xtexb awri iqxt

c"ryz zpyl 2013/

yicii zeaxze dipnex zecdi zece` xwgne zextql
milyexi
2013 xranrvrc oh3 mrc ,c"ryz elqka 'l
3
mipiipr okez
xrR`xb awri
. . . ...dlild il` aiywd el / ...oxrd jin hp`wrb hk`p ic hl`ee 5
(xvln .y :mbxz) xzeia miywd minia / brh rhqxreey oi` . . . . 6
(qehiin .` :mbxz) dkepg zexp / jrlhkildMepg . . . . . . . . 10
qxtd ihtey zehlgd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
xtexb awri y"r oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd
2013/c"ryz zpyl
ecea awri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
iav oa zex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1
onqa dwax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1
oixaeb sqei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1
onheb mixt` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
yiluiaeail dnly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
edil` l"f xbpiclqrlq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
zixwgn zelirta dkinze micenil zblna mikefd
2013/c"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r oxwn
oilci mixt` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
oiwel l`kin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
l"fn ipex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2
.eye`'v drep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
ivexenew lgx dipeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ile`y dilb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe zepwY ic oe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxtd zepwzn 33
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe oh`rxel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx 34
5
x r R x b w r i
,oxrd jin hp`wrb hk`p ic hl`ee
oxrhy hin hpiieerb hk`p ic hl`ee
,oxrxh hin oe`
,obrx hin oe`
.obree ic sie` miplfb hin
(oiihy oe oh`y oi`)
- dliNd il` aiWwd El
dlrnln siHd eiakFM
,mWB ax
rnC ax mr
.dOd JxCA xW` mihql lr
(davn ly dliva)
6
x r R x b w r i
7
x t e x b a w r i
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
x r R x b w r i
11
x t e x b a w r i
13
qxtd ihtey zehlgd
oxd` x"c ,x"ei xhky ewpi x"cn zakxend ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .`
,xciw miwdaen mixweg ly mzrc zeega mb dpiir xy` ,xenlt xfril` x"ce
lr 2013/c"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r qxta zekfl cg` dt dhilgd ,megza
xwgl dcakp dnexz enxz zipebaxd mzelirta xy` miyi`d z` miig lrtn
ok enke ,zilwiqend e` zizeaxzd mzxivie mdiig ceriz ,dipnex zecdi zeclez
,diehp cid cere ,l`xyiae dipnexa yiciia zilxh`izde zizextqd dxivil
:oldlck
ecea awri ,uxrpe xyken owgyk zixewnde diixetd ezelirt xear ,dnad on`
,l"egae ux`a ,yiciiae zixara oexh`iz zena lrn ,icegii oepbq lra
.mipy zexyr jyna
iav oa zex axwa dwiqend zeaxz zvtd ornl mipyd ax dlret lr ,zi`wiqen
micedid mi`wiqende dwiqend zxkdl dznexz lre l`xyia agxd ldwd
.dipnexn
onqa dwax l`xyia yicii zextql dcakpd dznexz lr ,dxene zxxeyn
mipyd zax dzelirt lre d`eyd ixg` axwa yicii zeaxz zvtd ornl
.agxd ldwd
oixaeb sqei ezelirt lr ,miine`lpia miqgi megza lebc xwege hneltic
lr dtprd ezaizk lre zepey zevx`a uegd cxyna mipyd zkex`
dipnexa xwira ,miine`lpiad miihiletd miiga il`xyide icedid haidd
.dfkxne dtexi` gxfn zepicnae
onheb mixt` zizcde zizeaxzd zxeqnd zlgpda ezewac lr ,xeaiv lirte ax
dtprd zixeaivd ezelirt lr ,aia`lzae hyxweaa ,dipnex icedi axwa
.dipnex icedi z`ey ly dgvpdd lrtnl dcakpd eznexze l`xyia
yiluiaeail dnly zizeaxzd ezelirt lr ,dipnexa micedid iig xweg
ixeaiv cqen ,.x.e`.n.w.` zxbqna dipnex i`vei ldw axwa zipebaxd
mikildzd zxkdl eznexz lre ,mipy zexyr cner `ed ey`xae miwdy
zngln ixg`y dtewza dipnex zecdi dxary miakxend miihiletd
.diipyd mlerd
14
l"f xbpiclqrlq edil` xwgl daeygd eznexz lr ,xteqe xweg ,jpgn
lre ,oncixt awri xxeynd zece` lr miiztend eixeaiga yicii zextq
eiig micrezn da ,dxiyae dfexta zwzxnde zixewnd zizextqd ezaizk
.ux`a dycg jxc lr elre enwzydy ,dipnexn d`ey ilevip ,exec iige
oxwd zldpdl ybedy xnega iceqi oeir xg`l ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .a
zelirta dkinze micenil zbln wiprdl cg` dt dhilgd ,micnrend i"r
:oldlck 2013/c"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r oxwn yicii zeaxz megza zixwgn
oilci mixt` dfz zaizk lr cweyd ,oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a ipy x`ezl hpcehq
zevrend zixaa micedi dngln ihilt ly zeaxzde dxivid iig" `yepa
."dixg`e d`eyd ztewza
oiwel l`kin zcear lr cweyd ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl hpcehq
