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To provide quality of services to the end users during vertical handoff period,
heterogeneous wireless networks have to be aware of quality of services (QoS) within
each access network. The traditional vertical handoffs algorithms are based on
received signal strength (RSS) are not of QoS concerned and hence cannot fulfill the
requirements of the users. Here, I propose a new vertical handoff algorithm which
uses received signal to inference plus noise ratio (SINR) from various access
networks as the handoff criteria. In this algorithm, the SINR from one network is
converted to the equivalent SINR of the target, so that the handoff algorithm can have
the knowledge of achievable bandwidths from both access networks to make handoff
decisions with QoS consideration. Moreover, power of the mobile station is controlled
to maintain the SINR so that number handoff can be minimized due to ping pong
effect. It has been observed that SINR based vertical handoff algorithm can
consistently offer the end users with maximum available bandwidth during vertical
handoff contrary to the RSS based vertical handoff algorithms. Also, it is observed that
the performance of RSS based handoff is different in different network conditions as
against the SINR based algorithm. System level simulations also reveal the
improvement of overall system throughputs using SINR based vertical handoff,
compared to the RSS based vertical handoff.
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Introduction
The popularity of wireless communication is increasing quite rapidly through out the
world after the introduction of cellular and broadband [2] technologies. The real
potential of broadband wireless networks lies with mobility. A hot debate is centered
on building metropolitan area networks using WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access)[1] technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. The demand
of broadband and cellular technology is increasing due to its superior quality of
services (QoS), greater coverage area as well as low cost effectiveness. The success
of Wi-Fi network with IEEE 802.11x technology makes it possible to access
broadband anywhere with low cost. The introduction of broadband wireless WiMaX
solution based on IEEE 802.16 technology makes it possible a standard based low
cost solution for the last mile. In particular, with its coverage of 30 miles and non line
of sight technology based on OFDM, it will be able to construct a metropolitan network
where broadband access from anywhere within the area is possible. With the inclusion
of mobility, WiMaX could become the ultimate solution that provides a low latency,
high bandwidth, and wide area connectivity to mobile users which is long sought after
by the industry. A metropolitan network will cover an area of up to 30 miles. Current
study shows that the effective range for broadband coverage under IEEE802.16a is 4
to 5 miles. The eventual network might be composed of many base stations
connected together to provide broadband connectivity to hundreds of stationary and
mobile users. The intended applications of such a network are real-time media
streaming and VOIP. The network must guarantee that the continuous services will
not be disrupted while a mobile user switched its connectivity from one station to
another due to signal fading or change of provider. The effectiveness of mobility
depends on whether a moving node can maintain continuous connectivity with the
base station without packet loss or delay during handoff. One characteristic is the
handoff distance which specifies the minimum coverage between adjacent base
stations for a moving node at maximum specified speed. Due to the proliferation of
existing wireless technologies, a metropolitan network will consist of various wireless
accessing technologies with different link speed and mobility support. In case WiMAX
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becomes the major broadband service provider to the metropolitan area and GPRS
(General packet radio service)[10] the major cellular service provider, users must be
able to easily roaming among different technologies without interruption. The success
will depend on the integration of mechanisms to deal with handoffs. Within a
metropolitan network, a mobile user could switch between different access
technologies due to coverage and provider changes, like GPRS.
WiMaX and GPRS are viewed as the future complementary access technologies.
From one side, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) core network
GPRS that uses GSM[10] (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology is
capable of providing data transmission with medium speed over wide area, supporting
high numbers of mobile users. On the other side, IEEE 802.16 broadband network,
WiMaX can offer high data rates relatively in large geographical areas as well as high
data rate as compared to the cellular GPRS and are expected to be widely deployed
in the future network generation. The main problem of next generation network is to
seamlessly transfer the connection of a mobile host exiting the coverage of the GPRS
to another access network with larger coverage area like WiMax. In other words,
interoperability is needed to support the mobile users between GPRS, with
mobile internet access, keeping the connection on line when moving to WiMax
access network, thus providing always on connectivity and vice versa. But the main
issue will be to provide fast vertical handover between these heterogeneous access
networks of larger coverage area, considering the quality of service (QoS), continuous
service as well as cost effectiveness. Therefore, better algorithm is necessary in the
handover procedure instead of the received signal strength (RSS) based algorithm. It
has been experimented that SINR is better than the RSS based since, it considers the
noise and interference factors in the background of the networks. Vertical handoff is
work of my thesis using SINR based approach. Moreover step is taken to control the
transmission power of the mobile to maintain the SINR for reducing the number of
handoff and saving the battery power depending on the noise and interference
present.
