:: 1 ::

B H <
~... |sT eyT H <. +<T nH b\THsTT.
n+<T @ { }V+ <T. n de+ dJe b.
eqe&T d+|TJ$. de+ &T +& @ e qT>
m<>&T. H Jeqjq+ nH b\T n&T>&T>TH H
*d q&TksTT.
n+<T sjT HjT\THsT. ybsdT\THsT.
s T \THsT. L\THsT. < \THsT. |<\THsT. |sTydq
&sTHsT. |s, }s e\THsT. |+&T\THsT.
beTsT\THsT. e~>\THsT. e\\THsT. j<e\THsT.
jH<T\THsT. s $T{, eT], eT], #*, eT+>* m+<s
eTs+<s HsT.
#\q s\THsT. <s\THsT. q{qT \THsT.
k+ |DT\THsT. e\THsT. sT\THsT.
#jTq yHsT. #sTTq yS HsT. qeT<q
ySHsT. qjTe+#\THsT. H eT+> +H H
eTT+<s +<+ ydq yHsT. qqT n_e+q y
HsT. qqT ne e+q yHsT. M+<s H m<T>T<\
s. n_e+q yqT+& HH+ HsT HH, nee
+q y qT+& n++f me HsTHqT.
H J$+ c\THjYT. HjYT. b\THjYT.
V\THjYT.|\T>T\THjYT. bs\THjYT. mT\THjYT.
|\THjYT. qT\THjYT. >T\THjYT. N{ eTTd]q |eHjYT. < H#
sT\THjYT. \>+&\THjYT. dT&>T+&\THjYT. #|\T HjYT. #&T|sT>
#T \THjYT. kU\THjYT. nes<\THjYT. m<TsT#& u>\THjYT.
m<qT s*q s>\THjYT.
d<eTT+~. d<eTT+~. * e+~. n\d e+~. <>\THjYT. |<\THjYT.
b\THjYT. $j\THjYT. n|j\THjYT. <wD\THjYT. u wD\THjYT. q
m<T\ THjYT. &=+&q sE\THjYT. ds\THjYT. Ns\THjYT. H es
HqT HqT>H $TqT. dTK+ nq ejTdT H H <syT+~. nsTTH... HH sE
<d+ b&<T. HbseT+ J$+H . J$+ HHe] \e+#<T.
J$ e+# |<T. ~ d+.
es> $|. | <q eTT+<T yqT \T+{sTT. H < L& n> q&TdT+~.
m+<T+{s! c &T> |{q HqT H JeqjH <> sb+~+# ksTT
m<T>Tq \ L& }V+# <T . n+<T @~ m|&T ]+~ nq~ sd|T<T .
sD+> <>eTq+ dyX\qT { n esTT+T+~. bs\T $wjT+
>V+# bsq. H < @ ] esZ<syTH J$+ <qyTqT u$kqT.

:: 2 ::

Xu_q+<q\T
ns \ LsTqT, #j \qT n+<+> b+<T |] n+~+q nqT|eT |+sY...
eTeTDq H C|\qT {|q o {|] seTDs& >+< s#q K&T> H
dV]+q o #>+ =+&s& Xu_q+<q\T.

HHsT> u\+
n~ H\sT y+] \ esTeT\ >eT+. |sT n*$T*. }s+f
H e\e*q n_eq+.sD+ n~ H qq }sT. n& HqT 1924e d+es+
>w 15e ~ |{q e neT =+& >TsT <s+ #|+~.
>| b++ >=&T >< o eTV\ nqT #TT |\ |~ |H+&T >e
e< d #|<q >eT+. n+\|P&, y+f& | e }] nqT+< >e\T.
eT& eTTqdT. sD+. n|{ \ dTesT s+&Te+<\ >e\T
y+] MT+<sT\ b\q e+&$.
>e\jT q| s>\H MT+<sT\ <j <D\ MT< <s|&*.
ss\T> MT+<] b\q q+<Te\q \ >e\ n_e~ eT&
<s+ +&bjsTT. n+<T e }s nr+ <T. e } dTesT jTqu
T+u\T+&$. y{ e< d |sTq eekjT T++.
}sT yTT *| mqu ms\T e>D. dTesT nsy ms\T ueTT\T+&$.
n+<T m$T~ ms\ e>D @&s\ ueTT\T e T+u$. $ e\+
es<s+ MT< <s|& yT ueTT\T me] VTqT { y+&$. } me
eT+~ eekjTyT |<q e. y @ sT eTs=] MT< <s|&+& +&\]>
w+ q+ dTK+> J$+# y.
e }] LyT <s+ #]yTq =+& e+~. =+& | u>q
qsd+ Vk$T >T& e+~. < sD+ m|&T ]+< <s\T e. \jT+ ~ed
H qsd+Vk$T $>V+ e+ # #<s<T. =+& nM d+|< |{+~ |sT.
n+<Te\q H qq+ es\ =s +&~ <T.
e } u> ]keT >\ T+u\T eT&T. y{ { qH>+& y]~.
T+;\T nH~ qT+& y+] MT+<s q$Tq+T> eeV]+ ]+>
\|&<q>s+ n+y. eTs s+&T T+u\T X{ **$. } &H y
m& #<TeHs *jT<T. es \D\qT e+ +{+& <{+#THsT.
&T m s\T> d+b~+#e#Tqq~ y ={q |+&.
s+&T T+u\ y] #s= sD <TD+ e+&~. <TD \ dV
ns\ dsT\yT y. n& T $TwH L& +&~. < |sT |.
#TT|\ @&$T~ >e\ |\T @ edTe y\H e }]= =qe\d+<. n+<]
<TdT\T | e\d+<.
} eekjT T+u\ bT eT], eT], +k*, e&+, #* e+{ \eT\
yS +&ysT. M~ +& >=\ T+u\T. }] es Ts T++.
uVD\+{s! se\jT+ |PC]> jTq +&y&T. jTq ejTdT MT]q V#].

:: 3 ::

|sT HsjTDjT. y] #<T e L& n++ eyT . H... uV&T { }y+

jT k$T n |*#ysT. }] |\+<s \eT\r+> ]H=sT nH,
e~H, n, ue, n, eeT n esTd\T |{ |\T=+ T++ J$+#y.
e neT |sT s+>eT. yT #<Te<T. H * e\dq \D\ eHsTT.
e HjTq |sT seTk$Ts&. ne HjTq*<]B n*$T. e neTeT |sT dTeT.
jT |sT *+>s&. <+|T\ eT>|\\TsT. eTT>TZsT &|\\T.
|<yT |sT T\deT. yTqT e }] dMT|+ y+<&T nH >eT+ #sT. us
|sT eC y+ dTus&. eT+ n+<>&T. e+ s #|T }] |q+ H<
nqT> s#+& MT< Ls= +& y&T. s+& yT |sT s>eT. yTqT e }H
#sT. { nejTs\T. n+<] q~ e neT. e jT eT>|\\T
sD+> e neTqT +{H +#T= jTqq s+&Tms\ e>D, {qs
ms u$T bT, = yT b\qT L& yT sd#&T. e HjTq T++
ysT> +&~.
jTq <sq\T. qq |sT cs&, jTq q|& e } ]+{
<Tbj&T. |<q |sT ~s&. jTq q\T>TsT &|\\T. e |<HjTq q\ujT
ejTdTH #bj&T. <+ q\T>T +& =s +& e HjTH |+ |<
#d |[ ]|+#&T. e |<HjTq us |#eT, yT bT e HjTq |q+&
esT&T jTq us <sT yTq\T L& +{H +&y. n+<]B eT&
T++. eeqkjT+ eTT>TsZ #dT=H y. n+<Te\q e HjTq ns|
e \dq
neds+ s<T . jTq +{ |< eyT <T. >eT|< L&. s|P e+ n> ]+{
e ] &L eTT+< e>D MT< y[ n+<] ueTT\ sT deT+>
n+<TTq<! <! n #dy&T. y me] bH d]>Z n+<b sTTyD
|* NyT |{ <>ZsT+& |{+#y&T. me] |sT >T\T |{+<, me] #qT |#>
< |]o*+ } s>H j sT\qT |* b\+ | y] >\ s >TsT #d
#&eT& fy&T. qT y+ Byq\T> u$+# y.
} @ sT |dTH e HjTq eTqdT $\$\&~. |~q+ e\y&,
e~>y& y[ eTw eTw |\]+ y e\dq dVjT dVs\T n+~+#
y&T. n> jH~y L&. s|P bsT>sT qT+& mesH e s#+& MT<
|dT |+&T= e+f yqT y+ |T= e nq+ |eT e neT n|+#y&T.
~ + ]>+T { yT n+<T d<+>H +&~.
e H }V *dq s }] |\ <s \TdTq d+>T\T. e neT HH
yTT<{ d+q+. s < es |\\T sT. n+<Te\q neTb\T < > n<w+
H <+~. H s e neT q\T>TsT eT>|\\T. nesTT. <e+ | yT >\
u =B H dT+<ss eTjT n, e eTT seT#+<jT , u\wj
T , yDT>b\jT,
dTseTjT n |sT |{+~. e #** |sT dTo\eT.
HqT dTesT eT& ejTdT +&> sE y\T>TTq >sT& d+u+ #|T=
b b&T=+ d+ueq d+ e +{ e\ <d] e#&T. Hq #&>H
T&T& q&\ y[ >sT& d+u+ |T HqT. }| n~ +<|& qH yTT+ H\
b+~.

:: 4 ::

n~ #d e neT n\] L& V<T+ &*. <+ + |e+< qqT m&|&

={+~. >T|{ @&TdTq qqT <d] mT= Td H ns#sTT #d Xs+>
_& eeT\Ty&T <e! >=| C &T. nusTT u> #~$+#+&. eT\+>
MT e+X+ |sT + XX+> *bT+< #b&T. #|&+ es u>H e+~,
... } &<T. jT{ |+| #~$+# VT e<T. m{ #~$+#>\eT+
n # qT+& =q~ e neT. y+H e\ <d] #&e! MTs #~$ks H
*jT<T. H *d+< eTT+<T eTT+<T nusTT # >=|y&jT j>eTT+~.
.. @&~> uT \>+&eTT+~. H >+&+ >& >f&T. n~ yT m
c\T|&H uTqT #~$+#+& #| <d] y[bj&T.
nqT #|q |s+ sE HqT &T=+ bsTT e +{ |qTq ~>T&T
u$|&qT. #e, T\ eT< =T$T{&TTq qqT seTjT nH sT #d u$
< &d|T= &Tq |+&u{ bMT< H=T+&> _+< n& eq
e neT $wjT + \TdT= & &TTq >=+T seTj! deTj u <~ seTjT
<T= H _&qT +#y. yT\T q eT]bqT nq~. H{ qT+& e neT
e\ <d] e MT< qeT+ |]+~.

H H\ZejT{ d+|Tq
n|{ e= e~> d<>&T +&y&T. |sT dTu&T. sE y&T d\ T <+#TT+&>
HqT #XqT. # <+#T, eTs= # s{| eq +\qT #eTT
|* dTH&T. n~ #&>H nH +\qT # H+& # |\ m+<T
H&TTH&q #q H *+~. y+H yT\yT\> y[ n< e yD&>qT.
d\T <+#|&T s{ =~> yk+ uT. HqT n+syD <! # d
neT>sT qqT s u<sT nH&T. H u< *+~. <+#TTq s* |+<T
#sTT n&+ |{qT. s* H # MT< |&+~. <+ H &# q&$T y\T ns+>T+ yTs
s{ |&+~. d+|Tq >TsT> |{ y\T > e+~. e neT H y\T
+<q u< H n+syD eTTTHqq |+ \T <+#T+~. e neTeT
d+> #| H ns< T . D + LT[<s L&\T= e |++ | + +
Xu|s |dT| H Hq* b| |]VsyTqT ||&sT.
eTs&T <jT + dT&T b y eTT+<T |s{ eT&T eTT+<T+#T= LsTH&T.
+ e neT eT{ d+{ eTT<yd |qTq eT{ eTT+ bd+~. HqT
>>u y[ e neT #dT+&>H eTT+ d>+ >XqT. <+ yT nZMT<
>TZ\yT+~. m+ |#Xes >&<! n+ qqT &T= +{ y[+~.
q HqT dTD q+<T qTe, neTeT > u< |&sT>. |&T dT& eTT+
H &T| HsTT. y{H+ #ksHqT. e neT ~#<T. neTeT =+|
eTTqT \u<T=+ |PC] uVD |*|+ |DVe#q+ #sTT+ MT<
+{ y<e |qT\T #jTq fjTeT #sTT k+~. HH |#jT+& jT{
|]> qT. sE n+sqyT+ \+> +&< HqT q ejTdTH < jT+>
es+#H \TdT& d+|Tq <VsD.

:: 5 ::

ns\ H nqT+<+
H <ejT&T s>H e neT, nsud+ #sTT+#+<T e +{ <>Zs q
\jT |PC] e< rdT [+~. jTq |sT HsjTDjT. y] #<T e n++ eyT q
eTT+< #bqT. H n++f >+s+ jTq #H H nsud+ #sTT+ MT
*dq+ es H _& H\T>T ns+eTT\T Hs+& =\T d]++~ e neT.
HsjTDjT >sT qqT _&> #dT=+ @&$T~ ek\T ]>> H zqe\T,
n \T, >TD++ bT qq \T L& HssT. + H <Ts <w+=B jTq
qTeTXsT. <+ H #<Te n& bsTT+~. ... } & sD+> HqT
HsjTDjT >] <>sZ HsT q =~b{ #<T eqT eT]b+& + eTqq+ #dT =+
s+& >&bqT.

J+ + <>+
s+& e<> >&bjjTq u< e neT }H J+ u+ +& qH=
sD <TD+ #]++~.
<TD+ jTe |sT y+#\+X{. jTq yTT< qqT dsT\+~+# |
|{&T . sE dsT \T b{\T f+ <T b ys| \qT |j +#y. n|&T
\T>T +< | f +&~. M\T <=]q|&+ HH |qT #<e&+ n\yT
#dTHqT. eTTK+> d+b<jT+ |q + |<+ +&&+ >eT+#qT.
sTjT$ jTTq]+q
qses! n|jTeTT q eTqeTTq>T,
H=sT\ $ djT jT
|sjTDeTT |seT <s |<eTT\\H!
nq |< |< |< #~$ n+<T uy H J$ <jT+> eT\T#THqT. n
=H ]> H MT< >\ qeT+ =B X{>sT qqT >|f e< Ls u{sT.
s =+ n~ es\ e\q e }] #sTe >+& |&+~. <+ e>D
yTT+ ;&Te&+~. sT\+<] bT e neT eq =~b{ yT b\+ Cq |+qT
k>T#sTT++~.
sE yT +{ q\T +&THsTT. |+ # s>H keT MT X{>] #|
k q\T rdTs HjTH nq~. HqT e neT #|q e* jT<<+>
jTe #bqT. jTq @eTH& \Tk! +{ y+ n|*db e ybs+
=+<s ~y rdT+~. y[ |#dT nH&T $dTsT>...
T~b#&T <T, n H HqT nqT=+ ] > |f <>Zs LsTHqT.
neT #|q e\T e{e{ >TsT sk>sTT. { #T +{ b jTe
*jT+& >|f+ >&>& eD H H\T>T be s\T <=+*+#qT. D+
\d+ #jT+& |sT>T|sT>Tq +{ y[ X{>sq e\T jT<<+> neT #|
&T\T yT ##qT. eT].. &T&eq<yT. HqT ]+~ #bqT. b&T T~
m e+~s! eT# eTw> |sT #TH&T MT HjTq. jTq &T|q |{ +
#yTq |#ky! n+ &T\T $d]={+~. HqT esT e{&+& y{ HsT=

:: 6 ::

=T[ >TT #|&T +& >|f ydXqT. nsTTH n+s <w e+ HqT
<=+>>H $T*bjqT.
s e neT q #e eT\ * H # $ rdT[ X{>&
eTTUq={ q q\T rdTs nq~. eT\T # |&>H X{ eTTK+ #++~.
y{ m$T~ sbjT\T <s{ k q\T e +{ |+b&T. s HH ={
n&T>T|& T.
e\<d] #|q e\qT e neT eT eT >TsT #dT= +{ uT >*
e~d m{! qTy+ #ky H *jT<T. m>H yD #~$+#\+ e HjTqT
|T{+~. s sE e HjTq qqT Vd dMT|+ |qu nH >e
rdT= y[ n& b<$T bsX\ #]+#&T. } e HjTq d++~+q
T++ e+~. T+u eq dbdT e HjTq H\T>e+T y{
e+~. sD+> qqT +{ e~* MD X<> #~$+#+& #| y[bj&T.
y qqT me> +{ |qT\, b\+ |qT\ y&Tk>sT. nsTTH HqT M\T
<=]q|&+ bsX\ y[ H #<Te =+ yTsT>T\T ~<THqT. n <sT
ek\T >&+~.
sE e HjTq qqT #&+ d+ |qu e#&T. HHjTq +]> +&+
#d +{y qqT m y&T+THs #| e\e\ jT&qT. y+H e HjTq
T+ duT\+<] |* H _&qT + #+> #ks! eTs=k] e MT n+T
#kqT n+ qqT y+uT= ] e }] rdT&T. n& qT+& e }sT sy
s+&T yT. n+<s+ nq+ L& +& e HjTq y+ |sT>&+ #<Te d+
HqT |&q u< {.

H s# +& #<T e
s = sE\ e neT b<\+ e HjTq |+ nH >e y[
ss+ y+{E nH u{EqT H\ |~VqT sbjT\T J+ kq #| rdT=
e#&T. jTq >=| |+&T&T. |sD\T, |+ <\T D+> #~$qy&T. HbT
|~VqT eT+~ |\* b>T#d eTw= sbsTT #=|q H\y #*+# @sT #X&T
e HjTq. qqT eT]+ X<> #dT=+{&q <X+ jTq e +{H uq
ed *++~ e neT.
yTT<{ s#+& e bsX\. n+<T < M~& n |sT. ecsT s#+& MT<
LsTHysT. $<sT\+<s+ { #|\T |sT#T= H\MT< Ls=H y+. n|& H
ns\T n+ u>T+&$ e. H <d] yTsT>T|s#&+ d+ ecsT s+&T eT&T H\\T
H# >T+s\T ~~+#sT. >T+s\+f H\MT< ns\ s+ q q >T+\T
$ n+<T dT bksT. dT #|&T y\T |+ ~~ksT. n |&$T *
|\> #|&Ty\T \|+> HHH&T ~<Tq ns\T DeTT\+ n+<+>
jsjsTT.
s = sE\ e &... |H eq #$& e]+~. |\\+<] HH
qyD. H, #<Teq, deTjT b\qq HH yTT<{yD. n {qs d+es+
>& +~. n|{ |H neyd, b&$T, bs$ T & d\$#ysT. | #T s H&T

:: 7 ::

ecsT +{ e< HsT= se&+ d+ = $&T| |<\T #|ysT. n+<s+

|<\qT |\\ MT< sdT= +{ e< +sd+ #d $~jTH&T ecsT n|#b*.
b&$T sE s m$T~ >+\ s# +& <>sZ >yTbH |f b\T b&TT+<
}s+ <+&s yXsT. e HjTq qTe L& y[ $qs nH&T. HqT n+<]+f
eTT+< yqT.
n+<] <w m<TsT> mq \ MT<Tq >yTbH |f MT< e+~. \ H\T>Ty|
q\{ s{ e+~. + b yTT<+~. n+<s d> $+THsT. H... |f
b\T b&& yT$T{? nq d+<V+ *+~. |\ mes eTw b&TTH&qT=
>>u y[ eTTdT>T =\+ =+ #XqT. n&es sT. >yTbH y m+<T
#Xy u! nH&T.
HqT sD+ #bqT. y+H nqT |f |u>+ ss sT>TTq |TqT
#|+ b&TTq~ ]sT nH&T. HXsyTd+~. n#+ eTw b&qT+< nHqT.
b&+~ eTw! .. bqT ]sT m+#sT. n+<T# m|&T y\+f
n|&T ]s b&TT+~ n >yTbHy #b&T. n+f eTw jsT#dq jT++
k] $+f messTTH n|dT+<q e n H HqT nqT=+ \T #sqT.
s+ n< <d.
eTsTd{ sE #Ts. ecsT $&T| |<\ yTT<{ |<+>..
s sE\T seTT \T>s >sq+ b+<s
ys ! d] eT>T= be+ C*s! u$T|
s sE\T seTT \T>s >sq+ b+<s
ys ! d] eT >T= be+ C*s ! u$T|
|sq+ >\< ! _: |eTTKT\TH |H jTX: eTT
sTs s\T ys\H eTss ! \eTTH usZy !
nq |<+ #bsT. $<sT\+<sT |< |\\ MT< sdTHsT. HqT sdT<T.
ecsT m+<T sdT<HsT |+>. eTT+<TsE s ]q d+|Tq y] #|
sdT+& n|+#>\Hyq... ns bjqT. eT] n|#| #<+ nHsT
ecsT.
HqT eTqd+ |< +| \>+#d jT<<+ > n|CbqT. ecsT + XsH
|<+ + eTT+< eqT+~. eTs |<+ #bqT ` #|#<+ n+ s{+q
y>+...
~H ld =|| qTe| n+kjTeTT|
b<eTT\| b\ {| b*+&| qeT
s<H C+<T seTT +<>T MT<H seTT+yT
><? seTT ^eTTH dyT jT+T H bjTy !
nq |<+ #bsT. HqT e] b<+ |P]>H qs\T _>{ ns+ b\T b+&
|<+ >&>& n|CbqT. n+! ecsT # q u $d] ={ qqT >T+&
VT= n> y\\|&sT. s qqT | | &&TTq >=+T u!
#+&esT\T |V<T& >TsTyqT H e< HsTe*+<MT <T. HqT Hs>*+B <T.
|<...MT HjTq #| qT |#<Te |+ |+|+# @sT #kq+ qqT e

