Bai Giang BHLD TK Xuong 8-2013 Phan 1

I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN
V TRUYN THNG THI NGUYN

KHOA CNG NGH T NG HA

phm c long

Bi ging

AN TON CNG NGHP
V THIT K XNG

(Ti liu ny c th ti v dng file .PDF trong trang
http://www.tnu.edu.vn/sites/longpd/Ti liu v Bi ging/Forms/AllItems.aspx)

Thi Nguyn 7-2013

AN TON LAO NG V THIT K XNG
PHM C LONG
Khoa Cng ngh t ng ho

AN TON CNG NGHIP
V THIT K XNG
(Work safety and design workshop)

1.Ti liu hc tp:
[1] Phm c Long, Tp bi ging an ton lao ng v thit k xng, 2013.
[2] Trn Quang Khnh, Bo h lao ng v k thut an ton in, NXB Khoa
hc v K thut, 2008
[3] Nguyn Th t, Gio trnh an ton lao ng, NXBGD, 2008.
[4] Nguyn B Dng, Nguyn nh Thm, L Vn Tin, K thut an ton v v
sinh lao ng, NXB KHKT 1997.
[5] Nguyn Xun Ph, Trn Thnh Tm, K thut an ton trong cung cp v s
dng in, NXB KHKT, 2006.
[6] Cc vn bn php quy v bo h lao ng, Cc tiu chun v v sinh cng
nghip.
[7] Trn Quc Vit, Tp bi ging Thit k dy chuyn sn xut, i hc BK
Nng, 2007.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 1
PHM C LONG

MC LC

PHN I. AN TON BO H LAO NG
V SINH CNG NGHIP

Chng 1. Nhng vn chung v bo h lao ng
1.1.Nhng vn chung
1.2.Chnh sch, php lut v BHL v VSCN
1.3.Mt s khi nim c bn.
1.4.Cc nguyn tc thc hin an ton v bo h lao ng.
1.5.T chc thc hin
Chng 2. Vi kh hu
2.1. Cc yu t c bn ca vi kh hu.
2.2. Ci thin vi kh hu
2.3. Chiu sng trong sn xut.
Chng 3. Chng ting n v chng rung
3.1. i cng.
3.2. Tc ng ca ting n n c th ngi.
3.3. Gim ting n
3.4 Gim rung ng.
Chng 4. Chng nh hng ca trng in t
4.1. i cng
4.2. nh hng ca trng in t n c th ngi
4.3. Bo v chng tc ng ca trng in t
Chng 5. K thut an ton in
5.1 Tc ng ca dng in vi c th ngi.
5.2 Phn tch an ton trong cc mng in.
5.3 Bo v chng tip xc in.
5.4 Bo v ni t.
5.5 Bo v ni dy trung tnh v ni t lp li.
5.6 Ct bo v,
Chng 6 K thut an ton chng chy n
6.1 K thut phng chng chy n
6.2 nh gi xc sut chy n

THI NGUYN 7-2013 2
PHM C LONG

PHN II. THIT K XNG

Chng 1. C S THIT K DY CHUYN SN XUT

1. Khi nim v cng tc thit k trong sn xut c kh
1.1 ngha, v tr thit k nh my c kh
1.2. Phn loi thit k nh my c kh.
1.3 T chc thit k nh my c kh:
2. Nhng ti liu ban u v vic phn tch cc ti liu ny
2.1 Cc loi ti liu ban u
2.2 Phn tch cc ti liu ban u
3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca cng tc thit k
3.1 Ni dung kinh t ca cng tc thit k
3.2 Ni dung k thut ca cng tc thit k
3.3 Ni dung t chc ca cng tc thit k.
4. Cc phng php thit k:
4.1 Phng php thit k chnh xc
4.2. Phng php thit k gn ng (c nh).
5. Cc giai on thit k
5.1 Khi nim v qu trnh thit k nh my c kh.
5.2 Giai on thit k s b:
5.3 Giai on thit k k thut.
5.4 Giai on thit k thi cng
5.5 M hnh tng qut v qu trnh thit k nh my c kh

Chng 2
PHN TCH KINH T TRONG THIT K NH MY C KH

1. Khi nim v phn tch kinh t
2. C s phn tch kinh t
2.1 Cc ch tiu gi tr v hin vt ch yu xt hiu qu kinh t
2.2 Xt hiu qu kinh t ca cc ngnh lin quan
2.3 Xt hiu qu kinh t v mt thi gian
2.4 Xt hiu qu kinh t v mt cht lng
3. ng dng phn tch kinh t trong thit k nh my c kh
3.1 Xc nh vn u t c bn
3.2 Xc nh chi ph cho sn xut hng nm
3.3. Tnh gi thnh sn phm
3.4. Xc nh thi gian hon vn u t c bn
3.5 Phng php phn tch kinh t la chn phng n ti u
THI NGUYN 7-2013 3
PHM C LONG

3.6 Xc nh cc s liu kinh t - k thut ch yu ca nh my thit k

Chng 3
THIT K TNG TH NH MY C KH

1. Khi nim v thit k tng th
2. Cc ti liu ban u cho thit k tng th
3. La chn a im xy dng nh my
3.1. Nhng cn c la chn a im xy dng nh my.
3.2 Nhng nguyn tc la chn a im xy dng nh my
4. Thit k cung cp nguyn vt liu
4.1 Thit k cng ngh tng qut
4.2 Thit k dng vt liu tng qut
5. Xc nh h thng t chc tng qut ca nh my
5.1. Thnh phn cu to tng qut ca nh my c kh:
5.2 Cc dng s biu din h thng t chc tng qut ca nh my
6. B tr tng mt bng nh my c kh
6.1. Khi nim
6.2. Nhng nguyn tc chung khi b tr tng mt bng
6.3 Cc c s ban u b tr tng mt bng
6.4. Trnh t thit k tng mt bng
6.5 Cc phng php b tr mt bng nh my
6.6. V d v b tr mt bng tng th
6.7. Cc ch tiu nh gi tnh hp l khi b tr mt bng
7. Phn tch kinh t v la chn phng n

Chng 4
THIT K PHN XNG C KH

1. Vai tr phn xng c kh trong nh my c kh
2. Phn loi phn xng c kh
2.1 Phn loi theo kt cu v trng lng ca sn phm:
2.2 Phn loi theo s lng my ct kim loi trong :
2.3 Phn loi phn xng c kh theo dng sn xut
3. Thnh phn ca phn xng c kh
3.1 Gian sn xut
3.2 Gian ph
3.3 B phn phc v
3.4 B phn sinh hot
4. Nhng ni dung chnh phi gii quyt khi thit k phn xng c kh
THI NGUYN 7-2013 4
PHM C LONG

5. Ti liu ban u thit k - chng trnh sn xut ca phn xng c kh
5.1 Ni dung ca ti liu ban u - chng trnh sn xut
5.2 Cc loi chng trnh sn xut
5.3 Cc cch tin hnh lp chng trnh sn xut c nh
6. Nhng nguyn tc c bn khi lp qui trnh cng ngh thit k phn
xng c kh
6.1 Khi nim
6.2 Cc nguyn tc c bn khi lp qui trnh cng ngh thit k phn
xng c kh
7. Cc phng php tnh thi gian thit k phn xng c kh
7.1. Phng php tnh chnh xc thi gian
7.2. Tnh thi gian theo phng php suy rng
8. Tnh ton s lng thit b cho phn xng c kh
8.1. Tnh s lng my theo qui trnh cng ngh
8.2 Tnh s lng my cho sn xut dy chuyn
8.3 Tnh ton s lng my ca phn xng c kh theo cc ch tiu kinh
t - k thut
9. Tnh yu cu v cng nhn v cn b cho phn xng c kh
9.1 Cc loi cng nhn cn b
9.2 Tnh s lng cng nhn sn xut v bc th bnh qun
9.3 Tnh s cng nhn ph, nhn vin phc vu, cn b k thut v nhn
vin hnh chnh
10. Tnh ton din tch v b tr mt bng phn xng c kh
10.1. Tnh ton din tch phn xng c kh
10.2 Cc kch thc ch yu ca phn xng
10.3. Cc phng php b tr v tr tng i gia phn xng c kh v
lp rp trong to nh.
10.4 B tr mt bng phn xng c kh
11. Thit k cc b phn ph ca phn xng c kh
11.1 Cc b phn ph ca phn xng c kh
11.2 Tnh ton mt s b phn ph
12. Thit k b phn phc v v sinh hot
12.1 Vn phng phn xng
12.2 Cc b phn sinh hot
13. Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut
13.1 Mc ch s dng
13.2 Cc loi ch tiu kinh t - k thut

THI NGUYN 7-2013 5
PHM C LONG

CHNG 5
THIT K PHN XNG SA CHA C KH
(PHN XNG C-IN)

1. Nhim v phn xng sa cha trong nh my c kh
2. Cc dng v hnh thc sa cha thit b
2.1 K hoch sa cha d phng
2.2 Cc dng sa cha, chu k sa cha v bc phc tp sa cha
2.3 Cc hnh thc t chc sa cha
3. Cc thnh phn ca phn xng sa cha c kh
3.1 B phn sn xut
3.2 B phn ph
3.3 B phn phc v v sinh hot
4. Chng trnh sa cha ca phn xng
4.1 Nhng ti liu ban u lp chng trnh sa cha
4.2 Chng trnh sa cha ca phn xng
5. Tnh ton thi gian sa cha
6. Tnh ton s lng thit b ca phn xng sa cha c kh
6.1 Tnh s thit b theo s gi cn thit sa cha mi n v thit b.
6.2 Tnh s my theo t l phn trm tng s my c phn xng phc
v
7. Tnh s lng cng nhn, cn b cho phn xng sa cha
7.1 Thnh phn cn b v cng nhn trong phn xng sa cha
7.2 Tnh ton s lng cc loi
8. Tnh ton din tch v b tr mt bng
8.1 Tnh din tch phn xng sa cha.
8.2 B tr mt bng phn xng sa cha.
9. Mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut ca phn xng sa cha.

CHNG 6
THIT K PHN XNG LP RP

1. Vai tr phn xng lp rp trong nh my c kh
2. Nhng ti liu ban u thit k phn xng lp rp
3. Cc phng php lp chng trnh sn xut cho phn xng lp rp
3.1. Chng trnh sn xut chnh xc ca phn xng lp rp
3.2. Chng trnh sn xut c tnh cho phn xng lp rp
4. Thnh phn ca phn xng lp rp
5. Cc giai on ca qu trnh lp rp
6. Nhng im cn ch khi lp qui trnh cng ngh lp rp
THI NGUYN 7-2013 6
PHM C LONG

7. Cc dng v cc phng php t chc lp rp
7.1. Cc dng lp rp
7.2. Cc phng php t chc lp rp
8. Cch xc nh thi gian thit k phn xng lp rp
8.1. Xc nh thi gian theo qui trnh cng ngh lp
8.2. Tnh thi gian lp rp theo thi gian gia cng c
8.3. Tnh thi gian lp theo cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut
9. Tnh ton thit b phn xng lp rp
9.1. Cc thit b g phc v cho qu trnh lp rp
9.2. Cc thit b g t cc sn phm khi lp rp
9.3. Nhng loi thit b vn chuyn
10. Tnh ton s ch lp rp
10.1. i vi dng lp rp c nh
10.2. i vi dng lp rp theo dy chuyn
11. Tnh s lng cng nhn phn xng lp rp
11.1. Tnh cng nhn sn xut
11.2. Tnh cng nhn ph, nhn vin v cn b ca phn xng lp rp
12. Tnh din tch v b tr mt bng phn xng lp rp
12.1. Tnh din tch phn xng lp rp
12.2. B tr mt bng phn xng lp rp
13. Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut ca phn xng lp rp
13.1. Cc ch tiu tuyt i
13.2. Cc ch tiu tng i

CHNG 7
THIT K H THNG CUNG CP
NNG LNG V H THNG VN CHUYN

1. i cng
2. Thit k h thng cung cp nng lng
2.1 Khi nim
2.2 Tnh ton h thng cung cp in nng
2.3 Tnh ton h thng cung cp kh nn
3. Thit k h thng vn chuyn
3.1 Khi nim
3.2 Cc loi thit b vn chuyn
3.3 Tnh s lng thit b vn chuyn

THI NGUYN 7-2013 7
PHM C LONG

PHN I. AN TON BO H LAO NG
V SINH CNG NGHIP

Chng 1. Nhng vn chung v bo h lao ng

Bo h lao ng l mn khoa hc nghin cu v nhng him ho e do v nh
hng ca chng vi sc kho ca con ngi v v cc phng php v phng
tin bo v an ton.
1.1.Nhng vn chung
1.1.1. - Mc ch - ngha v tnh cht ca cng tc BHL:
a) Mc ch: Thng qua cc bin php khoa hc, k thut, t chc, kinh
t, x hi. Nhm hn ch loi tr nhng yu t nguy him, c hi trong sn
xut. To ra iu kin lao ng thun li cho ngi lao ng, ngn nga TNL,
bo v sc kho ngi lao ng nhm pht trin lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut
lao ng.
b) - ngha: BHL l mt chnh sch ln ca ng v Nh nc ta, n
mang ngha v chnh tr, x hi v kinh t.
- Chnh tr: BHL phn nh mt phn v bn cht ca x hi.
- X hi: BHL lun cng c, hon thin quan h x hi. Mt khc n
mang li hnh phc cho bn thn v gia nh ngi lao ng, cho nn n mang
ngha x hi v nhn o su sc.
- Kinh t: Lm cho ngi lao ng an tm cng tc, tng nng sut lao
ng, ng thi lm gim cc chi ph phc v hu qu do tai nn, m au... xy
ra. Cho nn vic lm tt cng tc BHL l to iu kin sn xut pht trin v
em li hiu qu kinh t cao.
1.1.2. Tnh cht ca cng tc BHL:
a- Tnh php lut: Th hin qua cc ch , chnh sch, lut lao ng,
cc thng t, ch th, iu l, quy phm, tiu chun... (Lut lao ng 1995, quy
phm k thut an ton trong xy dng TCVN 5308 91...). Bt buc tt c cc t
chc Nh nc (chnh tr, x hi, kinh t...) v mi ngi tham gia lao ng sn
xut phi thc hin nghim chnh.
b- Tnh qun chng:
+ BHL c lin quan n tt c mi ngi tham gia lao ng sn
xut v h l nhng ngi trc tip vn hnh v s dng cc dng c, thit b my
mc v nguyn, nhin vt liu, nn h c th pht hin ra nhng thiu st trong
cng tc BHL, h c th tham gia ng gp kin cho vic xy dng quy trnh,
quy phm v an ton v v sinh lao ng.
+ Nhng d cc ch , chnh sch, tiu chun quy phm v BHL
c hon chnh n u, nhng nhng ngi c lin quan n lao ng sn xut
THI NGUYN 7-2013 8
PHM C LONG