."dwih`etde dwiqend :yiciia innrd xiyd" `yepa xehwec
l"fn ipex dpyd cenll dlgdy ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a zpiihvn zihpcehq
.yicii zextqa dycgd zi`hiqxaipe`oiad zipkezd zxbqna ipy x`ezl
eye`'v drep iil bega ipy x`ezl zihpcehq ,oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a yic
lv` zextql zepn` oia zakxend dwifd zece` dfz zaizk lr zcweyd
diixet rwxw mxear dzeeid yiciid ztyy ,dtexi`gxfn icili mixvei
.zepycgl d`xyd xewne
ivexenew lgx dipeq dixbped ilaga dzextqe yiciid oeyl zeclez zxweg
miizeaxzd miigd ly mipey mihaid dtiwn dzceary ,zixehqidd
dipnexl egteqy mixef` ,yxenxne dipaliqpxha mb yiciia eldpzdy
.1918 zpy ixg`
ile`y dilb cily ocq ac lrtn zxbqna yicii zeaxz meciwl dznexz lr
l`igi 'text ly ezey`xa ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a yiciil dxczwd
mixren miizextq mihqwh ly qetcl dpwzda zipeigd dzceara ,jehpiiy
zexivi lr xwgn zveawa dzetzzyde ,meqxtl micreind xwgn zeceare
.dc`xb miig ,lfie il` mdipia ,d`ey ilevip mixteq ly yiciia
15
xtexb oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd
3/c"ryz zpyl 201
ecea awri
,ipyeheaa dlia ezecli aex z` j` ,1931a (dipnex) hyp`thqa clep ecea awri
dlre hyxwea ly oeixehaxqpewa wgyn miizpy cnl dnglnd ixg` .dipnex
zwdl" iniwnn cg`l dxdna did l"dvl eqeib mr .1950a ezgtyn mr ux`l
dizexey l` dhlwy ,"oetv cewit zwdl" iniwnn okn xg`le ,"mexcd cewit
.dixbleae dipnex ilern miax
eneqxt z` .zeipkez zexyra dzxbqna szzyd owgyke dwdld cwtnk
`ed dze` ,"xehlihpe dyien" ly ezenc dfkxnay zipkeza ecea dpw oey`xd
ly ezldpda ,"dxif" oexh`izl ecea ly ezetxhvd xg`l .1955a `ivnd
mya dbvdd dzkf ,fnl` l`kin xehlihpe dyien ldwd axwa ziwpr dglvdl
oebk zebvda mb szzyd `ed .agxd dlebxcpn ,ilee`iwn ly o'`bpit dfgn
zbvdae ,i`xf dwix ly dcivl xtg miige uen` oa oc ly ixewn znglna wiieey
diipyd mlerd dbvda ecea wgiy "dxif" wexit xg`l . lnl ipew ipy zxbqna
dfgnd dkf ecea ly ewgyn zekfa .l`ee 'bxe'b zldpda "indxec oexh`iz"
.mrt 500n dlrnl dbved `ide dxiak dglvdl
lhp `ed ."dtig oexh`iz" ly mikxrend eipwgyn ecea did 19751961 mipya
a miiy`x miciwtza wgiye zeax zebvda wlg mitpxw ,ewqpei ly ,uiw lil melg
.iletexhqe`n d'lyxd dl ly zebvda ef dtewza szzyd `ed ,zrl zrn zew
a ,xzid oia ,wgiy `ed ;zeixgqn xbigd dwyit zebvde "dxcyd oexh`iz"a
ely cigid zbvd ."jlil" oexh`iza zecg` ecea cra eriavd mnler lr dicext)
.mrt 400n dlrnl dzlrede dlecb dglvdl dzkf (mi`wihiletd ly
zbvda ecea szzyd 1970a mixlcpqd "dniad" ly zibibgd dgizta dzlry
jyna wgiy eae ldip eze` ixgqn yicii oexh`iz miwd `ed 1975a .ycegnd
.l"egl ok enke ux`d iagx lkl eribdy zebvd zexyra mipy dxyr yng
ef zxbqna .oenvr l`eny ly ezldpda ,"lityicii" oexh`izl sxhvd 1992a
yicii oexh`iz ly iq`lwd x`ehxtxd on zeax zebvda dax dglvda ecea wgiy
16
.meik mb dwdld zebvda akkl jiynn `ed ;ipycg oepbqe okez ilra zefgnae
ahinn zepdil zpn lr ely cigid zebvde xeciad zeipkezl mb xdep ldwd
zxbqna zea` izaa zeax mipy xak riten ecea ,liawna .icedid xenedd
ribdl miywznd d`ey ilevipe miyiyw ipta ,"lityicii" ly "cqgd oexh`iz"
zeyxde i"n` oebk miixhpelee mipebx`a lirt `ed ok enk .oexh`izd zenle`l
.yiciil zine`ld
zexcqae ,mixf mihxq dyelya ,miil`xyi mihxq 14a szzyd ecea
zicegiid eznexze zipebaxd ezelirt lr .zil`xyid difieelhd ly zeix`letet
oxw qxt"a ,1999a "wlet l`xyie zic` qxt"a ecea dkf l`xyia yicii zeaxzl
meia .2008a miig lrtn lr "il`xyid oexh`izd qxt"ae 2000a "yiciil xpxl
."aia`lz xiwi" ze` ecea awril wpred ,2013 ,oexg`d ze`nvrd
17
iav oa zex
dlikyn dgtyna 1932 xanvca iq`ia dclep melapy zial (onheb) iav oa zex
.1941 ipeia 29a xira ygxzdy mexbetd ilevipn dziid `id .dcin`e
icedid xtqd ziaa dcnl `id Neustatz mdipia ,zqpkd izaa ok enke xira
z` dniiq my ,hyxweal dribd 1943a .melapy zgtyn ly zqpkd ziaa
,hyxwea zhiqxaipe`a dcnl 19591954 mipyd oia .1951a zexbad zepiga
.dibelewiqenl dhlewta
lew"a zeilwiqen zeipkez ly zkxerk cearl dlgde l`xyil dzlr 1960a
."l`xyi zepyae ,aia`lz oe`ifena zilwiqen zldpn dziid mirayd zepya
.('ui'v) hdl dnly aia`lz ziixir y`xl zilwiqen zvrei dyny mipenyd
.mixyken mixirv mirvanl wprend `xity d`eqpxt qxt z` dcqii `id
.zeax zeizepne`axe zeilwiqen zeiexgz ly mihteyd xaga dtzzyd ,sqepa
ux`l uegae ux`a miax zilwiqen zxewia ixn`ne zeazk dnqxte dazk `id
,"dtevd" ,"aixrn" oebk zr iazke mipezira Contemporanul , Viata Noastra ,
Mozarteum (Salzburg) , LArche (Paris) .
mrhn qxta dzkf iav oa zex Radio France ,zeipkez zxcqa dzetzzyd lr
dxtq lr "'uiaelewpi dxye miig qxt"a mbe Tempus fugit .
