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gm / cm3
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rhomio_einstein007
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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15
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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17

rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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18
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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19
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
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21
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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22
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
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^1040Jo_ Ej[ D%HTD
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1$% +'
:X 4[V:
| D^|
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[o D2 H%
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KFN G

X| |_w|
||&>:|: q||_v ? '|R|-?_':F@N * )?
K?_'
VJ _& 4[
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:: F > qH^RHH
W1
F
N / m 2
A
|,|` | |<*'|D m 2 d|;|' A &| N V+ ;' F ' r
P =
KE N / m 2 F2LV+
[ P F@N
2LV+ 5 10 5 Z_vV_':F@N HhG
Z|_' X| |_w |&_V|>&
:: q_v 'HX h
KV+ 5 10 5
40
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

KRv!vVj_':F@N G

4| | r| $H ||_v
^+ +,`D\% +* Kq_v\J V_\D^
Z4|[
|:|F@|G| DV|:-A|+|' Z4|[
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+r1S%
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||:F@N|| 3
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!vr &![ VKLE4[
: q++c+4
KR:RFw &!F@G

W!vVj_':F@N ' +GGG
h m |:
|:\|q A m 2 R &|
|'DH x ~ H 1
~|| 4||[H;||o :^V||2V||K kg / m 3 R|| D%!||v_||v\||
K h m R:+;^!& V :'%!
x ~|| ||
:!&|| ||, q||<|| '||H;||o :^V||2
|| oD2
K A m 2 R+:& h m R:+;^4 &!:&
!& F@GV: ` 'DK@NP !k!& r3
K h m R:+;^4 &!: +H6
Fg = m g HnL:C 2 Z WH4
m = V HKLECD2 Z 2
V = A h H+;9C:' &ZKLE
W2^
Fg = m g = V g = A h g Fg = A h g
W1 V x ~
: P !& F@GJ

P =
Fg
A
/ hg
A
A
/
= h g P = h g N / m 2
KnL:C!& D%C_' :Z!vVj_':F@N HH

>&||||R||+:4|| || ||&!:||!??*'||;||vV||j||_'||:F@N|| ?y|| +
K?!& _v '_J
vH *o R:+;^
41
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

2LV+ 5 10 5 Z!vVj_':F@N HhG

|vH *o R:+;^ '_X _w&>R+:4 &!:HX h
KV+ 5 10 5 ZR2!& _v '_J
W!vVj_':F@N ,:y < !
W[J:
:F@N y
\q; 'g nL:H'& V1*
KE 1:F !& D%2KE 1:F h _' :1
W[TGGG

2 F@N 2 ^Pa R 4 nF@N U_ &!vHTD
WHH!& :F@GnF@N V:;o:!vVj_':
P = Pa + h g
W
&HV2'& 1 V
KF@N CB2!vj CBH'
DH &j'+< F' 1
j';CcrZ4[j+ E _ &
rFcr^ s4 &!2
K'DH:' 2+H ABvB23rV: z@l
???,No" ;To !2 To _v &`D4B???
!T R+::& X &ho*+4 F@N H3
K F@N

WJ oA >orj! &+^G

||:|| U ) | !2||3
||:J o||3> |oH|| ||%^
| jV2|| ||Do||}K||q w R|| D%||V||o||v||%
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!|}D_|v|c|1*
| oDc 6\ H
_&| V:J J:+;^
: "U,T_v2,
42
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

K ho [\ +;^ hw [+;^V2 E!2A % AD &F!}

W'
DH &j A , D J _' H
D :\ F@GZ A :F@GW2^
Po + ho o g = Po + hw w g WHH
P/ o + ho o g/ = P/ o + hw w g/ ho o = hw w

K
o hw
=
w ho
o
\ o& D2 J+V2 ho , hw V1%'
w
F@N ||>oq:E F+;9&2:ov+Sv +D2 H'& V1*

WHH
1
h

KnF@N G

||B||cc||oH4||$H||K
||'o d||;o d$`||
||3;+||||nF@N|| '||G
||orj|o |_vH1DoRj,&2Kqo Q,1d1

|c|EH
,|K | '+d0.76R +;9%J &
^z^

&KR_@G^[V24 o ;V!V6^ $2orjo _vD
KE }Z
3;+ D!$F@N HHF?
3;+ D?KvE4[
WGGG
KKv76VW%Hd;o os
vH _%^6^
3;+ D ,6
WnF@N ' +GGG
||U'||
|||| ||&_DH &||j||'+<|| B !||||_'4||$H^
W`DE!'!2A FEjo
Po nF@N Z A _' :F@N
K
3;+ DjF@N Ho :F@GZ B _' :F@N
}H h g Z
W2
oD'
DH &j A , B J _' H
W ^B _' :F@N Z A _' :F@N
h g Z Po nF@N
Po = h g
43
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

>&||R|+:4| d;o jo :V:3 F@N ZnF@N HH

K h R:+;^
d|0.76R:+;ô V:V:3 F@N D2* ?[? nF@N ?y +
K?v }; c;j d1R_'&
Kod0.76 &To _v:v'BF@G[ nF@N
W:nF@N ' +GGG
K3LKL%13595Zvc;} :o D%HTD
K2L9.81ZG;rnL:
Po = h g = 0.76 13595 9.81 = 1.013 10 5 N / m 2
WF@N , > <*'GG
W,F@N ,>*':c+
KF@N
'j5 &[
W2LV+1
Po = 1.013 10 5 N / m 2
K2LV+D2*+
[W2vo 2
Po = 1.013 10 5 Pascal
1 Pascal = 1 N / m 2
KE2LV+F2v 10 5 D2*+
[W;o 3
Po = 1.013 Bar
1 Bar = 10 5 Pascal = 10 5 N / m 2
WHHKod1D2*
[W; 4
Po = 0.76 m Hg = 760 mm Hg = 760 Torr
1 Torr = 1 mm Hg
W2:"GGG
Po = 1.013 10 5 N / m 2 = 1.013 10 5 Pascal = 1.013 Bar = 0.76 m Hg = 760 Torr
;1.013 ZH2v 1.013 10 5 ZnF@N HhG
V+|| 1.013 10 5 R||||o V||||:V||:||3 F@N|| ||*||nF@N|| HX|| h||
K2d1R+:&
cF@G3Zo0F@GHhG
3 1.013 10 5 Z|_|vV|>&||
|:ow @, q< 'HX h
KEV+ 3.013 10 5 FV+
!|oc||:F@N| DK |To |_vV|:|+;^|%|nF@N '!W[TGGG
K To _v:R!H2+
44
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

