UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN PITESTI

FACULTATEA DE TIINE JURIDICE SI ADMINISTRATIVE

REFERAT
Contractul de leasing
STUDENT,
Enache Cristian
PITESTI -2014
1
1. Noinea !e "easin#

Viaa economic a secolli nos!" se ca"ac!e"i#ea# $"in %inamism &i
com$le'i!a!e( )e l*n+ ca"ac!e"l com$le' al ac!i,i!ilo" ce se con!"ea# -n $"e#en! -n
%i,e"sele economii naionale, asis!m &i la o %i,e"si.ica"e a ac!i,i!ilo" an!e"ioa"e(
Ca"ac!e"l %e com$le'i!a!e es!e ,i#i/il -n s$ecial -n se+men!l s!"c!"ilo" $"o$"ie!ii
$"i,a!e, elemen!e com$onen!e ale con!"ac!elo" come"ciale sinala+ma!ice ca"e in!e",in
-n!"e $a"!ene"ii %e a.ace"i( A$a" %e asemenea .o"me mo%e"ne %e -n!"e$"in%e"i, c n
s$eci.ic $"onna! -n ce $"i,e&!e com/ina"ea .ac!o"ilo" economici 0na!"a, ca$i!all,
mnca, -n!"e$"in#!o"l1( 2n aces! con!e'! es!e ca#l s menionm com$aniile
ml!inaionale, %i,e"sele socie!i come"ciale ca"e -m/"ac .o"ma leasin+li mo%e"n
1
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Leasin+l s3a a.i"ma! ca me!o%a %e .inana"e $e !e"men me%i si ln+ in
l!imele %ecenii, -n%eose/i in SUA &i "ile E"o$ei 4cci%en!ale( In esena, leasin+l
es!e o .o"ma %e -nc5i"ie"e "eali#a! %e socie!i .inancia"e s$eciali#a!e 0socie!i %e
leasin+1 a no" /n"i %e ec5i$amen! c!"e .i"me 0/ene.icia"i1, ca"e n %is$n %e
.on%"i $"o$"ii, o"i n $o! sa n %o"esc sa "ec"+ la c"e%i!e /anca"e $en!"
cm$"a"ea aces!o"a %e la $"o%c!o"i
6
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De.iniia leasin+li $oa!e .i %a! a!*! %in $nc! %e ,e%e"e economic, c*! &i
7"i%ic(
Din $nc! %e ,e%e"e economic, leasin+l "e$"e#in! o o$e"aine %e .inana"e -n
ca"e .inana!o"l asi+" .on%"ile necesa"e $en!" -n!"ea+a in,es!iie(
Din $nc! %e ,e%e"e 7"i%ic, leasin+l "e$"e#in! n con!"ac! com$le' ca"e
$e"mi!e nei $e"soane s o/in &i s !ili#e#e n lc" ." a $l!i ime%ia! $"el, c
$osi/ili!a!ea %e a3l cm$"a la n $"e "e#i%al(
Te"menl %e leasin+ es!e necnosc! -n lim/a "om*n, .iin% $"ela! %in 7a"+onl
economic &i come"cial en+le#, n%e s3a im$s %e a$"o'ima!i, n secol, .iin% a$oi
$"ela! %e "ile e"o$ene occi%en!ale(
De.iniia o$e"ainilo" %e leasin+ !"e/ie s "elie.e#e elemen!ele eseniale ale
aces!o"a, $"ecm &i mo%l lo" %e "eali#a"e(
De.iniiile %in %i.e"i!ele le+islaii naionale ale s!a!elo" e"o$ene $"e#in!
acelea&i ca"ac!e"is!ici eseniale ale leasin+li( I%en!i!a!ea %e s!"c!" a o$e"ainilo"
1
An%"eica Ma"in, Leasing-ul - cale de finanare a investiiilor pentru ntreprinderi mici i mijlocii,
E%i!"a 8"imm, 9c"e&!i 1::;, $(<=(
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An%"eica, M(, An%"eica, C(, M&!ea3!e.an 0e"/an1, I(, M&!ea3!e.an 0e"/an1, R( > Decizia de
finanare n leasing, E%i!"a Ci/e"ne!ica MC, 9c"e&!i, 6??<, $(=<(
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%e leasin+ -&i a"e e'$licaia -n o"i+inea comn a %i.e"i!elo" "e+lemen!"i naionale,
"es$ec!i, -n %"e$!l ame"ican(
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Leasin+l es!e n aco"% $"in ca"e loca!o"l !"ansmi!e loca!a"li, -n sc5im/l
nei $li sa a nei se"ii %e $li, %"e$!l %e a !ili#a n /n $en!" o $e"ioa%
con,eni!(
Fa %e a$"ecie"ile .c!e, %e.inim leasin+l ca .iin% o$e"ainea $"in ca"e o
$a"!e, %enmi! .inana!o", se an+a7ea# la ce"e"ea ni !ili#a!o", s3i asi+"e $osesia
sa .olosina ni /n, cm$"a! sa "eali#a! %e .inana!o", con!"a nei "e%e,ene, ia" la
s.*"&i!l $e"ioa%ei %e .olosin con,eni!e, s "es$ec!e %"e$!l %e o$ine al !ili#a!o"li
%e a %o/*n%i $"o$"ie!a!ea /nli la n $"e "e#i%al, sa %e a $"eln+ con!"ac!l %e
leasin+, o"i %e a -nce!a "a$o"!"ile con!"ac!ale(
)"i,i! %in $"isma socie!ii %e leasin+, o$e"ainea "e$"e#in! o cm$"a"e a
ni /n c sco$l -nc5i"ie"ii, "ma! %e o -nc5i"ie"e -n sco$l ,*n#"ii(
Din $nc!l %e ,e%e"e al /ene.icia"li, leasin+l cons!i!ie o .o"m %e c"e%i!a"e