llednd ipnexicedid oxzpqtd lr dazky ditxbeiad Mndru Katz
.2008 zpya dnqxtzd
awri xxeynd z` aexwn xikdl iav oa zex dzkf hyxweaa dicenil ztewza
z` dzi` wlg xxeynd ,xelwlete dwiqen zxweg da d`x `edy oeeik .xtexb
ly efe mixnfilkd ly zinnrd dwiqend oia ziccdd drtydd iabl eizebyd
zewdl lautari ly zepiiprnd eizerc z` `iadl zepncfdd dl dpzip .daeclena
d'bxe'b laihqt zxbqna zevxdl dpnfed xy`k ,2003a ipnex ldw ipta xtexb
.hyxweaa miiwzdy ewqp`
18
onqa dwax
xtq ziaa dcnl .`hilay xinewliee xira ,1925a dclep miigoa onqa dwax
ehba dziid diipyd mlerd zngln onfa .zi`hil diqpniba jk xg`e icii innr
dnglnd ixg` .dbixay "cleexfiiw" miypl dceard dpgna jk xg`e dplie
xiivd ,dlra mr ux`l dzxbqna dzlr 1947ae "dgixad" oebx`l dtxhvd
znglna wlg dlhp dwax my ,litrnd ueaiwa ayiizd befd .miigoa dlen
dcar micenild mezae miveaiwd xpinqa jepig dcnl miyingd zepya .xexgyd
.ueaiwa zkpgne dxenk
oezira dnqxt mipey`xd dixiy z` .zeclid zepya xak mixiy aezkl dlgd
aezkl dkiynd dceard dpgnae ehba dzedy ztewza mb .`hila yiciia micli
mipezira dixiyn dnk enqxtzd dnglnd meza .dixag ipfe`a dixiyn `exwle
.dipnxba mixewrd zepgna e`viy
drceezd eil`y ,xawveq mdxa` xxeynd oial dpia mixywd eycgzd ux`a
,oey`xd oeilibd onl ,enqxtzd dixiyn miax .dplie ehba ekxrpy dxiy iaxra
xtql aeygd zrd azka ze hiiw rprcl`b ic aia`lza cqiil gilvd xawveqy ,
zveaw icqiin oia onqa dwax dziid 1952a .ux`l e`eal jenqa ,1949a
,oey`xd dixiy xtq ."l`xUibpei" mixxeynd ,mrpexa ma oaieh xe` d`x
.aia`lza 1959a
xxebzdl ,miigoa dlen xiivd ,dlra mr dxar miyyd zepy ziy`xa
zeixlba eixeiv z` dlen bivd my wxeieipl miipyd e`vi 1961a .dilvxda
mipya .dianelew zhiqxaipe`a zextq onqa dcnl wxeieipa zedyd zra .zepey
ly zeaxz gtqpk dlra odik my ,dawqena l`xyi zexixbya dcar 19651963
.l`xyi
exiE`e eaver mleky ,yiciia dxiy ixtq dxyr onqa dwax dnqxt meid cr
dlirt zxxeynd .mikxk ipya f` cr dixiy lk eqpek 2006 zpya ;dlra icia
xirvd xecd z` axwl mzxhny e` yiciia miizeaxze miizextq mirexi`a
,zixarl minbxeznd dixiyn siwn xgan llekd uaew .dfd megzl xzin lr
mybd zetyl dixiy enbxez ok enk ."dxiyl ayw" z`veda 2010a xe` d`x ,
.ziplete zinlt ,zipnxb ,ziztxv ,zilbp` oda ,zexg`
,"xbp`n wivi` qxt" :yiciia dzxivi lr mipey miqxta mb dzkf zxxeynd
"wlet l`xyie zic` qxt" ,"ixny dix` qxt" ,"oiihyted cec qxt" ,"onkit qxt"
.wxeieipa "iwqaelhi'f qxt" ok enke ,ux`a
19
oixaeb sqei
.(uiaxed) uiaxeb cece zipwcv eixedl ,uiaepx'va ,1930 xanvca clep oixaeb sqei
zepgnle ze`hbl micedid yexibl cr (dipnex f`) diax`qa ,uipici xira lcb
icia eia` gvxp yexibd jldna .19441941 mipya dixhqipqpxha zeend
.eni` mr cgi lvip `ed j` ,mixg` dgtyn ipa mb jke ,miipnexd miqblwd
militrnd zepgna zkyenn xvrn ztewz xg`l 1947a ux`l eribd miipyd
.oiqixtwa
zeipxhqw` zexba zepigaa ogap jk xg`e l"dva dxvw dtewz zxiy oixaeb
ykx ipye oey`x x`ezl zincw`d ezlkyd z` .aia`lza ,dilvxd diqpniba
miqgile l`xyi mr zeclezl mibega milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a
.cqen eze` mrhn xehwec x`ez laiw okn xg`l .miine`lpia
n 19951953 dtewza ,uegd cxyn zxbqna l"egae ux`a miciwtz oeebn `li
obq ;(19641959) zeaxz ixywe dtexi`gxfn zewlgna iy`x xfer :x`yd oia
dwixn`exai`l`xyi zeaxzl oeknd ldpne zipihld dwixn`l dwlgnd ldpn
obq ;(19851976) dtexi`gxfnl dwlgnd ldpn ;(19761970) lbehxete cxtq
zei`nvrd zepicnd xagle dtexi` fkxnle gxfnl sb`d y`xe illk ldpn
dawqena ,(19591955) ipciqa l`xyi zeiexixbya zxiy `ed .(19931989)
xixby did 19891985 mipya .(19671970) qxii` qep`eaa ,(1964-1967)
.dipaelqe ,diwaelq ,dixhqe` ,dipnexa
xwgn zinr oixaeb sqei did ,1996 zpya ,ze`lnbl ezyixt xg`l
jldna .onexh oekna okn xg`le qieiic oekna ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a
zriazk ,mipezira mixwgne zxewia ixn`n ,zexiwq 50k mqxt `ed mipyd
,epinia zeicedi zelidw ly oavn lr yiciie ziztxv ,zipnex ,zilbp` ,zixara
l`xyi ly uegd iqgi lr ,ihqipenewhqetd ocira dtexi`gxfna zeinyihp`d
ly 'b mi`elin jxka mikxr 26 xaig mb `ed .cere zixard dictelwivp`d lr
