1

3/17/2009
Introduction
Heavy Metals
Ion Selective Electrodes
Objectives
Methodology
Construction of PVC Membrane Electrodes
Selectivity determination
Optimization
Performance characterization of ISE
Results and Discussion
Conclusions 2
In small quantities, certain
heavy metals are nutritionally
essential for a healthy life.
Some of these are Fe, Cu, Mn,
and Zn - found naturally in
fruits, vegetables and in
commercially available
multivitamin products.
3
works with Vitamin C in the production of collagen
and elastin
wound healing, blood clotting
helps the body absorb and use iron more efficiently
helps make bones stronger by working with
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, Vitamin D and
Vitamin C
required in the production of Melanin
production of hormones that come from the
thyroid
creation of the myelin sheath
control of the damaging free radicals
The amount of Copper in drinking water must not
exceed 1.3 mg/L per day. 4
Excessive levels can be
detrimental to the
organism.
Heavy metals may build
up in biological systems
and become a significant
health hazard. 5
6
Determination of heavy metals
generally requires long and
expensive methods.
Searching for effective, fast
and less expensive analytical
methods has been the subject
of current analytical research.
7
1. To prepare and construct an ion
selective electrode which is
porphyrin-based
2. To determine the selectivity
coefficient of the membrane
electrode towards heavy metal ions
3. To optimize the response of the
ion selective electrode towards the
heavy metal ion to which it is most
selective 8
4. To characterize the performance
of the optimized ion selective
electrode by determining the
Linear concentration range,
Sensitivity, Selectivity studies,
Influence of solution pH, Response
time, Reproducibility, Limit of
detection, Limit of quantification,
Stability studies and Interference
Studies
9
5. To apply the optimized ISE
in real samples
6. To validate the results of
no. 5 using an officially
accepted method

10
ISEs are part of
a group of
relatively simple
and inexpensive
analytical tools
called SENSORS.
11
Short response time
Portability of the
device
Sample non-destruction
Online monitoring
Cost effectiveness
Large measuring range
Unaffected by
color/turbidity
12
13
An ISE
produces a potential
that is related to the
concentration of an
analyte.
must have a
membrane sensitive
to the ion of interest
but not sensitive to
others (interfering
ions).
14
An ISE requires the ff:

Ion Selective
Membrane
Internal Reference
Electrode
External Reference
Electrode
Voltmeter
15
Mechanism of Ion Transport
M M
M Inner
Filling
M Solution
M
M + (aq) + I (m) ⇔ M
+ M
MI (m) Polymer
Membrane

M
M
Sample
Back M Solution
M
M
3/17/2009 16
 High Impedance
Voltmeter
An ideal voltmeter has infinite
input impedance, meaning that
it draws zero current from the
circuit under test.
This way, there will be no
impact on the circuit as the
voltage is being measured.
3/17/2009 17
E= E o + (59.2/n)log a

The slope in the

equation is an
important diagnostic
characteristic of the
electrode.
18
 The Nernst Equation
E= Eo + (2.303RT/nF)log a
E = total potential (mV) developed
between the sensing and reference
electrodes
Eo = a constant which is characteristic of
the particular ISE/reference pair
n = charge of the ion
a = activity
3/17/2009 19
20
 directly binds with the metal ion
through its active site (this
dictates the efficiency and
selectivity of the ISE)

used to dissolve the ionophore and allow its

incorporation into the membrane;
influences the selectivity of the membrane by
stabilizing the ion-ionophore complex

facilitates cation exchange/extraction at the

phase boundary of membrane;
reduces anion interference and electrical
resistance to improve the response time

provides mechanical support

21
Contains polar and
nonpolar groups
Contains a cavity
suitable for the uptake of
a cation.
Lipophilic
Flexible enough to allow
fast ion exchange
Overall dimensions
should be small but still
lipid soluble for adequate
mobility 22
A family of
intensely
coloured
compounds, at
whose heart is
a large
macrocycle of
20 C & 4 N.
23
In the past years
porphyrins have
been found to bind
selectively to metal
ions and are being
used to develop
selective sensors
for different
cations.
24
5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolyl-21H,23H-porphine
25
This study is limited to the
use of
• 5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolyl-
21H,23H-porphine as
ionophore
• Four plasticizers –
DOP, NPOE, DBP, DBS
• Available Metal salts 26
27
3/17/2009 28
3/17/2009 29
3/17/2009 30
31
5,10,15,20-tetra-p-
tolyl-21H,23H-
porphine (TTP)

