Toi Uu Hoa Nha May Loc Dau

TI U HA NH MY LC DU
(Dnh cho sinh vin ngnh Cng ngh ha hc Du v kh)
NGUYN NH LM
Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du
Thit b v cc qu trnh
-Nghin cu: ch to v thay th.
-Cng trnh xy dng.
-Khai thc vn hnh thit b, bo dng thit b.
-Theo di hiu qu ca phn xng: Cht lng sn phm, tiu hao nguyn
liu, nng lng
-M hnh ho.
Nhn s
-c qun l bng h thng hnh chnh.
-Thit lp mi quan h tt trong cng vic.
-o to v thng tin
-Quan l d on
2
Nguyn liu v sn phm

D on th trng
K hoch cung cp
Xy dng chng trnh lc du

Mua sm: du th, bn sn phm, sn phm
Lu tr
Lc du
Vn chuyn
Xy dng ho n
Hiu qu kinh t ca mt nh my lc du
u t
Chi ph du th, nguyn liu
Chi ph vn chuyn
Chi ph sn xut
Chi ph duy tu v sa cha thit b
Chi ph chung
Chi ph ti chnh
Cu trc hnh chnh ca mt cng ty lc du v phn phi sn phm

TNG GIM C
Chin lc v pht trin
Nhn s, thng tin-Cht lng
Qun l v h thng tin hc
Hnh chnh chung v h thng ti chnh
Lc du
Phn phi sn phm vi s lng ln
Cc sn phm v nhu cu c bit
5
Chin lc v pht trin
-Lc du: Cc lnh vc cn pht trin hoc loi b

-Phn phi:
Mng li ch o
Cc sn phm u tin
Cc phng tin phc v: ng ng, kho bi, phng tin vn chuyn
B phn nhn s v
thng tin
-Nhn s:
o to v pht trin nhn lc
Qun l d on
Quyn li v quan h cng vic
Hu tr
Qun l hnh chnh v cc cng tc chung
-Thng tin:
Thit lp c mi quan h tt vi bn ngoi: bo ch, qung co
Thng tin ni b, ti liu
Thi ua, th thao, gii tr
-Bo him cht lng:
Qun l v h thng
tin hc
-Ngn sch
-Bo co
-n nh
-Tin hc ng dng:
Qun l hnh chnh
Pht trin
Mng v h thng thng tin t xa
Vn hnh
Tin hc cng nghip
Hnh chnh chung v b

phn ti chnh
-Ti chnh, thu quan

-K ton
Ngn sch
K ton chung
Kt qu ca cc chi nhnh
-Vn php l
Bo him
Tranh chp
Hp ng
Quyn li ca cng ty
-Hi quan
B phn lc du
-Cc nh my lc du
B phn khai thc: Ln chng trnh, Qun l cc phn xng, Nng
lng v h thng ph tr (hi, in, mi trng, n mn), Lu tr,
Trao i, Phi trn, Vn chuyn sn phm.
Cc phng ban chc nng: Duy tu, bo tr, cng trnh mi, K thut (quy
trnh cng ngh, utilits, mi trng, PTN, Tin hc cng nghip, tin hc
qun l), An ton, Theo di vt liu, K ton-Qun l, Trao i thng tin.
-Raffinage opration - Pilotage
Ti u ho kt qu vn hnh: Cc nhu cu phn phi (s lng, cht
lng, khong thi gian cho php), Cng c lc du, Nhu cu v kho bi,
lu tr, Th trng th gii (C hi mua bn /v nguyn liu, bases, sn
phm), Tnh li nhun trung v di hn.
10
B phn lc du
-Raffinage Exploitation
Ti u ho cc cng c, thit b ca nh my.
Gim st cc hot ng ca nh my (K thut, cng ngh, An ton,
Mi trng).
H tr cho cc nh my m cng ty c hp tc lm vic.
Tham gia vo vic thit lp ngn sch u t.
-K thut
Qun l cc d n, cng trnh (PXSX, offsites, nng lng, utilits,
cng trng...)
Nhp, nh gi cht lng du th
T ng ho (iu khin, vn hnh, H thng gim st CL, AT, MT)
Cng ngh (ng c, luyn kim, vt liu, xy dng)
Quy trnh cng ngh (Rafinage, conversion)
11
B phn lc du
-Nghin cu pht trin, Qun l mi trng, An ton
Adaptation thng xuyn cc cng c sn c ca nh my vo s pht
trin ca th trng: Nghin cu trung v di hn.
Mi trng v cc nguy c cng ngh ch yu.
H tr k thut xy dng v vn hnh cc cng vic ca cng ty c
lin quan n lc du.
-Kinh t, Qun l
Qun l kinh t: Kt qu SX v phn phi, Sn phm trn mng li
phn phi, Lp ho n.
Phn tch kinh t, Nghin cu th trng.
Qun l ni b.
12
B phn lc du
-Cc trung tm nghin cu
Cc qu trnh lc du: xc tc, cng ngh, thit b.
Cc loi nhin liu
Cc nghin cu c bit, toxixologie.
In n, ph bin ti liu.
Bng pht minh, Hp ng nghin cu.
13
B phn phn phi sn

phm s lng ln
-Maketing.
-B phn qun l khu vc.
-B phn qun l mng li phn phi.
-Nhin liu v cht t.
-Sn phm en.
-Logistique.
14
B phn phn phi sn

phm c bit
-Gaz.
-Dung mi.
-Ho du.
-Hng khng.
-Du nhn.
-Paraffine.
-Soude
15
Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du
Gii thiu
QHTT
Nghin cu vn hnh
Gii php ti u
Tin hnh thng xuyn trong cng nghip: Hp kim, phi liu CN thc
phm, SX -t, Ti u ho qu trnh nhp liu, sx v phn phi trong LD
S pht trin ca vic p dng QHTT
QHTT: thc hin nhiu tinh ton
tr gip ca my tnh: T/g hp l
Lc du: M hnh c bn (Modle de base) i din cho 1 nh my