K h _& V:_' *P !vVj_':F@N Jo 1 G

Wn, k!& _v%^1
K P h W`D!& \q g ;'H P = h g W2
g ZR!}r '_K' &F$1:!*+'&
WHH
K' & = ! g =
P
h
W2+,
g DK' &FU!Z !& D%
Wn, _ &! v%^2
N||HK' &|F||$|1:!||*+| Z4||[ P = Po + h g W|2
Po Z;; ">'0Vc_'!}r '_6R2
WHH g W[K' &FU!2K
K' & = ! g =
P
h
W2+,
g DK' &FU!Z !& D%

KdG

@||F@||GJ|| '|| | H||^j||o0||F@||G '||5 &||* ||,c||[d|| J
KnF@N ow
WRo% + J
|%
|: $rk"[ÊJ: DFJ o3>oHV:;o:d
KR_@G8_& @k"' oA "!+D R D%Sv!vV
Wo0F@Gjd5 v^ J
WR`Dow& @k"' }! :
k"||' | jz5||!&|| ||`D||nF@N|| V||W||%H||ow @||F@||G||%^1
K h +;^
^ $ j+
W`D A , B J _' V2 &!j'
DH &jJ _'4$-
H Pa |nF@N| F B |_' :F@N ZE P ow @F@GF A _' :F@N
WHHKE h R:+;^4 &!:F@G
P = Pa + h g at P > Pa
45
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

+ U jz5!& `DnF@N V!How @F@G%^2

K h +;^
^k"' j
W`D A , B J _' V2 &!j'
DH &jJ _'4$-
F@N| ZE h R|:+;^4| | |&!:F@GH P ow @F@GF A _' :F@N
WHHKE Pa nF@N F B _' :
Pa = P + h g P = Pa h g at P < Pa

|V||2^& j @F@GV26 '>o_ Vk%j

WHF'DF@N D
P = P Pa = h g at P > Pa
P = Pa P = h g at P < Pa
j!&|
T_|vJ| h |+;9| Dd|j !&| |D%|D V21 Z4[V
K P F@N D8&V2 g nL:X 4%R o3

KF@N
:>'o_+G

R|`D _N| |8&|^|%|^HK | ^|&[jK&n1$ 8&^W 1
:1$VLN 4,&9V2KN 5A Z4[W {LNT"2
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KJ A ^
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KS' N:&o^:V2!H
^ A F@G!'RD&
o9F@N 8
K;+80
&o9F@N ;+120
Go'9F@N 2cT" &9j
46
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

^H{V2!H _ & 2

:F@G\B;& ^;2
^
4 r+ _ ;9J`& Dz5F@G\;9
K;95v2 9
WHGGG

||:||G 5000 kg / m 3 R||+||D%E 5 cm ,10 cm ,20 cm FZ||HS||}>1_ &|| ||1
? 10 m / s 2 ZG;rnL:?KR F@G!H"
HS&^K
'DH &
W!E
& Zcq1qR E 5 cm ,10 cm ,20 cm FZH4 >1_ & H
[ 2D
W
!2A j%,H
:GHV2

W24 K q> 'oq:&&2:Sv F@N H
W ^50 cm 2 R &4 Rc H!r&Rc

:K&nG:F@G
"HG
P =
F mg Vg 5 10 20 10 6 5000 10
=
= 10 4 N / m 2
=
=
4
A
A
A
5 10 10
W ^200 cm 2 R &4 Rc HW%r&Rc

:K&nG:F@G!HGG
P =
F mg Vg 5 10 20 10 6 5000 10
=
= 2500 N / m 2
=
=
A
A
A
10 20 10 4

:H U jo _v2DK!& $F@G'
'od5 vH2
Atm cmHg W> @F@GDK 36 cm ; "!& 'jRT_vV
K? 1 Pa = 1 atm = 0.76 mHg = 1.013 10 5 N / m 2 ?K N / m 2
W!E
W cmHg W6H
3 F@N nF@N D2* 1 Pa = 76 cmHg 2nF@N y +VW 2 F
V:V:3 F@N :F@N D2*
Kv76R:+;ô V:V:
KEKv76V!HHW%H%vKv h R:+;ô
;|o: B |_' :F@N H1*o &!H dj1K;!2A ^

W2^KKv36R:+;^4 o :F@G
^DG9EoKv76FnF@N V:
P = Pa + h = 76 + 36 = 112cmHg
47
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

W2 1 Pa = 1 atm Wq

1
atm = cmHg
76
1
112
Q P = 112 cmHg P = 112 cmHg = 112 atm =
atm = 1.474 atm
76
76
W N / m 2 W q
Q 1 atm = 76 cmHg

Q 1 Po = 1 atm = 1.013 10 5 N / m 2

P = 1.474 atm = 1.474 1.013 10 5 N / m 2 = 1.493 N / m 2

K2v:G

KZ1:HjCo2!2A Jo%
cc^j! &H4$H^
W[ h :
:Rj_':F@N `D
P = P1 + h g
V|:+||[E |3oCo|2|\F!&| |_v:F@N [P1
KCo2V:3 F@N nF@N
|1*ECo2
:jG^!'qGX F P ;'F@N ^
KE@NP !& X F!$^
Co2 :
;'|Z;||vE |3oCo|2|\F!&| |_v|:F@N V2
WR o" E P F;'C_' :F@N
P
P = P1 + h g + P
K9& 2HV2J
^F@N `D
<| ?2|v|:HHo?|) *DL Z4["?2v?
& '
cH
^R !' F@N `D^jo0!v
:F@G q:?RH
:+
K?!&
: w9;c
^!' %!&

W2v:>'o_+GG
K> &;j2 ;B !1
KvroH
v %2
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2 ;BCo2F> &;D;Co23

48
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

K
2 ;BCo2G

K2v:
:R:ho*k@}5 v`ko%'qHD;WR @
_'&k@}
r&'_J vH;J _v^WVZ;}F&HjS%dWRo% +
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KSv!&'DrorJ _vrs*+'DHo-!vHVJ _vr "!+
WR:~ 3
&H a [
r_vr&H 1
`D f 'k@" Co2
: qH`DK A [
W2k@" Co2
:F@N
P =
f
a
!&| j|_'!|%
^R F@N 4[!' 2
K
|||:H
|| ^R|||D;
||:!|||+||ko|||2 Co||2 q-|| D
ko2 Co2
:F@N 24: F '
:HVR: q
}rRG
^Co2:9
W[
P =
F
A

|:F@N| |&ko|2 Co|2|
:F@N| 2'
DH &jJ&o2+^:3
WHH P &k@" Co2
P =
f
f
F
f F
A
= = F =
a
a
A
a
A
K f k@}_v,D;V2< F ko2 '; 'D V2,

