W

W
K

? ? ? ?

EFEF

F J J

KEFE

KE

KE F

W
E F

EF

K
K

K
K

W
EF

KEF

kgFmassdistancetimeW

EN

K
temperature

FKkgmsSI

KmolAc EoC
K

kg

mol

EFarea

volumem2
velocity KEFm3

FNforce m2 acceleration m
s

E kg m2
s

FJE Fenergy
E FE kg 2m N m
2

KE kg 3m J FW power
2

m2

m3

m/s

m/s2

KEF

EWJNF
K

EFwork

cm2 50m10
s

Z
W = F L
Z

m2 0.5Z
s

m10Z

F = ma
kg250Z1000 kg 0.25ZZ

m 1
cm2 50Z cm 100 cm2 50Z cm2 50Z
cm 100
m
s
s
s

F = ma

= 250 kg 0.5

m
s2

= 125 N
W = F L
= 125 N 10 m
= 1250 J

--

KE

E1F

--

F F/A

W


W
P2 - P1 = g (z1 z 2 )

(N/m2) 2P2
(N/m2) 1 P1
(kg/m3F

9.8 m/s2 g

(m)1 z1
(m)2z2

--

EFK
K

PaN/m2

76cm EF3m H2O

EFHg

mg
g
P = c
A

Vm = V X

h V = A X h

P=

hX Xg
gc

--

101.3 kPa

absolute

= Pgauge+ Patm

PatmPgaugePabsolute

C
E2F

EFK

K7000atm

P
P

W

--

U
F

E3F

EFa, bW
P1 +

f g d1
gc

= P2 +

f g d 2
gc

m g h
gc

- - - (1)

EFfm d1= d2 +h
(1)

P1 P2 =

(m - f ) g h
( 2)
gc

--

(2)(1)F(2)
(2)f << m
P1 P2 =

mg h
gc

(3)

E4F

(2)P2 = PatmK
(m - f ) g h
( 4)
gc
gh
= m
(5) m << f
gc

P1 Patm =
P1 Patm

--

E5F

(3)P2 = 0KE

(m - f ) g h
(6)
gc
gh
P1 = m
(7) m << f
gc

P1 =

EF

W
--

h
L

= sin L hh

h =L sin

--

E1F

EF

(1)

917 kg/m33.66m
0.61m3.05m

W101.3 kPa

3.05m (1)

(2)

Patm

P2

- -

K
( z1= 0 )
Patm P1 =

g
(z1 z atm )
gc

zatm=3.05mPatm=101.3X103Pa, =917 kg/m3, g=9.8m/s2,gc=1kgm/Ns2

P1 = 101.3 X103 + 917X 9.8X3.05 = 1.29 X105 Pa
(1) K

P1 =1.29 X105 Pa , =1000 kg/m3, z1 = 0.61m, z2 =0

P2 = 1.29X 105 +0.61X 1000X 9.8 = 1.347X105 Pa

- -

(2)
28.76 in

28.76 in

gh

gc
Hg=13600 kg/m3, h= 28.67 (in )X(2.54/100) m

P =

P = 13600 X.9.8 X(28.67X2.54/100) = 97125 Pa

(3)
1250 ft

=1000kg/m3, h= 1250 (ft) X0.3 m

- -

P= 1000X 9.8X 1250X0.3=367500 Pa

(4)

3 0 psig

30 psig
W

P2 = 30 (psig)X(101.3X103/14.7) Pa + Patm

g
(z atm z 2 )
gc
= 1000 kg/m3, h = zatm z2

P2 Patm =

h = 30 (psig)X(101.3X103/14.7)/ (1000X9.8)= 20.67m

(5)

mmHg763mmHg

- -

P1= Patm
gh
Patm = m
gc
3
Patm = 763 (mm Hg) X 101.3 X 10 /760 Pa, h = 6.57m

m = (763 X 101.3 X 103)/(760 X 9.8 X 6.75) = 1579.5 kg/m3

( m - f ) g h
gc
3
3
m = 1579.5 kg/m , f = 1000 kg/m , h = 0.21m

Pa - Pb =

Pa Pb = (1579.5- 1000) X 9.8 X 0.21= 1192.6 Pa

- -

F
F

F
A =
A

yv

- -

Pa.s

gm/cm.sdyn.s/cm2poisekg/(m.sF

1000 kPa

E1F

- -

KE7 F

EReFEF
Re =

vD

- -

D V

Re > 4000 Re < 2100

(b)(a)W

v = v(x, y, z, t)
= (x, y, z, t)
P = P(x, y, z, t)