cha thy r c li ch thit thc, cha t gic chp hnh th cng tc BHL
cng khng th t c nhng kt qu nh mong mun.
c- Tnh khoa hc k thut:
L tnh cht quan trng i vi mi ngi, c bit l cn b k thut. Mun lm
tt cng tc BHL loi tr tai nn lao ng, trc ht phi hiu c tnh
nguy him trong cng nghip nh cc thit b my mc, nguyn nhin vt
liu...Trnh nghip v ca cng nhn, nhng bin i tm sinh l ca con
ngi trong qu trnh lao ng. Nh vy n i hi ngi cn b k thut phi
c nhng kin thc nht nh ca nhiu mn hc. (c, l, ho, cng trnh, kin
trc, cng ngh vt liu, tm sinh l, y hc...).
3 - i tng - Ni dung v phng php nghin cu:
a- i tng: K thut an ton v v sinh lao ng trong xy dng l mt
b phn ca khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng, nghin cu cc vn v l
thuyt v thc tin v an ton v v sinh lao ng, an ton phng chng chy n,
nguyn nhn v cc bin php phng TNL, BNN, cc yu t c hi, cc s
c xy ra trong xy dng, bo v sc kho v tnh mng cho ngi lao ng.
b - Ni dung: K thut an ton v v sinh lao ng trong xy dng, thng
nghin cu 4 vn chnh:
- Php lut BHL: Bao gm nhng vn bn php lut, nhng chnh sch
ca Nh nc v con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut.
- V sinh lao ng: Nghin cu v mi trng sn xut, nhng nh
hng ca n v iu kin lao ng n sc kho con ngi, nhng bin php
ci thin iu kin lm vic, bo v sc kho, phng nga bnh ngh nghip cho
ngi lao ng.
- K thut an ton trong xy dng: Nghin cu nhng nguyn nhn gy
chn thng v TNL trong sn xut xy dng, nhng bin php v t chc v
k thut hn ch v loi tr nhng nguyn nhn gy chn thng v TNL
.
- K thut phng chng chy n: Nghin cu nhng nguyn nhn gy
chy n trong sn xut, nhng bin php v t chc v k thut phng chy v
cha chy mt cch c hiu qu.
c ) Phng php nghin cu:
Xem xt nhng yu t nguy him c th xy ra trn quy trnh cng ngh:
my mc thit b, nguyn, nhin vt liu, trnh nghip v ca cng nhn...
ra nhng bin php phng trnh nhng yu t nguy him . Nh vy vic
nghin cu mn k thut an ton v v sinh lao ng trong xy dng l da vo
cc mn hc cng ngh v t chc xy dng, cc mn kt cu cng trnh, vt liu
xy dng, cc mn v c, l, ho...

THI NGUYN 7-2013 9
PHM C LONG

1.2.Chnh sch, php lut v BHL v VSCN
1.2.1 Cc vn bn php lut do Quc hi v Chnh ph ban hnh
+ B lut lao ng ca Nc Cng ho XHCN Vit Nam c b
sung v sa i nm 2002 do Quc hi ban hnh. Ni dung gm c
nhiu chng quy nh cc vn v Vic lm, hc ngh, tui
lao ng, an ton lao ng, cc quy nh ring vi lao ng n.
+ Cc ngh nh hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca B lut lao ng,
iu l Bo him x hi, ch lm vic 40 gi/tun (quyt nh
188/1999/Q-TTg ngy 17/9/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph).
+ Cc ngh nh v khen thng v v x pht hnh chnh cc hnh vi
vi phm php lut lao ng.
+ Cc Lut Bo v mi trng (1993 v 2005), Lut bo v sc kho
nhn dn (1989), Lut Cng on (1990), lut Hnh s (1999), Php
lnh v phng chy cha chy c nhiu iu khon cp, quy nh
v An ton v V sinh lao ng.
1.2.2 Cc vn bn hng dn thc hin do lin b hoc B qun l
ban hnh
Nhiu thng t lin B gia cc B Lao ng Thng binh x hi v B
Y t, B Lao ng Thng binh x hi - B Y t v Tng Lin on Lao ng
Vit Nam v cc vn An ton v V sinh lao ng.
1.2.3 Cc tiu chun v An ton lao ng, V sinh lao ng
m bo An ton lao ng v V sinh lao ng, phng chy cha chy
trong sn xut t 1970 Nh nc cho nghin cu v ban hnh nhng tiu
chun cp quc gia (TCVN), cp ngnh (TCN), cp vng a phng (TCV) v
cp c s (TC) v BHL.
Trong h thng cc tiu chun ny cp n cc yu t nguy him v c
hi trong sn xut, a ra cc quy nh v bin php trong sn xut s dng bo
dng my mc thit b, vt t,.. nhm phng, ngn chn cc tai nan lao
ng, cc s c nh hng xu n ngi lao ng. Cc tiu chun ny l nhng
quy nh bt buc phi thc hin i vi ngi lao ng, ngi s dng lao
ng, cc doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut, cc t chc v cc thnh phn kinh
t. H thng tiu chun, quy chun v An ton lao ng gm 5 nhm:
+ Nhm cc tiu chun c bn: Gm 12 tiu chun cp n cc yu t
nguy him v c hi trong sn xut, cc tiu chun an ton lao ng,
cc thut ng, nh ngha lin quan n an ton v in, phng x, bc
x, k thut chiu sng, phng chy cha chy, cht lng khng kh,
cht lng nc.
+ Nhm tiu chun v yu cu chung v nh mc cc yu t nguy hi v
c hi trong sn xut: gm 34 tiu chun cp n cc lnh vc chiu
THI NGUYN 7-2013 10
PHM C LONG

sng, trng in t, bc x ion ho, chy n, ting n, tn hiu m
thanh, tn hiu mu sc, rung ng, khng kh, nc thi,...
+ Nhm cc tiu chun yu cu chung v an ton vi thit b sn xut:
gm 53 tiu chun cp n nhng yu cu chung v an ton i vi
thit b sn xut, an ton i vi thit b in, bng ti, thit b nng h,
yu cu an ton i vi cc my cng c, h thng thng gi, thit b
lnh, thit b nn kh, ni hi, thit b vi kh axtylen, t my ko...
+ Nhm cc tiu chun, yu cu chung v an ton i vi qu trnh sn
xut: gm 17 quy chun cp n nhng yu cu chung v an ton,
mt s quy chun an ton v sn, gia cng g, nhit luyn, hn in,
vn chuyn hng nguy him, xp d, khai thc, ch bin l thin,
sn xut v s dng xy, axtylen, an ton in trong xy dng...
+ Nhm cc tiu chun v yu cu i vi loi phng tin bo v c
nhn: gm 53 tiu chun cp ti cc phng tin bo v c nhn nh
mt n, qun o, bao tay, giy ng, knh, phng tin bo v mt, m,
so cch in, thm cch in.
Cc tiu chun ban hnh trc 1990 thng da vo tiu chun Lin X
c. Nhng tiu chun ban hnh t 1990 n nay c chuyn i theo tiu chun
quc t ISO.
T nm 2007 Quc hi ban hnh lut tiu chun v quy chun k thut.
Theo hin nay nc ta ch cn cc tiu chun quc gia (TCVN) do Chnh ph
u nhim cho B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh v tiu chun vng (TCV) l
khuyn khch p dng, cn quy chun k thut th do tng B chuyn ngnh ban
hnh v bt buc p dng.
1.3.Mt s khi nim c bn.
1.3.1. Hot ng:
L hnh thc c bit ca mi quan h tch cc ca con ngi i vi th gii
xung quanh, hng n s thay i v bin chuyn n trn c s ca cc qu
trnh sinh hc. Con ngi trong qu trnh hot ng c s tc ng tng h i
vi mi trng xung quanh, m kt qu c th gy thit hi hoc ci thin n.
1.3.2. Him ho:
L khi nim trung tm ca BHL m c th biu hin l cc s kin, qu trnh,
i tng c kh nng gy hu qu khng mong mun trong nhng iu kin
xc nh, tc l gy thit hi cho sc kho hoc mng sng con ngi.
Theo ngun gc him ho c chia ra cc loi: t nhin, cng ngh, nhn
chng, sinh thi, sinh hc, x hi.
Phng chng him ho l vn nhn o v kinh t-x hi thit thc. Cc
him ho c 4 thuc tnh sau:
+ xc sut (bt ng).
THI NGUYN 7-2013 11
PHM C LONG

+ tim n (du kn).
+ lin tc (thng trc).
+ tng th (chung),
1.3.3. Cc yu t c hi
Cc yu t dn n s suy gim cm gic, tng s mt mi, gim kh nng lao
ng dn n s pht trin bnh tt (ting n, rung, pht x in t v.v...).
1.3.4. Cc yu t nguy him
Cc yu t dn n chn thng hoc suy gim nghim trng sc kho con
ngi (n, cht c, him ho c hc...). Mt s yu t c th chuyn t c li
sang him ho v ngc li (thuc, ting n, dng in...).
1.3.5. An ton
L trng thi hot ng m bo sc kho v sinh mng con ngi vi mt xc
sut nht nh.
Mt s nh l v BHL:
+ Tt c cc vt th, qu trnh, hin tng v hot ng u c tim n,
him ho i vi con ngi.
+ Khng c hot ng no c th coi l an ton tuyt i.
+ S an ton ca mt h thng bt k c th t c vi mt xc sut
nht nh.
1.4.Cc nguyn tc thc hin an ton v bo h lao ng.
Trong khi thc hin phi m bo:
1.4.1 Nguyn tc phng php lun
Phng php lun xc nh hng gii quyt m bo an ton. Bao gm:
+ Nguyn tc h thng.
+ Nguyn tc thng tin
+ Tn hiu v hnh vi
+ Phn loi
1.4.2 Nguyn tc v sinh
Kim tra tnh trng sc kho ca con ngi, v sinh phng bnh, phng php
cu cha, hi phc sau m, xc nh cc ch tiu nh mc cho cc yu t c
hi. Xc nh tiu chun vi kh hu, gii hn cho php ca cht c hi trong
khng kh, gii hn tin n, rung ng,...
1.4.3 Nguyn tc t chc
Nguyn tc ny m bo gim st vic thc hin cc tiu chun yu cu v an
ton lao ng, kim tra an ton lao ng, bo v con ngi bng "thi gian", tc
l gii hn thi gian lu tr ca nhn vin vn hnh trong cc vng c coi l
nguy him, xc nh ngy lm vic ngn vi cc lnh vc sn xut c hi,...
1.4.4 Nguyn tc k thut
+ Nguyn tc k thut cch ly: cch nhit, cch m, cch in...
THI NGUYN 7-2013 12
PHM C LONG

+ Che chn: Mn sng in t
+ Hp th: vt liu hp th m thanh xung ng, bc x...
+ Lc, lm suy gim: bi, nng cht c hi
+ To mt xch yu: cu chy, ct chuyn ng khi c s c...
+ Dn nng lng vo vng an ton: ni t...
1.5.T chc thc hin
1.5.1. Cc vn bn php lut v BHL

Bo h
lao
ng
Thng t
An ton in
Tiu chun VN
Lut cng on
Lut lao ng
Quy phm vn hnh
Lp t thit b
Ngh nh
Hin php
Php lnh
Quy phm s dng thit b
1.5.2. Quyn li, ngha v v iu kin ca ngi lao ng

Quyn li:
+ Ngi s dng lao ng phi m bo cc iu kin: lm vic an ton, v sinh,
ci thin iu kin lao ng, trang b y cc phng tin bo h c nhn,
hun luyn, thc hin cc bin php an ton v v sinh lao ng.
+ Ngi lao ng c quyn t chi trong 1 s trng hp iu kin an ton, bo
h L khng m bo.
+ Quyn khiu ni, t co khi ch s dng khng thc hin cc iu kin cam
kt v BHL.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 13
PHM C LONG

Ngha v:
+ Chp hnh cc quy nh, ni quy an ton v v sinh lao ng c lin quan n
cng vic v nhim v c giao.
+ S dng, bo qun cc phng tin phng h lao ng.
+ Bo co kp thi vi ngi ph trch khi thy c nguy c mt an ton, v sinh
lao ng.
+ Tham gia cp cu nn nhn, khc phc hu qu mt an ton lao ng, tai nn.
iu kin v yu cu vi ngi lao ng:
+ Ngi lao ng phi c sc kho v phi c kim tra nh k hng nm.
+ Phi tui lao ng (trong ngnh in khng di 18 tui).
+ Khng s dng cc cht kch thch trong gi lm vic.
+ Phi trnh an ton tng ng vi cng v cng tc, bit cch s cu nn
nhn trong nhng trng hp cn thit.
1.5.3. T chc thc hin
Phiu thao tc:
Ghi r loi, c im cng vic, iu kin an ton trch nhim c nhn. Cc cng
vic lin quan n phn t mang in u c phiu thao tc. Phiu thao tc phi
thng qua cn b chuyn mn.
Ch c ngi ch huy mi c quyn ra lnh lm vic. Trc khi lm vic ch huy
hng dn thao tc, nhc cc vn cn lu . Cc thnh vin trong t k vo
bin bn bn giao nhim v. Phiu khng hp l nu c ty xo.
Gim st qu trnh lm vic.
Vi cng vic c coi l nguy him trong qu trnh lm vic phi lun c
gim st bi ngi c bc an ton cao. Cng vic ang thc hin nu vng gim
st th phi dng vic. Ngi gim st c quyn nh ch nu c du hiu mt an
ton v bo cho ch huy.
Gii lao v kt thc cng vic
Ch c ngi ch huy mi c cho gii lao. Khi gii lao vn phi duy tr cc
bin php an ton. Trc khi kt thc cng vic ngi ch huy phi kim tra li
ton b khi lng cng vic thc hin, sau ra lnh tho r cc phng
tin bo v an ton nh tip a di ng, ro chn, bin bo,...kho phiu thao tc
v bn giao. Vic bn giao c thc hin gia ngi t trng t cng tc v
i din qun l thit b theo cc th tc bin bn cn thit. Cc phiu thao tc
phi lu gi t nht 1 thng.
Nhim v ca ngi chu trch nhim an ton lao ng phi kim tra:
+ Trc khi thc hin cng vic.
+ Trong qu trnh chun b lm vic.
+ Trn hin trng trc khi lm vic.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 14
PHM C LONG

