HarvardMIT AtlasOfEconomicComplexity

THE ATLAS OF
E C O NO MI C C O MP L E X I T Y
Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.
M A P P I N G P A T H S T O P R O S P E R I T Y
THE ATLAS OF
Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.
T H E AT L A S O F E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y
A U T H O R S :
Ricardo Hausmann | Csar A. Hidalgo | Sebastin Bustos | Michele Coscia
Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yldrm
A C K N O WL E D G ME N T S
The research on which this Atlas is based began around 2006 with the idea of the
product space. In the original paper published in Science in 2007, we collaborated
with Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and Bailey Klinger. The view of economic development of
countries as a process of discovering which products a country can master, a process
we called self-discovery, came from joint work with Dani Rodrik and later also with
Jason Hwang. We explored different implications of the basic approach in papers
with Dany Bahar, Bailey Klinger, Robert Lawrence, Francisco Rodriguez, Dani Rodrik,
Charles Sabel, Rodrigo Wagner and Andrs Zahler. Throughout, we received signifcant
feedback and advice from Lant Pritchett, Andrs Velasco and Adrian Wood.
We want to thank the dedicated team that runs Harvards Center for International
Development (CID) for helping bring the Atlas to life: Marcela Escobari, Jennifer Gala,
Irene Gandara Jones, Aimee Fox, Adriana Hoyos, Andrea Carranza, Anne Morriss and
Catalina Prieto. We are also indebted to the NeCSys team at the MIT Media Lab and to
Sandy Sener. We thank the leadership at Harvard Kennedy School and the MIT Media
Lab who were early enthusiasts of our work.
The editorial design of this book was produced by DRAFT. We would like to especially
acknowledge the contributions of Francisca Barros and Beltrn Garca.
ISBN-10: 0615546625
ISBN-13: 9780615546629
| Ricardo Hausmann | Csar A. Hidalgo | Sebastin Bustos | Michele Coscia |
| Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yldrm |
THE ATLAS OF
ver the past two centuries, mankind has
accomplished what used to be unthink-
able. When we look back at our long list of
achievements, it is easy to focus on the most
audacious of them, such as our conquest of
the skies and the moon. Our lives, however,
have been made easier and more prosper-
ous by a large number of more modest, yet
crucially important feats. Think of electric
bulbs, telephones, cars, personal computers, antibiotics, TVs,
refrigerators, watches and water heaters. Think of the many
innovations that beneft us despite our minimal awareness
of them, such as advances in port management, electric
power distribution, agrochemicals and water purifcation.
This progress was possible because we got smarter. During
the past two centuries, the amount of productive knowledge
we hold expanded dramatically. This was not, however, an
individual phenomenon. It was a collective phenomenon. As
individuals we are not much more capable than our ances-
tors, but as societies we have developed the ability to make
all that we have mentioned and much, much more.
Modern societies can amass large amounts of produc-
tive knowledge because they distribute bits and pieces of it
among its many members. But to make use of it, this knowl-
edge has to be put back together through organizations and
markets. Thus, individual specialization begets diversity at
the national and global level. Our most prosperous modern
societies are wiser, not because their citizens are individu-
ally brilliant, but because these societies hold a diversity of
knowhow and because they are able to recombine it to create
a larger variety of smarter and better products.
O
P R E F A C E
most part, it is not available in books or on the Internet.
It is embedded in brains and human networks. It is tacit
and hard to transmit and acquire. It comes from years of
experience more than from years of schooling. Productive
knowledge, therefore, cannot be learned easily like a song
or a poem. It requires structural changes. Just like learning
a language requires changes in the structure of the brain,
developing a new industry requires changes in the patterns
of interaction inside an organization or society.
Expanding the amount of productive knowledge available
in a country involves enlarging the set of activities that the
country is able to do. This process, however, is tricky. Indus-
tries cannot exist if the requisite productive knowledge is
absent, yet accumulating bits of productive knowledge will
make little sense in places where the industries that require
it are not present. This chicken and egg problem slows
down the accumulation of productive knowledge. It also
creates important path dependencies. It is easier for coun-
tries to move into industries that mostly reuse what they
already know, since these industries require adding modest
amounts of productive knowledge. By gradually adding new
knowledge to what they already know, countries economize
on the chicken and egg problem. That is why we fnd em-
pirically that countries move from the products that they
already create to others that are close by in terms of the
productive knowledge that they require.
The Atlas of Economic Complexity attempts to measure the
amount of productive knowledge that each country holds. Our
measure of productive knowledge can account for the enor-
mous income differences between the nations of the world
and has the capacity to predict the rate at which countries
The social accumulation of productive knowledge has not
been a universal phenomenon. It has taken place in some
parts of the world, but not in others. Where it has hap-
pened, it has underpinned an incredible increase in living
standards. Where it has not, living standards resemble those
of centuries past. The enormous income gaps between rich
and poor nations are an expression of the vast differences in
productive knowledge amassed by different nations. These
differences are expressed in the diversity and sophistication
of the things that each of them makes, which we explore in
detail in this Atlas.
Just as nations differ in the amount of productive knowl-
edge they hold, so do products. The amount of knowledge
that is required to make a product can vary enormously
from one good to the next. Most modern products require
more knowledge than what a single person can hold. No-
body in this world, not even the saviest geek nor the most
knowledgeable entrepreneur knows how to make a com-
puter. He has to rely on others who know about battery
technology, liquid crystals, microprocessor design, software
development, metallurgy, milling, lean manufacturing and
human resource management, among many other skills.
That is why the average worker in a rich country works in
a frm that is much larger and more connected than frms
in poor countries. For a society to operate at a high level
of total productive knowledge, individuals must know dif-
ferent things. Diversity of productive knowledge, however, is
not enough. In order to put knowledge into productive use,
societies need to reassemble these distributed bits through
teams, organizations and markets.
Accumulating productive knowledge is diffcult. For the
will grow. In fact, it is much more predictive than other well-
known development indicators, such as those that attempt to
measure competitiveness, governance and education.
A central contribution of this Atlas is the creation of a
map that captures the similarity of products in terms of
their knowledge requirements. This map provides paths
through which productive knowledge is more easily accu-
mulated. We call this map, or network, the product space,
and use it to locate each country, illustrating their current
productive capabilities and the products that lie nearby.
Ultimately, this Atlas views economic development as a
social learning process, but one that is rife with pitfalls and
dangers. Countries accumulate productive knowledge by
developing the capacity to make a larger variety of products
of increasing complexity. This process involves trial and er-
ror. It is a risky journey in search of the possible. Entrepre-
neurs, investors and policymakers play a fundamental role
in this economic exploration.
By providing rankings, we wish to clarify the scope of the
achievable, as revealed by the experience of others. By track-
ing progress, we offer feedback regarding current trends. By
providing maps, we do not pretend to tell potential explor-
ers where to go, but to pinpoint what is out there and what
routes may be shorter or more secure. We hope this will em-
power these explorers with valuable information that will
encourage them to take on the challenge and thus speed up
the process of economic development.
Director, Center for International Development at Harvard University,
Professor of the Practice of Economic Development, Harvard Kennedy School,
George Cowan Professor, Santa Fe Institute.
ABC Career Development Professor, MIT Media Lab,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
Faculty Associate, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
R I C A R D O H A U S MA N N C S A R A . H I D A L G O
We thank the many individuals who, early on, understood the potential impact of research on
economic growth, and shared our teams vision. The generosity of these supporters made this work feasible
and now makes it available to individuals, organizations and governments throughout the world.
T H E A U T H O R S WA N T T O A C K N O WL E D G E T H E G E N E R O U S S U P P O R T O F :
| Alejandro Santo Domingo | MPower Foundation | Standard Bank | Anonymous Donor |
What Do We Mean by Economic Complexity?
How Do We Measure Economic Complexity?
Why Is Economic Complexity Important?
How Is Complexity Different from Other Approaches?
How Does Economic Complexity Evolve?
How Can This Atlas Be Used?
Which Countries Are Included in This Atlas?
12
41
24
56
17
53
30
SECTI ON 1
SECTI ON 2
SECTI ON 3
SECTI ON 4
SECTI ON 5
SECTI ON 6
SECTI ON 7
WHAT, WHY AND HOW?
PA R T 1
C O N T E N T S
How to Read the Country Pages
Albania
Zimbabwe
92
Economic Complexity Index
Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020
Expected GDP Growth to 2020
Change in Economic Complexity (1964-2008)
Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020
60
84
72
66
78
RANKI NG 1
RANKI NG 2
RANKI NG 3
RANKI NG 4
RANKI NG 5
96
350
COMPLEXITY RANKINGS
PA R T 2
COUNTRY PAGES
PA R T 3
WHAT, WHY AND HOW?
PA R T 1
What Do We Mean by Economic Complexity?
SE CT I ON 1
MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 15
hat are things made out of? One way
of describing the economic world
is to say that things are made with
machines, raw materials and labor.
Another way is to emphasize that
products are made with knowledge.
Consider toothpaste. Is toothpaste
just some paste in a tube? Or do
the paste and the tube allow us to
access knowledge about the properties of sodium fuoride
on teeth and about how to achieve its synthesis? The true
value of a tube of toothpaste, in other words, is that it mani-
fests knowledge about the chemicals that facilitate brush-
ing, and that kill the germs that cause bad breath, cavities
and gum disease.
When we think of products in these terms, markets take
on a different meaning. Markets allow us to access the vast
amounts of knowledge that are scattered among the people
of the world. Toothpaste embeds our knowledge about the
chemicals that prevent tooth decay, just like cars embody
our knowledge of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, elec-
tronics and design. Computers package knowledge about in-
formation theory, electronics, plastics and graphics, whereas
apples embody thousands of years of plant domestication
as well as knowledge about logistics, refrigeration, pest con-
trol, food safety and the preservation of fresh produce.
Products are vehicles for knowledge, but embedding
knowledge in products requires people who possess a work-
ing understanding of that knowledge. Most of us can be ig-
norant about how to synthesize sodium fuoride because
we can rely on the few people who know how to create this
W
atomic cocktail, and who together with their colleagues at
the toothpaste factory, can deposit it into a product that we
can use.
We owe to Adam Smith the idea that the division of labor
is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter-
pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows
us to access a quantity of knowledge that none of us would
be able to hold individually. We rely on dentists, plumbers,
lawyers, meteorologists and car mechanics to sustain our
standard of living, because few of us know how to fll cavi-
ties, repair leaks, write contracts, predict the weather or fx
our cars. Many of us, however, can get our cavities flled, our
cars repaired and our weather predicted. Markets and orga-
nizations allow the knowledge that is held by few to reach
many. In other words, they make us collectively wiser.
The amount of knowledge embedded in a society, how-
ever, does not depend mainly on how much knowledge each
individual holds. It depends, instead, on the diversity of
knowledge across individuals and on their ability to com-
bine this knowledge, and make use of it, through complex
webs of interaction. A hunter-gatherer in the Arctic must
know a lot of things to survive. Without the knowledge em-
bedded in an Inuit, most of us would die in the Arctic, as has
been demonstrated by the number of Westerners who have
tried and failed. Yet, the total amount of knowledge embed-
ded in a hunter-gatherer society is not very different from
that which is embedded in each one of its members. The se-
cret of modern societies is not that each person holds much
more productive knowledge than those in a more traditional
society. The secret to modernity is that we collectively use
large volumes of knowledge, while each one of us holds only
a few bits of it. Society functions because its members form
webs that allow them to specialize and share their knowl-
edge with others.
We can distinguish between two kinds of knowledge: ex-
plicit and tacit. Explicit knowledge can be transferred easily
by reading a text or listening to a conversation. Yesterdays
sports results, tomorrows weather forecast or the size of the
moon can all be learned quickly by looking them up in a
newspaper or on the web. And yet, if all knowledge had this
characteristic, the world would be very different. Countries
would catch up very quickly to frontier technologies, and the
income differences across the world would be much smaller
than what we see today. The problem is that crucial parts of
knowledge are tacit and therefore hard to embed in people.
Learning how to fx dental problems, speak a foreign lan-
guage, or run a farm requires a costly and time-consuming
effort. As a consequence, it does not make sense for all of us
to spend our lives learning how to do everything. Because it
is hard to transfer, tacit knowledge is what constrains the
process of growth and development. Ultimately, differences
in prosperity are related to the amount of tacit knowledge
that societies hold.
Because embedding tacit knowledge is a long and costly
process, we specialize. This is why people are trained for
specifc occupations and why organizations become good at
specifc functions. To fx cavities you must be able to identi-
fy them, remove the decayed material and replace it. To play
baseball, you must know how to catch, feld and bat, but you
do not need to know how to give fnancial advice or fx cavi-
ties. On the other hand, to perform the function of baseball
player, knowing how to catch a ball is not enough (you must
also be able to feld and bat). In other words, in allocating
productive knowledge to individuals, it is important that
the chunks each person gets be internally coherent so that
he or she can perform a certain function. We refer to these
modularized chunks of embedded knowledge as capabili-
ties. Some of these capabilities have been modularized at
the level of individuals, while others have been grouped into
organizations and even into networks of organizations.
For example, consider what has happened with under-
graduate degrees, which in the US take four years of study.
This norm has remained constant for the last four centuries.
During the same period, however, knowledge has expanded
enormously. The university system did not respond to the
increase in knowledge by lengthening the time it takes to
get a college degree. Instead, it increased the diversity of
degrees. What used to be a degree in philosophy, split into
several branches, one being natural philosophy, which later
split into physics, chemistry and biology and later into other
disciplines such as ecology, earth sciences and psychology.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics Standard Occupation Clas-
sifcation for 2010 lists 840 different occupations, including
78 in healthcare, 16 in engineering, 35 kinds of scientists
in coarse categories such as economists, physicists and
chemists fve types of artists, and eight kinds of design-
ers. We can all imagine a much more nuanced classifcation
in our respective felds. For instance, we could distinguish
between economists that specialize in labor, trade, fnance,
development, industrial organization, macro and econo-
metrics, among others. If we did this further disaggrega-
tion for all occupations, we would easily go into the tens
of thousands. The only way that society can hold all of the
knowledge we have is by distributing coherent pieces of it
among individuals. It is the way the world adapts to expand-
ing knowledge.
Most products, however, require more knowledge than
can be mastered by any individual. Hence, those products
require that individuals with different capabilities interact.
Assume that a person has the capacity to hold an amount of
tacit knowledge equal to one personbyte. How can you make
a product that requires 100 different personbytes? Obvious-
ly, it cannot be made by a micro-entrepreneur working on
her own. It has to be made either by an organization with at
least 100 individuals (with a different personbyte each), or
by a network of organizations that can aggregate these 100
personbytes of knowledge. How can a society hold a kilo-,
mega- or giga-personbyte? Only through a deep division of
labor, in which individuals become experts in small pieces
of the available knowledge and then aggregate their person-
bytes into peoplebytes through organizations and markets.
For example, to make a shirt you need to design it, pro-
cure the fabric, cut it, sew it, pack it, brand it, market it and
distribute it. In a frm that manufactures shirts, expertise
in each of these knowledge chunks will be held by differ-
ent people. And shirts require all of them. Moreover, you
need to fnance the operation, hire the relevant people, co-
ordinate all the activities and negotiate everybodys buy-in,
which in itself require different kinds of knowhow. We can
say that putting together this operation requires know-who
and know-where. Know-who can be thought of as knowl-
edge of who has the requisite chunks of knowledge, and
know-where as knowledge of where the people and orga-
nizations that have this knowledge are located. To make
shirts, you can import the fabric and access the knowledge
about looms and threading that is embedded in a piece of
cloth. Yet some of the knowledge required cannot be acce-
ssed through shipped inputs. The people with the relevant
knowledge must be near the place where shirts are made.
In fact, just as knowhow is modularized in people in the
form of individual capabilities, larger amounts of knowhow
are modularized in organizations, and networks of organi-
zations, as organizational or collective capabilities. For ex-
ample, to operate a garment plant you need power and wa-
ter. You need to be able to move raw materials in and ship
the fnal product out. Workers need access to urban trans-
portation, day care centers and health facilities. To be able
to operate, the plant manager needs all of these services to
be locally available. This implies that others must be aggre-
18 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
gating the personbytes required to generate power, provide
clean water, and run a transportation system. The relevant
capabilities to perform all of these functions reside in orga-
nizations that are able to package the relevant knowledge
into transferable bundles. These are bundles of knowhow
that are more effciently organized separately and trans-
ferred as intermediate inputs. We can think of these bun-
dles as organizational capabilities the manufacturer needs.
Ultimately, the complexity of an economy is related to
the multiplicity of useful knowledge embedded in it. For
a complex society to exist, and to sustain itself, people who
know about design, marketing, fnance, technology, human
resource management, operations and trade law must be
able to interact and combine their knowledge to make prod-
ucts. These same products cannot be made in societies that
are missing parts of this capability set. Economic complex-
ity, therefore, is expressed in the composition of a coun-
trys productive output and refects the structures that
emerge to hold and combine knowledge.
Knowledge can only be accumulated, transferred and
preserved if it is embedded in networks of individuals and
organizations that put this knowledge into productive use.
Knowledge that is not used, however, is also not transferred,
and will disappear once the individuals and organization
that have it retire or die.
Said differently, countries do not simply make the prod-
ucts and services they need. They make the ones they can.
To do so, they need people and organizations that possess
relevant knowledge. Some goods, like medical imaging de-
vices or jet engines, embed large amounts of knowledge
and are the results of very large networks of people and or-
ganizations. By contrast, wood logs or coffee, embed much
less knowledge, and the networks required to support these
operations do not need to be as large. Complex economies
are those that can weave vast quantities of relevant knowl-
edge together, across large networks of people, to generate
a diverse mix of knowledge-intensive products. Simpler
economies, in contrast, have a narrow base of productive
knowledge and produce fewer and simpler products, which
require smaller webs of interaction. Because individuals
are limited in what they know, the only way societies can
expand their knowledge base is by facilitating the interac-
tion of individuals in increasingly complex webs of orga-
nizations and markets. Increased economic complexity is
necessary for a society to be able to hold and use a larger
amount of productive knowledge, and we can measure it
from the mix of products that countries are able to make.
SE CT I ON 2
ow do we go from what a country makes to
what a country knows? If making a product
requires a particular type and mix of knowl-
edge, then the countries that make the
product reveal having the requisite knowl-
edge (see Technical Box 2.1). From this simple
observation, it is possible to extract a few
implications that can be used to construct
a measure of economic complexity. First,
countries whose residents and organizations possess more
knowledge have what it takes to produce a more diverse
set of products. In other words, the amount of embedded
knowledge that a country has is expressed in its productive
diversity, or the number of distinct products that it makes.
Second, products that demand large volumes of knowledge
are feasible only in the few places where all the requisite
knowledge is available. We defne ubiquity as the number of
countries that make a product (Figure 2.1). Using this termi-
nology, we can observe that complex products those that
contain many personbytes of knowledgeare less ubiqui-
tous. The ubiquity of a product, therefore, reveals informa-
tion about the volume of knowledge that is required for its
production. Hence, the amount of knowledge that a country
has is expressed in the diversity and ubiquity of the prod-
ucts that it makes.
A game of scrabble is a useful analogy. In scrabble, play-
ers use tiles containing single letters to make words. For in-
stance, a player can use the tiles R, A and C to construct the
word CAR or ARC. In this analogy, each product is repre-
sented by a word, and each capability, or module of embed-
ded knowledge, is represented by a letter. We assume that
each player has plenty of copies of the letters they have. Our
measure of economic complexity corresponds to estimating
what fraction of the alphabet a player possesses, knowing
only how many words he or she can make, and how many
other players can also make those same words.
Players who have more letters will be able to make more
H
words. So we can expect the diversity of words (products)
that a player (country) can make to be strongly related to the
number of letters (capabilities) that he (it) has. Long words
will tend to be rare, since they can only be put together by
players with many letters. Hence, the number of players
that can make a word tells us something about the variety
of letters each word requires: longer words tend to be less
ubiquitous, while shorter words tend to be more common.
Similarly, ubiquitous products are more likely to require few
capabilities, and less ubiquitous products are more likely to
require a large variety of capabilities.
Diversity and ubiquity are, respectively, crude approxi-
mations of the variety of capabilities available in a country
or required by a product. Both of these mappings are af-
fected by the existence of rare letters, such as Q and X. For
instance, players holding rare letters will be able to put to-
gether words that few other players can make, not because
they have many letters, but because the letters that they
have are rare. This is just like rare natural resources, such
as uranium or diamonds. Yet, we can see whether low ubiq-
uity originates in scarcity or complexity by looking at the
number of other words that the makers of rare words are
able to form. If these players can only make a few other
words, then it is likely that rarity explains the low ubiquity.
However, if the players that can make these rare words are,
in general, able to put together many other words, then it
is likely that the low ubiquity of the word refects the fact
that it requires a large number of letters and not just a few
rare ones.
Diversity can therefore be used to correct the informa-
tion carried by ubiquity, and ubiquity can be used to cor-
rect the information carried by diversity. We can take this
process a step further by correcting diversity using a mea-
sure of ubiquity that has already been corrected by diversity
and vice versa. In fact, we can do this an infnite number
of times using mathematics. This process converges after a
few iterations and represents our quantitative measures of
Diversity (k
c,0
):
Diversity is related to the number of
products that a country is connected to.
This is equal to the number of links that
this country has in the network. In this
example, using a subset of the 2009 data,
the diversity of Netherlands is 5, that of
Argentina is 3, and that of Gana is 1.
Ubiquity (k
p,0
):
Ubiquity is is related to the number of
countries that a product is connected to.
this product has in the network. In this
the ubiquity of Cheese is 2, that of Fish is 3
and that of Medicaments is 1.
ARGENTINA (ARG)
GHANA (GHA)
X-RAY MACHINES
MEDICAMENTS
CREAMS AND POLISHES
CHEESE
FROZEN FISH
NETHERLANDS (NLD)
F I G U R E 2 . 1 :
U B I Q U I T Y :
Ubiquity is is related to the number of
countries that a product is connected to.
this product has in the network. In this
the ubiquity of Cheese is 2, that of Fish is
3 and that of Medicaments is 1.
D I V E R S I T Y :
Diversity is related to the number of
products that a country is connected
to. This is equal to the number of
links that this country has in the
network. In this example, using a
subset of the 2009 data, the diversity
of Netherlands is 5, that of Argentina
is 3, and that of Gana is 1.
Graphical explanation of diversity and ubiquity.
complexity. For countries, we refer to this as the Econom-
ic Complexity Index (ECI). The corresponding measure for
products gives us the Product Complexity Index. Technical
Box 2.2 presents the mathematical defnition of these two
quantities and Ranking 1 lists countries sorted by their ECI.
Figure 2.2 shows a map of the world colored according to a
countrys ECI ranking.
Consider the case of Singapore and Pakistan. The popula-
tion of Pakistan is 34 times larger than that of Singapore. At
market prices their GDPs are similar since Singapore is 38
times richer than Pakistan in per capita terms. Under the
classifcation we use in this Atlas, they both export a simi-
lar number of different products, about 133. How can prod-
ucts tell us about the conspicuous differences in the level
of development that exist between these two countries?
Pakistan exports products that are on average exported by
28 other countries (placing Pakistan in the 60
th
percentile
of countries in terms of the average ubiquity of their prod-
ucts), while Singapore exports products that are exported
on average by 17 other countries (1
st
percentile). Moreover,
the products that Singapore exports are exported by highly
diversifed countries, while those that Pakistan exports are
exported by poorly diversifed countries. Our mathematical
approach exploits these second, third and higher order dif-
ferences to create measures that approximate the amount
of productive knowledge held in each of these countries. Ul-
timately, what countries make reveals what they know (see
Information Box 2.1).
Take medical imaging devices. These machines are made in
few places, but the countries that are able to make them, such
as the United States or Germany, also export a large number
of other products. We can infer that medical imaging devices
F I G U R E 2 . 2 :
Rank
1 128
Map of the World colored according to ECI Ranking.
are complex because few countries make them, and those
that do tend to be diverse. By contrast, wood logs are exported
by most countries, indicating that many countries have the
knowledge required to export them. Now consider the case
of raw diamonds. These products are extracted in very few
places, making their ubiquity quite low. But is this a refection
of the high knowledge-intensity of raw diamonds? Of course
not. If raw diamonds were complex, the countries that would
extract diamonds should also be able to make many other
things. Since Sierra Leone and Botswana are not very diversi-
fed, this indicates that something other than large volumes
of knowledge is what makes diamonds rare (see Information
Box 2.2 on Product Complexity).
This Atlas relies on international trade data. We made
this choice because it is the only dataset available that has
a rich detailed cross-country information linking countries
to the products that they produce in a standardized clas-
sifcation. As such, it offers great advantages, but it does
have limitations. First, it includes data on exports, not pro-
duction. Countries may be able to make things that they do
not export. The fact that they do not export them, however,
suggests that they may not be very good at them. Coun-
tries may also export things they do not make. To circum-
vent this issue we require that countries export a fair share
of the products we connect them to (see Technical Box 2.1).
Second, because the data is collected by customs offces, it
includes only goods and not services. This is an important
drawback, as services are becoming a rising share of inter-
national trade. Unfortunately, the statistical efforts of most
countries of the world have not kept up with this reality.
Finally, the data does not include information on non-trad-
able activities. These are an important part of the economic
eco-system that allows products and services to be made.
Our current research is focused on fnding implementable
solutions to these limitations, and we hope we will be able
to present them in future versions of this Atlas.
I NFORMATI ON BOX 2 . 1 : AN ALTERNATI VE
WAY TO UNDERSTAND OUR MEASURES
OF ECONOMI C COMPLEXI TY
Understanding the measures of economic complexity described in this At-
las can be sometimes challenging. Analogies, however, can help get our minds
around what the economic complexity index is able to capture.
Think of a particular country and consider a random product. Now, ask
yourself the following question: If this country cannot make this product, in
how many other countries can this product be made? If the answer is many
countries, then this country probably does not have a complex economy. On
the other hand, if few other countries are able to make a product that this
country cannot make, this would suggest that this is a complex economy.
Let us illustrate this with a few examples. According to our measures, Ja-
pan and Germany are the two countries with the highest levels of economic
complexity. Ask yourself the question: If a good cannot be produced in Japan
or Germany, where else can it be made? That list of countries is likely to be
a very short one, indicating that Japan and Germany are complex economies.
Now take an opposite example: if a product cannot be made in Mauritania or
Sudan, where else can it be made? For most products this is likely to be a long
list of countries, indicating that Sudan and Mauritania are among the worlds
least complex economies.
This analogy is useful to understand the difference between economic com-
plexity and the level of income per capita of a country. Two countries that have
high levels of economic complexity, but still low levels of per capita income are
China and Thailand. Ask yourself the question, if you cannot produce it in China
or Thailand, where else can you produce it? That list of countries will tend to be
relatively short. The comparison becomes starker if we restrict it to countries
with a similar level of per capita income, like Iran, Peru and Venezuela, countries
that do not make things that many other can.
At the opposite end of this comparison, there are countries with high levels
of per capita income but relatively low levels of economic complexity. Examples
of this are Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Venezuela, Libya and Chile. These countries
are not rich because of the productive knowledge they hold but because of their
geological luck, given the large volumes of natural resources based wealth.
Ask yourself the question; if you cannot build it in Chile or Venezuela, where
else can you build it? The fact that there are many countries where it would be
possible to produce many things that are not being made in Chile or Venezuela,
including countries with a similar level of income such as Hungary or the Czech
Republic, indicates that the level of economic complexity of these countries is
low, despite their fairly high level of income.
In fact, as we show in this Atlas, the gap between a countrys complexity
and its level of per capita income is an important determinant of future growth:
countries tend to converge to the level of income that can be supported by the
knowhow that is embedded in their economy.
TECHNI CAL BOX 2 . 1 : MEASURI NG ECONOMI C COMPLEXI TY:
If we dene , as a matrix that is 1 if country produces product , and
otherwise, we can measure diversity and ubiquity simply by summing over the
rows or columns of that matrix. Formally, we dene:
To generate a more accurate measure of the number of capabilities available
in a country, or required by a product, we need to correct the information that
diversity and ubiquity carry by using each one to correct the other. For coun-
tries, this requires us to calculate the average ubiquity of the products that it
exports, the average diversity of the countries that make those products and
so forth. For products, this requires us to calculate the average diversity of the
countries that make them and the average ubiquity of the other products that
these countries make. This can be expressed by the recursion:
We then insert (4) into (3) to obtain
and rewrite this as :
We note (7) is satised when .This is the eigenvector of
which is associated with the largest eigenvalue. Since this eigenvector is
a vector of ones, it is not informative. We look, instead, for the eigenvector asso-
ciated with the second largest eigenvalue. This is the eigenvector that captures
the largest amount of variance in the system and is our measure of economic
complexity. Hence, we dene the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) as:
where
where < > represents an average, stdev stands for the standard deviation and
Analogously, we dene a Product Complexity Index (PCI). Because of the
symmetry of the problem, this can be done simply by exchanging the index of
countries (c) with that for products (p) in the denitions above. Hence, we de-
ne PCI as:
where
I NFORMATI ON BOX 2 . 2 : THE WORLD S MOST AND LEAST COMPLEX PRODUCTS
Table 2.2.1 and Table 2.2.2 show respectively the products that rank highest
and lowest in the complexity scale. The difference between the worlds most
and less complex products is stark. The most complex products are sophistica-
ted chemicals and machinery that tend to emerge from organizations where a
large number of high skilled individuals participate. The worlds least complex
products, on the other hand, are raw minerals or simple agricultural products.
The economic complexity of a country is connected intimately to the com-
plexity of the products that it exports. Ultimately, countries can only increase
their score in the Economic Complexity Index by becoming competitive in an
increasing number of complex industries.
TABL E 2 . 2 . 1 : TOP 5 P RODUCTS BY COMP L E XI T Y
Product Code (SITC4) Product Name Product Community Product Complexity Index
7284 Machines & appliances for specialized particular industries Machinery 2.27
8744 Instrument & appliances for physical or chemical analysis Chemicals & Health 2.21
7742 Appliances based on the use of X-rays or radiation Chemicals & Health 2.16
3345 Lubricating petrol oils & other heavy petrol oils Chemicals & Health 2.10
7367 Other machine tools for working metal or metal carbide Machinery 2.05
TABL E 2 . 2 . 2 : BOT TOM 5 P RODUCTS BY COMP L E XI T Y
Product Code (SITC4) Product Name Product Community Product Complexity Index
3330 Crude oil Oil -3.00
2876 Tin ores & concentrates Mining -2.63
2631 Cotton, not carded or combed Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.63
3345 Cocoa beans Tropical Agriculture -2.61
7367 Sesame seeds Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.58
We use this measure to construct a matrix that connects each country to
the products that it makes. The entries in the matrix are 1 if country exports
product with Revealed Comparative Advantage larger than 1, and o otherwise.
Formally we dene this as the matrix, where
is the matrix summarizing which country makes what, and is used to
construct the product space and our measures of economic complexity for
countries and products. In our research we have played around with cutoff
values other than 1 to construct the matrix and found that our results are
robust to these changes.
Going forward, we smooth changes in export volumes induced by the price
uctuation of commodities by using a modied denition of RCA in which the
denominator is averaged over the previous three years.
TECHNI CAL BOX 2 . 2 : WHO MAKES WHAT ?
When associating countries to products it is important to take into account
the size of the export volume of countries and that of the world trade of prod-
ucts. This is because, even for the same product, we expect the volume of ex-
ports of a large country like China, to be larger than the volume of exports of a
small country like Uruguay. By the same token, we expect the export volume of
products that represent a large fraction of world trade, such as cars or footwear,
to represent a larger share of a countrys exports than products that account for
a small fraction of world trade, like cotton seed oil or potato our.
To make countries and products comparable we use Balassas denition of
Revealed Comparative Advantage or RCA. Balassas denition says that a coun-
try has Revealed Comparative Advantage in a product if it exports more than its
fair share, that is, a share that is equal to the share of total world trade that
the product represents. For example, in 2008, with exports of $42 billion, soy-
beans represented 0.35% of world trade. Of this total, Brazil exported nearly $11
billion, and since Brazils total exports for that year were $140 billion, soybeans
accounted for 7.8% of Brazils exports. This represents around 21 times Brazils
fair share of soybean exports (7.8% divided by 0.35%), so we can say that
Brazil has revealed comparative advantage in soybeans.
Formally, if represents the exports of country in product , we can
express the Revealed Comparative Advantage that country has in product as:
Why Is Economic Complexity Important?
SE CT I ON 3
s we have argued, economic complexity re-
fects the amount of knowledge that is em-
bedded in the productive structure of an
economy. Seen this way, it is no coincidence
that there is a strong correlation between
our measures of economic complexity and
the income per capita that countries are
able to generate.
Figure 3.1 illustrates the relationship be-
tween the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and Income per
capita for the 128 countries studied in this Atlas. Here, we
separate countries according to their intensity in natural re-
source exports. We color in red those countries for which
natural resources, such as minerals, gas and oil, represent at
least 10% of GDP. For the 75 countries with a limited relative
presence of natural-resource exports (in blue), economic
complexity accounts for 75 percent of the variance in in-
come per capita. But as the Figure 3.1 illustrates, countries
with a large presence of natural resources can be relatively
rich without being complex. If we control for the income
that is generated from extractive activities, which has more
to do with geology than knowhow, economic complexity can
explain about 73 percent of the variation in income across
all 128 countries. Figure 3.2 shows the tight relationship
between economic complexity and income per capita that
emerges after we take into account a countrys natural re-
source income.
Economic complexity, therefore, is related to a countrys
level of prosperity. As such, it is just a correlation of things
we care about. The relationship between income and com-
plexity, however, goes deeper than this. Countries whose
A
economic complexity is greater than what we would
expect, given their level of income, tend to grow faster
than those that are too rich for their current level of
economic complexity. In this sense, economic complex-
ity is not just a symptom or an expression of prosperity:
it is a driver.
Technical Box 3.1 presents the regression that we use to re-
late economic complexity to subsequent economic growth.
The equation is simple. We regress the growth in per capita
income over 10-year periods on economic complexity, while
controlling for initial income and for the increase in real
natural resource income experienced during that period. We
also include an interaction term between initial income per
capita and the ECI. The increase in the explanatory power of
the growth equation that can be attributed to the Economic
Complexity Index is at least 15 percentage points, or more
than a third of the variance explained by the whole equa-
tion. Moreover, the size of the estimated effect is large: an
increase of one standard deviation in complexity, which is
something that Thailand achieved between 1970 and 1985,
is associated with a subsequent acceleration of a countrys
long-term growth rate of 1.6 percent per year. This is over
and above the growth that would have been expected from
mineral wealth and global trends.
The ability of the ECI to predict future economic growth
suggests that countries tend to move towards an income
level that is compatible with their overall level of embedded
knowhow. On average, their income tends to refect their
embedded knowledge. But when it does not, it gets corrected
through accelerated or diminished growth. The gap between
a countrys level of income and complexity is the key vari-
Shows the relationship between economic complexity and income per capita obtained after controlling for each countrys natural resource exports. After including this
control, through the inclusion of the log of natural resource exports per capita, economic complexity and natural resources explain 73% of the variance in per capita
income across countries.
SDN
CMR
VEN
GHA
TJK
CIV
IRN
LAO
MLI
AUS
MOZ
NCC
MRT
CUB
ETH
HND
ZMB
TZA
MAR
PER
UZB
YEM
JAM
GEO
O
KWT
MDG
ECU
MUS
SYR
NGA
UGA
PRY
MNG
GTM
MKD
TKM
ZWE
ARG
PAK
LBR
KGZ
EGY
BWA
GAB
NZL
ALB
TTO
SEN
CHL
IDN
DZA
PNG
PHL
BRA
GIN
URY
LKA
ZAF
KEN
COL
BOL
VNM
SLV
GRC
TUN
NAM
BGD
CAN
KHM
IND
ARE
MWI
RUS
LVA
BGR
KAZ
BIH
TUR
UKR
LTU
PRT
QAT
OMN
EST
CRI
LBY
DOM
HKG
MYS
MDA
JOR
BEL
LBN
SRB
PAN
POL
ESP
DNK
ISR
HRV
NLD
ROU
MEX
AGO
THA
IRL
CHN
NOR
BLR
SVK
ITA
USA
SGP
GBR
FIN
HUN
KOR
SAU
CZE
FRA
SWE
AUT
COG
CHE
DEU
SVN
JPN
AZE
-2 -1 0 1 2
I
n
c
o
m
e

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
g

f
o
r

i
n
i
t
i
a
l

i
n
c
o
m
e

a
n
d

p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f

n
a
t
u
r
a
l

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

e
x
p
o
r
t
s

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

i
n

l
o
g
s

[
2
0
0
8
]
Economic Complexity Index controlling for initial income and proportion
of natural resource exports per capita in logs [2008]
-
1
-
.
5
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
R
2
= 0.73
F I G U R E 3 . 2 :
Shows the relationship between income per capita and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for countries where natural resource exports are larger than 10% of GDP (red)
and for those where natural resource exports are lower than 10% of GDP (blue). For the latter group of countries, the Economic Complexity Index accounts for 75% of the
variance. Countries in which the levels of natural resource exports is relatively high tend to be signifcantly richer than what would be expected given the complexity of
their economies, yet the ECI still correlates strongly with income for that group.
0 1 2
Economic Complexity Index [2008]
G
D
P

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

i
n

U
S
D

[
2
0
0
9
]
10
5
10
4
10
3
-1 -2 -3
ALB
ARG
AUS AUT
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH
BLR
BRA
CAN
CHE
CHN
CIV
COL
CRI CUB
CZE
DEU
DNK
DOM
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GBR
GEO
GHA
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
LBN
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MUS
MWI
MYS
NIC
NLD
NZL
PAK
PAN
PHL
POL
PRT
PRY
ROU
SEN
SGP
SLV
SRB
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
ZAF
ZWE
AGO
ARE
AZE
BOL
BWA
CHL
CMR
COG
DZA
ECU
GAB
GIN
IRN
KAZ
KWT
LAO
LBR
LBY
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
NAM
NGA
NOR
OMN
PER
PNG
QAT
RUS
SAU
SDN
TJK
TKM
TTO
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM ZMB
R
2
= 0.75
F I G U R E 3 . 1 :
able that we use here to estimate the growth potential of
countries (Figure 3.3).
It is important to note what the Economic Complexity
Index is not about: it is not about export-oriented growth,
openness, export diversifcation or country size. Although
we calculate the ECI using export data, the channel through
which it contributes to future growth is not limited to its
impact on the growth of exports. Clearly, countries whose
exports grow faster, all other things being equal, will neces-
sarily experience higher GDP growth. This is simply because
exports are a component of GDP. However, as Technical Box
3.2 shows, the contribution of the ECI to future economic
growth remains strong after accounting for the growth in
real exports.
The ECI is also not about openness to trade: the impact of
the ECI on growth is essentially unaffected if we account for
differences in the ratio of exports to GDP. And the ECI is not
a measure of export diversifcation. Controlling for standard
measures of export concentration, such as the Herfndahl-
Hirschman Index, does not affect our results. In fact, neither
openness nor export concentration are statistically signif-
cant determinants of growth after controlling for the ECI
(see Technical Box 3.2).
Finally, the ECI is not about a countrys size. The ability of
the ECI to predict growth is unaffected when we take into
account a countrys size, as measured by its population,
while the population itself is not statistically signifcant (see
Technical Box 3.2).
In short, economic complexity matters because it helps
explain differences in the level of income of countries,
and more important, because it predicts future economic
growth. Economic complexity might not be simple to ac-
complish, but the countries that do achieve it, tend to reap
important rewards.
AGO
ALB
ARE ARG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH
BLR
BOL
BRA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DEU
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
LAO
LBN
LBR
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MNG MOZ
MRT
MUS
MYS
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
ROU
RUS
SAU
SEN
SGP
SLV
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TJK
TKM
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
-
.
0
5
0
.
0
5
-1 0 1

G
r
o
w
t
h

i
n

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

G
D
P
,

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
g

f
o
r

i
n
i
t
i
a
l

i
n
c
o
m
e

a
n
d

g
r
o
w
t
h

i
n

n
a
t
u
r
a
l

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

e
x
p
o
r
t
s

[
1
9
9
8
-
2
0
0
8
]
Economic Complexity Index controlling for initial income and growth in natural resource export [1998]
Shows the relationship between the annualized GDP per capita growth for the period between 1998 and 2008 and the Economic Complexity Index for 1998, after taking into
account the initial level of income and the increase in natural resource exports during that period (in constant dollars as a share of initial GDP).
F I G U R E 3 . 3 :

TECHNI CAL BOX 3 . 1 : THE GROWTH REGRESSI ON
TABL E 3 . 1 . 1
Annual i zed growth i n GDP pc (by decade)
(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008)
VARIABLES (1) (2)
Initial Income per capita, log
-0.00017 -0.00638***
(0.001) (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.03960*** 0.03682***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.008) (0.010)
Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) 0.04430***
(0.009)
[ ECI] X [Income per capita, log] -0.00371***
(0.001)
Constant 0.03036*** 0.08251***
(0.008) (0.011)
Observations 291 291
R
2
0.285 0.434
Year FE Yes Yes
To analyze the impact of the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) on future eco-
nomic growth we estimate two regressions where the dependent variable is the
annualized growth rate of GDP per capita for the periods 1978-1988, 1988-1998
and 1998-2008. In the rst of these equations we do not include ECI and use
only two control variables: the logarithm of the initial level of GDP per capita in
each period and the increase in natural resource exports in constant dollars as a
share of initial GDP. The rst variable captures the idea that, other things equal,
poorer countries should grow faster than rich countries and catch up. This is
known in the economic literature as convergence. The second control variable
captures the effect on growth of increases in income that come from natural
resource wealth, which complexity does not explain. In addition, we include a
dummy variable for each decade, capturing any common factor affecting all
countries during that decade, such as a global boom or a widespread nancial
crisis. Taken together, these variables account for 28.5 percent of the variance
in countries growth rates. This is shown in the rst column of Table 3.1.1.
In addition to the above mentioned variables, the second regression includes
the effect of economic complexity on growth. We do this by adding two addition-
al terms: the ECI at the beginning of the decade and an interaction term between
the ECI and the initial level of GDP per capita. The interaction attempts to cap-
ture the idea that the contribution of economic complexity to future economic
growth depends on the level of per capita income. The second column of Table
3.1.1 shows that economic complexity is strongly associated with future eco-
nomic growth. The negative coefcient on the interaction term indicates that
the impact of complexity on growth declines with a countrys level of income.
For example, according to the estimation in Column 2, and using data for 1998,
an increase in the ECI of one standard deviation would accelerate growth by 2.3
percent per year in a country at the 10
th
percentile of income, by 1.6 percent in
a country at the median income, and by 0.7 percent for countries in the 90
th

percentile. The variables contained in Column 2 jointly account for 43.4 percent
of the variance in growth rates. The difference between these two regressions
indicates that the ECI increases the regressions R
2
in 15 percentage points. This
represents over a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari-
ance that the equation explains as a whole.
The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the
growth in GDP per capita and rank countries according to their growth poten-
tial (See Table 3.1.1). To predict average annualized growth between 2008 and
2020 we make two assumptions. First, we assume a worldwide common growth
term for the decade, which we take to be the same as that observed in the 1998-
2008 period. Changing this assumption would affect the growth rate of all
countries by a similar amount but would not change the rankings. Second, we
assume that there will be no change in the real value of natural resource exports
as a share of initial GDP. This implies that the we assume that natural resource
exports in real terms in the next decade will remain at the record-high levels
achieved in 2008. This assumption may underestimate the effect on countries
whose volumes of natural resource extraction will increase signicantly and
over-estimate the growth in countries that will see their natural-resource export
volumes declines. A higher (lower) constant dollar price of natural resource ex-
ports would improve (reduce) the projected growth performance of countries by
an amount proportional to their natural resource intensity.
TECHNI CAL BOX 3 . 2 : ECONOMI C COMPLEXI TY:
THE VOLUME AND CONCENTRATI ON OF EXPORTS AND COUNTRY SI ZE
This box explores the robustness of the impact of the Economic Complex-
ity Index on growth. While the ECI is constructed using export data, its rela-
tionship with future growth is not driven by export volumes or concentration.
To show this, we start with our basic growth equation (Table 3.2.1, column 1).
Column 2 adds to this equation the increase in the real value of the exports
of goods and services in the decade in question as a fraction of initial GDP.
Exports are a component of GDP, and therefore, we expect them to contribute
to growth. Nevertheless, after including the increase in exports, the effect of
ECI on growth remains strong and signicant. Column 3 introduces export as
a share of GDP. We use this as a measure of openness. Column 4 includes the
Herndahl-Hirschman index as a measure of export concentration. Column 5
includes the log of initial population as a measure of size. This is equivalent to
introducing total GDP, given that we are already controlling for GDP per capita.
The contribution to growth of the variables introduced in columns 3, 4 and 5 are
estimated to be very close to zero, are not statistically signicant and do not
affect the ability of the ECI to predict future economic growth.
TABL E 3 . 2 . 1
(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008)
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) 0.04430*** 0.03005*** 0.04240*** 0.04143*** 0.04389***
(0.009) (0.007) (0.008) (0.010) (0.009)
[ECI] X [Income per capita, log] -0.00371*** -0.00244*** -0.00345*** -0.00354*** -0.00381***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Increase exports (goods and services) 0.04549***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.007)
Exports to GDP 0.00009
(0.000)
Export Concentration -0.00890
(0.008)
Population, log 0.00168
(0.001)
Initial Income per capita, log -0.00638*** -0.00562*** -0.00729*** -0.00611*** -0.00558***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.03682*** 0.00169 0.03441*** 0.03699*** 0.03758***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.010) (0.005) (0.008) (0.010) (0.010)
Constant 0.08251*** 0.06741*** 0.08616*** 0.08145*** 0.04878**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.022)
Observations 291 260 284 291 291
R
2
0.434 0.584 0.449 0.436 0.440
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Robust standard errors in parentheses *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
How Is Complexity Different
from Other Approaches?
SE CT I ON 4
e are certainly not the frst ones to
look for correlates or causal fac-
tors of income and growth. There
are plenty of others who have come
before us. One strand of the litera-
ture has looked at the salience of
institutions in determining growth,
whereas others have looked at hu-
man capital or broader measures
of competitiveness. Clearly, more complex economies have
better institutions, more educated workers and more com-
petitive environments, so these approaches are not com-
pletely at odds with each other or with ours. In fact, institu-
tions, education, competitiveness and economic complexity
emphasize different aspects of the same intricate reality. It
is not clear, however, that these different approaches have
the same ability to capture factors that are verifably impor-
tant for growth and development. In this section, we com-
pare each of these measures with the Economic Complexity
Index and gauge their marginal contribution to income and
economic growth.
measures of governance and institutional quality
Some of the most respected measures of institutional
quality are the six Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs),
which the World Bank has published biennially since 1996.
These indicators are used, for example, as eligibility criteria
by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) when se-
lecting the countries they chose to support. These criteria
are based on the direct connection between governance and
growth and poverty reduction.
W
To the extent that governance is important to allow in-
dividuals and organizations to cooperate, share knowledge
and make more complex products, it should be refected in
the kind of industries that a country can support. There-
fore, the Economic Complexity Index indirectly captures in-
formation about the quality of governance in the country.
Which indicator captures information that is more relevant
for growth is an empirical question.
Here we compare the contribution to future economic
growth implied by the WGIs and the ECI using a technique
described in Technical Box 4.1. Since the WGIs are available
only since 1996, we perform this exercise using the 1996-
2008 period as a whole and as two consecutive 6-year pe-
riods. We also compare with each individual WGI and with
the six of them together.
Figure 4.1 shows that the ECI accounts for 15.1 percent of
the variance in economic growth during the 1996-2008 pe-
riod, while the six WGIs combined account only for 1.0 per-
cent. For the estimation using the two six year periods, we
fnd that ECI accounts for 10.5% of the variance in growth,
whereas the six WGIs combined account for 1.6%.
We conclude that as far as future economic growth is con-
cerned, the Economic Complexity Index captures signif-
cantly more growth-relevant information than the 6 World
Governance Indicators, either individually or combined.
This does not mean that governance is not important for the
economy. It suggests that the aspects of governance impor-
tant for growth are weakly refected in the WGIs and appear
to be more strongly refected in the economic activities that
thrive in each country. These may be more effectively cap-
tured by the Economic Complexity Index.
measures of human capital
Another strand of the growth and development literature
has looked at the impact of human capital on economic
growth. The idea that human capital is important for in-
come and growth is not unrelated to our focus on the pro-
ductive knowledge that exists in a society. The human capi-
tal literature, however, has placed its attention on measures
of formal education. Instead, our approach emphasizes the
tacit productive knowledge that is embedded in a countrys
economic activities.
The standard variables used as a proxy for human capi-
tal are the number of years of formal schooling attained by
those currently of working age, or the school enrollment of
the young (Barro and Lee, 2010). Since these indicators do
not take into account the quality of the education received
by pupils, they have been subject to criticism resulting in
new measures of educational quality. These measures use
test scores from standardized international exams, such as
the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment
(PISA) or the Trend in International Mathematics and Sci-
ence Study (TIMSS). Hanuschek and Woessmann (2008) col-
lected data for all the countries that participated in either
program and used this information to generate a measure of
the cognitive ability of students for a cross-section of coun-
tries around the year 2000.
The information on productive knowhow captured by the
Economic Complexity Index and by measures of human
capital, are not just two sides of the same coin. Analytically,
human capital indicators try to measure how much of the
same knowledge individuals have, whether knowledge is
measured as years of study of the national curriculum or as
0%
Control of Corruption
Government Effectiveness
Regulatory Quality
Rule of Law
Voice and Accountability
Political Stability
All Instituional Variables
12 years
6 Years
5% 10% 15%
Contribution to R
2
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and from the measures of governance and institutional quality.
F I G U R E 4 . 1 :
the skills mastered by students according to standardized
international tests. In contrast, the Economic Complexity
Index tries to capture the total amount of productive knowl-
edge that is embedded in a society as a whole and is related
to the diversity of knowledge that a society holds. Clearly,
for a complex economy to exist, its members must be able
to read, write and manipulate symbols, such as numbers or
mathematical functions. This is what is taught in schools.
Yet, the converse is not true: the skills acquired in school
may be a poor proxy for the productive knowledge of society.
For example, if a country were to achieve the goal of hav-
ing everybody fnish a good secondary education and if this
was the extent of its productive knowledge, nobody would
know how to make a pair of shoes, a metal knife, a roll of
paper or a patterned piece of cotton fabric. There is a reason
why job offers request years of experience and not just years
of schooling. This means that what a society makes affects
what kinds of knowledge new workers can acquire on the
job. The human capital approach emphasizes the opposite
logic: what workers formally study is what affects what a
society can produce.
Figure 4.2 shows the relationship between our measure
of economic complexity and years of schooling for the year
2000. It is clear that there is positive relationship between
the two (R
2
=50%). Countries like India and Uganda, or Mon-
golia and Mexico, have very similar levels of average formal
education. Yet, they differ dramatically in economic com-
plexity. India is much more complex than Uganda, and Mex-
ico is much more complex than Mongolia.
Figure 4.3 shows that the relationship between cognitive
ability and economic complexity is also positive.Here we
fnd that Brazil and Ghana are two countries with similar
levels of cognitive ability, but very different levels of eco-
nomic complexity. Brazil is two standard deviations more
complex than Ghana. The same is true for Colombia and
Nigeria. Their measured cognitive abilities are the same, but
Colombia is nearly 1.5 standard deviations more complex
than Nigeria.
For illustration purposes, consider the case of Ghana and
Thailand. Both countries had similar levels of schooling in
1970, but Ghana expanded education more vigorously than
Thailand in the subsequent 40 years (Figure 4.4). But Ghanas
economic complexity and income stagnated as it remained
an exporter of cocoa, aluminum, fsh and forest products.
By contrast, between 1970 and 1985 Thailand underwent
a massive increase in economic complexity, equivalent to
a change of one standard deviation in the Economic Com-
plexity Index (Figure 4.5). This caused a sustained economic
boom in Thailand after 1985. As a consequence, the level of
income per capita between Ghana and Thailand has since
diverged dramatically (Figure 4.6).
Next, we measure these indicators ability to predict fu-
ture economic growth, using the same technique that we
employed to compare ECI to the WGIs (see Technical Box 4.2).
We begin by looking at the relationship between education,
complexity and a countrys level of income per capita. While
data on years of schooling and school enrollment is avail-
able for several years, the data on educational quality exists
only for a cross-section of countries around the year 2000.
We use the data for this year to estimate equations where
the dependent variable is the level of income per capita
and the independent variables are the years of schooling of
the labor force, the Hanushek and Woessmann measure of
cognitive ability, and the ECI. We do not use school enroll-
ment as this variable affects future human capital but not
the human capital invested in creating todays income. The
results, presented in Figure 4.7, indicate that the Econom-
ic Complexity Index explains 17.2 percent of the variance
while years of schooling and cognitive ability account for
only 3.6 percent of the variance when combined.
We also look at the ability of human capital and complex-
ity to explain future growth. To do this we follow a similar
methodology as before (see Technical Box 4.2). In this case,
we include data on school enrollment at the secondary and
tertiary levels as these would affect the years of schooling
of the labor force going forward. We do not include cogni-
tive ability as this variable exists only for a single year.
Figure 4.8 shows that economic complexity accounts for
12.1 percent of the variance in economic growth rates for
the three decades between 1978 and 2008. All education
variables, on the other hand, account only for 2.6 percent
when combined.
These results show that the Economic Complexity Index
contains information that is more directly related to a coun-
trys level of income and its future rate of growth than the
standard variables used to measure human capital.
measures of competitiveness
Finally, we look at measures of competitiveness. The most
respected source of these measures is the World Economic
Forums Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). The GCI has
been published since 1979. Over the course of more than
30 years, the coverage of the GCI has been expanded and
ALB
ARE
ARG
AUS
AUT
BEL
BGD
BGR
BOL
BRA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DEU
DNK
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GHA
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MEX
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROU
RUS
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TJK
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
1
0
1
2
0 5 10 15
Relationship between Years of Schooling and the Economic Complexity Index
(ECI) for the year 2000.
F I G U R E 4 . 2 :
Relationship between Cognitive Ability and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI)
for the year 2000.
F I G U R E 4 . 3 :
ALB
ARG
AUS
AUT
BEL
BGR
BRA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
COL
CZE DNK
EGY
ESP
EST
FIN
FRA
GBR
GHA
GRC
HKG
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JOR
JPN
KOR
KWT
LBN
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MEX
MKD
MYS
NGA
NLD
NOR
NZL
PER
PHL
POL
PRT
RUS
SAU
SGP
SVK
SVN
SWE
THA
TUN TUR
URY
USA
ZAF
ZWE
_
2
-
1
0
1
2
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Years of schooling Cognitive Ability
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x
improved methodologically, going through two major revi-
sions in 2001 and 2006. By 1995, the GCR ranked less than
50 countries, but over the years this number has increased,
now reaching over 130 countries. The claim of the Global
Competitiveness Report is that the index captures the fun-
damental variables that drive growth over the medium term:
We defne competitiveness as the set of institutions,
policies, and factors that determine the level of
productivity of a country. Because the rates of return are
the fundamental drivers of the growth rates of the
economy, a more competitive economy is one that is
likely to grow faster in the medium to long run.
(global competitiveness report 2010. chapter 1.1, page 4)
The GCI develops over 150 measures of elements that it
considers important for competitiveness and then averages
them. The ECI looks, instead, at the actual kinds of industry
that a country can support. Both should capture informa-
tion that is relevant to an economys ability to grow. Which
one does so more effectively is an empirical question that
we address next.
Since we only have data for the GCI rankings, and not the
underlying value of the index, we do the analysis using the
rankings of the Economic Complexity Index instead of its
value. This allows for a fairer comparison. We do compari-
sons using 5 and 10 year panels starting in 1979 and fnd
that the GCI rankings contribute signifcantly less to the
variance of economic growth than the ECI (see Technical Box
4.3 and Figure 4.9).
We conclude that the Economic Complexity Index can ac-
count for a signifcant fraction of the cross-country varia-
tion in income per capita and economic growth, and that
the ECI is a much stronger predictor of growth than other
commonly used indicators that measure human capital,
governance or competitiveness.
2
4
6
8
Y
e
a
r
s

o
f

S
c
h
o
o
l
i
n
g
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Ghana Thailand
Years of schooling of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
F I G U R E 4 . 4 :
-
4
-
2
0
2
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Ghana Thailand
Economic Complexity Index (ECI) of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
F I G U R E 4 . 5 :
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
G
D
P