- -

v = v(y)

= (x)
P = P(x)

y x

K
W

EF

K
K

- -

(8)( 2)(1)

(2)Z(1)

m& 1 = m& 2

(kg/s) m&
W

V& 1 1 = V& 2 2

- -

(m3/s) V&
W

v1 A1 1 = v 2 A 2 2

(1) v1

(1)A1

(2) v2

(2)A2

(1FW

(2)z(J/kg)g z

(3)(J/kg)v2/2v

1/ P(J/kg)P/

(2)(1)
W

P1 1 2
P 1
+ v1 + g z1 = 2 + v 22 + g z 2
2
2

E9 F

P1A1v1
P2A2

(2)(1)KP1-P2
- -

v1 A 1 = v 2 A 2

v1 A
A 2

W

(2)(1)

z =z2

P1 1 2 P2 1 2
+ v1 = + v 2
2
2

v2
P1 1 2 P2 1 v12 A12
+ v1 = +
2
2 A 22

P1 - P2 =

v1 =

v12 [A12 /A 22 - 1]
2

P1 - P2
2
[(A1 /A 2 ) 2 - 1]

v2 =

P1 - P2
2
[1 - (A1 /A 2 ) 2

V& = v1 A1 = v 2 A 2
- -

=1 =0.5

P1
P
1 2
1 2
+
v1 + g z 1 + w p = 2 +
v2 + g z2 + hf
2
2

(wp)

(hf)

v E10FDL

- -

v
D

w
L

W

W(hs)
4f v 2 L
h s (J/kg) =
2D

K f

(2)
K

W

f =

16
Re

E/DF

E11F
K

- -

E12

W

W(h D)
v2
h D (J/kg) = K
2

E3FK

EF
- -

P
= hs

P
P

W J
P=

32 L v
D2

J K

1.7-2n

n
P
P
v
v
L
L

W
P
= hs + hD

- -

(13)

- -

W
W

KE14F

W

- -

KE15F

E16F

(2)(1)

K(4)(3)

W
- -

K
(zs)

- -

(2)
(1)
0.605 kg/s2.12 cp1030 kg/m3

W63.5mm

(a)
2100(b)
W
Re =

vD

(a)

= 1030 kg/m3 , =2.12X10-3 Pa.s , D = 0.0635 m, v = ??

& =vA
m

A=

D 2
& = 0.605 kg/s
= 3.17 10 3 m 2 , m
4

v=

Re =

0.605
= 0.185 m/s
3
1030 3.17 10

1030 0.185 0.0635

= 5707.5 > 4000
2.12 10 3

1030 v 0.0635
(b)
2.12 10 3
2100 2.12 10 -3
v=
= 0.068 m/s
1030 0.0635

Re = 2100 =

- -

(2)
829 kg/m3

(3)(2)(1)1.388 X10-3 m3/s

(3)(2)(1)

(3)(2)(1)

EaF

EbF

(1) m& 1 = V& V& = 1.388 10 -3 m 3 / s Ka

V& = 1.388 10 -3 m 3 / s , = 892kg /m3

& 1 = 1.238 kg / s
m

(2)(1)

(3)

(2)

& 1 1.238
m
=
= 0.619 kg / s
2
2
Kb

m& 3 =

D12
2.54
), A1 =
= 2.027 10 3 m 2
100
4
D 22
2.54
= 4.56 10 3 m 2
), A 2 =
D 2 = (3
4
100
D 32
2.54
D 3 = (1.5
), A 3 =
= 1.14 10 3 m 2
100
4
(1)

