Treatment Methods

CC GII PHP X L V
GIA C NN T YU
1 m cat
2 Coc vt liu ri
3 Coc t trn vi/cement
4 Gia tai trc
5 Ging cat, bc thm + gia tai trc
6 Bm hut chn khng
4
2
X li va gia c nn
4.1 m cat
BM ia C Nn Mong TS Nguyn Minh Tm

D
f

N
tt

h
o
z
2
o
bt
1
p
gl
h

b

o
b

4
3
X li va gia c nn
Phng phap gn ung xac inh ng sut thng ng
4
4
X li va gia c nn
o
bt
1
+ o
z
2
s R
tc
(D
f
+ h
) ~ R
II
(D
f
+ h
)
o
bt
1
= D
f
+
h

o
z
2
: /s do ti trng ngoi ti y lp m
o
z
2
= k
0
p
gl
= k
0
(p - D
f
)
k
0
= f (l/b, z/b)
] ) ( [
*
2 1
Dc h D B Ab
k
m m
R
f z
tc
II
+ + + =
b
z
: b rng mng tnh i
K 1:
Xac inh h

4
5
X li va gia c nn
l
N
b
z
tc
z
2
o
=
- Mng bng
a a F b
2
z z
+ =
z
tc
z
N
F
2
o
=
- Mng ch nht
2
b l
a

=
K 2:
S = S
m
+ S
t
s S
gh

4
6
X li va gia c nn
Mt s vn thi cng lp m ct
- o b ht lp t yu
- Dng loi ct ht to, trung, hm lng cht bn s 3%
- Ri tng lp dy 20 30cm, ti nc va m (W
opt
)
v m.
- C th thay ct bng cc loi t tt khc: ct pha st ln
si, si .
4
7
X li va gia c nn
4.2 Coc vt liu ri
4
8
X li va gia c nn
4
9
X li va gia c nn
4
10
X li va gia c nn
4
11
X li va gia c nn
4
12
X li va gia c nn
4
13
X li va gia c nn
4
14
X li va gia c nn
Area of Soil, A
soil
Area of Column, A
column
b) Triangular patterns
2
3 2
|
.
|
\
|
=
S
D
a
s
t
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
S
D
a
s
t
a) Square patterns
D
S
D
S
o
soil
o
col
o
A A A
a
c s
s
s s
A A
=
+
=
4
15
X li va gia c nn
- Cc cng trnh chu ti trng khng ln trn nn t yu
nh: gia c nn nh kho, gia c nn ng, gia c on
ng vo cu, gia c nn cc bn, bi, ... thng s dng
cc vt liu ri gia c nn.
- iu kin l cc vt liu ri phi chu c ti trng ng
v cht lng lm cc phi n nh, ng nht.
4.2.1 Phm vi s dng:
4
16
X li va gia c nn
4.2.2 Cc c ch ph hoi ca cc vt liu ri

a. Phahoai phnh ra hai ben
b. Phahoai cat c. Phahoai trt
Khi coc rat dai chong
len nen at cng
Khi coc ngan chong
len nen at tot
Khi coc ngan chong
len nen at yeu
Ma sat
mat ben
Sc khang mui coc
4
17
X li va gia c nn
4
18
X li va gia c nn
4
19
X li va gia c nn
4.2.3 Vung anh hng
column
around soil
a
De
D
e
S
S S
around
soil
a/2
Embankment
5
m
L
c
o
l
u
m
n