:: 8 ::

+{ rdTsT. & ]q d+|Tq e HjTq #| q n_bj jTq

eTT+<T+#sT.
y+H e HjTq, qTy= |#&$ y+{E! s+&T, eT&T |<\T n|+q+
eq M&T |< |+&T& bj&! |<\T {|{ \T H]+#T nH&T.ns<T
s&>s. MT nusTT L& H +f eTT+<T+{&H&T. y& s yD
e~jYT. |+ |+| #~$+# keTT H < KsK+&> #b&T. ... e neT
#q\ H #<Te #Tf s>k>sTT. @+ #j yT #<T. #<Te
bTHqq u< qq y~+#k+~.
s sE e neT qqT bjT+> <>sZ rdT= #&T HjTH! eTq c| &
+&y. n+eq #<Te +{ bL&<T. qTe u> #<Te=+f eT\+>
eTq e+X+ |sT + *bT+< q|&T e\ <d] #b&T. e\T <e&
n H |*+#& H qeT+. >&sT #eT+~ \~ sTq s&THs. qTe
>&sT y[ eT +s+ H\T>T |<\T $|d #\T. @ s&sTTH kjT+
#k&T. y >&sT mes kjT+ #jTb sTV |&+& H\sT y
n& s& qd+|T+ n T+<. |<q s& |\\ n edT\T y *+
+> #<Te #|ks n <s+ #|+~. neT #|q |s+ HqT >&sT y+<T
d<|&qT.
eTs&T <jT + e neT H &T | +& #<q + |{, <] KsT \ L& &_e
+{ y&T {q sT $ds\ \qT y|> { T+&T>T& #T> #T{ y|
H Hq |{ &dq +eT H qT<T uT |{+~. + T
_&qT #<Te d+ +]> <X+ MT< |+|e\d e+< nq e neT y<q
d+ \T. e }sT qT+& >&] |H +&T yT . n|&T H ejTdT dTesT |< =+&
. >{> >* =& =TbjT+ > +&yD. $d y|qT yjT yd, H
HH&T=+ H\T>T yT yqT. n& s&T |H= >=\ y&T s$#T e< >{q
<{ \qT d yT\ |dT H &T. HqT @&Td y &+ nqT >eT+#&T.
y+H H&T e jT+<T @&TdTHy! nH&T. $d sTe H eT+ |&T
e+< jT&TdH #bqT. eT] ~+|e#T> nH&q T. ~+#T +f eT mT qHqT.
|s <T. HHTq y| +~ ~+| m& qT+& edTHy, m& bTHe
n&>&T
n*$T* qT+& edTHqT >&sT bjT+<T nHqT! n*$T* mesusTT$ nH
&qT. HqT e HjTq |sT #bqT. e # <{ C] +<|&+~. nqT H
T&Td qTe seTk$T s& =&Ty! #TT|\ >e MT +{ #sTT
&| y&T &T. MT neT L& #\ *. y mes=H nq+ | +& |+|<T.
&T |q |{q w+ @+{ u! n | H eq Cq # y[ H\T>< T b\+\T
dT= e#&T.
= + * H &T| +& |+, uTCq y&TTq ksjT Ts
|+#&T. <+ H n\d r]+~. + y| H Hq |& HqT jT\T
<sTqHqT.yT* #dT=H+ <T ys s&TH&T. >&sT < HqT ydT=kqT
nH&qT.

:: 9 ::

H sTe HqT ydT=H+<T d<|& yHqT. <jT#d y| H H #\HqT.

u+ < y| H&qT. HqT |sT>T+{ q& n&<]q #qsT nH }sT
< yqT. |q sTeyd &T>T L& yjT sT* s+&T sbjT\
be nyTXqT. n& ns&qT ns{|+&T =qT= $T> &T\T u<+>
<#T= ] jT\T<sqT.
HqT >&sT #s d] s m$T~ >++ ~. y| &T m& \<#Ty *jT
s _&|q &T| |T= |&THqT. u> n\dbsTT q+ <Tq y+H
<|{+~. ns s |P s dT e eT] <bTq qqT T
* _& {+~ +{ n&TH yd+ <Ts, <s> |&THy n+
u<Tu~ n& qT+& syTX&T. s =+ d|{ \y]+~.
eTT+<TsE s nq+ q sD+> &T| |>T\T s=< CjTk>sTT. *
T dwH m<TsT> eq V <] esesTeT+ sT &\T HqT.
HqT >&sT n&T>T|&+ n< yTT<{k ]. n+<Te\q @ s & \y*? m y*?
n d n s>k>qT. + m dT+<ss$Ts& nH jTq H
y\+ >eT+#&T. me] d+ yTTHy? m& qT+& e#y n n&>&T. HqT
$es\T #bqT. <+ jTq k] HqT MT }] e#qT. n|&T MT +{H us
#XqT. n+ qqT y+uT= +{H+ yT mbsY n+& +bsY *$Tf& nH
yT +| rdT&T.
n& bq\sT Mss|Tes& m+.&. nH usTq |dT eTT+<T dT+<ss$Ts&
Ls= + ns>+ s& >s=ksT. HHjTq #| |+& kjT+ #sTTk
qH&T. eNs>H H= n+& <=]+<q q+<+ HHjTq |H \THqT. +
s&>] sT esD |y++~. jTq sT ~ dT+<ss$Ts& e+ #d |dT
Ls= e{&T+<+! s nHsT.
y+H dT+<ss $Ts& ksY! D
+. s&T # *yq y&T. #& T++
qT+& & #<Te+<eT e#&T. MTsT MD Vd #]+ =H #~$d s
y& <] y&T #dT+{&T nq>H #\T... qTy+ #| s <T n+ H e+ #d
sjYT s! nH&T. HqT <>Zs yqT. yTTyT|&H n<+ #dTHy s!
qTe #<Te= <>\T #ky! }\Ty! <]<T& eTT+<T y &qT+ n
N={ dT+<ss$Ts& L& |{+#T +& yT&MT~ y[bj&T. jTq <sD
HbT dT+<ss$Ts& L& u<|&&T.
sC+<T s&>] eT& u><T. qTy+ sTV|& |H &.jTdt.s& >]
+| e+~. n~ L& # |< +|. eT<V+ n& rdT[ ||P] #kq
#| qqT y[+{ rdT=bsTT |q Ls |T= uq+ |{+ #&T. s <s+
&.jTdt.s& (<=& dT+<ss$Ts&)>]+{+. n|{ &.mdt.s& >sT |dT syT
Ls= @< | s>deHsT. yTeTT |* y>H LseTqT> dT+<ss$Ts&
#|+#sT. dT+<<s $Ts& H >T]+ #| e\d+ <+ #b&T. jTq s|T es&> ]
> eT+&|& <T. |X++> #|q<+ $ #&ujYT! e T+u\T @ }
eH >eT |q+ |{ e #TH e+~. m+<T? n& | q{ =+u
eT+~ y*eTT< >> e&yT n+<T sD+. |&T e &T KsT|{ +{

:: 10 ::

yqT #~$+# eTqT. s MTs+ *d @ }q e

|q+ k>esT n+ #eTsT #\> #bsT.
n+ ! dT+<ss$Ts& L& #|+& Hq& qT+&
jT|&qT. s&TMT<=# D+ + #qT. neT
#|q |s+ H\sT bsTTH n& L& <\ +
> +T+< ] e }] jT\T<sqT. s m$T~
>+\ \T#] $T*q &T\T neT # >&sT ]q
<+ #bqT.
yT q X ~H $s bsTT+q+<T $T*bsTT+~.
*> yT n u<|&+ dVyT. HqT |< #<Te\T
#<ebsTTq+ eq ] Hsys<qT. H <T\T> eTT ] qTe
>s|& #~$kqT n #bqT. e#T, ... H X\ MT< |THqT. qTe
H\sT y +&H ]>=#y n _edTq T&T#T=+ [+~.
y+{E ec $wjT+ \TdT= H+f me> u< |&sT. s e HjTq
HH ned\T|& n*$T*H de $Twq b<$T bsX\ @sT #sTT+#&T.
n+<T e eTT #\T <e s>es #<Te HsT.
u\+ qT+& H yeTq |<\+f e\e*q n_eq+. |<\ |< |<
|<+<\T+&e. q& # ds+> e+T+~. n$ #~$ HqT yeTq nC wD
jqT. |\+<] nse TjT HqT & = y\<T\T sj\qT HqT. n|jT +>
HH{ qT+& y\~ |<+ C\T y]+~. |<+ yeTq |<\ <>Zs> e+<
>V+#qT.
e +{ |sT eTHe\ n~ ns+ |s+ |sT> H |++~. y+H <
eTe\> esT HqT. n H y\<T\ eTV $qjTo\ eTe\ nq~
eTyT+~.
s bq u>e+ |<\qT | + #<e&+ n\ yT #dTHqT.
n\yf H |<+ m+ ds dT+<s+> sj H]+~. eT+> |<\T H >T+&
#|&T> essTT. #|& H #+<dT H]+~. ... |{ H >D $uq
*jT<T. nsTTH \+ n+<T>H jTT\T bd\T >D\T eT+ yT e y{ y{
kH LsT+{sTT.

eTV>+B <sq+
n~ 1936e d+es+. k+ <eT+ eTTeTs+> sT>TTq sE\$. >+B>sT
eTq sw |s q#d y+] edTHs *d+~. y] <]+#& n+ +f
eT+ neX+ <=<qTHqT.
eTs&T +k* T& *d y+] yqT. n|{ |]ds >e\ qT+&
eTVT <sq+ d+ eq q+ |D+ ]d e+~. s T& +<Te\ +{
|&THqT. eTsTd{sE <jT+ =$T~ >+\ MT{+>T. HqT m$T~ >+\ y~
e< y[ bdT\ + |&+& <>Zs eq #T #Tq \THqT. >+B>sT s>H
|\ V\+ $TqT eTT{+~. eTV >+B C nq H<\T es>sTT.

:: 11 ::

>+B>sT k+ <eT+ >T]+ V+B |d++#sT. |d+> m|{|&T

\T>T Dse nH +>dt HjT&T nqTe~+#&T. HqT | eqT #e\T
]+ $HqT. |d+>+ |PsjTd] eTVT| H |Pue+ *+~. y+H y[
y] b<\T <THqT. bdT\T n~ >eT+ qqT <s+> bsXsT. nsTTH
>+B >] b<\qT d+#qq d+w+ eTVT& d+<X eTqq+ #dT=+
+k*T& \d kjT+ n*$T* #sqT. n s+&T eT& >&#sTT.
n|{ qTe*q <s+ yTT<\T #& us+ nqT> |< k<\ d+ e HjTq
#dq n|\T d $T+bjsTT. d+> \TdTq TTD< eTT+<T C>
d+ H\ sE> H u #*+#b sT <s sTe\d edT+< e HjTqT
V#]+#&T. V#] e HjTq >T+& >Tq|yT >T#T+~.
D+ e HjTq n+{ y[ HS H sT> qT. |&T <w> qqT
sT \u. HqT <T + #eT+~ u eHqT. |~ sE\T z||T.
Hq je<d nyTdH ds &TqT n+<] <ec |s+ |+|f @sT
#kq #T\T |T= e &T. e HjTq k #d n eTqdT ]+~.
ds seT keTH!
wyTTqT #sTT q\T>T ] bf HqT nH&T.
e }] eTTqdT d<s&, q |&T HqT =T |#dq y+ #\+X{ *d b\+
yTT @&Ty\ sbjT\T <s { rdTHsT. <ec |s+ TTD <+<] |+|{
e HjTq# nyT+T ssTT+#THsT. d e HjTqq~ d>+ y{ eyT .
$T*q u>dT\T eTT>TZsTHsT. y @ sp e HjTq e n&T#|<T. \T,
yT b\T | $T> d+ jTq #dq n|\ d+ #dH n+<s eTq+>
\e+#sT.
s e HjTq eTT>T]Z *d V d dMT|+ |qu >eT+ eTq T+u
eq dbdT\T MT \TdT. n+<T H y{ e# |*+ L& MTs nqTu$+#+&.
+{H e+ neT> $T*q yTu eTT\qT L& MTs k>T#dT +&. |&T + H
HqT #jT>*+~ < #b&T.
... Tq us, q _&\ q<+ @MT +& #X&q u< e neT
$T*bk+~. +{ |<_&yjTT+& + sT>T e+f |+ #dTHe+f
HeTqTy* n+ H MT< $sT#T |&+~. e HjTq e{# HqT n&T|&
n+<s M&T seTk$T s & =&T H! n d+<V ksT n+T+&> e HjTq +{=#&T.
jT #&>H e neT zsT q++~. qTe dV]+<T&e|+#Te&+ d+
H _&\ <+ @MT +& #ky! n @&ek+~. e HjTq m+<T oseT
#+<T& e+{ =&TqT H _&* m +#~, H _&* m +#~ n >>Z\T
|&THy. MT neT>]q d =+sTTH e+~. jH~ |]>& |H+&T eT+~
|\\T. y& #TT >T&d | eTs+<T. y& _&\T +> _&\T s! n+
#& eT& { jT{ y[bj&T. e HjTq eT{ qeTTqy&T. |+ b\qT
bD deq+> |$T+qy&T. | <e +> u$+qy&T. |~ eT+~ nq+ |{q y&T.
>eT |q+ # sTT+qy&T. |<\ nHjT+ ] d+V+ >]+qy&T. n+{

:: 12 ::

e n y]+{ #T\T eTT&T#T= Lse&+ H u<d+~.

s =H e neTeT jT #bjsT. <s +&> y eT+
#&\T #dT=+ yTq b\qT \T eq <q+ T++ q&T|
e+~ e neT. |&T +{+& m<T>TTq |\\T m<TsT> [ {q us.
\Td u+ < k++> k>T#dTe&+ eT+< u$++~ e neT.

H>* H nqT+<+...
d+es+ es\T u> se&+ e\q e }] #sTe +&+~. \TE L& b]+~.
=> eekjT+ yTT<\T |{\+f yH s +&T <Tf<T \ T y*>! n dT+ &>
e }] | neTTe& m<T\ +& e+~. n+<T m<T u> sd+
mT&+~. n~ |j>|&< <H= e~> y& |+<=$T~ sbjT\ nyTX&T
+& jTe. y& m<T |<T. < e+d+H |.
d+> *d HqT y+H y[ m<T |\TesTdqT |]o*+#qT. ds q bwD mT &+<
eTTd*< HsyT+~. HqT s+&T eT&T H\ &T kqT. H m<TeT
e~>yD&>qT. e T++ MT< y&q n_eq+ =B MTsT n& HqT <+{H
<=s! H |+ e <e&sT>T n djT+> y& m<TqT rdT= e e <=& fd
y&T.
s e ne, HqT |~q+ < |>&, &T |+ H\ sE \TH
#X+. s+& m<T y*>! <d+ e HjTq |qu y[ jTq n+
|&q }] eTTqdT y+s& >]q& +> m<TqT \T= e#&T. n~
ejTdT MT]q m<T. nsTTH HqT =q <+f =+ qjT+.
n|{ } sT\+<s n&TdT <T <TqTTHsT. e HjTq HsX+ eHsT.
e neT T+ bwD usyT+~. esTd> eT&TsE\T n+<s+ ns*H >&b+.
s|P \e >TZ e Vs+. eTsTd{ ~q+ <jT+ e neT, qTy[ &=+ |H
eq b\+ <TqT e+&T. HqT m>H CeTT b<> MT HjTq # #~L&T
|+|kqT n #|+~. Hq> <T <Tq&+ bs+_+#qT. n~ n&TdT <T. m<T\T m+
\Vq+> Hj, Hq++ f \Vq+> eHqT. k<sD+> s=+| <T e{e{
n&TdT, >& *dq qTd+ H>* n+T+T+~. n|&T yT& |T= H>* ||
qTk * =\+#*. HqT H>* | * T e{e{ e HjTq
d+ m<TsT #&k>qT. + Hb*{ <e& #~<s #|T= jTq se+
>eT+#qT. |H eq |+\Te <>Zs y[ >>u H\T>sTT<T >&|s\T |sT=
y{H | <+HqT. + e HjTH=#&T. HqT <d* |T= LsTHqT.
jTq eesdH qqT z<s +& qT q s d+{ eTT< <u\Tq H
<d{ yd |q d m+&T + |# & yX&T. d+{ d+ m >+\T m<TsT#&e\d
e+~ nq u< H *jT+&H s+&T {uT eTT<| ssTT.
n~ #dq e HjTq qqT nqTqsTT+#b> sjYT! m+<T&TdTHy? eT>&q
s eTT<q T eT&T eTT H*. c\T m\\+ |seTT+{j ! n+ sjT&
M\T T kyT H <s+ #b&T. q _& |ssTT _& & *jT e
HjTq eT+q+ \#T=+ HqT d+{ eTT<H w&k|+> u$+ &T|+&

:: 13 ::

] ns bs+_+#qT. n nV]X\T X$T+ |< |\ dVs+ d+es+

s+&T |T e&T |+&+#qT. <q+ \T #]qH&T |+ e \ q{+ |s+ |{qT
n+<s+ d+s|&+.
}] qT=H e neTeT>]q e+~. n+<T $Ts|| + yj \qTHqT.
< u$ <s+. n|{ sTT +qT, s+{ y{sT e. |* <sH u$
{ jT{ & b\+ &b*. HqT D |#jT&+ k<+< q dT&T nH
e~>yD J |T HqT. y& dV jT+ ee<q Tq f<T \ H *| \&
d<|&qT. dT&T eT&e f+<T y&T. s =~d|{ m<T\T eTT+<Tb
yq yq sk>sTT. HqT ujT+ dTu ! n >{> n]#qT. y&T |]>T= e H
|sMT< u<T u~ |* e\ <T. qTy[ eT&eT n H jTe <usTT+#&T.
H y[ bs+<THqT. eT<V &|+ |P] nsTT+~. s eTs=
b>HsT H{\qTHqT.
sE b<TH d<>D y+ rdT= b>HsT d+ y+<&T yqT. n~ e
|<eT>] }s eTT+< #bqT. yT+ +{e< #s d] e |<HjTq esT&T \seTq
d<> < | |sesTTdTH &T. qqT #&>H @$T{ b<TH e#sH&T bjT+>.
b>HsT d+ e#eTH n #bqT.
+{ y[ =+<s> #<q+ q+&. s HsTeT& <>Zs yeTH&jTq.
HqT |* y>H e |<eT $HqT MT <+, y[ d+<T Ls+& #~ L&T
|+|kqq~. + |* eq $& qqT #d me nusTT m+&bsTTq >>T|\
H&q~. y&= <]<T&T. n*$T* qT+& e#&T. b>HsT d+ >+|Hq |T=
nq~ e |<eT. d+ yT qqT q #\T =&T #|<q u< H eTqdTqT \
yd+~. nsTTH #d~ d<>&T, HqT y[ d+<T LsTH+. yT |eTw <s
#~L&T |+|+~. HqT nsTTw+>H * rsTHqT. ... ]+> <q|&T
nsTTqy L& m+ #+> #ks nq& e |<eT |esq <VsD. HqT
neeq+ u]+# dTD y+ uT= \seTq L& #|+& eT<V
\T #sqT.
s =~sE\ c\T $&$&> seq kyTqT TTEe #d HqT |+<=$T~
sbjT\ =q f<T qT eTd+~. |qu qT+& \T= eq m<TL&
mT&+~. <+ e eekjT+ ns+s+> nbsTT+~.

yT &b <>+
y+] \ eq eT&T |< yT& e }] qH>+& y<={. +{
jTe |sT ueTT |< dTjT jTq eTT&T q dTjT. <]B CsTT+T
T++. |qeT+ |< dTjT<. jTq & =&T. |sT dTq. m|t.m. <
#<TeH&T. dTq y yTqeeT LTsT |sTT+~. |sT \HsjTDeT.
# \T|>\T eTw. HqT yTqT e~H n |*#yD. yT L& qqT k+ eT]~
u$+#~.
dTq >&sT dMT|+ H\sT nH >eT+ d.sY.se >]+{ +&y&T.
\ HsjTDeT e+ n eeT* #dT=+ e }H +&~. us edb

:: 14 ::