3/17/2009 32
Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)

2-Nitro
phenyl
octyl
Ether
(NPOE) Dibutyl sebacate (DBS)

3/17/2009 33
 Sodium
tetraphenyl
borate (NaTPB)

3/17/2009 34
 Polyvinyl
Chloride
(PVC)

3/17/2009 35
Tetrahydrofuran
(THF)

3/17/2009 36
3/17/2009 37
38
39
 Preparation of
membrane Homogenization
with an initial
Formulation (F1)

10 mg TTP
30 mg DOP
55 mg PVC
5 mg NaTPB

Controlled Degassing
Evaporation
40
Peeling of
membrane

Cutting of
small discs

41
 Insertion of
Mounting of Internal
membrane Reference
onto barrel Electrode

Drying Addition of
of Internal
Adhesive Filling Solution

42
 Electrode was conditioned
in a 10-3 M solution
of the primary ion

Requirements:
1. High impedance
Voltmeter
2. External Reference
electrode

Potential readings were Criterion of stability:

recorded every minute potential should not
until a stable value >±0.1 mV
vary by >±
(steady state over a period
value) was achieved of two minutes.
43
 Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Ba+2, V+4,
Cr+3, Mn+2, Fe+3, Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, Ag+, Zn+2,
Cd+2, Hg+2, Al+3, Sn+4, Ce+3, Pb+2 and NH4+

Selectivity of the Separate

Solution
constructed ISE determined Method

44
The potential of a cell comprising
the ISE and reference electrode is
measured for each of two
separate solutions, one containing
the primary ion i of the activity ai
(but no j), the other containing the
interfering ion j at the same
activity aj=ai (but no i).

45
If the measured values are Ei and Ej,
respectively, then the value of Kij
may be calculated from the
Equation:

log Kij = [(Ej - Ei)ni / 59.2] + [1-(zi/zj)]log ai

where n = number of electrons

involved in the electron transfer
reaction
z = charge of the ion
E = potential measured in mV 46
If Kij < 1, it means that the
ISE is more responsive to
the primary ion of interest i
than the ion j
However, the ISE is
considered more selective
to j than i if the value of Kij
obtained is greater than 1
47
It was discovered that the
ISE constructed was
selective to

Copper (II) ion

48
49
 wt % Ratio

F# TTP Plasticizer PVC NaTPB I/AS PO/PL

F1 10.00 DOP 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83
F2 4.00 DOP 40.00 55.00 1.00 4.00 1.38
F3 4.00 DOP 25.00 63.00 8.00 0.50 2.52
F4 4.00 NPOE 45.00 47.00 4.00 1.000 1.044
F5 8.00 NPOE 55.00 33.00 4.00 2.000 0.600
F6 6.00 NPOE 23.00 69.00 2.00 3.000 3.000
F7 10.00 NPOE 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83
F8 8.00 DOP 55.00 33.00 4.00 2.00 0.60
F9 2.00 DOP 56.00 34.00 8.00 0.25 0.61
F10 6.00 DOP 23.00 69.00 2.00 3.00 3.00
F11 2.00 DOP 46.00 46.00 6.00 0.33 1.00
F12 5.00 DOP 20.00 40.00 35.00 0.14 2.00
F13 2.50 DOP 25.00 70.00 2.50 1.00 2.80
F14 3.00 DOP 48.00 48.00 1.00 3.00 1.00
F15 4.00 DOP 20.00 60.00 16.00 0.25 3.00
F16 7.00 DOP 15.00 75.00 3.00 2.33 5.00
F17 9.00 DOP 10.00 80.00 1.00 9.00 8.00
F18 10.00 DOP 17.50 70.00 2.50 4.00 4.00
F19 8.33 DOP 15.00 75.00 1.67 4.99 5.00
F20 7.20 DOP 13.10 78.50 1.20 6.00 5.99
F21 10.00 DBS 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83
50
F22 10.00 DBP 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83
Preparation of solutions with concentrations
1.0 x 10-6 to 1.0 x 10-1 M of primary ion