-n ca%"l c"eia smele necesa"e ac5i#iion"ii /nli se o/in %in e'$loa!a"ea
aces!ia, ia" "am/"sa"ea li se .ace e&alona! s/ .o"ma "a!elo" %e leasin+ &i, -n .inal, a
$"eli "e#i%al(
Re#l! c $en!" /ene.icia" leasin+l es!e o a.ace"e $e /anii socie!ii %e
.inana"e, el asi+"*n% mana+emen!l a.ace"ii( To! %in aces! n+5i %e ,e%e"e, leasin+l
a$a"e ca o ,*n#a"e -n "a!e -n ca%"l c"eia %"e$!l %e $"o$"ie!a!e se !"ans.e" o%a! c
l!ima "a!(
2. Piaa !e "easin# $n "%e
Ale+e"ea leasin+li ca al!e"na!i, %e .inana"e a c"esc! cons!an! %e3a ln+l
!im$li, %e,enin% al!e"na!i,a $"e.e"a! %e @?A %in .i"mele ame"icane &i a7n+*n% s
"e$"e#in!e $es!e ;?A %in Ba,e"eaB aces!o" com$anii( 2n 6??@ ,olml anal al
leasin+li a %e$&i! -n S!a!ele Uni!e 6?? %e milia"%e %e %ola"i &i <?A %in !o!all
ca$i!alli in,es!i! -n ec5i$amen!e
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Unl %in!"e $"inci$alele mo!i,e $en!" ca"e leasin+l es!e o al!e"na!i,
.inancia" a!*! %e $o$la" -n lme es!e acela ca"e sin!e!i#ea# %e .a$! B.ilo#o.iaB
leasin+liC
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Cloco!ici D(, 85e"+5i 85(, Operaiunile de leasing, E%( Lmina Le', 1::@, $(;D(
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9"e#ean, )( > Gestiunea financiar a ntreprinderii n economia de pia, E%i!"a Fn%aiei ERom*nia
%e m*ineF, 9c"e&!i, 1:::, $(;D(
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n $"o$"ie!a!ea as$"a mi7loacelo" .i'e, ci !ili#a"ea lo" e.ec!i, es!e aceea
ca"e a%ce $"o.i!G
a .i $"o$"ie!a" as$"a no" ec5i$amen!e ,ec5i sa %e$&i!e mo"al n
.olose&!e nimni &i n cons!i!ie n a! $en!" o com$anieG
o/ine"ea -n .olosin, c n minim %e ca$i!al in,es!i!, a no" ec5i$amen!e
mo%e"ne &i $e".o"man!e, m"e&!e e.iciena, a!"a+e c"e&!e"ea ,olmli a.ace"ii &i al
ac!i,i!ii, a%c*n% -n .inal mai ml! $"o.i!(
)o!"i,i! ni s!%i al $"o.eso"li S%5i" )( Amem/al, )"e&e%in!e &i C(E(4( al
Amem/al Ca$i!al Co"$o"a!ion, Amem/al H Associa!es &i Amem/al H 8ilea"! 3 .i"m
%e consl!an a +,e"nli ame"ican, is!o"ia leasin+li -n lme s3a %e#,ol!a! &i se
%e#,ol! -n con!ina"e in,a"ia/il, la !e"mina"ea %$ n mo%el %e e,olie s!"c!"a! -n
&ase .a#e, -n .ncie %e s!a%il -n ca"e se a.l $iaa %e leasin+( Es!e cnosc! %e7a
!e"menl %e Beme"+in+ ma"Ie!sB c ca"e s3a .c! -n l!imii ani "e.e"i"e la "ile E"o$ei
%e Es!, %a" &i la al!e "i a c"o" economie %e $ia es!e -n e'$ansine, -n c"s %e
%e#,ol!a"e &i consoli%a"e( La $oll o$s se si!ea# $ieele Bma!"eB, cm sn! cele ale
"ilo" occi%en!ale -n ca"e economia %e $ia a a!ins s!a%il nei %e#,ol!"i com$le!e(
2n l!ima %eca% s3a o/se",a! n /oom al $ieelo" %e leasin+ a.la!e -n!"3o
con!in e'!in%e"e
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2n $e"ioa%a 6??? 3 6??D me%ia anal a c"e&!e"ii ,olmli %e leasin+ $e
con!inen!l No"%3Ame"ican, consi%e"a! ca o "e+ine %e#,ol!a! %in $nc! %e ,e%e"e
economic, %eci Bma!"B, a .os! a$"o'ima!i, DA( )e %e al! $a"!e, -n Ame"ica %e S%,
consi%e"a! ca o "e+ine %e e'!in%e"e a ,olmli %e leasin+ &i, !o!o%a!, n a!*! %e
%e#,ol!a! economic, c"e&!e"ea -n aceea&i $e"ioa% a .os! s"$"in#!oa"e &i anme =6A(
Desi+", "eali#a"ea nei "a!e %e c"e&!e"e mai ma"e es!e %a!o"a!, -n $"inci$al, .a$!li c
se $o"ne&!e %e la o /a# %e calcl mic, "a$o"!l .iin% .c! $en!" o "e+ine mai $in
s!a/il %in $nc! %e ,e%e"e economic( To!&i, .oa"!e $ini ,o" .i aceia ca"e n ,o"
"ecnoa&!e c ,ii!o"l -n %e#,ol!a"ea in%s!"iei %e leasin+ a$a"ine n $ieelo" Ema!"eF
%in $nc! %e ,e%e"e economic, ci $ieelo" -n %e#,ol!a"e, a&a nmi!ele Eeme"+in+
ma"Ie!sF(
)o"nin% %e la aces!e consi%e"en!e &i %e la o/se",aiile /a#a!e $e n s!%i
e.ec!a! %e )"o.( Amem/al -n %ec"sl a 6? %e ani -n $es!e =? %e "i a,*n% $iee -n
e'$ansine 0Eeme"+in+ ma"Ie!sF1, s3a cons!a!a! c e,olia $ieelo" %e leasin+ -n lme
