co tnh an mon th vat lieu em phai
co tnh chong lai tnh an mon. Thap em khi van hanh thng lam tang tr lc cuc bo,
bi vay phai dung mot quat hut thch hp. Mt trong cc nhc im ca thp m l
hay gy hin tng tc nghn v sc thit b do bi hoc cc cht kt ta do cc phn
ng ph gia cc cht nhim v dung dch hp th sinh ra, t lm cho hiu sut x
l thng khng n nh. Do vy vic tnh ton thit k thit b ny kh phc tp v cn
thit phi kho st k thnh phn v bn cht ca kh thi. Bn cnh vic v sinh lp
vt liu m cng cn phi tin hnh thng xuyn gp phn khc phc cc nhc
im trn.
2/ Thap a (Hnh 6.2)

Hnh 6.2. Thap a
- 225 -
Thap a co dang hnh tru ng thang, ben trong co cha mot so a ln hnh tron
co uc lo. Dng kh i t di ln vi vn tc thch hp s to ra cc bt kh trong lp
chat long pha tren a, v th qu trnh tip xc ny thng gi l qu trnh tip xc
dng bt. pha canh a co nhng ong dan nc nham cung cap nc t a nay sang
a khac.
Thap a neu nhn ve kha canh thiet ke th no co the coi nh la thap em, khi ma
chat long hap thu co cha nhng chat ran l lng hoac nhng chat lam anh hng ti
tnh hoa tan cua cac chat kh. Con mot ly do na la no rat de lam sach dong kh va co
the ieu chnh toc o dong chat long hap thu bang tay. Khi can co tac dung nhiet e
hoa tan cac kh th thap a la thch hp do no de dang lap at them he thong lam
lanh. Tuy nhien, gia thanh au t trang b thap a ln hn au t trang b thap em.
Hiu sut x l ca thp a ph thuc rt nhiu vo lp bt kh sinh ra trn cc a. V
vt vic gi n nh chiu cao lp dung dch hp th trn a, vn tc dng kh, l yu
t rt quan trng. Qu trnh ny cng ging tng t nh trong thp si bt. iu khc
bit gia thp si bt v thp a l ngi ta thay cc a bng cc cc tm c l hay cn
gi l cc a si bt. Chiu cao thch hp ca lp dung dch hp th trong cc thit b
ny nm trong khong 10 12 cm. Nhc im ca hai loi thp trn l thng hay tc
nghn cc l trn a do bi dn n ph v cu trc lp bt kh trn a lm nh hng
n ch lm vic n nh ca thit b.
3/ Thap phun (thng ra kh rng) Hnh 6.3
Thap phun co dang tru at thang ng, c s dung da tren nguyen tac tao ra
s tiep xuc trc tip gia cac chat o nhiem va cc ht dung dch hp th c phun ra
di dng cc ht nh v mt ln. Dung dch hap thu c phun ngc chiu vi
dong kh boc len, tao ra mot s hon loan trong dong kh. Trong trng hp ac biet
khi muon hoa tan vi toc o cao cac thanh phan trong dong kh, ta tac dung mot lc ly
tam len dong kh, ong thi phun dung dch hap thu vao trong dong kh tao ra mot toc
o tiep xuc gia dong kh va chat long ln nhat co the c. Thap phun con co tac
ong lam tach ra nhng hat chat long co kch thc ln hn 10 m va thap cung co
the dung e x ly bui. u im ca loi thit b ny l cu to v vn hnh n gin, gia
thnh thp hn thp m v thp a, hiu sut kh n nh nhng thng rt thp v tiu
hao dung dch hp th ln hn cc loi thit b trn.

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Hnh 6.3. Thap phun (thng ra kh rng)

4/ Loc bang phun chat long (Hnh 6.4)
Thiet b gm hai n nguyn, dung dch hap thu c a vao mot n nguyn t
pha nh bang cach phun manh xuong dong kh, kh thai c i vao t pha hong
thiet b. Nhng hat dung dch hap thu nho mn c phun vao lam gi lai cac hat bui
nho, bi vay lam tang them hieu qua loc. Cac kh sach c thoat ra n nguyn
con lai.
- 227 -
Hnh 6.4. Thiet b ra kh bang phun nc
5/ Thung rung ong (Hnh 6.5)
Trong thung co cha mot thiet b khuay ong, khi a dung dch hap thu vao se
lam xo trn dong kh; trong thung con co cac a ngan cung co tac dung lam xo trn
dong kh. Chnh s chuyen ong xo trn cua dong kh nay tao ieu kien cho dung
dch hap thu tot cac kh cung nh bui o nhiem.
- 228 -
Hnh 6.5. Thung rung ong
Mot vai van e ang lu y khi s dung tat ca cac thiet b hap thu la nhiet o dung
dch luon phai gi thap hn 100
o
C, nham gi cho dung dch hap thu luon c gi
trang thai long. Mt khc nhit kh thi cao hiu sut hp th rt km, do lm
ngui kh thi trc khi a vo thp hp th l rt cn thit. Dung dch hp th cn c
b sung thng xuyn trong qu trnh x l nu c tun hon dung dch. Dung dch hap
thu sau khi a hap thu qua nhieu th phai thay th hoac phai hon nguyn tach chat
o nhiem, e phong trng hp khi chat o nhiem trong dung dch at ti trang thai qua
bao hoa chung se c chuyen sang dang chat o nhiem khac.
b. Hap phu kh
Hap thu kh nh a noi trc ay, la da tren c s kh phan ng vi chat long
hap thu. No c thc hien khi ma cac phan t hoac cac nguyen t c tach ra do c
che hap thu vat ly, hoa hoc hoac ong thi xay ra ca hai qua trnh. Hap phu kh la
da tren c s cac kh b cac chat ran hap phu. No c thc hien khi cac phan t
hoac nguyen t can hap phu c tap trung ch tren be mat cua chat ran hoac trong
cac mao quan cua chat ran. Hap phu kh da tren nguyen tac dong kh tiep xuc trc
tiep khi chuyen ong xuyen qua lp chat ran hap phu cha trong mot thiet b. Chat
hap phu co the la nhng chat ma co tnh chat ly hoc hoac hoa hoc t nhien, v du than
hoat tnh, cac hat xilicagen
Hieu qua cua thiet b phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to. Chat hap phu ly hoc se hap
phu ieu kien nhiet o va ap suat thap cua hon hp hai pha kh - ran. Trai lai, chat
hap phu hoa hoc th c thc hien ch khi kh o bam c tren be mat chat hap phu.
Hn na, mot phan t b hap phu ly hoc co the c tach ra ma khong b thay oi tnh
chat khi giam ap suat, gi nhiet o so vi thi iem lay mau. e tach lp chat o
nhiem b hap phu bi tnh chat hoa hoc th cc ky kho. Ranh gii gia kh b hap phu
va chat ran hap phu la rat quan trong e xac nh tac ong qua lai gia chung. Bi
vay ieu thiet thc la phai tao nen mot dien tch be mat cua cac chat ran hap phu ln
ti mc co the c. Chat ran hap phu can c la chon da tren kh o nhiem can
hap phu.
Mot vai loai chat hap phu thng ch tach cac chat kh o nhiem, cac kh a c
hap phu bam tren be mat chat ran theo mot trat t nhat nh, sau khi tach kh a hap
phu ra th co the phuc hoi c kha nang hap phu cac chat o nhiem. Trong trng hp
khong thc hien c viec tiet kiem ve mat kinh te la tach rieng chat hap phu va kh
ra th phai sap xep sao cho chung ton tai trang thai hon hp. Chat hap phu sau qua
- 229 -
trnh s dung se giam hieu qua hap phu can phai c thay the (thai bo) hoac hoan
nguyen chung. Qua trnh hoan nguyen thng c hien bang cach nha hap bang
hi nc nhiet o va ap suat cao sau o say kho va tai s dung.
Chat hap phu
Chat hap phu (loai dung trong cong nghiep) nhn chung, la hap phu c ca kh
vo c va kh hu c. Tuy nhien, da vao nhng tnh chat ac trng va nhng tnh chat
ly hoc ma co the ap dung mot hoac nhieu loai chat hap phu cho tng trng hp ac
biet cu the. V du nhom hoat tnh, silicagen, phan t rong (chat tong hp, silicat,
zeolit) se hap thu hi nc t trong hon hp hi nc va chat o nhiem hu c. Alumin
va silicagen c dung trong cong nghiep nh la mot chat hut am. Boxit c dung e
x ly hi dau mo va hut am. Than hoat tnh thch hp hap phu hp chat hu c khong
phan cc, cac phan t nc th co tnh phan cc cao tao ra sc hut manh cho tng
phan t, tao ra mot s tac ong lan nhau tren be mat phan t cac bon khong phan cc.
Ket qua la mot lng ln cac phan t hu c phan cc kem b hap phu bi cacbon.
Than hoat tnh la loai c dung thong dung nhat e hap phu cac hi chat hu c hoa
tan (than hoat tnh hoac than cui c tao ra t viec ot thieu kh nhiet o cao, nh
vay phan t cac bon ch chay theo cach tao ra cau truc rong trong phan t va tao nen
mot dien tch be mat rong ln). Than hoat tnh la chat c s dung lam chat hap phu
nhieu nhat. Ngoai ra co the ke en mot so loai chat hap phu khac nh silica gen
Thiet b hap phu
Tren hnh 6.6 la thiet b ma ben trong no co cha nhng chat ran hap phu. Mot
vai loai thiet b hap phu c gii thieu s lc sau ay.
1/ Thiet b vi lp hap phu mong
Dung than cui hoat tnh lam chat hap phu theo lp mong (o day khoang 12 15
cm) c gi lai bi mot lc c hoc, bi v kha nang chong lai lc ay cua dong kh
rat yeu. Chat hap phu co the c ng tren nhng a dang li hoac la nhng phan
t cng. Thiet b hap phu mong thng c ap dung e loc sach lng dng kh cap
vao cho nhng can ho. Khong kh trong kh quyen, mac du lng chat o nhiem thai
vao la rat ln, nhng tnh pha loang cua kh quyen cung rat tot, bi vay nong o chat
o nhiem trong kh quyen thng la rat nho (dang vet). Toc o hap phu cua loai thiet
b nay nhanh, lng chat o nhiem khong the nhanh chong tap trung tren be mat chat
hap phu, u e lam giam hieu qua hap phu cua lp hap phu mong.
2/ Thiet b vi lp hap phu day
- 230 -
S dung than cui lam chat hap phu vi o day ln hn inch (khoang 12 cm),
vi o day nay se u sc gi c mot khoang trong toi thieu va thng lam n gian
hn lp hap phu mong, de dang xac nh lng than hoat tnh s dung. Thiet b hap
phu vi lp day se c s dung nhng ni co yeu cau s dung c trong thi gian
dai, t phai thay oi lp hap phu. V du dung e loc sach cac kh thai t cac ong thai
cua cac lo si dung trong nha, mc o tap trung chat o nhiem cao. Viec hap phu chat
o nhiem tren be mat lp hap phu la qua nhanh so vi hap phu lp mong, do vay
khong b bt kn cac lo hong.
Hnh 6.6: Thiet b hap phu bang than hoat tnh
3/ Mot so loai khac
Co the bao gom ca hai loai chat hap phu trong mot hnh tru ng hoac trong mot
hnh tru nam ngang; mot lp hap phu chuyen ong c cha trong mot tang trong
quay. Moi hnh thc thch hp vi tng trng hp cu the.
ng dung cua thiet b hap phu:
- 231 -
Bao gom mot so cac ng dung sau:
- Thu hoi ru ang propyl t cac qua trnh che bien nc cam - quyt;
- Thu hoi metylclorua t cac nha may san xuat phim anh;
- Thu hoi hi ru etyl t cac lo nau ru Whisky;
- Lam sach kh thai t cac ong khoi nha bep;
- Lam sach chat ban co trong khong kh khi cung cap dng kh cho phong mo hoac
phong ieu khien ien.
c. Thieu ot kh thai
Co nhieu cac hp chat o nhiem khong the x ly bang phng phap hap thu, hap
phu hoac co hieu suat rat thap khi ap dung cac bien phap nay. Thong thng o la
cac chat hu c kho phan huy, chung thng co cau tao mach vong kha phc tap v du
dioxyn, furan, cac hp chat dung moi t cac qua trnh sn, e x ly cac chat o
nhiem nay, phng phap thieu ot la thch hp nhat.
e cho qua trnh chay c hoan toan, phai co u lng oxy cung cap cho qua
trnh chay, nhiet o, s xao tron, thi gian chay phu hp.
+ Oxy: la yeu to rat can cho qua trnh chay xay ra. Nhng san pham cuoi cung
cua qua trnh chay phu thuoc vao viec cung cap oxy. V du khi metal chay ma khong
u oxy chung se tao ra dang cacbon ran va dang bui khoi va bo hong. Neu u oxy,
cacbon se chay hoan toan va tao ra cacbon dioxit.
+ Nhiet o chay: phai luon luon gi nhiet o boc chay (nhiet o e gia nhiet
cho qua trnh chay phai ln hn nhiet o boc chay, u e bu vao lng nhiet mat mat
do ton that nhiet ra xung quanh). Nhiet o chay cua qua trnh chay vat chat thng
theo mot khoang rong. V du: sulfur 470
o
F, metan 1.170 - 1380
o
F, CO 1.130 - 1.215
o
F. Lp cach nhiet trong lo ot c thiet ke e chong that thoat nhiet ra ben ngoai.
Mot ong khoi co chieu cao va ng knh ong khoi thch hp se giup cho nhiet o kh
trong ong khoi cao hn nhiet o khong kh xung quanh, tao ieu kien cho viec phat
tan vao kh quyen at ti mc cao nhat vao kh quyen.
+ S xao tron: nham tao cho hon hp oxy va va dong kh cha chat o nhiem c
ong eu trong suot thi gian chay. Co the dung vach ngan hoac voi phun e tao ra
o khuay ong can thiet. Hnh dang va chieu cao cua ong khoi cua cung la yeu to tao
ra s khuay ong giup cho pha loang khong kh.
- 232 -
+ Thi gian chay: Hieu qua cua qua trnh chay phu thuoc vao kch c thch hp
cua buong chay. Tang o cao ong khoi, tang thi gian chay se han che c lng
khoi boc ra. Thi gian chay phu thuoc vao tng loai chat o nhiem, tuy nhien thi gian
toi thieu lu kh trong buong ot la 2 giay se am bao cho qua trnh phan huy cac chat
o nhiem e chuyen chung ve cac chat t b o nhiem hay de x ly hn la CO
2
va hi
nc.
Qua trnh chay cac chat o nhiem can cung cap them nang lng t qua trinh ot
nhien lieu. Cac loai nhien lieu thng s dung cho cac lo ot la dau FO, DO hoac gas.
Thanh phan cua cac loai nhien lieu ran, long, kh hau het eu cha C, H, O, S, o tro
(A) va hi nc (W), khi chay se tao ra bui, CO
2
, CO, SO
2
va H
2
O va san pham
khong chay HC.
Neu tap hp cac yeu to nh oxy, thi gian chay, o khuay ong, nhiet o chay
c cung cap thch hp th 1 lb (450 g) cacbon chay sinh ra nang lng 14.600 Btu,
ot chay 1 lb hydro se sinh ra mot lng nhiet an trong hi nc tng ng vi
62.000 Btu. ot chay 1 lb sulfur sinh ra san pham sulfur dioxt tng ng vi 4.050
Btu. ieu o ch cho ta thay rang trong thanh phan cua than a, sulfur khi chay ch tao
ra mot nang lng rat nho. Bi vay viec lam sach sulfur trc khi ot nhien lieu cung
lam giam nang lng phat ra khong ang ke. Hn na, tach sulfur ra khoi than a lam
cho qua trnh chay cua cacbon de dang hn, ong thi giam lng chat o nhiem do
sulfur oxit. Cac qua trnh chay co the phan loai ra nh chay trong lo ot, chay t do
nh ngon la, chay nh xuc tac.
+ Lo ot chay:
Thong thng cac lo ot kh thai thng ket hp vi cac qua trnh x ly chat thai
ran bang phng phap ot, oi khi chung cung co the ch s dung e ot cac loai kh
thai sinh ra. Do vay lo ot co the c thiet ke dang lo mot hoac hai cap.
Vi cac lo ot s dung e ot chat thai nguy hai buong ot s cap cac chat thai
nguy hai se ot chay cac chat thai ran nguy hai va san pham cua chung la bui, cac
loai kh gas co the chay c. buong ot s cap thng ap dung qua trnh ot nhiet
phan vi nhiet o khong 450 600
0
C. Dong kh cha cac kh gas se c thieu ot
buong ot th cap vi nhiet o trong khoang 1.000 1.200
0
C e phan huy het cac
chat o nhiem can x ly. Thi gian lu kh trong buong th cap toi thieu la 2 giay.
Hnh 6.7 gii thieu s o n gian cua mot buong ot kh thai, thc chat ay la qua
trnh oxy hoa nh tac dung cua nhiet.

- 233 -

Hnh 6. 7: Oxy hoa nh nhiet
Kh o nhiem sau khi c oxy hoa nhiet o cao se tr nen sach va c thai
vao trong kh quyen. Loai lo ot nay thng sinh ra ngon la mau vang, trong hnh 6.8
co trnh bay ky thuat nay.
Lo ot cung co the c dung e x ly methyl mercaptan, H
2
S, mui methyl sulfid
t trong cac qua trnh che bien bot giay, x ly hi sn, hi vani t cac noi nau, mui
sinh ra t rang ca phe, hi bui t cac lo si trong gia nh. Trong lo si nhien lieu
ot phu c s dung lam chat tac ong cho xay ra qua trnh chay hoan toan dong kh
boc len va dung mot buong lang e thu hoi lng bui sinh ra. Hnh 6.9, 6.10 trnh bay
nhng khoang ot, nhien lieu phu va buong lang.
+ ot chay bang la: oi khi co trng hp thch hp vi ot trc tiep, no c
thc hien bang cach hoa tron trc tiep kh can ot va khong kh roi ot bang la. Mot
thiet b anh la at tren nh cua ong khoi c dung e anh la. Ngon la c
hnh thanh khi oxy trong khong kh xung quanh c tiep xuc vi kh hydrocacbon
khuech tan ti. Loai nay ap dung cho tat ca cac nha may che bien co phat sinh ra
hydrocacbon, hydro, amoniac, hydroxyanua hoac mot so loai chat khac. Vi mot vai
loai chat khac tuy thuoc vao mc o nguy hiem, can phai c kiem tra trc tiep

- 234 -

Hnh 6.8. ot trc tiep

nham phat hien kp thi e bao ve cho cong ong con ngi va ong, thc vat.
ot chay trc tiep nh ngon la la cach tot nhat e x ly chat o nhiem. Hnh 6.11
minh hoa cho phng thc ot nay.
+ ot xuc tac: la cach ot lng kh boc ra nhiet o thap, cach nay c
dung khi kh phai ot co nhiet o thap va sach, tc la kh ch cha hi va chat o nhiem
co the chay (ma hau nh khong cha bui).
- 235 -
Hnh 6.9. Ong thai lo si
Qua trnh ot chay kh thng khoang nhiet o 350 450
0
C, co the ot chay
trc tiep hoac thong qua chat xuc tac. Ve nhiet o th no lam tang va ay manh qua
trnh oxy hoa bang cach ot chay hoac pha huy cac yeu to can thiet co trong kh. Chat
xuc tac co tac dung ay manh qua trnh oxy hoa cac chat chay trong dong kh va co
the lam giam thap nhiet o yeu cau, ky thuat nay oi hoi mot mc o tieu thu nhien
lieu cham. Hp kim platin, mot vai loai oxit hoac vanadi pentoxit la nhng loai
thng dung lam chat xuc tac, nh co chung ma ch can mot nhiet o thap cung u
thc hien qua trnh chay. Mot vai ng dung cua ky thuat nay la ot hon hp kh t
qua trnh in thach ban, phun sn, nha may san xuat acid nitric, nha may che bien dau
m, chat beo. Hnh 6. 11 va 12 minh hoa he thong ot chay xuc tac.