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Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
1. Related work
This work consists of the summary of different papers of different authors, related
to the work carried out by me. The main aim of this chapter is to bring in to focus
the related topics of my work. Following are the related work taken into
consideration for carrying out work.
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b) Combined SINR Based Vertical Handoff Algorithm for Next Generation
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks [4]: Next generation heterogeneous wireless
networks offer the end users with assurance of QoS inside each access network
as well as during vertical handoff between them. For guaranteed QoS, the vertical
handoff algorithm must be QoS aware, which cannot be achieved with the use of
traditional RSS as the vertical handoff criteria. In this paper, the author of this
paper proposes a vertical handoff algorithm which uses received SINR from
various access networks as the handoff criteria. This algorithm considers the
combined effects of SINR from different access networks with SINR value from
one network being converted to equivalent SINR value to the target network, so
the handoff algorithm can have the knowledge of achievable bandwidths from both
access networks to make handoff decisions with QoS consideration. His analytical
results confirm that the new SINR based vertical handoff algorithm can
consistently offer the end user with maximum available bandwidth during vertical
handoff contrary to the (received signal strength) RSS based vertical handoff,
whose performance differs under different network conditions. System level
simulations also reveal the improvement of overall system throughputs using SINR
based vertical handoff, comparing with the RSS based vertical handoff. Having the
relationship between the maximum achievable data rate and the receiving SINR
(γAP) from both WLAN and WCDMA (γBS) makes the SINR based vertical handoff
method applicable, in which the receiving SINR from WCDMA γBS is being
converted to the equivalent γAP required to achieve the same data rate in WLAN,
and compared with the actual receiving SINR from WLAN. With the combined
effects of both SINR being considered, handoff is triggered while the user is getting
higher equivalent SINR from another access network. It means that given the
receiver end SINR measurements of both WLAN and WCDMA channel, the
handoff mechanism now has the knowledge of the estimated maximum possible
receiving data rates a user can get from either WLAN or WCDMA at the same time
within the handover zone, where both WLAN and WCDMA signal are available.
This gives the vertical handoff mechanism the ability to make handoff decision with
multimedia QoS consideration, such as offer the user maximum downlink
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throughput from the integrated network, or guarantee the minimum user required
data rate during vertical handoff.
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packet error rate (PER) between a node and each of its first tier interfering nodes
set. Then, the residual capacity at a given node is estimated using the calculated
PERs. Based on the capacity estimation analysis, a new routing metric, EBC
(Estimated Balanced Capacity), is proposed. EBC uses a cost function at the aim
of load-balancing between the different flows within the network. Extensive
simulations show that EBC improves tremendously the network capacity and also
enhances the VoIP calls quality.
e) Vertical handover criteria and algorithm in IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 hybrid
network [7]: Hybrid networks based, for instance, on systems such as WiMAX
and WiFi can combine their respective advantages on coverage and data rates,
offering a high Quality of Service (QoS) to mobile users. In such environment,
WiFi/WiMAX dual mode terminals should seamlessly switch from one network to
another, in order to obtain improved performance or at least to maintain a
continuous wireless connection. This paper proposes a new user centric algorithm
for vertical handover, which combines a trigger to continuously maintain the
connection and another one to maximize the user throughput (taking into account
the link quality and the current cell load). This aims of this paper are defining an
efficient user-driven vertical and over mechanism which does not require any
change on network and protocol architecture, and that can furthermore e easily
applied in current WiFi/WiMAX hybrid systems. To is purpose, the author has
introduced the estimation of two common network performance parameters, data
rate and network load, based on a measurement of Signal to Interference-plus-
Noise Ratio (SINR) level and channel occupancy respectively. Then they propose
a novel algorithm which embeds two independent triggers: the first one aims at
maintaining the wireless connection, the second one at maximizing the network
performance.
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integration scheme proposed in this paper adopts the advantages of both loosely
integration and tightly integration schemes: cdma2000 and Mobile WiMax
networks provide their own services independently and, on vertical handoff
between them, support seamless services by fast handoff. Since we present
protocol stacks as well as operation flows considering cdma2000 and Mobile-
WiMax standard specifications, the proposed scheme can be implemented with
minimal modification of existing Mobile WiMax and cdma2000 networks. As result
of simulation, the performance of the proposed scheme is proved compared with
others.
