W

W
K

? ? ? ?

WEA-1F

KKK

KK

K : A-1

K J

J J

K

K
W

K J
W

W
EF

W
J J

K K
W

A-2

K(1)

K
K

KK

K



Products

Raw materials

Separation
process

Separation
process

Chemical
Reactor

By-Products

K A-2

W
W

E JF J
J
J

KW
KW

KW
W
W

--

K110203

F
FE
FEFE

F
KE

E 3

K
K
8 cm -6 cm = 2 cm
W
8 m -6 cm = ?
W
4 N 5 m = 20 N.m

5 kg
= 0.5 kg/m 3
3
10 m

EF 12 m = 3
4m

kg
m3
(8 3 ) (2
) = 16 kg/s
s
m

W
K

.m/yr ft/min km/h

--

W m 55 km

1000 m
(5
km)

(
) = 5000 m

1km

(1-1)

K1000 m/1 km
W(1-1)
5 km

1000 m
1 km

=500 m
1-1

km/yr21 cm/s2
1 cm
s2

3600 s2
2 2
1 h

242 h2
12 day2

3652 day2
1m
1 km
2
2
1 yr
100 cm 1000 m

(3600 24 365) km
= 9.95 109 km/yr 2
2
3
2
(10 10 )
yr

--

W
W

1000Z60Z60Z24ZW

K10Z100Z

8640024K

KKK
Km3, (ft/min, lbm.ft/s2, kg.m/s2 F

(SI)W J

{m3

1000 cm3

1 kgm/s2
1 g.cm/s2

(liter)

N
dyne

(Newton)
(dyne)

(Volume)
(Force)

1 N/m2

Pa

(Pascal)

(Pressure)

1 Nm

(Joule)

(Energy, work)

(watt)

1 J/s

(Power)

--

ESIF
J
W J

kg

mol or g-mole

W J

W J

ft

lbm

s
lb-mole
o

--

W J
W J

10-9

10-6
10-3

10-2

(nano)

(micro)

(mili)

(centi)

(kilo)

(mega)

(tera)

(giga)

(F =

kgm/s2K a m F ma)
K(lbf)(N)lbft/s2gcm/s2
J
.25 m/s210 kg (N)

.25 ft/s210 lbm (lbf) K

W
K
Z

F = ma

--

10 kg

F Z

25 m
s

1N

1 kgm/ s

250 N
K

lbf 32.174 lbmft/s2

W
W

F Z

10 lbm

25 ft

1 lbf

s2

32.174 lbmft/ s2

Z 7.77 lbf

(N)(g)

WK(lbf)

W = mg
W J
62.4 lbm/ft3 2 ft3
.32.139 ft/s2
W
m = V
m

62.4 lbm
ft3

2 ft3

= 124.8 lbm

W = mg
--

W
W =

124.8 lbm

32.139 ft
s2

1 lbf
32.174 ft/ s2

= 124.7 lbf

W
K ? ?