D1 = ( 2

- -

m& 1 = v1 A1
& 1
A1 m

v1 =

&1
m
1.238
=
= 0.685 m/s
A1 2.027 10 3 892

&2
m
1.238
=
= 0.304 m/s
A 2 4.56 10 3 892
&3
m
1.238
v3 =
=
= 1.218 m/s
A 3 1.14 10 3 892

v2 =

(3)
7cm19 m/s10 cm

15 cm10 m/s

EF
1

3
2

W
m& 3 = m& 1 + m& 2

v 3 A 3 = v1 A 1 + v 2 A 2
A1, A2, A3 v3

v 3 A 3 = v1 A 1 + v 2 A 2

D1= 0.1m, D2 = 0.07m, D3 = 0.15m

A1 =

D12
= 7.854 10 3 m 2
4
- -

D 22
A2 =
= 3.848 10 3 m 2
4

D 32
A 3 =
= 0.018 m 2
4
A1, A2, A3, v1 , v 2 , v 3

19 7.85 10 -3 + 10 3.848 10 -3
= 10.428 m/s
v 3 =
0.018

(4)
1.15

4.5m50 mm

2

4.75 m

D =50 mm

W
F

E(1)F
E(2)F

- -

P1 1 2
P 1
+ v1 + g z1 = 2 + v 22 + g z 2
2
2

P1 = Patm EF, v1 = 0 EF
P2 = Patm ,v2 = ?
z2 = 0, z1 = 4.57 m EF

v 2 = 2 g z1 = 2 9.8 4.57 = 9.46 m/s

(5)

KEF6.31X 10-3 m3/s

20 m

0.550.75

W0.001 Pa.s1000 kg/m3

Ea

Eb

Ec

Ed

Ee
Ef

Eg
Eh

65 % Ei
Ej

- -

20 m

EF
EF
Ea

D2
D = 4 X 2.54/100 m, A =
= 8.107 X 10-3 m2
4
&
V
6.31 10 3
v = =
= 0.778 m/s
A 8.107 10 3

Eb
D2
=2.027 X 10-3 m2
4
&
V 6.31 10 3
v = =
= 3.113 m/s
A 2.027 10 3

D = 2 X 2.54/100 m, A =

Ec
Re =

vD

= 1000 kg/m3, v = 0.778 m/s, D = 4 X 2.54/100, = 0.001 Pa.s

Re =
- -

1000 0.778 4 2.54

= 79044
0.001 100

(c Ed
Re =

vD

= 1000 kg/m , v = 3.113 m/s, D = 2 X 2.54/100, = 0.001 Pa.s

3

1000 3.113 2 2.54

= 158 140
0.001 100
Ee

Re =

4 f L v2
h s =
2D
Re =79044, , f = 0.0045 ( F
L = (20 ft/3.2808) = 6.096 m, v = 0.778 m/s , D = 4 X (2.54/100)

4 0.0045 6.096 (0.778) 2
hs =
= 0.327 J/Kg
2.54
2 4
100

Ef
Re = 158140, f = 0.0040, L = (125+10+34+50) ft /3.2808) = 66.752m,

v = 3.113 m/s D = 2 X (2.54/100)

4 0.0040 66.752 (3.113) 2
hs =
= 101.871 J/Kg
2.54
2 2
100
Eg

h D = ( K Elbow + K Contraction )

v2
2

KElbow= 0.75, KContraction = 0.55, v = 0.778 m/s

- -

(0.778) 2
h D = (0.75 + 0.55)
= 0.393 J/kg
2

Eh
h D = 2 K Elbow

v2
2

KElbow= 0.75, v = 0.778 m/s

h D = 0.75 (3.113)2 = 7.268 J/kg

= 0.65

&
WP m
Z Ei

m& = V& = 6.31 10 -3 1000 = 6.31 kg/s

(1) Wp
(2)

P1 1 v12
P 1 v 22
+
+ g z1 + WP = 2 +
+ g z2 + hf
2
2

P1 =P2 =Patm

v1 = v 2 = 0
z1 = 0, z2 = 20 mEF
hf = hs HhD = 0.327+101.871 + 0.393 +7.268 = 109.859 J/kg

=1EF

WP = 9.8 20 + 109.859 = 305.859 J/kg

& = 6.31 kg/s , =0.65
Wp, m

305.859 6.31
= 2969.486 W = 2.97kW
0.65
Ej

(2)(1)
- -

(2)(1)

P2 P1 = ?, WP = 302.2 J/kg, hf = 0, z1 = z2

WP =(P2 P1) / , P2 P1 = 302.2 J/kg

(1)W

(2)

- -

(1)

- -

(1)

o
K

o

K

- -

(2)

