TRC A

Tay
Tay
0

1 (Gauss)

1 (U.T.M)

ong

ong

V o goc

1-Toa o vuong goc Gauss-Ksuger & U.T.M:

- Cong thc:

0n = n 6 3 (Gauss)
0

0n = (n 30) 60 30 (U.T.M) (-T)

- n = 31(G-K) n = 1(U.T.M) (t 1800 1740T).

- Khoang cach gia 2 kinh tuyen truc la 500km(cho 2 muoi chieu).
Kinh tuyen truc

Kinh tuyen cat tuyen

k =1
k = 0,9996(6 0 ) 0,99996(30 )

Gauss
U.T.M

Kinh tuyen bien

k >1
k =1

k >1

Kinh tuyen goc

Kinh tuyen
bien
0

Kinh tuyen
cat tuyen

- T le ban o: 1 = o dai tren ban o / o dai nam ngang(khong phai o dai that) tren mat at.
- n v:

1m = 10 4 cm 2 = 10 6 mm 2 , 1km 2 = 10 6 m 2 = 10 10 cm 2
2

1 mau = 10 cong = 10.000m2(Nam) , 1 sao = 360m2(Bac)

1grat = 100 = 10.000 ( 400grat 3600 )
= 1radian =

360 0 , 0
= 57 0 3 = 57 018 = 57,3 60 = 3438 = 57,3 3600 = 206280
2

- Nguyen tac lam tron theo p2 Gauss: A = 0,625 0,62 , B = 0,635 0,64 (lam tron theo so chan(2,4,6,8)
khi so cuoi cung la 5).
- o det cua qua at: = a b
a

2-Ban o a hnh:
a-a vat:
- Da vao 1 trong 3 yeu to: Hnh dang, mau sac, ac tnh.
- Da vao 1 trong 3 p2: + T le: cho biet v tr, kch thc, hnh dang.
+ Phi t le: ch cho biet v tr cong trnh bang cach dung cac k hieu.
+ Ban t le: VD nh cho biet chieu dai 1 con ng ma khong cho biet chieu
rong con ng.
b-Dang at: c the hien bang ng ong mc (hay goi la ng bnh o hay ng ang cao).
- ng ong mc: La cua nhng mat thuy chuan quy c (// vi mat thuy chuan goc) vi mat at t
nhien.
- h: La khoang cao eu, la o chenh cao gia 2 ng ong mc ke tiep nhau.
1

TRC A
- o cao gia 2 ng ong mc = h .n (so nguyen va la boi so).
- ng ong mc phai khep kn va lien tuc.
- ng ong mc co cung o cao, nhng 2 iem co cung o cao th cha phai la cung ng ong mc.
- Hng vuong goc vi ng ong mc la hng co o doc ln nhat.
- ng ong mc khong bao gi cat nhau, ma ch co the co TH chong len nhau(ng pha di ve net
t) v tr chong nhau.
- Neu hnh dang cua ng ong mc giong nhau th can c vao o cao ng ong mc e phan biet la
oi hay trung va dung k hieu net ch doc.
oi

Trung

- Bnh o: the hien cho khu vc nho.

- Ban o: the hien o cong qua at va dung cho khu vc ln.
- Mat ch phan biet c 2 iem 0,1mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SAI SO
1. Sai so he thong:
l1 X = 1
l2 X = 2

lim = 1 + 2 + ... + n = lim [ ] = 0

n +

..................

ln X = n

2. Sai so trung bnh cong:

n +

[ ]
n

3. Sai so trung phng: La sai so co o chnh xac cao, cung la sai so tuyet oi.
m=

[m2 ]
n

4. Sai so trung phng tng oi:

1 m (e dang phan so)

=
T S

- Dung khi o ln sai so phu thuoc o ln ai lng o.

- Ap dung cho o canh hay o chieu dai.
- Sai so tng oi: la ty so sai so tuyet oi / ket qua o.
- Sai so tuyet oi: la sai so co kem theo n v o.
5. Sai so gii han: Tuy theo yeu cau ve o chnh xac trong tnh toan ma dung 2.m hay 3.m
lim = 2 m hoac 3 m (m la sai so trung phng)

6. Sai so trung phng cua ham cac tr o:

- Dung trong o gian tiep.
- S dung cong thc khi cac tr o oc lap(nh o 3 canh e xac nh the tch hnh vuong).
- Cong thc:
mu = (

u
u
u 2 2
) .m x + ( ) 2 .m y2 + ... + ( ) 2 .mt2
t
y
x

VD: o V = a b c
mV = (b.c) 2 .ma + (c.a) 2 .mb + (a.b) 2 .mc

7. So trung bnh cong:

X =

l1 + l 2 + ... + l n
n

So trung bnh cong:

mX =

m2
m (ieu kien la phai cung ieu kien o)
=
n
n

Chu y: - o cung ieu kien: + Cung 1 ngi o.

+ Cung 1 dung cu.
2

TRC A
+ Cung 1 ieu kien ngoai canh.
- V n 2 n > 1 m X < m .

8. Cong thc Bessel: Dung trong o gian tiep.

v1 = l1 X
v2 = l 2 X

, vi: X = [l ] [v ] = vi = [l ] n. X = 0
n

.................
vn = l n X

2
- Sai so trung phng cua moi lan o: m = [v ]

n 1

- Sai so trung phng cua tr trung bnh cong: m =

X

m
[v 2 ]
=
n.( n 1)
n

- Chu y: o goc th dung cong thc sai so tuyet oi.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DNG C - CC PP O
1. Bn(vnh) ngang: (My quang hc)

Bn ngang:
 L vnh trn c khc vch theo chiu KH.
 n v: grad

chnh xc:
 Cng thc:

t=

l
n

 l - Gi tr khong chia trn bn .

 n - S khong chia trn thang ph.

Nu kim ch nm trung gian gia 2 vch(thang ph) th phn l c theo bi s ca 15 .Cng c th
c lng = 1/10 hoc 1/4 khong chia, tc 6 .

Ly vch 0 thang ph vch chun lm vch c s.

Khi quay ng knh: vch chun di chuyn vnh ng yn.

2. ng thng bng:

ng thng bng di: tip tuyn vi im chun cung trn.
 a 1 ng thng hay mp v v tr thng ng hay nm ngang.
 Trc ng thng bng di tip tuyn vi im chun ca cung trn.
 Khi im gia bt nc trng im chun trc.
 Hai vch khc cch nhau 2mm, tr 2 vch u tin xc nh bt thy.
 - Gi tr khong chia ca ng thng bng di( nhy) v tng ng vi gc tm:
2 mm

R mm
= 1(rad ) = 3438 = 20626 5

ng thng bng trn: dng chm cu.

 nghing trc thng bng l s di chuyn ca bt nc.
 ng bn knh qua im chun gi l trc ng thng bng.
 Thun knh: v tr bn ng nm bn tri ng knh.
 o knh: v tr bn ng bn phi ng knh.
3. Bn ng:
 ng knh xoay th vnh ng xoay, vch chun
c s ng yn.
3

TRC A
 Vch chun lch: sai s vch chun c th hin bng
s c ban u: MO
 Ghi s lin tc: tng theo chiu KH.
 Ghi s i xng: 2 vch 00 v 900 i xng
qua tm.
 Sai s vch chun: s c ban u MO
tnh gc V chnh xc.
 MO: l s c c trn bn ng khi bn
nm ngang:
V = (360 0 Tr ) + MO (1)
 Khi o knh: V = ph MO (2)
0
(1) + (2) V = ph tr + 360

2
ph + tr
 Khi i xng qua tm: V =
2
0
 Vy: MO = ph + tr 360 : du + khi ph + tr < 360 0 v ngc li.
2
 My i xng qua tm: MO = tr ph
2

 My ghi theo chiu KH, cn c th theo chiu ngc li.

4. P2 o gc bng: L gc phng nh din to bi 2 mp thng ng cha 2 tia ngm( 00 3600 ).
a. o n gin:

t my( ch thun knh) O .

o thun: 1 = b1 a1
 o a1
 Quay knh theo chiu KH theo phng ngang n o b1 .

o o: 2 = b2 a2 (nu b2 a 2 )
2 = b2 a2 + 3600 (nu b2 < a 2 )
 Quay knh theo phng ng gc 1800(o knh).Sau quay theo chiu KH theo phng ngang
n o b2 .
 Quay knh theo chiu KH theo phng ngang n o a 2 .

iu kin: 1 2 2.t , t = 0,1mm

Vy: = 1 ( 1 + 2 )
2

o thun v o knh ri ly trung bnh cng nhm loi tr SS trc ngm 2C: 2C = tr ph 180 0
Du + khi tr < 1800 .
b. o ton vng:

t my( ch thun knh) O .

o thun knh: Chn hng ngm xa nht(hng A) lm chun.
 o A ( a1 = 0 0 00 ): Kha bn ngang ngm A , iu chnh nt en to di nht v vn sao cho
a1 = 0 0 00 .
 M kha C ngang , quay ng knh theo chiu KH v ln lt ngm tip B( b1 ) , C( c1 ) , D( d1 ) ,
A( a1 ).
 iu kin: a1 a1 t (l gi tr vch chia nh nht trn bn ).

o o knh:
 o knh v quay knh theo chiu ngc KH v ngm li A( a 2 ) , D( d 2 ) , C( c 2 ) , B( b2 ) , A( a 2 ) .
 iu kin:
a2 a1
b2 b1
0
180 2.t
c 2 c1
d 2 d1

TRC A
Ch : Gc ng(V) ca 1 tia ngm(MO) trong khng gian l gc nhn to bi gia na ng thng
MO vi mp nm ngang.Gi tr 0 0 90 0 .
5. nh hng ng thng:
a. Gc phng v(Azumits):

Gc phng v l 1 gc bng c tnh t hng Bc kinh tuyn n hng ng thng theo chiu
KH v c gi tr t 0 0 360 0 .
A = Am

Du (+) khi lch t ng, (-) khi lch t Ty.

A = A 180 0

Du (+) khi A 180 0 , (-) khi A > 180 0 .

A (Ath) - l gc phng v thc.
Am (At) - l gc phng v t.

Gc phng v thc l 1 gc bng c tnh t hng Bc kinh tuyn thc n hng ng thng theo
chiu KH v c gi tr t 0 0 360 0 .

Gc phng v t c nh ngha nh gc phng v thc, nhng ly hng gc l hng Bc kinh
tuyn t v c o bng my kinh v c gn la bn.
b. Gc nh hng: ( ) Ch o c qua gin tip.

L gc bng c tnh t hng Bc kinh tuyn trc(trn mt chiu) n hng ng thng theo chiu
KH v c gi tr t 0 0 360 0 .
A=
1 = 12
3
Du (+) khi kinh tuyn trc nm v pha ng, (-) khi pha Ty.
1
A l gc phng v thc.
2
Bi ton 1:
0
Ta c:
i

i = i 1 + k i 180 0 (Gc i nm pha tri)

1 = 12

k =1

Bi ton 2:
Ta c:
i

i = i 1 k + i 180 0 (Gc i nm pha phi)

k =1

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LI KHNG CH TRC A
1.Khi nim:
- L c s thng nht ta ca mt quc gia.
- o v a hnh v xy dng cng trnh.

2.ng chuyn kinh v:

di cnh Si (m):

Sai s khp gc f :

20m < S i < 350m

( S i 2 hoc Si +1 2 )
S i +1
Si
f 60. n ( 40. n trong xy dng mt s cng trnh)

n : S gc khp trong ng chuyn.