(6.021023F

W
Z

lbmkgg Z

lbm/lb-molkg/kmolg/g-molZ

KE40 lbm/lbmolZF(NaOH) 4 lbm

gmollbmol

lbmol

4.00 lbm NaOH 1 lbmol NaOH

40.0 lbm NaOH

--

0.1 lbmol NaOH

Wgmol
4.00 lbm NaOH 1 lbmole NaOH
40.0 lbm NaOH

454 gmol
1 lbmol

Z 45.4 gmol NaOH

5 J1

3.785 =1galm3/s4500 gal/h

K10-3 m3

4500 gal
h

3.785 10-3 m3
1 gal

1h
3600 s

W
Z 4.731 10-3 m3

Klbm250 g J
Kft3700 L J

Klb/ft350 g/L J

Kkg/cm329.4 lbm/in3 J

Km/s80 mil/h J

Klbf/ft245 N/m2 J
Btu17 J.m J
KJ/s5 kW J

--

EF

1lb m = 454 g

250 g

0.551 lb

1 ft 3 = 28.32 L

700 L

50 g
1L

1 lbm
454 g

1 ft3
28.32 L

Z 24.72 ft3

28.32 L
1 ft3

1 lbm
454 g

EF

Z 3.12 lbm/ ft3

EF

Q
29.4 lbm
in3

1in = 2.54 cm

0.454 kg
1 lbm

1 in3
=
(2.54 cm)3

0.814 kg/ cm3

EF

1mil = 5280 ft
1m = 3.28 ft

80 mil 5280 ft
h
1 mil

1m
3.28 ft

1h
3600 s

--

= 35.77 m/s

45 N
m2

EF

1 N =1kg.m / s 2
1lbm = 0.454 kg

1 kg.m/s
1N

1 lbm
1m
1
Z 0.939 lbf / ft2
2
0.454 kg 3.28 ft 32.174 ft. lbm/s . lbf
EF

17 J.m

1 Btu =1055 J

1m = 3.28 ft

1 Btu
1055 J

3.28 ft
1m

= 0.0529 Btu
EF

1 J = 2.773 10 7 kW .h

5 kW
1J
2.773 10-7 kW.h

1h
3600 s

5008.61 J/s

L1 L = 1000 cm3 ,1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 inW

K1 ft3

1 ft3

(12 in)3 (2.54 cm)3

(1 ft)3
(1 in)3

1L
1000 cm3

28.317 L

8 J1

US gal1.1 g/cm3 500 lbft3

7.481 U.S gal. = 1 ft3

--

V = m/
454 g
1 lb

500 lb

cm3
1.1 g

1 ft3
28.32 L

1L
1000 cm3

7.28 ft3

7.28 ft3

WUS gal

7.481 U.S gal

1 ft3

54.5 gal
9 J1

Klbm/ft31.3 g/cm3

1.3 g 1 lbm 1000 cm3

cm3 454 g
1L

28.32 L
Z 81.09 lbm/ ft3
3
1 ft

Kmil/h215 ft/s2
15 ft
s2

1 mil
5280 ft

(3600 s)2
h2

36818 mil/ h2

Kgal/minL/h

1L
h

61.02 in3 1 gal

1L
23 in3

1 h
=
60 min
--

W
0.044 gal/min

J
Kkg/(m2.s)20 lbm/(ft2.min)

20 lbm 0.454 kg
ft2.min
1 lbm

1 ft 2
(0.3048 m)2

1 min
60 s

= 1.63 kg/(m2.s)
J

JW70 mil/h2 ton

KLatmWshpslbfft ergs

Zmv2

2 ton

1000 kg
=
1 ton

2000 kg
W

70 mil 5280 ft 0.3048 m

h
1 mil
1 ft

1h
3600 s

= 31.29 mil/s
W

Z 2000 kg(31.29 mil/s)2 = 9.8 105 kgmil2/s2

=9.8 105 J

9.8 105 J
107 erg
Z
9.8 1012 erg

1J

--

9.8 105 J

0.7376 lbf.ft
=
1J

9.8 105 J

1.34 10-3 hp.s

=
1J

9.8 105 J

9.8 105 J

7.23 105 lbf.ft

1.31 103 hp.s

1 W.s
1J

1 L.atm
101.3 J

9.8 105 W.s

9.67 103 L.atm

J

W
= 0 + a.T

Tlbm/ft3=

T0lbm/ft3= 0

oF a

Klbm/ft3

lbm/ft3 = a.TW

WaoF
lbm/(oF .ft3)

--

W??
Re = D.u./
W

WD

Wu

m/skg/m3mW

W
= D.u./Re
m

m
s

kg
Z
m3

kg/ s .m

.30 Btu/(h.ft.oF)k
Kcal/(s.m. oC)W

17 Btu
h.ft. oF

252 cal
1h
1 ft
1 oF
=
1 Btu 3600 s 0.3048 m 5/9 oC

W
1 Btu = 252 cal
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 h = 3600 s
o
1 F = 5/9 1 oC
W

7.03 cal/(s.m. oC)

--

J1

W
(1-2)
h= 17 Cp. G0.8/D0.2

Btu/(lb.oF) : (CpF
in : (DF

lb/( ft2.s) : (G)

Btu/(h.ft2.oF) : (h)

h1 = x1 Cp1 G10.8D10.2

W(1-2)
(1-3)
W

kcal/(kg.oC) : (Cp1FW
cm : (D1)W

kg/(m2.s) : (G1)W

kcal/(h.m2.oC) : (h1)W

W
1 kcal = 3.97 Btu
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 cm = 0.3937 in
1 kg = 2.2 lbm

W

--

W
Btu
lb oF

1 kcal
2.2 lb
3.97 Btu 1 kg

9/5 F
Z 1 kcal/(kg.oC)
o
1 C

Cp = C p1W

lbm
ft2.s

1 kg
2.2 lbm

1 ft2
2
2 Z 4.88 kg/(m .s)
0.093 m

W

G = 0.205 G1
0.8
G = 0.2815 G10.8

1 in

2.54 cm
=
1 in

W
2.54 cm

W
D = 0.393 D1
0.2
D = 0.8299 D10.2

W
Btu
1 kcal
1 ft2
9/5 oF
h.ft2.oF 3.97 Btu 0.093 m2 1oC

= 4.875 kcal/(h.m2.oC)

W
h= 0.205 h1
W (1-2)
0.204 h1 = 17 Cp1(0.2815)G10.8/(0.8299 D10.2)

1
0.8
0.2
h1 = 28.27 Cp G1 /D1
--

KEH2OFENaClF20EsolutionF
kg NaCl/kg H2O K

50% EF.