- 236 -

Hnh 6.10. t chy nhin liu ph trn mi (dng cho cc ng khi l si)

- 237 -
6.1.4. Cac he thong kiem soat o nhiem khac
Trong cac kho cha cac thung dau la, ni co nhieu dau bay hi, co the thu hoi
va ngng tu hi hydrocacbon vao mot thung c treo tren mai, nham ngan chan
chung lan toa vao trong kh quyen.
Trong viec kiem soat mui, viec bao kn va trung hoa co the c thc hien bang
cach them vao mot yeu to thch ng vi mui, u e at het mui nong o cao hoac
tron hai loai mui co nong o tng ng, do o chung se t kh nhau. Mot ieu ang
lu y la mui dung e trung hoa phai la khong oc, khong gay chay, khong gay d ng
hoac an mon. V d, khi muon at mui cho x ly nc thai ngi ta phun vani vao, hi
vani se thay the v tr cua hi H
2
S va metal.
Hnh 6.11. Loai phun kh ot chay

Co nhieu chat co the gay ra mui ton tai dang long trong ieu kien khong kh xung
quanh. Lam lanh hi co the x ly c nhng mui do lam ngng tu cac hi. Trong cac
lo tai che va cac c s nghien thc pham co the ng dung cua ky thuat nay. Nhieu
loai kh hu c va hi sinh ra cac mui co the c kh bt mui bang viec tao ra qua
trnh oxy hoa lam chuyen chung sang dang co t mui hn, hoa chat dung lam chat oxy
hoa la clo, ozon, thuoc tm (KMnO
4
).
- 238 -
Hnh 6.12: Qua trnh ot chay xuc tac
Bien phap kh mui trong cac nha may che bien cac loai tht co the ng dung bien
phap x ly mui bang phng phap oxy hoa nh hoa chat.
Nhng phng phap tong quat dung e kiem soat cho tng nguon o nhiem kh t
cac nguon co nh, bao ham ca cac ky thuat thng s dung c liet ke e tham
khao cuoi chng nay.
6.2. THIET B VA KY THUAT KIEM SOAT O NHIEM BUI
e kiem soat o nhiem bui, ngoai cac bien phap ve quan ly nh: thay oi nguyen
lieu, nhien lieu, thc hien ung cac quy trnh van hanh thiet b va giam cong suat cua
thiet b, ngi ta thng s dung cac phng phap loc bui. Thong thng, cac phng
phap sau c s dung kha pho bien:
- Phng phap loc bui kho;
- Phng phap loc bui t;
- Phng phap loc bui bang tnh ien;
Cac can c e chon thiet b:
e la chon tng loai thiet b thu bui hoac thiet b loc sach bui cn phai chu y cac
ieu kien sau:
1/ Tnh chat cua bui: Kch c, hnh dang, mat o, o am, tnh hut am (tc la tnh
hap thu hoac hut hi nc), tnh dan ien, tnh chay, tnh an mon, o mai mon va tnh
oc cua bui.
2/ Tnh chat cua dong kh mang bui: Nhiet o, o cha am, tnh an mon, tnh
- 239 -
chay, ap suat, o am tng oi, mat o, tnh dnh, tnh dan ien va tnh oc cua dong
kh co mang theo hat bui.
3/ Cac tieu chuan thai cua nha nc ban hanh.
4/ Yeu to phat sinh: Toc o sa lang cua bui theo kch thc hat bui, lu lng
dong kh, nong o bui, tnh chat hoat ong cua nguon lien tuc hay gian oan, hieu qua
mong muon.
5/ Yeu to kinh te: Chi phi lap at, van hanh, duy tu bao dng.
6/ Hieu qua thu bui: Kch c hat bui co trong dong kh la rat quan trong cho kha
nang thu bui cua thiet b thu bui, hay hieu qua thu bui phu thuoc kch c hat bui va o
phan tan. V du, vi loai bui ln co the co hieu qua tot vi cac loai thiet b s dung
lc trong trng v du buong lang bui, trai lai vi thiet b loc bui tui vai th thch hp
vi cac hat bui nho nhng lai nhanh b bt kn hn la vi nhng hat bui ln.
6.2.1. Phng phap loc bui kho
Phng phap loc bui kho thng dung e thu hoi cac loai bui co the tan dung lai
hoac tai che. V du cac loai bui thuoc tay, cam, bui go Cac thiet b s dung trong
phng phap loc kho bao gom: buong lang bui, xyclon, loc tui vai va thiet b quan
tnh.
a. Buong lang bui
La mot buong kn trong o van toc dong kh cha hat bui giam ti mot gia tr nao
o, u e cho cac hat bui, hat sng lang tach ra khoi dong kh bang trong lc. Thiet
b nay hau het co hieu qua vi nhng hat bui tho (kch thc ln hn 40 m), kch
thc hat cang ln th hieu qua cang cao. Bi v thiet b nay s dung co hieu qua vi
mot loai kch thc hat nhat nh, nen no khong co y ngha khi s dung e thu nhng
hat bui nho. Buong lang thng dung e tach nhng hat bui tho trc, tiep o la a
thiet b khac co hieu qua cao hn e tach nhng hat bui nho v du tui vai, xyclon.
Mot vai ng dung thiet b nay la dung trong lo voi, lo ot va cac nha may che bien
thc an gia suc.
b. Cyclon (Hoac thiet b loc bui ly tam)
Thiet b bao gom mot hnh tru vi mot ng ong dan kh co lan bui vao thiet bui
theo ng tiep tuyen vi hnh tru va mot ng ong tai truc thiet b dung e thoat
kh sach ra. Van toc cua dong kh i vao thng nam trong khoang 17 25 m/s se tao
ra dong khong kh xoay vi lc ly tam rat ln lam cho cac hat bui giam ong nang,
giam quan tnh khi va ap vao thanh thiet b va lang xuong pha di. Pha di la
mot ay hnh non va mot pheu thch hp e thu bui va lay bui ra. Dong kh co cha
- 240 -
bui c s tr giup cua quat, lam cho chung chuyen ong xoay trong vo hnh tru va
chuyen ong dan xuong ti phan hnh non. Dong kh chuyen ong vt qua xuong
phan hnh non, tao ra mot lc ly tam lam cho hat bui b vang ra khoi dong kh, va
cham vao vach cyclon va cuoi cung ri xuong pheu. Xyclon co the c s dung dang
n hoac xyclon dang chum tc la bao gom nhieu xyclon mc song song vi nhau
Hnh 6.13. Xyclon loc bui
nham lam tang hieu qua loc cua tap hp thiet b, cac thiet b nho do ng knh thu
nho nen lam tang lc ly tam tac dung len hat bui. Vi nhng cyclon nho th co mot
vai kho khan nh la chung de b bt kn bi bui, van toc dong kh cao khien chung se
de b mai mon hn cac cyclon ln.
Mot vai ng dung quan trong cua loai thiet b nay la trong cac nha may xi mang,
cong nghiep sat thep, nghien lua gao thc pham, nha may nha ng, loc dau. Hnh
6.13 trnh bay mot to hp cyclon loc bui c hoc, chung c mac song song.
c. He thong loc tui vai
He thong nay bao gom nhng tui vai hoac tui si an lai, dong kh co lan bui
c hut vao trong ong nh mot lc hut cua quat ly tam. Nhng tui nay c an lai
hoac che tao cho kn mot au. Hon hp kh bui i vao trong tui, ket qua la bui c
gi lai trong tui. S dung tui loc th hieu qua cao hn la vi cac thiet b loc c hoc.
Khi tui loc c dung bang tui loc n hoac cac si t nhien th cac hat bui rat nho cung
c gi lai. ieu gay tr ngai ang ke nhat la tr lc gay ra do tui. e giam bt cac
- 241 -
tac hai nay th co the dung thiet b loc tnh ien, va cham, phat tan va lang trong lc
c chon tuy theo tng loai bui thu hoi.
Bui cang bam nhieu vao cac si vai th tr lc do tui loc cang tang. Tui loc phai
c lam sach theo nh ky, tranh qua tai cho cac quat hut lam cho dong kh co lan
bui khong the hut vao cac tui loc. e lam sach tui co the dung bien phap ru tui e
lam sach bui ra khoi tui hoac co the dung cac song am thanh truyen trong khong kh
hoac ru bui bang phng phap oi ngc chieu dong kh, dung ap lc hoac ep t t.
Nhng loai si khac nhau va s khac nhau ve cach det c s dung tuy theo
tng muc ch. Mot vai can c e chon tui loc la nhiet o nung chay, tnh khang axit
hoac khang kiem, tnh chong mai mon, chong co va nang suat loc cua cac loai vai.
Thong thng, nang suat loc c la chon trong khoang 80 150 m
3
kh thai cho 1
m
2
vai loc trong mot gi tuy theo nong o bui va thanh phan, tnh chat cua bui. Mot
vai loai si thng c dung bao gom si bong, si len, nylon, si amiang, si
silicon, si thuy tinh.

Hnh 6.14. Lc bi ti vi

Thiet b loc bui tui vai thng at pha sau thiet b loc bui c hoc e gi lai nhng
hat bui nho ma qua trnh loc bui c hoc khong gi lai c. Khi cac hat bui tho hoan
toan a c tach ra th lng bui gi trong tui se giam i. Mot vai ng dung cua tui
loc la trong cac nha may ximang, lo ot, lo luyen thep va may nghien ngu coc.
6.2.2. Phng phap loc bui bang tnh ien
- 242 -
Thiet b lang tnh ien la s dung mot hieu ien the cc cao e tach bui, hi,
sng, khoi khoi dong kh. Co bon bc c ban c thc hien la:
- Dong ien lam cac hat bui b ion hoa;
- Chuyen cac ion bui t cac be mat thu bui bang lc ien trng;
- Trung hoa ien tch cua cac ion bui lang tren be mat thu;
- Tach bui lang ra khoi be mat thu. Cac hat bui co the c tach ra bi mot ap lc
hay nh ra sach.
Thiet b nay co the thu c nhng hat bui rat nho (1 - 44 m) vi hieu qua rat
cao co the at ti 99,99 %. Khi dong kh cha qua nhieu bui cha trong no th ta at
mot thiet b thu bui c hoc pha trc, loc bt lng bui tho trc khi loc bang thiet b
lang tnh ien. Axt, chat thai, nhiet o cao va vat chat co tnh an mon eu co the lam
h hai thiet b. Thiet b lang tnh ien c ng dung trong cac trng hp: thu bui tai
khau tan than a thanh bot dung trong nha may nhiet ien, nha may luyen thep,
nghien ximang, san xuat giay. Hnh 6 -15 trnh bay thiet b lang tnh ien.
Hnh 6.15. Thiet b lang tnh ien
6.2.3. Phng phap loc bui t
Nguyen tac cua phng phap loc bui t la ngi ta cho dong khong kh co cha
bui tiep xuc trc tiep vi dung moi (thng la nc). Qua trnh tiep xuc co the dang
hat (khi nc c phun thanh cac hat nc co kch thc nho va mat o cao); dang
be mat khi thiet b co s dung lp em (nc chay tren cac be mat vat lieu em);
dang bot kh khi s dung thap sui bot hoac thap mam. Cac hat bui co the ket dnh lai
- 243 -
vi nhau va b gi lai trong dung moi nh c che va ap, tiep va khuech tan con dong
khong kh sach se i ra khoi thiet b.
Thiet b thu bui t co the c phan loai da vao chat long dung e thu bui.
Chat long thu bui c tam t tren be mat thiet b thu, tao ra mot chat ket dnh co
tac dung lam cho cac hat bui b dnh lai khi tiep xuc vi chung, c tach ra khoi
dong kh nam lai tren thiet b thu. Chat long thng xuyen c phun len be mat thiet
b thu bui, con co tac dung mang lng bui a tach ra khoi dong kh bam lai tren be
mat thiet b thu, mang ti mot v tr nao nh la mot chat thai. Tac dung c ban cua
loai thiet b nay la lam tang o ln va trong lng cac hat bui co kch thc nho, bi
vay hieu qua loc bui tot hn la cac thiet b loc bui c hoc. S d cac hat bui c lam
tang trong lng bi v chung co the c lam ngam hi nc, chung c tang kch
thc bi v chung c ket dnh nhieu hat bui nho lai vi nhau. Kch thc cac hat
bui cung c lam tang len khi nho cac hat bui vao trong cac am bui l lng. Ket
qua la cac hat bui nay nang hn lam cho chung b tch tu lai.
Tat ca cac loai thiet b x ly kh thai s dung dung dch hap thu a neu tren eu
co the s dung cho muc ch x ly bui bang phng phap t. Ngoai cac thiet b a
neu tren chung ta co the s dung mot so thiet b sau ay e x ly bui.
a. Thiet b ra kh Ventury
Thc chat thiet b ra kh Ventury la thiet b ng dung hieu ng cua ong tang toc
Laval hay con goi la ong tang toc hon hp. Ong tang toc hon hp bao gom hai oan
ong c noi vi nhau bang mot ong hnh tru co tiet dien ngang nho nhat so vi cac
tiet dien khac hay con goi la tiet dien thu hep cua ong. oan au la mot hnh con co
ng knh nho dan. oan ong nay lam viec theo che o ong tang toc co tiet dien nho
dan. Van toc (
1
m/s) cua dong kh au vao kha ln va tang dan en oan thu hep
se co toc van toc dong kh bang toc o am thanh trong moi trng an hoi (a m/s).
oan nay tieu chuan Mach (M = /a) se nho hn 1. oan th hai ong co tiet dien
tang dan, nhng no van lam viec theo che o ong tang toc nhng co tiet dien tang
dan. Trong oan nay van toc (
2
m/s) cang ngay cang tang va ln hn a (m/s), hay
noi khac i, trong oan nay M se ln hn 1. Tai oan thu hep tiet dien nc c
cung cap vao, do toc o dong kh kha ln nen nc c anh ti thanh cac hat sng
rat mn, mat o cao va chiem toan bo khong gian cua thiet b. Hieu suat cua thiet b
nay rat cao co the at tren 99 %. Tuy nhien, tieu hao nang lng kha ln do phai tao
ap lc va van toc cua dong khong kh au vao kha ln nh a trnh bay tren.
b. Thiet b loc bui t hng tam
- 244 -
Theo nghien cu mi nhat cua tac gia giao trnh nay thiet b loc bui t hng
tam lam viec theo nguyen tac la ng dung hieu ng cua dong khong kh xoay trong
khong gian hep e gom bui tap trung vao gia thiet b. ay la ac iem rat quan
trong va chung ta a thay rat nhieu thc te o la cac xoay loc khong kh hoac xoay
nc. Van toc cua chat long trong dong xoay cang ngay cang tang va ty le nghch vi
tiet dien cua ong xoay. Qua trnh nay lam cho cac hat bui trong dong kh chuyen ong
vi quang ng i dai hn, thi gian tiep xuc lau hn. Viec tao ra ln nc dui ay
thiet b hp ly ket hp vi viec tao ra cac hat sng co kch thc hp ly (d = 100
300 m) va tap trung vao gia ni co nong o bui cao nhat se cho hieu suat rat cao,
khong thua kem thiet b Ventury. Thiet b nay co cau tao rat n gian giong nh mot
thap ra kh rong. ieu khac biet ay la dong khong kh i vao t ben di va tao
ra dong khong kh xoay vi toc o kha ln. Vi u iem hieu suat cao, thiet b lam
viec rat on nh, gia thanh re va van hanh n gian, thiet b nay a ng dung mot so
ni e x ly bui va co the ng dung cho dong kh cha ca bui va kh oc nhng van
cho hieu suat cao; ng nhien la khi o phai la chon dung moi cho thch hp vi hi
kh oc can x ly. Thiet b nay co the tranh c cac nhc iem thng gap cua cac
thiet b tren va thch ng cho cac loai bui vi cac nong o bui au vao khac nhau.
Ngoai chc nang x ly bui vi hieu suat rat cao thiet b nay cung co the s dung e
x ly ong thi kh oc co trong dong kh.
6.3. KIEM SOAT O NHIEM KHONG KH T NGUON DI ONG
Trong chng 1 chung ta a e cap en o nhiem do giao thong van tai gay ra
thanh pho Ho Ch Minh va mot so thanh pho khac. Noi en cac nguon di ong tc la
noi en cac phng tien giao thong van tai, do vay kiem soat cac nguon di ong tc la
kiem soat cac phng tien giao thong van tai. Hau het cac phng tien giao thong van
tai ngay nay eu s dung xang hay dau lam nhien lieu khi hoat ong. Ngoai tieng on
ra, kh thai la van e can quan tam khi kiem soat cac phng tien giao thong van tai
nh may bay, xe o to, xe may Lng kh thai sinh ra tuy thuoc vao tnh nang ky
thuat cua cac phng tien. Ngoai ra no con phu thuoc vao che o van hanh, th du luc
khi ong, chay nhanh, chay cham, khi phanh (thang).
- 245 -
Hnh 6.16. Bieu o theo trong lng chat o nhiem My
Theo thong ke nam 1970 cho thay, cac phng tien van tai My a gop phan ti
42% trong lng cac chat o nhiem quan trong; con theo WHO nam 1981 lng chat
oc hai sinh ra gay o nhiem khong kh do cac phng tien giao thong van tai la 51 %,
con lai la do kh thai cong nghiep va cac nguon khac. My, ch rieng cac ong c xe
tai a chiem ti 39% tai lng o nhiem do cac phng tien giao rhong van tai gay nen
trong so nay. Vi tng loai chat o nhiem khong kh th cac phng tien van tai tao ra
50% cac hydrocacbon (HC), hn 60% cacbon monoxit thai ra va khoang 40% nitro
oxit (NO
x
). Tuy nhien, cac phng tien van tai ch thai ra mot lng rat nho SO
x
va
bui vao kh quyen, SO
x
va bui co trong kh quyen hau het c sinh ra t cac nguon
co nh.
Neu cac tac ong ti i song ong thc vat, ti sc khoe con ngi tng ng
vi trong lng chat o nhiem ma chung sinh ra th cac phng tien van tai phai chu
trach nhiem khoang di 10% nhng hien tng o nhiem khong kh nam 1968 (xem
hnh 6.17).
- 246 -
Hnh 6.17. Tac ong cua o nhiem khong kh My
V du: Theo trch dan cua William Agnew trong PROGRESS IN AREA OF
PUBLIC CONCERN, tac ong cua 200 tan CO len sc khoe con ngi tng ng
vi 1 tan SO
x
.
So lieu t EPA nam 1969 cho thay tong lng cac chat o nhiem la 281,2 trieu
tan, trong o 144,4 trieu tan sinh ra t cac phng tien van tai (chiem 51%). Cac
phng tien giao thong tao ra khoang 74% CO, 53% HC, 50% NO
x
va ch 0,03% SO
x

0,02 % bui sinh ra trong kh quyen trong 1 nam.
Nhng so lieu tren do khong trang b he thong kiem soat o nhiem cho cac phng
tien giao thong van tai chung cho thay, c tieu thu 1000 gal dau, lng chat thai sinh
ra theo nhng con so sau: 2300 lb CO, 200 lb HC, 113 lb NO
x
, 12 lb bui, 9 lb acid
axetic hu c va 4 lb aldehyd.
Tai Viet Nam, tuy cha co so lieu nghien cu tong hp va ay u, nhng rieng,
thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, cac nghien cu bc au nam 1997 va 1998 cung cho thay
tai lng chat o nhiem sinh ra do cac hoat ong cua giao thong van tai la khong nho.
Trong cac bang 1.7 va 1.8 chng 1 a thng ke bc au tai lng cac chat o nhiem
sinh ra tai thanh pho Ho Ch Minh do giao thong van tai. ay la nhng con so khong
nho.
- 247 -
T mc o phat thai chat o nhiem do khong trang b thiet b kiem soat o nhiem
cho cac phng tien van tai, so sanh vi mc o thai co thiet b kiem soat nh sau: T
ket qua thong ke nam 1971 at 80% HC, 69% CO va California co ton tai mot ieu
luat bat buoc phai khng che NO
x
th NO
x
cung at ti 33 %. ieu nay ong ngha vi
khi ot 1000 gallon dau ma co thiet b kiem soat o nhiem th no mc la 713 lb CO,
40 lb HC va California at 76 lb NO
x
.
Trong ba loai kh o nhiem c ban thoat ra trc tiep t cac ong xa (CO, HC, NO
x
)
th chat co tnh oc nhat la CO. Tuy nhien, HC va NO
x
cung la nhng chat kha quan
trong trong vai tro lam o nhiem khong kh. Chat o nhiem cap II hay la nhng man
sng mu tao ra trong kh quyen, sau khi nhng chat o nhiem cap I lan toa vao kh
quyen cung la mot ieu rat ang quan tam. Nhng chat nh NO
2
, O
3
, PAN va
aldehyde a c noi ti trong phan trc. Bui sinh ra thanh phan chu yeu la ch va
cacbon. Bi vay ngay nay ngi ta a ieu che ra loai xang khong cha ch nham lam
giam bt moi nguy hai cua ch sinh ra do ot chay nhien lieu. o la cha ke viec cac
nha khoa hoc ang nghien cu tm ra cac loai nhien lieu khac thay the nhien lieu cho
xe o to hien nay, t hoac khong sinh ra cac chat o nhiem tren.
Mot loai chat o nhiem khac la bari, la mot chat c pha them vao trong nhien
lieu dung lam chat chong tao khoi. Trong nhien lieu con c pha them bo, mangan,
nikel, phospho c them vao lam phu gia chong an mon cho cac ong c xe. Cadimi
va axit clohydric sinh ra t tetra ethyl ch, amiang va HC ang c nghi ng la chat
hu c gay ung th.
6.3.1. Mc o thai khoi cua cac phng tien va tieu chuan cho nhien lieu s dung.
Yeu cau han che khoi thai vao moi trng oi vi cac phng tien giao thong
hien nay la rat can thiet. Tai My a ban hanh mot ieu luat au tien ve viec kiem
soat khoi thai cua cac phng tien (c thong qua nam 1974), khi o tai California
yeu cau tat ca cac phng tien eu phai trang b thiet b han che bay hi cho bo
truyen ong. Nhng phng tien khong c trang b he thong giam thieu bay hi t
bo truyen ong, la nhng phng tien san xuat nam 1961 va 1962. Nam 1963, Tap
oan san xuat o to My t nguyen trang b them bo han che bay hi cho bo truyen
ong cho tat ca cac loai xe san xuat ra. Nam 1968 chnh quyen lien bang Hoa Ky lap
ra mot tieu chuan au tien, quy nh ve viec thai khoi cho cac phng tien. Trong
nam 1970 c chnh sa lai thanh Luat loc sach kh, tieu chuan chnh thc ra i
- 248 -
nam 1973 - 1974 va c hoan chnh nam 1975 - 1976. Nhng van ban c a ra
xem xet e thong qua thang 12 nam 1972 c trnh bay trong bang (6.1).
Bang 6.1. Tieu chuan thai kh o nhiem cua o to (a)
1968 1970 1971 1973-1974 1975-1976
Bo truyen ong
Khong - - - -
Kh thai t ong
khoi (b)
HC
CO
NO
x
( NO
2
)

275ppm
1,5%
-

2,2g/mi
23g/mi
-

2,2g/mi
23g/mi
-

3,4 g/mi
3,9 g/mi
3,0 g/mi

0,41 g/mi
3,4 g/mi
0,40 g/mi
HC bay hi - - 6 g/mau (d) 2 g/mau 2 g/mau
Bui (e) - - - - 0,1 g/mau
Ghi chu:
(a) Nhien lieu diesel dung cho cac xe tai nang th tieu chuan thai HC, CO va NO
x
cung
tng ng vi nhien lieu xang cho xe tai, xe hi. Khong e cap ti tieu chuan bay
hi.
(b) Vi cac ong c ln, xang dau va nhien lieu diesel theo tieu chuan 1973-1974 sau
o cong them 16g NO
x
/ 1 HP va 40 g CO/HP cong suat ong c.
(c) Vi cac ong c nho nhe. (ong c nho hn 50 inch
3
). Tnh nh ong c dung xang,
HC 275 ppm, CO 1,5 % , lu lng kh thai.
(d) Khong c cung cap so lieu cho ti nam 1972
(e) Mau th nghiem cho nhien lieu diesel trong nam 1973 cho thay, o uc cua khoi
tang 20% khi tang toc, tang 15% khi loi keo vat nang, tang 50% khi leo doc cao (20
% o uc cua khoi tng ng vi so 1 trong bieu o Ringelmann, 40% tng
ng vi so 2, 50% tng ng vi so 2,5).
Quy nh Lam sach kh thai c chnh phu lien bang Hoa Ky a ra nham lap
nen mot tieu chuan thai cho tat ca cac phng tien mi va ang c che tao va a
ra mot mc e th nghiem chac chan tng phng tien. Nha san xuat ra o to phai lu
lai cac so lieu th nghiem e cung cap cho EPA xem xet ky o tin cay va moi phng
tien phai co giay phep s dung theo nhng tieu chuan lap ra. Hnh 6.16 cho thay
nhng chng ch yeu can theo cong ty san xuat o to Chrysler. ieu nay buoc cac nha
san xuat va phan phoi phai tuan theo: Khong c tach thiet b loc kh ra hoac phai
- 249 -
trao tan tay ngi tieu dung thiet b x ly o nhiem kh cha qua s dung trc va sau
khi ban hang. Nha san xuat cung phai cho khach hang biet c nhng ch dan thch
hp e duy tu bao dng thiet b va nhng quy nh kem theo ve kha nang gay o
nhiem khong kh. Vi trng hp vi pham mot trong nhng yeu cau th chu phng
tien hoac nha san xuat phai chu phat 10.000 USD. Thi hanh ao luat cua chnh phu
lien bang, to chc EPA yeu cau giam 90% HC va CO thoat ra trong nam 1975 so vi
lng thoat ra nam 1970 va giam 90% cac oxit nit trong nam 1976. Chnh phu lien
bang cung khuyen cao EPA la cung phai ieu tra nhien lieu, cac thanh phan them vao
nhien lieu trc khi c ban ra cho ngi tieu dung. Vi cac c s tieu thu phai chu
nop phat 10.000 USD neu khong ang ky thanh phan nhien lieu ban ra. EPA phai
chan chnh hoac ngan chan cac nha san xuat hay phan phoi ban ra nhng nhien lieu
hoac nhng nhien lieu co them cac thanh phan phu ma co gay nguy hai khi thai ra
moi trng hoac phai trang b thiet b kiem soat o nhiem khong kh cho cac phng
tien van tai. EPA a xac nh rang neu nong o ch trung bnh vt qua 2 g/m
3
trong
khoang 3 thang hoac hn th gay nguy hiem cho sc khoe cong ong con ngi. Yeu
cau phai giam 60 - 65% lng ch them vao nhien lieu. EPA cung quan tam ti nong
o sulfur thap, cung nh lng phospho thap cha trong nhien lieu xe co.
EPA cung a ra nh mc them vao xang dau trong nam 1974 la 2,0 g ch/gal
dau, 0,01 g phospho/1 gal dau. Do tac ong cua cac quy nh mi cua chnh quyen
lien bang, cac tram van chuyen xang dau se phai van chuyen mot lng xang dau
tang dan ke t 1/6/1974. No c bao ve trong thiet b co xuc tac e can lam giam
NO
x
thoat ra theo tieu chuan 1975 - 1976.
Sau ao luat tren, chnh phu My a ban hanh luat cua chnh quyen lien bang bao
gom cac trach nhiem ve kiem soat o nhiem, cac quy nh, cac gii han va th nghiem
tat ca cac xe co c ban ti tay ngi tieu dung.
Tai Viet Nam trong nhng nam gan ay cung e ra cac ieu luat oi vi o nhiem
khong kh do cac phng tien giao thong van tai gay ra. X phat kha nang ne vi cac
phng tien giao thong xa khoi qua tieu chuan quy nh. Tuy nhien, do tnh ac thu la
cac phng tien a qua cu, khong co phu tung thay the nen mc o o nhiem la kha
tram trong, ac biet la thanh pho Ho Ch Minh va Ha Noi.
Nam 1993, Uy ban nhan dan thanh pho Ho Ch Minh a ban hanh Quy nh ve
kiem soat o nhiem moi trng tp Ho Ch Minh, trong o co neu Tieu chuan thai kh
cho cac phng tien giao thong van tai Tieu chuan thai kh cho cac loai xe mi nh
sau:
- 250 -
1. Tat ca cac loai xang phai tuan theo tieu chuan 15.04 cua Uy ban Kinh te Lien
Hiep Quoc cho cac ieu le chau Au trc khi cho phep lu hanh tai thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh;
2. Tat ca cac loai xe chay dau phai tuan theo tieu chuan so 15.03 cua Uy Ban
Kinh te Lien Hiep Quoc cho cac ieu le chau u trc khi c phep lu hanh tai
thanh pho Ho Ch Minh.
Tieu chuan 15.03 cua Uy ban Kinh te Lien Hiep Quoc cho cac ieu le chau u
xac nh gii han xa khoi khi kiem tra ong c dau toc o on nh la 15 n v khoi
Hartridge trong ieu kien gia toc t do.
3. Tat ca cac loai xe mo to, xe hai banh gan may phi tuan theo tieu chuan US 40
CFR 86.410-80 quy nh mc xa khoi nh sau:
- Hydrocarbon: nho hn 5,0 g/km
- Cacbon monoxit: nho hn 12,0 g/km
Bang 6.2. Tieu chuan thai kh 15.03 va 15.04
Trong lng xe
Tieu Chuan
15.03
Tieu chuan
15.04
(Reference weight-RW) CO HC NO
x
CO HC+NO
x
RW 750
750 < RW 850
850 < RW 1020
1020 < RW 1250
1250 < RW 1470
1470 < RW 1700
1700 < RW 1930
1930 < RW 2150
2150 < RW
65
71
76
87
99
110
121
132
143
6,0
6,3
6,5
7,1
7,6
8,1
8,6
9,1
9,6
8,5
8,5
8,5
10,2
11,9
12,3
12,8
13,2
13,6