K



K



K



K



- -

(2)

o

K

o

K


o
K
o


K

o

- -

W


W
W

W


W

- -

ThermodynamicsW

K
:System
W Surroundings
WBoundaries
W

KEF

- -

KE2F

Kworking fluid

EFF
E

2 kg
1m3

2 kg
3m3

W
W
:Open Systems
(3 )

W
- -

:Properties of a System
KKmVTP

K(extensive and intensive properties)WK

V/m

3m31m3

Thermodynamic process

Path

:Reversible processes

WIrreversible processes
K

- -

F E F K

KE
K

KEFEF

W
K

- -

- -

(5)

W














- -

K K

K(6F

(+)
Q
(-)
(+)
W
(-)

W
- -

WdsF
S

W = F ds
0

KW

AVP

dVKP-dP

ds P

(7)

A
ds
P

V2

V1

Wb = F ds = PA ds = PdV

V1, V2 dV = A dsF = P A

dV(Wb )
- -

dV

K
W

Isobaric Process

P = constW
V2

Wb = PdV = P (V2 V1 )
V1

Joule(J)

()EFEFQ
Patm

- -

Isothermal Process

F
(9)K

P V = const W
F

W
W
P =

const
V

V
V
P
const
dV
= const ln 2 = const ln 1
Wb =
dV = const
V
V
V V
V1
P2
V2

Polytropic Process

W
- -

VPnP Vn = const

V1 - n - V1 - n P V P V
1
W = const 2
= 2 2 1 1
b
1- n
1- n

n =1n=0
K

Isochoric Process
(WbZ)dV=0

V=

Kconst
W

PP V = n R TWK
8.314J/mol KRnV

KTSI

- -

(20oC)
1atm

K(compressed liquid)

100oC

(saturated liquid)
(saturated vapor)

(superheated

K(10) T-VKvapor)
Superheated
vapor

T C

Saturated
Liquid mixture
100
20

Compressed
Liquid

W
- -

saturated steam tables

T( oc)EF

Psat ( kPa)
vf, vg (m3/kg)
Kuf, ug, hf, hg (kJ/kg)


superheated steam tables

- -

P < Psat at T

P = Psat at T

P = Psat at T

P = Psat at T

P > Psat at T

T > Tsaat P

T = Tsat at P

T = Tsat at P

T = Tsat at P

T< Tsat at P

v = vg at T or P

vf <v<vg at T or P

v = vf at T or P

v < vf at T or P

u = ug at T or P

uf <u <ug at T or P

u = uf at T or P

u < uf at T or P

h = hg at T or P

hf <h <hg at T or P

h = hf at T or P

h < h f at T or P

T, P

v > vg at T
or P
u > ug at T
or P
h > hg at T
or P

- -

v, (T or
P)
u, (T or
P)
h, (T or
P)

ZH
Z
Z

U = Q - W

K
K
W
H = U + PV
- -

h = u + Pv

dH = dU + d(PV)

dH = dU + P dV + V dP

V dP = 0

Wb dU = Q - Wb
= P dV

dH = Q
H = Q

h = q
EFq
P dV = 0
H = U + P V
h = u + P v

H = U
h = u

- -

WK
Cv .

q = u
Cv = du /dT

W K

CP = dh / dTQ = h

T2

u = C v (T) dT
T1

T2

h = C P (T) dT
T1

- -

Cp
KC p Cv = R

K
F

E
W

u 22 u 12

&
&
& h 2 h 1 +
Q-W=m
+ g (z 2 z1 )
2

u 22 u 12

q - w = h 2 h 1 +
+ g (z 2 z1 )
2

Q& =(J/s)
& =(J/s)EF
W

m& = (kg/s)
h = h2-h1= (J/kg)(h1)(h2)
u 22 u 12
k e =
= (J/kgF
2

pe = g (z 2 z1 ) (J/kg)
q =(J/kg)
w = (J/kg)
- -

E
F

KK

K(11)

K
- -

K
Qin

Wout

Win

Qout

Qin

KQout
()K

net work output

total heat input

net work output = Qin - Qout U = 0

=1-

Q out
Q in

- -

(3)

EF

FEF

(1)
PV1.4 =const

300K100kPa2kg
700K

W
K

20.804 kJ/ kmol K Cv K

K

- -

W
W
W
EnFn =1.4
Wb =

P2 V2 P1 V1 m R (T2 - T1 )
=
1- n
1 n

0.0714 k Z2/28ZLWm
mol
R = 8.314 kJ /mol K, T2 = 700 K, T1 = 300 K
Wb = -593.62 J