25K

W 100 kg K
xW

yW

(x)/(x+y) = 0.20 W

W
x = (0.20/0.80)y = 0.25 y
x/y = 0.25 kg NaCl/kg H2O
K

80 kgZ

40 kg = 0.580 kg - 80 kgZ50%

60 kgZ20 kg NaClH40 kg H2OZ50%

33%= 100 (60 kg/20 kg) Z

K

20 kg H2OZ0.25 80 kg H2OZ25 %

K75 %ZK

K600 kgZ80%

--

K

K

Km

0.75 mZW
0.80 0.75 mW

600 kgZ0.20 0.75 mW

m = 600/(0.20 0.75) = 4000 kg

2400 kgZ4000 0.80 0.75 W

1000 kgZ0.25 m W

1600 kgZ4000 - 2400 W

62.5% = 100 (1600\1000) W

K5%4%(NaCl)

m2 m1
0.04 m1W

--

0.05 m2W

0.04 m1 = 0.05 m2W

W
(m1 - m2)/m1 = 1 - m2/m1= 0.2 = 20 %
W

(m1 - m2)/0.96m1 = 1.041(1 - m2/m1F= 0.2083 = 20.83 %

W J
(m1 - m2)/ m1 = (1 - m2/m1) = 0.20 = 20 %

J

100L10F

K2%E
=

90.91 kg = 1000 (110\10) W m1

909.1 kg = 1000 (110\100) W m2

18.18 kg = 0.02 909.1 W m3

72.72 kg = 18. 18 - 90.91 W

m4

72.72 kg/hW
J

(D = 1 in)ERe = Du/F J

60 Fu = 4 ft/s
K

= 1.1 cp , = 0.998 kg/m3W

KS.Ifps

--

1 in

1 ft
12 in

0.0833 ft

4 ft
s

0.998 g
cm3

3600
1 hr

1 lb
454 g

1.1 cp

14400 ft/h

(30.48 cm)
ft3

62.30 lb/ft3

2.42 lb/(ft. h)
1 cp

= 2.66 lb/(ft.h)

0.0833 ft
2.66 lb/(ft.h)

14400 ft
h

62.30 lb
ft3

= 28100
S.I J

1 in

0.0254
1 in
--

0.0833 ft

4 ft
s

0.998 g
cm3

1.1 cp

1 kg
1000 g

0.3048
=
1 ft

106 cm3
1 m3

1.22 m/s

= 998 kg/m3

0.1 N.s/m2
= 1.1 10-3 N.s/m2
100 cp

0.0254 m
1.22 m 998 kg
= 28100
-3
2
1.1 10 N.s/m
s
m3

--

K0.35 in 30 in

ft/s

kg/m2

m/s2

gal/min
kg/(m2.s)
lb mole H2O

lb/ft2
K

lb

50 mi/hr K

7 cm/hr2 K

1 L/hr
10 lb/(ft2.min)

30 lb/in2 K

59 g H2O K
14.7 psi K

100 C K
70 kg K

60 U.S
L
K3.355 in2gal/min

WColburn J
(h/Cp.G) (Cp /k)2/3 = 0.023/( D.G/ )0.2
W
Btu/(lb F) : Cp

lb/(h.ft) :

Btu/(h. ft. F) :k
ft :D

lb/(h.ft2) :G

--

W J
1.98721 ft3 = 28.317 L K
1 m3 = 35.313 ft3 K

2
-5
2

1 g cm/s (dyn) = 7.2330 10 lbm.ft/s K

1lbf = 4.448 N K

2
-6
1 g cm/s (dyn) = 2.2481 10 lbf K
1 psia = 1 lbf/in2 K
1 lbf/ft2 = 4.7880 102 dyn/cm2 = 47.88 N/m2 K
1 mm Hg (0 C) =1.33.224 102 N/m2 = 0.1333224 kPa K
1 hp = 550 ft.lb/s K
1 hp = 0.7068 Btu/s K
1 J/s = 1 W K

1 J = 1 N.m = 1 kg.m/s2 K
1 ft.lbf = 1.35582 J K

1 ft.lbf/lbm = 2.9890 J/kgK

1 Btu/(h.ft. F) = 4.1365 10-3 cal/(s.cm. C)K

1 Btu/(h.ft. F) = 1.73073 W/( m. K) K

-4
2
1 Btu/(h.ft. F) = 1.3571 10 cal/(s.cm . C) K

2
2
1 kcal/(h.m . F) = 0.2048 Btu/(h.ft . F) K
1cp = 10-3 Pa.s = 10-3 kg/(m.s) = 10-3 N.s/m2 K
1 cp = 2.0886 10-5 lbf.s/ft21 cm2/s = 3.875 ft2/h K

2
2
1 cm /s = 10 4 m /s K

1 m2/h = 10.764 ft2/h K

2
3
2
1g/(s.cm ) = 7.3734 10 lbm/(h.ft ) K
1 g mol/(s.cm2) = 7.3734 103 lb mol/(h.ft2) K
1 Btu/(h.ft2) = 3.1546 W/m2 K
1 cal/h = 1.1622 10-3 W K
1 Btu/(lbm. F) = 4.1868 kJ/(kg.K) K
1 ft.lbf/lbm = 2.9890 J/kg K