<|
2 |;BCo|2 ? R| | '|*|&
|||? |3^V|2'&| 1 VGG
W,-) *+
Kk@" Co2
:2 _N 'ko2 Co2
:2 _N 'Jo& J
Kk@" Co2^
&'_ko2 Co2&'_Jo& J
W1 V
_*+
2 ;BCo2 E22FR HH
=
F A
=
f
a
100Z
2 [;Co2R HhGG
Wo& HX h
K100Zk@" Co2
:2 _N 'ko2 Co2
:2 _N 'J J
K100Zk@" Co2^
&'_ko2 Co2&'_J J
49
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

WJ&o2V1%_v4o@!A GG
D&| |T k@"| Co|2|`DKV+| f [;||'k@"| Co|2|
:| qHH 1
K!vH
^ y 1 [;
[;' q- )vko2 Co2`D!& cH
^R !' F@N H2
K
:H
^ y 2 [;D& T 4:V+ F
KED&C' Z!@A F f y 1 W[k@" Co2_v4o@!A 2^3
F y 2 W[ko2 Co2_v4o@!A
W2_ ' ''o4
WHHko2 Co2_v4o@!A Zk@" Co2_v4o@!A
f y 1 = F y 2
y
y
F
F
y2
= 1 F = 1 f y 1 =
f
y2
y2
f
K $rCo2,% < D&D J&o2H,% T < D&J+V2,

W1 VR *_
+:"GG
=
F A y1
= =
f
a
y2

K_ ;H:G

W
,EjD - [ V:;H6G
KBjRD;S" V2_v\@;2: ,&K&cD;2^1
Kj[ :J V_2
KR:EVko%v_+jEV;&@3
|`D|!|v_|v\| |@*:K&n-'& >6Ej;H &DGG
|
&+
:H
^'K&n
: qv!& `D
K!vH
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:!& D?
||2E||H!||vF||j| cH| %;||@K&||n?H
||:?||;H| :?||+GG
K?S+d
:cH%K&nR4 KL*+' Z4[
:H
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W ;H: v^GG
!&|| 4||[V|||| ||_v^!||5 K||:jV%||v R|| D%!||v|| H | 1
W!2A % h ,:+; A ,+:& Vol ,L
KE
:HV!vHVocF>[9V'!& Vn4[ q- 2
50
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

2 DEZ^Hj 6R2j\qHF+^ j $lc-%!& Vn4[3

W
[: q '
V|:;|o:,1%rFzo ,N
31*+Z4[WE EK,vrF'Dr 'H
KEZ9jJ+N ';j ' & +
WJ+V2 +
[WvH '8
V|K|LE4|[V|:;|o:
[!vH
^
:HV q+W
r
WH!&
KnL:CR D%CRLZ!& Vn4[
WH
( Fg )l = Vol g
J|||F@N|| || DV|||:-A||+||
:H
|| ^!|||vHV|| q||+W ||
?!&| |_vH
|:D| *&
||?|+ &!VKLE4B b a
& JT_&
WHH Fb B *
Fb = P A
Q P = Pa Pb = h1 g h2 g = ( h1 h2 ) g = h g
h = h1 h2
Fb = h g A = Vol g : Vol = h A

W`DE!vH
^6
:H
^ T +6HF _vrH
WHK!& _vHZ!& D
Fb = Vol g = ( Fg )l

V+20Z)K&n!vDHhGG
KV+20Z!& _vDj_ K&nHX h
KV+20ZK&n_v &!~H

K!vj;@[RBjK&nJ1 G

!2A CBo}V_v-'& _ &!vH o v^^
2K h [;D&~ &!*H`D s , D%KLE
W[o" _vr
( Fg )s = Vol s g
W
[!& D
Fb = Vol l g
51
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

W
[o" _vr
: q"w '2+

F = Fb + ( ( Fg )s )
24
:H
^ Fb Z^HdDH%KK&n
: q 'E"0F [F
KS & 2E ( Fg )s Z^Fy 5Z9oc
F = Fb ( Fg )s = Vol l g Vol s g
F = ( l s ) Vol g
W 1 >6E^j;@K&n2HV2'& o+
| ( Fg )s > Fb HD| |V|W|%HK&n2:W^
'K&n@1
KE!vH
^' "0F s > l !& D%VW%HK&nD%2+:
( Fg )s < Fb HD|| ||V||!||HK&||n||2||:W!&|| ||_v
||:K&||n _||J2
KE
:H
^' "0F s < l !& D%V @}HK&nD%2+:
( Fg )s = Fb HD|| ||& '||K&||n||2||:W!&|| j| 'K&||n'||
o J3
KE }Z' "0F s = l !& D2 &K&nD%2+:

K!& j [ G

;@[R`D9C1*6!vj!2 Kq

%WjK&c*:^
WHH Fb !& D ( ';Fg )s BjRV:!' ( Fg )' s !& j
WHKR:!& DBjRZ;@K&L [
( Fg )' s = ( Fg )s Fb
WV:;o:D 2+,
Fb = ( Fg )s ( Fg )' s

52
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

K_
:>'o_+G

H; GSo&K,D HX HD;2AV
G z
*DWn'+1
RDjR&cz @ 4 K
o_ 1 ^
4 r}!H>1N
K
o_ 1 >QHRD HX T 1 , 'X 4!'+o '+
% +FoN*!&>j^ 8;z W^ 8;2
K D +
B|>| Z4|[| Q|:ko|%>| D
|:|} | @W>} @3
Krjo '+A CK> Q:@+K}_ @+
ko||%||:H
|| ^C||_@ ||:,||+ <|| d&|| jF@N|| @||k@*| DWC||_@ d||v4
K_ jK2T

Kc[>1
|| | | | | | | | | | | || || || || || || || || || | | | | | |
W2!vj%;@K&n j1
KR%K&nKLZ~ &!KL <
KnL:C!& D%C;@K&nKL?|| &D 2+<
W2!v_vDj_ K&n j2
WHK V 2 ;@nKLH V1 j_ nKLZ V R%K&nKL <
V = V1 + V 2
KF'D;@nKLZ~ &! KL <
KnL:C!& D%CF'D;@nKL?|| &D 2+<
|,j'| |`D!vjD2 VKLEj& &cH> ^3
;o:[4 E;@[ Bj V:;o:F j' rX &2
WHKnL:C!& D%C;@K&nKL&+< D V:
Fb = ( Fg )s ( Fg )' s = V l g
K&n
:D`DEV &n!FD2 ! v:DK&c^4
Kj_ K&n&+,1%rX K&nC
:V &nD& '2+
D rk@ +6&
:D`D84 ^
Vv\' ^^5
K& &+