58

67
76
84
93
101
110

19

20,5
22
23,5
25
26,5
28
Ghi chu:
- Trong lng xe = trong lng xe khong tai + 100 Kg
- Tat ca cac gia tr c tnh bang g/lan th nghiem.
6.3.2. Kiem soat o nhiem khong kh cho tng phng tien giao thong
- 251 -
a. Thiet b kiem soat o boc hi bo truyen ong
Hnh 6.18. He thong thong gio kn cho bo truyen ong
S boc hi bo truyen ong hoac ro r (s ro r xay ra vao khoang gia cac
piston va vach xi lanh) xay ra moi loai xe tr tat ca cac xe hi san xuat t nam
1962. Mot thiet b goi la thong gio bo truyen ong PCV nham lam ngan chan s
ro r dau t bo truyen ong vao trong xi lanh e roi b ot chay trong may, thiet b
thong gio cho bo truyen ong se co tac dung lam thoat hi dau ra kh quyen. Mot ieu
c ban la PCV hoac van xa khoi phai sach va nen kiem tra ky nhng bien oi cua
dau. Dau boi trn phai c thay sau khi i c 12.000 dam hoac 12 thang van hanh.
Hnh 6.18 trnh bay mot mo hnh khep kn cua he thong thong gio bo truyen ong theo
hang Chrysler.
b. Thiet b kiem soat cho kh thai boc ra
e lam giam bt lng kh thai thoat ra th co nhieu cach, trong o co mot cach
n gian nhat la da tren nguyen tac lam giam lng HC va CO boc ra, bang cach
cap them kh ti vao luong kh thai nong, nham cung cap lng oxy can thiet cho
qua trnh ot chay c thc hien hoan toan, tiep o la he thong nay c thai ra khoi
he thong khoi thai. Muon thc hien c nhng cong viec nay th cung phai co mot so
thay oi trong phan ong c, nh la tang tac ong cua qua trnh ot chay, trong o co
ca tang kch thc buong ot. Viec sa oi bao gom sa oi mot bm kh chay bang
ong c, thiet b kiem soat va phan phoi kh cho tng ong thai, sa oi bo che hoa
kh, sa oi bo phoi kh va nha san xuat phai co nhng hng dan duy tu bao dng
xe co.
- 252 -
Mot cach khac la khong che he thong ot chay, bo phan c thiet ke dung trong
ong c vi cac thong so nham at c mc o khong che cho qua trnh chay hoan
hao hn. He thong bao gom mot thiet b khong che hon hp kh - nhien lieu, thay oi
toc o anh la, hng dan ve che o bao dng. Tiep o la mot ong dan nhiet thai
ra ngoai nham lam giam mc o thai HC va CO ra ngoai, thiet b nay co the lap ngay
vao xe co. He thong cac thiet b thai hi khoi yeu cau phai sa cha theo nh ky,
cung nh bot anh la, bo che hoa kh, ac biet la khi ong c chay khong tai, toc o
anh la va cach ieu chnh ng cap nhien lieu - kh.
c. Thiet b khong che hi boc len
S bay hi cua nhien lieu c giam bt bi viec lap at thung ng nhien lieu
trong mot hop cha, bao am khong b nt v khi nhien lieu dan n ra. Thong gio cho
thung ng nhien lieu bang cach dan hon hp ti mot thiet b tach chat long va chat
kh, chat long c quay tr lai thung, con hi th c bm ap lc cao ay qua mot
hop ng than hoat tnh. Hi nay lu lai trong hop ti khi mot bm hut hoat ong, hut
chung vao ong dan a ti buong ot chay, hi c ot chay tai ay. Bo loc kh bang
than hoat tnh c thay the sau khi hoat ong c 12.000 dam hoac khoang 12
thang. Mot vai he thong kiem soat hi bay len khong dung ti than hoat tnh, nhng
cach thay the nay la bo truyen ong va ong c c cha trong mot cai hop. Hnh
6.19 trnh bay mot he thong han che o boc hi nam 1971 cua hang General Motor.
He thong nay cho phep mot phng tien thai 2,2 g HC va 23 g CO khi chay c mot
dam ng. He thong kiem soat o bay hi co the ieu chnh cho o bay hi thap hn
6g/1 mau th nghiem tai nam o.
d. Nang cao mc yeu cau han che chat thai
Tieu chuan cua My cho kh thai NO
x
(c thong qua nhng nam 1973 - 1974)
oi hoi kha cao. Hang Dupont va Esso a va ang tien hanh nghien cu mot thiet b
da tren nguyen tac la dung tuan hoan lai mot phan lng kh thai, bang cach pha
loang vao hon hp nhien lieu - kh, ieu nay co tac dung lam giam lng NO
x
tao
thanh. Kh c lay t ong thai v tr trc bo phan tieu am va c a trc tiep
vao bo che hoa kh gia tiet dien Venturi va a tiet lu.
- 253 -

Hnh 6.19. He thong kiem soat o phat thai ch t nhien lieu General Motor 1975
Hnh 6.20 He thong kiem soat o phat thai ch (General Motor, 1975)
Hnh 6.20 Trnh bay mot he thong kiem soat o phat thai General Motor 1975, he
thong nay ve c ban tng t vi kieu nam 1971, nhng khac mot so iem nh: s
dung ti tia la, mot bm nen kh va thay oi chat xuc tac nham lam giam NO
x
thoat
ra at ti tieu chuan nam 1975. He thong nay phu thuoc vao viec s dung nhien lieu
co cha ch t do, bi v s thay oi chat xuc tac co the kh c mui hoi cua ch.
Tat ca cac xe o to i 1971 ban ra tai California yeu cau phai c trang b he
thong kiem soat o nhiem do NO
x
thai ra. Hnh 6.21 trnh bay he thong kiem soat o
- 254 -

Hnh 6.21. He thong kiem soat NO
x
t van hanh
nhiem cua hang Chrysler. He thong nay at hieu qua kiem soat bi nhiet o chay toi
thieu cua qua trnh chay. Trong he thong loc sach kh cua hang Chrysler, c thc
hien bi mot tap hp cac yeu to nh van xa, toc o anh la cham do xe di chuyen
cham va s dung mot nhiet ke hoat ong mc nhiet o thap. Viec bien oi mot truc
cam trong ong c la nguyen nhan lam cho cac van phai hoat ong goi nhau lien tuc
va ket qua la ca van lay kh vao va van xa kh eu m trong cung mot thi gian dai.
Trong khoang thi gian nay, hon hp nhien lieu - kh va mi c a vao e ot th
c pha loang bi lng kh thai lay vao t cylanh. Lng kh nho e pha loang nay
rat quan trong e ieu khien cho nhiet o chay at ti mc cao nhat. Tia la ot chay
c ieu khien bi mot nut solenoit, nam tai v tr gia bo phan phoi kh va bo che
hoa kh. Nut solenoit nay trong trang thai bat th lai co 3 nut ieu khien khac la nut
ieu khien toc o xe hi, nut nhiet o kh, nut bm hut thai nhiet. Bo anh la khong
anh la khi gia toc xe at ti 30 ppm, neu ap lc trong bm hut nhiet giam thap hn
15 mmHg, bo anh la c hoat ong lai, tuy nhien, nhiet o nay xap x thap hn 60
o
F. He thong lam mat c hoat ong khi nhiet ke ch ti gan 185
o
F. Lam mat nham
giam nhiet o trong cylanh.
Cong ty Motor Ford a nghien cu hnh thanh mot phng an giup cho xe co t
thai kh oc hai, o la phng an ket hp hai lp chat xuc tac oi nghch nhau e lam
bien oi HC, CO cung nh NO
x
va co muc ch s dung loai xang khong co ch. ay
la mot bc tien dai co y ngha ln e lap ra mot tieu chuan thai khoi theo bang 6.2.
Muc tieu sau nay cua My la giam thieu nan o nhiem bui. Theo ket qua a c
thong ke, vi cac xe mi mang ra s dung nam 1975 la 3g bui/ dam va muc tieu at
c cho nam 1980 la lng bui thai t 0,1 - 0,03 g/dam. Viec s dung loai xang xe
- 255 -
khong co hoac co t ch se giam c lng bui thai ra. Trong nhien lieu khong ch co
ch ma con co cadimi, axit clohydric la nhng chat c them vao e san xuat ra xang
dau hoac la nhng loai nhien lieu khac. Viec khong s dung ch trong thanh phan
nhien lieu, cung giup cho hieu qua cua lp xuc tac kep c cao hn trong viec tach
cac kh NO
x
. Hang Dupont la mot hang co nhieu kinh nghiem trong viec ng dung cac
cylon e han che bui cho dong kh thai: hoac kh thai c lam lanh sau khi i ra khoi
ong thai, bi vay cac hat bui se c ong cng lai; hoac kh thai c i qua mot
buong lang co bo tr cac li an bang day kim loai, ay la nguyen nhan lam cac hat
bui ln b va ung va lang xuong. Nhng hat bui lang xuong se c chuyen ti mot
cyclon cha va c gi lai theo mot hop thu va lay i theo nh ky.
e. La chon ong c s dung
Co nhieu ong c e co the la chon, bao gom ong c hi nc, ong c tuoc
bin kh (loai nay dung qua nhieu kh, co the giam c lng thai HC va CO nhng
khong khong che c NO
x
), ong c phun nhien lieu theo lp, ong c diesel dung
piston t do (co nhieu mui, khoi va NO
x
, SO
x
nhng t HC va CO), xe hi chay ien
(ac quy kem - kh, ac quy nikel halide - lithi, ac quy natri - sulfur), ong c Wankel
(buong ot trong), ong c Stirlling (ong c nhiet ong lc dung nhien lieu kh e
ot chay). Mot trong nhng loai nay th ong c tot nhat la ong c dung nang lng
mat tri (cung cap ien bang cac te bao quang ien, dang ac biet nay la c cung
cap ien t ac quy tng t nh ong c dung xang). Vi loai ong c nay th cac
hydrat, cac amoni hoac ru dung lam nhien lieu phu cung vi cac bnh ien khi ong
c can co gia toc cao.
Cac nhien lieu c cai tien khac nh: cac nhien lieu diesel, kh dau mo hoa long
(LPG), kh t nhien nen ap suat cao (CNG), kh t nhien hoa long (LNG), nang
lng mat tri, nang lng hat nhan va gan ay con co mot nguon nhien lieu c
san xuat la kh hydro hoa long. Cac nong trang Anh thng dung kh metal lay t
phan ga e chay cac xe hi cua ho. Vi cac ong c tuoc bin th dau lac hay tat ca
nhng loai g co the ot chay eu co the dung la nhien lieu.
Cac phng tien van tai co the dung cac nhien lieu hoa long la mot van e gay
nguy hai cac thanh pho ln, ni ma cac phng tien giao thong va nan o nhiem
ang tr nen cc ky nghiem trong.
1. Cac bien phap kiem soat o nhiem khong kh t nguon co nh?
2. Nguyen ly lam viec cua cac thiet b x ly kh thai?
- 256 -
3. Yeu cau khi la chon dung dch hap thu?
4. yeu cau khi la chon chat hap phu?
5. Cac bien phap kiem soat o nhiem khong kh t nguon di ong?
Tai lieu tham khao
Tieng Viet
1. Tran Ngoc Chan, Ky thuat thong gio, Nha xuat ban Xay dng, Ha Noi, 1998.
2. Tran Ngoc Chan, O nhiem khong kh va ky thuat x ly, tap 2, 3; Nha xuat ban
3. Le Ba, Ky thuat moi trng, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh, 1980
4. Vo Th Ngoc Ti, Vo Van Bang, Vu Ba Minh, Qua trnh va thiet b cong nghe
hoa hoc, tap 3, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh, 1993.
Tieng Anh
0
Office, 1962.
2. Taro Hayashi, Ronald H. Howell, Masuru Shibata, Katsuhiko Tsuji, Industrial
Ventilation and Air Conditioning, University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka,
Japan, 1985.
3. William L.Heumann, Industrial Air Pollution Control Systems, Section 2, 1985.
5. Richard Prober, Richar Bond, Conrad P. Straub, Handbook of Environmental
Control, Vol.1: Air Pollution, 1972.

- 257 -
CHNG VII
LAY MAU VA PHAN TCH MAU KH
Mau o nhiem kh ton tai hai dang mau o la: mau nguon, trong o cha ng cac
chat o nhiem tai cac nguon ac biet; mau khong kh xung quanh la mau kh trong o
cha ng cac chat o nhiem phan tan khap tren be mat trai at. Mau khong kh xung
quanh la oi tng chnh e noi ti trong chng nay.
PHAN TH NHAT: LAY MAU KHONG KH XUNG QUANH
7.1. MUC CH CUA LAY MAU KHONG KH XUNG QUANH
Muc ch cua viec lay mau kh xung quanh nham kiem soat chat lng moi
trng khong kh, da tren mot c s chuan ve chat lng moi trng khong kh. Cac
tram quan trac moi trng se la chon va xac nh cac so lieu neu chung gan vi cac
gia tr chuan. Bi v cac tram quan trac cap nha nc, cap a phng neu cung thc
hien bien phap lay mau theo phng phap chuan, phan tch theo phng phap chuan
th cac so lieu nay co the dung e so sanh c. Ve tong quat, xac nh cac mau
khong kh xung quanh cung cap cho ta mot he thong so lieu, dung lam cac thong tin
nen cho viec xac nh lng o nhiem va nguon phat sinh o nhiem.
7.2. TRNH T CUA VIEC LAY MAU
Trnh t lay mau da tren c s mau chat o nhiem, ky thuat thu chat o nhiem, la
chon thiet b (phu thuoc vao ky thuat lay mau) va phng phap phan tch (co quan he
vi thiet b s dung). Mau khong kh xung quanh lien quan en viec phan tch lu
lng khong kh a thu vao khi lay mau (m
3
). Thong qua lu lng khong kh nay ma
ta co the xac nh ra c lng chat o nhiem co trong mau, lng chat o nhiem c
- 258 -
xac nh bang n v microgram (g). Nong o chat o nhiem trong mau co trong mau
th c xac nh bang n v microgram/met khoi (g/m
3
).
7.2.1. Cac nhan to can xem xet khi lay mau
V tr at thiet b
Lay mau la ieu can phai quyet nh au tien, sau o la xem xet ti khoang thi
gian lay mau da tren muc ch cua viec kiem tra. Muc ch kiem tra co the la kiem
tra nong o trung bnh tren mot khu vc hay la nong o tc thi cao nhat cua chat o
nhiem tren mot khu vc. Mau lay trong 24h thng dung e xac nh nong o trung
bnh cua chat o nhiem, trai lai nong o tc thi co the c nhan ra gian tiep hoac lay
mot chuoi cac mau roi chon mot gia tr thch hp. Cac mau co the lay noi tiep nhau
theo tng gi, hai gi, co the la dai hn.
Luc nay v tr lay mau, khoang thi gian lay mau a c xac nh th cong viec
tiep theo la xem xet ti kch thc mau. No phai luon luon u ln cho mau co o
chnh xac hn. V du ni ma chat o nhiem co nong o cao th lay mau trong thi gian
1h la u lng chat o nhiem e co the thong ke chnh xac. nhng ni co nong o o
nhiem thap th mau can thiet phai lay mau qua 24h th mi u lng chat o nhiem e
tnh toan chnh xac. ieu nay co ngha la phai thay oi khoang thi gian lay mau cho
phu hp. Tiep theo la toc o lay mau cung lien quan en kch thc mau. Toc o lay
mau xac nh da tren c s thi gian tiep xuc gia thi gian tiep xuc va vat lieu hap
thu hoac dung dch thuoc th hap thu e co the tm ra nong o chat hap thu. Khi lu
lng kh vao mau tang, ap lc giam, thuoc th se hap thu c nhieu hn. Thay oi
cac toc o lay mau khac nhau ti khi xac nh c mot toc o thch hp
Mot vai nhan to khac cung co the can xem xet ti. V du nong o NO
2
co lien
quan ti cac mau lay SO
2
gay tr ngai cho qua trnh lay mau, oi hoi phai tang them
thuoc th. Trnh t lay mau NO
2
theo Jacob-Hochheiser th co hieu qua kem hn trnh
t lay mau theo Saltzman, no thch hp hn trong viec ngan chan tac ong lam nhat
mau. Tuy nhien, khi yeu to mau sac khong quan trong va yeu cau phai co o chnh
xac cao hn khi lay mau NO
2
th bat buoc phai dung cac thiet b theo trnh t
Saltzman. n v dung e trnh bay ket qua th phai theo tng phng phap phan tch,
e co the so sanh vi cac tap hp d lieu khac. Nhng phng phap lay mau va
nhng phng phap phan tch trong phong th nghiem th ch gii han vi tng ky
thuat lay mau.
- 259 -
7.2.2. Cac bc chuan b lay mau
Yeu to nen tang cho lay mau la chuan b thiet b lay mau, o la thiet b hng
dong kh, thiet b o lu toc va may moc thu mau vi mot thiet b phat hien chat o
nhiem, ay la bo phan chnh mang ve phan tch trong phong th nghiem. Dong kh
chuyen ong co lu toc se keo theo s chuyen ong cua cac chat o nhiem vao trong
dong kh, i ti may thu mau chung se b gi lai trong mau. Mot vai v du ve cac dong
kh chuyen ong do cac may hut bui, cac quat thoi thoc, lam di chuyen chat long, hut
chan khong. Tren ay la hai nhiem vu c ban cua dong kh chuyen ong.
Viec chuan b cho lay mau nhat thiet phai co thiet b o lu lng (lu lng ke),
nham xac nh khoi lng kh i vao mau trong khoang thi gian lay mau. Thiet b
nay phai co o chnh xac cao chap nhan nh la kch thc chuan.
May lay mau co nhieu loai khac nhau, nhng hau het eu c thiet ke e co the
va lay c mau kh va tnh toan ra lng chat o nhiem co trong mau.
7.3. LAY MAU BUI
Chat o nhiem c phan loai ra gom o nhiem bui va o nhiem kh. Thiet b va ky
thuat lay mau vi tng loai khac nhau va c xem xet cu the cho tng trng hp.
Lay mau bui la van e xem xet trong phan nay.
Cac tnh chat vat ly nh kch c, mat o, trong lc cua cac hat bui la khac nhau.
Nhng tnh chat lien quan en thi gian chung ton tai trong kh quyen va la chon
phng phap lay mau bui. Neu bui troi t do trong khong kh th goi la bui l lng,
neu bui b lang tach ra khoi khong kh nh trong lc th goi la bui lang. V du, muoi
sinh t ot dau chung co kch thc rat nho, mat o thap nen chung ton tai l lng
trong khong kh mot thi gian dai. Nh vay khi muc ch lay mau la lay bui l lng th
phng phap lay phai theo phng phap lay bui l lng. Phan hoa cung la mot loai
bui co mat o thap, chung co khuynh hng c gi lai trong kh quyen. Tro tan va
bui khi phat tan vao trong kh quyen, chung co kch thc va mat o ln nen se luon
luon lang xuong. Bi vay cung co the phan loai chung thuoc loai bui lang. Co hai loai
bui khac cung c xac nh o la bui chat phong xa, nh la cac hat beta va bui tong
cong la lng bui o ac vi tat ca cac loai bui
Ky thuat lay mau phu thuoc vao loai bui can lay mau, ngha la sau khi xac nh
ra loai bui can kiem tra roi mi quyet nh ti ky thuat lay mau da tren o va la
- 260 -
chon thiet b lay mau. Trong mot vai trng hp co vai thiet b co the thc hien c
vi tng ky thuat mot. Sau khi a la chon c ky thuat cu the th se biet c cac
thiet b se dung. Nhng cach thc hien thng xuyen c s dung se c thao luan
ti sau, con nhng cach khac th ch c liet ke ra ma thoi. T hnh (7-1) en (7-13)
trnh bay nhng thiet b lay bui, bang (7-1) liet ke ra nhng cach lay bui thng dung.
a. K thuat hut
Ky thuat nay thng dung e lay nhng mau bui lang (bui b tach ra khoi kh
quyen do tac ong cua trong lc). Thiet b lay mau dung cho ky thuat nay tng t
nh thiet b lay mau co au lay bui. Thiet b nay re tien, de s dung va yeu cau khi
phan tch ch la xac nh trong lng. Thiet b au lay mau bui thng dung e xac
nh nong o bui trung bnh tren mot khu vc nao o, nhng khong the xac nh c
gia tr tc thi cao nhat tot nh nhng phng phap khac. Them vao o na la, ch lay
mot mau bui nho ma lai lam ai dien cho ca mot khoi khong kh rong ln. Trong vai
trng hp, khi phan tch mau bui con co mot lng bui tang them la do tac ong c
hoc len bui at gan v tr lay mau va nc ma (chung hnh thanh, ngng tu xung
quanh cac hat bui), bui nang do giao thong, bui phan tan trong kh quyen bi gio va
nhng luong kh. Nhng tac ong nay gian tiep lam anh hng ti ket qua phan tch
mau bui.
au lay mau bui co the co tao hnh co nh hoac co the c dan bang giay bong
knh bao xung quanh vat chat hut bui va bao xung quanh la lp mang nhay dnh bui.
Nhng hau het la chung c che tao dang au thu bui (xem hnh 8-1 oi tng co
mau o sang). Kch thc au thu c khoang 8,5 inch, cao va co cha nc e thu bui.
nhng vung co thi tiet am, amoni clorua hap thu vao trong nc co tac dung lam
ngan can s phat trien cua cac loai tao, mot yeu to cung gop phan tang them lng
bui vao trong kh quyen. Trong thi tiet mua ong, ru ang propyl dung lam chat
chong lanh, ngan chan kha nang tao thanh a, ay la mot yeu to lam ngan can cac
chat o nhiem hap thu vao trong nc.
au thu bui c xuc ra sach, sau o a vao say kho, can len theo n v
miligram. T lng kh can thiet e lay mau tnh toan ra c dien tch dien tch cua
pittong. Khoang thi gian lay mau chuan la 30 ngay, ket qua c tnh toan theo n
v mg/m
3
/30 ngay.
b. K thut lc
- 261 -
Ky thuat nay dung e thu cac hat bui l lng trong khong kh ma khong lang
ong. Cac hat bui chuyen ong theo dong kh nh sc hut cua thiet b (v du nh may
hut bui) va nhng hat bui c gi lai nh mot tam loc xop. Ky thuat loc nay cung co
the dung e lay nhng mau bui phong xa. Thiet b xac nh lu lng dong kh (hnh
7-2 va 7-3) thng c dung nhat trong ky thuat lay mau vi bui l lng. Thiet b
nay at trong mot cai hop nham tranh s lang ong cua cac bui lang, mot bm vi lu
lng cao hut va keo theo cac hat bui l lng va tai tam loc xop bui c gi lai
khong kh sach thoat ra ngoai. Thiet b o lu lng c thiet ke chnh xac theo quy
chuan, nham xac nh chnh xac lng khong kh hut vao trong thi gian lay mau (co
the la 24h). Vi nhng mau co kha nang loc khong kh vi lu lng ln th lay trong
thi gian ngan hn. Xac nh c trong lng bui thong qua trong lng tam loc
trc va sau lay mau, tnh theo n v la microgram (g). Nong o bui co trong khong
kh th tnh theo m v microgram/m
3
(g/m
3
).
c. Ky thuat dung giay loc
ay la mot phng phap loc khac dung e thu cac mau bui l lng. No thch hp
nhat trong viec thu cac mau bui nho mn hoac la nhng vat chat ban
Hnh 7.1. au lay bui va en pero ch Hnh 7.2. Hop hut kh vi lu lng
Thiet b nay ac biet thuan li bi v no t ong a ra cac con so co the oc
c trong mot ngay, c tnh kha chnh xac lng chat ban. No cung co the lay
nhng mau vi nhng khoang thi gian khac nhau do con ngi chon la (hnh 7-4
cho thay thiet b khi cha gan mau).
Ky thuat lay mau dung giay loc bao gom mot bm dung e hut dong kh co cha
bui, sau khi i qua tam loc bang cac si xenlulo bui c gi lai. Bm nay t ong
- 262 -
hoat ong theo mot che o do ngi s dung cai at, thong thng la 2h, sau o
chuyen v tr va lay mau tiep. ong ho bam gi trong thiet b co the chay hn 24h.
oc gia tr hien th tren thiet b o lu toc hoac thiet b o ty trong (xem phng phap
hap thu bui bang bc xa trong chng sau).
d. Ky thuat quan tnh
Ky thuat nay dung e lay mau vi tong so bui co trong khong kh. Nguyen tac
cua ky thuat nay la, tao ra mot sc hut hut dong khong kh o nhiem vao trong thiet b,
trong o co at cac vat can tren ng i cua dong kh. Nhng vat can nay lam cho
dong kh b oi hng, nhng cac hat bui th theo quan tnh van chuyen ong theo
hng cu va chung va vao cac vat can. Neu tren be mat vat can nay co chat dnh, cac
hat bui va cham va se b gi lai tren be mat vat can.