1 cal/(g. C) = 4.1868 kJ/(kg.K) K

1 kcal/(g.mol) = 4.1840 103 kJ/(kgmol) K

-2
1 cm/s = 10 m/s K

-5
1 ft/h = 8.4668 10 m/s K

--

K J

(atm)EkN/m2F(in H2O)400 mm Hg

K51 psi (CO2) J

28 in Hg

W5 in H2O J
mm H2O J
Pa
Ka
730 mm HgW

25.4 in Hg J
14.7 psia

3 ft8 mmcm3 J

W13.6 g/cm3 J

lb/ft3 J

kg/m3 J

0oC0.1 L1.2 g/cm3 J

K25 g

(%) J

1 ft3lb J

(%) J

.22 F J
K, C

W100 F0 F J
K, R J

K, R J

K100 FK, R J
--

W J

T(F) = 2[ T(C) + 0.1 (160 J(C))] J

T(F) = [2 T(C) - 0.1 ( 2 T(C))] + 32 J

lbf/in2 60 F 5 mil J
K1.04260 F

--

F J
E

K J

KW

KW

KW

W

- -

DensityEF

m
V

(2 1)

kg/m3 , g/cm3 , 1bm/ft3

WE4CF

1000 kg/m3
1.0 g/cm3
62.4 1bm/ft3

(SI)

KW K

KW K

KW K

Specific Gravity (S.G)

EAF EF

KEreferenceF

S .G . =

(2 2)

ref

(S.G.)
KK

- -

J
1.57

S.G. =

A
H O
2

A = S. G. H O
2

kg
kg
)
1570
=
m3
m3
g
g
A =1.57 (1
) =1.57 3
3
cm
cm
lb
lb
A =1.57 (62.4 m3 ) = 97.9 m3
ft
ft

A =1.57 (1000

Specific Volume (S.V.)

W(S.V. = 1/)
ft3/1bm, cm3/g, m3/kg
J
K J

- -

m3
S.V. =
= 6.369 10
kg
kg
1570 3
m
1
cm 3
S.V. =
= 0.6369
kg
g
1.570 3
m
1
ft 3
S.V. =
= 0.0102
lb m
lb m
97.9 3
ft
1

(y B(x kg)ABA

(MB kg/mol) (MA kg/mol)B A

Kkg)
BAKK(V m3)

K VB VA ,,
Weight (%)EF

A
EBHAF

(%)
A

KE
F
K

Volume (%)EF

W
- -

A
EBHAF

(%)
A

K
K
K

W
(2-3)

VA + VB + . = V

KK

K
J

20oC0.56 ft3215 kg
W

V (T) = V0 (1+ 0.18182103 T + 0.0078106 T 2 )

(2 - 4)

.100 oC K

- -

0.25 in K
K100 oC20oC

(2-4) K
V (100o C) = V0 (1+ 0.18182103 (100) + 0.0078106 (100)2 )

- -

(2 - 5)

V (20o C) = 0.560 ft3 = V0 (1+ 0.18182103 (20) + 0.0078106 (20)2 )

(2 - 6)

2-6V0
V (100o C) = 0.568 ft3

(2 - 7)

W K
2
V = D H

(2 8)

KWD
o
o
H (100o C) H (20o C) = V (100 C) V (20 C)

D = (0.25/12) ft
= 23.5 ft

D2
4

KWH
(2 - 9)

Mass and Mole Fractions

K(streams)

(mole fraction, yi)(mass fraction, xi)

E

lbm A
lbm total

F E

Kg A
Kg total

A
EF

A
(xA)

- -

lb mol A
lb mol total

F E

kmol A
kmol total

A
EF

A
(yA)

yAxA

KEF

Mass and Volumetric Flow Rate

(volumetric flow rate) (mass flow rate)

m (kg/h )
V (kg/h )

(m)

(V)

(m)
(V)

Z ()

K(Orifice meter)(Rotameter)

- -

()

()

EF

EFW J
J

20%(xA = 0.15)A15%

WK(yB = 0.20)B

K175 kg A K

K53 lbm/hA K

K1000 mol/minB K

K25 kmol B/sB K

KA300 lbm K

175 kg

0.15 kg A
kg
- -

K
Z

26 kg A

K
53 lbm
h

0.15 lbm A
lbm

8.0 lbm A
h
K

1000 mol
min

0.2 mol B
mol

200 mol B
min
K

28 kmol B
s

1 kmol
0.20 kmol B

140 kmol
s
K

300 lbm A

1lbm
0.15 lbm A

Z 2000 lbm

KK 79% 21%
K21% 21%
.0.21

J
5.00kg 5.00kg

KK(NaOH)

- -

xBxA

KyByA
W

5 kg A
xA =
= 0.5
(5 kg A + 5 kg B)
5 kg B
x =
= 0.5
B (5 kg A + 5 kg B)

L18ZE161H1 2FZ(H2O)

L40ZE11H161H23 1FZ(NaOH)

0.278 mol

0.125 mol

Z
Z

0.699 mol A
Z
total mol
0.311mol A
total mol

5 kg
18 kg/mol
5 kg
40 kg/mol
0.278 mol
0.403 total mol
0.125 mol
0.403 total mol

(yA)