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

(
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

2
0
0
0

U
S
$
)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Ghana Thailand
Evolution of the GDP per capita of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
F I G U R E 4 . 6 :
0% 5% 10% 15%
Cognitive Abilities
Years of Schooling
All Education Variables
Contribution to R
2
Contribution to the variance of income from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of Human Capital.
F I G U R E 4 . 7 :
0% 5% 10% 15%
Secondary School Enrollment
Tertiary School Enrollment
Years of Schooling
All Education Variables
Contribution to R
2
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of Human Capital.
F I G U R E 4 . 8 :
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
WEF - Competitiveness Ranking
Economic Complexity ranking
10 years
5 Years
Contribution to R
2
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of competitiveness.
F I G U R E 4 . 9 :
TECHNI CAL BOX 4. 1 : GOVERNANCE AND COMPLEXI TY
We compare the contribution to economic growth of the Worldwide Gover-
nance Indicators (WGIs) and economic complexity by estimating a growth re-
gression where all of the WGIs and the Economic Complexity Index are used as
explanatory variables. As controls we include the logarithm of per capita in-
come, the increase in natural resource exports during the period and the initial
TABL E 4 . 1 . 1
Annual i zed growth i n GDP pc (6 years)
1996-2002, 2002-2008
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Income per capita, logs -0.00253*** -0.00149*** -0.00251*** -0.00251*** -0.00257*** -0.00253*** -0.00258*** -0.00254*** -0.00210***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.00420** 0.00246 0.00418** 0.00417** 0.00426** 0.00423** 0.00431** 0.00411** 0.00393**
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Initial NR exports to GDP 0.01181*** 0.00879*** 0.01178*** 0.01177*** 0.01169*** 0.01184*** 0.01214*** 0.01174*** 0.01121***
(0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) 0.00547*** 0.00547*** 0.00536*** 0.00598*** 0.00551*** 0.00531*** 0.00537*** 0.00500***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
[ECI] x GDP per capita, log -0.00035** -0.00035** -0.00034** -0.00042** -0.00036** -0.00032** -0.00034** -0.00026*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Control of Corruption -0.00006 -0.00123 0.00003 -0.00005 0.00000 -0.00006 -0.00006
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Government Effectiveness 0.00029 0.00110 -0.00006 0.00050 0.00036 0.00013 0.00025
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Political Stability 0.00102** 0.00119** 0.00091** 0.00104** 0.00105** 0.00106** 0.00107**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Rule of Law 0.00022 0.00105 0.00046 0.00031 0.00082 0.00003 0.00029
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Regulatory Quality -0.00056 -0.00125 -0.00050 -0.00052 -0.00068 -0.00053 -0.00039
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Voice and Accountability 0.00032 0.00053 0.00034 0.00031 0.00050 0.00033 0.00014
(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Constant 0.02428*** 0.01621*** 0.02412*** 0.02410*** 0.02452*** 0.02421*** 0.02453*** 0.02429*** 0.01868***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002)
Observations 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243
Adjusted R
2
0.420 0.315 0.417 0.422 0.408 0.422 0.420 0.421 0.404
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
R
2
difference 10.5% 0.3% 0.2% 1.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 1.6%
share of GDP represented by natural resource exports. The contribution of each
variable is estimated by taking the difference between the R
2
obtained for the
regression using all variables and that obtained for the regression where the
variable was removed.
Table 4.1.1 shows the results of this procedure using two consecutive six year
periods. Table 4.1.2 shows the same procedure using one twelve year period
(1996-2008). Figure 4.1 of the main text, illustrates the differences in R
2
be-
tween the regression using all variables and those where individual variables
were removed.
TABL E 4 . 1 . 2
Annual i zed growth i n GDP pc (12 years)
1996-2008
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Income per capita, logs -0.00202*** -0.00127*** -0.00199*** -0.00213*** -0.00203*** -0.00196*** -0.00207*** -0.00201*** -0.00202***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.00228*** 0.00255*** 0.00226*** 0.00233*** 0.00228*** 0.00227*** 0.00233*** 0.00232*** 0.00235***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial NR exports to GDP 0.00361*** 0.00314** 0.00357*** 0.00367*** 0.00342*** 0.00367*** 0.00383*** 0.00361*** 0.00369***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Economic Complexity Index [ECI] 0.00380** 0.00371*** 0.00436*** 0.00405** 0.00415*** 0.00364** 0.00392** 0.00467***
(0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001)
[ECI] x [GDP per capita, log] -0.00017 -0.00015 -0.00026 -0.00020 -0.00020 -0.00014 -0.00019 -0.00026**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Control of Corruption 0.00004 -0.00079 -0.00027 0.00001 0.00029 0.00005 -0.00003
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Government Effectiveness -0.00097 -0.00040 -0.00117 -0.00080 -0.00069 -0.00107 -0.00087
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Political Stability 0.00065* 0.00079* 0.00054 0.00057* 0.00078** 0.00069* 0.00059*
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial Rule of Law 0.00103 0.00237*** 0.00121* 0.00073 0.00135* 0.00087 0.00094
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Regulatory Quality -0.00040 -0.00125* -0.00036 -0.00051 -0.00051 -0.00024 -0.00053
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Initial Voice and Accountability -0.00030 -0.00014 -0.00028 -0.00019 -0.00016 -0.00021 -0.00042
(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Constant 0.01960*** 0.01384*** 0.01936*** 0.02052*** 0.01963*** 0.01918*** 0.01993*** 0.01961*** 0.01954***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002)
Observations 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118
Adjusted R
2
0.516 0.365 0.516 0.514 0.510 0.513 0.518 0.519 0.506
Difference in R
2
15.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 1.0%
TECHNI CAL BOX 4. 2 : EDUCATI ON, COGNI TI VE ABI LI TY AND ECONOMI C COMPLEXI TY
We compare the contribution to income of education, cognitive ability and
economic complexity by regressing income against years of schooling, cogni-
tive ability and the Economic Complexity Index. The contribution to income of
each variable is estimated by taking the difference between the R
2
obtained for
the regression using all variables and that obtained for a regression where the
variable in question was removed.
Table 4.2.1 shows the results of this procedure for the year 2000, when cog-
nitive ability data is available. Figure 4.7 in the main text summarizes the results.
We compare the contribution to growth of education and economic complex-
ity by regressing growth against years of schooling secondary school enroll-
ment, tertiary school enrollment, and the Economic Complexity Index. As ad-
ditional controls we include the change in natural resource exports during the
period, the logarithm of per capita income and year xed effects. The contribu-
tion of each variable to growth is estimated by taking the difference between the
R
2
obtained for a regression using all variables and one obtained for a regres-
sion where the variable in question was removed.
Table 4.2.2 shows the results of this procedure for ten year panels starting in
1978, 1988 and 1998. Figure 4.8 in the main text summarize the results.
TABL E 4 . 2 . 1
Income per capi ta, l og Year 2000
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Economic Complexity Index 0.998*** 1.079*** 1.042*** 1.264***
(0.204) (0.214) (0.160) (0.138)
Years of schooling 0.134* 0.213** 0.14750**
(0.077) (0.085) (0.068)
Cognitive ability 0.118 0.875*** 0.344
(0.263) (0.290) (0.249)
Constant 6.294*** 2.861*** 6.38972*** 6.688*** 7.826***
(0.917) (0.995) (0.977) (0.562) (0.183)
Observations 59 59 59 59 59
R
2
0.620 0.448 0.596 0.619 0.584
TABL E 4 . 2 . 2
(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008)
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Initial Income per capita, log -0.009*** -0.006*** -0.008*** -0.009*** -0.009*** -0.007***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.055*** 0.049** 0.055*** 0.055*** 0.055*** 0.061***
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.018) (0.021) (0.018) (0.018) (0.018) (0.017)
Initial Economic Complexity Index 0.044*** 0.046*** 0.044*** 0.045*** 0.052***
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
Initial Economic Complexity Index X Income per capita, log -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004*** -0.004***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Years of schooling (standardized) 0.008* 0.013*** 0.008*** 0.005
(0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
Secondary school enrollment (standardized) 0.000 0.001 0.005** 0.002
(0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.003)
Tertiary school enrollment (standardized) -0.003 -0.003 -0.000 -0.003
(0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.002)
Constant 0.097*** 0.071*** 0.091*** 0.097*** 0.099*** 0.083***
(0.012) (0.012) (0.011) (0.012) (0.012) (0.010)
Observations 263 263 263 263 263 263
R
2
0.409 0.288 0.401 0.409 0.406 0.383
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
TECHNI CAL BOX 4. 3 : GLOBAL COMPETI TI VENESS I NDEX AND GROWTH
TABL E 4 . 3 . 1
Annual i zed growth i n GDP pc
5 year panels 10 year panels
VARIABLES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Ranking of GCI -0.00007* -0.00004 -0.00023 -0.00005
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Ranking of ECI -0.00009*** -0.00007*** -0.00064*** -0.00060***
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Initial income per capita, logs -0.00231*** -0.00092*** -0.00180*** -0.01384*** -0.00439* -0.01200***
(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.004) (0.002) (0.003)
Increase in natural resource exports 0.00709 0.00077 0.00578 0.09135* 0.04545 0.08814*
- in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) (0.008) (0.009) (0.008)
(0.048) (0.049) (0.045)
Constant 0.02744*** 0.01181*** 0.02059*** 0.17473*** 0.06694*** 0.15084***
(0.006) (0.003) (0.004) (0.044) (0.025) (0.030)
Observations 104 104 104 83 83 83
Adjusted R
2
0.255 0.123 0.204 0.233 0.074 0.228
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Here we compare the contribution of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)
and the ECI to economic growth. We use the ranking of countries in the GCI and
the ranking of countries in ECI to predict growth using 5 and 10 year panels.
As controls, we use the increase in natural resource exports during the period
as well as the logarithm of the initial GDP per capita and year xed effects. We
estimate the contribution of the GCI and ECI to growth by taking the difference
between the R
2
obtained for the equation in which they were both included and
that in which one or the other is missing.
Table 4.3.1 shows that eliminating the rank of the ECI from the regression re-
sults in a much larger loss of explanatory power than removing the rank of GCI.
This is true for both 5 and 10 year panels. Figure 4.9 on the main text illustrates
these results.
How Does Economic Complexity Evolve?
SE CT I ON 5
o economic complexity seems to matter: it
affects a countrys level of income per capita
and drives its future growth. It is also dis-
tinct from what is captured by measures of
human capital, governance and competi-
tiveness. But how does complexity evolve?
How do societies increase the amount of
productive knowledge embedded in them?
What limits the speed of this process? And
why does it happen in some places but not in others?
Again, in our interpretation, the complexity of a countrys
economy refects the amount of productive knowledge it
contains. This knowledge is costly to acquire and transfer,
and is modularized into chunks we call capabilities. Capa-
bilities are diffcult to accumulate because doing so creates
a complicated chicken and egg problem. On the one hand,
countries cannot create products that require capabilities
they do not have. On the other hand, there are scant incen-
tives to accumulate capabilities in places where the indus-
tries that demand them do not exist. This is particularly
true when the missing capabilities required by a potential
new industry are many. In this case, supplying any single
missing capability will not be enough to launch the new in-
dustry, given the absence of the other required capabilities.
In a world in which capabilities are complementary, new
capabilities risk not being demanded simply because other
capabilities are not present.
Consider the following example. A country that does not
export fresh produce probably does not have either a cold-
storage logistic chain, an expedited green lane at the customs
service, or a food safety certifcation system. All are needed by
potential produce exporters. Investors planning to provide the
S
capability to refrigerate and transport fresh produce would
not get any traction because they would still need to certify
their produce and get through customs fairly quickly. Yet, the
systems that provide these services are not in place.
It follows then that new capabilities will be more easily ac-
cumulated if they can be combined with others that already
exist. This reduces the need to coordinate the accumulation
of several new capabilities simultaneously. In our example,
if only the green lane at the customs service was missing, it
would be easier to develop the fresh produce export industry.
For this reason, countries are more likely to move into
products that make use of the capabilities that are already
available. These capabilities are available, however, because
they are being used to make other products. An implica-
tion of this is that a country will diversify by moving from
the products they already produce to others that require a
similar set of embedded knowledge. Arguably, it is easier to
move from shirts to blouses than it is to move from shirts to
engines. This is because, in terms of embedded knowledge,
shirts are more similar to blouses than to engines. A test-
able implication of this logic is that countries will move into
products that are similar, in terms of the capabilities they
require, to the ones they already make.
Measuring the similarity in the capability requirements of
different products is not simple. Identifying the precise tech-
nical and institutional requirements of each product would
involve collecting a mindboggling volume of information.
Instead, here we measure similarity using a simple trick. If
shirts require knowledge that is similar to that required by
blouses, but different from that required by engines, then
the probability that a country exporting shirts will also ex-
port blouses will be higher than the probability that it will
The product space.
F I G U R E 5 . 1 :
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
also export engines. So the probability that a pair of products
is co-exported carries information about how similar these
products are. We use this idea to measure the proximity be-
tween all pairs of products in our dataset (see Technical Box
5.1 on Measuring Proximity). The collection of all proximities
is a network connecting pairs of products that are signif-
cantly likely to be co-exported by many countries. We refer
to this network as the product space and use it to study the
productive structure of countries.
We care about the structure of the product space because
it affects the ability of countries to move into new products.
Products that are tightly connected share most of the req-
uisite capabilities. If this is the case, then countries that al-
ready have what it takes to make one product will fnd it
relatively easy to move to the next ones. A highly connected
product space, therefore, makes the problem of growing the
complexity of an economy easier. Conversely, a sparsely
connected product space makes it harder.
Once again, a metaphor may help to clarify these ideas.
Imagine that the product space is a forest, where every prod-
uct is a tree. Trees that require similar capabilities are near
each other in the forest. Distant trees require very different
capabilities. If countries are a collection of frms that make
different products, we can think of frms as monkeys that live
The product space revisited. The same as Figure 5.1 but with node sizes proportional to the Product Complexity Index (PCI).
F I G U R E 5 . 2 :
on trees, meaning that they exploit certain products. Coun-
tries differ in the number and location of their monkeys in
this common forest. The development process, which implies
increasing product diversity and complexity, is akin to mon-
keys colonizing the forest, occupying more trees, and moving
especially into the more complex or fruitier ones.
When monkeys jump to nearby trees it minimizes the
chicken and egg problem of having to accumulate several
missing capabilities at once. Furthermore, if trees are dense-
ly packed together it will be relatively easy for monkeys to
move from tree to tree and populate the forest. But if trees
are far apart, monkeys may be stuck in their current activi-
ties. If the product space is heterogeneous, there may be
some patches of highly related products, where adding ca-
pabilities and expanding into new products would be easier,
and other patches of more loosely connected products that
make the process of capability accumulation and diversif-
cation harder.
What is the shape of the product space we live in? Is it
a world in which the forest is dense or sparse? Figure 5.1
shows a visualization of the product space constructed us-
ing international trade data for the years 2006-2008. Here,
nodes represent products and their size is proportional to
total world trade in that good. Links connect products with
a high probability of being co-exported (see Technical Box 5.2).
The visualization reveals that the product space is highly
heterogeneous. Some sections of it are composed of densely
connected groups of products whereas others tend to be
more peripheral and sparse.
The product space shows that many goods group natu-
rally into highly connected communities. This suggests that
products in these communities use a similar set of capa-
bilities. We can identify communities because the products
that belong to them are more closely connected to each oth-
er than to products outside of the community.Here, we use
network science algorithms to discover the communities of
products that are hidden in the data (see Technical Box 5.3 for
a discussion of the method). We use these communities to
make the discussion of products more tractable. The nearly
800 products in the SITC4 classifcation were grouped into
34 communities, which we identify by color in our visualiza-
tion of the product space (Figure 5.1). The names, complexity,
market size and other characteristics of the communities
appear in Table 5.1.
Figure 5.2 shows a visualization of the product space that
is similar to Figure 5.1, but where the size of the nodes is pro-
portional to the complexity of products they represent, as
estimated by the Product Complexity Index (PCI). It shows
that communities tend to have similar levels of complexity.
Products in the Machinery, Electronics and Chemical com-
22% of WT
6% of WT
2% of WT
0.8% of WT
0.06% of WT
Percentage of World Trade
in each community
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Average Connectedness
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
Community characteristics. Average complexity of the products in each community as a function of its connectedness. Bubble size is proportional
to the communitys participation in world trade.
F I G U R E 5 . 3 :
munities tend to be much more complex than those in the
garments cluster or in peripheral communities such as Oil
and Tropical Agriculture.
Figure 5.3 shows some of the network characteristics of
these communities. Connectedness is a measure of how cen-
trally located a community is in the product space. It is the
average proximity of a communitys products to all other
products, where proximity is the measure of distance be-
tween two products used to construct the product space.
The fgure shows the average connectedness of the products
in each community and their average complexity estimated
by PCI. The fgure reveals a positive relationship between
how centrally located the communities are in the product
space and how complex their products are. Poorly connected
communities such as petroleum, cotton, rice and soybeans
tend to be low in complexity. Machinery, by contrast, is very
complex and highly connected. Sectors such as garments,
textiles and food processing are, on the other hand, in an
intermediate position, being connected but not very sophis-
ticated. Electronics and health-related chemicals, however,
are also very complex but not as connected as machinery.
This suggests they use specifc capabilities relevant within
their communities but not outside of them.
Previous research has shown that the probability that
a country will make a new product is strongly related to
how close that product is to other products the country al-
ready makes. So the location of a country in the product
space captures information regarding both the productive
knowledge that it possesses and the capacity to expand that
knowledge by moving into other nearby products. The abil-
ity of countries to diversify and to move into more complex
products is crucially dependent on their initial location in
the product space.
The product space gives us a glimpse of the embedded
knowledge of countries by highlighting the productive capa-
bilities they posses and the opportunities these imply.We can
evaluate a countrys overall position in the product space by
calculating how far it is to alternative products and how com-
plex these products are. We call this measure opportunity value
and it can be thought of as the value of the option to move into
more and more complex products (see Technical Box 5.4).
Figure 5.4 compares opportunity value with the Economic
Complexity Index and income. It shows that countries with
low levels of complexity tend to have few opportunities avail-
able. This is because the products they do create tend to be
peripheral in the product space. Complex economies tend to
have few remaining opportunities because they already oc-
cupy a large fraction of the better part of the product space.
Countries with an intermediate level of complexity, on the
other hand, differ largely in their opportunity value. Some
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
total amount of productive knowledge embedded in them?
Here we have shown that countries expand their produc-
tive knowledge by moving into nearby goods. This increases
the likelihood that the effort to accumulate any additional
capability will be successful, as the complementary capa-
bilities needed to make a new product are more likely to be
present in the production of the nearby goods.
What limits the speed of this process? Since capabilities
are useful only when combined with others, the accumula-
tion of capabilities is slowed down by the chicken and egg
problem. New products may require capabilities that do not
exist precisely because the other products that use them are
not present. Moreover, since capabilities are chunks of tacit
knowledge, accumulating them is diffcult even when there
is demand for them, because the country does not have any
exemplars to copy.
Most important, why does this process of development
occur in some places, but not in others? There are many
answers to this question. Our approach adds an alternative
answer by showing that a countrys position in the product
space determines its opportunities to expand its produc-
tive knowledge and increase its level of economic complex-
ity. But the product space is highly heterogeneous, placing
countries in radically different settings. Ultimately, develop-
ment is the expression of the total amount of productive
knowledge that is embedded in a society. But the process by
which this knowledge is accumulated has a structure that
we are only now starting to understand.
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
GDP per capita [2008]
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH
BLR
BOL
BRA
BWA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HR
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROU
RUS
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SRB
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
TCD
THA
TJK
TKM
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y

V
a
l
u
e
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y

V
a
l
u
e
AG0
ALB
ARE
ARG
AUS
AUT AZE
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH BLR
BOL
BRA
BWA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DNK
DOM
DZA ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROU
RUS
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SRB
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TJK
TKM
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
Opportunity Value as a function of the Economic Complexity Index and GDP per capita.
F I G U R E 5 . 4 :
countries like Saudi Arabia, Jamaica and Chile, are located in
parts of the product space that imply few opportunities. Oth-
ers, like India, Greece, Turkey, Brazil and Indonesia are located
in parts of the product space where opportunities are plenti-
ful. Figure 5.4 also shows that countries with similar incomes
face dramatically different opportunities.
Finally, we illustrate how countries move through the prod-
uct space by looking at Ghana, Poland, Thailand and Turkey
(Figure 5.5). Here, square nodes with thick black outlines are
used to indicate the products that each of these countries
was exporting at each point in time. In all cases we see that
new industries new black squares tend to lie close to the
industries already present in these countries. The productive
transformation undergone by Poland, Thailand and Turkey,
however, look striking compared to that of Ghana. Thailand
and Turkey, in particular, moved from mostly agricultural so-
cieties to manufacturing powerhouses during the 1975-2009
period. Poland, also exploded towards the center of the prod-
uct space during the last two decades, becoming a manufac-
turer of most products in both the home and offce and the
processed foods community and signifcantly increasing its
participation in the production of machinery. These trans-
formations imply an increase in embedded knowledge that
is refected in our Economic Complexity Index. Ultimately,
it is these transformations that underpinned the impressive
growth performance of these countries.
We started this section asking several questions: How
does complexity evolve? And how do societies increase the
TABL E 5 . 1 :
CHARACT E RI S T I CS OF P RODUCT COMMUNI T I E S
Community Name Average PCI
Number of
Products
World Trade World Share
Top 3 Countries by Export
Volume
Top 3 Countries by Num-
ber of Products (RCA>1)
Machinery 2.54 125 4.4T 20.29% DEU, USA, JPN DEU, ITA, AUT
Electronics 2.25 52 3.6T 16.71% CHN, HKG, USA CHN, HKG, MYS
Oil -2.08 4 2.3T 10.49% SAU, RUS, NOR EGY, KAZ, DZA
Chemicals & Health 2.52 64 1.6T 7.47% USA, DEU, BEL USA, BEL, DEU
Other Chemicals 1.67 24 1.2T 5.49% DEU, USA, FRA DEU, ITA, ESP
Construction Materials & Equipment 0.77 44 1.1T 5.23% CHN, DEU, ITA CZE, POL, SVN
Mining -0.59 48 1.1T 5.01% AUS, USA, CHL CAN, AUS, KAZ
Garments -0.43 42 1.1T 4.63% CHN, HKG, ITA CHN, VNM, TUN
Food Processing -0.07 26 603B 2.74% DEU, ITA, USA SRB, ESP, BEL
Metal Products 0.76 17 496B 2.26% JPN, DEU, KOR ZAF, UKR, SVK
Aircraft 1.48 10 440B 2.00% FRA, DEU, GBR CAN, GBR, FRA
Not Classied 0.93 36 426B 1.94% USA, CHN, DEU CHN, FRA, GBR
Cereals & Vegetable Oils -0.34 21 295B 1.34% USA, BRA, ARG PRY, MDA, ARG
Home & Ofce 1.16 23 250B 1.14% CHN, CHE, USA CHN, PAN, PRT
Meat & Eggs 0.64 23 242B 1.10% USA, BRA, DEU FRA, BEL, POL
Ships 0.83 8 232B 1.05% KOR, CHN, JPN ROU, POL, HRV
Petrochemicals 1.22 5 220B 1.00% DEU, USA, BEL PRT, BEL, FRA
Boilers 1.56 14 193B 0.88% CHN, DEU, JPN CHN, TUR, KOR
Fish & Seafood -1.23 11 191B 0.87% CHN, NOR, THA CHL, NAM, SYC
Textile & Fabrics 0.18 32 189B 0.86% CHN, ITA, HKG CHN, TUR, IND
Tropical Agriculture -1.95 16 190B 0.86% IDN, NLD, MYS IDN, CIV, CRI
Coal 0.21 6 183B 0.83% AUS, IDN, RUS CZE, COL, RUS
Misc Agriculture -0.79 22 170B 0.78% BRA, DEU, FRA ESP, TZA, NIC
Precious Stones 0.02 4 170B 0.77% IND, ISR, BEL GBR, LBN, LKA
Pulp & Paper 1.77 11 148B 0.67% USA, CAN, SWE SWE, FIN, CAN
Agrochemicals 0.40 13 141B 0.64% DEU, USA, CAN BEL, JOR, DEU
Milk & Cheese 1.14 7 134B 0.61% DEU, FRA, NLD NLD, BLR, LTU
Beer, Spirits & Cigarettes 0.07 6 124B 0.57% GBR, NLD, DEU JAM, BEL, NLD
Inorganic Salts & Acids -0.22 10 117B 0.53% USA, CHN, DEU ISR, JOR, USA
Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.25 18 96B 0.44% USA, IND, THA TZA, MOZ, GRC
Tobacco -1.46 6 64B 0.29% DEU, NLD, BRA PHL, GRC, SEN
Leather -0.85 14 53B 0.24% ITA, USA, HKG ALB, SOM, ESP
Fruit -0.58 4 45B 0.21% ESP, USA, CHL NLD, LBN, LTU
Animal Fibers -0.85 7 12B 0.06% AUS, CHN, ITA URY, NZL, ZAF
ELECTRONICS
MACHINERY
AIRCRAFT
BOILERS
SHIPS
METAL PRODUCTS
CONSTR. MATL. & EQPT.
HOME & OFFICE
PULP & PAPER
CHEMICALS & HEALTH
AGROCHEMICALS
OTHER CHEMICALS
INOR. SALTS & ACIDS
PETROCHEMICALS
LEATHER
MILK & CHEESE
ANIMAL FIBERS
MEAT & EGGS
FISH & SEAFOOD
TROPICAL AGRIC.
CEREALS & VEG. OILS
COTTON/RICE/SOY & OTHERS
TOBACCO
FRUIT
MISC. AGRICULTURE
NOT CLASSIFIED
TEXTILE & FABRICS
GARMENTS
FOOD PROCESSING
BEER/SPIRITS & CIGS.
PRECIOUS STONES
COAL
OIL
MINING
1975
GHANA
POLAND
THAILAND
TURKEY
The evolution of Ghana, Poland, Thailand and Turkey in the product space: 1975, 1990 and 2009. Black boxes indicate the products in which these countries had RCA>1.
F I G U R E 5 . 5 :
1990 2009
TECHNI CAL BOX 5. 2 : VI SUALI ZI NG THE PRODUCT SPACE
To visualize the product space we use some simple design criteria. First, we
want the visualization of the product space to be a connected network. By this,
we mean avoiding islands of isolated products. The second criteria is that we
want the network visualization to be relatively sparse. Trying to visualize too
many links can create unnecessary visual complexity where the most relevant
connections will be occluded. This criteria is achieved by creating a visualiza-
tion in which the average number of links per node is not larger than 5 and re-
sults in a representation that can summarize the structure of the product space
using the strongest 1% of the links.
To make sure the visualization of the product space is connected, we calcu-
late the maximum spanning tree (MST) of the proximity matrix. MST is the set
of links that connects all the nodes in the network using a minimum number
of connections and the maximum possible sum of proximities. We calculated
the MST using Kruskals algorithm. Basically the algorithm sorts the values of
the proximity matrix in descending order and then includes links in the MST if
and only if they connect an isolated product. By denition, the MST includes all
products, but the number of links is the minimum possible.
The second step is to add the strongest connections that were not selected
for the MST. In this visualization we included the rst 1,006 connections sat-
isfying our criterion. By denition a spanning tree for 774 nodes contains 773
edges. With the additional 1,006 connections we end up with 1,779 edges and
an average degree of nearly 4.6.
After selecting the links using the above mentioned criteria we build a visu-
alization using a Force-Directed layout algorithm. In this algorithm nodes repel
each other, just like electric charges, while edges act as spring trying to bring
connected nodes together. This helps to create a visualization in which densely
connected sets of nodes are put together while nodes that are not connected
are pushed apart.
Finally, we manually clean up the layout to minimize edge crossings and pro-
vide the most clearly representation possible.
To make products you need chunks of embedded knowledge which we call
capabilities. The capabilities needed to produce one good may or may not be
useful in the production of other goods. Since we do not observe capabilities
directly, we create a measure that infers the similarity between the capabili-
ties required by a pair of goods by looking at the probability that they are co-
exported. To quantify this similarity we assume that if two goods share most
of the requisite capabilities, the countries that export one will also export the
other. By the same token, goods that do not share many capabilities are less
likely to be co-exported.
Our measure is based on the conditional probability that a country that ex-
ports product will also export product (Figure 5.1.1). Since conditional prob-
abilities are not symmetric we take the minimum of the probability of exporting
product , given and the reverse, to make the measure symmetric and more
Where =1 if country exports product with RCA>1 and 0 otherwise. is
the ubiquity of product .
TECHNI CAL BOX 5. 1 : MEASURI NG PROXI MI TY
stringent. For instance, in the year 2008, 17 countries exported wine, 24 ex-
ported grapes and 11 exported both, all with RCA>1. Then, the proximity between
wines and grapes is 11/24=0.46. Note that we divide by 24 instead of 17 to mini-
mize false positives. Formally, for a pair of goods and we dene proximity as:
ARGENTINA (ARG) GHANA (GHA)
X-RAY MACHINES MEDICAMENTS X-RAY MACHINES MEDICAMENTS
CREAMS AND POLISHES CHEESE FROZEN FISH
CREAMS AND POLISHES
CHEESE FROZEN FISH
NETHERLANDS (NLD)
P = 1
P = 1/2 P = 1/3
An illustrative example for the proximity measure.
F I G U R E 5 . 1 . 1 :
TECHNI CAL BOX 5. 3 : I DENTI F YI NG PRODUCT COMMUNI TI ES
In network science, groups of highly interconnected nodes are known as
communities. In the Product Space, communities represent groups of products
that are likely to require many of the same capabilities.
We assign products to communities using the algorithm introduced by Ros-
vall and Bergstrom (2008). This algorithm nds communities using a two step
process. First, it explores the network using a collection of random walkers. The
intuition behind this rst step is that nodes belonging to the same community
are more likely to lie close by in the sequence of nodes visited by a random
walker. For instance, take photographic lm, photographic chemicals and sili-
cones. These are three products that are interconnected and belong to a dense-
ly connected region of the product space. Hence, the random walker is much
more likely to go through the sequences {silicones, photographic chemicals,
photographic lm} or {photographic lm, silicones, photographic chemicals}
than {photographic lm, grapes, blouses}. The emergence of these sequences
indicates that photographic lm, photographic chemicals and silicones, prob-
ably belong to the same community. After several iterations of random walks
have been recorded, the algorithm tries to compresses these sequences by
looking for ways to rename nodes and minimize the amount of space required
to store information about these sequences. For instance, if silicones, photo-
graphic lms, and photographic chemicals are grouped into a community called
photographic materials this would allow compressing the sequence by replac-
ing each time it appears by a reference to that community. The algorithm looks
for a compression that preserves as much information as possible. This avoids
the trivial solution in which all products are assigned to the same community.
The communities determined through this algorithm were manually named
and merged into 34 communities (see Table 5.1 for details).
We compare the ability of these communities to summarize the structure of
the product space by introducing a measure of community quality. This is the
ratio between the average proximity of the links within a community, and those
connecting products from that community to products in other communities.
To get a sense of the community quality we compare our assignment of prod-
ucts into communities with a baseline null model and three popular categoriza-
tions. The baseline null model is given by an ensemble of communities of the
same size, where nodes have been assigned to each community at random. In
this case, the average strength of the links within communities is equal to the
average strength of links between communities, and the community quality is 1.
The three categorizations we use as comparators are: the rst digit of the Stan-
dard International Trade Classication, the categories introduced by Leamer
(1984) -based on factor intensities- and the technology categories introduced
by Lall (2000). All three classications produce values of the community qual-
ity between 1.3 and 1.4, indicating that links within communities tend to be, on
average, 30% to 40% stronger than those between communities. The communi-
ties we propose here have a community quality value of 1.94, indicating that the
links between nodes in the same community are, on average, 94% stronger than
those connecting nodes between communities (Figure 5.3.1). The difference in
community quality of our proposed community system and that of the three al-
ternative categorizations is highly statistically signicant with a -value<1x10
-30
.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0+0.005
1.34
1.36
1.39
1.94
R
a
n
d
o
m
S
I
T
C
-
1
L
a
l
l
L
e
a
m
e
r
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
Community quality for fve different ways of grouping products.
F I G U R E 5 . 3 . 1 :
TECHNI CAL BOX 5. 4: UNDERSTANDI NG THE POSI TI ON OF COUNTRI ES I N THE
PRODUCT SPACE: DI STANCE, OPPORTUNI TY VALUE AND OPPORTUNI TY GAI N
Empirically, we nd that countries move through the product space by deve-
loping goods close to those they currently produce. But countries do not make
just one product; they make a certain number. Proximity measures the simila-
rity between a pair of products, so we need another measure to quantify the
distance between the products that a country makes and each of the products
that it does not. We call this measure distance and dene it as the sum of the
proximities connecting a new good p to all the products that country is not cu-
rrently exporting. We normalize distance by dividing it by the sum of proximities
between all products and product . In other words, distance is the weighted
proportion of products connected to good p that country c is not exporting. The
weights are given by proximities. If country exports most of the goods connec-
ted to product , then the distance will be short, close to 0. But, if country only
exports a small proportion of the products that are related to product , then the
distance will be large (close to 1). Formally, Where PCI is the Product Complexity Index of product . The term
makes sure that we count only the products that the country is not currently
producing. Higher opportunity value implies being in the vicinity of more pro-
ducts and/or of products that are more complex.
We can use opportunity value to calculate the potential benet to a country
if it were to move to a particular new product. We call this the opportunity
gain that country c would obtain from making product . This is calculated as
the change in opportunity value that would come as a consequence of develo-
ping product . Opportunity gain quanties the contribution of a new product in
terms of opening up the doors to more and more complex products. Formally, we
can write the opportunity gain as:
Distance gives us an idea of how far each product is given a countrys cu-
rrent mix of exports. Yet, it would be useful to have a holistic measure of the
opportunities implied by a countrys position in the product space. Countries
that make products that are relatively complex, given their current level of inco-
me, tend to grow faster. Hence, it makes sense to include not only the distance
to products, but also their complexity. Some countries may be located near few,
poorly connected and relatively simple products, while others may have a rich
unexploited neighborhood of highly connected or complex products. This means
that countries differ not just in what they make but in what their opportunities
are. We can think of this as the value of the option to move into other products.
Hence, to quantify the opportunity value of a countrys unexploited pros-
pects we can add the level of complexity of the products that it is not currently
weighted by how close these products are to the countrys current export suite.
We can write this mathematically as:
How Can This Atlas Be Used?
SE CT I ON 6
n recent years there has been an explosion in the
use of indexes to rank countries, corporations, cit-
ies and other entities in terms of a myriad of in-
dicators. We have the Human Development Index,
put together by the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP), the Freedom Houses Freedom In-
dex, the World Banks Doing Business, Investment
Climate Assessment and Governance indexes, the
World Economic Forums Competitiveness, Gender
Gap and Trade Facilitation indexes, the OECDs Programme
for International Student Assessment (PISA), the credit rat-
ings of governments and corporations put together by Stan-
dard & Poors, Moodys and Fitch, and the Quality of De-
velopment Assistance published by the Center for Global
Development.
The popularity and usefulness of these efforts refect the
fact that they provide feedback about the relative perfor-
mance of an entity on dimensions that societies fnd impor-
tant and that the publishers want to highlight. The indexes
may help the rated entities to evolve towards better out-
comes by benchmarking current performance, vis-a-vis the
best achievers, and by encouraging learning through imita-
tion and experimentation around best practices.
Here it may be useful to distinguish between the two roles
of any indicator. The frst one is as a measure and the second
one is as a guide to action. As a measure, the critical ques-
tion is whether the index is able to adequately represent the
information that one wants to capture, whether it is free-
dom, human development, solvency, business environment,
governance, educational quality or, in our case, productive
knowledge. As a guide to action the question is what inter-
I
ventions will lead an entity to improve its performance on
the index.
With respect to the latter question, indexes differ in how
clearly they map to a plan of action. At one extreme, the
World Banks Doing Business Index is based on the statutory
requirements to perform certain functions such as register-
ing and closing a business or obtaining a license. Here the
course of action is clear: change the statutes in a direction
that would improve the re-calculated index. However, in
other cases, such as improving rule of law, educational qual-
ity, gender equality, the control of corruption or competitive-
ness, the mapping is not so clear. It is hard to know precisely
which changes in current practice would be refected in bet-
ter performance. This is a general problem in many areas
where the relationship between action and performance is
complex. Should schools reduce class size, improve teacher
training, increase nutritional assistance or implement stan-
dardized exams in order to improve educational quality?
Should societies get more policemen, revamp the judicial
system, encourage press freedom, revise their gun laws or
confront organized crime in order to improve rule of law?
The best humans have been able to do is to emulate some
of the features of the best performers in the hopes that the
elements that were selected for imitation may prove cru-
cial to the achievement of better outcomes. If they do, this
will hopefully be refected in future measures of the index. If
they do not, other actions will be tried until the action taken
is consistently followed by a change in the desired direction.
In our case, the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is based
on the number and the complexity of the products that a
country exports with comparative advantage. Empirically,
countries that do well in this index, given their income lev-
el, tend to achieve higher levels of economic growth. The
ability to successfully export new products is a refection
of the fact that the country has acquired new productive
knowledge that will then open up further opportunities for
progress. What a country needs to do to achieve this will be
highly specifc to the context of the country and the prod-
uct. Better seeds could cause an agricultural revolution; im-
proved infrastructure could open up new possibilities for
light manufactures; clarifying property rights and human
subject regulations may allow for participation in pharma-
ceutical research; changing the responsiveness of training
institutions to the needs of new sectors may unleash their
growth; etc.
The Economic Complexity Index is not easy to manipu-
late through a narrow set of decisions. Ultimately, countries
improve on the index by being able to increase the number
of different activities they can successfully engage in and by
moving towards activities that are more complex. The policy
message for most countries is clear: create an environment
where a greater diversity of productive activities can thrive
and, in particular, activities that are relatively more com-
plex. Countries are more likely to succeed in this agenda if
they focus on products that are close to their current set of
productive capabilities, as this would facilitate the identi-
fcation and provision of the missing capabilities. The ECI
therefore, is accompanied by maps that help chart the op-
portunities and rewards available for each country. These
are maps that are specifc to each country and do not repre-
sent one-size-fts-all development advice.
These maps, however, could also be used by frms search-
ing for a new location or looking to diversify into a new
product. These maps carry information about the produc-
tive capabilities that are present in a given country and the
degree to which these capabilities are relevant to support a
particular new industry.
A map does not tell people where to go, but it does help
them determine their destination and chart their journey to-
wards it. A map empowers by describing opportunities that
would not be obvious in the absence of it. If the secret to
development is the accumulation of productive knowledge,
at a societal rather than individual level, then the process
necessarily requires the involvement of many explorers, not
just a few planners. This is why the maps we provide in this
Atlas are intended for everyone to use.
Which Countries Are Included in This Atlas?
SE CT I ON 7
ountries are highly heterogeneous. When it
comes to the size of their population, terri-
tory, income and economy, countries differ
by orders of magnitude. When it comes to
land, Russia is 1,000 times larger than Ku-
wait. When it comes to population, China is
more than 600 times more populous than
Slovenia. When it comes to Gross Domes-
tic Product, the United States is more than
1,300 times larger than Namibia. All of these are countries
that made it into this Atlas, illustrating the large cross sec-
tion of the world captured in this book.
Products also differ enormously in terms of their world
market size. Depending on the year, crude oil represents fve
to ten percent of world trade while goat skins represent less
than one part in one hundred thousand of world trade. To
make countries and products comparable we control for the
size of the country and of the product by calculating their
Revealed Comparative Advantage (see Technical Box 2.2). This
means that large and small countries and products with big
and small markets count the same as far as our method is
concerned. Moreover, the data of each country affects the
calculations of all others so including data that is noisy or
unreliable greatly affects the integrity of our calculations.
Countries that are too small in terms of their export base,
such as Tuvalu or Vanuatu, or with data that is highly un-
reliable or not adequately classifed, do not provide us with
a suffciently broad sample to infer their structure. This is
why we restrict the analysis to 128 countries, which account
for 99% of world trade, 97% of the worlds total GDP and 95%
of the worlds population.
To generate this list we used a variety of criteria. First, we
C
limit ourselves only to the set of countries for which there
is product-level trade data available in the UN COMTRADE
and income data available for 2008. Second, we only use
data on countries with a population above 1,200,000. Third,
we only consider countries that exported at least 1 billion
dollars per year, on average, between 2006 and 2008. Finally
we remove from this sample Iraq, Macau and Chad, three
countries with severe data quality issues (Figure 7.1).
with GDP and Export information
185 countries
All countries
Population above 1,200,000
147 countries
Trade above $1 Billion
131 countries
Reliable Data (excluding
Iraq, Chad and Macau)
128 countries
Schematic of the procedure used to determine the countries that were included
in the Atlas.
F I G U R E 7. 1 :
COMPLEXITY RANKINGS
PA R T 2
In this part we present ve different rankings. These rankings sort countries according to:
Each of these ve rankings captures a different aspect of the world economy. This is well illustrated by the ve countries that make it to the top of each ranking.
According to the aforementioned ranking order, these are: Japan, China, Uganda, Mauritius and The United States. The heterogeneity of this group shows the wide
range of dimensions that are captured by these ve different rankings (Table 1). Next, we comment each one of them briey, and invite readers to explore them by
themselves.
R2: Per capita Growth Potential R3: Total Growth R4: Change in Complexity R5: Contribution to World GDP
R1: Economic Complexity
0.45 -0.22 0.17 0.58
R2: Per capita Growth Potential
0.54 0.57 0.09
R3: Total Growth
0.54 -0.13
R4: Change in Complexity
-0.09
T A B L E 1
Correlations between the fve different rankings. The low correlations between the rankings indicate that these tend to capture
different dimensions of the world economy.
RANKING 1: Economic
Complexity Index (ECI).
RANKING 2: Expected
Growth in Per Capita GDP
to 2020.
RANKING 3: Expected GDP
Growth to 2020.
RANKING 4: Change in
Economic Complexity (1964-
2008).
RANKING 5: Expected
Contribution to World GDP
Growth to 2020.
R A NK I NG 1 :
ranking 1 shows the Economic Complexity ranking. Here
countries are sorted based on the amount of productive knowl-
edge that is implied in their export structures (see Part 1, Section
2: How do we measure economic complexity?). The countries in
the top ten of this ranking are Japan, Germany, Switzerland,
Sweden, Austria, Finland, Singapore, Czech Republic, the UK
and Slovenia. Immediately after the top 10 we have France,
Korea and the US. Of the top 20 countries, half are in Western
Europe, 3 are in East Asia, and surprisingly 4 are in Eastern
Europe. Israel and Mexico close the list of the top 20. These are
countries with productive structures that are able to hold vast
amounts of productive knowledge, and that manufacture and
export a large number of sophisticated goods. At the bottom of
the economic complexity ranking we have Papua New Guinea,
The Republic of Congo, Sudan, Angola and Mauritania. Figure 1
illustrates the relative levels of economic complexity of coun-
tries in Ranking 1 by plotting ECI as a function of a countrys
current level of GDP per capita. In Map 1, countries are color
coded according to their position in ranking 1.
Interestingly the least complex countries in Western Eu-
rope are Portugal (35) and Greece (53), two countries whose
high income cannot be explained by either their complexity
or their natural resource wealth. We do not think that this is
unrelated to their present diffculties: their current income
has been propped up by massive capital infows and, as these
decline to more sustainable levels, the internal weaknesses
come to the fore. The ECI, however, illustrates clearly how
these mismatches can be identifed from the data.
by region:
By region, the most complex economies in Eastern Europe
and Central Asia are the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hun-
gary, while the worst performing ones are Tajikistan, Turk-
menistan and Azerbaijan. In Latin America and the Carib-
bean the best performers are Mexico (ranked 20), Panama
(30) and Costa Rica (49); Brazil ranks fourth (52 in the world-
wide scale) followed by Colombia (54). The worst performers
are Ecuador (93), Nicaragua (97), Bolivia (101) and Venezuela
(111). In East Asia and the Pacifc, the best performers are Ja-
pan (1), Singapore (7) and Korea (12), followed by Hong Kong
(24), China (29) and Thailand (31). The worst performers are
Lao (102), Mongolia (113) and Papua New Guinea (124).
In South Asia, the best performing country is India (51)
followed by Sri Lanka (71) and Pakistan (82). The list is closed
by Bangladesh (103).
Finally, In Sub-Saharan Africa the most complex econo-
mies are South Africa (55), Namibia (72), Kenya (73), Senegal
(74) and Mauritius (77). The worst performers are Guinea
(123), the Republic of Congo (125), Sudan (126), Angola (127)
and Mauritania (128). We note that many African countries
are not in the rank because they did not satisfy our data flter-
ing criteria (see Part 1, Section 7: Which countries are in the Atlas?).
In the Middle East and North Africa, the best perform-
ers are Israel (19), Lebanon (44), Jordan (45), Tunisia (47) and
Egypt (53). The worst performers are Kuwait (116), Iran (118)
and Libya (119), where the overwhelming presence of oil indi-
cates a narrow base of productive knowledge.
R A N K I N G 1 . E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y I N D E X
RANK ECI
COMPLEXITY (2008)
REGIONAL
ECI
RANKING
COUNTRY NAME ISO CODE ECI 2008
RANK INCOME
2009 [USD]
INCOME 2009
[USD]
REGION
1 1/16 JAPAN JPN 2.316 17 39,738 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
2 1/16 GERMANY DEU 1.985 16 40,670 WESTERN EUROPE
3 2/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.935 3 63,629 WESTERN EUROPE
4 3/16 SWEDEN SWE 1.859 13 43,654 WESTERN EUROPE
5 4/16 AUSTRIA AUT 1.807 10 45,562 WESTERN EUROPE
6 5/16 FINLAND FIN 1.715 11 44,581 WESTERN EUROPE
7 2/16 SINGAPORE SGP 1.639 19 36,537 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
8 1/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 1.628 29 18,139 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
9 6/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.558 20 35,165 WESTERN EUROPE
10 2/27 SLOVENIA SVN 1.523 27 23,726 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
11 7/16 FRANCE FRA 1.473 15 41,051 WESTERN EUROPE
12 3/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 1.469 30 17,078 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
13 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 1.447 9 45,989 NORTH AMERICA
14 3/27 HUNGARY HUN 1.430 37 12,868 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
15 4/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 1.379 32 16,176 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
16 8/16 ITALY ITA 1.308 21 35,084 WESTERN EUROPE
17 9/16 DENMARK DNK 1.267 4 55,992 WESTERN EUROPE
18 10/16 IRELAND IRL 1.231 6 51,049 WESTERN EUROPE
19 1/16 ISRAEL ISR 1.164 26 26,256 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
20 1/21 MEXICO MEX 1.145 49 8,143 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
21 5/27 BELARUS BLR 1.116 64 5,075 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
22 11/16 BELGIUM BEL 1.085 12 43,671 WESTERN EUROPE
23 12/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.044 8 47,917 WESTERN EUROPE
24 4/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 1.023 23 30,065 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
25 6/27 POLAND POL 1.020 40 11,273 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
26 7/27 CROATIA HRV 0.989 36 14,222 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
27 8/27 ROMANIA ROU 0.936 52 7,500 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
28 13/16 SPAIN ESP 0.933 22 31,774 WESTERN EUROPE
29 5/16 CHINA CHN 0.894 81 3,744 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
30 2/21 PANAMA PAN 0.831 54 7,155 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
31 6/16 THAILAND THA 0.814 78 3,893 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
32 9/27 ESTONIA EST 0.791 35 14,238 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
33 14/16 NORWAY NOR 0.777 1 79,089 WESTERN EUROPE
34 7/16 MALAYSIA MYS 0.759 55 7,030 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
35 15/16 PORTUGAL PRT 0.696 28 21,903 WESTERN EUROPE
36 10/27 LITHUANIA LTU 0.683 41 11,141 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
37 11/27 SERBIA SRB 0.644 60 5,872 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
38 12/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.597 68 4,525 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
39 13/27 LATVIA LVA 0.594 38 11,616 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
40 14/27 BULGARIA BGR 0.587 57 6,423 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
41 2/2 CANADA CAN 0.571 18 39,599 NORTH AMERICA
42 15/27 UKRAINE UKR 0.559 87 2,468 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
43 16/27 TURKEY TUR 0.444 47 8,215 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
RANK ECI
COMPLEXITY (2008)
REGIONAL
ECI
RANKING
RANK INCOME
2009 [USD]
INCOME 2009
[USD]
REGION
44 2/16 LEBANON LBN 0.403 48 8,175 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
45 3/16 JORDAN JOR 0.325 73 4,216 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
46 17/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 0.324 45 8,684 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
47 4/16 TUNISIA TUN 0.294 80 3,792 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
48 8/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 0.287 24 29,352 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
49 3/21 COSTA RICA CRI 0.278 58 6,386 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
50 18/27 MOLDOVA MDA 0.266 97 1,516 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
51 1/4 INDIA IND 0.247 99 1,192 SOUTH ASIA
52 4/21 BRAZIL BRA 0.244 46 8,230 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
53 16/16 GREECE GRC 0.214 25 29,240 WESTERN EUROPE
54 5/21 COLOMBIA COL 0.200 63 5,126 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
55 1/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.131 61 5,786 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
56 6/21 URUGUAY URY 0.109 44 9,420 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
57 7/21 ARGENTINA ARG 0.106 50 7,626 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
58 19/27 ALBANIA ALB 0.087 79 3,808 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
59 9/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 0.032 95 1,752 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
60 8/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 0.026 82 3,424 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
61 10/16 INDONESIA IDN -0.007 89 2,349 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
62 20/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD -0.018 69 4,515 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
63 5/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY -0.021 90 2,270 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
64 9/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.064 66 4,637 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
65 10/21 GUATEMALA GTM -0.099 84 2,661 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
66 6/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -0.106 7 50,070 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
67 11/16 VIETNAM VNM -0.181 105 1,113 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
68 7/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.201 34 14,799 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
69 21/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ -0.240 114 860 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
70 22/27 GEORGIA GEO -0.263 88 2,449 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
71 2/4 SRI LANKA LKA -0.265 92 2,068 SOUTH ASIA
72 2/26 NAMIBIA NAM -0.271 72 4,267 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
73 3/26 KENYA KEN -0.276 115 738 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
74 4/26 SENEGAL SEN -0.287 109 1,023 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
75 8/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR -0.290 86 2,474 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
76 11/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.306 33 15,841 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
77 5/26 MAURITIUS MUS -0.307 56 6,735 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
78 12/21 CHILE CHL -0.312 43 9,644 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
79 12/16 AUSTRALIA AUS -0.321 14 42,279 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
80 6/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE -0.327 122 449 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
81 13/21 JAMAICA JAM -0.343 70 4,471 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
82 3/4 PAKISTAN PAK -0.398 111 955 SOUTH ASIA
83 9/16 MOROCCO MAR -0.400 83 2,811 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
84 14/21 CUBA CUB -0.426 62 5,596 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
85 10/16 QATAR QAT -0.438 2 69,754 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
86 15/21 PARAGUAY PRY -0.474 91 2,242 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
RANK ECI
COMPLEXITY (2008)
REGIONAL
ECI
RANKING
RANK INCOME
2009 [USD]
INCOME 2009
[USD]
REGION
87 7/26 UGANDA UGA -0.488 121 490 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
88 16/21 HONDURAS HND -0.518 93 1,918 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
89 17/21 PERU PER -0.576 71 4,469 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
90 8/26 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.594 123 438 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
91 11/16 OMAN OMN -0.604 31 16,207 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
92 23/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.608 53 7,257 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
93 18/21 ECUADOR ECU -0.619 74 4,202 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
94 9/26 BOTSWANA BWA -0.620 59 6,064 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 10/26 TANZANIA TZA -0.637 120 503 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 24/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB -0.658 101 1,156 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
97 19/21 NICARAGUA NIC -0.661 108 1,069 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
98 13/16 CAMBODIA KHM -0.702 117 706 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
99 11/26 CTE D'IVOIRE CIV -0.868 106 1,106 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
100 12/26 GHANA GHA -0.868 107 1,098 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
101 20/21 BOLIVIA BOL -0.879 94 1,758 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
102 14/16 LAO PDR LAO -0.880 112 940 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
103 4/4 BANGLADESH BGD -0.887 119 551 SOUTH ASIA
104 13/26 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.892 126 344 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
105 14/26 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.933 110 990 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
106 15/26 MALAWI MWI -1.024 127 310 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
107 12/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM -1.042 104 1,118 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
108 25/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.054 116 716 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
109 16/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -1.077 124 428 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
110 17/26 MALI MLI -1.103 118 691 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
111 21/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN -1.109 39 11,490 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
112 18/26 LIBERIA LBR -1.128 128 222 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
113 15/16 MONGOLIA MNG -1.166 96 1,573 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
114 13/16 ALGERIA DZA -1.213 76 4,029 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
115 26/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.217 77 3,904 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
116 14/16 KUWAIT KWT -1.219 5 54,260 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
117 27/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.223 65 4,899 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
118 15/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN -1.229 67 4,540 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
119 16/16 LIBYA LBY -1.304 42 9,714 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
120 19/26 GABON GAB -1.364 51 7,502 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
121 20/26 CAMEROON CMR -1.403 102 1,136 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
122 21/26 NIGERIA NGA -1.418 103 1,118 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
123 22/26 GUINEA GIN -1.444 125 407 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
124 16/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -1.577 100 1,172 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
125 23/26 CONGO, REP. COG -1.707 85 2,601 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
126 24/26 SUDAN SDN -1.768 98 1,294 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
127 25/26 ANGOLA AGO -1.793 75 4,081 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
128 26/26 MAURITANIA MRT -1.907 113 919 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
MA P 1 :
F I G U R E 1 :
Rank
1 128
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH
BLR
BOL
BRA
BWA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DEU
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROU
RUS
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SRB
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TJK
TKM
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
GDP per capita in USD [2009]
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x

[
2
0
0
8
]
Illustrates the relative levels of economic complexity of countries in Ranking 1 by plotting ECI as a function of a countrys current level of GDP per capita.
Countries are color coded according to their position in Ranking 1.
R A NK I NG 2 :
Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020
ranking 2 sorts countries according to their expected an-
nual per capita growth. Here countries are sorted accord-
ing to their per capita growth potential, which is estimated
from the mismatch between a countrys current level of ag-
gregate output (GDP per capita) and their level of economic
complexity (see Part 1, Section 3: Why is complexity important?).
China, India and Thailand are at the top of this ranking,
since they are countries with economies that are remark-
ably complex, given their current level of income, and are
expected to catch up faster than other developing nations.
Next come Belarus, Moldova, Zimbabwe, Ukraine and Bos-
nia-Herzegovina, fve countries where the current level of
income is dramatically lower than what one would expect
given their productive capabilities. This ranking shows that
the two regions of the world where the potential of per cap-
ita growth is higher are East Asia and Eastern Europe (Map
2). At the bottom of this ranking we have Sudan, Angola and
Mauritania. These are developing countries where the com-
plexity of their economies does not provide a basis for fu-
ture economic growth, and, where changes in income are
dominated by fuctuations in the price and volume of natu-
ral resource activities. Per capita growth potential as a func-
tion of GDP per capita is illustrated in Figure 2.
The projection presented here is driven mainly by the gap
between the initial level of complexity of an economy and its
level of income. Countries whose income level is low relative
to their complexity will grow faster. The opposite occurs for
countries whose initial income is high, relative to their initial
complexity. The projection requires an assumption about the
evolution of natural resource exports. We assume that they
will remain constant in real terms at the high level achieved
in 2008. We believe this hypothesis is reasonable on average,
as commodity prices were unusually high in 2008. To the ex-
tent that prices deviate from this assumption, so will growth.
We do not include information regarding the changes in the
extraction volumes of natural resource in the different coun-
tries, so we will tend to underestimate growth in countries
where natural resource production is expanding faster than
population and overestimating it where it is falling.
by region:
By region, the top performers in East Asia and the Pacifc
are China (1), Thailand (3), Philippines (11), Vietnam (12) and
Malaysia (20), while the worst performance is expected in
New Zealand (93), Mongolia (107), Australia (114), and Papua
New Guinea (123). In South Asia, India is the regional leader
(2), while Bangladesh is the laggard (65).
In the Middle East and North Africa, the expected leaders
in GDP per capita growth are Jordan (14), Egypt (18) and Tu-
nisia (19), while the laggards are Libya (120), Qatar (122) and
Kuwait (124), three oil exporters that are dragged down by
their low complexity and by our assumption that oil exports
per real terms will remain at 2008 levels.
In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the leaders in GDP
per capita growth are expected to be Belarus (4), Moldova
(5), Ukraine (7) and Bosnia (8). The laggards would be Kaza-
khstan (98), Turkmenistan (109) and Azerbaijan (112), three
low-complexity oil exporters. To the extent that they will
carry out their planned expansion in their oil exports, their
growth performance will be better than we project.
In Latin America the leaders are Panama (9), Mexico (10),
El Salvador (31), Guatemala (35) and Colombia (36), while the
laggards are expected to be Chile (86), Bolivia (89), Trinidad
and Tobago (103) and Venezuela (115), four exporters of natu-
ral resources. Brazil ranks 8th in the region and 48th in the
world in expected GDP per capita growth.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the growth leaders are expected to
be Zimbabwe (6), Kenya (13), Uganda (24) and Senegal (25),
while the laggards are expected to be Sudan (126), Angola
(127) and Mauritania (128).
R A N K I N G 2 . E X P E C T E D G R O WT H I N P E R C A P I T A G D P T O 2 0 2 0
RANK EXP.
GROWTH IN
GDP P/C
REGIONAL
RANKING EXP.
GROWTH IN
GDP P/C
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
EXPECTED
GROWTH
IN GDP P/C
2009-2020
GROWTH
IN GDP P/C
1999-2009
RANK
INCOME
2009
[USD]
INCOME 2009
[USD]
RANK
INCOME 2020
EXPECTED
INCOME
2020 [USD]
REGION
1 1/16 CHINA CHN 4.32% 9.6% 81 3,744 70 5,962 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
2 1/4 INDIA IND 4.26% 5.6% 99 1,192 97 1,886 SOUTH ASIA
3 2/16 THAILAND THA 4.05% 3.1% 78 3,893 69 6,023 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
4 1/27 BELARUS BLR 3.99% 7.9% 64 5,075 61 7,806 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
5 2/27 MOLDOVA MDA 3.95% 4.8% 97 1,516 95 2,321 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
6 1/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE 3.79% -6.2% 123 449 122 676 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
7 3/27 UKRAINE UKR 3.73% 5.2% 87 2,468 84 3,694 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
8 4/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 3.59% 4.1% 68 4,525 65 6,669 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
9 1/21 PANAMA PAN 3.58% 3.9% 54 7,155 51 10,529 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
10 2/21 MEXICO MEX 3.50% 0.8% 49 8,143 44 11,894 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
11 3/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 3.50% 2.6% 95 1,752 93 2,560 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
12 4/16 VIETNAM VNM 3.48% 6.0% 105 1,113 99 1,622 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
13 2/26 KENYA KEN 3.46% 0.9% 115 738 114 1,073 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
14 1/16 JORDAN JOR 3.42% 3.7% 73 4,216 68 6,101 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
15 5/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 3.41% 3.7% 114 860 111 1,244 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
16 6/27 ROMANIA ROU 3.39% 4.9% 52 7,500 50 10,823 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
17 7/27 SERBIA SRB 3.38% 3.9% 60 5,872 58 8,467 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
18 2/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY 3.37% 2.9% 90 2,270 89 3,268 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
19 3/16 TUNISIA TUN 3.36% 3.6% 80 3,792 75 5,456 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
20 5/16 MALAYSIA MYS 3.32% 2.8% 55 7,030 53 10,071 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
21 6/16 INDONESIA IDN 3.32% 3.8% 89 2,349 86 3,363 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
22 8/27 HUNGARY HUN 3.31% 2.9% 37 12,868 36 18,420 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
23 9/27 BULGARIA BGR 3.30% 5.5% 57 6,423 54 9,178 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
24 3/26 UGANDA UGA 3.29% 3.7% 122 490 120 700 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
25 4/26 SENEGAL SEN 3.27% 1.3% 109 1,023 101 1,457 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
26 10/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 3.11% 3.1% 29 18,139 29 25,415 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
27 2/4 PAKISTAN PAK 3.11% 2.2% 111 955 107 1,336 SOUTH ASIA
28 7/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 3.09% 3.9% 30 17,078 30 23.866 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
29 11/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 3.08% 4.4% 32 16,176 31 22,579 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
30 12/27 POLAND POL 3.07% 4.1% 40 11,273 38 15,727 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
31 3/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 3.06% 1.7% 82 3,424 79 4,770 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
32 13/27 ALBANIA ALB 3.05% 5.2% 79 3,808 76 5,302 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
33 4/16 LEBANON LBN 3.05% 3.3% 48 8,175 46 11,373 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
34 5/26 MADAGASCAR MDG 3.03% 0.2% 124 438 123 608 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
35 4/21 GUATEMALA GTM 3.02% 0.9% 84 2,661 85 3,693 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
36 5/21 COLOMBIA COL 3.02% 2.4% 63 5,126 64 7,107 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
37 3/4 SRI LANKA LKA 2.97% 4.1% 92 2,068 91 2,852 SOUTH ASIA
38 6/21 COSTA RICA CRI 2.97% 2.1% 58 6,386 56 8,807 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
39 6/26 TANZANIA TZA 2.93% 3.9% 121 503 121 691 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
40 14/27 CROATIA HRV 2.92% 3.5% 36 14,222 32 19,528 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
41 7/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 2.90% 2.2% 61 5,786 60 7,920 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
42 15/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 2.84% 2.3% 69 4,515 67 6,141 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
43 16/27 TURKEY TUR 2.83% 2.3% 47 8,215 47 11,168 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
RANK EXP.
GROWTH IN
GDP P/C
REGIONAL
RANKING EXP.
GROWTH IN
GDP P/C
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
EXPECTED
GROWTH
IN GDP P/C
2009-2020
GROWTH
IN GDP P/C
1999-2009
RANK
INCOME
2009
[USD]
INCOME 2009
[USD]
RANK
INCOME 2020
EXPECTED
INCOME
2020 [USD]
REGION
44 5/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR 2.78% 1.4% 86 2,474 87 3,346 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
45 7/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 2.78% 3.5% 66 4,637 66 6,272 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
46 17/27 GEORGIA GEO 2.77% 6.2% 88 2,449 88 3,308 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
47 18/27 LITHUANIA LTU 2.76% 5.1% 41 11,141 40 15,034 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
48 8/21 BRAZIL BRA 2.73% 2.0% 46 8,230 48 11,067 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
49 19/27 SLOVENIA SVN 2.72% 2.7% 27 23,726 27 31,881 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
50 8/16 JAPAN JPN 2.71% 0.6% 17 39,738 14 53,304 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
51 9/16 CAMBODIA KHM 2.66% 6.3% 117 706 116 942 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
52 20/27 ESTONIA EST 2.65% 5.0% 35 14,238 34 18,984 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
53 21/27 LATVIA LVA 2.63% 5.0% 38 11,616 39 15,454 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
54 9/21 ARGENTINA ARG 2.61% 2.3% 50 7,626 52 10,130 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
55 22/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB 2.61% 5.1% 101 1,156 100 1,534 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
56 6/16 MOROCCO MAR 2.60% 3.5% 83 2,811 83 3,727 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
57 10/21 NICARAGUA NIC 2.60% 1.5% 108 1,069 102 1,417 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
58 11/21 HONDURAS HND 2.59% 2.3% 93 1,918 94 2,540 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
59 23/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 2.58% 5.7% 45 8,684 45 11,491 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
60 8/26 NAMIBIA NAM 2.56% 2.7% 72 4,267 72 5,637 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
61 12/21 URUGUAY URY 2.53% 2.0% 44 9,420 42 12,399 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
62 9/26 ETHIOPIA ETH 2.53% 5.2% 127 344 126 453 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
63 13/21 PARAGUAY PRY 2.50% 0.3% 91 2,242 90 2,941 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
64 7/16 ISRAEL ISR 2.46% 1.6% 26 26,256 26 34,309 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
65 4/4 BANGLADESH BGD 2.40% 4.1% 120 551 119 715 SOUTH ASIA
66 14/21 JAMAICA JAM 2.35% 0.6% 70 4,471 71 5,773 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
67 1/16 GERMANY DEU 2.34% 0.8% 16 40,670 15 52,428 WESTERN EUROPE
68 10/16 SINGAPORE SGP 2.30% 3.1% 19 36,537 19 46,943 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
69 2/16 PORTUGAL PRT 2.30% 0.5% 28 21,903 28 28,136 WESTERN EUROPE
70 10/26 MALAWI MWI 2.27% 1.1% 128 310 127 396 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
71 11/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 2.26% 3.5% 23 30,065 23 38,450 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
72 12/16 LAO PDR LAO 2.24% 4.8% 112 940 113 1,199 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
73 11/26 MAURITIUS MUS 2.22% 3.2% 56 6,735 57 8,578 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
74 15/21 CUBA CUB 2.22% 5.9% 62 5,596 63 7,126 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
75 3/16 ITALY ITA 2.18% -0.1% 21 35,084 21 44,497 WESTERN EUROPE
76 12/26 CTE D'IVOIRE CIV 2.18% -1.8% 106 1,106 103 1,402 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
77 4/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 2.16% 1.2% 20 35,165 20 44,505 WESTERN EUROPE
78 13/26 GHANA GHA 2.16% 3.1% 107 1,098 104 1,388 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
79 16/21 PERU PER 2.13% 3.7% 71 4,469 73 5,635 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
80 17/21 ECUADOR ECU 2.12% 3.3% 74 4,202 77 5,290 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
81 5/16 AUSTRIA AUT 2.10% 1.3% 10 45,562 8 57,271 WESTERN EUROPE
82 6/16 FRANCE FRA 2.09% 0.7% 15 41,051 16 51,566 WESTERN EUROPE
83 7/16 SPAIN ESP 2.08% 1.2% 22 31,774 22 39,863 WESTERN EUROPE
84 14/26 LIBERIA LBR 2.07% -1.3% 129 222 128 278 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
85 15/26 ZAMBIA ZMB 2.06% 2.7% 110 990 112 1,239 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
86 18/21 CHILE CHL 2.05% 2.6% 43 9,644 43 12,054 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
RANK EXP.
GROWTH IN
GDP P/C
REGIONAL
RANKING EXP.
GROWTH IN
GDP P/C
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
EXPECTED
GROWTH
IN GDP P/C
2009-2020
GROWTH
IN GDP P/C
1999-2009
RANK
INCOME
2009
[USD]
INCOME 2009
[USD]
RANK
INCOME 2020
EXPECTED
INCOME
2020 [USD]
REGION
87 8/16 SWEDEN SWE 2.04% 1.5% 13 43,654 12 54,522 WESTERN EUROPE
88 9/16 FINLAND FIN 2.03% 1.7% 11 44,581 11 55,630 WESTERN EUROPE
89 19/21 BOLIVIA BOL 2.03% 1.7% 94 1,758 96 2,194 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
90 16/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 2.03% 4.6% 125 428 124 533 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
91 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 2.01% 0.8% 9 45,989 9 57,260 NORTH AMERICA
92 24/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK 1.95% 6.7% 116 716 117 885 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
93 13/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.91% 1.2% 24 29,352 24 36,132 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
94 17/26 BOTSWANA BWA 1.89% 3.5% 59 6,064 62 7,449 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 18/26 MALI MLI 1.87% 2.9% 118 691 118 848 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 8/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM 1.86% 1.0% 104 1,118 106 1,369 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
97 10/16 BELGIUM BEL 1.86% 1.0% 12 43,671 13 53,457 WESTERN EUROPE
98 25/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 1.82% 7.9% 53 7,257 55 8,853 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
99 9/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU 1.80% 1.0% 34 14,799 37 18,011 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
100 11/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.78% 0.9% 3 63,629 2 77,233 WESTERN EUROPE
101 12/16 GREECE GRC 1.77% 3.0% 25 29,240 25 35,476 WESTERN EUROPE
102 13/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.72% 1.1% 8 47,917 7 57,784 WESTERN EUROPE
103 20/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 1.71% 5.9% 33 15,841 33 19,097 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
104 2/2 CANADA CAN 1.67% 1.1% 18 39,599 18 47,520 NORTH AMERICA
105 14/16 IRELAND IRL 1.65% 1.9% 6 51,049 5 61,138 WESTERN EUROPE
106 15/16 DENMARK DNK 1.63% 0.5% 4 55,992 4 66,902 WESTERN EUROPE
107 14/16 MONGOLIA MNG 1.52% 4.5% 96 1,573 98 1,858 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
108 10/16 OMAN OMN 1.44% 2.8% 31 16,207 35 18,971 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
109 26/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM 1.34% 12.7% 77 3,904 81 4,521 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
110 11/16 ALGERIA DZA 1.28% 2.1% 76 4,029 80 4,632 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
111 12/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN 1.27% 3.5% 67 4,540 78 5,214 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
112 27/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE 1.25% 14.5% 65 4,899 74 5,617 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
113 19/26 GUINEA GIN 1.24% 0.7% 126 407 125 467 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
114 15/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 1.23% 1.7% 14 42,279 17 48,355 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
115 21/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN 1.23% 1.8% 39 11,490 41 13,138 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
116 13/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 1.21% 1.6% 7 50,070 10 57,151 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
117 20/26 CAMEROON CMR 1.20% 1.1% 102 1,136 108 1,296 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
118 21/26 NIGERIA NGA 1.16% 3.5% 103 1,118 110 1,270 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
119 16/16 NORWAY NOR 1.08% 1.1% 1 79,089 1 88,980 WESTERN EUROPE
120 14/16 LIBYA LBY 0.99% 2.1% 42 9,714 49 10,828 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
121 22/26 GABON GAB 0.99% -0.6% 51 7,502 59 8,362 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
122 15/16 QATAR QAT 0.90% NA 2 69,754 3 77,008 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
123 16/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG 0.89% 0.1% 100 1,172 109 1,292 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
124 16/16 KUWAIT KWT 0.82% 2.6% 5 54.260 6 59,391 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
125 23/26 CONGO, REP. COG 0.65% 2.3% 85 2,601 92 2,794 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
126 24/26 SUDAN SDN 0.55% 4.8% 98 1,294 105 1,374 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
127 25/26 ANGOLA AGO 0.54% 7.5% 75 4,081 82 4,329 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
128 26/26 MAURITANIA MRT 0.29% 1.0% 113 919 115 949 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Rank
1 128
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH
BLR
BOL
BRA
BWA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DEU
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROU
RUS
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SRB
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TJK
TKM
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
E
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