Hnh 7.3. May hut kh co lu lng cao va bo loc co thiet b ghi
Hnh 7.4. May lay mau dung giay
Cac vat can nay sau o c nhung vao trong chat long va cac hat bui a thu
c lang ong vao trong chat long. Neu thiet b quan tnh nay c thiet ke cac
- 263 -
ng dan hnh tron, dong kh chuyen ong nhanh cac hat bui co xu hng chuyen
ong ri xa tam hn, nh vay ngoai tac ong cua lc quan tnh chung con chu tac
ong cua lc ly tam, hieu qua thiet b se cao hn.
Thong thng thiet b lay mau kieu quan tnh c dung e lay mau vi tng loai
bui khac nhau co trong khong kh. Mau Durham dung bien phap boi vazolin len be
mat knh vat cua knh hien vi e thu phan hoa, sau o dung ngay knh hien vi nay e
xem xet hieu qua. Mau roto quay (hnh 7.5.) va mau kieu bay bao t Hirst (hnh 7.6)
dung e lay mau vi cac dang bao t, phan hoa, bang cach at thiet b ngc theo
chieu gio va co the dung phng phap nh lay cac chat o nhiem co trong lng
- 264 -
Hnh 7.5. Thiet b roto quay
Hnh 7.6. Thiet b bay bao t Hirst
Mau Andersen (hnh 7.7) la thiet b dung e thu nhng vi khuan hoac nhng bui
vu tru khac, no co cau truc gom 8 a thep khong g, thiet ke gia nh he thong ho hap
cua con ngi, cac hat bui thu c ay dung e kiem chng lai s xam nhap cua
cac hat bui vao trong he thong ho hap cua con ngi, qua phe quan i ti cac tui phoi.
Mau thu Cascade Impactor dung thu tong bui co kch thc nho. Thu mau bang mang
dnh, mang dnh bao phu len mot bnh, a vao trong mot luong gio thu tong tat ca
cac bui va phng phap em bui dung e phan tch bui t phng phap mang dnh.
Mot so thiet b dung trong ky thuat va cham quan tnh la Greenburg-smith
impinger (hnh 7.7 ben trai) va Midget impinger (hnh 7.7 gia).
Greenburg-smith impinger la mot xylanh thuy tinh, ben trong long mot ong thuy
tinh nho ong tam. au ong nho nay co nhng cai voi nho va impinger cau truc
- 265 -
thuy tinh nay c nhan chm trong mot dung dch hap thu long. No gi lai tat ca cac
bui ban, khoi, hi, kh hoa tan va bui khong tan co kch thc ln hn 2m.
Hnh 7.7 Greenberg-Smith impinger, midget impinger, mau cyclon
Ky thuat lay mau quan tnh con co s dung ti loai cyclon, no co the thu c
nhng bui co kch thc ln hn 5 (hnh 7.7 ben phai).
e. Ky thuat lang
- 266 -
ay la ky thuat s dung qua trnh lang do tac dung cua nhiet va ien. Ky thuat
lang do nhiet nh sau: gia nhiet cho dong kh co cha cac bui phong xa bi qua trnh
trao oi nhiet oi lu, dong kh nay chuyen ong ti mot be mat c lam lanh, cac
phan t trong dong kh se va cham vao be mat a c lam lanh nay. Cac hat bui co
kch thc t 0,01 en 10 b dnh len be mat lanh nay. Ky thuat lang do ien la
dung nang lng ien tac ong lc len cac hat bui, lam cho chung b tach ra khoi
dong khong kh bam len be mat thu bui. Ky thuat nay co hieu qua tot khi thu nhng
bui nho mn, bui hoa hoc va bui chat phong xa. Cac hat bui co kch c t 0,01 en
10 thiet b nay eu thu c. Tuy nhien thiet b nay lai khong dung c khi co mat
cac kh o nhiem, bi v qua trnh gia nhiet va tac dung cua nguon ien eu lam tang
kha nang gay hai cua cac kh o nhiem.
Thiet b lay mau bui theo ky thuat lang bao gom: thiet b lang ien (hnh 7.8)
dung thu bui va dung trong nghien cu ve loai va tnh chat cua cac bui phong xa, thiet
b lang nhiet (hnh 7.9). Cac thiet b lay bui tong quat xem trong bang 7.1
Hnh 7.8 Thiet b lang ien (phai) Hnh 7.9. Thiet b lang nhiet (trai)
- 267 -
Bang 7.1: Thiet b lay mau bui
Thiet b lay mau
Ky thuat
chon la
Chat o nhiem can
thu
Phng phap phan
tch
au lay bui (h 7-1) Hut, 30
ngay
Bui lang Trong lc
May hut kh (h 7-2. 7-3)
Loc 24 gi
Bui l lng (gom ca
bui vo c, hu c,
chat phong xa)
Trong lc
Giay loc bui (h7-4)
Loc 24 gi Bui l lng (bui at)
o lu lng (h7-3),
o trong lng
Mau Durham, Roto
quay (h 7.5), bay bao t
Hirst (h7.6)
Va cham Phan hoa, bao t em
Mang dnh Va cham Tong bui Gruber particle
Mau Andersen Va cham Vi khuan - bui em
Mau Cascader Va cham Tong bui
Greenberg-Smith
(h7.7)
Va cham Tong bui Trong lc
Midge impinger (7.7) Va cham Tong bui Trong lc
Mau cyclon (h 7.7) Va cham Bui > 5 micron Trong lc
Lang tnh ien (h 7.8) Lang Bui phong xa Nghien cu loai
Lang do nhiet (h 7.9) Lang Tong bui Trong lc

7.4. LAY MAU KHONG KH
Nh tren a noi, chat o nhiem khong kh c phan ra thanh bui va kh oc.
Trong phan tiep sau ay se e cap ti cac ky thuat va thiet b thng dung cho viec
lay mau kh oc.
- 268 -
7.4.1. Ky thuat va thiet b lay mau
Bon ky thuat c ban cua viec lay mau cac kh thai la hap thu, hap phu, co ac va
hut mau.
a. Phng phap hap thu
Phng phap hap thu la qua trnh lam cho dong khong kh co cha cac kh o
nhiem c a vao tiep xuc vi cac hoa chat long, tai o xay ra phan ng hap thu
tao ra dang chat ran hoac long (khong con la kh). Dung dch hoa chat dung thch ng
vi cac kh can thu mau. Trong ky thuat nay, ieu quan trong nhat la phai xac nh
cho c tat ca cac kh o nhiem i vao tiep xuc vi dung dch hoa chat hap thu va
mc o hap thu chat o nhiem trong khoang thi gian lay mau. Xac nh cho thch hp
th thu mau mi at hieu qua cao.
e giup cho viec thu mau at ket qua cao, nhng van e sau ay can phai xem
xet: Qua trnh sui bot trong thiet b, dong khong kh co cha chat o nhiem i qua dung
dch hap thu, phan ln cac kh co s tiep xuc gia chat kh va chat long. Kch c thch
hp cua thiet b hoac noi cach khac ty le lu lng kh lay mau phai thch hp, nham
muc ch tao cho dong kh va dung dch hap thu co u thi gian tiep xuc, dung dch
hap thu co the gi lai het cac chat o nhiem. Nong o dung dch hap thu la xac nh
tren c s nong o cac chat o nhiem can hap thu. Bi vay neu xet ti kha canh an
toan, khi co qua nhieu chat phan ng trong dung dch hap thu, chung se hap thu tat
ca cac chat o nhiem ke ca chat o nhiem nang neu chung gap, o chnh xac cua viec
lay mau giam i. Thi gian tiep xuc gia kh o nhiem va dung dch hap thu rat ngan,
bi vay nong o dung dch hap thu phai u e xay ra phan ng hap thu ngay lap tc.
Mot loai thiet b cung s dung theo nguyen tac hap thu cho nhieu loai kh ong
thi, loai nay tng t nh loai Sui bot 24 h (Twenty-fuor hour bubble) (hnh 7.10).
Loai thiet b lay mau nay c thiet ke e lay ong thi 5 loai kh khac nhau, dung 5
loai dung dch hap thu ng vi 5 loai kh o nhiem can thu vi tng thiet b sui bot.
Mot bm hut kh vao ong thi 5 dung dch hap thu, vi cac ng vao ra khac nhau.
Lu lng cua dong kh co the kiem soat c bang cach ieu chnh mieng hut kh
vao. Mot thiet b nhiet tnh hoc luon luon gia nhiet e tao ra o on nh nhiet cho
dong kh vao mau. Nh viec s dung dung cu sui bot va dung dch hap thu thch hp
vi tng loai kh, cac mau co the lay c la SO
2
, NO
2
, H
2
S, NH
3
va Aldehyd. Ket
qua sau phan tch c tnh theo n v g/m
3
.
- 269 -
Mot thiet b khac cung s dung nguyen ly hap thu la thiet b s dung mau mac
noi tiep, no bao gom nhieu thiet b sui bot khac nhau. Mot thiet b chon ung co 12
thiet b sui bot, no co the lay mau noi tiep vi cac khoang thi gian noi tiep nhau (mot
mau lay trong 2h, sau o chuyen sang thiet b sui bot khac, lay mau cho toan thiet b
trong 24h). Thiet b lay mau nay co the cho ta gia tr tc thi cao nhat chnh xac cua
kh o nhiem. Hnh 7.10 cung cho thay mot vai kieu ong hap thu thuy tinh cua thiet b
lay mau tren. Nhng ong thuy tinh nay che tao dang sui bot nho nham cung cap kh
cho qua trnh hap thu. Chung hoan toan khac vi vi kieu impinger ong long dung e
thu mau bui.
Dung en Pero ch (hnh 7-1) e nh lng nong o kh sulfur dioxit trong kh
quyen la phng phap n gian nhat trong ky thuat hap thu. Trong ky thuat hap thu
kh o nhiem, kha nang hap thu bang chat ran t hn so vi kha nang hap thu bang chat
long. Cac khau s hnh tru c bao quanh bi mot mang mong cac dung dch hap thu
pero ch. Pero ch phan ng vi sulfur dioxit tao ra dang ch sunfat. Tong lng sunfat
ch sau khi th nghiem 30 ngay c can xac nh trong lng hoac nh lng bi tac
ong oi mau cua dung dch hap thu.
Cac bieu hien qua quan sat thiet b theo nguyen tac hap thu se c e cap tiep
trong chng sau.
b. Phng phap hap phu
Phng phap hap phu lay mau da tren nguyen tac; be mat cac chat ran co tac
dung hut va gi cac kh tren no. Lng chat kh o nhiem c hap phu lien quan en
dien tch be mat chat hap phu, mc o duy tr ap suat va nhiet o dong kh lay mau
(hai nhan to nay co anh hng ti lu lng va nong o), ac iem ly hoc va hoa hoc
cua chat hap phu a c dung. Cac chat hap phu khac nhau se c thao luan trong
phan tiep.

Hnh 8.15: Mau noi tiep - Hnh 7.15 trang 110
Hnh 7.10. Ong thuy tinh sui bot hoac hap thu
- 270 -
Cacbon hoat tnh
ay la loai than c tao ra t hat qua ao, vo qua da la nhng vat chat tot
nhat dung lam chat hap phu. Cac hydrocacbon bam tren be mat than hoat tnh chu tac
dung oxy hoa bi tac dung hoat hoa cua chung. Cac qua trnh oxy hoa nay c th
nghiem thng xuyen vi s gia nhiet ng vi tng khoang nhiet o khac nhau ng
vi cac khoang thi gian dai. Mot vai loai kh luon b hap thu bi be mat than hoat
tnh la NH
3
, NO
x
, CO va CO
2
.
Silica gen
ay la mot dang ong ac, hoa keo cua dung dch acid silicic, tao thanh dang
silicon oxit, chung co tnh cng bong va xop, co kha nang hap phu cac loai kh nh
H
2
S, SO
2
va H
2
O.
Alumin hoat tnh
ay la nhng hat hap thu tm thay trong nhng ong phat hien nhanh, chung bao
gom hau het la nhng hat oxit nhom co tnh xop cao, dung lam chat ch th hoa hoc
bang cach o lng o bien oi mau sac cua cac hat.
Li phan t (a molecular seive)
ay la chat tong hp bi natri hoac canxi khong co alumin, chung tng c
dung e hap phu CO
2
, H
2
S, SO
2
, NH
3
va ecetylen.
Mot vai thuan li cua nguyen tac hap phu da tren nguyen tac hap thu la:
1/ Chat o nhiem co the c phat hien nhanh nh tac ong lam thay oi mau sac;
2/ Cac mau thu c co the c van chuyen dang ran;
3/ No co the thu c tot cac loai kh de bay hi;
4/ Chung co the thc hien lay mau trong cac ieu kien nhiet o khac nhau;
5/ Co the hap thu tot cac chat o nhiem khi nong o cao.
Hop th nghiem kh trong vu tru (A universal tester kit)
ay la san pham cua cong ty Mine Safety Appliance, s dung nguyen ly hap thu
e co the phat hien nhanh ra cac kh oc, hi, khoi, bui. Mau n gian cua thiet b la
mot bm pittong dung e hut khong kh can lay mau vao cac thiet b ch th hoac ong
phat hien nhanh hoac cac tam giay loc co tham cac loai hoa chat dung e phat hien
- 271 -
chat o nhiem. e khang nh chac chan tnh oc cua cac hp chat co the dung bien
phap gia nhiet vi tng nhiet o khac nhau, bang cach nay phat hien ra tnh oc hoa
hoc ng vi tng nhiet o, ay tnh oc ng vi tng nong o cac hp chat co lien
quan ti tnh oc nguyen thuy cua chung. Nhiet cung cap cho thiet b ay cung cap
bi bnh ien nhiet phan (hnh 7.11)
Hnh 7.11. Thiet b nhiet phan
Mot th nghiem chuan dung cho viec phat hien CO la dung ong phat hien nhanh,
trong ong phat hien nhanh co cha silica gen c tham nhiem bi dung dch H
2
SO
4
,
alumin molypden, sulfat paladi hoa tan. Kho ng kh co cha CO i nhanh qua ong, mau
se nhanh chong chuyen t mau vang sang mau xanh tham, lng CO c xac nh
bi viec so sanh vi cac cot mau (thiet b phat hien CO hap phu, hnh 7.12).
Lam lanh hoac ngng tu mau
La phng phap dung the thu thap kh hydrocacbon, hi chat phong xa va cac
chat khong tan hoac khong bay hi khac. Chat o nhiem khong kh ton tai dang kh
co the b bay hoac tach ra khoi khong kh nh phng phap lam lanh hoac ngng
tu. Bay noi ay co ngha la thu cac chat o nhiem hoac tach chat o nhiem ra khoi
dong kh.
May moc dung cho qua trnh lam lanh hoac ngng tu nh sau: Khong kh lay mau
c hut vao mot hop a c lam lanh t trc, neu nhiet o trong hop thap hn
hoac bang vi nhiet o ngng tu cua cac kh, chung se chuyen sang dang long. Nhng
chat long hoac chat ngng tu nay c ng trong hop, ngay tai ni chung a b
- 272 -
chuyen t dang kh sang dang long. Qua trnh lay mau da tren nguyen tac lam lanh
nay, neu muon thu thap mot vai loi kh trong cung mot thi gian th ta phai dung
nhieu hop lay mau cung mot luc.
Hnh 7.12. Thiet b hap thu phat hien CO
Mot loai thiet b lay mau ac biet gom co 5 cai bay thuy tinh c noi lien vi
nhau bi cac khp noi co joang bao kn. Nhng bay nay co cau truc la nhng bnh co
dai, ni cha cac kh theo trat t dong kh i vao: Bnh (1) c lam lanh bi chat tai
lanh la dung dch nc muoi nhiet o -16
o
C, cac bnh (2,3 va 4) c lam lanh lam
kho bi kh CO
2
va aceton hoac methyl cellosolve gi cho nhiet o mc -80
o
C va
bnh 5 la bnh dung e thu nitro long c gi nhiet o -195
o
C. Dong kh c hut
vao bay nay (nhng bnh co dai) nh mot bm hut. Sau khi lay mau xong e chuan b
phan tch th phai say nong mau len, cac kh tr ve dang goc cua no, sau o c
phan tch bi tia hong ngoai hoac sac ky kh.
Trong phng phap lay mau kieu ngng tu th van e quan trong nhat la van e
cac tinh the nc a se bt kn nhng hop lay mau. e tranh hien tng nay, au vao
cua nhng bnh c che tao loe ng knh ra 2 inch va dai ra 2 inch na. nhng
cho au vao, au ra cua cac bnh co dai hoac cac ong noi, cho uon cong c thiet ke
ban knh rong ra. Cung nh vay tai nhng v tr cao th c lam kho se giam bt c
cac van e nay. Gi cho cac dung dch hoat ong c, thiet b hoat ong c th
viec quan ly va van hanh la mot van e khong nho.
Lay mau tc thi (Grab sampling)
- 273 -
Lay mau tc thi la mot ky thuat khac dung e lay mau khong kh b o nhiem.
Lay mau tc thi la lay mau iem thi gian nao o ac biet, vi khoang thi gian
lay mau khoang t vai giay en 1 phut. Mot mau tc thi co the dung lam ai dien
cho mot tap hp cac mau khac khi nguon lay mau la khong thay oi. Nhng mau nay
c dung e xac nh cac kh co trong thanh phan khong kh (mau kh cha nhng
chat o nhiem) va xac nh xem nong o cac chat o nhiem ngay tai thi iem lay mau.
Ky thuat lay mau tc thi co tac dung khi ma nhng chat o nhiem co lien quan
khong b hap thu bi chat long hoac mc o chu hap phu cham. Hn na dung dch
hap thu lai phai at trong dung cu lay mau va mau thu c co the tr nen bao hoa
vi dung dch hap thu trc khi uc phan tch.
Hau het nhng mau lay theo ky thuat nay thng c s dung vi nhng thiet b
nho va khong yeu cau ve trnh o, kinh nghiem cua ngi lay mau trong nhng phan
cong viec.
Co nhieu loai thiet b lay mau tc thi co san. Mot loai la tui plastic a x hi at
trong mot cai hop vi mot cai ong vn ra ngoai hop. Mau c lay bang cach hut
khong kh t trong tui ra, a tui ti ni lay mau m ra cho khong kh c hut vao
trong tui mau a c lay.
oi khi phng phap dung ong tiem tao ra lo tren be mat chat ran dung e thu
nhng lng kh o nhiem nho. Mot loai thiet b khac la bnh hut co dai (hnh 7.13)
thch hp vi khoa voi va au hut. Trong cach thu mau nay, dung dch co kha nang
hap thu chat o nhiem cung la van e ang noi ti, khi noi ti thiet b lay mau bang
bnh co dai. Nhng bnh nay sau khi c hut kh ra (ngoai hay trong phong th
nghiem) cho ti ap suat bay hi cua dung dch hap thu, nhiet o va ap suat trong bnh
c ghi chep lai sau o khoa voi lai.
Hnh 7.13. Bnh hut co dai
- 274 -
Khi bnh co dai m ra, dong kh c hut vao trong bnh. e tranh gay v h
hong, bnh lay mau phai at trong hop bao ve ben trong boc xop hoac la bang bong
thuy tinh tranh va cham manh.
Mot thiet b khac c dung nh la mot thiet b lam sach hoac thiet b trao oi
kh (hnh7.14) vi mot ong hnh tru co khoa hai au. Khi ca hai khoa ca hai au
eu m, mot dong khong kh c hut vao thiet b. ong khoa hai au lai ta cha
c mau kh mang ve.
Hnh 7.14. Thiet b trao oi kh
Mot thiet b khac trong ky thuat lay mau tc thi la thiet b trao oi v tr cua chat
long (hnh 7.15). Mot bnh ng co cha chat long dung lam chat trao oi v tr vi
kh. Chat long c thao ra khoi bnh nh van ay bnh, khong kh ben ngoai c
hut vao van pha tren nh bnh thay the vao v tr ma chat long va c rut ra.
Viec la chon chat long dung e thay the (nc, nc muoi, thuy ngan hoac la chat
long a hoa tan bao hoa vi kh lay mau) c chon da tren tnh chat cua kh can lay
mau. Vi yeu cau la kh lay mau khong co bat ky mot phan ng nao vi chat long
dung lam chat thay the v tr.
Hnh 7.15. Thiet b lay mau bang phng phap di cho chat long
- 275 -
Ky thuat lay mau tc thi th ch yeu cau dung cac thiet b nho va yeu cau ve
trnh t lay mau khong cao. No thch hp vi cach lay mau quan trac lien tuc (se e
cap trong phan ke tiep) khi ma mc o hap thu cac chat o nhiem la cham. Mot ieu
bat li trong ky thuat lay mau nay la khoi lng chat o nhiem co mat trong mau
khong nhieu, oi khi no khong at ti ngng co the phat hien ra chat o nhiem.
Thiet b lay mau, ky thuat thu mau, nhng chat o nhiem co the thu c, phng
phap phan tch cac mau kh c trnh bay trong bang 7.2.
Thiet b dung khi quan trac lien tuc (CM)
ay la mot tap hp cac thiet b co kha nang lay mau va phan tch mau t ong,
no co the cung cap nhieu cac thong so vi nhieu kh o nhiem khac nhau. Tuy nhien,
cac thiet b nay lai dung hau het vi cac kh o nhiem. Trnh t cua ky thuat lay mau
bao gom cac cong viec chuan b nh viec tham do, thuoc th hap thu, thiet b phat
hien bang khuech ai ien, dung cu o lu lng va may ghi.
Bang 7.2. Thiet b lay mau kh
Thiet b lay mau Ky thuat lay mau
Chat o nhiem thu
c
Phng phap
phan tch
Thiet b sui bot
trong 24 gi
(H7.10)
Hap thu bang bong
thuy tinh hap thu
Kh vo c, oxit
NO
2
, SO
2
, H
2
S. Kh
hu c: HC mach
vong,
formaldehyde,
aldehyde beo,
olefin
Phan tch hoa
hoc, so mau, quang
pho
Ong phat hien
nhanh va ong ch
th
Hap phu bi tnh
hoat hoa cua than
hoat tnh, silica gen,
alumin hoat tnh,
li phan t
Nhng chat khong
hoa tan hoac khong
bay hi: NH
3
, H
2
S,
NO
2
, SO
2
, CO
2
, CO
So mau vi cac
cot mau chuan
en pero ch (H7.1) Hap thu SO
2
thanh
dang ch sunfat
SO
2