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Chapter 3
10
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Figure 1: Hard Handoff
GPRS GPRS
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3.2.2 Vertical handoff:
The vertical handover was introduced with the development of different wireless
technologies and the coexistence of their networks including GSM, GPRS, and UMTS
as cellular networks and WiFi, WiMAX as broadband access networks. This handoff
process of a mobile terminal takes place among access points supporting different
network technologies. For example, the changeover of signal transmission from an
IEEE 802.16 WiMax base station to a cellular GPRS network is considered as a
vertical handoff process. Due to the different technologies of the networks, more than
one interface is required during the handoff process.
WiMaX GPRS
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BS1 Signal BS2 Signal
T1
T2
BS1 A B C D BS2
This method allows a MS to hand off only if the current signal is sufficiently weak (less
than threshold) and the other is the stronger of the two. The effect of the threshold
depends on its relative value as compared to the signal strengths of the two BSs at
the point at which they are equal. If the threshold is higher than this value, say T1 in
Figure 5 this scheme performs exactly like the relative signal strength scheme, so the
handoff occurs at position A. If the threshold is lower than this value, say T2 in Figure
5 the MS would delay handoff until the current signal level crosses the threshold at
position B. In the case of T3, the delay may be so long that the MS drifts too far into
the new cell. This reduces the quality of the communication link from BS1 and may
result in a dropped call. In addition, this results in additional interference to co-channel
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users. Thus, this scheme may create overlapping cell coverage areas. A threshold is
not used alone in actual practice because its effectiveness depends on prior
knowledge of the crossover signal strength between the current and candidate BSs.
This scheme allows a user to hand off only if the new BS is sufficiently stronger (by a
hysteresis margin, h in Figure 1) than the current one. In this case, the handoff would
occur at point C. This technique prevents the so-called ping-pong effect, the repeated
handoff between two BSs caused by rapid fluctuations in the received signal strengths
from both BSs. The first handoff, however, may be unnecessary if the serving BS is
sufficiently strong.
This scheme hands a MS over to a new BS only if the current signal level drops below
a threshold and the target BS is stronger than the current one by a given hysteresis
margin. In Figure 1, the handoff would occur at point D if the threshold is T3.
14
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system), TACS (total access communication system), and NMT (advanced mobile
phone system).
3.4.2 Mobile-Assisted Handoff
In a mobile-assisted handoff process, the MS makes measurements and the network
makes the decision. In the circuit-switched GSM (global system mobile), the BS
controller (BSC) is in charge of the radio interface management.
3.5.1 Reliability
A handoff algorithm should be reliable. This means that the call should have good
quality after a handoff. Many factors help in determining the potential service quality of
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a candidate base station. Some of these factors include signal-to-interference ratio
(SIR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received signal strength (RSS), and bit error rate
(BER).
3.5.2 Seamless
A handoff algorithm should be fast so that the mobile device does not experience
service degradation or interruption during the handoff process. Service degradation
may be due to a continuous reduction in signal strength or an increase in co-channel
interference (CCI).
3.5.3 Interference
A handoff algorithm should avoid high interference. The Co-channel and interchannel
interferences can degrade the transfer rate of a wireless network. Co-channel
interference is caused by devices transmitting on the same channel and on the other
hand, interchannel interference is caused by devices transmitting on adjacent
channels.
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3.6.2.1 Quality of Service
Handing over to a network with better conditions and higher performance would
usually provide improved service facility. Transmission rates, error rates, and other
characteristics have to be measured in order to decide which network can provide a
higher assurance of continuous connectivity.
3.6.2.3 Security
Risks are inherent in any wireless technology. Perhaps the most significant source of
risks in wireless networks is the technology’s underlying communications medium.
That is the airwave which is open to intruders.
3.6.2.6 Velocity
The velocity of the mobile device has a greater effect on vertical handoff decision than
in horizontal handoffs. Because of the heterogeneous networks, handing off to an
embedded network when traveling at high speeds is discouraging since a handoff
back to the original network would occur very shortly afterward.
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3.6.2.7 Radio Link Transfer
Radio link transfer, the second part of the handoff process, is the task of establishing
links to a call at the new base station. The radio link is transferred from the old to the
new base station.