Potential measurements and slope

determination (A slope closest to 59.2/n mV
indicates the optimum response)

51
Preparation of ISEs with the same initial
membrane formulation using three other
plasticizers: NPOE, DBS, DBP

Potential measurements
and slope determination

52
53
Linear concentration range
Sensitivity
Selectivity studies
Influence of solution pH
Response time
Reproducibility
Limit of detection
Limit of quantification
Stability studies
Interference Studies 54
Linear Concentration Range
The difference between
the minimum and the
maximum molar
concentration in which
the sensor is found useful
or efficient (range in
which the sensor exhibits
a Nernstian response).
3/17/2009 55
56
 Sensitivity
• The slope of the calibration
curve comprising the
linear concentration range.
• Determined by plotting the
potential (mV) vs. log of
activity of the primary ion.

3/17/2009 57
 Selectivity Studies:
Matched Potential Method
The potential change upon increasing the
primary analyte activity in a starting solution
was measured.
Interfering ions were then added to an
identical starting solution until the same
potential change was observed.
The selectivity coefficient was obtained as the
ratio of the changes in the activity of the
analyte and interfering ion.
Kij = ∆ai/∆aj
3/17/2009 58
 Verification of Selectivity:
Matched Potential Method
Based on electrical diffuse layers on both the membrane
and the aqueous side of the interface
Independent of the Nicolsky-Eisenman equation
Poisson equation is used
Capable of accurately and precisely predicting the MPM
selectivity coefficients for a series of ion-selective
electrodes (ISEs) with representative ionophore systems,
which are generally in complete agreement with
independently determined MPM selectivity values from the
potentiometric measurements.
Theoretically and experimentally, the values of the MPM
selectivity coefficient for ions with equal charge (ZA = ZB)
never vary with the primary and interfering ion
concentrations in the sample solutions even when
non-Nernstian responses are observed.
3/17/2009 59
Influence of Solution pH
The useful pH range was
determined by preparing
solutions of the primary ion
with different pH values,
keeping the concentration
constant.
The potential generated by the
solutions should not change
within the useful pH range.
3/17/2009 60
 Response Time (RT)
The time required (t90%) for the
ISE to produce a potential that
is at least 90% of the stable
potential
Describes the kinetics of the
cation uptake in the membrane
Determined at the low, medium
and high concentrations within
the linear concentration range
3/17/2009 61
 Reproducibility
• Seven ISEs with the same
formulation were
prepared.
• The calibration slope and
linear range were
determined.
• The standard deviation of
the slope was calculated.
3/17/2009 62
 Limit of Detection
The lowest concentration level that can be
determined to be statistically different from a
blank
The practical limit of detection can be
determined by plotting a calibration graph using
several standards at the lower end of the
concentration range, and below it.
Below the limit of detection, the electrode is
unresponsive to concentration change.
The limit of detection is then defined by the
crossing point of the two straight lines drawn
through these points.
3/17/2009 63
 Limit of Detection

3/17/2009 64
 Limit of Quantification
• The lowest concentration in
the linear range at which
quantification is still
possible.
• It is equal to ten times the
standard deviation of blank
sample divided by the slope
of the calibration curve.
3/17/2009 65
 Stability of the ISE
• Determined by calibrating
the same ISE for several
weeks or months until it
was considered inefficient,
that which exhibits non-
Nernstian slope (beyond
the range 50 – 60/n mV per
decade of activity).
3/17/2009 66
 Interference Studies
• Interference by metals with the highest
selectivity coefficients (i.e. >0.5) was tested by
preparing five sets of solutions with
concentrations of the primary ion in the range
1.0 x 10-8 to 1.0 x 10-1 M.
• The 5 sets consisted of 0.0, 1.0 x 10-3, 1.0 x 10-2,
5.0 x 10-2 and 1.0 x 10-1 M of interfering ion.
• The concentration of the interfering ion at which
this plot starts to deviate from linearity is taken
as the maximum allowable concentration level.
3/17/2009 67
68
Type of
Date of
water Sampling Location
Sampling
sample
Manila Bay (near April 18,
Jumbo Kingdom) 2008 – 14:00
Seawater
Crystal Beach, April 22,
Zambales 2008 – 07:00
Institute of April 23,
Chemistry 2008 – 08:30
Tap April 18,
Dampa Macapagal
water 2008 – 19:00
Crystal Beach, April 22,
3/17/2009Zambales 2008 – 08:00
69
• The water samples were filtered
and stored in acid-washed
polyethylene bottles.
• The optimized ion selective
electrode was tested using the
filtered water samples by direct
potentiometry.
3/17/2009 70
• The results were validated using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry by performing
Multiple Standard Addition method.
• Five mL each of 0.10 M HNO3 and the water
sample was added. The concentrations of Cu+2 in
the solutions (50.00 mL) prepared were in the
range 5.0 x 10-6 – 1.0 x 10-4 M.
• The Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu AA-6501S) was
used.
3/17/2009 71
 Parameter Set Value