.dfkxne dtexi` gxfn zevx` mr l`xyi iqgi
jk xg`e zilbp`a dxecdna e`vi mirayd zepyn lgd azky mixtqd
:zixara zexzekd zniyx oldl .yiciie zipnex ,ziqexl enbxez micg` .zixara
,n"dixal`xyi iqgi ;zevrend zixa mr ziv`pd dipnxb iqgia icedid haidd
lr zepexkif ,oeca`d lva ;1967 zpya mwezip cr 1953 zpya myecign
l`xyiux`l dltrdd lre dixhqipqpxh ;(2002 yicii mebxz) l`xyi iqgi
20
mipya dipnexa l`xyi xixby ly eineyixn ,ewqye`'v ocir idlya dipnex
cr 1967 zpya mwezipn ,dtexi`gxfn zevx` mr l`xyi iqgi ;19891985
.19911989 mipya myecig :xtqd ikxer oia did mb `ed mipyd 50 :uegd cxyn
zepey`xd oixaeb sqei z` dzkif daeygd zizextqdzixwgnd ezelirt .(2002)
."'uiaelewpi dxye miig qxt"e ,"onkit awri qxt" ,"dlynnd y`x qxt"a
21
onheb mixt`
ziaa`e dax onheb iav axd eia` ziaa (g"txz) 1928 zpya clep onheb mixt`
eig` ipy diipyd mlerd zngln zepya .(dipnex) hyxwea zlidw ly oicd
xnyn" iqblw ici lr bxedl e`ved onheb sqei x"ce onheb awri x"c milecbd
f`e` .migvxnd ixeckn `lt gxe`a lvipy cigid did eia` .miiv`pd "lfxad
a :icegiid dgvpdd lrtn ,eipa mc fzip eilzk lry ,eziaa miwd zia" zqpkd zi
.eze` cewtl bdp xtexb awri mb ;"sqei awri
."dxehlew" oekizd xtqd zia ly zil`ixd dnbnd z` zepiihvda miiq mixt`
z` milyd liawnae ,jepige diteqelit hyxwea zhiqxaipe`a xbea x`ezl cnl
.dipnexa mipaxd iaeyg ici lr zepaxl jnqede zepaxd icenil
y`xa cenrl xgape dipnexa zivx`d "`aiwr ipa" zldpd xag did onheb axd
xiykd ef ezelirt zxbqna .1947a zxzgnl dzcixi axr l"kfnk drepzd
oeera xq`p 1954 aia`a .zine`lzizc divhpiixe` ilra mivelg itl` diilrl
cgi ;zqpkd ziaa zizxzgn zxbqna zecdie j"pz ibeg ,zixar ixeriy zkixr
ivn`n zekfa htynl cnredy ilan xxgey `ed .dveawl eixag exq`p enr
exxgey jynda ;dipnex zlynn lr f`c a"dx` lynn cvn ugl qiiby ,eia`
.dvx` eglype mi`elkd oeiv ixiq` aex
zia ax dide hyxwea zlidw ly mipaxd cre xikfnk odik 19611955 mipya
) "ycew zecg`" x`etnde lecbd zqpkd (Unirea Sfnta eay ,zipnexd dxiaa
zizkldd zaezkl did 1961a ux`l eziilr mr .dyi`e yi` 1000k elltzd
.dipnex i`vei ly oiyexibe oi`eyip ,zecdi ixexial ux`a oi`eyipd inyex lkl
lrte zezcd cxyna zqpk izal dwlgna izkld dpenn did l`xyi zpicna
axd did 1965 zpya .ux`d iagx lka zqpkd izan miax ly mpiipale mzgeexl
,reayd zyxt ,zecdi lr zeipkez zeriawa xiardl lgdy uelgde oey`xd
.zipnexd dtya "dlebl l`xyi lew" ixeciya miiciqg mixetiqe
i`vei ly izlidwd fkxnde zqpkd zia axk odkn 1973 zpya eia` xhtp f`n
f`n .hyxwean dxez ixtq mixeny ea ,"onheb iav axd sqei awri zia" dipnex
zecdi z`eyl mirbepd mirexi`l oexkife dgvpd xz` fkxnd ynyn 1976
zecdil oexkif ci" dgvpdd lrtn z` ezxbqna onheb axd cqii 1978ae ,dipnex
."dipnex
22
`ede ,"zixa ipa" ly xaexnip x"c zkyl ze`iypa xag did onheb mixt` axd
.dipnex zecdi z` mibviind mipey miixeaiv mipebx`a miaeyg miciwtz `lnn
.2002 zpya "aia`lz xiwi" x`ezd el wpred elretl dkxrd ze`k
xe`l `ivede ,zipnexd dtya zepezira miax mixn`n onheb axd mqxt ,ok enk
xe`l `ivede jxr mb `ed .zipnexe yicii ,zixard dtya "zepeivd" oe`hiad z`
xtqa ,hyxwea c"a`x ,oe`bd eia` iazk z` [1992] a"pyz zpya iavd ux` .
23
yiluiaeail dnly
zecqena cnl `ed .1927 zpya (dipnex) ip`yeheaa clep yiluiaeail dnly
cnl okn xg`le oekizd xtqd zia meiql cr ezclen xira miicedid cenild
"`aiwr ipa" ly ziy`xd dbdpdd xag did `ed .hyxweaa iciid ibebctd oekna
.ux`l dlr 1950ae dipnexa
xywd zkyl y`x ,"`aiwr ipa" ly zivx`d drepzd fkxnk yniy ux`a
dwlgn y`x ,"igxfnd lretd ly zinlerd zixa"a dtexi`gxfn zevx`l
.aia`lza xywd zkyl il`xyid uegd cxyna
ok enke ,dibeletexzp`e dibeleiveql dhlewta oey`x x`ezl cnl `ed
x`ez milyd `ed ,1994 zpya .oli`xa zhiqxaipe` ly dixehqidl dwlgna
oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a zicedi dixehqid megza iyily mya xehwec zceara
xagnd mqxt 2013a ."dipnexa miine`ld miicedid miigd ly mleqige mziigz"
dipnex icedi ly mxar xwgl fkxnd zxbqna df xeaig ly okcerne agxen gqep
:myd zgz ,ey`xa cner `edy ,aia`lza Evreii din Romnia fata de un
regim n schimbari 19441950 .