c lng
lng SO
2
/
ngay/100 cm
2

Ky thuat lam lanh Ngng tu Nhng chat khong
tan va khong bay
hi, HC, kh phong
Dung quang
pho, tia hong ngoai
- 276 -
xa hoac sac ky kh
Bnh hut co dai
(H7.13), thiet b di
kh (H7.14), thiet b
di chat long
(H7.15), tui plastic
trong hop
Lay mau tc thi Ch thu c mot so
lng nho cac kh o
nhiem - mui
Nhieu phng phap
co the ap dung
Mot vai thiet b tien tien nhat hien nay khong can thiet phai s dung thuoc th,
bm hut hoac la nhng ong thuy tinh de v, ma thay the bang cac thiet b ien. Nhng
thiet b dung trong viec quan trac lien tuc (CM) nhn chung la at hn nhieu so vi
nhng thiet b lay mau a thao luan trc o. Tuy nhien, tai nhng ni ma co kha
nang se xay ra o nhiem khong kh tram trong th co the bo tr rieng he thong d bao o
nhiem khong kh. mot vai thanh pho ln cac thiet b CM c lap at nh mot he
thong en bao ong, khi nong o chat o nhiem at ti nc o cao chung t ong bao
ong. Nhng nguon phat sinh o nhiem khi o phai giam bt hoac phai cham dt hoat
ong, cho ti khi nong o chat o nhiem giam ti mc phuc hoi lai c. Mot vai loai
chat o nhiem ma thiet b CM co the phat hien c bao gom HC (hydrocacbon), CO,
CH
4
, SO
2
, nitro oxid, ozon, H
2
S, aldehyde va tong cac oxit.
Viec phan tch HC t trc ay la dung phng phap xac nh tong HC (tat ca
cac HC co trong mau) nh ky thuat tac dung ion hoa cua ngon la. Ky thuat nay thch
hp la do chung tap trung cac tia hong ngoai (NDIR), bi v vi metan khi co nong o
t 0-1 ppm va cao hn la u e chung co o nhay cao vi tac dung tia hong ngoai.
Lay tieu chuan chat lng moi trng khong kh lam chuan e xac nh ra tong HC
(khi khong co hoac t metan) co trong khong kh bang phng phap sac ky kh, phng
phap sac ky kh theo Beckman Model CG 6800 (hnh 7.16) la phng phap thng
dung nhat. Thiet b Model CG 6800 co the xac nh c ba loai chat o nhiem la CO,
CH
4
va tong HC co nong o t 0-1 ppm vi tng yeu to hp thanh. Thiet b nay co
con so chnh xac vi tat ca nhng yeu to ma chung phan tch c. Thiet b c thiet
ke cac nut ieu chnh pha trc, kch c phu hp thuan li cho viec quan sat va van
hanh.
e quan tam ti viec xac nh nong o CO, can phai chuan phng phap xac
nh CO bang NDIR theo tieu chuan chat lng moi trng khong kh. Phng phap
Beckman Model 315 BL hoac Mine Safety Appliance Company LIRA (hnh 7.17) la
hai v du cua viec phan tch CO bang NDIR. ac biet, mot phng phap tng ng
- 277 -
vi NDIR la phng phap sac ky kh co tac dung ion hoa nh ngon la, nham phat
hien ra s metan hoa cua CO thanh CH
4
. Phng phap dung Beckman Model CG
6800 cung co the dung cho CO nh a noi trc o.
Phng phap Beckman con co mot so thiet b phan tch ien hoc nh: Model
906A (o SO
2
), 908 (o tong ozon), 909 (o NO) va 910 (o NO
2
). Nhng thiet b nay
co ac trng la thiet ke e o ac, quan trac khong kh bao quanh. Tat ca nhng loai
nay ve c ban c thiet ke va van hanh tng t nh a so cac may loc khac va viec
phan tch cung da tren cac bieu hien ben ngoai nh so mau, kch c hat (Model
908 phan tch tong oxid xem hnh 7.18). Nhng thiet b nay khong s dung ti thuoc
th, bm hut, thiet b de v va cac thanh phan phc tap khac

Hnh 7.16 . Sac ky kh (Model 6800)
Technicon Air Monitor IV (hnh 7.19), thiet b ma dung ky thuat so mau, no c
tao ra bi nhng chat deo, bi vay thi gian danh cho viec duy tu sa cha, bao quan
khong nhieu va chung co the sap xep lai cho thch hp vi viec o ac cac kh SO
2
,
- 278 -
NO
2
, NO
x
, H
2
S, F, aldehyde hoac tong oxid. Bang 7-3 liet ke mot so cac thiet b dung
cho CM (thiet b dung cho viec quan trac lien tuc).
7.4.2. Qua trnh phan tch
Qua trnh phan tch nham lam sang to c cac thong so ve bui, kh o nhiem nh
phan loai, xac nh nong o chat o nhiem, nh lng mc o gia tang chat o nhiem,
nh lng cac tnh chat ac trng cua chat o nhiem, t o ghi chep tnh toan va anh
gia mc o o nhiem.
Hnh 7.17. Phan tch bang tia hong ngoai (LIRA-Mine)
Mau
Mau va phng phap lay mau a c noi ti trong phan trc. ay ch e cap
ti nong o cha trong mau.
Phan oan
Viec phan oan nhng vat chat gay tr ngai cho viec nh lng tnh chat cua
chat o nhiem. Vi nhng chat o nhiem dang kh viec phan tch co the thc hien bang
sac ky, thu hut, trao oi ion, chng cat hoac ket tinh. Ch nhng mau ac biet co lu
lng loc cao mi yeu cau phai phan oan, tc la khi ng vi cac chat vo c, hu c,
hp chat phong xa hoac phan oan bui bang knh hien vi e so sanh cac ban o bui
a lap.
- 279 -
Nong o
Nong o cua cac chat co tac dung lam giam kha nang hoa tan them hoac boc hi
cua vt chat. Nong o co the c thay oi bang cach thay oi ap suat tac dung len
kh o nhiem, khi o co the lam tang kha nang boc hi hoac hap thu chat phong xa
hoac lam giam kha nang bay hi cua chat hoa tan, lam cho nong o cac chat ban tang
len thuan li cho viec phan tch. Trong mot vai th du th viec xac nh nong o co the
t cac mau hoac viec phan loai. Vi lu lng cao co the cho tap hp cac mau, khi o
cho cac nong o khac nhau.
- 280 -
Hnh 7.18. May phan tch oxid bang tnh ien

Hnh 7.19. May phan tch bang so mau
- 281 -
Bang 7.3. May moc quan trac o nhiem lien tuc, phan tch t ong
Chat o nhiem
phat hien
Phng phap phan tch Thiet b may moc
Tong HC Sac ky kh Beckman Model 6800
CO Hap thu tia hong ngoai tap trung
Sac ky kh
Hap thu tia hong ngoai tap trung
Beckman Model IR315
Beckman Model 6800
Mine Safety Appliance
h(7-17)
Flo So mau Technicon (h 7-19)
NO
2
Tnh ien
So mau
Sac ky kh
Beckman Model 910
Technicon
Varian Aerograph
SO
2
Sc ky kh
o quang pho
So mau
Tnh ien
Varian Aerograph
Melpar
Technicon
Beckman Model 906-A
H
2
S So mau Technicon
Aldehyd So mau Technicon
Oxid So mau
Tnh ien
Technicon
Beckman Model 908 (hnh
7-18)
nh lng m rong cac tnh chat
Viec xac nh mot so chat oi khi phai xac nh m rong them mot so tnh chat
u lam ai dien hoac e co the phat hien c khi o ac. Mot v du la qua trnh
mang cac kh tiep xuc vi hoa chat, phan biet c chung nh mau sac thu c do
phan ng. Mau sac cang co mat o cao th cang de nh lng. Cac kh vat chat con
co kha nang hap thu cac tia t ngoai (UV) va tia hong ngoai (IR), bi vay chung con
c xac nh bi may o quang pho.
- 282 -
nh lng cac tnh chat ac trng
Phng phap nh lng da tren c s s phan loai cua nhieu phep phan tch.
o chnh xac cua ket qua ch at c bi anh gia c tnh chat ac trng hoac bi
s so sanh vi mot so tieu chuan.
Phng phap can trong lng
Vat chat can can c a vao mot moi trng hoan toan trong sach, cach ly vi
moi trng ben ngoai, c xac nh trong lng bang can phan tch. Qua trnh nay
c lap i lap lai va oi khi o nhay khong cao. Mot vai thiet b s dung ky thuat
nay la may loc co lu lng cao, au hut bui, thiet b impinger thu bui va thiet b va
cham, mau lay bang cyclon, mau lay bang en pero ch.
Phng phap o kh
Tach rieng mot lng kh nh mot thiet b hoac hap thu t mot hon hp kh.
Lng chat o nhiem co trong lng kh tach ra c xac nh bang can va so sanh
trong lng cua hon hp kh cung vi thiet b trc va sau khi lay kh vao hoac la
mot ong buret kh (ong phat hien nhanh bang thuy tinh dung e anh gia chat lng
khong kh) e xac nh lng kh i vao. Phng phap nay thng dung e lay mau
trong ong khoi ma khong dung e lay mau khi o phong moi trng, bi v o chnh
xac cua no khong cao.
Phng phap chuan o
ay la phng phap dung mot buret cha dung dch chuan o (dung dch cha
mot hoa chat a biet trc nong o) nho tng giot mot vao mau kh. Ket qua la phan
ng tao ra mau, tao ra nang lng ien hoac tao ra anh sang hoac la sinh ra tat ca. T
lng dung dch chuan o xac nh c cac thanh phan cau tao nen mau.
Phng phap hap thu bc xa
Phng phap nay cho phep xac nh ca ve dang va c lng c ve so lng
cac kh. Cac song anh sang khac nhau bao gom tia t ngoai (UV), tia hong ngoai (IR)
c dung trong phng phap nay.
Quang pho hap thu la mot phng phap hap thu bc xa dung vi kim loai nang.
Mot moi quan tam au tien la qua trnh gia nhiet. Di tac dung nhiet o cao cua
ngon la lam cho pha v s lien ket gia cac nguyen t, lam cho chung tr thanh cac
nguyen t t do. Di ieu kien nay cac nguyen t khong b tac ong manh (cac ien
- 283 -
t chuyen ong tren quy ao nho khong nhay sang quy ao co nang lng ln), nhng
ch n thuan b tach ra khoi s rang buoc cua phan t va trang thai bnh thng
hoac trang thai c ban, tai ay ieu ang quan tam la kha nang hap thu bc xa ng
vi tng bc song. Nang lng cua anh sang ng vi bc song co the lam thoat ra
cac nguyen t a c tm thay tren cac catot. Nang lng anh sang b hap thu co the
phat hien bang thiet b phat hien anh sang va viec o ac nay cung cho mot moi lien
quan ti cac yeu to co trong mau.
o mau ( ay la ch xac nh vi lp anh sang thay c) la mot bien phap hap
thu khac da tren phng phap bc xa, dung e phat hien tnh chuyen mau cua cac
muoi kim loai khi cho kim loai phan ng vi thuoc th. Cac ion vo c (ion sulfide, nitrat,
flo, ion kim loai) va nhieu hp chat hu c, la nhng yeu to ma t ban than no khong co
mau sac, cung se co mau khi la chon thuoc th cho phu hp. Nhng mau sac nay co
the so sanh vi nhng o th mau chuan, o mau bang quang ien hoac la o quang
pho. Mot lang knh hoac mot li sat gay nhieu song anh sang cung co the thay the cho
te bao quang ien o mau, ma no ch o c anh sang n sac.
o kha nang truyen hoac o mat o anh sang: S dung giay a c lay mau gan
vao mot thiet b chuyen dung. Phan tram anh sang co the truyen qua c mau hay la
mat o day nhn thay qua mau giay (hnh 7-4), a ra mot he so han che tam nhn xa
(COH) / 1000 feet (1 feet = 0,3048 m) c tnh toan nh sau:
. .
=
5
HCO Od 10 A
100foof V

trong o
A la dien tch mau giay (tnh theo n v feet vuong)
V la lu lng kh lay mau tnh theo n v feet khoi (ft
3
)
Od mat o nhn thay oc tren may o mat o
He n v o chuan tnh toan khi lay khoang 15 ft
3
kh.
He so han che tam nhn cho theo cac khoang nh sau.
COH/1.000 feet Mc o
0,0 - 0.9 Nhe
1,0 - 1,9 Trung bnh
- 284 -
2,0 - 2,9 Nang
3,0 - 3,9 Rat nang
Phat bc xa: Ve c ban la phng phap nay co the xac nh c gan ung nong
o cac chat o nhiem, ac biet la cac yeu to kim loai.
Nguyen tac c ban cua phng phap nay la thiet b o o bc xa, gia nhiet cho
cac nguyen to ti mot nhiet o cao nh ngon la cho ti khi s lien ket hoa hoc gia
cac phan t b pha v, cac nhan nguyen t khong the gi lai cac nguyen t vong
ngoai lam cho cac nguyen t nay tr nen hoat ong t do. Tuy nhien, do qua trnh nay
thc hien vi viec gia nhiet ln hay do cung cap nang lng ln, lam cho trang thai
chuyen ong bnh thng cua cac ien t luon luon nhay sang nhng vong co nang
lng cao hoac la trang thai b kch ong. T tac ong cua mc nang lng cao lam
cho cac ien t khong on nh c, chung se chay ra ngoai quy ao cua no, qua trnh
nay lien quan en nang lng phat xa ma ta o ac c. T mat o cua song anh
sang phat ra a ch ra c nhng vat chat hoac nhng yeu to can xac nh.
o o phat sang: Phng phap nay da tren c s tac ong cac chat o nhiem
bang ngon la, sau o o anh sang do phat quang pho.
o o phat huynh quang: Phng phap nay thc hien tren c s tac ong mau
bang nhng tia sang (thong thng s dung tia t ngoai), sau o o cng o anh sang
huynh quang phat ra, ieu nay cung tng ng vi viec xac nh nong o cac chat o
nhiem.
S phat xa trong mau chu yeu la do so lng nhieu dang vat chat ran co mat
dang keo tu l lng (nhng hat bui qua nho th c xac nh bang knh hien vi). e
xac nh co the dung thiet b o o day ac bang cach, dung mot luong anh sang
xuyen qua mot am bui l lng sau o o ac, so sanh vi mc o xuyen qua cua anh
sang oi vi moi trng chuan.
o o phan chieu: Dung bien phap so sanh anh sang trang phan chieu lai khi
chieu vao trong am bui, e xac nh ra chat l lng cha ng trong o.
Phng phap ien t
Bang ky thuat ien t co nhieu phng phap e xac nh tnh chat ac trng cua
chat o nhiem. Phng phap o o dan ien anh gia chnh xac c kha nang truyen
tai ien gia hai ien cc trong dung dch.
- 285 -
Hai ban cc c dung lam hai ien cc at vao trong dung dch, mot ien ap
nho c at vao gia hai ien cc, luc nay dong ien gia hai ien cc la co the
phat hien (Ampe ke la mot thiet b rat thch hp e o dong ien gia hai ban cc).
o tnh ien: nham lng nh mc quan he can bang gia so lng ien t sinh
ra va s lng cac chat hoa hoc can trao oi ien t (dung moi).
Ion hoa nh ngon la: la qua trnh kch thch cac mau kh bang ngon la, dong ion
sinh ra c o ac tng t nh o ac mot dong ien t khi chung chuyen ong ve
cac ien cc.
o nang lng: T viec o nang lng ien hoac hieu ien the at vao gia hai
ien cc, xac nh c nong o cac ion co trong dung dch.
Phng phap dung knh hien vi
Phng phap nay co the dung e xac nh kch c, mat o cac hat bui, thu c
t cac qua trnh thu bui nh qua trnh va cham cua dong kh, loc kh vi lu lng cao,
loc tnh ien.
Phng phap em
Dung khi nh lng vi cac loai phan hoa, bao t va vi khuan. Chung co the
c em nh knh hien vi hay em trc tiep. Bui thu c nh phng phap s dung
giay loc co the dung e so sanh vi viec em bui nh may em bui Gruber (hnh
7.20)
Hnh 7.20. May em bui kieu Gruber
Sac ky: Sac ky la mot phng phap phan tch nhng chat long hoac chat kh
ma a c phan tach cac vat chat bi tam xop (co kha nang hap thu hoac hap phu)
co o xop mc o trung bnh. Sac ky kieu cot la c s cho viec la chon nhng chat
ran lam chat hap thu, phng phap nay thng dung e phan tch phat hien cac
- 286 -
hydrocacbon a nhan. Sac ky kieu tng phan da tren c s s phan tach cua hai chat
long oc lap khong the hoa lan vi nhau. Giay sac ky la mot v du cho trng hp
nay. Phng phap sac ky trao oi ion co lien quan en viec trao oi cac ion gia chat
ran va dung dch. Sac ky theo lp mong s dung mot lp mong vat lieu hut am trai dai
tren be mat mau, phng phap nay thng dung e phan tch nhieu chat o nhiem
dang kh hoac chat o nhiem bui. Sac ky kh la phng phap phan tach cac thanh phan
trong hon hp cac hp chat u e chung co the bay hi. Phng phap nay dung cac
thiet b theo Model Beckman CG 6800 phat hien ra tong hydrocacbon.
Ghi chep: Ghi chep theo mot he thong chuan la tao lap mot dang e lu tr so
lieu. Ghi chep theo day lien tiep hoac theo mot ky thuat so se rat thuan li cho viec
truy tm so lieu. Cach ghi chep co he thong tren may vi tnh con co the t ong thong
bao khi cac thong so at en mc bao ong. Ghi chep so lieu tren may vi tnh co tac
dung la truy nhap so lieu rat nhanh.
Viec so sanh cac so lieu o nhiem khong kh la kho khan bi v hien tai co nhieu
dang n v c dung trong viec nh lng. e tao ieu kien thuan li cho cong
viec sau nay, nen dung mot he n v chuan trnh bay trong bang (7-4). Trc ay,
cac kh o nhiem c tnh toan theo n v 1/ trieu (ppm). T khi co cac kh co tnh
chat vat ly khac i, yeu cau phai co s thay oi n v o chuyen t 1/trieu thanh n
v (g/m
3
). S chuyen oi tng ng cac n v c trnh bay trong bang (7.5).
Bang 7.4. He n v nen dung e trnh bay so lieu
Bui lang mg/cm
2
/ khoang thi gian
Bui vu tru g/m
3
(microgram/m
3
)
Bui em c So bui/m
3

Kh o nhiem g/m
3
(tr CO c dung n v mg/m
3

Lu lng kh Ghi theo cach ghi chuan. Con ieu kien khac phai
hieu chnh thanh 25
o
C, 760mmHg
Nhiet o Tnh theo n v (
o
C)
Thi gian theo n v gi, phut
Ap suat millimeter thuy ngan (mmHg)
Van toc met /giay (m/s)
- 287 -
Lu lng boc hi m
3
/phut
Lu lng lay mau m
3
/phut
Tam nhn xa kilometers (km)
Mc o truyen anh sang Phan tram truyen
Tnh toan: Tnh toan la yeu to can thiet e xac nh trong lng hoac lu
lng dong kh lay mau, trong lng hoac lu lng chat o nhiem co trong mau. Nong
o chat o nhiem c trnh bay theo n v bang (8.4). Ket qua oi khi c trnh
bay dang so hoc - Tc la a ra mot con so trung bnh (v du 3+4+5+6=18:4=4,5).
oi khi ket qua con c trnh bay dang hnh hoc ngha la ket qua t N nhan to.
Bang 7.5. Bang chuyen oi mot so n v
O
3
1ppm
1g/m
3

=
=
1,960 g/m
3
0,51 x 10
-3
ppm
SO
2
1ppm
1g/m
3

=
=
2,860 g/m
3
3,5 x 10
-4
ppm
CO 1ppm
1mg/m
3

=
=
1,15 g/m
3
0,87 ppm
HC 1ppm
1g/m
3

=
=
655 g/m
3
1,53 x 10
-3
ppm
NO
2
1ppm
1g/m
3

=
=
1,880 g/m
3
0,53 x 10
-3
ppm

Chu giai: Viec chu giai la quan trong khi so lieu ghi chep theo tieu chuan hoa
(thay the cach ghi gia tr bang mot yeu to nao o) va e khang nh rang tong gia tr
khong vt qua 100%.