=

1
0
m
H
f
i
l
l
D
C
M

c
o
l
u
m
n
De/2
Cc b tr vung : D
e
= 1,13 S
Cc b tr tam gic: D
e
= 1,05 S
4
20
X li va gia c nn
4.2.4 Tp trung ng sut
ng sut tc dng ln t:
| |
o
o
o
c
s
c
a n
=
+
=
) 1 ( 1
ng sut tc dng ln cc:
| |
o
o
o
s
s
s
a n
n
=
+
=
) 1 ( 1
H s tp trung ng sut
c
s
n
o
o
=
o
o
s
SRR =
4
21
X li va gia c nn
4
22
X li va gia c nn
4.2.5 Sc chiu tai gii hn
4.2.5.1 Cc n
Da theo c ch ph hoi phinh tri
Vesic
|
|
o
o
sin 1
sin 1
3
1
+
=
' '
3 q c
qF cF + = o
( )
|
|
sin 1
sin 1
' '
+
+ =
q c ult
qF cF q
3
3 2 1
o o o + +
= q ng sut trung binh trong vung pha hoai
4
23
X li va gia c nn
4
24
X li va gia c nn
|
|
o
o
sin 1
sin 1
3
1
+
=
Gibson v Anderson
Tng ng sut theo phng ngang
(
+
+ + =
) 1 ( 2
ln 1
3
v
o o
c
E
c
c
u ro
|
|
v
o
sin 1
sin 1
) 1 ( 2
ln 1
+
)
`
+
+ + =
c
E
c q
c
u ro ult
ro
o
4
25
X li va gia c nn
Da theo c ch ph hoi ct
4
26
X li va gia c nn
4
27
X li va gia c nn
4.2.5.2 Sc chiu tai ca nhomcc
Terzaghi v Sowers
4
28
X li va gia c nn
| | o tg c tg q
tb ult
2
2
3
+ =
u
c
f c
c
tg B
D 2
2
3
+ + =
|
o
2
45
0
tb
|
| + =
) ( tan
1
s s s tb
tg a |

=
u s tb
c a c ) 1 ( =
Gc ma st tb ca hn hp t-cc
Lc dnh tb ca hn hp t-cc
4
29
X li va gia c nn
4.2.6 lun
H
e
C
S
o
c o
o
c
stone
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
o
o o
log
1
o o
c c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
o
o
o
c o
stone
S
S
o
o o
o
o o
log
log
30
lun cua nn t theo thi gian
4
X l v gia c nn
stone stone
S U t S = ) (
) 1 )( 1 ( 1
r v
U U U =
c kt trung binh (Carrilo, 1942)
4
31
X li va gia c nn

4.3 Coc t trn vi/cement
Nagaraj, 2002

4
32
X li va gia c nn
4
33
X li va gia c nn
4
34
X li va gia c nn
4
35
X li va gia c nn
4
36
X li va gia c nn
4
37
X li va gia c nn
CDM and FGC-CDM
(Japanesse Trade Association)
(offered in U.S. by Raito)
SSC/Geocolumns
(SSC Technology)
MECTOOL
(Millgard)
Hayward Baker Method
(Hayward Baker)
Rotomix
(Inquip)
END
(E)
ROTARY
(R)
END
(E)
TurboMix
(Trevi ICOS)
HYDRAMECH
(Geocon)
GEOJET
(Condon Johnson)
Lime-Cement Columns
(Underpinning)
Trevimix
(Trevi ICOS)
LiMix
(Trevi ICOS and Hercules)
END
(E)
SMW
(SMV Seiko, Raito and others)
Multimix
(Trevisani)
Mixed Wall
(Schnabel Foundation)
SHAFT
(S)
SLURRY
(W)
DRY
(D)
DEEP MIXING METHODS
ROTARY + JET
(J)
ROTARY
(R)
DSM
(Geocon)
SWING (Spread Wing Raito)
DJM
(Raito)
SSM
(Geocon)

Bruce and Bruce (2003)
38
DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS

4
X l v gia c nn
39
Water-to-cement ratio of slurry
Cement content on the dry-weight
Volume ratio
Cement dosage
Cement dosage in-place
Total water-to-cement ratio
c
slurry w
W
W
c w
,
: =
s
c
w
W
W
a =
soil
slurry
V
V
VR =
soil
c
V
W
= o
mix
c
place in
V
W
=
o
c
mix w
T
W
W
c w
,
: =
soil w slurry w mix w
W W W
, , ,
+ =
BM ia C Nn Mong
4
X l v gia c nn
40
slurry d
VR
.
o
=
( )
place in slurry d
place in
s
s
wG S
wG
VR
+
+
=
o
o
.
1
w
slurry d
soil d
a VR
.
.
=
( )
slurry d
soil d
T
c w c w
w
VR
.
.
: :
=
c
w c
slurry d
G c w
G
) : ( 1
.
+
=