+&y&T. jTq eTs= u>dT& *d e } 1941e d+es+ yT &b

|uTH& *d e neT djT+> dTq e{& H\ m$T~ sbjT\T
J+MT< qH &b |{+~. n+eTT+< e } yT &b e+&~. n~ #qsT
X{ **~. &byTHsY lydT\T qqT eT& n |*#y&T.
#qTe=B HqT n|&|&T &b y[ n& |rsTqT >eT+#yD. <+ H
yT, *|+&#&+ =+ ne>Vq @s&+~. nqTue+ HqT >&sT qT+&
eq eTT& dsTqT e &b n+<+> jsT#sTT+ |f+| >&sT rdT=
y[ d.sY. se>] |dT ~+#qT. se >sT dTq ue>sT. jTq |P] |sT
#X{ seT#+<se. u> #<Teqy&T. eT+ eTD \y&T. jTq us|sT
wyDeT. se >] eTT&TH&T. |sT wjT. <s seT\DT\ e+{ysT.
y]= #\ T+~. |sT \ eT. $& us |sT ueTT s|T ejT. <+|T *<] se>sT
q +{H e+#T= yT ybs+ MT< eq <jT+ =+ y{ y#y&T.
s|TejT # $d |sTw&T.
HqT jsT #sTT+q dsTqT se >sT #d XeT |dT+~ dT+<sj !
MT< L& < X< |Cd J+ d+es sbsTT |+#TqT. | ~
ys+ qTe MT &b d++~+q $es\T rdT q& >&sT sy*. $es\qT
{ HqT MT +| nedsyTq eTT&dsTqT |+| @sT #kqHsT.
n> HqT | n~ys+ \T rdT= >&sT q& yyD. n|{ y+]
qT+& >&sT u>TZ dT+&~. dT qqT <T= sjYT sjYT n+ s&T MT<
y+f J$+ HH|&H +{ dT m>\H nqT=HyD.
n eT& >&# sTT. H J+ |< =+&T sbjT\ |]+~. sE HqT >&sT
jT\T<sTT+&> e neT ~ys+ L& d\e +& ssTT+e w|&TTHy.
eTs H\T>T sbjT\T J+ |+#eT se >] n&T>T HjTH n #|+~.
sE kjT++ H\sT y[ n+<s *d uq+ #dT+&> ksY... H|&T
H\ |< =+&T sbjT\T J $TdTH sT. eTs H\T>T sbjT\T |+#eT uj
T |&T H
n&>qT. y+H se>] us @eT+&! M&+ djTs n+ XuT. #Xs! k]
H\T>T sbjT\ yX&T <{. +=H b |ku>+ n&H Xs+<T nq~.
n+eT+~ eTT+<T se>sT u #by c n+ yT >=+T *bsT. <+ H
eTqdT >jT|&+~. HH+ | #Xq jTq+ #T\q> e{&sT. <#T
+& ssTT+e #] #dTHqT. d J+ |+#eT n&>qT. n<< |< HsyTqT
qqT #T\q> e{&+ m+es dq u< n& >& L& eTqk|
* nsTdTq |>T\qT nD |T= Nf &T> ] jT\T<sqT. HsT> +{
b<T. e }] H\T>T yT <s+ eqjT+| yqT. n& sdwqT+~.
dwH T y\T>TTHsTT. ~q+ MT s|q me]HH |+|d &b d++~+q e
KsT \ n n|k q+ se>] |sT sJHe K sd bdTu yd
\ys d] \T #sqT.
| ~ys+ b<TLd] +{ e#y&T. ~qyT+<T s<q u+> e neT
+{MT< qT +& H d+ #TLs= e+~. qqT #&>H |\T_q <T:K+
$T{s n |bjsTT. |{ < m&THy ! n <Ts> n&+~.

:: 15 ::

HqT ]+<+ #bqT. MT HjTq+f sw+ me.y< nHs eq

<>+ e<T\T+f |&T eT <>+ me]ksq~ u<>...
#&e ! mesH H HMT< ] +< }&>+ #jTqT. H <e&q
#T\THjYT. H\ ]> d] qTe&q |~VqT sbjT\T kqT. m ke
n&>=<T` n #| m<TsT> eq |Xe\ =+ y[ qT\ eT+#+MT< qT rXqT.
yT\e e#d] e neT m<TsT> e+~. #dq |Tqs+ #\T s ! #<q+
+<Te> n #sTT |T= +{ [+~. n H\T>sTT<T sE\T >&#sTT.
sE <jT+ d.sY. se>] ueeT]~ s|TejT >sT sT e +{=#sT.
e neT jTq n+ eTT+< \TdT. s+>e ! MTy&T se >] sdq CT #]+~.
jTq yD e<T\T=H+<T d<+>sT. sE M& eTqdT H=|+#q |X|
|&T THsT. J+ eTs <T sbjT\T n<q+> L& # jTsT HqT #kqT s+#T
nHsT.
<+ eT\ $+Tq HqT, ksY ! MTs+f H # >se+. s+&TksT H
edq \T #d =$ {+ #sT. ... |&T MT e <+Tq+<T $ T+#+&.
HqT me] e< <>+ #jT<\T<T n+ H <]q HqT y[bjqT.
sEH u+> sw+ $ msT> sTe d+u$++~. eTT|
\\eT+~ \js | #~yqT. <X+ q\TeT\\ qT+& d#+< dy d+d\T,
<\T |< yTT+ $s\T d]+ sTe dVjT ~ |+|THs *d+~. &
u> Hq =+ $s+ b>T#d |+b\qTHqT.
u+> sTeqT >T]+ dT+s dHsjTD, yds& udsse wJ$ nq |sT
Ts< sXsT. n~ #<eT+f sTe <X\T eTT+<T yT<TsTT. H <T:K+
><T. y+H +Ts #|{qT. e+ b&+<T e }H H &T s<]
jsT #dTHqT. s <sT >e Ts< #| dTesT |~y\ sbjT\T
d]+ eTdT b <s \ |+bqT.
s e neTq e \uTe&+ d+ H\T>T ys\T e&s y \d
eT{ yXqT. y H MT< >\ n_eq+ =B H se\dq y{H s {+ | &_#sT.
n+<Te\q =~sE\ eTT|jsT sbjT\T H # =#sTT. n+<T |<VsT
sbjT\T e neT $T> sy H <>ZsT+#THqT.

|T< H |T&
sy sbjT\ |T& yTT<k]> { |#T ={s neT&+ bs+_+#qT.
n~ H XeT $T+q |* +~. s +>&T |P\T, +jT\T, e$T&jT\T,
$Ts|jT\T, |d\T, $TqTeTT\T, +<T\T yTT<qe H ybs edTe. eTTK+>
$Ts|jT\ ybs+ H <j eT]+ |++~. n+ +& s+&T d+es\T
<Vs\T e qT>TDyTq ybs\T # #XqT. <s dTesT q\uy\
sbjT\T d+b~+#qT. n+<T e HjTq #dq n|\ d+ H&T e ueTT\qT
=qy] s{+| yTT+ #*+ ] ueTT\qT kBq+ #dTHqT. n+<T d>+
e+ e T+u +#T= $T> d>+ e HjTq u>dT\#XqT. n|&T e
HjTq eTTK+ y*$]dq q+< ne<Te. s H e< $T\Tq &T e

:: 16 ::

|P]+{ esD+H ]\T, |&eT{\T qb{ e+{\T {+#qT.

+ sE e }] eTTqdT d<s & He< e H s wH c| dH e+~.
n+<T nedsyTq |T& HqT |&qT. eq u+ d>+ qTe rdT= d>+ He
nH&T. H CsTTr MT< jTqq qeT eTT#jT&+ w+ dsqHqT. n|&T
e &b _jT+ { me> e#~. |uT +<q\ yTs _jT+ XsT eT&T
nD\ |<=+&T |d\ ne*. HqT |k L& me rdTe&+ w+
n+<T <T\T> eb& b{*#qT.
n d+es+ sE\T >&#d] |uT+ # { ZbsTT+~. <+ e <jT+
L& Z+~. Zq <j |+#Ty\+f _jT+ me <s ne*. =Hy
<+&>eH | #jT n+{ swH c| eTdyd n|{es eq u+
#d d<s& y{ |+ #XqT. n+ eTT+<T He<qTq &T swHc| u+
L& |&+~. <+ yT ybs+ k++> #dTy\qTHqT.
HqT => bs+_+#<\ q yT &b nedsy T q eTT& |* + =H+<T &T rdT=
dT >&sT jT\T<sqT. >&sT yT\T <s+ >H|s+ nH |sT
}s ]+#sT cyTyTH jTeqT\T. yTH jT yTqT>H|s+
rdT= e n& >&+> #d >&sT ybsdT\ neTTsT.
=qy+<] sbsTT s+&T sbjT\T u+ e#~. HqT n+eTT+<T ys+
ys+ >&sT y yD { $es\ H \TdT. n|{ cyTH jTe
>H qy+fX sse. jTq <j >TD+ ysd +> n_+~. eT+ kV_e.
y+fXsse>sT |~q+ kjT++ =+<sT kVr $TT\qT #T Ls|T=
kq $> eq T\TdT y+ seT] # Xe> |<\T #|+#T= q+~+#&+
n\yT. seT] H n+eTT+< |]#jTeTT+~.
HqT >H|s+ e< dT~ |\ se>sTHs! n y#YyT H n&>qT. y]|&T
$ >w eHs #b&T. n++f eT+ deTjT+ <=s< |* yqT. qqT
#&>H seT] + se>] |]#jT+ #X&T. se>sT HL
#|+#sT....HqT H
e\ | MT >\ n_eqeTT
sT|eq eTq yT]+
q kjT yTT+&T #sTTk n]+|
eH& ! |<$T H& !
nHqT. se>sT y+H MT |<+ yeTq |<+ e+~. H e\q MT dVjT+ y
#|+&HsT. HqT k++> e } yT &b |T+THqT ksY. MTsT H\= qT
ydT |*+ H# @sT#d H ybs ls+ #T{q ysesHqT d$qjT+>...
y+H se>sT qs yTHsY <+&eT& <Xs< seTjTqT |*|+ s&>] |sT
*dT sdT=, | H qT ydt | e+& #bsT. jTq s| <jT+ m$T~
e+<\ ju sbjT\T #*+ dsT |T+& #b&T. =* |jT+H |<+ H
b* esyT+< HqT @qT>THq+ d+w+ n& qT+& HsT> >&sT yqT.
s n& e+& eTs&T u&T> +& e{&T = j s q | qT b #jT &
= #|f\T =qT= n< +& n*$T* #sqT.

:: 17 ::

e +{ |H |P]+{ k+ &b bs+_+#qT. HqT k++> &b |{qq

$wjT+ *jT>H #TT|\ >e\ eTV\T |Ps+> H &b sk>sT.
HqT eT]+ X< rdT= eTT&ds T q+ eT+ *{ | > eT&T ek\T s eTT+<
j sT#d u&T> +& <s >&sT rdTbsTT e+>T+ dTs$Ts& >] +|
~+#qT. +| |sT >&sT yT mbsY. HqT yd] dTs$Ts& >sT, y
eTT&T u\cs& >] |dTH eHsT.
y] qqT HqT |]#jT+ #dT= H &b jsq | MT ne\ #qT ksY!
nHqT. dTs$Ts&>sT |f z|H #sTT+ u\cs& #|+ + *{
|qT eTq$T+es #&<T nHsT. jTq L& qqT n_q+~+ | H qTe
jsT #sTT+# dsT e kq+f eT+ s{keTHsT.
qeT+H +& HsT> MT +| rdT=#qHqT. y+H nq<eTT*<s
e{&T= bqT sbsTT |~ nD\T <s{ yTT+ |+ n|& #XsT. H KsT\T
bqT dTesT s+&Ty\ u+ e+~.
HqT ] n*$T* jT\T<sTT+&> es| s$Ts& >sT b\eH yTH dsT\
f+&sY |{s *d+~. HqT HsT> +| yqT. n|{ & +|\ y+
n&THsT. n >& dsTqT = bqT e+Tq eTTK<s+ e< X+| |{ e+&+
>eT+#qT. n+<T H y*q ydT | #&>H s+&T qT\T =H\|++~.
y+H qT |<=+&T e+<\ ju sbjT\ e+Tq s+&T qT\T f+&sY <sH
=HqT.
n~ n+eTT+<T y neTTTq sT+f eTT| X+ me. <+ s$Ts&>sT
MT< e dsT\T f+&sY |f|&T L& dsT\sY |+|qT. qTe |+&
e ydT |<T. @ >& | y\H =qTe#T. |T& &T nedsyT
|~y\ sbjT\ $T+# +& n|> kqT. &TqT e& { =+us E\ #*+ #*
nHsT.
nedsyT n> rdT+{q #| s+&T qT\ <s #*+ u&T> +&T e{&
e }] |+bqT. s HqT eTs= +& >H|s+ y[ H H\d] { rdT=
HsT> n*$T* #sqT. <+ H e<qTq | eT&T qT \sTT+~. n+ | s>
*|+#\+f &b k<+ < |H eq eTqsT eTs &b bs+_+#qT.
&b u<qT e s+&e eTT&T u\cs& n| +#qT. y&T |~q+
<jH uq+ rdT= y[ &b |#dT= kjT++ ] e#y&T. n|+q @
| HH y&T X~ sVk&T. H yTT<{ eTT&T seT #+<s& +{<>Zs e
HjTq #<&T> + eekjT+ #dT=Hy&T.
HqT s+&T &b\bT +<+ nH >eT+ bqT nD MTw# |< MT<
eTs= &b bs+_+#qT. &b u< dTuHjTT&T nH e n|+#qT. nqT
# CsTTr|sT&T. H\= k] jsq dsTqT n* $T* n|+ ] eTT&
| rdTbjTy&T. nqT jsT #sTT+q dsT L& e &b jsT#d
dsT+ HD+> e+&~.

:: 18 ::

+>dt b H nqTu+<+...
eTV>+B d<+\ |u$TD nsTTq HqT +>dt b | n_eq+
|+#THqT. n_eq+ =B >&sT &$H m& b MT{+> ]H ss>
y[ <X\ |]dT\qT m|{|&T \TdT=HyD. s +>dt b duT&> #]
H nqT+< eT]+ |+#THqT. <s e HjT\+<] |]#jT
yTs&+~.
s n*$T* &b H ndd+T> |#dTq sy& &bqT n|C| HqT
>&sT myT.mdt.s& nq |sT +| bs+_+#qT. n& n dT\ |
jsT #sTT+#&+ d+ nqTueEq s&T eT+~ &yqT H\J |THqT.
y+ yTqT n+<+> \e&+ ]]q y. e +| jsq ns\
dsT\qT =q& |< |< +|\T b{|&$. nsTTH H dsT\ e+>T+
dTs$Ts& >] nyTyD. dTs$Ts& >sT, bq\sT Mss|Tes& >sT eT+
dVT\T. sE dT s$Ts& >] +| HqT n$Tq dsTqT Mss|Tes& >sT
#d m&B |, | s n#Tq bd rdqT+~ n dTs$Ts& >] n&>s.
jTq H |sT #bs. y+H s|Tes& >sT djT+> qqT *d MT dsT\ ed
dTs$Ts& >]# sT+f me s{kq |u|{sT. MTsT m+ s{H ds HqT
bqT L& MTeqHqT. y+H jTq n<$T{? nHsT. WqT ksY, q|&T H
#<Te d+ MT dVjT+ sqT. qTe#<Te= <>\T #ky! }\Ty! n
N={s! sD HqT. <X+ + H eTT+<T yT<T\H e+~. n+<Te\q n~
<s X|& MTe& H eTqdT n+^]+#<T n >d #bqT. <+ jTq
nyjsT. s n*$T* e +{ qT= eq ueTTy] yT&qT |H+&Ty\
sbjT\ =HqT. <+ M~ yTT+ e<sTT+~.
n|{ >&sT dMT|+ eT+>\|PsT <>* |{_s$Ts& nH jTq
&b q&|y&T. jTq +<T H e\dqy&T. H> q|{ qT+& c\ <Ts=&
m~qy&T. jTq &b jsjT dsT\ L& eT+ |sT+&~. sE jTq
qqT *d qTe u>$Tkq+f HqT | sp >&sT e &bqT #dT=+{qT
nHs T .
j T q
ej T d T
H + f
@& $T
< |<. CsTTr H rdb&T. jTqT u>k$T> #sT=+f ybs+ |< mTq
s|e# dsqHqT. e <] \sTT e\q ybs+ u> |+E=+~.
sE b\eH dsT\ f+&s bZ H\T><T >& yT =HqT. &T =+ e
|& es| s$Ts&>] e< =+usE\ e& dV #*+# wsT MT< |~y\
sbjT\T n|rdTHqT. (s$Ts& >sT uy& >b\s& >] eeT)
ysTT< ys+ sE\T +<q> s$Ts&>] yTHsY e< qT+& ~ >TsT#d sT
e+~. HqT >&TesC e& dV |P] |+ rdT= H\sT yqT. n|&T s&>sT
+> sT. ueq+ |sT dT<sH eTV. y] yTHsY |dTsyT Ls= eH&T.
HqT MT u #*+#& e#qHqT. nqT |~y\ sTe+<\ sbjT\ nD
e+&H&T.
MT |. Hee\d+~ |~y\ sTe+< nHqT. n~ yT MT B >TsT#d

:: 19 ::

sT sX+ <. n+<Td+ nD me #*+#* nH&T yTHsY. HqT MT sdq

<kyE wsT<T. { \D L& n<q+> #*+# |d <T nHqT. e <>Zs
n| rdTq y+ n> #*k sT . MT qeT+ b y U\T k] #&+&
n+TT #|+#uj&T. y #*+ e+&e#T. HqT e+ <$T& L& me
#*+#q KsK+&> #bqT.
+ yTH <>Zs qT+& s&>s=#sT. HqT qeTd]+ ]+~ #bqT. nD
d+ >+\ |s++ LsTHy! n~ e qysTTr. qTe eb U nD
u n> e+T+<HsT s&>sT. +f +&e+& ksY! n+eq H |sTe+
Ts<HqT. qTe H> yTT+&y&ej! n+ s&>sT q CT qT+& nD rd
yTHsY#sT. HqT |P] |+ #*+ s&>] <qy<\T #| ] >&sT #sqT.
+ 1947 >dT 15e B eTq<X k++ e+~. d+<s+> HqT
ybs u< \T |{_s &> ] n|C| k+ ~He y&T s\ Tyd V+
e }H > #TT| \ >e L& bZHqT. H&T eT+#TeT\ qT+& He]
es | y*$]dq q+<+ esHr+.
e~ MT+< >eTeT eTT+< #bqT. y+] MT+<sT\ b\q es+>
sT <e\T s# ]>$. <e\ qT+& }|] bdTq< H\sT MTHsT
ys|. | d+b<&T y+{eHjTT&T. jTq q | MTH sT\
c\qT >T]+ # dT\uX* yk\T, >j\T sdy&T. n$ eT+ |+&
#<e&+ e\q H MT+< es uy\T eT]+ |]>sTT.

| X+ >] H |]#jT +
n~ 1948 e d+es+. n|&T +< b++ eT& eT<dT sw+ e+&~.
eT<dT sw+ eTTKeT+ n |\TksT. +<d] +>TsT |X+|+T\T >sT
=H eT<dT sc |<qeT+> eHsT. s s>b#] >sT n$Xd
rsq+ <s y] =\+ zeT+&sT seTk$Ts& |X+>] kq+ |< qeT+
#XsT. |uT+ y+{y syq eT+. jTq MT+< eedqT s<T#jT&+
d+ nd+; _\T |uT Hs $HqT. _\T bdt +& #&\ +<
MT+<s+ &T d+#T\ m+.m.@.\qT =H+<T yHs *d+~.
Hq|&T e #TT|\ >e\ qT+& dTesT e+<eT+~ y\+{sqT b>T#dT=
n+<s+ >+B {|\T <] + eTTeH\ C+&\qT #|
T= @< {> q& eT&esE
kjT+ eT<dT #s+. s C]{H d+ d#X+. eTs&T <jT+
=$T~ >+\ sCJV esD+ |y +#+. eTT+<T> |X+ >] <s q+ #dT +
<eTq <X+ n+<s+ y] e< y+.
|X+>] eTTK+ |<$ bsTT+<q u< @e+ +#<T. |dT |+&q TTw
eTq+> y\T Ls= HsT. y+H +<d] |X+|+T\T >] C
n+ |< mTq H<\T #X+. ysT #d>H eTeT* y]+#sT.
eT<VyT _\T nd+; |yX|&TTHsT. sCJ V MT{+>. e +<eT+
>+ eTT+< n& #sT H+. XdqduT\+ T T> yTf |*
yHsT. MT+<sT y |jT+ y #dTHsT. n|&T MT+< s<T _\T jTT

:: 20 ::

neds >] HqT sdq...

e=B MT+<] |q+. n~...
s<T y* |+& D+...
nq >j \|d nT m+.m.@.\qT. T MT+ <sqT
V#]dTH+. + |X+|+T\T >sT, MTHsT
y+{eHjTT&T >sT +> yTf |* bTHsT. b
<] T +~. b sd+<es |X+>sT qq&>sT.
HqT b yTT+ y] $|+ yTeT+<s+ y+] MT+<s
b\q >e\ #+~q y+. e u< HqT b> sXqT
ksY nHqT. y+H |+T\T>sT, uw .t .. de+| q X<d \ b |_++.
qTe dV $$. y jTyT+~. $+ |\qT dyVT\qT #dT+~.
$ C XjTdT eyT |jkq H e{y\ #sTT #bsT. HqT
y+H y] d+u~d...
sl >TsT+<T T\ ! eTqksH MTsT p|+#T n
y |eT H E&qT MTs+#T#TqT H
k+uq $eTTH deTTH CrjT XjTdT
|PC |w yTTqsTy&qT |Cy<qT ks+T>H
nq |<+ #~yqT. y+{eHjTT&T >sT m+ >=|> #bej! Xs\ |<+.
dsdr {+ |w\+> e+~. |+T\T>sqT e +> dV$yq+ qqT
n_q+~+#sT. s y+{e>sT Xdqdu _\T |yX|{sT. eT&T sE\T
dTBs+> #s ] _\T n~ yTC bd+~. y+{e HjTT&T>sT MTH sT
| qqT dV $> bs\ |]#jT+ #XsT. H{ qT+& kVr+ qqT
dV$ n |\Tek+~. >&sT +| |{_s& >sT #dT=HysT { HqT
s# e >e y[ |<\ u>>T\qT #&+bT >e_e~ H e+T w#d
e#qT. } b<$ T bsX \ |{+ #qT. n+<Tedsy T q ue H H k+ &T
]+#qT. bk|dT, |d +< L& @sT#XqT.
>&sT &$H eT|+ |XdyT+~. sp =e+<\ k\T #TT|\ >e\
qT+& >&sT eksTT. n& qT+& \, u+usTT, H>|PsY, & yTT<q q>s\
m>TeT #ksT. s n~sT\ # \+#+|& > k\T b{bs+ qT+& ~$
e. HqT sT\ ] yTs H\sT eT sT\ d+|T+ k|+#qT. < qH
n<&> mqTHsT. HH d+|T+ <s n~sT\ <|& n]{qT. d+> H\sT
sT>T HjT&q m.d. dTus&>] <w y[+~. jTq H #q\
n+&> sT. y] | H >se+ |]+~. ys qqT \+ d+Jes&>] |]#jT+
#XsT. m.d. dTus& >sT qH+> |$Tks, d+Jes&>sT n++f me>
|$T+#k>sT.
HqT e neTq e |s+ e eTT&T yDTqT 1947e d+es+ >&sT
Vd se s> #]+#qT. n|{ qT+& H s\ wyT y& \+q+. y&T
neX d~j>+ #dT= X<> #<Tek>&T.