Carrier/Gas Air/Acetylene
Working l (nm) 324.80
Slit width (nm) 0.50
Lamp Mode BGC (background) -D2
Fuel Gas Flow Rate
(L/min) 1.30
Lamp Current (mA)
3/17/2009 6.00 72
• The paired t-test considers the
difference (d) between the
amounts obtained using the two
methods. The mean and standard
deviation of the difference were
then used to calculate the value of
t.
3/17/2009 73
• The null hypothesis (Ho) is that md = Do,
where Do is a specific value of the
difference to be tested, often zero. The
test statistic value is
t = dmean - Do
sd / √N
• The null hypothesis is accepted if t is less
than or equal to the critical t value at 95%
confidence level.
3/17/2009 74
75
 Metal Kij Metal Kij
Cu+2 (PI) 1.00 x 100 Sn+4 2.20 x 10-1
Cr+3 1.28 x 10-4 Na+ 2.54 x 10-1
Mg+2 1.48 x 10-4 Li+ 3.31 x 10-1
Ca+2 1.26 x 10-3 Hg+2 3.50 x 10-1
V+4 1.82 x 10-3 Rb+ 3.63 x 10-1
Mn+2 4.97 x 10-3 Cs+ 4.15 x 10-1
Co+2 1.06 x 10-2 Al+3 4.35 x 10-1
Fe+3 1.11 x 10-2 Pb+2 4.70 x 10-1
Ni+2 1.14 x 10-2 Ba+2 4.74 x 10-1
Zn+2 2.86 x 10-2 NH4+ 4.92 x 10-1
Cd+2 7.16 x 10-2 Ag+ 5.32 x 10-1
Ce+2 1.06 x 10-1 K+ 8.35 x 10-1 76
 wt % Ratio
Linear %
F# I PL PO AS I/AS
PO/
PL
Range
Slope
error r2

F1 10.00 DOP 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 10-6 - 10-1 29.37 0.79 0.990

F2 4.00 DOP 40.00 55.00 1.00 4.00 1.38 10-4 - 10-2 18.52 37 1.000

F3 4.00 DOP 25.00 63.00 8.00 0.50 2.52 10-5 - 10-3 4.92 83 0.999

F10 6.00 DOP 23.00 69.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 10-3 - 10-1 19.15 35 0.997

F13 2.50 DOP 25.00 70.00 2.50 1.00 2.80 10-3 - 10-1 16.69 44 0.994

F15 4.00 DOP 20.00 60.00 16.00 0.25 3.00 10-4 - 10-2 -13.55 146 1.000

F16 7.00 DOP 15.00 75.00 3.00 2.33 5.00 10-6 - 10-4 58.44 97 0.958

F18 10.00 DOP 17.50 70.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 10-3 - 10-1 37.78 28 0.994

F19 8.33 DOP 15.00 75.00 1.67 4.99 5.00 10-6 - 10-4 31.68 7.0 0.998

F20 7.20 DOP 13.10 78.50 1.20 6.00 5.99 10-3 - 10-1 30.88 4.3 0.992
77
 250.00

y = 29.37x + 209.4 200.00

Potential (mV)

R² = 0.990
150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00
-6.90 -5.90 -4.90 -3.90 -2.90 -1.90 -0.90 0.10
log Cu+2
78
 wt % Ratio Appearance of
F# PO/
I PL PO AS I/AS
PL membrane