(yB)

K1.0
1Z0.311H0.699

K1.0

1Z0.5H0.5

- -

(xA)
K0.333

yBW
mA
mB

mT

xA

yBZE0.333 J1FZ0.667

mAZ(32 kg/mol) 0.333Z10.66kg

mBZ(2 kg/mol) 0.667Z1.33kg

mTZ10.56 + 1.33 Z11.99kg

xA Z10.66/11.99 Z 0.889 kg

(Concentration)

WK

g/cm3, kg/L3,

lbm/ft3

(gal)(ft3)(L)

WK(m3)
KL

KL
KL

KL

KL
- -

KL

KK

(parts per

ppmKmillionppm)
K

W
KELF J(Molarity)

KELF J(Normality)

KE1000LF J(Molality)

- -

230 kg/m3(NaCl)

W 1148 kg/m3 20C

K K
K K

K K
K K

1 m3W

:m1W

(NaCl):m2
:m3

(NaCl):n2
:n3

NaCl: Mw
1148 kg Z

(1148 kg/m3) (1 m3) Z V Z (m1)

- -

m2 = 230 kg
3.93kmol Z

230 kg
58.5 kg/kmol
Z

918 kg

W
Z

m2
Mw

230 1148 Z

NaCl
(n2)

(m3)

51 kmol

918 kg
Z
18.0 kg/kmol

(n3)

54.93 kmol

Z 3.93 + 51.0 Z

K

20%

230 kg NaCl
1148 kg

Z 100

NaCl

80%

918 kg H2O
1148 kg

Z 100

998 kg/m320 C
0.920 m3

918 kg
Z
998 kg /m3
- -

92 %

Z 1 m3 0.920 m3 Z

K
92.84 % Z 100

7.16%

Z 100

51 kmol H2O
54.93 total mole
3.93 kmol NaCl
54.93 total mole

Z

Z

NaCl

4.28 kmol NaCl

1000 kg H2O

1000 kg H2O
918 kg H2O

3.93 kmol NaCl Z

30 %(Specific Gravity, S.G)60 F

K1.22EH2SO4F
lb mole/U.S gal

lb/ft3

g/L K
W

70 lbH2SO430 lb30 % 100 lbK

KH2O

- -

Z EF

= 2

1 lb
lbmol

H2SO4

()

32 lb
lbmol

+ ( 4

16 lb
lbmol

F =

98 lb
lbmol

30 lb

98 lb

lbmol

0.306 lbmol

62.4 lb/ft3Z4oC()
W

=
(S.G)

4oC

- -

o
(4 CF
(S.G)

62.4 lb/ft3 = 76.128 lb/ft3

1.22

76.128 lb/ft

100 lb solution

7.481 gal
1 ft3

= 9.83 gal
W

EF =

0.306 lbmol
9.83 gal

0.031 lbmol/gal

0.03113 lbmol
H2SO4
gal

22.84 lb H2SO4
1 ft3

98.08 lb H2SO4 7.481 gal

1 lb mol H2SO4

454 g
1 lb

1 ft3

1 ft3
Z
28.32 L
- -

.
Z

22.84 lb
H2SO4/ft3
.

366.15 g H2SO4/L

(Temperature)
K

Thermocouple K
K

Thermister K
K

- -

Pyrometer K
K

K
CelsiusoFFahrenheit

KoC

212F 32F

KKelvin

WKoRRankine
T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15
T(oR) = T(oF) + 459.67
T(oR) = 1.8T(K)
T(oF) = 1.8T(oC) + 32
W
1.8 oC
1 oC

1.8 oR
1 K

- -

1 oF

1 oR

1 oC
1K

J
W100 C
K
K

F
K

K
R

T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15
T(oR) = 100 + 273.15 =
T(oR) = 373.15 K
T(oF) = 1.8T(oC) + 32
T(oF) = 1.8 (100oC) + 32 = 212
T(oF) = 212oF
T(oR) = 1.8T(K)
T(oR) = 1.8 (373.15K)
T(oR) = 671.67 R
(Pressure)
P = F/A

W(P)
(2-10)

WAtmospheric Pressure K
K

W Barometric Pressure
K
K

WAbsolute Pressure K
K(vacuum)

EFWGauge Pressure K
KEF

: J K
KEF
- -

W
N/m2, dynes/cm2, lbf/in2, psi, pascal, ft H2O, atm, bar, mmHg
Fluid Pressure Measurement
(Bourdon gauge) K

KC

K(gauge pressure)

Manometer K

manometer FU

KEfluid

- -

Open-end Manometer K

K(atmospheric pressure)

W J
Seal-end Manometer K

K(vacuum)

Differential Manometer K

W J
KEF

K
E JF
K

K(Vacuum)

- -

Hydrostatic F

Ebalance
K

( Vacuum )

EF+=
Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patm
(2-11)

F
KE

K
- -

KK
760 mmHg14.696 psi
E F

10C
K

K
P1 + 1gd1 = P2 + 2gd2 + fgh
(2-12)
21

W J

1 = 2 = f

(2-13)