(khong 10 rng buc).
M hnh a nh my (Multiraffineries).
M hnh a nh my c tnh n s thay i cc H cung cp.
theo thi gian (Multiraffineries-Multipriodes): hng ngn rng
buc.
Thut ton n hnh (Simplexe)
Bell Laboratories
G.B. Dantzig et Von Neumann 1947
M. Karmarkar, 1980
16
S pht trin ca vic p dng QHTT

Knh thc bi ton thng gp hin nay: vi ngn rng buc v n.
Nabisco (M): 30.000 rng buc, 300.000 n.
Cng ty hng khng: 850 rng buc, 5.500.000 n.
17
Bi ton u tin ca qu trnh lc du, lp phng trnh v gii

-Bi ton: (n gin: 3 sp, khng hao ht, khng tiu th ni nh my)
X l 2 loi du th A v B sx xng, GO v FO vi hiu sut:
Du th
A
B
Xng
0,2
0,4
GO
0,4
0,2
FO
0,4
0,4
Rng buc lu tr:
Xng: 1.200 tn
GO:
1.200 tn
FO:
1.400 tn
Hiu qu kinh t (li nhun):
140 USD/1 tn du th A
150 USD/1 tn du th B
18

-Lp phng trnh:
PA x l ring l tng loi du th:
Du th A: x l ti a 3000 tn (Rng buc lu tr GO): 420.000USD
Du th B: x l ti a 3000 tn (Rng buc lu tr Xng): 450.000USD
X l Kt hp hai loi du th: Hiu qu?
X1 lng du th A x l, X2: lng du th B cn x l, Mc ch: Ti a li nhun.
Phng trnh:
Max(Z) 140X1 + 150X2

0,2X1 + 0,4X2 1200
0,4X1 + 0,2X2 1200
0,4X1 + 0,4X2 1400
X1 0, X2 0, X1, X2: Bin cu trc (bin chnh)

B sung cc bin sai khc (variables dcart) X1, X2 v X3 h trn tr thnh:
Max(Z) 140X1 + 150X2
0,2X1 + 0,4X2 + X1 = 1200
0,4X1 + 0,2X2 + X2 = 1200
0,4X1 + 0,4X2 + X3 = 1400
X1 0, X2 0, X1 0, X2 0, X3 0
X1, X2, X3: Chnh lch gia sx ti a Xng, GO v FO.
19

i vi bi ton c m rng buc v n n ta c dng:
n
Max(Z)
C X
j =1
A X
j =1
Bi
ij
i = 1 m
Hoc:
Min(Z)
C X
j =1
A X B
j =1
ij
i = 1 m
Bi ton vn cn c th cha cc dng rng buc tuyn tnh khc: , , =

Tt c cc rng buc bt phng trnh u c th chuyn sang dng PT bng cch thm cc
bin ph:
Max(Z)
C X
j =1
A X +X = B
j =1
ij
'
i
i = 1 m
20
Phng php Simplexe: phng n xut pht, Bin c s

Bi ton xem xt c 3 PT v 5 n (X1, X2, X1, X2, X3)
H ny s giai c khi c nh 2 n, h PT c th vit lai:
X1=1200-0,2X1-0,4X2 (a)
X2=1200-0,4X1-0,2X2 (b)
X3= 1400-0,4X1-0,4X2 (c)
v d: X1= 1000, X2= 1000 ta c X1=600, X2=600, X3=600
y l 1 phng n (PA) v tho mn tt c cc rng buc vi gi tr ca hm mc tiu
Z=290.000USD
Khng phi PA ti u!
Bt u bng PA xut pht sau ci thin dn kt qu ca phng n

chn t n PA ti u
21
Phng php Simplexe: phng n xut pht, Bin c s

PA cc bin xut pht [PA(0)]:
X1=0, X2=0, X1=1200, X2=1200, X3=1400, Khng lm g c v Z=0
Trong PA ny X1, X2 v X3 0 gi l bin c s
X1=X2=0 l cc bin ngoi c s (hors base)
Ci thin hm mc tiu ca PA cc bin xut pht [PA(1)]:
Tng gi tr ca X2 c h s cao nht trong hm mc tiu (150 so vi 140)
Gi tr ti a ca X2 theo phng n ny phi tho mn:
(a): X10:
0,4X21200:
X2 3000
(b): X20:
0,2X21200:
X2 6000
(c): X30:
0,4X21400:
X2 3500
X2=3000, X1=0, X1=0, X2=600 v X3=200

PA(0)
PA(1)
X1=0
X1=0 (Bin ngoi c s)
PA(1) tt hn PA(0)
X2=0
X2=3000
PA(1) ti u?
X1=1200
X1=0 (Bin ngoi c s)
M t hm mc tiu theo hai bin
X2=1200
X2=600
mi X1 v X1 (bin ngoi c s ca
X3=1400
X3=200
Z=0
Z=3000*150=450.000
PA(1)) v xt du ca cc h s ca
22
chng
Phng php Simplexe: Qu trnh lp (Itration), Phng n ti u

Z: 140X1 + 150X2
X1=1200-0,2X1-0,4X2 (a)
X2=1200-0,4X1-0,2X2 (b)
X3= 1400-0,4X1-0,4X2 (c)
M t hm mc tiu theo hai bin mi X1 v X1: s dng Phng trnh (a):
X2=3000-0,5X1-2,5X1, thay X2 trong hm mc tiu Z v PT (b) v (c):
Z: 450000 + 65X1 -375X1
X2=3000-0,5X1-2,5X1 (a)
X2=600-0,3X1+0,5X1 (b)
X3=200-0,2X1+X1 (c)
Tng X1 cho php ci thin c
hm mc tiu Z v X1 b gii hn bi:
(a): X2 0:
X1 6000
(b): X2 0:
X1 2000
(c): X3 0:
X1 1000
X1=1000, X2=2500 (a), X1=0 (Khng thay i gi tr), X2=300 (b), X3=0 (c)
Z = 450000+65*1000 = 1000*140+2500*150 = 515000USD
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Phng php Simplexe: Qu trnh lp (Itration), Phng n ti u