U K
T2

U = C v dT
T1

U = Cv (T2 T1)
Cv = 20.804 kJ/mol K

U = 20.804 (700 -300) = 8321.6 kJ/kmol X0.0714 kmol = 594.16 KJ

K

U = Q W , Q = U + W = 594.16 -593.62 = 0.54 kJ

- -

(2)
300oC500 kPa8 kg
K70%

K
K
K
K

FW
E70%

K
Wb = P (V2 V1)
V2V1
W

0.5226 m3/kg300oC 500 kPav1

V1 = 0.5226 m3 /kg X 8 kg = 4.18 m3
Wv2
v2 = (1-x) vf + x vg
Fvgvf
xKE

- -

x = vg= 0.3928 m3/kg vf =0.001091 m3/kg P = 0.4758 (~0.5 MPa)

v2= 0.12 m3/kg W0.3

V2 = 0.12 X 8 = 0.96 m3
Wb = 500 kPa X (0.96 4.18) = -1610 kJ

U=U2-U1 K

U1 V1
U1 = 2802.9 X 8 = 22423.2 kJ
U2V2
u2 = (1-x) uf + x ug = 0.7X 631.68 + 0.3 X 2559.5= 1216.3 kJ/kg
U2 = 1216.3 X8 = 9730.7 kJ
U = 9730.7 22423.2 = -12692 kJ

(3)
30kPa450oC8MPa25000 kg/hr
4MW

& -W
& =m
& (h 2 h 1 )
Q

E1F h2 h1

8MPa K

EF295oC
K

h1 = 3272.0 kJ/kg (P= 8MPa, 450oCF

h2 = hg = 2626.8 kJ/kg ( P = 30kPaF
- -

&
25000 kg/hr m& 4MW W

& =W
& +m
& (h 2 h 1 )
Q
& = 4 10 3 + 25000 (2626.8 - 3272) = -40805 kW
Q
360

- -

(3)

120oC101.3 kPa K

- -

(3)

120oC101.3 kPa K

- -

W

W

W


W


W
G

- -

EnergyHeat

KTemperature

EF

FEF
F E

KE

E F
K

K
K

EF Heat TransferK

EHeat ConductionF

Heat FEHeat ConvectionF

Heat ConductionKERadiation
Heat KE F

Heat RadiationKConvection

F J J
- -

KE
K

- -

EF

K K

K
K

15 oC

50 oC

15 oC

10 oC
50

oC

50 oC

Q
Q

J JW

- -

KE
F

THK

TLTH J Q JKTL

LK
EF

FkKA

TH

TL

F T

KAKE T = TH TL
- -

Kk

EF

Q = k A T

KJJouleEF Q

Q
K J
s

T Q

K k A
L

W
E k A F
o
L

kK
K

2 cmEFW

F40 oC10 oC0.5 m1 m

K Ek = 80

W
W
m C

W
T = TH TL

= 40 C 10 C
= (40 10) C
= 30 C

- -

L = 2 cm =

2 cm
= 0.02 m
cm
100
m

A =
= 1m 0.5 m
= 0.5 m 2

EF

Q=

kA
T
L

W
80
0.5 m 2
m
C

30 C
=
0.02 m

= 60000 W

= 60 KW

= 0.06 MW

= 0.06

40 oC

10 oC

Q=?

0.5 m

1 m

MJ
s

- -

2 cm

EJQF

E s ttimeF

EF

Q = Q

W
t = 2 hr = 2 hr

60

min
s
60
= 7200 s
min
hr

Kminhr

60000 J/s

Q=Q t
J
7200 s
s
= 432000000 J
= 432 MJ

= 60000

K
? ?

W
m2

q ?Heat Flux ?