P1 - P 2 = ( f - ) gh

(2-14)

gd1000-100
W

P1 - P 2 = f gh

P1 - P 2 = h

(2-15)

W
(2-16)

J

(S.G.)K

K1.05

K21K
- -

h = (382- 374 ) mm = 8 mm
P1 - P 2 = ( f - ) gh
= (1.05 1.00) 980 0.8
= 39.2 dynes /cm2
J

inHg-2 in
K30 inHg

P1 - Patm = -2 inHg
= Patm + Pgaug
P1

= 30 - 2 = 28 inHg

- -

W K

25 1bm1bf
25 Nkg

10 tondyne
2 m15 m50 mK
1bf58 1bm/ft3

13.5461bm/ft3K
215 kg ft320 C
K

K
W
O2 = 16 %

CO = 4.0 %
CO2 = 17 %
N2 = 63 %
K

W K

R85 F

K 40 C

C 85 F

F-10 0C

- -

WK K

BAP1 - P2

h2h1C

C BA
h1121 kPaP21.37

kPaP124 cmh2 30 cm

- -

756 mmHg

. bammHg

- -

W
J

J
K

K

W

- -

(Mass Balances)

W .(System)EF

(Product or E F(Feed or input)

F(Accumulation)EFoutput)
E F(System boundaries)E
K J

(Recycle)

(Input)

(Splitting point)

(Mixing point)

(Output)

System Boundaries

(System)

W J

(Splitting point)

(System)

W J

- -

(flowchart)

K J

(Design)

AK(Optimizing)
KBA 1000 g 500 g

(Stack gases) J(S) 2000 kg

K2000 kg

KE
W

K J

K J(Isolated System) J J

- -

W
W(Batch Process)

(Feed)

K J(Product)

K
K

KEFEFW J

KEFEFW J

W(Continuous Process)

KK J

- -

KWW J
W(Semibatch)

EFW J

KEF

EFW J

KEF

- -

KEFEFW J

W(Steady-state)

E
F

W(Transient)

(Unsteady-state)E
K(Start-up)

(The General Balance Equation)

(System)

(Chemical Reactor)m1(lbm/min)A

m2
m1 m2(lbm/min)

Wm2 m1
K K
.m2m1 K

K A K
KA K

m1 (lbm/min)

m2 (lbm/min)

- -

J
Z
(1)

W(1)(Steady-state)
(2)

K(1)
W J

(50,000)

(22,000)(57,000)
K (19,000)
W

KA
(3)

50,000
+
(A/yr)

22,000
(A/yr)

75,000 J
(A/yr)

X
19,000 Z
(A/yr)
(A/yr)
W
X = -22,000 A/yr

K22,000

- -

W
W

K
K

F K
(Output)(Input)(Stream)E
K(Recycle)

K(Basis) K

(Unit) EBoundariesF K

(Splitting point)(Mixing point)

K(Overall process)

K K

(Independent equations)

K(Unknowns)

W J

(P)41% (B)35%

K(Distillation column)(stream)K(H)

84% J1375 kg/h J

92% .(H)(P)11% (B)

- -

K J(flowchart)

J
W J

W
NaCl= 20 %, NaBr= 0.5%, MgCl2= 2%, H2O= 77.5 %.
NaCl50 %
W
100 kgK

KNaCl J

KMgCl2 J

KNaBr J

- -

KH2O J

KENaClF J

K J

H2O

NaCl=20%
NaBr=0.5%
MgCl2=2%
H2O=77.5%

NaCl = 30%

kg

K JKW J

20 kgZ100 0.20 WNaCl K

10 kg Z0.5020 WNaCl

10 kgZ20 - 10 WNaCl

20 kgZ10 + 10 WNaClW

30 kgZ100 0.30 W

2 kgZ100 0.02 WMgCl2 K

0.5 kgZ100 0.005 WNaBr K

17.5 kgZ (10+2+0.5) -30

WH2O K

100 kgZ60 + 10 + 30 WEHNaClHFK

60 kg = 77.5 - 17.5WK

77.4 %= 100 (60/77.5) W

WK
NaCl = 10 kg
MgCl2 = 2 kg
NaBr = 0.5 Kg
- -

W J

KETF50%EBF 50% (1000 kg/h)

450 kg/h

(steady-state)475 kg/h

500 kg B/h
500 kg T/h

450 kg B/h
m1 (kg T/h)

Distillation column

475 kg T/h
m2 (kg B/h)

K JW J

(output)Z(input)

WK
500 kg B/h=450 kg B/h + m2
m2=50 kg B/h
WK
500 kg T/h = m1 +475 kg T/h
m1=25 kg T/h

1000 kg/h = (450 + m1 + m2 + 475 kg/h)

1000 kg/h=1000 kg/h
W J

kg

- -

35% EtOH
65% H2O

m1

m4

m3

85% EtOH
15% H2O

m2

5% EtOH
95% H2O

K JW J

K
m1 = 100 kg/hWEfeedF W

100 = m2 + m3

0.35 100 = 0.85 m3 + 0.05 m2WEtOH K

0.65 100 = 0.15 m3 + 0.95 m2WH2O K

WEFEFm3m2

W
m3 =37.5 kg/h
m2 = 62.5 kg/h
m3/m1 = 0.375 kg/kg feed
m2/m1 = 0.625 kg/kg feed
m3/m2 = 0.60

W J

K (T) 50 %(B)50 %

(B)95% (the overhead product)

K(T)96%(the bottom product)

- -

15000 lbm/h

12000 lbm/h
.