PA(1)
PA(2)
Z: 450000 + 65X1 -375X1
X1=0
X1=1000
X2=3000-0,5X1-2,5X1 (a)
X2=3000
X2=2500
X2=600-0,3X1+0,5X1 (b)
X1=0
X1=0 (Bin ngoi c s)
X3=200-0,2X1+X1 (c)
X2=600
X2=300
M t hm mc tiu theo hai bin ngoi c s
X3=200
X3=0 (Bin ngoi c s)
X1 v X3 t PT (c):
Z=450000
Z=515000
X1=1000+5X1-5X3 thay vo Z, (a) v (b):

Z: 515000 50X1 325X3
X2=2500-5X1+2,5X3 (a)
X2=300-X1+1,5X3 (b)
X1=1000+5X1-5X3 (c)
Phng n ti u
Bng n hnh ti u (Tableau simplexe loptimum)
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Phng php Simplexe: Phn tch phng n ti u

ngha vt l ca PA ti u: PA ti u l phi x l 1000 tn du th A v 2500 tn du th B
Du th A: 1000
Hiu sut
Du th B: 2500
S lng
Hiu sut
S lng
Tng
Xng
0,2
200
0,4
1000
1200
GO
0,4
400
0,2
500
900
FO
0,4
400
0,4
1000
1400
1,0
1000
1,0
2500
3500
SX thc t
Xng
SX ti a
Chnh lch
1200
1200
GO
900
1200
300
FO
1400
1400
25
Phng php Simplexe: Gnralisation

# Sau khi a cc bin ph vo, ta s c mt h PT c m PT v n n (m<n).
# xc nh mt PA, cho n-m gi tr 0, n-m bin ny gl Bin ngoi c s , m
bin cn li gl Bin c s .
# Thut ton n hnh (Simplexe) cho php chuyn t 1 PA c bn ny sang 1
PA c bn khc v bo m s ci thin ca hm mc tiu.
# Khi khng cn kh nng ci thin hm mc tiu: trng thi ti u t c.
26
Phn tch cc gi tr marginales (cots marginaux)

-Xc nh cc gi tr marginales:
PA ti u ca bi ton kho st: 1000 tn du th A v 2500 tn du th B
Pbl: ci g s xy ra khi ta thay i nh s SX ca xng, GO hoc FO?
PA ti u trong bng simplexe:
Gi s rng chng ta c th sx 1 tn xng nhiu hn, lc rng buc

lu tr xng c vit li nh sau:
Z: 515000 50X1 325X3
0,2X1+0,4X2+X1=1201 0,2X1+0,4X2+(X1-1)=1200
X2=2500-5X1-2,5X3 (a)
X2=300-X1+1,5X3 (b)
X1=1000+5X1-5X3 (c)
PT ban u trong X1 c thay th bng X1-1

Gia tng sx xng 1 /v Gim 1 /v bin ph X1: Hm ti u tng
50. Tng t:
Gia tng sx FO 1 /v Gim 1 /v bin ph X3: Hm ti u tng 325.
Cot marginal Rng buc: Thay i gi tr ca hm mc tiu
27

-Xc nh cc gi tr marginales:
PA ti u ca bi ton kho st: 1000 tn du th A v 2500 tn du th B
Pbl: ci g s xy ra khi ta thay i nh s SX ca xng, GO hoc FO?
Gi s rng chng ta c th sx 1 tn xng nhiu hn, lc rng buc

lu tr xng c vit li nh sau:
Z: 515000 50X1 325X3
0,2X1+0,4X2+X1=1201 0,2X1+0,4X2+(X1-1)=1200
X2=2500-5X1-2,5X3 (a)
X2=300-X1+1,5X3 (b)
X1=1000+5X1-5X3 (c)
PT ban u trong X1 c thay th bng X1-1

Gia tng sx xng 1 /v Gim 1 /v bin ph X1: Hm ti u tng
50. Tng t:
Gia tng sx FO 1 /v Gim 1 /v bin ph X3: Hm ti u tng 325.
Cot marginal Rng buc: Thay i gi tr ca hm mc tiu

S phn tch ny ch c gi tr khi s thay i ca sx Xng v FO nh
Phm vi ng dng?
28

-Gi tr marginales v h s thay th:
X2=2500-5X1-2,5X3 (a)
SX tng 1 tn xng
X2=300-X1+1,5X3 (b)
X1=1000+5X1-5X3 (c)
X1 X1-1
Du th A
Du th B
X2=2500+5 = 2505 (a)

X2=300+1 = 301 (b)
X1=1000-5 = 995 (c)
Chnh lch
-5
+5
Xng
-1 (-5*0,2)
+2 (5*0,4)
+1
GO
-2 (-5*0,4)
+1 (5*0,2)
-1
FO
-2 (-5*0,4)
+2 (5*0,4)
Li nhun
-140*5
+150*5
+50
Bi tp: Sn xut FO tng thm 1 tn

29

-Phm vi ng dng ca gi tr marginales v bin thin h s thay th:
#PA ti u
Phm vi thay i
ca cc rng buc?
#Gi tr marginales
#nh gi s thay i cc gi tr ti u khi thay i nh cc rng buc
Xt s thay i ca sn xut xng ti a
X1 (X1>0 hoc X1<0)
Max(Z) 140X1 + 150X2
9Nu nhu cu xng=0, X1=-1200

X2=2500-5*1200=-3500, X1=7000: PA
khng chp nhn c (X2<0).
0,2X1 + 0,4X2 + X1 = 1200+ X1
9Xc nh phm vi ca X1:
0,4X1 + 0,2X2 + X2 = 1200
(a): X2=2500+5X10: X1 -500
0,4X1 + 0,4X2 + X3 = 1400
(b): X2=300+ X10: X1 -300
PA ti u:
(c): X1=1000-5 X10: X1200
Z: 515000 50(X1-X1) 325X3
X2=2500-5(X1-X1)-2,5X3 (a)
SX Xng ban u:1200 v Cc h s trong
X2=300-(X1-X1)+1,5X3 (b)
bng Simplexe cui vn cn gi tr khi SX
X1=1000+5(X1-X1)-5X3 (c)
xng:
900 SX Xng 1400
30