S
1 (dc) v S
1 (bng)

S 1000
S
2000
f
fS
1 (dc) v f S
1 (bng)
S

Sai s khp tng i ca ng chuyn K = :

[S ]
[ S ] 1000
[ S ] 2000

Sai s o cnh S :
S

[S]: Tng di cc cnh

a.Chn v nh du ng chuyn: phi thy im trc v im sau ca n.
b.o gc v cnh ng chuyn:
b1.o gc:
- Dng p2 o n gin o gc ngoc ca ng chuyn bng 1 ln o v s dng my kinh v k
thut.
- o n gc ngoc(nu l ng chuyn khp kn c n cnh) v o thm 1 gc Vy phi o n+1
gc.
5

TRC A
- ng chuyn ph hp th cng o n+1 gc.
b2.o gc: S dng dng c thc thp(khng dng my kinh v) hoc cc p2 khc tng ng.Vy
trong ng chuyn kinh v ta o 2n+1 ln: gm o n+1 gc v o n cnh.
c.Bnh sai -Tnh ta ng chuyn: Mc ch tm ra tr trung bnh o.
VD1: Nu o gc B, C v cnh BC th ta nn o thm gc A(gi l i lng o tha) kim tra vic
o gc B b sai.
A + B + C 180 0 = f (Sai s khp)
( A + V A ) + ( B + VB ) + (C + VC ) 1800 = 0

V A + VB + VC + f = 0 (gi l phng trnh s hiu chnh sinh ra do iu kin hnh ca

ABC )

1
V A = VB = VC = . f (iu kin t ra)
3

(Tr o Tr tht = Sai s khp)

V A , VB , VC : S hiu chnh
A + V A = A (gi l tr bnh sai)
C bao nhiu i lng o tha th c by nhiu phng trnh s hiu chnh.
VD2: S i lng o tha ca hnh bn = r = (2n + 1) 2.(n 1) = 3 S n s (n 1) l ta X,Y ca 4
im B,C,D,E.
VD3: o ph hp C A,B,C,D bit v cc im cn li cha bit.
VD4: Tr li VD1: Ta c 3 n s gm: 1 iu kin hnh v 2 iu kin ta .
Gii:
- B1: V s li:
- B2: f = [ ] (n 2).1800 (vi [ ] khng tnh n gc AN nu li c lp v khng tnh n gc
nu l gc ph thuc)
Ch : Trc khi o cnh th phi kim tra tnh ton.
- B3: Tnh: V = 1 . f , i = i + V
n

- B4: Tnh:

i = i 1 i m 1800

- B5: Tnh s gia ta :

xi = S i . cos i

y i = S i . sin i

f S : Sai s do o cnh sinh ra

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRC NGHIM
 He toa o VN2000 s dung phep chieu UTM , Ellipsoid WGS-84 va goc at tai Vien nghieng cu a
chnh Ha Noi.
 Kinh o a ly cua 1 iem la goc nh dien tao bi mp kinh tyuen i qua iem o va mp kinh tuyen
0
goc( 0 180 0 (,T)).
 Hnh dang chnh xac cua mat geoid la mat:
+ Gan giong mat Ellipsoid.
+ Khong phai la mp hay mat cau.
 Mat Geoid la mat nc bien TB yen tnh (khong phai la mat ang cao) va dung lam c s e tnh o cao
tuyet oi trong trac a.
 e x/ v tr mat bang cua cac iem tren mat at t nhien th da vao:
+ Mat ellipsoid Trai at.
+ Mat Geoid.
+ Mat phang toa o.
 Trong phep chieu Gauss-Kruger th: goc khong b bien dang, chieu dai bien dang.
 He toa o Gauss-Kruger la he toa o vuong goc va 2 chieu(khong la he toa o trac a va a l).
 He toa o quy c la:
+ He toa o Gauss-Kruger.
+ He toa o trac a.
+ He toa o Gauss-Kruger nhng di truc X ve hng ong.

TRC A
 o ln cua 1 goc se khong thay oi qua phep chieu: Gauss - UTM - Mecator - Gauss va UTM eu sai.
 V o cua 1 iem la goc tao bi phng day doi qua iem ovi mp xch ao.
 Tong 3 goc o c trong 1 tr i 1800 thuoc ve:
+ SS thc.
+ SS trung phng.
+ SS he thong.
+ SS gan ung.
 e x/ o chnh xac o goc, ta thng dung SS trung phng tng oi.
 Khi truc thuy bnh dai khong vi truc quay cua may KV, chung ta khong the:
+ Can bang may chnh xac.
+ nh tam may chnh xac.
+ Bat muc tieu chnh xac.
+ oc so chnh xac.
 e giam anh hng cua SS he thong th phai:
+ Chon pp o thch hp.
+ Kiem nghiem dung cu o roi hieu chnh vao ket qua o.
+ o nhieu lan roi lay TB cac ket qua o.
 e phat hien va loai tr SS he thong th:
+ Kiem nghiem va ieu chnh dung cu o.
+ Dung pp o thch hp.
+ o nhieu lan.
+ Ket hp ca 3 cach tren.
 Khi o goc bang, o thuan knh va ao knh roi lay TB la nham loai tr SS 2C.
 Khi o goc ngang(bang) ap dung thuan va ao knh th SS nao se c loai tr: SS truc ngam(SS 2C).
 SS do s dan n nhiet trong thc thep thuoc ve SS he thong.
 Loai SS nao co the giam thieu hoac loai tr c khi tien hanh o nhieu lan:
+ SS he thong.
+ SS ngau nhien.
+ Sai lam.
 Ngi ta thng dung tieu chuan nao e anh gia o chnh xac ket qua o:
+ SS trung phng.
+ SS trung bnh.
+ SS xac suat.
+ SS gii han.
 Trong cong tac bo tr mat bang, thng bo tr bang 2 v tr ong knh nham loai tr:
+ SS MO.
+ SS truc ngam 2C.
+ SS oc so.
+ a va b eu ung.
 Xet ve mat ban chat th SS khep kn chnh la:
+ SS trung phng.
+ SS trung phng.
+ SS xac suat.
+ SS thc.
 Khi truc ngam cua ong knh khong truc quay ong knh may KV se gay ra:
+ SS MO.
+ SS truc ngam.
+ SS oc so.
+ SS nh tam.
 Loai SS nao khong the c loai tr trong ket qua o: SS he thong - sai lam - SS trung phng(?) - SS nao
o khac vi cau a en c(?). (Chu y: SSNN th khong loai tr c; SS he thong va sai lam th loai tr c).
 PP thng dung e the hien dang at tren ban o a hnh lang ong mc.
 at may KV tai O la:
+ Lam cho truc quay cua may i qua O va thang ng.

TRC A
+ Lam cho truc quay cua may i qua O va vanh o ngang nam ngang.
 a vat tren ban o a hnh c bieu dien bang:
+ Ky hieu theo ty le.
+ Ky hieu na ty le.
+ Ky hieu phi ty le.
 Ban o khac vi bnh o cho:
+ Ch the hien a vat ma khong the hien a hnh.
+ Co xet en anh hng o cong qua at.
+ Ban o c lu tr dang so.
+ Ban o chnh xac hn bnh o.
 Goc phng v t cua 1 ng thang la goc bang hp bi hng Bac cua kim nam cham vi hng ng
thang o theo chieu KH.
 Truc ngam cua ong knh la ng thang noi gia: giao iem cua day ch thap va quang tam knh vat.
 Khi bot nc cua ong thang bang tron gia th truc cua ong thang bang tron se: thang ng.
 Khi o goc bang, thng chon muc tieu xa la e giam anh hng cua: SS nh tam may - SS nh tam
tieu - SS bat muc tieu - Ca 3 eu ung.
 Goc nh dien hp bi 2 mp ngam thang ng la: goc ng - goc bang - goc thien nh - goc bang va goc
thien nh.
 Goc nh hng dung e xac nh:
+ Hng cua ng thang tren mp.
+ o lech cua canh li khong che.
+ Hng cua ng thang trong khong gian.
+ Ca 3 eu sai.
 Cac goc:
+ Phng v t o trc tiep.
+ Goc nh hng c o gian tiep.
+ Phng v thc o trc tiep.
+ Goc bang co the o trc tiep hay gian tiep.
 Quan he gia goc thien nh(Z) va goc ng(V) la: Z +V = 900
 Hng goc cua goc nh hng cua ng thang AB la hng Bac cua ng thang qua A va // vi kinh
tuyen truc(hay ng thang ng // vi kinh tuyen gia mui)(khong phai hng cua kim la ban).
 o lech t ( )( ) la goc hp bi: Bac kinh tuyen thc va Bac kinh tuyen t.
 o hoi tu kinh tuyen(o gan kinh tuyen)( ) la goc hp bi: Bac kinh tuyen thc va Bac kinh tuyen truc.
 Loai goc khong thay oi trong khong gian la:
+ Goc phng v that.
+ Goc phng v t.
+ Goc nh hng.
+ a va c eu ung.

 Goc bang cua 2 hng ngam la goc hp bi:

+ Hai hng ngam trong khong gian.
+ Hnh chieu cua 2 hng ngam len mp thang ng.
+ Hnh chieu cua 2 hng ngam len mp nam ngang.

 ng thng i qua quang tm knh vt v quang tm knh mt ca ng knh my thy chun, c

gi l:
+ Trc ngm.
+ Trc quang hc.
+ Trc hnh hc.
+ a v c u ng.
 Khi may KV b va ap lam lech mang day ch thap, truc nao b anh hng: truc quang hoc cua ong knh truc ong thang bang dai - truc hnh hoc cua ong knh - 3 cau sai
 Khi lap li khong che toa o oc lap tren pham vi hep, e nh hng li nay ta o: goc phng v t goc phng v thc - goc nh hng t - a va c eu ung.
 Xet ve o chnh xac cua pp o dai bang thc thep ban va pp th c th:

TRC A
+ PP thc thep ban chnh xac hn.
+ Tuy theo ieu kien a hnh.
 iem ng chuyen toan ac c a len ban ve theo pp:
+ Toa o cc.
+ Toa o vuong goc.
+ Goc giao hoi.
+ Tuy theo pp o.
 Trong o ve toan ac iem chi tiet c chuyen len ban ve theo pp:
+ Toa o cc.
+ Toa o vuong goc.
+ Goc giao hoi.
+ Tuy theo pp o.

 Chuyen iem khong che len li toa o th dung pp: toa o vuong goc.
 Thao tac nao sau nay co the bo qua trong o cao hnh hoc t gia:
+ nh tam may.
+ Can bang may.
+ o chieu cao may.
+ a va c eu ung.
 o chnh xac o goc bang chu yeu phu thuoc vao:
+ May KV.
+ nh tm my.
+ oc so.
+ C 3 u ng.

 Trong o cao lng giac xac nh o chenh cao gia 2 iem, thao tac nao sau ay co the bo qua:
+ oc so ban o ngang.
+ oc so ban o ng.
+ oc so ch gia tren mia.
+ a va b eu ung.
 o dai canh ng chuyen toan ac c o bang pp:
+ Thc thep ban.
+ Ch lng c o i va o ve tren 1 canh. (Neu TL ban o la > 1/500)
+ Ca 2 cau eu ung.
 Trong o chi tiet ban o a hnh bang pp toan ac, ngi ta thng dung pp: Toa o cc.
 Khoang cach t iem tram o en iem chi tiet trong o ve toan ac thng c xac nh bang
cach s dung:
+ Thc thep.
+ Ch lng c.
+ Ch lng c hoac thc thep.

 ng chuyen KV:
+ La 1 loai li khong che o ve mat bang ma khi thanh lap can phai o cac yeu to goc va canh.
+ La 1 loai li khong che o ve o cao ma khi thanh lap can phai o cac yeu to goc va canh.
+ La 1 loai li khong che o ve mat bang ma khi thanh lap can phai o tat ca cac yeu to goc, canh va o
cao.
+ a va c ung.

 Bai toan trac a thuan la bai toan biet: Goc nh hng, toa o iem au va o dai canh.
 Bai toan trac a nghch la bai toan biet: Toa o iem au va iem cuoi.
 Trong trc a, dng cng dng c o nhiu ln 1 i lng l nhm gim nh hng ca SS h
thng.
 Xet ve o chnh xac cua ng chuyen KV va ng chuyen toan ac th: ng chuyen KV co
o chnh xac hn ng chuyen toan ac.
9

TRC A
 o chnh xac trong bo tr cong trnh c thc hien theo nguyen tac t thap en cao.
 o chnh xac cua li khong che trac a c xay dng theo nguyen tac t cao en thap.
 Li khong che trac a VN hien nay c chia lam: 4 bac
 Trong bnh sai toa o ng chuyen toan ac, so hieu chnh toa o c tnh theo nguyen tac
phan phoi SS khep:
+ Chia eu cho cac iem.
+ Ty le thuan vi so gia toa o.
+ Ty le thuan vi o dai canh.
+ b va c eu ung.
 Khi o gc theo pp ton vng, cn chn hng ngm chun l hng xa nht nhm:
+ Gim SS c s.
+ Gim SS nh tm my.
+ Loi tr SS trc ngm.
+ a v c u ng.

lan.