F1 10.00 DOP 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 dark violet, thick
dark violet, easy
F7 10.00 NPOE 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 to peel off
dark violet,
F21 10.00 DBS 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 homogeneous
brownish violet, soggy,
not homogeneous, holes
F22 10.00 DBP 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 are present
79
 wt % Ratio
Linear %
F# PO/ Range
Slope
error r2
I PL PO AS I/AS
PL

F1 10.00 DOP 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 10-6 - 10-1 29.37 0.79 0.990

F7 10.00 NPOE 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 10-4 - 10-2 6.54 78 0.996

F21 10.00 DBS 30.00 55.00 5.00 2.00 1.83 10-5 - 10-3 18.10 39 0.997

80
Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)

2-Nitro
phenyl
octyl
Ether
(NPOE) Dibutyl sebacate (DBS)

3/17/2009 81
• DBP has the most polar structure with the
shortest hydrocarbon chain. The polarity of
DBP accounted for the poor quality
membrane.
• DBS, on the other hand, is less polar than
DBP. Thus, it produced a good membrane
and near-Nernstian response. NPOE, being
more polar than DOP exhibited a lower
response slope.
• DOP was the best plasticizer among the four.
82
 F1 - DOP 250.00
F7 - NPOE 200.00
F21 - DBS
Potential (mV)

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00
-6.90 -5.90 -4.90 -3.90 -2.90 -1.90 -0.90 0.10
-50.00

-100.00
log Cu+2
83
84
 300.0

290.0 10-3 M Cu+2

280.0 10-2 M Cu+2

270.0 10-4 M Cu+2
Potential (mV)
260.0

250.0

240.0

230.0

220.0

210.0

200.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
pH
85
• At acidic solutions, the increased
concentration of H+ may have caused
protonation of N in the TTP cavity resulting
to a change in the potential generated.
• At basic conditions (pH 10.00 and above), it
was observed that precipitation occurred
which took up most of the Cu+2 present in
the solution. The number of Cu+2
decreased at higher pH so the potential
generated was lower than expected.
86
 RTave
# [Cu+2] E (mV)
(min)
1 1.0 x 10-08 23.20 5.8
2 1.0 x 10-07 22.70 3.7
3 1.0 x 10-06 27.80 3.5
4 1.0 x 10-05 69.10 2.6
5 1.0 x 10-04 95.00 2.1
6 1.0 x 10-03 113.00 2.2
7 1.0 x 10-02 141.00 2.4
8 1.0 x 10-01 166.20 2.3
87
• The larger the concentration of the primary
ion, the faster the cation uptake and the
response time is shorter.
• The response time of the F1 ISE ranged
from 2.1 to 5.8 minutes in the different
Cu+2 solutions from 1.0 x 10-8 - 1.0 x 10-1 M.
• In the linear concentration range of 1.0 x
10-6 - 1.0 x 10-1 M of Cu+2, the RT was from
2.1 to 3.5 minutes.
88
 Millivolt Readings
[Cu+2] LOG a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.0 x 10 -6 -6.00 23.4 27.80 -31.00 -17.60 -19.70 -22.9 -10.00
1.0 x 10 -5 -5.01 62.3 69.10 -0.04 5.60 8.20 -5.40 23.4

1.0 x 10 -4 -4.03 89.3 95.00 28.60 31.20 31.80 19.20 49.70

1.0 x 10 -3 -3.10 107.4 113.00 54.70 70.50 59.60 46.80 80.10

1.0 x 10 -2 -2.26 136.5 141.00 85.40 101.20 86.10 75.80 112.2
1.0 x 10 -1 -1.54 143.2 166.20 114.30 130.40 111.80 106.80 134.90

SLOPE 26.78 29.37 31.91 33.67 29.07 28.97 32.36

Regression
0.981 0.990 0.996 0.988 0.997 0.981 0.998
Coefficient
Mean of SLOPE 30.31
Standard Deviation of SLOPE 2.40
% CV 7.92 89
 180.00

