nh gi hin trng v xut cc nh hng

qun l cht thi rn ti thnh ph Nng

Nguyn Minh Phng


Trung tm nghin cu ti nguyn v mi trng
Lun vn ThS. ngnh: Mi trng trong pht trin bn vng
Ngi hng dn: PGS.TS. Trn Ym
Nm bo v: 2012


Abstract. Nghin cu v nh gi c: tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn; khi
lng v thnh phn cht thi rn v cc bin php thu gom, vn chuyn v x l
cht thi rn trn a bn thnh ph Nng. xut c cc bin php thu gom,
vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn trn a bn thnh ph Nng. xut mt s
nh hng cho thnh ph Nng trong vn qun l cht thi rn.

Keywords. Qun l cht thi; Cht thi rn; Mi trng; Pht trin bn vng;
Nng


Content
M U
Bo v mi trng tr thnh vn trng yu mang tnh ton cu, ngy cng c
nhiu quc gia trn th gii t thnh quc sch v tr thnh ni dung quan trng trong chin
lc pht trin kinh t - x hi.
Bc vo thi k cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, trong cc nm qua kinh t
v x hi nc ta pht trin v

i tc cao. i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn c

ci thin v nng cao mt bc , song ng

i dn cu

ng v ang phi i mt vi nhng vn

mi trng rt bc xc din ra hng ngy hng gi.
Ti Vit Nam, s thiu ng b trong qun l cng vi s gia tng nhanh chng ca
cc loi cht thi rn pht sinh nh: cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi rn cng nghip v cht
thi nguy hi cc a phng v ang t ra nhiu thch thc i vi cng tc bo v
mi trng hin nay.
Nguy c nhim mi trng do cc cht thi gy ra v ang tr thnh mt vn
cp bch trong cng tc bo v mi trng nc ta hin nay ni chung v thnh ph
Nng ni ring. Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng trn mt phn l do cc ngnh chc nng cha
thc s quan tm n vn qun l, x l cht thi, bo v mi trng m ch tp trung pht
trin kinh t v p ng nhu cu ca cuc sng trc mt. Mt phn l do cng tc d bo xu
hng v tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi cha c quan tm ng mc. Cc ngnh chc nng
trong cng tc BVMT khng theo kp xu hng bin i nhanh chng ca mi trng.
Thnh ph Nng l th ln ca khu vc min Trung, c 6 qun v 02 huyn.
Din tch t nhin 1.256,2km
2
, trong din tch t lin l 951,2km
2
. Hin nay, dn s
Nng khong 930.000 ngi. Thi gian qua, thnh ph Nng c nhng bc pht trin
vt bc v kinh t - x hi, xy dng c s h tng, chnh trang th to cho thnh ph
c s thay i ln v din mo th v nn kinh t pht trin. Cng vi s pht trin ca
thnh ph, lng cht thi rn sinh hot khng ngng tng ln (tng 10%/nm). Nm 2011,
trung bnh mt ngy c khong 650-670 tn. Tuy nhin, cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn bt
u xut hin nhng bt cp, xut hin cc im nng mi trng do cht thi rn m nguyn
nhn chnh l: thng rc xung cp h hng, gy mi hi thi, phn cm, mt m quan th;
ngi dn cht thi rn ba bi khng ng ni quy nh; nhim mi hi t cc trm
trung chuyn,...
t c thnh ph thn thin mi trng vo nm 2020, p ng yu cu pht trin
ca thnh ph trong nhng nm n, vic xut cc gii php tng cng cng tc qun l
cht thi rn ti thnh ph Nng gp phn pht trin bn vng v phn u n nm 2020
tr thnh thnh ph Mi trng tiu biu ca c nc l mt vic ht sc c ngha.
Xut pht t tnh hnh thc tin trn, chng ti la chn ti nghin cu nh
gi hin trng v xut cc nh hng qun l cht thi rn ti thnh ph Nng
lm lun vn cao hc.
Kt qu nghin cu ca lu n vn ny s xut c cc nh hng qun l cht thi
rn ti thnh ph Nng.
Lun vn c trnh by theo cc chng, phn nh sau:
- Chng 1. Tng quan vn nghin cu;
- Chng 2. i tng, ni dung v phng php nghin cu;
- Chng 3. Kt qu nghin cu v Tho lun;
- Kt lun v kin ngh;
- Ti liu tham kho.