+ Trong thi gian tin hnh cng vic.
Nhim v ca ngi ch huy
+ La chn cc bin php an ton lao ng.
+ Xc nh nhim v cho mi thnh vin.
+ Hng dn an ton.
+ Trang b cc phng tin an ton lao ng.
+ T chc thc hin cc thao tc.
Nhim v ca ngi thc hin: Ngi thc hin cn c kin thc chuyn
mn v an ton ph hp.
+ Nhn phiu thao tc ca ngi lnh o.
+ Kim tra thit b v ni lm vic ph hp vi phiu thao tc.
+ S dng cc bin php v phng tin an ton lao ng.
+ Mang cc phng tin an ton c nhn ph hp.
+ Khoanh vng lao ng bng ro chn, bin bo.
1.5.4. Thanh tra an ton lao ng
Mc ch ca thanh tra:
+ Pht hin v ngn nga kp thi mi vi phm quy trnh quy phm k
thut an ton lao ng.
+ Chnh n, un nn nhng sai st sai phm trong vic thc hin ch
chnh sch, quy trnh quy phm an ton lao ng.
+ Nng cao tinh thn trch nhim vi cng tc BHL.
Tnh cht ca cng tc thanh tra:
+ Tnh php ch.
+ Tnh u tranh: Trong thanh tra khng c php nhn nhng, chm
chc hoc hu khuynh vi bt k vi phm no.
+ Tnh qun chng.
+ Tnh cp bch v kp thi.
Nhim v ca thanh tra an ton lao ng:
+ Thanh tra vic chp hnh cc bin php an ton ca ngi s dng lao
ng.
+ Thanh tra vic thc hin an ton ca ngi lao ng.
+ ra cc bin php khc phc cc vng mc trong qu trnh thc
hin an ton lao ng.
+ Nng cao tnh linh hot, ch ng ca cc c s.
Ni dung thanh tra:
+ Thanh tra thc hin quy trnh, quy phm lao ng
+ Thc hin cc quy trnh ban hnh.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 15
PHM C LONG

+ Son tho cc quy trnh, quy phm sa i.
+ Trang thit b lm vic.
+ Mt bng ni lm vic.
+ Thanh tra cng tc t chc.
+ B my t chc an ton lao ng ti cc c s.
+ Cng tc st hch quy trnh i vi tt c cn b cng nhn vin chc.
+ Ch trch nhim ca cn b qun l (gim c, t trng,...).
+ Thanh tra thc thi cc kin ngh.
+ T chc thc hin cc vn bn php quy ca Nh nc v an ton lao
ng.
+ Thanh tra chnh sch BHL.
+ Thanh tra vic thi hnh ch trang b BHL, thc hin ch m au,
phng nga bnh tt,

Chng 2. Vi kh hu

2.1. Cc yu t c bn ca vi kh hu.
2.1.1. Yu t nhit , m v tc gi
Ba yu t: Nhit , m v tc gi lun c quan h mt thit vi nhau,
l nhng yu t c bit quan trng nh gi iu kin lm vic:
Q
k
=
tn
F
tx
(
ng
-
0
)
tn
: H s truyn nhit, ph thuc vn tc gi W/m
2
.C
0

F
tx
: Din tch tip xc b mt c th m
2
trng thi yn tnh lng nhit trao i ca c th ngi trong khong 80-
100W.
ng
,
0
: Nhit c th ngi, mi trng xung quanh
C th ngi c h thng tm sinh l iu ho nhit cho php thch nghi vi
s thay i ca cc nhn t kh hu v duy tr nhit n nh ca c th. S
iu chnh nhit c thc hin bi hai qu trnh sinh nhit v truyn nhit.
Khi s cn bng nhit b ph v c th dn n s suy gim sc kho, qu lnh
hoc qu nng.
Hin tng qu lnh bt u khi tn tht nhit ln hn lng nhit sinh ra nhng
h thng iu ho nhit ca c th khng kp iu chnh
Q
ng
<Q
k
+Q
bx
+Q
bh
Q
ng
: nhit lng c th ngi
Q
bx
: nhit lng truyn do bc x.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 16
PHM C LONG

Q
bh
: nhit lng truyn do bc hi nc.
Khi b qu lnh s cung cp mu s gim st dn n cm lnh, bnh vim
ng h hp,...Kt qu biu hin hnh vi khc thng, mt mi, cm gic phc
tp, di chuyn chm chp, tm l nng n tnh trng nng c th dn n ngt
xu.
Hin tng qu lnh bt u khi nhit lng bn ngoi v nhit lng c th sinh
ra ln hn lng nhit to ra mi trng
Q
ex+
Q
ng
> Q
k
+Q
bx
+Q
bh
Khi b qu nng xut hin au u, mch p tng nhanh, p sut ng mch
gim, th dc bun nn, tnh trng nng c th dn n ngt xu.
Cm gic thc t ca con ngi tng khi m tng, tc gi tng khi qu hn.
Cc nhn t kh hu thch hp:
+ Nhit : 20-25
o
C
+ m tng i: 30-60
0
C
+ Tc lu thng khng kh (vi vic nh): 0.2-0.4 m/s
2.1.2. Cc cht c hi
Cc cht c hi c chia thnh 4 nhm:
+ Cc k nguy him.
+ Nguy him cao.
+ Nguy him.
+ Tng i nguy him
nh hng n con ngi:
+ c hi chung (thu ngn, hp cht pht pho).
+ Kch thch (axit, kim, amoniac, clo, lu hunh);
+ D ng (hp cht niken, alkaloit);
+ Bi lit thn kinh (amoniac, ihdrosunfua);
+ Ngt th (oxits cac bon, axetylen, kh tr);
+ Thuc m (benzon, dixcloetan, axeton, bisunfua cacbon);
+ Ri lon (hp cht ch, thu ngn);
nh hng thng gp ca cc cht c hi trong sn xut v sinh hot:
+ Suy nhc ng h hp, au hng: SO
2
, Cl
2
.
+ Bun nn, nn ma, kh th mch nhanh: H
2
S
+ Th dc thiu xy vo phi: CO
2

+ Gim b mt lm vic ca phi, bnh ngh nghip-vim phi: bi kim
loi, bi g,...
THI NGUYN 7-2013 17
PHM C LONG

+ Suy nhc mt, bun nn, au ngc, au u, chng mt: NH
3

+ Thay i thnh phn mu: Pb
+ Suy nhc, mt mi: Hg.
2.1.3. nh sng
nh sng c vai tr cc k quan trng vi cc hot ng ca con ngi. nh
sng tt s mang li sc kho, hiu qu lao ng. nh sng tt cho php gim
thiu cc tai nn lao ng, tng m quan mi trng, tng s phn khch sng
khoi, kch thch t duy sng to mang li ngun li ln v tinh thn v vt cht.
2.2. Ci thin vi kh hu
Vi cc c s sn xut cc yu t kh hu c xc nh gi tr ti u v gi tr
cho php, ph thuc vo:
+ thi gian trong nm (nng hay lnh).
+ vo loi cng vic (nng, nh hay trung bnh?).
Vic ci thin vi kh hu c thc hin bng phng php lm mt v thng
thong:
+ Khi lnh th dng cc vt liu cch nhit v h thng si m.
+ Khi nng: s dng h thng lm mt, thng thong iu ho nhit .
Vic lm mt v thng thong c thc hin theo cc phng thc: nhn to, t
nhin v kt hp.

H

h

h
1

h
2

P
2
S thng thong t nhin
Thng thong t nhin:
C th tnh c cc khong cch hnh hc ca cc ca thng gi, chiu cao,
chiu rng tng ng vi cc lng khng kh cn trao i, vn tc gi yu cu
trang 27-28 [1].
THI NGUYN 7-2013 18
PHM C LONG

Lm mt nhn to: trang 28-32 [1].
2.3. Chiu sng trong sn xut.
2.3.1. Vai tr ca chiu sng
Chiu sng rt quan trng trong sn xut: ngi cng nhn khng th sn xut
vi mi trng hon ton khng c nh sng. Khi nh sng khng hoc
khng hp yu cu s gy mt mi, nng sut lao ng km, thc y kh nng
xy ra tai nn lao ng, s c.
2.3.2. Khi nim c bn
Quang ph
L tp hp cc bc x in t c tn s khc nhau c sp xp theo bc sng
hay chiu di bc sng. Di tn ca sng in t ph thuc bc sng.
nh sng
L nhng bc x in t c bc sng trong khong 380-780nanomet m mt
ngi c th cm th c.
Mu sc
Mu sc l do s cm nhn ca mt ngi vi ngun sng, n ph thuc vo cu
thnh ca ph nh sng pht ra.
Tt c cc mu thng gp trong t nhin c chia thnh 2 nhm:
+ Mu hu sc: tt c cc mu c trong ph nh sng
+ Mu v sc gm: en, trng v xm, cc mu ny khng c trong ph
nh sng
nh sng n sc l nh sng mt mu ng vi 1 ph nm trong phm vi hp
ca bc sng.
2.3.3. Mt s tham s v c tnh c bn
Quang thng
Bc x nh sng ca mt ngun sng c nh gi bng nng lng bc x.
Nng lng ny di cc bc sng khc nhau s gy hiu qu khc nhau i
vi s cm th ca mt ngi. Quang thng R
qt
(tnh bng lumen) l nng lng
bc x c tnh n s cm nhn ca mt ngi c th xc nh theo biu thc
(2.35) trang 34 [1].
Quang thng c to thnh do ngun in tiu th mt cng sut P. so snh
cc ngun sng ngi ta s dng ch tiu hiu sut pht quang l t s gia
quang thng ca ngun sng v cng sut ca n cng thc (2.36) trang 34 [1].

P
F
qt
pq
= (lm/W)
Cng nh sng
THI NGUYN 7-2013 19
PHM C LONG

Cng sng l mt khng gian ca quang thng do ngun bc x l mt
i lng vc t c hng vi n v l Candela (cd) cn gi l nn. Ni cch
khc Cng sng l lng quang thng bc x theo mt hng xc nh.
=
qt
as
F
I l gc khi hay gc c trong khng
gian ca chm nh sng.

ri: ri E
r
l mt quang thng trn b mt chiu sng
cos
cs
qt
r
S
F
E = lx(lux)
trong l gc xin t ngun sng n b mt chiu sng S
cs
so vi phng
thng gc.
ri t l thun vi cng sng v t l nghch vi khong cch t ngun
n b mt chiu sng.
2.3.4. chi
Mt b mt c chiu sng s phn x li mt phn quang thng v c coi l
ngun sng th cp pht ra cng sng khc nhau theo mi hng. c im
ny dn n s cm th khc nhau i vi mt ngi. chi ca b mt chiu
sng theo mt hng quan st l t l gia cng sng I theo hng v
din tch bao nhn S t hng .
cos . S
I
L =
: gc gia hng chiu vi b mt.
2.3.5. tng phn
n n
n v
L
L
L
L L
C
=
L
v
,L
n
: chi ca vt th cn nhn v ca nn.
C c th dng nu vt sng trn nn ti hoc m nu vt ti trn nn sng.
2.3.6. S chi lo.
+ Chi lo do nhiu: Lo nhiu gy ra chi che ph L
s
khin cho
mt phi iu tit theo chi cao hn. V d mt vt cnh 1
n n to ra mt lp mn c sng cao hn dn n mt phi
iu tit theo mn sng ny mi nhn c vt.
+ Chi lo do mt tin nghi: xy ra khi mt vt th c chi cao
nm trong trng nhn ca mt. Thc nghim cho thy s chi lo
mt tin nghi bt u khi chi vt qu 5000nn/m
2
.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 20
PHM C LONG

2.3.7. Nhit mu v tin nghi mi trng sng
Nhit mu ca ngun sng l nhit ca vt en tuyt i khi c t nng
n nhit ny th to ra nh sng c ph ging ht nh ph nh sng ca
ngun sng kho st. Cc nghin cu cho thy
+ Cc ngun sng c nhit mu thp thch hp vi nhng ni c
ri thp.
+ Nhng ni c yu cu ri cao cn c cc ngun sng vi nhit
mu ln.
Biu mi trng sng Kruithof: dng xc nh s tin nghi sng ca mi
trng. Vng gch cho l vng tin nghi ca mi trng sng.

2.3.8. Ch s hon mu IRC
Cht lng ca nh sng th hin cht lng nhn mu, ngha l kh nng phn
bit chnh xc mu sc trong nh sng . Cm gic v mu sc ca con ngi
di cc nh sng khc nhau s khc nhau. Ch s hon mu IRC c dng
nh gi s bin i mu m mt ngi cm nhn c.

Loi n
lm/W
m

0
K
IRC T h
Si t 10-20 2500-3000 100 1000
Hunh quang 40-105 2800-6500 55-92 4700-7000
Cao p thu ngn 40-90 3000-4500 40-60 4000-5000
Halogen 40-60 2900 100 2000-3000
Metal Halide 65-120 2900-6000 60-93 3000-20000
LPS (ap.s.thp) 100-200 2500-4500 80 12000-24000
Compact 85 2700-4000 85 8000-9000
Cm ng t.hp 60-70 300-4000 85 60000
Sulphur 100 6000 80 60000
THI NGUYN 7-2013 21
PHM C LONG

2.4 nh hng ca iu kin chiu sng vi ngi lao ng
+ nh sng to iu kin lin h gia c th ngi v mi trng xung
quanh. 80% thng tin con ngi thu c qua hot ng ca th gic mt
c tc ng sinh hc v trng lc rt mnh.
+ nh sng t nhin tc ng n con ngi mnh hn v n cha nhiu tia
cc tm hn.
+ Khi nh sng khng : xut hin trng thi kh chu ngi, lu di dn
n cn th, qung g. nh sng yu to iu kin cho nhiu loi vi trng
pht trin, lm suy gim sc kho, gim nng sut lao ng.
+ Khi nh sng qu cao: gim nhn r do b chi lo. S chi lo qu
ngng thng dn n tai nn ng tic. V d di nh sng n hunh
quang s chuyn ng quay trn ca thit b b nhn bit sai lch (cc n
chiu trn cc my gia cng thng phi s dng n dy tc si t).
+ C hai chiu chiu sng: nhn to v t nhn. ri ln nhng ni nh
phng thit k, phng c, ging ng, vn phng.