-Phm vi ng dng ca gi tr marginales v bin thin h s thay th:
900 SX Xng 1400
9 Bin c s: X1, X2 v X2, ngoi c s: X1 v X3,
9 Ga tr marginaux khng i
9 Cc gi tr mi ca bin c s (X1, X2, X2) vn c
th tnh ton c t bng simplexe ti u.
9 Hm mc tiu b thay i
Bi tp: Kho st khong lm vic ca FO

31

-Phm vi ng dng ca phng n: bin thin h s ca hm mc tiu
t vn :
Khi gi tr ca du th thay i Hm kinh t thay i
Vt qua mt gii hn no : Bin c s Bin ngoi c s
V d: Li nhun t du th A = 0, v du th B = 150USD ch x l du th B, X1 ngoi c s
Phm vi thay i ca gi tr du th A m khng lm thay i cu trc bng

Simplexe ti u Cots marginaux ca cc bin ngoi c s vn cn 0
V1: gi tr ca du th A
Z: 515000 50X1 325X3
X2=2500-5X1-2,5X3 (a)
X2=300-X1+1,5X3 (b)
X1=1000+5X1-5X3 (c)
BT: Xc nh khong gi tr
ca du th B V2.
X1=-1 Hm mc tiu gim 5V1, tng 5*150: cot marginal:

750-5V10, V1150.
Tng t: X3=-1 Hm mc tiu tng 5V1, gim 2.5*150:
cot marginal: 5V1-2.5*1500, V175.
75 V1 150:
9PA ti u khng thay i (X1=1000, X2=2500), gi tr ca
cc bin khc cng gi nguyn: X1=X3=0, X2=300.
9Gi tr ca hm ti u v cots marginaux thay i theo
gi tr ca A
32

(Trong phm vi ng dng phng php)
Thay i gi tr v phi ca rng buc:
Thay i h s ca hm kinh t:
9Bng simplexe ti u vn cn gi tr do :
9Bng simplexe ti u vn cn gi tr do :
9Cc bin c s v ngoi c s gi nguyn
9Cc bin c s v ngoi c s gi nguyn
9Gi tr cc bin c s thay i
9Gi tr ca cc bin gi nguyn
9Cots marginaux gi nguyn
9Cots marginaux thay i
9Hm kinh t b thay i
9Hm kinh t b thay i
33
Bi ton th hai ca nh my lc du: Ti thiu chi ph

Mt nh my cn SX ti thiu 3 sn phm:
t phng trnh:
Xng: 1600 tn
Min:
150X1 + 140X2 + 160X3
GO: 2000 tn
0,2X1 + 0,25X2 + 0,4X3 1600
FO: 2800 tn
0,4X1 + 0,25X2 + 0,2X3 2000
t 3 loi du th A, B v C vi cc hiu sut (%m)
0,4X1 + 0,5X2 + 0,4X3 2800
nh sau:
A
Xng
0,2
0,25
0,4
GO
0,4
0,25
0,2
FO
0,4
0,5
0,4
Gi du
150
140
160
Min:
150X1 + 140X2 + 160X3

0,2X1 + 0,25X2 + 0,4X3 X1 = 1600 (1)
0,4X1 + 0,25X2 + 0,2X3 X2 = 2000 (2)
0,4X1 + 0,5X2 + 0,4X3 X3 = 2800 (3)
34

Min:
150X1 + 140X2 + 160X3

0,2X1 + 0,25X2 + 0,4X3 X1 = 1600 (1)
0,4X1 + 0,25X2 + 0,2X3 X2 = 2000 (2)
0,4X1 + 0,5X2 + 0,4X3 X3 = 2800 (3)
PA xut pht (PA(0)):

9 X2=X3=0
9 Xc nh X1 ti thiu cc
bin ph 0 X1=8000, ta c:
X2=X3=0
X1=8000
X1=0
X2=1200
X3=400
Min:
1200000 47,5X2 140X3 + 750X1

X1 = 8000 1,25X2 2X3 + 5X1 (1)
X2 = 1200 0,25X2 0,6X3 + 2X1 (2)
X3 = 400
- 0,4X3 + 2X1 (3)
Phng n tip theo (PA(1)): tng gi tr ca X3

X3 4000 (1), X3 2000 (2), X3 1000 (3) X3=1000
35

PA(1): tng gi tr ca X3
X3 4000 (1), X3 2000 (2), X3 1000 (3) X3=1000
(3) X3 = 1000 + 5X1 2,5X3
Min:
1060000 47,5X2 + 50X1 + 350X3

X1 = 6000 1,25X2 5X1 + 5X3 (1)
X2 = 600 0,25X2 X1 + 1,5X3 (2)
X3 = 1000
PA(1) PA(2): tng gi tr ca X2

X2 4800 (1), X2 2400 (2), X2 (3)
X2=2400
(2) X2 = 2400 4X1 - 4X2 + 6X3
+ 5X1 2,5X3 (3)
Min:
94600 + 240X1 + 190X2 + 65X3

X1 = 3000
+ 5X2 2,5X3 (1)
X2 = 2400 4X1 - 4X2 + 6X3 (2)

X3 = 1000
+ 5X1
2,5X3 (3)
9 Phng n ti u
36
i ngu (Dualit)
y l mt nguyn l c bn ca QHTT:
Kt hp bi ton ti u tuyn tnh cc hot ng vt l (Problme primal) vi mt bi
ton tuyn tnh khc, i xng, ti u v chi ph hoc gi c, li nhun (Dual).
Tn trng cc rng but ca bi ton u
VD: Bi ton nh my lc du u tin:
Kinh t th trng
9Ti thiu gi bn
9Li nhun Gi tr du th
Primal
Max(Z)
140X1 + 150X2
0,2X1 + 0,4X2 1200
0,4X1 + 0,2X2 1200
0,4X1 + 0,4X2 1400
Dual
Min (Z)
1200U1 + 1200U2 + 1400U3