inlerd cebi`d .x.e`.n.w.`" z` aia`lza 1980a cqii yiluiaeail dnly
) "dipnex i`vei micedi ly zeaxzl ACMEOR cqend .meid cr ey`xa cnere (
.dipnex zecdi zeaxz xwge dvtd ,getih aiaq zipebax zelirt ldpn ixeaivd
zeyxl zcnerd ,zipnexa xwira ,zety yya dxiyr diixtq dpyi cebi`d oerna
mlerd one ux`d on mixweg zeyxl cnerd ,xiyr oeikx` ok enke ,mi`xewd
zexyt`de ,dipnexa xhynd iepiy f`n .dipnex icedi ly mxara mipiiprznd
zxbqna lret yiluiaeail dnly ,ixehqidd xwgnd dcya mixyw wecidl
zecerze mixneg ly xeniye seqi` megza z`y xzia dfd ixeaivd cqend
.dipnexa micedid iig lr miixewn
diceey ,dipnex) l"egae ux`a mipey minexeta zeaexw mizrl dvxn `ed
miixehqid mi`yep dlrn `ed zihqivilaetd ezaizkae eize`vxda .(cere
b cner icedid `yepd .zecdil dwif ilra miil`ehw`e mixtqd dxyr mb fkxna m
oewiqwl ,ixaripnex ,ipnexixar oelin mdipia ,zipnexd dtya jxr e` azky
.cere zeciqgd mler lr ,zayd lr xtq ,miicedi mibge mibdpn ,mibyenl
24
qxt"a yiluiaeail dnly dkf dtprd zizeaxzd ezelirt ly mipyd jldna
xtexb awri y"r oxwn qxta oke 'uiaelewpi dxye miig iqxt ipyae ,"xaexnip x"c
x`ez .dipnex icedi zeclez xwg ornl ezelirtae eixtq z`veda dkinzl
,'felwn "i`ieaya`a" zhiqxaipe` mrhn el wpred "dfe`w qixeped xeqtext"
.dipnex
25
l"f xbpiclqrlq edil`
xbpiclqrlq edil` cenlz'ae 'xcg'a cnl .dipnex ,hxiq xira 1930a clep
eaq lv` gx`zdy zra ,1941 eizqa .ipnexd innrd xtqd ziaa ok enke 'dxez
zeen zcirva myne (diaxqaa) hWlEwxnl dxiird icedi mr yxeb ,dxFbcqa
on ,mitqep miyxebn mr cgi ,gexal dgilvd edil` ly ezgtyn .dxihqipqpxhl
1943a ;ipnxb diitk dpgnl glype qtzp eia` .c`yxa ehbl apbzdle dxiiyd
xexgyd ixg`e ehbd i`pza ecxy dphwd ezeg`e edil` .ze`ix zwlcn xhtp
,hyxweaa militrn zveawl jk xg` sxhvd edil` .iq`il minezik exared
ziip` lr ux`l `vi ,dilhi`a "epialq zia"a ddy jynda .hqtceal ribd dzi`
hcpnd zepehly ici lr elbed militrnd j` ,"aexefelx` miig" militrnd
ly eteqae "mikixcnl xpinq"a my cnl ,zixara ahid hlyy ,edil` .oiqixtwl
.1947 eizqa ux`l ribd xac
."deewzgzt zelretdwyn" i`lwgd xtqd zia ziinipta care cnl dligz
.ux`a mipey zenewna df megza lig dyre zikepig dceare d`xedl dpt jynda
edil` dpnzd 1975a ;dpt xy` lka ecivl ecnr eiclie ,dipd ,dpn`pd eziirx
lgd ,1964a milyexil e`ea mr .milyexia miiceqi xtq iza ipy ly ldpnl
ipeylecd xteqd lr dfz mr ipy x`ez milyde ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a cenll
weqird .oncixt awri xxeynd lr xehwec zceara iyily x`eze 'uiaewxa c"i
:mixtq ipy meqxtl liaed df aeyg yicii xveia edil` ly ixwgnd rexw xzin
,dhlra hhex ,e"pyz l`xyil dixhqipqpxhn ze` dkif s`y ,b"qyz , cec" qxta e
.2009 zpyl "oiihyted
,eixwgn meqxt xg`l ;eixerp f`n dxiye zxetiq zaizka eci gly edil`
`ed oda zexivi ly dxcq eci zgzn `ivede ,mifepb ciiazk znlydl dptzd
ipa lye eiig ly zeizernynd zeieegd z` ,xidae hedx ,icegii oepbqa avrn
miwgnp mpi` zepexkifd ;miclik d`eyd inii`a eqpzdy dipnex icili maex ,exec
.dpiipaa zealzyd jez enwzyd ,ux`l elry dl` j` ,mlerl iyigq
dixhqipqpxh mixiyd uaewe ,2007a rited zexgae mixerp ixiy hwl , zepeibd
d`ey mezi onexd zrted ixg` .2009a ixg` mipy ray mixetiq uaewe ,2008a
mixvw ztxehn zeity cgeina ixewn xtq ly qetcl dpwzd lr cwy ,2010a
mya ,minelr onei ztezd xg` ,miihpze` mipnei mialeyn ea ;2012a ritedy
26
zepenz ,mixag ly miazkn mr ,1952 zligz cr 1946 seqn azk xagndy
z` xagnd dlrn milydl witqdy drixid agx oexg`d xtqa .zepeEbn zexrde
zixehqid dcerz deedn `ed ;dixg` cine d`eyd zepya dipnexa micedid lxeb
.mly xec lr dxicp
dilr xab s`e zipexk al zlgn mr zeax mipy wa`py ,xbpiclqrlq edil`
eizelebq m`elna minlebn ea ,oexg`d extq zglvda ze`xl dkf ,mrt `l
mipy jyna on`p szey didy ,`ed ,xrvd daxnl .izextqd epexyike zeiyep`d
lr qxtd z` eicil lawl dkf `l ,xtexb awri y"r oxwd ly creed zelertl
!jexa exkf idi .2013 qxna 14a xhtp edil` .el wprend miig lrtn
27
dkinze micenil zblna mikefd
xtexb awri y"r oxwn zixwgn zelirta
c"ryz zpyl / 3 201
oilci mixt`
xare ,rax` oa ezeida 1949a eixed mr ux`l dlr `ed .1945 zpya oileta clep
.dpicnd ly zepey`xd dizepya dhilwd iiyw z` mzi` cgi
x`ezl dtig zhiqxaipe`a cnl i`avd ezexiye oekiza eicenil meiq xg`l
.zillk dixehqide ,l`xyi mr ly dixehqidl ,dibeleiveql mibega oey`x
z`xeda mipy 37 wqr eicenil meiq xg`le d`xedl dxykd laiw liawna
.micinlz ly zexecl on`p jpgn dide dixehqide zilbp`
d`eyl ipy xeck .micenild lqtql aeyl mixt` hilgd diqptl ez`ivi mr
lgd `ed ,ok lr .cg`k zine`le zixqen daeg yiciid icenila d`ex `ed