Ni tht chiu sng
ri yu
cu E
yc
(lx)
Ni tht chiu sng
ri yu
cu E
yc
(lx)
Vn phng 150-200 Phng c 200-250
Phng thit k, v 250-300 Ging ng 200-250
Phng ch 100-150 Nh xng 50-100
Hnh lang, cu thang 50-100 Nh bp 50-100

Tnh ton chiu sng
a) Tnh ton chiu sng phn xng theo phng php im
Tnh ton chiu sng cc b trn mt phng ngang, mt phng ng v mt
phng nghing ca b mt lm vic. Phng php khng tnh n s phn x ca
quang thng.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 22
PHM C LONG

ri c nh E
ud
t ngun sng n c xc nh theo biu thc
2
3
2
.
cos .
.
cos .
h k
I
r k
I
E
dt
as
dt
as
ud

= = (lx)
trong :
I
as
l cng nh sng (cd)
r: khong cch t ngun sng n im xt
: gc xin gia b mt lm vic v hng vc t cng nh sng n im
xt.
h: chiu cao tnh t b mt chiu sng n ngun sng (m)
k
dt
h s d tr
Quang thng cn thit cho nh sng
ud
yc
d
E
E . 1000
=
E
c
ri tiu chun lx
Cn c vo gi tr
d
chn loi n c quang thng mc gn nht.
b) Tnh ton chiu sng chung:
Gii hn thit k trong khng gian kn. Thit k c chia lm 2 giai on:
+ Thit k s b gii php v hnh hc v quang hc c th c.
+ Kim tra cc ri theo yu cu v mc ch s dng, tc l kim tra
tin nghi ca thit b.
Qu trnh thit k chiu sng theo 8 bc:
1) Chn ri yu cu
C nh hng ln n cc c tnh kinh t, k thut ca chiu sng, c
chn cn c vo:
+ c im s dng v c im khng gian ni tht.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 23
PHM C LONG

+ Tnh cht hot ng ca ni tht: vn phng, xng v, phng
hc,...?
+ Mi trng chung.
2) Chn kiu bng n
Bng n c chn theo cc ch tiu:
+ Nhit mu: theo biu Kruithof
+ Ch s hon mu IRC.
+ Hiu sut sng v tui th bng n.
3) Chn kiu chiu sng v kiu n
Cn cn nhc k v c nh hng n c thm m. C th c 1 s kiu:
+ Kiu chiu sng trc tip thng dng cho cc nh cao, kiu ny cho
hiu sut chiu sng cao nhng tng v trn hi b ti.
+ Kiu bn trc tip cho php to mi trng chiu sng tin nghi hn
nhng hiu sut chiu sng khng cao.
+ Kiu gin tip thng p dng cho cc ni cng cng nh nh ga, i
snh,...
4) Chn cao treo n
Cn lu n treo cng cao th cng cn cng sut ln, ngun sng cng
xa th trng nhn ngang v kh nng chi lo mt tin nghi cng gim.
T s treo n
'
'
h h
h
J
+
=
thng th h2*h' nn 0 J 1/3

h
h'

5) B tr cc n v xc nh s lng n ti thiu m bo ng u ca
chiu sng
ng u ca chiu sng ph thuc cc yu t sau:
+ Khong cch gia cc n L
+ h s phn x ca tng, trn v nn
+ loi n.
ng u ca chiu sng ph thuc vo t s L/h m gi tr cc i ca n
c cho ng vi tng loi n do cc hng sn xut xung cp.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 24
PHM C LONG

n A B C D E+H I,J K+S T
(L/h)
max
0.5 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.5 3
C th ly t s L/h gn ng theo bng sau

B tr nhiu dy B tr mt dy Ni chiu sng
v loi chao n Ti u Cc i Ti u Cc i
Ngoi tri, chao m 2.0 2.9 1.6 2.3
Phn xng, chao vn nng 1.5 2.2 1.5 1.7
Vn phng, ging ng 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.5

m bo ng u nh sng ti mi im, khong cch t cc ng bin
phi tho mn iu kin
2 3
d d
L
q
L
v
2 3
n n
L
q
L

L
d
, L
n
l khong cch gia cc n theo chiu dc v ngang

a
b
q
p
L
n
L
d

S lng n ti thiu m bo cho chiu sng ng u l N
min

6) Xc nh tng quang thng ca cc n chiu sng

ld
dt yc
k
k S E
F
*
* *

E
yc
: ri yu cu lx
S: din tch b mt chiu sng m
2
: hiu sut ca n (trong khong 0.5-0.7)
k
dt
h s d tr (1.2-1.3)
k
ld
h s li dng quang thng ca n

THI NGUYN 7-2013 25
PHM C LONG

c im

c im

Trng, thch cao 0.8 Gch , rc r 0.3
Mu sng, nht 0.7 Mu ti 0.1
Vng, lc, xi mng 0.5

H s li dng quang thng ca n ph thuc h s khng gian k
kg
, cc h s
phn x ca tng, trn v nn (bng 2 ph lc [1])
) (
*
b a h
b a
k
kg
+
= a,b,h l cc kch thc ni trn

7) Xc nh s lng n cn thit
d
F
F
N
= F
d
l quang thng ca n
+ Nu N tm c > s lng n ti thiu th chnh l s lng n
tnh ton.
+ Nu N<N
min
th phi dng s lng n ti thiu lm s lng tnh
ton.
+ Lc cn chn li loi n c quang thng thch hp
min
N
F
F
d
=

8) Kim tra ri ti cc im chiu sng
ri thc t trn b mt chiu sng c xc nh theo biu thc

dt
ld d
k b a
k N E
E
* *
* * *
=
V d v bi tp tnh ton thng gi, chiu sng: trang 44-48 [1]

1- Tnh ton thng gi t nhin cho mt phn
xng c din tch a x b l 12m x 20m. h=4.8,
H= 6 m bi s trao i khng kh K= 7 ln/gi
P
2
h
1

h

h
2

H
Gii:
Xc nh khi lng khng kh cn lu thng:
L=K*V=K*a*b*H=7*12*20*6=10080m
3
p sut ton phn:
P
tp
= h*g*(
ng
-
tb
)
g: gia tc ri t do
THI NGUYN 7-2013 26
PHM C LONG

ng
,
tb
: mt khng kh bn ngoi v mt khng kh trung bnh trong nh
(kg/m
3
)
P
tp
=4.8*9.8*(1.2-1.1)=5.16
chnh lch p sut ng vi tm ca s di
P
1
= 0.3*P
tp
= 0.3*5.16=1.548 Pa
chnh lch p sut ng vi tm ca s
P
2
= P
tp
- P
1
= 5.16-1.548 =3.612Pa
Vn tc khng kh cc ca tng ng c xc nh theo biu thc

2 . 1
548 . 1 * 2 * 2
2
1
=
=
vao
P
v

= 1.606 m/s

1 . 1
612 . 3 * 2 * 2
2
2
=
=
ra
P
v

= 2.563 m/s
Din tch cc ca thong di v trn tng ng l:
2
1
716 . 8
606 . 1 * 2 . 0 * 3600
10080
* * 3600
m
v
L
F
d
= = =

: h s ph thuc cu trc ca (c gi tr 0.15-0.65)
2
2
463 . 5
563 . 2 * 2 . 0 * 3600
10080
* * 3600
m
v
L
F
tr
= = =

2- Thit k chiu sng cho mt c s sn xut c kch thc a x b x H l 12x9x4
(m
3
). Coi trn c mu trng, tng mu vng, ri yu cu 250 lx.
Gii:
Theo biu Kruifthof ng vi sng 250lx nhit mu cn thit l
3000
0
K s cho mi trng sng tin nghi, vy chng ta chn n hunh
quang F36W-C-W-DT8 vi quang thng F=2850 lm - lumen (bng 1 ph lc
[1]). (S dng cc thng s k thut ca cc loi n m nh sn xut cung
cp). Chn loi n 3 bng ngm trong trn c hiu sut =0.6.
Xc nh chiu cao treo n gi thit chiu cao ca mt bng lm vic
h
lv
=0.8 m, :
h=H-h
b
=4-0.8=3.2m
Chn t s L/h = 1.3
Khong cch gia cc n L=1.3*3.2=4.16m chn L = 4 m
Ta b tr 3 hng n theo chiu dc v 3 hng theo chiu ngang. Khong cch
theo chiu ngang l L
n
=4m v theo chiu dc L
d
= 3m
Kim tra cc iu kin
2 3
d d
L
q
L
v
2 3
n n
L
q
L
thay s vo:
2
3
5 . 1
3
3
v
2
4
2
3
4

THI NGUYN 7-2013 27
PHM C LONG

9
12
2
1.5

Vy vi s lng n ti thiu s l:
N
min
=9 s m bo yu cu v sng ng u ca n chiu sng
H s khng gian

61 . 1
) 9 12 ( 2 . 3
9 * 12
) (
*
=
+
=
+
=
b a h
b a
k
kg

Cn c vo c im ca ni tht chiu sng c th coi h s phn x ca trn,
tng v sn tng ng l 70:50:30 . Tra bng 2 ph lc ng vi cc h s phn
x nu v h s khng gian 1.61 ta tm c h s li dng k
ld
=0.59. H s d
tr ly bng k
dt
=1.2
Xc nh quang thng tng: 61 . 1
59 . 0 * 6 . 0
2 . 1 * 12 * 250
*
* *
= = =
ld
dt yc
k
k S E
F

S lng n cn thit
min
7 . 10
2850 * 3
4 . 91525
N
F
F
N
d
> = =
=
Kim tra ri thc t ng vi 9 n:

yc
dt
ld d
E lx
k b a
N N F
E < = = = 5 . 427
2 . 1 * 9 * 12
59 . 0 * 6 . 0 * 2850 * 3
* *
* * *

THI NGUYN 7-2013 28
PHM C LONG

Chng 3. Chng ting n v chng rung

3.1. i cng.
Ting n ti ni lm vic gn y c xu hng gia tng. Ting n tc ng c hi
n sc kho con ngi, lm gim nng sut, cht lng lao ng v gin tip
lin quan n cc tai nn lao ng.
m thanh: L dng truyn sng ca cc dao ng c hc ca cc phn t trong
mi trng n hi. m thanh l dao ng iu ho m hng vi tn s xc
nh.
m lng: ph thuc vo cng m thanh xc nh bi bin dao ng
trong sng m thanh.
Phn loi theo tn s:
H m: tn s <20Hz
m thanh nghe c: 20-20000Hz
Siu m: > 20000Hz
Ting n: L tng hp cc m thanh hn n vi cc tn s v cng khc
nhau, gy cm gic kh chu v nh hng xu n sc kho con ngi. Ting
n l dao ng phc tp, c nh gi bng ph tn tc l s ph thuc ca
mc p sut m thanh vo tn s.
3.2. Tc ng ca ting n n c th ngi.
Ting n nh hng xu dn h thn kinh, d dy, cc c quan chuyn ng,
phn tch th gic, lm mt mi, thay i tn s v mch p, thay i huyt p,
gim kh nng phn x, gim kh nng ch , gim kh nng phn bit ging ni
vv...
+ Ting n 20-60dBA ( o m thanh, xc nh gn ng kt qu o
khch quan v mc cm nhn ch quan ngi ta s dng mc hiu
chnh p sut m thanh. S hiu chnh c thc hin bng cch a
vo mc m thanh mt gi tr ph thuc vo tn s m thanh L
A
. S
hiu chnh thng dng nht i vi p sut m thanh l L
A
=L- L
A

gi l mc m thanh v o bng exibel). y l ting n nn tc
ng trong ngy. Tc hi ph thuc cm nhn ch quan ca mi
ngi. Vi mc trn 40dBA c th to ra s tng ti vi h thng
thn kinh, c bit l lao ng tr c.
+ Ting n 60-80dBA: To ra p lc ph ti vi h thng thn kinh,
lm tng s mt mi, gim kh nng ch . T 65dBA tr ln huyt
p bt u tng lm tng s mt mi.
+ Ting n mc 80-110dBA gy cc tc ng c th d nhn thy
ca c th. Khi ting n tng t 70-90dBA nng sut lao ng gim
i trung bnh 20%. T 95dBA tr ln c th dn n hu hoi dn c
THI NGUYN 7-2013 29
PHM C LONG

quan thnh gic, gim hot ng ca h thng tiu ho v h thng
thn kinh.
+ Ting n trn mc 110dBA gy chn thng c th ngi, qu
140dBA c th gy t mng nh dn n cc dao ng c hc ca
cc c ph hu t bo thn kinh trung ng.

3.3. Gim ting n
Bn hng gii php gim ting n:
+ Gim ting n trong ngun pht sinh.
+ Bin php t chc k thut-gim thi gian tc ng ca ting n: B tr
lch ca, lch v tr ngun pht sinh ting n.
+ Cc phng tin bo v tp th, cc bin php quy hoch kin trc, cc
phng tin cu trc (v mn chn, cu kin hp th m thanh, cu kin cch
m,...).
+ Cc phng tin bo v c nhn: thit b bt tai, thit b tiu m, m bo
v,...
Da vo mc gim m cn thit trong iu kin c mt hay nhiu ngun ting n
c th tnh ton cch m bng cc tnh ton bng phng php phn tch hoc
phng php th (trang 69-73 [1]).
3.4 Gim rung ng.
3.4.1. Khi nim
Rung l dao ng c hc trong cht rn. Dng ti gin l dao ng iu ho.
rung c nh gi bi tn s (Hz) hoc chu k dao ng T(s) v 1 trong 3 tham
s:
+ Bin rung di x (m)
+ Bin tc rung v (m/s)
+ Bin gia tc rung a (m/s
2
)
Mc cm nhn rung theo nh lut Veber-Fexher (Ernst Heinrich Weber -
Nh tm l hc, gii phu ngi c 1795-1878 v Gustav Theodor Fechner
(1801 - 1887) l mt nh tm l hc ngi c)

dB
v
v
L
v
, lg 20
0
=
Vi :
v: gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca i lng tc rung m/s
v
o
: ngng tc rung ly bng 5.10
-8
m/s
Gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca tc rung nh hn 1.4 ln so vi bin
rung. rung ca cc c cu, my mc l nhng dao ng phc tp c th coi l
THI NGUYN 7-2013 30
PHM C LONG

tng ca cc dao ng iu ho. rung cng nh ting n c c trng bi
di tn.
Siu m: Nh mt loi ting n l dao ng c hc trong mi trng n
hi nhng khc vi sng m thanh ch sng siu m c bin ln, v vy n
c p dng rng ri trong k thut.
H m: Xut hin tn s di 20Hz. rung di tn thptheo phng
thc tc ng n c th ngi chia ra 2 nhm:
+ Nhm chung tc ng n c th ngi ngi hoc ng v c nh
gi trong di tn 2, 4, 8, 16, 31.5 v 63Hz.
+ Nhm cc b truyn qua tay tn s: 8, 16, 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500 v
1000Hz.
Trong khng kh h m t b hp th nn c th truyn i xa. Cc ngun h m
trong thc t kh phong ph: my nn, ng c diezen, xe in,..mt s hin
tng t nhin ng t , bo bin l nhng ngun h m phong ph.
3.4.2. Tc ng ca rung ng dn c th con ngi
+ Rung lm gim hiu sut lm vic ca my, lm tng s hao mn cc
chi tit dn n h hng v gy s s.
+ Di tc ng ca rung tc cao xut hin cm gic au v s thay
i bnh l trong c th ngi. Rung lm au u, chng mt, ri lon tin
nh.
+ Cm gic au gy ra bi s ccng hng ca cc c quan ni tng, gy
co tht mch lm t du ngn tay.
+ Di tc ng lu di ca rung c th dn n ng kinh.
+ Ni chung tc ng ca rung n c th ngi lun ko theo cm gic
kh chu, bc nhc xng tay, s co git, chut rt. Rung ng dn n
s co tht cc mch sn ngn tay. Rung lm gim kh nng cm nhn
ca da, lm "cng" cc si c, lm sai lch thnh phn mui trong cc
khp xng, nh hng gia tng ma lnh.
+ S tc ng ng thi ca cc nhn t ting n v rung ng gy nh
hng ln hn n sc kho con ngi.
3.4.3. Tiu chun v sinh rung
Vic nh gi rung theo tiu chun v sinh da vo cc tham s trung bnh
bnh phng gi tr tc rung V hoc gia tc rung i vi rung ng cc b
cc di tn khc nhau, vi rung ng ton phn: trong di tn hoc 3 di tn.
Vi rung ng cc b v rung ng ton phn: Gi tr cho php ca tc rung
T
v v
t
480
480
=
trong :
v
480
: gi tr cho php ca tc rung vi thi gian tc ng 480 pht (m/s)
THI NGUYN 7-2013 31
PHM C LONG

T: thi gian tc ng thc t
Gi tr cc i v
max
i vi rung cc b khng c vt qu gi tr xc nh ng
vi thi gian tc ng T=30 pht ; vi rung ton phn T=10 pht.
3.4.4. Phng php gim rung
+ Gim rung cc ngun: thc hin trong qu trnh thit k, ch to, lp
t
+ Cc bin php t chc k thut gim thi gian tc ng ca rung
bng bin php iu khin t xa gim thi gian lm vic trong ngy, gii
lao gia gi,...
+ S dng cc phng tin bo v tp th
+ S dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn: S dng thm chng rung,
ai chng rung, gng tay chng rung, giy chng rung.