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MN FA HA CN
Packet dropping
Gets subnet info
IP Registration
Request
Send Request
Authenticates
Assigns IP
Tunnel
Establishment
Transmitting
Tunnel
Establishment
Delivered
MN Mobile Node
HA Home Agent
FA Foreign Agent
CN Correspondent Node
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3.7.1.3 Addressing
It means how to represent and assign address information to mobile nodes.
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Chapter 4
4. GPRS System
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is rapidly becoming a global standard for
sending and receiving high-speed data across the GSM network. It is also known as
GSM-IP (Internet Protocol) because it connects users directly to Internet Service
Providers. It uses existing GSM network to transmit and receive TCP/IP based data to
and from GPRS mobile devices. GPRS now makes it possible to deploy several new
devices that have previously not been suitable over traditional GSM networks due to
the limitations in speed (9600bps), message length of the Short Message Service
(160 characters), dial up time and costs. These applications include Point Of Sale
Terminals, Vehicle tracking systems, and monitoring equipment. It's even possible to
remotely access and control in-house appliances and machines. Since, GPRS is a
Radio Service, like a radio, a GPRS enabled device is "always on", so as long one’s
equipment in switched on, he has an open channel for sending and receiving data.
Being used the packet-switched technology, GPRS users are always connected,
always on-line, and may be charged only for the amount of data that is transported.
Voice calls can be made simultaneously over GSM-IP while a data connection is
operating, depending on the phone Class and Type. Thus GPRS is efficient, fast and
cost effective as compared to GSM technology as explained follows.
Efficient - GPRS mobile devices only use the GSM network when data is
transferred. The GSM connection is not dedicated to each user; therefore it can
be shared with many users resulting in efficient use of the network.
Fast - GPRS gives speeds of upto 5 times faster than GSM. GPRS offers
maximum data rates of 56Kbps (down) and 14.4kbps (up); however, this is
shared bandwidth therefore actual data rates are potentially lower.
Payment based on data usage - Billing is not based on time, but on the
amount of data actually transferred.
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4.1 Architecture of GPRS [11]
GPRS provides packet radio access for Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) and uses time-division multiple access (TDMA) for providing services to the
users. GPRS is a data network that overlays a second-generation GSM network. This
data overlay network provides packet data transport at rates from 9.6 to 171 kbps.
Additionally, multiple users can share the same air-interface resources
simultaneously. Following is the GPRS Architecture diagram:
Circuit GPRS
Switched
GSM AUC GGSN GGSN
HLR
MSC Internal Backbone Network
EIR
SGSN SGSN
BSC
Signaling
Circuit Switched GSM
Packet Switched Data Signaling
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4.1.1 GPRS Mobile Stations
New Mobile Station are required to use GPRS services because existing GSM phones
do not handle the enhanced air interface or packet data. A variety of MS can exist,
including a high-speed version of current phones to support high-speed data access,
a new PDA device with an embedded GSM phone, and PC cards for laptop
computers. These mobile stations are backward compatible for making voice calls
using GSM.
Each BSC requires the installation of one or more Packet Control Units (PCUs) and a
software upgrade. The PCU provides a physical and logical data interface to the base
station subsystem (BSS) for packet data traffic. The BTS can also require a software
upgrade but typically does not require hardware enhancements.
When either voice or data traffic is originated at the subscriber mobile, it is transported
over the air interface to the BTS, and from the BTS to the BSC in the same way as a
standard GSM call. However, at the output of the BSC, the traffic is separated; voice
is sent to the mobile switching center (MSC) per standard GSM, and data is sent to a
new device called the Serving GPRS support node (SGSN) via the PCU over a frame
relay interface. Following two new components, called GPRS support nodes (GSNs),
are added.
The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface and a router to external
networks. The GGSN contains routing information for GPRS mobiles, which is used to
tunnel packets through the IP based internal backbone to the correct Serving GPRS
Support Node. The GGSN also collects charging information connected to the use of
the external data networks and can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic.
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4.1.4 Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsible for authentication of GPRS mobiles,
registration of mobiles in the network, mobility management, and collecting
information for charging for the use of the air interface.
The internal backbone is an IP based network used to carry packets between different
GSNs. Tunneling is used between SGSNs and GGSNs, so that internal backbone
does not need any information about domains outside the GPRS network. Signaling
from a GSN to a MSC, HLR or EIR is done using SS7.