4
X l v gia c nn
4
41
X li va gia c nn
Cng nen mt trc, q
u

Bruce and Bruce, 2003; Bruce et al., 1998
Tnh cht Gi tr
Unconfined compressive strength, q
u
0.2 5 Mpa (0.5 5 Mpa trn vi t ct)
( 0.2 2 Mpa trn vi t dnh)
Coefficient of permeability, k 10
-6
10
-10
m/s
Modulus of elasticity, E
50
350 to 1000 q
u
: trong phong
150 to 500 q
u
: hin trng
direct shear 40 50% q
u
at q
u
< 1 Mpa
Tensile strength 8 14% q
u

28-day q
u
(1.4 - 1.5) q
u
(7-day) for silts and clay
2 q
u
(7-day) for sands
60-day q
u
1.5 q
u
(28-day),
(0.33 -1) q
u
(15 years)
42
4
X l v gia c nn
43
Anh hng cua m
Effect of water on normalized strength of
Singapore improved clays (After Tan, T.S et al. 2002)

4
X l v gia c nn
44
Anh hng cua ham lng cement

After Bergado et al. (1996)
4
X l v gia c nn
45
Anh hng cua thi gian
(After Zeng et al., 1998)

4
X l v gia c nn
46
Anh hng cua thi gian trn mu
4
X l v gia c nn
47
Anh hng cua ham lng hu c
Masaaki, 1996; Gotoh, 1996
- Cng giam tng hm lng hu c ca t t nhin
Kawasaki et al. (1984)
DCM khng thch hp khi hm lng hu c > 2
4
X l v gia c nn
48
Anh hng cua pH
4
X l v gia c nn
49
Anh hng ng kinh mu
H/D = const
4
X l v gia c nn
50
Anh hng cua nhit
4
X l v gia c nn

51
Anh hng cua ap lc nen trong qua trinh bao dng
(Consoli et al., 2000)
4
X l v gia c nn
52
SPT
Nishibayashi et al., (1985); Porbaha and Puppala (2003)
N q
u
=o
4 / 1 3 / 1 = o
4
X l v gia c nn
53
Tng quan gia phong thi nghin va hin trng

(after Kamon, 1996)
L u F u
q q
. .
) 4 / 1 2 / 1 ( =
Matsuo (1999)
EuroSoilStab (2002)
L u F u
q q
. .
5 . 0 ~
L u F u
q q
. .
) 5 . 0 2 . 0 ( ~
4
X l v gia c nn
54
Cng thit k da trn d liu thu thp ngoai hin trng
(Matsuo 1999)

4
X l v gia c nn
55
Ty l trn gia cement va vi
Jacobson et al., 2005
33/67
0/100
4
X l v gia c nn
56
Cng Chu Keo
(After Terashi et al. 1980 )

Takenaka and Takenaka (1995) : 10-20%
Brandl (1981) : 10 15%
Kawasaki et al. (1981) : 15 -20%
CDIT (Japan) : 15%
4
X l v gia c nn
57
Cng Chu Un

Kitazume et al. (2000)
u col b
q 4 . 0
.
~ o
4
X l v gia c nn
58
Ap lc tin c kt
4
X l v gia c nn
59
Module n Hi
Binder type E
u
Reference
Dry lime/cement 50 180 q
u
50 180 q
u

75 q
u

(Ekstrom 1994)
Baker (2000); Broms (2003)
Jacobson et al. (2003)
Dry cement 65 250 q
u

50 200 q
u

50 200 q
u

Baker (2000); Broms (2003)
Yang et al. (1998)
Ahnberg et al. (1995)
Wet cement 350 1,000 q
u