a
n
n
u
a
l

G
D
P

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

g
r
o
w
t
h

[
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
2
0
]
MA P 2 :
F I G U R E 2 :
Expected annual GDP per capita growth with respect to GDP per capita in 2009.
Countries are color coded according to their position in Ranking 2.
R A NK I NG 3 :
Expected GDP Growth to 2020
ranking 3 shows the ranking for total GDP growth. This
ranking is dominated by Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The
three East African nations have a level of complexity that
is higher than would be expected given their very low level
of income, and occupy the positions 24, 13 and 39 of the
rankings of growth in GDP per capita. However, they reach
top of the total GDP growth because of their expected lev-
els of high population growth (we use forecast of popula-
tion growth rates to the year 2020 performed by United Na-
tions
1
). With the exception of India and Guatemala, 8 out
of the 10 countries at the top of Ranking 3 are from Africa.
Also, the ranking shows that we expect Indias total GDP
growth to top Chinas. Map 3 shows the geographic pattern
of total GDP growth, and Figure 3 plots total GDP growth as a
function of GDP per capita.
1
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division (2011)
by region:
By region, in East Asia and the Pacifc the expected leaders
in GDP growth are Philippines (12), Malaysia (15) and China
(20), while laggard is Australia (107). In South Asia the best
performing country is expected to be India (8), while Bangla-
desh is the laggard (51). In Eastern Europe and Central Asia
the top performers are the Kyrgyz Republic (21), Turkey (40)
and Uzbekistan (43). The worst performers in this region are
Latvia (114) and Georgia (121).
In Latin America the fastest growing countries are expect-
ed to be Guatemala (9), Panama (13) and Mexico (22), while
the worst performance is expected in Trinidad and Tobago
(119) and Cuba (128). Jordan (11), Egypt (14) and Yemen (16)
are expected to lead GDP growth in Middle East and North
Africa, while the laggards are Iran (117) and Libya (123).
GDP growth in Western Europe is expected to be lead by
The United Kingdom (92), followed closely by Ireland (93).
At the bottom of the list we expect to fnd Greece (126) and
Norway (128).
R A N K I N G 3 . E X P E C T E D G D P G R O WT H T O 2 0 2 0
RANK
EXPECTED
GDP
GROWTH
REGIONAL
RANK
EXPECTED
GDP GROWTH
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
EXPECTED
GDP
GROWTH
2009-2020
GROWTH
1998-2008
RANK
INCOME
2009
[USD]
INCOME
2009
[USD]
RANK
INCOME
2020
EXPECTED
INCOME
2020 [USD]
EXPECTED
POPULATION
GROWTH
REGION
1 1/26 UGANDA UGA 6.41% 4.1% 122 490 120 700 3.11% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
2 2/26 KENYA KEN 6.10% 0.9% 115 738 114 1,073 2.64% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
3 3/26 TANZANIA TZA 6.07% 3.8% 121 503 121 691 3.14% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
4 4/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE 5.93% -7.1% 123 449 122 676 2.14% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
5 5/26 MADAGASCAR MDG 5.85% 1.0% 124 438 123 608 2.82% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
6 6/26 SENEGAL SEN 5.82% 1.6% 109 1,023 101 1,457 2.55% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
7 7/26 MALAWI MWI 5.60% 0.6% 128 310 127 396 3.33% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
8 1/4 INDIA IND 5.51% 5.4% 99 1,192 97 1,886 1.25% SOUTH ASIA
9 1/21 GUATEMALA GTM 5.50% 1.2% 84 2,661 85 3,693 2.48% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
10 8/26 ZAMBIA ZMB 5.25% 2.3% 110 990 112 1,239 3.19% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
11 1/16 JORDAN JOR 5.18% 3.9% 73 4,216 68 6,101 1.76% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
12 1/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 5.14% 2.8% 95 1,752 93 2,560 1.64% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
13 2/21 PANAMA PAN 4.97% 4.0% 54 7,155 51 10,529 1.39% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
14 2/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY 4.94% 3.1% 90 2,270 89 3,268 1.57% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
15 2/16 MALAYSIA MYS 4.83% 3.5% 55 7,030 53 10,071 1.51% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
16 3/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM 4.83% 0.9% 104 1,118 106 1,369 2.97% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
17 9/26 MALI MLI 4.81% 3.2% 118 691 118 848 2.94% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
18 2/4 PAKISTAN PAK 4.80% 2.2% 111 955 107 1,336 1.69% SOUTH ASIA
19 10/26 LIBERIA LBR 4.67% -0.1% 129 222 128 278 2.61% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
20 3/16 CHINA CHN 4.66% 9.4% 81 3,744 70 5,962 0.34% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
21 1/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 4.61% 3.8% 114 860 111 1,244 1.20% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
22 3/21 MEXICO MEX 4.56% 1.8% 49 8,143 44 11,894 1.05% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
23 11/26 ETHIOPIA ETH 4.52% 4.8% 127 344 126 453 1.99% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
24 4/21 HONDURAS HND 4.49% 2.3% 93 1,918 94 2,540 1.90% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
25 4/16 THAILAND THA 4.47% 3.8% 78 3,893 69 6,023 0.42% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
26 4/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR 4.45% 0.7% 86 2,474 87 3,346 1.67% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
27 5/16 VIETNAM VNM 4.41% 5.9% 105 1,113 99 1,622 0.93% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
28 12/26 CTE D'IVOIRE CIV 4.37% -2.0% 106 1,106 103 1,402 2.19% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
29 13/26 GHANA GHA 4.36% 3.1% 107 1,098 104 1,388 2.20% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
30 5/16 TUNISIA TUN 4.31% 3.9% 80 3,792 75 5,456 0.95% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
31 14/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 4.26% 4.7% 125 428 124 533 2.23% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
32 6/16 INDONESIA IDN 4.22% 3.4% 89 2,349 86 3,363 0.91% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
33 5/21 COLOMBIA COL 4.22% 1.8% 63 5,126 64 7,107 1.20% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
34 6/21 COSTA RICA CRI 4.21% 3.0% 58 6,386 56 8,807 1.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
35 15/26 NAMIBIA NAM 4.15% 2.7% 72 4,267 72 5,637 1.59% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
36 7/21 PARAGUAY PRY 4.15% 0.5% 91 2,242 90 2,941 1.65% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
37 6/16 ISRAEL ISR 4.03% 1.8% 26 26,256 26 34,309 1.57% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
38 8/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 3.93% 3.8% 66 4,637 66 6,272 1.14% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
39 9/21 NICARAGUA NIC 3.92% 2.7% 108 1,069 102 1,417 1.33% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
40 2/27 TURKEY TUR 3.88% 2.4% 47 8,215 47 11,168 1.05% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
41 7/16 CAMBODIA KHM 3.84% 7.6% 117 706 116 942 1.18% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
42 7/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU 3.82% 0.9% 34 14,799 37 18,011 2.02% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
43 3/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB 3.76% 4.7% 101 1,156 100 1,534 1.15% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
RANK
EXPECTED
GDP
GROWTH
REGIONAL
RANK
EXPECTED
GDP GROWTH
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
EXPECTED
GDP
GROWTH
2009-2020
GROWTH
1998-2008
RANK
INCOME
2009
[USD]
INCOME
2009
[USD]
RANK
INCOME
2020
EXPECTED
INCOME
2020 [USD]
EXPECTED
POPULATION
GROWTH
REGION
44 16/26 GUINEA GIN 3.73% 1.3% 126 407 125 467 2.49% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
45 17/26 NIGERIA NGA 3.72% 3.1% 103 1,118 110 1,270 2.55% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
46 10/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 3.71% 2.4% 82 3,424 79 4,770 0.65% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
47 8/16 LEBANON LBN 3.71% 2.3% 48 8,175 46 11,373 0.66% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
48 4/27 BELARUS BLR 3.66% 8.1% 64 5,075 61 7,806 -0.33% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
49 3/4 SRI LANKA LKA 3.66% 4.1% 92 2,068 91 2,852 0.69% SOUTH ASIA
50 11/21 BOLIVIA BOL 3.59% 1.4% 94 1,758 96 2,194 1.56% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
51 4/4 BANGLADESH BGD 3.59% 4.0% 120 551 119 715 1.18% SOUTH ASIA
52 9/16 MOROCCO MAR 3.53% 3.0% 83 2,811 83 3,727 0.94% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
53 8/16 LAO PDR LAO 3.52% 4.9% 112 940 113 1,199 1.28% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
54 12/21 BRAZIL BRA 3.50% 2.1% 46 8,230 48 11,067 0.77% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
55 13/21 ARGENTINA ARG 3.44% 1.9% 50 7,626 52 10,130 0.82% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
56 9/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 3.42% 4.8% 30 17,078 30 23,866 0.33% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
57 5/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK 3.42% 6.8% 116 716 117 885 1.47% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
58 18/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 3.37% 2.5% 61 5,786 60 7,920 0.48% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
59 14/21 ECUADOR ECU 3.35% 2.6% 74 4,202 77 5,290 1.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
60 6/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 3.35% 3.8% 29 18,139 29 25,415 0.23% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
61 7/27 ALBANIA ALB 3.33% 6.0% 79 3,808 76 5,302 0.28% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
62 8/27 MOLDOVA MDA 3.33% 5.2% 97 1,516 95 2,321 -0.62% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
63 19/26 CAMEROON CMR 3.30% 1.3% 102 1,136 108 1,296 2.10% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
64 9/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 3.28% 5.0% 68 4,525 65 6,669 -0.30% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
65 10/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 3.28% 4.0% 23 30,065 23 38,450 1.02% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
66 11/16 SINGAPORE SGP 3.27% 4.1% 19 36,537 19 46,943 0.96% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
67 10/27 SERBIA SRB 3.24% 3.9% 60 5,872 58 8,467 -0.14% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
68 15/21 PERU PER 3.23% 3.7% 71 4,469 73 5,635 1.10% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
69 11/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 3.23% 5.0% 32 16,176 31 22,579 0.15% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
70 10/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 3.23% 1.7% 7 50,070 10 57,151 2.02% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
71 12/27 UKRAINE UKR 3.19% 7.0% 87 2,468 84 3,694 -0.54% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
72 20/26 ANGOLA AGO 3.19% 7.8% 75 4,081 82 4,329 2.65% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
73 11/16 QATAR QAT 3.16% NA 2 69,754 3 77,008 2.26% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
74 13/27 HUNGARY HUN 3.15% 4.0% 37 12,868 36 18,420 -0.16% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
75 14/27 ROMANIA ROU 3.15% 5.7% 52 7,500 50 10,823 -0.24% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
76 12/16 OMAN OMN 3.13% 2.8% 31 16,207 35 18,971 1.69% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
77 15/27 POLAND POL 3.10% 4.4% 40 11,273 38 15,727 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
78 12/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG 3.01% -0.2% 100 1,172 109 1,292 2.13% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
79 13/16 KUWAIT KWT 3.00% 2.6% 5 54,260 6 59,391 2.17% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
80 13/16 MONGOLIA MNG 2.99% 5.0% 96 1,573 98 1,858 1.46% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
81 14/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 2.91% 1.8% 24 29,352 24 36,132 1.00% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
82 21/26 GABON GAB 2.90% -1.5% 51 7,502 59 8,362 1.91% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
83 16/27 SLOVENIA SVN 2.90% 4.2% 27 23,726 27 31,881 0.18% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
84 16/21 URUGUAY URY 2.90% 1.5% 44 9,420 42 12,399 0.37% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
85 22/26 SUDAN SDN 2.89% 4.7% 98 1,294 105 1,374 2.35% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
86 17/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 2.89% 2.8% 69 4,515 67 6,141 0.06% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
RANK
EXPECTED
GDP
GROWTH
REGIONAL
RANK
EXPECTED
GDP GROWTH
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
EXPECTED
GDP
GROWTH
2009-2020
GROWTH
1998-2008
RANK
INCOME
2009
[USD]
INCOME
2009
[USD]
RANK
INCOME
2020
EXPECTED
INCOME
2020 [USD]
EXPECTED
POPULATION
GROWTH
REGION
87 17/21 CHILE CHL 2.85% 2.6% 43 9,644 43 12,054 0.80% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
88 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 2.84% 1.6% 9 45,989 9 57,260 0.83% NORTH AMERICA
89 23/26 BOTSWANA BWA 2.84% 3.5% 59 6,064 62 7,449 0.95% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
90 18/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 2.81% 8.3% 53 7,257 55 8,853 0.99% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
91 24/26 CONGO, REP. COG 2.80% 1.3% 85 2,601 92 2,794 2.15% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
92 1/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 2.76% 2.1% 20 35,165 20 44,505 0.59% WESTERN EUROPE
93 2/16 IRELAND IRL 2.71% 3.7% 6 51,049 5 61,138 1.06% WESTERN EUROPE
94 19/27 CROATIA HRV 2.71% 3.9% 36 14,222 32 19,528 -0.21% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
95 25/26 MAURITIUS MUS 2.69% 3.2% 56 6,735 57 8,578 0.47% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 18/21 JAMAICA JAM 2.66% 1.0% 70 4,471 71 5,773 0.31% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
97 19/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN 2.64% 1.4% 39 11,490 41 13,138 1.41% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
98 3/16 SPAIN ESP 2.63% 2.0% 22 31,774 22 39,863 0.55% WESTERN EUROPE
99 20/27 BULGARIA BGR 2.62% 6.3% 57 6,423 54 9,178 -0.68% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
100 4/16 SWEDEN SWE 2.61% 2.5% 13 43,654 12 54,522 0.57% WESTERN EUROPE
101 5/16 FRANCE FRA 2.58% 1.4% 15 41,051 16 51,566 0.48% WESTERN EUROPE
102 15/16 JAPAN JPN 2.57% 1.1% 17 39,738 14 53,304 -0.14% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
103 2/2 CANADA CAN 2.56% 1.9% 18 39,599 18 47,520 0.89% NORTH AMERICA
104 21/27 ESTONIA EST 2.56% 6.6% 35 14,238 34 18,984 -0.09% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
105 22/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM 2.53% 13.6% 77 3,904 81 4,521 1.19% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
106 14/16 ALGERIA DZA 2.53% 2.2% 76 4,029 80 4,632 1.26% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
107 16/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 2.49% 2.2% 14 42,279 17 48,355 1.26% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
108 26/26 MAURITANIA MRT 2.48% 1.7% 113 919 115 949 2.19% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
109 23/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 2.44% 7.3% 45 8,684 45 11,491 -0.14% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
110 24/27 LITHUANIA LTU 2.35% 6.7% 41 11,141 40 15,034 -0.41% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
111 25/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE 2.33% 14.3% 65 4,899 74 5,617 1.08% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
112 6/16 FINLAND FIN 2.33% 3.0% 11 44,581 11 55,630 0.30% WESTERN EUROPE
113 7/16 ITALY ITA 2.31% 0.7% 21 35,084 21 44,497 0.12% WESTERN EUROPE
114 26/27 LATVIA LVA 2.25% 7.6% 38 11,616 39 15,454 -0.37% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
115 8/16 PORTUGAL PRT 2.25% 1.1% 28 21,903 28 28,136 -0.05% WESTERN EUROPE
116 9/16 AUSTRIA AUT 2.24% 2.0% 10 45,562 8 57,271 0.14% WESTERN EUROPE
117 15/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN 2.18% 3.5% 67 4,540 78 5,214 0.92% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
118 10/16 GERMANY DEU 2.17% 1.5% 16 40,670 15 52,428 -0.16% WESTERN EUROPE
119 20/21 CUBA CUB 2.14% 5.9% 62 5,596 63 7,126 -0.08% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
120 11/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 2.13% 1.3% 3 63,629 2 77,233 0.36% WESTERN EUROPE
121 27/27 GEORGIA GEO 2.13% 7.1% 88 2,449 88 3,308 -0.64% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
122 12/16 BELGIUM BEL 2.12% 1.7% 12 43,671 13 53,457 0.27% WESTERN EUROPE
123 16/16 LIBYA LBY 2.08% 2.1% 42 9,714 49 10,828 1.09% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
124 13/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.97% 1.9% 8 47,917 7 57,784 0.25% WESTERN EUROPE
125 14/16 DENMARK DNK 1.96% 1.3% 4 55,992 4 66,902 0.33% WESTERN EUROPE
126 15/16 GREECE GRC 1.96% 3.6% 25 29,240 25 35,476 0.18% WESTERN EUROPE
127 21/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 1.95% 6.7% 33 15,841 33 19,097 0.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
128 16/16 NORWAY NOR 1.77% 1.6% 1 79,089 1 88,980 0.69% WESTERN EUROPE
Rank
1 128
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
UGA
KEN
TZA
ZWE
MDG
SEN
MWI
IND GTM
ZMB
JOR
PHL
PAN
EGY
MYS YEM MLI
PAK
LBR
CHN
KGZ
MEX
ETH
HND
THA SYR
VNM
CIV
GHA
TUN
MOZ
IDN
COL
CRI
NAM
PRY
ISR
DOM
NIC
TUR
KHM SAU UZB GIN
NGA
SLV LBN
BLR LKA
BOL
BGD
MAR LAO BRA
ARG
KOR
TJK
ZAF
ECU
CZE ALB MDA
CMR
BIH
HKG
SGP
SRB
PER
SVK ARE
UKR
AGO
QAT
HUN
ROU
OMN POL
PNG KWT MNG
NZL
GAB
SVN URY
SDN
MKD
CHL
USA BWA
KAZ COG GBR
IRL
HRV MUS
JAM VEN ESP
BGR
SWE
FRA
JPN CAN
EST
TKM
DZA
AUS
MRT
RUS
LTU AZE FIN ITA
LVA PRT
AUT
IRN
DEU
CUB CHE GEO
BEL LBY
NLD
DNK GRC TTO
NOR
E
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

a
n
n
u
a
l

t
o
t
a
l

G
D
P

g
r
o
w
t
h

[
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
2
0
]

10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
MA P 3 :
F I G U R E 3 :
Plots total GDP growth as a function of GDP per capita.
Show the geographic pattern of total GDP growth.
R A NK I NG 4 :
Change in Economic Complexity (1964-2008)
ranking 4 looks at changes in economic complexity. Here
countries are ranked according to the change in ECI experi-
enced between 1964 and 2008. Because of data availability,
this ranking is limited to 101 countries. The countries that
improved the most during this period are Mauritius, Thailand
and Malaysia. Other countries that underwent substantial
transformation during this period were Singapore, Indone-
sia, Brazil, Dominican Republic and Turkey. All of these were
countries that dramatically transformed their economies
during this forty-four year period (see Part 1, Section 5: How
does economic complexity evolve?). These transformations can
be seen in detail in their respective country pages. Figure 4.1
shows the change in ECI observed between 1964 and 2008 as
a function of a countrys current level of income. Map 4 illus-
trates the spatial distribution of these changes. Figure 4 pro-
vides a visual representation of the change in ECI rankings.
Here, each line represents a country, and the vertical position
of the line indicates the position on the ranking for a given
year. Lines were assigned a color using a perfect gradient ac-
cording to their ranking in the initial year (1964). This helps
identify movements in the ranking of economic complexity
during the observed period.
by region:
By region, in East Asia and the Pacifc the countries that
changed their economic complexity the most were Thailand
(2), Malaysia (3), Singapore (4) and Indonesia (5). China oc-
cupies the 31st position in this ranking. The relatively low
position of China in this ranking refects the fact that Chi-
nas transformation built on a productive structure that was
more sophisticated than that of many of its regional neigh-
bors. The laggards of this region are Papua New Guinea (78),
Australia (95) and Mongolia (97).
In South Asia the best performing country was Sri Lanka
(16), while Pakistan (73) is the laggard.
In Eastern Europe and Central Asia the top performers were
Turkey (10) and Romania (19). The lack of historical data for
the region is substantial, however, since many of the coun-
tries in the region used to belong to the Soviet Union and we
do not have good data on their productive structure.
In Latin America the countries that experienced the largest
change in economic complexity were Brazil (7), Dominican
Republic (8) and Mexico (12). The laggards were El Salvador
(86), Chile (87) and Venezuela (92). In the Middle East and
North Africa, Saudi Arabia (9), Libya (11) and Tunisia (20) were
the countries that increased their ECI the most, while the lag-
gards were Morocco (90), which used to be one of the most
complex economies of the region, Iran (91) and Algeria (98).
Finally, in Western Europe the change in ECI between 1964
and 2008 is dominated by that of Finland (26), Spain (39)
and Ireland (46) and the laggards of the region were Portugal
(84), Belgium (89) and Norway (96). We note that Western
Europe is a region in which all countries have always had
positive values of the ECI, which limits the range of poten-
tial positive changes.
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
CHE 1
SWE 2
AUT 3
GBR 4
JPN 5
FRA 6
USA 7
ITA 8
BEL 9
NOR 10
FIN 11
DNK 12
NLD 13
HKG 14
HUN 15
POL 16
IRL 17
PAN 18
PRT 19
KOR 20
ISR 21
CAN 22
BGR 23
ESP 24
CHN 25
ROU 26
SLV 27
SGP 28
JOR 29
CRI 30
NZL 31
AUS 32
URY 33
GRC 34
MEX 35
CHL 36
GTM 37
IND 38
LBN 39
MAR 40
MRT 41
ARG 42
CUB 43
COL 44
EGY 45
DZA 46
TUN 47
ZAF 48
MNG 49
ZWE 50
ALB 51
PAK 52
VEN 53
JAM 54
HND 55
NIC 56
TTO 57
SEN 58
SYR 59
VNM 60
OMN 61
PER 62
TUR 63
PHL 64
ECU 65
LBR 66
BOL 67
IRN 68
PRY 69
MYS 70
BRA 71
THA 72
ZMB 73
MWI 74
CIV 75
GIN 76
MLI 77
KHM 78
LAO 79
LKA 80
KEN 81
GHA 82
MDG 83
COG 84
DOM 85
ETH 86
SAU 87
IDN 88
CMR 89
AGO 90
PNG 91
MOZ 92
TZA 93
UGA 94
SDN 95
GAB 96
NGA 97
QAT 98
KWT 99
MUS 100
LBY 101
JPN 1
CHE 2
SWE 3
FIN 4
AUT 5
GBR 6
SGP 7
KOR 8
HUN 9
FRA 10
USA 11
ITA 12
DNK 13
IRL 14
ISR 15
BEL 16
MEX 17
POL 18
NLD 19
ESP 20
HKG 21
ROU 22
CHN 23
NOR 24
THA 25
MYS 26
PRT 27
PAN 28
CAN 29
BGR 30
LBN 31
TUR 32
BRA 33
NZL 34
TUN 35
JOR 36
CRI 37
GRC 38
IND 39
COL 40
ZAF 41
ARG 42
URY 43
PHL 44
SLV 45
IDN 46
DOM 47
ALB 48
GTM 49
TTO 50
EGY 51
CHL 52
VNM 53
AUS 54
SAU 55
LKA 56
SYR 57
MUS 58
SEN 59
QAT 60
MAR 61
KEN 62
ZWE 63
HND 64
JAM 65
CUB 66
PRY 67
PAK 68
OMN 69
PER 70
UGA 71
MDG 72
NIC 73
KWT 74
ECU 75
TZA 76
ZMB 77
LAO 78
GHA 79
KHM 80
BOL 81
CIV 82
VEN 83
ETH 84
IRN 85
MWI 86
MNG 87
LBR 88
MOZ 89
MLI 90
GAB 91
LBY 92
CMR 93
DZA 94
GIN 95
NGA 96
PNG 97
AGO 98
COG 99
MRT 100
SDN 101
F I G U R E 4 . 1 :
Evolution of the ranking of countries based on ECI between 1964 and 2008. Please see pages 352-353 for a larger version.
R A N K I N G 4 . C H A N G E I N E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y ( 1 9 6 4 - 2 0 0 8 )
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX
RANKING
ECI
(64-08)
REGIONAL
RANKING
ECI (64-08)
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
ECI
(64-08)
ECI
(98-08)
RANKING
ECI
(98-08)
REGIONAL
RANKING
ECI (98-08)
REGION
1 1/22 MAURITIUS MUS -1.99 -0.92 0.42 -0.18 -0.63 -0.31 1.68 0.32 36 10/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
2 1/16 THAILAND THA -0.67 -0.61 0.14 0.09 0.17 0.81 1.48 0.65 11 1/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
3 2/16 MALAYSIA MYS -0.67 -0.49 -0.02 0.02 0.48 0.76 1.43 0.28 43 9/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
4 3/16 SINGAPORE SGP 0.59 0.57 0.66 0.84 1.22 1.64 1.05 0.42 24 6/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
5 4/16 INDONESIA IDN -1.04 -1.04 -0.89 -0.62 -0.19 -0.01 1.03 0.18 51 10/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
6 2/22 UGANDA UGA -1.48 -1.42 -0.78 -1.32 -1.14 -0.49 0.99 0.65 10 3/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
7 1/21 BRAZIL BRA -0.74 -0.55 0.31 0.60 0.68 0.24 0.98 -0.43 104 19/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
8 2/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -1.05 -0.95 0.34 -0.34 -0.72 -0.06 0.98 0.66 9 6/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
9 1/14 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -1.02 -0.93 -2.64 0.51 0.22 -0.20 0.82 -0.42 103 13/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
10 1/6 TURKEY TUR -0.35 -0.49 0.31 0.38 0.28 0.44 0.79 0.17 53 9/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
11 2/14 LIBYA LBY -2.09 -2.31 -2.07 0.08 -0.72 -1.30 0.78 -0.58 114 15/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
12 3/21 MEXICO MEX 0.39 0.24 0.74 0.80 0.80 1.14 0.76 0.35 30 9/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
13 3/22 TANZANIA TZA -1.21 -1.11 -0.66 -1.17 -1.25 -0.64 0.57 0.61 12 4/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
14 4/22 KENYA KEN -0.84 -0.68 0.15 -0.87 -1.12 -0.28 0.56 0.84 3 1/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
15 5/16 PHILIPPINES PHL -0.46 -0.18 0.25 -0.15 -0.31 0.03 0.50 0.34 32 8/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
16 1/3 SRI LANKA LKA -0.73 -0.89 -0.15 -0.47 -0.64 -0.27 0.46 0.37 27 1/3 SOUTH ASIA
17 6/16 JAPAN JPN 1.87 1.93 1.49 2.11 2.21 2.32 0.45 0.11 57 11/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
18 7/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.93 0.94 1.47 0.43 0.53 19 4/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
19 2/6 ROMANIA ROU 0.53 0.88 0.86 1.04 0.64 0.94 0.40 0.29 40 5/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
20 3/14 TUNISIA TUN -0.08 0.12 0.20 0.18 -0.02 0.29 0.37 0.31 38 5/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
21 4/14 LEBANON LBN 0.11 0.86 0.53 0.35 0.08 0.40 0.30 0.32 37 4/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
22 5/14 QATAR QAT -0.73 -2.31 -3.61 0.29 -0.79 -0.44 0.29 0.35 29 2/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
23 3/6 ALBANIA ALB -0.18 0.10 0.39 -0.09 -0.37 0.09 0.26 0.46 21 2/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
24 5/22 GHANA GHA -1.13 -0.97 -0.62 -1.22 -1.18 -0.87 0.26 0.31 39 11/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
25 6/22 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.85 -0.89 -0.60 -1.40 -1.14 -0.59 0.25 0.54 18 6/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
26 1/15 FINLAND FIN 1.47 1.64 1.21 1.64 1.85 1.71 0.24 -0.13 77 4/15 WESTERN EUROPE
27 4/6 HUNGARY HUN 1.19 1.15 0.91 0.99 1.01 1.43 0.24 0.42 23 3/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
28 8/16 VIETNAM VNM -0.40 -0.02 0.02 -0.60 -0.59 -0.18 0.22 0.41 25 7/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
29 4/21 PARAGUAY PRY -0.68 -0.60 -0.16 -0.71 -0.22 -0.47 0.21 -0.25 87 14/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
30 7/22 SENEGAL SEN -0.49 -0.30 -0.36 -0.78 -0.97 -0.29 0.20 0.68 7 2/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
31 9/16 CHINA CHN 0.74 0.75 0.57 0.40 0.33 0.89 0.15 0.57 16 3/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
32 8/22 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF -0.02 -0.20 0.22 0.13 0.41 0.13 0.15 -0.28 91 18/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
33 5/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.45 0.10 -0.08 -0.41 -0.06 -0.31 0.15 -0.25 86 13/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
34 6/14 KUWAIT KWT -1.36 -0.89 -1.94 0.69 -0.55 -1.22 0.14 -0.67 117 16/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
35 6/21 COLOMBIA COL 0.06 -0.23 0.03 0.11 0.28 0.20 0.14 -0.08 72 12/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
36 7/14 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR -0.42 -0.17 -0.29 -0.14 -0.98 -0.29 0.13 0.69 6 1/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
37 2/3 INDIA IND 0.12 0.29 0.40 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.13 0.04 63 4/3 SOUTH ASIA
38 8/14 ISRAEL ISR 1.04 0.78 0.95 1.18 1.24 1.16 0.13 -0.08 73 8/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
39 2/15 SPAIN ESP 0.81 0.89 1.05 1.20 1.13 0.93 0.12 -0.19 81 7/15 WESTERN EUROPE
40 9/22 GABON GAB -1.48 -1.30 -1.40 -1.62 -0.93 -1.36 0.11 -0.44 105 19/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
41 7/21 COSTA RICA CRI 0.22 0.63 -0.04 -0.44 -0.54 0.28 0.06 0.81 4 3/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
42 9/14 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY -0.07 -0.04 0.22 -0.14 -0.30 -0.02 0.05 0.28 42 6/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
43 10/22 CTE D'IVOIRE CIV -0.92 -1.02 -0.58 -1.63 -1.43 -0.87 0.05 0.56 17 5/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
RANKING
ECI
(64-08)
REGIONAL
RANKING
ECI (64-08)
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
ECI
(64-08)
ECI
(98-08)
RANKING
ECI
(98-08)
REGIONAL
RANKING
ECI (98-08)
REGION
44 8/21 ECUADOR ECU -0.66 -0.89 -0.52 -0.81 -0.85 -0.62 0.04 0.23 46 10/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
45 9/21 ARGENTINA ARG 0.09 -0.05 0.43 0.28 0.39 0.11 0.01 -0.28 90 15/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
46 3/15 IRELAND IRL 1.22 1.10 1.10 1.44 1.57 1.23 0.01 -0.34 98 14/15 WESTERN EUROPE
47 10/16 CAMBODIA KHM -0.71 -1.06 0.09 -0.82 -1.19 -0.70 0.01 0.48 20 5/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
48 11/22 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -1.08 -0.71 -0.49 -0.10 -0.38 -1.08 0.01 -0.70 119 23/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
49 12/22 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.88 -0.92 -0.60 -0.77 -1.06 -0.89 -0.01 0.17 52 15/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
50 13/22 NIGERIA NGA -1.38 -1.45 -1.50 -1.71 -1.65 -1.42 -0.04 0.23 47 13/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
51 4/15 SWITZERLAND CHE 2.04 1.89 1.44 1.90 2.08 1.93 -0.10 -0.14 78 5/15 WESTERN EUROPE
52 10/21 PERU PER -0.45 -0.73 0.00 -0.04 -0.26 -0.58 -0.12 -0.32 92 16/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
53 5/15 SWEDEN SWE 2.00 1.88 1.46 2.02 2.03 1.86 -0.14 -0.17 79 6/15 WESTERN EUROPE
54 6/15 AUSTRIA AUT 1.96 1.87 1.39 1.78 1.80 1.81 -0.15 0.01 65 2/15 WESTERN EUROPE
55 11/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 0.47 0.32 0.58 0.57 0.47 0.29 -0.18 -0.18 80 14/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
56 11/21 GUATEMALA GTM 0.09 0.32 -0.36 -0.84 -0.86 -0.10 -0.19 0.76 5 4/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
57 12/21 PANAMA PAN 1.02 1.14 0.03 0.30 -0.13 0.83 -0.19 0.96 2 2/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
58 13/21 JAMAICA JAM -0.15 -0.08 0.12 -0.53 -0.78 -0.34 -0.20 0.44 22 8/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
59 la LAO PDR LAO -0.67 -0.60 -0.47 -1.11 -0.83 -0.88 -0.21 -0.05 70 13/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
60 7/15 DENMARK DNK 1.50 1.40 1.18 1.59 1.54 1.27 -0.23 -0.27 88 12/15 WESTERN EUROPE
61 5/6 POLAND POL 1.26 1.08 0.94 1.11 1.02 1.02 -0.24 0.00 66 15/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
62 14/21 URUGUAY URY 0.35 0.26 0.58 0.49 0.44 0.11 -0.24 -0.33 97 18/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
63 8/15 GREECE GRC 0.46 0.31 0.64 0.20 0.26 0.21 -0.25 -0.04 69 3/15 WESTERN EUROPE
64 10/14 JORDAN JOR 0.58 0.82 1.03 0.42 0.43 0.33 -0.25 -0.11 75 10/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
65 15/21 HONDURAS HND -0.23 -0.13 -0.31 -0.97 -1.09 -0.52 -0.28 0.57 15 7/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
66 14/22 CAMEROON CMR -1.12 -0.71 -0.61 -1.83 -1.73 -1.40 -0.29 0.32 35 9/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
67 11/14 OMAN OMN -0.30 -1.13 -2.45 0.18 -0.33 -0.60 -0.30 -0.27 89 11/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
68 16/21 NICARAGUA NIC -0.36 0.08 -0.29 -0.93 -1.32 -0.66 -0.31 0.66 8 5/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
69 13/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 1.33 1.37 0.92 0.88 0.42 1.02 -0.31 0.60 13 2/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
70 17/21 BOLIVIA BOL -0.57 -0.60 -0.21 -0.99 -0.56 -0.88 -0.31 -0.32 93 17/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
71 9/15 FRANCE FRA 1.79 1.68 1.30 1.67 1.67 1.47 -0.31 -0.20 83 9/15 WESTERN EUROPE
72 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 1.78 1.76 1.35 1.58 1.81 1.45 -0.33 -0.36 99 1/2 NORTH AMERICA
73 3/3 PAKISTAN PAK -0.06 -0.12 0.19 -0.49 -0.72 -0.40 -0.34 0.33 34 2/3 SOUTH ASIA
74 10/15 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.92 1.87 1.36 1.81 1.92 1.56 -0.36 -0.37 101 15/15 WESTERN EUROPE
75 11/15 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.41 1.37 1.08 1.39 1.37 1.04 -0.37 -0.33 96 13/15 WESTERN EUROPE
76 15/22 SUDAN SDN -1.39 -1.15 -0.79 -0.89 -1.08 -1.77 -0.38 -0.69 118 22/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
77 18/21 CUBA CUB -0.03 -0.40 -0.17 -0.39 -0.62 -0.43 -0.40 0.19 50 11/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
78 14/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -1.17 -1.10 -1.04 -1.60 -1.55 -1.58 -0.41 -0.02 67 12/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
79 12/15 ITALY ITA 1.72 1.74 1.29 1.61 1.54 1.31 -0.41 -0.23 85 11/15 WESTERN EUROPE
80 6/6 BULGARIA BGR 1.00 0.71 0.80 1.11 0.65 0.59 -0.42 -0.06 71 17/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
81 16/22 LIBERIA LBR -0.70 -0.64 -0.60 -1.48 -0.60 -1.13 -0.43 -0.52 112 20/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
82 2/2 CANADA CAN 1.02 1.04 1.06 0.97 1.02 0.57 -0.45 -0.45 107 2/2 NORTH AMERICA
83 17/22 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.47 -1.26 -0.09 -0.39 -0.96 -0.93 -0.46 0.03 64 16/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
84 13/15 PORTUGAL PRT 1.17 1.06 0.85 0.69 0.57 0.70 -0.47 0.13 55 1/15 WESTERN EUROPE
85 18/22 MALI MLI -0.63 -0.85 -0.20 -0.62 -1.48 -1.10 -0.48 0.38 26 7/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
86 19/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 0.51 0.67 0.23 -0.61 -1.03 0.03 -0.48 1.05 1 1/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
RANKING
ECI
(64-08)
REGIONAL
RANKING
ECI
(64-08)
COUNTRY NAME
ISO
CODE
1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
ECI
(64-08)
ECI
(98-08)
RANKING
ECI
(98-08)
REGIONAL
RANKING
ECI (98-08)
REGION
87 20/21 CHILE CHL 0.20 0.10 0.28 -0.07 0.12 -0.31 -0.52 -0.44 106 20/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
88 19/22 GUINEA GIN -0.93 -1.02 -0.94 -1.86 -1.79 -1.44 -0.52 0.34 31 8/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
89 14/15 BELGIUM BEL 1.67 1.54 1.24 1.53 1.60 1.08 -0.58 -0.52 111 16/15 WESTERN EUROPE
90 12/14 MOROCCO MAR 0.20 -0.15 0.31 -0.18 -0.51 -0.40 -0.60 0.11 56 7/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
91 13/14 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN -0.61 -0.68 -0.92 -0.86 -0.69 -1.23 -0.62 -0.54 113 14/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
92 21/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN -0.47 -0.19 -0.94 -0.19 0.25 -1.11 -0.64 -1.36 124 21/21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
93 20/22 ANGOLA AGO -1.10 -1.08 -1.57 -1.01 -1.16 -1.79 -0.69 -0.64 115 21/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
94 21/22 CONGO, REP. COG -1.00 -0.88 -1.07 -1.61 -1.58 -1.71 -0.71 -0.12 76 17/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 15/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 0.41 0.37 0.41 0.22 0.18 -0.32 -0.73 -0.50 109 16/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
96 15/15 NORWAY NOR 1.53 1.59 1.13 1.26 0.99 0.78 -0.75 -0.21 84 10/15 WESTERN EUROPE
97 16/16 MONGOLIA MNG -0.08 -0.48 0.15 -0.02 -0.71 -1.17 -1.09 -0.46 108 15/16 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
98 14/14 ALGERIA DZA -0.01 -0.39 -0.26 0.50 -0.81 -1.21 -1.20 -0.40 102 12/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
99 22/22 MAURITANIA MRT 0.40 0.23 -0.12 -1.21 -1.01 -1.91 -2.31 -0.89 123 24/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -3.61 0.53 -0.02 -0.11 -0.08 74 9/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
AZERBAIJAN AZE 0.37 -1.22 -1.60 125 26/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
BANGLADESH BGD 0.03 -0.62 -0.99 -0.89 0.11 58 3/3 SOUTH ASIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.52 0.60 0.08 61 13/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
BELARUS BLR 0.53 1.12 0.59 14 1/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
BOTSWANA BWA -0.62
CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 1.52 1.63 0.10 59 11/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
GERMANY DEU 2.18 1.98 -0.20 82 8/15 WESTERN EUROPE
ESTONIA EST 0.55 0.79 0.24 45 7/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
GEORGIA GEO 0.48 -0.26 -0.74 120 23/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
CROATIA HRV 0.79 0.99 0.20 49 8/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.21 -0.61 -0.82 122 25/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 0.09 -0.24 -0.33 95 19/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
LITHUANIA LTU 0.42 0.68 0.27 44 6/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
LATVIA LVA 0.22 0.59 0.37 28 4/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
MOLDOVA MDA 0.11 0.27 0.15 54 10/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 68 16/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
MALAWI MWI -0.78 -0.65 -1.39 -1.31 -1.02 0.28 41 12/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
NAMIBIA NAM -0.27
RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 0.69 0.32 -0.36 100 20/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
SERBIA SRB 0.64
SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 1.33 1.38 0.05 62 14/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
SLOVENIA SVN 1.43 1.52 0.09 60 12/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.24 -1.05 -0.81 121 24/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
TURKMENISTAN TKM -0.55 -1.22 -0.67 116 22/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
UKRAINE UKR 0.88 0.56 -0.33 94 18/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
UZBEKISTAN UZB -0.15 -0.66 -0.51 110 21/6 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
YEMEN, REP. YEM -1.38 -1.04 0.33 33 3/14 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
ZIMBABWE ZWE 1.15 -0.02 -0.52 -0.56 -0.33 0.23 48 14/22 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Rank
1 99
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH
BLR
BOL
BRA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN CIV
CMR
COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DEU
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROU
RUS
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TJK
TKM
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
C
h
a
n
g
e

i
n

E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

[
1
9
9
8
-
2
0
0
8
]
MA P 4 :
F I G U R E 4 :
Provides a visual representation of the change in ECI rankings.
Illustrates the spatial dristribution of these changes.
R A NK I NG 5 :
Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020
Finally, ranking 5 sorts countries according to their ex-
pected contribution to total world GDP growth in the peri-
od to 2020. As expected, the ranking is dominated by large
economies. The United States and China are expected to be
the largest contributors and are followed more distantly by
Japan and India. What is worth highlighting from ranking 5
is the much larger importance of developing countries in the
contribution to global growth. This is highlighted by the very
large difference in incomes per capita between the top four
countries. Consumers from China, India, Brazil and Mexico
will now be a more important part of global economic dy-
namism, but, given that their lower incomes, their needs are
radically different from those of the richer countries that
have until now led the growth process. This will shape im-
portant changes in the demand structure of future growth.
Figure 5 illustrates Ranking 5 by plotting the expected con-
tribution to total GDP of each country as a function of GDP
per capita. Map 5 shows the spatial distribution of Ranking 5.
by region:
In Western Europe the top contributors to world GDP growth
will be Germany (5), France (6) and United Kingdom (7). In
Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Russia (14), Turkey (15) and
Poland (20) are expected to be the leaders. Brazil (8), Mexi-
co (10), Argentina (22) and Colombia (23) will be the largest
Latin American contributors. In the Middle East and North
Africa, the top contributors are Saudi Arabia (18), Egypt (24)
and Israel (33).
In South Asia, the top contributor to world GDP growth
will be India (4) followed distantly by Pakistan (31). South
Africa (28), Nigeria (38) and Angola (62) will lead the regional
ranking in Sub-Saharan Africa.
R A N K I N G 5 . E X P E C T E D C O N T R I B U T I O N T O WO R L D G D P G R O WT H T O 2 0 2 0
RANKING - CONTRIBUTION TO
WORLD GDP GROWTH TO 2020
REGIONAL RANKING - CONTRIBUTION
TO WORLD GDP GROWTH TO 2020
COUNTRY NAME ISO CODE
CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD GDP
GROWTH TO 2020
REGION
1 1/2 UNITED STATES USA 22.41% NORTH AMERICA
2 1/16 CHINA CHN 14.21% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
3 2/16 JAPAN JPN 7.11% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
4 1/4 INDIA IND 4.89% SOUTH ASIA
5 1/16 GERMANY DEU 3.88% WESTERN EUROPE
6 2/16 FRANCE FRA 3.64% WESTERN EUROPE
7 3/16 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 3.33% WESTERN EUROPE
8 1/21 BRAZIL BRA 3.22% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
9 4/16 ITALY ITA 2.63% WESTERN EUROPE
10 2/21 MEXICO MEX 2.44% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
11 5/16 SPAIN ESP 2.12% WESTERN EUROPE
12 2/2 CANADA CAN 1.88% NORTH AMERICA
13 3/16 KOREA, REP. KOR 1.63% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
14 1/27 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS 1.63% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
15 2/27 TURKEY TUR 1.41% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
16 4/16 INDONESIA IDN 1.37% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
17 5/16 AUSTRALIA AUS 1.26% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
18 1/16 SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.85% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
19 6/16 NETHERLANDS NLD 0.83% WESTERN EUROPE
20 3/27 POLAND POL 0.75% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
21 6/16 THAILAND THA 0.71% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
22 3/21 ARGENTINA ARG 0.61% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
23 4/21 COLOMBIA COL 0.59% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
24 2/16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. EGY 0.58% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
25 7/16 SWEDEN SWE 0.58% WESTERN EUROPE
26 7/16 MALAYSIA MYS 0.58% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
27 8/16 SWITZERLAND CHE 0.56% WESTERN EUROPE
28 1/26 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.55% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
29 9/16 BELGIUM BEL 0.54% WESTERN EUROPE
30 8/16 PHILIPPINES PHL 0.53% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
31 2/4 PAKISTAN PAK 0.48% SOUTH ASIA
32 5/21 VENEZUELA, RB VEN 0.48% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
33 3/16 ISRAEL ISR 0.47% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
34 10/16 AUSTRIA AUT 0.46% WESTERN EUROPE
35 4/16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.42% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
36 9/16 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HKG 0.39% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
37 5/16 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRN 0.39% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
38 2/26 NIGERIA NGA 0.38% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
39 4/27 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.36% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
40 11/16 NORWAY NOR 0.36% WESTERN EUROPE
41 12/16 GREECE GRC 0.34% WESTERN EUROPE
42 13/16 IRELAND IRL 0.34% WESTERN EUROPE
43 10/16 SINGAPORE SGP 0.34% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
GROWTH TO 2020
REGION
44 14/16 DENMARK DNK 0.32% WESTERN EUROPE
45 15/16 FINLAND FIN 0.30% WESTERN EUROPE
46 5/27 ROMANIA ROU 0.29% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
47 16/16 PORTUGAL PRT 0.28% WESTERN EUROPE
48 6/21 CHILE CHL 0.26% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
49 11/16 VIETNAM VNM 0.26% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
50 6/16 KUWAIT KWT 0.26% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
51 7/21 PERU PER 0.24% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
52 6/27 HUNGARY HUN 0.23% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
53 12/16 NEW ZEALAND NZL 0.21% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
54 7/27 UKRAINE UKR 0.20% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
55 7/16 ALGERIA DZA 0.20% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
56 3/4 BANGLADESH BGD 0.19% SOUTH ASIA
57 8/16 MOROCCO MAR 0.18% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
58 8/27 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.18% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
59 9/16 QATAR QAT 0.18% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
60 9/27 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SVK 0.16% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
61 10/16 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC SYR 0.14% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
62 3/26 ANGOLA AGO 0.14% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
63 8/21 GUATEMALA GTM 0.13% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
64 4/26 KENYA KEN 0.12% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
65 9/21 ECUADOR ECU 0.11% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
66 10/21 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.11% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
67 10/27 BELARUS BLR 0.10% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
68 11/16 TUNISIA TUN 0.10% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
69 11/27 CROATIA HRV 0.09% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
70 4/4 SRI LANKA LKA 0.09% SOUTH ASIA
71 5/26 TANZANIA TZA 0.09% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
72 6/26 SUDAN SDN 0.09% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
73 12/16 JORDAN JOR 0.08% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
74 13/16 OMAN OMN 0.08% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
75 14/16 YEMEN, REP. YEM 0.08% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
76 7/26 ETHIOPIA ETH 0.08% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
77 12/27 SERBIA SRB 0.08% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
78 13/27 SLOVENIA SVN 0.08% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
79 11/21 PANAMA PAN 0.08% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
80 15/16 LEBANON LBN 0.07% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
81 12/21 COSTA RICA CRI 0.07% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
82 13/21 CUBA CUB 0.07% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
83 14/27 UZBEKISTAN UZB 0.07% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
84 8/26 UGANDA UGA 0.07% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
85 16/16 LIBYA LBY 0,07% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
86 9/26 GHANA GHA 0.07% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
GROWTH TO 2020
REGION
87 15/27 BULGARIA BGR 0.07% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
88 10/26 CTE D'IVOIRE CIV 0.06% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
89 16/27 AZERBAIJAN AZE 0.05% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
90 14/21 URUGUAY URY 0.05% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
91 11/26 SENEGAL SEN 0.05% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
92 17/27 LITHUANIA LTU 0.05% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
93 15/21 EL SALVADOR SLV 0.05% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
94 12/26 ZAMBIA ZMB 0.04% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
95 13/26 CAMEROON CMR 0.04% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
96 16/21 HONDURAS HND 0.04% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
97 17/21 BOLIVIA BOL 0.04% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
98 18/21 PARAGUAY PRY 0.04% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
99 14/26 MADAGASCAR MDG 0.03% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
100 18/27 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
101 19/27 LATVIA LVA 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
102 20/27 TURKMENISTAN TKM 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
103 15/26 MALI MLI 0.03% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
104 21/27 ESTONIA EST 0.03% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
105 16/26 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 0.03% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
106 13/16 CAMBODIA KHM 0.02% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
107 17/26 NAMIBIA NAM 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
108 22/27 ALBANIA ALB 0.02% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
109 18/26 ZIMBABWE ZWE 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
110 19/21 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.02% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
111 19/26 BOTSWANA BWA 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
112 20/26 GABON GAB 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
113 20/21 JAMAICA JAM 0.02% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
114 21/26 MALAWI MWI 0.02% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
115 22/26 CONGO, REP. COG 0.01% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
116 23/27 MACEDONIA, FYR MKD 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
117 21/21 NICARAGUA NIC 0.01% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
118 14/16 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG 0.01% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
119 24/27 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC KGZ 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
120 23/26 MAURITIUS MUS 0.01% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
121 15/16 LAO PDR LAO 0.01% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
122 25/27 GEORGIA GEO 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
123 26/27 MOLDOVA MDA 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
124 27/27 TAJIKISTAN TJK 0.01% EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
125 24/26 GUINEA GIN 0.01% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
126 16/16 MONGOLIA MNG 0.01% EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC
127 25/26 MAURITANIA MRT 0.00% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
128 26/26 LIBERIA LBR 0.00% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Rank
1 128
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
0.01%
0.1%
1%
10%
100%
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BEL
BGD
BGR
BIH
BLR
BOL
BRA
BWA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DEU
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROU
RUS
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SRB
SVK
SVN
SWE
SYR
THA
TJK
TKM
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
E
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