 Tren ban ve mat cat doc thng chon truc ng va truc ngang: truc ngang ln hn truc ng 10

 Bnh sai goc trong ng chuyen KV, so hieu chnh goc c tnh theo nguyen tac phan phoi SS
khep: chia eu cho so goc o.
 My thy chun dng ti im khng ch, mia dng ti im cn xc nh cao l pp:
+ o cao pha trc.
+ o cao t gia.
+ o cao lng gic.
+ C a v c u ng.

 PP o cao c th loi tr c SS do nh hng cong ca Tri t l: o cao t gia.

 Khi so hng ngam tai 1 tram o nhieu hn 2 th pp o thch hp nhat la o toan vong.
 Khi xac nh chenh cao gia 2 iem A,B bang pp o cao hnh hoc t gia dung 2 mia, ngi ta phat hien
mia at tai A(iem sau) co ay b mon mat 6mm.e nhan c chenh cao ung gia 2 iem A va B( h AB ) th phai:
+ Tr i 6mm vao chenh cao tnh c t cac so oc tren mia.
+ Cong them i 6mm vao chenh cao tnh c t cac so oc tren mia.
+ Tr i 6mm vao so oc mia A.
+ a, c ung.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bai 1:

x ( km )

18
Gauss
1245 B
18.420km
18+30=48
U.T.M
Cach kinh tuyen truc 500 420 = 80km ve pha Tay va thuoc muoi chieu th 18.Cach xch ao 1245km ve
pha Bac.
Ch : nUTM = nG K + 30
Bai 2:
x B = 2042km Cach kinh tuyen truc 615 500 = 115km ve pha ong va thuoc muoi chieu th 19.Cach

y B = 19.615km

xch ao 2042km ve pha Bac.

Bai 3:
A = 16 0 25 B

A cach xch ao 16025B

16
1609
0
0
=
107 0 27
A = 107 16 = 107 +
60
15

107 0 27 + 3 0
0
0
0
0 n = n 6 3 0 = 105 0 n =
= 18,378 Cach kinh tuyen truc 107 16 105 = 2 16 .
6

Bai 4: Kinh o cua kinh tuyen bien Tay mui chieu th 14 (loai mui 60) la?
= 14 6 0 6 0 = 78 0 (v thuoc mui 14 nen thuoc pha )

10

TRC A
Bai 5: Kinh o cua kinh tuyen truc(kinh tuyen gia) cua muoi chieu(loai 60) th 23 la: 23 6 0 30 = 1350
Bai 6: im A c kinh l 94015 nm trong mi chiu 60 c s th t ?
Ta co:

94 015 + 3 0 97,25 0
=
= 16,21 n = 16
60
60

Bai 7: Toa o A x A = 231km , y A = 20.412km , A thuoc:

V x > 0 nen thuoc phan t th I hoac IV
= 20 6 0 30 = 117 0
IV

421km < 500km

0
Mui chieu co kinh tuyen gia 117 va phan t th 4.

Bai 8: Biet toa o vuong goc phang Gauss-Kruger cua iem A la: x A = 2.619.800m; y A = 18.421.300m .iem A nam
: Na pha T cua muoi chieu 60 th 18, cach kinh tuyen truc 500.000 421.300 = 78700 m .
T

V: 421km < 500 km

500 .000 421 .300 = 78700 m

Bai 9: Toa o phang Gauss-Kruger cua 1 iem A la x A = 231km , y A = 19.412km th toa o a ly cua A( , )

thoa:
Ta co:

A n = 19 < 19 6 0 3 0 = 114 0
x A > 0 > 0 0 , y A = 19.412km
1110 < < 114 0
412 < 500 > 18 6 0 + 3 0 = 1110

Bai 10: Tren ban o t le 1/500, o cao hA la 1m25 o cao cua A ngoai thc the van la 1m25.
Bai 11: S A = 60(m)

S B = 100(m)

m
=

4
(
cm
)
A
m B = 5(cm)
1
4
1
, 1 = 5 = 1

=
=
TA 6000 1500
TB 10000 2000

B o tot hn A.
0
B = 80 0150
Bai 12: A = 160 30

m A = 4

mB = 3

Ca 2 eu o goc theo 2 hng nen van ap dung sai so trung phng e anh gia B o tot hn A.
Bai 13:
1cm 1
+ 2cm 4

26
(cm)
A 4cm 16 m A =
5
+ 2cm 4

+ 1cm 1

+ 3cm 9
+ 1cm 1

22
B + 2cm 4 m B =
(cm)
5
2cm 4

+ 2cm 4

B o tot hn A, mac du A = B = 2(cm)

Bai 14: Tnh sai so trung phng cua 1 goc trong a giac co 16 goc.Biet sai so trung phng cua tong cac goc
trong a giac la 2 va cac goc nay c o cung ieu kien.
Giai:
T = x1 + x 2 + ... + x16 , mT = 2

mT = 12.m x21 + 12.mx22 + ... + 12.mx216 = 16m 6 = 4.m

m x1 = m x 2 = ... = m x16 = m = 2 = 30
4

Bai 15: Gia tr goc trung bnh nhan c t 9 lan o trong cung ieu kien co sai so trung phng la 4 .Tnh sai
so trung phng cua gia tr trung bnh nhan c t 16 lan o cung ieu kien.
Giai:
m X = 4 =
9

mX =
16

m2
m = 12
9

12
m2
=
= 3
16
4

Bai 16: o mt gc n ln o nhn c tr trung bnh c SS trung phng l 5 .Nu SS trung phng mi ln o
gc l 10 .Tnh n .

11

TRC A
Ta co:

m
n= X
m
X

10 2
=
=4
5

Bai 17: Neu moi lan ngam muc tieu va oc so co SS trung phng la 15 th 1 lan o goc n gian se co SS
trung phng do ngam muc tieu va oc so la?
Ta co:

1
1
= (b2 a 2 + b1 a1 ) m = .4m 2 = m = 15
2
2

Bai 18: Tnh SS trung phng moi lan o goc trong 1 t giac.Biet SS trung phng tong cac goc trong t giac
la 15 va moi goc o 4 lan va co cung o chnh xac.
Ta co: m A,B ,C ,D = 4m A2 = 2m A = 15

mA =

m A2
m
= A m A = 2m A = 15
4
2

Bai 19: o 1 goc 2 lan o bang pp o co cung SS trung phng la 1.Neu coi SS trung phng o moi hng
cung o chnh xac th no bang?
Ta co: = b a m = ma 2 + mb 2 = m 2
m = m21 + m2 2 = m . 2 = 2.m ma = mb = m =

1'
= 30
2

Bai 20: o gc AOB bng pp n gin mt ln o c SS trung phng l 30 .Tr trung bnh cng ca gc ny sau
n ln o c SS trung phng l 10 .Tnh s ln o.
Ta c:

m
n=
m
n

m =

= 30 = 9

10

Bai 21: Tnh sai s trung phng o gc AOB bng p2 1 ln o.Bit sai s trung phng khi ngm v 1 hng l
30 .
Gii:
V y l o gin tip nn:
1
2

= .((b1 a1 ) + (b2 a 2 ))
1
1
1
1
1
m = .mb21 + .ma21 + .mb22 + .ma22 = .(4.m 2 ) = m = 30
4
2
2
2
2

Bai 22: Tnh sai s trung phng o gc AOB bng p2 2 ln o.Bit sai s trung phng khi ngm v 1 hng l
30 .
Gii:
1
2

= .( 1 + 2 )
m = m = 30 m =

m2
2

30
2

Bai 23: Tnh s ln o gc AOB , vi m = 15 v sai s trung phng khi ngm v 1 hng l 30 .
Gii:
1
2

= .( 1 + 2 )
m =
m
n=
m

m 2
n

m
n

, m = m = 30 (1 hng ngm)

= 30 = 4 (ln o)

15

Bai 24: Goc AOB c o trong 5 lan cung ieu kien c cac gia tr: 78016 , 78 0 20 , 78013 , 78012 ,
78 16 .Tnh tr so o goc ang tin cay nhat va anh gia o chnh xac cua tr nay.
Giai: S dung CT Bassel.
0

78 016 + 78 0 20 + 78 013 + 78 012 + 78 016

= 78 01524 (s ng tin cy nht)
5
[v 2 ]
2 (16 1524) 2 + (20 1524) 2 + (13 1524) 2 + (12 1524) 2
mX =
=
= 1 24
n.(n 1)
5.(5 1)
X =

12

TRC A
Bai 25: T 5 gia tr o goc ABC: 106013 , 106019 , 106015 , 106016 , 106017 th nhan c gia tr ang tin cay nhat
cua goc ABC la 106016 .Tnh SS trung phng cua tr nay.
Ta co:

mX =

[m]2
n(n 1)

(3) 2 + 3 2 + ( 1) 2 + 0 + 1 2
= 1
5(5 1)

Bai 26: Trong o 2 goc va vi M = 3 , M = 4 .Tnh sai so trung phng cua goc t 3, neu goc nay
c tnh t 2 goc tren.
Giai:
= 1800 ( + ) m = (1) 2 .m2 + (1) 2 .m 2 = 5
Bai 27: o dai oan thang c o trong 9 lan cung ieu kien th tr trung bnh cong se co SS trung phng
tng oi la bao nhieu neu moi lan o co SS trung phng tng oi la 1:2000.
Giai:
mX =
9

m X2
9

mX

mX

9
T =

X T = mX9 T = 1 1 = 1

mX
3 2000 6000
mX

1
1
T =
X

Bai 28: o oan thang S1 = 150(m) , M 1 = 8(cm) ; oan thang S 2 = 50(m) , M 1 = 6(cm) .Tnh sai so trung phng
tng oi cua tong va hieu o dai 2 oan thang nay.
Giai:
mTong = 8 2 + 6 2 = 10(cm) , m Hieu = 8 2 + (6) 2 = 10(cm)
S Tong = 150 + 50 = 200( m) = 20.000(cm)

TTong

10
1
=
20.000 2000

1
THieu

, S Hieu = 150 50 = 100( m) = 10.000(cm)

10
1
=
10.000 1000

Bai 29: o chieu dai 5 lan c cac ket qua 123,23m; 123,20m; 123,24m; 123,22m; 123,21m.Tnh s trung bnh
cong cua chieu dai va SS trung phng tng oi cua no.
Ta co:

1
X = (12,23 + 123,20 + 123,24 + 123,22 + 123,21) = 123,22m (S trung bnh cng)
5
1
7,071.10 3
1
0,012 + ( 0,02) 2 + 0,02 2 + 0 + ( 0,01) 2
=
=
mX =
= 7,071.10 3 m
5 (5 1)
TX
123,22
17426

Bai 30: o dai oan thang c o 9 lan co cac SS thc: -2; +1; +2; -3; +1; 0; -3; +2; +2(cm).Tnh SS trung
phng 1 lan o.
Ta co:

m AB =

4.(2) 2 + 2.12 + 2.3 2 + 0

= 2cm = 20mm
9

Bai 31: o chieu dai cac canh cua 1 hnh bat giac eu vi SS trung phng tng oi la 1/2000.Tnh SS trung
phng tng oi cua chu vi hnh o.
Ta co:

mX
1
,
=
X
2000

P = X 1 + ... + X 8 = 8. X

m P = 8.m X2 = m X . 8

m
m . 8
m
1
1
1
= P = X
= X =
=
8X
TP
P
X 8 2000 8 5657

Bai 32: Trong 1 ABC vuong tai A, canh huyen BC = 50m 0m , B = 28032 1 .Tnh SS trung phng tng oi
cua canh AC.
Ta co: AC = BC. sin B m AC = ( BC. cos B ) 2 .m B2 = ( BC . cos B ).m B
1
mB
1
1

=
= 34308 =
T AC tgB tg 28 32 1869

Bai 33: Tnh sai so trung phng tng oi cua dien tch hnh vuong neu:
a) o 1 canh hnh vuong c a = 25(m) vi M A = 0,1(m)
b) o 2 canh hnh vuong c tr so va sai so trung phng nh trng hp a.Hay so sanh va giai thch ket qua 2
trng hp tren.