:: 21 ::

&* y e HjTq
H syjT eq H{ qT+& e HjTq &* y |&&T. mesH jTqT
+{ |* &Ls, >s\T e+&|&#\T. MT nejT H &\ #|y&T. sE
H u! } esdq nesTT\T eTT>TZsT q\T>TsTHsT. y qq
nesTT #d |[#dT . k+> \+ |sT>TT+<HsT. H } \+ |s>& +
eTTK+<T. HqT me] |[ #dTH |b\ T y*. +{ e neTbT
eTT, #\ T eHsT. y+ <] \ H\T> yT*> nesTT y*. { qTe
e{ e{ |[, |[ n+ qqT =+<s |e<T nHqT.
1949e d+es+ H&T yTT\\ eqCeT nH $& >&sT H e< e
q <sT =&T\T, es n. nesTT >s+ +&>H <e&T q qT<T{uT
T&yX& H u< ~> $T+>T= s+&e esTD, nesTT H\sT #~$+#T
+THq #|+~.
HqT nesTT @+ #<TeT+< n&>qT. d]<$ $<\jT+ m$T<e s>
#<T e e+~. nusTT $.sY. J +&jT { #<T eTH&T. |<y &T >&sTH
+TH&T. y& |[ HH #XqT yTq LTsT. ... y&|&T eTeT*
|{+#Te&+<T. n+<Te\q H _&qT # |{\ e#qT nq~.
e\T $q>H HyT MT< d<_ bjT+ @s&+~. #&e ! e~ eT& T++.
e neT, HjTq J$+ q+ \+ H us, e }H e+& y de#j*.
n+> HqT + =H |[ #dT <\T<T . <jT #d qqT nbs+ #dT +&HqT.
yT #eT*q He+ #d |jTes H _& |[#jTqT n+
y[bsTT+~.
n s+& >&#sTT. sE HqT <TsZ eTTHjT nH $TTD y+ uT= H\sT
yqT. n|& nesTT d] <$ $<\jT+ |<e s> #<Te e+~. yT$T<s+
HsT> bsX\ e< y[ >T <>Zs \TH+. =+d|{ d e~sT. d
{#sY n+ eTT+< eTTqjT \TdT. $& <s sVd+> nesTT #X+. |sT
ku>eT. nesTT =+#+ s+>T yH eTTK+ \ e+~. |> #<Te=q~.
+ qTe +#e\dq |<H&T eTTHjT. nesTT HL q+~. <s+ ]
}sT #s+. ]+~ e neT, HjTq #| k] MTsT L& H\sT y[ nesTT
#&+&. MT q s <+ nHqT. Hqs<T. eTTK+> #&e\d+~ MT
HjTq nq~ e neT. e HjTq eTTHjTH &T rdT= H\sT y[ d\T <>Zs
nesTT #X&T. jTqL q+~. d+> H #|>H HqT eqCeT Xuys
*jTCXqT. D + yT LT] & e+ |< esT&T dTs$Ts& +{ e~*+~.
s e neT H |[ =* e+~. s+& y&T seT#+<jT L&
sy s+&#sTT. yD n\TD #dT=H+<T MT |<HjTq LTsT s+>eT |qu
d<+> e+~. nesTT |sT TeT. # n+<+> e+T+~. <sT &S k]
+{ed #&\ e+~ nq~.
y+H HqT H\sT y[ >=| |+#+>s> |sTq djT+b\ y+XwjT
nH d<+ *d H |[, e eTT& |[ s+& sE s>*. <] *d e#

:: 22 ::

eTTVAs\T |+&+ s+&T +\ |sT sd#qT.

jTq 1951 nsY 10 $jT<X$T <jT+ 8`30 qT+& 10>+> H |[,
10`30 qT+& 12 >+\> e eTT& |[ eTTVAs\T ssTT+ s+&T \> |\T
ysT ysT> sd H # #sT.
HH \> |\T rdT= >&sT e nesTT nq dTs$Ts& $wjT+
#bqT. |[ m& s>\q |X e+~. H |[bT e eTT& |[ L& n<
sE s>* n+<Te\q s+&T |[ e }H #j\ e neT n_bjTeTHqT.
nqT q sTe Z+<q d+w+ MT weTH&T.
n|{+ $jT<X$T q\u sE\T ee~ e+~. e +{<TsT> dTesT nsy
n+D\ d\eTT+~. n+<T qb{ $T< {\ #\ sE\ +<f udtyT+T es
{+ e+#&T e HjTq.
HqT H\sT y[ +{ sD e\dq f, dyT+T, s keT =
<s eTsTd{ sE kjT+ }] rdTe#qT. s &+ u< e HjTq,
eTT&T seT#+<s& n|+ HqT |[ @s eT>eTjqT. >&sT
|eTTKT\+<] djT+> XuK\+<Cd |[ | se\d+~> V+#qT. \+
d+Jes& >], m.d.dTus& >] s sjT HjT\ XuK\T eTT+<T>H
bdT <s |+| y odT\T b+<qT. + +{ eTT+<T &TTq $T< |PssTT+~.
+<Te\, $TT\ XuK\T d\+ n+< @sT #XqT.
s XuK }H eq e |<HjTq djT+> n+<Cd |[ |\eeT
e HjTq #bqT. yT$T<s+ e{&T= eTT|jTsTT+~. Hq+f jTq|&<T.
|&T HH eTTK+ |T y~. qTy y[ |\TeH&T.
HjTH ! @$T{ qTeH~. MT]<s * _&\T. jTq +f |<y&T. qTy[
jT |\e&+ w+b H | #dTdT=qT nHqT. |< u$+q e
HjTq & y&T. XuK e |<HjTq # s+&T |[ qTe <>ZsT+&
s|+#\H! nH&T. |\T| e |<HjTq |\+bj&T. jTqbT e
|<eT s T+ duT\+<s e +{= |[ |qT b\T|+#T HsT.
+ |[sE sH e+~. +<T $TT\ }sT ]dbsTT+~. eTTK+> >&sT
qT+& eq |eTTKT\+<] ub dt | +> @sT #XqT. eTT+<T H |[ bs+uy T + ~.
d]>Z eTTVAs+ y e<esT\+ |\MT< LsTH+. |[ +T k>T e+~.
+ e d<>&T |]> T =+ e nj! nj! MTwy T q \ & <& eTsT>TTq
>+ eTu{+ ~. y& T +<& \\ qT +T+< <Ts> #b&T.
H &<& MT<Tq eTeTs+ =B =+>TeTT& d+> eTsbsTT VsT> |
#qT. <+ |[LTsT Ls= eq | eTT+<T ]+~. n|&T> HH+
=+<s|&H Hs+ <T.
y+H e eTT& |[ ]+~. s e neT, =+<sT eTT<Te\T *d =+{
b\T b++ e <+| T\qT |\ MT< Lsu{ VeT+ #sTT+#sT.
HqT n>]+{ jT\T<s|&T e neT H |f eT&T \ \bT
yTdsY X+& dT |{+~. Hq+eTT+<|& dT y&<T. dT |+& sT<T
=HyD. +&T jT\ sd+ \kq+ #dyD.

:: 23 ::

HqT dT y&q *dL& |f du+<T |{e e neTq&>qT. HsT

eTdTs... qTy={ yTTs{&e |[ LTsT +<Te\+<] nsyT+~. dT L&
sT<e *d |sTe, H |sTe >+> \TksTT nq~ e neT. HqT ny]+{
qT+& ]>=# &*q&T>T. nyT #| de<q+ uj ]$T=&TT+<HqT.
e <] bT e |<HjTq es HePs L& >&sT e+~.
dTs$Ts& +{H e Xuq +. eT&T sT\T n& >&| ] dTs$Ts& sTH
\T #s+. sT ~>>H e neT m<Ts= e + ss Vs bjT+> &*
>T+&\ VT= e y& |yTe. nq>H n~ yT e#T! eTqdT # eT+~.
MT< MTs eeTjT H ne, Hq nq~ H us. n<sE e eTT&T seT
#+<s&, y& us TeT L& Xuq+ eTT+#T= +{ =#sT. n<w+ =B
&T&[<s n #e *d bjsT.
s # sE\ H us e yTT<{ s d+<s+> ku> |+#+ nq |sT
HqT sdq |<\qT ;sTy u<+> <e+#&+ # |<\qT >&sT |sb\
d+|T MTwqsT> eq eTV$ >T+sT Xw+<Xs >] #|+#qT. ys |<\T
#~$ |\+q V<jT+ qq_q+~+#&yT +& MTs < HjT\T> yTT<
s nq |sT e+ sjT+&. n~ = <+|T\ m+ |j>|&TT+<
qqT bV+#sT. HqT y] |sDH Xuqs beTTU e]d n&T>&T>TH
X+>ssd+ C\T ys e+ sXqT. n+<T b<+>...
#e\T +|> |DjT k>sy T += XeTH eT~+, |$eT\ e<T sde TT |<e TT\q
n|Psb\+ <$s B+|, |jTes $d $q yK]H uT$ sd {&
>= s+|& !
nq |<+ sXqT. n|{ s+&=k] e >eT+ bseT Cs ] >~.
Cs <TqbTqT n\+]+ |T ysTTd }s+ }s+ bseT $>V+
e< rdT[ n sX+> <yT& q] neT y] s sD+ $+# y. |<
<sTDyT+< HqT u$+#qT. MT< Cs |sT, =\T|\ |sT +Te\qT q]
#+|& M< >eTdT\+<] q#C| +T * y]+#qT. >eT+ <=+>H\T
s>+& n]{qT. \T^dy&T, >y&T +& #XqT.
n = eT+|qT\T #jT&+ } y+<s >eT |q+ H n|+#sT.
s e\ e~>\ = +sT ueTT\T |{*|+#qT. >e_e~d+ HqT @
| \ |{H |\ dVs+ d+|Ps+> \_+#~. n n+<s dV]+#&+ e\q
>euT <j |{w y T q |H<T\T yXqT. } =+eT+~ se\TH nsTTw+ >H
#T\T *bsT. e e HjTq |V, H >sy |+#sTT
1952 d|+ sY |<V se ~ e |<e sTT us$Z |{+ ~. e eTT&T yDT>bs &
>&sT Vd #]+#q + eTT+< #bqT. y& neX d~ j>+
#dT= 1953 mdt.mdt.m.d. bdj&T. s H\sT $.sY. J #]+#qT.
n& L& y&T |T <\ #~$ m|t.m bdj&T. yT&dH dT nedsyTq
esT\T s<T.
m>H y& yT&dH dT d+b~+ e neTq e \uTy\qT=HqT.
n|{ eTq sc+{ *d $XK|D+ +< yT& f e+&~. yDT

:: 24 ::

m|t.m. bdq d+esyT >T+sT yT& |{sT. n+<T m.d.dTus&

>] *d e eTT& >T+sT J yT&dH dT |+#\ $| #XqT. qTe
+>dt b m+ de #dTHe. MT eTT& dT $wjT+ e e~*|T n <s
VMT #sT. n|&+< sc s \T s<. \+ d+Jes&> sT | eTTK eT+>
eHsT. m.d.dTus& >sT eT+> eH H |uT+ jTq e sT>T<T.
>T+sT yT& |b bH #d m+. yDT>b s& nH nusTT m>H
dT # H e> #| eT d+Jes&> sT m.d.dTus& >] #bsT. dTus&> sT
|b + T #sTT+#sT. s+&T, eT&T ksT |jT+H bH
\e<T. s dTus& >sT + >=&y+<T. HqT |b= ]kqT.
+s sE sY jTqe+& dT |+& edT+~ n sY H ##sT.
Hq<|s+ +s sE HqT yDTbT rdT= >T+sT y[ sY |b# qT.
|b sY #&>H $ &T yT e udt nHsT. <+ dT UjTeTq d+w+
Hq, yDT ] \T #s+. yDT n*$T*H e+& CsTT+> sY m|&=dT+< n
m<TsT #&k>&T. H d+> #|H ns<T. n dTesT sy sE\T >&#sTT.
sE HqT ys |MT< H\sT yqT. ebT +s >T+sT eq
$<] +& +s&T |+#&T. HqT e nusTT + CsTT+> sY s<T.
MT y& e+< nHqT. e nusTT J #] ys+ sE+~ nH&jTq. e
H |&T>T bf+~. y+H e eTT& CT sXqT.
|jTyTq yDT !
yT&dH dT $wjT+ H \\ \HsTT. es H , |
$TsTT n+ |<\ sY sXqT. n~ #d yDT y<q qj&T. H HqT
yD z<] sTV|&, e# d+es+ |+& dT d+b ~kq <s+ #bqT.
s yD U> e+#&+ w+ e }H eT jT\ ybs+ |{+#qT. y&T
n+<T ddt nj&T L&. eT HqT ]> sjT HjT\ #T s>&+
yTT<\T |{qT. |jT+ edH udq e> dT, s |y&
sT>T eT&T, H\T>T ek\T +{ eTTK+ #&<T. s zsE +{qT. e
neT qqT #&>H m+ sd+ bje s! eTT+<T u+#jYT n+ |+ H eTT+<T
|{+~. yT nq+ rdT= e#> HqT <d&T HTsT |+ qT. e HjTq n~
#d +<q sjYT! s\ w+ yD|{< #~$+ #y. y& #<Ted+
s>+ b&T#dT. qTy+ #~$+H y&T _&\ n+&> +{&qT
nH&T. HH< + yD #~$+#&+ <T HjTq, \+ d+ #~$dTHqT. H
s>+ >T]+ qTe u<|&, H+ < #bqT. ... H&T e HjTq nq
e\qT |{ T# | b{dTH&T yDT. n_qe lseTT& H n_q+ <q\T.
eTsTd{ d+es+ d+Jes& >sT djT+> C+ #dT= >T+sT yT& J
d{|+#sT. yD J |+| HqT |b= sY sd |+bqT. n+<T,
$q$+#< MT H qH{
>< H= =+, H | ]+
$qT&T H + n_w $<jT+<T
<+> e#TH s |\eTT !

:: 25 ::

qqT #~$+|&+#T sTDjTT <w p&T&+#T, H

qTeq bDeTT >\T> | MT TTDyTTq, H
|>= rsTq+#T VQu+>T\ y&T#T jT+<s+<s
<\ HXsTT+ >T< \_+# m\H !
$~ sdT y=+ $~ dq
|<TH=+&T jT+& bjTeT+<
#<Te eyd d+ks useTT
eT| q+<T <* yjT e\d !
eTVH<T b|eTTq esT u<T\q ueeTTH
HeTqeT+<T H+ ~>TD B kqu{,H
eTT\q ] | y< $<q $<jT+
<yTsTTHq yT{jTT s& CjT> XsTT+H !
H&T yTT<\T> jT{ H{ es
#\ X$TsTT+ | c\]
e\jTT $eTT deTL] y< $<
qud+#+> |+| qeT\ #] !
eq MT |T\
e yDTqT &+#T eT~H+ <jTH
ue eT+#TqT y&<
H $q| $T+jTqT qjT>TDu] ! n sXqT.
|b CT #~$ sE eTT&d+ + |+# nq\T+{s ? n
Xsbj&. n|&jTq qT+& s+&T { uT K| sjT. s
njTH=sE <e<sq+ d+ T+ dyT+> sT| yS sT e +{ e H
K #<TeT+&> qT+& C]q { eTs * H #|+, <+ d]+ ysT.
e }sT #TT|\ q >e dsq Vd q+<Tq Tq|& yqT >&sT
Vd rdTy+<T HH= J| = n+<TuT e+#qT.
1955 d+es+ e HjTq VsT> Tq |&&T. HqT J| jTH+#T=
>&sT H s|]T&q >esyT+T &sY dT+s seT#+<se >] e< rdT
yqT. HqH, H $eTH jTq n+T n_eq+. J| Vd esD
|y+#>H &sY qqT #d |]>T =+ J| e< e#sT.
ksY! e HjTq Xd |\T u<|&TTH&T. e L& |\&+<T nHqT.
y+H jTq H&, >T+&qT |+ k...myTdt. |~ $Tc\ eTT+<T rdT= e#T+f
|e<+ | e+&<HsT. MTsT e+f H >T+& bT+~ ksY. <jT#d +
=HsTTH e HjTq deCd u>+ H *+#+& e\ e\ jT&qT.
s &sY e HjTq b |T= >{> H=k>&T. n =+d| H=d] Xd
|\TqT HsT ]#&T. <+ &sY H <s+#| e HjT Vd #]+
\ys |H Ls= dsX |jT+ X e<T\Tq e HjTq jTTe
bXsT.

