Kha hc LTH mn Ha hc Thy Ngc L thuyt v bi tp v silic v hp cht

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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L THUYT V BI TP V SILIC V HP CHT
TI LIU BI GING

I. Silic
1. Tnh cht vt l
Silic c cc dng th hnh: Silic tinh th v silic v nh hnh.
Silic tinh th c cu trc ging kim cng, mu xm, c nh kim, nng chy 1420
0
C. Silic tinh th c
tnh bn dn, nhit thng dn in thp nhng khi tng nhit th dn in tng ln.
Silic v nh hnh l cht bt mu trng.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
Cng ging nh cacbon, silic c cc s oxi ha -4,0,+2,+4; s oxi ha +2 t c trng i vi silic.
Silic v nh hnh c kh nng phn ng cao hn silic tinh th.
a. Tnh kh
Tc dng vi phi kim: Silic tc dng vi flo nhit thng, cn khi un nng c th tc dng vi phi
kim khc:
0 4
2 4
Si + 2F Si F
+
(silic tetraflorua).
0 4
0
t
2 2
Si + 2O Si O
+
(silic ioxit).
Tc dng vi hp cht: Silic tc dng tng i mnh vi dung dch kim, gii phng hiro:
0 4
2 2 3 2
Si + 2NaOH + H O Na Si O + 2H
+

b. Tnh oxi ha
nhit cao, silic tc dng vi cc kim loi nh Ca, Mg, Fe, to thnh hp cht silixua kim loi:
0 4
0
t
2
Si + 2Mg Mg Si

(magie silixua).
3. Trng thi t nhin
Silic l nguyn t ph bin th 2 sau oxi, chim gn 29,5% khi lng v tri t. Trong t nhin ch gp
silic di dng cc hp cht, ch yu l ct SiO
2
, cc khong vt silicat v aluminosilicat nh : cao lanh
Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O; xecpentin 3MgO.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O; fenspat Na
2
O.Al
2
O
3
.6SiO
2
, .... Silic cn c trong c th
ng vt, thc vt vi lng nh v c vai tr ng k trong hat ng sng ca th gii hu sinh.
4. ng dng v iu ch
Silic siu tinh khit l cht bn dn c dng trong k thut v tuyn v in t. Pin mt tri ch to t
silic c kh nng chuyn nng lng nh sng mt tri thnh in nng, cung cp cho cc thit b trn tu
v tr.
Trong luyn kim, hp kim ferosilic c dng ch to thp chu nhit.
Trong phng th nghim, silic c iu ch bng cch t chy mt hn hp gm bt magie v ct
nghin mn:
0
t
2
SiO + 2Mg Si + 2MgO
Trong cng nghip, silic c sn xut bng cch dng than cc kh silic ioxit trong l in nhit
cao:
0
t
2
SiO + 2C Si + 2CO
II. Hp cht ca silic
1. Silic ioxit
Silic ioxit SiO
2
l cht dng tinh th, nng chy 1713
0
C khng tan trong nc. Trong t nhin, SiO
2

tinh th ch yu dng khong vt thch anh. Thch anh ch yu tn ti dng tinh th ln, khng mu,
trong sut. Ct l SiO
2
c cha nhiu tp cht.
Silic ioxit l oxit axit, tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng, tan d trong kim nng chy hoc
cacbonat kim loi kim nng chy, to thnh silicat:
0
0
t
2 2 3 2
t
2 2 3 2 3 2
SiO + 2NaOH Na SiO + H O
SiO + 2Na CO Na SiO + CO