a"e loc %e la s!a%il %e Eine'is!en!F la cel Ema!"F -n &ase .a#eC
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Co"oian S(, Leasingul descriere i avantaje, Con.e"ina Simo$an, 1::@, $(<<(
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1( 2nc5i"ie"i
6( Leasin+ .inancia" sim$l
<( Leasin+ .inancia" c"ea!i,
=( Leasin+ o$e"aional
J( )"o%se .inancia"e noi
D( Consoli%a"e
Cele &ase .a#e ale ciclli %e leasin+ $o! .i e'$lica!e mai $e la"+ as!.elC
1. &nchirieriC a $"ece%a! $"o%sl .inancia" %e leasin+ %e secole &i, c5ia" &i -n
#ia %e a#i, aceas! in%s!"ie es!e e'!"em %e ,ia/il &i com$e!i!i, -n a$"oa$e !oa!e "ile
%in lme( Sis!eml %e -nc5i"ie"i es!e ca"ac!e"i#a! $"in !e"men sc"! 0%e o/icei mai $in
%e 16 lni1, %e na!" .ll se",ice( A$"oa$e con!"ac!li %e -nc5i"ie"e !ili#a!o"l
-na$oia# ec5i$amen!l $"o$"ie!a"li(
Leasin+l mo%e"n
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, a&a cm -l &!im, a -nce$! c a$"o'ima!i, n secol -n "m
a!*! -n Re+a!l Uni! al Ma"ii 9"i!anii, c*! &i -n S(U(A( s/ .o"ma
2. "easin#"i 'inanciar si%("( 2n .ieca"e a" %in lme 0c e'ce$ia
A"+en!inei, %in ca#a no" %e.iciene -n le+islaie1, aces!a es!e c a%e,"a! $"iml
$"o%s %e leasin+ ca $a"!e %is!inc! %e -nc5i"ie"e
;
( Aces! $"o%s es!e -n mo% in,a"ia/il
ca"ac!e"i#a! %e .a$!l c !ili#a!o"l in!enionea# s ac5i#iione#e ec5i$amen!l $"in
in!e"me%il leasin+li(
Leasin+l es!e $" &i sim$l n ins!"men! .inancia" $"in in!e"me%il c"ia, la
s.*"&i!l $e"ioa%ei, !ili#a!o"l ac5i#iionea# ec5i$amen!l $en!" o ,aloa"e nominal
$"in $la!a in!e+"al a "a!elo" 0"e%e,enelo"1( 2n aceas! .a# leasin+l es!e n $"o%s
no, clien!l .iin% $"ea $in .amilia" c aces! !e"men( Ca "ma"e, i%eea %e a .i
$"o$"ie!a"l no" /n"i con.e" clien!li n sen!imen! %e si+"an, ceea ce 7oac n
"ol im$o"!an! -n $"ocesl %e %eci#ie( De asemenea, $"o$"ie!a"l 0lesso"l1 in!enionea#
mai %e+"a/ s .inane#e ec5i$amen!l ce .ace o/iec!l con!"ac!li %e leasin+ &i n
$oa!e, sa n ,"ea s3i .ie "e!"na! la s.*"&i!l $e"ioa%ei %e leasin+( Riscl %e c"e%i! es!e
e,ala! &i acce$!a! %e $"o$"ie!a" 0lesso"1, &i n "iscl le+a! %e ec5i$amen!l sa
$"oiec!l -n sine 0"iscl %e $"o%s1( Aces!a %in "m, $en!" a .i acce$!a! %e c!"e lesso",
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Molico T(, Leasingul, un instrument modern de investiii i finanare, E%( CECCAR, 9c"e&!i, 6??<,
$(DJ(
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Co"oian S(, opcit, 1::@, $(J1(
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necesi! o $ia secn%a" %e#,ol!a! ca"e n e'is! -n aceas! .a#( 2n +ene"al, .a#a
leasin+li .inancia" sim$l %"ea# %e la J la ; ani( )"in!"e "ile consi%e"a!e a .i -n
aceas! .a# sn!C Kon%"as, )olonia, Rom*nia, Rsia &i T5ailan%a
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4%a! c !"ece"ea !im$li &i c im$lica"ea &i a al!o" 7c!o"i $e $ia, in%s!"ia
leasin+li in!" -n cea %e a !"eia .a#, cea a
). "easin#"i 'inanciar creati*( 2n %ec"sl aces!ei .a#e, .inana!o"ii > lesso"ii
-nce$ s3&i s!"c!"e#e ml!e %in con!"ac!ele %e leasin+ .inancia" &i, %e asemenea, s
."ni#e#e !ili#a!o"li ml!e &i ,a"ia!e o$ini a!*! $en!" %e"la"ea con!"ac!li, c*! &i
$en!" .inall aces!ia, cm a" .i o$inea %e a "e-nnoi con!"ac!l /a#a! $e o "a!
"e#i%al .i' 0!ili#a!o"l !"e/ie .ie s cm$e"e $"o%sl, ." s "e-nnoiasc
con!"ac!l1( 2n ma7o"i!a!ea "ilo", leasin+l a.la! -n aceas! .a# a cnosc! cea mai
ma"e %e#,ol!a"e, a!*! ca ,olm, c*! &i $ene!"a"e a $ieei(
4. "easin#"i o(eraiona", a la! na&!e"e c !"ece"ea !im$li, $"in
in!ensi.ica"ea com$e!iiei, !"ans.e"li %e !e5nolo+ie %e la o $ia naional %e leasin+ la
al!a, %a!o"i! ce"inelo" &i s!an%a"%elo" im$se %e com$aniile ml!inaionale %e leasin+
&i %e#,ol!a"ea $ieelo" secn%a"e( 2n nele "i cm a" .i Me'ic, $"o%sl es!e ssin!