13

TRC A
Giai:
S1 = a 2 mS1 = (2a) 2 .ma2 = 2.a.ma
S 2 = a b m S 2 = (b) 2 .m a2 + ( a ) 2 .mb2 = 2.a 2 .m a2 = 2 .a.m a , (a = b)

1
1 = 1 , 1 =
TS 1 125
TS 2 125 2
T.H 2 o chnh xac hn T.H 1(v o nhieu ai lng hn).
Bai 34: o 2 canh a va b cua 1 va goc kep gia 2 canh o, c a = b = 50m 3cm va = 600 1 .Tnh SS
trung phng tng oi cua dien tch.

Ta co:

S=

1
1
a.b. sin = .50 2. sin 60 0 = 1082,532( m 2 )
2
2
2

1
mS = b.sin .ma2 + a.sin .mb2 + a.b. cos .m2

2
1
1
1
=
=
(b 2 .ma2 + a 2 .mb2 ). sin 2 + (a.b. cos ) 2 .m2 = 0,9412(m 2 )(?) Vi: m =
3438 3438
2
m
1
1,686
1
S

=
=
=
1082,532 642
TS
S

Bai 35: SS cua o chenh cao gia 2 iem A va B va o cao iem A lan lt la 4cm va 3cm.Tnh SS mh (B ) .
Ta co:

hBA = h A hB m h ( B ) = m h2( A ) + m h2( BA ) = 4 2 + 3 2 = 5cm

Bai 36: e tng t bai 27, nhng o o dai oan thang AB vi cac gia tr: 83,45m , 83,53m , 83,44m , 83,56m ,
83,42m .Tnh tr so o ang tin cay nhat va anh gia o chnh xac cua tr nay.
Giai:
0,45 + 0,53 + 0,44 + 0,56 + 0,42
= 83,48m (s ng tin cy nht)
5
[v 2 ]
( 45 48) 2 + (53 48) 2 + (44 48) 2 + (56 48) 2 + (42 48) 2
mX =
=
2,7386m
n(n 1)
5.(5 1)
X = 83 +

Bai 37(T.S): Chieu dai a cua HCN c o trong 5 lan c cac ket qua sau: 120,10m; 120,04m; 119,90m;
120,10m; 119,86m.Chieu rong b c o trong 4 lan nhan c ket qua trung bnh b = 60m .SS trung phng moi lan
o b la 5cm .
1) Hoi ket qua o canh nao chnh xac hn?Tai sao?
2) Tnh SS trung phng tng oi cua chu vi va dien tch HCN.
Giai:
1)

a=

120,10 + 120,04 + 119,90 + 120,10 + 119,86

= 120(m)
5

ma =
ma
a

0,05
1
=
120 2400

mb =
mb

2)

3 0,12 + 0,04 2 + 0,14 2

= 0,05(m) = 5(cm)
5 (5 1)

mb2
m
= b = 2,5(cm)
4
2

0,025
1
=
Ta = Tb : 2 ket qua o co o chnh xac bang nhau
60
2400
b
C = 2(a + b) = 2(120 + 60) = 360(m)
=

S = a b = 120 60 = 7200(m 2 )
mC = 4.(ma2 + mb2 ) = 4.(5 2 + 2,5 2 ) = 5 5 (cm)

TC =

5 5
1
=
360 3220

m S = b 2 .ma2 + a 2 .mb2 = 60 2 5 2 + 120 2 2,5 2 = 424,3(cm)

TS =

424,3 10 4
1
=
7200
16970

14

TRC A
Bai 38: o 1 canh cua hnh vuong 5 lan c ket qua: 100,01m; 100,02m; 99,98m; 99,99m; 100m.Tnh SS trung
phng tng oi cua chu vi hnh vuong?
Ta co:

1
X = (100,01 + 100,02 + 99,98 + 99,99 + 100) = 100m P = 4. X = 400m
5

mX =

0,012 + 0,02 2 + (0,02) 2 + ( 0,01) 2 + 0

2
=
( m)
5
100

mP = 4.m X2 = 2m X =

2
1
2 / 50
1
(m)
=
=
50
TP
400
14142

Bai 39: Trong o canh ay b = 150(m) vi M b = 0,1(m) , chieu cao h = 100(m) vi M h = 0,05(m) .Tnh sai so
trung phng tng oi cua dien tch .
Giai:
1
1
S = b.h = .150.100 = 7500m 2
2
2
2

1
1
1
mS = h .mb2 + b .mh2 =
100 2 .0,12 + 150 2.0,05 2 = 6,25m
2
2
2


1 mS
6,25
1
=
=
=
T
S
7500 1200
Bai 40: o ban knh hnh tron c R = 100( m) vi M R = 5(cm) .Tnh sai so trung phng tng oi cua chu vi

va dien tch hnh tron nay.

Giai:
P = 2R = 2. .100 = 200 ( m)

(2 )2 .m R2

mP =

= 2 .m R = 2 .(5.10 2 ) = 0,1

mP
1
0,1
1
=
=
=
TP
P
200 2000

S = .R 2
mS =

(2 .R )2 .m R2

= 2 .R.m R

mS 2 .R.m R 2.m R 2.0,05

1
1
=
=
=
=
=
2
TS
S
R
100
1000
.R

Bai 41: Mot hnh ch nhat co chieu dai c o vi o chnh xac 1/4000, chieu rong co o chnh xac
1/3000.Tnh sai so trung phng tng oi dien tch.
Ta co: S = a.b m S = b 2 .m a2 + a 2 .mb2
b 2 .ma2 + a 2 .mb2
1
m m
=
= a + b =
TS
a.b
a b
2

1
1
1
+
=
2
2
2400
4000
3000

Bai 42: Khi o canh hnh vuong 1 lan, SS trung phng tng oi x/ dien tch hnh vuong la 1/2000.Khi o canh
hnh vuong 4 lan cung o chnh xac th SS trung phng tng oi x/ dien tch la?
Ta co:

TS1 =

m S1
S1

mS4 =

1
2000

m S21
4

m S1
2

, S 4 = S1

mS
m S1
1
1
= 4 =
=
TS 4
S4
2.S1 4000

Bai 43: Dung thc thep 20m o 1 oan thang c ket qua la 145,04m.Qua kiem tra nhan thay o dai thc
cua thc la 19,98m.Neu bo qua cac nguon SS khac th o dai thc cua oan AB?
So lan keo thc: n = 145,04 / 19,98 = 7,26
Moi lan keo thc b thieu: 20 19,98 = 0,02m
o dai thc cua AB: 145,04 7,5 0,02 = 144,89m
Bai 44: SS trung phng tng oi cua chu vi 1 khu at hnh a giac eu la 1/2000.SS trung phng tng oi
cua dien tch khu at la: khong tnh c; 1/1000; 1/2000; ca 3 eu sai

15

TRC A

Bai 45: o ng knh na hnh vanh khan D = 25m 4cm , d = 20m 3cm .SS trung phng tng oi chu vi
cua hnh tren la: 1/625=1,6.10-3 ; 1/667=1,5.10-3 ; 1/658=1,52.10-3 ; ca 3 eu sai.

P=

.( D + d ) + D d =

mP = (

( 25 + 20) + 25 20 = 75,65m

+ 1) 2 .m D2 + ( 1) 2 .md2 = 0,1042125m
2
2
1
1 0,1042125
=
= 1,37756.10 3 =
TP
726
75,65

Bai 46: Dien tch 1 khu at tren ban o ty le 1:2000 la 12cm2.Neu bieu th khu at nay len ban o ty le 1:5000
th dien tch cua no la?
2

Ta co: A5000 = 12 2000 = 1,92cm 2

5000

Bai 47: Dien tch khu at la 2km2.Dien tch nay bang bao nhieu cm2 tren ban o ty le 1:5000?
Ta co:

A=

2 1010
= 800cm 2
2
5000

Bai 48: Dien tch thc mt khu t l 225m2, khi th hin ln bn l 9cm2.Tm TL bn .
Ta co:

M =

225 10 4
= 500
9

Bai 49: Dien tch thc cua 1 khu at hnh vuong la 36m2, ty le ban o la 1/200.Tnh chu vi cua khu at o tren
ban o.
Ta co: a = S = 6m Pth = 4.a = 24m
Pbd =

Pth
24
=
= 0,12 m = 12cm
M 200

Bai 50: Mot a vat co kch thc la 0,3 m 0,5 m .Ty le nho nhat cua ban o co the bieu dien c a vat tren
la:
Ta co:

1
0,1mm
1
=
=
M min
0,3 m 3000

Bai 51: o chnh xac cua ban o ty le 1/2000 la: 2000 0,1mm = 200mm = 2dm
Bai 52: Co 7 ng ong mc i qua gia 2 iem A va B tren ban o ty le 1/500, biet khoang cao eu cua ban
o la 1,5m.Chenh cao toi thieu gia A va B la: hAB (7 1) 1,5 = 9m
Bai 53: Goc phng v t cua ng thang AB la 215054, o lech t tai A la o lech t Tay = 10 57 .Tnh goc
phng v tht cua ng thang AB.
Ta co: A = Am = 215 0 54 10 57 = 2130 57
Bai 54: My knh v c phng i V x = 20 ln.Tnh tm ngm xa nht khi ngm vt th c d = 3cm .
Ta c:
60 60
=
= 3
20
Vx
3 102
d
d
Smax =
=
= 2062,65(m)
=
3
3
tg
206265

Ch : Mt ch nhn thy 60 tr ln.

Bai 55: X/ nhy ca ng thng bng di c bn knh R = 20m .
Ta c:
=

2 mm
2 mm

=
206265 = 20,6265

R mm
20.000 mm

Bai 56: ng thng bng di c bn knh R = 16,5m c t trn mt mp nghing so vi mp nm ngang gc

60.Bt nc ca ng thng bng s nm cch im chun?
Ta c:
R mm 16500 mm 60
l
=
= 4,8( mm )
= mm l =
20626 5

R

16

TRC A

l mm
4,8
=
= 2,4 (khong chia)(1 khong chia = 2mm)
mm
2
2

Bai 57: Ong thang bang dai co gia tr khoang chia 15 .Tnh ban knh cong cua ong thang bang.
Ta co:

2 mm
2 mm
2 mm

=
206265 = 27502 mm = 27,5m

15
R mm

Bai 58: Bot nc cua ong thuy bnh dai lech 2 khoang chia so vi iem gia.Biet ng knh cua thuy bnh dai
la R = 50m .Tnh goc nghieng cua truc thuy bnh dai so vi phng day doi.
Ta co:

l mm
2 2 mm

=
206265 = 16,5

R mm
50000 mm

Bai 59: Ngm 1 im A bng 2 v tr ng knh v c c trn bn ng l:

Tr = 356 0 2500 , ph = 6 0 2700 (ch y l my KV chia s lin tc, v c gc ln)
1) Tnh gc ng V v MO.
2) Lm th no t trc ngm ca my v tr nm ngang.
Ta c:
ph tr + 3600 60 27 3560 25 + 3600
=
= 5001
2
2
0
ph + tr 3600 60 27 + 356025 3600
MO =
=
= 10 26 (ngm knh di 1 gc 1 26 )
2
2

V =

iu chnh knh sao cho trn vnh ng c MO.

Bai 60: Ngm muc tieu A v tr ban o trai c so oc tren ban o ng la + 0 01012 .Sau o ao knh ngam
lai A oc c so tren ban o ngang la + 0 01024 .Tnh tr so MO cua may KV 3T5K.