t
o

t
h
e

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

t
o
t
a
l

w
o
r
l
d

G
D
P

[
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
2
0
]
MA P 5 :
F I G U R E 5 :
Illustrates Ranking 5 by plotting the expected contribuyion to total GDP of each country as a fuction of GDP per capita.
Shows the spatial distribution of Ranking 5.
COUNTRY PAGES
PA R T 3
1 . I DE NT I T Y:
Here we identify the country
using its name and ag.
2 . MAI N I NDI CATORS :
This section shows the Economic Complexity Index
(ECI) for the year 2008 and the expected average
annualized growth for the 2009-2020 period.
The rst number shows the value of the indicator.
Numbers in parenthesis show the global ranking
and the regional ranking for the country.
7. E VOL UT I ON OF E XP ORT COMP OS I T I ON:
This section shows the evolution of the countrys exports per capita
in dollars between 1968 and 2008 at constant 2008 prices.
Colors indicate product communities.These are indicated in the top
right corner of the next page (for states that were formed after 1968,
we use as starting year the rst year for which data is available).
5 . T HE P RODUCT S PACE :
This section shows the position of a country in the
product space. The product space is the network
summarizing global similarities in the productive
knowhow required by products (see Chapter
5). Nodes represent products and are colored
according to communities using the color legend
that can be found at the top right of the next page.
Node size is proportional to global trade in that
product and links connect products that tend to
be exported by the same countries (see Technical
Box 5.1). The footprint of a country on the product
space is indicated using square nodes with thick
black outlines. These are the goods that the
country exports with RCA>1 (see Chapter 2).
6 . E XP ORT OP P ORT UNI T Y
S P E CT RUM:
These two gures summarize the position of
a country in the product space. Here, bubbles
represent a community of products and their size
is proportional to global trade in that product
community. The fraction of each bubble that is
shown in white represents the fraction of all goods
in that community for which the country has an
RCA>1. In this example, out of 125 products in
Machinery, Brazil makes 32 of them, so 75% of the
circle is lled with the color corresponding to the
machinery community. In both charts, the vertical
axis shows the average complexity of the products
in that community that the country is not currently
making. The horizontal axis on the left gure
shows the distance between the countrys current
productive structure to each one of the product
communities. The horizontal of the right gure
displays the opportunity gain, which is a measure
of the number of new products that become closer
if the country were to move into that community
(see Technical Box 5.3). For both the distance and
opportunity gain measures, only the products that
are more complex than the countrys complexity
level are considered. The dashed grey line indicates
the countrys level of economic complexity
measured using the Economic Complexity Index
(ECI). Natural resource based communities are
not shown (mining, precious stones, coal and
oil). Communities for which countries export all
products are not shown.
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
200
400
600
800
1 k
BRAZIL
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
NODE SIZE IS PROPORTIONAL
TO WORLD TRADE
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] 0.244 / (52/4) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 2.73% / (48/8)
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
*Expected annual average for the 2009-2020 period.
0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
C
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
M
is
s
in
g
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
C
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
M
is
s
in
g
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
H O W T O R E A D T H E C O U N T R Y P A G E S
4 . P RODUCT COMMUNI T I E S :
This legend shows the colors used to indicate the
community to which each product belongs. These
are the colors used to identify product communities
in the Product Space, Export Opportunity
Spectrum, Evolution of Export Composition and
Export Treemap sections of the country page.
3 . T RADI T I ONAL I NDI CATORS :
This section shows a small set of indicators that
can be used to put the country in context. For each
indicator, the rst number shows its value and
the numbers in parenthesis show the countrys
corresponding global and regional ranking.
The region the country belongs to is shown to
the right of the indicators.
0813 (8.2%)
2222 (3.1%) 4232
(0.88%)
0711 (8.6%)
1212 (1.7%) 0723
0721 0611
0577
0811
6725 (3.2%) 6727 (1.7%)
6712 (1.5%)
6716 (1.4%)
6744 (1.4%)
6746
(1.3%)
6745
6724 6747
2814
7821 (1.9%)
7139
7132
6731 7431
7224
6251
7842
7259
7138
7621 6252 7923
2815 (5.5%) 2816
(2.4%)
2873
6841 (3.7%)
2517
(2%)
6412
6415
6413
6732
(1.1%)
2483
6342
8510 (4.8%) 6513
6521
0111
(1.4%)
0149
0114
6114
(1.2%)
2919
0360
6871 0712
(1.1%)
5831
(0.88%)
0585 (4.7%)
Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)
0711 (47%)
0612
2631 (8.1%) 0577
(1.2%)
2654
(1.2%)
0422
0440
(3.7%)
0813
(2.2%)
4245
(2%)
2222 5513
0721
(2.7%)
0723
(1.8%)
0611
(1.5%)
4314 0573
2482 (4.6%)
2472 6649
0149 0111
0115
2681
2120
0360
2877
(1.7%)
6673
2879
0712
(1.3%)
0585
6725
Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)
7849 (2.5%) Other
vehicles parts
7821
(1.6%)
7234 (1.2%)
Construction &
mining machinery
7139 (1.2%) Piston
engines parts
N.E.S.
7832 7132
7431 (0.61%)
7162 (0.6%)
7841
7169
7212
7842
6731
6725 (2.9%)
Iron/steel billets
6712 (2.2%) Pig & cast iron
6716 (1.6%) Ferro-alloys
7924 (3.1%) Aircrafts of
more than 15 tons
7923
7643 (1.6%)
Television & radio
transmitters
7938 (1.1%)
Special
floating
structures
6252
2222 (7.8%) Soya beans 0813 (3.1%) Oilcake
4232 (1.9%) Soya bean oil
0440 (1%)
0711 (3%) Green & roasted
coffee & coffee substitutes
0612 (1.3%)
Refined sugar
0611 (2.6%) Raw
sugar beet & cane
1212 (1.8%) Wholly or
partly stripped
tobacco
2631
2815 (7.9%) Not agglomerated iron ore
2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (1.3%)
Aluminiumore
2877
6841 (1.4%)
Unwrought aluminium
& aluminiumalloys
2782 2871
(0.85%)
Copper
0114 (4.3%) Poultry meat
0111 (2.9%) Bovine meat
0149 (1.7%) Other
prepared or
preserved meat &
entrails
0113 (0.97%)
6114 (1.3%) Bovine &
equine leather
0224
2517 (2.7%) Chemical
wood pulp, soda or
sulphate
6415
2483
(0.65%)
6342
6353
6624
5112
5146
5161
0712
5831 5221
5629
0585 (1.5%)
Fruit or
vegetable juices
5121 (1.8%)
Acyclic alcohols
& derivatives
8510 (1.3%)
Footwear
6613
Total Exports: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
POPULATION 192 M / (5/1)
TOTAL EXPORTS USD 198 B / (21/2)
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate:
Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking).
Latin America and the Caribbean.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 1.7 T / (9/1)
GDPPC USD 8,609 / (50/6)
EXPORTS PER CAPITA USD 1,031 / (77/11)
EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP 12 % (120/20)
* Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headers show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country).
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%) 1988
EXPORT
TREEMAP TOTAL EXPORTS: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/R
IC
E
/S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
8 . E XP ORT T RE E MAP S :
This section shows treemaps summarizing the
composition of a countrys exports for the years
1968, 1988 and 2008. The total area represents
100% of the countrys exports, whereas the
smaller areas represent the share of each product.
Products are grouped in communities and colored
accordingly. The rst number shows the SITC4 rev2
code for the product. Parenthesis show the share of
trade represented by that good. Name of products
with large export shares are shown for 2008.
For a full list of products see
http://atlas.media.mit.edu
More interactive visualizations can be
found at: http://atlas.media.mit.edu
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
96
192
288
384
480
ALBANIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2879 (19%) 2872 (4.6%)
3354 (3%)
2882
(1.1%)
2789
(0.99%)
2815
(1%)
3353
(1%)
6612
2890
6716 (15%) 6712 (3.1%)
6822 (2.8%)
1223 (5.8%)
1222
(1.8%)
1211
(1.6%)
1212
2924
(3.2%)
0544 (3%)
0752
0412 0577
0545 (6.9%) 4235
(1.7%)
0579
0561
8429
(1.1%)
8431
(1%)
8423 8441
8997
6592
(2.6%)
5232 (5.1%)
0012
(0.99%)
8211
7731
Total Exports: 235.66 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2879 (24%) 6821 (12%)
3354 (14%) 3330 (6.6%) 2789 (3.7%)
6612 (1.3%)
0544 (3.2%) 2924 (2.2%)
0542
2631 (4.4%) 0577
(0.81%)
2922
(0.79%)
0440 (5.4%)
1222 0575
2114 (1.8%)
2116
(1.2%)
2681
(1%)
0113 0360
6521
(1.9%)
6592 (1.5%)
6513 (1.3%)
5232
(1.7%)
5322
3352
7731
(1.2%)
8960
1124
(1.3%)
6822
(1.2%)
Total Exports: 11.07 M / 228.33 B (0.005%)
8510 (8.8%) Footwear
6123 (8.5%) Non-metal & non-abestos footwear material
8423 (6.3%) Men's
trousers
8462 (5.6%) Knitted undergarments
of cotton
8441 (3.2%) Men's undershirt
8459 (2.1%) Other
knitted outerwear
8435 8451 (1.1%) Knitted
jerseys, pullovers &
cardigans
8463 (1.1%)
8439 (1.1%)
Other
women
outerwear
8429 8472
8471 8422
6354
6991 (4.1%) Base metal
locksmiths wares N.E.S.
7169 (0.97%)
Parts of
rotating
electric plants
N.E.S.
7411 (0.91%)
Gas
generators &
parts
8743
(0.64%)
7161
7264
6725 (4.6%) Iron/steel billets 6716 (2.4%)
Ferro-alloys
6733
7921
7144
2879 (5%) Other non-ferrous base
metals
2871
(1.8%)
2882 (2.8%) Other
non-ferrous base
metals
2731
3354 (1.8%) Petroleum
bitumen N.E.S.
6612 (1.6%)
Cement
6732 (5.7%) Iron/steel rods
8219 6842
(0.58%)
8211
3510 6624
2483
0371 (1.7%) Fish N.E.S.
6114
6421 (2%) Paper
packing containers
8931
2924 (1.7%) Flora
in pharmacy
2820 (1.7%) Iron
& steel waste
5629
(0.54%)
Total Exports: 1.52 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
POPULATION 3.1 M / (114/23)
TOTAL EXPORTS USD 1.5 B / (124/26)
Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking)
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 13 B / (107/22)
GDPPC USD 4,126 / (75/20)
EXPORTS PER CAPITA USD 484 / (96/22)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 11.07 M / 228.33 B (0.005%) 1988
EXPORT
TREEMAP TOTAL EXPORTS: 235.66 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.52 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
460
920
1.3 k
1.8 k
2.3 k
ALGERIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] -1.213 / (114 / 13) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 1.28% / (110/11)
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.987 0.988 0.989 0.99 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.994
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (57%) 3413 (36%) 6727
6749
6712
7283
2713
3345
3352
2820
7752
Total Exports: 8.99 B / 2.79 T (0.32%)
3330 (84%) 1121 (8.5%)
0579
(1.3%)
0565
0571
(2.1%)
0812
0541
2116 6592
Total Exports: 934.18 M / 228.33 B (0.41%)
3330 (58%) Crude petroleum 3414 (20%) petroleum gases
3413 (20%) liquified hydrocarbons
Total Exports: 79.36 B / 15.56 T (0.51%)
Middle East and North Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 171 B / (46/5)
GDPPC USD 4,974 / (67/9)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 934.18 M / 228.33 B (0.41%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 79.36 B / 15.56 T (0.51%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
720
1.4 k
2.1 k
2.8 k
3.6 k
ANGOLA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.9945 0.995 0.9955 0.996 0.9965 0.997 0.9975
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (89%) 6672
(7.5%)
Total Exports: 2.70 B / 2.79 T (0.1%)
0711 (51%)
0548 0542 2924
2654 (3.6%)
2631 (3.2%)
0440 (4.3%)
2232
(0.98%)
0573
(0.84%)
4242
0721
6673 (22%)
2877
2472 (2.5%) 0814
(1.6%)
6575
Total Exports: 289.36 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
3330 (99%) Crude petroleum
Total Exports: 64.94 B / 15.56 T (0.42%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 84 B / (61/3)
GDPPC USD 4,671 / (70/5)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 289.36 M / 228.33 B (0.13%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 64.94 B / 15.56 T (0.42%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
360
720
1 k
1.4 k
1.8 k
ARGENTINA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] 0.106 / (57 / 7) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 2.61% / (54/9)
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.75 0.8 0.85
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0813 (16%)
2222 (6.7%)
0440 (4.7%)
4236 (4.2%)
0412 (4%) 4232 (3.8%)
4241 4249
0459
(1.9%)
2631
(1.9%)
2221
4233
0574 (1.5%)
0571 0572
0542
0812
1212
0611
0111 (3.9%) 0149 (2.5%)
0115
(0.9%)
0616
6114 (5.2%) 2919
0344
(1.3%)
0360
(1.2%)
0342 0343
2682
(1.5%)
2681
(1.5%)
6512 2687
6783
(0.9%)
6727
(0.87%)
6745
6746
6725
6749
6782
(1.8%)
6731
7525
5112
5113
5322 5831
(1.2%)
0579
(1.4%)
0585
6841 (2.2%)
6842
2472
8481
6123
Total Exports: 10.57 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)
0111 (12%)
0149 (9.5%)
0011 (2.4%)
0115 (2.1%)
0112
(1.3%)
0141
(1.3%)
0116
(1.3%)
4113
2681 (5.5%) 2682
(3.2%)
6512
2111 (3.9%)
6114
2919
2116
5922
2120
0814
2911
0440 (13%) 0813 (5.9%)
4241 (1.8%)
4236 (1.6%)
4234
(1.2%)
0430
0812 (3.3%)
0452
(1.5%)
0612
0574 (4.4%) 0459 (2.9%)
0741
5322
(1.6%)
8921
(0.93%)
0579
0545
4235
0546
6782
7512
6732
2876
Total Exports: 1.54 B / 228.33 B (0.68%)
0813 (13%) Oilcake 4232 (8.8%) Soya bean oil
2222 (8.3%) Soya beans 0440 (6.4%) Unmilled
maize
0412 (4.6%) Other wheat & meslin,
unmilled
4236 (2.7%) Sunflower
seed oil
0430
4311
0460
(0.8%)
0488
0812
0482 0572 0459
0422
2221 1212
7810 (5.1%) Cars 7821 (3.4%) Trucks
& vans
7849 (2.3%) Other
vehicles parts
7239 (1.9%)
Bulldozers,
angledozers &
levellers parts
N.E.S.
6782
(0.74%)
7831
6251
7924
0111 (2.5%) Bovine
meat
0114
0616
0116
0360 (1.1%)
0344 0342
0224 (0.89%)
0240
6114 (1.6%) Bovine &
equine leather
3413 (2%) liquified
hydrocarbons
2871 (2%) Copper
9710 (1.3%)
Gold,
non-monetary
6841 (1.2%)
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
5989 (1.9%)
Chemical
products
5839
5913
(0.79%)
5530
(0.64%)
0819
5831
(0.58%)
1121 (1.2%)
Wine
0579 (0.92%)
0585
0589
0914
Total Exports: 70.04 B / 15.56 T (0.45%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 327 B / (29/3)
GDPPC USD 8,189 / (53/7)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.54 B / 228.33 B (0.68%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 70.04 B / 15.56 T (0.45%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.7 k
3.5 k
5.2 k
7 k
8.8 k
AUSTRALIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3222 (16%) 2815 (6.9%)
2873 (4.7%) 6861
2877
2816
6841 (6.7%) 6851
2875
2783
2874
2879
(1.6%)
6821
2871
2872 (1.4%)
6831 5241
5225
3413
2681 (13%)
2682 (2.9%) 6512
0111 (6%) 0012
(0.93%)
0112
(0.91%)
4113
2111 (1%)
2116
0360
(1.6%)
0372
0224
0240
0412 (4.1%)
0430
0611 (2.4%)
2631
(1.1%)
0575
8822
5249
3345 2460
(1.4%)
6842
6749 6725
7132
1121
0589
0579
Total Exports: 35.26 B / 2.79 T (1.26%)
2681 (32%) 2682
(2.5%)
6512
(0.92%)
2686
0111 (9.9%) 0112 (2.6%)
0116 0149
4113
0230
(2.3%)
0224 0240
(0.94%)
5922
2116 (2.5%) 2111
2919
0360
(1.6%)
6851 (3.2%) 2875
2874
2876
6811
(1.5%)
6861 2873
2877
2879
(2.3%)
5225 (2.3%)
6673 2872
0611 (4.5%) 0460
(1.5%)
0612
0488
0482
0452
0574
6749 6822
6727 6712
6731
0589 (2.4%)
0579
9610
(1.4%)
2820
Total Exports: 3.73 B / 228.33 B (1.63%)
3222 (28%) Other coal
2815 (18%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2873 (3.9%) Aluminium
ore
2877
(1.2%)
6861
(0.62%)
2860
9710 (8.5%) Gold, non-monetary
3413 (6.2%) liquified hydrocarbons
6841 (3.1%) Unwrought
aluminium & aluminium
alloys
2875
(0.76%)
6851
2871 (2.4%)
Copper
6821 (1.6%)
Unwrought
copper &
copper alloys
6831 (1.4%)
Unwrought nickel
& nickel alloys
2872 (0.95%)
0111 (3%) Bovine meat 0112 (0.82%)
0116
0224 (0.82%)
0240
2681 (1.2%) Sheep
or lambs greasy
wool
0360
0412 (2.2%) Other wheat
& meslin, unmilled
0430 (0.75%)
8720 8996
1121 (1.5%) Wine
6832
2460 (0.68%)
2820
Total Exports: 188.89 B / 15.56 T (1.21%)
East Asia and Pacic.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 1 T / (14/3)
GDPPC USD 48,499 / (12/1)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.73 B / 228.33 B (1.63%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 188.89 B / 15.56 T (1.21%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
4.2 k
8.4 k
12.6 k
16.8 k
21 k
AUSTRIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.07 -0.065 -0.06 -0.055 -0.05 -0.045 -0.04
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7132 (4.3%)
7284 (2.5%)
6782
(1.3%)
6991
(1.2%)
7721 7234
7442 6954
6418 7492
7361
7449
7281 6251
7452
7493
7436
7272
7491
7259
7499
8743
7162
6731
6785
7822
6760
7611
(1.8%)
8947
(1.5%)
7638
8124 7761
8983 7712
6746
(1.7%)
6749
6745
(0.86%)
6783
6822
6744
6727
6716
6623
(1%)
6252
6770
7915
2482 (2.7%)
6842 (1.9%)
3510 (1.4%)
6732
7731
6343
8219
6911
6353
6633
6997
6428
6412 (2.9%)
6415
(1.7%)
6413
6411
8842
(1%)
6652
8960
5416
2671
5839
5148
8742
8939
(1.1%)
5831 (1.2%)
5832 6210
5834
5621
8510
(1.4%)
6560
8462
8459
8431
8465
8463
6522
(0.98%)
6517
6516
6658
0111
0011
6114
6421
0585
0484
Total Exports: 31.40 B / 2.79 T (1.12%)
7499
(1.8%)
7411 7281 7491
7851
8812 6631
6782
6760
7911
7212
6577
6991
7283
6992
6746 (3.9%)
6727 (2.8%)
6716
(1.2%)
6733
6822 6783
6745
6623 (2.6%)
6770 8731
8947
(1.4%)
7788
(1.2%)
8124
2482 (6.4%)
6732 (3.5%)
2483 (3.5%) 6842
(1.5%)
6633
7731
6911
6996
6416
6341
6618
6924
6343
6412
(3.3%)
6415
(1.4%)
2518
6413
6953
(1.1%)
8960
7852
8842
6960
8998
8472 (2.6%)
8510 (2.4%)
6560 (2.2%)
8471
6522
(1.3%)
6517
(0.8%)
6424
(1%)
5335
(0.95%)
8921
(0.9%)
6419
2671 (1.6%)
5137
5621
0011 (2.9%)
0118
6512
0240
6658
(1.2%)
8993
8972
8928
2665
2782 (1.4%)
6841
(1.3%)
6998
2789
6421
Total Exports: 1.94 B / 228.33 B (0.85%)
7810 (5%) Cars 7849 (3.5%) Other
vehicles parts
7132 (3%) Internal
combustion engines for
motor vehicles
7284 (2.5%)
Specialized industry
machinery & parts
N.E.S
7821 (1.8%)
Trucks & vans
7721 (1.8%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
7442 (1.6%)
Lifting &
loading
machinery
7234 (1.4%)
Construction
& mining
machinery
6991 (1.3%)
Base metal
locksmiths
wares N.E.S.
7162 (1.1%)
AC electric
motors &
generators
7239
(0.89%)
7139
(0.86%)
7224 7919
7493 7492
7491
6954
7499
7452 7281 6782
7283 7436
7416
7783
8121
6760
7212
7431
7361
6785
7272
7832
7188
7758
7842
7259
7413
6418
7643 (1.1%)
7712
(0.84%)
8942
(0.82%)
7788
(0.74%)
7763
(0.69%)
8124
7415
6749 (1.7%) Other
worked iron/steel
sheets
6744
6746 (0.77%)
6745
7711
7915
6842 (1.6%)
Worked
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
2482 (1.4%)
Worked wood
of coniferous
8219 (1.2%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
6353 (1.2%)
Builders` carpentry
& joinery
6911
3510 6732 7731 (0.84%)
6997 (0.78%)
6343
8211
6416
6924
6973
6633
6415
6412
6413
5417 (3.2%) Medicaments
8939 (1.1%)
Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
5821
5416 (1.7%) Glycosides &
vaccines
5839
8742
5831
(0.84%)
6210
5832
1110 (1.4%)
Non-alcoholic
beverages N.E.S.
8931
0980
(0.6%)
6421
(0.58%)
0113
0223
6114
2820
(0.5%)
8928
8972
6998 6821
Total Exports: 172.26 B / 15.56 T (1.11%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 415 B / (25/11)
GDPPC USD 49,739 / (11/8)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.94 B / 228.33 B (0.85%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 172.26 B / 15.56 T (1.11%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
1.1 k
2.2 k
3.3 k
4.4 k
5.5 k
AZERBAIJAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] -1.223 / (117/27) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 1.25% / (112/27)
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (93%) 2634
0577
1211
1222
7239
7832
5831
Total Exports: 2.34 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
2631 (61%)
0571 0572 2320
6592 (8.5%) 6521 (5.3%)
6513 (2.9%)
6841 (3.8%)
2882 (3.1%)
6821 (1.6%) 6861
8973
5623
(0.94%)
5113
2820 (2.1%)
2116
2112
2681
7415
(1.2%)
8960
Total Exports: 53.45 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
Total Exports: 47.78 B / 15.56 T (0.31%)
Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 46 B / (74/16)
GDPPC USD 5,329 / (65/17)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 53.45 M / 4.30 T (0.001%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 47.78 B / 15.56 T (0.31%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
20
40
60
80
100
BANGLADESH
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8441 (15%) 8439 (8.1%)
6581 (4.1%)
8435 (3.9%)
8462 (3.1%)
8423 (3%) 8463
(2.3%)
8431
8459
(1%)
8429
(0.99%)
8451
(0.93%)
8443
8434 8421
8452
8433
6519
0360 (14%)
0342 0350
6114 (5.3%)
6116
(3.3%)
6113 (3.1%)
2111
0118
6545 (8.5%) 2640 (4.6%)
0741 (2.1%)
5621
(2.5%)
0545
Total Exports: 1.25 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2640 (26%)
2631 (15%) 6545 (9.9%)
0422 (3.9%) 2634
(1.3%)
6513 (8.4%) 6521 (4.6%)
6522 (4%) 6592
(1.1%)
6549
6581 (8.4%) 8510
2633
6118 (3.7%)
6113 6114 2919
0360
(1.3%)
0350
2911
2681 2682
8947
(0.76%)
Total Exports: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
8462 (21%) Knitted undergarments of cotton
8451 (17%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
8423 (14%) Men's trousers 8439 (10%) Other women outerwear
8459 (6.5%) Other knitted outerwear
6584 (2.7%) Linens
& furnishing textile
articles
8429 (2.2%)
Other men
outerwear
8435
(1.7%)
Blouses
8510 (1.2%)
Footwear
8463
8484
(0.76%)
8452
(0.72%)
8434 6581 8465
8431
0360 (2.8%)
Fresh, chilled,
frozen or salted
crustaceans &
molluscs
6114 (1.3%)
Bovine & equine
leather
2640 (1%) Raw
processed jute
and other fibres
6582
5621
Total Exports: 16.58 B / 15.56 T (0.11%)
South Asia.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 80 B / (62/3)
GDPPC USD 497 / (120/4)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 16.58 B / 15.56 T (0.11%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
680
1.3 k
2 k
2.7 k
3.4 k
BELARUS
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 -0.01 0 0.01
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7821 (7.4%) 7224 (4%)
7832 (2.1%) 7234
7783 7212 7132
7491 6251
7162
6572
7758
7831
7361
6940 7422
6931
(1.5%)
6259
6252
6770
6644
7711
7611 8710
(0.85%)
8124
6725
5623 (9%) 5621
3352
5334
(1.5%)
6419 6546
5831 (1.7%) 5156
(1.2%)
7752 (3.1%) 6732
(2.6%)
8219
(2.3%)
6624
(1.3%)
2482
6973
(1%)
7861
(0.98%)
6353 6633
6342
7852 6652 6415
8431
(1.2%)
8510
(1.1%)
8465
8459
6514 (1.8%) 6531
(1.1%)
2666
6517
6522
6544
0224 (1.3%)
0240
0230
5922
0113
(0.95%)
0111
0251 6114
2665
(1.7%)
5823
6651
8931
0620
1124
1123
0612
(1.7%)
Total Exports: 6.25 B / 5.90 T (0.11%)
5623 (13%)
5621 (5.8%)
5156 (2%)
5138 (1.5%)
8720
5112
5148
5831
5629
8431 (2.5%) 8439
(1.9%)
8429
8465
8421
6514 (1.7%) 2666
(1.3%)
2651
(1.3%)
6517
6544
6841 (9.1%)
2882
6672
(2.8%)
6821
(1.8%)
2890 5225
7224 (7.2%)
6725 (2.2%) 6259 6770
6931
2482 (2.7%) 8219
(1.4%)
6342
7752
6416
2471
6732
6618
6351
5981 6643
2665 (6.7%)
5823 (2.2%) 3224
2820
2672
5922
(1.5%)
0224
6114
(1.1%)
0011
(0.97%)
0372
(0.77%)
0546
0579
2631
Total Exports: 942.42 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
7224 (6.1%) Wheeled tractors
7821 (5.8%) Trucks & vans
7832 (2.2%)
Tractors for
semi-trailers
7212 (1.3%)
Harvesting &
threshing
machines
7234 (1%)
Construction &
mining
machinery
7132
(0.98%)
Internal
combustion
engines for
motor
vehicles
7442 7831
7822
7431
6940
7188
6259 (2.1%) Other tires
articles
6931
(1.2%)
6770 (1.1%)
Not
insulated
iron/steel
wire
7711 6252
6644
6725 (2.9%) Iron/steel
billets
5623 (20%) Potassic fertilizers 5989 (2.2%) Chemical
products
5156 (0.86%)
6419
6546
5831
(0.97%)
Polyethylene
8219 (2%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
7752 (1.9%)
Refrigerators &
freezers
7731 (1.1%)
Electric wire
6633 (0.99%)
6624 6973
7861
6353 8211
6911
6359
2472
6416
2471
6996
6343
0240 (2.5%)
Cheese & curd
0224 (2.3%)
Preserved,
concentrated or
sweetened milk &
cream
0230 (1.2%) Butter 5922 0223
0111 (1.4%) 0113
0149
0142
0371
6114
6514
(0.78%)
6531
2666
8465
3413 (1.6%) liquified
hydrocarbons
2783
2665 (0.73%)
5823
0612
(0.96%)
Refined sugar
8931 (1%)
Total Exports: 32.96 B / 15.56 T (0.21%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 61 B / (65/11)
GDPPC USD 6,277 / (61/16)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 942.42 M / 4.30 T (0.02%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 32.96 B / 15.56 T (0.21%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
9 k
18 k
27 k
36 k
45 k
BELGIUM
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (13%)
7821
(1.5%)
7234
(1.3%)
6418 7431
7783
7449
7493
7842
8121
6727
(2.2%)
6746
(1.9%)
6749
6733 (1.3%)
6822 (1.2%)
6744
(1%)
6745
6725
6770
6644
6931 7611
7781
8822 (1.4%)
5156
5839 5989
2331
5113
5148
5824
5417
(1.4%)
8939
5542
6573
0819
8921
5335
5831
(1.8%)
5832
(1%)
5834
5629
5232
5621
5913
6672 (8.4%)
6821
(0.9%)
6861 5225
6842
(1.6%)
8219
(0.81%)
6911
8211
6343
6924
6649
3510
6633
6412 8960
0113
0111
0149
0011
0224 0230
6595 (1.6%)
5833
5823
0730
0484
6514
6516
6539
6594
8423
6596
Total Exports: 93.29 B / 2.79 T (3.34%)
6733 (4.9%) 6746 (4.6%)
6822
(2.4%)
6727 (1.3%)
6749
(1.2%)
6725
6747
6745
6783
7810 (9.7%)
6731 (1.4%)
7212
8946
7831
6770 (1.6%) 6644
6821 (7.5%) 6672 (6.3%) 6998
6851
6861
(0.93%)
6811
6612
8822 (2.4%)
5155
5137
3345
5629
(1.2%)
5232
5622 2733
6419
(0.85%)
8922
5542
6424
5335
0819
5621
6732 (4%)
6842
(1.3%)
6649
6618
6911
6633
6924
6643 6412
6512 (2.4%)
2682 2686
0113
0013
0114
6130
0224
6522
(0.92%)
2651
6517
6519
8472
6584
0545 0730
0565
0980
0484
6935 2820
6651
2665
6932
2926
0482
Total Exports: 7.88 B / 228.33 B (3.45%)
5156 (1.8%)
Heterocyclic
compound; nucleic
acids
5416 (1.8%)
Glycosides &
vaccines
5148 (1.7%) Other
nitrogen-function
compounds
products
5839
8720 (1.3%) Medical
instruments N.E.S.
5137
8822 5145
5111 8996
5829
5146
5824
2331
5331
5161
5123
5417 (12%) Medicaments
8939 5530
(0.59%)
5542
5419
5334
5831 (1.9%)
Polyethylene
5832
5913
5621
3352
5629
7810 (9.1%) Cars 7821 (1.1%)
7234 (1.1%)
7832 (0.8%)
7493
7431
7783
7842 7851
7436 6954
7784
6727 (1.8%)
Iron/steel coils
6749 (1.6%)
Other worked
iron/steel sheets
6746 (1.1%)
6744 (0.98%)
6822
6733
7781
8124
6672 (4.5%) Not mounted
diamonds
3414 (2.6%) petroleum gases
6812 6821
0730 0546
0484 0980
8931
0585
0579
6421 5121
1123
6842 (0.7%)
6911
6428 8510 (1.1%)
Footwear
8310
8423
5833 6595
2820
8928
0113
(0.52%)
0224
0573
Total Exports: 477.19 B / 15.56 T (3.07%)
* Data are from 2008 . Numbers indicate:
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 505 B / (20/7)
GDPPC USD 47,194 / (14/9)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 7.88 B / 228.33 B (3.45%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 477.19 B / 15.56 T (3.07%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
142
284
426
568
710
BOLIVIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3414 (41%) 2875 (10%) 2876 (5.8%)
2874 (2.2%)
9710 (9.1%)
2890 (2.6%)
2879
(4.2%)
2741
0711 (3.7%) 0612
(1.7%)
0813
(1.3%)
2222
(1.3%)
0577
2320
6871 (7.3%)
2483 (4%) 6116
6114
2111
Total Exports: 578.38 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2876 (50%)
2874 (7.4%) 2875 (2.2%) 6872
2879 (14%)
2871 (4.1%)
3330 (13%)
0711
0612
0577
6118
2120
Total Exports: 135.17 M / 228.33 B (0.06%)
3414 (50%) petroleum gases 2875 (12%) Zinc
2874 (2.7%) Lead ore 2876 (0.87%)
Tin
2890 (8%) Ores and precious metals 9710 (2.2%)
Gold,
non-monetary
8973 (1.1%)
Precious
jewellery
0813 (4.6%) Oilcake
4232 (2.7%) Soya
bean oil
4236 (1.8%)
Sunflower seed oil
2222 2239
2224
0577 (1.4%)
Edible nuts
0612 0542
0711
6871 (3.7%) Unwrought tin & alloys
2483 (0.87%) 6534
6513
5121
Total Exports: 6.92 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 17 B / (99/18)
GDPPC USD 1,720 / (96/20)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 135.17 M / 228.33 B (0.06%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 6.92 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
260
520
780
1 k
1.3 k
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2483 (9%)
2482 (5.3%)
8211 (4.8%) 8219
(2.4%)
6732 (1.6%)
3510 (1.5%)
2472
6911 2471 6341
6353
2450
8510 (6.7%)
6123 (3%) 8439 (3%)
8424
(1.5%)
8429
(1.4%)
8431
8462
8423
(1.1%)
8421
8481
(0.83%)
8459
8451 8422
8465
6841 (19%)
2882 2783
2873
5225
3223
6954
(1%)
7436
8946
7499
7783
6940
6716 (1.9%) 6783
6733
6770
2111 (2.8%)
0484
0561
5232
6935 1212
Total Exports: 915.09 M / 5.90 T (0.02%)
8439 (12%) 8510 (5.7%)
6123 (3.9%) 8431
(3.6%)
8434 (3.1%)
8435
(2.3%)
8441
(2.2%)
8451 8424
8459
8462
(1%)
8452 8481
6589
6516 (2.3%) 6513 (1.7%) 6521 6517
6536
8946 (6.1%)
7436 (5.8%)
7783 (3.9%)
7493
(1.8%)
7284
(1.7%)
7428 7832 7416
6822 (2.6%)
6716
(2.1%)
6733
7643 (1.7%)
8211 (2.3%)
2483 (1.9%)
8219
(1.2%)
6341
6911 6842
6652 (3.1%)
8922 (5%)
0819 (1.7%)
1121 (3%) 6841
(1.2%)
2783
2882
2924 (2.4%) 0118
Total Exports: 22.38 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
3510 (6.1%) Electric current
8211 (5.3%) Chairs & seats
6911 (3.1%) Iron/steel structures
2483 (3%) Worked wood of
non-coniferous
2482 (2.2%) Worked wood
of coniferous
8219 (2.1%) Furniture
parts N.E.S.
6842 (1.7%)
Worked
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
6353
(1.4%)
7731 (1.1%)
Electric wire
2450
6912 7752 6417
6997
8212
6428 2460
6841 (8.2%) Unwrought aluminium &
aluminium alloys
2882 (1.2%)
Other
non-ferrous
base metals
6794
3232 (3.9%) Coke &
semi-coke of coal
2873 (2.6%) Aluminium
ore
2815 (1%) Not
agglomerated
iron ore
7139 (3.9%) Piston engines
parts N.E.S.
6731 (2.5%)
Iron/steel wire rod
6991
(0.69%)
7491
7239
7169
7449
6783 (1.7%) Other
iron or steel tubes &
pipes
7924 (1.3%)
Aircrafts of more
than 15 tons
6770
6123 (1.9%) Non-metal &
non-abestos footwear material
8439 (1%)
Other women
outerwear
6584
8424
8423
8431
5232 (1.1%)
Inorganic acids
metallic salts &
peroxysalts
5221 (0.85%)
8939
(0.98%)
Miscellaneous
articles
of
plastic
6424
5621 5138
6935 (2.2%) Gauze &
netting
2820 (0.98%)
2111
6114
6129 0223 0149
0484 8931 4236
Total Exports: 5.06 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 19 B / (96/20)
GDPPC USD 4,906 / (68/18)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 22.38 M / 4.30 B (0.001%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.06 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0
600
1.2 k
1.8 k
2.4 k
3 k
BOTSWANA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6672 (67%) Not mounted diamonds 2872 (16%) Nickel
2871 (3.4%) Copper 9710 (2.2%) Gold,
non-monetary
8451 (1.4%)
Knitted jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8439 (1.1%)
8459 8423
8463
8441
8435
0111 (2%) Bovine
meat
7234
(0.5%)
7832
5232 7861
Total Exports: 4.96 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 14 B / (105/14)
GDPPC USD 7,050 / (56/3)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.53 M / 5.90 B (0.04%) 2005
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 4.96 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
6672 (78%) 2871 (11%)
9710 2783
8451
(1.8%)
8435
8439 8423
8459
7832
(1.8%)
0111
(1.7%)
5232 0620
Total Exports: 4.43 B / 9.84 T (0.05%)
6672 (88%) 2871
2783
0111
2111
7832
5232
8462
Total Exports: 2.53 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
200
400
600
800
1 k
BRAZIL
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0813 (8.2%)
2222 (3.1%) 4232
(0.88%)
0711 (8.6%)
1212 (1.7%) 0723
0721 0611
0577
0811
6725 (3.2%) 6727 (1.7%)
6712 (1.5%)
6716 (1.4%)
6744 (1.4%)
6746
(1.3%)
6745
6724 6747
2814
7821 (1.9%)
7139
7132
6731 7431
7224
6251
7842
7259
7138
7621 6252 7923
2815 (5.5%) 2816
(2.4%)
2873
6841 (3.7%)
2517
(2%)
6412
6415
6413
6732
(1.1%)
2483
6342
8510 (4.8%) 6513
6521
0111
(1.4%)
0149
0114
6114
(1.2%)
2919
0360
6871 0712
(1.1%)
5831
(0.88%)
0585 (4.7%)
Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)
0711 (47%)
0612
2631 (8.1%) 0577
(1.2%)
2654
(1.2%)
0422
0440
(3.7%)
0813
(2.2%)
4245
(2%)
2222 5513
0721
(2.7%)
0723
(1.8%)
0611
(1.5%)
4314 0573
2482 (4.6%)
2472 6649
0149 0111
0115
2681
2120
0360
2877
(1.7%)
6673
2879
0712
(1.3%)
0585
6725
Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)
7849 (2.5%) Other
vehicles parts
7821
(1.6%)
7234 (1.2%)
Construction &
mining machinery
7139 (1.2%) Piston
engines parts
N.E.S.
7832 7132
7431 (0.61%)
7162 (0.6%)
7841
7169
7212
7842
6731
6725 (2.9%)
Iron/steel billets
6712 (2.2%) Pig & cast iron
more than 15 tons
7923
7643 (1.6%)
Television & radio
transmitters
7938 (1.1%)
Special
floating
structures
6252
2222 (7.8%) Soya beans 0813 (3.1%) Oilcake
4232 (1.9%) Soya bean oil
0440 (1%)
0612 (1.3%)
Refined sugar
0611 (2.6%) Raw
sugar beet & cane
1212 (1.8%) Wholly or
partly stripped
tobacco
2631
2815 (7.9%) Not agglomerated iron ore
2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (1.3%)
Aluminium ore
2877
6841 (1.4%)
Unwrought aluminium
& aluminium alloys
2782 2871
(0.85%)
Copper
0114 (4.3%) Poultry meat
0149 (1.7%) Other
prepared or
preserved meat &
entrails
0113 (0.97%)
6114 (1.3%) Bovine &
equine leather
0224
wood pulp, soda or
sulphate
6415
2483
(0.65%)
6342
6353
6624
5112
5146
5161
0712
5831 5221
5629
0585 (1.5%)
Fruit or
vegetable juices
5121 (1.8%)
Acyclic alcohols
& derivatives
8510 (1.3%)
Footwear
6613
Total Exports: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 1.7 T / (9/1)
GDPPC USD 8,609 / (50/6)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
600
1.2 k
1.8 k
2.4 k
3 k
BULGARIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 5 10 15
x 10
-3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7441 (7%)
7442 (6.7%)
7841 (6.4%) 7721
(2%)
7361 (1.9%)
7188 (1.7%)
7452
7449
(1.2%)
7224 7784
7783
6991
7367
7522 (2.1%)
7528 (1.6%)
7781
7512
8983
7591
7525
7518
7521
6727 (2.7%)
6725 (2.6%)
6744
6749
5621 (4.1%) 5417 (1.6%)
0819 5530
5112
5148
2331 5232
(1.2%)
1121 (3.2%)
0545
(1%)
0565
0579
5121
0012
(2.8%)
0011
0118
0251
0616
0240
(0.87%)
0360
0342
1211
(2.3%)
1223
(1.5%)
1222
(1.1%)
0575
5513
8421
(1%)
8441
8435 8431
8459
8462
2882
6851
6861 6821
8219
3510
8998 2820
Total Exports: 2.29 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
0011 (5.2%)
0012 (5%)
0113 (3.9%) 0111
(2.1%)
0114 (2.1%)
0112
0118
0913
0015
0013
0240
0230
0440 (4%) 4236
(2.8%)
4232 (1.8%) 5513 (1.6%)
0544 (2.7%) 0542
2924
(1.1%)
0751 0615
0541
2223 0575
0565 (4.4%) 0589
(2.2%)
0545 (1.7%)
0585
(0.96%)
0561
(0.9%)
0583
(0.84%)
0579
1121 0546
6861 (4.1%) 6811
(1.5%)
6851 (2.3%)
6841 (1.8%)
6821 (2.9%)
6612
5621 (6.4%)
5148
(0.98%)
5169
5232
(1.3%)
5413
6725 (4.5%)
6727
(1.3%)
6712 6716
5224
7915
(1.2%)
7781
7511
6522 (1.3%)
2613 (1.2%)
2483 2519
2665 (1.4%)
Total Exports: 298.17 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
7492 (1.4%) Valves
7721 (1.3%)
Switchboards, relays
& fuses
7188 (1.1%)
7239
7442
7441
7361
6822 (2.4%)
Worked copper &
copper alloys
6744 (2.2%)
Iron/steel
>=4.75mm tick
sheets
6727 (0.98%)
Iron/steel coils
6783
7781 (1.1%)
7611
(0.83%)
Color T.V.
7711
6821 (12%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys
2871
6851
(1.1%)
2882
(0.59%)
6861 (1.3%)
Unwrought
zinc &
alloys
2890
3510 (3.6%) Electric
current
rods
6842 (1.7%) Worked
alloys
wire
7752 (1.1%)
8219 (0.88%)
8211 (0.75%)
8122
6343
6911
8212
6652
7852
6413
2517
8459 (2%) Other knitted
outerwear
8439 (1.4%)
8431 (1.1%) 8423
(1.1%)
8462 (1%)
8451
(0.92%)
8510
6123 (0.65%)
8422 (0.64%)
8435
8424
8463
8434
8472
8310
6514 6516
unmilled
2224 (2%) Sunflower seeds
0430 (0.78%)
2226
4236
1211 (1.2%)
Unstripped
tobacco
0612
5232 (1.3%)
Inorganic acids
metallic salts &
peroxysalts
5622 5222
8745 (0.82%)
5148
8822
5831
(0.61%)
5832
5530
(0.67%)
0819
5621
0484 (1%)
1121
8931
(0.56%)
0565
0589
0586
0114
0240 6512
(0.71%)
2820 (2%) Iron & steel
waste
6651 (0.67%)
Total Exports: 22.57 B / 15.56 T (0.15%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 52 B / (71/13)
GDPPC USD 6,798 / (58/14)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 298.17 M / 228.33 B (0.13%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 22.57 B / 15.56 T (0.15%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
60
120
180
240
300
CAMBODIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2320 (39%) 2222 (25%)
2234 (8.2%) 2238 (1.7%)
2239
(1.4%)
2224
0577 (2.1%) 2221 (1.6%) 2929 (2.7%)
2472 (13%)
8960 (3.6%)
8921
Total Exports: 8.46 M / 2.79 T (0.0003%)
0422 (46%)
0421 2223
2320 (24%)
0812 (2.9%)
0751 (2.5%)
2929
(2.4%)
2924
(0.93%)
0440 (4.7%)
0011 (4%)
2111
2471 (2.5%)
2472
(1.3%)
0819 (2.7%)
Total Exports: 71.37 M / 228.33 B (0.03%)
8459 (33%) Other knitted outerwear 8451 (17%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
8464 (6.9%) null
8452 (3.7%) Knitted women's suits
& dresses
8462 (3.5%) Knitted
undergarments of
cotton
8429 (2.8%)
Other men
outerwear
8463 (1.8%) Knitted
undergarments of synthetic
fibers
8439
(0.67%)
8928 (21%) Printed matter N.E.S.
2733 (2.8%) Non
metal-bearing sands
7852 (1.1%)
2320
(0.73%)
Total Exports: 4.38 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 10 B / (110/13)
GDPPC USD 710 / (117/16)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 71.37 M / 228.33 B (0.03%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 4.38 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
66
132
198
264
330
CAMEROON
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (42%)
6841 (6.6%)
0721 (13%)
0723
(2.4%)
2320
(2.4%)
0573
(1.4%)
4242
(0.93%)
0711 (13%)
2631 1211
2472 (8.7%) 2483 (2.8%)
6341
(1.2%)
2471
6521
0360
Total Exports: 1.67 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0721 (23%)
0723 (7.5%) 0573 (4.4%)
2232
(2.1%)
2320 (2.1%)
4242
0711 (28%)
2631 (4.9%) 2223 2221
0741
2472 (8.5%)
6842 2483 2481 6349
6341
6841 (9.3%)
0730
(1.2%)
8510
(0.99%)
Total Exports: 206.32 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
6841
0573 (7.4%) Fresh or dried
banana & plantains
0721 (7.3%) Raw & roasted coffee
beans
2320 (2.8%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 0723 (1.1%)
Cocoa butter &
paste
0711
2631
2483 (11%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 2472 (3.3%)
Sawlogs & veneer
logs of
non-coniferous
6341 (1.5%)
NULL
2820
0579
0565
Total Exports: 5.09 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 24 B / (89/8)
GDPPC USD 1,243 / (100/10)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 206.32 M / 228.33 B (0.09%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.09 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
2.8 k
5.6 k
8.4 k
11.2 k
14 k
CANADA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.75 0.8 0.85
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (17%)
7849 (7%)
7821 (5.5%)
7132
(1.7%)
7841
7139
7832
7831
6991
6251
7929 (1.3%) 7149 7148 7641
(0.91%)
6745
6411 (6.7%) 2517 (5.7%)
6412
(1.2%)
2518
6413
2482 (6%) 2471
6997
6841 (3.2%)
2875 2882
6831 (1.3%)
2741
2872 2784
5241
3222 (2.4%)
3414 (2.3%)
2871
(1%)
6821
(0.88%)
6861 2815
6811
9710
(0.88%)
5225
5623
(1.5%)
5112
5249
5831
0412
(2.4%)
2226
0411
0360
0344
0371
0113
5121
1124
Total Exports: 112.98 B / 2.79 T (4.04%)
7810 (18%)
7842 (6.5%) 7821 (3.4%)
7212
(1.7%)
6994
6822
(1%)
6783 7928 (1.8%)
6411 (12%)
2517 (5.4%) 2518 2516
6413 6412
2482 (8.4%) 6359
2483
6831 (3.1%)
2872 (3%)
2784 (2.5%) 2741
6841 (4.7%)
2875
(1.3%)
6851
2874
6821 (3.3%) 2871
(1.5%)
2879
5225
6861
(1%)
5623
(1.2%)
5629 5221
2331
0011
0113
0360
0350
2120
2919
1124 (1.9%)
0430
2234
0460
Total Exports: 13.14 B / 228.33 B (5.75%)
2872
(1.1%)
6831 5241
(0.59%)
2741
(0.59%)
6841 (2.2%)
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium alloys
3222 (1.8%) Other coal
6821 (0.86%)
2871
(0.54%)
2816
6861 6899
7810 (10%) Cars 7849 (3.3%) Other vehicles
parts
7821
7132
7239
7832 7442
7436
7499
7924
(1.1%)
7923 7148
7144
6783 6252
2482 (1.5%)
Worked wood of
coniferous
3510
(1.1%)
8219
6842
8211 6911
6353
6428
6343
wood pulp, soda or
sulphate
6411 (1.3%)
Newsprint
2519
6415
6413
5623 (1.9%)
Potassic fertilizers
5839
(0.83%)
5112
8939
(0.65%)
5831
(0.93%)
Polyethylene
0412 (1.5%) Other
wheat & meslin,
unmilled
2226 (1.1%)
4239
0411
0542
8931 0980
0484
0546
0730
5121
0113 (0.64%)
0011
0111
0360
(0.58%)
2820
Total Exports: 455.73 B / 15.56 T (2.93%)
North America.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 1.5 T / (11/2)
GDPPC USD 45,003 / (15/2)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 13.14 B / 228.33 B (5.75%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 455.73 B / 15.56 T (2.93%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
800
1.6 k
2.4 k
3.2 k
4 k
CHILE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6821 (37%)
2871 (9%) 2879
(1.5%)
2816 (1.6%) 6811
(1.1%)
2815
(0.95%)
9710 (1.6%) 2875
0814 (6.7%)
0342 (1.7%)
0372
0360
(0.78%)
0341
0371
0344
4111
0343
0575 (6.8%)
0574 (3.6%)
0542 2929
2482
(2.3%)
2471
(1.6%)
2460 2479
2472
2517 (4.5%) 6411
6412
0579 (3.3%) 1121
0545
5221
5629
2712
0819
6822
Total Exports: 7.37 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)
6821 (79%) 2871
2879
0814 (2.4%)
2681
2517 6411
(0.95%)
2712 (2.2%)
0574
0575
0542
6822
(1.6%)
0545
0579
Total Exports: 1.02 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)
6821 (38%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 2871 (18%) Copper
2879 (4.1%) Other non-ferrous base metals
9710 5225 6811 2816 2815 2882
0342 (2.2%) Frozen
fish, excluding fillets
0344
0343 (0.95%)
0814 (0.85%)
0372
0341
0113
(0.57%)
2517 (4.3%) Chemical wood
pulp, soda or sulphate
2482 (1.6%)
Worked wood
of coniferous
6342 2460
6416
(0.52%)
1121 (2.3%) Wine
fruit N.E.S.
0980
(0.59%)
0586
0575 (2.4%) Grapes &
raisins
0574 (1.1%)
6716 (1.4%)
Ferro-alloys
6822 6418 5232 5221
(0.64%)
Total Exports: 66.48 B / 15.56 T (0.43%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 171 B / (47/6)
GDPPC USD 10,167 / (45/4)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.02 B / 228.33 B (0.45%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 66.48 B / 15.56 T (0.43%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
220
440
660
880
1.1 k
CHINA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8310 (3.8%) 8510
(2.9%)
8451 (2.8%)
8439 (2.6%)
6584
8459
(2.1%)
8462
(1.7%)
8429 (1.6%)
8423 (1.5%)
8435
8481 8997 8431
8441
8424
6552
8421
8442
8463
8472
6521 (1.9%)
6522 (1.8%)
6541 6534 (1.5%)
6513
(1.3%)
2613
6592 6511
6516
6544
6519
8942 (6.6%)
7622
(1.6%)
7628 7757
7638 7611 8482
8852
8124
7512
7758
(1.1%)
6940
7161
6716
6712
7711
2631 (1.7%)
0741
0813
(1.6%)
2222
0440
(0.8%)
2924 0548
0360
(2.3%)
0341
2919
2683
6512
8851
6953 6664
8994 8212
5981
3222
(0.89%)
5225
6899
2879
0565
(1.1%)
0546
0589
0545
5221
5413
6871 8999 (1.4%)
Total Exports: 61.94 B / 2.79 T (2.22%)
0422 (9.8%)
0577 (1.7%)
0741 (1.6%)
2221
(1.3%)
0421
(1.2%)
2235
(0.82%)
4233
2222 (5.2%) 5513
4234
4239
2924 (1.8%)
0612 (1.4%)
0542
(1%)
0752
0541
6522 (5.7%)
6521 (4.7%)
2613 (3.7%)
6513 (1.8%)
6541 (1.4%)
6517
6511
6592
6584
(2.5%)
8472
8997
(1.2%)
8510
8471
0013 (2.9%) 0113
0149 6130
0014
0118
0116
0114
2919 (4.3%) 2114
0360
(1.3%)
2683
(0.99%)
0545
(1.1%)
0561 0565
0579
0589
0483
0121
0980
6664
(0.99%)
8952
5981
(0.91%)
8942
8947
6991 7243
6940
2783
2789
2879
6612
6871
(0.93%)
0819 5232
8999
(1.7%)
Total Exports: 1.57 B / 228.33 B (0.69%)
7522 (6.6%) Digital data
processing machines
7649 (3.7%)
Parts of telecom
& sound
recording
equipment
7643 (3.4%) Television & radio
transmitters
7525 (2.8%) Control & peripheral
hardware
7599 (2.8%)
Parts of cash
registers &
calculating
machines
8942 (2.3%) Toys
8710 (2.1%) Optical
instruments
7638 (2%) Video & sound
recorders N.E.S.
7611 (1.6%)
Color T.V.
7763 (1.4%)
Diodes &
transistors
7518 (1.3%) 7712
(1.2%)
7788 (1.1%)
Other
electrical
machinery
&
equipment
N.E.S.
7523
7722
7415 (0.84%)
8124 (0.84%)
7781 (0.8%)
7641 (0.8%)
8947
(0.71%)
7757
(0.59%)
7642
7758 (1%)
Electro-thermal
home
appliances
N.E.S.
7492
(0.86%)
7239 (0.77%)
7162
7442
6991
6940
7784
6782
6251
6749 (0.63%)
6744
6716
(0.52%)
6783
6746
6733
7782
6252
7711
7932 (1.5%) Ships &
boats
8459 (1.8%) Other knitted
outerwear
8451 (1.4%)
Knitted
jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8439
(1.3%)
Other
women
outerwear
8310 (1.3%)
Luggage &
handbags
8462 (0.84%)
6584 8429
8423
8463 6552
8472
8431
8452
6589
8997
6522
(0.8%)
6531
(0.56%)
6514
8219
(1.2%)
8211 7731 (1%)
7861 (0.83%)
6911 (0.81%)
6732
8212 7752
6624
6974
6953
8939
(0.85%)
Miscellaneous
articles of
plastic
6573
5155
3232
(0.52%)
6613
7853
0372
0344
8931
Total Exports: 1.43 T / 15.56 T (9.2%)
POPULATION 1.3 B / (1/1)
TOTAL EXPORTS USD 1.4 T / (2/1)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 4.5 T / (3/2)
GDPPC USD 3,414 / (82/9)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.57 B / 228.33 B (0.69%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.43 T / 15.56 T (9.2%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
168
336
504
672
840
COLOMBIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (39%)
0573 (8.9%) 2927 (6%) 0611
0721
2631
3330 (15%)
3222 (6.3%) 3221 6673 (3.9%)
6612
0712
(1.2%)
5913
8921
5834
6716
(3.3%)
6584
0360 6114 5833
Total Exports: 5.56 B / 2.79 T (0.2%)
0711 (67%) 0573 (5.5%)
0611
2634 (2.8%)
2631 (2.1%)
0813
3330 (8.2%)
6673
(2.5%)
6812
(0.91%)
6612
2119 0360
2120
2483 6521
6513
2671
Total Exports: 596.39 M / 228.33 B (0.26%)
3222 (15%) Other coal 9710 (3.4%) Gold,
non-monetary
2890 6612
2882
(0.96%)
Other
non-ferrous
0711 (6.3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee
substitutes
2927 (3.6%) Flora 0573 (2.2%) Fresh or dried
banana & plantains
4242 (1.1%)
5530 (1.2%)
Perfumery &
cosmetics
8921
5334
5834 (1.2%)
Polyvinyl
chloride
5832 (1%)
Polypropylene
0712
(0.64%)
5912
5541
5913
5514
6552 (0.78%)
8423
8462
6123
8465
6716 (2.8%) Ferro-alloys 7499
6954
7711
(0.51%)
6252
0111 (2.5%) Bovine
meat
6114 (1.1%)
Bovine &
equine
leather
6428
(0.87%)
Articles of
paper pulp
N.E.S.
7752
6624
6415
0620
(0.77%)
Sugar
confectionary
(not
chocolate)
8931
0484
Total Exports: 37.70 B / 15.56 T (0.24%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 243 B / (37/5)
GDPPC USD 5,389 / (64/11)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 596.39 M / 228.33 B (0.26%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 37.70 B / 15.56 T (0.24%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
640
1.2 k
1.9 k
2.5 k
3.2 k
CONGO REPUBLIC
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (71%) 6672
(7.3%)
2877 (3%)
2472 (11%)
6341
(2.7%)
2479
(1.2%)
2483
(0.87%)
0611 2911
(0.81%)
Total Exports: 959.93 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
6672 (22%) 2771
(5.1%)
6821 (12%) 6861 (4.8%)
2472 (30%) 6341 (7.3%)
2483 (1.3%)
0612 (5.5%) 0711
(1.3%)
0615
0611
(2%)
0721 (1.1%)
2232 4242
0813 2634
6822
2119
(0.99%)
Total Exports: 96.97 M / 228.33 B (0.04%)
3330 (87%) Crude petroleum 2871 (3%)
Copper
6821 (2%)
Unwrought
copper & copper
alloys
2879 (1.8%)
Other
non-ferrous base
metals
2876 (1.1%) Tin
6672 (0.75%)
6899
Total Exports: 11.54 B / 15.56 T (0.07%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 12 B / (109/16)
GDPPC USD 3,261 / (84/7)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 96.97 M / 228.33 B (0.04%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 11.54 B / 15.56 T (0.07%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
440
880
1.3 k
1.7 k
2.2 k
COSTA RICA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0573 (35%) 2926
(2.1%)
2927
(1.8%)
0711 (24%)
8423 (3.8%) 8465 (3%) 8439
(2.5%)
8462
(1.8%)
8441
(1.6%)
8435
8434 8424 8431
8421
8463
0111 (4.3%)
0360
(1.6%)
0341
(1.2%)
0579 (3.2%) 0589
6421
0545
7731 6428
7723
(0.79%)
8973
8972
Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0711 (38%)
0612 (4.6%)
0573 (31%)
0721 0611 2925
0111 (7.2%)
0360
5417 5530
5629
5621
0914
(1.2%)
0980
0620
7781
6749
(1.1%)
8472
(0.99%)
8471
6341 6998
Total Exports: 194.85 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
7599 (12%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines
7764 (12%) Electronic microcircuits
7721 (1.6%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
6251 (1.3%) Tires
& pneumatic for
cars
6289 7758
8812
6749 7131
6252
0573 (8.1%) Fresh or dried banana &
plantains
4242 (1.6%) Palm oil
2927 (1.3%) Flora
2926
(0.96%)
Live plants
0611
0711 (3.9%) Green & roasted
0548 (1.1%)
0579 (7.6%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S.
0980 (3.6%) Edible
products N.E.S.
0585 (1.5%) Fruit or
vegetable juices
8931
(0.94%)
0583
0484
6421
8720 (7.1%) Medical instruments N.E.S.
8996 (3.1%) Orthopaedic appliances
5417 (3.7%) Medicaments 5334
5542
0819
5834
5629
wire
6428 (1.3%)
Articles of paper
pulp N.E.S.
6732 (0.77%)
6842 (0.74%)
6996
0343
0371
0111 0223
8442
(0.83%)
8462
(0.63%)
8423
6651
(0.73%)
Total Exports: 9.76 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 30 B / (83/13)
GDPPC USD 6,564 / (60/9)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 194.85 M / 228.33 B (0.09%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 9.76 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
200
400
600
800
1 k
CTE DIVOIRE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0721 (25%)
0723 (5.6%) 2320
(3.3%)
0573 (2.5%)
4242
(1.1%)
4243
0722
4244
0711 (21%)
2631 (5.1%)
2483 (7.8%) 2472 (4.2%)
6341
(1.9%)
2481
2479
0371 (4.1%)
0342
0579 (4.2%)
0730
6672 (3%) 0712
(2.4%)
6521
(0.98%)
6522
Total Exports: 2.37 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
0711 (32%)
0721 (16%) 0573 (5.5%)
0723 (4.1%)
2472 (28%)
2483 (3.8%) 6341
0589 (1.7%) 0579 0712 2877
Total Exports: 506.69 M / 228.33 B (0.22%)
0721 (24%) Raw & roasted coffee beans
0723 (9.6%) Cocoa butter & paste 2320 (6.7%) Natural rubber,
latex & gums
0573 (1.6%) Fresh
or dried banana &
plantains
4242 (1.5%) Palm
oil
0722
(0.83%)
4244
0577 (2.4%) Edible nuts 2631 (1.1%) Raw
cotton
1223
3330 (21%) Crude petroleum 6612
9710
5530 (2%) Perfumery &
cosmetics
0819 (1.5%) Animal feed
and food waste
5541 (1.2%) Soaps
0712 (0.97%)
5629
2483 (2.9%) Worked
wood of
non-coniferous
6341 (1%) 2472
2479
0730 (2.2%)
Chocolate
0980 (0.86%) 8931
0579 0483
7938 (1.3%)
7921 (1.2%)
9510
(0.64%)
6954
0371 (2.4%) Fish
N.E.S.
Total Exports: 9.87 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 23 B / (91/9)
GDPPC USD 1,137 / (105/13)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 506.69 M / 228.33 B (0.22%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 9.87 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
640
1.2 k
1.9 k
2.5 k
3.2 k
CROATIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-15 -10 -5 0 5
x 10
-3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7932 (18%) 8743
(0.97%)
7162
7239
6782
7758
7641
(1.3%)
7768
7711 (1.6%)
8510 (3.1%) 8451
(2.6%)
8424
(1.5%)
6123
(1.5%)
8462 8431 8423
8459
8422
8439
8463
8434
6584
8435
8465
8481
8432
2483 (3.2%) 6842
(1.9%)
8211
(1.9%)
7731
(1.5%)
8219
6624
6911 2472 6341
6353
6997
6415 2512
5413 (2.4%)
5417 (2.2%)
8922
5542
5831 (1.8%)
5113
5621
(1.1%)
5629
3414 (1.9%)
3413 (1.4%)
6612 (2%)
6998 2734
0980
(1.7%)
0484
8931
6421
1222 (2.2%) 0412
0612
0341
(1.1%)
0371
6114
2111
0149
5833
2820
6635
Total Exports: 4.35 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)
8510 (4.8%)
8424 (3%)
6123 (2.9%) 8431
(2.4%)
8423 (2.4%)
8439 (2.3%)
8462
(1.6%)
8422
(1.3%)
8451 8429
8434 8459
8441 8435
6584
8997
8481
8433
2483 (4.4%)
8211 (2.3%) 8219 (2%)
7731
(1.6%)
6842
(1.5%)
2472 6341
6911
6997 6624
6342
8122
6415
2512
7932 (10%)
7721
(1.3%)
8743
7758
7162
8942 7712
6716
5831 (2.4%) 5834
(1.6%)
5417
5413
8922
0819
5113
5411
3345
5157
5629
(1.2%)
5621
0980 (2%)
6421 8931
0484
5833 (2%)
6651
(0.91%)
8928
6612
(1.4%)
3413
3354
2882
6998
3232
0111 0149
0114
0341 0371
6114
Total Exports: 3.29 B / 4.30 T (0.08%)
7932 (15%) Ships & boats
7931 7915
7284 7239
8743
(0.72%)
7499
7212 7162
7139 7491
7169
7919
6782
7711 (3.2%) Electrical
transformers
7119
7788
(0.94%)
Other
electrical
machinery &
equipment
N.E.S.
7763
(0.73%)
7712 (0.71%)
7768 (0.64%)
7723
7149
of non-coniferous
6842 (2.3%) Worked
alloys
8211 (2.1%)
Chairs & seats
7731 (1.3%)
Electric wire
8219 (1.2%)
Furniture
parts N.E.S.
6911 (1.1%)
Iron/steel
structures
6353 (0.93%)
3510 (0.91%)
6624
6997 (0.82%)
6343
6341
2472
2450
5417 (2.6%)
Medicaments
5530
5831 (2.1%)
Polyethylene
5621 (1.7%)
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5629
(1.2%)
2882 (0.87%)
6998
6612 (1.6%)
Cement
8510 (1.5%)
Footwear
8451 (1.2%)
Knitted
jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8463 6123
8472
0980 (1.6%)
Edible products
N.E.S.
1110
0730 6421
0484
8931
0612 (1.6%) Refined
sugar
0488
1222 (0.92%)
2820 (1.5%) Iron &
steel waste
5833
6651
(0.71%)
8928
6129 (0.81%) 0341 (0.81%)
Fresh or
chilled fish,
excluding
fillets
0223
Total Exports: 14.18 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
2008
1992
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.29 B / 4.30 T (0.08%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 14.18 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 69 B / (63/10)
GDPPC USD 15,637 / (36/5)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
52
104
156
208
260
CUBA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0611 (50%) 0612 (5.6%)
0711 (3.7%)
0615
0572
(1.9%)
0571
(1.8%)
1211 (2.4%)
0360 (10%) 0372
(2.5%)
2872 (4.8%) 2890
(1.4%)
2871
(0.87%)
2879
2882
1221 (3.8%)
0585
2820 (2.3%)
7842
(1.1%)
Total Exports: 1.29 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
0612 (28%)
0615 (11%) 0711 (4.3%)
0611 (30%) 2872 (8.2%) 2871
6811
5225
1221 (4.3%) 5121
(2.3%)
0360 (3.1%)
0111 (2.1%)
9610
(2.1%)
6581
Total Exports: 157.55 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
2872 (35%) Nickel
2879 (4.7%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6612 (1.8%)
Cement
2882 (1.8%)
Other
non-ferrous base
metals
1221 (12%) Cigars
1124 (7%) Alcoholic beverages
0585
0611 (20%) Raw sugar beet & cane
1211 1222
bars
6725
7272 (1.1%) Food
processing
machinery &
parts N.E.S.
7782
(0.88%)
Incandescent
&
0360 (4.8%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or
salted crustaceans & molluscs
5416 (2.4%)
Glycosides &
vaccines
Total Exports: 2.92 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
GDP USD 63 B / (64/8)
GDPPC USD 5,596 / (63/10)
EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP 4.7 % (128/21)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 157.55 M / 228.33 B (0.07%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.92 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
2.8 k
5.6 k
8.4 k
11.2 k
14 k
CZECH REPUBLIC
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.06 -0.055 -0.05 -0.045 -0.04 -0.035 -0.03
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (11%)
7849 (7.3%)
7721 (2.7%)
7783
(1.3%)
6991
(1%)
7162 7919 7361
7493
7139
6251
7492
6782
7239
6731
7499
7169
6289 7452 7244
7442
6940
7369
8121
6647 6954
7842
7416
7243
7732
6572
7413
7611 (2.1%)
7781 (1.7%)
7788 7522
(1.4%)
7421
(1.2%)
7641
(1.1%)
7415
8124
8947
6770
6252
6744 6733
7731 (2.4%)
8211 (2.2%)
6911
(1.3%)
6997
(1.2%)
8219
(1.1%)
6732
6353 3510
2482
6842
6428 7414
6359 6624
2471
6633
6652
6664
6415
8939
(1.3%)
5542
5111 6210
5831
6522 6584 6123
6794 3222
(1%)
3232
8928 6658
8931 0224
1222
Total Exports: 33.38 B / 5.90 T (0.57%)
6731 (1.9%)
7721 (1.7%)
7821
(1.2%)
6782
(0.94%)
7162
(0.91%)
7361
7449 7224
7492
7919
6991
6954
7369
7493
7244
7758
7264 6785
8121
7283
6744
(1.5%)
6727 6725
6733 6746
6745
6712
8947
8124
7781