%e .a$!l c leasin+li .inancia" i se nea+ s!a!!l %e Eleasin+ a%e,"a!F( )"inci$ala
!"s!" a aces!i $"o%s es!e aceea c !ili#a!o"l $oa!e s "e!"ne#e ec5i$amen!ele la
s.*"&i!l $e"ioa%ei %e leasin+( Cele mai ml!e o.e"!e %e leasin+ o$e"aional sn! %e !i$l
.ll se",ice leasin+(
Con!ina com$e!iie in!ens a %s la c"ea!i,i!a!ea c"esc*n% a lesso"ilo", ia"
!"ans.e"l !o! mai in!ens %e !e5nolo+ie $"o$lsea# in%s!"ia -n .a#a a cincea, ce a
+. !e,*o"t-rii !e noi (ro!se( 2n aceas! .a#, leasin+l o$e"aional %e,ine
e'!"em %e so.is!ica!, c !e"meni %e .inali!a!e o$ionali, o$ini %e !e"mina"e a
con!"ac!li -nain!e %e !e"men, ac!ali#"i &i con!"ac!e %e leasin+ c "e-nnoi"e a!oma!
asemn!oa"e c liniile %e c"e%i! "e,ol,in+, "e-nnoi"ea !e5nolo+iei &i ml!e al!ele( Fa#a
a 0 J( 1 a%ce noi $"o%se $"ecmC Esec"a!i#a!ionF, E,en!"e leasesF &i EsLn!5e!ic
leasesF 0c"e%i!e -n"e+is!"a!e -n a.a"a /ilanli1
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2n .inal, in%s!"ia %e leasin+, "m*n% o c"/ clasic a in%s!"iei %in co$il"ie la
ma!"i!a!e, in!" -n .a#a l!im, .a#a %e ma!"i!a!e(
.. conso"i!are s/s!anial -n ca%"l in%s!"iei( 4 as!.el %e consoli%a"e ia .o"ma
.#inilo" %e com$anii, ac5i#iiilo" %e .i"me, $a"!ene"ia!elo" sa alianelo" -n!"e .i"me(
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Ni&lesc, I(, !lternative privind finanarea "## creditul $ancar versus leasing, 8es!inea &i
Con!a/ili!a!ea Fi"mei, ,( :, n"( <, 6??D, $(;D(
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Molico T(, opcit, 6??<, $(;(J(
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Ma!"i!a!ea $"es$ne ma"7e %e $"o.i! mai "e%se ca"e %e!e"min lesso"ii s ca!e
"eali#a"ea $"o.i!li $"in e.icien o$e"aional mai %e+"a/ %ec*! $"in c"e&!e"ea
,olmli %e ,*n#"i( )ene!"a"ea se a$la!i#ea# -n %ec"sl aces!ei .a#e, $en!" ca
,olml %e leasin+ c"e&!e nmai o%a! c c"e&!e"ea +ene"al a economiei( Economia %e
leasin+ a SUA a in!"a! -n .a#a %e ma!"i!a!e c a$"o'ima!i, cinci ani -n "m(
De&i cele &ase .a#e se a$lic -n mo% ni,e"sal -n .ieca"e a" %in lme, es!e
.oa"!e im$o"!an! s no!m ca, -n $"iml "*n%, sec,ena se a$lic la in%s!"ie -n +ene"al
-n ca%"l .iec"ei "i &i n !!"o" .i"melo" %e leasin+ ca"e acionea# la n momen! %a!
$e $iaa "es$ec!i,(
De asemenea, -n Rom*nia, %e&i economia es!e -n s!a%il %e %e#,ol!a"e ca"e
c"eea# ca%"l a/ia $en!" .a#a a %oa a in%s!"iei %e leasin+, acionea# $e $ia .i"me
%e leasin+ a c"o" e'$e"ien $e $ia &i cali!a!e c"esc! a se",iciilo" le $e"mi! s
a/o"%e#e leasin+l -n mo% c"ea!i,, ceea ce -nseamn solii %e leasin+ s$eci.ice nei
.a#e s$e"ioa"e > leasin+l .inancia"( 2n al %oilea "*n%, .ieca"e .a# n es!e e'clsi,(
Folosin% SUA ca e'em$l, %e&i in%s!"ia a a!ins ma!"i!a!ea, mli lesso"i con!in s
o.e"e nmai leasin+ .inancia", alii sn! s$eciali&!i -n leasin+ o$e"aional, $e c*n% alii se
%i,e"si.ic -n $"o%se cm a" .i leasin+l sin!e!ic(
4%a! c e,olia $ieelo" -n e'$ansine Eeme"+in+ ma"Ie!F c!"e ma!"i!a!e,
cicll %e leansin+ 0%e la s!a%i %e leasin+ sim$l .inancia" la ma!"i!a!e1 a %e,eni! %in
ce -n ce mai sc"!( Aces!a es!e, ." -n%oial, "e#l!a!l cola/o""ii -n %omenil
in.o"maiei &i a !"ans.e"li %e !e5nolo+ie %in!"e $iee, $"o+"esli %in ce -n ce mai
"a$i% $"in in!e"me%il ciclli e,ol!i,
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). Caractere"e /ri!ice ni contract !e "easin#
Con!"ac!l %e leasin+ es!e n con!"ac! sinala+ma!ic, ca"e se -nc5eie -n!"e
socie!a!ea %e leasin+, -n cali!a!e %e loca!o" 0.inana!o"1 &i loca!a" 0/ene.icia"1( Al!"i %e
con%iiile +ene"ale "e.e"i!oa"e la -nc5eie"ea ac!elo" 7"i%ice, loca!o"l !"e/ie s
-n%e$lineasc &i con%iiile s$eciale $"e,#!e %e le+e( 9ene.icia"l !"e/ie s
-n%e$lineasc &i con%iii s$eciale "e.e"i!oa"e la %es!inaia /nli con!"ac!a! &i $la!a
"e%e,enelo"(
1?