- -

Q
q=
A
kA
T
= L
A
k
= T
L

EF

Kheat flux

k
T
L
W
80
m C 30 C
=
0.02 m
W
= 120000
m2

q =

Q
q=
A
60000 W
=
0.5 m 2
W
= 120000 2
m

k A
L

E
Fk
LA

K
- -

WW

W
k = 420F J
m C
1 m2
E W k = 80F J
m C
10 m2E W k = 0.5F J
m C

10 cm 100 cm2
5 cm
5 cm

EkFW

k k

LA
kA

0.42 W Z
C

4 W Z
C

4.95 W Z
C

- -

2.38 C Z
W

0.25 C Z
W

0.2 C Z
W

KEF

R

EF

Q = T

E k A FR
L

EF

R =

L
1
=
kA kA
L

K
K

composite material
K

- -

kA

T1

kB

kC

T2

T3

T4

.
Q

LA

LB

LC

K
K

Q = T = TH T1

R1

T1 T2 T2 TL
=
R2
R3

R3 =

L3
L
L
, R 2 = 2 , R1 = 1
k3 A3
k2 A2
k 1 A1

A1 = A 2 = A 3

- -

EF

Q =

T
R Total

R Total
F

EF

R Total

= R1 + R 2 + R 3

T1 = 100 C
o

T2 = 50 C
o

W
moC

W
k B = 100 o
mC
k A = 80

L A = L B = 0.05 m
AA = AB = 1m2

kA

T1

kB

T2

.
Q

LA

LB

- -

W
T = T1 T2 = 100 50 = 50 o C

R Total = R A + R B
=

LA
LB
+
kA AA kB AB

0.05 0.05
+
80
100
o
C
= 0.001125
W
=

Q =

50
T
=
= 44444.4 W
R Total 0.001125

KEF

EF

1
R Total

1
1
1
+
+
R1 R 2 R 3

EF

R Total =

R 1R 2 R 3
R 1R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3R1
- -

AA
kA
AB
T1

.
Q

kB

T2

T3

T4

T2
AC

kC

WEF

EF

EF

W
moC
W
k B = 58 o
mC

W
k C = 45 o
mC
W
k D = 30 o
mC
k A = 80

TH = 100 C
o

TL = 50 C
o

L A = 0.05 m

L B = L C = 0.1 m
L D = 0.05 m

A = 1m2

- -

kA

kB

TH

kD

.
Q

TL
A

kC

LA

LB = LC

LD

W
T = TH TL = 100 50 = 50 o C

LA
C
= 0.00063
W
kA A
R B = L B = 0.0017 C
kB A
W
R C = L C = 0.0022 C
kC A
W
R D = L D = 0.0017 C
W
kD A

RA

- -

R Total = R A + R BC + R D
= RA +

R BR C
+ RD
RB + RC

= 0.00063 +
= 0.0033

0.0017 0.0022
+ 0.0017
0.0017 + 0.0022

C
W

Q =

T
50
=
= 15151.5 W
R Total 0.0033

EFKHeat Exchangers
K

- -

E JFK

Ed(r)F

EF

Q = 2 k l

r
ln o
ri

3.142

W
k
moC

m l

m ro
m ri

EF ln

C T

2 k l
ln

ro
ri

K
30 mm 20 mmE k = 380

W
FW
moC

50 oC5 m

FK25 oC

KE
W

T = TH TL

= 50 25 = 25 o C

- -

ro
ri
R=
2k l
ln

30
20
=
2 380 5
C
= 0.000034
W
ln

Q = T =

25
= 736071.48 W = 736.07 kW
0.000034

- -

EF E F

KHeat ConvectionKKK

25 oC

25 oC
.
Q

.
Q
50 oC

50 oC

()

()