CHNG 1: TNG QUAN VN NGHIN CU

1.1. Tng quan chung v cht thi rn
1.1.1 Khi nim v cht thi rn: CTR c hiu l tt c cc cht thi pht sinh do hot
ng ca con ngi v ng vt tn ti dng rn, c thi b khi khng cn hu dng hay
khng mun dng na. (theo Gio trnh Qun l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi).
1.1.2. Phn loi cht thi rn:
a) Theo v tr hnh thnh
b) Theo thnh phn ha hc v vt l
c) Theo bn cht ngun to thnh - CTR c phn thnh cc loi:
- CTR sinh hot
- CTR cng nghip
- Cht thi nng nghip
d) Theo mc nguy hi - CTR c phn thnh cc loi:
- Cht thi nguy hi
- Cht thi khng nguy hi
1.2. Tng quan v ngun pht sinh cc loi CTR
1.2.1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot
CTRSH pht sinh t cc ngun chnh sau:
- CTRSH t cc h gia nh
- Cht thi rn ng ph
- Cht thi t cc khu vc ch
- CTRSH pht sinh t cc trung tm thng mi, khch sn, trung tm dch v
- Cht thi t cc c quan, cng s
1.2.2. Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn cng nghip
Ngun pht sinh CTRCN a dng v chng loi (sn xut cng nghip nng, cng nghip
nh,), tnh cht cht thi rt khc nhau (nguy hi, khng nguy hi) gy kh khn trong cng tc
thu gom, vn chuyn v x l.
1.2.3. Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn nguy hi
1.2.3.1. Cht thi rn y t nguy hi:
1.2.3.2. Cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi
1.3. Tng quan v tnh hnh pht sinh, x l v qun l cht thi rn trn th gii
cc nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam phi i mt vi nhng kh khn
trong vic qun l cht thi vi n lc ht sc gim khi lng cht thi v ginh kinh ph
cho vic qun l cht thi. Nu hu ht cc cht thi c th chuyn thnh nguyn vt liu v
ti nguyn c phc hi th s gim c ng k khi lng cht thi cui cng v nhng
nguyn vt liu c phc hi v ngun ti nguyn tn dng c ny s to ra doanh thu
phc v cho vic qun l cht thi.
1.4. Cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan n qun l cht thi rn
- Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005;
- Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn;
- Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTG ngy 10 thng 7 nm 1999 v vic ph duyt
chin lc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2020.
- Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph v ph
bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn;
- Quyt nh s 1466/Q-TTg ngy 10 thng 10 nm 2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph
ban hnh Danh mc chi tit cc loi hnh, tiu ch quy m, tiu chun ca cc c s thc hin
x hi ha trong lnh vc gio dc - o to, dy ngh, y t, vn ha, th thao, mi trng;
- Quyt nh s 1440/Q-TTg ngy 06 thng 10 nm 2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph
ph duyt Quy hoch khu x l cht thi rn 3 vng kinh t trng im Bc b, min Trung
v pha Nam n nm 2020;
- Ngh nh s 04/2009/N-CP ngy 14 thng 01 nm 2009 ca Chnh ph v u i,
h tr hot ng bo v mi trng;
1.5. Tng quan v thnh ph Nng
Thnh ph Nng - n v hnh chnh trc thuc Trung ng - bao gm 6 qun ni
thnh, 1 huyn ngoi thnh v 1 huyn o vi tng din tch 1.256,2km
2
, trong , cc qun
ni thnh chim din tch 213,05 km
2
, cc huyn ngoi thnh chim din tch 1.042,48km
2
,
dn s 930.000 ngi (s liu thng 12 nm 2008).


CHNG 2: I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. i tng nghin cu
Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn ti thnh ph Nng (ngun pht sinh cht thi
rn, thnh phn cht thi rn khi lng);
Tnh hnh qun l cht thi rn ti thnh ph Nng (thu gom, vn chuyn, lu gi
v x l cht thi rn, cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan n qun l CTR ti thnh
ph Nng);
2.2. Ni dung nghin cu
- Tng hp cc ti liu lin quan n tnh hnh pht sinh v qun l CTR ti thnh ph
Nng;
- Ti n ha