85( Ialomiean, L( Voinesc 3 !specte juridice, fiscale i conta$ile privind leasingul, E%i!"a
CECCAR, 9c"e&!i, 6??J, $(;D(
;
Es!e n con!"ac! c !i!l one"os &i conin! $a!"imonial $en!" c am/ele $"i a
in!e"ese $a!"imoniale, e,ala/il -n /ani, $"imi"ea ni ec5i,alen! -n sc5im/l $"es!aiei(
Loca!o"l $"ime&!e "e%e,ene $l!i!e $e"io%ic %e c!"e !ili#a!o" %in ca"e -&i $s!"ea# Bo
ma"7 %e $"o.i!B, ia" !ili#a!o"l /ene.icia# %e .olosina /nli $e $e"ioa%a %e"l"ii
con!"ac!li, ia" la s.*"&i!l aces!eia $oa!e ac5i#iiona /nl la ,aloa"ea "e#i%al a
aces!ia 0a"!( : li!( %1(
Con!"ac!l %e leasin+ es!e consensal, $oa!e .i -nc5eia! $"in sim$ll aco"% %e
,oin al $"ilo" ( 2nc5eie"ea con!"ac!li %e leasin+ -n .o"m a!en!ic sa $"in ac!
sc"is &i "eali#a"ea $"oce%"ilo" %e $/lici!a!e n "e$"e#in! con%iii %e ,ala/ili!a!e, ci
%oa" con%iii Ba% $"o/a!ionemB 0con.o"m "e+lilo" "e.e"i!oa"e la $"o/a ac!elo" 7"i%ice1
&i B%e o$o#a/ili!a!eB 0con.o"m a"!( 61 %in 4"%onana n"( J1M1::;1
11
(
Es!e n con!"ac! c e'ec!a"e sccesi,, %eoa"ece e.ec!ele sale se $"o%c $e !o!
$a"c"sl %e"l"ii con!"ac!li( Aces! .a$! a"e consecine im$o"!an!e as$"a %es.&""ii
"a$o"!"ilo" %in!"e $"i, %in!"e ca"e amin!im $"o/lema "iscli, a e.ec!elo" $"i,in%
nee'ec!a"ea con!"ac!li &i "e#ilie"ii o"i a $"esc"i$iei %"e$!li la acine(
Es!e n con!"ac! in!i!3$e"sonae -n ceea ce $"i,e&!e $e !ili#a!o", socie!a!ea %e
leasin+ -nc5ein% con!"ac!l ." aco"%l loca!o"li( C !oa!e aces!ea, -n ca#l
sccesinii ni,e"sale 0.#ine, comasa"e1 o"i c !i!l ni,e"sal 0%i,i#a"e1, %"e$!"ile &i
o/li+aiile $"e,#!e -n con!"ac! n se s!in+, in%i.e"en! %ac !"ansmi!e"ea se "e.e" la
$a!"imonil loca!o"li, o"i al !ili#a!o"li( 2n ca#l /n"ilo" c %es!inaie come"cial
sa in%s!"ial, scceso"l !"e/ie s "es$ec!e con%iiile %e e'$loa!a"e, la momen!l
-nc5eie"ii con!"ac!li(
4. E"e%ente"e o0"i#atorii $n contract" !e "easin#
Elemen!ele o/li+a!o"ii $e ca"e !"e/ie s le c$"in% con!"ac!l %e leasin+ sn!
"m!oa"eleC
a(1 nmele $"ilo" %in con!"ac!l %e leasin+C
loca!o"l M .inana!o"l
!ili#a!o"lG
/(1 %esc"ie"ea e'ac! a /nli ca"e .ace o/iec!l con!"ac!li %e leasin+G
11
48 n"( J1M6@(?@(1::; $"i,in% o$e"ainile %e leasin+ &i socie!ile %e leasin+, mo%i.ica! $"in Le+ea
::M1::: > Le+e $"i,in% nele ms"i $en!" accele"a"ea "e.o"mei economice > "e$/lica! -n M(4 : M
6???, mo%i.ica! $"in Le+ea J;1 M6??<(
@
c(1 ,aloa"ea !o!al a con!"ac!li %e leasin+G
%(1 ,aloa"ea "a!elo" %e leasin+ &i !e"menl %e $la! al aces!o"aG
e(1 $e"ioa%a %e !ili#a"e -n sis!em %e leasin+ a /nliG
.(1 cla#a $"i,in% o/li+aia asi+""ii /nliG
+(1 %"e$!"ile &i o/li+aiile $"ilo", con.o"m ac!li no"ma!i, ci!a!(
Con!"ac!l %e leasin+ .inancia" !"e/ie s c$"in%, $e l*n+ elemen!ele
$"e,#!e mai ss, "m!oa"eleC
a(1 ,aloa"ea iniial a /nli
/(1 cla#a $"i,in% %"e$!l %e o$ine al !ili#a!o"li c $"i,i"e la cm$"a"ea
/nli la con%iiile -n ca"e $oa!e .i e'e"ci!a!(
+. E'ecte"e contract"i !e "easin#
2n con!"ac!l %e leasin+, o/li+aiile ,*n#!o"li sn!C
s li,"e#e n ec5i$amen! %e cali!a!e, a%ic -n s!a"e %e .nciona"eG
s asi+"e asis!ena !e5nic a $e"sonalli ca"e -l ,a e'$loa!aG
s asi+"e $iesele %e sc5im/ necesa"e "e$a"aiilo"
16
G
s e.ec!e#e "e$a"aiile ec5i$amen!li -nc5i"ia!, -n ms"a -n ca"e %e.ecinile
n sn! %in cl$a !ili#a!o"li
1<
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U!ili#a!o"l 0/ene.icia"l1 a"e o/li+aiaC
s $l!easc "a!ele c5i"iei, la !e"menele &i con%iiile s!i$la!e -n con!"ac!G
s e'$loa!e#e /nl -nc5i"ia! $"in "es$ec!a"ea ins!"cinilo" !e5niceG
s n e.ec!e#e mo%i.ic"i -n cons!"cia ec5i$amen!li -nc5i"ia!G -n ca#l -n
ca"e asemenea mo%i.ic"i sn! necesa"e, !ili#a!o"l a"e o/li+aia s solici!e
aco"%l socie!ii %e leasin+G
s conse",e /nl -n s!a"e %e .nciona"e
1=
G
s asi+"e ec5i$amen!l -nc5i"ia! -n .olosl socie!ii %e leasin+(
Socie!a!ea %e leasin+ a"e, la "*n%l ei, c*!e,a o/li+aii a c"o" a%ce"e la
-n%e$lini"e se -n!emeia# $e cla#ele s!i$la!e -n con!"ac!( As!.el, socie!a!ea %e leasin+
a"e o/li+aia s -nlociasc /nl a,a"ia!( De asemenea, socie!a!ea %e leasin+ $oa!e
16
Sa s ac5i!e con!"a,aloa"ea lo"(
1<
Aces!e o/li+aii sn! s!i$la!e -n con!"ac!l %e leasin+, -nc %in momen!l $e".ec!"ii aces!ia
1=
4 asemenea o/li+aie se "e.e" la !oa!e .o"mele %e leasin+(
:
-nloci ec5i$amen!l -n,ec5i!, #a! sa %e$&i!( Aceas! -nloci"e im$lic $e"ce$e"ea
nei c5i"ii ma7o"a!e(
Socie!a!ea %e leasin+ a"e %"e$!l s con!"ole#e mo%l -n ca"e es!e e'$loa!a!