0,2U1 + 0,4U2 + 0,4U3 140
0.4U2 + 0.2U2 + 0.4U3 150
37
i ngu (Dualit)
Primal
Max (Z)
140X1 + 150X2
0,2X1 + 0,4X2 + X1 = 1200
Dual
Min (Z)
0,2U1 + 0,4U2 + 0,4U3 U1 = 140
0,4X1 + 0,2X2 + X2 = 1200
0.4U2 + 0.2U2 + 0.4U3 - U2 = 150
0,4X1 + 0,4X2 + X3 = 1400
Primal
Z:
515000 50X1 325X3

X2 = 2500 - 5X1 + 2,5X3
X2 = 300 - X1 + 1,5X3
X1 = 1000 + 5X1 - 5X3
1200U1 + 1200U2 + 1400U3
Dual
Z:
515000 + 300U2 + 1000U1 + 2500U2

U3 = 325 1.5U2 +5U1 2.5U2
U1 = 50 + U2 5U1 + 5U2
9Cng hai gi tr ti u
9Gi tr ti u ca Dual = gi tr marginal ca primal
9S lng ti u ca primal = gi tr marginal ca Dual
38
i ngu (Dualit)
Primal
Max (Z)
140X1 + 150X2
0,2X1 + 0,4X2 + X1 = 1200
Dual
Min (Z)
0,2U1 + 0,4U2 + 0,4U3 U1 = 140
0,4X1 + 0,2X2 + X2 = 1200
0.4U2 + 0.2U2 + 0.4U3 - U2 = 150
0,4X1 + 0,4X2 + X3 = 1400
Primal
Z:
515000 50X1 325X3

X2 = 2500 - 5X1 + 2,5X3
X2 = 300 - X1 + 1,5X3
X1 = 1000 + 5X1 - 5X3
1200U1 + 1200U2 + 1400U3
Dual
Z:
515000 + 300U2 + 1000U1 + 2500U2

U3 = 325 1.5U2 +5U1 2.5U2
U1 = 50 + U2 5U1 + 5U2
9 Phn tch cc gi tr marginales ca Dual: U1, U2 v U2
39
p dng vo nh my lc du
Mc ch ca nh my lc du: (Mi trng cnh tranh)
Ti a li nhun ca nh my: Maxi s chnh lch gia gi tr bn SP v chi ph:

Nguyn liu: du th v cc nguyn liu khc
Vn hnh: Chi ph c nh, chi ph thay i
c im ca NMLD:
SX nhiu loi sn phm t nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau.
T l tng i gia cc SP ph thuc vo:
S a dng ca nguyn liu
Hot ng ca cc PX bo m cho s chuyn ho
Cc iu chnh c th c ca PX
Khng th xc nh chi ph SX trn mt sn phm (mt cch ton hc)
Nhiu kh nng la chn PA SX trong mt bi cnh cho trc: PA ti u?
( Biu din cc hot ng ca nh my lc du thnh cc PT tuyn tnh.
( S dng m hnh tuyn tnh thu c xc nh PA ti u.
40
Chng III: M hnh ha s hot ng ca nh my lc du
C s qu trnh m hnh ho s hot ng ca nh my lc du

3 HOT NG CHNH:
Phn tch cc phn on Chng ct
Chuyn ho Cht lng SP (reforming, x l bng Hydro...), Hiu sut SP (FCC...)
Phi trn Sn phm cui
I. Phn tch v chuyn ho:
9 c thc hin bi cc PX sn c trong NMLD
9 Xem xt hot ng ca PX
- Ch lm vic n nh
- Lu lng v c tnh ca nguyn liu
- Cc thng s lm vic: T, P, T s hi lu, VVH...
Sn phm
X1 m3/h
X2 m3/h
Nguyn liu
X
m3/h
T l tuyn tnh gia lu lng SP v NL:

X1 = 1X
X2 = 2X
X3 = 3X
X3 m3/h
Ch lm vic ca PX 1, 2, 3
41
Nh my lc du n gin
V d: Xt mt NMLD n gin cho mt giai on no :
-1 PX chng ct x l 2 loi du th A (X1) v B (X2) thu 3 SP: Xng (a1, a2), GO (b1, b2) v FO (c1, c2)
-1 PX chuyn ho GO (X3) thnh Xng (a3) v FO (b3)
-Khng xem xt cht lng SP
-Tiu th nng lng ni b: s dng FO (Y) vi d1, d2, d3 (% nguyn liu)
-Kh nng SX ti a: Chng ct = Q, Chuyn ho = Q3
-Yu cu cung cp Xng, GO v FO: E, G v F
-Gi du th + chi ph SX bin i: du th A: 1 USD/m3, du th B: 2 USD/m3
-S SX c th > yu cu cung cp:
- Lu lng sn phm sn xut vt k hoch v gi bn: Xng: m3 ( USD/m3), GO: m3 ( USD/m3),
FO: m3 ( USD/m3)
-Chi ph SX bin i ca phn xng chuyn ho 3 USD/m3
-Gi bn ca cc SP trong k hoch: Xng e USD/m3, GO g USD/m3, FO f USD/m3,
42
S n gin ca qu trnh lc du
Bn
a1
SX tha
E
Xng
b1
Du th A
X1
c1
X3
a3
c3
G
d1
GO
d3
a2
b2
Du th B
X2
c2
F
FO
d2
Du th
Chng ct
Chuyn ho
NL ni b
Sn phm cui
43
Xy dng ma trn bi ton

Xy dng ma trn bi ton:
Sn xut - S dng ni b - SX d = Nhu cu

Danh sch cc n s: X1, X2, X3, , ,
CN BNG VT CHT:
Cn bng xng:
a1X1 + a2X2 +a3X3
=E+
Cn bng GO:
b1X1 + b2X2 X3
=G+
Cn bng FO:
c1X1 + c2X2 +c3X3 -Y = F +
CN BNG NHIT LNG:

Nng lng PX:
d1X1 + d2X2 +d3X3 = Y
RNG BUC KH NNG SX:

Kh nng chng ct:
X1 + X2 Q
Kh nng chuyn ho: X3 Q3

HM KINH T (HM MC TIU)
Min: 1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3X3 - - - - eE gG - fF
44
Kt qu
Ma trn bi ton :
Cn bng Xng
Cn bng sn
Cn bng GO
phm
Cn bng FO
Cn bng NL NL ni b
Rng but KN Kh nng chng ct
SX
Kh nng chuyn ho
Hm kinh t (ti u)
X1
a1
b1
c1
d1
1
1
X2
a2
b2
c2
d2
1
2
X3
a3
-1
c3
d3
1
3
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
=
=
=
=
RHS
E
G
F
0
Q
Q3
Min
45
Phi trn cc bn sn phm (bases)

-Sn phm cui Tiu chun SP: Cc rng but ti a hoc ti thiu ca cc tnh cht vt l.
-Cc tiu chun SP tho mn yu cu khch hng hoc cc tiu chun nh nc.
-Sn phm cui ca nh my lc du: Phi trn cc bases
-Phng php d on (mthodes de prdiction) cc tnh cht ca SP phi trn
Base 1
Z1
Base 2
Z2
Base 3
Z3
(Q1)
(Q2)
Sn phm cui
Z (Q)
(Q3)
Q Z
Q=
Z
i
Z: s lng ca cc bases v SP cui

(th tch hoc khi lng)
Q: Tnh cht cn kho st hoc cc gi
tnh cht (pseudo-qualit)
46

Mt sn phm p c tnh cht Q thu c t s phi trn ca i bases c th tch vi v c tnh cht qi
S phi trn ny tun theo Quy tc trn ln th tch:
qv
v
i i
q v
Q=
v
S max
i i
Nu Q Smax:
q v
i
(q
S max v i
- S max ) v i 0
S phi trn ny tun theo Quy tc trn ln khi lng:
d (q
i
Cng thc m rng:
- S max ) v i 0
v =V
qv
V S
i
i i
v V = 0
q v S V 0
i
max
i i
max
47

V d 1: Phi liu SX hai loi xng supercarburant (SU) v Xng thng (CO) t cc bases sau y:
Li nhun 8USD/m3 SU, 2USD/m3 CO
Base
K hiu Sn c (m3) p sut hi Ch s Octane
Butane
C4
A1
t1
r1
Xng FCC EC
A2
t2
r2
Rformat
ER
A3
t3
r3
C4
(A1)
EC
C4SU
C4
CO
(A3)
VSU
CO
VCO
E CS U
(A2)
ER
SU
ECCO
ER
SU
ERCO
48

V d 1: Phi liu SX hai loi xng supercarburant (SU) v Xng thng (CO)
Bng Ma trn phi trn

C4SU
1
C4CO
1
ECSU
ECCO
ERSU
ERCO
Lu tr C4
Lu tr EC
1
1
Lu tr EC
1
1
TVMaxSU t1-TVMax1
t2-TVMax1
t3-TVmax1
TVminSU t1-Tvmin1
t2-Tvmin1
t3-Tvmin1
OCminSU r1-OCmin1
r2-OCmin1
r2-OCmin1
TVMaxCO
t1-TVMax2
t2-TVMax2
t3-TVMax2
TVminCO
t1-Tvmin2
t2-Tvmin2
t3-Tvmin2
OCminCO
r1-OCmin2
r2-OCmin2
r2-OCmin2
Hm kinh t
8
2
8
2
8
2
RHS
A1
A2
A3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Max
49

V d 1: Phi liu SX hai loi xng supercarburant (SU) v Xng thng (CO)
Bng Ma trn phi trn m rng

C4SU C4CO ECSU ECCO ERSU ERCO VSU
VCO
Lu tr C4
1
1
Lu tr EC
1
1
Lu tr EC
1
1
VolSU
1
1
1
-1
TVMaxSU
t1
t2
t3
-TVMax1
TVminSU
t1
t2
t3
-Tvmin1
OCminSU
r1
r2
r2
-OCmin1
VolCO
1
1
1
-1
TVMaxCO
t1
t2
t3
-TVMax2
TVminCO
t1
t2
t3
-Tvmin2
OCminCO
r1
r2
r2
-OCmin2
Hm kinh t
8
2
RHS
A1
A2
A3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Max
50
Phi trn sn phm theo cc cng thc
Nu cht lng SP theo cng thc trn ln tuyn tnh sai khc nhiu vi thc t
Cng thc c kim tra ti phng th nghim
La chn gia cc cng thc c thit lp
V d: SX mt loi xng c bit vi nhu cu Q bng hai cng thc 1 v 2, tho mn tt c cc tiu
chun cn kim tra
% th tch
Formule 1
Formule 2
iC5 (Chng ct) Reformat Xng FCC

3
60
37
4
50
46
51
Phi trn sn phm theo cc cng thc
V d: SX mt loi xng c bit vi nhu cu Q bng hai cng thc 1 v 2, tho mn tt c cc tiu
chun cn kim tra
Cn bng iC5
Cn bng Reformat
Cn bng Xng FCC
Nhu cu CA
Chi ph
Chct Reforming FCC

a
b
c
C1
C2
C3
CASF1 CASF2
-0.03
-0.04
-0.6
-0.5
-0.37
-0.46
1
1
=
=
=
=
RHS
0
0
0
Q
Min
52
S m phng qu trnh lc du v phi trn sn phm
53
Chng IV: S dng phn mm Lingo trong tinh ton ti u
Cu trc ma trn ca bi ton thng gp:

Cu trc bin
Gi tr cc bin
DU
RHS
Cn bng SP v bn SP
Rng buc khng ch cht lng
Cc rng buc c bit
Rng buc v kh nng SX, lu tr
HM KINH T (MC TIU)
54
Cc bc cn tin hnh khi gii bi ton ti u bng phn mm Lingo