100-250 q
u

140-500 q
u

30 300 q
u

150 q
u

350 800 q
u

Kawasaki et al. (1981)
Futaki et al. (1996)
Asano et al. (1996)
Fang et al. (2001)
McGinn and O'Rourke (2003)
Tan et al. (2003)
4
X l v gia c nn
60
4
X l v gia c nn
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Unconfined compressive strength q
u
(kPa)
A
x
i
a
l

f
a
i
l
u
r
e

s
t
r
a
i
n

0
f

(
%
)
cf
(%) = 21.223xq
u
(-0.3624)
R
2
= 0.7212
Clay 1
Wet mixing met hod
Dry mixing met hod
Clay 2
Different dry weight ratio of cement to clay
Different ratio of addit ional wat er t o cement

Bin dng pha hoi
61
H s poisson
Michell (1981)
- v = 0.1 to 0.2 cho t ct trn cement
- v = 0.15 to 0.35 cho t set trn cement
4
X l v gia c nn
62
Determination of design condition
Determination of dimensions
for superstructure
Assumptions of dimensions
for improved ground
Strength, improvement range
and depth
Improvement area ratio
Examination of sliding stability
Slip circle analysis
Study of lateral displacement
FEM analysis
Examination of bearing capacity
Examination of settlement
Determination of strength and
Dimensions for improved ground
Design detail
No
No
No
Determination of design condition
Determination of dimensions
for superstructure
Assumptions of dimensions
for improved ground
Strength, improvement range
and depth
Improvement area ratio
Slip circle analysis
Study of lateral displacement
FEM analysis
Examination of bearing capacity
Examination of settlement
Determination of strength and
Dimensions for improved ground
Design detail
No
No
No
Phng php nh gi n nh (CDIT 2002)
Examination of stabiity
4
X l v gia c nn
63
F
R

B
Pa
E

Pp
S
Pa
S

W
E

W
I

( )
S E
I E S
S E
R S
S
Pa Pa
' tan B W W Pp
Pa Pa
F Pp
FS
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
|
n nh trt
Stabilized block
4
X l v gia c nn
64
Discrete element
( )
A + A + A
= s
i i
s s col col e e
D
R
x W
l l l R
M
M
FS
t t t
Trt tron
Composite soil
A
A
a
col
s
=
( )
s soil s col
a 1 a + =
( )
s soil s col
a 1 c a c c + =
( )
s soil s col
a 1 tan a tan tan + = | | |
R
centre of rotation
A
l
e
te
t
s
A
le
Alcol
tcol
Wi
xi
R
centre of rotation
composite soil
4
X l v gia c nn
65
Sc chu ti
Broms (1994), Bergado et al. (1996), Kasali and Taki (2003)
Group of column
Single column
Block failure Local failure
p p s s ult
q A f A Q + =
=
=
u s
u p
c f
c q 9

( ) HBL c to L B H c Q
u u group ult
) 9 6 ( 2
,
+ + =

) 2 . 0 1 ( 5 . 5
,
l
b
c q
av group ult
+ =

4
X l v gia c nn
66
ng sut ng gii hn
Tiu chun ca Phn Lan
FS
u.col
v.col
o
o s
2 = FS
Tatsuoka (2004)
) 6 5 (
u
a
s
q
q
4
X l v gia c nn
67
Xc nh lun
Nht
unstab stab
S S = |
4
X l v gia c nn
soil
= |
4
68
X li va gia c nn
4
69
X li va gia c nn
a
q q s
) * ( c D D B b A m R
f
tc
+ + =
4.4 Gia tai trc
4.4.1 Tnh toan tai trng gia tai cho php
tc
R q s
t st : da vao c
u
, |
u
=0
Terzaghi: |
u
= 0
4
70
X li va gia c nn
) * (
u f
tc
c D m R t + =
|
u
= 0
A =0, B =1, D =3,14 =t
Gia ti ngay trn b mt t: D
f
= 0
u u
c q 7 . 5 =
u
tc
c R t =
4
71
X li va gia c nn

p
h
1
1
dz
Nn t khng thm
Bin thoat nc
z
2h
Bin thot nc
h
Cat thoat nc
h
4.4.2 Tnh ton c kt nn t
c kt trung binh cho toan b lp t
72
4
X l v gia c nn
73
4
X l v gia c nn
74
4
X l v gia c nn
75
Thi du
4
X l v gia c nn
76
Solution
4
X l v gia c nn
77
Thi du
Solution
4
X l v gia c nn
78
Thi du
Gia tri h s c k c xac inh t thi nghim trong phong la
C
v
= 0.016m
2
/thang. Chiu day cua lp t st thc t la 2.44m. Cho bit
bn trn va bn di lp t st la lp t cat
a) Thi gian lun at c 50% c kt la bao nhiu?
b) Gia tri lun sau 1 nm la bao nhiu?