nh kha

o sa

t th c t tnh hnh pht sinh v qu n l cht thi rn ti thnh ph

Nng;
- nh gi v d bo c din bin tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn ti thnh ph
Nng n nm 2020;
- nh gi thc trng tnh hnh phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi ti
thnh ph Nng;
- nh gi nhng bt cp, thiu ht v chnh sch, php lut trong hot ng qun l
cht thi rn (thu gom, vn chuyn, lu gi v x l), xut cc gii php hu ch nhm
qun l cht ch c hiu qu hot ng qun l cht thi rn ca thnh ph Nng.
2.3. Phng php nghin cu
- Phng php k tha:
- Phng php iu tra, kho st thc t
- Phng php tng hp, thng k
- Phng php phn tch, nh gi
- Phng php chuyn gia
- Phng php d bo tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn:
Cc bc tin hnh d bo tnh hnh pht sinh CTR thng thc hin theo trnh t
sau:
- Bc 1: Nghin cu, phn tch d n quy hoch ca thnh ph Nng. Nghin
cu k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca thnh ph Nng giai on 2010 - 2020. Trn
c c cc s liu thu thp v nghin cu s xc nh c tc th ha, xc nh quy m
dn s, quy m cng nghip v cc loi hnh cng nghip d kin s pht trin, cc c s y t,
cng trnh cng cng.
- Bc 2: Nghin cu, phn tch, xc nh hiu qu ca cc d n tng cng qun l
CTR ca thnh ph Nng t nm 2010 n 2020.
- Bc 3: p dng phng php d bo cc ngun pht sinh CTR. D bo tnh hnh
pht sinh CTR t nm 2010 n 2020.


CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

3.1. nh gi hin trng, d bo din bin tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn ti thnh
ph Nng
3.1. Cht thi rn sinh hot
3.1.1.1. Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot ti thnh ph Nng
Bng 3.1. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot ti TP Nng
CTR pht sinh (tn) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
CTRSH th 204.066 218.235 186.055 188.956 203.516
CTRCN sinh hot 4.189 4.481 3.820 3.880 4.500
CTYT sinh hot 1.257 1.344 1.146 1.164 1.257
Tng s 209.512 224.060 191.021 194.000 654.773
Ngun: Cng ty TNHH MTV MTT Nng, 2010

3.1.1.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi rn sinh hot ca thnh ph Nng

Bng 3.2: Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot thnh ph Nng
Loi cht thi
T l
%
Loi cht thi
T l
%
Giy v ba carton 5,16 Bao b nylon 11,58
Thc phm tha v cht thi t
qu trnh lm vn
74,65
Nha a thnh
phn
0,42
G 0,67 Kim loi en 0,18
Vi v cc sn phm dt may 3,18 Kim loi mu 0,01
Da 0,83 X bn 0,55
Cao su 1,29 Thy tinh 0,74
Nha PET 0,07
Cht thi nguy hi
dng trong gia
nh (pin, bnh c
quy, bnh xt
mui, bng n
)
0,03
Nha PVC 0,62
Cht thi y t
(kim tim, thuc
qu hn s
dng...)
0,02
Ngun: Cng ty TNHH MTV MTT Nng, 2010

3.1.1.3. Hin trng thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn sinh hot ti thnh ph Nng
Nh vy, rc thi sinh hot ca thnh ph a phn thu gom bng xe chuyn dng, ch c
17% khi lng rc qua 10 trm trung chuyn. Nh vy, cc vn mi trng pht sinh ti
cc trm c gim thiu rt nhiu.
Ngoi ra, lng rc thi dc cc bi bin, khu im du lch pht sinh ti khu vc ny
khong 6.000 tn/nm, thu gom trung bnh t 86,6% (tng ng 5.200 tn/nm), dch v
p ng ton b, song mt s khu vc thu gom cha trit do cng tc t hng.





Hnh 3.2: Quy trnh thu gom rc thi bi bin, sng h

Bng 3.3. Thu gom rc thi sinh hot khu dn c
STT Phng thc thu gom
Khi lng
thu gom (T/ngy)
T l %
theo
phng
thc
Ghi ch
1
Thu gom qua thng tiu
chun 240, 660L
496 86%
2
Thu gom qua thng
tiu chun a v
trm trung chuyn
322 65
11 trm
trung
chuyn
3
Thu gom qua thng
tiu chun v nng
gp bng xe chuyn
dng
174 35
4
Thu gom trc tip bng
xe chuyn dng
81 14%
Cc x
vng ven
Tng cng 577 100
85% t l
pht sinh
Rc thi
bi bin
Thng
rc
Lao ng th
cng - my sn
ct
Xe nng
Bi rc