12000 lbm/h

15000 lbm/h
50% B
50% T

m1

m2

m3

95% B
5% T

m4

4% B
96% T

K JW J

15000 lbm/h

m4 , m3, m2W

W
W K
m1 = m3 + m4
WEF K
m1 + m2 = 12000 + m4
m4- m2 = 3000
WEF K

3900 lbm/hZ 0.95 m2 - 0.05 m4 = (0.95 12000) lbm/h (0.5 15000) lbm/h

m4 = 7263.2 lbm/h
m2 = 4263.2 lbm/h
m3 = 7736.8 lbm/h
m2/m3 = 0.55

- -

W J

KEm2, m3, m4, m5)

H2O

(A)

m2
15000 kg/h
20% KNO3

50%KNO3

m5
0.6 lb KNO3/lb

m3

(B)

m4
4% H2O +

K JW J
W

0.6 l(m5)

(1.6 lb Flb b KNO3

WKNO3

0.6
= xKNO3
1.6

1
= xH 2 O
0.625 =
1 .6
Wm4 m2
0.375 =

EA) K
(1)
15000 = m4 + m2
WKNO3 K
(2)
0.2 15000 = 0.96 m4

- -

W(2)(1)

3125 lb/hZm4W

11875 lb/hZm2

W(B)m3
m3 = m4 + m5
(3)
WKNO3
(4)
0.5 m3 = 0.96 m4 + 0.375 m5
W(4)(3)
m3 = 4768 lb/hW
m5 = 1643 lb/h

W J

(i-C5H12)

KK(n-C5H12)

i-C5H12 100%

m6

m2

m4 n-C5H12 100%

m1
80% n-C5H12
20% i-C5H12

m3

K JW J

- -

m5

90% n-C5H12
10% i-C5H12

m1=100 kg/h

WEF
(5)
100 kg/h = m5 + m6
Wn-C5H12
(6)
0.8 (100 kg/h) = 0.9 (m5)
W
m5 = 89 kg/h
m6 = 11 kg/h
WEF
m2Zm4 + 11 kg/h

(7)

Wn-C5 H12
0.8 (m2) = m4
W
m2 = 55 kg/h
m3 = 45 kg/h
m4 = 44 kg/h

(8)

W J

H2SO4(H2SO4)60 %

K96 % 28 %

m1
28% H2SO4

mixer

m3
50% H2SO4

m2
96% H2SO4

K JW J
28% H2SO4 100 g/minW
- -

W m3m2W

WEF
K
100 = m2 + m3
W
K
(0.72 100)g/min + 0.04 (m2) = 0.50 (m3)

(9)
(10)

W(10)(9)
m2 = 47.83 g/min
m3 = 147.83 g/min

W J

5.5 %

K8% 1000 lb
W

5.5%
m1 (lbm)

m2 (lbm)

8%
1000 lbm

K JW J
K 8%1000 lb W

Km2m1

WEF K
m1 + m2 = 1000 lbm

(11)
- -

W K
0.945 (m1) = 0.92 1000 lbm
W(12)(11)
m1= 973.5 lbm
m2 = 26.5 lbm

(12)

W J

Km2m1

m1 (g)

0.62%

5%
m2 (g)

K JW J
K100 g/s

(m1, m2)

WK
m1 + m2 = 100 g/s
WK
0.05 m2 + 0 m1 = (0.62 g/s)
W(14)(13)
m1 = 87.6 g/s
m2 =12.4 g/s

(13)
(14)

- -

W J

90 C Ba(NO3)21200 lb
8.6 g/1000g 20 C

KH 2 O

20 90 CBa(NO3)2

20 90 CBa(NO3)2

20 90 CBa(NO3)2

90 C10 %C

5 %C
5 %

Ba(NO3)21200 lb

K Ba(NO3)2

Elb/100 lb H2OF
ECF
30.6
90
8.6
20
W1200 lb
K
(15)
100 (1200/30.6) = 3921.6 lb H2O
W20 C3921.57 lb
(16)
8.6 (3921.6/100) = 337.21 lb
W
(17)
1200 - 337.21 = 862.75 lb
K90 C110 % K
(18)
1.1 3921.6 = 4313.73 lb
W20 C4313.73 lb
(19)
8.6 (4313.73/100) = 371 lb
W
(20)
1200 - 371 = 829 lb
- -

W K
0.05 862.74 = 44 lb
W
3921.6 1.05 + 44 = 4161 lb
(Recycle)

(21)

(22)