Ta co:

MO =

tr ph
= 6
2

Bai 61: e x/ SS 2C cua may KV ta ngam muc tieu A v tr ban o trai c so oc tren ban o ngang
la 300 01320 .Sau o ao knh ngam lai A oc so oc tren ban o ngang la 12001220 .Tnh SS 2C.
Ta co: 2C = tr ph 1800
V tr > 1800 nen: 2C = tr p 1800 = +1
Bai 62: Dung may KV 3T5K thuan knh ngam chnh xac vao 1 iem A, oc c so tren ban o la 5 01030 ,
biet may co sai so MO la +30.Tnh so oc tren ban o ng cua iem A khi ao knh:
MO =

tr ph
ph = tr 2.MO = 5 01030 60 = 5 0 09 30
2

Bai 63: Ngm im A bng 2 v tr ng knh ca 1 my KV 3T5K, c c cc ch s trn vnh ng thun

knh = 6018 v o knh = 4032. trc ngm nm ngang(v tr thun knh) th s c trn vnh ng l ?
V=

6 018 + 4 0 32
= 50 25
2

Bai 64: Goc thien nh Z cua 1 hng ngam AB la 134024 th goc ng AB la:
V = 900 Z = 900 1340 24 = 440 24

Bai 65: Tnh gc nh hng cc cnh ca 1 ABC u, bit CA = 140 0 .

Gii:
Ta c: AB = CA + A 180 0 = 140 0 + 60 0 180 0 = 20 0
BC = AB + B 180 0 = 20 0 + 60 0 180 0 = 100 0 < 0
0

BC = 100 0 + 360 0 = 260 0 (v nn cng thm 360 )

Bai 66: Tnh gc nh hng cc cnh ca 1 ABC u, bit AB = 240 0 .

Gii:
Ta c: BC = AB + B 180 0 = 240 0 + 60 0 180 0 = 120 0

CA = BC + C 180 0 = 120 0 + 60 0 180 0 = 0 0

Bai 67: Cho im AB = 250 015 v AC = 133 0 45 .

Tnh gc bng hp bi 2 ng thng ny.
Gii:
Ta c: A = AB AC = 250 015 133 0 45 = 116 0 30

C
A
B
C

Bai 68: Cho im A ( x A = 500m; y A = 500m) v B ( x B = 432,75m; y B = 615,48m) .Tnh BA = ?

17

TRC A
Gii:
x = x A x B = 500 432,75 = 67,25m
Ta c: BA

y
0
BA
= arctg BA = 59 0 4708
y BA = y A y B = 500 615,48 = 115,48m
x BA
0
0
0
0
0
BA = BA + 360 = 59 4708 + 360 = 300 1252 (v x BA > 0 )

Bai 69(.T): Cho s liu nh hnh bn.Hy p dng bi ton trc a tnh ta cc im 1 v 2.
Gii:
x = x B x A = 1220,23 1100 = 120,23m
y
0
Ta c: AB
AB
= arctg AB = 20 0 2240
y AB = y B y A = 828,54 873,20 = 44,66 m
x AB
0
0
0
AB = 20 2240 + 360 = 339 3720
B1 = AB + B 180 0 = 339 0 3720 + 150 0 4555 180 0 = 310 0 2315

y BA
= 20 0 2240 BA = 20 0 2240 + 180 0 = 159 0 3720

x
BA

0
= arctg
BA

A 2 = BA A + 180 0 = 159 0 3720 300 0 4445 + 180 0 = 38 0 5235

x1 = x B + x B1 = 1220,23 + 143. cos 310 0 2315 = 1312,89(m)

y1 = y B + y B1 = 828,54 + 143. sin 310 0 2315 = 719,62(m)

x2 = x A + x A 2 = 1100 + 130. cos 38 0 5235 = 1201,21(m)

y 2 = y A + y A 2 = 873,20 + 130. sin 38 0 5235 = 954,79(m)

S BC

C
y

Bai 70: Cho im A ( x A = 500m; y A = 500m) , B ( x B = 396,15m; y B = 427,63m) , B = 240 01730 v

= 125,45m .Tm C.
Gii:
x = x B x A = 396,15 500 = 103,85m
y
0
Ta c: AB
AB
= arctg BA = 34 0 5241
y AB = y B y A = 427,63 500 = 72,37 m
0
AB = AB
+ 180 0 = 214 0 5241 (v x AB < 0 )

x BA

x > 0 = 0 + 360 0

x < 0 = 0 + 180 0

BC = AB B + 180 0 = 214 0 5241 240 01730 + 180 0 = 154 0 3511

xC = x B + x BC = x B + S BC . cos BC = 396,15 + 125,45 cos(154 0 3511) = 282,84 m

y C = y B + y BC = y B + S BC . sin BC = 427,63 + 125,45 sin(154 0 3511) = 481,47 m

Bai 71(T.S): Cho A(500m;500m) , B(615,45m;578,17m) , C (446,72m;625,36m) .Hay dung cac bai toan trong
trac a tnh cac goc trong cua ABC .
Gii:
AB
0
BC

x BC

yA
xA

578,17 500
= arctg
= 34 0 0606
615,45 500

625,36 578,17
= arctg
= 15 0 37 30

446
,
72
615
,
45

0
0
= xC x B < 0 BC = 15 3730 + 180 = 164 0 2230
yB
xB

y yC
500 625,36
0
= arctg
= arctg A
CA
= 66 0 5825

x
x
500
446
,
72

C
A
0
xCA = x A xC > 0 CA = 65 5825 + 360 0 = 293 0 01 35

50

34

79

y
= arctg B
xB
y
= arctg C
xC

164

A + B + C = 180 0

51 7
6

BC = AB B + 180 0 B = AB BC + 180 0 = 34 0 0606 164 0 2230 + 180 0 = 49 0 4336

C = BC CA + 180 0 = 164 0 2230 293 0 01 35 + 180 0 = 510 2055
A = 180 0 ( B + C ) = 180 0 (49 0 4336 + 510 2055) = 78 0 5529

Bai 72: Mt my kinh v t ti A v ngm mia B c cho bi 2 dy th c:

l1 = 2046 mm , l 2 = 1246 mm , V = 18 0 25
Tnh sai s trung phng tng i di ngang on thng AB.Bit mV = 1 v sai s trung phng
c s mi giy th c l m = 1mm .
18

TRC A
Gii:
Ta c:
S = k .n. cos 2 V = k .(l1 l 2 ). cos 2 V = 100 ( 2046 1246 ) cos 2 (18 0 25) = 72015 ,31( mm )
2

S 2 S
.ml1 +
m S =
l 2
l1

2 S mV2
. 2
.ml 2 +
l1

x
A

m S = k . 2( m. cos 2 V ) 2 + [

mV

mV
1
60
4
(l1 l 2 ). sin 2V ] 2 (mm) , vi:
=
=
=

3438 20626 5 13751

mS
=?
S

Bai 73(T.S): Sau khi b tr phng OB trn mt t, ngi ta o li gc AOB trong n ln th nhn c
gi tr trung bnh l AOB = 12501745 .Lm th no b tr c gc AOB theo ng thit k l AOBt.t =
12501625.Bit OB=65m v my KV s dng c chnh xc trong o gc l 15 v chnh xc theo
yu cu l mt . k = 5 .Hi s ln o n l bao nhiu?Lm th no b tr c gc AOB theo thit k?
Gii:

Vi:

= 15 = 9 (ln o)

80

B B = d = OB
= 65 m
= 2,5(cm)
206280

OB = 65m

m 0
n=
m
t .t

= t .t = 125 01745 125 01625 = 1 20 = 80

Bai 74(T.S): T 1 mc thy chun A(HA = 6,245m), ngi ta b tr 1 im B c HB(t.k) = 7,068m bng
pp o cao t gia.Hy trnh by pp b tr im B.Cho bit khi trc ngm nm ngang th c c tr s trn
mia ti A l 2468m.
Gii:
H m = H A + a = 6,245 + 2,468 = 8,712( m)
bt .k = H m H Bt . k = 8,712 7,068 = 1645( mm )

Dng mia ti B trn mt t, di chuyn mia theo phng thng ng sao cho n v tr cao 1645mm th
dng v nh du chn mia.Ta c v tr im B cn b tr.
Bai 75: im B c cao thit k 6,250m. cao im A l 5,725m. chuyn im B ra cng trng
ta dng my thy chun v mia t ti A v B.S c mia ti A theo trc ngm nm ngang l 1468mm.Tnh s
c mia ti b.
Gii:
H m = H A + a = 5,725 + 1,468 = 7,193(m)
bt .k = H m H Bt . k = 7,193 6,250 = 943(mm )

Bai 76: b tr im B c cao HB = 6,25m ngi ta da vo mc cao A(HA = 5,745m).Dng pp

o cao t gia, nu c s trn mia ti A l a = 1984mm th s c mia ti B?
Gii:
a b = h AB = H B H A b = H A + a H B = 5,745 + 1,984 6,25 = 1479( mm)

Bai 77: Bit cao im A l 12m.t my thy chun ti A v mia t ti B x/ cao im B.Nu
chiu cao my i = 1450mm v s c theo mia ti B l 2165mm th cao im B?
Gii:
H m = H A + i A = 12 + 1,45 = 13,45(m)
H B = H m b = 13,45 2,165 = 11,285( m)

Bai 78: Khong cch t my thy chun n mia l bao nhiu nu khong chn trn mia l 2dm; cho h
s o di ca my l k = 100.
Gii:
S = k .n. cos 2 0 0 = 100 .0,2 m = 20(m)

19

TRC A
Bai 79: Trn bn 1/2000 o on AB = 25mm, dc i AB = 6,5% .Nu cao im B l HB = 5,65m
th cao ca A?
Gii:
h AB
h AB = i AB S AB = 0,065 (0,025 2000 ) = 3,25(m)
S AB
= H B H A H A = H B h AB = 5,65 (3,25) = 8,9(m)

i AB =
h AB

Bai 80: Khong cch gia 2 ng ng mc k nhau trn bn t l 1/2000 o c 14mm, bit
khong cao u l 1m, gc dc mt t ti ni ny?
Gii:
S = 0,014 2000 = 28(m)
h
1
V = arctg = arctg = 2 0 244
S
28

Bai 81: Cho ta im A(x=401,61m; y=322,13m).Gc nh hng AB = 20 0 .Chiu di cnh AB =

100m.Tnh ta im B
Gii:
x AB = x B x A = AB. cos AB x B = x A + AB. cos AB = 401,61 + 100 . cos 20 0 = 495,579(m)
y B = y A + AB. sin AB = 322,13 + 100. sin 20 0 = 356,332(m)

Bai 82: Khong cch gia 2 im A v B o c trn bn 1:5000 l 6mm.im A nm trn ng

ng mc 10m v im B nm trn ng ng mc 30m, di nghing ngoi thc a ca on AB?
Gii:
S AB = 5000 0,006 = 30(m)
h AB = 30 10 = 20(m)
2
2
AB = h AB
+ S AB
= 20 2 + 30 2 = 36,06( m)

Bai 83: Khoang cach gia 2 iem A va B o tren ban o ty le 1:5000 la 6mm.iem A nam tren ng ong

mc 10m va iem B nam tren ng ong mc 20m.Tnh o dai thc cua AB ngoai at.
Ta co: AB = (0,006 5000) 2 + (20 10) 2 = 31,62m

Bai 84: di ni 2 im thc a A v B bng 15m, chnh cao gia chng bng 3m.Tnh dc on
AB.