3.1.1.4. Hin trng x l cht thi rn sinh hot ti thnh ph Nng
Cht thi rn sinh hot ca thnh ph Nng c x l bng phng php chon lp.
Hin nay, thnh ph Nng c 2 bi chn lp cht thi rn c quy hoch phng Ha
Khnh Nam, qun Lin Chiu ca thnh ph.
3.1.2. Cht thi rn cng nghip
3.1.2.1. Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn cng nghip ti thnh ph Nng


Hnh 3.3: Biu lng CTR cng nghip c thu gom

Qua hnh 3.3 v tnh hnh pht sinh CTR cng nghip trn a bn thnh ph trong cc
nm qua c xu hng gia tng. Nguyn nhn ca s gia tng CTR cng nghip ny l do
trong cc nm qua, thnh ph Nng c nhiu ch trng, gii php thu ht u t, t l
cc d n u t trong cc nm tng cao.

3.1.2.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi rn cng nghip ca thnh ph Nng

Bng 3.4: Thnh phn ca cht thi cng nghip thnh ph Nng
TT Ngnh cng nghip Cht thi
1
Ha cht, phn ha hc, nha
tng hp, dc
Cc cht hu c v v c, bi ha cht, bi kinh
loi, cc kh c
2 Cc ha cht c bn
Cc cht hu c v v c, cc axit, kim, cc
cht kh
3 Sn v mc in VOC: xng, xylen, toluen ... bi v c v hu c
4 Sn xut thy tinh
Bi, cc cht hu c bay hi nh AS
2
O
3
, HF,
B
2
O
3
, Sb
2
O
3
v cc cht v c
5 Pin Bi kim loi, cc cht bay hi, Hg
6 Phn ha hc Kh HF
7 Thuc bo v thc vt Kh xylen, Clo hot tnh, cacbonat, dung mi
8 Da v cc sn phm da Kh axit, dung mi, H
2
S, NH
3
, Cr
3+

9 in v in t
Bi kim loi, kh hn, kh ha cht, dung mi, ty
ra
10 C kh
Bi kim loi (Cu, Fe, Al ...), kh hn, kh ha
cht, dung mi, cht ty
Ngun: Cng ty TNHH MTV MTT Nng, 2010
3.1.2.3. Tnh hnh thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn cng nghip ti thnh ph Nng








Hnh 3.4: Quy trnh thu gom rc thi cng nghip
3.1.2.4. Tnh hnh x l cht thi rn cng nghip
Ton thnh ph c 01 l t cht thi nguy hi t ti bi rc Khnh Sn vi cng
sut 200kg/h phc v vic x l cht thi nguy hi y t. Ty theo tnh cht ca tng loi cht
thi nguy hi, n v trc tip thu gom v x l theo cc hnh thc nh ng rn chn lp
hoc tiu hy theo ng quy nh hin hnh.









Hnh 3.5: Quy trnh thu gom rc thi thy sn
Cht thi nguy hi c n v c chc nng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l ti bi rc.

3.1.3. Cht thi rn y t

3.1.3.1. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn y t ti thnh ph Nng

Bng 3.5: S lng c s y t Nng
TT Khm cha bnh VT 2005 2009
1 Tng s c s y t C s 69 80
Bnh vin C s 19 21

Trm y t
x/phng
C s 47 56
2 Tng s ging bnh ging 3.270 3.819
3
S lng khm cha
bnh
Nghn lt 1.852 2.650
Ngun: Cc Thng k Nng, 2009

Bng 3.6: Lng rc thi y t tnh ton c Nng
TT C s y t
S
ln
g
H s pht thi
kg/c s/ngy
Tng s (kg)
1
Phng khm t
nhn
638 0,2 127,6
Rc thi
cng
nghip
Rc thi
Nguy hi
Rc thi
sinh hot
Phn loi
ti nh my
Bi rc
Khnh Sn
Xe chuyn
dng
Cht thi thu hi sn
ca cc CSSX, ch bin
X l
S b
Xe
Chuy
n dng
Bi rc
Khnh Sn
Cht thi cng, bn c
Cht thi cc ch c

Thu gom
thng
thng
Bi rc
Khnh
Sn


Ngun: S TN & MT, 2011

3.1.3.2. Thnh phn ca cht thi rn y t ti thnh ph Nng
Bng 3.7: Thnh phn cht thi rn y t Nng
Thnh phn T l (%)
Giy cc loi 3,00
Kim loi, v hp 0,70
Thy tinh, ng tim, chai l thuc, bm kim
nha
3,20
Bng bng, bt b gy xng 8,80
Chai, ti nha cc loi 10,10
Bnh phm 0,60
Rc hu c 52,57
t v vt rn khc 21,03