:: 26 ::

s H\T>T sE\T VdH e+ sE H\T><T ksT djT+> |d >+&+

>&+<q | jTq *> s| MT HjT +{ rdTe# #bsT.
eTs&T <jT+ HqT |T\T, eT&Te+<\ sbjT\T rdT= |H eq &sY
>]+{ y[ H | d+ nHqT.
jTq |+ ] H #d eTq dV+ &TryT+~ myTdt qTe H >T]+ s+&T
|<\T #_ ny |~y\HsT.y+H HqT.
e\T <T eTqT esD <e u] qT+& b
seTT B d*| sDCd ueY |ueeTTH
#{ M| eTT> d+dejTT&y<TejT jT
H{ Hq = TTDdT& dT+s e+XesH !
>T&e + \y, |<qT eTs&T <jT+ HqT |T \T, eT&Te+<\ sb
jT\T rdT= |H eq &sY >]+{ y[ H | d+ nHqT. jTq |+ ] H
#d eTq dV+ &Tr yT+~ myTdt qTe H >T]+ s+&T |<\T #_ ny
|~y\ HsT y+H HqT.
e\T <T eTqT esD <e u] qT+& b
seTT B d*| sDCd ueY |ueeTTH
#{ M| eTT> d+dejTT&y<TejT jT
H{ Hq = TTDdT& dT+s e+XesH !
>T&e + \y, |<qT
< H={ >> <\#T >TDeTT
qysT |sys\qT u< yTsT>
|$eT\ w b T~ !
mTe+{ ]Hq { y~
>VsTT+# >\ d >VD X !
yTT+& s>eTT\ usT $<
]]q >=| Vdyd !
\*yT jTT| MT jTX\ ]
|w |\ X_eT#T uT$ b
\T>T H$ \T #T+&
seT >TDk+< ! dT+s seT#+< !
neT\ ] $Tq &+seTT dTq
V<jTeTq n|&T yq
|\ eTqdT>=q bE& qT>q
*<+&T q`<qT\q ! n #~yqT.
&sY |\+bjsT. s d+w+> e HjT +{ rdT= yqT. eT
d+es+ sE\ jTq Tq|& eT+# |]$TyT H &T. n|&T H us e HjTq
&*> > qsT deCd+~.
n =H ]> sCjTq e neTqT |* D+ qTe >&sT eTw

:: 27 ::

|+|+ nusTT |*|+#T. HqT y& ns+T> e{&* n =+<s|{&. e

neT |&T yT+<? ys+ ys+ y&=dH eH&T>. |&T seT Ts+|
n& |qT\ eqT= |]>T=k&q<. eT+#+ eH, e HjTq q e
n&T#| dV+#&T. HsTeTdT= #|+~ #jYT ! n >~+#&. <+ e neT
eTw <s H Ts+|+~.
HqT &sY seT#+<se >] <>Zs y[ e HjTq eT dTd #dqT+~. qqT
#&\ \e]d H& nHqT. MT HjTq n_e~ #d m\\+ J$+#\
X. nsTTH |d+ = eT+<T*kqT y[ #ds nHsT &sY. deTj J|
n+<TuT q+<Tq HqT dT e }] jT\T<sqT. dT ~q|{ qT+& H
eTqdT &TqT X++# k+~. =+<s> \T #s\q <Ts H |]+~. q& y>+
eT]+ |+#qT.
HqT e +{ ju >C\ <s+ e+&> eTTd $& m<Ts= MT HjTq
d+ \e]+ \e]+ |& qTeTX&T HjTH! n #eT*q #|+~.
HqT b+ edTq <T:K+ |sT>T |sT>Tq +{ n&T>T |{qT. eT+#+H T~Xd
$&q e HjTq uj H m<Tf ~+ #|MT< |&Tu{sT. jTq
H d+ |+, |+ n\dbsTTqT H>T|+#sTT. y+H H >T+& qT+&
+~ |<\T <dT=#sTT.
eT# +jTTqT esZeT+<T
j k+ s\ jTXeTT q+~
q[q d+ue H# H |seTT
CsusTTq CC\T +& !!
neTs |] |jTqeT>Ty H<=
#| HqT #+
jTTq q jT qqT <\+
\& qqT u\T K\T&T > !!
\ #eTT H| ]+
d *q He +&T<T
+qT H<T bs $TT\T+&
\> <jT> Hy] seTT Hq !
{ ! <T eTsD d+|Tq eTH&T
u+T yTq #T <\jT
q q&jT J$ He|&T
<] p|+#T ~L C]bjT !
w|&T e\q >se eTT&y<T
XeT dV+ yT #eT{&
T {| qH&T |$eT\ <seTT
HesT u< dT]+ H !
<T:Kuq d+bs <T]y]

:: 28 ::

\qT >+ |&<] <=q{

>VX HT qT\
sTD B$+|ejT ! qqZq +& !!
|<\T H y<q ns d+\T $c< d+|Tq 1956 nsY 28e ~
]+~. s HqT |~VqT sE\T +{ e<H e+& w ~qs#]+ |< s
|Tq+> ]|+#qT. nsTTH eTsD deTjT+ HqT +& e< bjqq u< |{
qqTy~dH e+~.

|+#sTTr m\T
1957e d+es+ sweT+{ |+#sTTr s+ H\=\q <X+ H{
eTTKeT+ &sY \+ d+Jes& >] |uT+ m\ w& |{++~. w&
|s+ m\ H\T><T ek\T ee~ e+~. eTT+<T> >eT |+#sTTr\ d$T
n<D mqT+{sT. |jT bs+u+ >H sE m.d. dTus&>sT djT+>
>&sT H e< e myTdt qTe MT >eT |+#sTTr m >*s! qT y+]
|+#sTTr d$T n< D #d |PN H~ nHsT. H m \<s&+ w+ b sTTH
dTus& >] e <q \e+#qT.
+ m\T sH e#sTT. m qqT z&+#& m.d. dTus& >]
es esZeT+ f+~. n|{ es eT+> eq e >eT+ #T |{+~.
u\cs & nH syD H b{> \u{+ ~. |< |< y+ q n+&> eHsq
Be nqT b>sTuT bf\T> HMT< \T <Ty&T.
m\T VsV> ]>sTT. m& |~eT+~ #]H e }] m\ >T]+#
e{&Tk>sT. sTesZ\T H m\ MT<H +B]+#sTT. H us |<q
yTT\\ dTs$Ts& &T >& e }] e H es+> |#s+ #X&T.
u\cs& s|q b*+> @C+{ L& nH. H b*+> @C+T q+ d+Jes&.
jTq >=| |sTq jTTeHjT&T. n+{ e b*+> @C+T> se&+ H
n|]$TyTq q+<+ *++~. n Vs V> ]q m\ jTT<+ =~ zT
yTC]{ HH >qT. n|{ y+{] jesZ b~{ y+k$T s&
XdqduT&T> e+&y&T. nqT m+.m.@.> m e& HqT ] dVjT+
n+~+#&yT +& }ssT ] |#s+ #XqT. d$T m n dVs+
H+T+< +#qT. HqT |+#sTTr d$T >*d n deT J> jsqq
ue+ y+k$Ts& H |] nj&T.
d+> *d eTTKeT+ \+ d+Jes& >sT e <] sJ ~] |+#sTTr
d$T HqT n<D njT #&eT CsTTr esT|sq #=se>] eT<e]>
|+bsT. #=se>sT e <] sTeT\ rd= y[ y+k$T s& MTsT
XdqduT\T> eHsT { d$T n< |<$ myTdt s& >] e~*|+& q#C|
|jT+ #XsT. ... y+k$Ts& nedsyT HqT myT.m.m. |<$ ]CH #kqT
> |+#sTTr d$T e<T\TqT n u~]+#&T. d+> *d H+f me>
u<|& e*<sT. sT m.d.dTus& >sT, eTs=sT \+ d+Jes& >sT. n|{ qT+&

:: 29 ::

<] q, +>dt bq Hq nqT +< e+ # #<s +& b&T=+

Mq+ es | sj\ <s+> + e#qT. y+k$Ts& dV+
e\q H n\ysTTq >b d>sT e+ qqT e<<T.
sE e neT seT#+<jT eTjT\T dT= ys k] >&sT y[
|f\T |f\T d>sT #T= >TTH&T. qTe >{> eT+<*d > y&T <]s&
H #|+~. HH#q |&qT. HqT #dTq |H y&T #dTH&T. n+|&T yD
||&+ m+es HjTeT qqT HqT |+#THqT. y+H H usqT |* +{
m ds { b{\THj n rdTs nHqT. yT n< | #d+ ~. y{ bsTT
yd XqT. m+<T #XH yTs+ <T. Xs+> He+ #d+~. H d>s{
eTTTqT. qTM $wjT+ eT]~ seT#+<s& #|. <+ y&T d>s{ >&+
eqT+{&HqT.
H us Hqq e\ y& #|+~. nsTTH y&T es<T. H e+T d>sT L&
H >&+ yTT<\T|{&T. HH= edH e~*|{qq |H H eTT& n\yTqT
esbjqq u< qqT \yd+~. 1957 >dT 25e ~ e s+&e nesTT
Xs< |{+~. s jT&$T~ H\\ yd$ d\e yT&dH #<TeTq e eTT&T
yDT +{ e#&T.
n~ 1958 @|jT 26. HH sE y+] @< MT{+> e+&> e neT
d]jTdt> e+< Ts=+~. HqT D+ sT jT\T<] +{=#qT. n|{ e
neT Xe+> e]bsTT e+~. + |Ts+ m ]+< |qTq $&qT n&>qT.
m+& e+> bjTT \H=| $|+> +< yDjT #|+~. HH=
+kqT. D+ ZbT+<+ # +#&T yDjT, n~ ${+ d~
jT{ rjT eTT+< neT qTeTd+< #|+~. H y<q Xe> e]+~
ne !
qT&Te> s sTT&TeT\ H=+~ qqT
ds dTKeTT\T e]+ kHe
H s\T ejTT s eTTqT|
u\eTT M& ejTyTbsTTHe !
ne | <e\eT, Hq !
n{ MT]sTsTqT <syT s
$~ jTeTT jT<T< M\T|&<T
<qqT y eTT q.
eTT<e <w MT< *
XseTT >TsTy{ jTT+&T jTsT>y yTT
jT] jTT+&q H > sTTT\>TH?
seT >TD>D s+ s+>e+
#jTTq~ eTqeTTqT {
><Z~ VdeTT\T y& >eTT eTs
e |X+ <e<e
y&T= jT< qqT B$+|eTeT !

:: 30 ::

n+ usTq $\|+#qT. s $T> se\ e

HjTq ]|+q $<+>H u X<\ ]|+#qT. nsTTH *
<+&T*<] eTsD deTjT+ <>Zs bjqq u< q|{
y~d e+~.
>&sT |{_s& HqT *d #dTq ybs+ jT< $~>
k>TH e+~. n =H >&#d] |{_s& nHs>
>Tsj&T. sD+> jTq |+ eT+>\ |PsT qT+&
>&sT sbj&T. n+<Te\q n|{es e +|
eq <jT+ jTq y{ |+ #XqT. nsTTH Hq|&| &T
eT+>\|PsT y[ jT |seT]+ e#yD
n|{ <q+ yT &b q&T|Tq {|] seTD s& sE djT+> *d
MT< MTwH |<MT< + dsTH HqT ds|s #kqHqT. H{ qT+& <q+
&b L& H ybs_e~ &&+~. seTDs& e> # CsTTr |sT&T, e|
< >\y&T.
s s H |qT\T #dT=+ >&sT +| &H q&|&+ weT|+
+| u<\T #d+<T H ueeT]~ yVHs& <>+ |THqT.
n|{ HqT H\sT y+s& m.mH. yTH dsT\T L& =+ e+&yD. jTq
>&sT mdt.sY.m. {dt nH |sT ~jTsY {&T. ~jTsYqT ] <T
d+es\T E#&T. E |]$T s+&+&>H sE y+s& djT+> He<
e HqT |dT + ] +<T eHqT. MTs= syy \ T n|> d mdt.sY.m. {dqt T
y \|]$T eTTX eTs= < n< sY MTkqT nH&T. HHjTq MT<Tq
>se+ n|{|& n&q yTT+ eTT+<dT nyT+T ssTT+#THqT.
~q+ yTT<\T= m|&|&T ~jTsY H#=dT+< n m<TsT#&k>qT.
E |]$T s+&T ek\T+&>H y+s& H ee+ L& #|+& ~jTsY
ys b nyTX&T. H # u< *+~. eTsTd{sE y+ s& y yTHsY <s
H &TqT e&{ |+|+#&T. jTq #dq yd+ H |T<\qT |++~. m>H ds
n++f eT+ ~jTsY >&sT {\ ssTT+#THqT.
y+H dHwD bs+_+#qT. ~jTs+ >=|> {H d+sY eT+<H
$jTe++> q&TdT+~. n+<T sdwH <TsT> =+uy\ sbjT\ H\T>Ty\
s+&T e+<\ ju >C\ d\+ 1960 =HqT. n< deTjT+ ePsT ydeq
dq|s& cs&>sT H d\+ |H s+&T y\ >C\T =HsT.
n|{ e eTT&T yDT>bs& m+._._.mdt. |P] sTT+~. s yD m+.mdt.
#~$+#&+ d+ $XK|D+ +< yT& J #]+#qT. n< d+es+ e]
9e ~ e nusTT XyT |{&T . e neT H eT> |\\ T s m|& u< |&T T+&~.
\ |*+# H{ yT be+ $#ssyTq |]DeT+. y&T lseTT& es|k~.
myT.mdt.s& nq H |sT eTTqT+<T y& L& e]dT+< X+|k< n |{qT.
s HqT & y[ n|{ m+.|.> eq n\] d HsjTDsE >] <s
+bs& |jT{ sT |~y\ sbjT\ =HqT.
eTsTd{ d+es+ nq> 1961 |e] 24q <q+ yT &b #dT=+Tq {.

:: 31 ::

seTDs& #\ T dsd eT, H s +&e eTT&T u\cs & +>, e #\ T dTo\eT,

H ueeT]~ yVHs& +> s+&T |[ n*$T*H |Tq+> ]|+#qT.

de V\T sD+
de V\T sD+ d+ HqT d\+=q s&T |sT ydq yT +|\ eHsTT.
#TT|\Tq d+ |qT\y. eT< ~jTsY {\+f y n&T|&s
H \TdT. n|{ >&sT eTT| MTwqsY> eq >T+sT Xw+< Xs>] *d
H +<q y] #bqT. Xs>sT eTT| |]wH bT nedsyTq $T> |]wqT
L& y] |\T& H |+#sT. nsTTH ~jTsY sD CsTT+{ sY< T~
sjT+. ysT H\sT +{sT. HqT djT+> H\sT y[ CsTT+{ sYqT *d
HqT u\+ qT+& m c\ m<Ts=& m~>H y] $e]+ >&sT ~jTsY
sD MTs qqT <Ty\ sqT. y+H ysT |+& H e+T dVjT+
#kqT. ... d HqT djT+> #&* nHsT. MTsT n e d |]o*dT+f
#TT |\Tq {XsT\+ n&T|&s #bqT. s| <jT+ d]>Z @&T>+\
MT d\+ e< ekqT. MTsT s+ @$T +& n&T+&+&. HqT ns >+ H
| |P] #dT= ] e#kqT. MTsT s+&T sE\ s H\sT s+&. H nuH
d]|{ H fT MT< e+T+<HsT. HqT ysT #|q $<+>H n s e\T |P]
#d H nuH d]|{ d+b~+#qT.
H d\+ |H d+ eq dq|s& cs& >] & esT&T. |sT lydT\Ts&.
m+.m. < #~y&T # eTs<dT & T . lydT\Ts& bq\sT Mss|T es&> ] es
|[ ]+~. <+|T\ d+ n<THqyTq +> {+#sT cs& >sT.
HqT ~jTsY &+ @e+ w+ bq\sT Mss|Tes& cs& >] MT
+{|H m+.mdt.s& ~jTsY &TTH&T. n& ~jTsY ed Xu\T MT +{H
|s+ |&sTT. e nesTT, n\T& < e+&<T. n+<T# sT <s +H ssY
sD+ *|y d |jT + #jT +& #b&. cs & >sT He< e $jT+&T
q #| q e\ jT<<+ > H #b&T. HqT & ~jT sY & + MTw+ b
|&H H |jT+ $s $T+#T+{qT ksY nHqT. y+H ysT #&T dT+<sj!
s|Tes& m #|H, HqT n&TsqT. ~jTs <j\T, u\T e+&e> <|
be&. b\T, e\T $+ HHH , e nujT H &H VsTT> <beTHsT.
HqT q+<+| eTq+> y] #T \T C&+#qT. sD yTTf $T*+~. n+<T
nedsyTq+ &T H <>Zs<T. q &T udtyT+T es {qT.
n|&T d+Jes&>] eT+esZ+ duT&T> eq n<sT \s$Ts& (Vd) MTsT
uTq ~jTs H= sy |d\T u>$Te+&. H <ec |+ s+&T, eT&T
<b\T> kqH&T. jTq Hq nqT+<+ e\q y eTT&T seTcs& |sT
sy |d\T, e eTT eTT>TZ](yDT>Z) =] |~|d\T e+Tq eTT| |d\T e
#*, yVq s& *d sy |d\T H eTT| |d\T e+Tq && #] ]wsY
#sTT+#qT. \s$Ts& q y{ +< |k L& e<T.
H HqT H yT ybs+ MT< e# <j @ H\ H\ KsT|&T eT&T
d+es ~jTsY sD <<| |P]#XqT. eTs |~yH +f $T*q esY

:: 32 ::

|P] < HH+ yE|& =q |jT{ sTqT n$TyXqT.

eTs&T<jT+ sT &esY uT H e< e ~>T\T> \TH&T. HqT @$T
eHy nHqT. H sT &$+> | ys | *jT<T. MTsT syTXsT. s|{ qT+&
H |+&+ |\\qT m +#Ty\ |TH&T.
HqT y& uT + { H +<T\ d+ syT XqT. <e&T sT D+ eT HqT sT=Hes
J+ dH e+ {q yD z<sqT. s HH ned\T |& sD+ |P] #d
dT+<s eTV n |sT |{qT. sD deTjT+ H q eTT&T dTs$Ts& HbT
>&sTH e+& s+e XeT|&&T. ~jTsY sD+ H w m+ +< y&
w n+ e+~.
bs+ue+ f $T*+~. m.d. dTus& >sT e HjT& yTT<{
qT+& H n+&> *q ysT. sD+> bs+ue+ y] #T\ MT<T> ]|+
#\qTHqT. H+ |&sTTq ] y+seTDjT nH bjTTD y+uT=
V<su< y[ n|{ eTTKeT+ \+ d+Jes& >] *d >&sT HqT &TTq
~jTsY H |P]sTT+~. MT odT\ m.d. dTus& >] # bs+ue+
]|+#\qT+THqHqT. y+H d+Jes& >sT n> e. jTq MT y&T.
yTT<{ qT+& H bT n+&> *qysT. y[ \eeTHsT.s H{ u
{bsT<\XK eT+> eq m.d.dTus& >] *d &d+sY 26e ~ H ~jTsYqT
MT #T\ MT<T> bs+_+ qHos~+#\ sqT. n> ekqT MTsT y[ $T>
|qT\T #dT+& nHsjTq.
n|{es ~jT sY s+> dH s<T . u< $TT&T seTDjT uT Cq ydT =
n~sT\ #T ] m.d. dTus& >sT bs+uy edTHs #| d
dH rdT=#&T.
HqT Vq | m.d.dTus&>] |sTbT dq|s& cs& >] |sT,
d.sY.se>] |sT ysTT+#qT. yTT<{ Vq | rdT= d.sY.se>] |dT
yqT. y#YeH qqT #&>H |sT > T + y[ HH=dTq T se>] #b&T. se>sT
H<Ts= s+& s+& `n+ qqT V+#sT.
ksY ! MTsT qqeedTHsT. MT <>Zs H\J |#dq yD. qqT MTsT n
d+u~+#&+ HjT+<T. mH e#es nqT+f d+w+#yD. n+ Vq
| y]#qT. n+<T q |sT e+&&+ #d <$T{? +<T H |sT+~ nHsT
se>sT.
MT nqTeT +& ydq+<T $T+#+&. H m<T>T<\ MTs sD+ nHHqT.
n< nHsT se>sT. + ksY. sE MTsT ds<> nqe H |T<\qT
|+#sTT.
|T<\ qT+& $s$ ++< dT+<s eTV <jT #d MTsT ~jT sY bs+uy
e qHos~+#\+ y] de<q+ d+ m<TsT#& +& e#XqT. s cs &
>] *d k<s+ > V+#qT. H \TdT HqT +& qTe ~jT sY bs+_+#e.
n+<]+f ns>+ eTT+< ekqHsT cs &> sT. dTesT ysTT Vq |\T eTT~+
eTTKT\, >&sT bsT\ +<T$TT\ |+#qT.
1963e d+es+ &d+sY 26e ~ <jT+ =$T~ >+\ V\T ]d bsTT+~.