8981
6770
6259
6252
6732 (2.6%) 2482
(1.7%)
7731
(1.5%)
8211
(1.5%)
6353
(1.4%)
8219 2471 6911 (1.1%)
6997
6624 6842
6633 6351
6924 6973
6921
6652
(1.4%)
6415 2518
8510
(1.6%)
8439
6123
6584
8431
6589
8471
8429
8435
6522
(1.2%)
6521
6544
5111 5311
5145 5112 2671
5331
8939
(1.1%)
5542
6573
5834
5831
5621
3222
(2.9%)
3232
(1.2%)
3223
(1.1%)
2882 6794
6891
6612
(0.89%)
6658 (1.3%)
2820
5833 6651
8972
0224
(0.89%)
0011
0548
0482
1123
5121
Total Exports: 14.34 B / 4.30 T (0.33%)
7810 (9.4%) Cars 7849 (8.3%) Other vehicles parts
7721 (2.9%) Switchboards, relays
& fuses
7783 (1.1%) Auto
parts
7162 (1.1%) AC
electric motors
& generators
7284
(1.1%)
7139 6251
7492 6991 7239
7493 6782
7919 7361
7831 7842 7431
6289
7416
6731 7161
7449
8121
7436
6647
6940
7784
7499
6954
6793
7611 (3.2%) Color T.V.
7523 (2.9%) CPUs
7522
7525 (1.8%) Control &
peripheral hardware
7415 (1.3%)
8942 (1.3%) Toys
7643 (1.1%)
Television & radio
transmitters
7421 (0.95%)
7788 (0.9%)
7763
7638 7621 7781
7518
7648
6770
6252
6259 6744
6733
wire
8211 (1.5%)
Chairs &
seats
3510 (1.2%)
6911 (1.2%)
6997
(1.1%)
6732
6353 8219
7414
7861
6359
8939 (1.3%)
Miscellaneous articles of
plastic
5542
5831 (0.63%)
6210
6794
(0.59%)
6998
2882
3222
(0.96%)
Other coal
8928 2820
6658
5833
6421
1222
0223
Total Exports: 146.09 B / 15.56 T (0.94%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 14.34 B / 4.30 T (0.33%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 146.09 B / 15.56 T (0.94%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 216 B / (39/4)
GDPPC USD 20,729 / (30/2)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
4.2 k
8.4 k
12.6 k
16.8 k
21 k
DENMARK
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0113 (6.3%)
0149
(2.6%)
0111 (2%)
0344 (2%)
0341
(1.6%)
0350
0360
(1.1%)
0814
(0.91%)
0371
0372
0342
0343
0240
(2.5%)
2120
(2%)
0224 0230
5922 0451
7492
(1.7%)
7452
7442
(0.95%)
7416
7272 7212
7283
7431
7429 7422
6991
7449
7188
8942
(1.5%)
8983
7643 8813
8124
7932 (3.3%)
5169 8748
8720 5415
5311
5839
5983
7741
5411
5417
(2.8%)
8939 (1.7%)
5334
8921
5542
5629
5911
8219 (3.1%) 6353
(1.2%)
7752
(0.93%)
8211
7414
6911
6912
6428
6997
8212
0121 (1.7%) 0980
8931
(0.94%)
0484
4312
6421
0546
1123
0430
(1.2%)
0412
2226
2926
(1.3%)
2925
2929
0612
0542
8451
8459
6595
8928
2882
Total Exports: 28.69 B / 2.79 T (1.03%)
0149 (8.1%)
0111 (4.5%)
0113 (2.4%)
0011 (1.9%)
0114
(1.3%)
0116
0013 0142 0913
0230 (5.4%) 0240
(3.1%)
0224 (2.5%) 2120 (2.5%)
0814
(1.8%)
0350
(1%)
2919 (1.1%)
2111
0121 (14%)
0980 0484 0620
1123
7411 (2.9%)
7499 (2%)
7283
7212
7452
7211
7271
8121
6991
7932 (4.3%) 8942 7781
8124
8731
(1.2%)
5989 (1.4%)
8745
5169
5411
8720
8996
5417
(1.9%)
5335 6424
5542
5530
0819
5413
2925
(1.1%)
2926
2927
0813 0430
2929 0811
1222
6341 2483 8472
(1.9%)
6998
2785
8928
Total Exports: 2.56 B / 228.33 B (1.12%)
7492 (1.8%)
Valves
7161 (1.7%)
DC motors &
generators
7162 (1.6%)
7188 (1.4%)
Engines &
motors
7169 (1.3%)
Parts of
rotating
electric
plants N.E.S.
7416
7452 7442
7422 (0.85%)
7272 7283
7429 8743
7493 7212
7449 6991
7932 (1.7%) Ships
& boats
7712
7642
6744 (1%)
7711
8939 (1.5%)
Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
0819 5542
5334
5416 (1.8%)
Glycosides &
vaccines
8996 (1.5%)
Orthopaedic appliances
5169 (1.2%)
8720 (1.2%)
Medical
instruments
N.E.S.
5145
8744
5311
7741
0113 (4.8%) Swine meat 0013 0149
0111
0114
0116
0240 (1.9%) Cheese &
curd
2120 (1.2%)
0224 5922
0223
0341 0360 (0.72%)
0371
0372
0343
0350
8219 (2.5%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
structures
6649 (1.5%) Glass N.E.S.
current
6353 (1.1%)
Builders` carpentry
& joinery
6842 7414
8211
(0.58%)
7861
(0.54%)
8212
(0.54%)
6997
(0.52%)
6428
6912
6924
6973
0980 (1.9%) Edible
products N.E.S.
8931
0914
1123
8510 8439 8451
8459
(0.56%)
8462
8423
2926
(0.65%)
2925
0488
2820 (1.1%)
8928
2882
Total Exports: 116.11 B / 15.56 T (0.75%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.56 B / 228.33 B (1.12%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 116.11 B / 15.56 T (0.75%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 341 B / (27/13)
GDPPC USD 62,036 / (4/3)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
180
360
540
720
900
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8423 (8.2%)
6123 (4.8%) 8439
(3.8%)
8462
(3.1%)
8465
(2.5%)
8463 (2%)
8435 (1.6%)
8441 (1.6%)
8434
8431
(1.1%)
8424
8422 8459 8432
8481
8310 8443
8451
8442
8471
8433
8452
0612 (5.5%) 0711 (4.6%)
0615 0548
0721 (4.2%)
0611
1211
(2.4%)
0577
6716 (14%) 7721
(3.3%)
9710 (5.8%)
8973 (4.8%)
6831 6811 6812
0565 0579
0545
0546
1221
(1.4%)
0111 (2.3%)
8720
(1.9%)
6428
Total Exports: 1.80 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0612 (57%) 0711 (12%)
0615 (3%)
0721 (9.1%)
0611 (3.2%)
0813
2873 (7.5%)
0565
(1.1%)
0545
0619
0111 (2.4%)
Total Exports: 176.31 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
7649 (2.3%) Parts
of telecom &
sound recording
equipment
7788 (1.9%)
Other electrical
machinery &
equipment
N.E.S.
7712 (1.4%) Parts of
electric power
machinery N.E.S.
7599 (1%) Parts
of cash registers
& calculating
machines
7721 (5.5%) Switchboards,
relays & fuses
7711 (1.1%)
8465 (1.9%) Corsets
8423 (1.8%)
Men's trousers
8442 (1.7%)
Men's
underwear
8451 (1.7%)
Knitted
jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8429 (1.2%)
Other men
outerwear
8462 (0.86%)
8463 (0.79%)
8459 (0.74%)
8439
8441
8464
6521 (4.4%)
Unbleached
cotton woven
fabrics
8720 (9.3%) Medical instruments N.E.S. 7741
5530
(0.7%)
8939
(0.7%)
5629
(0.8%)
Fertilizers
1221 (5.3%) Cigars 1124 (1.7%)
Alcoholic
beverages
1123
0980 (1.3%)
8931 (1%)
0579
(0.65%)
0545
(0.57%)
6421
0484
0721 (2%) Raw &
roasted coffee beans
0611 (1.4%) Raw sugar
beet & cane
0573
(1.4%)
1212 (1.2%)
Wholly or partly
stripped
tobacco
1222
1213
0460 0711
8973 (6.5%) Precious jewellery
6612 (1.3%)
2882
6732 (3%)
Iron/steel rods
6428 (2.1%)
Articles of paper
pulp N.E.S.
8933 (1.6%)
2820 (1.3%)
Iron & steel
waste
6118
Total Exports: 5.78 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 176.31 M / 228.33 B (0.08%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.78 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 46 B / (75/10)
GDPPC USD 4,602 / (72/13)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
280
560
840
1.1 k
1.4 k
ECUADOR
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (43%) 0573 (20%) 0721
(3.2%)
0723
(1.5%)
2927
0711 (5.9%)
0360 (16%) 0814 (2.7%)
0371
0342 0341
2483
6342
0730
0712
Total Exports: 3.02 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)
0573 (59%) 0721 (15%)
0723
0711 (14%)
0612 (3.4%)
0360
0011
2483
6576
2871
0579
Total Exports: 287.52 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
3330 (64%) Crude petroleum 0573 (9.9%) Fresh or dried banana &
plantains
2927 (3.4%) Flora
0721 (1.2%)
4242 (1.1%) Palm
oil
0371 (4.9%) Fish N.E.S.
0360 (4.1%) Fresh, chilled,
frozen or salted crustaceans
& molluscs
0814
0342
0343
0344
0341
0980 0579
7821 (1.3%) Trucks &
vans
6973
3352
(0.98%)
0712
Total Exports: 18.52 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 287.52 M / 228.33 B (0.13%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 18.52 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 55 B / (68/9)
GDPPC USD 4,056 / (76/15)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
64
128
192
256
320
EGYPT
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (65%) 6841 2631 (9.4%)
0541
(1.2%)
0615
0752
0571 1222
5513
6513 (5.9%) 6521
6516
8462
0545
(0.93%)
0561
0546
6731
6842
8921 0341
Total Exports: 3.41 B / 2.79 T (0.12%)
2631 (41%) 0422 (14%)
0421 (3.2%) 2634
(0.88%)
2221
(0.75%)
0612 0541 0571 0813
6513 (11%)
6522 (3.5%) 6521 (1.9%)
3330 (7.6%)
6612
0545 (2.4%)
1124
2713
5542
9610
Total Exports: 696.77 M / 228.33 B (0.31%)
3413 (23%) liquified hydrocarbons 2731 (1.3%)
Building stone
6998 (1%)
6841 2789
6612 (0.94%)
5225
3232 (0.74%)
7731 (3.3%) Electric wire
6842 (2.1%)
Worked aluminium
& aluminium alloys
8219
(1.4%)
6624 (1.3%)
Non-refractory
ceramic
bricks
6997 (1.3%)
Articles of
iron or steel
N.E.S.
6428
8932 (0.83%)
7414
6732
6911
8122
6618
5981 (3.9%) Woods
& resin chemical
products
elements
5622 2713
(0.73%)
5232
5542
(0.86%)
Organic
surface-active
agents
N.E.S.
3351
(0.81%)
8939
5621 (2.5%)
Nitrogenous fertilizers
5831 (1.8%)
Polyethylene
6727 (4.1%) Iron/steel coils
6822 (3.7%) Worked copper &
copper alloys
6749
(0.74%)
6733
(0.63%)
7831 6731
0571 (2.3%) Fresh or
dried oranges &
m&arines
0575
0541
(0.96%)
0542
2631 (1.1%)
0422 (1%)
Semi or wholly
milled rice
8462 (1.9%)
Knitted
undergarments
of cotton
6584
(1.5%)
Linens &
furnishing
textile
articles
8439 8459
6592 (0.96%)
6522 (0.88%)
6513
(0.78%)
Cotton yarn
0545
(1.2%)
Other fresh
or chilled
vegetables
0546 (0.77%)
0579 (0.67%)
2711
0980
0620
0585
6421
0561
0240 (1.8%) Cheese
& curd
Total Exports: 26.35 B / 15.56 T (0.17%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 696.77 M / 228.33 B (0.31%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 26.35 B / 15.56 T (0.17%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 163 B / (50/6)
GDPPC USD 1,997 / (92/15)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
148
296
444
592
740
EL SALVADOR
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (72%) 8435
(1.6%)
8439
(1.5%)
8433
(1.2%)
6584
8434
8465
6513 (2.2%)
0360 (5%)
7788 (4.8%) 6421
(0.9%)
0579
0712
Total Exports: 588.74 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
0711 (53%)
0612 0615
2631 (8%)
0422 (1.5%)
4233 2632
0813
(0.91%)
0611
8510
(2.2%)
8472
6584
6581
6522 (2.8%)
6513
(1.8%)
6521
6549
5417 5530
5335
0819
5541
(1.1%)
0712
5629
7731
(1.2%)
6732
6842
6996
6421
(1.7%)
0914
(0.88%)
0360
(2.1%)
8928 6951
7782 6612
Total Exports: 225.20 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
8459 (4.3%) Other
knitted outerwear
8463 (4.2%) Knitted
undergarments of
synthetic fibers
8451 (3.7%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
8441 (1.1%) Men's
undershirt
8465 (1.1%)
6584 (1%)
Linens &
furnishing
textile articles
6552 (0.83%)
8439
(0.76%)
8510 (0.76%)
8442
8471
8433
2690
8931 (2.2%) Closable plastic
packing
1110 (1.7%) Non-alcoholic
beverages N.E.S.
0980
(1.6%)
6421 (1.5%) Paper
packing containers
0484 (1.4%) Bakery
0585
(0.81%)
0914
5121 (4.8%) Acyclic
alcohols &
derivatives
0711 (6.3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee
substitutes
0470 (0.92%) 0615
0611 (1.9%)
6424 (2.4%) Cut to size paper
N.E.S.
8939 (1.4%)
Miscellaneous articles
of plastic
5542 (1.1%)
5334
7788 (3.6%) Other electrical
machinery & equipment N.E.S.
6746 (1.5%)
Iron/steel <3mm
tick sheets
6744
6732 (1.3%)
Iron/steel rods
6842 (0.88%)
7731 8219
3510
6428
0371 (2.6%) Fish
N.E.S.
8928
2882
2789
Total Exports: 4.55 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 225.20 M / 228.33 B (0.1%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 4.55 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 22 B / (94/16)
GDPPC USD 3,604 / (81/16)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
2 k
4 k
6 k
8 k
10 k
ESTONIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7643 (15%) 7649 (11%) 8749
7449
6749 5224
6724
2482 (4.3%) 8219 (3.4%)
6353 (2.7%) 6911 (2.6%)
7731 (2.1%)
2471 (2%)
8212
(1.4%)
2472
6912 (1.3%)
8211
2483
(0.81%)
2460
(0.8%)
6359
6343
6342
6997
7861
6633
6584
(1.2%)
8439 8510
8423
8429 8431
8462 8441
8421
6589
6521 6544 6522
0371 (1.9%)
0343
0344
0342
0350
0224
(1.2%)
0240
0230
6130 0113
5334
8939
5335
5621
5629
0721 (2.2%)
2631
2820
(1.4%)
3224
6423
2882
6998
5225 6612
8931 1110
Total Exports: 4.05 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)
2471 (5.1%)
2482 (4.6%) 2472
(2.7%)
8219 (2.5%)
6342 (1.7%)
7731 (1.7%)
8211 (1.5%)
2460 (1.5%)
6353
(0.96%)
8212
2483
6911
6351
7861
8439 (3.3%)
6584 (2.7%)
8429 (2%) 8510
(1.6%)
8431
(1.5%)
8423 8435
(1.2%)
8462
8459 8424
8451 8441
6123 8434
8433
6589
8484
6354
8452
6521
(2.4%)
6522
(1.3%)
6513
2882 (2.7%)
6841
2890 (1.6%)
5225
(1.3%)
6612
6831 6672 3222
6861 6899
7599 (3.5%) 8947
(1.2%)
7712
6716
6712 6744
6863
6647
0341
(1.1%)
0371
0342
0224 (2.4%)
2111
3345 (1.5%)
5249
(1.1%)
5621 (2.4%)
5629
2820 (3.2%)
3224 (2.2%)
0586
(1.2%)
0488
Total Exports: 852.72 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
7810 (5.7%) Cars
7721 (2.2%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
7162 (2.1%) AC
electric motors &
generators
6251 (1.5%) Tires &
pneumatic for cars
7449 (1%)
7442 (0.92%)
Lifting &
loading
machinery
7169 (0.88%)
Parts of
rotating electric
plants N.E.S.
7239
7868
7234
6647
7441
7416
7649 (5.3%) Parts of telecom &
sound recording equipment
7712 (1.4%)
Parts of electric
power
machinery
N.E.S.
8947
8124
(0.53%)
6749 (2.8%) Other worked
iron/steel sheets
6252
(0.61%)
6353 (4.5%) Builders`
carpentry & joinery
wire
structures
2482 (2.1%) Worked
wood of coniferous
8219 (1.9%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
8212 (1.8%)
Medical &
dental
furniture
current
8211 (1.5%)
2460 (0.97%)
Pulpwood
2472
6359 2483 2471
6343 7861 6633
6997
2512
6413
6415
2519
5335 (1.2%)
Glazes,
driers, putty
8939 (1.2%)
Miscellaneous
articles
of
plastic
5334
(0.84%)
Varnishes &
lacquers
8922
5621 (1.2%)
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5137 (0.79%)
8510 8439
6584
8459
8462
8429
8431
2820 (3.2%) Iron &
steel waste
3224
(0.77%)
8928
6423
5825
0240 0371
(0.52%)
0342
0360
0344
6130
0113
0980 8931 1124 (1.8%)
Alcoholic
beverages
6841 2882 6998
6851
6612
(0.72%)
5225
0721 (1%) Raw &
roasted coffee
beans
0430
0711
Total Exports: 13.79 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 852.72 M / 4.30 T (0.02%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 13.79 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 24 B / (90/19)
GDPPC USD 17,541 / (35/4)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
6.6
13.2
19.8
26.4
33
ETHIOPIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (65%) 2925
2927
4314
2922
2632
0813
2238
2117 (9.1%)
6116 (5.4%) 6114
(1.4%)
2116
(1.4%)
6113
6115
2919
2114
0012 (3.7%)
8741
(1.1%)
7148
5514
(0.94%)
5322
8462
0545
(0.99%)
Total Exports: 355.91 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (61%) 0542
(8%)
0813
(2.5%)
2234
0573
(1.7%)
4314
2223
2221
2116 (3.1%) 2117
(2.5%)
2114 (2%) 2111 (1.3%)
2919
0149
(1.5%)
0012 2120
(1.2%)
9610 (4.4%)
0545 (1.9%) 2783
(1.7%)
Total Exports: 106.21 M / 228.33 B (0.05%)
0711 (36%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes
0542 (7.4%) Dried or shelled legumes 2929 (2%) Vegetable
origin materials
0752
(0.67%)
2225 (13%) Sesame seeds
2634 2922
2927 (6.7%) Flora 2926
(1.2%)
0611
(0.86%)
2238 (2.6%) Oil seeds & fruits N.E.S.
2117 (1.9%)
Raw sheep skin
with wool
6115 (1.8%)
Sheep & lamb
leather
6116 (1.7%) Leather of
other hides or skins
0112 (1.8%) Sheep
& goat meat
0011 (1.7%) Live
bovines
0545 (6.2%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables
9710 (5.1%) Gold,
non-monetary
7924 (1.8%) Aircrafts
of more than 15 tons
7234
9410 6123
Total Exports: 1.64 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 106.21 M / 228.33 B (0.05%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.64 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 26 B / (88/7)
GDPPC USD 321 / (126/24)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
3.6 k
7.2 k
10.8 k
14.4 k
18 k
FINLAND
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6415 (10%)
6412 (9.9%)
2517 (5.3%)
6411 (5%)
6413 (3%) 2516
2482 (6%) 6342 (2%)
6428 6353
7731 8219 6911
6417
6418 (4.8%) 7259
(1.4%)
7442
(1.2%)
7251 7234
7449 7492
7416 6572
7441
7224
7162
7283
7239
6746
(1.4%)
6822
6744
6745 6783
6727
6749
6716
7932 (3.3%) 7931 (1.5%)
7938
(0.85%)
7915
7611 7641 7643
7712
5331 (1.4%)
2671
6424
8922
5831
3352
6861
(0.79%)
6831
6821
2120
(1.5%)
8431
8459
6421
8931
Total Exports: 23.87 B / 2.79 T (0.85%)
6411 (12%) 2517 (10%)
6413 (7.1%)
6412 (6.5%)
6415 (5.9%)
2518 (5.6%)
2516 (2.6%) 2512
5981
2482 (13%)
6416
(1.1%)
7731
2479
6911
2483
7932 (7.4%) 6712 (2%)
6822
(1.2%)
5224
7411 (1.6%)
7281
2120 (3.4%)
0240 0230
6419 (4.2%)
2671 5331
6421 (1.8%) 6831 2875
Total Exports: 1.79 B / 228.33 B (0.78%)
6418 (3.2%) Rolls/sheets of
coated paper
7162 (2.2%) AC
electric motors &
generators
7284 (2.2%) Specialized
industry machinery & parts
N.E.S
7442 (2%) Lifting & loading
machinery
7234 (1.7%)
Construction &
mining machinery
7283 (1.2%)
Mineral working
machinery & parts
N.E.S.
7821 (1.2%)
7169 (1.1%)
7493
7239
(0.92%)
Bulldozers,
angledozers &
levellers parts
N.E.S.
7224
(0.92%)
Wheeled
tractors
7492 (0.91%)
7251 (0.91%)
7139
7449 (0.86%)
7259 7416
7219 6251
7138
7441
6647 7188
7643 (15%) Television & radio transmitters 7649 (2.3%)
Parts of telecom
& sound
recording
equipment
7712 (1.9%)
Parts of electric
power machinery
N.E.S.
8124
<3mm tick sheets
coils
6749 (1.1%)
Other
worked
iron/steel
sheets
6822
(0.96%)
6783 (0.85%)
6744 (0.78%)
6745
7932 (2.9%) Ships & boats 7711
6412 (3.6%) Printing & writing paper
in rolls or seets
6415 (3%) Paper & paperboad in rolls
or sheets
wood pulp, soda or
sulphate
6413
(0.79%)
2482 (2.7%) Worked
wood of coniferous
6342
6353 (1%) 7731
6428
3510
8720 (0.97%)
Medical
instruments
N.E.S.
5331
7741
5123
8744
5629
5231
5831
6899 (0.82%)
6861 (0.81%)
6831 (1.3%)
Unwrought
nickel &
nickel alloys
6821 (1.1%)
2120
(0.64%)
8928
(0.52%)
Total Exports: 97.08 B / 15.56 T (0.62%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.79 B / 228.33 B (0.78%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 97.08 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 271 B / (33/14)
GDPPC USD 50,905 / (10/7)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.9 k
3.8 k
5.7 k
7.6 k
9.6 k
FRANCE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (8.4%)
7849 (4.9%)
7721
(1.7%)
7132
6251
(0.85%)
7234
7492
7139
6782
6731
7491
7499
7783
7162
7758
7442
7416
7449 6289
8121
7924 (4%)
7929 7149 7148
7923
6746
6822
6727
6783
6252
7523
5989
8822
2331
5839
5137 5982
5112
8720
5311
8742
5145
5146
5530
(1.9%)
5417
(1.7%)
8939
0819
5831 5834
5832
6842
(0.97%)
3510
8219
6732
6911
8211
7414
6428
6997
8960 (1.5%)
6652
6412
6415
0412 (2.1%)
0440
2224
0430
2226
0612
0460
0482
0574
1121 (3%)
0980
1124
0011
0111
0114
0240 6512
2111
8439 8310 5833
8928
5241
(0.97%)
2882
Total Exports: 164.72 B / 2.79 T (5.89%)
7810 (8.3%) 7842
(3.8%)
7244
(1.6%)
7411
(1.6%)
7499
6731
(1.3%)
6782
6746 (2.4%) 6733
6747
6783 6716
6749 6727
6725
7518
(1.4%)
7788
8947
7131 (1.2%)
7928
8731
6770
5989
(1.3%)
5148
2331
8822
5137
3345
5417
(1.8%)
5530
8921 0819
8922
6424
6573
5335
5232
5623
0224
(1.4%)
0240
0230
(0.87%)
5922
0111
(1.4%)
0011
(1%)
6512
(1.6%)
6118 6113
6732
(1.2%)
6842 6911
6973
6341
8960
(1.4%)
6953
6652
8842
0430 (2.5%)
0440
(1.4%)
5513
0460
0482
0541
0574
1121 (2.9%)
0565
0579
1124 (1.8%)
8472
(1.4%)
8510
(1.2%)
6560
6522
(0.83%)
6513
6841
(1.2%)
5225
2741
2820
(1.1%)
2665
Total Exports: 12.71 B / 228.33 B (5.57%)
7810 (6.1%) Cars
7849 (4.3%) Other vehicles parts
7721 (2.2%) Switchboards, relays &
fuses
7132 (1.3%)
Internal
combustion
engines for
motor
vehicles
7821
(1.2%)
7492
(0.72%)
7832
(0.69%)
7239 7442 7162
7139
(0.56%)
6251
(0.56%)
7234
(0.54%)
7491
7783
8741
7431
7493
8743
7224
6782
7758
7924 (5.9%) Aircrafts of more
than 15 tons
7149 (1.5%) Parts of gas
& reaction engines
7929 (1.4%) Aircraft
equipment parts N.E.S.
7923
(0.78%)
Aircrafts of
between 2
7148
7144
6822 (0.67%)
6749
6746
6745
7518 7523
7921
5530 (3.1%) Perfumery &
cosmetics
8939 (0.84%) 0819
5542
5989
(1.1%)
5156
5416 8720
8996
5839
(0.5%)
5982
7742
5514
5831
(0.73%)
5834
5832
5913
5912
3510 (1.1%)
Electric
current
6842 (0.66%)
6732
8851
6652
1121 (2.2%)
Wine
0980 8931
0484
0730
0412 (1.1%)
Other wheat &
meslin,
unmilled
0440
0430
0612
0488
0240
0224
0011
0111
0113
5241
(0.98%)
8310 (0.87%) 2820 (0.73%)
Total Exports: 595.52 B / 15.56 T (3.83%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 12.71 B / 228.33 B (5.57%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 595.52 B / 15.56 T (3.83%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 2.9 T / (5/2)
GDPPC USD 44,471 / (16/10)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1 k
2.1 k
3.2 k
4.3 k
5.4 k
GABON
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (60%) 2877 (13%)
5241 (6.4%)
2472 (15%)
6342
(1.8%)
2479
(1.4%)
0360 (1.5%) 0612
0721
Total Exports: 1.27 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
3330 (29%)
2877 (20%) 2860 (5.7%)
2472 (40%)
2481 6341 2483
0721 6716
Total Exports: 157.67 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
3330 (68%) Crude petroleum 2877 (18%) Manganese 2472 (8.9%) Sawlogs &
veneer logs of
non-coniferous
6341 (1.7%) NULL
2483 (1.4%)
Worked wood of
non-coniferous
6342
2320
Total Exports: 7.79 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 157.67 M / 228.33 B (0.07%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 7.79 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 15 B / (100/11)
GDPPC USD 10,037 / (46/1)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
70
140
210
280
350
GEORGIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7923 (9.9%) 6716 (6.1%)
7441
7239
7452
7272
6782
7126
7911
7919
7921
(2.5%)
2882 (8%)
6841 8974
9710 (4.4%) 2890
(3.2%)
2871 (3.3%) 2877
(1.6%)
1121 (11%)
1110 (5.3%)
1124 5121
2820 (12%)
0577 (3.4%) 0741
(2%)
0612 0460
0752
0571 1223
0412
5111
(1.6%)
5138
5249
5621 (1.7%)
5530 5232
3510 (4.3%)
2483 2472
Total Exports: 348.45 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
6716 (32%)
6725 (6.7%) 6712 (3%) 6744
(1.3%)
6782 7528 7923
2820 (20%) 3330 (12%)
2871
(3.3%)
2882
(1.2%)
6841
(1.1%)
6831 (1.4%)
5621 (3.5%) 5156
(1.2%)
2925 (4.1%) 6732
(1%)
Total Exports: 44.63 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
6716 (20%) Ferro-alloys 7810 (8.3%) Cars
7911 (2.3%) Electric trains 7239 7919
6782
9710 (7.4%) Gold, non-monetary 6612 (5.9%) Cement 2871 (8.7%) Copper
2882 (3.4%) Other non-ferrous base metals
1121 (3%) Wine
1110 (2.9%) Non-alcoholic
beverages N.E.S.
0980
0585
1124 (4.3%) Alcoholic beverages
2820 (9.4%) Iron & steel waste
5621 (7.8%) Nitrogenous fertilizers
5530 (0.7%) 5249
(0.49%)
0577 (2.3%)
Edible nuts
0612 0813
3510 (1.2%)
Electric
current
2483 (1.1%)
Worked
wood of
non-coniferous
6732 (0.69%)
Total Exports: 1.53 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 44.63 M / 4.30 T (0.001%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.53 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 13 B / (108/23)
GDPPC USD 2,919 / (85/23)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
3.6 k
7.2 k
10.8 k
14.4 k
18 k
GERMANY
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.105 -0.1 -0.095 -0.09 -0.085 -0.08 -0.075 -0.07
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (13%)
7849 (4.7%) 7284 (2.2%)
7721 (1.8%)
7821
(1.5%)
7452
(1.2%)
7139
7492
7361
7264 7244 7493
7442
6782
7491
7783
6991 7132
7234 7822
7416
6418
7162
7449
6954
8743
7428
7499
7281
7224
7758
7247
6940
7369
7367
7372
7832
7436
7362
7441
7784
7243
7831
8749
7252
6746
6822
7611
8983
8124 7782
5989
(1.4%)
5839
5311 8748
8742
5148
5156
5836 5137
5417
(1.1%)
8939
(1.1%)
5542
5334
5530
5834
5831
6842 8219 8211
6428
6415
6412
6953
8928
2820
0224
0223
5922
6514
8931
6421
5121
Total Exports: 311.86 B / 2.79 T (11.16%)
7810 (15%)
7842 (4.1%)
7244 (3.5%)
7499 (3%)
7821
(2.3%)
7411
(1.9%)
7452
7281
(1.3%)
6782
(1.3%)
7212
(1.1%)
7371
(0.89%)
7783
7283
6991
7491
7243 6940
6731
7126
7784
7919
7788 (1.3%)
7512 7518
7511
8852
8942
8811
8124
6746
(1.4%)
6733
6822
6783 6725
6727
6749
6712
5224
8731
(1.2%)
6770
7782
5989 (1.6%)
8745
5148
5155
(1.1%)
5137
8822
8720
7742
5411
2671
5331
5417 (1.7%) 5335
5542 6419
6573
6424
5530
5232
5629
5621
5623
6210
6732
(1.3%)
6842
7731 6911 6973
6953
(1.2%)
6960
2665
2820
8928
3232
(1.5%)
6998 6812
5121
6517
Total Exports: 24.78 B / 228.33 B (10.85%)
7810 (13%) Cars
7849 (4.3%) Other
vehicles parts
relays & fuses
7284 (2%) Specialized
industry machinery &
parts N.E.S
7821 (1.4%)
Trucks &
vans
7139 (1.3%)
Piston
engines
parts N.E.S.
7452 (1.2%)
Non-electrical
machines
parts N.E.S.
7493 (1.2%)
Mechanical
tools for
building
7492 (1%) 7132 7442 (0.79%)
7832 (0.75%)
8743 6991
7416
7234 7162
7436
7822
7491
7431
6954
6940
7264
7361
7283
7499
7212
6782
7783
7441
7758
7161
7281
6289
7188
7788 (0.78%)
7763 (0.75%)
7712
7421
8124 7924 (1.9%)
Aircrafts of more
than 15 tons
7929 6822
(0.99%)
Worked
copper &
copper alloys
6746
6783
6733
5989 (1.5%)
Chemical
products
5416
(1.1%)
5839 (0.96%)
Other
polymerization
&
copolymarization
products
8720
(0.87%)
Medical
instruments
N.E.S.
5156 (0.84%)
8742
7742
8744
5417 (4.5%) Medicaments 8939 (1.1%)
Miscellaneous
articles of
plastic
5530
5334
5542
5414
5831
6210
6842 (0.97%)
8219
6911
3510
7861
6997
6415
2820 8928
5823
8931 0980
0484
6421
0730
0240
0113
2882
1222
Total Exports: 1.47 T / 15.56 T (9.45%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP*
* Values for The Federal Republic of Germany * Values for The Federal Republic of Germany
TOTAL EXPORTS: 24.78 B / 228.33 B (10.85%) 1988
EXPORT
TREEMAP* TOTAL EXPORTS: 113.86 B / 2.79 T (11.16%)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.47 T / 15.56 T (9.45%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 3.6 T / (4/1)
GDPPC USD 44,264 / (17/11)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
54
108
162
216
270
GHANA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0721 (35%)
0723 (5.6%)
6841 (30%) 6672 (3.7%)
2771 (1.6%)
2877 (1.6%)
2873
2483 (7.6%) 2472 (7.3%) 6341 0360
(1.4%)
0342
0579 7923
0819
Total Exports: 910.85 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0721 (52%)
0723 (8.2%)
6841 (16%)
2877 (4%) 6672 (3.1%) 2771
2472 (7.2%) 2483 (5%)
Total Exports: 367.72 M / 228.33 B (0.16%)
9710 (48%) Gold, non-monetary
2877 2873 2882
0721 (27%) Raw & roasted coffee beans
0723 2320
0577 (3.1%)
Edible nuts
2223
2238 (1.2%)
Oil seeds &
fruits N.E.S.
2483 (3.8%) Worked
wood of non-coniferous
6341 (1.5%)
NULL
6342
(1.2%)
Sheets of
plywood
6344
(0.8%)
6842
7499 (1.2%)
Non-electric
parts of
machinery
N.E.S.
0342 0371
5233
8931
Total Exports: 3.83 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 367.72 M / 228.33 B (0,16%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.83 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 29 B / (84/6)
GDPPC USD 1,222 / (101/11)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
460
920
1.3 k
1.8 k
2.3 k
GREECE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8462 (5.1%) 8451 (2.8%)
8459 (2.4%)
8435 (1.6%)
8431 (1.5%)
8434 (1.5%)
8439
(1.4%)
8452 8423
6589 8463
8433 8424
6584
8432
6513
(3.8%)
6522
(1.2%)
6517
0411 (4.6%)
0440 (2.3%)
1211 (3.6%)
1212
0575 (2.5%)
0571
2631
(0.99%)
6716 (2.5%)
6727 (2.3%)
6822
(1.3%)
6746
(1.2%)
6783
6749
6747
6745
7932 (4.2%) 6623
7144
0589 (3.5%) 0546
(2%)
0565 (1.7%)
0579 (1.7%)
4235
(1.3%)
0545
1121 0585
6841
(2%)
2782
(1.3%)
6612 (3.1%) 2873
8483 (4.5%)
6130
0240 0350
6512
6842
(2.5%)
7731
8939 5417
(0.87%)
3345
5113
5621
6613
Total Exports: 7.98 B / 2.79 T (0.29%)
2631 (13%)
0422 2922 2634
0571 (4.2%)
0575
(1.4%)
0572
(1.4%)
0430 (2.1%) 0548
6841 (9.9%) 2782 (4.5%)
2789
(0.92%)
2874
2731
2875
2873 (3.5%)
5225
(2.2%)
6612
4235 (9%)
0579 (3.7%)
0565 (3.4%) 1121
(2.5%)
0585
(2.1%)
0589
0546
(1.1%)
6130 (6.5%)
2116 (2.9%) 2114 (1.1%)
2919
(1%)
6513 (3.5%)
8471 6560
5629
5622
5989
(1%)
6842 6924
5981
(1%)
6716
(1.3%)
7933
Total Exports: 556.98 M / 228.33 B (0.24%)
6822 (4%) Worked
copper & copper
alloys
6783 (2.9%) Other iron or
steel tubes & pipes
6749 6724
6282
6731
6975
of more than 15 tons
7932 (1.5%)
Ships & boats
7781 7415
8731
5530 (1.9%) Perfumery
& cosmetics
8939 (1%)
5542
(0.69%)
8921
5334
5821
5832 (1.7%)
Polypropylene
5831 5989
(0.93%)
Chemical
products
5629
(0.57%)
0565 (2.8%) Prepared or
preserved vegetables
0589 (2.3%) Prepared or
preserved fruit
4235
(2.1%) Olive
oil
0579 (1.7%) Fresh or
dried fruit N.E.S.
0980
(0.98%)
0545
0484
8931
0483
0583
1110
6842 (4.4%) Worked aluminium &
aluminium alloys
7731 (2.1%)
Electric wire
6912
(0.84%)
Aluminium
structures
6911
(0.76%)
7414 7752
6624
6428
6973
1211 (1.8%)
Unstripped tobacco
1222 (1.2%)
Cigarretes
2631 (1.8%) Raw
cotton
2223
0575 (1.1%)
0571 (0.91%)
0411
(0.74%)
8459 (2.6%) Other
knitted outerwear
8462
6552
(0.81%)
8463
6575
6522
6513
0341 (2.9%) Fresh or
chilled fish, excluding
fillets
8483 (1.9%) Fur
clothing (not
headgear)
0240 (1.6%)
Cheese & curd
0223
6841 (1.4%)
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
2882
2789
6612 (1.5%)
Cement
2873 (1.1%)
Aluminium ore
3354
5833 5823
Total Exports: 25.58 B / 15.56 T (0.16%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 556.98 M / 228.33 B (0,24%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 25.58 B / 15.56 T (0.16%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 350 B / (26/12)
GDPPC USD 31,174 / (23/15)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
114
228
342
456
570
GUATEMALA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (40%)
0752 (4.2%) 0612 (4.1%) 0615
(1.9%)
0573 (13%)
2926 (1.6%)
0611 (1.5%)
2320
2927
(0.82%)
2925
2631 (4.1%) 2225
0577
1212
(1.2%)
1211
5513
8439 (3%) 8423
8435
8462
8434
8441 8431
8463
8452
0545 (1.5%)
0546
0579
(1.2%)
0111 (2.1%) 0360
(1.7%)
2483
(1.1%)
5913
Total Exports: 969.78 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0711 (38%)
0612 (2.7%) 0752 0541
2929
2631 (17%)
2223 4233 2634 2632
0573 (7.8%)
2320 0611
0813
5513
1222
0111 (4.1%) 0141
0616
8472
(1.9%)
8510
(1%)
6581
6522
(1.7%)
5417 (1.7%)
5530
(1.4%)
0712
0620
(1.1%)
0980
0545 0585
0914
7781
(1.2%)
6749
6651
(1%)
2890
Total Exports: 269.04 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
0611 (5.8%) Raw sugar beet &
cane
banana & plantains
2320 (3.1%) Natural
rubber, latex & gums
4242 (2.5%) Palm
oil
2926
2927
0711 (9.8%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes
0752 (3.2%) Spices other than
pepper
0481
1212 2225
8459 (9.7%) Other knitted outerwear 8462 (2.9%) Knitted
undergarments of
cotton
8439 (2%) Other
women outerwear
6552 8451 (0.81%)
8423 (0.72%)
8431
8463
6522
6513
6531
0545 (2.2%)
Other fresh or
chilled
vegetables
0579 (1.9%)
Fresh or dried
fruit N.E.S.
0980
(1.7%)
Edible
products
N.E.S.
1110 (1.2%)
8931 (1.1%)
6421 (1.1%)
0484 (1.1%)
Bakery
0585
0620
(0.64%)
4312
0565
5121 (1.4%)
5417 (2.5%)
Medicaments
5530 (1.9%)
Perfumery &
cosmetics
5542 (1.1%)
Organic
surface-active
agents N.E.S.
8939
5334
5543
5541 (0.94%)
5911
5913
5147 (0.78%)
5629 5834
2890 (4%) Ores and
precious metals
3413 (0.98%)
liquified
hydrocarbons
2882
6924 (0.7%)
6911 (0.65%)
6624 6732
6749 (1.3%) Other
worked iron/steel
sheets
6783
(0.74%)
7781
6651 (0.89%) 0360
(0.85%)
Total Exports: 7.74 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 269.04 M / 228.33 B (0,12%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 7.74 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 39 B / (78/11)
GDPPC USD 2,860 / (86/17)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
36
72
108
144
180
GUINEA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2873 (78%) 6672 (16%) 0711
0577
2631
0721
0579
Total Exports: 535.41 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
5225 (73%) 0711 (12%)
2232 (4.1%) 0573 (3.8%)
5513
0579 (2.3%) 2820
Total Exports: 47.16 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
2873 (43%) Aluminium ore 9710 (27%) Gold, non-monetary
3330 (12%) Crude petroleum 3413 (7.4%) liquified hydrocarbons
8928 (6.6%)
Printed matter
N.E.S.
2320 (1.3%)
Natural rubber,
latex & gums
0411
2483 (1.4%)
Worked wood of
non-coniferous
Total Exports: 1.77 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 47.16 M / 228.33 B (0,02%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.77 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 3.8 B / (126/24)
GDPPC USD 384 / (124/22)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
182
364
546
728
910
HONDURAS
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0573 (44%) 0711 (20%)
0572
0360 (8.6%)
0342
0111
8465
(1.7%)
8441
(1.4%)
8423
8462
8432
0579 (2.2%)
0589 0583
1221
2482 (2%)
6359
2875 (1.5%)
2874
7932
(0.81%)
8947
9410
Total Exports: 960.74 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0573 (56%) 0711 (13%)
0542 (2%)
2631 (2.1%)
2223
0440
(1.5%)
2482 (8.4%)
0111 (2.6%) 0011
0013
0360
(1.4%)
2874 (3.1%) 2879
6612
5541
(1.4%)
0583
Total Exports: 225.34 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
8462 (16%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 8451 (14%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
8423 (3.1%) Men's
trousers
8463 (2.8%) Knitted
undergarments of
synthetic fibers
8472 (2.5%) Knitted clothing
accessories of textile fabrics
8465 (2.3%) Corsets
8429 (1.7%) Other men
outerwear
6552 (1.3%)
8439
(0.54%)
2690
8997
0711 (11%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee
substitutes
0573 (4%) Fresh or dried banana &
plantains
4242 (3.2%) Palm oil 0611
4244
1222
0579 (2.3%)
Fresh or dried
fruit N.E.S.
8931
6421
0484
1221
(1.8%)
3413 (2.1%)
liquified
hydrocarbons
9710 (1.6%) Gold,
non-monetary
2874
(0.72%)
2882
0360 (2.5%) Fresh,
chilled, frozen or salted
crustaceans & molluscs
0343 (1.2%) Fresh
or chilled fish fillets
5541 (0.88%)
0819
2820
Total Exports: 6.61 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 225.34 M / 228.33 B (0,1%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 6.61 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 14 B / (104/20)
GDPPC USD 1,909 / (94/19)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
10.6 k
21.2 k
31.8 k
42.4 k
53 k
HONG KONG SAR, CHINA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8942 (5.9%) 7649 (2.5%)
7599 (2.3%)
7628
(2.1%)
8852
(1.8%)
7764
(1.6%)
7788
(1.1%)
7641
(1.1%)
7611
(1%)
7722
(1%)
8983
7622
7712
7757
7512
7763 7638
8811 7768
7522 8124 7518
7849 (5.1%) 7284
(2.8%)
7758
(1%)
7243
7162
8439 (3.8%)
8451 (3.7%)
8423
(2.1%)
8435
(2.1%)
8441 (2%)
8459 (2%)
8462 (2%)
8310 (1.1%)
8429
(1.1%)
8463
8431 6552
8481
8452
6560
6522 (7.4%)
6531
6534
6541
8851 (4.7%) 6974
8998
8973 (2.3%)
6672
(1.2%)
6673
8939
(1.3%)
8921
(0.87%)
8972
8999
8928
8483
(0.9%)
0341 8931
Total Exports: 42.13 B / 2.79 T (1.51%)
8472 (22%) 8510 (5.1%)
8310 (4%)
6584 (3.5%)
8471
(1.9%)
8997
8481
6521 (6.1%) 6522 (5.4%) 6513
(1.8%)
8942 (11%) 8124 (2.3%)
7788 (2%)
7781
6991
6577
7782
5852
8999 (10%)
8972 (1.7%) 8830
6658
6672
(2%)
6673
(1.6%)
8973
2890
6998
8994 8851 8998
6960
2923
1222
8921
5335
5530
0360
(1.1%)
Total Exports: 1.68 B / 228.33 B (0.73%)
7649 (10%) Parts of telecom & sound recording
equipment
7599 (6.1%) Parts of cash registers & calculating
machines
8942 (4.4%) Toys
7712 (2.4%) Parts of
electric power
machinery N.E.S.
7525 (2.3%) Control
& peripheral
hardware
7638 (2.3%) Video & sound
recorders N.E.S.
7722 (2%) Printed circuits &
parts N.E.S.
7788 (1.9%)
Other electrical
machinery &
equipment
N.E.S.
7643 (1.6%)
Television &
radio
transmitters
7763 (1.6%) Diodes &
transistors
7641
7781 (0.81%)
7768 (0.79%)
8710 (0.76%)
7528
8841
7642
(0.5%)
7518
8852
8124
7723
7757
7721 (2.6%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7169 7149 6822
8451 (2.2%) Knitted
cardigans
8310 (1.9%) Luggage &
handbags
8459 (1.1%) Other
knitted outerwear
8439 (1.1%)
6552
(0.89%) Non
synthetic
knitted fibres
8462
(0.74%)
8465
8423
8431
8441
8463
8481
6522
6513
9710 (2.4%) Gold,
non-monetary
8973 (1.5%) Precious
jewellery
6672 (3.1%) Not
mounted diamonds
6811
8851 (1.8%) Watches
8842
(0.53%)
7731
5839
8748
8939 8921
(0.53%)
5833
(0.94%)
Polystyrene
8972
6114
(0.54%)
Total Exports: 370.35 B / 15.56 T (2.38%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.68 B / 228.33 B (0,73%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 370.35 B / 15.56 T (2.38%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 215 B / (40/8)
GDPPC USD 30,834 / (24/4)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
2.2 k
4.4 k
6.6 k
8.8 k
11 k
HUNGARY
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-10 -5 0
x 10
-3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7841 (2.1%)
7831 (1.6%)
7212
(1.4%)
7219
(1.3%)
7842
(1.3%)
7361 8121
7491
6782 7783
7272
7449
7367
7169
6731
7782
(2.1%)
6259 6931
6252
7528
7522 7611
7641 7521
7642 8124
7415
6727
(1.6%)
6725 6733
6744
0114 (2.9%)
0118 (2.7%)
0149
(1.3%)
0113
(1.2%)
0012
0142
0011
0913
2919
0451
5112
(1%)
5156
(1%)
5111
5148
7742
5161
5417 (1.8%)
5414 5413
3351
6573
5831
(2.1%)
5834
(1.2%)
5832
5621
(1.2%)
5913
3352
5629
8510
(1.8%)
8431 8459 8439
8424
6123
8481
8310
8434
8423
8433
6522 6542 6513
6842 (2.3%) 8219
7752
8211
2472
2483
6997
2450
6351
6353
2471
6911
6652
1121 0545
0565
0546 0585
0579
0980
0561
0620
5121 1124
0440
4236
0411
2224 2238
0542 0751 0811
2925
2882 5225
3232
2820
6651
Total Exports: 6.64 B / 2.79 T (0.24%)
0011 (12%)
0111 (4.6%)
0114 (3.9%)
0012
(2.1%)
0113 (1.6%)
0142
0015
0118
0149
(0.92%)
0616
0013
8472 (2%)
8481
(1.1%)
6584
(1.1%)
8510
8997
(0.81%)
8471
6522 (4.4%) 6521
(1.2%)
6544
6733 (2.5%)
6725 (2%)
6746
(1.3%)
6712
6782
(1.1%)
7914
7919 6991
6731
8946
7782
(1.4%)
6931
8942
7915
0545
(1.5%)
0565 0561
0579
(1%)
1121
(0.97%)
0586 0121
0589
0546
5148
(1.1%)
5155
8822
5169
5413 5414
6573
5621
(1.5%)
6841 (3.5%) 5225 6612
3354 3232
2482
(1.6%)
6732
6582 7852
0751
(1.1%)
0542 2924
2923
4236
(1.2%)
0574
(0.81%)
2665
(0.86%)
9410
6658
Total Exports: 460.81 M / 228.33 B (0.2%)
7132 (8.2%) Internal combustion
engines for motor vehicles
7810 (8.1%) Cars
7849 (4.4%) Other vehicles
parts
relays & fuses
8743 (1.4%)
7139 (1.1%)
7431 7783
7212 7868
7239 7162
6251 7169
8749
6991 7919
8732 7732
7434
7422
7429
7784
7758
6289
6418
7499
7643 (12%) Television & radio transmitters
7611 (5.1%) Color T.V. 7649 (2.2%)
Parts of telecom &
sound recording
equipment
7525 (2.2%) Control &
peripheral hardware
7523 (1.7%) CPUs 7638
7528 7518 7763
7757
7415
7722
8124
7782 (0.83%) 7149
(0.5%)
6727
(0.5%)
3510 (1.2%)
Electric
current
8211 (1.1%)
Chairs &
seats
6842 (1%) 7752 (0.71%)
6911
6428
6353
8939 (1.1%)
Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
0819
5831 5834
(0.51%)
5148
0440 (1.2%)
Unmilled maize
0412 (0.7%)
2224
2226
0114
(0.58%)
0113
0980
(0.68%)
8931
2820
(0.58%)
Total Exports: 109.10 B / 15.56 T (0.7%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 460.81 M / 228.33 B (0,2%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 109.10 B / 15.56 T (0.7%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 155 B / (51/7)
GDPPC USD 15,408 / (37/6)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
32
64
96
128
160
INDIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8435 (2.9%)
8441 (2.6%)
6123
(2.3%)
8439
(1.7%)
8481
(1.5%)
8510
(1.2%)
8433
(1%)
6584
(0.98%)
8310
(0.94%)
8451
(0.89%)
8434 8471
8459 6596
6594 8462 6581
8463
6592 (3.1%) 6521
(1.9%)
6513 (1.8%)
6522 (1.6%)
6541
(0.95%)
6672 (20%) 2815 (4.6%)
2873 2816
2731 8973
2879
0741 (3.6%)
0577
(1.6%)
0422
6545
(0.79%)
0421
2922
0711
(1.4%)
0751
(1.3%)
2929
(1.1%)
2924
0752
0813 (2.2%)
6116 (2.1%)
6114
6113
6115
0360 (3.1%)
5311
5146
5417
(1.3%)
5530
7244
6975
7522
7761
6716
6953
6978
7853
0545 0579
Total Exports: 16.03 B / 2.79 T (0.57%)
0741 (16%) 6545 (16%)
0577 (5.4%) 2631 (1.4%)
2922 2640
2221
0813 (5.1%) 4245
5513
0711 (1.8%)
0751 (1.4%)
0752
(1.1%)
2929
2924
6522 (3.5%)
6521 (3%)
6513
(1.2%)
6519
6592
(0.92%)
6581 (4.4%) 6584 8510
6118 (4.8%)
6114 2919 2114
0360
(1.2%)
2911
6672
(2.3%)
6673
(1.8%)
2785
(1.3%)
2877
(1.3%)
2879
6712 (2.5%) 6733
(0.96%)
6725
6732
(1.5%)
6911
7731
7852 8960
2820 8999
0545
Total Exports: 1.97 B / 228.33 B (0.86%)
6672 (13%) Not mounted diamonds 2815 (4.6%) Not agglomerated iron
ore
2873
6861
2816
8973 (4%) Precious
jewellery
6794 2731
6821 (1.1%)
Unwrought
copper & copper
alloys
8462 (2.1%) Knitted
undergarments of cotton
6584 (1.4%)
8510 (1.1%) 8435
(1.1%)
8459 (1%) Other
knitted outerwear
8441
8310 8433
8481
8439
8423
6596
8432
6123
6594
8434
6513 (1.6%)
Cotton yarn
6531
6522 6514
6783 (1.7%) Other iron
or steel tubes & pipes
6749 (1.6%) Other
worked iron/steel sheets
6716 (1.5%)
Ferro-alloys
6727
6822 6725 6746
6712
7161 7139 7851
7416
7831 7929
(1.2%)
Aircraft
equipment
parts N.E.S.
7938 (1.1%)
Special
floating
structures
5169 (2.1%) Organic
chemicals
5112 (1.3%)
5311 (0.9%)
Synthetic
organic dyes
5417 (4.2%) Medicaments 3352
5911
0422 (2.5%) Semi or
wholly milled rice
2631 (1.4%)
0577 (0.62%)
0741
2225
0813 (2.3%)
Oilcake
0440
(0.8%)
Unmilled
maize
0612
(0.65%)
0752
0711
0751
0611
0360
(0.86%)
0111
6114 6116
6911
6732
(0.59%)
6613 (0.69%)
5823
0545
Total Exports: 181.88 B / 15.56 T (1.17%)
South Asia.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.97 B / 228.33 B (0,86%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 181.88 B / 15.56 T (1.17%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
POPULATION 1.1 B / (2/1)
GDP USD 1.2 T / (12/1)
GDPPC USD 1,067 / (108/2)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
120
240
360
480
600
INDONESIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (23%)
3413 (17%)
6841 (1.8%) 2872 (1.8%) 2871 (1.7%) 6612
8973
2320 (8%) 4242
(1.8%)
4243
0721
0711
(3.2%)
2923 0751
0548
0752
0741
0813
1211
6342 (12%)
2483 (4.1%) 6344
(0.87%)
6349
8439 8441
8435
8423
8462
8463
6531
6534
6516
0360 (3%) 0342
0341
6871
(1.6%)
5621
6727
Total Exports: 21.93 B / 2.79 T (0.78%)
2320 (17%) 2231 (5.1%)
4242 (3.2%)
2232
0711 (7.9%) 0751 (1.8%)
0752 (1.3%)
0615 2923
0548
0741 (2.8%)
2221
0813
(1.3%)
3330 (32%) 2876 (11%)
2873 2872
2472 (3.4%) 2471
2483
6871
(2.1%)
8999
(1.5%)
5723
0360
2114
6584
Total Exports: 973.06 M / 228.33 B (0.43%)
3413 (12%) liquified hydrocarbons 3330 (11%) Crude petroleum
3354 (2.1%)
3222 (9.2%) Other coal 2871 (2.9%) Copper 6821
2872 (1.7%) Nickel 5225
(0.51%)
4242 (11%) Palm oil 2320 (5.3%) Natural rubber,
latex & gums
4244
(1.3%)
0721 (0.75%)
4243
0711
0813
0577
8510 (1.6%)
Footwear
8459 (1%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8439
8451
8441
8423
8462
8465
8429
6354
6514 6516
8219 (1.2%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
6342 (0.91%)
7731 (0.84%)
Electric wire
8211
2483
6353
6415 (1.7%)
Paper &
paperboad in
rolls or sheets
2517 (1.3%)
Chemical wood
pulp, soda or
sulphate
6412
(0.58%)
7638 (1%) Video
& sound
recorders N.E.S.
7781
7641
7452
(0.81%)
6251
6822
6744 6716
6871 (1.7%)
Unwrought tin & alloys
5146
5541
0360 (1%)
Fresh, chilled,
frozen or salted
crustaceans &
molluscs
0342
0372
4313 0914 5823
(0.53%)
Total Exports: 137.13 B / 15.56 T (0.88%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 973.06 M / 228.33 B (0,43%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 137.13 B / 15.56 T (0.88%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 511 B / (19/5)
GDPPC USD 2,245 / (90/10)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
280
560
840
1.1 k
1.4 k
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (88%) 6592
(5.3%)
0577
(2.8%)
0575 0752
2117
(0.84%)
0579
Total Exports: 8.64 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)
3330 (87%) 6592 (5.7%)
2631 (2.4%)
0577 2922
2117
2919
Total Exports: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0.93%)
3330 (87%) 6592 (5.7%)
2631 (2.4%)
0577 2922
2117
2919
Total Exports: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0.93%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0,93%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.12 B / 15.56 T (0.93%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 338 B / (28/2)
GDPPC USD 4,700 / (69/10)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
6.4 k
12.8 k
19.2 k
25.6 k
32 k
IRELAND
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7523 (6.6%)
7599 (6.2%)
8983 (3.9%) 7522
7764
(1.4%)
7649
(0.96%)
7525
(0.84%)
7528
7757
7722
8841
7721
7758 6954
6251
7822
6733
5156 (4.1%) 8720
(1.4%)
5148
5514
(1.1%)
8748
5989 5154
5146
5147
5417 (3.1%)
8939
5413 5530
8921
5139
2772 (1.8%) 5621
0111 (5.9%)
0011
(1.6%)
0015 0112
0149 0116
0230 (2.9%)
0224 (1.8%)
0240
(1.7%)
5922
(1.4%)
2111
0980 (5.4%)
0730
(1.1%)
8931
0620
1124 (1.9%) 1123
7731
(1.3%)
7414
6652
6522 6514
6534
8462
2875 6998
2873
(1.1%)
0488 2929
0612
0430
2665 3224
8924
Total Exports: 18.36 B / 2.79 T (0.66%)
0011 (17%) 0111 (13%)
0015 (2.5%)
0112 (1.7%)
0149
(1.4%)
0113
0116
0012
0115
0230 (3.7%) 0240 (2.2%)
0224
6114 (1.4%)
2111 2919
2681
6512
(0.78%)
0360
6672 (8%) 2771
2874 (2.3%) 2875
(1%)
2789
0730 (3.4%)
0121 (3%)
0620
0980
1123 (3.4%)
5413
(1.4%)
0819
2772
(2.5%)
5415
(1.2%)
8720
6210
8472
(1.9%)
8510
6584
6521
6519
8731
6931 6623
6940 7452
8942
8960
9410
6658
0541 0542
Total Exports: 921.12 M / 228.33 B (0.4%)
5156 (15%) Heterocyclic compound; nucleic acids 5514 (6.9%) Odoriferous
substances
5148 (5.3%) Other nitrogen-function
compounds
5989 (4.3%) Chemical products
8720 (3.3%) Medical
instruments N.E.S.
8996 (3.3%)
Orthopaedic appliances
5416 (2.5%) Glycosides &
vaccines
5157 (1.1%)
5155
(0.73%)
5146
5145
(0.6%)
5415
5417 (18%) Medicaments
5413 (1.4%)
Antibiotics
5139 5530
5419
7523 (5%) CPUs 7764 (4.6%) Electronic
microcircuits
7599 (2.9%) Parts of
cash registers &
calculating machines
7522 (1.9%)
Digital data
processing
machines
8841
(1.2%)
7525
(1.1%)
7528
0149
0240
(0.86%)
Cheese &
curd
5922
0230
0224
0980 (0.94%)
0730
0484
1124 (0.85%)
Alcoholic
beverages
0488 (1.3%) Malt
extract & cereal
preparations
containing less
than 50% cocoa 7414
2873
2875
Total Exports: 127.14 B / 15.56 T (0.82%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 921.12 M / 228.33 B (0,4%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 127.14 B / 15.56 T (0.82%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 266 B / (34/15)
GDPPC USD 60,178 / (5/4)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.7 k
3.4 k
5.1 k
6.8 k
8.6 k
ISRAEL
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6672 (37%)
8973 2782
7499 (3.2%) 7284
(2%)
6954
9510 7452
7281
8946
7622
(2.2%)
7788
7649
7641
7768 7754
7643
7757
7528
7781
7763
8710
7929 (3%)
7149
6259
8748
(1.1%)
7741
8742
8720
5232 2713
5222
(0.9%)
5622
5629
5623
(1.8%)
5911
5914
8939
(1%)
5834
5831
0585 (3.3%)
0579
0980
0589
0546
0571
(1.9%)
0572
2927
(1.7%)
2631
8462
(1.1%)
8459
8424
6514 0149
Total Exports: 10.20 B / 2.79 T (0.36%)
6672 (40%)
2871 6998 6612
0571 (19%) 0572 (6.8%) 2221
2634
0813
4232
2927
0585 (4.7%)
0589
(1.8%)
0579
0545
0561
8472 (3.4%)
8481
6513
(2.3%)
6521
6517
5623 (3.7%) 2713 (2.2%)
5221
7131
7928
8960
2665
Total Exports: 575.78 M / 228.33 B (0.25%)
6672 (39%) Not mounted diamonds 5989 (5.3%) Chemical
products
7742 (1.3%)
X-ray
apparatus
8742 8720
7741 (0.89%)
5112
5839
5417 (9.3%) Medicaments 8939
(1.8%)
5629 (4%) Fertilizers 5622
(1.1%)
Phosphatic
fertilizers
5222
5913 (1.1%)
Herbicides
5832 (0.8%)
7649 (3.8%) Parts of
telecom & sound
recording equipment
7788 (1.4%)
Other electrical
machinery &
equipment
N.E.S.
7622
(0.55%)
7723
6954 (1.6%)
Interchangeable
hand and machine
tools
7492
7452 (0.75%) 8749
6572
7929 (2.6%) Aircraft
equipment parts N.E.S.
between 2 and 15 tons
7149
6997 (1.3%)
Articles of iron
or steel N.E.S.
3510
(0.72%)
6633
0545 0980
0579
6514
Total Exports: 62.65 B / 15.56 T (0.4%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 575.78 M / 228.33 B (0,25%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 62.65 B / 15.56 T (0.4%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 202 B / (42/4)
GDPPC USD 27,652 / (25/4)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.8 k
3.6 k
5.4 k
7.2 k
9 k
ITALY
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7849 (3.2%) 7284
(2.4%)
7452 (1.6%) 7492
(1.3%)
7281 (1%)
7224
7416 7758
7361
7245 6991
7499
7431
7442
7493
6940
7244 6251
7272
7491
6782
7449
7162
7428
7283
7783
7373
7362
6785
7369
7434
7439
7523
8124
7751
(0.83%)
7415
6783
6822
8510 (5.7%)
8451 (2.9%)
8310
8439
8459
8471
8481 8463
8431
6552
8472
8422
8424
8434
6542
6514
6522
6534
6543
6541
8219
(2.4%)
6624
(2%)
8211
(1.6%)
6732
7752
6842
7414
6911
6997
6973
6412
8939
(1.3%)
8921
6573
5839
5147
5834 6210
1121 (1.4%)
0579 0546
0545
0730
0589
6613
(1.5%)
2665
7853
7248
8973 (2.9%)
6114
0240
0575
Total Exports: 127.35 B / 2.79 T (4.56%)
7810 (10%)
7244 (3.1%)
7411
(2.7%)
7499 (2.3%)
7452
7851
7281
6782
7243
7283 7271
7371 6940
6785
8946
7832
7512 (2.3%)
8942
(0.95%)
7511
8124
6746
6822 6783
8510 (8.2%) 8472 (7.9%) 8310
8471
6584
6513
6541
6517
0579 (2%) 1121 (1.9%)
0545 (1.6%)
0565
0589
0585
6973
6624
6911
6732 6842
6341
6924
6633
8842
7852
6652
8952
6960
8998
5413
8921
8922
6573
5148 3345
2671
5629
5221
5621
(0.91%)
0572 0574
0575 0571
0577 (1.5%)
2927
5513
6613
(1.1%)
2665
(1%)
8973
(1.7%)
6998
2731
6114
0240
6512
Total Exports: 10.28 B / 228.33 B (4.5%)
7849 (3.9%) Other
vehicles parts
N.E.S
7492 (2.2%) Valves
7452 (2%)
Non-electrical
machines parts
N.E.S.
7821 (1.6%) Trucks
& vans
7721 (1.3%)
Switchboards,
relays
&
fuses
7442
7416
(0.95%)
7493
7281 7234
7239
6785 7758
7139
6991 7224
6782 7283
7431 7162
7851
7132
7499
7272
7362
7372
8121
7361
7436
7822
7428
7491 7413
7212
7449
7441
6954
6731
8743
6572
6783 (1.1%)
Other iron or
steel tubes &
pipes
6822 (0.72%)
6746 6727
6749
6744
8124 7415
7751
7757
8947
7932 (1.4%)
Ships & boats
7921
7149 7929
8219 (2.2%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
6624 6732 (1.2%)
Iron/steel rods
8211 (1%)
6997
(0.85%)
7731
(0.83%)
6842
(0.72%)
7414
6911 7752
6428
8842
8510 (2.4%) Footwear 8310 (1%)
8439 (0.78%)
8451
8422
8463
8432
6552
8481
8471
6522
8939 (1.1%)
Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
5530 (0.78%)
5831
(0.59%)
6210
1121 (1.3%) Wine
0980
(0.62%)
0483
0565 0484
0730
6613 7853
8973 (1.5%)
Precious jewellery
6998
(0.55%)
6114
(0.89%)
0240
Total Exports: 541.81 B / 15.56 T (3.48%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 10.28 B / 228.33 B (4.5%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 541.81 B / 15.56 T (3.48%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 2.3 T / (7/4)
GDPPC USD 38,385 / (20/13)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
240
480
720
960
1.2 k
JAMAICA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2873 (42%) 8462 (5.8%)
8439 (3%) 8423 (2.7%)
8459 (2.3%)
8451 (2.2%)
8463 (1.7%)
8465
(1.6%)
8441
(1.6%)
8429
(1.2%)
8435
(1%)
8434
8433
0611 (8%) 0573
(2.8%)
0721
0548
(1.3%)
0711
(1.2%)
0612
0751
0571
1124 (4.7%) 5121
(1.7%)
1221
(0.94%)
7932 (3.6%) 0360
(1.1%)
0344
0342
5832
(0.97%)
8212
Total Exports: 979.83 M / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2873 (47%)
5225 (14%)
0611 (13%)
0573 (9.9%)
0612 (4.6%) 0615 (1.3%)
0751
1124 (2.1%) 0589
0585
8471
(1.8%)
3345
(0.87%)
Total Exports: 273.11 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
2873 (69%) Aluminium ore 5121 (7.8%) Acyclic alcohols &
derivatives
1124 (2.5%)
Alcoholic beverages
1123 (1.7%) Beer
0980 (1.1%)
Edible products
N.E.S.
0484 1110 0589
0579
cane
0711 (1.4%) Green &
roasted coffee & coffee
substitutes
0548 (1.3%)
Fresh & dried
vegetables,
roots &
tubers N.E.S.
5156 (1.3%)
Heterocyclic
compound;
nucleic acids
5114 2820 (1%)
Total Exports: 2.48 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 273.11 M / 228.33 B (0.12%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.48 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 14 B / (103/19)
GDPPC USD 5,301 / (66/12)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.2 k
2.4 k
3.6 k
4.8 k
6.1 k
JAPAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.05 -0.045 -0.04 -0.035 -0.03
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (19%) 7849
(3.8%)
7821 (3.4%) 7284
(1.9%)
7721
(1.6%)
7234
(1.1%)
6782
7361
7851
7139 7132
7431 7491
7783
7243
7758
7442 7441
7244
7831
7162
7245
7499
6954
6940
7362
6731
7138
7367
7638 (3.3%)
7764 (3.1%)
7599
(3%)
7649 (2.7%)
7641 (1.9%)
7788 (1.6%)
7518 (1.3%)
7768
7648
(1.2%)
7525
(1.1%)
8983
(0.99%)
7591
(0.98%)
7628 7611
8811
8947 7761
7763 7642
7415
7712
8982
7621
7512
8841
7762
8710
6746 (1.3%)
6749
6783
6744
7932
(1.8%)
8822
8748
5156
8742
8851
(0.99%)
8952
6531
7853
Total Exports: 278.88 B / 2.79 T (9.98%)
7810 (6.7%)
7851 (3.1%) 6782 (2.4%)
7821 (2.3%)
7244 (1.8%)
7243
(1.7%)
7411
(1.3%)
6731
6940
7491
(1.1%)
8812
7919
6785
7271
7783
7822
7832
6781
7932 (12%) 6746
(2.6%)
6749
(1.9%)
6783
(1.9%)
6747
(1.5%)
6822 6733 6727
5224
8942
(2%)
7788 (1.4%)
8811 (1.4%)
8710
8947
7512
7781 8841
8982
7511
8852
6770 6931 7782
8510 (1.8%) 8472
(1.5%)
8310 8471
6584
6575 6560
6354
6522 (3.4%)
6517
6521
6664
6960
6953
8851 7852
6665
8952
8998
8994
6732
(1.3%)
6624
7731 6911
5148
(1.7%)
2331
2671
8720
5621
(1.3%)
6573
5231
2665
(0.99%)
6998
6612
6512
(0.96%)
0589 0611
Total Exports: 12.47 B / 228.33 B (5.46%)
7810 (19%) Cars 7849 (4.8%) Other
vehicles parts
N.E.S
7721 (2.2%)
Switchboards,
relays
&
fuses
7234 (2.1%) Construction &
mining machinery
7821 (2%) Trucks & vans
7139 (1.1%)
Piston
engines parts
N.E.S.
7851
(0.94%)
Motorcycles
7132 (0.83%)
Internal
combustion
engines for
motor vehicles
7493 (0.8%)
Mechanical
tools for
building
7361 7239 7442
7491 (0.64%)
7783
(0.63%)
7492
(0.62%)
8749 7431
6251 7831
7367
7499
7138
(0.51%)
7162
6954
6940
7133
7441
8743
6782
7436 7161
7764 (4.7%) Electronic
microcircuits
7649 (2.4%) Parts of
telecom & sound recording
equipment
7638 (2.1%) Video & sound
recorders N.E.S.
machinery & equipment
N.E.S.
7763 (1.5%) Diodes &
transistors
8841 (1.4%)
7768 (1%) 7781 (0.74%)
8710 (0.73%)
7722
7518
7712
7415
7648
6727 6749 6746
6744
(0.66%)
6822
(0.59%)
6725
6745 6733
7932 (3.2%) Ships &
boats
6252
7782
products
5112
(0.91%)
5839 (0.75%)
5156
8742
(0.5%)
8748
8822
2331 7741
2820
5823
5833
6821
Total Exports: 781.49 B / 15.56 T (5.02%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 12.47 B / 228.33 B (5.46%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 781.49 B / 15.56 T (5.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 4.9 T / (2/1)
GDPPC USD 38,268 / (21/3)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
280
560
840
1.1 k
1.4 k
JORDAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2713 (30%)
5629 (13%) 5622
(2.2%)
5231
5232
5623 (18%)
5621
5417 (3.8%)
0545 (7.9%) 0579
0544 (3.1%) 0571
(1.6%)
0572
0577 1222
7149 (2.4%)
7928 7144
7131
8743
2882 (2.1%)
6613 (2.1%)
0012 6973
Total Exports: 764.43 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
2713 (54%)
5622 5629
0542 (5.8%)
0544 (2.8%) 0460 (2%)
0571
(2.4%)
0574
(1.2%)
0575
1222
(1.7%)
0577
0811
0430
3330 (11%)
6612 (3%)
0545 (2.5%)
0579
(1.1%)
0620
7821
6731 7283
Total Exports: 33.54 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
5623 (11%) Potassic fertilizers 5621 (6.7%) Nitrogenous fertilizers
2713 (7.6%) Natural calcium phosphates & aluminium
5222 (3.8%)
Non-metals inorganic
acids & oxygen
compounds
5232 (1.9%) Inorganic acids
metallic salts & peroxysalts
5622
(1.1%)
5231 (0.72%)
5629
(0.63%)
8939
5530 0819
5334
5542
5335
outerwear
8439 (1.6%)
Other women
outerwear
8462 (1.4%)
Knitted
undergarments
of
cotton
8451 (1.3%)
8463 (1.2%)
Knitted
undergarments of
synthetic fibers
8434 (0.83%)
7643 (3.2%) Television &
radio transmitters
7415
7751
7162 (1.1%)
AC electric
motors &
generators
7831
7929 (1.2%)
Aircraft
equipment parts
N.E.S.
7131
6749
0545 (2.7%) Other fresh or
chilled vegetables
4312 (1.1%)
0980
(0.96%)
1110 8931
0579
6924 (2%) Metal cask for
packing goods
6417 8219
6428
6842
7414
8973 (1.8%)
Precious
jewellery
9710 (1.2%)
Gold,
non-monetary
6612
2882
0544 (2.8%) Fresh or chilled
tomatoes
1222
0114 0149
0251
0224
Total Exports: 7.95 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 33.54 M / 228.33 B (0.01%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 7.95 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 23 B / (93/16)
GDPPC USD 3,905 / (79/12)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
920
1.8 k
2.7 k
3.6 k
4.6 k
KAZAKHSTAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008

PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (53%) 6821 (7.8%)
2873 (2.2%)
6861 (2%)
6811 (1.7%)
6899 2816
2877 2815
3222 (2.9%)
6851
2875
6841
5241
(1.8%)
9710
(1.3%)
6716 (3.9%) 6746
(2.7%)
6749
(1.6%)
6727
(1.4%)
6747 6822
6744
0412 (3.9%) 2631
2820
(1.1%)
5232
Total Exports: 8.64 B / 5.90 T (0.15%)
3330 (39%) 6821 (11%)
6811 (7.5%) 6861
(3.1%)
6899
(0.83%)
5241 (2.9%) 6851
2881
6716 (5.5%) 6727 (3.8%)
6746 (3.4%) 6744
(1.1%)
6745
5224
6733
6747
2681 (3%)
2682
2116
2111
0371
5221
(1.8%)
5629 3345
(0.94%)
2631
(2.9%)
0411
Total Exports: 1.50 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
3330 (64%) Crude petroleum 6821 (3.7%) Unwrought
copper & copper alloys
2879 (0.68%) 2871
(0.53%)
2816 (1.2%)
Agglomerated
iron ore
6861
(0.95%)
Unwrought
zinc &
alloys
2873 (0.73%)
2815 (0.72%)
6811
5241 (1.9%)
Radioactive chemical
elements
2741
3222
(1.2%)
Other coal
6851
9710 (0.82%)
6725 (0.93%)
Iron/steel
billets
6727 (0.92%)
Iron/steel coils
6749 (0.79%)
6746 (0.78%)
6822
(0.51%)
7924
0412 (2%) Other
wheat & meslin,
unmilled
0460
(1.3%)
2820
(0.87%)
6114
Total Exports: 71.40 B / 15.56 T (0.46%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.05 B / 4.30 T (0.03%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 71.40 B / 15.56 T (0.46%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 133 B / (53/8)
GDPPC USD 8,514 / (51/13)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
34
68
102
136
170
KENYA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (34%)
2929 0615
0741 (28%)
0577 2654
2927 (4%)
0589 (4.1%) 0545 (4.1%)
0579 (3.1%) 0585
(1.4%)
0565
6116 (2%)
6114 (1.9%)
6113
(0.94%)
6115
2111
2114
0344
5232
(1.7%)
5989
5322
2785
(0.83%)
6673
8741 8997
Total Exports: 896.34 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0711 (29%)
2929 (3%) 2924 (2.5%) 0542 (1.4%)
0615
0741 (20%)
2631 (3.5%) 2654 (3.3%) 0577 (1.4%)
2634
(0.84%)
2235
2221
0440 (9.1%) 0813
(2%)
0149 (3.1%)
2111 2114
6118
2120
2911
5232
(2.4%)
5322 (2%)
0819 8921
6612
2876
0589
7131 8731 6354
9610
Total Exports: 170.69 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
0741 (22%) Tea
2927 (12%) Flora
2926 (1.2%) 4242 (1.2%)
0711 (3.6%) Green & roasted coffee
& coffee substitutes
2929 0488
0542
1222 (2.1%)
Cigarretes
1212
0545 (6%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables
0589 (1.8%)
Prepared or
preserved fruit
8931 (1.6%)
Closable
plastic
packing
0620
0914 (1%)
Margarine
0565
6421
(0.64%)
0579
(0.59%)
0585
(0.54%)
5232 (4.8%) Inorganic acids
metallic salts & peroxysalts
5541
(0.97%)
Soaps
5621 5542
(0.62%)
5543
8921
8439 (1.5%)
Other women
outerwear
8459 (1.5%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8510
(0.91%)
Footwear
8423
8432
8451
6612 (2.8%) Cement 2783
(0.94%)
2785
2882
6842
(0.74%)
6911
(0.64%)
6732
6996
3510
6974 (0.82%)
6749 (2.4%) Other worked
iron/steel sheets
7144
0342 (0.67%)
0344
0343
6114
6116
8928 (0.98%)
6651
Total Exports: 5.05 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 170.69 M / 228.33 B (0.07%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.05 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 30 B / (81/5)
GDPPC USD 775 / (115/16)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.7 k
3.4 k
5.2 k
6.9 k
8.7 k
KOREA, REPUBLIC
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7764 (4.5%)
7638 (3%)
8942
(2.3%)
7611
(2.2%)
7649 (1.7%)
8983 (1.4%)
7761
(1.3%)
7621
(1.2%)
8947
7788 7628
7641 7622
7523
7522
7642
7763
7525
8482
7810 (6.1%)
7758
(1.8%)
6251
6940
6727 (1.6%)
6783
6744 6746
7932 (2.8%) 6252 6931
7711
6259
8510 (7.8%) 8481 (3.5%)
8451 (2.6%)
8310
(2.3%)
8441
8429
(1.3%)
8439
(1.1%)
8459 8463
8431 8462
8421
8435
8472
8424
6531
(3.2%)
6534 6541
6516
6974
8851
8842
7731
6732
0360
(1.1%)
0342
0344
0341
8483 6512
8939
6573
3345
5629
6613
8972
2929 6612
Total Exports: 60.08 B / 2.79 T (2.15%)
8472 (23%) 8510 (4.6%)
6575
(1.6%)
6560
(1.4%)
8471
6584
8997
8310
2613 (7.4%) 6541 (7.3%) 6521 (5.5%)
6511 2614
8999 (14%) 0548 (7.1%)
2924 (2.7%) 2929
2874
(1.2%)
2785
2782 2875
2789
2879 (4.3%)
0360 (2.6%) 2919
7788
(0.79%)
5621 (1.2%)
6597
6960
Total Exports: 421.91 M / 228.33 B (0.18%)
7764 (8.1%) Electronic microcircuits 8710 (7.3%) Optical instruments
7643 (7%) Television & radio
transmitters
7649 (5.5%) Parts of telecom
& sound recording equipment
7525 (2%)
Control &
peripheral
hardware
7599 (1.9%)
Parts of cash
registers &
calculating
machines
7781 (0.92%)
Batteries
7788 (0.86%)
Other electrical
machinery &
equipment
8841 (0.81%)
7722
7415
7810 (9.9%) Cars 7849 (4.1%) Other vehicles parts 7284 (1.7%)
Specialized
industry
machinery &
parts N.E.S
7234 (1%)
Construction
& mining
machinery
7239
7416 (0.63%)
7133
6785
7247
7499
6954
7831
7361
7431
7938 (2%)
6749 (1.6%) Other
worked iron/steel
sheets
6746 (1.3%)
Iron/steel
<3mm tick
sheets
6727 (1.2%)
Iron/steel coils
6822 (0.83%)
6783
6733 6745
6770
5112 (1.7%) Cyclic
hydrocarbons
5138 (1.2%)
Polycarboxylic
acids &
derivatives
5839
(0.88%)
Other
polymerization
&
copolymarization
products
5111 (0.63%)
2331
(0.63%)
5148
5831
(0.94%)
5832
7731 (0.9%)
Electric wire
6842
7752
6552
(0.95%)
6531
6514
5833 (1.1%)
5823 (0.93%)
Polyesters
3354
Total Exports: 422.33 B / 15.56 T (2.71%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 421.91 M / 228.33 B (0.18%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 422.33 B / 15.56 T (2.71%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 931 B / (15/4)
GDPPC USD 19,162 / (33/6)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
3.6 B
7.2 B
10.8 B
14.4 B
18 B
KUWAIT
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (79%) 3413
(8%)
3345
(3.9%)
5621 (2.5%)
3352
5221
(0.82%)
6531
(0.8%)
6911
6649
Total Exports: 7.95 B / 2.79 T (0.28%)
3330 (100%)
Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)
Total Exports: 87.91 B / 15.56 T (0.57%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 87.91 B / 15.56 T (0.57%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 148 B / (52/7)
GDPPC USD 54,260 / (7/3)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
62
124
186
248
310
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
9710 (52%)
5241 2882 6899
1211 (5.7%)
2631 (5%)
0542
(1.1%)
3510 (11%)
6618 6924
7832
(2%)
7831 (1.5%)
7782 (2.8%)
2111
(1.2%)
2116 0240
5221
8931
2820
(1.2%)
Total Exports: 470.38 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
2882 (13%)
6899 (11%)
2879 (5%) 6821 5225 (2.5%)
5241 (1.7%)
2112 (6.6%)
2116 (5.4%) 2111 (3.4%)
2117 6114
2681 (9.5%)
2682
(1.8%)
2687
(1.3%)
6512 2686
2683
6746 (6.1%)
6747 (2.9%)
6744
(1.5%)
6745
6783
(1.2%)
6733
6725 6727
2631 (8.3%)
2632 2634
6513 2614
6522
6732 (2.1%)
5629
5221
Total Exports: 121.56 M / 4.30 T (0.003%)
6612 (4.6%) Cement 8973 (1.6%) Precious
jewellery
2890
2732
2882 6841 6811 3354
8435 (3%) Blouses 8439 (1.4%)
Other women
outerwear
8433 (1.2%)
Dresses
8432 (1.1%)
Women's suits
8434
(0.99%)
Skirts
8423
2631 (2.3%) Raw
cotton
0577 (1.1%)
0542 (2%)
Dried or shelled
legumes
0544
1211 (1.4%)
Unstripped tobacco
0575 (1.2%)
Grapes &
raisins
0579 (2.1%) Fresh
or dried fruit N.E.S.
0545 (1.2%) Other
fresh or chilled
vegetables
0914 (1%) 8931
(0.56%)
0546
6421
0980
0730
6644 (3.1%)
Unworked
surface-ground cast
glass
7782 (2.1%)
Incandescent &
fluorescent
bulbs
0223 (1.6%)
Fresh milk &
cream
0240
(0.92%)
2112
(0.63%)
6114
0011 2685
current
6618
(0.51%)
2820
(1%)
5221
(0.56%)
Total Exports: 1.63 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 121.56 M / 4.30 T (0.003%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.63 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 5.1 B / (122/26)
GDPPC USD 974 / (113/26)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
44
88
132
176
220
LAO PDR
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2472 (45%)
2483 (12%) 2471 (6.6%)
2820 (11%)
2882 (11%)
0711 (4.6%)
2923 (2.1%) 2924
(1.3%)
6584
6552
8423
8441
2911 (1.9%)
2111
Total Exports: 53.05 M / 2.79 T (0.002%)
2876 (37%)
6811 (6.8%)
0711 (26%) 0752
0542
2924
2221
6545
0577
2922
2483 (19%)
Total Exports: 5.28 M / 228.33 B (0.002%)
2871 (4%)
2732 3222 2876 6899
2483 (12%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 3510 (8.4%) Electric current
2472 (5.6%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of
non-coniferous
7731
8423 (3.4%) Men's trousers
8451 (3.2%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers
& cardigans
8462 (3%) Knitted undergarments of
cotton
8441 (2.3%)
Men's
undershirt
8459 (1.8%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8463 (1.6%)
Knitted
undergarments of
synthetic fibers
8439 (0.78%)
8429
0440 (1.4%)
Unmilled maize
2320 (0.95%)
Natural rubber,
latex & gums
5221 0545
Total Exports: 1.39 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.28 M / 228.33 B (0.002%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.39 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 5.5 B / (120/15)
GDPPC USD 882 / (114/15)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
820
1.6 k
2.4 k
3.2 k
4.1 k
LATVIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
5 10 15
x 10
-3
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2482 (17%) 6732 (5.7%)
8219 (4.7%)
6342 (3.7%)
2471 (3.3%)
6353
(3.1%)
2483 (3%) 2472
(2.5%)
6359 (2.1%)
2460
6341
8211
6343
6633
6911
8451 (1.4%)
8423
8465
(1%)
8439
6584
8462
(0.94%)
8431
8429
(0.75%)
8459
8435
8434
6514
(0.99%)
6553
6513
6519
5417 (2.9%)
6546
5334
5530
8921
5629 5621
0371 (2.7%)
0344
5922 0240
6512
6841 (3.1%) 2882
(1.5%)
8974
3222
7784
6992
7499
7913
8928
(1.4%)
3224
0980 8931
0585
6421
1110
1222
0412
Total Exports: 2.04 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)
3330 (28%)
2882 (3.4%)
6841 (2%)
5225 (3.8%) 6821
(1.3%)
6831
(0.88%)
2482 (11%) 2471
(5.2%)
2472 (3.9%) 6342
(2.1%)
6732
(1.4%)
8219
(1.2%)
6343 2460 8211
2483 6341
6359
6584
8439
8451 8429
8423
8431
8434
8424
8465
6514
(1.1%)
6712 (1.5%)
6716
6744
6733
6731
6992
6770
5623 (3.9%)
3345 5824
0342
(1.2%)
0371
0341
2111
(0.94%)
6114
5922
2631 (2.1%) 2820
(1.2%)
3224
Total Exports: 1.46 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
2482 (5.4%) Worked wood of coniferous
2460 (2.5%) Pulpwood
6342 (2.5%) Sheets of plywood
6353 (2.4%) Builders` carpentry
& joinery
8219 (2%) Furniture parts
N.E.S.
2471 (1.9%) Sawlogs &
veneer logs of coniferous
2472 (1.9%) Sawlogs &
veneer logs of
non-coniferous
6343 (1.8%) Improved
wood & reconstituted
wood
6359 (1.6%)
Manufactured of wood
N.E.S.
6911 (1.6%)
Iron/steel
structures
2483 (1.1%)
Worked wood of
non-coniferous
6997 (0.86%)
6633
(0.73%)
7861
8211
3510
7721 (1.5%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
8121
7842
7436
7868
6783
(0.89%)
6744
(0.87%)
6749 (0.81%)
6746
6733
6745
7611 (2.3%) Color
T.V.
7643
(1.2%)
Television &
radio
transmitters
7131
(0.59%)
5417 (3.9%) Medicaments 5530
(0.76%)
8939
5335
(0.53%)
6546
(0.5%)
8921
5989
(1.2%)
0412 (3%) Other wheat
& meslin, unmilled
2226 (1.1%)
Rape &
colza seeds
0813
0430
1222
(0.98%)
Cigarretes
0223 (1.4%)
0240
(0.95%)
Cheese &
curd
0371 (1.7%)
Fish N.E.S.
0341
0344
1121 (1%) Wine
0484
1124 (2.3%)
Alcoholic beverages
8465
8451 6552
6584
8423
6519
2820 (2.8%) Iron &
steel waste
3224 (1.4%)
Peat
5225 (1.5%)
Inorganic bases &
metallic oxides,
hydroxides &
peroxides
6612
6841 (0.72%)
2882
(0.69%)
6794
Total Exports: 9.36 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.46 B / 4.30 T (0.03%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 9.36 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 34 B / (79/17)
GDPPC USD 14,937 / (38/7)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
174
348
522
696
870
LEBANON
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8973 (19%)
6612
6672 (3.1%)
6673
(1.3%)
2882 (2.6%)
8421 (3.9%)
8510 (3.4%)
8462 (2%)
8439
(1.4%)
8423
8433
8310
6584
8471
8431
8472
0545 (7%)
0579 (3%) 0620
(0.85%)
0565
(0.79%)
1110
0980
0571
(2.4%)
0574 0575
(1.2%)
0572
0541 (3.7%) 1211 (1.1%)
0577 2238
6842 (2.2%)
6624
8219
(0.81%)
8122
6911
8851
(1.2%)
8960
8921 (4.9%)
2117 (3.5%) 2919
(1.4%)
2111
7929
7272 8124
7711
2820
(1.5%)
6423 6651
Total Exports: 587.44 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
3330 (29%) 6811 (5.3%)
8973 6612
6611
0574 (6.6%) 0571 (3.3%)
0572 (1.7%)
0542 (3.3%) 0541
(0.77%)
0812
0813 2221
2919 (5.5%) 2117
(1.9%)
6118 2116
2114
2681
(1.4%)
2682 0114
0014
5417 (2.3%)
8921 (2.2%)
5335 8922
5222
(1.2%)
5622
7928 (2.3%)
7131
7821 (1.3%)
7283
6785
6781
6842
(1.4%)
6732
6618
7731
6973
0980 0579
0545
0585
6421
0484
9610 (2.3%)
8830 2820
8310
6513
6592
Total Exports: 275.58 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
jewellery
6612 (3.7%) Cement
2882 (3.5%) Other
non-ferrous base metals
6998
diamonds
5622 (6.9%) Phosphatic fertilizers
5222 (3.2%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen
compounds
5530 (1.6%)
Perfumery &
cosmetics
8921 (1.5%) Printed
books & maps
8939 (1.2%)
Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
5334
5831 (1.1%)
Polyethylene
5832
5834
5839
8219 (2.7%) Furniture
parts N.E.S.
6842 (1.5%) Worked
alloys
6428 (1.4%) Articles of
paper pulp N.E.S.
7752 (1.1%)
6911
7414 (0.74%)
6353 (0.7%)
6417 (0.7%)
6924
6997
7861
6912
7162 (4.7%) AC electric motors & generators
9510 7252
7283 7272
7169
7138
7436
7144
(0.83%)
7131 6783
(0.86%)
Other iron
or steel
tubes &
pipes
8124
2820 (6.4%) Iron & steel waste
8928 6613 6423
7853
0565 (1.2%)
Prepared or
preserved
vegetables
0980 (1%)
0589 (0.97%)
Prepared or
preserved fruit
1110 (0.92%)
Non-alcoholic
beverages
N.E.S.
0620
(0.76%)
6421
(0.69%)
8931
(0.57%)
1121
0545
0585
4235
0541 0481 1211 (1.1%)
Unstripped
tobacco
0574
0571
8433
(0.69%)
8510
(0.57%)
6534
Total Exports: 3.52 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 275.58 M / 228.33 B (0.12%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.52 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 30 B / (82/14)
GDPPC USD 7,138 / (55/8)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
240
480
720
960
1.2 k
LIBERIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.975 0.98 0.985
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7932 (41%) 6672 (20%) 2815 (12%)
2816 (6.1%)
2320 (9.2%) 2472 (9%)
Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
2320 (39%)
2232 0721
0711
6672 (24%) 2771
(5.4%)
7932 (13%) 7933
(4.3%)
2472
(4.1%)
Total Exports: 237.26 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
7932 (42%) Ships & boats 3330 (25%) Crude petroleum 9710
(1.3%)
5225
6672
(0.71%)
2815
2882
2320 (25%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 2820
Total Exports: 1.06 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 237.26 M / 228.33 B (0.1%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.06 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 843 M / (128/26)
GDPPC USD 222 / (128/26)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.8 k
3.7 k
5.5 k
7.4 k
9.3 k
LIBYA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (92%) 5111
5621
3352
5834
5121
Total Exports: 7.20 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)
3330 (100%)
Total Exports: 1.96 B / 228.33 B (0.86%)
Total Exports: 58.72 B / 15.56 T (0.38%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.96 B / 228.33 B (0.86%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 58.72 B / 15.56 T (0.38%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 93 B / (58/9)
GDPPC USD 14,802 / (39/7)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
1.4 k
2.8 k
4.2 k
5.6 k
7.1 k
LITHUANIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.6 0.65 0.7
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-5 0 5 10
x 10
-3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8439 (3%)
8423 (1.9%)
8431
(1.8%)
8451
(1.4%)
8435 (1.4%)
8459
(1.4%)
8462
(1.3%)
6584
(1.2%)
8424
8434
8463
8429
2690
6542
6517
6534
6544
6521
8219 (3.6%)
2482 (2.4%)
7731 (2.3%)
3510 (1.5%)
7752
2483
(1.3%)
6353
8211
6359
2471
8212 6343
6416
7810 (8.1%)
7761 (3.4%) 7768
7518
7932 7938 7921
7931
7923
5621 (3.6%)
0819 (2.5%)
5629 (2.1%) 5831
5834
0240
(2.9%)
0224
(1.9%)
0230
0371
03440342
6114 2111
6113
6130
8931 (2%)
0730
6421
0412
(1.4%)
2226 1222
3413 (2%)
2882 6612
2890
2820
(1.1%)
3224
Total Exports: 3.80 B / 5.90 T (0.06%)
8439
(2.6%)
8435
8423
(1.5%)
8424
(1.5%)
8451
(1.5%)
6584 8462
8434
8441 8431
8459
8429 8472
8421 8442
6517
6544 6522
2651 6519
6534
6521
6542
0224 (6.6%) 5922 (3.3%)
0240
6114
(1.2%)
2111
6113
2112
0011
(1.7%)
0371 0342
2482 (3.4%) 2471
(1.8%)
8219 (1.6%)
2483
7752
2472
6342
6416 6343
2882
(2.4%)
2881
(0.97%)
6841
6794
2890 (3.2%)
6612
6831
(1%)
6821
(1.3%)
6899
7599 (2.5%)
7523 (2%)
7761
(1.5%)
7522
(1.4%)
6712 (1.5%)
6744 (1.4%)
6725
6727
6733
5621 (6.4%)
5629 (3%)
2820 (5.7%) 3224
0545
0546
0585
0586
2631
2226
Total Exports: 1.35 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
8219 (5.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S.
6353 (2.1%) Builders`
carpentry & joinery
8211 (1.6%)
Chairs & seats
7731 (1.4%)
Electric wire
7861
(1.2%)
6911 (1.1%)
Iron/steel
structures
6359 (1%)
3510
7752
(0.72%)
2483
(0.71%)
6997
2482
8212
2472
7414
6618
5629 (6%) Fertilizers 5621 (5.9%) Nitrogenous
fertilizers
0819 (1.7%) Animal
feed and food waste
5334 5831 (0.82%)
5834
7821 (1.7%) Trucks
& vans
7492 (1.1%)
7832 (0.91%)
6940
7224
8121
7211
7219
8710 (2%) Optical
instruments
7611 (1.3%)
7938 (1.3%)
Special floating
structures
6770
0240 (2.6%) Cheese &
curd
0224 0223
5922
0111 (0.87%)
Bovine meat
0013
0114
0011
0371 (1.2%)
0344
(0.48%)
0412 (2.7%) Other wheat
& meslin, unmilled
2226
4239
0574 (1%)
Fresh apples
0544
0612
1222 (1.2%)
Cigarretes
8931 (2.3%) Closable
plastic packing
0545 (1.6%) Other
fresh or chilled
vegetables
0579 (1.1%)
Fresh or
dried fruit
N.E.S.
0730 (0.7%)
0980 (0.69%)
5823 (4.6%) Polyesters 2820 (1.8%) Iron &
steel waste
6635
5921
3224
5825
8463 (1.1%)
8439
8459
(0.59%)
8431
8435
8433
8424
6589
2890 5225
3354
Total Exports: 23.79 B / 15.56 T (0.15%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 23.79 B / 15.56 T (0.15%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 47 B / (73/15)
GDPPC USD 14,034 / (40/8)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.35 B / 4.30 T (0.03%) TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.80 B / 5.90 T (0.06%)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
380
760
1.1 k
1.5 k
1.9 k
MACEDONIA, FYR
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8441 (6.4%)
8435 (5.9%)
8439 (3.7%)
8510 (3.1%)
8431 (2.6%)
8459 (1.9%)
8462 (1.8%)
8423 (1.8%)
8424 (1.8%)
8434
6584
(1%)
8421
8422
6123
8463
8429
6552
6744 (8.3%) 6749 (3.7%)
6716 (2.8%)
6783 (1.6%)
6746 (1.6%)
6727 6733
6861 (5%)
6851
(1.1%)
2875
6612
(1.3%)
2871
1211 (4.5%)
1222 (2.6%)
0544
1121 (2.8%)
1110
0545 0565
0980
0730
7731 (2.8%)
6842
6911
5417 (2.3%)
5629 5834
0112
(1.2%)
8483
6935
Total Exports: 1.12 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)
8441 (8.4%)
8510 (3.6%) 8435
(2.8%)
8439 (2.6%)
8431 (2.4%)
6584 (2.3%)
8429 (2%)
8424 (1.6%)
8423 (1.4%)
8462
6123
(1.1%)
8451 8434
6552
8421
8433
6589
2666
6513
6521
6583
6516
6517
0586 (13%) 1121 (2.2%) 0546
(1.6%)
0561 (1%)
0589
0585
0980
0579
0545
6716 (5%)
6744 (2.1%) 6822
6954
(1%)
6785
7758
6821 (5.6%)
6841 (3%)
2731
6861
7731
(2.7%)
2483
(1.1%)
8211
6842
1211 (3.3%) 2924
6114
(1.2%)
2111
2116
6113
8483 0112
5221
5233
2665
Total Exports: 956.95 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
6716 (12%) Ferro-alloys 6744 (11%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm tick
sheets
6783 (4%) Other iron
6749 (3.5%) Other
worked iron/steel
sheets
6727 (3.3%) Iron/steel coils
<3mm tick sheets
7932 (1.3%) 7758 6785 6623
(0.6%)
8441 (3.7%) Men's
undershirt
8435 (3.5%) Blouses
8439 (3.4%) Other women outerwear
8459 (2.4%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8431 (2.2%)
Women's coats
& jackets
8510 (2%)
Footwear
8423 (1.9%) Men's
trousers
8434 8424
8462 (0.87%)
6123 (0.81%)
8429
8463
8433
6584
2874 (2.2%) Lead ore
2875 (1.4%)
Zinc
2882 2731
6998
2871 (1.6%) Copper 6612
(0.55%)
8973
1121 (1.9%) Wine 0545
(1.2%)
0484
(0.86%)
0565 0980
0579 0620
1211 (3.4%) Unstripped
tobacco
0544
(0.97%)
Fresh or
chilled
tomatoes
0575
4236
6911 (1.4%)
Iron/steel
structures
6732 (1%)
Iron/steel
rods
6633 (1%)
Non ceramic
mineral
materials
N.E.S.
7731 (0.69%)
6624
8212
5417 (2%)
Medicaments
8939
5335
2820 (1.9%) Iron &
steel waste
0112
(0.58%)
0372
Total Exports: 3.79 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.79 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 9.5 B / (112/24)
GDPPC USD 4,663 / (71/19)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 956.95 M / 4.30 T (0.02%) TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.12 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
28
56
84
112
140
MADAGASCAR
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0752 (27%)
0711 (27%) 0751
(2.7%)
0612
0615
2924
0611
(1.7%)
0721
(1.6%)
2654
(1.4%)
0577
(0.97%)
2631
5513
(1.4%)
0360 (14%)
2782 (3.5%)
2785
2879 (4.3%)
6521 (5.4%) 0579
(1.7%)
Total Exports: 317.31 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (31%)
0752 (19%) 0612 (7%)
0542 (2.1%)
2923 (1.8%)
0751 (1.6%)
0615
0548
2924
0812
0422 (9%)
2654 (2.6%) 2221
(1.2%)
5513 (4.4%)
0611
(1.7%)
0573 (1.7%)
0721
0149 (2.3%)
0111 (1.9%)
0011
2111
2119
0360
2782 (1.6%)
2785
0564
(0.88%)
6597
Total Exports: 139.57 M / 228.33 B (0.06%)
8423 (19%) Men's trousers 8451 (13%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
8439 (12%) Other women outerwear 8435 (4.2%) Blouses
8459 (2.4%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8471 (2.2%)
Clothing
accessories of
textile fabrics
8462 (1.9%)
Knitted
undergarments of
cotton
8441 (1.5%)
Men's
undershirt
8433 8463 8429
6575
8997
8424
0360 (8.2%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted
0371 (2.2%)
Fish N.E.S.
0752 (5.5%) Spices other than
pepper
0711 (1%) Green
& roasted coffee
& coffee
substitutes
0542
0721 (1.1%)
Raw &
roasted coffee
beans
5513 (0.97%)
7924 (4.1%) Aircrafts of more than
15 tons
2879 (2.2%) Other
6673
0586
(0.93%)
0565
6421
8928 (1.6%) Printed
matter N.E.S.
2482 8851
8998
Total Exports: 1.67 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 139.57 M / 228.33 B (0.06%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.67 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 9.4 B / (113/18)
GDPPC USD 493 / (121/19)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
12.4
24.8
37.2
49.6
62
MALAWI
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
1212 (52%)
1211 (8.8%)
0741 (13%)
2221 0577
0611 (8.4%)
0711 (3.6%) 0612
(2.5%)
0542
(1.6%)
6521
6522
8462
8423
2111
Total Exports: 241.37 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0741 (39%)
2221 (21%) 2634
(2.3%)
2631 (2%)
0440 (16%)
0548 (11%) 0542
(4.8%)
Total Exports: 55.56 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1211 (49%) Unstripped tobacco 1212 (18%) Wholly or partly stripped
tobacco
0741 (4.2%) Tea
2631 (2.5%) Raw cotton 0577
2221
0611 (5.8%) Raw sugar beet & cane
2224 (1.8%)
Sunflower seeds
0440 (1.5%)
Unmilled maize
0542 (1.8%)
Dried or shelled
legumes
0751
0711
0615
6552 (2.1%) Non
synthetic knitted fibres
8451 (1.2%)
8429 8471
of between 2 and 15
tons
7861
2483
5541
Total Exports: 926.04 M / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 55.56 M / 228.33 B (0.02%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 926.04 M / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 4.1 B / (125/23)
GDPPC USD 274 / (127/25)
TOTAL EXPORTS USD 926 M / (128/26)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.4 k
2.9 k
4.4 k
5.9 k
7.4 k
MALAYSIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7764 (13%) 7622
(2.5%)
7763
(1.9%)
7649
(1.8%)
7611 (1.5%)
7768 (1.4%)
8482
7415
7638
7628
7712
7621
2320 (13%) 4242 (6%)
0721
(1.8%)
4244
(1.2%)
0723
2472 (12%) 2483 (4.8%)
6342
(1.4%)
3330 (11%)
3413 (4.8%)
8459
(0.91%)
8441
4313
(1.6%)
4312
0589
6871
(1.5%)
0360
Total Exports: 25.96 B / 2.79 T (0.93%)
2320 (46%)
4242 4243 2232
2472 (16%) 2483 (5.5%)
6871 (19%) 0589
(1.6%)
2873
0360
Total Exports: 1.75 B / 228.33 B (0.77%)
7599 (9%) Parts of cash registers & calculating
machines
7522 (4.8%) Digital data
processing machines
7528 (3.8%) Data
processing
equipment N.E.S.
7525 (3.2%) Control
& peripheral
hardware
7768 (2.7%)
Parts N.E.S. of
electronic circuits
7763 (2.7%) Diodes &
transistors
7649 (2%)
Parts of telecom
& sound
recording
equipment
8482 (1.8%)
Clothing
accessories
from rubber
7643 (1.7%)
Television &
radio
transmitters
7611 (1.4%) Color T.V.
7641 (1.2%)
7638 (1%) 7788
(0.99%)
7722
(0.96%)
7415
(0.93%)
7628
7621
7781
7622
7757
7761
& fuses
8749
7758
6822 (1.2%)
Worked copper
& copper alloys
6783
4242 (11%) Palm oil
2320 (2%) Natural rubber,
latex & gums
4244 0723
(0.59%)
8973 (1.2%) 6998
8219 (1.6%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
6342 (1.5%)
Sheets of
plywood
2483 (0.94%)
Worked wood of
non-coniferous
6911
2472
8748 (1%)
Electrical
measuring &
controlling
instruments
N.E.S.
5137
5112 6871 5138
5831 (0.96%)
6210 (0.95%)
5621
5541
4312 (1.5%)
Hydrogenated
oils
4313
(1.1%)
8931 (0.93%)
Closable
plastic packing
0914
5823 5833
7853
0360 0224
6514
Total Exports: 198.85 B / 15.56 T (1.28%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.75 B / 228.33 B (0.77%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 198.85 B / 15.56 T (1.28%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 222 B / (38/7)
GDPPC USD 8,212 / (52/7)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
30
60
90
120
150
MALI
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2631 (75%) 2114 (2.5%) 2111 (2.5%)
2119 (1.9%) 2116
(1.3%)
7144 (5.5%)
0579
(2.8%)
6672
(1.4%)
8960
Total Exports: 112.69 M / 2.79 T (0.004%)
2631 (34%)
2223 (11%) 2221 (8.8%)
0011 (31%)
0012 0015
0350 (5.5%) 2111 2119
2114
Total Exports: 11.89 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
9710 (79%) Gold, non-monetary 2631 (11%) Raw cotton
0011 (4.4%) Live bovines 0012
7821 7234 5629 (0.92%)
Fertilizers
0579
Total Exports: 1.93 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 11.89 M / 228.33 B (0.01%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.93 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 8.7 B / (116/21)
GDPPC USD 686 / (118/17)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
122
244
366
488
610
MAURITANIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0360 (50%)
0342 (6.1%) 0350
0341
2815 (40%)
Total Exports: 435.68 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
0350 (60%) 2922 (27%)
0615 (8.4%)
2789 (4.3%)
Total Exports: 87.45 M / 228.33 B (0.04%)
2815 (42%) Not agglomerated iron ore
2816 (3.5%)
2871 (6.9%) Copper 9710 (6.5%) Gold,
non-monetary
0360 (12%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted
0342 (9.8%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets
0814
Total Exports: 1.96 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 87.45 M / 228.33 B (0.04%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.96 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 3.6 B / (127/25)
GDPPC USD 1,116 / (106/14)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
440
880
1.3 k
1.7 k
2.2 k
MAURITIUS
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8451 (18%) 8441 (7.5%)
8462 (5%) 8423
(4.1%)
8439 (3.7%)
8471 (2.9%) 8463
(2.2%)
8459
(1.7%)
8435 (1.5%)
8452 8434
8422 6584 8472
8465
8431
0611 (33%)
0615 0612 0741
8851 (3.4%) 6672
(1.8%)
8973 0371
(1.3%)
8942 8720
Total Exports: 1.02 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
0611 (89%) 0615
(5.8%)
0612
(2.8%)
0741
(1.1%)
Total Exports: 73.47 M / 228.33 B (0.03%)
8451 (3.4%) Knitted
cardigans
8463 (2.6%) Knitted
undergarments of synthetic
fibers
outerwear
8439 (1.5%) Other women
outerwear
8452 (0.73%)
8435 (0.73%)
8465
8481 6552
8464
0611 (15%) Raw sugar beet & cane 0371 (11%) Fish N.E.S.
0342 (3.1%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets
transmitters
8852
6783
6672 (2%) Not
mounted diamonds
jewellery
2871
9410 (1.8%) Live animals,
N.E.S. (zoo animals, pets,
insects, etc)
2820 8972
8931
5121
0819
(0.63%)
8921
5541
5629
6649
6912
Total Exports: 2.43 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 73.47 M / 228.33 B (0.03%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.45 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 9.3 B / (114/19)
GDPPC USD 7,337 / (54/2)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
540
1 k
1.6 k
2.1 k
2.7 k
MEXICO
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 5 10 15
x 10
-3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (8%)
7849 (4.4%)
7132 (4%)
7721 (2.7%)
7162
7139
6647 6782
6991
7783
8743
7169
7434
7239
7649 (3.6%)
7621
(2.3%)
7611
(2.1%)
7599 (1.7%)
7788 (1.5%)
7712
8942 7763
7415
8983 7781
7757 7723
3330 (26%) 6811 (1.8%)
6861
6612
2783
2871 2741
7731 (5.4%) 6428
(0.89%)
6349
0711 (2%) 0544
0612
0611
2631 0575
0545 (1.4%)
0579 0585
1123
1124
5138 8720
5137
2331
5834
5222
0360
(1.5%)
0011 (1.1%)
8423
6514
Total Exports: 31.57 B / 2.79 T (1.13%)
0711 (7.2%)
0612 (6.2%)
0544 (4.9%)
2929
(1.4%)
0615
(1.1%)
0542
2631 (16%) 0422
0459
2632
2654
2634
0440
(2.8%)
5513
0611
(1%)
0571
6851
(2%)
2783
(1.9%)
2785
(1.9%)
2875
(1.7%)
6811 (5.7%)
6861
2741 (6.2%)
0011 (5%)
0111 (2.6%) 0616
0360 (6%)
0545 (2.1%)
0586
(1.6%)
0579
(1.2%)
5415
(1.7%)
8921
(0.92%)
5221
8942
7788
5224
6783
6349
6624
6953
5981
6575
(0.84%)
6354
6513
Total Exports: 1.48 B / 228.33 B (0.65%)
7810 (9.2%) Cars
7849 (5%) Other vehicles parts
7821 (3.2%) Trucks & vans 7721 (2.6%)
Switchboards, relays &
fuses
7139
7783
(0.98%)
Auto parts
8743
7162 (0.81%)
7132 (0.74%)
7239 6991 7436
7832
7431
7758
7784
7611 (9.6%) Color T.V.
7643 (3.9%) Television & radio transmitters
7649 (2.2%)
Parts of telecom
& sound
recording
equipment
7523 (1.7%) CPUs
machinery & equipment
N.E.S.
8942
7415 8124
7641
7621
7711
(0.79%)
6725
(0.89%)
7149
7915
(1.2%)
2882
6811
(0.74%)
wire
8211 (1.3%)
Chairs & seats
7752
7414
8720 (1.7%)
Medical
instruments N.E.S.
5138 5530
0545
(0.93%)
Other fresh
or chilled
vegetables
0579
8931
1123
1124
0544
8423
(0.67%)
Total Exports: 291.28 B / 15.56 T (1.87%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.48 B / 228.33 B (0.65%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 291.28 B / 15.56 T (1.87%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 1.1 T / (13/2)
GDPPC USD 10,248 / (44/3)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
88
176
264
352
440
MOLDOVA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
1121 (29%)
0585 (4.5%) 0565
(1.5%)
1124
8431 (2.7%)
8439 (2.3%)
8459 (1.9%)
8462 (1.9%)
8429 (1.4%)
8422
8451
8310
8423
8510
6589
8463
8421
8424
6594
8434 6596
8452
8432
8435
2224 (3.8%)
0440
4236
(1.5%)
0430
2239 0412
(0.81%)
1211 (4.5%)
0577 (3.4%)
0612
(1.5%)
2925
(1.2%)
0574
0111
(1.1%)
0149
0224
(1.2%)
2111
7422
(1.1%)
7129
7223
6651
(2.3%)
2732
8742
6353
Total Exports: 577.52 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
6725 (18%)
6712 (2.1%) 6724
(1.2%)
6733
6731 (5%)
7822 (4.2%)
7371
0612 (7.6%) 0611
(3.3%)
1211
(1.3%)
4236 2224
5513
0577
8431 (2.5%)
8510 (2.2%)
6584 (2.1%)
8423
(1.1%)
8421
8439
6594
8424
8422
8443
6521 (1.4%) 6522 (1.4%)
0585 (6.1%)
1121 (2.3%) 0546
6421
5121
3510 (6.3%)
6618
(1.5%)
6996
6732
6415 6413
0111 (3.3%) 2111
(0.95%)
6114
2116
2112
0224
2882 (3.6%) 8921 5514
2820 6595
Total Exports: 212.25 M / 4.30 T (0.005%)
8459 (2.8%) Other
knitted outerwear
8510 (2.2%)
Footwear
8431 (2.2%) Women's coats
& jackets
8462 (2%) Knitted
8439
8451 (1.5%) Knitted
cardigans
8310 (1.5%) Luggage &
handbags
8429 (1.4%) Other
men outerwear
8423 (1.3%) Men's
trousers
6123 (1%) 6594
8424
(0.9%)
8435
8463 (0.76%)
8441
8433
8421
4236 (3.2%) Sunflower seed oil 2226 (2.6%) Rape &
colza seeds
0430 (2.3%) Unmilled
barley
2224 (1.5%) Sunflower
seeds
0813 (1.1%) Oilcake 0412
4232
(0.6%)
2222
0440
5513
0577 (2.8%) Edible nuts
0574 (1.7%) Fresh
apples
1222 (0.79%)
1211
0612
(0.82%)
Refined sugar
1121 (11%) Wine
0565
(1.3%)
Prepared or
preserved
vegetables
0585 8931 (0.8%)
0579 (0.75%)
0980
(0.72%)
0583
1124 (2.6%)
8219 (2%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
8211
6911 6624
8212
6921
6996
6731 (3.1%) Iron/steel wire rod
7239
6991
7491
6975
8741
8731 (1.2%)
2732 (4.1%) Gypsum,
plasters, limestone flux &
calcareous stone
2882 (0.99%)
Other
non-ferrous
base metals
6998
6651 (2.9%) Glass
bottles
6595
(1.3%)
8939 6210
8742
6114
0224
Total Exports: 1.60 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.60 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 6.1 B / (118/25)
GDPPC USD 1,696 / (97/24)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
156
312
468
624
780
MONGOLIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2683 (33%)
2687 (9%) 2681 (2%)
2686
(0.9%)
6114 (3.2%) 2919
(2.9%)
2111 (1.9%) 2114
6116
8483 (3.9%) 0113
(1.5%)
0115
2120 (6.1%)
8481 (4.6%) 6123 (1.8%)
8451
2690
6594
8459
8484
6583
6542
6516
6592
2871 (5.4%)
2879 (2.4%)
2789
(2.4%)
2872
(1.5%)
2482 (3.1%) 6595
5232 2631
Total Exports: 89.77 M / 2.79 T (0.003%)
2683 (75%) 2685 (11%)
2682 (1.8%)
2681 (1.5%)
2120
(7.6%)
2911
(1.7%)
Total Exports: 4.32 M / 228.33 B (0.002%)
2871 (45%) Copper
2879 (5.8%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6821 (1.3%)
Unwrought
copper & copper
alloys
3222 (13%) Other coal
2815 (7.6%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2875 (3.8%) Zinc
2785 (3.6%) Quartz metal family
2683 (3.6%) Fine
animal hair
2687
0115 0111
2919
8451 (1.8%)
Knitted jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8439
(0.6%)
7938
Total Exports: 2.05 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 4.32 M / 228.33 B (0.002%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.05 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 5.3 B / (121/16)
GDPPC USD 1,991 / (93/11)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
128
256
384
512
640
MOROCCO
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2713 (15%) 5222 (13%)
5629 (3.8%) 5622 (3.2%)
8423 (3.4%) 8459
(2.6%)
8439 (2.3%) 8441
(1.6%)
8510
(1.5%)
8451
8429
(1.2%)
8481
(1.2%)
8452
8434
(0.97%)
8421
8431
8435
8462
6123
8424
8310
6584
6592
(1.7%)
6513
6539
0571 (7.3%) 0544
(2%)
0541
0542
2924
0430 2631
0360 (6.3%) 0371 (2.9%)
0341
(1.2%)
0342
(0.86%)
0565
(1.6%)
0585
0546 0545
6330
6851
(0.99%)
2789
2874
2785
2871 6811
2517 (1.6%)
7763
(1.2%)
7148
Total Exports: 4.24 B / 2.79 T (0.15%)
0544 (7.1%)
0542 (4.9%)
0541 (2.3%)
2929 (1.5%)
2440
0752
0571 (17%) 0459
(2.3%)
2631
(1.2%)
0577
(0.88%)
5513
2713 (33%)
2874 (3.4%) 6851 (1.4%)
2875
2789
2877
(1.6%)
2879
1121 (2.3%) 0545
(2%)
0565 (1.8%)
0585
0589
0561
0546
6118
(0.94%)
2919
0814
2517 6592
8310
Total Exports: 436.31 M / 228.33 B (0.19%)
5222 (16%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen
compounds
2713 (13%) Natural calcium phosphates & aluminium
5629 (5.1%) Fertilizers 5622 (2.7%)
Phosphatic fertilizers
8439 (3.4%)
Other women
outerwear
8423 (2.3%) Men's
trousers
8510 (1.4%)
Footwear
8435
(1.4%)
Blouses
8431 (1.3%)
Women's coats
& jackets
8462 (1.2%)
Knitted
undergarments
of
cotton
8429 (1.1%)
8459 (1%)
8451
8433
(0.99%)
8463
(0.97%)
8465
8441 (0.69%)
8434
6123
8452 8422
0371 (3.2%) Fish N.E.S. 0341 (0.89%)
Fresh or chilled
fish, excluding
fillets
0342
0814
7763 (3.2%) Diodes
& transistors
7721 (1.7%)
fuses
6577
6749 (0.8%)
0544 (1.4%) Fresh or
chilled tomatoes
2929
0571 (2.2%) Fresh or
dried oranges &
m&arines
0545 (1.3%)
Other fresh or
chilled
vegetables
0565 (1%)
Prepared or
preserved
vegetables
0579 0586
2882
2874
2789
6899
(0.63%)
6811
Total Exports: 20.36 B / 15.56 T (0.13%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 436.31 M / 228.33 B (0.19%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 20.36 B / 15.56 T (0.13%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 89 B / (60/10)
GDPPC USD 2,769 / (87/13)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
26
52
78
104
130
M0ZAMBIQUE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6725 (7.8%)
6744 (7.2%)
6733 (5.4%) 6746 (4.5%)
6716
(2.8%)
6749 6783 (1.5%)
6745
(1.1%)
0360 (18%) 0342
(2.5%)
2911
(1.1%)
0577 (6.4%)
0611 (3.4%)
0612
(1.7%)
0615
(1.6%)
1211 (1.5%) 1212
(1.1%)
0571
(1.5%)
0412
4234
6821 (3.9%)
2879
2877 (1.9%)
2784
(1.2%)
3222
5629 (2.6%) 5222
(1.5%)
5322
2517
(1.9%)
2516
2519
6732 (1.5%) 2472
2820 (2.9%)
Total Exports: 320.10 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0577 (20%)
2631 (15%) 0741 (6.6%)
2654
(2.2%)
0440 (18%) 4234
0813
0611 (8%) 2231 (6.1%)
4243
0612
(1.6%)
0615
(1.2%)
0542
0571
6821 (4.8%)
2879 (2%)
2789 2784
6861
2483
(0.99%)
2111
6575
6581
6716
5322
Total Exports: 205.11 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
6841 (60%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 1212 (6.8%) Wholly or partly
stripped tobacco
1211 (1.2%)
2631 (2.1%) Raw cotton
0577 (1.3%)
2225 (1.3%)
Sesame seeds
cane
3510 (9.3%) Electric current
2483 (0.92%) 2472
0360 (2.8%) Fresh, chilled,
frozen or salted crustaceans
& molluscs
5621 (2%) Nitrogenous fertilizers
7234 (0.75%)
7239
2820
(0.79%)
Iron & steel
waste
Total Exports: 2.81 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 205.11 M / 228.33 B (0.09%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.81 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 9.9 B / (111/17)
GDPPC USD 441 / (123/21)
2008
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0
440
880
1.3 k
1.7 k
2.2 k
NAMIBIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6672 (31%)
5241 (6.4%) 6821 (3.9%) 2783
2785
2731
6861
(2.3%)
9710
0342 (9.6%)
0344 (3.3%) 0341
(1.4%)
0371
0814
0360
0111 (3.6%)
0011 (3%)
0112
(1.9%)
0012 (1.2%)
8928 (9.5%) 1123 (3.4%) 6863 (1.9%)
7234
7851
7822
0575
(1.1%)
8435
8459
8219 2450
Total Exports: 2.51 B / 9.84 T (0.03%)
6672 (35%)
2860 (7.9%) 9710 (1.9%)
2783
2785
2874
0342 (17%) 0344 (4.3%)
0341
(1.7%)
0814
0360 0371
0012 (2.6%)
0111 (2.1%)
0011 0112
6114
8928 (12%) 1123 (3.4%) 1110
0575
0611
8423
Total Exports: 1.41 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)
2860 (17%) Uranium & thorium 6861 (6.4%) Unwrought
zinc & alloys
6672 (18%) Not mounted diamonds 2771 6821 (3.6%) Unwrought
2875 (1.7%)
Zinc
2783
(0.55%)
2731
9710 (1.3%) Gold,
non-monetary
0342 (8.3%) Frozen fish, excluding
fillets
0344 (2.2%) Frozen
fish fillets
0341 0814
0371
0343
0111 (2.2%) Bovine
meat
0112 (1%)
0011 (0.92%)
1123 (2.7%) Beer
7821 (0.83%)
7234
7851
1212 (1%) Wholly
or partly stripped
tobacco
0575
(0.75%)
Grapes &
raisins
8219
(0.57%)
Total Exports: 4.73 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2005
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 4.73 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 9 B / (115/20)
GDPPC USD 4,211 / (74/6)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
6.6 k
13.2 k
19.8 k
26.4 k
33 k
NETHERLANDS
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
5112 (2.4%)
5989 (1.5%)
5111 (1.3%)
8822 5829
5113 5161
5839
5148
5156
5824
2331
5137
5138
5514
8996
5836
8939
(1.2%)
5417
(1.1%)
0819
(1%)
5334
6419
5413
5335
5831
(1.7%)
5834
5832
5232 5621
8983 (1.6%) 7518
(0.95%)
7525
(0.84%)
7591
7754 7763
7832 6418
7272
6251
7449
6572
7782 (1.5%)
6725 6747
6745
7923
0113 (2%)
0111 (1.6%)
0114
0013
0251
0149
0240 (2.1%)
0224 (1.8%)
0230
(1%)
5922
0341
2927
(2.2%)
2926
(2.1%)
0723
2925
0544
0541
0488
0813
(0.99%)
1222
(1.2%)
0545 (1.4%)
0980
0730
0565
0484
8931
0121
5121
(0.81%)
1123
(0.81%)
0619
6841 (1.8%)
2882
3414 (2.8%)
5241
6842
(0.97%)
6911
6428
6412
6415
5823
(1.4%)
5833
(1%)
2820
6595
8928
6514
6517
Total Exports: 114.32 B / 2.79 T (4.09%)
5989 (1.7%)
2331 (1.5%)
7742
(1.1%)
5137
(1.1%)
5148 (1%)
3345
5155
6871 5415
5161
5162
5417 (1.7%)
5335 0819
8921
6419
6424
5414
5629 (1.5%)
5222
5621 (1%)
3352
0149 (2.7%) 0111 (2.5%)
0113
(2.4%)
0114 (2.3%)
0224 (3.4%)
0240
(2.6%)
5922
(1.1%)
0230
(1%)
2919 2111
2926
(2.8%)
0723 (1.7%)
2927 (1.2%)
2925
0722
4243
0544
(2%)
0541
0542
0481
0813 5513
1223
6746
(1.4%)
6712
7788 (1.3%)
7511 8983
7782 (2.8%) 6731
7271
7938
0545 (2.8%)
0730
0484
0980
0565
0620
4313
0914
6421
5121
1221
1123
0619
7731 6842
6649
6911 6624 6412 6415
6960
6672
(1.9%)
3330 3354
3232
2783
6522 (1.4%)
6517
2690
2665 2820
8928
6591
Total Exports: 9.95 B / 228.33 B (4.36%)
7599 (3.7%) Parts of
cash registers &
7525 (2.7%)
Control &
peripheral
hardware
7518 (2.7%)
Office machines
N.E.S.
7611 (2%) Color
T.V.
7523 (1.6%)
CPUs
8942 (1.4%)
7638 (1.3%)
Video & sound
recorders
N.E.S.
7528
7641 7648
7284 (2.7%)
machinery & parts
N.E.S
7832 (2.2%) Tractors for
semi-trailers
7234
7442
(0.73%)
7272
6954 6251
7441
7212
6418
8741
7429
7219
6746 (0.97%)
Iron/steel <3mm
tick sheets
6727
(0.77%)
Iron/steel
coils
7938
5989 (2.3%)
Chemical products
5112 (2%)
Cyclic
hydrocarbons
8720 (1.9%)
Medical
instruments N.E.S.
5839 (1.5%)
Other
polymerization
&
copolymarization
products
8996
(1.4%)
Orthopaedic
appliances
5111 (1.3%) 5161 (1.2%) Ethers,
epoxides, acetals
7742 (0.9%)
5829 7741
5137 5138
5514
0819 (1.1%)
Animal feed
and food
waste
5334
5542
5831 (1.3%)
Polyethylene
5834
5621 (0.75%)
3352
5221
2926 (1.9%) Live plants
2927 (1.8%) Flora
0723 (0.73%)
4242 (0.68%)
2925
0813
(0.77%)
Oilcake
4236
4239
4232
0544 0488
1222 (1.4%)
Cigarretes
0575
0545 (1.5%)
Other fresh or
chilled
vegetables
0980 (1.3%) Edible
products N.E.S.
0579
0546
0730
4313
0121
5121 (1.3%) Acyclic
alcohols &
derivatives
1123
(0.85%)
0111 (1.1%)
Bovine meat
0113 (0.88%)
0114
(0.82%)
Poultry
meat
0149
0251
0240
(1.5%)
Cheese &
curd
0224 (0.73%)
0230
0223
2820 (1.4%) Iron &
steel waste
5823 (0.82%)
5833 8928
6595
2511
6841
(0.87%)
2882
(0.59%)
5241 2879
6861
7852
6428
6514
Total Exports: 546.06 B / 15.56 T (3.51%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 9.95 B / 228.33 B (4.36%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 546.06 B / 15.56 T (3.51%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 873 B / (16/6)
GDPPC USD 53,076 / (8/5)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.4 k
2.8 k
4.3 k
5.7 k
7.2 k
NEW ZEALAND
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0111 (9.4%) 0112 (9.2%)
0015
(1.1%)
0116
4113
0012
0224 (6.3%)
0230 (5.7%)
5922 (2.9%)
0240 (2.5%)
2682 (8.2%)
2681 (6.3%) 6512
2117 (3.2%) 2919
(1.6%)
6114
2111 6115
0343
(1.4%)
0360 0342
(0.79%)
0814
0344
0341
2517
(1.7%)
2512
(1.2%)
6411
(1.1%)
6413
2519
2482
(1.3%)
2471
6416 7752
0579 (4.9%) 0545
0980
0730
0546
5121
6841 (6.2%) 0574 (2.9%)
0542 2925
6749 6594
5530
Total Exports: 9.28 B / 2.79 T (0.33%)
0112 (20%) 0111 (11%)
0116 (2%) 4113
0015
0230 (13%) 0240 (5%) 0224 (4%)
5922 (2.2%)
2681 (15%)
2682 (7.2%)
2117 (3.9%) 2919 (2.2%)
2111
(0.83%)
2112
0360
0814
2471
(3.5%)
6411
(1.7%)
2517
0574
(1.2%)
2925
Total Exports: 1.17 B / 228.33 B (0.51%)
0224 (15%) Preserved, concentrated or sweetened milk &
cream
0230 (5.2%) Butter 0240 (4.9%) Cheese & curd
5922 (3.6%) Glues 0223 (3%) Fresh milk &
cream
0112 (8.4%) Sheep & goat meat 0111 (5.8%) Bovine meat
0118 (0.99%)
Other animal
meats
0116
4113 0015
0149
0360 (1.6%) Fresh,
0342 (1.2%)
0344
0814
2919 6114
2117
2682 (1.2%)
Degreased sheep
or lambs wool
2681
0579 (3.3%) Fresh or
dried fruit N.E.S.
1121 (2.8%) Wine
0980 (2%) Edible
products N.E.S.
0545
0546
0730
1110
5121 0619
2482 (2.5%)
Worked wood of
coniferous
2471 (2.2%)
Sawlogs &
veneer logs of
coniferous
6416 (0.73%)
6353 6997
2517 (1.2%)
Chemical wood
pulp, soda or
sulphate
6413
2519
alloys
9710 (1.7%)
6418
7188
6731
7932 (0.98%)
Ships & boats
6727
0488 (1.9%) Malt
extract & cereal
preparations
containing less
than 50% cocoa
0574 (1%)
Fresh apples
8720 (1.1%)
Medical
instruments
N.E.S.
5542
2820
(0.67%)
Total Exports: 30.59 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.17 B / 228.33 B (0.51%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 30.59 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 118 B / (55/11)
GDPPC USD 27,599 / (26/5)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
92
184
276
368
460
NICARAGUA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (42%) 2631 (21%)
0573 (14%)
0111 (8.6%)
0360 (4.1%)
3330 (5.7%)
Total Exports: 238.78 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2631 (40%)
2223 (2.6%) 4233 (2.4%) 2634
(1.7%)
2632
0711 (15%)
0612
(1.2%)
0481 0542 2924
0573 (3.7%)
0611 (2.1%)
0813
0111 (10%)
0360 (3.6%) 2120
5922
2871 (4.8%)
5530 5162
6210
2483 6924
8510 5852
6932
Total Exports: 173.44 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
0711 (13%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee
substitutes
0542 (3.6%)
Dried or shelled
legumes
0460 0548
2221 (4.2%) Green groundnuts
0611 (2.3%) Raw
sugar beet & cane
4242
1211 (0.97%)
4234 (0.7%)
2238
8435 (4.7%) Blouses
8423 (3.9%) Men's trousers 8439 (3.6%) Other women
outerwear
8462 (2.2%) Knitted
8429 (1.3%)
8441 (1.2%)
Men's
undershirt
8451
(0.66%)
8424
8431
0111 (9%) Bovine meat
0011 0116
0360 (5%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or
0341
0240 (3.1%) Cheese &
curd
0224 (2.1%)
Preserved,
concentrated or
sweetened milk &
cream
1221 (3.3%) Cigars 5121 (1.3%)
Acyclic alcohols
& derivatives
1124 (0.89%)
Alcoholic
beverages
1110 (0.74%)
6421
0484
0545
9710 (3.7%) Gold,
non-monetary
2820
(0.67%)
8928
0712
(0.92%)
Coffee
extracts,
essences or
concentrates
6733
Total Exports: 2.54 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 173.44 M / 228.33 B (0.08%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.54 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 5.9 B / (119/21)
GDPPC USD 1,035 / (110/21)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
108
216
324
432
540
NIGERIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (92%) 0721
(4%)
2320
(1%)
0723
6116
5621
Total Exports: 7.55 B / 2.79 T (0.27%)
0721 (23%)
2232 (5%)
2320 (3.2%)
0723 (2.7%)
4244
(1.8%)
2221 (20%)
2631 (2%) 2223
(0.8%)
2922
4234 (5.5%) 0813 (4.1%)
3330 (17%)
6871 (6.7%) 2472 (2.5%)
2483
2114
6118
2119
2116
Total Exports: 531.08 M / 228.33 B (0.23%)
(2.1%)
0721
(0.64%)
2320
5530
(0.59%)
5831
(0.64%)
6116
(0.85%)
Total Exports: 81.97 B / 15.56 T (0.53%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 531.08 M / 228.33 B (0.23%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 81.97 B / 15.56 T (0.53%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 207 B / (41/2)
GDPPC USD 1,370 / (99/9)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
7.4 k
14.8 k
22.2 k
29.6 k
37 k
NORWAY
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (28%) 3414 (12%)
6841 (6.9%) 6891
(1.4%)
2731
2882
6831
(2.6%)
6861 2815
2890
5225
2879
2871
7932 (3.5%) 7938
5822
6716 (3.2%) 6733
6747
7442
8741
5629 (2.1%)
5221
5239
5831 (2%)
5834
5113
(1.7%)
5147
5331
5621
(1.1%)
6411 (2.4%)
6415 (1.3%)
6413
2516
2517
2512
6842
(1.6%)
3510
6633
0341 (2.9%) 0350
(1.8%)
0344
(1.4%)
0342 0371
0814
5823
Total Exports: 24.42 B / 2.79 T (0.87%)
6841 (15%)
2742 2731 6998 2785 2789
6831 (5.6%)
6612
(1%)
5225
6861
(1%)
2879
2871
7932 (12%) 6716 (5.6%)
6725 6712 6747
7211 8947 6931
6411 (3.9%)
2512 (3.7%)
6412
(2.4%)
2518
(2.3%)
6415 (2%) 6413
2516
6732 3510
6842
6911
6633
5621 (4.8%)
5629 (2.3%) 5239
(1.4%)
5221
6419
(1.6%)
2671
5331
0814 (4.7%) 0350 (3.5%)
4111
(0.97%)
0360
2120 (2.1%) 0240 6130
4312 (1.5%) 6421
Total Exports: 2.04 B / 228.33 B (0.89%)
3330 (48%) Crude petroleum 3414 (28%) petroleum gases
3413 (3.3%) liquified hydrocarbons
6841
6831
7239 9510
8743
8749
7932 (1.5%) Ships
& boats
6716
0342
(1.1%)
0350 (0.72%)
0343
3510 6842
(0.7%)
6911
5989 (1%)
Chemical
products
Total Exports: 174.28 B / 15.56 T (1.12%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.04 B / 228.33 B (0.89%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 174.28 B / 15.56 T (1.12%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 451 B / (24/10)
GDPPC USD 94,568 / (1/1)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
2.8 k
5.6 k
8.4 k
11.2 k
14 k
0MAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (95%)
Total Exports: 4.01 B / 2.79 T (0.14%)
3330 (77%) 6811 (23%)
Total Exports: 591.67 M / 228.33 B (0.26%)
3330 (75%) Crude petroleum 3413 (16%) liquified
hydrocarbons
5621 (1.4%)
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5832 (1.1%)
Polypropylene
7731 (1.8%)
Electric wire
0224 (1.2%)
Preserved,
concentrated or
sweetened milk
& cream
4242
5121 (0.72%)
6783
Total Exports: 37.91 B / 15.56 T (0.24%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 591.67 M / 228.33 B (0.26%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 37.91 B / 15.56 T (0.24%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 60 B / (66/11)
GDPPC USD 21,649 / (29/5)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
24
48
72
96
120
PAKISTAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6513 (14%) 6592 (5.7%) 6522 (5.2%)
6521 (3.5%) 6534 (2.3%)
6531
6584 (5.6%)
8481 (3.4%)
8462 (2.3%)
8439 (1.9%)
8441
6589
8459
8435
8423
8424 8472 8463
6560
8442
2631 (19%)
0422 (5.7%) 0421
(1.7%)
0615
(2%)
2929
(1.2%)
1222
6116
(2.3%)
6114
(2.2%)
6113 (1.5%) 6115
0360
(1.8%)
0350
2682
8947
(1.6%)
0579
8720
(1.3%)
6582
Total Exports: 4.51 B / 2.79 T (0.16%)
2640 (26%)
2631 (15%) 6545 (9.9%)
0422 (3.9%) 2634
(1.3%)
6513 (8.4%) 6521 (4.6%)
6522 (4%) 6592
(1.1%)
6549
6581 (8.4%) 8510
2633
6118 (3.7%)
6113 6114 2919
0360
(1.3%)
0350
2911
2681 2682
8947
(0.76%)
Total Exports: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
6584 (12%) Linens & furnishing textile articles
6589 (4.7%) Other textile articles N.E.S.
8481 (4.2%) Clothing
accessories from leather
8423 (3.9%) Men's
trousers
8462 (3.8%) Knitted
undergarments of
cotton
outerwear
8472 (1.8%) Knitted clothing
accessories of textile fabrics
8439 (1.7%)
Other women
outerwear
8464 (1.2%)
null
8510 (0.73%)
8429
6552
8451
8471
8424
8463
6522 (8.5%) Finished cotton woven fabrics 6513 (6.8%) Cotton yarn 6521 (4%) Unbleached cotton woven
fabrics
6534 (1.3%)
<85%
discontinuous
synthetic woven
fabrics
6592 (1%)
Knotted
carpets
0422 (14%) Semi or wholly milled rice 0615
0612
0571
6612 (3.2%) Cement
8973 (1.3%)
2879
6116 (1.2%) Leather
of other hides or
skins
6114
(0.76%)
0342
0360
0341
8947 (1.3%)
Sporting goods
7281
(0.65%)
6783
4312 0579 5121 (1.2%)
Acyclic alcohols
& derivatives
8720 (1.5%)
Medical
instruments
N.E.S.
3352
6582 6960
5823 (1.1%)
Polyesters
Total Exports: 20.30 B / 15.56 T (0.13%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 20.30 B / 15.56 T (0.13%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 164 B / (49/2)
GDPPC USD 987 / (112/3)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
300
600
900
1.2 k
1.5 k
PANAMA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7932 (38%)
7638
(1.4%)
7611 7628
7642
7491 7234
0573 (24%)
0360 (5.4%)
0342 (5.2%) 0341
0350
6672 (4.6%) 6673
(1.8%)
8973
(1%)
9710
2882
8421
(0.97%)
8459
8462
8451
8439
8921
5530
5139
5413
5156
0579 8960
(0.92%)
Total Exports: 1.99 B / 2.79 T (0.07%)
0573 (50%)
0611 0721
5415 (7.4%)
5155
(1.6%)
5162
8822
5137
5417 (5.5%)
5413 (2.8%) 8921
(1.1%)
5530
0360 (8.9%)
0814
0111
7938 (1.6%)
7933
8942
8851
(1.3%)
6960 8960
6842
2820
(1.1%)
6673
0980
Total Exports: 162.06 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
7938
7638 (2%) Video &
sound recorders N.E.S.
7611 (1.9%) Color T.V.
7415 (1.5%) Air
conditioning
machines
7642 8983
7621
7641
7234 (1%)
Construction
& mining
machinery
7758
7247
7784
7491
0342 (3.1%) Frozen fish,
excluding fillets
0360 (2.1%)
Fresh, chilled,
frozen or salted
crustaceans &
molluscs
0343
(1.6%)
0344 (1.5%) Frozen
fish fillets
0579 (6.4%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S. 0545
6421
0573 (2.5%) Fresh or
dried banana &
plantains
0711
0548
8851
(0.64%)
8842
7752
6672 (1.6%) Not
mounted diamonds
5416 2820
(0.88%)
Total Exports: 4.83 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 162.06 M / 228.33 B (0.07%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 4.83 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 23 B / (92/15)
GDPPC USD 6,821 / (57/8)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
176
352
528
704
880
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2871 (60%) 0721 (4.7%) 4242 (3.9%) 2231 (2.3%)
4243
(1.7%)
0711 (11%)
2472 (12%) 0360
2911
2119
Total Exports: 1.39 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
2231 (29%)
4243 (16%) 0721 (9.9%)
2320 (4.8%)
0711 (25%)
2221 0577
2472 (5.9%)
2482 (1.7%)
2483 6341
0360 (1.8%)
2119 (1.7%)
Total Exports: 53.98 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
2871 (21%) Copper 4242 (8%) Palm oil 0721 (3.2%) Raw &
4243 (1.3%)
4244 2231
2320
0711 (3.5%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes
2472 (9%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of
non-coniferous
0371 (1.4%)
Fish N.E.S.
0342
(0.7%)
Total Exports: 5.81 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 53.98 M / 228.33 B (0.02%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.81 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 8 B / (117/14)
GDPPC USD 1,218 / (102/13)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
154
308
462
616
770
PARAGUAY
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2222 (39%)
0813 (4.1%) 0742 (2.2%) 5513 4232
(0.83%)
4249
2631 (23%)
0711 (12%) 1211
1212
4244
6114 (3.7%)
6116
0111 (1.9%)
2483 (3%)
6341 3510
8439
8429
5322
Total Exports: 826.24 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0149 (26%)
0141 (3.7%) 0115 (2.8%)
2111
(2.4%)
6118
(1.9%)
2119
(1.2%)
2919
(1.2%)
2120 (2.1%)
2685
5513 (3.9%)
0813 (3.5%)
0742 (1.5%) 2222
4244 (5.3%)
4242
(1.1%)
4243
2631 (3.5%) 2235
(2.1%)
0711 (4.9%)
2472 (13%) 2483
(5.3%)
0980 (4.7%)
5322 (3.6%)
Total Exports: 54.53 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
2222 (32%) Soya beans
0813 (12%) Oilcake 4232 (11%) Soya bean oil 0440 (3.7%) Unmilled maize
unmilled
4236 (1.8%)
Sunflower seed oil
2224
2225
(2.2%)
Sesame
seeds
0422
(0.63%)
2631
(0.55%)
0612 (1.1%)
Refined
sugar
0611 (1.2%)
Raw sugar
beet & cane
1222
0111 (13%) Bovine meat
6114 (1.7%) 2919
3510 (6.6%) Electric current 2483 (1.2%)
Worked wood
of
non-coniferous
2450
(0.86%) Fuel
wood &
charcoal
6725 2820 8931
Total Exports: 4.84 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 54.53 M / 228.33 B (0.02%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 4.84 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 17 B / (98/17)
GDPPC USD 2,705 / (88/18)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
220
440
660
880
1.1 k
PERU
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6821 (19%) 2871 (6%)
2875 (9.4%)
2874 (6.2%) 6851
(1.1%)
2876
2789
6861 (3.8%) 6811 (3.3%)
2815 (2.1%) 2816
(1.4%)
8973 (2.9%) 2890
5225
0814 (17%)
0711 (5%)
0612 2929
2631
(1.2%)
0723
2927
6513 (2.7%) 6521
6542
2666
8462
6822 5224
6863
6931
0565
(0.86%)
5322
5912
7731
Total Exports: 3.00 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)
6821 (23%) 2871
(4.1%)
2879
2875 (4.9%) 2874 (4%)
6851 (2.8%)
6811 (4%)
6861 (2.3%)
0814 (29%) 4111
0612 (6.7%) 0711 (5%) 2631 (6.4%)
0611
Total Exports: 949.54 M / 228.33 B (0.42%)
2871 (18%) Copper
6821 (10%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 2879 (4.1%)
Other
non-ferrous base
metals
2875 (4.8%) Zinc
2874 (3%) Lead ore 6851
(0.98%)
silver
6861 (1%) 2815
2816
0814 (5.3%) Meat and fish flour,
not for humans
4111 (1.4%) Fat & oils of
marine animals
0360 (0.99%)
0342
8462 (3%) Knitted
8459 (1.4%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8451
8452
0711 (2.4%) Green &
roasted coffee & coffee
substitutes
0751
0575
0565 (1.6%)
Prepared or
preserved
vegetables
0545
0579
tin & alloys
5222
6822 (1.5%)
Worked copper
& copper alloys
5224
2483
Total Exports: 31.29 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 949.54 M / 228.33 B (0.42%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 31.29 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 129 B / (54/7)
GDPPC USD 4,477 / (73/14)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
122
244
366
488
610
PHILIPPINES
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7764 (14%) 7599 (3.2%)
7763 (2.2%)
7788
7768
7648
7921
6716
8439
(2.7%)
8459
(2.1%)
8997 (1.6%)
8462
8465
8423 (1.2%)
8510
8463 (1%)
8481
8433 8441
8431
8421
6584
8471
8435
8452
4243 (6%) 0573 (5.7%)
2231 2659
0711
0612
0813
(1.2%)
0577
(1.2%)
2655
2871 (4.6%)
6821 (4.4%)
2816 (2.4%) 2872
2483 (3.2%) 6342
(1.5%)
7731 8211
6353
6341
8851
0360 (4%)
0371
(1.1%)
0341
0589 (2.4%)
0579
(1.2%)
0585
5629
(0.97%)
5222
Total Exports: 8.58 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)
2231 (15%) 4243 (8.9%)
0611 (2.3%)
0612 (13%) 0615
0812
0577 (3.2%)
0813
(1.7%)
2655
(1.7%)
2472 (30%)
2871 (12%) 8471
8481
0589 0586
(1.1%)
Total Exports: 1.07 B / 228.33 B (0.47%)
7764 (31%) Electronic microcircuits 7525 (13%) Control & peripheral hardware 7599 (4.3%)
Parts of cash
registers &
calculating
machines
7763 (4.2%) Diodes & transistors
7522 (3.4%) Digital data processing
machines
7712 (2.9%) Parts of electric power
machinery N.E.S.
7788 (2.8%) Other
electrical machinery
& equipment N.E.S.
8811
(1.6%)
7649 (1.5%)
Parts of telecom
& sound
recording
equipment
7768 (1.4%)
Parts N.E.S. of
electronic
circuits
7641
7591
7415
8841
7722
7849 (4.8%)
Other
vehicles
parts
7721 (1%)
Switchboards,
relays
&
fuses
6251
7929
(0.66%)
9710
(0.95%)
2872 2816
4243 (2.4%) Coconut
oil
0573 0577
(0.56%)
2929
6353 (2.1%) Builders`
carpentry & joinery
8459 (1.1%)
8439
(0.71%)
8441
8431
8463
0371 (0.7%)
0342
0589
5121
5231
2820
Total Exports: 49.20 B / 15.56 T (0.32%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.07 B / 228.33 B (0.47%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 49.20 B / 15.56 T (0.32%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 167 B / (48/10)
GDPPC USD 1,844 / (95/12)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
900
1.8 k
2.7 k
3.6 k
4.5 k
POLAND
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.55 0.6 0.65
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3222 (16%) 3232
3221
6821 (3.7%)
2741 (3.9%)
6612
5225
6811
6861
2742
7219
(2.1%)
7284 7413 (1.1%)
7234 (1.1%)
7416
7783
8743
7272
7371
7239
6731
7187
7188
6733 (1.9%)
6822 (1.6%)
6744
7642 7525
7528
7782
7119
7932
(1.4%)
0149 (1.9%)
0011 (1.3%)
0111 0114
0015
0118
0344
0360
5922 0224
2120
2482
(1.5%)
8219
(1.3%)
6732
7414 8211
3510 7731
6911 2471
6997
6652 6643
5417 (3.4%)
5232 5231
8431
(0.85%)
8435
8441
8424
8429
8421
8423
8462
0586
(1.1%)
0545
0585
0546
0565
0579
0615
0612
2226
Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)
0149 (11%) 0111 (3.3%) 0011 (3%)
0114 (1.9%)
0118
0015
(1.1%)
0230 (2.2%) 5922
(1.8%)
2120
(1.5%)
2919
(1%)
2112
6712
(3.2%)
6725 6747
6724
6745
6760 6940
7914
6731
7919
7491
7915
8942
2482 (6%)
6732
(1.4%)
2483 6416
2460
6953
6664
6652
6643
7852
5981
0121 (6%)
0586
(1.9%)
0545
0579
0589
2741 (4.7%) 6841
(2%)
2783
6861 (1.6%)
6612
2732
3232
0612 (3.7%) 0482
0615
0542
0541
0611 2925
4239
(1.1%)
5232 5239
5629
5148
(0.95%)
5155
0819
5413
5621
3352
6522 (2.2%) 6549
6584 8997
2665
Total Exports: 1.03 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)
7810 (7%) Cars
7132 (2.8%) Internal
combustion engines for motor
vehicles
7821 (1.6%)
7721 (1.2%)
Switchboards,
relays
&
fuses
7831
6251
(0.76%)
7758
7139 (0.66%)
7492 (0.65%)
7832 6991
7783
7239
7491
8121
6731
7436
7611 (3.9%) Color T.V. 7649 (1.7%)
Parts of
telecom &
sound
recording
equipment
7522
7751
(0.64%)
7781
6725 (0.91%)
6733 (0.89%)
6822 (0.7%)
6744
7932 (2.3%) Ships &
boats
7782
7711
6252
8211 (3%) Chairs &
seats
8219 (2.6%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
structures
6997
6428 6353
8212
6732
(0.63%)
6359
(0.62%)
6842
7752
6416
6924
6960
6652
6415
8939 (1.7%)
Miscellaneous
articles
of
plastic
5530 (1.6%)
Perfumery &
cosmetics
5542
5831
5832 6210
5621
5629
3232 (1.8%) Coke
& semi-coke of coal
3222 (0.99%)
6821 (1.4%)
Unwrought
copper &
copper
alloys
2882
6998
6794
6811
8931 (0.7%)
0980
(0.66%)
0484
0585
0730
0545
6421
0114
(0.66%)
0111
(0.56%)
0240 0350
2820 1222
(0.65%)
Total Exports: 171.88 B / 15.56 T (1.1%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.03 B / 228.33 B (0.45%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 171.88 B / 15.56 T (1.1%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 528 B / (18/3)
GDPPC USD 13,857 / (41/9)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1 k
2.1 k
3.1 k
4.2 k
5.3 k
PORTUGAL
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 5 10 15
x 10
-3
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8510 (9.8%) 6584 (4.8%)
8451 (4.4%)
8459 (4.1%) 8462
(3.4%)
8423 (2.7%) 8441 (2%)
8439 (1.9%)
8429 (1.5%)
6575 8424
8431
8452 6123
8434 8435
8472 8463
6589
6534 6522 6513 6516 6514
2517 (7.1%) 2518
6413
5981
2482
(1.6%)
7731
(1.6%)
6343 8219
6624
6353
6341
6666
(0.92%)
6665
1121 (4.4%)
6330 (4.3%)
0546
7132
(1.4%)
7499
(1%)
7831
6991
7621
7611
7781 7711
6644
5111
5989
5112
5831 (1.2%)
6573 3352
0371 0341
0342
6613
(1.4%)
6651
2731 2440
Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)
8472 (4.4%) 6575 (3%)
6584
(2.5%)
8510
(1.7%)
8471
6581
6522 (6.3%)
6513 (4.2%) 6521
(1.7%)
6592
1121 (12%) 0565 (6.5%)
6330 (5.7%) 4235
(1.3%)
2517 (3.6%) 5981 (2.7%)
2518
(1.2%)
2516
6351 (1.6%)
2482
(1.4%)
6416
6343
6973
6652
6672 (8.4%)
2731 2742 2879
8973
2440 (4.2%)
0577
(1.5%)
6545
(1.3%)
5417
(1.1%)
5622
(0.91%)
5621
6577
6991
6352
6731
7781 7131
6716
6613
(1.4%)
6651 0360
Total Exports: 816.81 M / 228.33 B (0.36%)
7810 (6.6%) Cars 7849 (5.6%) Other vehicles parts
7821 (1.9%)
Trucks & vans
6251 (1.8%)
Tires &
pneumatic for
cars
7721 (1.4%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
7499 (1.3%)
Non-electric
parts of
machinery
N.E.S.
7492 (1.1%)
Valves
7139 6731
6991
7442 7161
7758
7436
6647
7764 (4.5%) Electronic
microcircuits
7621 (2.7%) Vehicles
radio receivers
wire
8211 (1.8%)
Chairs & seats
6732 (1.4%)
Iron/steel rods
8219 (1.2%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
6911 (1.1%)
6624 (0.99%)
6924
(0.61%)
6353
6973
6997
6633
6343
6415 6413
2517
7852 6665
8510 (4.5%) Footwear 8462 (2.2%)
Knitted
undergarments of
cotton
