CHNG 1

L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]

CHNG 1. TNG QUANG V TING NI
1.1. NGUN GC CA TING NI
m thanh ca li ni cng nh m thanh trong th gii t nhin xung quanh
ta, v bn cht u l nhng sng m c lan truyn trong mt mi trng nht
nh (thng l khng kh). Khi chng ta ni dy thanh trong hu b chn ng,
to nn nhng sng m, sng truyn trong khng kh n mng nh mt mng
mng rt nhy cm ca tai ta lm cho mng nh cng dao ng, cc dy thn kinh
ca mng nh s nhn c cm gic m khi tn s dao ng ca sng t n mt
ln nht nh. Tai con ngi ch cm th c nhng dao ng c tn s t
khong 16Hz n khong 20000Hz. Nhng dao ng trong min tn s ny gi l
dao ng m hay m thanh, v cc sng tng ng gi l sng m. Nhng sng c
tn s nh hn 16Hz gi l sng h m, nhng sng c tn s ln hn 20000Hz
gi l sng siu m, con ngi khng cm nhn c (v d loi di c th nghe
c ting siu m). Sng m, sng siu m v h m khng ch truyn trong
khng kh m cn c th lan truyn tt nhng mi trng rn, lng, do cng
c s dng rt nhiu trong cc thit b my mc hin nay.
1.2. QU TRNH TO TING NI

Hnh 1.1. H thng pht m ca con ngi
Li ni l kt qu ca s vn ng cc b phn phn nh li, thanh mn, mi,
hng, thanh qun,... u tin p lc t phi qua kh qun a ti thanh qun, y
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
c cc dy thanh ging nh i mi i xng nm ngay thanh qun. Hai mi ny
c th khp hon ton v m ra, to thnh thanh mn khng kh bn qua. Ty
theo tc hot ng ca dy thanh m tn s khng kh bn qua thanh mn khc
nhau, khng kh sau khi qua thanh mn c a ti cc khoang mi v khoang
ming, cc khoang ny c tc dng nh cc hp cng hng, cng hng nhng
tn s khc nhau to ra cc lung sng m c tn s ln nht khc nhau. Cc
khoang cng hng ny c kch thc thay i ty theo hng pht m, trong
r nht l li, khi ni li thay i lin tc, tn s sng m thay i lin tc.
Ngi ta nhn thy rng trong qu trnh pht m, cc b phn trn thay i lin tc
trong khong thi gian t 20ms n 30ms, v trong khong thi gian ny, ngun
pht m c nh.
1.3. PHN LOI TING NI
Ting ni l m thanh mang mc ch din t thng tin, rt uyn chuyn v
c bit. L cng c ca t duy v tr tu, ting ni mang tnh c trng ca loi
ngi. N khng th tch ring khi nhn vo ton th nhn loi, v nh c ngn
ng ting ni m loi ngi sng v pht trin x hi tin b, c vn ha, vn
minh nh ngy nay. Trong qu trnh giao tip ngi ni, c nhiu cu ni, mi cu
gm nhiu t, mi t li c th gm 1 hay nhiu m tit. ting Vit, s m tit
c s dng vo khong 6700. Khi chng ta pht ra mt ting th c rt nhiu b
phn nh li, thanh mn, mi, hng, thanh qun, kt hp vi nhau to thnh
m thanh. m thanh pht ra c lan truyn trong khng kh n tai ngi
nhn. V m thanh pht ra t s kt hp ca rt nhiu b phn, do m thanh
mi ln ni khc nhau hu nh khc nhau dn n kh kh khn khi ta mun phn
chia ting ni theo nhng c tnh ring. Ngi ta ch chia ting ni thnh 3 loi
c bn nh sau:
m hu thanh: L m khi pht ra th c thanh, v d nh chng ta ni
i, a, hay o chng hn. Thc ra m hu thanh c to ra l do vic
khng kh qua thanh mn (thanh mn to ra s khp m ca dy thanh
di s iu khin ca hai sn chp) vi mt cng ca dy thanh sao
cho chng to nn dao ng.
m v thanh: L m khi to ra ting th dy thanh khng rung hoc rung
i cht to ra ging nhging th, v dh, p hay th.
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
m bt: pht ra m bt, u tin bmy pht m phi ng kn, to
nn mt p sut, sau khng kh c gii phng mt cch t ngt, v
dch, t.
1.4. PHN TCH TING NI
Phn tch ting ni l nhm tm ra mt dng thc ti u biu din c ting
ni mt cch hiu qu. N l c s cho vic pht trin cc cng ngh tng hp,
nhn dng v nng cao cht lng ting ni. Phn tch ting ni thng thc hin
vic trch chn hoc chuyn i tn hiu ting ni sang mt dng thc biu din
khc sao cho c th biu din thng tin ting ni tt hn theo cch m chng ta
cn. Mt cch tng qut, hu ht cc phng php phn tch tn hiu ting ni tp
trung vo mt trong ba vn chnh. Th nht l tm cch loi b nh hng ca
pha, thnh phn khng ng vai trong quan trng trong vic truyn ti thng tin
ting ni. Th hai, thc hin vic chia tch ngun m v mch lc (m hnh tuyn
m) sao cho chng ta c th nghin cu bin ph ca tn hiu mt cch c lp.
Cui cng l chuyn i tn hiu hoc bin ph tn hiu sang mt dng biu din
khc hiu qu hn.
1.4.1. M hnh phn tch ting ni
M hnh tng qut cho vic phn tch ting ni c trnh by trong hnh 1.2.
Cc dng tn hiu ti cc bc c trnh by km theo trong minh ha.
Tn hiu ting ni c tin x l bng cch cho qua mt b lc thng thp vi
tn s ct khong 8 kHz. Tn hiu thu c thc hin qu trnh bin i sang dng
tn hiu s nh b bin i ADC. Thng thng, tn s ly mu bng 16kHz vi
tc bit lng t ha l 16 bit.
Tn hiu ting ni dng s c phn khung vi chiu di khung thng
khong 30ms v khong lch cc khung thng bng 10ms. Khung phn tch tn
hiu sau c chnh bin bng cch ly ca s vi cc hm ca s ph bin
nh Hamming, Hanning... Tn hiu thu c sau khi ly ca s c a vo phn
tch vi cc phng php phn tch ph (chng hn nh STFT,LPC,...) Hoc sau
khi phn tch ph c bn , tip tc c a n cc khi trch chn cc c
trng.

CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]

Hnh 1.2 M hnh tng qut phn tch ting ni













CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
CHNG 2. MT S PHNG PHP NHN DNG TING NI
2.1. NHN DNG TING NI
Nhn dng ting ni l mt qu trnh nhn dng mu, vi mc ch l phn lp
(classify) thng tin u vo l tn hiu ting ni thnh mt dy tun t cc mu
c hc trc v lu tr trong b nh. Cc mu l cc n v nhn dng, chng c
th l cc t, hoc cc m v. Nu cc mu ny l bt bin v khng thay i th cng
vic nhn dng ting ni tr nn n gin bng cch so snh d liu ting ni cn nhn
dng vi cc mu c hc v lu tr trong b nh.
Kh khn c bn ca nhn dng ting ni l ting ni lun bin thin theo
thi gian v c s khc bit ln gia ting ni ca nhng ngi ni khc nhau, tc
ni, ng cnh v mi trng m hc khc nhau. Xc nh nhng thng tin bin thin
no ca ting ni l c ch v nhng thng tin no l khng c ch i vi nhn dng
ting ni l rt quan trng. y l mt nhim v rt kh khn m ngay c vi cc k
thut xc sut thng k mnh cng kh khn trong vic tng qut ho t cc mu ting
ni nhng bin thin quan trng cn thit trong nhn dng ting ni.
Nhn dng ting ni c nhiu ng dng :
c chnh t. L ng dng c s dng nhiu nht trong cc h
nhn dng. Thay v nhp liu bng tay thng qua bn phm, ngi s
dng ni vi my qua micro v my xc nh cc t c ni trong
.
iu khin giao tip khng dy. Chng hn h thng cho php
my tnh nhn lnh iu khin bng ging ni con ngi nh: chy
chng trnh, tt my... mt s u im ca vic s dng ting ni
thay cho cc thit b vo chun nh chut, bn phm l thun tin tc
cao, khng b nh hng ca cp, khong cch, khng i hi
hun luyn s dng...
in thoai- lin lc. Mt s h thng ( chng hn my in thoi di
ng) cho php ngi s dng c tn ngi trong danh sch thay v
bm s.
....
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
2.2. MT S PHNG PHP NHN DNG TING NI
2.2.1. Phng php ng m m v hc (acoustic-phonetic approach)
Phng php ng m- m v hc da trn l thuyt m v: l thuyt ny khng
nh s tn ti hu hn v duy nht cc n v ng m c bn trong ngn ng ni gi
l m v, c phn chia thnh: nguyn m- ph m, v thanh- hu thanh, m vang-
m bt... Cc m v c th xc nh bi tp cc c trng ca ph ca tn hiu tin ni
theo thi gian.
c trng quan trng nht ca m v l Formant. l vng tn s c cng
hng cao nht ca tn hiu. Ngoi ra cn mt s c trng khc nh m vc( cao -
pitch), m lng...H thng nhn dng d trn phng php ny s tch cc c trng
t tn hiu ting ni v xc nh chng tng ng vi m v no. Sau , da vo mt
t in phin m, my s xc nh chui cac m v c kh nng l pht m ca t no
nht.