M hnh ha qu trnh sn xut
Xc nh cu trc cc bin v rng buc
Xy dng ma trn ca bi ton trn bng tnh Excel
Khai bo cc mng cha bin, cc kiu rng buc, RHS

v cc h s ca bi ton
Lin kt d liu gia Excel v Lingo
Gii ti u bng Lingo v trao i kt qu

55
V d v phng php khai bo v lin kt d liu

!Bai Tap so 1;
MODEL:
SETS:
Ban_SP
: Zero;
SP_NB
: Nhu_cau;
RB_min
: GT_min;
RB_Max
: GT_Max;
Ten_bien
: GT_bien, chi_phi;
LINKS1(Ban_SP,Ten_bien)
:VOLUME1;
LINKS2(SP_NB,Ten_bien)
:VOLUME2;
LINKS3(RB_min,Ten_bien)
:VOLUME3;
LINKS4(RB_Max,Ten_bien)
:VOLUME4;
ENDSETS
MIN=@SUM(Ten_bien(J): GT_Bien(J)*Chi_phi(J));
@FOR(Ban_SP(I):
@SUM(Ten_bien(J):
VOLUME1(I,J)*GT_Bien(J))=Zero(I));
@FOR(SP_NB(K):
@SUM(Ten_bien(J):
VOLUME2(K,J)*GT_Bien(J))=Nhu_cau(K));
@FOR(RB_min(L):
@SUM(Ten_bien(J):
VOLUME3(L,J)*GT_Bien(J))>=GT_Min(L));
@FOR(RB_Max(M):
@SUM(Ten_bien(J):
VOLUME4(M,J)*GT_Bien(J))<=GT_Max(M));
DATA:
Ban_SP, Zero, SP_NB, Nhu_cau, RB_min, GT_min, RB_Max, GT_Max, Ten_bien, Chi_phi, VOLUME1, VOLUME2, VOLUME3,
VOLUME4
=@OLE('C:\Cours-Lam\BT.XLS','Ban_SP', 'Zero', 'SP_NB', 'Nhu_cau', 'RB_min', 'GT_min', 'RB_Max', 'GT_Max', 'Ten_bien',
'Chi_phi', 'VOLUME1', 'VOLUME2', 'VOLUME3', 'VOLUME4');
@OLE('C:\Cours-Lam\BT.XLS','GT_Bien' )=GT_Bien;
ENDDATA
56
END
V d v bo co kt qu ca bi ton ti u
57
V d v bo co kt qu ca bi ton ti u
58
Chng V: Cc ch tiu kinh t ca s nng cao gi tr sn phm
Mc ch:
- nh gi v so snh nhanh vo mi thi im hiu qu kinh t ca
cc phng n hot ng khc nhau ca mt nh my lc du
- Ti a li nhun ca thi im kho st
Nguyn tc:
- Da trn mc hot ng c s
- Chi ph c nh c trang tri mc hot ng c s
-Gi tr ca cc phng n hot ng khc nhau c tnh t mc
hot ng c s v ch xt cc chi ph bin i i km
59
Chng III: Cc ch tiu kinh t ca s nng cao gi tr sn phm
Cc phng php tip cn: 4 giai on
1. Xc nh trng hp c s
2. Lit k cc phng n hot c th c bng cch s dng kh nng uyn
chuyn ca nh my v ccng buc
3. nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca cc phng n khc nhau:
- Cn bng vt cht v cc s thay i kim km vi sn phm xem xt
- Chi ph bin i i km
- Gi tr ca sn phm theo c ch ti cn bng ca nh my lc du
4. Phn loi cc hot dng theo th t hiu qu kinh t v quyt nh
60
Tnh ton hiu qu ca nh my lc du

Bi ton: Nh my Lc du Basse Seine, s dng nguyn liu du th
Arabe light 34API vi FCC. nh gi gi tr ca du th i ra khi nh my
nh sau:
Sn phm
Gi tr sn phm (USD/tn)
Hiu sut (%)
Gi tr ca phn on (USD)
Propane
180
1.5
2.7
Butane
175
2.2
3.85
Naphtha
180
5.6
10.08
Xng super
220
20.8
45.76
JetA1
200
9.3
18.6
GOM
190
30.3
57.57
FO
80
24
19.2
Tiu th ni b
80
5.9
4.72
Hao ht
0.4
100
162.48
61

Gi tr ca cc sn phm theo c ch ti cn bng:
C ch ti cn bng
Ch s th trng du m (Rotterdam)
Sn phm
Propane
Nhp
135 FOB
180 CAF
Butane
Xut sang Rotterdam
130 FOB
175 CAF
Xng nng
Xut sang Rotterdam
190 CAF
180 FOB
Xng super
Xut sang Rotterdam
230 CAF
220 FOB
Kerosene
Xut sang Rotterdam
210 CAF
200 FOB
Gasoil (0.2%S)
Nhp
190 CAF
190 CAF
FO (3.5%S)
Xut sang Anh
85 CAF
80 FOB
FO (1%S)
Nhp
120 CAF
120 CAF
62

Chi ph du th v chi ph sn xut (USD/tn)
Gi mua du th (FOB)
117.6
Chi ph vn chuyn + bo him
13.4
Hao ht khi vn chuyn(0.35%)
0.5
Gi tr du th ti cng (CAF)
131.5
Chi ph vn chuyn t terminal n NMLD
2.0
Chi ph nhin liu
4.7
Chi ph bin i (nh my vi FCC)
5.0
Chi ph tng
143.2
Hiu qu ca NMLD khi x l du th (USD/tn)