4
X l v gia c nn
79
Solution
4
X l v gia c nn
80
Thi du
4
X l v gia c nn
81
Solution
4
X l v gia c nn
82
4
X l v gia c nn
4
83
X li va gia c nn
4.4.3 S thay i sc chng ct ca t sau khi gia c
K khng thoat nc
Th nghim CU
84
4
X l v gia c nn
85
4
X l v gia c nn
4
86
X li va gia c nn
4.5 Ging cat, bc thm tng nhanh c kt
87
X l v gia c nn
Ban kinh thm ngang tng ng
Tam giac
Hinh vung
2 2
a r
e
= t
a r
e
564 . 0 =
a r
e
525 . 0 =
w
r
4
4.5.1 Ging cat
88
) 1 )( 1 ( 1
r v
U U U =
2
e
h
r
d
t c
T =
Phng trinh c kt thm hai chiu
c kt trung binh (Carrilo, 1942)
w
e
d
d
n =
C kt thm ngang Barron (1948)
w v
h
h
m
k
c
=
4
X l v gia c nn
89
4
X l v gia c nn
90
4
X l v gia c nn
91
Chiu day lp m cat
h
m
= S + (30 50) cm, chn hm > 0,5 m
S: ln n nh ca nn t yu
ng kinh va khoang cach cua cac ging cat
- Thng chn ng knh ging ct d = 40 cm
- Khong cch cc ging ct L = 2 5 m, chn L = 2 m
Chiu su cua ging cat
- Chiu su ging ct lg > Hnn (phm vi chu nn)
- l
g
> 2/3 H
y
- Thng chn l
g
= chiu su vng t yu
4
X l v gia c nn
92
4
X l v gia c nn
c kt ca nn t di nn ng theo thi gian
Cng trinh ng QL1, on Trung Lng-M Thun
4
93
X li va gia c nn
4.5.2 Bc thm
4
94
X li va gia c nn
4
95
X li va gia c nn
4
96
X li va gia c nn
4
97
X li va gia c nn
Li giai Hansbo (1979) cho bc thm
|
.
|
\
|
=
F
T
U
r
r
8
exp 1
F = F(n) + Fs + Fr
2
e
h
r
d
t c
T =
w v
h
h
m
k
c
=
4
3
) (
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
w
e
d
d
Ln n F
Hiu qua do khoang cach cac bc thm
2
) ( b a
d
w
+
=
a: b rng, b: b dy ca bc thm
t
) ( 2 b a
d
w
+
= hay
4
98
X li va gia c nn
nh hng xao trn cua t xung quanh bc thm
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
w
s
s
h
s
d
d
Ln
k
k
F 1
d
s
: ng knh vung b xao trn kt cu t
xung quanh bc thm
Jamiolkowski et al. (1981)
( )
2
6 5
m
s
d
d

=
Hansbo (1987) v Bergado et al. (1991)
m s
d d 2 =
d
m
: ng knh tng ng vi din tch cua loi bao v bc thm
k
s
: H s thm cua t trong vung b xao trn
4
99
X li va gia c nn
4
100
X li va gia c nn
nh hng cua s gii han thoat nc cua bc thm
w
h
r
q
k
Z L Z F ) ( = t
L : chiu dy lp t yu
Z : khoang cach t mt t n ch kt thuc thoat nc
q
w
: kha nng thoat nc khi gradient thuy lc bng 1
Gi tr tiu biu ca q
w
/k
h
= 400 500 m
2

k
h
/k
v

Bergado et al. (1992)
k
h
/k
v
= 4 - 10
4
101
X li va gia c nn
4.6 Bm hut chn khng
4
102
X li va gia c nn
4
103
X li va gia c nn

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