53
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

K[>1+
|| | | | | | | | | | | || || || |
F@N j &2+CL !vj'
DH &j F' 1
j |&C|L | |&!D%H|%!&| |_vV|:
:F' Z4[r
K P = h g Wr,D &F@N 24 F'

:rj,2VW%H!vHV,22 &ho*+2
V|,W%H!vHV& K&c
:_N '2+
F@N r
K!vHj2W%H& 2H 4 r
:H
&!cH
^R !' F@N `D^jo0!v
:F@G q:3
,ND!& >mc!!v
:F@N j-D4 @NP k! &r
K!& cH
^F@N '!D'zo
or&'_d;o jo +;^ q- 64
d|;o j|o |+;^
:y +
[
&>:: q*'; 'F@N r
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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G. E A eG. Y( 6E)QYk4
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rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

KK _6 P3 ( Vol )3 ()#|

BXQ*6" LK)4
4 A 6E)|Ni" Y#QrE$^M1]E@ rL8P{1#8Q
G B 6E)|=5
,,K#KA,, Y,,*6,,8,,8,,4 P4 L',,I ( Vol )4 YK,, ,,E,,h,,b(,,)3#KA,, N
K Pa h "P4 ':
KK _6 P5 ( Vol )5 ()#|
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1
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Q.%EUB P LI"KBk8 Vol '
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Vol
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const .
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Vol P = const .
P
P
W
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>B#6)q~BGYKc
6
K? 6U*qYK Vol P JI#~K.%EUB?
Vol P = const . ( Vol )1 P1 = ( Vol )2 P2
( Vol )1
( Vol )2
P2
P1
We>GGG

,8Q ,
,B Vol ,' b(6)E S 8B
#KA 6(E
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3
4
( Vol )1 = 600 cm 3 G P1 = P G P2 = P

W#
3
4
( Vol )1 P1 = ( Vol )2 P2 600 P/ = ( Vol )2 P/ ( Vol )2 =
70
4 600
= 800 cm 3
3
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

E)FL'I%EUB?. 'b(6S W )U

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K ( Vol )0 Q8 0 o B|~
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1
K?6U'I
'b #?YBEBe\ k8 6Ue V y
71
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

.1G)01K( d( .B

'b(6 Z Vol bNa' Qy
WrE$ ( Vol )100
G ( Vol )0 Yb018 100 o
G 0 o Y '
Vol = ( Vol )100 ( Vol )0
W$
B t ?.N?D*rE$:Q
t = 100 0 = 100 o C
W$
G1S
?6
V =
( Vol )100 ( Vol )0

( Vol )0 100
WK8 t o
G 0 o Y?"{( 'BWB$6
V =
( Vol )t ( Vol )0
( Vol )0 t

W
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b #( G
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72
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

WS Y': %EUBM
b #()4
V =
( Vol )100 ( Vol )0

( Vol )0 100
K.#K 1 / 273 Z': %EUBM

b #QCM
,*_,6,M?,.,1G{ ? * "% 'Y "bQy
K* { )_%
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W 4G
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K3( 1 / 273 20 ) ZbN K?8 1o ?.18 0 o N320bqJ
Z,,,,bN,,,, ,,,,K?,,,,8 1o ,,,,?,,,,.,,,,1,,,,8 0 o N3 ( Vol )0 ,,,,b,,,,q
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73
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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74
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

W)QB.*6" *L _6

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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N]E@ rL8* "^#8Q
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G B 6E)|N]E@ rL8
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%,.Y,,, _,6,,M?,1G,*_,,6,?,, {%,' ",, ':, Qy,

e{ )_ *%' 'IN #K
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K.#K 1 / 273
76
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

,,b%,EU,B?,)Q
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"1M q~YKcb i\e
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77
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

B.WL*)Q,,C DB ifDN( *6" (YS4N* "G

K6Q]E84 #4N8.E 273 F
i\,e
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,e,M G,' #$,QY,Kc,,.#,QQ
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K?Y4~Q]L$ ?,6.

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B?Y4~Q]L$ ?9?YKc
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6]L$
G ~#Ek~
GU#@8
G > 'A 3 NYK
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78
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

,8,. 100 Y,4. 273 #6*8~Y4~#6*?8. 273 .
KY4. 373 #6*?
68p?
B. T 6EY4p?
BFK . )01
W
B#$ t
T o K = t o C + 273
WQQ
K 273 H t o C " . Z T o K K .
Z
,,,eY,,,4p,,,?
,,,B,,,M ,,,K 1,,,8 183 o Z#@",,, (b",,,4|,,,q,,,.W,,,
KY4 90 o Z 273 + ( 183 )

K': *))
XQ~G

W)WzQ
WK
6M6A ADE ABC 1#6*#KA

79
BC DE
=
AC AD
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

WYK
AE = T2 ?? AC = T1 ?? DE = ( Vol )2 ?? BC = ( Vol )1
WQQ

( Vol )1 ( Vol )2
(V )
T
=
ol 1 = 1
T1
T2
( Vol )2 T2
WK7
B

Vol
= cont . Vol T
T
E8?qY4bk8 ': %EUB?

e *)X|'$
B#$
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W N

( Vol )1 T1
=
( Vol )2 T2
W
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( Vol )1 t 1 + 273
=
( Vol )2 t 2 + 273
WQp 273

B"*E YS4"*6

(V )
1 + V t 1
( Vol )1 ( 1 / 273 ) t 1 + 1 V t 1 + 1
1
ol 1 =
: V =
=
=
( Vol )2 1 + V t 2
( Vol )2 ( 1 / 273 ) t 2 + 1 V t 2 + 1
273

W': )WzQ
WK
6M6A ADE ABC 1#6*#KA

80
BC DE
=
AC AD
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

WYK
AE = T2 ?? AC = T1 ?? DE = P2 ?? BC = P1
WQQ

P1 P2
P
T
1 = 1
=
T1 T2
P2 T2
WK7
B

P
= cont . P T
T
,qY,,,4',Ik,8 ,b%,EU,B?