PHAN TH HAI: LAY MAU NGUON

- 288 -
Lay mau va phan tch mau nguon thc hien nham muc ch xac nh lng
chat o nhiem boc ra t cac nguon cu the, no khong giong vi viec lay mau va phan
tch mau trong kh quyen hay khong kh xung quanh la nhng mau ma thu thap cac
chat o nhiem phan bo eu khap tren be mat trai at.
Mau nguon bao gom cac mau thu t cac ong khoi, thc hien bang cach a
nhng thiet b vao trong cac ong khoi, nhng nguon ac biet e lay mau hoac la nh
lng mot chum khoi t ben ngoai hoac t nhng nguon khoi. Lay mau nguon bao
gom viec long nhng ong tham vao trong luong hut lay mau roi mang phan tch hoac
anh gia mc o phat tan khoi t cac ong khoi cua cac phng tien giao thong van
tai.
7.5. MUC CH CUA VIEC LAY MAU NGUON
Muc ch cua viec lay mau nguon la xac nh so lng va loai chat o nhiem boc
ra t tng nguon, t o xac nh xem chung co theo ung vi s cho phep cua tieu
chuan hay khong, xac nh hieu qua cua thiet b x ly chat o nhiem hoac he thong
kiem soat, xac nh c cac yeu to thoat ra hoac xac nh e co the thiet ke lap at
mot he thong x ly thch hp.
7.6. NGUYEN TAC LAY MAU TRONG ONG KHOI
Phng phap lay mau va thiet b lay mau dung trong viec lay mau cho ong khoi
phu thuoc vao muc ch cua mau can lay, nhng no cung con phu thuoc vao cac tnh
chat ly hoc cua moi trng, nh tnh trang nhiet o cao, am t, mc o nhiem ban
hoac tnh an mon trong moi trng. V tr lay mau cung con phu thuoc vao thiet b lay
mau. V du vi nhng thiet b to ln cong kenh khong the thch hp neu yeu cau phai
lay nhieu mau se lam anh hng ti mc o boc khoi trong ong khoi. Mot ieu quan
trong can nh rang khi lay mau khong c phep lam thay oi tnh chat hoa hoc, ly
hoc cua nguon cung nh khong c phep lam thay oi lu lng va nong o chat o
nhiem tai v tr lay mau. Mat khac, mau nay phai the hien c mat o trung bnh cua
dong kh cung nh nong o trung bnh cua chat o nhiem khong kh co trong nguon.
7.7. LAY VA PHAN TCH MAU BUI TAI NGUON
Muc ch c ban cua viec lay mau bui trong ong khoi la xac nh trong lng cac
chat ran, mot vai chat long va hi ngng tu ng vi tng lu lng kh i trong ong
- 289 -
khoi. Bi vay, van toc dong kh trong ong khoi hoac sc mang cua dong kh c nh
lng neu ty le cac chat o nhiem bui co trong ong khoi c xac nh.
Thiet b dung e lay mau bui co nam thanh phan quan trong. Nhng thanh phan
nay co tac dung rat quan trong va co the coi nh la mot bo lay mau bui. Bo cac thiet
b lay mau bao gom ong pitot (Pitobe), hop lay mau, duorail, day noi va hop o lu
lng (hnh 7.21).
Pitobe: la mot tap hp cac ong tham lay mau c a vao trong ong khoi va
ong pitot c gan vi mot thiet b o lu toc nham nh lng lu toc dong kh i
trong ong khoi. Lay mau bui th mau nay phai co gia tr ai dien cho tat ca lng kh
i trong ong khoi. Bi vay, mieng ong pitobe phai c a vao trong ong khoi, tai
mot iem ma tai o toc o i vao trong mieng ong lay mau phai bang vi toc o dong
kh chuyen ong tai bat ky iem nao trong ong khoi.
Ong pitobe a tng dung e at nam ngang vao trong ong khoi hoac trong ong e
xac nh ap suat ong tai mot iem trong ong. No c a vao trong ong tai tng
iem tren tiet dien ngang, tai tng tiet dien ngang t 5 - 10 phut, sau o oc cac thong
so khac nhau hoac la oc cac gia tr ap suat ong. Vi nhng ong hnh ch nhat, mot
tiet dien ngang cua ong c chia ra thanh nhieu dien tch tng ng sau o lay
mau tai tam tng dien tch nay. Vi nhng ong hnh tron, nhng dien tch ong tam
c lay mau tai tam tng dien tch va lay mau ca vong tron ben ngoai giap thanh
ong. Viec chia so vung lay mau tren dien tch mot tiet dien ngang, chon phu thuoc
vao kch thc ong va o chnh xac ma ta can co.

- 290 -
Hnh 7.21. Thiet b lay mau bui
nhng cut cong th thch hp nhat la chia chung theo nhng tiet dien hnh ch
nhat hoac vuong, bi v tai o t co s hon loan hoac bien oi dong chay hn la tai
nhng tiet dien tai nhng goc. V tr lay mau tot la tai nhng iem nam trong nhng
khoang, cach v tr roi loan dong chay 7 lan ng knh neu tnh xuoi theo dong chay,
cach 3 lan ng knh neu tnh ngc theo chieu dong chay, tai ay se co c cac
ket qua o se ai dien cho toan ong dan. Nhng nhanh re, cut, van, ca ra vao quat
hoac thiet b thu bui la nhng iem nen chon lay mau.
Hop lay mau
Hop lay mau la mot to hp cac cyclon thuy tinh, ma chung co the gi lai nhng
hat bui co ng knh ln hn 5m, tiep theo sau nhng cylon nay la nhng tam loc
bui lo to ong dang bong thuy tinh dung e loc nhng hat bui nho. Ca cyclon va tam
loc eu c gi khoang nhiet o t 240 - 280
o
F (tng ng 115,55 137,77
0
C),
nham ngan chan qua trnh ngng hi nc tren tam loc bui. Tiep theo la mot chuoi
bon cai Greenburg-Smith impinger la ni co cha a lanh, nham lam cho ngng hi
nc trong dong khong kh. Trong chuoi impinger nay th ch co impinger th hai la
con e lai au bt ong pha trong (con e lai nguyen dang goc) con nhng cai
impinger khac th c cat nhng au nay i e tranh ton that ap suat. Impinger th
nhat cha 250 ml nc a c chong ion hoa, impinger th hai cha 150 ml dung
dch nc a c chong ion hoa. Impinger th ba dung lam kho dong khong kh bang
cach tach nc ra, impinger th t cha 175 g silicagel cung co tac dung tach va hut
hi am. Trong mot vai trng hp cac impinger kia con c dung nh la mot thiet b
thu bui kieu t.
- 291 -
Gia
Gia la dung cu lam cho ong pitobe va hop lay mau gan chat tren ong khoi.
Hop lay mau c kep chat bi hai thanh nhom, sao cho hop co the tuy y chuyen
ong theo chieu thang ng hoac theo chieu ngang. Mot thanh nhom i xien goc,
c buoc chat vao ong khoi bang si day nylon nham hai thanh tren. Noi cach
khac, gia ong la mot khung hnh tam giac, s day nylon buoc chat gia theo canh
huyen vao ong khoi. Thiet b nay co tac dung buoc chat thiet b lay mau vao ong khoi
tai v tr lay mau.
Ong noi
Dung e noi cac Greenburg-Smith Impinger va ong pitot va thiet b gia nhiet tai
hop o.
Hop o
Hop o co cha mot bm chan khong, van ieu chnh, thiet b o lu lng dong
kh, au pitot + ap ke, may hut chan khong va mot bo ieu khien ien. Mot ca lay
kh a biet trc kch thc va mot ap ke dung o nghieng cua mat nc e xac nh
toc o lay mau. Mot may o kh co ong ho hien th dung e xac nh lu lng dong
kh lay mau.
Ong pitobe c noi vi hop tai mot v tr thch hp nam trong khoang 100 feet t
v tr lay mau. Ong noi noi hop o vi hop lay mau. Ong pitobe thng c luon sau
vao trong ong khoi tai iem lay mau, t 10 en 15 phut cho moi iem chon, oc cac
thong so, oc ap suat ong hien th tai ap ke. Toc o lay mau c gi on nh, bang
cach quan sat con so hien th tren ap ke sau o bang phep noi suy co the ieu chnh
toc o lay mau, nh la tang hoac giam ap suat tai mieng ong pitobe cho tng xng
vi toc o dong kh i trong ong khoi.
Thiet b phu khac:
1. Mot ong pitot hnh ch U c a sau vao trong ong khoi e xac nh ap suat
tnh trong ong.
2. Mot kh ap ke dung e ghi lai cac dien bien cua ap suat ong.
3. Mot thiet b o nhiet am, e a au o vao trong ong khoi xac nh o am
trong dong kh trong ong khoi.
4. Mot nhiet ke co hien so e xac nh nhiet o dong kh.
- 292 -
5. Mot ORSAT (ORSAT- la thiet b hap thu co la chon cac oxit) dung e nh
lng cac oxit CO, CO
2
va O
2
cha trong dong kh, no con la thiet b xac nh
cac phan t kho trong dong kh.
T nhng so lieu tren ta co the quay lai xac nh c chnh xac toc o dong kh
i trong ong khoi. T cac so lieu a biet ve dien tch tiet dien ngang tai mat cat lay
mau va so lieu ve lu toc dong kh ta co the tnh toan xac nh c lu lng dong
kh van chuyen trong ong khoi.
Mac du co s dung thiet b ORSAT (san pham cua tap oan Burrell) co s dung
qua trnh ot chay kh e phan tch nhng gia thanh phan tch mau cung khong cao
lam. Thiet b nay co s dung nguyen tac hap thu va ion hoa, nen no co the phat hien
va phan tch c mot so loai nh CO, CO
2
, O
2
va mot vai loai hi HC. Nhng hi
acid co trong kh thai la ieu gay nguy hai ln cho may, do vay phai co bien phap loc
sach acid.
Hnh 7.22. May phan tch ORSAT s dung nguyen ly ot chay
Tap oan Harvey-Westbury a san xuat ra mot loai may ORSAT ien t (hnh
7.23), khong dung nguyen ly ot chay e phan tch, ma dung theo nguyen ly phan
oan bang sac ky kh. May ORSAT ien t khong nhng cung phan tch c cac kh
nh may tren ma no con phan tch c ca kh N
2
. o chnh xac cua may ORSAT
ien t la do ta ieu chnh, loai may nay co gia thanh cao hn loai may dung nguyen
ly ot chay nhng no co o chnh xac cao hn.
- 293 -
Mot loai thiet b khac cung co o chnh xac cao, la san pham cua cong ty Mine
Safety Appliance (hnh 7.17) s dung theo nguyen ly tia hong ngoai e phan tch
CO,CO
2
va mot vai loai hn HC trong kh thai. Gia thanh loai may nay cao hn may
ORSAT va cung khong s dung nguyen ly ot chay kh. No co the cung cap chnh xac
cac so lieu ve kh thai cua cac phng tien giao thong, cung nh tai cac ong khoi.
Hnh 7.23. May phan tch ORSAT ien t
Da tren nhng thanh phan cua dong kh ta co the xac nh c bien phap lay
bui sao cho chnh xac nhat, nhng tam loc bui co the gan cung vi cac ong pitot e
thu bui. Vi nhng v tr quan trong, nhat thiet phai lay bui ma tai o nhiet o cao,
nong o hoa chat cao, lai am t th co tam loc ceramic at tren mot cai ke hoac a
bao ve la ap ng c yeu cau. Vi nhng tam loc cellulo hoac tam loc mem co the
loc c nhng hat bui co kch thc rat nho. Lng bui thu c tren tam loc c
can e xac nh trong lng va c ghi chep theo n v (trong lng/m
3
) hoac
(trong lng/ n v thi gian). Khi dung impinger co cha dung dch long e thu bui
th trong lng bui c xac nh khi lam bay hi hoan toan chat long.
7.8. LAY VA PHAN TCH MAU CHAT O NHIEM DANG KH
Muc ch cua viec lay mau chat o nhiem kh tai nguon la nham xac nh lng
kh o nhiem co trong dong kh i trong ong khoi. Thanh phan cac kh cua dong kh
trong ong khoi bao gom nhieu loai kh o nhiem. Tuy nhien, khong phai tat ca cac kh
i trong ong khoi eu la chat o nhiem. Cung giong nh viec lay mau bui tai nguon,
sc mang bui cua dong kh la xac nh c neu toc o boc ra chat o nhiem la c
xac nh.
Phng phap lay mau tc thi
- 294 -
Phng phap lay mau tc thi dung cho lay mau kh trong kh quyen a c noi
ti trong chng 8, nhng ay no cung c s dung e lay mau nguon cho nhng
chat o nhiem dang kh. Nhng phng phap o la dung tui nha, dung phng phap
thay the v tr chat long, phng phap thay the v tr kh hoac dung hut chan khong va
dung nhng ong tiem e hut kh.
Mot tui nha mong c at trong mot hop goi la hop lay mau tc thi, chung
thng c dung e thu nhng mau chat o nhiem dang kh. Tui nay co tac dung nh
mot cai bm e hut kh vao, trc khi lay mau no c mang ti v tr lay mau suc ra
bang lng kh ngay tai ni lay mau t 2-3 lan, am bao cho kh sau khi lay mau
khong lan cac kh khac, ma ch hoan toan la kh tai vung lay mau. Lng kh trong tui
c hut vao bang cach hut het kh trong tui ra, roi e cho tui t do hut kh vao.
Lng kh sau lay mau c mang ve phong th nghiem lai dung bm hut ra e phan
tch.
Neu dung ky thuat thay the v tr chat long th chat long s dung phai thoa man la
khong hoa tan cung nh khong co phan ng vi chat o nhiem ma ta can lay mau.
Neu s dung thiet b hut ma co s dung dung dch hap thu th bnh co dai c s
dung phai c hut cho ti khi at ti trang thai bay hi cua dung dch hap thu. Nhiet
o va ap suat trong bnh co dai c ghi lai, ong hut c bt chat lai bang nut thuy
tinh bao am cho khong kh khong lot vao trong bnh. Bnh co dai sau khi a c lam
sach het lng kh d co trong bnh, no c a ti v tr lay mau, noi vi au hut at
sau trong ong khoi, m bnh ra cho kh trong ong khoi c hut vao trong bnh, sau o
ong bnh lai va mang ve phong th nghiem.
Hnh 7.24. Thung ng o lay mau kh trong ong khoi
- 295 -
Mau tc thi co the c dung e lay mau cho may phan tch ORSAT, phng
phap hap thu bang dung dch hoa hoc, phng phap s dung tia hong ngoai hoac sac
ky kh.
Hnh 7.25. Ong ch th CO Hnh 7.26. Ong ch th CO
2

Tap oan thiet b cong nghiep Bacharach a san xuat ra la thung o lay mau, bao
gom cac dung cu dung cho lay mau tai cac ong khoi, vi cac phng phap lay mau
khac nhau, cac mau lay khac nhau va cac phng phap phan tch mau cung khac nhau
(hnh 7.24). Loai thiet b nay co the thay the cho thiet b phan tch ORSAT. Cung
trong thung nay co ong ch th phat hien nhanh CO (hnh 7.26), trong ong co cha bot
hoa chat mau vang, hoa chat nay se chuyen sang mau vang khi tiep xuc vi kh CO.
Nong o kh CO xac nh c bang cach oc trc tiep o dai hoa chat b chuyen mau
tren ong, da vao cac vach tren ong ch th, roi so sanh vi ty le chuan e xac nh ra
lng CO a c hap thu. Trong thung con co ong ch th cacbon dioxit (CO
2
). T
lng CO
2
va oxy da vao ac tnh cua ong ma ta co the xac nh ra c thanh phan
phan tram CO
2
co trong hon hp kh.
e dung c phng phap nay th ieu c ban la phai nh lng c chnh xac
lng hoa chat dung e hap thu cac kh, vi the tch kh vao trong ong ch th khoang
60 cc kh lay mau.
Khi can lay mau vi lu lng ln hoac can xac nh nong o trung bnh trong
mot khoang thi gian ta phai lay lien tiep theo tng chuoi cac mau. Vi cac mau tc
thi, chung ch the hien c ban chat kh ng vi mot lng kh rat nho, do vay ma
o chnh xac khong cao. Viec lay mau kh o nhiem theo tng chuoi cung tng t nh
viec lay cac mau bui theo tng chuoi, tr nhng cong viec lam tr ngai cho viec phan
- 296 -
tch nh lay mau bui bang tam loc, hap thu, hap phu hoac bay ngng tu. Khi lay mau
cho kh o nhiem th mau nay phai tng xng, ieu o co ngha la van toc lay mau
phai tng xng vi van toc dong kh i trong ong khoi.
Ky thuat lay mau cho tng loai kh o nhiem
Sulfur dioxit: la mot loai kh oc hai co trong ong khoi c xac nh bang ky
thuat so mau (phng phap West-Gaeke) va ky thuat o acid (phng phap Berk-
Burdick) hoac ky thuat titration (phng phap IPA-Thorin).
Nitro oxit: la chat o nhiem co the nhan ra bang phng phap so mau (phng
phap phenol disulfonic acid), chat th la cac hp chat cua hidro c pha loang trong
dung dch acid sulfuric va acid nitric a c oxy hoa. Hp chat nitric acid nitrates
phenoldisulfonic acid, khi phan ng vi amoni hydroxit tao thanh mot hp chat co
mau vang. Mc o am ac cua mau sac th ty le can xng vi nong o NO
x
co trong
mau. Phng phap so mau s dung ay chnh la o mat o mau sac cua hp chat tao
ra nay.
Flo: vi loai chat nay thng xac nh bang phng phap ion hoa cac ien cc.
ay co s dung phng phap SPADNS
*
lam dung dch ien phan.
(SPADNS: -4,5 dihydroxy - 3(p-Sulfophenyl 220) - 2,7 - napthalene disulfonic acid,
muoi trisodium hoac sodium 2-(parasulfophenyl 220 - 1,8 - dihydroxyl - 3, 6 -
napthalene disulfonic).
Clo: Clo co trong cac mau kh trong ong khoi c phan tch bang phng phap
titration, phng phap orthotoliden (trc giao) hoac phng phap ion hoa ien cc.
7.9. NH LNG QUA TRNH THOAT KHOI T ONG KHOI
Bieu o Ringelman
Phng phap bieu o Ringelman va phng phap phac hoa luong khoi la hai
phng phap nh lng mc o thoat khoi cua cac ong khoi va cua cac ong thai t
cac phng tien giao thong. Phng phap nh lng kh thai ra t ong thai cua cac
phng tien giao thong se noi ti trong phan sau. Phng phap bieu o Ringelman la
mot phng phap au tien giup cho nh lng chnh xac chat o nhiem kh thoat ra.
Phng phap nay a c mot ky s ngi Phap ten la Maximillian Ringelmann tm
ra va phat trien m rong nam 1897. Ban au phng phap nay ch c dung e anh
gia hieu qua ot cua cac qua trnh ot chay nhien lieu, nhng sau o no c phat
- 297 -
trien tr thanh mot cong cu hu ch xac nh mc o thoat khoi, t o thiet lap ra mot
tieu chuan cho phep thoat khoi thai vao trong moi trng. Bieu o nay c xay dng
bi cac vach chia tang dan mau xam sang, cu the chung c chia thanh nam vach
tng ng nh nhau chuyen mau dan t trang sang en.
Cac thong tin theo mot mach vong 8333, tren bieu o co bon o ai dien cho bon
gia tr t 1 en 4 trong bieu o Ringelman, rieng o th nam th coi nh o am ac at
100%, o nay hoan toan en.
Mot bieu o c thu nho ve kch thc nh tren co the dung lam bieu o e lap
ra mc o thoat khoi khi can, sau o mang so sanh vi mau sac tren bieu o chuan.
Nhng ngi co chc nang oc bieu o khoi phai c huan luyen, khoa hoc co
the la 1-3 ngay. e ao tao c th trong trng phai co mo hnh thoat khoi (hnh
7.28), mo hnh nay co the la cac phng tien giao thong, cac thiet b trang thai tnh.
Chung phai co cau truc sao cho co the tao ra nhng luong khoi co mc o en khac
nhau, nh viec ot chay benzen t lo ot, gia tng nh o la khoi thoat ra t ong
khoi. Mc o en cua khoi co the ieu chnh bi toc o phun cua cac mui phun, o
am ac cua khoi c o bang thiet b o mat o at trc tiep tren ong khoi. Nhng
thiet b nay c tao ra vi nhieu bac cap khac nhau, tao ra nhng mat o khoi khac
nhau theo mot trat t nhat nh e so sanh vi mau sac tren bieu o Ringelman. Ket
qua at c sau khi so sanh o sang cua mau sac cho phep anh gia c toc o
thoat khoi.
Buong tao khoi cung co the tao ra c khoi mau trang, do viec boc hi e minh
hoa cho kha nang thoat khoi theo nhieu dang t cac ong thai cua ong c. Vi loai
khoi khong co mau nay c anh gia bi s m uc hoac kha nang lam giam cng
o anh sang xuyen qua. anh gia o m uc c lien he vi bieu o Ringelman nh
sau:
Mat o khoi en Mat o khoi khong en
1 20
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 100
- 298 -
(Noi cach khac, mat o khoi en so 1 tren bieu o Ringelman tng ng vi o
m uc cua khoi khong en la 20). Mat o khoi tnh theo so 1 la trang thai chuan, o
m uc cua khoi khong en c tnh quy oi theo cong thc:
Mat o khoi so 1 20% 100
= % mat o khoi
So quan sat c tren bieu o