3.1.3.3. Tnh hnh thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn y t









Hnh 3.6: Quy trnh thu gom rc thi y t


Hnh 3.7: Cc loi cht thi y t

3.1.3.4. Tnh hnh x l cht thi rn y t ti thnh ph Nng
Ton thnh ph c 01 l t cht thi nguy hi t ti bi rc Khnh Sn vi cng
sut 200kg/h phc v vic x l cht thi nguy hi y t. Ty theo tnh cht ca tng loi cht
thi nguy hi, n v trc tip thu gom v x l theo cc hnh thc nh ng rn chn lp
hoc tiu hy theo ng quy nh hin hnh.
2
Trm y t phng
x
56 0,3 16,8
Cng 144,4
Rc thi
bnh
vin
Rc thi
Nguy hi
Rc thi
sinh hot
Phn loi
ti
bnh vin

Thu gom
thng
thng
Bi rc
Khnh Sn
Xe chuyn
dng

3.2. D bo lng pht sinh cht thi rn n nm 2020
3.2.1. C s d bo tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn n nm 2020 ca thnh ph
Nng
3.2.1.1. Cc yu t nh hng
Cc yu t nh hng n tnh hnh pht sinh CTR v d bo nguy c nhim c
trnh by hnh 3.8 nh sau:

Hnh 3.8. S nguyn tc d bo nguy c nhim

3.2.1.2. Xy dng kch bn trong cng tc d bo
3.2.1.2.1. CTRSH gia nh, c quan, cng s, ch, trng hc
a. c tnh khi lng pht sinh CTRSH 2010- 2020 da trn:
* C s d bo dn s ca tnh n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020;
* Khi lng CTR pht sinh theo u ngi theo chin lc qun l CTR ti cc
th v KCN Vit Nam n nm 2020 c Th tng chnh ph ph duyt ti quyt nh s
152/1999/Q-TTg ngy 10/07/1999;
* Quyt nh 04/2008/Q-BXD B Xy dng v Quy chun k thut Quc gia v
Quy hoch xy dng, c tnh n phng hng ch yu pht trin kinh t - x hi ca tnh
t 2010 n 2020 cng nh hin trng pht sinh CTR trn a bn.
b. La chn nh mc pht sinh CTR sinh hot cho a phng
3.2.1.2.2. Cht thi rn cng nghip
Tc pht trin cng nghip trung bnh ca thnh ph Nng t nm 2005 2009
vo khong 13%/nm. Mc tiu pht trin cng nghip theo hng chuyn dch c cu nn
kinh t: 40% GDP nm 2015, 45% GDP nm 2020.
3.2.1.2.3. Cht thi rn y t
Mc pht sinh CTR ca mi ging bnh thnh ph ln ln hn thnh ph nh v
cc th x; th ln hn nng thn. D bo CTR y t trn c s d bo s ging bnh
(da vo Quy hoch pht trin ngnh y t) v lng CTR pht sinh trn mi ging bnh. n
nay, TP. Nng c 69 c s trong 12 bnh vin (tuyn Trung ng, thnh ph,
qun/huyn v t nhn), 56 trm y t x. Ngoi ra trn a bn thnh ph cn c cc c s y
t khc (trung tm chuyn ngnh, c s y t t nhn, trm y t) c s lng ging bnh kh
ln.
3.2.2. Kt qu d bo xu th pht sinh cht thi rn
3.2.2.1. Kt qu d bo xu th pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot

Hnh 3.9: Biu d bo xu th pht sinh CTRSH trn TP. Nng n nm 2020



Hnh 3.10: Biu d bo xu th pht sinh CTR sinh hot thng thng v CTR sinh hot
nguy hi thnh ph Nng n nm 2020

3.2.2.2. Kt qu d bo xu th pht sinh cht thi rn cng nghip
Bng 3.8: Lng pht thi CTR cng nghip Nng n nm 2020
Nm 2010 Nm 2015 Nm 2020
K
31
- 0.105 0.105
K
32
- 0.065 0.065
i (nm) - 5 5
Tng lng CTR cng nghip pht sinh
(tn/ngy)
636.86 749.75 882.64
T l CTR Cng nghip nguy hi (%) 0,13 0,17 0,17
Lng CTR cng nghip thng thng (tn/ngy) 553.79 622.29 732.59
Lng CTR cng nghip nguy hi (tn/ngy) 83.07 127.46 150.05