Hnh 2.1. Phng php phn loi nguyn m ting anh
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
Hnh 2.1 cho ta phng php phn bit nguyn m bng c trng Formant v
chiu di phn on. Chng ta gi s rng c ba c trng c pht hin trong
phn on l formant th nht F1, formant th hai F2 v chiu di ca phn on D.
phn loi mt phn on nguyn m trong 10 nguyn m n nh, mt s php th
cn phi thc hin phn tch cc nhm nguyn m. Nh trnh by trong hnh trn,
php th u tin tch cc nguyn m c tn s F1 thp (cn gi l cc nguyn m
khuch tn (diffuse) chng hn nh/i/, /i/, /u/, ...) vi cc nguyn m c tn s cao
(cn gi l cc nguyn m gn (compact) bao gm /a/, ...). Mi tp con ny li c
phn tch thm da vo tn s F2, trong cc nguyn m acute (m sc) c tn s
F2 cao v cc nguyn m grave (m huyn) c tn s F2 thp. Php kim tra th ba
da trn khong thi gian ca phn on s phn tch cc nguyn m cng (tense
vowel), tc l cc nguyn m c gi tr D ln vi cc nguyn m lax (th lng), tc l
cc nguyn m c gi tr D nh. Cui cng, mt php kim tra mn hn (finer) i vi
cc gi tr formant phn tch cc nguyn m cha phn tch cn li to ra lp cc
nguyn m bng (flat) tc l cc nguyn m c F1+F2 ln hn mt ngng T no
v cc nguyn m n gin (plain) ( cc nguyn m c F1+F2 nm di mt ngng T
no ) .
Vic phn loi nguyn m trn ch l mt phn nh trong qu trnh xc nh
m v ca phng php, trn thc t, ta cn xc nh nguyn m n,kp, ph m, m
v thanh, hu thanh hay khong lng...
Xt v kha cnh nguyn l, phng php ny c v rt n gin. Tuy nhin cc
th nghim trong thc t cho thy phng php cho kt qu nhn dng khng cao,
nguyn nhn t nhng vn sau:
Phng php cn rt nhiu tri thc v ng m hc, nht l cc tri thc lin
quan n c tnh m hc ca cc m v. M nhng tri thc ny nhn chung
cn cha c nghin cu y .
Formant ch n nh vi nguyn m, cn vi ph m formant rt kh xc
nh v khng n nh. Hn na vic xc nh cc formant cho chnh xc
khng cao. c bit khi chu nh hng ca nhiu.
Rt kh phn bit cc m v da trn ph, nht l cc ph m v thanh. C
mt s ph m rt ging nhiu (v d; /s/, /h/).
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
2.2.2. Phng php nhn dng mu
Phng php nhn dng mu da vo l thuyt xc sut thng k nhn dng
da trn tng: so snh i tng cn nhn dng vi cc mu c thu thp trc
tm mu ging i tng nht.
Nh vy h thng nhn dng s tri qua 2 giai on:
Giai on hun luyn thc hin cc nhim v: thu thp mu, phn lp
v hun luyn h thng ghi nh cc mu .
Giai on nhn dng: nhn vo i tng cn nhn dng, so snh vi
cc mu v a ra kt qu l mu ging i tng nht.
Phn ln cc h thng nhn dng thnh cng trn th gii l s dng phng
php ny. Phng php c nhng u im sau:
S dng n gin, d hiu, mang tnh ton khoa hc cao (l thuyt
xc sut thng k, l thuyt my hc,...)
t b nh hng ca nhng bin th v b t vng, tp c trng, n
v nhn dng, mi trng xung quanh...
Cho kt qu cao. iu ny c km chng trong thc t.
2.2.3. Phng php tr tu nhn to
Phng php tr tu nhn to nghin cu cch hc ni v hc nghe ca con
ngi, tm hiu cc quy lut ng m, ng php, ng ngha, ng cnh... v tch hp
chng b sung cho cc phng php khc nng cao kt qu nhn dng.
Chng hn c th thm cc h chuyn gia( expert system), cc lut logic m
(fuzzy logic) v ng m, m v... vo cc h nhn dng ting ni da trn phng php
ng m m v hc tng chnh xc cho vic xc nh cc m v ( vn c
cp rt kh nu ch s dng cc thng tin v m ph).
Hay i vi h nhn dng mu, ngi ta ci tin bng cch i vi mi tng
cn nhn dng, h thng s chn ra mt s mu ging ging i tng nht, sau
kim chng tip cc kt qu bng cc lut ng php, ng ngha, ng cnh... xc
nh mu ph hp nht.
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
Hin nay ang c mt phng php tr tu nhn to trong nhn dng ting ni
c nghin cu rng ri l mng nron. Ty vo cch s dng, mng nron c th
coi l m rng ca phng php nhn dng mu hoc phng php ng m- m v
hc.



















CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
CHNG 3. TRCH CHN C TRNG MFCC V LPC TRONG
NHN DNG TING NI
3.1. TRCH CHN C TRNG MFCC
MFCC( Mel-scale Frequency Cepstral Coefficient) l phng php trch c trng
da tn c im cm th tn s m ca tai ngi: tuyn tnh i vi tn s nh hn
1kHz v phi tuyn i vi tn s trn 1kHz.
3.1.1. S khi qu trnh tnh MFCC
i vi phng php MFCC, vic tnh c trng c s nh sau:

Hnh 3.1. S khi qu trnh trch chn c trng MFCC
Qu trnh tnh ton nh sau: u tin tn hiu ting ni c chia thnh cc
Frame c di 10ms. Mi frame s c nhn vi mt hm ca s, thng l ca s
Hamming sau c chuyn sang min tn s nh bin i Fourier. Tn hiu min
tn s c nhn vi cc b loc mel-scale, ly logarit ri bin i Fourier ngc (
chuyn sang min cepstral) s c cc h s MFCC.
Mt s h thng c tnh thm nng lng (cng ly logarit) v c trng delta (
do hm ri rc theo thi gian ca MFCC) nhm thm thng tin cho cc pha sau ca
qu trnh nhn dng.
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
3.1.2. Phn khung v ca s ha
Tn hiu ting ni c tin x l bng cch cho qua cc mch lc, v chuyn
sang tn hiu s nh b bin i ADC gm L mu. Sau c chia thnh cc khung
vi rng khong 10-30ms. V trnh mt thng tin, cc khung thng c ly
bao trm ln nhau. Sau khung phn tch tn hiu c chnh bin bng cch nhn
vi mt hm ca s rng N.
()

() () ; (3.1)
Hm ca s thng c dng l lm ca s Hamming:
()

; (3.2)

Hnh 3.2. th hm ca s Hamming
3.1.3. Bin i Fourier ri rc
Tn hiu ca mt khung sau khi nhn vi hm ca s, c chuyn sang min
tn s bng bin i Fourier ri rc:
() ()

; (3.3)
3.1.4. Lc qua cc b lc mel-scale
Cc b lc mel-scale l cc b lc tam gic, t cch u nhau trong min tn
s nh hn 1kHz v khong cch tng theo hm m trong min t 1kHz n fs/2 ( mt
na ca dy tn s ly mu).
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]

Hnh 3.3. Cc b lc mel-scale tam gic
Vi M b lc , ta hon ton xc nh c h s nhn h
i
(k) ca mi b lc.
Kt qu lc i vi tn hiu min tn s qua cc b lc c tnh nh sau:
()

()

|()| ; (3.4)
Ch : X(k) l s phc nhng thng tin v pha ca X(k) khng quan trng nn
ta ch tnh kt qu lc vi modun ca X(k).
Vic nhn tn hiu min tn s vi cc b lc mel-scale chuyn biu din
min tn s t thang Hz sang thang mel mc dch l phn gii tn s theo c im
cm th m ca con ngi: tuyn tnh i vi tn s nh hn 1kHz v phi tuyn i
vi tn s trn 1kHz.
3.1.5. Logarit v bin i Fourier ngc
Ly logarit ca tn hiu min tn s (spectrum) ri bin i Fourier ngc s
a tn hiu v mt min gi l cepstrum c n v thi gian. Bin i t spectrum
sang cepstrum l mt bin i ng hnh.
Cng thc ca bc ny l :
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
() (()) [