Kha hc LTH mn Ha hc Thy Ngc L thuyt v bi tp v silic v hp cht

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
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Silic ioxit tan trong axit flohiric:
2 4 2
SiO + 4HF SiF + 2H O
Da vo phn ng ny ngi ta dng dung dch HF khc ch v hnh trn thy tinh.
2. Axit silixic v mui silicat
a. Axit silixic
Axit silixic H
2
SiO
3
l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc, khi un nng d mt nc:
0
t
2 3 2 2
H SiO SiO + H O
Khi sy kh, Axit silixic mt mt phn nc, to thnh mt vt liu xp l silicagen. Silicagen c dng
ht m v hp th nhiu cht.
Axit silixic l axit rt yu, yu hn c axit cacbonic nn d b kh CO
2
y ra khi dung dch mui ca n:
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
Na SiO + CO + H O H SiO + Na CO
b. Mui silicat
Axit silixic d tan trong dung dch kim, to thnh mui silicat. Ch c silicat kim loi kim tan c
trong nc. Dung dch m c ca Na
2
SiO
3
v K
2
SiO
3
c gi l thy tinh lng. Vi hoc g tm thy
tinh lng s kh b chy. Thy tinh lng cn c dng ch to keo dn thy tinh v s.
trong dung dch, silicat kim loi kim b phn hy mnh to ra mi trng kim:
2 3 2 2 3
Na SiO + 2H O 2NaOH + H SiO
III. Cng nghip silicat
1. Thy tinh
a. Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca thy tinh
Thy tinh thng thng c dng lm ca knh, chai l,...l hn hp ca natri silicat, canxi silicat v silic
ioxit, c thnh phn gn ng vit di dng cc oxit l Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2
. Thy tinh loi ny c sn
xut bng cch nu chy mt hn hp gm ct trng, vi v soa 1400
0
C:
0
t
2 3 2 3 2 2 2
6SiO + CaCO + Na CO Na O.CaO.6SiO + 2CO
Thy tinh khng c cu trc tinh th m l cht v nh hnh, nn khng c nhit nng chy xc nh.
Khi un nng n mm dn ri mi chy, do c th to ra nhng vt v dng c c hnh dng nh
mun.
b. Mt s loi thy tinh
Ngoi loi thy tinh thng thng nu trn cn c mt s loi thy tinh khc vi thnh phn ha hc v
cng dng khc nhau.
- Khi nu thy tinh, nu thay Na
2
CO
3
bng K
2
CO
3
th c thy tinh kali c nhit ha mm v nhit
nng chy cao hn. Thy tinh kali c dng lm dng c th nghim, lng knh, thu knh.....
- Thy tinh cha nhiu ch oxit d nng chy v trong sut gi l thy tinh pha l
- Thy tinh thch anh c sn xut bng cch nu chy silic ioxit tinh khit. Loi thy tinh ny c nhit
ha mm cao, c h s n nhit rt nh nn khng b nt khi nng lnh t ngt.
- Khi cho thm oxit ca mt s kim loi, thy tinh s c mu khc nhau, do to nn cc silicat c mu. Th
d: crom III oxit Cr
2
O
3
cho thy tinh mu lc, coban oxit CoO cho thy tinh mu xanh nc bin.
2. gm
gm l vt liu c ch to ch yu t t st v cao lanh. Ty theo cng dng ngi ta phn bit
gm xy dng, vt liu chu la, gm k thut, v gm dn dng.
a. Gch v ngi
Gch v ngi thuc loi gm xy dng. Phi liu sn xut chng gm t st loi thng v mt t ct
c nho vi nc thnh khi do, sau to hnh sy kh v nung 900 1000
0
C s c gch v
ngi. Sau khi nung, chng thng c mu gy nn bi st oxit trong t st.
b. Gch chu la
Gch chu la thng c dng lt l cao, l luyn thp, l thy tinh...C 2 loi l: gch inat v gch
samt. Phi liu ch to gch inat gm 93-96% SiO
2
, 4-7% CaO v t st; nhit nung khong
1300 1400
0
C. Gch inat chu c nhit khong 1690 1720
0
C.
Phi liu ch to gch samt gm bt samt chn vi t st v nc. Sau khi ng khun v sy kh,
vt liu c nung 1300 1400
0
C. Bt samt l t st c nung nhit rt cao ri nghin nh.
c. Snh, s v men
Kha hc LTH mn Ha hc Thy Ngc L thuyt v bi tp v silic v hp cht

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
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- t st sau khi un nng nhit 1200 1300
0
C th bin thnh snh. Snh l vt liu cng, g ku, c
mu nu hoc xm. c bng v lp bo v khng thm nc, ngi ta to mt lp men mng mt
ngoi ca snh.
- S l vt liu cng, xp c mu trng, g ku. Phi liu sn xut s gm cao lanh, fenspat, thch anh
v mt s oxit kim loi. s c nung hai ln, ln u 1000
0
C, sau trng men v trang tr ri nung
ln 2 1400 1500
0
C. S c nhiu loi: s dn dng, s k thut. S k thut c dng ch to cc
vt liu cch in, t in, buzi nh la, cc dng c th nghim.
- Men c thnh phn chnh ging s, nhng d nng chy hn. Men c ph ln b mt sn phm, sau
nung nhit thch hp bin thnh mt lp thy tinh che kn b mt sn phm.
Lng gm s Bt Trng, cc nh my s Hi Dng, ng Nai,.. l nhng c s sn xut gm s ni
ting.
3. Xi mng
a. Thnh phn ha hc v phong php sn xut
- Xi mng thuc loi vt liu dnh, c dng trong xy dng. Quan trng v thng dng nht l xi mng
Pooclng. l cht bt min, mu lc xm, thnh phn chnh gm canxi silicat v canxi aluminat:
Ca
3
SiO
5
hoc 3CaO.SiO
2
, Ca
2
SiO
4
hoc 2CaO.SiO
2
, Ca
3
(AlO
3
)
2
hoc 3CaO.Al
2
O
3
.
- Xi mng Pooclng c sn xut bng cch nghin nh vi, trn vi t st c nhiu SiO
2
v mt t
qung st bng phng php kh hoc phng php t, ri nung hn hp trong l quay hoc l ng
1400 1600
0
C. Sau khi nung, thu c mt hn hp mu xm gi l clanhke. ngui ri nghin
clanhke vi mt s cht ph gia thnh bt mn, s c xi mng.
b. Qu trnh ng cng xi mng
Trong xy dng, xi mng c trn vi nc thnh khi nho, sau vi gi s bt u ng cng. Qu trnh
ng cng ca xi mng ch yu da vo s kt hp ca cc hp cht c trong xi mng vi nc, to nn
nhng tinh th hirat an xen vo vi nhau thnh khi cng v bn.
2 2 2 4 2 2
2 2 2 4 2
2 3 2 3 3 2 2
3CaO.SiO + 5H O Ca SiO .4H O + Ca(OH)
2CaO.SiO + 4H O Ca SiO .4H O
3CaO.Al O + 6H O Ca (AlO ) .6H O

Hin nay ngi ta cn sn xut cc loi xi mng c nhng tnh nng khc nhau: xi mng chu axit, xi
mng chu nc bin...
nc ta c nhiu nh my xi mng ln nh nh my xi mng Hi Phng, Hong Thch, Bm Sn,
Chinfon, Hong Mai, H Tin...



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