EFEFW

EFK

EFK
- -

E F

kA
T
L

EF

= h A T

E k A FE h A F
L

KhLk

?? h

W
Fh
m 2 C

F
KE

h
K

- -

EF

1
hA

E JF

EF

T
R

250 oC30 oCW

30

W
o

m2 C

hK30 cm50 cm
K
W

T = T

T = 250 30 = 220 o C

o
1
1
C
=
= 0.222
h A 30 0.5 0.3
W

T
220
=
= 990 W
R 0.222

- -

W h

KEF

hW

90

K2 m3 mm152 oC15 oCW

T = 15 C

i = 1.5 A

Qout = Powerin = 90 W

T = 152 oC

v = 60 V
Powerin = i * v = 90 W

T = T

T = 152 15 = 137 o C

- -

A = d l

= 0.003 2 = 0.188 m 2

d l

Q = 90 W

90
W
h = Q =
= 34.9
o
A T 0.188 137
m2 C

K hKh

EF

KEF

Kh

K h
K

WW

- -

TH
L

h
k
U
TL

kA
T
L

Q = h A T

h A T h L
=
kA
k
T
L

- -

E h L F
k

EkLhF

Nu

EF

Nu = h L
k

Nu

EFNu = 1
K

W
Wh

KE
FE

KE F

KThermal Boundary Layer

U
K
KVelocity Boundary Layer

- -

15 oC

Q
50 oC

KCpk
KEt F

E F
KE v F

F
E v
t

K

FK v
t

E
K h

E CpkF

Pr

EF

Pr =

Cp
k

- -

KPr << 1Pr >> 1

KPr = 0.7

v = U

U, T
,
k, Cp

v
T

Ts

v=0

WW

EF

Laminar Flow
Transitional

Laminar Flow
KTurbulent Flow

W
- -

KEF l U

Re

EF

Re = U l

K
EFRe

KERe 5 x 105 F500,000

ERePrNuF

K h

Nuh

Nu = h L
k

EF

h = Nu k
L

L k

Nu
NuK

EPrReF

ERe <5 x 105 F

- -

E )

Nu = 0.664 Re1/2 Pr1/3

[ Rr 0.6 ]

ERe >5 x 105 F

E)

Nu = 0.037 Re4/5 Pr1/3

[ 0.6 Pr 60 , 5x105 Re 107 ]

E F

E) Nu = (0.037 Re4/5 871) Pr1/3

[ 0.6 Pr 60 , 5x105 Re 107 ]

E JFRe

E FPr

KNu hNu

20 oC8 m/sW

134 oC6 m 1.5 m

F20 oC W

ETf = (T+Ts)/2 = 77 oC

= 1.009 kg/m3
Cp = 1008 J/kg oC
U = 8 m/s

= 2.08 x 10-5 kg/m

k = 0.0297 W/m oC
L=6m

- -

Re = U L / = 2,328,461.5 > 500,000

Pr = Cp / k = 0.705

F
{E

J107 500000

EFNuNu
EFh

Nu = (0.037 Re4/5 871) Pr1/3 = 3310.375

h = Nu k / L = 16.386 W/m2 oC

Q = h A (Ts - T) = 16812.4 W

Q () = Q t = 121049280 J = 121.05 MJ

EFNu
.

- -

Pr

(
0.740
0.724
0.717
0.712
0.710
0.706
0.703
0.700
0.699
0.698
0.698

kg
) x 10-5
ms

1.34
1.61
1.75
1.85
1.94
2.08
2.29
2.49
2.68
2.86
3.03

W
o

Cp

m C

0.0181
0.0223
0.0246
0.0261
0.0275
0.0297
0.0331
0.0363
0.0395
0.0426
0.0456

J
o

kg C

1003
1003
1004
1005
1006
1008
1013
1020
1029
1039
1051

kg
)
m3

(K )

1.766
1.413
1.271
1.177
1.110
1.009
0.833
0.785
0.706
0.642
0.589

200
250
280
300
320
350
400
450
500
550
600

WURU

E F

K
K

- -

EF

Q = T

RU

RU

EF

R U

= R 1 + R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 2

1
F R 1
h1 A
E L1 F R 1
k1 A
E L 2 F R 2
k2 A
E L 3 F R 3
k3 A
E 1 F R 2
h2 A

.
Q

TH
h1

TL
h2

k1

L1

k2

k3

L2

L3

- -

K
K

RUU

E F

EF

EF

Q = U A T

EF

U = h 1 + k 1

L1

k2 k3
+
+ h2
L2 L3

KEF

EF

EF

EF

U A =

1
RU

WEF
F

E>

- -

Q = h A T

T
Tb

Tb

q base

Ab

q base

q base

w
L

Ab

q fin

EF

= Q + Q

FK
E

- -

EF

= h k P A c (Tb T )

EP = 2 (w+t)FP

EAC = 2 (w+t)L )AC

Tb

2 m2100 oCW

2 o

50 25 oC

L = 20 cm E

W
o

m C

k = 372 F

Kt = 0.5 cmw = 10 cm

EFW

Q = h A T
= 372 2 75
= 7500 W
= 7.5 kW

EF
J

Q = h k P A c (Tb T )

= 50 273 [2(0.005 + 0.1)] [2(0.005 + 0.1) 0.2] (100 25)