Gii:
AB = 15( m)
h AB = 3(m)
h
i % AB = AB =
S AB

h AB
AB h
2

2
AB

3
15 3 2
2

= 20,4%

Bai 85: Bn knh ca ng cong trn bng bao nhiu nu: on tip c bng 100m; gc ngoc bng
125 30.
100
Gii: T = R.tg ( / 2) R = T
=
= 51,50(m)
0
0

tg ( / 2)

tg (125 30 / 2)

Bai 86: at may KV tai O va mia tai P cua vong tron.Chenh cao gia O va P bang 2m; chieu cao may bang
1,3m; so oc ch gia tren mia 1,5m; goc ng o c bang 120 45 .Tnh ban knh cua vong tron nay.
S: 9,24m; 2m; 10,84m; khong xac nh c

Gii:
hOP = 0,5.k .n. sin 2V + i A l 2000 = 0,5.100.n. sin( 2 12 0 45) + 1300 1500 n = 102(mm )
S OP = n.k . cos 2 V = 102.100. cos 2 (12 0 45) = 9703( mm )
2
2
R = hOP
+ S OP
= 2000 2 + 9703 2 9907 (mm )

Bai 87: Mt li cao o v c tng chiu di 9km.Tnh sai s khp gii hn cao ca li ny.
Gii:
f h = 100. Lkm ( mm ) = 100. 9 = 300( mm )
gh

Bai 88: S hiu chnh ca ng chuyn kinh v khp kn gm 9 cnh l -15.Tnh SS khp gc ca
ng chuyn ny.
Gii:

V i =

f
n

f = n.V i = 9 (15) = 215

20

TRC A
Bai 89: S hiu chnh ca ng chuyn ph hp(ton c) gm 9 cnh l -15.Tnh SS khp gc ca
ng chuyn ny.
Gii:

Vi =

f
n +1

f = (n + 1).V i = (9 + 1) ( 15) = 230

Bai 90: SS khp gii hn ca ng chuyn cao k thut bng 100mm .Tnh di ng o cao
ny.

Gii:

Vi =

f
n +1

f = (n + 1).V i = (9 + 1) ( 15) = 230

Bai 91: o 5 trong mt li a gic khp kn c cc kt qu: 1 = 80013 , 2 = 115015 , 3 = 1200 25 ,

4 = 135013 , 5 = 880 52 .Tnh SS khp gc ca li ny.
Gii:
f = [ o ] [ lt ] = (80 013 + 115015 + 120 0 25 + 135013 + 880 52) (5 2).180 0 = 2
Bai 92: Lp mt ng chuyn cao o v gia 2 mc thy chun A v B c di ng o
1500m.Tnh SS gii hn ca ng chuyn ny.
Gii:
f = 50 L = 50. 1,5 km = 61(mm)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bai 1(T.S): Mt my KV t ti A ngm v mia ti B v c c cc gi tr s c l 1627mm, 1286mm
v 945mm.Gc nghing ca ng knh l -10013, chiu cao my i = 1m55.Tnh:
1) cao ca A, nu HB = 6,85m.
2) Gc dc v dc mt t ca on AB.
3) SS trung phng tng i di ngang ca on thng AB.Cho bit SS trung phng o gc ng l
1 v SS c s theo mi dy th c l 1mm .
4) Nu v bn vi h = 2m th gia 2 im AB c my ng ng mc v cao ca nhng ng ng
mc ny.
Gii:
1)
h AB = 0,5.k .n. sin 2V + i A n' = 0,5.100.(1627 945). sin( 2 10 013) + 1550 1286 = 11,641(m)
h AB = H B H A H A = H B h AB = 6,85 ( 11,641) = 18,491( m)

2)

S AB = k .n. cos 2 V = 100.(1,627 0,945). cos 2 (10 013) = 66,054(m)

h
11,641
V AB = arctg AB = arctg
= 9 0 5941
S
66
,
054

AB
h
11,641
i % AB = AB =
= 17,62%
S AB
66,054

3)

S AB = k .(l1 l 2 ). cos 2 V
m S AB

m
= k . ( ml1 . cos V ) + ( ml2 . cos V ) + [(l1 l 2 ). sin 2V ] . V

m S AB

m
= k . 2.(ml . cos V ) + [(l1 l 2 ). sin 2V ] . V

1
m S AB = 100. 2.(1. cos 2 ( 10 013)) 2 + [(1627 945). sin( 2 10 013)] 2 .
= 139( mm)
3438
m S AB 139.10 3
1
=
=
S AB
66,054
475

4)

H A = 18,491( m) , H B = 6,85( m) , h = 2( m)

S lng cc ng ng mc: 8m, 10m, 12m, 14m, 16m, 18m

Bai 2: x/ chnh cao gia 2 im A v B ngi ta dng my KV t ti im A, mia dng ti B.Bit
s c trn mia theo 3 ch: 1835mm, 1528mm, 1221mm c SS trung phng theo mi ch l 2mm .Chiu cao
my dng ti A l 1200mm, c SS TP l 5mm .Gc ng o c bng 10 30 , c SS TP l 30 .
1) Hi chnh cao gia 2 im A, B ?
2) Tnh SS trung phng ca chnh cao gia 2 im A, B ?
Gii:
1)
h AB = 0,5.k .n. sin 2V + i A n' = 0,5.100.(1835 1221). sin( 2 10 30) + 1200 1528 = 1,279( m)
21

TRC A
m hAB

m
= ( 2.0,5.k . sin 2V ) .m + ( 2.0,5.k .n. cos 2V ) . V + mi2A + 2.ml2

mhAB

m
= ( k . sin 2V ) .m + ( k .n. cos 2V ) . V + mi2A + 2.ml2

2)

2
l

2
l

30
m hAB = [100. sin( 2.10 30)] 2 .4 + [100.(1835 1221). cos( 2.10 30)] 2 .
+ 25 + 2.4 = 15( mm)
20628 0
mhAB 15.10 3
1
=
=
h AB
1,279
85

Bai 3: Mt my KV t ti A ngm v mia t ti B v c c cc tr s: khong chn trn mia cho bi 2

dy th c l 1872mm, s c mia theo trc ngm l 1996mm, gc ng V = 4 015 , chiu cao my 1340mm.
a) Tnh cao im A nu bit H B = 12,625m .
b) Tnh dc mt t v di nghing ca on AB.
Gii:
a)

b)

l1 l 2
1872

= 1996 +
= 2632( mm)
l1 = l +
l1 l 2 = 1872( mm )
2
2
l 2 = l1 1872 = 1060( mm)
h AB = 0,5.k .n. sin 2V + i A n' = 0,5.100.1872. sin( 2 4 015) + 1340 1996 = 14,49(m)
h AB = H B H A H A = H B h AB = 12,625 ( 14,49) = 27,115( m)

S AB = k .n. cos 2 V = 100.1872. cos 2 (4 015) = 186,172(m)

h
14,49
V AB = arctg AB = arctg
= 4 0 27 02
186,172
S AB
h AB 14,49
=
= 7,78%
i % AB =
S AB 186,172
2
2
AB = h AB
+ S AB
= 14,49 2 + 186,172 2 = 186,735( m)

Bai 4: Bnh sai, tnh ta ng chuyn kinh v, bit AB = 1270 20 .Ta im A( x = 400m; y = 400m) , cc
gi tr gc v di ghi c trong bng:
di
im Tr s gc
cnh(m)
o
0
A
50 3445
104,70
0
B
64 3445
89,40
0
C
64 4945
104,52
A
Tn
im
A
B
C
A

Gc o i
15
0
50 3445
15
0
64 3445
15
0
64 4945

Gc nh
hng i

Cnh o

127020

104,70

242 2520
0

357 3520

S i (m)

89,40
104,52

S gia ta (m)

Ta im (m)

-0,007
-63,018
-0,007
-41,388
-0,007
+104,427

+0,01
+83,611
+0,009
-79,243
+0,01
-4,397

400

400

336,975

483,621

295,580

404,387

400

400

127020

[ o ] = 50 0 3445 + 64 0 3445 + 64 0 4945 = 179 0 5915

22

TRC A
[ lt ] = (3 2).180 0 = 180 0

f = [ o ] [ lt ] = 179 0 5915 180 0 = 45 60. 3 = 1 44 = f gh (tha)

1
1
f = 45 = 15
3
3
= VB = VC = 15

V =

V A

B = B + VB = 64 0 3445 + 15 = 64 0 35
BC = AB B + 1800 = 127 0 20 64 0 35 + 1800 = 2420 2520
C = C + VC = 64 0 4945 + 15 = 64 0 50
CA = BC C + 1800 = 2420 2520 64 0 50 + 1800 = 357 0 3520
[ S ] = 104,70 + 89,40 + 104,52 = 298,62(m)
x AB = S AB . cos AB = 104,70. cos127 0 20 = 63,018m

x BC = S BC . cos BC = 89,40. cos 2420 2520 = 41,388m

xCA = S CA . cos CA = 104,52. cos 357 0 3520 = 104,427m
f x = x = 63,018 41,388 + 104,427 = 0,021m
S1
104,7
= 0,021
= 0,007(m)
298,62
[S ]
S
89,4
= f x 2 = 0,021
= 0,006(m)
298,62
[S ]
S
104,52
= f x 3 = 0,021
= 0,007(m)
298,62
[S ]

Vx1 = f x
Vx 2
Vx3

xAB = x AB 0,07 = 63,018 0,007 = 63,025m

x B = x A + x AB = 400 63,025 = 336,975m

x BC = x BC 0,007 = 41,427 0,007 = 41,434m

xC = x B + x BC = 336,975 41,434 = 295,541m
= xCA 0,007 = 104,427 0,007 = 104,42m
xCA
= 295,541 + 104,42 = 399,961m
x A = xC + xCA
y AB = S AB . sin AB = 104,70. sin 127 0 20 = 83,611m
y BC = S BC . sin BC = 89,40. sin 242 0 2520 = 79,243m

yCA = S CA . sin CA = 104,52. sin 357 0 3520 = 4,397m

f y = y = 83,611 79,243 4,397 = 0,029m
S1
104,7
= 0,029
= 0,01(m)
298,62
[S ]
S
89,4
= f y 2 = 0,029
= 0,009(m)
298,62
[S ]
S
104,52
= f y 3 = 0,029
= 0,01(m)
298,62
[S ]

Vy1 = f y
Vy 2
Vy 3

y AB = y AB + 0,01 = 83,611 + 0,01 = 83,621m

y B = y A + y AB = 400 + 83,621 = 483,621m

y BC = y BC + 0,009 = 79,243 + 0,009 = 79,234m

y C = y B + y BC = 483,621 79,234 = 404,387m
= y CA + 0,01 = 4,397 + 0,01 = 4,387m
y CA
= 404,387 4,387 = 400m
y A = y C + y CA
fS =

f x2 + f y2 = 2,12 + 2,9 2 = 3,6cm

fS
0,036
1
1
=
=
<
[ S ] 298,62 8295 2000

Bai 5(Bi 45-T.S): Bnh sai, tnh ta ng chuyn kinh v, bit AB = 950 .Ta im
A( x = 400m; y = 400m) , M ( x = 584,84m; y = 321,54m) , cc gi tr gc v di ghi c trong bng:
im Tr s gc
di
23

TRC A
A

o
48 4145

cnh(m)

89,71
B

46 5045
67,62

84 2645
65,78

A
Tn
im
A
B
C
A

Gc o i
15
46 5045
15
0
84 2645
15
0
48 4145

Gc nh
hng i
0

72

Cnh o

89,71

205 09
0

300 42

S gia ta (m)

67,62
65,78

Ta im (m)

-0,03
+27,72
-0,03
-61,21
-0,03
+33,58

-0,007
+85,32
-0,007
-28,74
-0,006
-56,56

400

400

427,69

483,621

366,45

404,387

400

400

S i (m)

72

[ o ] = 48 0 41 45 + 46 0 50 45 + 84 0 2645 = 179 0 59 15
[ lt ] = (3 2).180 0 = 180 0
f = [ o ] [ lt ] = 179 0 5915 180 0 = 45 60. 3 = 1 44 = f gh (tha)
1
1
f = 45 = 15
3
3
= VB = VC = 15