+ Tc dng ca cc dng c phng h cc nhn chng li rung ng l
gim tr s bin dao ng truyn n c th khi c rung ng chung
hoc ln phn c th tip xc vi vt rung ng.
+ Giy vi chng rung: c ming m lt bng cao su trong c gn 6
l xo. Chiu dy ming m 30mm, cng ca l xo phn gt
13kg/cm, phn 10.5kg/cm. Khi tn s rung ng t 20-50Hz vi bin
tng ng t 0.4-0.1mm th tt rung ca loi giy ny t khong
80%.
+ Gng tay chng rung: c s dng khi dng cc dng c cm tay rung
ng hoc m rung b mt. Yu cu ch yu l hn ch tc dng rung
ng ch tp trung vo tay. S dng gng tay c lp lt lng bn tay
bng cao su xp dy s lm gim bin rung ng vi tn s 50Hz t 3-
4 ln. Dng gng tay chng rung c lt cao su n hi gim s truyn
ng rung ng i 10 ln.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 32
PHM C LONG

Chng 4. Chng nh hng ca trng in t

4.1. i cng
+ Trng in t l mt dng tn ti c bit ca vt cht, c trng bi tp
hp cc tnh cht in v t. Cc tham s c bn biu th c tnh ca trng
in t l tn s, chiu di sng v tc lan truyn.
+ Trong thi k pht trin ca khoa hc k thut hin nay con ngi phi hng
chu bc x in t n 100 triu ln so vi nhng thi k s khai [pg 83-1].
+ Qu trnh phn b trng in t mang tnh cht sng, ti mi im trong
khng gian xy ra s dao ng iu ho ca cng in trng E (V/m) v
cng t trng H (A/m). Vc t ca cc thnh phn E v H vung gc vi
nhau.
E=Z*H
Z: tr sng trong mi trng khng kh Z c gi tr 377
f
v
= m
v: tc lan truyn sng in t trong khng kh v = 3108m/s
f: tn s.
Trong vng ca ngun trng in t phn bit vng cm ng (gn) v vng
sng (xa). Vng cm ng nm trong khong cch R</6, cn vng sng
khong /6,
Trng in t s hu mt nng lng xc nh v c c trng bi cng
in trng v cng t trng.
4.2. nh hng ca trng in t n c th ngi
Trng in t nh hng n cc tuyn hooc mn, h thng min dch.
Cc ngun trng in t nhn to c loi:
+ Pht x in t tn s thp: t h thng truyn ti, bin i in nng (0-
3kHz); t cc thit b giao thng chy in (0-1000GHz); t cc dng in tn s
cng nghip. Cc thit b cao p trn 330kV pht ra mi trng xung quanh mt
trng in t mnh nh hng n sc kho con ngi.
+ Pht x in t tn s cao:

4.3. Bo v chng tc ng ca trng in t
4.3.1. Tc ng ca trng in t vi c th con ngi
+ Tc ng sinh hc ca trng in t ln c th
+ Tc ng nhit
+ Tc ng gy ri lon h thn kinh
+ Tc ng gy ri lon h thng tun hon
+ Tc ng tnh in
THI NGUYN 7-2013 33
PHM C LONG

+ Cc tc ng khc
4.3.1. Tiu chun ho iu kin lao ng trong trng in t
+ Pht xut nng lng ca trng tnh in c gi tr gii hn cho php l
A
max
=3600kV/m
2
.
+ Cng cho php cc i ca trng tnh in l E
statcp
=60kV/m.
+ Cc cng vic tin hnh trong in trng c cng ln hn gi tr cho
php ch c tin hnh vi cc phng tin bo v.
+ Thi gian lu tr cho php ti ni lm vic ph thuc vo cng in
trng ca thit b cao p tn s cng nghip
E, kV/m <5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Thi gian lu tr C ngy < 3 gi 90 pht 10 pht 5 pht

Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cng in trng v t trng ph thuc vo
di tn s
Di tn MHz 0.060-3 3-30 30-50 50-300
E
cp
V/m 50 20 10 5
Di tn MHz 0.060-1.5 30-50
H
cp
A/m 5 0.3

4.3.2. nh gi an ton trong trng in t
+ nh gi tc ng ca trng tnh in
+ nh gi mc tc ng ca trng in t vi cc tn s khc nhau
Trng in t tn s cng nghip.
Trng in t di tn 30-300GHz
Tc ng ca trng in t xung
Tng ng vi mi trng hp c tnh ton thi gian lu tr cho php, mc
cng in trng gii hn cho php, mt cng sut gii hn cc trang 90-
98 [1].
4.3.3. Cc bin php an ton
Cc bin php
+ Bin php t chc
Khoanh vng tc ng ca trng in t bng bin bo
Gim bc x in t ca ngun (gim cng sut my pht cao tn)
Chn ch lm vic hp l ca thit b. tun th cc quy tc an ton.
Phn b v tr lm vic v hnh trnh chuyn ng sao cho m bo
khong cch an ton n ngun trng in t.
Sa cha thit b b hng ngoi vng nh hng ca cc ngun khc,
ti cc ngun khc.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 34
PHM C LONG

Son tho quy trnh lm vic an ton trong trng in t xung.
+ Bin php cng ngh, k thut
p dng cng ngh iu khin t xa.
Ni t cc cu kin kim loi khng mang in.
Dng cht hp th nng lng, che chn cc thit b pht x, sn tng
bng vt liu hp th phng x.
S dng cc phng tin bo v tp th v bo h c nhn nh knh
bo h, mt n m, qun o bo h, qun o lm bng vi dn in,
phn x tia radio hoc hp th sng radio. Cc b phn ca qun o
bo v phi c tip xc in vi nhau.
+ Bin php tr liu, v sinh
Tin hnh kim tra sc khe nh k mi nm 1 ln
Ch cho php ngi lao ng di 18 tui, ph n c thai, ph n ang
cho con b lm vic ti ni lm vic c tham s trng in t khng
vt qu gii hn cho php.
Kim tra iu kin lao ng theo nh k ti ni lm vic.
Kim tra sc kho ca ngi lao ng nh k pht hin kp thi
cc nh hng ca mi trng lm vic.
Cc phng tin
+ Mn chn
+ Cc phng tin bo h ph tr
+ Thi gian v khong cch an ton
+ Chng nh hng ca tia laser

THI NGUYN 7-2013 35
PHM C LONG

Chng 5. K thut an ton in

5.1 Tc ng ca dng in vi c th ngi.
+ Thng k tai nn in
Dng
chn
thng
%
Trnh nn
nhn
%
Mi
trng
lao ng
% a im
Chn
thng
36 trnh 50
Lp t,
hiu
chnh
23 Xng 45
Bng 42 Thiu trnh 20 Sa cha 47
Cng
trng
10
in git 32
Khng lin quan
n in
30
Vic
khc
30 Ni khc 43

Nhng ngi c trnh hiu bit v in thng phi tip xc nhiu vi thit b
in nn xc sut b tai nn cao hn.
+ Tc ng ca dng in c th dn n ngng hot ng ca cc h
thng tun hon mu, h thng h hp v h thn kinh. iu
thng dn n t vong.
+ Cht sinh hc v cht lm sng: Cht sinh hc l cht thc khng cn
kh nng cu vn. Cht lm sng l qu trnh qu sng ti cht;
xut hin t thi im ngng hot ng ca tim v phi. Ngi ang
trong tnh trng cht lm sng mt ht cc du hiu ca s sng:
ngng th, tim ngng p, ng t mt dn, khng phn ng. Tuy
nhin s sng cha hon ton tt hn cn c th cu c. Thi gian
cht lm sng vi pht 4-7 pht, ca ngi ln ko di hn ca tr
em.
+ Cc nguyn nhn dn n t vong do dng in: 1 hoc c 2, 3 kh
nng sau: t vong do ngng h thng h hp, do ngng h thng tun
hon, do sc in. Sc in l s phn ng phn x thn kinh nng
ca c th khi c s kch thch mnh ca dng in dn n ri lon
cc h thng tun hon h hp v cc qu trnh trao i cht. Trng
thi sc in t vi pht n vi ngy.
+ Cc tnh hung dn n tai nn in: Tip xc trc tip, gin tip,
in cao p, in p bc,...
+ Cc loi chn thng do dng in gy ra:
Bng in: L dng chn thng nguy him trm trng. Vt bng
xut hin ti v tr ca c th tip xc vi phn kim loi dn in
THI NGUYN 7-2013 36
PHM C LONG

hoc h quang in. Vt thng bng in kh cha hn so vi
cc vt bng nhit khc.
Bng m kim: Th hin trn vt bng cc cc phn t kim loi cc
nh, b nng chy di tc ng ca h quang in. Nn nhn rt
kh chu v s cng da do c s hin din ca vt l v chu au
n t vt bng do kim loi nng chy gy ra. Hin tng bng
m kim chim 10% trong s cc nn nhn.
Chn thng c hc: xut hin do kt qu ca s co rt c mt
cch t ngt v mnh lit di tc ng ca dng in chy qua
c th ngi. Kt qu dn n s t da t mch mu, m thn
kinh, tro hoc gy xng.
La in: Hin tng vim mng mt do tc ng ca tia t ngoi
mnh gy nn s bin i ho hc ca cc t bo, hin tng pht
x tia t ngoi xut hin khi tip xc vi h quang in m khng
c bo v.
Du in: S xut hin vt nu hay vng nht hnh trn hay van
lm su gia i khi dng try da, dp thng, mn cm, xut
huyt da, chai da. Du in khng nguy him chim khong 20%
nn nhn v in.
+ S tc ng ban u ca dng in n c th ph thuc:
Loi dng in
Tn s dng in
Cng dng in
nh hng ca cng dng in xoay chiu i qua c th ngi

1A
75mA

30mA

10mA
0.5mA

Tim ngng p
Ngng co c tim

Ngng t lit h thng h h

p
Ngng co c bt kh hi
Ngng cm gic nh

130mA

Khng xc nh

2mA
Ngng ri lon nhp tim

Ngng co c bt kh hi

Ngng cm nhn

THI NGUYN 7-2013 37
PHM C LONG

Thi gian tc ng ca dng in
Thi gian tc ng cng di cng nguy him.

in tr c th ngi

in tr da (tay)
in tr ni tng
c th
in tr da (chn)
in p tip xc
T l tn thng khng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo gi tr in p. in p an
ton 12V-24V. Tuy nhin c th ni khng tn ti 1 in p an ton tuyt i.
ng i ca dng in
Trn ng i ca dng in m c cc c quan quan trng nh tim, phi,
no,... th s nguy him s cng ln v chng chu tc ng trc tip ca dng
in.
Trng thi sc kho v tm l
Ngi kho mnh s chu nh hng cu dng in t hn ngi m yu
dnsc kho, trng thi tm l cng c nh hng n in tr ca ngi.
Trnh hc vn
Ngi c kin thc v in, an ton in s thng chu hu qu t hn so vi
ngi khng c kin thc v khng am hiu do km bnh tnh, x l khng
chnh xc ng n nh ngi c kin thc.
+ Cp cu nn nhn b in git:
T l nn nhn c cu sng ph thuc rt nhiu vo thi gian s cu theo s
liu thng k
Thi gian (pht) 1 2 3 4 5 6
T l cu sng % 98 90 70 50 25 10

+ Gii phng khi ngun in
o Gii phng khi ngun h p: Tn dng cc vt cch in
cch ly in p nh g kh, sch bo kh, ti nilon, vi kh,...
ngn cch vi ngi b nn tch h ra khi ngun, tt cu dao
chung.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 38
PHM C LONG

o Vi mng in cao p: Nht thit phi c cc dng c chuyn dng
hoc lm ngn mch tt ngun.
+ Gi bc s, xe cp cu
+ S cu
o Nu nn nhn cha mt tri gic tim cn p, cn th. nn nhn
nm yn tnh, ni rng qun o, cho ngi amoniac.
o Nu nn nhn bt tnh nhn s, tim ngng p, ton thn co git:
a n ch thong mt, ni lng qun o, moi ming xem c
vng? kt hp h hi thi ngt, n lng ngc cho n khi nhn
vin y t n. Ch c nhn vin y t mi c th khng nh nn nhn
cn sng khng.
+ H hp nhn to

5.2 Phn tch an ton trong cc mng in.
+ Phn tch an ton in l xc nh v nh gi dng in chy qua c th
ngi khi h tip xc vi cc phn t mang in.
+ Tt c cc trng hp thng tn v in l do dng in chy qua c th
ngi gy nn.
+ in p gia hai im ca mng in m nn nhn ng thi chm phi gi l
in p tip xc. Mc nguy him ca s tip xc ny ph thuc vo rt
nhiu yu t, s mch vng ni dng in chy qua c th ngi, in p
mng, mc cch in ca cc phn t mang in so vi t, s ca chnh
mng in v ch trung tnh ca n (trong thc t thng s dng cc loi
mng in 1 pha 1 dy, 1 pha 2 dy, 3 pha 4 dy trung tnh ni t v 3 pha 3
dy trung tnh cch ly. Hai dng tip xc in:
o Tip xc trc tip:
Chm ng thi vo hai pha ca mng in
Chm ng thi 1 pha v 1 dy trung tnh
Chm vo 1 dy pha ca mng in
Chm vo 1 dy ngui ca mng in n gin.
o Tip xc gin tip:
Chm vo v thit b khi xy ra chm mass.
Ri vo vng c in p bc.
Ch trung tnh v ch ni t:
Trung tnh: (Neutral) im ni chung ca 3 cun dy my pht v my bin p
s u hnh sao. C 3 ch trung tnh:
+ Trung tnh cch ly vi t.
+ trung tnh ni t v
THI NGUYN 7-2013 39
PHM C LONG

+ trung tnh ni t qua in tr.
bo v an ton khi tip xc vi thit b cc phn t kim loi binhg thng
khng mang in c ni t gi l ni t bo v. Cc phn t kim loi bnh
thng khng mang in cng c th c ni dy trung tnh tng cng s
bo v. Theo tiu chun quc t IEC 364-3/VE 0100 c cc dng s ni dy
trung tnh v ni t nh sau:

Ch ni trung tnh v ni t Gii thch k hiu
S TN

Theo s ny im trung tnh c
ni t, v thit b c ni vi dy
trung tnh.
T: Terrene Ni t trc tip
N: Neutral Ni v thit b vi dy
khng trong h trung tnh ni t
PE: Protect Earth Dy ni t bo v
L
1
L
2
L
3
: cc dy pha
S TT

Theo s TTc im trung tnh v v
thit b u c ni t, cc h thng
ni t c lp vi nhau.