c"ryz zincw`d l"dpya cenll zextql dwlgnd zxbqna dfz mr ipy x`ezl
.yiciid icenill fkxna zegnzd mr oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a ,l`xyi mr
x"c ly ezkxcda ,mixt` jexrl ywan eze`y ipycgde siwnd xwgnd `yep
oiletn micedi dngln ihilt ly zeaxzde dxivid iig" `ed ,onxlhew xaac
z` ecxy eixed ;ixwn epi` df `yepa dxigad ."dixg`e d`eyd ztewza n"dixaa
.zevrend zixaa mihiltk ,jyndae ,oileta ipnxbd yeaikd zgz d`eyd
iyp` ly zipebaxd zelirta weqri xwgnd xwir ,ixehqidd rwxd zbvd xg`l
mipyd jldna mipn`e oexh`iz iyp` ,mi`pezir ,mixteq mihiltd axwa gex
eyxcp md ,dngln ihiltk .miyw xeqgn i`pza dxf daiaqa miig ly zeywd
evl`p md gex iyp`k ;cexyl zpn lr dycg zegxf`e xg` cnrnl lbzqdl
eldpzd mdy itk zevrend zixaa yicii oeyla zinyxd zeaxzd iiga alzydl
.zraewd `id dbltnd ly inyxd ewl zepn`pdyk ,ihiiaeqd xhynd zgz
zexivia miiehia z` e`vn micgeind miigd i`pz cvik ogaz xwgnd zcear
ewd iaizkzn mixvei ly dbixgd dkexk dziid mda mipekiql mb qgiizze ,zepey
"div`ixhtx"d aly zetwzyda fkxzi xwgnd ly meiqd wxt .inyxd ihiletd
.dnglnd z` cexyl egilvdy mihiltd mze` ly mzxivia
28
oiwel l`kin
zilwiqen dlkyd ykx da ,n"dixa ,(bxeaxhthpq meik) cxbpipla ,1972a clep
,eia` jxry zeit`xbepz` zeglyna szzyd ,19891988 mipya .yicii zricie
zpya l`xyil dlr .divilbe dilecet ,oildee zexiirl ,oiwel oinipa oeixehqidd
iy`x revwna milyexia oiaex y"r dwiqenl dincw`a oey`x x`ez miiq ,1990
19951991 mipya .zixard dhiqxaipe`a yiciil bega cnl liawnae ,cv lilg
lig zxenfza zxiy .zxy awri y"r l`xyidwixn` zeaxz oxw zeblna dkf
sqe`" belhiwa zine`ld diixtqa car 20061998 mipya .iy`x olilgk xiee`d
e` qetca enqxety yiciia mixiy ly mlera xzeia lecbd sqe`d ,"iep xi`n
.azka ecrez
dibelewiqenle yiciil mibega ipy x`ez zepiihvda l`kin miiq 2006 zpya
meiqd wxt ;iqexq oiec` 'texte onztv dxy x"c zkxcda ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a
"izxeqnd gqepd ly llnde ogld ipiit`n :yiciia ixild mrdxiy" dfzd ly
,"og ly heg" ,iwqp`ipxeh deg 'textl laeid xtqa mqxtzdy xn`nl ceqi yniy
micenild ztewza .('izxeqn ixil mrxiy ly wiyhrRixRd lr') 2013 ,milyexi
henld oxw" ,"xxet lgxe xdef wgvi oxw" ,"xfpev oxw" zeblna dkf ipy x`ezl
mely zia zbln" ,"oiihyted cec y"r dbln" ,"yicii icenill xlcpiw dpipe
,sqep ipy x`ez cenll zine`ld diixtqd i"r glyp 20122008 mipya ."mkilr
.zepiihvda miiq eze` s`y ,oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a ,rcin ledip megza
zipkeza zixard dhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl hpcehq epid l`kin zrk
innrd xiyd" `yep lr xehwec zcear lr cwey `ed ;mipiihvn mihpxehwecl
zilb 'texte iqexq oiec` 'text ly mziigpda "dwih`etde dwiqend :yiciia
zxbqna ,mipebipd xwgl ixwgn hwiexta szey `ed ,micenill sqepa .mwexofg
,oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a ayhicxan wgvi iel 'x y"r zeciqgd xwgl dxczwd
dwiqend ly xwgnd zveawa szey `ed ,ok enk .wxn iav 'text ly ezey`xa
dxecdn meqxtl oikne ,milyexia zicedid dwiqend xwgl fkxn ly zifpky`d
yiciia mrixiy ze`n yelyk eae ,iwqaebxa dyn ly cid azk ly zx`en
xen` xtqd .mixyrd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna dpi`xwe`a ecrezy
."laei" zxcqa ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d z`veda mqxtzdl
29
l"fn ipex
dicenil zepya yiciia oiiprzdl dligzd `id .milyexia 1989 zpya dclep
zepigaa df revwna dpgap s`e oeyla zeiqiqa zerici dykxy xg`l .oekiza
zixar zextql begd zxbqna yiciia xbea x`ezl ipex dcnl ,yiciia zexbad
mr dzexkd z` aigxdle winrdl oevx jezn ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a
.dtprd dzextqe yicii zeaxz
c"ryz zpya cenll ipex dlgd ,dxzi zepiihvda oey`xd x`ezd meiq xg`l
ly mivxnd oia .yicii zextqa zi`hiqxaipe`oiad zipkezd zxbqna ipy x`ezl
,mipnp ,yicii zeaxz megza ycg mixweg xec xiykdl zywand ,zipkezd
qiwqex cece oxhyxaep mdxa` ,iwqp`ipxeh deg mixeqtextd ,x`yd oia
.aia`lz zhiqxaipe`a miniiwzn mitqep miqxew ;zixard dhiqxaipe`a
a micenill 'lcpn' xtqd zia ly mipiihvnd zipkezl ipex dlawzd sqep
mihpcehql mirven dzxbqnay ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a gexd ircna mincwzn
.mi`yep oeebna micgein miqxew
;zieeykrd zizeaxzde zizextqd dxivid megza dlirt ipex ,dicenil cvl
zixar zextql begd mrhn `veid 'oiaexir' zrdazk zkxrn zxag `id
zextqa weqirl drixid z` aigxdl miywan diyp`y ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a
.hxta yiciiae ,llka zixehqid zicedi
dixvei oia zeniiw eidy zewifl rbep yicii zextqa ipex ly oiiprd icwenn cg`