ec5i$amen!l %e c!"e /ene.icia"( 2n acela&i !im$, es!e -n%"i!i! s ,*n% ec5i$amen!l
loca!a"li -n con%iiile e'amina!e -n s/ca$i!olele an!e"ioa"e(
Dac /ene.icia"l n $l!e&!e "a!ele la !e"menele &i -n con%iiile s!i$la!e -n
con!"ac! socie!a!ea %e leasin+ a"e %"e$!l s "e#ilie#e %e $lin %"e$! con!"ac!l, ia"
clien!l a"e o/li+aiaC s "es!i!ie ec5i$amen!lG s s$o"!e c5el!ielile a.e"en!eG s
$l!easc "a!ele "es!an!e ale c5i"iilo"( Mai ml!, /ene.icia"l es!e o/li+a! s $l!easc o
in%emni#aie .o".e!a" %e "e#ilie"e, ca"e "e$"e#in! "a!ele "es!an!e ,ii!oa"e( Toa!e aces!ea
$n -n e,i%en e'is!ena no" con%iii se,e"e im$se %e ins!i!ia .inana!oa"e
/ene.icia"li( Toa!e aces!e ms"i a ca"ac!e" sanciona!o", %e $e%e$si"e a
!ili#a!o"li(
Finana!o"l $"ime&!e /nl -na$oi, a,*n% $osi/ili!a!ea s3l "e-nc5i"ie#e nei al!e
$e"soane sa s3l ,*n%, -n !im$ ce $"ime&!e &i $la!a in!e+"al a !!"o" "a!elo", calcla!e
-n "a$o"! c ,iaa economic a ec5i$amen!li "es$ec!i,(
C !oa! se,e"i!a!ea aces!o" ms"i -n $"i,ina /ene.icia"li, ins!anele a"/i!"ale
s3a $"onna! cons!an! -n .a,oa"ea c"e%i!o"li, a"+men!l e,oca! .iin% c, -n .ell
aces!a !ili#a!o"l, $"iml in!e"esa! -n -nc5eie"ea ni con!"ac! %e leasin+, !"e/ie s
"es$ec!e c sc"$lo#i!a!e !oa!e cla#ele con!"ac!li, %eoa"ece nmai -n ca#l ni
asemenea com$o"!amen!, a %e c*&!i+a! !oa!e $"ile im$lica!e, ia" a.ace"ea se %e"lea#
c scces(
. Contract" internaiona" !e "easin#
Leasin+l es!e n ins!"men! %e .inana"e a in,es!iiilo" $e !e"men me%i &i ln+
ca"e s3a %o,e%i! .oa"!e e.icien!, a!*! -n !"an#aciile naionale c*! &i -n cele in!e"naionale(
Fie c es!e ,o"/a %e .inana"ea %e in,es!iii $"i,a!e o"i +,e"namen!ale,
leasin+l es!e n canal %e o"ien!a"e a .on%"ilo" c!"e #onele economice -n %e#,ol!a"e
1J
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Con!"ac!l in!e"naional %e leasin+ se com$ne &i se %e"lea#, -n $"inci$i,
%$ acelea&i c"i!e"ii ca n con!"ac! in!e"n(
1J
Ma#il Dmi!", Dreptul comerului internaional, )a"!ea S$ecial, E%( Lmina Le', 9c"e&!i, 6??;,
$(1DJ(
1?
2ns, $en!" c n con!"ac! in!e"naional se +,e"nea# %oa" %$ $"o$"iile sale
cla#e, con!"ac!l in!e"naional ,a !"e/i s c$"in% !oa!e cla#ele necesa"e
.ncion"ii con!"ac!li(
Al!"i %e cla#ele +ene"ale ale con!"ac!li %e leasin+, con!"ac!l in!e"naional
%e leasin+ ,a c$"in%e &i cla#ele s$eci.ice !"an#aciilo" in!e"naionale(
1e#ea a("ica0i"-
Con!"ac!l in!e"naional %e leasin+ ,a !"e/i s $"e,a% c"ei le+islaii -i ,a
"e,eni misinea, s +,e"ne#e "a$o"!"ile %in!"e $"i &i ca"e ,a .i ins!ana com$e!en!
-n ca# %e li!i+i(
4 asemenea cla# es!e $e"mis &i %e le+ea "om*n $"i,in% "a$o"!"ile %e %"e$!
in!e"naional $"i,a! > Le+ea n"( 1?JM1::6 3, ca"e $"in a"!( ;<, % $osi/ili!a!ea
con!"ac!anilo" ca, %e comn aco"%, s alea+ le+ea com$e!en! -n con!"ac!(
)"ile con,in ca "e+l, s %esemne#e $"in con!"ac! c a!o"i!ile &i le+islaia
s!a!li nia %in!"e con!"ac!ani s .ie com$e!en!e -n soliona"ea o"ic"o" li!i+ii(
Es!e $osi/il , %e asemenea, ca $"ile s o$!e#e $en!" o al! solie,
%esemn*n% o al! a!o"i!a!e 7%ec!o"easc &i o al! le+islaie( De ml!e o"i sn!