T th nht: Ni im trung tnh ca
ngun
T th 2: Ni v thit b vi h thng
ni t c lp vi h thng ni t ca
ngun
S IT

I: Isolation: trung tnh c cch ly vi
t hoc ni t qua in tr
T: Ni v thit b vi t c lp vi h
thng ni t ca ngun.
1-Dy ni t 2-V thit b 3-in tr.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 40
PHM C LONG

S 4 dy trung tnh ni t c u th kinh t hn so vi s 3 dy v cho
php s dng c hai loi in p dy v in p pha. S 4 dy c th cung
cp cho cc thit b ng lc v thit b chiu sng.
S 3 dy ch c th cung cp cho cc thit b ng lc v cc thit b chiu
sng ch yu ch cung cp bi in p pha.

Vi s IT: Khi xy ra s c chm mass th nht th gi tr dng in qua v
thit b rt nh v mch in vn c th lm vic bnh trng trong mt khong
thi gian nht nh, nu c chm vo v my th cng khng nguy him ng k
v gi tr in p tip xc nh (tr trng hp nu in dung ca ng dy ln).
Nhng khi in p hai pha khng b s c tng ln cn 3 (1.7) ln tc l
chuyn thnh in p dy. iu ny i hi phi tng vn u t v cch in
ca mng in trung tnh cch ly phi c tnh vi in p dy. Khi c s c
chm mass th s dn n s nguy him thc s. Do phi nhanh chng khc
phc s c th nht khng cho trng hp th hai xy ra.
Vi s TN v TT: Khi xy ra s c chm mass, in p tip xc t gi tr
rt ln nn rt nguy him. bo v an ton thit b cn phi c ct ra khi
ngun.

SO SNH:
ch s c mng in c trung tnh ni t t nguy him hn so vi mng
in c trung tnh cch ly v in p ca cc pha lnh khng tng nhiu nh
trng hp mng in trung tnh cch ly. Nhc im ca mng trung tnh cch
ly l kh nng nguy him do dng in dung khi chiu di ng dy ln trong
khi nguy him ny i vi mng trung tnh ni t th khng c.
mng trung tnh ni t c trang b bo v ni dy trung tnh, khi c ngn
mch chm mass, thit b s b ct khi ngun. Do nh hng ca dng ngn
mch ln nguy c gy chy v qu nhit ln, lm nh hng ng k n tnh
trng ca cch in. Nu vic la chn dng in ct khng hp l c th dn
n nguy him do ho hon.
Mng in trung tnh cch ly c p dng khi c s cung cp in n nh theo
thi gian nu c kh nng p ng c mc cch in cao chiu di ng
dy khng ln nguy c tip xc mt pha cao.
Mng in trung tnh ni t p dng khi c kh khn trong vic m bo mc
cch in cao do m, mi trng c hi mng in c chiu di ln, mng
in s dng cho hai cp in p pha v in p dy.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 41
PHM C LONG

So snh cc s ni t v trung tnh

Ch
tiu
TN TT IT
S
ni
Trung tnh ngun c
ni t, v thit b ni
vi dy 0.
C im trung tnh
ngun v v thit b
u ni t
im trung tnh ca
ngun cch ly hoc ni
t qua in tr, v
thit b ni t
Nguyn
l
in p tip xc s
c hn ch bi in
tr nh ca h thng
ni t nn m bo an
ton khi c s tip xc
Dng in s c
chy trong mch
vng gm ni t
ngun v ni t
thit b bo v.
ln s c chm mas
u tin in p tip
xc khng gy nguy
him. Khi c s c th
2 dng in c gi tr
ln v bo v c
thc hin nh vi s
TN
iu
kin

Dng s c ln hn
dng khi ng ca
bo v ng vi thi
gian ct tiu chun
I
k
>I
a
U
tx
<U
cp
V ca tt c cc
thit b bo v bi
mt RCD cn c
ni t vi cng mt
h thng
U
tx
: U tip xc
U
cp
: U cho php

u
im
Khi c ngn mch
chm mass ngun s
ngt
Ct ngay ln s c
u tin
Khng cn c nhn
vin trnh cao
M rng v pht
trin thit b d dng
L tng vi in
tr ni t xu
Cp in n nh
ch s c ln u
t nguy him hn
Nhc
im
Dng ngn mch ln
Cn tnh ton v hiu
chnh chnh xc h
thng ni t
Khi pht trin cn tnh
ton li
Cung cp in
khng lin tc
Cn phi i km
thit b t ng ct
bo v tn km
in p pha lnh tng
cao, yu cu cch in
ln
C nguy him do dng
in dung
Cn c chuyn gia x
l s c nhanh chng
THI NGUYN 7-2013 42
PHM C LONG

Cn c thit b gim
st cch in thng
xuyn
Phm
vi p
dng
p dng nhng ni
kh khn v cch in,
tng chiu di ng
dy mng in ln, s
dng 2 cp in p
Mng in sinh hot
h p
nhng ni cn cung
cp in n nh, mng
in c tng chiu di
ng dy khng ln,
nguy c tip xc 1 pha
cao.

Tip xc trc tip
Tip xc gin tip
Chm mt cc
Chm hai cc
Dy ngui Dy pha
M
n
g

h
a
i

d
y

M
n
g

4

d
y

C
h

I
T

C
h

T
N

v

T
T

S c hng cch
in th nht
S c hng cch
in th hai
Ch IT Ch TT v TN
Khng nguy
him lm

Nguy him
Kh nguy him
Tt c cc ch
TT, TN, IT
Phn tch an ton ca mng in

CC TRNG HP TIP XC
Chm 2 cc ca mng in xoay chiu 3 pha
Chm vo 2 dy pha
Chm vo 1 dy pha v 1 dy trung tnh
Chm 1 dy pha ca mng xoay chiu trung tnh ni t
Chm 1 dy pha ca mng xoay chiu 3 pha trung tnh cch ly
Ch bnh thng, b qua in dung
Ch bnh thng, c tnh n in dung
Ch s c.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 43
PHM C LONG

Chm 1 dy ca mng in 2 dy c trung tnh cch ly
Trong mng in ny tuy ng dy c cch in vi t nhng lun tn ti 1
dng in r t ng dy xung t qua in tr cch in R
1
v R
2
.
Gi s R
1
= R
2
= R
cd
.
Chm vo dy ngui ca mng in 2 dy c trung tnh ni t
Mng in c in dung ln
Mng in ny thng l loi mng in cao p hoc ng dy cp. cc
mng ny mc d c ct ngun nhng s c mt ca in dung to nn
in p d, khi chm vo dy dn vn c th nguy him.
Gi s in dung gia cc dy dn vi t l nh nhau: C
11
=C
22
.
Dng in chy qua c th ngi khi chm vo 1 cc dy dn mi ct ngun l
) 2 (
1
0 11 12
2
C C R
ng
ng
ng
e
R
U
I
+
=

Dng in chy qua ngi khi chm vo hai cc l
12
1
0
C R
ng
ng
ng
e
R
U
I
=

trong :
U
0
l in p tn d sau khi ct ngun
C
12
in dung gia cc dy dn.

S NGUY HIM CA TIP XC GIN TIP
Trong s TT

Rc = 5
Rb =
40
Ra =
20

Gi tr dng in khi c ngn mch chm mass 1 pha
THI NGUYN 7-2013 44
PHM C LONG

tx d dn
ph
d
R R R
U
I
+ +
= (A)
trong :
U
ph
l in p pha V
R
dn
l in tr ca h thng ni t ngun
R
d
in tr ca h thng ni t bo v ca thit b
R
tx
in tr tip xc ti ni xy ra ngn mch
Vi trng hp tip xc trc tip R
tx
= 0.

in p tip xc
U
tx
= I
d
*R
d
V d: R
dn
= 10 R
d
= 30 R
tx
= 5
Gi tr dng in chy trong t khi c s c chm mass s l
A
R R R
U
I
tx d dn
ph
d
98 . 4
5 30 10
220
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
Gi tr in p tip xc
U
tx
= I
d
*R
d
= 4.98*30=146.67V
Trong s TN

Trong s ny tt c cc b phn v, b my c ni t qua dy trung tnh
(neutral). Trong tt c cc s ca h thng TN khi cch in b hng s dn
n s c ngn mch gia dy pha v dy trung tnh, dng ngn mch c th t
gi tr ln dn n tc ng ca rle dng in cc i nhng cng c th dn
THI NGUYN 7-2013 45
PHM C LONG

n s xut hin in p tip xc ti im cch in b hng, vt qu 50% gi
tr in p gia dy pha v dy trung tnh trong thi gian ngn.
Trong thc t, h thng tip a chung thng c t sau mi khong chiu
di ca dy bo v (PE hoc PEN) ca mch, cn cc thit b dg in thng c
yu cu t tip a ngay trn u vo.
cc thit b ln thng t thm cc tip a ph, phn b trn ton lnh th,
sao cho c th gim n mc ti a in p tip xc. cc nh cao tng ni bo
v c thc hin i vi mi tng.
Trong s IT
Trong s ny im trung tnh ca ngun c cch in vi t hoc ni t
qua in tr ln. Tt c cc v, b myca thit b c ni vi h thng tip a
bo v. Vi s ny s ngn mch chm mass mt pha thng khng gy nguy
him nhng khi c thm s c ngn mch chm mass th hai th s vic s tr
nn ti t hn.
S c ngn mch chm mass 1 pha th nht

trng hp mng in lm vic bnh thng dng in dung (dng r) chy
xung t c xc nh theo biu thc
f d
ph
d
Z R
U
I
+
=
Z
f
in tr cch in gia pha vi t xc nh theo biu thc
C C f C
Z
f
* 942
1
* * 2 * 3
1
* * 3
1
= = =

C l in dung gia dy pha vi t tnh bng fara (F)
Do gi tr in tr ni t R
d
rt nh so vi in tr cch in Z
f
nn c th coi
THI NGUYN 7-2013 46
PHM C LONG

f
ph
d
Z
U
I
Khi xy ra s c chm mass 1 pha do in p ca cc pha lnh tng ln 3 ln
nn dng in cng tng ng tng ln 3 ln .
I'
d
= 3 *I
d
gi tr in p tip xc khi chm vo v thit b
U
tx
= I'
d
* R
d
R
d
in tr ca h thng ni t bo v ca thit b.
C th thy do gi tr ca dng ngn mch chm t nh nn gi tr ca in p
tip xc hu nh khng gy nguy him g. Tuy nhin trong nhng trng hp
ny vn phi thng xuyn gim st mc cch in v phi a tn hiu cnh
bo bng ci hoc n nhy ng thi nhanh chng khc phc s c.
Nh vy khi c s c ngn mch th nht mng in khng b ct, s cung cp
in vn din ra lin tc. chnh l u th ca loi s c trung tnh cch ly.
S c ngn mch chm t th 2
Khi xy ra s c chm t th hai th dng in ngn mch chm mass s tr
thnh dng ngn mch gia cc pha nn c gi tr ln dn n tc ng ca
rle dng in cc i ct mch bng my hoc cu chy.

S NGUY HIM CA IN P BC
Khi c dng in chy trong t, trong vng lnh th c bn knh khong 20 m
s hnh thnh 1 in th c th gy nguy him cht ngi
r
I
d
2
=
trong I
d
dng in chy trong t (A)
THI NGUYN 7-2013 47
PHM C LONG

-in tr sut ca t tc l in tr ca 1m
3
t ph thuc vo loi t .m
r-khong cch t u dy tip xc vi t n im xt.
in p bc l hiu in th gia hai im cch nhau 1 khong 0.7 n 0.8 cm
bng 1 bc chn trn mt t trong vng c dng in ngn mch chy xung
t trong phm vi bn knh di 20m do cch in b chc thng hoc khi dy
dn b t ri xung. Gi tr in p bc ln nht khi nn nhn i st ngay ch
u dy tip xc vi t v gim dn theo xa.
Ga tr in p bc c xc nh
2 1
2 1
2 2 r
I
r
I
U
d d
b
= =
2
in th ti im cch u dy tip xc mt khong r
1
v r
2
2 1
1 2
2
) (
r r
r r I
U
d
b

=
dng in chy qua ngi
g ng
b
ng
R R
U
I
2 +
= ; R
g
l in tr giy
Di tc dng ca in p bc, nn nhn c th b co c chn, ng v mch
vng in c th chy qua ngi, gy nguy him cho tnh mng. thot khi
tt nht l nhy l c hoc di chuyn vi bc ngn nht c th.
5.3 Bo v chng tip xc in.
+ Khong cch tip cn ti thiu: l khong cch ti thiu m bo an ton khi
c s tip cn n vt dn trn mang in.
+ Khong cch gii hn t phn t mang in n cc vt xung quanh: c
xc nh ph thuc vo cp in p

U
n
kV <1 1-50 50-250 >250
I
bv
m 0.3 2 3 4

Khu vc lm vic l khu vc m nhn vin thao tc vn hnh, thao din vi cc
dng c, thit b v vt liu m h c trang b. Khu vc ny phi c gii
hn bi cc cc tiu v ch cho php nhng ngi c giao nhim v c mt
thc hin cc cng vic cn thit.
Cc tiu: L vt liu dng gii hn vng lm vic, i khi c s
h tr ca cc vt th khc nh l c ui nheo, li,...
Barrie: Vt chn c thit k ngn nga s tip cn hoc tip
xc vi vt dn cng c th c dng gii hn vng lm vic.
Hp bo v: Thit b c to bi v cch in bao quanh cc phn
t mang in p, p dng trong trng hp mi trng nguy him.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 48
PHM C LONG

Nhm K hiu S dng
0
Thit b c cch in lm vic, khng c cc phn t ni
t v khng thuc nhm II v III
I

Thit b c cch in lm vic v phn t ni t. Dy dn
ni vi ngun cung cp phi c si ni t v cc tip xc
vi t, c k hiu PE (dy vng vn xanh l cy)
II

Thit b cho php bo v chng tip xc gin tip bi cc
phn t c cch in i hoc c cch in tng cng.
III

Thit b lm vic cp in p thp, khng c mch in
ngoi cng nh mch in trong m lm vic cp in p
khc.