Gia tr oc c co the chnh xac ti mat o cua khoi en hay oc ti 5% o
m cua khoi trang (v du, vi khoi en co the oc ti gia tr 1,25 va vi khoi trang co
the oc ti gia tr 25%).
e co o chnh xac cao khi oc bieu o khoi th phai tuan theo nhng ieu kien
nh v tr quan sat, nguon sang va nhng lan khoi mong. V tr quan sat khong c
phep gan qua 100 feet, khong c xa qua dam t ong khoi thai ra khoi. Ngi
quan sat phai ng v tr ben phai nguon khoi can quan sat, nh vay th anh sang
mat tri se chieu ti cung cap u anh sang cho viec oc so ma lai khong gay choi mat
cho anh ta. Be mat trai at pha ben kia ong khoi phai am bao khong co g ngan can
(cac cong trnh xay dng, cac vat che chan khac vv ) s phat tan khoi vao trong
khong kh. S quan sat nay ch lap i lap lai trong vong hoac phut, tranh hien
tng b moi mat do nhn nhieu, lam cho ket qua oc khong con chnh xac, sau khi
ngh ngi lai tiep tuc quan sat.
Ngi oc bieu o nay oi hoi phai co trnh o chuyen mon cao (cac sinh vien
thc tap thng oc chech khoang 10% va khong oc c s sai khac o tren bieu
o Ringelmann 20% tren bieu o o uc hoac oi khi neu tiep tuc oc co the sai khac
ti 50%).
Phng phap quan sat t xa
Phng phap nay la ket qua nghien cu cua cong ty Mine Safety Appliance, no
c thiet ke nham khac phuc cac nhc iem cua phng phap bieu o Ringelman. (
nhng yeu to lam cho phng phap Ringelman khong chnh xac) nh
- Nhng tr ngai tren be mat at lam han che tam quan sat luong khoi;
- S khac nhau cua nhng luong anh sang trong kh quyen chieu ti bieu o hoac
cng o anh sang t cac vung xung quanh ong khoi khac nhau;
- o chnh xac co han khi quan sat trc tiep bieu o bang mat ngi.
- 299 -
Phng phap quan sat t xa la s dung mot thiet b e quan sat luong khoi sinh ra
t ong khoi, bang cach nhn thang vao luong khoi tai ni ma mat o khoi day ac
nhat. Nhng tia sang phat ra t nguon gan ong khoi c truyen qua mot man sng
khoi, ti mot cai gng tao ra mot hnh anh oi xng vi luong khoi. Hnh anh nay co
the c quan sat e so sanh vi s quan sat bang mat thc. ieu han che cua phng
phap nay la gii han oc c nho hn so vi phng phap Ringelman. Khi a b en
mot na th gia tr oc c tng ng vi so 2 tren bieu o Ringelman, khi a b
en not phan con lai th gia tr oc c tng ng vi so 3 cua bieu o Ringelman.
Hnh 7.27. Bieu o khoi PLIBRICO (Kieu Ringelman) H. 8.8 trang 143
- 300 -

Hnh 7.28. Buong tao khoi
- 301 -
Hnh 7.29. Thiet b kiem tra kh thai
Hnh 7.30. May phan tch Hydrocacbon
7.10. LAY MAU NGUON T CAC ONG KHOI CUA ONG C
O nhiem khong kh sinh ra t nguon la cac ong thai cua cac ong c mo to, o to
c noi ti trong chng 6. e am bao ve sinh moi trng, tat ca cac ong thai san
xuat dung cho cac ong c phai them mot bo phan loc kh, ch c phep thai khoi
trong tieu chuan cho phep. Vi cac ong thai a va ang s dung th phai co s kiem
tra lai xem chung co con at yeu cau hay khong.
- 302 -
Cac ch tieu can xac nh khi kiem tra kh thai t ong khoi la HC, CO va NO
x
.
Xac nh lng HC co trong kh thai th ta dung phng phap ion hoa nh ngon la,
dung thiet b tap trung tia hong ngoai e xac nh lng CO va dung phng phap th
nghiem Chemiluminess e xac nh lng NO
x
.
Cac c quan giam sat moi trng phai co trach nhiem kiem tra tat ca cac ong thai
cho cac ong c trc khi c phep ban ra ngoai th trng. Mot vai tieu chuan cho
phep thai khoi cho cac ong xa a c lap ra. Nhng xe hi kieu cu, la nhng loai
khong c trang b he thong giam thieu o nhiem (nhng xe san xuat trong nhng
nam 1961 - 1962) th phai kiem tra lai mc o gay o nhiem moi trng t ong thai.
Mot loai thiet b e kiem tra kha nang thai khoi la san pham cua tap oan SUN
Electric, la loai thiet b dung tia hong ngoai e phan tch HC tnh theo n v 1/10
6
va
phan tch CO theo thanh phan phan tram. Mau chat o nhiem co the c thu t cac
ong khoi cua ong c, nh mot ong luon sau vao trong ong khoi, hut kh ra mang i
phan tch. Thiet b phan tch Beckman Model 400 phan tch c HC dung e lam
thiet b giam sat kh thai t cac phng tien giao thong va Model 402 a c thiet ke
e giam sat cac kh thai t cac ong khoi cua ong c diesel va ong c ot trong.
Phng phap bieu o Ringelman cung c dung e anh gia luong khoi t cac
ong thai va t ong thai cua ong c diesel. Mat o khoi ng vi so 1 trong phng
phap bieu o Ringelman c chap nhan la tieu chuan thai khoi cua cac ong thai t
mo to xe may va t ong c diesel.
1. Muc ch cua cong tac lay mau?
2. Cac trnh t khi lay mau?
3. Trnh bay phng phap lay mau bui?
4. Trnh bay phng phap lay kh oc?
Tai lieu tham khao
Tieng Viet
1. He thong cac tieu chuan ve Moi trng, Nha xuat ban Lao ong Xa hoi;
2008;
Tieng Anh
- 303 -
0
Office, 1962.
3. U.S. Bereau of the Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957 1958.
4. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, National Ambient AQ
Standards,
Vol.36, No.21, pp. 1502 1515, Jan. 30, 1971
Vol.36, No.67, pp. 6680 6701, Apr. 7, 1971
Vol.36, No.84, pp. 8186 8201, Apr. 30, 1971
Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office
5. William L.Heumann, Industrial Air Pollution Control Systems, Section 2, 1985.

- 304 -
CHNG 8
TIENG ON VA CAC BIEN PHAP CHONG ON

8.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V TING N

Co the nh ngha n gian: Tieng on la am thanh khong co gia tr khong phu
hp vi mong muon cua ngi nghe.
Co the la mot am thanh hay nhng lai tr thanh tieng on v no xay ra khong ung
luc, khong ung cho. Co hai loai tieng on la: tieng on kh ong va tieng on va cham.
Rt kho khan trong viec anh gia nguon tieng on gay anh hng xau n con
ngi bi v cung mot tieng on gay ra, nhng moi ngi cam thay b tac ong vi mot
mc o khac nhau. Ngay ca cung mot con ngi, oi vi cung mot tieng on gay ra con
phu thuoc vao luc o ngi ta ang lam viec g, c quan, nha, hay ang i dao
chi trong cong vien
Cung co khi tam ly kho chu cua ngi nghe khong ch la tac ong rieng cua
tieng on gay ra. V du rat nhieu ngi phan oi kch liet tieng on do hang xom cua ho
gay ra, nhng phai chang o la li than phien hoan toan do tieng on gay ra hay con
bao ham ca tnh cam ghet bo nhau na. Tng t, mot ngi nao o keu ca phan nan
d doi ve tieng on giao thong co the bao ham ca tam ly khong thch xe co chay gan
nha mnh hay khong thch may bay tren au mnh.
Thnh giac (tai) cua con ngi co ac tnh la cam thu cng o am thanh theo
ham so logarit, v du cng o am thanh tang 100 lan nhng tai ch cam thay to hn 2
lan, hay khi cng o am thanh tang gap 1.000 lan nhng tai ta ch nghe to gap 3 lan
...
V vay co the dung nhieu he thong n v vat ly khac nhau e o mc cng
o am thanh, nhng c dung pho bien nhat la he thong n v exiben, do Ong
Alfreg Bell thiet lap nen. Boi so 10 cua exiben (dB) la Bel . Tng ng vi cng o
am thanh yeu nhat ma tai con ngi co the nghe c la 1 dB.
- 305 -
Tai ngi ta co the cam thu mot khoang mc cng o am thanh rat rong t 0
en 180 dB. Ngi ta goi am thanh 0 dB la ngng bat au nghe thay, con mc cao
nhat ma tai ngi ta co the chu ng nghe c (khi nghe b choi tai) goi la ngng
choi tai, thong thng ngng choi tai la 140 dB. Tuy vay, co mot so ngi cam thay
kho chu khi am thanh mi co mc 115 dB. Tieng noi chuyen thong thng hay tranh
luan vi nhau co mc am bien thien la 30 - 60 dB, trong khi o tieng on do may bay
luc cat canh at ti 160 dB. Tac dung cua tieng on oi vi con ngi phu thuoc vao
tan so hay cac xung cua am thanh. Mc ap lc am thanh gay ra do am thanh tan so
cao manh hn am thanh tan so thap.
Am thanh la mot dao ong c hoc. So lan dao ong trong 1 giay goi la tan so
am thanh, n v o lng Hertz (H
z
). Mot H
z
la mot dao ong xay ra trong 1 giay.
Con ngi co the nghe thay am co tan so t 16 en 20.000H
z
. Nhng khoang
tan so o se giam dan theo tuoi gia va cac nhan to khac. Tan so thap hn 16 H
z
khong
the nghe c, tan so tren 20.000H
z
la sieu am, cung khong nghe c.
Mot so ngi nghe co c am thanh co tan so nay, mot so ngi khac lai
khong the nghe c am thanh tan so o. Rat nhieu ong vat (v du nh cho) co the
nghe c sieu am thanh ma con ngi khong the nghe c. Cung v vay o nhay
cam am thanh cua ngi phu thuoc vao tan so am thanh. Hai am thanh cung co mc
cng o dB giong nhau, v vay, trong thc te con co n v o lng am thanh th 2
la mc to, n v la Fon. Fon la n v o am thanh c cong nhan la n v o lng
quoc te t nam 1961 (theo ban hng dan dung n v Fon: ISO/R226 1961 ).
Mc to (Fon) cua am thanh c xac nh theo phng phap dung tai ngi
anh gia (so sanh chu quan) o to cua am thanh can o vi am thanh chuan vi ieu
kien quy c mc to cua am thanh chuan ung bang mc am thanh (dB) cua no. Theo
quy nh quoc te, am chuan la am thanh dao ong hnh sin song phang va co tan so
1.000H
z
. V du am thanh A co tan so 100H
z
co mc am thanh la 60dB nhng ch nghe
to tng ng vi am tan so 1000H
z
co mc am thanh 50dB, th ta noi mc am thanh
cua am thanh A la 50 Fon. Bang phng phap so sanh nay D.Robinos va R. Dandson
a thiet lap c bieu o cac ng ong mc to (Fon) cho cac am thanh co tan so 20
15.000H
z
va mc am thanh 0 140dB.
- 306 -
Noi chung, tai ngi ta co the cam vi am thanh co tan so 1.000- 5.000H
z
, v
vay am thanh co tan so thap hn 1.000H
z
va cao hn 5.000 H
z
se co mc am nho hn
1.000H
z
tuy chung co cung mot mc cng o am (dB) nh nhau.
bang 8.1 thong ke tng ng (co tnh gan ung) mc am o bang dB cua
mot so nguon am trong thc te.
Bang 8.1 Mc cng o am (dB) cua mot so tieng on thng thay
Moi trng tieng on Mc am (dB)
tan so 1000 H
z

1. Vn yen tnh 30
2. Phong trong nha vao gia em 32
3. Tieng noi tham nhe, x xao, cach 1 m 35
4. Khu nha khong co ng van chuyen 40
5. Phong trong nha vao gi ban ngay 45
6. Vung nong thon trong khoang 3m cach cac
kenh suoi yen tnh
50
7. Trong cac ca hang nho 55
8. Trong cac ca hang t ong ln 60
9. Trong phong anh may, khoang 10 may lam
viec
65
10. Trong oto nho chay vi toc o tiet kiem
xang nhat
70
11. Cach chuong ien thoai 2m 75
12. Trong tau ien ngam 75
13. Chuong ong ho bao thc keu khoang cach
0,6m
80
14. Trong phong hoa nhac khi bieu dien 80
15. Trong phong in 85
- 307 -
16. Trong bay may phan lc 85
17. Bua ap dung hi cach 8m 85
18. Oto van tai hang nang chay bang dau 90
19. May bay Boeing 707 khi cat canh cach
1km
90
20. Cach xe nga ang chay 8m 95
21. Cach xe nga chay 5m 100
22. Trong may bay canh quat ch khch khi cat
canh
100
23. Trong phan xng uc 100
24. Trong xng det 105
25. Trong xng noi hi 110
26. Trong may bay loai nho (may bay the thao) 110
27. Cach ong c may bay phan lc 1m 120
S suy giam tieng on tren ng truyen tuan theo quy luat ty le nghch vi
bnh phng khoang cach, nen khi tang gap oi khoang cach t ngi nghe en nguon
on thi cng o am se giam i con va mc cng o am giam i 6 dB.
Th nghiem a chng to moi trng tieng on co mc am nh sau se lam va
long phan ln nhan dan (khong than phien):
- Trong benh vien ong kn, hay nha cua ngi gia, va cac cong trnh tng
t: 35dB vao ban em, 45dB vao ban ngay, nh cao nhat 55dB;
- Khu dan c: 45 dB vao ban em, 55 dB vao ban ngay, nh cao nhat 70dB;
- Khu thng mai: trung bnh la 60dB, nh cao nhat 75 dB;
- Khu cong nghiep: trung bnh la 65 dB, nh cao nhat 80dB.
- 308 -
Mc am cao nhat co the chap nhan c trong nha cong cong phai thap hn
cac so lieu sau ay :
- Rap chieu bong, phong phat thanh, va phat truyen hnh: 30dB;
- Phong hoa nhac va nha hat: 35dB;
- Phong lam viec, th vien va cong trnh tng t: 45dB;
- Ca hang, nha bang va cong trnh tng t: 50dB;
- Khach san va phan xng dung cu chnh xac: 55dB.
Tieng on la tong hp cua nhieu thanh phan khac nhau c hon hp trong s
can bang bien ong. Moi thanh phan co vai tro rieng trong s gay on. No rat khac
nhau oi vi ngi nay, ngi khac, t cho nay en cho khac va t luc nay en luc
khac. Co the noi rang mc o muon nghe la thc o tnh chat tac hai on cua tieng
on.
nc ta cong trnh kien truc thng m ca i va ca so trong phan ln thi
gian trong nam, ieu o dan en ket qua la mc o trong nha thng la rat gan vi
mc on ngoai nha.
Cac cong trnh hien ai thng dung tng nhe va thng ket hp vi ca
hang, do o trong phong cang co mc on cao. Tieng on t giao thong ng bo va
giao thong phong cang la nguon on chnh cua o nhiem tieng on thanh pho. gan
ng cao toc mot chieu co the at ti mc on 90 dB, trong o xe van tai nang thng
gay tieng on tram trong vao ban em, khi ma nen on khu vc a thap.
Bng 8.2 - Gii hn ti a cho php ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c (theo
mc m tng ng) (dB)
Thi gian
Khu vc (*)
T
6h n
18h
T
18h n
22h
T
22h n
6h
1. Khu vc cn c bit yn tnh: 50 45 40
- 309 -
Bnh vin, th vin, nh iu dng, nh tr,
trng hc, nh th, cha chin

2. Khu dn c, khch sn, nh ngh, c quan
hnh chnh
60 55 50
3. Khu dn c xen k trong khu vc thng
mi, dch v, sn xut
75 70 50

8.2. PHN LOI TING N
8.2.1. Tieng on giao thong
Can phai phan biet ro tieng on giao thong do mot xe gay ra va tieng on do mot
luong xe gay ra.
8.2.1.1. Tieng on cua tng xe
Tieng on cua moi xe co the tong hp t cac tieng on nh sau:
- Tieng on t ong c va do s rung ong cua cac bo phan cua xe
Tieng on nay phu thuoc trnh o thiet ke va cong nghe san xuat xe. ong c
xe cang chnh xac, bo giam xoc cua xe cang tot th tieng on truyen en vo xe, va sau
o truyen on ra ngoai cng nho. Trnh o thiet ke va cong nghe san xuat hien nay a
am bao co loai xe phat ra tieng on rat be.
- Tieng on cua ong xa khoi
Giam tieng on t ong xa khoi phat ra la mot van e am hoc n gian, no a
c giai quyet mot cach hoan thien. Tat nhien he thong tieu am cang tot th gia
thanh cang cao, va oi hoi chi ph nang lng nhieu hn. V vay trong thc te, ang
tiec rang co mot so ngi a lap ong xa khoi khong co tieu am e tiet kiem xang dau
va e hai may nen gay ra tieng on rat ln tren ng pho. Trng hp ac biet la
loai xe the thao ngi ta van e tieng on qua ong xa khoi tng oi to trong ieu kien
co the c, bi v giam tieng on phut khoi oi hoi tieu hao nang lng xe chay nhieu
hn.
- 310 -
Tuy theo moi nc ma ngi ta quy nh mc on ong xa khoi bao nhieu dB th
phai phat vi canh, tham ch khong cho chay tren ng pho.
- Tieng on do ong ca xe
Tieng on do ong ca xe gay ra cam giac rat kho chu, ac biet la vao gi em
khuya, bi v no la tieng on gian oan, no lam giat mnh khi ang ngu. Co mot so
hang xe a giai quyet mot cach co hieu qua lam giam tieng on ong ca, nhng rat
nhieu nha may san xuat oto van san xuat ra cac loai xe co tieng on ong ca rat to.
Van e nay ch giai quyet c t giai oan thiet ke va bang cach ch cho phep cac
nha may c ang ky san xuat cac loai xe khong gay on khi ong ca xe.
- Tieng rt phanh
Tieng rt ham phanh cung rat kho chu. Ngay nay ngi ra rat chu y giai quyet
van e nay bang cac a ham hien ai, bao gom ca viec lam giam tieng phanh go
ap. Cac chi tiet tinh vi nay a c trien lam nhieu nc.
8.2.1.2. Tieng on cua mot so loai xe
Khong phai tat ca cac loai xe eu gay ra tieng on nh nhau. ieu tra thc te
cho ket qua sau ay:
- Xe hom thanh lch : 77 dB
- Xe hanh khach nho : 79 dB
- Xe hanh khach mini : 84 dB
- Xe the thao : 91 dB
- Xe moto 2 xilanh 4 ky : 94 dB
- Xe moto 1 xilanh 2 ky : 80 dB
o chenh lech gia mc on cua xe ca ch khach nho va xe the thao la khong t
hn 12 dB, no co ngha la xe the thao co tieng on ln hn xe oto con khoang 12 lan.
Moto 2 xilanh 4 ky san sinh ra tieng on ln hn xe oto con khoang 30 lan, xe moto 1
xilanh 2 ky san sinh ra tieng on tng t xe oto con.
8.2.1.3. Tieng on t dong xe lien tuc
- 311 -
e giam nho tieng on giao thong mot cach tong the, trc het la giam tieng on
do tng xe gay ra, ong thi quy hoach ng cung co the ho tr cho viec giam tieng
on giao thong. a phat hien ra rang xe se phat sinh ra tieng on ln nhat khi chay so
thap, nh vay phai giam bt so lan xe dng chay va khi ong th se lam giam tieng
on giao thong. Cac ng vanh ai, cac ng xuyen va cac ng cao toc trong
thanh pho eu phai co bien phap giam tieng on. oi vi cac loai ng nay thng
xay tng che chan hoac lam cac e ap nhan tao va trong cac day cay xanh day ac
hai ben ng e giam tieng on.
8.2.1.4. Tieng on may bay
Loai ngi o nhiem tieng on nay trong may nam gan ay tang len nhanh, ac
biet la tieng on gan cac san bay quoc te. Tieng on do may bay phan lc gay ra vt
xa loai may bay canh quat, ac biet la no co nh cc ai rat cao. Tieng on may bay
phan lc sinh ra la do s xao tron rat manh liet gia hi phut phan lc va khong kh
xung quanh. No phat ra ln nhat khi may bay cat canh. May bay quan s thng gay
ra s than phien keu ca cua nhan dan trong khu vc bay, bi v chung thng bay o
cao thap theo yeu cau luyen tap quan s. Rat kho giai quyet van e nay, bi v van
e bao ve to quoc, tham ch la trong thi bnh, van la van e u tien hang au cua at
nc.
- Phng phap giam nho tieng on may bay
Ngi ta co the dung bo phan tieu am e giam tieng on cua may bay phan
lc trong luc cat canh, nhng no lai lam giam sc ay cat canh va cang tang chi ph
nhien lieu. S gia tang chi ph s dung do ng dung thiet b tieu am oi vi moi may
bay nh loai Boeing 707 mat khoang 16500 bang Anh moi nam. ong c cua may bay
phan lc mi nhat thng ap dung thiet b tieu am nen no co u iem giam c
12dB so vi ong c cu. Co the ap dung ky thuat hien ai e giam tieng on may bay
cat canh, nhng cha tm c kha nang giai quyet tieng on luc ha canh. Van e nay
la e tai khoa hoc ang c tien hanh nghien cu mot so nc. Mot cach tranh tac
dung xau cua tieng on cua san bay la lam cac la chan am thanh oi vi nha , benh
vien, trng hoc xung quanh san bay. Tot nhat la chuyen san bay en cho xa dan
c.
- 312 -
- Bom am thanh
May bay phan lc bay vi toc o am thanh, tieng no am thanh cua no rat to ma
ngi ta thng goi la bom am thanh va co the nghe thay o xa 80km tnh t
iem phat sinh.
May bay sieu am ch khach bay o cao 12000m co the gay ra ap suat cc
ai mat at ti 100N/m
2
(127dB), no co the gay ra nguy hai oi vi nha ca, va co
the gay kho chu oi vi rat nhieu ngi. May bay sieu am phan lc con gay cac tac
hai khac, nh pha hoai tang ozon trong kh quyen. Tuy may bay sieu am ch khach
hien nay la mot van e quan trong oi vi kinh te cua nhieu nc, nhng t quan
iem ve bao ve moi trng th lai may bay phan lc nay gay tac hai xau.
8.2.2. Tieng on t thi cong xay dng
Tieng on t cac ni thi cong xay dng noi chung la xau hn rat nhieu so vi
tieng on t cac nha may. Th nhat la v ngi ta xay dng nha ca, cau cong, ng
sa khap ni, khong the ieu khien, quan ly c. Hai la v thiet b dung trong thi
cong xay dng thng gay tieng on ln hn, nh la:
Thiet b Mc tieng on iem cach may 15m
May ui 93 dB
May khoan a 87 dB
May p betong 85 dB
May ca tay 82 dB
May nen diezel co vong quay rong 80 dB
May ong bua 1,5 tan 75 dB
May tron betong chay bang diezel 75 dB
Tang hoac giam khoang cach gia ngi nghe va may gap oi th se tang hoac
giam tieng on la 6dB. V du mc on 7,5m cach may ui, may keo la 99 dB, con mc
on cach 30m cung oi vi cac may o la 87 dB.
- 313 -
ong coc la mot loai gay tieng on ln trong thi cong xay dng. Rieng phan
bua ap a gay mc on khoang cach 15m la 70 dB.
Tieng on cua tng thiet b gay ra trong khu xay dng con c tang len so
vi khu trong trai, v co bo sung am phan xa cua cac cong trnh lan can. Co the giam
mc on ti 12dB. Dung em cao su hay la bo em giam am co the giam tieng on
khoang 4-6dB. Mot so bien phap lam giam tieng on thiet b xay dng la xay tng
xung quanh cung co the giam c 4-10dB.
8.2.3. Tieng on cong nghiep
Tieng on cong nghiep c sinh ra t qua trnh va cham, chan ong hoac
chuyen ong qua lai do s ma sat cua cac thiet b va hien tng chay roi cua cac dong
khong kh va hi.
Co the giam ang ke tieng on va cham va chan ong bang cach at thiet b
tren em an hoi. Them vao o, co the giam tieng on dao ong bang cach tang trong
lng mong va may, hoac thiet ke cac bo phan may can than e tranh c s cong
hng. Khi can thiet th co the dung vat lieu hut am bao boc che phu thiet b. Tieng
on do dong kh gay ra co the loai tr bang cach s dung ng ong hp ly, thiet ke va
lap at chnh xac cac mieng hut kh va mieng thoi kh. V du nh hnh (xem phan
di): dung vat lieu giam am bao boc mat trong buong at may va cac ng ong
thong gio e giam tieng on tai nguon on cong nghiep. e giam tieng on cua nha may
oi vi vung dan c xung quanh phai chu y ngay t khau thiet ke xay dng nha may.
Thiet b gay on nhat cua nha may can e xa khu dan c va xa cho cong nhan lam
viec can yen tnh, v cng o am thanh giam i theo ty le bnh phng khoang cach
gia nguon am en ngi nghe. Cac man chan theo cac dang cong trnh xay dng,
tng cao va cay coi, nam gia nha may va khu dan c co gia tr lam giam tieng on
cong nghiep.
8.2.4. Tieng on trong nha
Co hai dang tieng on trong nha: tieng on khong kh va tieng on va cham.
Tieng on va cham (nh la tieng giay, guoc i tren san nha) c phat sinh va lan
truyen trong vat ran va ch co mot cach lam giam no la tao ra cac cau mem xop
gia ni phat sinh tieng on va ni can cach tieng on. V du ien hnh cho van e nay
- 314 -
la s truyen am trong cac can ho khi ma ngi tang tren ong inh tren tng hay
go tren san, keo ban ghe hoac nhay mua tren san. Tieng on va cham nay co the
truyen qua lp san betong cot thep roi truyen qua tng en cac phong khac trong cac
can ho ben canh. Tieng on va cham thuoc dang nay phan ln co the c loai tr, neu
s dung ket cau san kieu san noi, tc la mat san khong co lien ket cng vi ket cau
chu lc, nh la dung lp em cao su, em chat deo hay cac tam si a ngan cach
gia mat san va ket cau chu lc cua san. ieu ac biet can chu y la am bao san
hoan toan noi, tham ch ch mot chiec inh xuyen qua no xuong ket cau chu lc a
vo hieu cach am tot cua no.
Nguyen tac c ban cach am khong kh (am phat sinh trong khong kh) la dung
trong lng. Bien phap nay co y ngha thc te trong xay dng. Nh la tng ngan
gia cac can ho c lam ac chac e am bao giam nho am truyen qua. Tieng on
khong kh t ben ngoai truyen vao nha chu yeu la truyen qua cac lo trong tng nh
ca so, ca i, lo thong gio va cac lo tng t, con qua tng rat t, ieu nay phai het
sc chu y.
Ca n mot lp knh co kha nang cach am khoang 15-18dB. Neu tang len 2
lan knh th cach am c 18-21dB. Ca kep bang 2 lp knh nang, xung quanh canh
ca co boc vat lieu hut am th co the tang kha nang cach am cua ca len ti 40dB.
Cac phong lam viec hien ai c trang tr noi that phu hp, co trai tham xung
quanh tng va rem ca, at cay canh trong phong, v.v khong nhng gay cam giac
de chu khi lam viec, ma con co tac dung giam tieng on, tao nen yen tnh trong
phong.