GPRS introduces the concept of a routing area. This is much the same as a Location
Area in GSM, except that it will generally contain fewer cells. Because routing areas
are smaller than Location Areas, less radio resources are used when a paging
message is broadcast.
WiMaX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is based on wireless
broadband technology. WiMAX technology based on the IEEE 802.16 specifications to enable
the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL. WiMAX
has a rich set of features with a lot of flexibility in terms of deployment options and
potential service offerings. Some of the more salient features that deserve highlighting
are as follows:
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4.2.3 Very high peak data rates
WiMAX is capable of supporting very high peak data rates. In fact, the peak PHY data
rate can be as high as 74Mbps when operating using a 20MHz wide spectrum. More
typically, using a 10MHz spectrum operating using TDD scheme with a 3:1 downlink-
to-uplink ratio, the peak PHY data rate is about 25Mbps and 6.7Mbps for the downlink
and the uplink respectively.
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4.2.8 Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
Mobile WiMAX uses OFDM as a multiple-access technique, whereby different users
can be allocated different subsets of the OFDM tones. OFDMA facilitates the
exploitation of frequency diversity and multiuser diversity to significantly improve the
system capacity.
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4.2.12 Robust security
WiMAX supports strong encryption, using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and
has a robust privacy and key-management protocol. The system also offers a very
flexible authentication architecture based on Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP),
which allows for a variety of user credentials, including username/password, digital
certificates, and smart cards.
The network reference model describes the architecture of WiMaX developed by the
WiMAX Forum defines a number of functional entities and interfaces between those
entities is shown in the figure 3 given below. The design of WiMAX network is based
on the following major principles. They are spectrum, topology, inter-working, IP
connectivity and mobility management.
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MS MS MS
BS BS BS
Access
Network
IP
Network
ASN
GW
ASP
IP
Network
Internet
AAA
BSS
3GPP
Gateway
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The WiMAX Forum has defined an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network
connects with other networks, and a variety of other aspects of operating such a
network, including address allocation, authentication, etc. An overview of the
architecture is given in the illustration. This defines the following components:
The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MS. Additional functions
that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management functions, such as handoff
triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource management, QoS policy
enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxy, key
management, session management, and multicast group management.
The ASN gateway typically acts as a layer 2 traffic aggregation point within an ASN.
Additional functions that may be part of the ASN gateway include intra-ASN location
management and paging, radio resource management and admission control, caching
of subscriber profiles and encryption keys, AAA client functionality, establishment and
management of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and policy enforcement, and
foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected connectivity
service network (CSN).
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4.3.3 Connectivity service network (CSN)
The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet, ASP, other public networks, and
corporate networks. The CSN includes AAA servers that support authentication for the
devices, users, and specific services. The CSN is own by NSP also provides per user
policy management of QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible for IP address
management, support for roaming between different NSPs, location management
between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs. The CSN also provides per
user policy management of QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible for IP
address management, support for roaming between different NSPs, location
management between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs.
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Chapter 5
5. Proposed System
It has been observed that the traditional received signal strength (RSS) based
algorithm suffers from major drawbacks which made us to choose another one which
provide better service quality to the users during handoff. This new approach not only
provide enhance service quality but also more efficient as compared to RSS based.
This new approach is based on signal to noise plus interference ratio (SINR).
This algorithm is proposed for vertical handoff between those different networks which
supports time division multiple access multiplexing (TDMA).
The proposed algorithm is SINR based and also controls the transmission power of
the transmitter. This algorithm will provide better quality of services as well better
system throughput as compared to RSS based algorithm because SINR is adaptive to
noisy and overload condition and controlling transmission power minimizes the energy
consumption and reduces the interference as well as increases the system capacity.
In this proposed algorithm, the power required for the transmitter is calculated based
on the required target SINR for the receiver. Since the algorithm is for TDMA systems,
prior to the power calculation, interference and noise is measured using Kalman filter
method for the slot n. In TDMA the interference and noise measures of the previous
slot can be used to determine the transmission power required for the next slot to
maintain the target SINR at the receiver. Therefore the measure of SINR of the slot n
is used to adjust the power of the transmitter for the slot n+1 for achieving the required
SINR at the receiver even when the user keeps moving. The SINR received by the
mobile station from other networks is being converted equivalent SINR value of the
current network required to achieve the same data rate in the current network. With
this combined effects, handoff is triggered when the receiver receives greater SINR
from another network. So the handoff algorithm can have the knowledge of achievable
bandwidths from both access networks to make handoff decisions with QoS
consideration.