Phn loi cc bin php bo v trnh tai nn in git

Bo v chng in git

Nhim v ca nh ch to Nhim v ca ngi s dng
Bo v
tng hp
Bo v
ni ti
Bo v
tp th
o
to
Hng dn
s dng
Bo v
c nhn

T
ng
ct bo
Ni dy
trung
tnh
Ni t
bo v
Bo v chng tip xc trc tip
Ngun
in p
thp
Ngn
cch
bo v
Cn tr Khong
cch an
ton
Bo v chng tip xc gin tip
Bo v chng tip xc trc tip cc phn t mang in
L p dng cc bin php bo v ngi, vt nui trnh nguy him do tip xc
vi cc phn t mang in. Vic bo v c th thc hin bng nhiu bin php.
Cc bin php c bn:
To khong cch.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 49
PHM C LONG

Ngn cn s tip xc.
Cch in tng cng.

Bo v
ph tr
Tng phn
hoc c gii
hn
in p rt thp
R le RCD c
nhy cao
Khu vc ch c
nhng ngi c
chuyn mn
Bo v chng
tip xc v tnh
My bin p cch ly
Ro ngn hoc
hp bo v
Cch in p
hoc tng cng
Bo v hon ton
S dng cc thit
b cn tr, mn
chn, np y t
Khong cch an ton
Bo v trnh
tip xc trc
tip
Khong cch an ton:
Khong cch tip cn ti thiu d l tng khong cch in p d
U
v khong
cch bo v d
bv
d=d
U
+d
bv
d
U
= 0.005U
n
m U
n
l in p nh mc ca mng in
d
bv

Nu lm trn vi mng h p th d
U
= 0 vi mng cao p d
U
=0.1m
Vi mng 1 chiu cao p di 1.5kV th d
U
= 0. Vi in p cao hn th tnh
nh vi mng xoay chiu.
Vi mng h p d
bv
= 0.3 m
vi mng cao p d
bv
= 0.5 m
THI NGUYN 7-2013 50
PHM C LONG

Bin php cn tr: S dng kho lin ng: khi m t in mch in s t
ng ct khi ngun.
Bin php ngn cch bo v:
S dng cch in 2 lp, v cch in, t ro ngn b tr cc thit b khng
th vi ti c.
Bo v chng tip xc gin tip
Nguyn nhn gy r in to nguy c tip xc gin tip:
Thiu s chm sc thng xuyn
Khng thn trng.
Hao mn cch in, ...
ng
ph
ng
R
U
I =
Nu R
ngi
= 2k I
ng
=230/2 = 115 mA. Dng in ny l nguy him vi con
ngi.
Gii php thc hin:
Ni t tt c v thit b v to h thng cn bng in th
T ng ct ngun ca ngn thit b c th dn n nguy him do in p
tip xc,
Bo v chng tip xc khng ct ngun
S dng in p thp: Khng s dng loi t ngu
Mch in phn ly:
B tr vng cm v ro ngn.
S dng bung ng th: Cc phn trong bung c ni vi nhau khng
c chnh lch in in p gia hai im by k.
Cc phng tin an ton in:
Gng tay cch in, m bo him, ng cch in, b ch in p, tip a di
ng, cc tiu bin bo.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 51
PHM C LONG

5.4 Bo v ni t.
Khi nim, nh ngha:
+ H thng ni t: Tp hp cc cc tip a v dy ni t c nhim
v truyn dn dng in xung t. H thng ni t bao gm ni
t t nhin v nhn to.
+ Cc tip a: Cc bng kim loi dng trn, ng hoc thp gc di 2-
30m ng su trong t. Cc cc ny c ni vi nhau bng
phng php hn.
+ H thng ni t t nhin: H thng cc thit b, cng trnh ngm
bng kim loi c sn trong lng t nh cc cu kin b tng ct
thp, cc h thng dn bng kim loi, v cp ngm.
+ H thng ni t nhn to: Bao gm cc cc tip a bng thp hoc
ng, ni lin kt bi cc thanh ging.
Hai loi ni t:
+ Ni t lm vic: L h thng ni t m s c mt ca n l iu
kin ti cn thit cc thit b lm vic bnh thng nh ni t
im trung tnh ca my bin p, ni t cc thit b chng st vv...
+ Ni t bo v l H thng ni t vi mc ch loi tr nguy him
khi c s tip xc vi ngi v cc phn t nnh thng khng
mang in nhng c th b nhim in bt ng do nhng nguyn
nhn no . V d ni t v my, khung my, v thit b...
c im ca qu trnh phn tn dng in trong t
Mt dng in i vo t l mt dng in tnh trn mt n v din tch
ca na b mt hnh cu S
c
/2 c tnh theo biu thc
2 2
2
2
2
c
d d
c
d
r
I
D
I
S
J
J

= = = A/m
2
r
c
l bn knh tip a
1 im cch tip a 1 khong x, mt dng in s l
2
2 r
I
J
d
x
= A/m
2
Cng in trng ti im ny
E
x
=J
x
=
2
2 r
I
d
V/m
trong
I
d
dng in chy trong t A
in tr sut ca t .m
ri in p trong di t dx l:
x x x
d E d =
THI NGUYN 7-2013 52
PHM C LONG

in th ti im xt c dng phng trnh hypecbol

= = =
x
d
x
d
x x
r
I
x
dx I
d

2 2
2

Gi tr in th cc i trn cc tip a ng vi bn knh ca cc tip a r
c

c xc nh
r
I
d
2
max
=
Vng t cch cc tip a 20m tr ln c coi l vng in th zero c = 0

Vi OM<ON O l tm im dng in tip xc th
U
txM=
max
-
M
U
txN=
max
-
N
Nu N nm cch tm 20m th
N
= 0 v khi in p tip xc s ln nht
Nh vy:
Khi ngi cng gn v tr ni tip a th in p bc s cng cao
Ngi v tr cng gn tip a th chm vo thit b th in p tip xc s nh
hn vi v tr xa.
Vai tr ca bo v ni t

I
d
R
d
I
ng
R
ng
R
dn

R
ph
R
dn
R
d
R
ph
R
dn
R
td

R
ng

`

THI NGUYN 7-2013 53
PHM C LONG

Khi c ngn mch chm mass s c dng in s c chy trong mch kn I
d
xc
nh theo biu thc
ph dn td
ph
d
R R R
U
I
+ +
=
trong
U
ph
l in p pha V
R
td
in tr tng ng
d ng
d ng
td
R R
R R
R
+
=
R
ng
in tr c th ngi
R
d
in tr h thng ni t bo v
R
dn
in tr h thng ni t ngun
R
ph
in tr dy pha
gi tr in p t trn c th ngi l
U
tx
= I
d
.R
td
dng in chy qua c th ngi
I
ng
=U
tx
/R
ng
Thay gi tr U
tx
vo v thc hin bin i chng ta c
d ng
d d
ng
td d
ng
R R
R I
R
R I
I
+
= =
C ngha l: dng in chy qua c th ngi ph thuc vo in tr ca h
thng ni t bo v R
d
. Trong thc t cn tnh ton sao cho R
d
c gi tr m
bo an ton cho ngi vn hnh.
Cu trc ca h thng ni t
Hai kiu ni t
+ Ni t ngoi bin v

+ Ni t bao quanh: loi ni t bao quanh trng phn b dng
in t cc cc tip a an vo nhau do in th ti im bt k
trn mt t bn trong khung tip a kh cao nhng hiu in th
gia cc im trn lnh th bn trong khung ca h thng ni t li
gim do in p tip xc s khng ln.
Gi tr in p tip xc trong trng hp ni t bao quanh nh hn so vi
trng hp ni t ngoi bin do dng in chy qua c th ngi khi tip
xc vi v b nhim in s nh hn trng hp ni t ngoi bin.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 54
PHM C LONG

Cc thanh thp ni t c ni theo kiu mng li san bng in p gi
l ni t ng th.
Tnh ton ni t
Tnh ton ni t theo in tr ni t yu cu
Tnh ton vi t ng nht
1. Xc nh in tr yu cu ca h thng ni t
Gi tr in tr ni t phi nh cho in p tip xc khng vt qu
gii hn cho php.
d
L
yc
I
U
R =
I
d
dng in ngn mch trong t A
U
L
in p tnh ton c gi tr U
L
U
cp
U
cp
gi tr in p tip xc cho php ph thuc vo thi gian ct bo v vi
mng in p cao p U
cp
= 250V. Nu h thng ni t c xy dng chung
cho c cao p v h p th U
cp
= 125V.
Nu c s dng thit b t ng ct bo v th gi tr ca U
cp
theo bng
in p tip xc cho php ph thuc vo thi gian ct

t
c
0.3 0.2 0.007 0.004
U
cp
V 50-120 120-230 230-400 >400

Nu dng in ngn mch chy trong t c gi tr ln hn 500A th in tr ca
h thng ni t R
yc
0.5 .
R
yc
tnh ra khng c ln hn 10. Vi cc trm bin p tiu th, gi tr in
tr ni t ph thuc cng sut nh mc ca trm.
in tr ni t cho cc khu nh nm trong gii hn 4-30, ph thuc in p
cung cp. Vi mng in 380/220V R
d
10 .
2. Xc nh in tr ni t nhn to
C th s dng cc cng trnh ngm nh ng dn bng kim loi cc cu kin h
thng ct thp v cp, nn mng lm h thng ni t; tuy nhin cm dng
cc ng ng dn nhin liu lm h thng ni t.
Gi tr in tr ca cc cng trnh trn l ni t t nhin, gi tr thc ca n o
trc tip nh o tip a. Nu gi tr ny R
yc
th khng cn phi xy dng thm
h thng nhn to. Trong trng hp ngc li cn tin hnh xc nh gi tr
in tr tip a nhn to
yc tn
yc tn
nt
R R
R R
R
=
.
.
R
tn
l R t nhin
THI NGUYN 7-2013 55
PHM C LONG

3. Chn in cc tip a v xc nh in tr ca chng
in cc tip a lm bng thp trn, thp ng hoc thp gc, c ng su
trong t v c ni lin kt vi nhau bi cc thanh ni dt nm ngang.
in tr ca cc tip a ph thuc in tr sut ca t v chiu di ca cc.
Ch p dng cc di khi in tr sut ca t sut ca t ln.
in tr ca mt s dng cc tip a cho trong bng

in cc v c im S b tr Biu thc tnh
Cc bng thp trn
ng knh d chiu
di l chn thng ng
cch mt t h (m).
in tr sut ca t
(m).

h l
h l
d
l
l
R
dc
7
7 4
ln
2
1 2
(ln
2 +
+
+ =

Cc bng thp trn
ng knh d chiu
di l chn thng ng
u trn st mt t.

d
l
l
R
dc
4
ln
2
=
Thanh ngang dt c b
di L rng b nm cch
mt t su h (m)

bh
L
L
R
nga
5 . 1
(ln
=
Thanh ngang dt trn
ng knh d c b
di L nm cch mt
t su h (m).

)
5 . 1
(ln
dh
L
L
R
nga
=
Li ni t din tch
F
nd
= a'xb' vi tng
chiu di cc thanh
ngang
L=n
1
,a'+n
2
.b'
n
2
v n
1
l s thanh
ngang theo chiu dc

)]
20 1
1
1 (
20
1 1
[
nd
nd
luo
F h
F
L
i
R
+
+ + =

THI NGUYN 7-2013 56
PHM C LONG

v chiu rng.
H thng gm n tia
trn ng knh di l
m kt sao t gn mt
t.

) ln( ) 414 . 3 ln( ln ) 1 ( ) (
) ( 1
4
ln
n n n N
n N
d
L
nl
R
sao

+ =

Tm bn din tch F
(m
2
) chn thng ng
trong t.

F
R
tb
25 . 0 =

Din tch ni t F
nd
= a'xb' c xc nh trb c s mt bng ca vng c
tnh ton ni t. C th c lng gn ng theo biu thc
2
2
436 . 0
yc
nd
R
F

in tr ca thanh thp gc bn rng b cng c xc nh tng t nh thp
trn nhng thay d=0.95b.
4. Xc nh s lng in cc cn thit khi cha tnh n thanh ni
ngang.
nt
dc
R
R
n =
1

5. Xc nh in tr ca h thng ni t c tnh n in tr ca cc
thanh ni ngang
6. Xc nh s lng in cc chnh thc
7. Kim tra iu kin n nh nhit ca h thng ni t
Tnh ton ni t trong cc trng hp hai lp t khc nhau
Tnh ton ni t theo in tip xc v in p bc cho php
o in tr ni t
+ in tr ca t ph thuc vo loi t, m v nhit mi
trng.
+ N thay i theo ma. m bo an ton in tr ca h thng ni
t phi nh v n nh trong gii hn cho php.
+ m ca t n nh su nht nh do nn t h thng
ni t n mc su c th
Phng php o in tr sut ca t
o in tr sut ca t thc hin theo phng php 4 cc "phng php
Wenner". Theo phng php ny in tr sut ca t
=2aR m
THI NGUYN 7-2013 57
PHM C LONG

l in tr sut ca t
a: khong cch gia cc cc
R in tr hin th trn thit b o

+ Cm 4 cc thm d thng hng cch u nhau a mt. Gi tr ca a
ph thuc su th nghim.
+ Cc cc thm d khng ng su qu 1/3 khong cch gia chng.