3.2.2.3. Kt qu d bo xu th pht sinh cht thi rn nguy hi
Cht thi rn y t thng thng
Tng lng CTRYT thng thng nm 2010 l khong 2771 kg/ngy, nm 2015 l
3828 kg/ngy, d bo nm 2020 khong 4941 kg/ngy. Nh vy trong vng 10 nm t nm
2010 n nm 2020, lng CTR y t thng thng trn a bn TP Nng tng khong 1,8
ln.
Cht thi rn y t nguy hi
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Tn/ngy
CTRSH th CTRSH nng thn
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Tn/ngy
Cht thi y t nguy hi Cht Thi y t thng thng


Hnh 3.11: D bo lng CTRYT pht sinh trn a bn TP. Nng



Hnh 3.12: D bo lng CTR nguy hi pht sinh trn a bn TP. Nng

3.3. xut gii php nhm nng cao hiu qu qun l cht thi rn n nm 2020
3.3.1. Nghin cu, xy dng v ban hnh cc chnh sch lin quan n qun l cht thi
rn
3.3.1.1. Xy dng cc chnh sch gim thiu cht thi v ti s dng ti ngun
3.3.1.2. Xy dng cc quy nh v hot ng t nguyn nhm gim thiu cht thi v ti s
dng ti ngun
3.3.2. xut cc bin php nhm tng cng cng tc phn loi CTR tai ngun
Hi n nay, thnh ph Nng cha thc hin thnh cng phn loi rc thi ti ngun
nn cha a

p du ng va

tri n khai ma nh. Do o

, thnh ph nhn thc rng:

Rc thi sinh hot khng c phn loi ti ngun s gy kh khn cho vic x l rc
Rc thi sinh hot khng c phn loi s lm tn hao ng k ngun ti nguyn qu
gi ca con ngi
Rc thi hu c sinh hot s rt kh c tn dng ti ch thnh phn hu c nu
khng c phn loi ti ngun
V vy, cng tc x l CTR ti thnh ph Nng c hiu qu nht thit phi Ban
hnh quy nh ca thnh ph Nng v thc hin phn loi cht thi ti ngun. Cc i
tng c lin quan bao gm: h gia nh, c s cng nghip, cc c s du lch dch v, c s
y t.
3.3.3. Truyn thng, nng cao nhn thc cng ng v bo v mi trng ni chung v
qun l CTR trn a bn thnh ph Nng ni ring
- Tuyn truyn thc hin, t chc li v nhn rng m hnh Phn loi rc thi h gia
nh do ph n thc hin;
- Tuyn truyn rng ri, thng xuyn trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng, hng
dn d lun trong vic khuyn khch, c v cc hot ng bo v mi trng; tuyn truyn,
gio dc thng qua sinh hot thng k ca cc t chc qun chng c s, to phong tro
thi ua, xy dng np sng mi trong khu dn c;
- a chng trnh gio dc mi trng vo cc cp hc mm non, ph thng, i hc
v cc loi hnh o to, bi dng nghip v ca cc t chc chnh tr, x hi, cc hi ngh
nghip;
- Nng cao nhn thc (trc tip, gin tip); tng cng phi hp gia nhn dn v nh
cung cp dch v trong thu gom, vn chuyn; khuyn khch cng ng v cc bn lin quan
tham gia hot ng tnh nguyn;
- Tng cng cng tc truyn thng cng ng, ci thin iu kin v sinh h gia
nh, thc hin phong tro Ngy Ch nht Xanh, Sch, p gp phn thc hin thng li
Chng trnh "Ba c" ca thnh ph- trong c ni dung " C np sng vn minh th".
3.3.4. Xy dng cc chnh sch nhm hon thin cng tc thu gom v vn chuyn cht
thi ti thnh ph Nng
- Xy dng chnh sch huy ng s tham gia ca t nhn vo quy trnh thu gom - ct
gi - ra thng - t thng trn cc tuyn ph nhm gim chi ph u t v duy tr thc hin
thu gom rc theo gi;
- Chnh sch thu ht cc thnh phn kinh t t nhn phi kt hp u t thu gom cc
thnh phn rc thi c th ti ch bng cch phn loi ngay ti khu thu gom;
- Xy dng chnh sch nhm x hi ha cng tc thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn;
- a cc quy nh v thc hin rc theo gi vo cc hng c, quy c ca dng
tc, lng/x, thn/t.
3.3.5. Gii php v khoa hc v cng ngh
- Kt hp vic thc hin m hnh thu gom rc thi theo gi vi vic thc hin phn loi rc
thi ti ngun;
- Kt hp phn loi th cng ti ngun v phn loi bng cc thit b c gii ti cc nh
my ti ch, x l rc thi;
- a vo vn hnh nh my ch bin rc thi thnh phn Compost v ti ch rc thi
thnh sn phm c th ti s dng;
- Quy hoch khu cha rc thi y t, rc cng nghip v c phng thc x l ph hp;
- Tn dng cht thi xy dng ph lp rc thay th vic o t lm nhim v nh
hng n cnh quan mi trng;
- Tn dng ngun kh Mtan pht sinh t rc thi to nng lng phc v vn hnh bi
rc;
- p dng nhn rng cc cng ngh sn xut sch, thn thin mi trng; pht trin cc
cng ngh x l v ti ch, ti s dng cht thi; cc cng ngh x l CTR bng cc bin
php hn ch chn lp; nghin cu, nh gi, xy dng v nhn rng cc m hnh v sn xut
sch hn, cc m hnh/cng ngh x l CTR sinh hot, y t v cng nghip tin tin;
- p dng cc gii php khoa hc, cng ngh nhm gim thiu ti a lng cht thi
rn phi chn lp, m bo phn u n nm 2020 lng CTR ca thnh ph t l chn lp
di 10%;
- Ban hnh quy nh khng khuyn khch l t cht thi y t, thm ch cm u t
mi, chuyn sang cc bin php x l thn thin vi mi trng l kh khun (hp, vi
sng...).
3.3.6. u t ti chnh cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn, x l v qun l CTR ti thnh
ph Nng
- Vic thu gom, x l CTR ni chung v CTR cng nghip nguy hi ni ring ti
thnh ph Nng hin nay cha c u t tha ng v cng ngh v vn. u t cho
cng tc qun l CTR cn hn ch, cha p ng c nhu cu thc t. Cho n nay ngun
kinh ph u t ch yu t ngn sch nh nc v cc ngun vn ODA. Trong khi , mc
ph thu gom, x l CTR cn tng i thp, v vy vic thu gom, vn chuyn v x l CTR
cn manh mn, t pht v khng hiu qu. V vy, trong thi gian ti thnh ph cn nghin
cu xy dng mc thu ph, l ph ph hp v u t thm phng tin thu gom rc thi
m bo thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi ng thi gian quy nh v m bo l trnh ra.
u t xy dng cc trm trung chuyn nhm xo b vic thu gom rc bng xe lu ng,
gim tn sut xe hot ng trn ng ph gy nhim cc b.
3.3.7. Tng cng hp tc quc t trong lnh vc qun l CTR
Nghin cu, trao i, hc tp kinh nghim ca nc ngoi trong qun l CTR p
dng cho ph hp vi iu kin ca thnh ph Nng; tip nhn h tr k thut, chuyn
giao cng ngh x l CTR.
3.3.8. Tng cng thanh tra, kim tra mt cch ton din
X l nghim m bo vic tun th quy nh php lut v qun l CTR i vi
cc t chc, c nhn trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v.