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5.1 Major advantages of SINR based algorithm over RSS based
Use of RSS based vertical handoff cannot provide the user with quality of
service (QoS) throughput, as the vertical handoff algorithm itself is not QoS
aware. But SINR can provide QoS since SINR takes into account the
interference and noise at the transmission end.
Analysis results show that SINR based vertical handoff provides higher
average throughput for end users as compared to the RSS based vertical
handoff with various thresholds settings, and also can adapt to different
network conditions, such as different noise level and load factor. Simulation
results further confirm that the SINR based vertical handoff improves the
overall system throughputs.
In real networks, interference power will depend on the user location as well as
the density of the users. Therefore, only the SINR based vertical handoff can
guarantee multimedia QoS specifying the achieved date rate for end user
inside vertical handover zone. This is also another important reason that our
SINR based vertical handoff can adapt to the network conditions and can
provide consistently maximum available throughputs to the end user, which
RSS based handoff cannot achieve.
SINR based vertical handoff algorithm can consistently offer the end user with
maximum available bandwidth during vertical handoff contrary to the RSS
based vertical handoff, whose performance differs under different network
conditions.
SINR based does handoff actually when it is necessary. But RSS based
sometimes does unnecessary handoffs under interference and noisy condition
even though the signal strength in current network is still greater than the
threshold.
SINR based handoff will be able reduce the ping pong effect as controlling the
power of transmission it will be able to provide the required SINR for the mobile
even if the mobile user is closed to the boundary of the neighboring network.
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5.2 System assumptions for the algorithm
In the networks time is divided into slots. Let each data message be divided
into a number of packets, each of which can be sent in one time slot. Allows
multiple, contiguous time slots to be used by the same transmitter for sending a
message, thus producing temporal correlation for interference
The channel gain between a mobile station and its base station is measured as
follows:
power.
The medium-access control (MAC) protocol used allows at most one terminal in
each sector or cell to send data at a time. Therefore, no data contention occurs
within the same sector or cell. Also, a terminal can transmit in contiguous time
slots. Moreover, the base station knows which terminal is scheduled to
transmit at different times.
Base stations do not exchange control information among themselves on a per
packet basis in real time due to the large volume of data.
The interference power is equal to the difference between the total received
power and the power of the desired signal.
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Although the Kalman-filter method is applicable to both the uplink (from terminal to
base station) and the downlink (from base station to terminal) we will focus on the
downlink here.
We apply the Kalman-filter method to predict interference power for predicting SINR
by adjusting transmission power. Using this method, each terminal continuously
measures the interference power for its assigned radio channel (e.g., the same time
slot of the consecutive TDMA frames). Let I (n ) be the actual interference-plus-noise
power in dBm received at a given base station in time slot n. In fact, I (n ) is required to
be estimated by the Kalman filter. Assume that the noise power, which depends on
the channel bandwidth, is given and fixed. The total interference is simply the thermal
noise plus the measured interference. The system dynamics of the interference plus
noise power can be modeled as:
I ( n ) I ( n 1) F ( n )
Where F (n ) represents the fluctuation of interference power when terminals start new
transmissions and/or adjust their transmission power in the time slot.
Let Z (n ) be the measured interference power plus noise power in dBm for slot n then
Z (n ) I (n ) E (n )
By the Kalman filter theory, the time and measurement update equations for the
interference power are:
~
I (n 1) Iˆ ( n )
~
P ( n 1 ) Pˆ ( n )
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~
K (n ) P (n Pˆ ( n ) - 1
~ ~
Iˆ ( n ) I (n ) K (n Z (n ) I (n )]
~
Pˆ ( n ) P (n 1
~
Where, I (n Iˆ(n) are the a priori and a posteriori estimates of I (n ) .
~
P (n) , Pˆ (n) are the a priori and posteriori estimate error variances respectively.
K (n ) is the Kalman gain, and Q (n) and R (n ) are the variances for the process
as follows:
n
Z ( n) 1 / W Z (i)
i n W 1
n
Q (n) 1 W 1) [ Z (i) Z (n
i n W 1
2
Z (n) is the average measured interference with noise over the last W slots.