,e':, ),* X|'$
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W N

P1 T1
=
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W
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P1 t 1 + 273
=
P2 t 2 + 273
WQp 273

B"*E YS4"*6

P
1 + P t1
P1 ( 1 / 273 ) t 1 + 1 P t 1 + 1
1
: P =

=
=
1 =
P2 1 + P t 2
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273

K% *) 'G

Vol T y )Vol
1
y#6
))(66 Y% *) '8GYKc J
P
WQQ
Q Vol
1
T
T
& Vol T Vol Vol = const .
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P
P
PV
ol = const .
T

T2
G T1 YK ?. P2
G P1 YL'I ( Vol )2
G ( Vol )1 Y 'ba'?G J
W01

81
P (V )
P1 ( Vol )1
= const . & 2 ol 2 = const .
T1
T2
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

P1 ( Vol )1 P2 ( Vol )2
=
T1
T2
,,4,bJI#~?Q

B\ ?%? *) 'YBEB
e*6" S
K? 6U?"*K M?.
B"*ML'INqY

W

>BX|% )( '8GYKc% *) 'YG
W
B#$
6 T1 = T2 K.%EUB1
P1 ( Vol )1 = P2 ( Vol )2
K#6)e\e
W
B#$
6 P1 = P2 K': %EUB2

( Vol )1 ( Vol )2
=
T1
T2
K)e\e
W
B#$
6 ( Vol )1 = ( Vol )2 Kb%EUB3

P1 P2
=
T1 T2
K': )e\e

WK1?E S .T .P KKF.': ?,6
"
B ?]G4G
K2LY?) 1.013 10 5 Z]E@K 0.76 Z': 1
K4. 273 Z8. 0 Z.2
K3 22.4 10 3 Z 22.4 ZqQY'A\ b3
W N%)E i\M6P 6

P Vol
T
= const .
WK
1.013 10 5 22.4 10 3

=
= 8.31 Joule / o K
T
273
WQQ R 6 \ ?% '6 ?,6
" 8.31 Joule / o K *
P Vol
R = 8.31 Joule / o K
K? 1o K 4. 'Y.1 S L 4?)V6?YKc
KL e\ Joule 2
e P Vol *Qy

82
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

WG

P Vol
T
= R P Vol = R T
WK n e 'Y%zB4GK 'Y 7

P Vol = n R T
W.e>GGG
W01NPE M:6#B ?z^ % 'YBXB
K4b"b#'Aq#41
K6X'I Nq#42
WQK%' 'IZ{
K ': 3
P = P1 + P2 + .........
WWGGG
Y,,,,*K],,E@,,8 12 ,,B,,' :,, ,,K,,B,, 15 ,,b(.,, ,,qY,,,,*
5 8#*)GNIK]E@8 50 B' : 4B 10 b(b"4|
p'I.V1MLXUQ 6UY '.)401
W%L
Vol ( N 2 )before = 15 Lts G P ( N 2 )before = 12 cmHg GVol ( O 2 )before = 10 Lts
P ( O 2 )before = 50 cmHg GVol ( N 2 )after = Vol ( O 2 )after = 5 Lts
W#
W6(. q'IGWzQ
( P ( Vol ))before = ( P1 ( Vol ))after 15 12 = P1 5 P1 =
15 12
= 36 cmHg
5
W6(b"4|q'IGW)U
( P ( Vol ))before = ( P2 ( Vol ))after 10 50 = P2 5 P2 =
10 50
= 100 cmHg
5
We{
K ': K
6
P = P1 + P2 = 36 + 100 = 136 cmHg .
We%S?GGG
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K%( '6aE4-.%1".
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83
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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L
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007@yahoo.

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007@yahoo.

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rhomio_
einstein007@
L
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007@yahoo.

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t
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l
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f = P=
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rhomio_
einstein007@
L
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007@yahoo.

F =
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l
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P =
2
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F N mv x

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=

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88
rhomio
rhomio_
einstein007@
L
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007@yahoo.

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n '9DC N A ; /'J[DOD,D

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rhomio_
einstein007@
L
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007@yahoo.

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N
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N = Vol N' N' =
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Vol

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P = 1.013 10 5 N / m 2 G m = 52.8 10 27 kg G v = 4.63 10 2 m / sec
W!
Q
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=
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W'u
N A = 6.023 10 23 G k = 1.38 10 23 Joule / o K G P = 1.013 10 5 N / m 2
90
rhomio
rhomio_
einstein007@
L
omio_einstein007
007@yahoo.

T = 273 o K G M' = 0.028 kg
G
Vol = 22.4 10 3 m 3
W2 O
0W*u#!XOKY'u2lOW!
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2
1 M' v
3 Vol
v =
v2 =
3 P Vol
M'
v =
3 P Vol
M'
3 1.013 10 5 22.4 10 3
= 493 m / sec
0.028
W2 O&

3 kT
3 kT
3
1
kT=
m v 2 v 2 =
v =
m
2/
2/
m
M'
0.028
: T = 273 o K & m =
=
N A 6.023 10 23

v =
3 1.38 10 23 273 6.023 10 23

= 493 m / sec
0.028

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=
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rhomio_
einstein007@
L
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007@yahoo.

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L
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einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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105
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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107
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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110
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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112
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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F B 3
F B I l
W%321;
F = const . B I l 4
9:?;6@1Q/ 0EP'
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113
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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F = B I l
Newton
B =
F
I l
Tesla = Newton / Amp . m
9W:W?;6W@1Q/0 6c[)('4g5?-@%??P'
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F = Il ( B sin ) = BIl sin
W%%
: F 034C)('
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F = 0
at = 0 o
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114
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

WQ'W()W0+,
H:7@34 x M0 ?I 1 D/ -5/678F19'?>
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F1 = B 2 I 1 l
F1 =
I1I2l
I2
I 1 l F1 =
2 d
2 d
'W()WZW{
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l = 40 cm = 0.4 m
G
I = 2.5 Amp .
B = 10 2 Tesla
F = 0.005 Newton
Ww
F = BIl sin sin =
F
0.005
= 0 .5
= 2
BIl 10 2.5 0.4
= sin 1 0.5 = 30 o
34[ J- ;`:14 _?hO`:75-P5(P(
.:>2
W?%W1W-QE1;/W
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= 4 10 7 Weber / Amp . m WjM
l = 75 cm = 0.75 m
G d = 14 cm = 0.14 m G
I 1 = 20 Amp .
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= 2.1428 10 4 Newton
2 d
0.14

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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let Fab = Fcd = F
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein00
einstein007
L
007@yahoo.

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118
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rhomio_einstein00
einstein007
L
007@yahoo.

W6"7
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P )D 2*&6>+ek
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23
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KP
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)F, R g PF c
), Rs + E2F
W++&RT-&7R'M
/-
I s R s = I g R g Rs =
I g Rg
Is
W u
/ I s k/w
Rs =
I g Rg
I Ig
r)6+
09 6"7:
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119
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rhomio_einstein00
einstein007
L
007@yahoo.