$"e.e"a!e c"ile %e a"/i!"a7, .ie cele %e $e l*n+ came"ele %e come" &i in%s!"ie
naionale, .ie cea %e $e l*n+ Came"a %e Come" %e la )a"is, UNCITRAL
1D
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2n 1:DJ a .os! ins!i!i! Cen!"l In!e"naional $en!" "e+lemen!a"ea %i.e"en%elo"
le+a!e %e in,es!iii 0ICSID1, ca"e es!e n mecanism s$eciali#a! $en!" li!i+iile
in!e"naionale "e.e"i!oa"e la in,es!iii( Cen!"l .ncionea# -n /a#a nei con,enii
semna!e %e 1<: %e s!a!e, %in ca"e 16D sn! mem/""e ICSID(
Dac $"ile $"o,in %in s!a!e ca"e a -nc5eia! -n!"e ele aco"%"i %e $"omo,a"e &i
$"o!e7a"e "eci$"oc a in,es!iiilo", a!nci $"ile ,o" ine seama &i %e $"e,e%e"ile
"e.e"i!oa"e la soliona"ea li!i+iilo" c$"inse -n aces!e aco"%"i /ila!e"ale(
La 6@ mai 1:@@, s3a -nc5eia! la 4!!aNa, Con*enia UNIDR2IT as(ra
1easin#"i Financiar Internaiona"( 2n $"eam/ll Con,eniei, se a"a! c "ainile
$en!" ca"e s!a!ele $"i a -neles s -nc5eie aceas! con,enie sn!C
11 im$o"!ana elimin"ii anmi!o" im$e%imen!e 7"i%ice %in calea leasin+li
.inancia" in!e"naional $en!" ec5i$amen!e &i menine"ea ec5ili/"li -n!"e in!e"esele
%i.e"i!elo" $"i im$lica!e -n !"an#acieG
1D
Ma#il Dmi!", opcit, $(61<(
11
61 necesi!a!ea %e a %a leasin+li .inancia" in!e"naional mai ml!
accesi/ili!a!eG
<1 "e+im"ile 7"i%ice ca"e +,e"nea# con!"ac!l !"a%iional %e -nc5i"ie"e !"e/ie
s .ie a%a$!a!e "elaiilo" !"i$a"!i!e ca"ac!e"is!ice ca"e a$a" -n ca%"l o$e"ainilo" %e
leasin+ .inancia"G
=1 !ili!a!ea s!a/ili"ii anmi!o" "e+li ni.o"me le+a!e -n $"inci$al %e as$ec!l
%"e$!li come"cial &i ci,il al o$e"ainilo" %e leasin+ .inancia" in!e"naional(
2n con.o"mi!a!e c a"!( =, Con,enia +,e"nea# o$e"ainile %e leasin+ .inancia"
"e.e"i!oa"e la !oa!e ec5i$amen!ele, c e'ce$ia acelo"a ca"e !"e/ie s .ie !ili#a!e -n
$"inci$al %e c!"e loca!a" c !i!l $e"sonal, .amilial sa casnic(
C*! $"i,e&!e s/iec!ele con!"ac!li %e leasin+, Con,enia se a$lic a!nci c*n%
loca!o"l c*! &i loca!a"l a se%il -n s!a!e con!"ac!an!e sa a!nci c*n% con!"ac!l %e
."ni#a"e, c*! &i con!"ac!l %e leasin+ sn! +,e"na!e %e le+ea s!a!li con!"ac!an!(
Con,enia consac" $"inci$alele %"e$!"i &i o/li+aii $e ca"e le a $"ile, -n
,i"!!ea ni con!"ac! %e leasin+( )"e,e%e"ile Con,eniei a ca"ac!e"l %e "e+l, ele
a$lic*n%3se !!"o" con!"ac!elo" %e leasin+, %ac $"in aces!ea n s3a "enna! -n mo%
e'$"es la /ene.icil Con,eniei( A"!( J alin( 6 a"a! ca"e sn! cla#ele o/li+a!o"ii %e la
ca"e n se $oa!e %e"o+a, la .el &i a"!( @ alin( < $"i,i!o" la +a"ania $en!" e,icine(
)"e,e%e"ile +ene"ale ale Con,eniei "e.e"i!oa"e la %esc"ie"ea o$e"ainilo" %e
leasin+, la o/li+aiile $"ilo", la o$o#a/ili!a!ea %"e$!"ilo" o"i la sancinile $osi/ile, se
s$"a$n -n ma"e ms" $"e,e%e"ilo" co"es$on%en!e %in 4"%onana n"( J1M1::;(
Con,enia ins!i!ie nmai ca%"l 7"i%ic $e /a#a c"ia s se %e"le#e
o$e"ainile %e leasin+ &i s se solione#e li!i+iile a$"!e, ls*n% $e seama E%"e$!li
comnF %e!e"mina"ea ins!anelo" com$e!en!e %e soliona"e a li!i+iilo"
1;
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2n si!aia -n ca"e $"ile con!"ac!an!e %o"esc s /ene.icie#e %e $osi/ili!a!ea ca
e,en!alele li!i+ii s .ie soliona!e $"in a"/i!"a7, ele !"e/ie s -nc5eie se$a"a! o
con,enie -n aces! sens, o"i s in!"o%c -n con!"ac! o cla# com$"omiso"ie( De&i
cla#a com$"omiso"ie $oa!e .i inse"a! -n con!"ac!l in!e"naional %e leasin+, ea es!e o
con,enie %e sine s!!!oa"e(
1@
)en!" a e,i!a "isc"ile %ec"+*n% %in .lc!aiile mone!a"e, $"ile ni con!"ac!