162.5 - 143.2 = 19.3 USD/tn
63
Chn im ct ca phn on Xng v Kerosene

Nguyn l:
-y l tham s iu chnh v to nn mt s uyn chuyn quan trng i vi nh
my lc du
-Do cc rng buc v cht lng sn phm Ti thiu l 145-150oC v ti a l
185oC
C ch v cn bng vt cht:
S thay i im ct gia phn on
xng nng v kerosene c thc
hin trong gii hn trn v phi lun
tn trng tiu chun v im vn c
ca gasoil
C ch ny cho php gia tng 2 tn
kerosene v 0.4 tn VGO cracking
trong khi gim 1.4 tn gasoil v 1 tn
xng nng.
Xng nng
Xng nng
=1
Kerosene
Kerosene
=1
Gasoil
Gasoil
=0.4
VGO
VGO
1 tn kerosene = 0.7 tn gasoil + 0.5 tn xng 0.2 tn VGO
64
Chn im ct ca phn on Xng v Kerosene

C s nh gi (USD/tn) :
Xng nng
186 (gi xut khu + 6USD)
Kerosene
200 (gi xut khu)
Gasoil
190 Nhp khu c d=0.845, xt chnh lch t trng ta c:
Gasoil
VGO
193.4
150
1 tn kerosene = 0.7 tn gasoil + 0.5 tn xng nng 0.2 tn VGO
Chi ph sn xut thm 1 tn kerosene (marginal) (USD/tn)

0.7*193.4 + 0.5*186 0.2*150 = 198.4
Hiu qu:
Tng li nhun: 200-198.4=1.6 USD
Sn xut ti a Kerosene
65
Xt hiu qu ca phn xng reforming xc tc

Xng nng chng ct
0.11 C2-
Reforming
xc tc
0.07 C3
0.09 C4
0.73 Reformate
Mua trc tip
0.08 Nhin liu

USD/tn
Xng nng nguyn liu
186
Chi ph vn hnh
2.0
Nhin liu (0.08*80)
6.4
194.4
Xc nh gi tr ca Reformate
Cc sn phm ph
C2-=0.11*80*1.2
10.6
Propane 0.7*180
12.6
Butane 0.09*175
15.7
38.9
0.73 tn Reformate
Reformate
155.5
213
66
Xt hiu qu ca phn xng reforming xc tc

Xc nh gi tr ca Xng Super c ch
USD/tn
Reformate 0.82*213
174.7
Xng nh 0.14*180
25.2
Butane 0.04*175
7.0
Ch (0.15g/l)
4.0
Xng Super c ch
210.9
Gi FOB ca xng Super: 220 USD/tn (xut khu)
Vn hnh ch ti a ca phn xng Reforming
67
Xt hiu qu ca phn xng FCC

Hiu sut v gi tr cc sn phmca phn xng FCC, nguyn liu 2%S
Sn phm
Hiu sut
(%m)
Gi tr
(USD/tn)
Gi tr ca phn on
(USD)
180
3.6
1.8
175
3.15
180
10.8
Xng Super
24
220
52.8
Gasoil
35
190
66.5
24.2
80
19.36
Cole
6.5
Mt mt
0.5
Tng
100
Propane
Butane
Xng nh
Du nng (HTS)
156.2
Nh my thiu VGO cracking v phi nhp t Rotterdam
68
Xt hiu qu ca phn xng FCC

Cht pha long, gim nht ~ 30%GO+70%FO, 2.8%S
(Fluxant)
Gi tr nht: 0.3*190 + 0.7*85 = 116 USD/tn
Khu tr hm lng S: (2.5 so vi 2.8):
(2.8-2.5)*(120-85)/(3.5-1) = 14 USD/%S
Gi tr ca VGO cracking
VGO cracking:
112.3 + 6 + 10 = 128.3 (USD/tn)
Gi tr tng ng fluxant:
116.5 - 4.2=112.3USD/tn
Kh nng cracking: 6 USD/tn

Vn chuyn: 10 USD/tn
Hiu qu ca FCC: 156.2 128.3 = 23.9 (USD/tn)

Tng cng sut ca phn xng FCC
69

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TI U HA NH MY LC DU

(Dnh cho sinh vin ngnh Cng ngh ha hc Du v kh)

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Nguyn liu v sn phm

Xy dng chng trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Cu trc hnh chnh ca mt cng ty lc du v phn phi sn phm

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chin lc v pht trin

-Lc du: Cc lnh vc cn pht trin hoc loi b

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Hnh chnh chung v b

-Ti chnh, thu quan

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

B phn phn phi sn

Chng I: Cu trc hot ng ca qu trnh lc du

B phn phn phi sn

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

tr gip ca my tnh: T/g hp l

Lc du: M hnh c bn (Modle de base) i din cho 1 nh my

G.B. Dantzig et Von Neumann 1947

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

S pht trin ca vic p dng QHTT

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Bi ton u tin ca qu trnh lc du, lp phng trnh v gii

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Bi ton u tin ca qu trnh lc du, lp phng trnh v gii

Max(Z) 140X1 + 150X2

X1 0, X2 0, X1, X2: Bin cu trc (bin chnh)

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Bi ton u tin ca qu trnh lc du, lp phng trnh v gii

Bi ton vn cn c th cha cc dng rng buc tuyn tnh khc: , , =

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Phng php Simplexe: phng n xut pht, Bin c s

Bt u bng PA xut pht sau ci thin dn kt qu ca phng n

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Phng php Simplexe: phng n xut pht, Bin c s

X2=3000, X1=0, X1=0, X2=600 v X3=200

X1=0 (Bin ngoi c s)

X1=0 (Bin ngoi c s)

M t hm mc tiu theo hai bin

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Phng php Simplexe: Qu trnh lp (Itration), Phng n ti u

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Phng php Simplexe: Qu trnh lp (Itration), Phng n ti u

Z: 450000 + 65X1 -375X1

X1=0 (Bin ngoi c s)

M t hm mc tiu theo hai bin ngoi c s

X3=0 (Bin ngoi c s)

X1=1000+5X1-5X3 thay vo Z, (a) v (b):

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Phng php Simplexe: Phn tch phng n ti u

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Phng php Simplexe: Gnralisation

Chng II: Quy hoch tuyn tnh p dng vo qu trnh lc du

Phn tch cc gi tr marginales (cots marginaux)