NPFPF `2F"F,`FRPFPF F'QF

F
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v &6+
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WJH
R g = 2 G I g
= 5 m Amp . = 5 10 3 Amp . G I = 10 Amp .
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Rs =
I g Rg
I Ig
5 10 3 2
= 0.001
10 0.005

GG 2P 6 RGG

F&' FR F) F+&I[N- H)"+-&7R )6 D 2
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120
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rhomio_einstein00
einstein007
L
007@yahoo.

6"FF7FF tF7uFF FF&7FFRFF, V g :/FFNFFT-FFFF&7FFRFF, Vm +FE1F

WpP
"&0e9
Vm = I g Rm , V g = I g R g
- )k/P4/,6"7:
), R g &7:/
), Rm +E2F
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/-
Wk/
V = Vm + V g Vm = V V g I g Rm = V V g
Rm =
V Vg
Ig
6 R
09 6"7:
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K R V VP*&)Rr)
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R = Rm + R g V = I g ( Rm + R g )
K

/- { Rm R g kuI>
Wm5GG
50E6"7:F`")IdRKV te0&"/ R150 )i 6 R
& `7:/)f2dRKA4+ 4 10 4
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WJH
V
= 150 Volts
G R g
= 50
G I g
= 4 10 4 Amp .
Wo
Q V g
= I g R g = 4 10 4 50 = 0.02 Volts
Rm =
V Vg
Ig
150 0.02
= 374950
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einstein007
L
007@yahoo.

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0
122
400
3750
200
11250
100
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein00
einstein007
L
007@yahoo.

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= 0 .02 Amp . G I g 2 = 10 10 3 Amp .
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K R '
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VB
1 .5
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=
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Q R ' = Rc + Rg Rc = R ' R g = 75 25 = 50 1

K R "
, R k' *Py *)N[) ' +
R " =
VB
1 .5
= 150
=
I g2 10 10 3
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FF F F F F F F FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF F F F F F F
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123
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rhomio_einstein00
einstein007
L
007@yahoo.

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einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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einstein007@
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129
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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131
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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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133
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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134
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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W
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rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

W:Z]9 ('&
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t
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W
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60
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Q
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:BK5 B240:* jB}6110
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240
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0.707

136
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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138
rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@
L
007@yahoo.

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111
<3 T"c,55: @[-( "[2 K <.
???4 ( -7(7I@<-( -7"[Z( @[-<Z7
3 T"c,55:( "[2 KS/ <.
?W_a2%|uH @[-<8T9|_<I8( "[2 ?P%S!: <.
J<!%2*Q"*KKKP*"1-( 1"[2 <1.1*q1!F !-
1>-1W@1!*1v815T" 1 <1. 1!J2
7>m.FE(" KET

'8uV=I!.5 ?1T/!.5!?8B
'8@!5>-(?1TPZ@!5 K?8B
G! W
?*!.@<-(3 -7Z["T <.
@[-<Z*!.@<-
Z["T -( ? @[-<Z7
uV111=Ic111,5* 111? 2,111 1111114 ?<@111F
45< 4!5R WgT
??? 11111111(11117I@1111<- -
1111"[Z1111(Z11117
<3%5-c,55: @[-( "[2 K <.
???4 ( -7(7I@<-( -7"[Z
@[-<Z
3%5-c,55:( "[2 KS/ <.
?11W11_a112%|11u11H11I 11@[-<811T9|11
_<I8( "[2 K?P"!: <.
J<!&*KKKP( "[2 <.7>m.@!*v85T*q!F" <.7>-W !J2 KE

'8uV=I!.5 ?1T!.5 </8?8
%
'8@!5!%S(?1TPZ@!5 K?8
%
/r/GG <.'
* !J2@@!5I8T9u8BI1-"*P%2xu1{8
1%9!-1*31v
5I"<mu8BI5uF8
% KE85
" / "
172
" "
J3vP/-G fG3W5 <.F5G`T !J2?/!?{H/Z"8[%b 17>m.

I!.58B" 7>-W I!.5 < K8

J=V
<3x<5ic(" % {H.*9/2T@!5"!' H:% K9X
GG<YJF
"KKK "T/8J2 <.T !J2@7N9?N"* !<'I@!5(?!'
*q@
@!5I8T92B3@IP%2x2{8<'%P/r/928@!5( @1!*81H AC

K DC '5

5uV=3 @[T3,MI !<'%
!@ 3,MS/ !<5 K 'D
W OfGG
@!5<&b J{ I Forward &T8B<@!5 </8 K I Backward &T8
%
:9X VForward &T8B9X/ V Backward &T8
% K V Re verse
J$85&( <.<:/ !J2?1T8'
*'W? K
!vq(<q@<-(/ -7{v '%r@<-
/ - K

JF5GH$85&(<:8I W!.5

" / "
173
" "

<[ JN1G&81<@ 51G <1.15q1!{ 1!f&31@ 51G

ZG.P-M3g5"-gT@Z7.P-M "-
'V=8
2 K npn
/Z11711.P-11M311g511"-g11T@11Z11G11.P-11M 11"-311

'V=82 K pnp
JZW&8<8=233@5G*! WZ
1W Emitter E q11-=r11H11[g511"-11"Tg511[!D"11
"/3 f$F 2, /4 8HE" K
2" W Base B=P-M "-8(.8[G=61?31@1-8
@!A fx9"33 2,8Hq-|' Kh
3|'W Collector C h11=11[ 11"-r11_B11"T 11[!D"11
fRV3 2," K
Z!**N5 J f.8< f,2
FTNq-"N|'h
E E B C/ZU">m.171'%T'
1*81
*HgT8T9Wq-|' Kh
1117f111g111I
/111'W*&111!W111r/F1119TZJ"111E111 !111<A
*r/F11=&!W11IEZJ117811q11-B'<11P11" f11311
8H 2," K
!/q"A/&!W*A/`:uV=NO%8Hx f|'h[1G
11WZ-1G|'P1/1=h1

F5%MHI[ A@ 3 2 W
f % K'5
T 2,
J@!.* !<' G&I@5G!-G8<V_KKKJ(*&3 npn @5G121Tg-(1W
85 WP!:
<111.F8111/!111.* <111.111ALq111-111*81115T
"{E>m.95 <."L|'8
!.* <.h
F*85T" KE>-W95
J<!h:2*P 38Hq-|'h" K
x2%: "`:U<95
92>m.6&7
I{h4 (17f1_1"T'<!? 115/
{? K
`:W@!5(3<[2`: I E =q-8H|'@!*r/h|'38[% IC h W Af%
IC
IE
= I C = e I E e
!9Te%b* e q@!*gT -