V =
V A

400 321,54
= arctg
= 230 MA = 230 + 180 0 = 157 0
400 584,84

0
= 46 50 45 + 15 = 64 0 51

y A yM
x A xM

= arctg
MA

B = B + VB

AB = MA + 180 0 = 157 0 + 950 1800 = 72 0

BC = AB B + 180 0 = 72 0 46 0 51 + 180 0 = 2050 09

C = C + VC = 84 0 2645 + 15 = 64 0 27
CA = BC C + 180 0 = 2050 09 84 0 27 + 180 0 = 300 0 42
[ S ] = 89,71 + 67,62 + 65,78 = 223,11(m)
x AB = S AB . cos AB = 89,71. cos 72 0 = 27,72m
x BC = S BC . cos BC = 67,62. cos 2050 09 = 61,21m

xCA = S CA . cos CA = 65,78. cos 300 0 42 = 33,58m

f x = x = 27,72 61,21 + 33,58 = 0,09m
xAB = x AB 0,03 = 27,72 0,03 = 27,69m
x B = x A + xAB = 400 + 27,69 = 427,69m

x BC = x BC 0,03 = 61,21 0,03 = 61,24m

xC = x B + x BC = 427,69 61,24 = 366,45m
= xCA 0,03 = 33,58 0,03 = 33,55m
xCA
= 366,45 + 33,55 = 400m
x A = xC + xCA
y AB = S AB . sin AB = 89,71. sin 72 0 = 85,32m
y BC = S BC . sin BC = 67,62. sin 2050 09 = 28,74m

y CA = S CA . sin CA = 65,78. sin 300 0 42 = 56,56m

24

TRC A
f y = y = 85,32 28,74 56,56 = 0,02m
y AB = y AB 0,007 = 85,32 0,007 = 85,313m
y B = y A + y AB = 400 + 85,313 = 485,313m

y BC = y BC + 0,009 = 28,74 0,007 = 28,747m

y C = y B + y BC = 485,313 28,747 = 456,566m
= y CA 0,006 = 56,56 0,006 = 56,566m
y CA
= 456,566 56,566 = 400m
y A = y C + y CA
fS =

f x2 + f y2 = 9 2 + 2 2 = 9,2cm

fS
0,092
1
1
=
=
<
[ S ] 223,11 2425 2000

Bai 6(Bi 46-T.S): Bnh sai, tnh cao ca ng chuyn cao k thut sau, cho: H M = 10,306m ,
H N = 13,506m , h1 = +2,968m , h2 = 1,054m , h3 = +2,234m , h4 = 0,826m .
Gii:
L = l1 + l 2 + l 3 + l 4 = 4 + 10 + 6 + 8 = 28(km)

f gh = 50. L = 50. 28 = 265(mm)

f h = [h ] ( H N H M ) = (2,968 1,054 + 2,234 0,826) (13,506 10,306) = 0,122(m) = 122(mm) < f gh
l4
8
= 0,122
= 0,035(m)
L
28
l
6
Vh3 = f h 3 = 0,122
= 0,026(m)
L
28
l
10
= 0,044(m)
Vh 2 = f h 2 = 0,122
L
28
Vh1 = (0,035 + 0,026 + 0,044) 0,122 = 0,017(m)
h4 = h4 + Vh 4 = 0,826 0,035 = 0,861(m)
Vh 4 = f h

H C = H M + h4 = 10,306 0,861 = 9,445(m)

h3 = h3 + Vh3 = 2,234 0,026 = 2,208(m)
H B = H C + h3 = 9,445 + 2,208 = 11,653(m)
h2 = h2 + Vh 2 = 1,054 0,044 = 1,098(m)
H A = H C + h2 = 11,653 1,098 = 10,555(m)
h1 = h1 + Vh1 = 2,968 0,017 = 2,951(m)
H N = H A + h1 = 10,555 + 2,951 = 13,506(m)

im

hi (m)

li (km)

Vhi (m)

hi(m)

10,306
-0,826

-0,035

-0,861

9,445
+2,234

-0,026

+2,208

11,653
-1,054

10

-0,044

-1,098

10,555
+2,968

-0,017

+2,951

H i ( m)

13,506
3,322

28

0,122

3,2

Bai 7(Bi 50-T.S): Bnh sai, tnh cao ca ng cao k thut sau, cho: H M = 12,625m .
Gii:
L = l1 + l 2 + l 3 + l 4 = 3 + 4 + 5 + 3 = 15(km)

f gh = 50. L = 50. 15 = 194(mm)

f h = [h ] = 2,388 1,375 + 1,236 + 4,849 = 0,15(m) = 150(mm) < f gh

25

TRC A
l1
3
= 0,15 = 0,03(m)
L
15
l2
4
Vh 2 = f h = 0,15 = 0,04(m)
L
15
l
5
Vh3 = f h 3 = 0,15 = 0,05(m)
L
15
l4
3
Vh 4 = f h = 0,15 = 0,03(m)
L
15
h1 = h1 + Vh1 = 2,388 + 0,03 = 2,358(m)

Vh1 = f h

H A = H M + h1 = 12,625 2,358 = 10,267(m)

h2 = h2 + Vh 2 = 1,375 + 0,04 = 1,335(m)

H B = H A + h2 = 10,267 1,335 = 8,932(m)

h3 = h3 + Vh3 = 1,236 + 0,05 = 1,188(m)

H C = H B + h3 = 8,932 1,188 = 7,746(m)
h4 = h4 + Vh 4 = 4,849 + 0,03 = 4,879(m)
H M = H C + h4 = 7,746 + 4,879 = 12,625(m)

im

hi (m)

li (km)

Vhi (m)

hi(m)

12,625
-2,388

0,03

-2,358

10,267
-1,375

0,04

-1,335

8,932
-1,236

0,05

-1,188

7,746
+4,849

0,03

+4,879

H i ( m)

12,625
-0,15

15

0,15

Bai 8(Bi 48-T.S): Bnh sai, tnh ta ca ng chuyn kinh v sau, cho: A( x = 1500m; y = 1200m) ,
A1 = 87 0 52 .
Gc nh
S gia ta (m)
Ta im (m)
Cnh o
Tn
Gc o i
S i (m)
y
hng i
y
im
x
x
0
A
91 54
-0,01
-0,00
1500
1200
0
+20
179 4620
131,20
-131,20
+0,52
0
5
-0,01
-0,00
1368,79
1200,52
179 24
0
+20
179 1040
-86,06
+1,24
86,07
0
4
-0,02
-0,02
1282,72
1201,76
88 58
0
+20
88 09
+6,51
+201,52
201,63
0
3
-0,01
-0,00
1289,21
1403,26
90 33
0
+20
358 4220
118,28
+118,25
-2,67
0
2
179 59
-0,01
-0,00
1407,45
1400,59
+20
35804140
100
+99,97
-2,28
1
89010
-0,02
-0,01
1507,41
1398,31
0
+20
267 52
198,44
-7,39
-198,30
A
91054
1500
1200
835,62
+0,08
+0,03

1 A = A1 + 1800 = 267 0 52
[ o ] = 910 54 + 1790 24 + 880 58 + 90 0 33 + 1790 59 + 89010 + 910 54 = 7190 58
[ lt ] = (6 2).1800 = 7200

26

TRC A
f = [ o ] [ lt ] = 7190 58 7200 = 2 60. 6 = f gh (tha)
1
f =
6
A = A + VA

Vi =

1
2 = 20
6
= 910 54 + 20 = 910 5420

A5 = 1 A + A 1800 = 1790 4620

5 = 5 + V 5 = 1790 2420
54 = A5 + 5 1800 = 17901040
4 = 4 + V 4 = 880 5820
43 = 880 09
3 = 3 + V 3 = 90 03320
320 = 101740 32 = 101740 + 3600 = 3580 4220
2 = 2 + V 2 = 1790 5920
21 = 3580 41 40
1 = 1 + V 1 = 8901020
1 A = 267 0 52
[ S ] = 844,62(m)
f x = [x] = +0,08m
f y = [y ] = +0,03m
fS =

f x2 + f y2 = 8 2 + 32 = 8,5cm

fS
0,085
1
1
=
=
<
[ S ] 844,62 9831 2000

Bai 8(Bi 49-T.S): Bnh sai, tnh ta ca ng chuyn kinh v sau, cho: A( x = 427,35m; y = 263,78m) ,
B( x = 532,91m; y = 870,34m) , MA = 38 010 , BN = 73 011 .
Gc nh
S gia ta (m)
Ta im (m)
Cnh o
Tn
Gc o i
S
(m
)
y
hng i
y
im
x
x
i
N
15
286049
B
+0,006
+0,03
532,91
870,34
14104045
0
15
291 30
+57,65
-146,35
157,30
2
+0,01
+0,05
590,566
724,02
26102415
0
15
210 0530
-251,35
-145,65
290,50
0
1
+0,014
+0,06
339,226
578,42
104 2645
0
15
285 3830
326,80
+88,11
-314,70
A
24702815
427,35
263,78
0
321 50
M
Gii:
NB = 180 0 + BN = 1800 + 73011 = 253011
AM = 180 0 + MA = 180 0 + 38010 = 218010
[ o ] = 1410 4045 + 2610 2415 + 104 0 2645 + 247 0 2815 = 7550
[ lt ] = (3 + 1).180 0 = 720 0
f = [ o ] ( AM NB + [ lt ]) = 7550 (3210 50 286 0 49 + 720 0 ) = 1 60. 3 + 1 = 2 = f gh
1
1
. f = 1 = 15
3 +1
4
B = B + VB = 1410 4045 + 15 = 1410 41

V i =

B 2 = NB B + 180 0 = 253011 1410 41 + 180 0 = 2910 30

2 = 2 + V 2 = 2610 2415 + 15 = 2610 2430

27

TRC A
21 = B 2 2 + 180 0 = 2910 30 2610 2430 + 180 0 = 210 0 0530
1 = 1 + V 1 = 104 0 2645 + 15 = 104 0 27
1 A = 21 1 + 180 0 = 210 0 0530 104 0 27 + 180 0 = 2850 3830
A = A + VA = 247 0 2815 + 15 = 247 0 2830
AM = 1A A + 180 0 = 2850 3830 247 0 2830 + 180 0 = 218010
[ S ] = 157,30 + 290,50 + 326,80 = 774,60m
x B 2 = S B 2 . cos B 2 = 157,3. cos 2910 30 = 57,65m
x 21 = S 21 . cos 21 = 290,5. cos 210 0 0530 = 251,35m
x1 A = S1A . cos 1 A = 326,8. cos 2850 3830 = 88,11m

x = 57,65 251,35 + 88,11 = 105,59m

x A x B = 427,35 532,91 = 105,56m

f x = x ( x A x B ) = 105,59 + 105,56 = 0,03m

xB 2 = x B 2 + 0,006 = 57,65 + 0,006 = 57,656m

x2 = xB + xB 2 = 532,91 + 57,656 = 590,566m
x21 = x21 + 0,01 = 251,35 + 0,01 = 251,34m
x1 = x2 + x21 = 590,566 251,34 = 339,226m
x1A = x1A + 0,014 = 88,11 + 0,014 = 88,124m
x A = x1 + x1A = 339,226 + 88,124 = 427,35m

y B 2 = S B 2 . sin B 2 = 157,3. sin 2910 30 = 146,35m

y 21 = S 21 . sin 21 = 290,5. sin 210 0 0530 = 145,65m
y1 A = S1 A . sin 1 A = 326,8. sin 2850 3830 = 314,70m

x = 146,35 145,65 314,70 = 606,70m

y A y B = 263,78 870,34 = 606,56m

f y = y ( y A y B ) = 606,70 + 606,56 = 0,14m

y B 2 = y B 2 + 0,03 = 146,35 + 0,03 = 146,32m

y 2 = y B + y B 2 = 870,34 146,32 = 724,02m
y 21 = y 21 + 0,05 = 145,65 + 0,05 = 145,60m
y1 = y2 + y 21 = 724,02 145,60 = 578,42m
y1A = y1A + 0,06 = 314,70 + 0,06 = 314,64m
y A = y1 + y1A = 578,42 314,64 = 263,78m
fS =

f x2 + f y2 = 32 + 14 2 = 14,3cm

f S 0,143
1
1
=
=
<
774,6 5417 2000
S

Bi 9: SGK-Tr.133
Tn
Gc o i
im
B
0,2
1
121012,1
0,2
2
117039,2
0,3
3
83058,3
0,3
4
120008,5
0,3
B
97000,6

Gc nh
hng i
0

60 30,0
0

119 17,7
0

181 38,3
0

Cnh o
S i (m)

78,25
91,32
79,92

277 39,7

117,19

337030,9

76,31

60030,0

S gia ta (m)

Ta im (m)