3a
V
a/2 h=3/4a
a
a
a
o in tr ni t
C nhiu phng php. Cc phng php thng dng nh sau
o Phng php 3 cc
+ Phng php ny p dng trn c s o in p, dng in v xc nh
dn ca t.
+ Khi dng in i vo t trc ht n chy qua in tr tip xc ca h thng
ni t. Tn ti quanh mi in cc ni t 1 vng nh hng.
+ o din tr ni t cn p dng 1 in cc ph ngoi vng nh hng gi
l cc thm d.
+ Ba cc s dng trong qu trnh o l E, S v H.
+ Volt mt s dng o hiu in th gia E v S (U
ES
)
+ Ampe mt o dng in gia cc cc ni t E v H (I
EH
). in tr ni t
xc nh theo nh lut m
R
E
=U
ES
/I
EH
.
+ S phi t ngoi vng nh hng: theo kinh nghim khong cch t cc ph
S n E l 62% khong cch gia cc cc E v H. Phng php 62%.
+ Php o tin hnh ln u vi cc ph S 1 pha v ln 2 pha i din.
Nu kt qu ca 2 php o cn khc nhau th c ngha l v tr ca S cn
trong vng nh hng, cn tng khong cch v o li

THI NGUYN 7-2013 58
PHM C LONG

Vng nh hng ca cc in cc E v H

o Phng php 2 cc
Trong trng hp khng th hoc rt kh mc cc cc tip a c 1 s thit b
cho php thc hin php o 2 cc ca in tr hoc mch vng. thc hin
cn s dng 1 cc tip a in tr nh ng dn nc chng hn. ng dn kim
loi cn c cch ring v khng c ch ni cch in.
o Phng php khng dng in cc
+ Phng php da trn c s l trong thit b vi nhiu h thng mc song
song in tr ni t ca h thng chng lun nh hn in tr ni t ca
cc h thng thnh phn m ta cn o.
+ in tr ni t ca h thng m R
1
R
2
...R
n
rt nh. Trong thc t sai s
php o ca R
x
c th b qua.
+ Ampe km th nht cp vo 1 in p, trong khi ampekm th 2 o
dng in chy qua. iu cho php o dng v p ng thi v do
tnh c in tr R
x
.
Phng php o in tr bng ampe km thng p dng vi h thng ni t
c xt dng vi nhiu thit b song song.

o in tr ni t ca thit b ang hot ng:
S dng cc thit b chuyn dng trang 200 v 201[1] o in tr ni t ca
thit b ang hot ngv in tr ca ct cao th, ca trm bin p.
Gim in tr ca h thng ni t
+ S dng cc tip a tng cng: Dng cc cc c m ng, thnh
phn thp hm lng cac bon thp. ng su n hng chc mt
+ S dng dung dch ho cht: dng bt MEG (More Effective
Grounding) gm than ch xi mng pooc lng v 1 s ho cht khc.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 59
PHM C LONG

Thc hin: Ri trc tip bt MEG trong khu vc ca h thng tip
a hoc pha nc sch ti. Gii php dng MEG c bit hiu qu
vi cc vng si , vng ni cao.
Cc bi tp tnh ton ni t t trang 203 n 212 ti liu [1]
5.5 Bo v ni dy trung tnh v ni t lp li.
Mt trong cc gii php bo v c hiu qu l ni dy trung tnh hay cn gi l
ni khng. Nu ch s dng ni t lm phng tin bo v duy nht th s rt
nguy him v khi c ngn mch chm mass dng in s chy qua mch vng
ca in ni t ngun v in tr ni t bo v ca thit b c gi tr khng ln
khng th lm cc thit b ct bo v tc ng do in p lu trn v thit b
c th gy nguy him khi tip xc.do
5.5.1. Vai tr ca bo v ni dy trung tnh
Bo v ni dy trung tnh l bin php ni v thit b v cc phn kim loi khng
mang in vi dy khng nhm to ra dng ngn mch 1 pha khi c s chm
mass lm thit b bo v (cu chy, aptomat) tc ng ct ngun cung cp cho
thit b do m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. Nh vy hiu qu ca bo v
ni dy trung tnh l gim thi gian tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi.
`

a) S ni t bo v b) S bo v ni dy trung tnh
R ra v dng I
d
khng ln v qua in tr Dng I
d
ln chp pha nu r in
hnh a) Khi c chm mass dng I
d
s l

d dn
k
d
R R
U
I
+
=
U
k
in p trn v thit b so vi t. Dng I
k
thng nh nn khng lm thit b
bo v tc ng do lun tn ti in p trn v. khc phc v thit b c
ni vi dy trung tnh, lc ny s r in ra v dn n ngn mch 1 pha vi
dng I
k
ln lm cho thit b bo v ct ngun, m bo an ton.
Nhng ni vo dy khng no?
THI NGUYN 7-2013 60
PHM C LONG

Trong mng in c bo v ni khng (ni dy trung tnh) ngi ta phn
bit:
+ dy khng lm vic (dy N) v
+ dy khng bo v (PE)
Dy khng bo v ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh ca ngun; n ch lm nhim
v bo v
Dy khng lm vic dng cung cp in nng cho thit b. N cng c ni
vi trung tnh ca ngun nhng c th qua cu chy hoc aptomat.
Khng c dng dy khng lm vic thay cho dy khng bo v v khi cu
chy chy th v thit b c th nhim in p pha rt nguy him.

Tit din ti thiu mm
2
Dy dn
ng nhm
Dy trn 4 6
Dy bc cch in 1 2
Li cp v dy dn nhiu si
chung vi dy pha
1 2

Trn dy N c cu chy. Khi chm mass cu chy t trn v c in p pha.

Ni dy trung tnh c thc hin t mng in xoay chiu 42 V v khng qu
380V. Vi mng in 1 chiu t 110V-440V.
Dy bo v rt quan trng cn kim tra thng xuyn. Gi tr ti thiu ca tit
din

THI NGUYN 7-2013 61
PHM C LONG

5.5.2. iu kin thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh
+ I
k
k
tc
I
a
k
tc
v I
a
l h s tin cy v dng khi ng ca thit b bo v
k
tc
= 3 vi cu chy v 1.25 vi aptomat
I
a
= k
B
I
n
I
n
dng nh mc ca aptomat
k
B
h s

Loi aptomat Z B C D MA
Bo v
Mch
in t
My pht
Thit b
chung
ng c
MBA
Ch c
cun in
t
k
B
2.4-3.6 3-5 5-10 10-14 12

THI NGUYN 7-2013 62
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 63
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 64
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 65
PHM C LONG

I
k
tnh gn ng

C
ph
K
R
U
I 8 . 0 =
R
c
tng tr mch vng dy pha, trung tnh
R
c
=R
ph
+ R
T
Fph
L
Rph =
T
T
F
L
R =
=18.8mm
2
/km vi dy ng v
=31.5mm
2
/km vi dy nhm
F
ph
v F
T
l tit din dy dn pha v dy dn trung tnh bo v.

5.5.3. Ni t lp li
Trang 215-224 [2]
THI NGUYN 7-2013 66
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 67
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 68
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 69
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 70
PHM C LONG

THI NGUYN 7-2013 71
PHM C LONG

5.6 Ct bo v,
Thit b t ng ct bo v RCD (Residual Current protect Device) l thit
b ct bo v phn ng theo dng so lch cng cc c cu bo v qu dng thuc
li bo v ph trch tai nn tip xc gin tip trong h thng in, c thc hin
bng cch t ng ct ngun cung cp.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b
Khi quan trng nht l my bin dng so lch lm nhim v cm bin
dng in.
B phn khi ng 2 thc hin vi rle in t nhy cm tc ng trc
tip hoc cu thnh in t.
C cu tha hnh 3 gm cc nhm tip im vi c cu truyn ng.

Cu to ca RCD:

1. My bin dng so lch
2. B phn khi ng
3. C cu chp hnh
4. Mch th
Thit b RCD: nguyn l hot ng v cu to thc

ch bnh thng khi khng c dng so lch-dng in r, dng in ph ti
chy trong dy dn xuyn qua ca s mch t ca my bin dng 1. Dy dn i
xuyn qua ca s mch t c chc nng l cun dy s cp ca my bin dng.
K hiu dng in chy v pha ph ti l I
1
v dng t pha li l I
2
th chng
ta c I
1
=I
2
.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 72
PHM C LONG

Cc dng in ny sinh ra trong mch cc t thng bng nhau
1
=
2
v
ngc chiu nn tng ca chng
1
+
2
= 0. Do dng in trong cun th cp
bng 0. C cu khi ng lc ny khng lm vic.
Khi c s tip xc ca c th ngi vo cc phn dn in hoc vo v
thit b tnh trang nhim in th cng vi dng r I
1
chy vo RCD cn c
dng r I
ro
(chnh l dng so lch i vi my bin dng).
S mt cn bng ca cc dng in dy pha (I
1
+ I
ro
) v dng in trong
dy trung tnh I
2
dn n s mt cn bng ca cc t thng, kt qu lm xut
hin dng so lch I
trong cun dy th cp ca my bin dng. Nu dng in

ny vt qu ngng t ca phn t khi ng 2 th n s tc ng a tn hiu
n c cu tha hnh 3. C cu ny s tc ng v ct mch in. Kt qu l
RCD thc hin chc nng ct bo v.
Cc loi thit b RCD: C cc loi AC, A, B, S, G, HPI.
Cc s ct bo v
Bo v bng S nguyn l iu kin ct
Bo v qu dng in
bng cu chy s
TN-S: dy trung tnh v
dy bo v ring r
(Separated) trong ton
mng

Cu chy hoc aptomat
s TN-C: dy
trung tnh v dy bo
v chung nhau
(Combine) trong ton
mng (dy PEN).

Z
s
.I
a
U
cp
Z
s
: in tr mch s
c
I
a
: dng in ct vi
thi gian:
5s
0.2 s trong mch
vi dng n 35A
v vi thit b cm
tay.
U
cp
: ngng in p
tip xc cho php.
Thit b bo v chng
qu dng s TN-
C-S: dy trung tnh v
dy bo v chung nhau
trong mt phn ca
mch (dy PEN)

THI NGUYN 7-2013 73
PHM C LONG

Thit b t ng ct bo
v RCD phn ng theo
dng in s c s
TN-C-S

Z
s
.I
n
U
cp
I
n
: dng khi ng
n nh
U
cp
: ngng in p
tip xc cho php:
(2550V AC v
120 DC).

Thit b RCD phn ng
theo dng in s c
s IT

R
d
.I
n
U
cp
I
n
: dng khi ng
n nh
R
d
: in tr ca h
thng ni t thit
b c bo v.
Thit b RCD phn ng
theo in p s c
(trng hp c bit)

R=d=: max 200
Kim tra cch in
1-Ni vi h thng
ng th ph

R.I
s
U
cp
R: in tr gia v
thit b v phn dn
ngoi m c kh
nng tip xc ng
thi

T ng ct vi s TT (trang 234-235 [1])
T ng ct vi s TN (trang 236-238 [1])
T ng ct khi c s c ngn mch trong s IT (trang 239-243 [1])
Tnh ton t ng ct bo v (trang 243-253[1])

Chng 6 K thut an ton chng chy n

6.1 Chy v tnh cht ca vt liu chy
Chy l phn ng ha hc din ra rt nhanh ca vt cht, km theo s ta
nhit v s pht sng (bc la).
Ph thuc tc lan truyn ca ngn la, phn bit:
S chy bnh thng: tc lan truyn vi cm/s n vi m/s,
THI NGUYN 7-2013 74
PHM C LONG

N: Chy trong khng gian kn, thot kh kh khn gy tng nhit, tng p
sut, tng tc lan truyn chy.
Kch n: Tc lan truyn ln n vi trm m/s, hng nghn m/s, nhit
khi hn hp kh tng cao n nhit chy.
Ha hon: S chy khng kim sot c gy thit hi v vt cht.
Cc cht c chia thnh:
Cht khng chy: khng c kh nng chy khi n nhit 200
0
C
Cht kh chy: c kh nng chy di tc ng mi chy trong khng
kh thnh phn bnh thng; nhng khng c kh nng t chy.
Cht d chy: c kh nng chy trong khng kh do ngun pht chy v
tip tc chy khi tch khi ngun gy chy. Chng cn c gi l nhin
liu.
Nhit v s chy
Nhit bng chy: nhit thp nht m hi nc v kh to trn b
mt hn hp chy, bng chy vo khng kh do ngun pht chy gy ln;
nhng khng n nh, tc lan truyn thp.
T
bc
= 0.736.T
si
(
0
K)
Nhit bt la: nhit hn hp chy m kh chy v hi nc thot
vo khng kh vi tc ln, gy bt la bi ngun pht chy v din ra
s chy n nh.
Nhit t bt la: nhit nh nht ti tc phn ng ta nhit
tng v kt thc bng s chy.
iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh chy
Tam gic chy: m t ba yu t cn thit cho qu trnh chy l: cht chy,
cht xy ha v ngun pht chy.

nhin liu
ngun pht chy Oxy
Thiu 1 trong 3 yu t ny khng th gy ra s chy
6.2 Bo v chng chy n
Cc nguyn nhn tim n
o Quy trnh cng ngh c s dng nhin liu, nguyn liu d bt la
o Tia la in, dy dn in khng m bo an ton, chp in.
o Qun o chuyn dng tm du v s c xt chng
o Hin tng tnh in
o Cc l cng ngh c nhit cao.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 75
PHM C LONG

o Cc ng ng dn kh t, nhin liu.
o bn ca cc thit b cha nhin liu khng m bo
o Do ngi sn xut thao tc khng ng quy trnh
o Do st.
Phn loi mi trng
o Loi A: c s dng, cha cht lng d bt la nhit bng chy
28
0
C nh kho xng du.
o Loi B c bi, si nhin liu bay l lng d bt la, nhit bng
chy >20
0
C (phn xng ch bin bt rm, nh my xay, xng
mazut ca nh my in).
o Loi C: c sinh ra, c cha cht chy rn v lng nhng khng c
kh nng to hn hp chy n vi khng kh (xng mc, ch bin
thc n gia sc, kho cha than, trm bin p,...
o Loi D: trong c t hoc ch bin sn phm khng chy trng
thi nung nng hay nng chy (l hi, xng rn, gian t my pht
in diezen,...
o Loi E: c cc cht khng chy trng thi lnh: trm bm, nh
knh, kho lnh,...
Cc yu cu chung vi h thng chng chy n:
o Cn ch ngay t khu thit k khi xy ra ha hon c th pht
hin, cu cha.
o C th s tn c ngi v vt cht nhanh chng khi chy n
o Ngn chn nh hng ca in trong khi chy n.
6.3 Cc phng php v phng tin cha chy
Cc nguyn tc dp la
o Khng cho oxy (khng kh) vo khu vc chy.
o Lm ngui khu vc chy xung di nhit bng chy.
o Phn tch cht chy bng cht khng chy.
o Ngn tc phn ng ha hc trong la.
o Phn tch ngn la.
Cc cht dp la
o Nc: Khng dng cha chy kim loi kim, axetylen v cc m
chy c nhit > 1700
0
C.
o Bt ha hc: Dng dp chy xng du hay cht lng khc. Khng
dng cha chy kim loi kim, axetylen, thit b in v cc m
chy c nhit > 1700
0
C.
o Bt kh-c hc: Cng dng cha chy xng du, chy cht rn.
THI NGUYN 7-2013 76
PHM C LONG

o Kh tr v kh khng chy: CO
2
, NO
2
. Khng dng cha chy phn
m, kim loi kim, kim th, thuc sng. Tr CO
2
ra th kh tr v
kh khng chy c th dng dp la cho mi m chy c chy in.
o Cc hp cht halogen, bt cha chy
Cc phng tin, thit b
o Xe cu ha
o Thit b dp la.
o Bnh dp la: Trn bnh cha chy c cc nhn biu th cng dng
cha chy cho cc nhm khc nhau

Nhn hiu A B C D K
Nhm chy Cht rn Cht lng TB in Kim loi Bp n

s dng: Tho cht an ton sau (vi loi bnh AB, bnh bt phi dc
ngc bnh lc vi ci) hng vi vo ni cn phun, bp c (m kha van)
cht dp chy phun ra.
o Phng tin bo hiu.
o Thit b cu nn.
o Kh ti cha chy
S cu nn nhn bng:
o Cn thc hin nhanh chng.
o Bng axit hoc baz phi dng nc sch ra
o Khng cn thay qun o nu b bng nng, bi thuc chng bng,
chng nhim trng
o Yu cu nn nhn khng c ng nhiu, nm trng thi thoi mi.
o Nhanh chng a i cp cu ti bnh vin.

THI NGUYN 7-2013 77

Bai Giang BHLD TK Xuong 8-2013 Phan 1

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Bai Giang BHLD TK Xuong 8-2013 Phan 1

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I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN

V TRUYN THNG THI NGUYN

trong cun dy th cp ca my bin dng. Nu dng in

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