) ]

; (3.5)
Mc d bin i t spectrum sang cepstrum l bin i Fourier ngc, tuy
nhin do ta dng spectrum v cepstrum thc nn ch s dng bin i cosine ri rc
(DCT) tng hiu nng tnh ton.
Sau bc ny ta c vector cepstral p thnh phn. Thng thng ngi ta
thng nhn thm vo kt qu mt hm ca s sng sin ( gi l th tc liftering)
gim bt nh hng ca cc bin i n kt qu.
()

)
(3.6)
() () () (3.7)
3.1.6. Tnh ton nng lng
Km theo thng tin v nng lng ca tn hiu s tng thm thng tin cho nhn
dng (v d: phn bit cc khong cha tn hiu m v khong lng, phn bit vng tn
hiu cha nguyn m v ph m...)
Nng lng ca c khung c tnh qua cng thc:
(())

(3.8)
3.1.7. Tnh ton c trng delta
c trng delta l o hm bc nht (ri rc) ca c trng theo thi gian. C cc c
trng delta s lm tng thm thng tin cho nhn dng ( chng hn: xc nh cc vng
m ph tn hiu n nh...). c trng delta c tnh theo cng thc:
()

() ( )

(3.9)

Trong C(t) l c vector cepstral ti thi im t. T l mt hng s chn trc, thng
T = 3.
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
3.2. PHN TCH LPC TRONG NHN DNG TING NI
3.2.1. Phn tch LPC
Phng php phn tch LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) hay cn c gi l
phn tch m d on tuyn tnh l mt trong cc phng php phn tch tn hiu ting
ni mnh nht v c s dng ph bin.
tng vic s dng m hnh LPC l vic c th xp x mt mu tn hiu ting
ni thi im n bt k, s(n), nh l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca p mu trc . Ni
cch khc:
()

( )

( )

( ) (3.10)
Cc h s a
1
,a
2
,...a
p
c gi thit l khng i trong khung phn tch tn hiu.
Biu thc (3.10) c th c vit li thnh ng thc nu ta thm vo mt thnh phn
kch thch Gu(n) :
()

( ) ()

(3.11)
Gi s rng t hp tuyn tnh ca cc mu trc thi im xem xt l mt c
lng ca tn hiu, k hiu l ()
()

( )

(3.12)
Khi sai s d tnh e(n) s c tnh l:
() () () ()

( )

(3.13)
Vn t ra i vi phng php phn tch LPC l xc nh tp cc h s a
k
mt
cch trc tip t tn hiu sau cho sai s d tnh e(n) l nh nht. tm ra cc h s d
on, chng ta nh ngha cc khung tn hiu ngn hn v tng ng sai s ngn hn:

() ( ) (3.14)

() ( ) (3.15)

CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
Chng ta cn ti thiu ha tn hiu sai s trung bnh bnh phng thi im n:

()

(3.16)
Biu thc (3.16) c th vit li bng cch s dng cc nh ngha

()v

()nh
sau:

()

( )

(3.17)

tm cc tiu ca (3.17) chng ta ly o hm ln lt theo cc h s a
k
v cho
chng bng khng:

(3.18)
Khi chng ta c:
*

()

()

( ) [

( )

(3.19)

( )

()

( )

( )

(3.20)
t

( )

( )

( )

, khi

( )

( )

()

(3.21)
Thay vo (3.20) ta c biu thc thu gn nh sau:

( )

( ) (3.22)



CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
V i c gi tr t 1 ti p, nn ta c h phng trnh sau:
{

()

( )

( )

( )
(3.23)
Chuyn h phng trnh trn di dng ma trn:
[

()

()

()

()

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )
] [

] [

()

()