KT LUN V KIN NGH
1. Kt lun
Cng tc qun l cht thi rn thnh ph Nng t nhng thnh tu quan
trng trong 10 nm qua, tnh trng mi trng ci thin hn trc, to c cnh quan chung
cho thnh ph. Hot ng qun l cht thi rn sinh hot ca Thnh ph c thc hin kh
tt v ng b (i vi khu thu gom, lu gi v vn chuyn), t l thu gom hin nay t hn
92%, trang thit b c u t kh hin i, hon ton p ng vi nhu cu thc t. Tuy
nhin so vi cc Thnh ph khc, Nng vn cha c phng cch qun l tng hp, l:
huy ng ngun lc tham gia qun l cht thi rn t cng ng v t nhn nhm gim lng
CTR phi chn lp vo bi rc mt cch ti a thng qua cc bin php: Phn loi ti ngun,
ti ch v ti s dng rc thi trong nhn dn.
Cht thi nguy hi, cng nghip v y t cha c bin php x l thch hp v u t
tng xng. Vic x l cht thi rn bng phng php chn lp bi rc Khnh Sn mi
tuy c thit k v xy dng c hin i hn so vi bi rc Khnh Sn c nhng mi i vo
vn hnh nn bc l nhng hn ch nht nh. V lu di, cng tc ny cn c nhng
nghin cu k lng x l mt cch c hiu qu lng cht thi rn ca thnh ph ang
ngy cng gia tng.
2. Kin ngh
gp phn nng cao nng lc qun l cht thi rn v x l cht thi rn ca thnh
ph Nng, gp phn phn u xy dng Nng - Thnh ph mi trng vo nm
2020 v trin khai cc xut trong nghin cu ca lun vn, kin ngh cn thit phi thc
hin ng b cc gii php sau:
2.1. Xy dng K hoch qun l tng hp cht thi rn cho thnh ph Nng nhm
qun l cht thi rn mt cch bn vng thng qua vic tng cng gim thiu ti ngun; ti
ch v ti s dng hp l v thn thin mi trng.
2.2. Thc hin thu gom rc thi theo gi trn ton a bn thnh ph Nng nhm
hn ch trn 50% s lng cc thng rc t trn cc ng ph khu ni th v hn ch ti a
80% vic t thng rc trn ng ph chnh.
2.3. Xy dng v kin ton cc chnh sch, vn bn php lut v qun l cht thi rn
thc hin ti thnh ph Nng.
2.4. Xy dng v trin khai m hnh phn loi cht thi ti ngun, tuyn truyn, vn
ng 100% ph n ti 6 qun/huyn tham gia vo m hnh phn loi rc thi ti ngun.
2.5. M rng mng li thu gom, c bit i vi khu vc huyn Ha Vang ngoi
thnh ph;
2.6. Nng cp v m rng cc trm trung chuyn t yu cu k thut v p ng nhu
cu hin ti v trong tng lai. Xy dng, a vo vn hnh cc nh my ti ch, x l cht
thi rn bng cng ngh hin i. Tng cng ti ch, ti s dng cht thi rn (v d x than,
v ht iu). Xy dng khu x l rc tp trung, p ng quy m ln v quy m v c cng
ngh ng b, hin i.
2.7. Th im thc hin phn loi rc ti ngun v v thu gom rc theo gi ti 6 qun
ni thnh v ti cc c s cng nghip v c s y t.
2.8. Xy dng v pht trin m hnh T dn ph khng rc ti 7 qun/huyn ca
thnh ph Nng. Lng ghp tuyn truyn vic thc hin m hnh vo chng trnh xy
dng nng thn mi.
2.9. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng: v 3R, bo v mi trng, Gim thiu pht thi
CTR ti ngun, c bit l ti Nylon
2.10. Huy ng mi ngun lc tham gia vo cng tc u t xy dng h thng
QLTHCRT (NGOs, cng ng.): trang b cc phng tin phc v cng tc thu gom theo
gi kt hp vi phn loi ti ngun.



References
1. Thnh ph Nng. Bo co Hin trng mi trng thnh ph Nng giai on
2005 - 2010 v nh hng n nm 2015.
2. TS. Trn Vn Quang, i hc Bch Khoa - i hc Nng. xut phng n
t chc phn loi rc ti Nng.
3. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2010. Bo co Mi trng Quc gia 2010: Tng
quan Mi trng Vit Nam, Phn CTR.
4. Bi Vn Ga, L Th Hi Anh, Cao Xun Tun, Trn Hng Loan. Trung tm nghin
cu Bo v Mi trng i hc Nng. (Kt qu nghin cu giai on 2 d n th nghim
Kinh t cht thi ti Nng). Nng cao Hiu qu thu gom v phn loi rc ti thnh ph
Nng.
5. B Xy dng, 2009. Bo co Xy dng chin lc quc gia v Qun l tng hp
CTR n nm 2025, tm nhn n nm 2050. 6. Lut Bo v Mi trng. Quc hi, 2005.
7. Cng ty TNHH MTV Mi trng th Nng. Bo co Kt qu phn tch mu
rc thi ca Cng ty TNHH MTV Mi trng th thnh ph Nng nm 2008, 2009 v
2010.
8. PGS.TS. Lu c Hi, Vin nghin cu T & PTHT (2010). Chin lc th
ha Vit Nam v nhng chnh sch lin quan n ci to cc khu th c.
9. Bo co din bin mi trng Vit Nam nm 2004.
10. Jica, 3/2011. Bo co Nghin cu Qun l CTR ti Vit Nam.
11. Jica, 5/2011. Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th ti Vit Nam Tp 6. Nghin
cu v Qun l CTR ti Vit Nam.
12. Tng cc Thng k, 2011, Nin gim thng k nm 2010.