2|' IC h*!@ I E q-*</R@"*r8*
@!*r|'@!*hh Kq-
" / "
174
" "
8[%b*gI@!*gT -
2|' IC h*!@" / I B 3 e W Af%
IC
I C = e I B
IB
= e
3
TA3/KKKeM>W W
I E = I B + I C I B = I E I C
IC
IC
= e
IB
I E IC
= but e
W8m.?2!T{@!*-
q-*"@!5-|'/r/KKKh* e -
2
8H -AK!,<!-*P7>-W e -
2 K
85T*!@|'@!*3W/ IC h" "(T I B@ e>-*?1T8'
*QHP/r/{?@!5@1MH+%1$
@!*I>m. !T9W"`:*>=b9O@!*I|' Kh
=uV'I !GGB&'W@5G=
'%:?1T8& K?@5G

I JIP/KKK85J|'Fh6&XEMr/33vB W

VCC = VCE + I C RC
!97= VCC q+TF @[-E'J := VCEgT9X|'hq- @!*= I C|'h 8= RC("
(7IFJ= KES/ 5T8
`:85Tr/@!*I|'*h<R
181g1T19X|'h11'<WP1/r/q1-1A1'<W I C @1!5
11P11 11'!A11A/811H11Q11 VCE 119X11112 0.2V . 8*!@11" I B 11@11!*8115T|'>-11Wh11!q11
K IC = e I B
@-5`: JKKK85P!:"=8_|'=h KKK'92!Tcq-

" / "

175
" "
`:c<G&@5G<8,2 W85
21_>-W`: K>m.
22_>m. K>-W
V
'8&uV=I@5G ?1T K?W%
`: J2![/"97F-7!.*W_%"*?!/f!.
8<T!'r
P`:E?g
*!@I|'q!h:>m.P!<9X K
Hr/{{{!,.%W9X(
<<8">m1./F -1G!1.*W1_1%"? !
1f!1.*1

8<T!
@?h["2E@!5(@I|'h:>-WP!<9X85T K>-W
J=V
F5&.F5'W@5G/@!5) KEP<.
VW3v)5G< !-[A8&F5G`T@5G/!2T!! h KE@<T@<TF

h!%5* J&97B! h'! [ !%!-{@MH8HK Wf':K !T9W

1(!:~ K !T9W@MH8H
>W2!{@ K !T9W@MH8H
311&!<511,5P11!:W 119W@11MH811HN11 11!T9W@11MH811H@11112 !
11!2m@11GKK
2%-"5G,5*q!KK@M9 .8HN !T9W@MH8H !
!2m K@.
?&97B! h%5*Q'! [F !%!- <5G*b Q*_>m51*19/'W95Z
'!Ar/V
'5GT@h&?1T8'
5:?8='WE3&97B! / 25"! K? !G
9":/ J37?1Te%b*&97B&97B! 1W? 1!'A -1G&197/'*1!-
?8<9<'I'5%*QO2?8J2,*b P!:rV@M5'!A9GG/M8H !T91'=":r/F0
*1'=":g53%b* <2 S-2T&!'5/0?!S?>/?!S?"!"8/?J?!,._[?/?
'!A3%bWf% I 3O2q1! ( 1 1 )2 &1T8J2
8/?tF2?<m?5=V ':KEKKK
&8H 2 NAO2{8J2=//"b*)uV W92
3 = 1 20 + 1 21
!8= 2 0 ,2 1 ,2 2 ,..... q*Z IO2 1_ 2 0 1'b5:{8J21* 1_ 2 1 1'b 1%*2 2 1'b
_ (KKK s=V/r/K*Z IO2rA'b*8J2% K 2
10 0 ,10 1 ,10 2 ,..... 'b*'WKKKx J*Z IO2 T5W3vWf':Kr%% I 17@
8< %,2 W85
17 = 7 10 0 + 1 10 1
=VW>*N5IeWO2 K8J2
{N5!: J@M !T9(@MH8H <5 @@3 !'A@G973*2/8'A@Lr2
(
,!:-"5,5*q!%@M T 2*8H !'A [G@ Kr2*L8'A
GG3' V=3,5>>
" / "
176
" "
3 ':I7*P/=U[@MH %!- 'O52>? !T9W?>!*

'?1T86$S=@? !T9
W%d !J {*
uV=Z-@!* W*,b !J_If@M '{Q( <%* K9M
fbH 1[ 1IU1!/ 1*<!&!IM1W19O*q1! !%1$ 1/ 11"2W61!T1G81<6
uV=K MeSb*6$S8H'J@M '{Q( <%Z% K92Y<F5
J I3! `:KKK !'A( '!AI+
! <%?@M9!HeSb*AQ6$S*=?93
(I3'* <%/ /18==KKK9T .0>>KKK !'=/+W2=3! >>> !'A
JF5
1=V11112311!11[81< 1Ih11G11%1811 11!<5 11'D"112 !JS11
A/<!&@KKK3='!_H95'*!-(8<-! 181H_111:{ 1!'A'31*1!-
,5 !TM8H /&4b*UVW !J2@?1T8'
*>m..28H?&<!
-{ K !J2M8HS/
J1"1WI'h1!'*1!- 1!<'%F51G`T !T
11?11Te1%b111X/8J121T17?11"1'WK
3&F5T(I <%VW(/P5AQVW(
v5"</3v?g%uHI [2mM8<Z
/?0NAT92%bI [2mMIu(S? K?1NAT92%b

'5% J>3 "!-[5 d! <3 !'A@.28HJ! ?9!<<[b- T(? !"[2
R!
HIN,5*89:( <%O2!/5b*9/q* !<'%<%-*<mb2{Q(_ K
J3uV=h![5
*KKK9/J*" !"[2 !<'%T NOT 825 AND :_ OR @!5Q
*@T'5%=<8X/8J2X- K8
J<8'%U<*!x3vKKK13 !<'%81T9W-131 11J151!:KKK197@1
<'/H'=":g5-[/01TP&2G/6S@&UVW{1u<'":g55
/H'=KKKS/5/01TP&b/<m@& K1u
JuV=N=/3- W T
TGG1 T5 W AND Gate :
Tf_1111K AND 11T/11W/1111K{11":11911<!x311v
/g58< <.W/5I8T'W !T9WJ(" WT
J!x3v) (< <5FXTJ W85

(*!
( A B -
?> 5 5 6S
Output

B
0
A
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
?>6S
5 <m
?>6S
<m 5
0
<m <m
1
6S
Input
H)HS1W311f1W(11_c112=17)r/{?11?g11"<mg-11<11H)HJ11*H

/11P12( 1)-11
_f<8"!' = K18
" / "
177
" "
TGG2 T_ W OR Gate @!5

=uV-f_K T/W/K{S/":/g59<!x3v8< <.W/5IrJ
T'W !T9W(" WT

J!x3v) (< <5FXTJ W85

(*!
( -
Output
B
A
5
5
6S
<m
5
6S
5
<m
1
6S
<m
<m
1
?> 6S

Input
B
A
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1

/P2(26S-3r/(/g-&1<r/{?11? 1"<m'=fW*11/:81<g<_11AB

8<,2 K1
TGG3 T/82 W NOT Gate %
-'W J3`:KKK9=uV->mb* T_`:KKKP
8H1W`1:?1?_1 11??01%
K!,.