( )
] (3.24)
Qu trnh phn tch LPC s tnh cc biu thc

( ) sau gii h phng trnh trn

tm ra cc h s a
k

3.2.2. B x l LPC trong nhn dng ting ni

Hnh 3.4. S khi b x l LPC trong nhn dng ting ni
a. Tin nhn tn hiu
Tn hiu ting ni dng s ha c s ha c a qua mt h thng lc s bc
thp, thng l b lc p ng xung hu hn (FIR) bc nht, nhm lm phng ph tn
hiu. iu ny s gip cho tn hiu t b nh hng ca cc php bin i x l tn
hiu c chnh xc hu hn trong sut qu trnh sau . B lc s s dng cho vic
tin nhn tn hiu c th l mt b lc vi cc tham s c nh hoc c th l mt b
lc thch nghi c cc tham s thay i chm. Trong x l tn hiu ting ni, ngi ta
thng dng mt h thng mch lc bc nht c cc tham s c nh c dng:
CHNG 1


L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
()

( ) (3.25)

Khi , tn hiu u ra ca b tin nhn c th tnh nh sau:
() () ( ) (3.26)

Hnh 3.5. Ph bin ca mch tin nhn tn hiu
Hnh 3.5 biu din bin c tnh hm truyn t (

)vi gi tr . T
hnh v, chng ta c th quan st thy rng ti , tc l bng mt na tc
ly mu, c s gia tng bin khong 32dB sao vi bin tn s
b. Phn tch tnh t tng quan
Sau khi qua khi tin nhn tn hiu, ta phn khung tn hiu ri sau nhn vi
hm ca s tng t nh trong phn trch chn c trng MFCC. Khi kt
qu ca tn hiu mi khung s l:

() ( ) (3.27)
Kt qu t tng quan ca mi khung tn hiu s to hm :

( )

( )

( )

(3.28)
c. Phn tch LPC
Ta tm cc h s a
k
t ma trn :
[

()

()

()

()

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )
] [

] [

()

()

( )
] (3.29)
d. Chuyn i cc tham s LPC sang cc h s Cepstral
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L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]

( ) (3.30)

( ) (3.31)
Vi a
m
l cc h s LPC, C
m
l cc h s Cepstral. Ta s dng cc h s ny
c trng cho khung tn hiu ting ni cho qu trnh nhn dng.
























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L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
CHNG 4. NG DNG K THUT MFCC V MNG NRON
NHN DNG TING VIT
4.1. NHN DNG TING VIT
4.1.1. Mt s c im ng m ting Vit
Mt c im d thy l ting Vit l ngn ng n m ( monosyllable mi t
n ch c mt m tit), khng bin hnh ( cch c, cch ghi m khng thay i trong
bt c tnh hung ng php no). Ting Vit hon ton khc vi cc ngn ng n- u
nh ting Anh, ting php l cc ngn ng a m, bin hnh.
Theo thng k trong ting Vit c khong 6000 m tit. Nhn v mt ghi m:
m tit ting Vit c cu to chung l : ph m - vn. V d m xinh c ph m l x c
m vn l inh. Ph m l mt m v v m v ny lin kt rt lng lo vi phn cn li
ca m tit ( hin tng ni li).
Vn trong ting Vit li c cu to t cc m v nh hn, trong c mt m
v chnh l nguyn m.
Hnh sau l ph tn hiu ca m tit ba. Chng ta c th quan st v phm bit
r min nhiu nn, min ph ca ph m b v nguyn m a (min m hn l c mt
nng lng ln hn).

Hinh 4.1. Ph tn hiu ca m tit ba
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L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
Quan st ph cc m tit tng t chng ta c th rt ra kt lun: cc ph m
v nguyn m u phn bit vi nhau rt r qua s phn b nng lng ti cc min
tn s, v d: ph m thn s thp, nng lng nh, nguyn m c nng lng ln v
c vng tn s cao. Vng khng c tn hiu ting ni (nhiu nn v khong lng) c
nng lng thp v ch tp trung cc tn s rt thp.
Cc nguyn m c thn ph (spectrum) khc nhau kh r, Hnh sau minh ha
s khc nhau v ph ca 5 nguyn m c bn. Min m l min c mt nng
lng cao.

Hnh 4.2. S khc nhau v ph ca 5 nguyn m c bn.
Xt v mt ng m- m v hc m tit ting Vit c lc nh sau:

Lt cho thy m tit ting Vit c cu trc r rng, n nh. Lt cn
cho thy ting Vit l ngn ng c thanh iu. H thng thanh iu gm 6 thanh: bng,
huyn, sc, hi, ng, nng.
Thanh iu trong m tit l m v siu on tnh (th hin trn ton b m
tit). Do c trng v thanh iu th hin trong tn hiu ting ni khng r nt nh
cc thnh phn khc ca m tit.
S khc bit v cch pht m ting Vit rt r rt theo gii, la tui v c
bit l theo v tr a l.