= 9.61 kW

- -

FRadiation

K E
K

EF

K
EF

KE

KE300,000 km/hF

- -

30 oC

5 oC

900 oC

W
emissivityW

emissivityKtransmitionreflectionabsorptivity

K
absorptivity

FEtransmitionF

EreflectionF
KEF

F E
KE

K
K
- -

emissivity

Kabsorptivity

K
E F

KEF

E
W J

EF

Q max

= A Ts4

total emissive F Q max

Eenergy

- -

5.67 10 8

W
m K4
2

J
A

KFTs

EoC

0.07

EF

0.03

0.03
0.98

0.9

0.92 - 0.97

0.85 - 0.93

0.93 - 0.96

0.95

0,82 - 0.92

0.93 - 0.6

0.96

300 KE FW

F K
E

- -

EF

Q = A Ts4

W
30 oC10 oC

K0.95 1.4 m2

EKFW

Ts = 30 + 273 = 303 K

T = 10 + 273 = 283 K

Q = A Ts4 T4

= 0.95 5.67 10 8 1.4 303 4 283 4

= 152 W

- -

A2, T2, 2

A1, T1, 1

A1
0
A2

& = A T 4 T 4
Q
12
1
1 1
2

A1, T1, 1

4
4
& = A1 T1 T2
Q
12
1 1
+ 1
1 2

A1 = A 2
A2, T2, 2
r2

r1

A1 T14 T24
&
Q12 =
1 1 2 r1

+
1
2 r2

A1 r1
=
A 2 r2

r2
r1

A1 r1
=
A 2 r2

& =
Q
12

A1 T14 T24
1 1 2
+
1
2

r1

r2

- -

JWE2FE3FE

EF

EF

EF J

EF

EF

JWE

EEE

W k J

EEE

W_

K
K

W J

EoCEKE
W

L
kA

T E
L

1
hA

L
hA

- -

T1 = 45 C

h1 = 50

L1 = 5 cm

W
k1 = 0.1 o
m C

L2 = 15 cm

k2 = 0.6

2 o

W
m oC

k3 = 0.8

W
m oC

L4 = 10 cm

k4 = 0.5

W
m oC

h2 = 50

T 2 = 25 C

m2

L2

L3 = L4

WE

A = 1 m2
o

k1

k2

k4

T1

.
Q=?

h1

T2
h2

k3
L1

L3

L4

20 5 m 60 oCE

K 2 m/soC

30 oCKE
0.95 1.75 m2 10 oC

- -

(1)

(X,Y) .
.
.

.
EFcp
W

1atm40oC

0.017cpW

0.7cpW

- -

(2)

K
K

K

W

Re =125000

1 cm

Re = 1.3 X 10 5

/D = (4.6 X 10-5/0.01) ~ 5X 10-3 f = 0.009

- -

(3)

1 in = 2.54 cm
1 m = 3.2808 ft
1 L = 1000 cm3
1 m3 = 100 L
1 ft3 = 28.317 L

1 gc = 980.6 g cm/ dyn s2 = 32.174 lbm .ft/ lbf .s2 = 1kg m/N s2

1 atm = 14.7 psia = 101.3 kPa = 760 mmHg

1 cp = 10-2 g/cm.s (poise) = 10-3 Pa.s = 10-3 kg/m.s = 10-3N.s/m2

1 hp = 0.745 kW, 1 J/s =1W

- -

1. Cengel,Y.A and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 2nd
edition, McGraw Hill Inc, 1994
2. Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F, Coulson Chemical Engineering Series, 4th edition,
volume 1, Pergamon Press, 1991
3. Geankoplis, C., Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill
Inc, USA, 1993
4. Mccabe,W., Smith, J., Harriot, P., Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering,4th
edition, McGrawHill Inc, USA, 1985
5. Smith, J.M., and Van Ness, J.F., Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill Inc, USA, 1987
6. Yunus A. Gengel, "Heat Transfer, a Practical Approach", McGraw Hill Inc, 1998
7. Yunus A. Gengel, Robert H Turner, "Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences",
McGraw-Hill Inc, 2001

- -

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J J........................................................................................................ (1)
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.................................... ThermodynamicsW
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...................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................... (3)

.......................................................................................................... W
................................................................................................................ (3)
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J J .............................................................................................................
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