:: 33 ::

d]>Z |~>+\ n<T\T eTT>TZsT $#XsT. y] >Te< qT+& ~jTsY es eT+>

ysTT<\ Hq, eeT *d &= e#+. dTus& >sT ]H {#d
s<qT\ eT< ~jTsY bs+_+#sT. d.sY.se >sT f+jT ={ T+> |dT
bs+_+#sT. cs& >sT bCsY H #XsT. bs+ue + qsqX\ |sY
yTT<{ \T |P]>H |<sq |t#d VH du bs+_+#sT.
|< ><+> kq H k>|Hd+ eTTK n<T \ bT dT<dT\+<]
Vs<H\qT n+<T=+~. dTus& >sT d+~+q V<jT+ qHos~+#sT.
cs&>] d+> #|H ns<T. se>sT H|T<\qT, e n_q+~+#sT.
es> HqT VT\ <qy<\T *jT CjT&+ bT...
n+<eTTq sd H
q+<eTTq \jT eT#T n\ss&Te
dT+<s eTV\T | ~q
eT+<sT $#d b+<T&T*eTT<eTTH !
n+ >&sT bsT\ $| #XqT. s qsqX\ |<sq jT<$~> ]+~.
dT+<s eTV bs+_+# eTT+<T >&sT = \T ]jT$ e. e
~jTsY =s r]+~. sE | ~jTsYq |sT|T\T y|, d\+ y|
LsTHysT. |< H q#<T. H ~jTs & eT> *d Ls= |sY #d
@sT #XqT. bsbTq L& V mes b>>+& C> rdTHqT. |\T
eTeT+> ~jTsY +<q\{ n\yT|&sT.
H&T H us qsqX\ de #&\ ~jTsY e+~. HHyT ~jTsY
eyT eTq~. sEy s& q\uX+ $H<| |qT |uT #*+#*. $T>
nsy X+ |+|D<sT\T y{, $T*+~ eyT eTq~. n+<Te\q qTe +>
de #&\+f <s<T. {T HqT = |+|kqT. qTy[ u\ Ls nHqT.
MT~ eT $&seT+ y[ yT u\ LsT+~.
sC |d t c sT>T T+&> e yTHsY V& e&> H >~ e ksY! du s Y >sT
V\T Ls= d>s{ >TTHs #b&T. V\T b>>s<T n d& yjT&+
< nHqT. | qdtbT | +& ydTHeTH&T.
n~ +s fyT. Hq, yTHsY | y+. n|{ jTq us |\\ *d
Ls= d>s{ >TH eHsT. HHjTq <>Zs y[ ksY! D+ jT{ eks!
nHqT. jTq n~s <s+ He+ #d qTyesH&T. yTHsY e b|sTTsY ksY
nH&T. e jTq es+& e#&T. n|{ d>s{ >&+ |PssTT+~.
ksY! =*k]> MTsT e ~jT sY e#sT. k] H syT e | | rdT+f
H |> e+T+~. > |sY bs+_d e] \T MTd+ eT[ ysTTkqT
nHqT. jTq esT e{&+& qqT nqTd]+#sT. <s+ H >~ LsTH+.
yTHsY _dT, | |+|+#&T. | >&+ |Psj HqT eTs<|Ps+>H ksY!
MTsT .m.mdt. #~ysT du sY> e+THsT. |uT +<q\ e s+> yT+
q&T#T=+f <+&+#e\dq ysT MTsT. n~ *d L& {T =q+& de se&+,
V Ls= d>s{ >&+ # u<syTq $wjTeT dT+>H #TsyXqT.
jTq qqT nbs+ #dT<T. ]q< |X|+ *jTCjT&+bT s&

:: 34 ::

>s! ~q+ MT eT\+> HH+ HsTHqT. MTsT #|q | e{ J$++

>TsT+#T +{q #bsT.
1964e d+es+ e eTT&T dTs$Ts& |[ y+<&T yde\T {|] |s&
es \C dT+<s eTVH |Tq+> ]|+#qT.n|{ >&sT b
\| Vd | J n+ <T. neds |uT <w d sY J
@sT #jTe\d+~> |sb\ d+|<&T |dT|{ d<jT HjTT&>] <s
|uT <sUdT |{+. kesH s+&T \\T $s+> d y] |] X\
@sT #keT |uT + *jTCd+ ~. {H m+<sT \~sT\TH sT eTT+<T
s<T. HqT dq|s& cs& >] $wjT+ #| s+&T \\ sbjT\T MT]d
$<<> MT |sT >&sT XX+> *bT+<HqT. y+H y] esT&T
lydT\Ts&, myTdt s&>sT eT+ d\V #sT. yTT+ &T eTqyT <+ HH!
nH&T.
|s ekq+> >&sT mdt. .sY. sY dH y*d+~. J $sy
&T u> H e+T w #Xqq d+w+ H $T*+~. n >&sT ~jTsYqT
#dT=+ 1964 pH es n& eHqT.
eTsT>Tq |&bsTTq C|\T n|&|&T >Ts=dT+{sTT. n+<Te\q B\T eTT+<
yq neT+{sTT. n+{ y{ >&sT +&jTH sTT + sD+ {.
~jTsY sD+ e+&>H HqT & y[ n w+ MT< H us |sT +&jTH
sTT |{\T + >&sT |f+<T |]wH #qT. e+>T+ dTs$Ts&
>] Hq nqT+<+ eT\+> y] u>k$T> #sT HqT. + sD+ |P]>H
ybs u<\T dTs$Ts& ueeT]~ y+ qsks& n|+#+. jTq n&<]
&T d+b~+#\q #q y&T.
n+<TqT>TD+>H e |{ ybs+ d+es+bT ]|T+> ]+~. @
ybsyTH CsTTr> #d <jT+ |]$T+>H e+T+~. e $wjT+ n< ]+~.
H yTeTT eq <jT+H ||&+.
+ sE e }] yde&q #<\y& y+ dTjT LesT&T weT] H
e< e yTeTT n*$T* qT+& |s+ #qsT es+ ee ! n& L& e
|]d n++ e+>H e+~. <jT#d MT |{ + ed e T+u
<] #|+q yses #T\T |T= e&T.
HqT dTs$Ts& >] d+|~+ +qT mquy\ sbjT\ n nyTXqT.
weT] sy y\T e+ n&H> , <jT#d s|{ qT+& + e kBq+ #d
nsTT<sT H\ <b\y]> |P]|+ #*+ sH ]wsT #sTT+#T=+{q
b<jT|&&T.
HqT n $| yTs + n kBq+ #XqT. e\+ s+&T H\H $T> nsy
y\ sbjT\T rdT= weT] H e< e#&T. +H n+&T m e+<
Hq&>qT. =+<s> &T d+b~+#\+f MT> eT& T LsT+f u+<T ee
! |{ sdH <s m+ & e+< MT *jT+~ <T. &H e
esyT+<H&T. HqT eTTMT< ydT= + H us# ]wsY #sTT+ #qT.
1964e d+es+ KsT +< |uT+ +<|<X |<VsT# Vs <H\T

:: 35 ::

\#d+<T &+ >T\T &T TqT |{ + +~. +< sT| dMT|+ sD>T +
L& {. |q #&>H e+>T+ dTs$Ts&>sT H e< e sD>T+
f &+>T\ +{ eTq+ rdT +<+. |T& yTT+ HH |&qT nHsT.
Hq+eTT+< = +{ |qT\T m+.mdt.sY. |sT #d HqT. e+>T+
dTs$Ts& >] L& n< |sT nqsTTdT+< |s UjT+ #X+.
n+<T H y{ sy jT<T |d\T. dTs$Ts& >] ueeT]~ |s& sy jT<T
|d\T. $T> ju |d\T dTs$Ts& >] T+u~. +<|uT+ &+>T\
sD u<qT sw |uT n|C|+~.
Hq, |s& *d f+&sY bs+ +<q\{ n<jTq+ #d =* |jT+
u+ =+ HZ |sy <q ue+ f+&sY yX+. n+<]+f e f+&sY e<sTTq+<T
e\q +{ e # e+~. n|&T >&sT yT +| bT, ~jTsY
yTHCyT+T u<qT e ueeT]~ yTVHs& n|+ HqT sD>T+ y[ +{
| eT>eTjqT.
n~ jTT< b|~q s>e\dq |. n+<Te\q esYk{H w& @sT#d
n+<TH e+ |{+ #+. s +&T +{ $TsT, y usY =H+. d+{+> @ yT{]jT
y&\q |X e+~. HqT eT<dT y[ n& |< +{s d+{+> $<H |]o*+#qT.
y+<s d\sY z nH & y&TTHs \TdTHqT. d\+ |qTq @s& nH
=+& d\sY z |{\T. HqT n& y[ e nedsyTq+ d\sY z eqT\T =
q$<+ > n dC { #sTT+ \ <s s D>T + #sqT. yTeTT ]dTq &+ >T\
|u >+ |uT + +<q \ |s+ +{H ku yj *. *{ $wjT + sJ|& +&
yT+ n> yX+. nsTTH +s \+#*d > _\T ~~><T. |< H q#<T .
|<T. n n+<s+ s+e *dT> X$T+#k>+.
sE HqT sD nedsyTq yT{]jT =q& eT<dT yqT. ~q+
eT<V+ uq+ L& #jT+& e\dq ke n+ = kjT++
<s esYk{ |+bqT. s &+& V m<TsT> => |{q qejTT>
V HqT, &esY uH y+. V jTe |sT s& y+s&. jTq
qqT #&>H bjT+> |\]+ |H eq +{ qT+& = |#, HsTT |+
<>ZsT+& e&+#&T. uq+ |P]>H nH ! <>ZsH eT<qT ~jTsY eT]|DY
n $T de |~ ys\T> Vdt| H &T e+~. |sY HqT
#XqT. MTsT #kq+f &T> Hq ekqH&T. &esTbT eTT>TZs+ ~jTsY
y+. n+<T < HsTT jT\*. Vs s$#+<H n#+ XuHuT e+{&T. md
s+>se>s= |<q b bw+#sT. |sY H H&. HH&, HHH&,
HH nH b bs+ueTT+~. n~ jT\* b& b. s MT< jT\*qT
#&>H ssT u+N\MT< >+Td \jT k>sT. jT\* |S &q
eTTd& L& |\+ #+ n+<+> e+~. md s+>se qq >T]+ #|H
ns<T. eT&T >+\ |sY eTT| $Tc |PssTTqT H|++~. \T>T &u
#d |< V{ neT+< u$+#qT. f{ eq |s+ s, <s&T s. |sT
{.sY.seTq. ~jTsH n |dT &dt \TdTHqT. s qejTT> VH
d#d \y] =$T~ >+\+ HqT seTq>] |dT y[ nsyy\ sbjT\

:: 36 ::

\T>T &_+> s{, = n|&T H <>ZsTq q\u y\T n&H> $T> sy y\T
e# ys+ nyT+T #sTT+#T+{q #| HsT > s D>T + yqT. HqT eT<dT
eT]|DY &_+> s{ =Hq n+<Td+ +| &T q\u y\T y&THq
dTs$Ts& >] #bqT. n+<TjTq qTy| #dH <s<w #ke. +| &T
m+ y&THeq~ deTd <T. & esY + |P]<T . s L& eTq+ +{
s+>+ =qk>T<eT HqT nqT+THqT nHsT dTs$Ts&>sT.
MT *d ybs+ #jT&+ HL wyT. <jT#d qqT nbs+ #dT+&. H
<T\T> e eTT&T seT#+<s& & +{&T. HqT |\\ qT eT<dT #~$+#T=+
de s+>+H =qk>\qT+THqT. sD+ |PsjT es nsTTH n|&|&
e _\T\T e>s |qT\T #dT+{qHqT. dTs$Ts&>sT H MT< >\ n_eq+
ds we THsT. HqT eT]|DY =q $wjT + *dq \s$Ts& esT&T <Xs < s $Ts&
n+<T HL =+ wsY eeT syy \ sbjT*#&T. HH sy y\T rdT= eT<dT
y[ seTq >] nyT+T #sTT+#THqT. s qejTT> V syT
rdT= n< |dT> eTT~ sY |sY |sT &_+> bs+_+#qT. &_+> u<qT
|eTTK s#sTT nd{ dTuse>] n|+ M\T<=] q|&+ sD>T+ e
dTs$Ts& >] q e |s+ H u< HqT sV+#qT. nd{>sT HqT
H H | X< s+&T ek &_+> |P] #XsT. H|\ n |sT
|{+. &_+> KsT nsy y\T $j |sY |Ps#+<se>sT n&H> #sT.
+ &+>T\ sD+ |PssTT+~. n+<T H y{ +< eq mqu y\
+|ee\dq q\uy\T #*+#XqT.
1966 &d+sY 26e ~ H |\ $j | sY <s $&T<+ ~. n< sE sese
>sT q{+q +#T $&T<+~. H < b{H<Ts= H|\s++> qsT
sE&+~. |s yT+ +q <+f me u+ e+~. n+<T <Xs<
s$Ts& |T& dV u+ n y{ n u>ke e~*+#THqT.
s us_&\ dV T+u eT<dT esqT.
1967e d+es+ =+f|\, \#+ nH s+&T &_+> |sT #XqT. n$ s+&
H|\ H y{ eq u+ d>+ $T+>XsTT.

us sD+
1968 seTq>] e< uy nH $T de s{ = .jTdt. |Xse >]
<s+ us nH |sT + bs+_+#qT.
s|T y+<se (|Xse>]) dV <s &T. XuH u T, yDl, w e], H>u wD+
X+e],yTT<q ysT s>D+. edsY yDT d+^ <s&T. n|&T e s\jT+
dsTT+{ yTdt s& e+&~. |s+ L& n&. jT eTTB s\jT+ nq |<
usT+&~.
HqT <jT +|P n +b+&H y+> #dyD. n< s&T edq |C e, >e dq
ns#= ydT= d>s{ >T <jT+, kjT++ n, qT sT>T

:: 37 ::

e+&y&T. HqT n y\+ #d mes |y&qTHqT. sE HqT y+>

e+&> jTq qqT #d u! eTTB s&>sT +> eHs! n n&>sT.
jTq + | nHqT HqT. eTs+<T, ysT rdTq |s H# b
ssTTksyq... nH&jTq.
HqT |s$THqT. qqT ll n+{sT. M~H e+THqT nH&T. e
$q>H H #eTsTT. nuT<jT $ <T&q eTV$ d e+&&+
H u< *++~. y+H >T \T|\T s y] V+#qT. ll>sT H
y+e es+& LsTHsT. ll>sT MTs&q s& HH. |~ $Tc s& nsTT
ekqT. MT]& e+&+& nHqT. eTs nqTb s esY d>s{ b{
|ks ! nHsT ll. HqT e b&H yTHsY y+fXss& |+| d>s{ +&,
nZ|f\ +& | + es+& eTV$ ll>sT Ls= eHsT, $ y] +~+
b<\ qeTks+ #sTT nHqT. y&> #X&T. ll >sT d>s{ >T n&
LsTHsT.
HqT V&e&> kq+#d, \T esT= es+& e#qT. ll>sT n|{
H\T><T d>sT XsT. HqT MT< MTs|&H e |dT e s&>sT n+f
#\T. HqTH bsTTH d>s{ b{bT nZ|f, | MTeTT+<T+{sTT. MTsT H
|s sd b b]w+ n+ ysTT sbjT\T y] #qT. ll>sT n\
d+w. y] q+< n+T<T. s HqT ll >] $wjT+ |Xse >] #|
y]# b ssTT+#qT. >&sT ydeq eTT<Te] =+&e#sT\T H
kqeT+ bsTTH HqT myT.mdt s& >] kq q #|+{&T. us +
bs+_+#& eTT+< jTq qqT *d s& >s ! H|{ <<| q\u |<\T
sXqT. y{ |X+ d#sTT>, |#s+ s<T . us + b H # ssTTd
< <s HqT \~ eT+~ |\ |]#jTeTq b<jT|Ps+> n&>sT.
HHjTq ]qT <q eT<dT |*|+ <>Zs Ls= C\ b ssTT+#qT.
||\+> <Te+<\ sbjT\T esY |{ y]#qT.
|s ll, =+&e#sT\bT deTT<\ s|Ty#], sT<, jT, nd{
b sXsT. |Xse>] bV+ HqT N{ e{ |& q~ |&
eTq~ nq jTT> ^+ sXqT =*k]>. b\ ]sj wO{+> bs+_+#+.
@<{> wO{+> ]| eT&T, H\T>T ek |sY |P]#XqT. us L&
1968 &d+sY $j |sY <sH $&T<\ #XqT. |Xse >] &sH eT\+>
+ $T uy +f yTsT>Z & H =+ u+ |{+~.
s ll>sT b sdH sjTbsTTH H | <Te+<\T y] dH
e#qT. sE ysT eT<dT s&j |ksyTq H |\ $|+ $ HsT> e |dT
e MT |\$|+ HqT sdq+ >=|> e+< qqT n_q+~+#sT.
HqT ll>] m+ n_ekH <e\|* wXd >] n+ n_ekqT. ysT
_.jTH.s&>sT ]+q eTX] deTL]q b\T m|{ eTs|s$. HH
|sYqT #dq esT eTs |sY #&<T. us + s e |dT {q>sY
HjTsY s&T e]+~. n|&T wXd>sT |M~H e+&ysT. wXd>sT HqT
s n+<#+<\qT >T]+ sdq |< | #~$ d+w+ | H e< e

:: 38 ::

MTsT sqT >T]+ sdq |<+ #~yqT. n+{ |<+ sd HqT sj*. b MTsT
sj*. eTs y<ysTT sjT&T n *|Ps+> qqT n_q+~+#sT.us +
s dT+<s eTV _HMT u>dT&> eq \s$Ts& eTT&T seTcs&
\s bjT\T n|s< dT++> n sy |d \ y{qT H |sT ssTT+#THqT.
<+ ~jTs H y{ ju |d+~.
s e eTT eTT>TZsT qqT *d MTsT de | y[bjsT. n*$T*
dT e y{ e |+e eT n&>sT. HqT sE >&sT y[ n*$T*
b\qT eTT>TZ] (yDT>Z) deq+> |+|{qT. n+eTT+< = eq ueTT y]
yT& d>u >+ e eTT&T seT#+<s& , $T> s +& u\cs & , dTs$Ts&
#qT.

\dq eTqdT\T sD+

s =+ ee~ rdT= HqT, sl *d <s T bD$TT\ <q T V<jT s++>
sb+~+#+. <q T $j | sY |Ps# + <se >] $|+ MT n_bjT+ #| +&
n&>qT. H sy jT ddT + >=| < m|& $q<T . < eT+ eT\T|\THjYT.
>T+&* |+& dyX\THjYT. B jT<<+> sd #\T s+ +> sy <T
ys&TT+< sk #sT. HH<s+ yTXsse>sT <s&T>, edsY yDT
d+^ <s &T> \dq eTqdT\T nq |sT sD ls+ #T{qT. XuH u T,
yDl, syVH (H eTqdT\T Vs) us eTTK s>D+. s|T y+<se dV <s &T.
s> m& sJ|&+& + |P]#d 1969 es $j |sY <sH $&T<\
#XqT. de n+<] n+#H\qT \ +<T\T #d qqT #e< ={+~. H
|T& yTT+ T& |Tbe&yT +& $j |sY y]q n&H L&
sbsTT eT|& < T . HqT de ybs+ =qk+#>\ H ! nq uj
T + H @s&+~.
s sE H eT\$dsq s+|&+~. m+<T |&+< \TdT+<eT
b&H yTHsY y+fX sY s & y+ rdT= |PqeT* V s&T eq &s Y V#Y.{.Mss&
>] e< yqT. Mss& >sT H s|] T\T. qqT #&>H jTq @$T{? VsT>
e#sHsT. HqT $wjT+ #bqT. jTq eT+~ s+&TksT $s#qeTj ms
rsTT+ z yT>& nHsT +<q>... @yT+~ &sY n HqT <Ts> n&>qT. =
T\T &s> |w+f #|L&<T. MT D+ |swH #j*. s| <jT+ e
Vd #s+ & nHsT &s T . + q< |s wH nedse n H HqT nqT=+
u=#qT.
s &sY e yTHsYqT |* |* s&>] qsY u> eTT~]bsTT+~ y+H
|swH #j*. \d+ #d |e<+. d+> y] leT #| s| Vd CsTTH
njT #&eT ms |*+ n#&T. +{ s>H yTHsY msqT H us
# &sY #|q $es\ yT #$ }<&T. yT s+ <<T. eTsTd{
sE <jH yT Vd y+ =+<s> s&+& MT D+ |swH #jTb
|e<eT &sY y+fXss& #b& nq~. H |swH >T]+ qTy+ +>sT
|&. ~q+ nsT 26. 28e ~ e HjTq es+. eTT+<T> <s+ n*$T* y[
qysTTr |s+ n& seT+ |P] #dT= 29e ~ <jH jT\T<] eT<dt

:: 39 ::

e<+ ! |swH $wjT+ n|&T <+ nHqT.