WE
A B
AA

AK
KA(recycle)

W
(Recovery of catalyst) K

(Dilution of a process stream) K

-(Filter)

(a suspension of solid in a liquid)

K
K(filtrate)

(Control of a process variable) K

- -

Recycle

Reactor

Separation

W J

20 mole% (C2H4O) 80 mole%

WE JF
1
O 2 C2 H 4O 2
2

5
C 2 H 4 O + O 2 2 CO 2 + 2 H 2
2
C2 H 4O +

(23)
(24)

K (C2H4O)

K40%
(multiple-unit separation process)

84%W

(CO2)
W K
K(flowchart)(label)
K

- -

K JW J
W

WE JF K

K JW J
KW K

F K
WE JFE

- -

K JW J
2n1 = n6 + 2n5

(25)

n1 + n9 = 0.8100

(26)

2 0.8100 = 2n4 + 2n5 + n6

(27)

n4 = n8 + n9

(28)

n1 + 2 n2 = 2 n5 + n7 + 2 n6 + n8

(29)

100 (0.8 + 0.2 2) = n4 + 2 n5 + 2 n6 + n7

(30)

4 0.8100 = 4 n4 + 4 n5 + 2 n7

(31)

n9 = 0.84 n4

(32)

n4 = 0.8100 (1 0.4)

(33)

4 n1 = 4 n5 + 2 n7 + 4 n8

(34)

n2 = 0.2 n5 100

(35)

W J
n1 = 39.68 mol
n5 = 30 mol
n6 = 4 mol
n7 = 4 mol
n8 = 7.68 mol
n9 = 40.32 mol
n2 = 20 mol
n4 = 48 mol

- -

W J

K JW J
B J

D J

1500 lb/h

(36)
(37)

WDB
B + D = 1500 lb/h
-4
0.0525 B + 510 D = 0.0311500 lb/h

W (37)(36)
B = 888 lb

- -

(38)
(39)

D = 612 lb
WRC
1500 + R = C
0.0311500 + 0.0525 R = 0.04 C
C = 2580 lb J

R = 1080 lb
J

KRP






K JW J

H2 O

KCl

0.87
0.616
0.688

0.03
0.216
0.123

NaCl
0.10
0.168
0.189

F
P
R

100 kg/hWW
W

W J
0.87 100 = 87 kg/h = W
J
0.10 100 = 10 kg/h = N
- -

W J
0.030 100 = 3 kg/h = K
WRP
W J
P=R+K=R+3
W J
(0.168) P = (0.189) R
W
P = 27 kg/h
R = 24 Kg/h

W J

W J

E110 FF J

E60FF J

K J

n2
n1
110 oF
Pw = 1.275
psia

n4

Condenser

n5

n3

60 oF
Pw =
0.2565 psia

K JW J
EpsiaF

EFF

1.2748

60

0.256

110

14.7 psiaW
- -

100 moleW

K J

J
K

J
1.2748 mole H2O
(14.7- 1.2748) mole
dry air
= 0.059 lb H2O/lb dry air

18 lb H2O mole dry air

mole H2O

29 lb dry air

J
0.2563 mole H2O
(14.7- 0.2563) mole
dry air
= 0.011 lb H2O/ lb dry air

18 lb H2O mole dry air

mole H2O

29 lb dry air

E mole H2OLmole dry airFyn J

W J
n1(1 - y1) = n3(1 - y3)
W
n3 = 96.7 mole air
W
n1 = 100 mole
y1 = 0.059 mole H2O/ mole dry air
y3 = 0.02 mole H2O/ mole dry air
EF J
n3 = n5 + n2
- -

n3y3 = n5 y5+ n2y2

W
y2 = y1 = 0.059 mole H2O/ mole dry air
y3 = 0.02 mole H2O/ mole dry air
y5 = 0.011 mole H2O/ mole dry air
W
n2 = 18.3 mole air
n5 = 78.4 mole air
n2/n1 = 0.183

- -

??

2- David M. Himmelblau, "Basic Principles and Calculation in Chemical

Engineering",, 6th Edt. Printice Hall International Series, 1995, USA
3- Nicholas P. Chopey, "Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations",
2nd Edt., 1994, McGraw-Hill International Editions, USA
4- Olaf. A. Hougen, Kenneth M.Warson and Roland A. Ragatz, chemical
Process Principles, Material and Energy Balances, 1968, Wiley & Sons,
USA
5- Reid R.C, Prausnitz J.M, Sherwood T.K, The Properties of Gases and
Liquids, 4th Edt. , McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1997, USA
6- Perry R.H, Chilton C.H, Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th Edt.,
McGraw-Hill International Editions,1998, USA
7- Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Elementary Principles of
Chemical Processes, 3rd Edt., J. Wiley & Sons, 2000, USA
8- Glyn J. Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, 2nd Edt. AddisonWesley, 1999, USA

- -

........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................. DensityEF
..................................................................................................................
.............................................................................. (Mass Balances)
...................................................................... :-
........................................................................ :-
......................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................

- -