R ( n) Q ( n )
35
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5.5 Determination of Transmission power
Let is the target SINR, p (n ) is the transmission power and g (n ) the path gain from
the transmitting base station to the mobile station for slot n, respectively. I (n ) and
~
I (n) represent the actual and predicated interference power in dBm and let i (n ) and
~ ~
i (n) denote the respective value in mW. Based on I (n) the base station transmits in
slot n with power
~
p( n) ( i ( n) / g ( n)
The goal of this of transmission power is to choose just enough power to achieve the
target SINR .
When p(n) is the power of the base station selected by (11) for slot n, the actual
receiving SINR (n) at the mobile station is
~
( n ) p ( n ) g ( n ) / i ( n ) i ( n ) / i( n )
~
Thus (12) implies that when predicted interference i (n) is accurate to actual
interference i (n ) , the target SINR is achieved.
Even if i (n ) is not exactly equal to i (n ) , the method helps in reducing the spread
~
of (n ) as long as i (n ) and i (n) are correlated.
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Steps for the Kalman Filter
1. For each slot n, each base station measures the interference power for the time
slot.
2. The interference measurements are used as input to the Kalman filter in equation
~
(3) to (10) to predict the interference power I (n 1) in slot n+1.
3. Based on the MAC protocol in use, the base station tracks the path gain
g ( n 1) and selects the transmission power by (11) to meet a given target SINR for the
4. The power level p ( n 1) is used for transmission to the mobile station in slot n+1.
5.6 Calculation SINR at the mobile station from WiMaX and GPRS networks
5.6.1 Date rate using Shannon capacity formula
According to Shannon capacity formula, the maximum achievable data rate Rij
received by the user i from the base station j is given by:
R W 2 (1 i j / )
Where, W is the bandwidth.
the gap between uncoded QAM and capacity, minus the coding gain.
Thus the if R and R are maximum achievable data rate from WiMaX as well
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R W 2 (1 / )
R W 2 (1 / )
Access (HSDPA) Channel and is SINR received from GPRS on HSDP. The
1 / ) /
-
In this discussion, we consider the downlink traffic, as they normally require higher
bandwidth than uplink.
as:
i j G Pj /
k
G,k# j
Pk
represented as:
i j G Pi j G P k G Pi j )
k
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P k is the total transmitting power of k
In this analysis, consider a point to point model, in which a user is moving at speed
v from ( X 1 ) to ( X 2 ), as shown in the following figure. The vertical
R R
X2 X 1
Xh X1
Figure 10: Point to point model
X X
h 2
R (x)X R ( x) X
X 1 X h
Where is cell residence time, and R and R is maximum data rate received
from WiMaX and GPRS.
• For the RSS based vertical handoff, the X h is dependent on the minimum
39
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• So, It will be possible to compare the average throughputs for different vertical
handoff algorithm with different X h .
Gateway
Gateway
MSC
BS
BS
MS N
Internet
P P
A A
C C
K K
E E
T T
S Gateway S
MSC
BS
CN
Corresponding network
40
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References
1. “A Mobile-IP Based Mobility System for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks”
--- by Chung-Kuo Chang.
2. “www.wiremaxforum.org” --- by WiMaX forum
3. “Power Control by Interference Prediction for Broadband Wireless Packet
Networks” ---by Kin K. Leung.
4. “Combined SINR Based Vertical Handoff Algorithm for Next Generation
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks” by --- Kemeng Yang, Iqbal Gondal, Bin Qiu and
Laurence S. Dooley, 2007.
5. “SINR Estimation for Power Control in Systems with Transmission Beamforming”
---by Vesa Hasu, Student Member, IEEE, and Heikki Koivo, Senior Member, IEEE,
2005.
6. “On the Use of SINR for Interference-aware Routing in Wireless Multi-hop
Networks” ---by Riadh M. Kortebi, Yvon Gourhant, Nazim Agoulmine.
7. “Vertical handover criteria and algorithm in IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 hybrid
networks” ---by Z. Daia, R. Fracchiaa, J. Gosteaub, P. Pellatia,G.Vivier.
8. “A Performance Evaluation of Vertical Handoff Scheme between Mobile WiMax and
Cellular Networks” ---by Seongsoo Park, JaeHwang Yu, ,JongTae Ihm
9. “Handoff in Wireless Mobile Networks” ---by Qing-An Zeng, Dharma P. Agrawal
10. “http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gprs/gprs_architecture.htm”
11. “http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#Architecture”
12. ” http://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax/wimax_network_model.htm”
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