-0,02
+38,53
-0,02
-44,68
-0,02
-79,89
-0,02
+15,62
-0,01
+70,51

-0,03
+68,11
-0,03
+79,64
-0,03
-2,28
-0,04
-116,14
-0,02
-29,18

200

300

238,51

368,08

193,81

447,69

113,90

445,38

129,50

329,20

200

300

[ o ] = 121012 ,1 + 117 0 39 ,2 + 830 58,3 + 120 0 08,5 + 97 0 00 ,6 = 539 0 5842 = 539 0 58,7

28

TRC A
[ lt ] = (5 2).180 0 = 540 0
f = [ o ] [ lt ] = 539 0 58,7 540 0 = 1,3 60. 5 = 2,2 = f gh (tha)
1
1
V = . f = .1,3
5
5
V 1 = V 2 = 0,2 , V 3 = V 4 = VB = 0 ,3

1 = 1 + V 1 = 121012,1 + 0,2 = 121012,3

1 2 = B 1 1 + 180 0 = 60 0 30,0 121012,3 + 180 0 = 119 017 ,7
2 = 2 + V 2 = 117 0 39,2 + 0,2 = 117 0 39,4

2 3 = 1 2 2 + 180 0 = 119 017,7 117 0 39,4 + 180 0 = 1810 38,3

3 = 3 + V 3 = 830 58,3 + 0,3 = 83 0 58,6
3 4 = 23 3 + 180 0 = 1810 38,3 830 58,6 + 180 0 = 277 0 39,7
4 = 4 + V 4 = 120 0 08,5 + 0,3 = 120 0 08,8
4 B = 3 4 4 + 180 0 = 277 0 39,7 120 0 08,8 + 180 0 = 337 0 30,9
B = B + VB = 97 0 00,6 + 0,3 = 97 0 00,9
B 1 = 4 B B + 180 0 = 337 0 30,9 97 0 00,9 + 180 0 = 420 0 30,0 B 1 = B 1 360 0 = 60 0 30,0
[ S ] = 78,25 + 91,32 + 79,92 + 117,19 + 76,31 = 442,99m
x B 1 = S B 1 . cos B 1 = 78,25. cos 60 0 30 = 38,52m
x1 2 = S 1 2 . cos 1 2 = 91,32. cos 119 017 ,7 = 44,68m

x 23 = S 23 . cos 2 3 = 79,92. cos1810 38,3 = 79,89m

x 3 4 = S 3 4 . cos 3 4 = 117,19. cos 277 0 39 ,7 = 15,62m
x 4 B = S 4 B . cos 4 B = 76,31,19. cos 337 0 30 ,9 = 70,51m
f x = x = 38,52 44,68 79,89 + 15,62 + 70,51 = 0,09m
x B 1 = x B 1 0,02 = 38,53 0,02 = 38,51m
x1 = x B + x B 1 = 200 + 38,51 = 238,51m
x12 = x1 2 0,02 = 44,68 0,02 = 44,7m
x 2 = x1 + x1 2 = 238,51 44,7 = 193,81m

x 2 3 = x 23 0,02 = 79,89 0,02 = 79,91m

x 3 = x 2 + x 2 3 = 193,81 79,91 = 113,9m
x3 4 = x 3 4 0,02 = 15,62 0,02 = 15,6m
x 4 = x 3 + x 3 4 = 113,9 + 15,6 = 129,5m
x 4 B = x 4 B 0,01 = 70,51 0,01 = 70,5m
x B = x4 + x 4 B = 129,5 + 70,5 = 200m

y B 1 = S B 1 . sin B 1 = 78,25. sin 60 0 30 = 68,11m

y1 2 = S1 2 . sin 1 2 = 91,32. sin 119 017 ,7 = 79,64m
y 23 = S 23 . sin 2 3 = 79,92. sin 1810 38,3 = 2,28m

y 3 4 = S 3 4 . sin 3 4 = 117,19. sin 277 0 39 ,7 = 116,14m

y 4 B = S 4 B . sin 4 B = 76,31,19. sin 337 0 30,9 = 29,18m
f y = y = 68,11 + 79,64 2,28 116,14 29,18 = 0,15m
y B 1 = y B 1 0,03 = 68,11 0,03 = 68,08m
y1 = y B + y B 1 = 300 + 68,08 = 368,08m
y12 = y12 0,03 = 79,64 0,03 = 79,61m
y 2 = y1 + y1 2 = 368,08 + 79,61 = 447,69m

y 2 3 = y 23 0,03 = 2,28 0,03 = 2,31m

y 3 = y 2 + y 2 3 = 447,69 2,31 = 445,38m
y 3 4 = y 3 4 0,04 = 116,14 0,04 = 116,18m
y 4 = y 3 + y 3 4 = 445,38 116,18 = 329,20m
y 4 B = y 4 B 0,02 = 29,18 0,02 = 29,20m
y B = y 4 + y 4 B = 329,20 29,20 = 300m

29

TRC A
fS =

f x2 + f y2 = 9 2 + 15 2 = 17cm

fS
0,17
1
1
=
=
<
S 442,99 2606 2000

Bi 10: SGK-Tr.136
Tn
Gc o i
im
A
-0,4
B
198040,0
-0,3
1
222052,8
-0,4
2
140010,5
-0,3
3
211032,5
-0,4
4
128047,7
-0,3
5
201034,5
-0,4
C
128042,5

Gc nh
hng i

Cnh o
S i (m)

S gia ta (m)

Ta im (m)

-0,04
+191,01
-0,03
-76,06
-0,04
+186,63
-0,03
-25,47
-0,03
+216,61
-0,04
+149,86

+0,03
+330,41
+0,02
+333,61
+0,04
+336,47
+0,02
+320,18
+0,02
+204,38
+0,03
+320,03

2124,81

1680,35

2315,78

2010,79

2239,69

2344,42

2426,28

2710,93

2400,78

3031,13

2617,36

3235,53

2767,18

3555,59

41018,5
59058,1

381,65

102050,6

342,17

63000,7

411,25

94 32,9
0

43 20,2
0

64 54,4

321,19
297,81
353,38

13 36,5
D
[ o ] = 198 0 40 ,0 + 222 0 52 ,8 + 140 010,5 + 2110 32,5 + 128 0 47 ,7 + 2010 34 ,5 + 128 0 42,5 = 1232 0 20,5
[ lt ] = (6 + 1).180 0 = 1260 0
f = [ o ] ( C + [ lt ]) = 1232 0 20,5 (130 36,5 41018,5 + 1260 0 ) = 2 ,5
60 . 6 + 1 = 2,6 = f gh (tha)
1
1
. f = .2,5
6 +1
7
= V 2 = V 4 = VC = 0 ,4 , V 1 = V 3 = V 5 = 0 ,3

V =
V B

B = B + VB = 198 0 40,0 0,4 = 198 0 39,6

B 1 = A B + B 180 0 = 41018,5 + 198 0 39,6 180 0 = 59 0 58,1
1 = 1 + V 1 = 222 0 52,8 0,3 = 222 0 52,5
1 2 = B 1 + 1 180 0 = 59 0 58,1 + 222 0 52,5 180 0 = 102 0 50,6
2 = 2 + V 2 = 140 010,5 0,4 = 140 010,1

2 3 = 1 2 + 2 180 0 = 102 0 50,6 + 140 010,1 180 0 = 630 00,7

3 = 3 + V 3 = 2110 32,5 0,3 = 2110 32,2
3 4 = 23 + 3 180 0 = 630 00,7 + 2110 32,2 180 0 = 94 0 32,9
4 = 4 + V 4 = 128 0 47,7 0,4 = 128 0 47 ,3
45 = 3 4 + 4 180 0 = 94 0 32,9 + 128 0 47 ,3 180 0 = 430 20,2
5 = 5 + V 5 = 2010 34,5 0,3 = 2010 34,2
5C = 45 + 5 180 0 = 43 0 20,2 + 2010 34,2 180 0 = 64 0 54,4
C = C + VC = 128 0 42,5 0,4 = 128 0 42,1
C D = 5C + C 180 0 = 64 0 54,4 + 128 0 42,1 180 0 = 13 0 36,5
[ S ] = 381,65 + 342,17 + 411,25 + 321,19 + 297,81 + 353,38 = 2107,45m
x B 1 = S B 1 . cos B 1 = 381,65. cos 59 0 58,1 = 191,01m
x1 2 = S 1 2 . cos 1 2 = 342,17. cos102 0 50 ,6 = 76,06m

x 23 = S 23 . cos 23 = 411,25. cos 630 00,7 = 186,63m

30

TRC A
x 3 4 = S 3 4 . cos 3 4 = 321,19. cos 94 0 32 ,9 = 25,47m
x 45 = S 45 . cos 4 5 = 297,81. cos 430 20 ,2 = 216,61m
x 5C = S 5C . cos 5C = 353,38. cos 64 0 54 ,4 = 149,86m

x = 191,01 76,06 + 186,63 25,47 + 216,61 + 149,86 = 642,58m

xC x B = 2767,18 2124,81 = 642,37m

f x = x ( x C x B ) = 642,58 642,37 = +0,21m

x B 1 = x B 1 0,04 = 191,01 0,04 = 190,97m
x1 = x B + x B 1 = 2124,81 + 190,97 = 2315,78m
x1 2 = x12 0,03 = 76,06 0,03 = 76,09m
x 2 = x1 + x1 2 = 2315,78 76,09 = 2239,69m

x 2 3 = x 23 0,04 = 186,63 0,04 = 186,59m

x3 = x 2 + x 2 3 = 2239,69 + 186,59 = 2426,28m
x 3 4 = x 3 4 0,03 = 25,47 0,03 = 25,50m
x 4 = x3 + x 3 4 = 2426,28 25,50 = 2400,78m
x 4 5 = x 45 0,03 = 216,61 0,03 = 216,58m
x 5 = x 4 + x 4 5 = 2400,78 + 216,58 = 2617,36m
x5 C = x 5C 0,04 = 149,86 0,04 = 149,82m
xC = x 5 + x5 C = 2617,36 + 149,82 = 2767,18m
y B 1 = S B 1 . sin B 1 = 381,65. sin 59 0 58,1 = 330,41m
y1 2 = S1 2 . sin 1 2 = 342,17. sin 102 0 50,6 = 333,61m

y 23 = S 23 . sin 23 = 411,25. sin 630 00 ,7 = 366,46m

y 3 4 = S 3 4 . sin 3 4 = 321,19. sin 94 0 32 ,9 = 320,18m
y 45 = S 4 5 . sin 45 = 297,81. sin 430 20 ,2 = 204,38m
y 5C = S 5C . sin 5C = 353,38. sin 64 0 54 ,4 = 320,03m

y = 330,41 + 333,61 + 366,46 + 320,18 + 204,38 + 320,03 = 1875,07m

y C y B = 3555,58 1680,35 = 1875,23m

f y = y ( y C y B ) = 1875,07 1875,23 = 0,16m

y B 1 = y B 1 + 0,03 = 330,41 + 0,03 = 330,44m
y1 = y B + y B 1 = 1680,35 + 330,44 = 2010,79m
y12 = y1 2 + 0,02 = 333,61 + 0,02 = 333,63m
y 2 = y1 + y12 = 2010,79 + 333,63 = 2344,42m

y 2 3 = y 23 + 0,04 = 366,46 + 0,04 = 366,50m

y 3 = y 2 + y 2 3 = 2344,42 + 366,50 = 2710,92m
y 3 4 = y 3 4 + 0,02 = 320,18 + 0,02 = 320,20m
y 4 = y 3 + y 3 4 = 2710,92 + 320,20 = 3031,12m
y 4 5 = y 45 + 0,02 = 204,38 + 0,02 = 204,40m
y 5 = y 4 + y 4 5 = 3031,12 + 204,40 = 3235,52m
y 5 C = y 5C + 0,03 = 320,03 + 0,03 = 320,06m
y C = y 5 + y 5 C = 3235,52 + 320,06 = 3555,58m
fS =

f x2 + f y2 = 212 + 16 2 = 26,4cm

fS
0,264
1
1
=
=
<
S 2107,45 7983 2000

31