MT bD+ +f es+ eTTK+ <T, n yT yTT+&d+~. qTe & e+&T. H
yq sqT. |< yT ms |*+ rd= HbT s+~. <s+ <jT+
=$T~ >+\ q m|dt >&sT jT\T<s+.
dwH s\T~ *q&H dT+<seTV #s+. HqT H |dT >~ LsTHqT. yT
yTHsY >~ y[+~. |~ $Tc\ s >&sT eq d.sY.s& nH &sY H >~
e#&T. jTq e T+u u> dVT&T. m+.mdt. e eTT&T yDT
dT yT{. nqT |* s>H e~q bH #jT >H |]> T =#qT. &s Y Mss& rsTT+q
ms #XqT. <e&T+{ MT + q ejTdT qsY se&+ <Ts<w+ n+
qqT *+#T= usTq jT&&T.
n+f qTe L& H qs ssD #Xeqe n HqHqT. + MT e<
<# #|e\d e+<H&T d.sY.s& n|&T yDT yC> ndd+{ b|dsY>
<>+ #dTH&T. H m<TsT>H d.sY. s& y& bH #d H T $wjT+ #| qTe
D+ jT\T<] \ys> >&sT seT #b&T. y&T n> e#&T.
yDT ms #d d.sY. s & #| +~ eTH. qsY |{ eTT~]bsTT+~. sjTy\sT
>=| qsY Vd e+~. eTT+<T> &sY <>Zs nbsTT+{yT+{ rdT= s| n&
y+ nH&T. n& |swH #sTT+#T+f eT+> ]>=kqq qeT+ +< nHqT.
d+> |& #|>\+ nH&T yDT.
HH=k] n*$T* y[ u\+ qT+& H n+&> *q |<k<* s #d
} =+<sT $TT\q& m+ =+ &T BdT= ekq _ edTq
T&T#THqT.
n< sE eT<V+ u&T>T sT e }] bjqT. n|{ H qs,
mesE\T neX+ <q ys <yq\+ bbsTT+~. HqT n*$T* edTH q
*jT>H e }] q+bT n+\|P&, y+f&| e+<~ eT+~ |<\T,
=+<sT s T \T }s H d+ m<TsT#dTH sT. qqT #&>H <T:Ke| >=\TeTHsT.
HqT yqT nqTqsTT+ n+<s+ $~ \e+# |<T. H|{ qeTeTT+~. HqT
e T+> ]e MT &> eT]=H J$kq.n sb < &k ] #|qT+&
n #eT*q #bqT. + H rjTTq <s T s T \T #s= |~y\ sbjT\T
KsT\+#T+&HsT.
] >&sT #s eTsTd{ sE eT<V+ s+&T >+\ e eTT&T yDT, &sY
d.sY.s &, e +<T e y\sT eTTs& \d sjTy\sT y +<T HqT sTq|&T
esY CT |{&= e. ] #dd] m<TsT> eTT~e] =+&e#s\THsT.
HqT CT eq esY rd <$T{? #] >s ! nHqT. n~ eT de b
sdq+<T MT]q b]w+. H{qT+& eTq dV >TsT> esY y+fXsk$T
|+ eTT+<T n> e+#qT.
H T~ *dq H{ qT+& HqT jTH qeTTHqT. H @H& H> @B n]+#< T .
~q+ n]+#qT. lyk ! #\ #| e s&>] +#T jTq e+<eT+~
ks. MTsT <s+> y+&. eT+> ]>=ksT nHsT. HH |+&T yqT
os<+> u$+ sqT. y+H H us @&Td Hq ekq susTT+~. ns

:: 40 ::

<T. qTy= n& @+#ky! n{ lseTT&TH&T n

sT &sY yXqT. sT dT+<seTV >T <f <
|\TTTq yT n> #d \Tq~.
n~ n+ud&sY sT. eTT+<T d{ &esY |q &]<sT
Ls= |#b{ e{&T k>sT. yq d{ HqT, e +<T e
eTTs& H+. jTq eTq+> ||sY #<Tek>&T. H
M&\T #TTq|&T H us eTTK+ |\T_q <T:K+
eTT+<T yT<\k+~. <Ts<weX H<H yT
T>\< ! n eTqdTH $T*bjqT. n|&T H >T+&
m =T= e+T+< bs \V+#>\ sT. #TTeTT{q
#q\ eT< |sT>T|{q e sT kjT++ @&T >+\ sjTy\sT #]+~. &sY
<>Zs eTT+<T> nbsTT+{yT+{ rdT= eq+<Tq dsd] Vd y+. &sY >sT
e q\T>T] #d MT |w+fes n& >sT. HqT ksY n+ jTq qeTd]+#qT.
y+H e eTT&T yDT &sY >] j+ &sY yDT>bs& m+.mdt.<sY |t
m+.mdt.s& n+ ms q eT#qT y] #|+ #&+& ksY! qs+
eTT~]bsTT+< nH&T. jTq msqT |]o*+ eT# <s+ MT nqqT qsY
|w+TqT #ks? n+ H e+ #d $Tds Y s &! ms rsTT+q &s esHsT. HqT
Mss&>] |sT #bqT.
MT eT\< + e+< nq&>sT &s .Y # sE\T> e+~ ksY nHqT. eT\< e TTq
me]H +s | e+{sTT. n$ {q|&T s+ |&&+ dV+. m|& m+&
bsTTq eT\+ MT |>TMT< n n+TbsTT+~. <e\q |e<yT MT <T . HH= +CH
sdkqT. n~ H=| =+#+ me> e+T+~. MTsT >&sT y MT *dq &sY
<>Zs +CH #sTT+#T+&. J$+ +|& s+ |&<HsT. ms eq eT#
|P]> =\by\+f @+ #j * ksY nHqT. < m\ >dt <s =\+#\HsT
&sY.
s & e+{+. | L& MTs #d H d+<V =\+#+& ksY nHqT.
s n+<s+ |H eq V d#X+. HqT V qT+& e $& bH #d
&sT >sT #|q $es\ #bqT. yT n+T q+<+ s| y[ &{ L&
rsT s+& #|+~.
\y] n+<s+ &sY #|q fyT Vd+. ysT m\ >dt <s
eT#qT >={ ] ms rsTT+#sT. |&T #&T &sY! n<+ e+~ n+
ms e eTT& # +|& =+<s|& y~ ssD#d me +&>H
#+|+&HsT. s n+<s+ >&sT #s+. H us qqT #&>H yT eTTK+
q+<+ |se <=+~. HqT >esyT+T Vd y[ &sY seT#+<se >]#
+H #sTT+#THqT. <+ s+ |&+ |P]> bsTT+~
s s+&T sE\T >&sTH e+& >&sT &b $T*eq n s\ yTqT
e+>T+ dTus$Ts& >] n$TyXqT. <s dTesT <T \\ sbjT\T H#
=#sTT. &T ] H us, HqT eT<dT #s+. n|{es yTHsY e +{H
e+& |\\ u>>T\qT #dTH&T.

:: 41 ::

s =~sE\ y~eT+~ bD_ |{q &s Y seT#+<se >sT qsY y~

>TsjsT. $T+ eT<dT n&jsY qsY Vd #ssT. HqT de
s+>+ m+ _J>eH sEe] sE e +{ qT+& {|H rdT= y[ |q
Ls= |+#yD. eTeT+> y] s>+ D++~. sE jTq H #sTT
|T= e\e\ jT&Td... H me sE\T qT. ~q+ qTe m&TH |
>&sT e <>sZ T +& H <V qjT \T ]|+#*. s dT+<se TV n< q
d+| du ]| eTq <] nqT+< >TsT> = |<\T #<y *. n #T \T |T HsT.
HqT n> y] ujT+ y+ >&sT y[ <Vq jT\T |Psj dT+<seTV
d+|du |{ d+<s+> # |<\T #~yqT. du { |s+yT+~.
HqT sjTy\sT qT+& eT+> ] e#q *d |Ps #+<se>sT qqT
|seT]+#& e#sT. n|&T HqT \dq eTqTdT\T + MT # u |&qq>H
jTq H u d+> s MT us e+>\ \+ e\q MTsT eT+> ]>=#sT.
|sY <q+ eq +be\dq neds+ <T. ks<H bsD |sY bH
#jYT HqT sese >] e{& w{ |kq <s+ #bsT.

lw $jT+ sD+
s HqT, |+>[ H>+<se>sT, eTs yTXsse >sT *d @&$T~ H\\T
|sD\{ >*+ lw $jT+ nq |sT < jsT #X+. n+<T
w& nwus\ bT edT+<s nH eTs= us L& e+T+~.
< $|+#+<T Hq |Ps#+<se>sT sese >]+{ y+. jTq <
|P]> $ |+& #<+ ! edT+<s b => e+~. b jT\* >=|>
e+T+~. MTsT >{> |jT+ yTqT |+# #&+&HsT.
HqT H|\ &+> bE eq <X sT& |sTT+{+> #sTT+
< n+<yT q |y T {+ H |d T syT |T= #dT=HyD. HqT |+ rdT=
eTs&T <jT+ jT\*>] +{ yqT. nesTT yT&|q yT|t e+~ y[
\e+& yT * d+< #|+~.
HqT nyT syT[ eTT+<T |+ yT ##qT. yT < #&>H m&B |+
nqT> H e+ #d+~. H |dt |sY VssTTH~ yT&yT nHqT. eT]|DY &u
#d+~ MTsqqe. ~ HqT e+#Te# nq~. +< MT d+ n HqT < #|&+
bs+_+#qT. yT d>+ < eyT $ H b => e+~. |+& #kqT.
wO{+> fyT+~ n+ +~ e eTMT ! HqT s&>] |sY #dTHqT. wf n&dT
#ky w+ n #| y[bsTT+~. yT LTsT e <q n+eTT+<T >|
|sY y] <ds T&T {sTT+q w{ q #d H+~. HqT
y+H y[ jT\* |Hs sese >] #bqT.
eTs&T |U q{ eTTq H bH#d s&>s ! k] e +{ s>\s! nq~.
HqT yqT. sese >sT w&T>, HqT dueT> q{+q n |sT |Tq$jT+
k~+#sTT. MT |s L& dueT> HH q{+#* nq~. MTsT q{kq+f HqT
<+{H? nHqT. n+<TyT d+wd f{ H |sT eTT+<T yj \ ws T |{+ ~.

:: 42 ::

e + |<q b<] jT\*. n+<Te\q MT |sT eTT+<T yjT&+ <s<

s=Ve+> #bqT. yT | sY e<T\T $T> ]dT \ +<] |s s eT]jTT
d ueT> eTTq n | +> sT ysTT+#+& nq~. | | #k q #bqT.
sTD b <$qT T #XqT. lw nw us + sT b\T $T*
HsTT. n+<T C+e b jT * jTl, HeTqdT\T VssTTqT dTq,
d+<sD bT eTs eTT>TZsT q VssTTqqT T #X+. b+& ydT<e&T>
H>u wD+ >] m #XqT. $T*q eTTKb\T s +&T \jTeqT&T, eTV<sT &T.
<sT nq<eTT\T. md s+>se >sT | eTs=sT b\ HjT+ #jTs
|+>[ >sT #bsT ... n+<T mH.{. sese>sT |s yTXsse>sHsT.
m+<T nHqT HqT sDyT <H |dT+ y[<] eT< |#>& yd u>TZeTH+ $y<+
q&Td e+<HsjTq.
HqT deTdH n~>$T+#\q +<q |&qT. s+ + qs
q+<eT] s sese >sT <HjT&T>, md s+>se >sT | HjT&T>
s bs+u+ qTq e u bsD + lw $jT+ n \ ~q|
|{+#qT.
n~ #&>H sese>sT H bH #d seTHsT. HqT y>H <$T{? e
ee+ L& #|+& |{+#sT nHsT |+>.
ksY ! H~ |< |sTq uqsY <T. n d | eTT+<T>H =+ C |sT>TT+~.
MTsT <qsH #qT. bsbf $T+#+&HqT. jTq s|+> q$ MTsT eTT+<T
#| eH eTT+<THsT. n> e+&HsT. HqT >+&+ >&+<q d+w+...
m&sY >bseqT dT = s+>se >]+{ yqT. >bse s+>se>] +<T e.
HqT < jTq $|+ \jTeqT&T, eTV<sT&T s+&T b\T s yj\HqT.
|+& ykqT. ... sese>sT qqT |T=H+<T |sHsT. jTq
nqTeTH H | #q ~q| y] #|+#qT. sTD b <$qT T
#XqT. lw nw us + sT b\T $T* HsTT. n+<T C+e
b jT * jTl, HeTqdT\T VssTTqT dTq, d+< sD bT eTs
eTT>TZsT q Vs sTTqqT T #X+. b+& ydT <e&T> H>uwD+ >] m
#XqT. $T*q eTTKb\T s+&T \jTeqT&T, eTV<sT&T. <sT nq<eTT\T.
md s+>se >sT | eTs=sT b\ HjT+ #jTs |+>[ >sT #bsT
... n+<T mH.{. se se>sT |s yTXsse>sHsT. m+<T nHqT
HqT. sDyT<H |dT+ y[<] eT< |#>& yd u>TZeTH+ $y<+ q&Td
e+<HsjTq.
HqT deTdH n~>$T+#\q +<q |&qT. s+ + qs
q+<eT] s sese>sT <HjT&T>, md s+>se >sT | HjT&T>
s bs+u+ qTq e u bsD + lw $jT+ n ~q |
|{+#qT.
n~ #&>H sese>sT H bH #d seTHsT. HqT y>H <$T{? e
ee+ L& #|+& |{+#sT nHsT |+>.
ksY ! H~ |< |sTq uqsY <T. n d | eTT+<T>H =+ C |sT>TT+~.

:: 43 ::

MTsT <qsH #qT. bsbf $T+#+&HqT. jTq ]|+> q$ MTsT eTT+<T

#| eH eTT+<T HsT. n> e+&HsT. HqT >+&+ >&+<q d+w+...
m&sY >bseqT rdT= s+>se >]+{ yqT. >bse s+>se>] +<T e.
HqT < jTq $|+ \jTeqT&T, eTV<sT&T s+&T b\T MTs yj\HqT.
|+& ykqT. ... sese>sT qqT |T=H+<T | sHsT. jTq
nqTeTH H |q#q ~q | y] #|+#qT.
s&>s ! MTsT |sY bs+u+ eTT+< d>+ $jT+ k~+#s+ d+w+
n+^]+#sT. $T> b\ dHsjTD, +se, n\T seT *+>jT, |<Hu+,
] H>jT yTT<q |eTTKT \+<] m #XqT. <+ s+u b | q
b\+{ ]dT\ m |PssTT+~.
d+^+ |+&\. sY &ssY >K. &H edsY y+|{ q d+. jTq ndd+{
XuHjTT&T, eT+E usZ$. yTseH |sT m\|. dV<s&T XsYs&. yTXsse
>] u> w&T. + eT&T b\T d. HsjTDs&, b |+>[, b
=+&e#sT\T sXsT. HqT s+&T b\bT |s |<\ sXqT.
n|{es <D us<X+ n+ u s >D+ ]+q bsD + <T.
n+<Te\q MT lw $jT+ H\T>sTT< L& |P]<T \eX > nHsT
|Ps#+<se >sT. MT d+<VeT s<T. HqT | bqT |sY rdTHqT. m
ny+s<T s H d+es+ |\ |P]#k q #bqT. n< yT H+f d+w+#y&T
&H sjTq.
seTse>sT jT\* w{ <s+> nsy sE\T w{ #sT. $T>
]dT\+<] <>Zs neds { s|Ps+> w{ rdTHqT.
wO{+> bs+_+#eTT+< |k< d&j m<T sT> \T n< rdTHqT.
H\sT qT+& b yTT\>=\ _jT+ |+ e+ |{+#qT. #sTT ]q e+yqT
y+] qT+& |*|+#qT. n+ u b&H yTHsY y+fXss& &T
#\&, e ueeT]~ seTDs& |*|+#qT. seTDs& \+ $\Te, | $\Te
*dqy&T. w{+> neTy] Cs bs+uyT+~. eTTVQs+ sE m.$. |k< >sT,
sese>sT, |Ps#+<se >sT eTT>TZs |k< d&j e qqT os~+#sT.
eT<V+ uq $seT deT jT+ n+<] k++> jsT #sTT+q ss\
e+\T e&+ #+. q | s +{ u q+ e q q< d+w+
y*T#sT. eTsTd{ sE qT+& =+<sT ]dT\T qT+& uq+ |+#Te&+
eHd n& u+#jTk>sT.
sD+ |< ]dT\ eT\+> m<TsjT \T n e. yTT<{ deTd
sese>]H m<Ts+~. n~ b+& ydT<e dT. H> uwD+>sT <jT+
=$T~ >+\ dT e b+& ydT<e >|t d+Vdq+ MT< LsTHsT.
sese>sT +{e<H yT|t ydT= d&j e#sT. HqT d>se+> sT &sT
s d{ |+bqT. sese>sT d{ n&T>T|>H n]dT \+<s $wt
#ksT . ...H>u wD+>sT eTs< dyT H d+Vdq+ MT< qT+& e<T . < &T
n yw <sD lwD nqT]d e+&+ #d sese>sT n+T >V+
yTXs se>] |* VA C <{ | nHs.

:: 44 ::

H>uwD+>s yTXsse>sT <T*#s. yTeT&+~ @ uwD+>& <T.

y& ywy T $T{? yT$T{? HeT* |+ #yT $T{? X+K # $T{ us&T b&T>Tq
eTTs[ @$T{ n >~+#s.
nqT b+& ydT<e&T. ywu w\{ q lwD nqT]d HH ndq ydT<eD
n |#s+ #dT e&yT +& wu \ +<] V+d+dT+ {&T n yTXsse>sq>H
sese>sT #\T n& |+& n+T+&> HqT |* yqT. sese>sT
He+ #Ts#Ts #d yTeTT # bsD q{+#+. M&|& e ><.
y& yw<sD #X >|t m+<T? ns+T> b+TwsY |+#+&. &dtH
q{k+ nHsT.
MTs q{kq+f H+ |D <T. sE +{ wO{+> |#<+! s|
<jT+ MTsT d&j e#|{ kw &dt d<+ #sTTkqHqT. n+<TjTq s{+q
ds+ |]Vde ! nHsT. b @$T+&. b+& ydT<e&H~ u>e+
dT|d< y T q b. MTs $wjT + \TdT+& e{ e{ VA C <{ | ? VA C
<{ |? n+THsT. y& >&\T u]+# e] MTs n d+V]ksT < d{
HqT >{>... <+ sese>sT #\& H &{ jTsY nsTT+~. n+<s+ *d
ds<> |#dT+<+ nHsT.
H>uwD+>sT d+Vdq+ ~>+& y&T+ #dTHsT.n|&T sese>s
\T>Cd T = H> u wD+>s! bs+_<e! nHsT. HH| { qT+& s & nHsjTq.
s wO{+> jT<$~> bs+u yT+~. lw&T dT<sq #+ b+& ydT <eD
d+V]+# |T + es ]seT+> d{esY |P]#X +.
s+>se>] $wj ed jTq \jT qT&T.eTV<sT&T nq s+&T b\T
bwdTHs eTT+< #bqT. s+&T b\ sY &ssY >K>sT n<T s|\q
#XsT. yTTyTT<{k]> \jTeqT& >|t d{ |y+#sT s+>se>sT. sT
y|\ e+~ e><T\T VQs VQs VQs... Bs+ Ms+ \jTeq keT
VQs VQs VQs... n+ jTqT nqTd]+#sT.
k<sD+> e ~b_qjT+ #dTq|&T yTT< bqT r]+ s
s +& bqT r]ksT . s+>se>sT >< uT +| |T= Bs> + ;s+ > q&T#T=+
e d+Vdq+| LsT H&T.jTq b<\T |T=H+<T +< ds |seTT+~.
n|&T \jTeqT&T eTTD d+u~d dVC! *&T> @$T{~? n+{&T. y+H
eTV <sT&T, VQs dVC! e X d+<T |Tss >+<seTT\ =\>={, sE\
#s{ He>! HqT y] eTT\T #& >={ dTes eTDseTT\ MT =s
#sTT+#qT b<|] n+{&T. n+<T \jT eqT&T eTTD n_q+~+#b> VQs
dV ! H || V+ #ejT #eq & |< se ! +&\T ] yT+&T> *d
b]+ b]+q | MsT M| H b< |ses! b< eTq>H y& yHeTT
|... |... $s>es! nq~ \jT eqT &>T.
s+>se>sT &>TqT q dV <sD e&e&> #|XsT. H +q m|
s< |++~. y+H yTXsse >] yT\> eTs= f r<+ n+T+&> s+>se
>s~ >eT + s&>s! @$T{ >Td>Td \HsT. eTs+ <T. += f rd MT &>T
eT]+ u>T+T+ < H X nHqT. y+H jTq H H & >T | |f yTTq>&$

:: 45 ::

e#y. @B qTe #| #<+ ! nHsT.

y+H HqT m #| m|y> +T+< n #bqT. n+ eTT+<T f qT @+
$Tdj& ns+ #dTHsT s+>se>sT. yTXsse>] |* s&>s #|&+
eT+<+~. c{ s& #jT+& <b n<s>=&qT nHsT. jTq nqT>H s+& k]
n<s>={sT. bs+ #| es+~.
de |]XeT d |sTq | ]dT =+ > e+T+~. lw $jT+
eTTq, jT\* <s q{dTq d+> MT \TdT. eTTq yTT<{k]> dueT
yw+ d{ =+~. n|{ d{ eq jT\* eT\ Ls= @< +^w
qe\ #<Te =+ e+~.
eTTq yTe+ |+> #d jT\*! HqT djTsY q{. $wt #j\q
Cq+ L& <! nq~. H bs*{dt e nq~ jT\*. <+ eTTq sTd
sTd&T y[ eTs= LsT+~.
&ssY c{ s& #XsT. d yX+ jT\* <T:K+ n_ qsTT+#*. yT <s&
d#q yTs n> q{d e+~. jT \* q+f me esT\T =fd T + < u$+q
eTTq qTe n+ >{> @&d H &>T @+ y*?n >~++~. H @&T| HqT
@&qT. @&T|< qTy&T nq~ jT\* |+>.
<+ eTTq nZMT< >TZ\ yT+~. yTXsse >s! H eT& WsTT+~. sE
H j #jT q+ yT|t syT y[ lw Tus+ d ueT> us D \
rdbs d+~. + HqT yT syT yqT. eTTq qqT #&>H n+eT+~ eTT+<T
n~ qqT n+ #T\q> e{&TT+f MTsT #d }sTe&+ H u<yd+~. @+
#dT= <+ b>sT nq~. sDyT<H, k ns+ s+> qTe sE HqT
j #jT q+f H wO{+> @+ y*. qTe +< HqT ]dT q T esTe\d
edT+~ nHqT ]q+>. e yT #\& MTsT |<+& HqT |~$Tc d{
+{qq~. + $esD m+<T #q+f de |]XeT |< |sY rj\+f s
m deTd \qT m<Tsy *jTC|&+ d+.
>K>sT sE s+u b d+ eTq$T+es ]dTqT T #jT< >TsT #XsT.
H y+H VeTe* dT]++~. $w j yTXsse >] #bqT. #
#q. VeTe* y+|{ qd+ >] <>Zs L|P& H+ HsT+~. jTq <s
|jTd eT+<HsT.
HqT q d+ >] <>Zs y[ MTs>H s+u b VeT e* |+#\HqT.
nesTT |&T &yT>sY> V+B |]XeTH\Te+~. nsTTH |jTkqHsT.
eTs&T jTq u+usTT y[ s+u q dyX VeTe*, yT * $e]+
CVsT |+#eT[ n HsjTDs& >sT sdq bqT $|+ MTs>H Hd+
H\T>T sE\T w{ y\ q##| |+ ] eT<dT #ssT.
d +>]q e |s+ VeTe* esTd> H\T>T ~ ys\T * dV eT<dT
e q+ |P] #d+~. bqT \sY +#+. KsT sEq HqT LT[<]
|T\T |{ b]w+ m+eeT+{ sHqT. y+H VeTe* * b]w+
ns<T. b n<T +> e+~.
nesTT <TdT\T, usD\T n|Ps+> HsTT. n$ ed #\T HsT. HqT y