8.3. TC HI CA TING N

Ni chung, bt c ting n no trong mi trng cng u l mt loi nhim v
n lm nh hng xu n cht lng cuc sng, tc ng n iu kin sinh hot, lm
vic v ngh ngi ca con ngi. Mc nh hng xu i vi con ngi ph thuc
vo: mc n v ph ting n; thi gian tc ng v la tui, trng thi v gii tnh. C th
tm tt mt s tc hi ca ting n i vi con ngi bao gm:
- 315 -
- Quy ri gic ng ca con ngi: Ting n gy phin h rt ln i vi con
ngi nht l v ban m, trong thi gian con ngi cn ngh ngi sau mt ngy lm vic
mt nhc. Thng thng ting n c lp li, quy ri gic ng ca con ngi. Khi ang
ng, ting n nh thc con ngi d lm c ch tm, sinh l, gy cm gic kh chu v
rt kh ng li. Qua kho st cho thy 22 % dn c sng gn sn bay thng rt kh ng,
55 % dn c vng ting n cao phn nn v ting n.
- Gy nh hng ti thnh gic: Khi tip xc vi ting n thi gian di, mc m
cao d gy bnh lng tai hoc gim nhy ca thnh gic, i khi c th gy ic,
chnh l bnh ngh nghip thng gp. Ting n vi cng mnh c th gy chi tai,
au tai thm ch thng mng nh.
- nh hng n c quan tiu ho: Ting n ngn cn kh nng tit dch v co
bp ca d dy. Nu tip xc lu c th gy lot d dy. Qua kho st ti phn xng th
nghim my bay cho thy mc n 100 150 dB tn s 50 6400 Hz c ti 70 %
cng nhn b bnh thn kinh, 24 33 % au bao t trong c 10 % b lot v 10 % mc
bnh cao huyt p.
- nh hng xu n truyn dn thng tin: m thanh dng trao i v m
thoi, rt quan trng i vi ngi nghe. Ting n vi mc m v tn s khng thch hp
d gy nh hng xu n cht lng mi trng khng ch trong lnh vc nu trn m
cn nh hng xu ngay c trong vic truyn m thanh.
Bang 8.3: Tac hai cua tieng on co cng o cao oi vi sc khoe cua con ngi.
Mc tieng on
(dB)
Tac dung en ngi nghe
0 Ngng nghe thay
100 Bat au lam bien oi nhp ap cua tim
110 Kch thch mach mang nh
120 Ngng choi tai
130-135 Gay benh than kinh va non ma, lam yeu xuc giac va c bap
140 au choi tai, nguyen nhan gay benh mat tr, ien
145 Gii han cc han ma con ngi co the chu c oi vi tieng
- 316 -
on
150 Neu chu ng lau se b thung mang tai.
160 Neu tiep xuc lau se gay hau qua nguy hiem lau dai
190 Ch can tiep xuc ngan a gay nguy hiem ln va lau dai

Tieng on con gay anh hng en tim mach va s hnh thanh he than kinh cua
bao thai. Nghien cu cua Lien Xo cu cho thay cong nhan trc tiep chu ng mc on
cao se b benh tang huyet ap gap oi va b benh ve bo may tieu hoa gap 4 lan.
Tieng on co the lam giam kha nang nghe cua tai va gay cac benh ve thnh
giac, v vay cac chuyen gia y hoc hien nay cho rang s suy giam kha nang thnh giac
theo o tuoi chnh la v con ngi a thng xuyen tiep xuc vi tieng on, nhat la trong
xa hoi cong nghiep phat trien.
Khi con ngi lam viec trong moi trng on (nh la cong nhan det), sau vai
gi lam viec phai mat mot thi gian nhat nh th thnh giac mi tr lai bnh thng,
khoang thi gian nay c goi la thi gian phuc hoi thnh giac. Tieng on cang to th
thi gian phuc hoi thnh giac cang dai. Co cong nhan sau gi lam viec chieu hom nay
ve, sang hom sau thnh giac mi phuc hoi c, co trng hp thi gian phuc hoi
thnh giac con dai hn. Neu con ngi chu tac ong cua tieng on to va qua lau, hoac
tieng on tac ong qua to th co the con gay ra benh thnh giac man tnh, nh la lam
thay oi s trao oi chat trong oc tai.
e bao ve thnh giac, ngi ta quy nh thi gian toi a tac ong cua tieng on
trong moi ngay phu thuoc vao mc on khac nhau. bang 8.4 gii thieu cac tr so gi
on khac nhau ma no khong gay ra hau qua lam bien oi thnh lc lau dai cua con
ngi.
Bang 8.4 Thi gian tac ong toi a cho phep oi vi tieng on

Thi gian tac ong (so gi trong ngay) Mc tieng on (dB)
8 90
- 317 -
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1,5 102
1 105
0,5 110
0,25 115

8.4. KIM SOT NHIM TING N
Tbco bao cao cua WHO tai Hoi ngbj oc moi truong tbc gioi. ticng on /a o
nbicm Jc kicm soat nbat trong moi oan Jc cua o nbicm moi truong. Tuy oay
cbl co giao Juc cbo moi nguoi bicu bict oc su can tbict pbai kicm soat giam
nbo ticng on oa co quan Nba nuoc co cac bicn pbap quan /y tbicb Jang moi
pbong cbong Juoc o nbicm ticng on. Co tbc ncu mot so bicn pbap cbong o
nbicm on nbu sau.
* au tien la ap dung cac bien phap co the c e giam tieng on tai nguon on.
Nh la thiet ke va che tao cac bo phan giam am va ng dung chung trong ong c
may bay, xe van tai, xe khach, moto, may moc c kh cong nghiep va cac trang thiet
b c ien trong nha, o la bien phap co hieu qua nhat. Trng hp ac biet khong
the giam nguon on th bao ve cong nhan lam viec moi trng on bang cach s dung
cac dung cu chong on ca nhan nh la nut tai va bao tai.
* Cai tien thiet ke may va quy trnh van hanh may, kiem soat chan ong, tang
cng hoc nguon am bang cac vat lieu hut am.
* Han che tieng on do xe co van chuyen gay ra bang cach quy hoach to chc cac
ng giao thong hp ly. Thiet lap phan khu cong nghiep, tang cng vanh ai ngan
tieng on xung quanh khu , trng hoc va benh vien. Thiet ke cach am e lam cho
tieng on khong xuyen qua ket cau bao che vao phong. Giam cng o giao thong
trong vung can yen tnh.
- 318 -
* Thiet lap cac vanh ai cay xanh trong thanh pho. Phat trien trong cay xanh hai
ben ng, chu y chon cac cay co kha nang hut am tot.
* Kiem soat tieng on trong nha:
- Bo tr cong trnh xa nguon on trong ieu kien co the.
- Bo tr cay xanh xung quanh nha e hut am.
- Bo tr cac phong phu nh hanh lang, bep, phong tam, phong phuc vu, pha
gan nguon on, cac phong ngu, phong lam viec pha yen tnh.
- Phong tam, phong ve sinh, phong bep va khu cau thang nen tap trung vao mot
pha va tang cng cach am gia chung vi cac phong , phong lam viec.
- Tng, san va tran phong tam nen dung ket cau cach am tot.
- Khu ve sinh thng gay on, co the dung loai ho x, t tieng on la giam c am
t nguon on. Loai x bet co he thong xiphong kep co kha nang giam nho tieng on ve
sinh.
* Nha nc ban hanh Luat kiem soat o nhiem tieng on, thiet lap c quan quan
ly va kiem soat o nhiem tieng on cac thanh pho ln.
* Giao duc nhan dan bang truyen thanh, vo tuyen truyen hnh, phim anh ve
chong o nhiem tieng on. gia nh can giao duc tre em khong c bat to radio, noi
to, khong nen ho het, noi qua mc to ng pho, ac biet la ban em.
8.4.1. Tnh chat hut am cua vat lieu va cac loai vat lieu hut am xop:
Tnh chat hut am cua vat lieu:
Hut am va phan xa am la hai tnh chat quan trong cua cac vat lieu va ket cau xay
dng. Nang lng am b hut bao gom nang lng b mat mat trong vat lieu, nang
lng lan truyen theo ket cau va nang lng am truyen qua ket cau. S mat mat nang
lng am trong vat lieu va ket cau xay ra do bon nguyen nhan chnh sau ay:
- Do ma sat: nang lng am bien thanh nang lng nhiet. Song am tao ra ma sat
gia khong kh vi thanh lo v vay nang lng am b ton tht do bien thanh
nang lng nhiet.
- Do khong kh b nen: khong kh trong cac lo rong b song am nen lai theo tng
chu ky, lam cho no nong len. Nhiet lng mi xuat hien nay s truyen ra cac
- 319 -
thanh lo va giam dan cung vi ap suat cho en chu ky tiep theo. Nh vay dang
mat mat nang lng nay cung di dang nang lng nhiet.
- Cac thanh lo b bien dang nong len: do s khac nhau trong cau truc cua vat
lieu, nen khi b song am tac ong, trong chu ky nen cac thanh mong hn b
bien dang va nung nong nhieu hn. Nang lng am cung b bien thanh nang
lng nhiet.
- Do bien dang d: nang lng am mat mat di dang c nang. Song am gy ra
bien dang trong vat lieu, s mat mat nay qui ve dang nang lng c hoc.

Cac loai vat lieu hut am xop:
Gom hai loai:
- Loai co thanh lo cng, khong an hoi, hut am do ma sat cua khong kh vi
thanh cng va do s lan truyen nhiet cua vat lieu. V du: betong bot, gach
xop,
- Loai co cac thanh lo an hoi, s hut am xay ra theo ca bon nguyen nhan ke
tren. V du: bong khoang, bong thuy tinh, cac tam si ep mem, tham det,.

8.4.2. Chong tieng on trong thanh pho, cac thiet b va trong cong nghiep:
Chong tieng on trong thanh pho:
Muon chong tieng on trong thanh pho mot cach hieu qua can phai ap dung
tong hp cac bien phap qui hoach kien truc, qui hoach giao thong, kien truc cong trnh
va cac bien phap ky thuat xay dng khac.
- Bien phap qui hoach kien truc giao thong.
Mot bien phap co hieu qua rat cao la phan vung quy hoach thanh pho theo
mc on cho phep. Thanh pho c phan thanh bon vung xay dng nh sau:
Vung I: Vung cong nghiep on nhat thanh pho (75dB-90dB).
Vung II: Trung tam cong cong va thng nghiep, mc on toi a 75dB.
Vung III: Vung nha , la vung tng oi yen tnh cua thanh pho, mc on cho
phep toi a 60dB.
Vung IV: Vung yen tnh cua thanh pho, mc on cho phep toi a 50dB, vung
nay gom co cac cong trnh: th vien, trng hoc, benh vien,
- 320 -
Khi qui hoach tong the mat bang thanh pho can phai phan vung xay dng hp ly,
co bien phap cach ly cac vung co mc on cao vi vung dan c va vung yen tnh.
Hng gio cung co anh hng ln en s lan truyen tieng on. Khi lan truyen theo
chieu gio, tieng on i nhanh hn va t b ton tht hn. V vay, khi qui hoach thanh pho,
cac khu cong nghiep can bo tr ra thanh pho, cuoi hng gio chnh vao mua nong.
Khi qui hoach thanh pho va cac tieu khu can het sc li dung khoang cach e
chong tieng on, goi la dai cach ly.

- Giai phap ky thuat : cay xanh, tng chan tieng on.

S dung cay xanh e chong tieng on la bien phap co hieu qua va kinh te.
Ngoai ra cay xanh con co tac dung cai tao kh hau, chong bui va o nhiem moi trng.
Mot bien phap co hieu qua cao chong tieng on thanh pho la s dung cac cong trnh
lam tng chan tieng on. Cac cong trnh lam tng chan tieng on n gin nhat la cac
b at, vach at ap doc theo cac ng giao thong.
Bien phap pho bien nhat trong qui hoach thanh pho la s dung cac ngoi nha phuc
vu mot hai tang (ca hang an uong, bach hoa,) hai ben ng pho lam tng chan
tieng on. Khi thiet ke can chu y rang cac tng chan tieng on cang at gan nguon on
th cang co hieu qua cao.

Chong on cho cac thiet b va trong cong nghiep:

Khi s dung cac thiet b phuc vu i song va san xuat cong nghiep ta co the
gap cac loai on sau:
a/ Tieng on kh ong: tao thanh do s chuyen ong cua cac chat kh hoac long.
b/ Tieng on c kh: sinh ra do s va ap cac bo phan, chi tiet may moc khi van
hanh.
c/ Tieng on va cham: tao thanh do cac qua trnh san xuat can s dung cac lc va
cham ( bua, bua may, )
d/ Tieng on t trng: do s bien i t trng cua cac thiet b van hanh hoac san
xuat ien tao ra.
- 321 -
Cac bien phap co the s dung e giam tieng on oi vi cac thiet b va nha cong
nghiep:
- Dung vat lieu hut am e bao boc cac nguon phat ra am thanh nh cac loai bong
thuy tinh, bong khoang, (dung cho cac ong cua bo phan ieu hoa khong kh). Cac
vat lieu hut am nay phai co kha nang chng chay tot, phu hp vi yeu cau phong
chay cha chay cua cong trnh.
Khi van toc gio trong ng ong ln co the mang ca cac si bong cua lp hut am
vao phong lam viec, anh hng en ieu kien ve sinh khong kh trong phong.
- Bien phap cong nghe: nghien cu oi mi cong nghe va thiet b san xuat theo
hng giam nho tieng on do chung sinh ra.
- Bien phap kien truc xay dng: qui hoach, sap xep hp ly cac vung cong
nghiep, cac thiet b gay on at v tr xa cac nha xng,
- Bien phap ky thuat am hoc: ay la bien phap thu ong, giam nho tieng on sau
khi chung sinh ra trong mot phan xng.
Dung cac lp vat lieu hut am op vao cac be mat trong phong san xuat. Hieu qua
giam tieng on do op vat lieu hut am con phu thuoc vao hnh dang phong. Hieu qua
oi vi phong dang hnh hop khong cao bang cac phong co chieu dai hn chieu cao 5
lan.
Dung vo cach am hoac buong cach am: thng dung cho cac nguon sinh
tieng on ln nh may phat ien, mot ien, . Vo cach am c che tao t nhom sat,
chat deo, mat trong cua lp vo nay c lot mot lp vat lieu hut am, mat ngoai
boc them mot lp vat lieu hut chan ong (cao su, chat deo,).
Man chan tieng on: s dung thch hp cho nhng v tr khi mc on trc tiep t
nguon khao sat vt qua mc on t cac nguon ben canh va mc n phan xa cung
truyen ti v tr o. Man chan c at gia nguon on va v tr can bao ve. Man chan
c cau tao bi mot tam cng co op vat lieu hut am (chieu day khong di 50
60dB) be mat hut am hng ve nguon.

- 322 -
5
4
3
1
2

Hnh 8.5. Vo cach am
1- em an hoi; 2- tam uc lo; 3 vat lieu hut am; 4 vo kim loai; 5 lp hut chan ong
( mong cua may phai bo tr cac lo xo e chong on va rung)
1. Khai niem chung ve am thanh?
2. Phan loai tieng on?
3. Tac hai cua tieng on en moi trng?
4. Cac bien phap giam tieng on?
Tai lieu tham khao:
Tieng Viet
1. Le Ba, Ky thuat moi trng, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh, 1980;
2. Cac tai lieu khac cua tac gia
Tieng Anh
0
Office, 1962.
- 323 -

MC LC

LI NOI AU ........................................................................................... 3
CHNG I:
GII THIEU VE O NHIEM KHONG KH ...................................................... 5
1.1. Tong quan ve o nhiem khong kh.............................................................5
1.2. Cac tac nhan gay o nhiem khong kh.......................................................8
1.3. Mot so hiem hoa ve o nhiem khong kh ................................................11
1.4. O nhiem khong kh Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh va mot so o th Viet
Nam......................................................................................................................13
CHNG 2: O NHIEM KHONG KH ..................................................27
- 324 -
2.1. Khai niem ve khong kh .........................................................................27
2.2. Cac nguon o nhiem khong kh...............................................................29
2.3. Chat o nhiem khong kh .........................................................................39
2.4. O nhiem khong kh do bui......................................................................40
2.5. O nhiem khong kh do hi kh oc .........................................................43
2.6 O nhiem khong kh do mui hoi................................................................51
2.7. O nhiem nhiet.........................................................................................54
CHNG 3: S BIEN OI CUA CHAT O NHIEM TRONG KH
QUYEN.....................................................................................................58
3.1. Cac phan ng hoa hoc............................................................................58
3.2. Qua trnh sa lang kho .......................................................................... 59
3.3. Qua trnh sa lang t ........................................................................... 62
CHNG 4: PHAT TAN CHAT O NHIEM TRONG KH QUYEN..66
4.1. Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh phat tan ........................................66
4.2. Phng trnh phat tan chat o nhiem .......................................................69
4.3. Mot so cong thc tnh toan khuech tan ..................................................73
4.4. Cong thc xac nh s phan bo nong o chat o nhiem theo luat phan
phoi chuan Gauss..................................................................................................77
4.4 So sanh ket qua tnh toan nong o o nhiem tren mat at theo ba phng
phap BosanqUet, Pearson, SutTon va "mo hnh Gauss" ......................................89
4.5. Chieu cao hieu qua cua ong khoi...........................................................94
4.6. S lang ong cua bui trong qua trnh khuech tan kh thai cac nguon
iem cao. ............................................................................................................102
4.7. Tnh toan khuech tan cac chat o nhiem t nguon iem cao theo phng
phap Berliand M.E. ............................................................................................107
4.8. V du tnh toan xac nh s phan bo nong o chat o nhiem tren mat at
theo cac phng phap khac nhau........................................................................121
4.9. Anh hng cua a hnh oi vi qua trnh khuech tan chat o nhiem...132
- 325 -
4.10. Tnh toan nong o trung bnh cua chat o nhiem tren mat at do cac
nguon thai gay ra................................................................................................135
CHNG V: ANH HNG CUA O NHIEM KHONG KH ............147
5.1. Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh vi con ngi................................147
5.2. Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh en ong vat. ............................... 170
5.3. Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh en thc vat................................... 191
5.4. Anh hng en canh quan moi trng................................................... 207
5.5 Anh hng en kh hau toan cau............................................................. 208
5.6. Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh len be mat. .................................... 212
CHNG VI: KIEM SOAT O NHIEM KHONG KH ......................218
6.1. Kiem soat o nhiem khong kh t nguon co nh................................... 218
6.2. Thiet b va ky thuat kiem soat o nhiem bui .........................................238
6.3. Kiem soat o nhiem khong kh t nguon di ong .................................244
CHNG VII: LAY MAU VA PHAN TCH MAU KH ...................257
PHAN TH NHAT: LAY MAU KHONG KH XUNG QUANH...............257
7.1. Muc ch cua lay mau khong kh xung quanh......................................257
7.2. Trnh t cua viec lay mau ....................................................................257
7.3. Lay mau bui .........................................................................................259
7.4. Lay mau khong kh...............................................................................267
PHAN TH HAI: LAY MAU NGUON .................................................... 257
7.5. Muc ch cua viec lay mau nguon .......................................................288
7.6. Nguyen tac lay mau trong ong khoi .....................................................288
7.7. Lay va phan tch mau bui tai nguon.....................................................288
7.8. Lay va phan tch mau chat o nhiem dang kh ......................................293
7.9. nh lng qua trnh thoat khoi t ong khoi ........................................296
7.10. Lay mau nguon t cac ong khoi cua ong c.....................................301
CHNG VIII: TIENG ON VA CAC BIEN PHAP CHONG ON...300
8.1. Khai niem chung ve tieng on.............................................................. 300
8.2. Phan loai tieng on .............................................................................. 305
- 326 -
8.3. Tac hai cua tieng on ........................................................................... 310
8.4. Kiem soat o nhiem tieng on ............................................................... 313

Giao Trinh O Nhiem Khong Khi

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Giao Trinh O Nhiem Khong Khi

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I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH

VIEN MOI TRNG VA TAI NGUYEN (IER)

e ke en yeu to van toc gio trung bnh u thoi

- goi la van toc ma sat.

- Thi gian co gio tren hng

cua hng gio trong trng hp nay se la:

t cong thc (4.129) vao (3.134a) ta thu

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