oiipr .zipxcend zixard zeaxzde zextqd zxivi megza elrty dl` oial dly
zixard oia miipeyld mixywd lr zipeixpinq zcear zaizkl dze` `iad df
mihaida oiiprzdl dlgd `id jynda .oexeyi zea` ly ezxiya yiciide
oebk ,yiciia zextqae zepezira mixeywd miagxd miihiletde miizeaxzd
zextqd ly dizeaebz ,mi`xewd ldw ly eite` ,zextqd ly divfipepw ikildz
`id df megzl .dnecke mixyrd d`nd jxe`l miixehqid miiepiyl zeaxzde
) "yicii zepezir gztn" lrtna dzcear zeawra dribd IYP dxe ly zeeva ,(
ly "ixrn" onexd zelawzd zwica dfkxna xy` zipeixpinq dceara .oeneleq
lr cenrl dywia `id ,1913 zpya ezrted mr zxewiad icilr y` mely
zexivi zlawa zextqd zxewia z` egpdy miihiletde miihzq`d mikxrd
jiyndl deewn `id .oziigca ,oitelgl e` ,yabznd oep`wd l` zeizextq
yiciia zextqd zxewia ly miipyxtd dizeleab zece` ,df `yepa daizka
.ogea dxwnk y` mely mr mikeaqd dixyw zpigae
30
eye`'v drep
,xav a`e 1958a dixed mr dplieen dvx` ribdy m`l dtiga 1980 zpya dclep
cvn dzaq .ux`l mkxca oiqixtwa xbqd dpgna eybtp ,dipnex i`vei ,eixedy
.1929 zpya o`yeheaa dia` cvn diaqe ,1933 zpya (dipnex) iq`ia dclep dia`
,dzia z` aefrl dzaq zgtyn dvl`p ,diipyd mlerd zngln uext mr
xftzdle ; mixabd x`y mr cgia diitk zecearl ofgd dia` glyp dligz
ilvd okn xg`le dgtyna .cexyle xezqn zenewn `evnl dig`n wlge dixed eg
iccv ipy .mewnl mewnn ccep `edy jez dnglnd ztewz z` cxy diaq mb
,zi`hil ,ziqex ,zipnex) izeaxzaxe ipeylax xyer mr ux`l eribd dgtynd
.xbeand xecd zxiht mr mipyd jldna lclczd xy` (zipihl s`e yicii ,zipnxb
zepiihvda dniiq oey`xd x`ezd z` .zelrn hxe` siwn oekiza dcnl drep
my ,milyexia aevirle zepn`l dincw`d ,l`lvaa zepn`l dwlgna 2006a
x`ezd icenil zxbqna ,2005 zpya .leqite xeiv ly zewipkha dzgnzd
ly mihpcehq iteliga dtzzyd oey`xd Chicago School of the Art Institute .
ax daiaqa dlrty ,d`nd zligzn zipxcen zicedi zepn` mr dzexkd
icenil zpy xg`l .yicii zeaxza dpiipr z` xxer ,yicii mb dllky zipeyl
dwlgna ipy x`ezl xwgn zcinlzk 2012a cenll dlgd drep ,dnlyd
dhqew dpix y"r dzeaxze yiciid zty xwgl fkxnd ,zecdid icenill
zxbqna yicii zeaxze oeyla zewinrn zerici dykx `id .oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a
.wxeieipae aia`lza mda dnlzydy uiw iqxewe fkxnd rivny miqxewd
.zebln xtqnl dzkf yiciid icenil jldna
oia zakxend dwifd z` oegal zywand ,dfz zaizk lr drep zcwey dpyd
iyp` ,mixxeyn ,mixteq dtexi`gxfn icili mixvei lv` zextql zepn`
d`xyd xewne diixet rwxw mxear dzeeid yiciid ztyy mi`witxbe oexh`iz
mixeyra zicedide zillkd dxaga miwenr mixayn rwx lr .zepycgl
eyaiby micedi mipn`n zeakxen zexeag erited ,20d d`nd ly mipey`xd
zeaxz ifkxn oia zcnzn drepz jez ,zeipxzg ,zeicegii dxivi ikxc mnvrl
.dtexi`a iagxa
c"ryz micenild zpya .okez zkxerk dzqpxtl zcaer drep 2011 zpyn lgd
.oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a l`pzp jlil x"cl xwgn zxfer zynyn `id
31
ivexenew lgx dipeq
,zixad zevx`ae hytceaa xtq izaa dcnl .1975a ,dixbped ,hytceaa dclep
.dzceare dicenil jynda dl riiqy xac ,zilbp`a znlyen dhily dykx my
) hytcea zhiqxaipe`a ipye oey`x x`ezl dcnl 1993a lgd ELTE zilbp` (
zecdid icenill fkxna dnlzyd 19981997 micenild zpya .zecdi ircne
zepiihvda ipy x`ez dlaiwe ,yicii zeaxze oeyl megza xwira ,cxetqwe`a
dhiqxaipe`a zgxe` dcinlz dziid 20012000 zpya .cxetqwe` zhiqxaipe`n
iyily x`ezl dcnl 2001 zpyn .yiciil bega mipey miqxew dcnle zixard
,dly xehwecd zcear z` .yicii zeaxza zegnzd mr ,cxetqwe` zhiqxaipe`a
d`eyd cre 15d d`nd on yiciia dixbped icedi ly zeaxzd iig z` zx`znd
.2008a dipeq dniiq (miipey`x zexewn jnq lr)
hytcea zhiqxaipe`a zecdid ircnl dwlgna cnll dligzd 2004 zpya
) ELTE ,zicedi zce zeaxz ,zipxcen zixar ,yicii zeaxze oeyl :mipey miqxew (
ircnl fkxnd zxbqna rvaznd xwgna dalzyd `id zipnf ea .cere ,dlitz
zxbqna .dixbped icedi zecleza cwnznde mircnl zixbpedd dincw`a zecdid
,zixbpeda mixaqde mebxz mr ,yiciiae zixara zecerz zkixra dtzzyd ef
.miqpka dzvxde miax mixn`n dnqxt
yiciia zizeaxzd zelirtd lr milyn ceriz seq`l dipeq dlgd ,liawna
mdilr xzeel dvl`p dixbpedy mighya ,qexehtxwae yxenxna ,dipaliqpxha
`id .dl`d mixef`l mb dxwgn zrixi z` aigxdl dxhna ,iiqxe mkqd xg`l
,miyxn xtql zenlyd mr dly hxehwecd on wlg dcair yicii ztya qetcd
zxren ditxbeilaia :xbd ux`a xarn ;zilbp`a 2012a dixbpeda xe`l `viy ,
ixef`a yiciia eqtcpy mineqxt 700n xzei lr hxetn itxbeilaia rcinl
,bxeapfielw ,x`eeynh ,hbiq enk mifkxna mdipia zixehqidd dixbped
miax zeaxz ilirte ,mipax ,mixagn lr rcin xtqd llek x`eebpe` ,yhwpene