165.00
LOD 150.00

135.00
Potential (mV)

120.00

105.00

90.00

75.00

60.00

45.00

30.00

15.00

0.00
-10.0 -9.5 -9.0 -8.5 -8.0 -7.5 -7.0 -6.5 -6.0 -5.5 -5.0 -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0

log a

limit of detection corresponds to log of activity of Cu+2

equal to -6.24 or an activity of 5.8 x 10-7.
90
• LOQ is 3.33 times the LOD. The
factor of 10 in the LOQ approach is
based on a target performance level,
measured by a relative standard
deviation (RSD) of 10%, or
conversely, a signal-to-noise ratio of
10:1.
• The LOQ was calculated as 1.9 x 10-6
(activity of Cu+2). 91
Metal Kij Metal Kij
Ni+2 8.44 x 10-03 Ca+2 1.05 x 10-01
Zn+2 1.25 x 10-02 Rb+ 1.07 x 10-01
Pb+2 1.60 x 10-02 K+ 1.19 x 10-01
Mg+2 2.20 x 10-02 Ag+ 2.59 x 10-01
Ba+2 2.27 x 10-02 Ce+3 2.66 x 10-01
Co+2 5.95 x 10-02 Sn+4 2.98 x 10-01
Cd+2 7.38 x 10-02 Al+3 3.06 x 10-01
Mn+2 8.76 x 10-02 Na+ 3.11 x 10-01
Li+ 8.89 x 10-02 Cs+ 4.79 x 10-01
NH4+ 8.93 x 10-02 Cr+3 4.99 x 10-01
Fe+3 9.93 x 10-02 Hg+2 6.33 x 10-01
92
 mV Readings

aCu+2 LOG
a
1 day 3 days 1 week 3 wks 5 wks 7 wks 8 wks

9.92 x 10-7 -6.00 27.80 23.4 22.60 19.4 12.50 5.20 -3.40

9.75 x 10-6 -5.01 69.10 62.3 61.50 57.3 49.70 41.8 -0.6

9.24 x 10-5 -4.03 95.00 89.3 89.10 85.5 78.30 71.00 5.80

7.93 x 10-4 -3.10 113.00 107.4 106.30 104.2 97.00 89.80 10.30

5.46 x 10-3 -2.26 141.00 136.5 133.40 129.7 120.10 114.6 16.4

2.91 x 10-2 -1.54 166.20 143.2 145.00 147 139.00 131.70 21.30

SLOPE 29.37 26.80 26.93 27.81 27.44 27.68 5.65

93
Regression Coefficient 0.990 0.980 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990
 180.00

165.00
1 x 10-1 M Hg+2
150.00
5 x 10-2 M Hg+2
135.00
1 x 10-2 M Hg+2
120.00
1 x 10-3 M Hg+2
105.00
No Hg+2
Potential (mV)

90.00

75.00

60.00

45.00

30.00

15.00

0.00
-10.0 -9.5 -9.0 -8.5 -8.0 -7.5 -7.0 -6.5 -6.0 -5.5 -5.0 -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0
log a
94
95
Water Sample Average Activity of Cu+2 Found

MBR 2.051 x 10-5

DMP 1.224 x 10-5
CBW 4.071 x 10-5
CBT 3.432 x 10-5
ICT 8.323 x 10-6
96
 Average Concentration of Cu+2
Found
Water Sample
ppm
Activity

MBR 2.253 x 10-5 1.432

DMP 1.398 x 10-5 0.888
CBW 4.186 x 10-5 2.660
CBT 3.507 x 10-5 2.229
ICT 8.257 x 10-6 0.525
97
Water Sample Calculated t values

MBR 1.84 tcalc < tcritical

DMP 3.00 tcalc < tcritical
CBW 1.68 tcalc < tcritical
CBT 2.33 tcalc < tcritical
ICT 2.57 tcalc < tcritical
tcritical 3.18
98
The development of an Ion-
Selective Electrode was
successfully completed
with the use of
Polyvinylchloride as the
supporting polymer and
5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolyl-
21H,23H-porphine (TTP).
The ISE was found to be
selective to Copper ion. 99
• Optimal responses of the
fabricated ISE were obtained at a
PVC/DOP ratio of 1.8:1, and
TTP/NaTPB ratio of 2:1.
• The optimized ISE can be used as a
means of determining Cu+2
concentration in water samples
based on the results shown in
Direct Potentiometry, which were
later on validated using AAS. 100
101