6584 (1.6%) Linens &
furnishing textile articles
8459 (1.2%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8451
8423
6575
6522
6330 (2.6%) Cork manufactures
1121 (2.1%) Wine
0565
(0.71%)
4235
8931
0484
0980
6421
1110
8939 (1.2%)
Miscellaneous
articles
of
plastic
5334
5831
(0.95%)
Polyethylene
5834
5111 (0.89%)
Acyclic
hydrocarbons
5112
(0.71%)
3352
6841 2882
6998
2731
2871 (1.4%)
Copper
6651
(0.93%)
6613
5823
5833
0360
0371
0342
0341
0350
0223
1222 (1.2%)
Cigarretes
0612 0813
Total Exports: 56.14 B / 15.56 T (0.36%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 816.81 M / 228.33 B (0.36%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 56.14 B / 15.56 T (0.36%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 252 B / (36/16)
GDPPC USD 23,708 / (28/16)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
8.6 k
17.2 k
25.8 k
34.4 k
43 k
QATAR
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.976 0.978 0.98 0.982 0.984 0.986
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (75%) 5831 (5.1%)
5111 (2.6%) 3345
(1.5%)
5621 (2.7%)
6732 (4.8%)
6731 (2.5%)
Total Exports: 2.26 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
3330 (100%)
Total Exports: 334.93 M / 228.33 B (0.15%)
3330 (50%) Crude petroleum 3413 (45%) liquified hydrocarbons 5831
5113
5161
6727
5121
Total Exports: 55.34 B / 15.56 T (0.36%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 334.93 M / 228.33 B (0.15%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 55.34 B / 15.56 T (0.36%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 111 B / (56/8)
GDPPC USD 86,436 / (2/1)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
460
920
1.3 k
1.8 k
2.3 k
ROMANIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7491 (1.7%)
7234 (1.6%)
6731
(1.3%)
7452
7361
7822
7919 7842
6782 7162
6760
7224
7187
6744 (5.7%)
6733
(1.9%)
6783 6746
6749
6259
7782
7915
(1.1%)
7522
8219 (7.3%)
8211 (2.8%)
6732
(1.4%)
2482
2483
(0.9%)
6842
(0.87%)
7752
6342
6997
6416
2481
6343
6359
3510
6652
(1%)
6643
6413
8510 (2.7%)
8431 (2.1%)
8429
(1.5%)
8439
(1.4%)
8451 8423
8424 8462
8422
8459
8421
8441
8463
8434
8997
6584
8435
8472
8432
5621 (6.9%)
5629 (2.6%) 5232
(1.5%)
5834 (1.9%)
5831
3345
6841 (6.8%) 0113
0149
0545 0579 5121
0440
2665
7912
Total Exports: 6.26 B / 2.79 T (0.22%)
2482 (12%) 2483 (9.2%)
2472
6343
2460
6351
0111 (8%) 0011 (4%) 0113
0149
(1.2%)
0913
0012
(0.93%)
0116
0114
0230
(1.5%)
0240
2919
(0.94%)
2682
4236 (4.8%) 0440 (2.7%)
0542
(2%)
0544
(1.8%)
0460
(1.5%)
0577
0575
6841 (4.8%)
6612 (3%)
6712 (3%)
6724
7932
(2.1%)
7915
7491
2331
(1.2%)
3345
5232
(1.4%)
5239
5621
(1.2%)
3351
0586
0561
0579
0545
0565
0121
6421
8510 (2.1%)
8997
6522
(1%)
6592
Total Exports: 558.90 M / 228.33 B (0.24%)
7721 (2.4%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
6251 (2%)
Tires &
pneumatic for
cars
7491 (1.7%) Roller
bearings
7431 (1.5%) Air pumps,
vacuum pumps &
compressors
6782 (1.4%) NULL
7239 (1.1%)
Bulldozers,
angledozers &
levellers parts
N.E.S.
7758 (0.94%)
7132
7162 7493
7783
7369
6744 (2.4%)
Iron/steel
>=4.75mm tick
sheets
6727 (1.9%)
Iron/steel
coils
6746
(0.98%)
6783
7932 (3%) Ships & boats 7915 (1.1%) Not
mechanically
propelled railway
for freight
7931
7643 (1.7%) Television &
radio transmitters
7525 7712
8947
6931
6252
7711
7731 (7.7%) Electric wire 8219 (2.5%)
Furniture
parts N.E.S.
8211 (1.9%) Chairs &
seats
6842 (1.5%)
Worked
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
3510
2482 2483 6997
(0.73%)
6353
6911 7752
6416 6343
7414
8510 (3.7%) Footwear 8423 (1.4%)
Men's
trousers
8439
(1.2%)
6123 (1.1%)
8431
(1.1%)
8435
8451
(0.9%)
8441
8459
8462
(0.57%)
8433
8463
8429
8434
6589
5831 5834
6210
(0.55%)
5621 (1.9%)
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5829 8742 5629
5232
0412 (1.5%) Other
wheat & meslin,
unmilled
2226
(0.99%)
Rape &
colza seeds
2224 0430
1222
2820 (2.7%) Iron
& steel waste
7853
2882
6998
Total Exports: 49.60 B / 15.56 T (0.32%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 558.90 M / 228.33 B (0.24%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 49.60 B / 15.56 T (0.32%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 200 B / (43/5)
GDPPC USD 9,300 / (49/12)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
660
1.3 k
1.9 k
2.6 k
3.3 k
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (39%)
3414 (8.7%) 3413
6841 (2.7%)
6812 (2.5%)
6831
(1.9%)
5241
(1.5%)
3222
(2.1%)
6672
(2%)
2815
(1.1%)
2816
5225
(1%)
6821
(0.88%)
3510 (3.3%)
2471 (3%)
2482 (2.7%)
2472
7234
(1.4%)
7842
(1.4%)
7187
(1.1%)
7239
7224
7919
6712
6716 6725
7931
7915
5621
(1.7%)
5623
(1.2%)
3345 2331
5112
5221
0371
2111
2631
(1.8%)
2820 5121
Total Exports: 44.43 B / 2.79 T (1.59%)
3330 (18%)
6812 (5.7%) 6841
(2.2%)
2742
6672 (5.4%)
6831 (3.4%)
2784
2879
3232 2877
2482 (10%) 2471 (8%)
2460 (2.7%) 2483
2481
2631 (6.2%)
4236 (2.4%)
0813
0612
(1.7%)
0542
6712 (3.4%)
6725
(1.4%)
6727
(1.2%)
6716
7499
(3.6%)
7126
5621
5623
(1.2%)
2713 (2%)
2120
(2.1%)
6130
4113
4111
6522 6521 2820
Total Exports: 3.05 B / 228.33 B (1.34%)
3330 (49%) Crude petroleum 3414 (21%) petroleum gases 6841 (2.4%)
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium alloys
6812 (1.2%)
Unwrought
metals of
platinum
3222 (2.2%)
Other coal
3232 3221
6831 (1.6%)
Unwrought nickel
& nickel alloys
2741
2816
6811
5225
6725 (3.5%) Iron/steel billets
6727 (0.93%)
Iron/steel coils
6822 (0.91%)
Worked copper
& copper
alloys
6712
(0.82%)
6716
6745
7187
5623 (1.4%)
Potassic fertilizers
5621 (1.1%)
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5629 (1.3%)
Fertilizers
2331
(0.59%)
2482
(0.89%)
2471
6732
2517
0412 (0.91%)
Other wheat
& meslin,
unmilled
2820
Total Exports: 474.53 B / 15.56 T (3.05%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP*
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.05 B / 228.33 B (1.34%) 1988
EXPORT
TREEMAP* TOTAL EXPORTS: 44.43 B / 2.79 T (1.59%)
TOTAL EXPORTS: 474.53 B / 15.56 T (3.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 1.7 T / (8/1)
GDPPC USD 11,743 / (42/10)
* Values for USSR * Values for USSR
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
2.6 k
5.2 k
7.8 k
10.4 k
13 k
SAUDI ARABIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.964 0.966 0.968 0.97 0.972 0.974 0.976 0.978
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (82%) 3413
3354
5112
(2.1%)
5113
5831
(1.7%)
5621
5121
(3.2%)
7144
Total Exports: 51.42 B / 2.79 T (1.84%)
3330 (99%)
Total Exports: 2.22 B / 228.33 B (0.97%)
5832
5112
5621
3351
7938
7921
5121
Total Exports: 318.83 B / 15.56 T (2.05%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.22 B / 228.33 B (0.97%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 318.83 B / 15.56 T (2.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 476 B / (23/1)
GDPPC USD 19,200 / (32/6)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
48
96
144
192
240
SENEGAL
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0360 (15%)
0371 (11%)
0342 (5.8%) 0341 (4%) 0344 (3.4%)
0814 0350
4234 (15%) 0813 (10%) 2631
(2.8%)
2922
0615
2713 (15%) 5222 (5.1%)
5629
(1.4%)
5622
2782
(1.5%)
6672
(1.4%)
0545
(1%)
6513
Total Exports: 551.69 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
4234 (26%)
0813 (14%)
2221 (20%)
4244 (3.7%) 0460
(2.3%)
1222
2713 (12%)
6672 (3.5%)
2771 (2.3%)
2877 (1.8%)
2783
(1.5%)
6521
(1.4%)
6522
(0.8%)
6513
8510 (1.3%)
0360 (2.2%)
0545 9410
6341
Total Exports: 177.55 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
5222 (18%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen compounds
5629 (3.4%) Fertilizers 2713
5530 (3.5%)
Perfumery & cosmetics
8939 (1.3%)
Miscellaneous
articles of
plastic
5514 5541
5832
0341 (7%) Fresh or chilled fish,
excluding fillets
0360 (5.5%) Fresh,
0342 (3.8%) Frozen fish,
excluding fillets
0343
(1.2%)
Fresh or
chilled fish
fillets
0371
0350
6612 (10%) Cement
9710
2783 (1.4%)
Sodium chloride
2782 (1%)
Clay &
refractory
minerals,
N.E.S.
2882
(0.94%)
Other
non-ferrous
base metals
1222 (2.5%) Cigarretes
1223 (2.1%) Tobbacco, extract,
essences & manufactures
1212 (1.8%)
Wholly or
partly
stripped
tobacco
2631 (1.9%) Raw
cotton
0422
(0.92%)
Semi or
wholly milled
rice
0544 0460
0488
4234 (1.4%)
Peanut oil
6731 (2.2%)
Iron/steel wire
rod
7442 (1%) Lifting
& loading
machinery
7162 (0.81%)
more than 15 tons
0980 (2.7%) Edible products
N.E.S.
6421 (0.91%)
Paper packing
containers
0545
(0.72%)
0579
0484
8931
2820 (2.2%) Iron &
steel waste
Total Exports: 2.19 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 177.55 M / 228.33 B (0.08%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.19 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 13 B / (106/15)
GDPPC USD 1,079 / (107/15)
2008
2005 2006 2007 2008
0
300
600
900
1.2 k
1.5 k
SERBIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 5 10 15
x 10
-3
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6727 (6%) 6822 (4.3%)
6744 (2.7%)
6747 (2.3%)
6746
(1.8%)
6745 6783
6251
(2.3%)
6418 (1.7%)
7169 (1.7%)
7416
7442
7493
7758
6289
6259 7915
6842 (3.3%)
3510
(1.4%)
7731
(1.3%)
6624
8219 8211
2483 6924
6353
7752
6973
8939
(2.2%)
5542
0819
5334
5335
5111
(1.3%)
5137
5112 2331
5831 (2.5%)
0586 (3.1%) 0980
0484
1110 0730
0585
0579 8931
1123 5121
8463 (1.8%)
8510 (1.6%)
6123 8472 8423
8439
0612 (2.1%)
0460
0440
(1.2%)
4236
0412 4232
6998 2882
6794
6821
(1.1%)
6612
2820
(1.7%)
8928
0111
0223
Total Exports: 8.85 B / 13.45 T (0.07%)
6727 (7.7%) 6822
(3.9%)
6747 (3.3%) 6746 (2.2%)
6744 (1.7%)
6251 (3.2%) 6418
9510
7224
7283
8946
7442
7493
6289
6785
6259 (1.2%)
8939
(2.8%)
5417
(2.7%)
5334 0819 8922 5542
5831 (3.2%)
5832 6210
5111
(1.3%)
5137
2331
0586 (3.7%) 0980
0484 0730
0585
0579 0546
0545
0561
1123 5121
6842 (2.8%) 8211 (1.3%)
2483
6624
3510
7731
8219 6973
6911
0612 (4.3%)
0440
(2.7%)
4236
0412
8510
(2%)
8463
(1.5%)
6123
(1.2%)
8472
8423
8431
8465
8422
6821 (2%)
6794 69986861
2820
0149
2112
Total Exports: 4.36 B / 9.84 T (0.04%)
6727 (6.3%) Iron/steel coils 6822 (4.2%) Worked
copper & copper
alloys
>=4.75mm tick sheets
6747 (2.2%) Steel tinned
sheets
6746 (2%) Iron/steel
<3mm tick sheets
6745 (1.1%)
Iron/steel 3 -
4.75mm tick
sheets
6783
7169 (2.1%)
Parts of rotating
electric plants
N.E.S.
6251 (1.9%)
Tires &
pneumatic for
cars
6418
7283 7139
7442
7758
9510
7416
6289
7919
7915 (1%) Not
mechanically
propelled railway
for freight
7611 (1.1%) Color
T.V.
6259 7711
7924 (1%)
6842 (2.4%) Worked
alloys
current
7731 (1.5%)
Electric wire
6624 (1.2%)
Non-refractory
ceramic bricks
8219
(1.1%)
6911
8211 6353
6924 2483 7752
6973
7861
8939 (2.3%) Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
5542 0819
8922
5334
5335
5111 (0.9%) 5137
5112 2331
5831 (2.2%)
Polyethylene
5629
5621
0586 (2.8%) Temporarily
preserved fruit
1110 (1.2%)
0980 (0.99%)
0484 (0.97%)
0730
0579
(0.67%)
8931
6421
0585
1123 5121
8463 (1.7%)
Knitted
undergarments
of synthetic
fibers
8510 (1.5%)
Footwear
6123
8472
(0.78%)
8429
0612 (1.7%) Refined sugar
0460
0440 (1.4%)
4236 4239
2882
6794
6841 6612
3354
2820 (1.6%) Iron
& steel waste
8928
0011
(0.59%)
0111
Total Exports: 11.09 B / 15.56 T (0.07%)
2008
2005
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2007
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 11.09 B / 15.56 T (0.07%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 49 B / (72/14)
GDPPC USD 6,647 / (59/15)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
14 k
28 k
42 k
56 k
70 k
SINGAPORE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7599 (18%) 7764 (11%)
7649 (3.8%) 7611 (3%)
7638
(2.9%)
7622 (2.5%)
7628
7768
(1.5%)
7788 7525 (1.4%)
8942
7641
7712
(0.95%)
7761
(0.95%)
7763
7722
7415
8983
7511
7781
7528
7643
7512 7522
7721
(1.6%)
7431
(1.2%)
7758
7491 7239
7162
8743
7169
7932 (2%)
7938
3345 (2.3%)
5982
5156
8720
5146
5831 (2%) 5832
5417 8921 3352
2320
(2.3%)
4242
(1%)
0723
2923
0752
4232 1222
8463
(0.91%)
8459
8441 8462
2483
(1.1%)
6342
6997
7414
8973
(1.3%)
2882
3354
4313
8931
1110
0342 2820
Total Exports: 30.98 B / 2.79 T (1.11%)
2320 (42%) 4242
4243
2231
0460 (2.4%) 0751
(1.4%)
0752 2923
2924
2640
(1.6%)
0422
0421 2922
1222
4234
2483 (4.7%)
6924
(1.9%)
6732
6996 6341
2481
8851 6652
3345 (5%)
0819 (3.3%) 8921
6424
0589
(1.5%)
0980 6421
0586
1123
6651
(1.2%)
8999
9610
6423
7781
(1.2%)
6783
6785
2890
(1.1%)
2876
(1.1%)
6584
6581
8310
6522
(0.96%)
6521
0350
0014 2119
Total Exports: 733.95 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
7599 (8%) Parts of cash registers & calculating
machines
7768 (6.1%) Parts N.E.S. of electronic circuits
7525 (3.9%) Control & peripheral
hardware
transmitters
7649 (2.7%) Parts of telecom &
sound recording equipment
7763 (2.5%) Diodes
& transistors
7788 (2.2%)
Other electrical
machinery &
equipment N.E.S.
7518 (1%)
Office machines
N.E.S.
7712 (0.9%)
7523
7528
7722
7781
7239 (2.9%) Bulldozers,
angledozers & levellers
parts N.E.S.
relays & fuses
7491 7162 (0.68%)
8749
7499
6954
7431
8741
7929 (1.7%)
Aircraft
equipment
parts N.E.S.
7131
7938
5146 (1.6%)
Oxygen-function
amino-compounds
5839 (1.3%) Other
polymerization &
copolymarization
products
5112 (1.2%)
Cyclic
hydrocarbons
5989 (1.2%)
Chemical
products
8720 (0.82%)
5156 (0.81%)
5982
6871
8744
5514
5829
8748
5157
5530
(0.86%)
Perfumery &
cosmetics
5831
(0.75%)
8973 3354 5121 (0.72%)
1124
5823
7853
5833
8851
0488
Total Exports: 338.31 B / 15.56 T (2.17%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 733.95 M / 228.33 B (0.32%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 338.31 B / 15.56 T (2.17%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 193 B / (44/9)
GDPPC USD 39,950 / (19/2)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
2.6 k
5.2 k
7.8 k
10.4 k
13 k
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-15 -10 -5 0
x 10
-3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (18%) 7849 (4.8%) 7491
(1.8%)
7162
(1.2%)
7493
7431
6782 9510
8121
7239
6289
7373
7169
6746 (3%)
6727 (2.2%)
6749
(1.2%)
6745
6716
(0.81%)
6744
6747
6725
7751 7611
7768
7712
7722
8124
6252
6623
7782
7915
7731 (3.6%) 8211 (1.9%)
8219
6997 6428
2482
3510
2483 6353 2472
7861
6649
6417
6415 6652
8510
(1.8%)
8423
(0.84%)
8451
6123
8424
8422
8441
8429
6514
(1.4%)
6519
6424 (1.8%)
8921
8922
5542
5831
(1.1%)
5832
5834 6210
5145
5162
5621
6841 (2.6%) 2782
6998
6612
0980
0730
8928
2820
6114
0482
Total Exports: 12.64 B / 5.90 T (0.21%)
6746 (4.4%) 6727
(3.8%)
6745
(2.8%)
6749 (2.1%)
6716 (2%)
6744
(1.9%)
6725
(1.3%)
6822
(1.1%)
6747
(1.1%)
6783
7491
(1.2%)
6251 6782
7162
6418 7919
7492
7449
7224
7361
6252
(0.92%)
6623
(0.85%)
6770
8731
6931
7611 8124
7751
7915
(0.94%)
8219
(1.9%)
2482
(1.7%)
7731
(1.2%)
7752 8211
6911 6353
2483 6997
6633
6624
6342
6921
6417
6618
6415 (2%)
2517
5417
(1.5%)
8939
8921
5542
6424
3345 5112
5162
5831
(2%)
5832
5834
5621
(1.2%)
5629
5239
8510 (1.9%)
8423 8431
8424
8451
6123
8439
8462
8422
8459
6584 8429
8435
6514 (3.4%)
6517 6519
6841
6612 (1.7%)
0545
6421
0440 0482
1222
2820
6651
0011 6114
Total Exports: 6.09 B / 4.30 T (0.14%)
7810 (20%) Cars
7842 (3.1%) Vehicle bodies
7491 (1.5%)
7493 (1.3%)
Mechanical tools for
building
8121 (1.2%)
6991 (0.91%)
7431 7239
7162 6782
7783 7868
7442 6289
6940
6251
7611 (16%) Color T.V.
7638 (1.7%) Video
& sound recorders
N.E.S.
7712 (1.1%) 7525 (0.94%)
7751 (0.9%)
8124
6749 (1.6%)
Other worked
iron/steel
sheets
6746 (1.4%)
Iron/steel
<3mm tick
sheets
6727
6747 (0.8%)
6744 (0.78%)
6745 (0.75%)
6716 (0.67%)
6252 (1.2%)
Tires &
pneumatic for
buses
7119
7782
6931
7915
wire
8219 (1.1%)
Furniture
parts N.E.S.
8211
6997 6911
6924
6343
6415
8939 (1%)
Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
5832
5831
(0.61%)
6514
6841 (0.87%)
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
5121
2820
Total Exports: 70.41 B / 15.56 T (0.45%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 70.41 B / 15.56 T (0.45%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 98 B / (57/9)
GDPPC USD 18,212 / (34/3)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
2.8 k
5.6 k
8.4 k
11.2 k
14 k
SLOVENIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (9%) 7849 (2.7%)
7758 (2%)
7169 (1.4%)
7783
7721
7431
(1.2%)
6251
(1.1%)
6418
(0.94%)
6991
(0.91%)
7239
7492 7139
7162
7493
7442
7913
6631
7161
6954
7784
7499
8743
7129
7281
7757
(1.6%)
7751
7641
(1%)
7723
8124 7781
8731
6252
7711
6744 6783
6746
6745
6716
8211 (5.2%)
8219
(2.5%)
6842
(2.3%)
6353
(2%)
7752
(1.9%)
6732
(0.93%)
3510
(0.91%)
7861 6911
6428
2483
6341
2482
6997
6649
6412
(1.1%)
6415
6411
6652
5417 (5.5%)
8939 5530
5334
6424
6573
5821
5331 5824 6210
8510
8439
8431
8422 6514
(1.2%)
6522
6841
(1.5%)
6998
1110 1123
6116
0223
6635
5823
Total Exports: 9.24 B / 5.90 T (0.16%)
7810 (8.1%)
7758 (2.2%)
7721
(1.2%)
7783
6251
7169 6418
6991
7431 7449
7162 7492
7784 8743
7281
6832
7757
(1.2%)
7751
8124 7611
8947
7781
8710
8813
6746
5224
6745
6744
6783
6863
6716
8731
(1.1%)
6252
6259
6353 (3.6%) 8211
(3.3%)
8219 (3.1%)
7752 (2.1%)
6842 (1.3%)
6732 3510
6997
6428
2482 2483
7861
6359
6911
6342
6973
6412 (1.4%)
6415
(0.95%)
6652
(0.79%)
8842
8510 (2.5%) 8439
(1.7%)
8431 (1.5%)
8463
8423
8422
8451
8459 8424
8465
8435
6123
8432
8421
8429
6514
6516
6536
5417 (3.7%)
5530
8921
6424
5334
5156 5138 5239
6841
(1.5%)
6998
(1%)
0142
0114
6116
(0.89%)
0980
6421
0548
Total Exports: 6.45 B / 4.30 T (0.15%)
7810 (13%) Cars 7849 (3.1%) Other vehicles
parts
7758 (2.3%)
Electro-thermal home
appliances N.E.S.
7783 (1.8%) Auto parts
7239 (1.7%) Bulldozers,
angledozers & levellers parts
N.E.S.
7169
6251 (1.2%) Tires &
pneumatic for cars
7431 (1%)
7492 (1%) Valves
7432 (0.95%)
6954 (0.91%)
6991 (0.85%)
7442
(0.65%)
6418
(0.62%)
7452
7139
8743
6289
7372
7868
6940
7919
7281
6572
7441
6994
7757 (1%)
7751
7781
(0.63%)
8942
(0.56%)
8947
8124
6744 (1.7%)
Iron/steel
>=4.75mm tick
sheets
6745
6783
6252 8731
7711
8211 (2.6%) Chairs
& seats
6842 (2.3%)
Worked
aluminium &
aluminium alloys
8219 (1.7%)
Furniture parts
N.E.S.
3510 (1.7%)
Electric current
6732 (1.5%)
Iron/steel rods
6353 (1.4%)
Builders`
carpentry &
joinery
7752 (1.2%)
Refrigerators &
freezers
6911 (0.93%)
2482
(0.9%)
8842
6652
6953
6415
6411
5530
(1.2%)
8939
(1.1%)
5334
(0.75%)
5335
8921 6424
5542
5821
5331 5416 5831 6210
6841 (1.1%)
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
6998
2882
2873
6514
(0.85%) Yarn
not for retail
(>=85%
synthetic
fibres)
8928
2820
6635
0223
(0.62%)
Total Exports: 29.27 B / 15.56 T (0.19%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 29.27 B / 15.56 T (0.19%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 54 B / (70/12)
GDPPC USD 26,911 / (27/1)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
300
600
900
1.2 k
1.5 k
SOUTH AFRICA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.75 0.8 0.85
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6812 (14%)
6841
(1.4%)
2881
(1.2%)
2731
2786
2874 2785
3222 (11%)
3221
6672 (6.9%) 6821 (3.7%)
2879 (3.2%)
6831
(1.7%)
2872
(1.5%)
5241
(1.4%)
2784
2815
(2.4%)
2877
(1.4%)
6899
2890
5225
6716 (8.4%)
6725
(1.4%)
6727 6746
6733
6749
6712
6783
6731 7283
0574
(1.3%)
0571
(1.3%)
0575
0611 (1.9%)
0813 1212
2681 (1.8%)
6512
(1.4%)
2683
2687
03600342
6114
2117
2516
(1.3%)
2517
6413
2518
6732
5222
2713
5221
5162 3351
0589
0579 (1.4%)
Total Exports: 14.77 B / 2.79 T (0.53%)
6672 (19%)
6821 (9.6%)
2879 2871
2784 (3.8%)
2872
2890 (4.3%)
6851
2782
2731 2877 (2.2%)
0440 (10%) 0571 (2.8%)
0574 (1.9%)
0575
(0.97%)
0572
0611 (3.1%)
0459
(1.1%)
2221
0812
0612
0615
2681 (7%) 6512
2682
2683
0814 (2.7%)
0360
(1.3%)
4111
2120 (3.2%)
2116 2111 2117
0589 (3.3%) 0579
0585
6716
(2.3%)
6712
(2.1%)
2516 (1.4%) 5322
Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)
6812 (16%) Unwrought metals of platinum 6841 (2.3%)
Unwrought
aluminium &
aluminium alloys
2882 (0.96%)
3222 (7.8%) Other coal
2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated
iron ore
2877 (3.2%) Manganese
diamonds
2879 (2.7%) Other
2890 (1.3%) Ores
and precious metals
5241
7810 (7.6%) Cars
7436 (5.2%) Liquid & gas
filters & purifiers
7132 (0.71%)
7283
6727 (1.1%)
6746 (0.86%)
6744
6749
7923
6842 (1.2%)
Worked
aluminium &
aluminium
alloys
6911
(0.97%)
8211 7861
2516 6415
5222 (1.4%)
Non-metals
inorganic
acids &
oxygen
compounds
5629
5221
5111 5832
3351
0571
(0.84%)
0575
0574 0572
0440 (0.89%)
Unmilled
maize
1121 (1.3%) Wine
0579 0585
0589
0360
2681
2820
Total Exports: 74.09 B / 15.56 T (0.48%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 74.09 B / 15.56 T (0.48%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 277 B / (31/1)
GDPPC USD 5,666 / (62/4)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.2 k
2.4 k
3.6 k
4.8 k
6.1 k
SPAIN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (13%)
7849 (5.4%)
7821 (2.5%)
6251
7132
7783 7361
6954 7492
6418
7442
6731
7162
7431
6940
7372
6991
6733
(1.1%)
6746
(0.87%)
6725
6744
6747
8942 7528
8124
7781
7757
6252
6259
7932
(1.3%)
7929
0545 (2.7%)
0579 (2.1%)
1121
4235 (1.6%)
0565 (1.4%)
0589
0980
0620
6624
(1.5%)
6732
(1.4%)
8219
(0.93%)
7731
2517
(1.1%)
8960
0571 (3.4%)
0544
(1.4%)
0440
0430
0577
2927
5156
5111
5416
3345
5148
5137
5138
8921
(0.94%)
5413
5831
5832
3352
5623
8510 (3.8%) 0360 6130
6612 6861
3354
6613
(0.81%)
Total Exports: 40.31 B / 2.79 T (1.44%)
0571 (13%)
0575 (2.8%) 0572
0544 (5.8%) 0460
(1.9%)
0541
2440
0752 0751
0577 (4.3%) 0422
(0.97%)
0421
0573
2927
5513
1121 (6.1%) 0565 (5.6%) 0545 (3%)
4235 (2.5%)
0589
(1.8%)
0579
(1.5%)
6330
(0.97%)
0546
0585
7244 (4.8%) 8946
7851
7919
6352
2814 6725
6724 6716
5224
8124 7511
6931
8510 (5.2%)
8481 8310 6584
8997
6513 (1.4%) 6521
6517
8921 (2.1%)
5221 (1.9%)
5623
(1.7%)
5137
0350
(2.2%)
0360 6118 2919
3510
(1.1%)
7731
6973
5981
8960
2742 (1.3%)
2785
6613
Total Exports: 1.81 B / 228.33 B (0.79%)
7810 (15%) Cars 7849 (6.1%) Other
vehicles parts
7132 (1%)
7169 (0.82%)
7492 (0.77%)
7442 (0.67%)
6782
(0.64%)
7783
6731 7162
7851
7449
7361
7758 6289
7822
7611 (1.4%)
Color T.V.
7415
6733 (1%)
Iron/steel shapes
6746
6822 6252
7711
7929 (1%)
Aircraft
equipment
parts N.E.S.
5417 (4.6%) Medicaments 5530 (1.2%)
Perfumery &
cosmetics
8939
(0.65%)
5335
8921
5542
5334
6424
5839 5832 3352
5912
6624 (1.6%)
Non-refractory
ceramic bricks
6732 (1.6%)
Iron/steel rods
7731
6842 (0.92%)
8219 (0.76%)
3510
6997 6911 6924
6996
2517 6415
0545 (1.8%) Other fresh
or chilled vegetables
1121 (1.4%) Wine
0579 (1.4%) Fresh or
dried fruit N.E.S.
4235 (1.4%)
Olive oil
0565
(0.75%)
0980
(0.66%)
8931
8510 (1.3%)
Footwear
8439
8451
(0.52%)
0113 (1.2%)
Swine meat
0342
0341
0571 (1.5%)
Fresh or dried
oranges &
m&arines
0544
5823
(0.7%)
6613
3354
6861
Total Exports: 279.29 B / 15.56 T (1.8%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.81 B / 228.33 B (0.79%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 279.29 B / 15.56 T (1.8%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 1.6 T / (10/5)
GDPPC USD 35,000 / (22/14)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
82
164
246
328
410
SRI LANKA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8439 (6.2%)
8435 (4.9%)
8462 (3.4%)
8441 (3.3%)
8423 (3.1%)
8431 (2.5%)
8463
(2.3%)
8434
(2%)
8451
(2%)
8421
(1.9%)
8429
(1.9%)
8433
8472
8443 8459
6584 8481
8997
8452
8465
6581
8471
0741 (18%)
0577
2320 (8.4%)
2659
0752
(2.1%)
0812
(0.83%)
0751
0711
6673 (5.8%) 6672
(3.8%)
7924 (2%)
6940
6289
6259
8482
0360
(1.5%)
6624 6664
8999 5989
Total Exports: 1.52 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
0741 (61%) 0577
(7.9%)
2320 (16%)
4243 (5.7%) 2659 (3.2%)
2231
(1.2%)
0721
4242
0752
Total Exports: 358.17 M / 228.33 B (0.16%)
8462 (7.7%) Knitted
8439 (6.9%) Other women
outerwear
8459 (5.7%) Other
knitted outerwear
8465 (3.7%) Corsets
8464 (2.2%) null 8472 (2.2%)
Knitted clothing
accessories of textile
fabrics
8463 (2%)
Knitted
undergarments
of synthetic
fibers
8451 (2%)
Knitted jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8441 (1.7%)
Men's
undershirt
8435 (1.3%)
Blouses
8433 (1.1%)
8434 (0.92%)
8452 (0.8%)
8431
8443
8997
8424
6552
0741 (17%) Tea 0752 (1.7%) Spices other
than pepper
0460 0812
2320 (1.7%)
Natural rubber,
latex & gums
1212
1223
6259 (4.2%) Other tires articles
7711
8482 (1.7%)
Clothing
accessories from
rubber
7722
7641
6289 (0.97%)
Other articles
of rubber
7441
diamonds
precious stones
2771 (1.1%)
7731
(0.74%)
6582
6416 7852
6664
0342
(0.98%)
Frozen fish,
excluding
fillets
0341
0343
0360
0980 8931
0589
8928 2511
Total Exports: 8.19 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
South Asia.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 358.17 M / 228.33 B (0.16%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 8.19 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 41 B / (77/4)
GDPPC USD 2,020 / (91/1)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
48
96
144
192
240
SUDAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2631 (47%) 2922 (12%)
0459 (5.8%)
2221 (4.5%) 2225
(2.2%)
2632
0813 (6.4%)
4234 (3.5%)
2238 2222 4239
0615 (2.2%)
0548
(1%)
2924
0012
(4.5%)
2117 (1.2%)
2116
2114 2111
2911
0561
0579
7144
6513
Total Exports: 561.19 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2631 (58%) 2922 (10%)
2221 (7.4%)
2634 (4.7%) 4233 (1.4%)
0459
2223 2235
0813
(6.9%)
0548
2924
0012
(4.7%)
0011
2116
2119
2117
2890
Total Exports: 259.62 M / 228.33 B (0.11%)
2922
2631
0459
0012
2820
9410
Total Exports: 9.87 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 259.62 M / 228.33 B (0.11%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 9.87 B / 15.56 T (0.06%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 58 B / (67/4)
GDPPC USD 1,404 / (98/8)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
4 k
8 k
12 k
16 k
20 k
SWEDEN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.04 -0.035 -0.03 -0.025
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7810 (7.7%)
7849 (4.1%) 7821
(2.8%)
6418 (2.3%) 7284
(1.3%)
6954
(1.3%)
7832
(1.2%)
7234
(1.1%)
7132
(1.1%)
7721 7452 7442
6782 7491 7841
7451
7416
7449
7441
7492 7758
7259
7822
7133
6731
7373
6940
8743
7251
7649 (2.1%)
7641
7525
(0.81%)
7528
7643
7712
6744
(1.1%)
6746
(1%)
6822
(0.8%)
6749
6725
6745
6783
6713
6770
7932
7149
2517 (4%)
6413 (3.5%)
6411 (3%) 6415
(2.2%)
6412 (2.2%) 2518
2512
2482 (4%)
8219
6732
6353
6842
6428
7731
6911
7752
3510
7414
5417 (1.7%)
8939
8720
5831
(1%)
2815 2816
0484
0730
2120
Total Exports: 48.89 B / 2.79 T (1.75%)
2517 (7.9%)
6413 (5.6%)
2518 (4.2%) 6411
(2.4%)
6415 (2.4%)
6412 (1.9%)
2516
(1.5%)
2512
5981
2482 (10%) 6732
(1.8%)
2460
(1.3%)
6416
(1.3%)
6973
6842 6353
6953
7810 (6.7%)
7821 (2.3%) 6782 (2%)
7491
(1.9%)
7411
(1.8%)
7499 (1.5%)
7281 (1.4%)
6731
(1%)
7452
7283 7371
6940
7126
7841
8121
7213
6577
7932 (5.8%) 6822
(1.7%)
6746
(1.3%)
6783 6716
7512
(2.1%)
7788 7518
7781
7511
8947
6770
6419
(1.9%)
2671 6998 0113
2120
8928
Total Exports: 5.34 B / 228.33 B (2.34%)
7810 (6.9%) Cars
6418 (2.2%) Rolls/sheets
of coated paper
7832 (1.8%) Tractors for
semi-trailers
7721 (1.6%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
7132 (1.4%)
Internal
combustion
engines for motor
vehicles
7416 (1.3%)
Heating &
cooling
equipment
N.E.S.
7284 (1.2%)
Specialized
industry
machinery &
parts N.E.S
7441 (1.2%)
Work trucks
7442 (1.1%)
Lifting &
loading
machinery
7821
(1.1%)
7842 7491
7452 7239 7234
6782
(0.72%)
6954
7492
(0.66%)
7841
7187 7188
7133
7758
7493
7283
7259
7649 (3.8%) Parts of telecom
& sound recording equipment
7641 (2.1%)
Telephone lines
7712 7523
7415
8124
6744 (1.1%)
Iron/steel
>=4.75mm tick
sheets
6746
(0.89%)
6822 (0.88%)
Worked copper
& copper
alloys
7149
(0.61%)
6770
of coniferous
8219 (1.5%)
Furniture
parts N.E.S.
6732
7731 (1.1%) 6353
3510
(0.84%)
6842
6428 6911
7414
6413 (1.9%)
Rolls/sheets of
kraft paper
2517 (1.8%)
Chemical
wood pulp,
soda or
sulphate
6415 (1.1%) Paper
& paperboad in
rolls or sheets
6411 (1%)
6412
(0.63%)
5851
5417 (6.2%) Medicaments 8939 (1%)
Miscellaneous
articles of
plastic
5334
8720 (0.89%)
8996 5415
8744
8745
5831 (1.3%)
Polyethylene
5834 6210
0980
8931
2816 (1.5%)
Agglomerated iron
ore
2882
0341 (0.93%)
Fresh or chilled
fish, excluding
fillets
2820
Total Exports: 184.43 B / 15.56 T (1.19%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.34 B / 228.33 B (2.34%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 184.43 B / 15.56 T (1.19%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 488 B / (22/9)
GDPPC USD 52,884 / (9/6)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
5.2 k
10.4 k
15.6 k
20.8 k
26 k
SWITZERLAND
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.035 -0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7721 (2.6%)
7284 (2.6%)
7361
(2.6%)
7245 (1.6%)
7244 (1.5%)
7452
(1.3%)
7784
7246
(0.84%)
7492
(0.79%)
7416
8743
7369
6954
7252
6940
7267 7373
7493
7499
7268
7247
6418
7161
6577
8749
7272
7281
7431
7269
7271
7264
7788
(0.99%)
8852
(0.77%)
6783
5311
(2.6%)
5156
(2%)
5148
5411
8748
5989
8742
5514 5146
5416
8996
5147
8720
5839
5826
5824
8745
5417 (5.4%) 8939
5414 5530
5413 5139
5542
5912 5913 5911
6672 (11%) 8973
(1.4%)
9710
6812
8851 (6%) 8960
(2.5%)
6842
(1.2%)
3510
6514 6522
6513
8931
0240
(0.87%)
8928
1222
Total Exports: 58.99 B / 2.79 T (2.11%)
7244 (9.5%) 7499 (1.9%)
7126 (1.4%)
7452
(1.4%)
7281
(1.3%)
7243
7784 7271
6577
7491
7188
8812
8852
(1.9%)
7788
(1.5%)
7512
(0.94%)
8731 (2.8%)
5155 (5.4%)
8745 (2.8%)
5411
(1.5%)
5148
5989
5416
5137
8720
5162
5415
8996
5417 (7.3%)
8921
(1.6%)
5414
(1.4%)
5542
8851 (17%) 8960
6953
6842
3510
6996
6341
6522
(1.7%)
6513
6521
6560
(1.4%)
8510
(1.1%)
8471
0240 (2.7%) 6673
5513
(1.3%)
0980
0730
5121
2665
8928
8993
Total Exports: 3.96 B / 228.33 B (1.73%)
5416 (8.1%) Glycosides & vaccines
8996 (3.2%) Orthopaedic appliances
5148 (2.1%) Other
nitrogen-function compounds
5156 (2%) Heterocyclic
compound; nucleic acids
8720 (1.3%)
Medical
instruments
N.E.S.
5147 (1.2%)
Amide-function
compounds,
excluding urea
5514
(0.96%)
5415
5989 8742
(0.53%)
5411
8744
5311
8748
5332
5146
5824
5233
5417 (15%) Medicaments 5413 (0.93%)
8939 (0.86%)
5530 5419
5821
5334
7721 (2.4%)
Switchboards,
relays & fuses
7284 (2.3%)
Specialized
industry
machinery &
parts N.E.S
7416 (0.96%)
Heating &
cooling
equipment
N.E.S.
7361 (0.9%)
Metal cutting
machine-tools
7452 7492
7281
6940
(0.65%)
7162
8743 6954
7431
7369
7244
7432
7367
7373
7493
7499
9510
7161
8749
7149 (1.3%)
Parts of gas
& reaction
engines
7923 (0.7%)
7712
8851 (8.8%) Watches 8960
6953
3510 (2.9%) Electric current 6842 (0.75%)
6997
8973 (3.2%)
Precious jewellery
6812 (2.3%)
Unwrought metals of
platinum
6672 (1.1%) Not
mounted diamonds
1110 0980 0711
1222
8928
Total Exports: 200.66 B / 15.56 T (1.29%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.96 B / 228.33 B (1.73%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 200.66 B / 15.56 T (1.29%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 502 B / (21/8)
GDPPC USD 65,699 / (3/2)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
140
280
420
560
700
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (64%) 0012 (4.2%)
0014 8483
2919 (3.1%)
2117 (1.9%)
2631 (6.8%) 0752
0542
2713 (5.8%)
5530
8484
8421
6513
(1.1%)
0545 (1.7%)
0583
8960
8741
Total Exports: 688.71 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2631 (22%)
4233 0577 2221 2223
0542 (4%)
0752 0812
0430 (3%) 0813
(2.1%)
0571 0574 2925
3330 (32%) 0012 (12%)
0011 (8.1%)
2681
(1.1%)
2682 0230
(0.99%)
2117
2919
0579 0545
(0.92%)
7821 (2.1%) 6513
6521
Total Exports: 179.42 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
6513 (4.8%) Cotton yarn 6531 (3.6%) Continuous
synthetic woven fabrics
8510 (1.3%)
Footwear
8459 (0.87%)
8463
8433
6560
1110 (9.2%) Non-alcoholic beverages N.E.S.
4235 (1.2%)
0484 0565
0980
(0.54%)
0545
0620
6732 (3%)
Iron/steel rods
7731 (2.8%)
Electric wire
7752 (1.6%)
Refrigerators & freezers
6842 (1.4%) Worked
alloys
6997
(0.83%)
Articles of
iron or steel
N.E.S.
6973
5542 (2.3%)
Organic
surface-active
agents N.E.S.
8939
6571
2713 (3.1%) Natural
calcium phosphates &
aluminium
0544 (0.99%)
Fresh or chilled
tomatoes
0460
0542
(0.58%)
0752
0582
2631 0572
0412
0012 (1.9%) Live
sheep & goat
0251
0114
0224 (1.9%)
Preserved,
concentrated or
sweetened milk &
cream
5825
Total Exports: 14.49 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 179.42 M / 228.33 B (0.08%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 14.49 B / 15.56 T (0.09%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 55 B / (69/12)
GDPPC USD 2,649 / (89/14)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
32
64
96
128
160
TAJIKISTAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6841 (48%) 2631 (24%) 0575
0574
1211
0542
6521 (4.8%)
6513 (2.4%) 6522 (1.9%)
8423
0579 (4.5%) 0585
(1.5%)
0565 0545
6911
(1.5%)
6842
(1%)
3510
7761
(1.3%)
2820
Total Exports: 356.81 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
2631 (53%) 6841 (37%)
2882
5241 (4.8%)
2111 6994 6716
Total Exports: 250.69 M / 4.30 T (0.01%)
6841 (58%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 2631 (13%) Raw cotton
0577 (1.3%) 2221 0422
0430 (3.6%) Unmilled barley
0411 (1.9%)
Unmilled durum
wheat
0412
(1.3%)
0542 0460 0575 (1%)
Grapes &
raisins
0579 (6.7%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S.
0545 (2.5%) Other fresh or chilled
vegetables
8423 (1.3%)
Men's trousers
6513 (0.74%)
6522
6978 (1%)
Base metal
household
appliances
N.E.S. 0344 2111
6716
5621
Total Exports: 1.04 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.04 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 5.1 B / (123/27)
GDPPC USD 751 / (116/27)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
18.8
37.6
56.4
75.2
94
TANZANIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (32%)
0542 (4.2%) 0752 (3.1%) 2924
0548
2631 (16%)
0577 (7.3%) 0741 (4.8%)
2654 2225 2223
1212 (2.5%) 0611
(1.6%)
0721
(0.8%)
4314
6821 (6.9%)
6672 (2.2%) 6899
6575 (2.8%)
8462
6513
(0.99%)
6521
(0.82%)
2111
2112
0360
(0.92%)
2472
(1.2%)
2483
5322
0712
Total Exports: 377.53 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2631 (17%)
2654 (14%)
0577 (7.8%) 0741 (3.3%)
2235 2634
0711 (15%)
0752 (3.9%) 0548
(1.2%)
0542
(1.2%)
2924 2929
0812
0813 (2.6%) 2231
4314
6672 (13%)
6821 (5.6%)
0149 (2.6%)
2111 2114
6575
(1.5%)
5322
2483
Total Exports: 209.75 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
2890 (13%) Ores and precious metals
2882 6671 6673
2631 (2.9%) Raw
cotton
0577 (2.6%)
Edible nuts
0741 (1.5%)
Tea
2634
(1.3%)
2225 (1.1%)
0542 (2.3%)
Dried or shelled
legumes
0460 (1.3%) Wheat
or meslin meal or
flour
0752
1212 (6.2%) Wholly or partly stripped
tobacco
4242 (1%)
Palm oil
0721
(0.92%)
Raw &
roasted
coffee
beans
2926 2927 2925
0813
(0.71%)
0412
0343 (2.2%)
Fresh or chilled
fish fillets
0344 (2%) Frozen fish
fillets
0360
7758 (1.3%)
Electro-thermal home
appliances N.E.S.
7268 (1%)
Bookbinding
machines
7711 (2%) Electrical
transformers
7929
6732 (1.7%)
Iron/steel
rods
8212 (0.93%)
Medical &
dental furniture
2483
8932
6589 (2%) Other
textile articles
N.E.S.
6575 6513
5621 (1.3%)
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5629
4312
8931
6951
Total Exports: 3.13 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 209.75 M / 228.33 B (0.09%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 3.13 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 21 B / (95/10)
GDPPC USD 502 / (119/18)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
520
1 k
1.5 k
2 k
2.6 k
THAILAND
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-5 0 5 10 15
x 10
-3
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2320 (8%) 0611
(3.1%)
0548 (6.4%) 0542 0711
0612
0422 (8.3%)
0440
8510
(2.3%)
8439
(1.7%)
8459 8423 8310
8451
8462
8429
8441
8433 8463
8435 6354
8434 6584
6534
6513
6521
7764 (5.7%)
7599 (3.9%) 8942
7525
8482
7491
(1.1%)
7161 6783
0360 (5.1%)
0371 (3.8%) 0372 (1.8%)
0342 0341
0114 (1.4%) 6114
6129
8973 (3%)
6673 (2.8%)
7731 8211
8219
2483
6624
8851
0589
(1.7%)
8931 0579
0980
0565
0585
8999
5921
6871
0819
Total Exports: 16.50 B / 2.79 T (0.59%)
0422 (34%)
2640 (4%) 0421
(1.3%)
2235
2922
2320 (12%)
0440 (11%)
0548 (4.5%) 0542
2929
(1%)
0470
6871 (8.9%)
0819 (3.1%)
0360 (2.5%)
0011 5922
6673
(1.5%)
2785
(0.99%)
2879
0564 (1.8%) 2483
(1.1%)
2472
6581
Total Exports: 739.58 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
7525 (9.6%) Control & peripheral hardware
7415 (2.5%) Air
conditioning
machines
7599 (2.4%)
Parts of cash
registers &
calculating
machines
7788
(1.7%)
8841 (1.1%)
7611 (1%)
7638 7722
7621
(0.65%)
7768
(0.62%)
7712
(0.59%)
7518
(0.56%)
8482
7751
7528
7721 (1.4%)
Switchboards,
relays
&
fuses
7431 7139
7162
6251 7758
7851
7416
6940
6252
(0.61%)
7929 (1%)
Aircraft
equipment
parts N.E.S.
7938
2320 (5.1%) Natural rubber,
latex & gums
0611
0422 (4.5%) Semi or wholly
milled rice
0612 0548
5831 (1.2%)
Polyethylene
6210 5834
5832
5138 5112
8939 5530 5542
0819
0371 (1.9%) Fish
N.E.S.
0360
(1.4%)
0372 (1.1%)
Prepared
crustaceans &
molluscs
0342
0149
(1.4%)
Other
prepared or
preserved
meat &
entrails
6114
5922
jewellery
7752 7731
6912
6415
5823
(1.2%)
Polyesters
8928
(1.1%)
7853
5833
2665
8510
(0.72%)
8459
8462 0980
(0.94%)
Edible
products
N.E.S.
0589
8931
Total Exports: 175.95 B / 15.56 T (1.13%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 739.58 M / 228.33 B (0.32%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 175.95 B / 15.56 T (1.13%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 272 B / (32/6)
GDPPC USD 4,043 / (77/8)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
2.8 k
5.6 k
8.4 k
11.2 k
14 k
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (51%) 5225 (16%)
2873 (2.2%) 2789
5121 (7.4%) 1124
(3.3%)
6731 (4.5%) 6713
(2.1%)
5621 (5.2%) 0611 (3%)
0813 (1%) 0612
0615
6732
Total Exports: 1.06 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
3330 (32%) 3354
(4.7%)
5225 (15%) 2877 (2.1%)
2789 (1.8%)
0611 (14%)
0721
0612
(3.9%)
0615
(1.5%)
3345 (5.2%) 5989
(2%)
8996
5621 (4.4%) 3352
(1.7%)
0360 (3.1%)
1124
(1.7%)
0585
8471 6651
Total Exports: 457.15 M / 228.33 B (0.2%)
5225 (14%) Inorganic bases
& metallic oxides, hydroxides
& peroxides
5121 (9.1%) Acyclic alcohols & derivatives
2814 (3.5%) Roasted
iron pyrites
6713 (2.4%) Iron &
steel powders
6725
6731 (1.9%) Iron/steel wire
rod
7234
(0.95%)
5621 (2.8%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 1222
Total Exports: 18.73 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 457.15 M / 228.33 B (0.2%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 18.73 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 26 B / (87/14)
GDPPC USD 19,443 / (31/1)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
380
760
1.1 k
1.5 k
1.9 k
TUNISIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8423 (10%)
8439 (4.5%)
8441
(2.6%)
8429
(2.3%)
8459 (2.2%)
8434 (2.2%)
8452
(1.3%)
6123
(1.3%)
8431
(1.3%)
8462
8424
(1.1%)
8465
(1.1%)
8435
8433
8472
8451
6522
6592
6521
5622 (6.8%) 5222 (6.4%) 5629 (5%)
2713 (2%) 5232 5231
3330 (11%) 6612
(2.4%)
2882 2783
4235 (5.2%) 0579 (1.9%)
0565 1121
0360 (4.2%)
0012
7731
(1.3%)
8842
2519
7721 (1.8%)
7712 7723
0571
0488
Total Exports: 2.47 B / 2.79 T (0.09%)
2713 (17%) 5622 (11%)
3330 (24%) 6851
(2.3%)
2783
(1%)
2875
6612
4235 (14%) 1121 (4.8%)
0565
(1.3%)
0545
(1.3%)
0579
(0.86%)
0812 (2%) 2929
2440
0752
0542
0571 (3.7%)
0577 (1.8%) 5513
6732
6624 2450
2519
(1.8%)
0012
(1%)
2919
2116
6592
(0.99%)
6712
Total Exports: 193.58 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
8429 (4.7%) Other men outerwear
8439 (3.7%) Other women outerwear
8510 (2.5%)
Footwear
8462 (2.2%) Knitted
8451 (1.5%)
6123 (1.2%)
8459 (1.1%)
6589 8465
8463 8441
(0.74%)
8431
5629 (5.3%) Fertilizers
5222 (4.4%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen
compounds
5622 (3.9%) Phosphatic fertilizers
5232 (1.9%)
Inorganic acids
metallic salts &
peroxysalts
2713 (0.9%)
Natural
calcium
phosphates
& aluminium
5231
8939
8720
6612 2882
& fuses
7783
6994
7611 (1%) Color
T.V.
7788 (1%)
Other electrical
machinery &
equipment
N.E.S.
7641 (1%)
Telephone lines
7712
7722
7528
6749
7731 (6.2%) Electric wire 6911 (0.62%)
6428
6997
7861
4235 (3.9%) Olive oil
0579 (1.2%) Fresh
or dried fruit N.E.S.
0914
0483
0341
4249
(0.59%)
Total Exports: 19.34 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 193.58 M / 228.33 B (0.08%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 19.34 B / 15.56 T (0.12%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 41 B / (76/13)
GDPPC USD 3,955 / (78/11)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
360
720
1 k
1.4 k
1.8 k
TURKEY
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.65 0.7 0.75
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
8481 (4.3%) 8462
(3%)
8451 (2.5%)
8439 (2.5%)
8459
(1.8%)
6584
(1.4%)
8441
(1.1%)
8431
(0.95%)
8423
8429
8452
8435
8463
6552
8434
6581
8472
8424
8433
6596
6589
6513 (3.4%)
6514
6592 6516
6531
6522
6521
6534
0542 (3.5%)
0576
0752
0577 (4.4%)
2631
1211 (2.5%) 0575
(1.5%)
0572 0571
0412
(1.1%)
3330 (7.4%)
2789 (2.2%) 2782
6725 (2.7%) 6749
(1.2%)
6727
6783
6822 6716
6733
6731
(1.3%)
0589
0565
0579
0546 0545
0914
6421
4235
6732 (3%) 6842
6973
5629
(1.2%)
5622
5232
5831 5834
5832
5621 5111
5138
0012 (2.4%)
8483 0112
Total Exports: 12.17 B / 2.79 T (0.44%)
2631 (36%)
0577 (22%) 2634 (3.8%)
2632 0741
0813 (6.3%)
0542
2929
0548
0812
0571
0572
2879 (4.6%)
6821 (3.9%)
2789 (2.3%) 2742
2782
2683
(2.5%)
2682
2919 2117
(0.86%)
0012
0011
0360
65926716
(0.81%)
Total Exports: 576.56 M / 228.33 B (0.25%)
7810 (7%) Cars 7821 (4.8%) Trucks & vans
7831 (1.4%)
Public
transportation
vehicles
7139 (1.3%)
Piston engines
parts N.E.S.
6731 8121 7758
billets
6783 (1.7%) Other iron
6733 (1.3%)
Iron/steel
shapes
6727
6822
7611 (1.9%) Color T.V. 7751
7753
7932 (2.3%) Ships &
boats
7711
8462 (2.6%) Knitted
8459 (1.7%)
Other knitted
outerwear
8439 (1.7%) Other
women outerwear
6584 (1.4%)
Linens &
furnishing textile
articles
8451 (1.2%)
8423 (1.1%)
6552 (1%) 8463
8472
(0.69%)
8441
8435
8452
8481
6522 6531
6514 6513
6539
6732 (8.4%) Iron/steel rods 7731 (1.9%) Electric wire
6911 (1.1%)
6842 (1%)
Worked
aluminium &
aluminium alloys
7752 (1%)
Refrigerators &
freezers
8219
6624 6428
7414
6973
8973 (1.6%)
Precious jewellery
6612 (1.1%)
Cement
2731
2879
2871
0579 0980
0589 0565
8931
0484
4312
0544
0575 0571
0572
0577
(0.85%)
Edible nuts
1211
8939 (1.1%)
Miscellaneous
articles of plastic
5834
6210
5541
6613
(0.88%)
Building &
monumental
6595
(0.86%)
Man-made
carpets
Total Exports: 135.24 B / 15.56 T (0.87%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 576.56 M / 228.33 B (0.25%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 135.24 B / 15.56 T (0.87%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 730 B / (17/2)
GDPPC USD 9,881 / (47/11)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
320
640
960
1.2 k
1.6 k
TURKMENISTAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3414 (89%) 2631
(5.2%)
6513
(1.5%)
6522
8462 8459
7923
Total Exports: 2.21 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
2631 (94%) 3345
2116
2111
2681
6592
3222
Total Exports: 367.05 M / 4.30 T (0.01%)
3414 (94%) petroleum gases 6513
(1.2%)
6521
6584
2631
(1.9%)
5832
(1.4%)
Total Exports: 7.91 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
2001
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 7.91 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 17 B / (97/21)
GDPPC USD 3,374 / (83/22)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
22
44
66
88
110
UGANDA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0711 (92%) 2112
2111
2114
7929
Total Exports: 331.61 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (57%) 2631 (20%)
0741 (4.9%) 2634
(1.7%)
0813
6821 (12%)
2112 0980
Total Exports: 172.46 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
0711 (26%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0542
0612
0470
2926 (2.7%) Live plants
0721 (1.5%) Raw &
0611 (1.4%) Raw sugar
beet & cane
4242
0741 (3%) Tea
2225 (0.91%)
2634 (0.83%)
0422
(0.67%)
1212 (4.2%) Wholly or
partly stripped tobacco
0440
6783 (2.4%) Other
iron or steel tubes &
pipes
6749 (2.1%) Other
worked iron/steel
sheets
transmitters
7239 (1.1%)
Bulldozers,
angledozers &
levellers parts
N.E.S.
7821 (0.9%)
7361 (0.71%)
7162
7831
0343 (6.4%) Fresh or chilled fish fillets
0342 0344
2919 (0.93%) 6116
6612 (5%) Cement 9710 (2.8%)
Gold,
non-monetary
2879
4312 (1.9%)
Hydrogenated
oils
0484 (0.91%)
1110
1123 (2.6%) Beer
5530
(0.56%)
8939
(0.52%)
5541 (1.3%)
Soaps
5233
6732 (1.7%)
Iron/steel rods
3510 (0.7%) 6581
2690
Total Exports: 1.73 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 172.46 M / 228.33 B (0.08%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.73 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 14 B / (101/12)
GDPPC USD 456 / (122/20)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
280
560
840
1.1 k
1.4 k
UKRAINE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6725 (11%)
6744 (3.5%)
6727 (2.9%) 6716
(2.8%)
6746 (2.4%) 6783
(1.5%)
6733
(1.5%)
6745 6724 6712
6749
6954 (3%)
6731
(2.6%)
6782
(1.8%)
7239 7267 6418
7491
7432 7372
7919
6251
7416
7188
7361
6770
6259
7915 7931
7148
2873 (1.7%)
2815 (1.6%)
2816
6899
6841 (2.8%) 2782
6998
5225
(1.9%)
6821
(1.2%)
3232
3222
6732 (6.8%)
2482
3510
7752
2472
0412 (1.8%)
4236 (1.7%)
0430 (1.6%)
2224
5621 (2.8%) 5331
5113
6419
6424
5232
0224
(1.1%)
5922
0230
0240
0111
(1.2%)
6113
8431
2820 (2.6%) 0730
0620
Total Exports: 15.70 B / 5.90 T (0.27%)
6725 (13%)
6712 (4.6%)
6744 (4.4%)
6727
(3.6%)
6716
(3.2%)
6733 6745 6746
6731 (4.9%) 6760 7932 (2.6%)
6770
2816 (6.1%) 2815 (2.8%)
6899
5225 (6.7%) 6841
(1.5%)
6891
3222 6821
5621 (8.1%)
5629 (2.2%) 5113 5111
2224 (2.8%)
4236 (1.8%)
0615 2631
6732 (5.1%) 8431 (1.8%)
8439
6517
2111
6114
5922
5121 (1.7%)
Total Exports: 5.00 B / 4.30 T (0.12%)
6725 (16%) Iron/steel billets 6744 (5.8%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm
tick sheets
coils
6716 (3%) Ferro-alloys
6783 (2.3%) Other iron or
steel tubes & pipes
6733 (1.7%)
Iron/steel
shapes
6746 (1.5%)
Iron/steel
<3mm tick
sheets
6745 (1.4%)
Iron/steel 3 -
4.75mm tick
sheets
6712 (1.3%) Pig
& cast iron
wire rod
6782 (1.9%) NULL
7919 (1.1%)
Railway track &
vehicle parts
N.E.S.
7239
(0.94%)
Bulldozers,
angledozers
& levellers
parts N.E.S.
7431
7372
7915 (3.4%) Not
mechanically
propelled railway for
freight
7711 (1.2%)
Electrical
transformers
7148
(0.6%)
4236 (3%) Sunflower seed
oil
0412 (3%) Other wheat &
meslin, unmilled
0430 (2.6%)
Unmilled barley
2226 (2.3%)
Rape & colza
seeds
0440 (1.2%)
Unmilled
maize
0813
4242 1222
2815 (2.1%)
Not
agglomerated
iron ore
2816 (1.6%)
Agglomerated iron
ore
2873 (0.83%)
6841
(0.59%)
2734
2782
3221
(0.78%)
3232
(0.59%)
5225
(1.3%)
7731 (1.2%)
Electric wire
3510 (0.86%)
6911 2483
5621 (3.3%) Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5221
5629
5331
6419
0730
(0.9%)
0484
1124
0240 6114
2820 7912 8431
Total Exports: 67.01 B / 15.56 T (0.43%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
1988
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 63.01 B / 15.56 T (0.43%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 180 B / (45/6)
GDPPC USD 3,899 / (80/21)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
9.4 k
18.8 k
28.2 k
37.6 k
47 k
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.915 0.92 0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (82%) 3413
(8.6%)
6841
2882
8973
6612
9710
Total Exports: 11.65 B / 2.79 T (0.42%)
0751 (14%) 0752 (7.2%)
2929
(1%)
0612 0460
2924
0422 (18%) 0577
(3.6%)
5989 (11%)
5621 (3.6%)
7932 (7.2%)
7821 (2.9%) 7851 (2.1%)
7283
5922 (8.4%) 6652 (3%) 6664
(2.7%)
2482 (2.2%) 2471
(0.98%)
5241
(1.3%)
3354
8999
(1.5%)
4312
Total Exports: 2.84 M / 228.33 B (0.001%)
3330 (69%) Crude petroleum 9710 (7.8%) Gold, non-monetary
8973 (3.2%) Precious jewellery
6672 (5.7%) Not mounted diamonds
6812 (3.5%) Unwrought metals of
platinum
7821 (1.6%) Trucks
& vans
7188 6251
7643 (1.4%)
Television & radio
transmitters
6613 (1.9%)
Building &
monumental stone
0422
0612 1222
6531 (0.91%)
Continuous
synthetic
woven fabrics
5831
Total Exports: 210.03 B / 15.56 T (1.35%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.84 M / 228.33 B (0.001%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 210.03 B / 15.56 T (1.35%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 261 B / (35/3)
GDPPC USD 58,272 / (6/2)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
1.5 k
3.1 k
4.6 k
6.2 k
7.8 k
UNITED KINGDOM
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7224
(1.1%)
7139
7492
7234
9510 7132
7452
7441
6418
7493
6251 7491
7431 7162
7449
8743
7138
7436
7439
8741
7428
7169
7413
7599
(2.5%)
7523 (2%)
7788
7525 8983
7518 7648
7528
7611
7643
7591
7781
7929 (2.6%)
7924 (2.1%)
7923
(1.3%)
7149
7148
7931 (3.7%)
6725 6733 6252
5989
(1.2%)
8748
(1.1%)
8822
5156
(0.86%)
5311
5148
5137
5111
8720
5145 8742
5982
5331
2331
5417
(2.7%)
8921
5530 8939
(0.88%)
5542
5413
5334
8922
0819
5419
5911 5232
3330 (8.7%)
6672 (4.4%) 6812
(0.86%)
2782
2882
5241
1124 (2.5%) 8960
(1.4%)
6911
6997
0224
0112
2820
8928
5823
1222 0430
Total Exports: 145.53 B / 2.79 T (5.21%)
7810 (7%)
7842 (5.3%)
7499 (2.7%)
7244 (2.7%)
7821 (2.4%)
7411
(1.6%)
7841
7452 6782
7281
7783 7491
7212
7851
7271
6940
6991
7518
7788
8942
7512
8811
7781
6822
(1.2%)
6747
6749
7131
(1.5%)
7928
(1.4%)
8731
(1.2%)
6770
7932
(1.8%)
5989 (1.9%)
8745
(1.3%)
8822
3345 5148
5417 (1.9%)
8921 (1.3%)
6419
5335
6424
5530
5413
5542
6573
5232
6210
6672 (5.6%)
6812 (1.6%)
2782 6998
6851
6831
6811
1124 (5.1%)
0730
6953
(0.89%)
8960
(0.85%)
6960
6665
7852
7731
(1%)
6911
26658928
2820
6638
6512 (1%)
6118
0430
5513
1222
Total Exports: 15.58 B / 228.33 B (6.83%)
7810 (10%) Cars
7132 (1.6%)
7821 (1.4%) Trucks
& vans
7234 (1.4%)
Construction &
mining machinery
7162 (1.1%)
AC electric
motors &
generators
7492 (1%)
Valves
7239
(0.92%)
Bulldozers,
angledozers &
levellers parts
N.E.S.
8741
(0.79%)
7139 7441
7283
7224 7138
8743
7436
6832
7188
7929 (3.9%)
Aircraft equipment
parts N.E.S.
7149 (3.3%) Parts of gas &
reaction engines
7144 (1.7%) Reaction
engines
7599 (1.5%) Parts
of cash registers &
calculating
machines
7788 (1.2%)
Other electrical
machinery &
equipment
N.E.S.
7523
7528 8841
7641
6725
5530 (1.6%) Perfumery
& cosmetics
8921 (1.1%)
8939 (0.9%)
Miscellaneous
articles of
plastic
5542
5419
8922
6424
5335
products
5148
5156 (1%) 5416
8720
8996 5111
8744
8748
5154
5233
8742
5827
9710 (2.7%) Gold,
non-monetary
8973 (1.5%)
6812 (1.6%)
Unwrought metals of
platinum
2882
(0.99%)
Other
non-ferrous
base metals
6672 (3.1%) Not mounted diamonds 6811
(0.89%)
Unwrought
silver
1124 (2.5%) Alcoholic
beverages
0980 0484
8960 (1.9%) Works
of art
6996
2820
(1.3%) Iron
& steel
waste
0015
Total Exports: 476.24 B / 15.56 T (3.06%)
Western Europe.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 15.58 B / 228.33 B (6.83%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 476.24 B / 15.56 T (3.06%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 2.7 T / (6/3)
GDPPC USD 43,361 / (18/12)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
860
1.7 k
2.5 k
3.4 k
4.3 k
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
-0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
7849 (5.6%)
7721
(1.4%)
7284
(1.4%)
7139
7132
7234
7239 7452
7493 8749
7449
7212
6940 7431
7416
6954
7599 (4.4%) 7764 (3%) 7523
(2.1%)
7768
(1.6%)
8983
(1.3%)
7525
(1.2%)
7788
(1.2%)
7522
(1%)
7528
(1%)
7648
7521
7924 (3.9%)
7929 (2.3%)
7149
(2%)
7144
7131
8748
(1.5%)
5989 8822
8720
5839
5148
3345
5416
8996
2331
5138
5137
5161
0819
8921
5413
8922
5832
0440
(2.6%)
2222
(2.3%)
0813 0412
2631
(1%)
0577
1222
1212
2471
(1.2%)
7731
2483
7414
2517 6413
3222 (1.9%)
2882 2782
9710
5241
3354
2871
0116 0114
2111
0342
2820
(0.76%)
5823
0980
0579
Total Exports: 314.77 B / 2.79 T (11.26%)
7842 (9.8%) 9510 (4%)
7499 (2.8%)
7411 (2.2%)
7821 (2.1%)
7452 7822
7783
7281
7212
7371 7283
6940
6991
7518 (1.8%)
7788 (1.4%)
7512
(0.83%)
8813
7928 (2.4%)
7131 (2.1%)
8731
(1.7%)
5989 (2.4%)
8745 (2.2%)
3345
8822 2331
(0.92%)
5148
5155
8720
5137
8921
(1.1%)
0819 6419
5413
5335
6424
2713
(0.84%)
5622 5221
5621
2222 (4.6%)
0440 (4%) 0813
(1.6%)
4232 5513
2631
(2.8%)
0459
(1.2%)
0421
0460
1222
2471 (2.2%)
6842 6349
6413
2516
6953
(0.94%)
6998
2789
5225
(0.82%)
6811 3354
2741
2820
(1.3%)
8928
4113 0116
2111
0980
5121
Total Exports: 36.27 B / 228.33 B (15.89%)
7810 (5.3%) Cars
7284 (1.6%)
machinery & parts
N.E.S
7239 (1.6%)
Bulldozers,
angledozers &
levellers parts
N.E.S.
7721 (1.5%)
fuses
7821 (1.4%) Trucks &
vans
7234 (1%)
Construction
& mining
machinery
7132 (0.85%)
Internal
combustion
engines for
motor vehicles
7492
7436 7452
8743
(0.48%)
8741
7162
7442
6940
7449
7924 (4.1%) Aircrafts of more
than 15 tons
7929 (2.4%)
Aircraft
equipment parts
N.E.S.
7149 (2%) Parts of gas
& reaction engines
7923 (0.75%)
7144 (0.74%)
7764 (4.2%) Electronic microcircuits
7599 (1.5%) Parts of
cash registers &
7763
(0.84%)
7523
(0.82%)
7788 (0.81%) 7528
8841
8720 (1.7%) Medical
instruments N.E.S.
products
5416 5839 (0.9%)
Other
polymerization
&
copolymarization
products
8996 (0.82%)
8748
5156
8744 8742
5112 7742
5137
5148
5161
8939
(0.76%)
5530
(0.72%)
5542
8921
5831
(0.77%)
Polyethylene
5629
5221
9710 (2%) Gold,
non-monetary
8973 2890
(0.61%)
6672 (1.6%)
Not mounted
diamonds
2882 (0.71%)
6812
3222
(0.84%)
2222 (1.6%) Soya beans
0440 (1.5%) Unmilled
maize
0412 (1.2%)
Other wheat
& meslin,
unmilled
2631
6842
8960
(0.83%)
Works of art
2517
2820 (1.1%)
Iron & steel
waste
5823
0114
0113
0111 0980 8931
Total Exports: 1.30 T / 15.56 T (8.36%)
North America.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 36.27 B / 228.33 B (15.89%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.30 T / 15.56 T (8.36%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 14 T / (1/1)
GDPPC USD 47,209 / (13/1)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
360
720
1 k
1.4 k
1.8 k
URUGUAY
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6512 (12%)
2681 (3.9%) 2682
(2.5%)
2687
(2.3%)
2686
6114 (10%)
6129
(1.5%)
2919 6113
0111 (6.8%) 8483 (2.6%) 0012
0149
4113
0116
0344
(2.3%)
0342 (1.6%)
0343 0360
0814
0240
(1.1%)
5922
0421 (4.9%) 0422
(2%)
2222
(1.2%)
0813 0430
0571 (1.5%)
0482
(1.1%)
8481 (3.3%)
8451
(1.2%)
8431
(1.1%)
8421
8424
6542 (2%) 6522
9710 (7.6%) 5334
(1.7%)
5542
5311
5913
5622
6624 2472
8211
6412
6252
0579 0980
Total Exports: 1.50 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
2681 (27%)
6512 (15%) 2682 (3.9%)
2687
(2.8%)
2686
(1.8%)
2685
0111 (23%)
0149 (2.9%) 0112
(1.6%)
6130
0116
0011
6114 (3.8%) 2116 (2.7%) 2111
2117
0421
(2%)
0422
(1.1%)
0813
4241
6612
(1.9%)
2734
2733
6123
Total Exports: 176.88 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
0111 (23%) Bovine meat 0112 (1.4%) Sheep &
goat meat
0011 (1.2%)
4113 (1%)
0149
0116
0115
8483
0224 (3.6%) Preserved, concentrated
or sweetened milk & cream
0240 (2.9%) Cheese
& curd
0223 (1.1%)
Fresh milk &
cream
0230
(0.67%)
6114 (4.7%) Bovine &
equine leather
2919 (1.2%)
0342 (2.4%)
Frozen fish,
excluding fillets
0344 (0.86%)
Frozen fish
fillets
6512 (2.4%) Wool yarn
or animal hair
2681
2682
2222 (6.3%) Soya beans
0412 (2.5%) Other wheat &
meslin, unmilled
0422 (6.7%) Semi or wholly milled
rice
0421 (1.8%) Unprepared rice in
the husk or husked
0482 (3.3%) Roasted
& unroasted malt,
including flour
0571 (1.2%)
Fresh or dried
oranges &
m&arines
2472 (3.3%)
Sawlogs & veneer
logs of
non-coniferous
2460 (3.2%)
Pulpwood
6342 (0.91%)
Sheets of
plywood
8211
2483
6210 (1.3%)
Materials of
rubber
5834
5542 (1.2%)
Organic
surface-active
agents N.E.S.
5231 5629
5912
(0.52%)
8931 (2.6%) Closable
plastic packing
0914
9710 (1.3%)
Gold,
non-monetary
6783 (0.89%)
7832
(0.67%)
6542 8431
Total Exports: 5.98 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 176.88 M / 228.33 B (0.08%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.98 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 31 B / (80/12)
GDPPC USD 9,351 / (48/5)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
52
104
156
208
260
UZBEKISTAN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
2631 (40%)
0575 0544 0813 1211
3414 (16%) 9710 (7.5%)
6821 (3.8%) 5241 (3.4%)
6861 (1.8%)
6513 (6%) 6521
(2%)
6522
2613
0579
(2.1%)
0545
0565
6577
(1.2%)
6822
6732
3510
5621
(0.74%)
2919
Total Exports: 2.05 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)
2631 (90%) 6861
(1.4%)
6811
5241
(1.6%)
6821
6521
(1.3%)
2633
5621
6822
0344
Total Exports: 1.20 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
3414 (35%) petroleum gases
5241 (8.1%) Radioactive chemical elements 9710 (5.1%) Gold, non-monetary
6612 (1.3%) Cement 2890
6821 (5.8%) Unwrought copper &
copper alloys
6861 (1.7%) Unwrought zinc
& alloys
7810 (11%) Cars
6822 7711
2631 (8.5%) Raw cotton
0575 (1%)
5629 (3.2%) Fertilizers
5621 (2.1%)
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
5831 (1.3%)
Polyethylene
6513 (3.1%) Cotton yarn 8462
0579 (1.8%) Fresh or
dried fruit N.E.S.
0545
(0.54%)
6732 (1.1%)
Iron/steel rods
7731
Total Exports: 6.97 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
2008
1994
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.20 B / 4.30 B (0.03%) 2001
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 6.97 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 28 B / (85/18)
GDPPC USD 1,023 / (111/25)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
600
1.2 k
1.8 k
2.4 k
3 k
VENEZUELA, RB
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (74%) 6841 (8.9%)
2815 (2.2%)
2873
6746
6783
6725
6731
6842
(2.3%)
6732 6417
5621
3345
0342
Total Exports: 10.56 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)
3330 (97%)
Total Exports: 2.81 B / 228.33 B (1.23%)
Total Exports: 84.88 B / 15.56 T (0.55%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 2.81 B / 228.33 B (1.23%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 84.88 B / 15.56 T (0.55%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 312 B / (30/4)
GDPPC USD 11,150 / (43/2)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
146
292
438
584
730
VIETNAM
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0360 (38%)
0372 0344 0350 0342
2919 (1.8%) 2111 2120 (1.4%) 0251
2924 (5.2%) 0711 (3.7%)
0752
0548
0751
2222 (2.5%) 0440 4249
5513
2221 (1.6%)
0741
0577
(1.2%)
2225
3330 (9.7%) 3221
3222
8997 (1.7%)
8423
6584
(0.92%)
8429
8441
8462
2472 (2.6%) 6597
6953
2820 (3.2%)
7763 8942
8947 8482
0586
(0.87%)
0579
0980
Total Exports: 539.00 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2320 (53%) 0741 (4.2%)
0422
(2.4%)
2221 (1.8%)
2640
(0.96%)
2922
0711 (3.8%)
0812
(1.1%)
0752
(1.1%)
0488 2924
2929
0440 (2.1%) 4234
5513
2820 (4%)
2919 (3.1%) 0360
(1.2%)
7932
(1.8%)
7821
(1.8%)
0819 (3.6%)
8997 (2.1%)
2613
6597
6611
0980
Total Exports: 32.04 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
8439 (2.4%)
Other women
outerwear
8451 (2%)
Knitted
jerseys,
pullovers &
cardigans
8462 (1.5%) Knitted
undergarments of
cotton
8423 (1.5%) Men's
trousers
8310
(1.1%)
8431
(0.98%)
8441 (0.72%)
8424
8429
8452
6589
8421
3330 (19%) Crude petroleum 3221 (2.6%)
Anthracite
8973
(0.72%)
0422 (5.4%) Semi or wholly milled rice 0577 (1.7%)
Edible nuts
2320 (2.9%) Natural
rubber, latex & gums
7518 (2.4%)
Office machines
N.E.S.
7638 (0.78%)
7641
6727 (0.83%)
6725 (0.7%)
6749
7162
7161
0344 (3%) Frozen
fish fillets
0372
(0.78%)
0342
(0.66%)
0371
8219 (3.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S.
8211 (1.5%) Chairs &
seats
2460
6649
8939 5621
8931 0579
Total Exports: 62.76 B / 15.56 T (0.4%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 32.04 M / 228.33 B (0.01%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 62.76 B / 15.56 T (0.4%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 90 B / (59/12)
GDPPC USD 1,047 / (109/14)
2008
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
72
144
216
288
360
YEMEN
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
3330 (82%) 0360 (10%)
0350
0616 (1.6%) 2119
0711
(1.4%)
7641
(1.1%)
3345
Total Exports: 170.37 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
3330 (27%) 2783 (6%)
2631 (20%) 2223 (3.6%)
2922 (2.9%)
2634
2116 (7.8%) 2114 (5.2%)
2919 (3.1%) 2117
(1.2%)
2111
0350 (8.5%)
9610 (9.6%)
Total Exports: 56.75 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
3330 (88%) Crude petroleum 0341 (1.1%) Fresh
or chilled fish,
excluding fillets
0342 (0.93%)
0360 (0.71%)
7234 (1.1%)
Construction &
mining machinery
7831
(0.66%)
7931
3352 (1.4%)
Mineral tars
0573
1222
Total Exports: 7.75 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 56.75 M / 228.33 B (0.02%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 7.75 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 27 B / (86/15)
GDPPC USD 1,175 / (103/16)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
220
440
660
880
1.1 k
ZAMBIA
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
6821 (88%) 6899
(3.9%)
6861
(1.1%)
6811
6673
(1.8%)
6822
1212
0574
0575
2631
6521
Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
6821 (98%)
Total Exports: 756.81 M / 228.33 B (0.33%)
2871 (14%) Copper
6822 (24%) Worked copper & copper alloys
6999 (6.1%) Other base metal
manufactures N.E.S.
1211 (1.4%)
Unstripped
tobacco
0611 (1.2%) Raw
sugar beet & cane
0440 (1.1%)
0460
(0.56%)
2631
7731 (1.1%)
Electric wire
5222 0546
Total Exports: 5.12 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 756.81 M / 228.33 B (0.33%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 5.12 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 14 B / (102/13)
GDPPC USD 1,140 / (104/12)
2008
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
0
40
80
120
160
200
ZIMBABWE
EVOLUTION OF
EXPORT COMPOSITION
PRODUCT
SPACE
2008
PRODUCT
EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
PRODUCT
NOT EXPORTED
WITH RCA>1
TO WORLD TRADE
2008
EXPORT OPPORTUNITY
SPECTRUM
FRACTION OF
PRODUCTS WITH
RCA > 1
22% OF WT
6% OF WT
2% OF WT
0.8% OF WT
0.06% OF WT
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Distance
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Opportunity Gain
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y