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L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
4.1.2. Nhng thun li v kh khn trong nhn dng ting Vit
4.1.2.1. Thun li
- Ting Vit l ngn ng n m, s lng m tit khng qu ln. iu ny s gip h
nhn dng xc nh ranh gii cc m tit d dng hn nhiu.
- Ting Vit l ngn ng khng bin hnh t. m tit ting Vit n nh, c cu trc r
rng. c bit khong ch 2 m tit no c ging nhau m vit khc nhau. iu ny s
d dng cho vic xy dng cc m hnh m tit trong nhn dng.
4.1.2.2. kh khn
- Ting Vit l ngn ng c thanh iu ( 6 thanh). Thanh iu l m v siu on tnh,
c trng v thanh iu th hin trong tn hiu ting ni khng r nt nh cc thnh
phn khc ca m tit.
- Cch pht m ting Vit thay i nhiu theo a l. Ging a phng trong ting Vit
rt a dng.
- H thng ng php, ng ngha ting Vit rt phc tp, rt kh p dng vo h
nhn dng vi mc dch tng hiu nng nhn dng. H thng phin m cng cha
thng nht.
- Cc nghin cu v nhn dng ting Vit cng cha nhiu v t ph bin. c bit kh
khn ln nht l hin nay cha c mt b d liu chun cho vic hun luyn v kim
tra cc h thng nhn dng ting Vit.
4.2. MNG NRON NHN TO
B no con ngi, di gc tnh ton c th coi l mt h thng x l
song song ln v mt kt ni cao: phn t x l l cc nron l mt v kt ni l cc
dy thn kinh.
Kh nng tuyt vi ca b no ngi gi ln nhng tng v vic m
phng chng trong lnh vc tnh ton. V mng nron nhn to (artificial neural
network ANN) l kt qu ca nhng tng .
4.2.1. M hnh mng n ron
C nhiu m hnh mng nron khc nhau. M hnh mng n gin v ph
bin nht l m hnh mng perceptron truyn thng nhiu lp (multi layer perceptron
MLP). l m hnh mng c s dng trong ti ny.
4.2.1.1. M hnh mt nron perceptron
Mt n ron perceptron l mt phn t x l gm :
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L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
n u vo x
i
, mi u vo ng vi mt gi tr thc w
i
gi l trng s
Mt gi tr thc b gi l ngng (bias).
Mt hm kch hot f
Gi tr ra y.

Hnh 4.3. M hnh mt n ron perceptron
Gi tr ra ca perceptron c tnh theo quy tc sau:

(4.1)
() (4.2)
Hm kch hot c dng ph bin l hm sigmoid ( cn gi l hm logistic)
do tnh phi tuyn kh vi:

()

(4.3)
Ngoi ra cn c mt s hm kch hot khc : hm tan hyperbolic (tanh), hm
softmax.
Kh nng tnh ton ca mt n ron perceptron kh hn ch. ci thin
ngi ta ni chng thnh mng. M hnh mng n gin nht l mng perceptron
truyn thng a lp MLP.


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L QUC T D10CQDT01_N [Type text]
4.2.1.2. M hnh mng n ron MLP
Mng n ron MLP n u vo, m u ra c m hnh nh sau:
Cc n ron c chia thnh cc lp: lp sau c ni vi lp trc.
Lp u tin l lp vo ( input ), lp cui cng l lp ra (output).
Gia lp vo v lp ra l cc lp n (hidden). Thng thng ch c
mt lp n.
Tt c cc n ron cng mt lp s dng chung mt vector u vo.
Mi lp khi nhn mt vector u vo s tnh ra u ra ca mi n
ron, kt hp thnh mt vector v ly lm u vo cho lp sau.
Mng MLP nhn u vo l mt vector n thnh phn, ly lm u
vo ca lp input v tnh ton cho n khi lp output c u ra, ly
lm u ra ca mng l mt vector m thnh phn.
Ton b cc n ron ca mng s dng chung mt hm kch hot,
thng l hm logistic.
Ngoi lp vo v lp ra,mng MLP thng c mt hay nhiu lp n. Thng
thng ngi ta ch s dng mt lp n. V vy i khi ngi ta hay ng nht MLP
vi MLP 3 lp.

Hnh 4.4. M hnh mng perceptron 3 lp