( -
( 5
6S
5
?> 6S
<m
Input Output

1
0
0
1

J5x=uV-T T_K":_ K":

T9<!x3vJ !T9(T 2!-(" WT

J<uV=8 !<'%!"*9*fNO% 'OB>W=V!2*@5q! !'A7>-W

T K
" / "
178
" "
uV=V!2*3v-F5G`T T&@5GuV=I '%&5'W@5G! K'W

J=V/3v&/ NOT Gate WP/8<@5GP/*JH AND Gate !":WW/P
@!*.)q!qT3H)HW97P!<qTW KE1Fr/-7
@*3vUVW&TP/8<@5GH OR Gate @!5_H TW23&8<g<.@5G5r
!/8q'=/./r/@!5!:E1F KE1F
JF5GH3vKKK S/&h2.I@5G1JV1&1q1!W81<1H 1!-/E0F@1/81H{E1F
& I@!5VW(&!: RAM P5A&/KKKP2/3&N5 !-(8< v5
@T <%
"< '!<%5T)H=N5f:Z(
F5 K
J2T!! 3&N58< !-AB(\ T9<!4
*N5!:KKK CDE0FTE1F%M [G3
<!&@"<A83!:FU!5Gf-8<1NA78<0NA7=E*
'uV1=8
?1T !<'% K? T5
7G=uV(? !<'F <%"11"*E?6 1J@A<!1"T@&1T"T1GP<!4
1*16%1M [1G_311<!@&1
)5GT<8(E0F2E1F(7"T{):<5&T)H CD 3 DVD 1"@ K !2&F5
V= JKKK>W 9A *@O2T{8'A,5*9!:@@MH8H @*N5 !'AK %[A %[AKG@H
8<9<!'{N5N2m>m.M8<9<!4
*N5!:' K*!-
=V23> *
F53&F5 <!GW" 2, CCD 1T8'
* !T9Q!_9
11G/119/811H :11$T>11W ! 11'D) W11) I115 11!<5 11'D 11Q11
"92v@F5G`T+_ !.<-* K

TI"TG2!T J @ GIP/KKK 'OB! 7>3/.2%( 8H9'!
"*N5Q
W'=gGG/g
F [!
T G*>? (Te%WE %(" ( (< ! K
F"% G* (Te%WE % !J2&@5GJ({{{ <5='b*uV.2% !GGB
r/IHJ! =KuV"@<82>-5\I9 K -G2J
*
'?8J9*39%!'N5Q !GGB9*?1T?8<92W!.J( K? <2
JTh11311 !2!511G 11"1111/+11W112311%=11M/811<6S11+11Wh211 11G 11711J
H! >m. !_N4+9H?1Te%bh2@OBJ(/? <5?J K? "!A
*'5%uVK !GGBWh!'8<?J( ([<: T3 ~M
!<!*,b<!U<*3W/9
( * <29<!.Z
U! W K?J
': J
HWf@/h2b. !: n type ~M3 p n([<@5H=R@ @-1W 1!f15@1<T
"[2I p type3~ =
'?1T8@5/?8J"5?@5(
K?r5
!! N5Wf_U'<! F5
< !J!'!W2A9!:/6$!&@ !<'P-'!:[/F -8<"2
KE4
" / "
179
" "
J2T!! *h!2*3v&3@5G2 Im5:3KKKf npn( ["2( -7@15`T'

1
@ @<-
Kf_ -=V/8Hh2.N5&@5G( K
J(=I/KKKBW3 "!A@8<N5U
!<!!181<@1*b qe) 1"!A(1 I+1A1
%TuV1=h1[AN5U1 (1M81H@1517>m1.J1MFJ11921W1'{E 1"!A(21T 1
( K .
J3*3)TJ(9*3"%BOr/-./KKK8HP*3N58( -[ 8< <5
Wf11':< 11I !11GGB'*11!-?111Te11%b*Q11< 11B?{811<r115(m11V11W( 115A11JN,511
UVWJ
R([2?>= K>W
KKK S/_<+J(\I <5[&97/h!I7*89:KKKZ"!Y!F5f1%I(1A-"5
1
*_-$&97/I A"<Z1-1$131N
1XTg
1B )
1-Wh1$ 1m< 1"!A_1P
1N
1X
{ fm8<r5W{ "!ATh2bUJ(5 <539<'r_ KN
X

!!!

J([<@*8<h! ''1_/12P1/1 1._ 1T*1!-/197 !2

1I*1!-'W
"(7 !%$P*!H+W8$W%P'4Wq!P<'WTTN4 K 'T'%
@9h3&@5Gu1%T311J( 1<581H2<1.'*1!-1:I81F !2!%-
1B1*/rV1
: KN9T ._*!-'W&97/625AH
JV2Ug8H'*!-8<'%<'5
@[*I8FP5GP5%G8<P*@Ah%5
!<'%!"%*WBI{A/3IP'4!<"*+AP KP5<*!<"*S/
uV=W J('5G`T",5* -<[5@%7?@?-*9/NS1T? 1$@%5fm51GN!=1(1B
<!&6!'!6(<!&@"5(
!72*I'5h!25* K9
': J5HKKK%T/@
95
<-* ~M6T<* J8&/@5G?1Te%b5?N?>m
5 (*/F?G5 &{E ~1M1@51G?u1%T3115*e)10F?>-1&E ~1M1@51G?u1%T
8=255?FrVP!:.8H>m5*/1008&T{E ~M@5G.?8HB5
F?J<-P!:rV:8H>m5*/1001&KKKE ~M@5G>>>
`: J'5GuV=8<>m5'5R"2`:,2r5
8H
TKKK9
@V&F!b G=20g'A1
HM8<HI(
r58$@B_/@1br5
I<1H1M81g1%u1HI1_1I1
u(N<?1Te%b'!:{W%'*!-'?8Wh8'5rV@[5 IN1<%<1{Qu1rV1
/3q,-*!.&(B/rV@98Hr !2"5 ?2' K?872*5
111 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 111 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 1
?? ??

GG"! GG
...
...
" / "

180

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