o
f

M
i
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
1212 (15%)
1211 (6.2%) 1223
1213
2631 (6.5%)
0611 (3.4%)
2927
0711 (2.1%)
0412
6831 (13%) 2784 (5.6%) 6821 (3.2%)
2731
(1.6%)
2881
(0.95%)
6716 (23%)
6725
0111 (4.2%) 6114 8423
8439
6513
6521
6871
Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2784 (11%) 6673 (5.7%)
2789 (5%)
0111 (13%) 0116
0141
0224
0814
5417
(1.8%)
5542 6424
(0.97%)
5335
5530
6419
5322 (4.3%) 5621 (1.6%)
5221 6210
1123 (7.5%)
6421 (3.8%) 0914
(1.2%)
0980
(0.85%)
6911 (2.6%) 6732
(1.2%)
6618
6924
6996 6921
7731 6351
6353
8960
7831
7211
6940
6991 6647
6716 6733
(1.1%)
6783
7781 6770
8510
(1.8%)
6575
8310
6517
6513
0612
(1.7%)
0571
(1%)
1222
8928 6951 6935
6423
8993
Total Exports: 24.65 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
2927 (12%) Flora 1212 (5.5%) Wholly or partly stripped
tobacco
1222 (1.6%) Cigarretes
1211 1213
2631 (5.5%) Raw cotton 0612 (1.7%)
Refined sugar
0572
(0.99%)
Fresh or dried
citrus N.E.S
0813
2872 (18%) Nickel 2731 2789
3232 (0.99%)
6612 (0.97%)
6672 (0.9%)
Not mounted
diamonds
7821 (3.5%) Trucks
& vans
8743 (3.3%) Gas,
liquid & electric
control instruments
8946
6991
6954 7188
6716 (3%) Ferro-alloys 7711 (2.6%) Electrical
transformers
6513 (3.4%) Cotton yarn
6535 (0.74%)
8422 (2.5%) Men's
suits
8219 (1%) 2482
(0.98%)
2471
8960 (2.7%) Works
of art
0545 (1.6%)
Other fresh or
chilled
vegetables
0586 0546
(0.78%)
6421
5137 (1.7%) Monocarboxylic
acids & derivatives
8748 (1.5%) Electrical
measuring & controlling
instruments N.E.S.
5232
(0.71%)
5231
(0.67%)
8928 (4.1%) Printed matter
N.E.S.
Total Exports: 1.72 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
2008
1968
EXPORT
TREEMAP
EXPORT
TREEMAP
TOTAL EXPORTS: 24.65 M / 228.33 B (0.01%) 1988
EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORTS: 1.72 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
IC
S
M
A
C
H
IN
E
R
Y
A
IR
C
R
A
F
T

B
O
IL
E
R
S

S
H
IP
S

M
E
T
A
L
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
C
O
N
S
T
R
. M
A
T
L
. &
E
Q
P
T
.
H
O
M
E
&
O
F
F
IC
E
P
U
L
P
&
P
A
P
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
&
H
E
A
L
T
H
A
G
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
O
T
H
E
R
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
IN
O
R
. S
A
L
T
S
&
A
C
ID
S
P
E
T
R
O
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
S
L
E
A
T
H
E
R
M
IL
K
&
C
H
E
E
S
E
A
N
IM
A
L
F
IB
E
R
S
M
E
A
T
&
E
G
G
S
F
IS
H
&
S
E
A
F
O
O
D
T
R
O
P
IC
A
L
A
G
R
IC
.
C
E
R
E
A
L
S
&
V
E
G
. O
IL
S
C
O
T
T
O
N
/
R
IC
E
/
S
O
Y
&
O
T
H
E
R
S
T
O
B
A
C
C
O
F
R
U
IT
M
IS
C
. A
G
R
IC
U
L
T
U
R
E
N
O
T
C
L
A
S
S
IF
IE
D
T
E
X
T
IL
E
&
F
A
B
R
IC
S
G
A
R
M
E
N
T
S
F
O
O
D
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
B
E
E
R
/
S
P
IR
IT
S
&
C
IG
S
.
P
R
E
C
IO
U
S
S
T
O
N
E
S
C
O
A
L
O
IL
M
IN
IN
G
GDP USD 4.2 B / (124/22)
GDPPC USD 341 / (125/23)
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
CHE 1
SWE 2
AUT 3
GBR 4
JPN 5
FRA 6
USA 7
ITA 8
BEL 9
NOR 10
FIN 11
DNK 12
NLD 13
HKG 14
HUN 15
POL 16
IRL 17
PAN 18
PRT 19
KOR 20
ISR 21
CAN 22
BGR 23
ESP 24
CHN 25
ROU 26
SLV 27
SGP 28
JOR 29
CRI 30
NZL 31
AUS 32
URY 33
GRC 34
MEX 35
CHL 36
GTM 37
IND 38
LBN 39
MAR 40
MRT 41
ARG 42
CUB 43
COL 44
EGY 45
DZA 46
TUN 47
ZAF 48
MNG 49
ZWE 50
ALB 51
PAK 52
VEN 53
JAM 54
HND 55
NIC 56
TTO 57
SEN 58
SYR 59
VNM 60
OMN 61
PER 62
TUR 63
PHL 64
ECU 65
LBR 66
BOL 67
IRN 68
PRY 69
MYS 70
BRA 71
THA 72
ZMB 73
MWI 74
CIV 75
GIN 76
MLI 77
KHM 78
LAO 79
LKA 80
KEN 81
GHA 82
MDG 83
COG 84
DOM 85
ETH 86
SAU 87
IDN 88
CMR 89
AGO 90
PNG 91
MOZ 92
TZA 93
UGA 94
SDN 95
GAB 96
NGA 97
QAT 98
KWT 99
MUS 100
LBY 101
JPN 1
CHE 2
SWE 3
FIN 4
AUT 5
GBR 6
SGP 7
KOR 8
HUN 9
FRA 10
USA 11
ITA 12
DNK 13
IRL 14
ISR 15
BEL 16
MEX 17
POL 18
NLD 19
ESP 20
HKG 21
ROU 22
CHN 23
NOR 24
THA 25
MYS 26
PRT 27
PAN 28
CAN 29
BGR 30
LBN 31
TUR 32
BRA 33
NZL 34
TUN 35
JOR 36
CRI 37
GRC 38
IND 39
COL 40
ZAF 41
ARG 42
URY 43
PHL 44
SLV 45
IDN 46
DOM 47
ALB 48
GTM 49
TTO 50
EGY 51
CHL 52
VNM 53
AUS 54
SAU 55
LKA 56
SYR 57
MUS 58
SEN 59
QAT 60
MAR 61
KEN 62
ZWE 63
HND 64
JAM 65
CUB 66
PRY 67
PAK 68
OMN 69
PER 70
UGA 71
MDG 72
NIC 73
KWT 74
ECU 75
TZA 76
ZMB 77
LAO 78
GHA 79
KHM 80
BOL 81
CIV 82
VEN 83
ETH 84
IRN 85
MWI 86
MNG 87
LBR 88
MOZ 89
MLI 90
GAB 91
LBY 92
CMR 93
DZA 94
GIN 95
NGA 96
PNG 97
AGO 98
COG 99
MRT 100
SDN 101
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
CHE 1
SWE 2
AUT 3
GBR 4
JPN 5
FRA 6
USA 7
ITA 8
BEL 9
NOR 10
FIN 11
DNK 12
NLD 13
HKG 14
HUN 15
POL 16
IRL 17
PAN 18
PRT 19
KOR 20
ISR 21
CAN 22
BGR 23
ESP 24
CHN 25
ROU 26
SLV 27
SGP 28
JOR 29
CRI 30
NZL 31
AUS 32
URY 33
GRC 34
MEX 35
CHL 36
GTM 37
IND 38
LBN 39
MAR 40
MRT 41
ARG 42
CUB 43
COL 44
EGY 45
DZA 46
TUN 47
ZAF 48
MNG 49
ZWE 50
ALB 51
PAK 52
VEN 53
JAM 54
HND 55
NIC 56
TTO 57
SEN 58
SYR 59
VNM 60
OMN 61
PER 62
TUR 63
PHL 64
ECU 65
LBR 66
BOL 67
IRN 68
PRY 69
MYS 70
BRA 71
THA 72
ZMB 73
MWI 74
CIV 75
GIN 76
MLI 77
KHM 78
LAO 79
LKA 80
KEN 81
GHA 82
MDG 83
COG 84
DOM 85
ETH 86
SAU 87
IDN 88
CMR 89
AGO 90
PNG 91
MOZ 92
TZA 93
UGA 94
SDN 95
GAB 96
NGA 97
QAT 98
KWT 99
MUS 100
LBY 101
JPN 1
CHE 2
SWE 3
FIN 4
AUT 5
GBR 6
SGP 7
KOR 8
HUN 9
FRA 10
USA 11
ITA 12
DNK 13
IRL 14
ISR 15
BEL 16
MEX 17
POL 18
NLD 19
ESP 20
HKG 21
ROU 22
CHN 23
NOR 24
THA 25
MYS 26
PRT 27
PAN 28
CAN 29
BGR 30
LBN 31
TUR 32
BRA 33
NZL 34
TUN 35
JOR 36
CRI 37
GRC 38
IND 39
COL 40
ZAF 41
ARG 42
URY 43
PHL 44
SLV 45
IDN 46
DOM 47
ALB 48
GTM 49
TTO 50
EGY 51
CHL 52
VNM 53
AUS 54
SAU 55
LKA 56
SYR 57
MUS 58
SEN 59
QAT 60
MAR 61
KEN 62
ZWE 63
HND 64
JAM 65
CUB 66
PRY 67
PAK 68
OMN 69
PER 70
UGA 71
MDG 72
NIC 73
KWT 74
ECU 75
TZA 76
ZMB 77
LAO 78
GHA 79
KHM 80
BOL 81
CIV 82
VEN 83
ETH 84
IRN 85
MWI 86
MNG 87
LBR 88
MOZ 89
MLI 90
GAB 91
LBY 92
CMR 93
DZA 94
GIN 95
NGA 96
PNG 97
AGO 98
COG 99
MRT 100
SDN 101
G L O S S A R Y
D I S T A N C E is a characteristic of a country-product pair. it measures
how far a product is from a countrys current productive capabili-
ties. it is calculated by adding the products in which the country
does not have comparative advantage, weighted by their proximity
to the product in question.
D I V E R S I T Y is a country characteristic. It is the number of pro-
ducts that a country exports with comparative advantage.
E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y I N D E X (ECI) is a country characteristic.
It is a measure of how diversifed and complex a countrys export
basket is. It is calculated as the mathematical limit or eigenvec-
tor of a measure based on how many products a country exports
and how many other exporters each product has.
O P P O R T U N I T Y VA L U E is a characteristic of a country. It measures
how well a country is positioned in the product space by calcu-
lating the distance of the country to the products it is currently
not exporting with comparative advantage, weighted by the com-
plexity value of each product. This number is higher for countries
that are closer to more products and to products that are more
complex.
O P P O R T U N I T Y G A I N is a characteristic of a countryproduct pair.
It measures how much the Opportunity Value of a country will
change if the country develops the capacity to export the product
in question with comparative advantage.
P E O P L E B Y T E is more than one personbyte. It needs to be embed-
ded in an organization or network.
P E R S O N B Y T E is the maximum amount of productive knowledge
that an average person can hold.
P R O D U C T C O MMU N I T Y is a product characteristic. A product be-
longs to a community if it is closer to the other members of the
community than it is to products outside of the community.
P R O D U C T C O MP L E X I T Y I N D E X (PCI) is a product characteristic. It
is a measure of how complex a product is. It is calculated as the
mathematical limit of a measure based on how many countries
export the product and how diversifed those exporters are.
P R O X I MI T Y is a characteristic of a pair of products. It measures the
minimum probability that a country exports product 1 given that it
exports product 2 or vice versa.
R E V E A L E D C O MPA R AT I V E A D VA N T A G E (RCA) is a characteristic of
a country-product pair. It is calculated as the ratio of the share of
a product in a countrys export basket to the share of that product
in world trade. A country has RCA greater than 1 in a certain prod-
uct if that product represents a larger share of its exports than of
world exports.
U B I Q U I T Y is a product characteristic. It measures how many
countries export a given product with comparative advantage.
R E F E R E N C E S & F U R T H E R R E A D I N G
S E C T I O N 1 : WH AT D O WE ME A N B Y E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y ?
Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. The Knowledge-Creating Company:
How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of innovation,
Oxford University Press (1991).
Read, L.E. I, pencil. My family tree as told to Leonard E. Read,
The Foundation for Economic Education (2006).
Polanyi, M. The Tacit Dimension, Doubleday & Co (1966).
Arrow, K. The economic implications of learning by doing, Re-
view of Economic Studies 29(3), 155-73 (1962).
S E C T I O N 2 : H O W D O WE ME A S U R E E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y ?
Hidalgo, C.A. & Hausmann, R. The Building Blocks of Economic
Complexity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106,
10570-10575 (2009).
Hidalgo, C.A. The Dynamics of Economic Complexity and the
Product Space over a 42 year period, CID Working Paper No 189,
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2009).
Hausmann, R. & Hidalgo, C.A. The network structure of econom-
ic output Forthcoming in Journal of Economic Growth.
R E F E R E N C E S
Balassa, B., The Purchasing Power Parity Doctrine - A Reapprais-
al, Journal of Political Economy 72, 584-596 (1964).
Feenstra, R.; Lipsey, R.; Deng, H.; Ma, A. & Mo, H. World Trade
Flows: 1962-2000 NBER working paper 11040. National Bureau
of Economic Research, Cambridge MA (2005).
United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database
(http://comtrade.un.org/db/), accessed in August 2011.
S E C T I O N 4 : H O W I S C O MP L E X I T Y D I F F E R E N T F R O M O T H E R A P -
P R O A C H E S ?
R E F E R E N C E S
The World Economic Forum, The global competitiveness re-
port, (various years).
Barro, R. & Lee, J-W. A New Data Set of Educational Attainment
in the World, 1950-2010, NBER Working Paper No. 1590 (2010).
Kaufmann, D. & Kraay, A. Governance Indicators: Where Are
We, Where Should We Be Going? Policy Research Working Paper
4370. Washington, DC: World Bank (2008).
Hanushek, E.A. & Woessmann, L. The Role of Cognitive Skills in
Economic Development, Journal of Economic Literature 46(3), 607-
668 (2008).
S E C T I O N 5 : H O W D O E S E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y E V O LV E ?
Hausmann, R. & Rodrik, D. Economic development as self-dis-
covery, Journal of Development Economics 72(2), 603-633 (2003).
Hausmann, R. & Klinger, B. Structural Transformation and Pat-
terns of Comparative Advantage in the Product Space, CID
Working Paper No 128. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard
University (2006).
Hausmann, R.; Hwang, J. & Rodrik, D. What you export matters,
Journal of Economic Growth 12(1), 1-25 (2007).
Hidalgo, C. A.; Klinger, B.; Barabsi, A. & Hausmann, R. The Pro-
duct Space Conditions the Development of Nations, Science 317,
482-487 (2007).
Hausmann, R. & Klinger, B. South Africas export predicament,
The Economics of Transition 16(4), 609-637 (2008).
European Bank for reconstruction and development Trade, pro-
duct mix and Growth, Transition Report, Chapter 4 (2008).
Hausmann, R. & Klinger, B. Policies for Achieving Structural
Transformation in the Caribbean, Private Sector Development
Discussion Paper 2. Washington, D.C.: IDB (2010).
Hausmann, R., Klinger, B. & Lopez-Calix, J. Export Diversifcation
in Algeria in Lopez-Calix, J.; Walkenhorst, P. & Diop, N. (editors).
Trade Competitiveness of the Middle East and North Africa,
World Bank, Washington DC (2010).
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacifc (ESCAP) Building the productive capacity of the least
developed countries, In Economic and Social Survey of Asia and
the Pacifc 2011, Chapter 4 (2011).
Hidalgo, C.A. Discovering Southern and East Africas Industrial
Opportunities, German Marshall Fund Economic Policy Series
(2011).
Hidalgo, C.A. Thinking Outside the Cube, CA Hidalgo Physics-
world 21(12), 34-37 (2008).
Hidalgo, C.A. & Hausmann, R. A Network View of Economic De-
velopment, Developing Alternatives 12(1), 5-10 (2008).
PRODUCT CLASSI FI CATI ONS AND
COMMUNI TY DI SCOVERY ALGORI THMS
Leamer, E. E. Sources of Comparative Advantage: Theory and
Evidence, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1984).
Lall, S. The technological structure and performance of develop-
ing country manufactured exports, 1985-1998, Queen Elizabeth
House Working Paper #44, University of Oxford (2000).
Rosvall, M. & Bergstrom, C. Maps of random walks on complex
networks reveal community structure, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 105, 1118, (2008).
Coscia, M.; Giannotti, F. & Pedreschi, D. A classifcation for com-
munity discovery methods in complex networks, Statistical Anal-
ysis and Data Mining 4(5), 512546, (2011).
C O L O P H O N
PA P E R : 80# Accent Opaque text and Productolith Points Cover.
C O L O R S : 5/5. T Y P O G R A P H Y : Knockout & Caecilia LT.
This book was printed at Puritan Press,
New Hampshire, during October 2011.
A map does not tell people where to go, but it does help them determine
their destination and chart their journey towards it. A map empowers by
describing opportunities that would not be obvious in the absence of it.
If the secret to development is the accumulation of productive knowledge,
at a societal rather than individual level, then the process necessarily requires
the involvement of many explorers, not just a few planners. This is why the
maps we provide in this Atlas are intended for everyone to use.
| Ricardo Hausmann | Csar A. Hidalgo | Sebastin Bustos | Michele Coscia | Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yldrm |
T H E AT L A S O F E C O N O MI C C O MP L E X I T Y M A P P I N G P A T H S T O P R O S P E R I T Y
http://atlas.media.mit.edu

HarvardMIT AtlasOfEconomicComplexity

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HarvardMIT AtlasOfEconomicComplexity

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE ATLAS OF

You might also like