in!e"naional %e leasin+ $o! in!"o%ce -n!"e cla#ele con!"ac!ale o cla# %e
1;
Toma Mi5ai, Ale'an%" Felicia, %inane i gestiune financiar de ntreprindere, E%i!"a Economic,
6??<, $(1?1(
1@
T"c, E( > &ontractul de leasing, E%i!"a Kaman+i, 6??@, $(DJ(
16
im$"e,i#ine, o"i n $ac! %e menine"e a ,alo"ii( Asemenea cla#e n se "e.e" %ec*! la
$"es!aiile mone!a"e(
As!.el, socie!a!ea %e leasin+ -&i "e#e", %"e$!l %e a in%e'a "e%e,enele %a!o"a!e
%e !ili#a!o" -n conco"%an c .lc!aia mone%ei -n ca"e se e.ec!ea# $lile(
De asemenea, con.o"m cla#ei %e im$"e,i#ine, -n si!aia -n ca"e o/li+aiile
nei $"i %e,in im$osi/il %e e'ec!a!, o"i e'ec!a"ea lo" a" %ce la .alimen!a"ea $"ii,
con!"ac!l ,a -nce!a(
4 asemenea $osi/ili!a!e es!e "ecnosc! nmai a!nci c*n% si!aia
e'!"ao"%ina" a con!"ac!li es!e ca#a! %e n .ac!o" e'!e"n &i in%e$en%en! %e ,oina
aces!ia( Se "ein -n aces! sens c"i#e economice &i sociale +"a,e, e!c( Aceas! cla# n
se i%en!i.ic c n $ac! %e ne"s$n%e"eG -n con!"ac!l %e leasin+, !ili#a!o"l "s$n%e
$en!" %is!"+e"ea /nli, -n mo% o/iec!i,, c5ia" &i -n ca# %e c!"em", +"e,e $oli!ice &i
%e .o" ma7o"(
Dac l!e"io" an+a7"ii no" aco"%"i $"elimina"e c ."ni#o"l %e /n"i,
/ene.icia"l $"ime&!e o o.e"! %in $a"!ea al!i ."ni#o", -ns -n con%iii mai .a,o"a/ile,
/ene.icia"l se $oa!e $"e,ala %e a,an!a7l Ecla#ei %e o.e"!e conc"en!eF(
Cla#a %e o.e"! conc"en! es!e o con,enie %is!inc! ce $oa!e .i -nsc"is -n!"3n
con!"ac! o"i $oa!e .i semna! se$a"a! la -nce$!l ne+ocie"ilo" con!"ac!ale( Cla#a %e
o.e"! conc"en! % $osi/ili!a!ea $"ii ca"e a $"imi! o asemenea o.e"! mai .a,o"a/il
%e a ce"e celeilal!e $"i "econsi%e"a"ea -nele+e"ilo" an!e"ioa"e &i mo%i.ica"ea
con%iiilo" con!"ac!ale( 2n!"3o asemenea si!aie, cealal! $a"!e $oa!e acce$!a
mo%i.ica"ea con!"ac!li, o"i $oa!e ce"e "e#ilie"ea con!"ac!li
1:
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1:
Si/e"s!ein I(, 9alica L( 3 &ontracte moderne din Dreptul &omerului "nternaional - contractul de
leasing, c"s D"e$! /anca", I9R, 9c"e&!i, 6??D, $(;D(
1<
3i0"io#ra'ie
1. An%"eica Ma"in, Leasing-ul - cale de finanare a investiiilor pentru
ntreprinderi mici i mijlocii, E%i!"a 8"imm, 9c"e&!i 1::;(
2. An%"eica, M(, An%"eica, C(, M&!ea3!e.an 0e"/an1, I(, M&!ea3!e.an 0e"/an1,
R( > Decizia de finanare n leasing, E%i!"a Ci/e"ne!ica MC, 9c"e&!i, 6??<(
). 9"e#ean, )( > Gestiunea financiar a ntreprinderii n economia de pia,
E%i!"a Fn%aiei ERom*nia %e m*ineF, 9c"e&!i, 1:::(
4. Cloco!ici D(, 85e"+5i 85(, Operaiunile de leasing, E%( Lmina Le', 1::@(
+. Co"oian S(, Leasingul descriere i avantaje, Con.e"ina Simo$an, 1::@(
.. Ialomiean, 85(, L( Voinesc 3 !specte juridice, fiscale i conta$ile privind
leasingul, E%i!"a CECCAR, 9c"e&!i, 6??J(
4. Molico T(, Leasingul, un instrument modern de investiii i finanare, E%(
CECCAR, 9c"e&!i, 6??<(
5. Ni&lesc, I(, !lternative privind finanarea "## creditul $ancar versus
leasing, 8es!inea &i Con!a/ili!a!ea Fi"mei, ,( :, n"( <, 6??D(
6. 48 n"( J1M6@(?@(1::; $"i,in% o$e"ainile %e leasin+ &i socie!ile %e leasin+,
mo%i.ica! $"in Le+ea ::M1::: > Le+e $"i,in% nele ms"i $en!" accele"a"ea
"e.o"mei economice > "e$/lica! -n M(4 : M 6???, mo%i.ica! $"in Le+ea J;1 M
6??<(
10. Ma#il Dmi!", Dreptul comerului internaional, )a"!ea S$ecial, E%( Lmina
Le', 9c"e&!i, 6??;(
11. Nis!o" Cos!el, !dministrarea afacerilor internationale, 'note de curs(
12. Toma Mi5ai, Ale'an%" Felicia, %inane i gestiune financiar de ntreprindere,
E%i!"a Economic, 6??<(
1). T"c, E( > &ontractul de leasing, E%i!"a Kaman+i, 6??@(
14. Si/e"s!ein I(, 9alica L( 3 &ontracte moderne din Dreptul &omerului
"nternaional - contractul de leasing, c"s D"e$! /anca", I9R, 9c"e&!i(
1=
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