.megza mixwegl jxr ax xiykn deegn jkae
hqet zcinlzk 'aicpd ci' oxwn dbln zekfa ,20132012 micenild zpya
oeirl ,jehpiiy l`igi 'text ly eziigpda ,dpnf aex z` dipeq dyicwd ,hxehwec
milyexia zine`ld dixtqa mixenyd yiciia mipetewz zexyr ly mpkeza
mibeg cvn yiciid ztya dxigal zeaiq xexia dfkxnay xtq zaizk z`xwl
.mieqn mewna ,znieqn onf zcewpa ,minieqn zeveawe
32
ile`y dilb
lry mixedl za ,diagxn ueaiw zcili ,dn` .1977a deewz gzta dclep e
.1973a dpi`xwe` ,aiiwn ux`l dlr dia` ;1924a divilbn
liga dzxy `ava .ziaxr dcnl oekizae `aq xtka dcnle dlcb dilb
.dpy my dzdye ziztxv cenll ztxvl drqp ,i`avd dzexy xg`l .oiricend
zextqe dtyl bega zixard dhiqxaipe`a cenll dlgd 1999a ux`l daey mr
jldna .dzeaxze yicii oeyle zixar oeyl ,gexd ircna miillk micenile ziaxr
ewinrde ekld dizericie dl dxf dpi` yiciiy dzlib `id oeyld icenil
.ef dtya dxeywd zpeebn zelirt dtqeezd micenill xy`k zexidna
,zixard dhiqxaipe`ay xeeirl dcinld fkxna dilb dcar 20092002 mipya
2009 zpya lgd .zhlwend diixtqd xear mixtq z`xwda od zixarl dxenk od
.yiciia mixtq mb `ixwdl dlgd
dxczwd cily ocq ac lrtn ly dxikfnk cearl dilb dlgd 2009 zpya
.jehpiiy l`igi 'text ly xwgn zxferke onxa dci`e sqei my lr yiciil
,mipey mibeqn mihqwh qetcl dpiwzne zkxer ,dcilwn `id diciwtz zxbqna
.lrtnd mrhn minqxtznd ,zixarae yiciia
ly ezey`xa ,xwgn zveawn wlg dilb dziid zepexg`d mipyd yely jyna
d`ey ilevip mixteq ly yiciia mzaizk z` dxwgy ,jehpiiy l`igi 'text
xrpt l`igi ,lrfiee il` lr mineqxte mixwgn xe`l `ivedl dxhna
,hxrwiv mdxa` ,rc`xb miig ,o`nq`a dwax ,xrlbixhy ikcxn ,(wiphrv`w)
ipeig ciwtz d`lin dilb df xwgn hwiext zxbqna .mixg`e ax`tprf`x deeg
ceriz zecqenae miihxt mipeikx`a exze`y ,yiciia mireci `l ci iazk geprita
.l"egae ux`a
oxwd oenina dycg xwgn zveawa dilb ztzzyn 2013 xaehwe`n lgd
ly zil`ehwlhpi`de zizextqd ditxbeiad z` zxwegy ,rcnl zine`ld
lr dpenn `id z`fd xwgnd zcear zxbqna .rc`xb miig oewi`fextde xxeynd
lrtn ly zaezkzd ledipe ci iazk geprit ,yicii zepezirn ipey`x xneg seqi`
.dl`d xwgnd ikxevl rbepd lka ocq ac
33
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe zepwY ic oe
oet ehtie` oe` dxivi ic okxhyevxrhpe` fi` rinrxR xrc oet liv xrc
oi` oe`) xraxy ryirxard oe` ryicii owihenxrc ev .mehpcii oyiprnex
o` oi` xrc` ,yiprnex oi` ot`yrb oa`d rklree ,xraxy jie` ol`tm`pqie`
cp` dxivi qprnree ,(ux`lueg oi` xrc` l`xUi oi` j`xRy xrcnrxt xrxr
ev .mehpcii oyiprnex mrpet xrhyev owihqb mrc xrhpe` hkxhy
oyx`t ohin bl`txrc hin oarbrbR` jif oa`d rklree ,qxryx`t owihenxrc
rklree ,xraxy xrc` ,mehpcii oyiprnex mrpet rhkiyrb ic xrc` oarl q`c
oyiprnex mrc oet ohxreexehlew ic f` ,bpet`y xriif hin hxrhyrba oa`d
.wl`t xrfcpe` oet xehlew xrwiclleM xrc oi` oxree oq`lyrbii` ol`f mehpcii
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe zepwY ic oe
mixteq ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ly dzxivi z` qp lr zelrdl :qxtd zexhn
zifrel dtya exviy mixteq mb llkd on mi`vei mixwnae) zixarae yiciia
e` dipnex zecdi ly zipgexd dnexzd z` dhilan mzxiviy (l"egae ux`a
dxeywd xwgn zceara dglvda ewqry mixweg ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ini ixacl
enxz mzcearay mixagn e` dipnex zecdi ini ixacl e` dipnex zecdi iigl
oia dixteq zxivi z`e dipnex zecdi ly zeaxzd ikxr z` lilkdle hiladl
.epnr zeaxz ly mikxrd
34
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe oh`rxe`l
xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx
2013 - 1971
dirny ipa`
wgvi iqtl`
awri oixtl`
wgvi ivx`
awri ecea
lexw qpia
dnly lwia
zex iav oa
dwax onqa
dh'b sedbxa
oe`il yihxa
ei'bxq `icpxa
mixt` onheb
sqei oixeb
awri xlb
dnly cec
ikcxn uipec
`bxy xad
hqpx` ep`yeg
a`f o`i'vel uiaewyxd
dnly oncle
miig onciif
cecdyn hiig
eleq xg
slee xeanh
ohlef xpxh
jexa oihwxh
le`y lnxk
ewpi qeilei
l`kin iwqeeiwpi
xece`iz `ialoiihypal
diph ewqpiael
wgvi ocel
yildnly uiaeail
yildix` yiaiil
ilehp` oiil
dyn xhqnl
ocexin xcpqkl`
qeixn ewxin
iwin wixn` iqexn
ozp wxn
dpyey oniep
dxe oeneleq
ewxn uiaepeiniq
edil` xbpiclqrlq
qixea xlcpq
irlwl` dpi'b o`ihqaq
xcpqkl` ht`fltr
dix` bxaphqxit
xfril` xenlt
mdxa` xlt
(wgvi) w`qi` ult
lexw onclt
awri oncixt
35
mgpn enxt
xfril` lwpxt
xy` dlew
miig oefpiax
xehwie eqex
dwp` xiny
xcpqkl` h`lalbity
zeaxzl inlerd cebi`d .x.e`.n.w.`
dipnex i`vei micedi ly
ryicii yicii zeaxzl dxagd
ht`ylrfrbxehlew
ocq ac lrtn
yicii xtql fkxnd
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