:: 46 ::

{ C>> u<|s y n+~+#qT.

lw $jT+ d++~+ me u>+ d{ |k< d& j yX+. n&
U be&+ dT yV d& j yjTe\d e+~. HH d{esY m
sT>TT+< #&+ d+ sE bsY yqT.
n|&T bsY dMT|+ Ls= Hs&>] e{&TTq & Mss& >sT qqT
#XsT. y+H jTq Hs& >] |&T bsY y[+~ myTdt s&>] <s!
n#+ n> eHsT nHs. <T myTdt s&>s. jT|&T bsD |sY
rdTHsT. |sY d+ d{ eTq d&j ysTTdTHsT. | MT< e qT+~
nq>H Xs+> e+<... myTdt s&>s$T{? + +&yT$T{? nqT=+
Mss& Vd y[ H us bH#d yT&yT MTsT # n<we+T\T. s&>sT +
J$+ eHs+f HqT qeT bTHqT. <jT#d s| <jT+ y] e Vd
rdT=d k] de T z|H#d H &{ rsT= y+H eTdkqT. n+<T MTs=sbsTT
L& y*q |<T n #bsT.
eT H us bbf yTT<{+~. &sY>sT &T + <T. MT yT\Ts eTsk]
#|t nesTT <TdT\T, usD\T n|Ps+> HsTT n$ ed #\T nHsT. HqT
y{ C>> u<|s y n+~+#qT. lw $jT+ d++~+ me
u>+ d{ |k< d& j
yX+. n& U b e&+ dT yV d& j

yjTe\d e+~. HH d{esY m sT>T T+< #&+ d+ sE bsY
yqT.
n|&T bsY dMT|+ Ls= Hs& >] e{&TTq & Mss& >sT qqT
#XsT. y+H jTq Hs& >] |&T bsY y[+~ myTdts& >] <s!
n#+ n> eHsT nH s. <T myTdt s&>s. jT |&T bsD |sY rdT
HsT. |sY d+ d{ eTq d&j ysTTdTHsT. | MT< eqT+~
nq>H Xs+> e+<... myTdt s &> s$T{? + +&yT$T{? nqT=+ Mss&
Vd y[ H us bH#d yT&yT MTsT # n<w e+T\T. s&>sT + J$+
eHs+f HqT qeT bTHqT. <jT#d s| <jT+ y] e Vd rdT=d
k] de T z|H#d H &{ rsT= y+H eTdkqT. n+<T MTs=sbsTT L&
y*q |<T n #bsT.
eT H us bbf yTT< {+~. &sY >sT &T+ <T. MT yT\Ts eTsk]
#|t #kqHsT. y+ |<+& nq~. n>, s| e{&<+ n+ ;sT y eq
s+&T ms\T rdT= HsT> &sY sy\T dTVD+ >] <>Zs yqT. dTVD+
>sT y~ ssD #jT&+ <D us<X+ |sTydq &sY H s\ |]T\T.
]q <+ y] #| s+&T ms\T jTq ##qT. Mss& y<e.
bjT&eT+f #= ]+#&+ nqT+{&T. HH= N{ sdkqT. < rdT[ y&
yTTq=+& n y] sY V& MT< @< sd#sT.
HqT ]+~ H us #| &sY >]q sYqT yTHsY <s Mss& |+|+#qT.
<+ n HsT eT |&+~. m deTd <TsH HqT ]dT\+<] dV s+
lw $jT+ nqTq fyT |P] #XqT.
+ $&T<\ eTT+<T |_ ~jTs |<mTq |$TjTsY c @sT #XqT.

:: 47 ::

lw $jT+ sD+ +&>H ys\q + { <<| |]XeT

|eTTKT\+<s e#sT. |<s q eTTdq y+H sese>sT qqT n_q+~d s &> s!
|s n&T >&T>TH MT w |d e+< n_q+~+#sT. e +bT >|
sC+<|k<>sT djT <s+ ]+q <ds T&T |P] \sY +.
lw $jT+ 1971e d+e s+ qe] 11e Bq $&T<+~. 13e ~ <ds
T&T $&T< +~. $&T<\ eTT+<T e | s+ d+#\q+ dw+H, $&T<q
s <ds T&T eTT+<T \e bsTT+~. nsTTH =~ qw+ u|&qT. qw+
|P&T=H+<T H>{y s{ nyTXqT.
s =~ sE\ H H{ |+&+<T+<q d+<V+ H u s & s Y
d.m+..s& bH #d+~. jTq >&sT eq &sY d.sY.s& eTT&T. e T+
u rjTT&T. H us bH $ y+H e#&T. {sY { yd H H{ |+&TqT
|o*+ n+<T e++ eTTqT {#d s |+|+#&T. ] s>H
eTsTd{sE e +{ e#&T. H us <Ts> @yT+~ eTT+<T n n&+~. $es\T
n&>=<. s& >sT |f u& dsT= |jD d<+> e+&&+ eT+< #|
y[bj&T. n e m+ |e<syTq nseTT+< H us >V++~. eT
@&T| yTT<\T |{+~.
HHyTqT z<sTd H qT<{ MT< e{ e{ eTsD Xdq+ sjT&+ &s
|]bsTT+~. nsTTH m|{|&T HH XdH\qT s> sdT= TH eHqT.
H |+&T d+>+{y! bs bTq HqT <e& =]qT nqT eq+. s+ *q|&
n~ eT+ |&T e+~. n+<Te\q ys+ sE\T { eT>q+ |T. s @eTT+<
#<eTHqT. yT n> #d+~. n+! |+&T eT# L& +& ejTyTbsTT+~.
n< deTjT+ m.mdt.sY. +HjTT\T>] e< b+&e eq yd+ 20d+es\
|<sq V\T =HqT. + H nqVyTq u\qT |{+~.
s HqT, sl *d ds< seTT&T nq |sT < jsT #X+. sese
<HjT &T> |sT kY +&jTH | #+sY ]wsY #X+. < sese >]
$|+#&+ d+ sE <jH <s+ y]+{ y+. jTq < yTT+ $
d+w+ e+ #jT&+bT |sT L& ds<> e+~. s&>s s| <jT+ dTesT
<T >+\ s+&. w{ KssT #<eTHsT.
HqT |~$Tc\ eTT+< yqT. n|{ |d T eTT+<Tq # u+N MT< |+\ dTuse,
|{ edsY, eTs= nHeT&T Ls= eHsT. k<sD+> sese>sT yT|t yT&MT<
ydT= <T >+\ +~ eksT. jTq e# T yd |dT >~ sTksT. HqT $T
c\T |T=+ <Tqs < ysTT{ #XqT. jTq s<T. H z| q++~
me] #|+&H +{=#XqT.
H us y[q | @yT+< <Ts> n&+~. jT+ es +~ s<HqT.
|{es m& LsTHsq<yT. +& LsT+{qT |dT eTT+<Tq # \MT<
LsTHqHqT. y+H yT { |s+yT m+ ~> Css+&. } d+V+
sT. &= @+ ueH+! n<eT+f |\\T |[ <T>TTHsT. &T L& y*>
n+{sT. qT #+|= d+b~+# &T eTqs<T. sese>sT eTVqT&.
<qqT. jTq |sY rdq+ eq l eTV\ eT+{ |s+ |&TT+<!

:: 48 ::

rXsT> lw $jT+ nwc\T |&. @yTT+~ n+<T. MTsT b #|T=

eT<dT s<T. ]dT\ eTT+<T |&|jT+ Hw+<T. H e < MTsT
sese>]H |sY rkq+f HqT s| |\* rdT= }s[bqq~. mH jT
> wqc\qT CjT+& H *d q&q * eTqdT H=|+ #&+ w+ HqT
n>q e{#qT. rXsT> lw $jT+ nw c\T |&. @yTT+~ n+<T. MTsT
b #|T= eT<dT s<T. ]dT\ eTT+<T |&| jT+ Hw+<T. H
e < MTsT sese>]H |sY rk q+f HqT s| |\* rdT= }s[
bqq~. mH jT> wqc \qT CjT+& H *d q&q * eTqdT
H=|+#&+ w+ HqT n>q e{#qT.
+ bH y+~. HqT mT HqT. n|{ H eq sese>sT s& >s!
@$T{ ns+s+> y[ bjsHsT. HqT <jT+ 4.50 $Tc \ e <Tqs <
ysTT{ #XqT. N{ Ls e#Xqq>H k s&>sT! +<Te es ed
y e{&T MT e eT]bjqT. MTs& e+&+&. HH & rdT= MT e<
edTHqHsT.
MTsT e +{ se&yT$T{ ksY, HH edTHq #| <T $Tc ] sese
>]+{ yqT. +{ ]+<+ y] #| H us yTT+& eTw. yT eTqdT
H=|+# MT |sY rjTq e{#qT. <jT#d qqT nbs+ #dT+& HqT MT
|sY rjTbsTTH de |]XeT q+\+ MT nqT#sT&T>H e+{q #bqT.
HH #|H jTq < neeq+>H u$+ #sT.
n u$+#&+ |<T. #\q |]XeTqT eT+ eTVsE> @\TTq
e sese>sT. n+{ ysT n&> +&H w{ kq+f sd ]+#&+ jTq
u<*++~. D + eTq+> LsTHsT. s s{ MT wyTTqf e+
&HsT >+;s+>. HqT eTsk] jTq e|D#| \T #sqT.

}] |] sD+
s Hq, sl |&+ #j\q #q |&+. uqsY e] n< <qT }]
|] nq |sT #\+ r<eTH&T sl. sE # +< ~|t nHysT.
VdqT&T> q J$ bs+_+q #\+ <HjT&T> m<>&yT +& s>
eT{ eD+, TeT T&T e+{ qs+ \T ]+ d s|+#TH&T.
sC <s+ \d #\+ +{ y+. sl ]+~ #b&T.
mH.{. sese >] d+ jsT #dq < q \T yT= e+<q d+w+
#\+ y+H n+^]+#&T. dT+<seTMdt nq uqsY .mdt.sY. <dT <s&T>, e
ueeT]~ yVH s& s> |sY sD |PqTHqT.
}] |] d+ d+^ <s&T. q& q{ s <HsTT. b\ +b+>
slbT #\+ L& bZHy&T. + m$T~ b\THsTT. s+&T b\T
HsjTDs&> sT, s +&T b\T sl sXsT. H\T>T HqT sXqT. | sY = dyX\T
+ #+<T VsY V dMT|+ eq ]w y y+. n~ dT|d< y>
||+# |U >+q &T weT]>] <s+ q&T|&TTq +^w MT&jT+
d\T esD+ dTesT eT&T e+<\ ms\T+T+~. n& #~y $<sT\ bw Vs+

:: 49 ::

n+~+#&+ d+ e], Ls>jT\T yTT<qe n& |+&ksT. |Xe\ yT e\dq

|>& L& n& |+#T sT. u\ u*\ |, { <T\T> eb*ksT . XVs+
n&Tq+ sT> eTs& e+&<T. $< u<q ys ><T\TH M\T q+ es {#sT
$<sT\qT es D+ # eT<H | bs\T #bsT. e s #X e
nusTT XyT|k<qT n& #~ $d >=| |j&e& |++~. d
dT d+b ~+#&+ nsTqT&T bX|d+ k~+q+ weT $HqT.
d\T |b |sT m+.$. |k<>sT. jTq n+ eTT+< H \TdT. y] leT
|sT |Do\. eT<V+ $seT deTjT+ HqT y]+{ yqT. #<T ed+ q q+
HqT |&q b |Pd>TqT #| H ] y] eTT+<T+#qT.
H <$q>H <+|T\T #eTsTT. y+H |k<>sT s&>s! MT nusTT
@ $<+>HH kjT+ #j\ HL e+~. |& s>q dT U <T.
nsTTH <s+ k] weT] >] \T<+! MT >T]+ #|e\d+<+ HqT #bqT.
ys eT+{s $+<eT qqT y+uT = y] e< rdT= ysT. |k<>] <s
H $es\ $q weT]>sT y+H d+~+ n<q+> dT *+#sTTH s&>]
nusTT #sTH #&+& |b #bsT.
wO{+> |P]>H |k<>] <s n& $~ $<H\qT *jT|]# T{ rdT=
jT{ duT\ bT HqT eT<dT yqT. n|& e nusTT eT<dT seTw $TwH
Vd @&e s> #<TeTH&T. d |b e{& {.d. rdTHqT.
]wy d +<q\ nqT>TD+> e\dq <TdT\T, s edTe\T deTLsT=
XyTqT y+ uT= ]wy yqT. n& y& |yX | sV+ se s>
#sTHsT.
HqT |k<se>] <+|T\ <qy<\T #| eT<dT jT\T <sTT+&> e
nusTT H #sTT |T= | rdTy&T. HqT +yTH y! uT nHqT.
@+ ns<T HH! MT]+ # sE\T |+#sT>! n+<T =~d| $TeT*
#dT+<eT n+ |TH&T. n|{ es H d+{yT+{ nq|<
ns+ *jT<T. e nusTT d+{yT+{ n+f @$T{ H #|H #bsTT. }]
|] + 1973 |e] $&T< +< nfwHqT T= e+<sE\T q&+~.
n+<T + b\T eT]+ <V<|&sTT. wO{+> |P]>H |k< >] <s
n& $~ $<H\qT *jT|]# T{ rdT= jT{ duT\ bT HqT eT<dT
yqT. n|& e nusTT eT<dT seTw $TwH Vd @&e s> #<Te TH&T.
d |b e{& {.d. rdTHqT. ]wy d +<q\ nqT>TD+>
e\dq <TdT\T, s edTe\T deTLsT= XyTqT y+ uT= ]w y yqT.
n& y& |yX | sV+ se s > #sTHsT.
HqT |k< se>] <+|T \ <qy<\T #| eT<dT jT\T <sTT+&> e
nusTT H #sTT |T= | rdT y&T. HqT +yTH y! uT nHqT.
@+ ns< T HH! MT]+ # sE\T |+#sT >! n+<T =~d| $TeT* #dT+
<eT n+ |TH&T. n|{ es H d+{yT+{ nq |< ns+ *
jT<T. e nusTT d+{ yT+{ n+f @$T{ H #| H #bsTT.
}] |] + 1973 | e] $&T< +< nfwHqT T= e+< sE\T

:: 50 ::

q&+~. n+<T + b\T eT]+ <V<|&sTT.

sE so H e< e >TsTe>s! q&+ sC esY
>sT q{+q ow< e sjT\T + \T>T &_+> HqT e\T,
b\T sXqT. MTs |sY #d qqT os~+#* n |<sq
@sT #X&T. e bT >TeT&>sT L& |sY #XsT.
+ sCesY qq e\+<q+ >=|> +< HsT.
>TeT&>sT. HL n> n|++~. s s _.sY. |+T\T
>]+{ so *d y[ n&q+ s{ + H>{y s{
=HqT. |sY >s+{> qsT sE\T &TT+<qTHqT.
ow<esjT\T>> se se >] #dq \T>T |\ sCesY m+
>=|> q{+H +{q<T. |*+> + ys+ sE\T L& &<T. >=& e+
m+<T #|Hq+f H n|j\qT ||#Te&+ w+.

&H>T sD+
s | sY &H>T. < L& e q&+. |sT H>s Vy. q& des+>+
nH $jTe+yTq \ <s+ eV+q |q <s &T. H>sV y q& esH
n|{ u+>TSsT sy@&e ys+ &T e+~. | sY <sT VssTTq s
VssTTH. yT n+ eTT+<T e }] |] <HsTT> q{+ eq+<Tq
|q>sT eT<dT @sT #dq | |<sq qHV++~.
|q \T>T de |]X eT s\qT, <s\qT, s# sTT\qT, #eT+~
|*#&T. .jTdt.|Xse>sT, HqT | | H Ls= | sT #X+. |<s q |P]>H
HqT |X se>] m e+~ |s n& >qT. }V+<q+ >=|> e+~. \T>T
rd |Tq$jT+ k~dT+ <HsjTq. MTsT &s #d |&qT n+f HqT s| u+>TSsT
y[ \T>T yT s{ =qT= ekq HqT. H n++f u>yT eTT+<HsjTq.
eTsTd{ ~q+ <jTyT u+>T SsT y[ |_ ~jTs H>sVH eT #XqT. n~
s >=| #] H|<+ >\ =+&MT< ]+q +. <<q+, b\T n
n<T+ > HjT|++~. HqT s Msk$T>] *d jTq&q+ &_ \T>T
yT V\T = n yT+T #sTT+#T = kjT+ ] eT<dT e#qT.
nyT+T |Xse >] # e>H MTsT |T$&Te $e sT\T. | sY s>
MT e \dq+ u <s&T> H eT+ |sT dT+< q+<+ e+ #d,
dV <s &T> s|T y+< seqT |eTHsT. HqT n>q HqT. \T>T |s + |&<eTH
sjTq. &H>T n |& m +T+~? nHqT HqT. w bMT< # yE
e+~. nqT L& e qT&+ <T nH sjTq. s| ssTT<eT HqT ] e
|dT e#qT.
n|{ XuHuT e es+ & Ls= eH&T. @$T{? # sE\ e#y!
nHqT. ~ H +| ksY! m|&H se#T, be#T. HqT+&> &H>T MTsT eTs=
VsqT >T]+ +# &yT$T{? |d]> yw+ H y*. MTsT<+f &
d >V+ #kqH&T. e& H+ |D <T. .. |&T qTe us, \dq

:: 51 ::

eTqTdT\T H{ Vs$ <T. eT< |s |Tq$jT+ k~+#sTT. |sT s+&T

\\ T b]w+ rdT+TH e $HqT. Hq+eqHqT. MTs+H ds HqT <qqT
nH&qT.
n~ds qTe d{ n&T>T | >H |< |< s\T L& qeTks+ #dTHs.
HHd ~>CsqT nHqT.
ns<T ksY. MTsT +& +{ ysT. s n |*H HqT u<|&qH&qT. HqT
|Xse >] e{& s | #bqHqT. MT bHd+ m<TsT #dT+ {qT qeTks+
#d y&T XuH.
s |Xse>sT, HqT e{&T = &H>T + qTy Vse XuHuT
#b+. q& esH jT #|+ d+u wD\ s#sTT> jT | #X+. eTsTd{
sE |Xse>sT e |dT e ecsT b HqT ykq+TH&T jT nq>H,
HqT jT s#sTT> # >=|y&T. q&+ nX< q{+q b n~. <
jT HjT+ #jT & s=Ve+> #bqT. n| &jTq k s&>sT! b,
b HqT jT e{#qT. |&T <q&+ u>T+&<T nHsT. HqT nsTTw+>H MT
w+ nHqT. < HsTT\T> #+<qT, \ T #X+. d+^ <s&T d+, yT
syTH .mdt.|k<>sT. Hq, jTq *d #] H|<+>\ =+& d+ +<|<X
n b+\T >*+#+. m& |sY q =+& <=s <T. eTq #+<] =+&
> nHsT |k< >sT. n~ yT =+& #] H|<eTT+~. lw<esjT\ \+
H{ |sq ueq+ L& e+~. $T> =+&+ ud> +T+<HqT. |s<T
s&>sT. =+& #T , n>& eHsTT. nedsyTq+ mTL& e+~. MTsT
sjT\ \+H{ yesD <w +#T= q dE = \qT, eT+&b\qT,
eTTK<s\qT jsT #sTT+#+&. HqT y{ yTs <s eTq e\dq dE
#|kqHsjTq. HqT n< $<+> jsT #sTT+#qT. wO{+> bs+u+ eTT+<
|Xse >sT H>sVy $c<+ +. \T>T dTU++ #d u>T+T+<HsT.
n #d e e+& ~ bT+~. $c<+ \T $jTe++ eq&+ d]<T.
nHs*, eTE, <e<dT yTT<q \T |T q$jT+ k~+q $wjT + MT *jT+~
< HqHqT. s&>s! HqT MT Xj_w. &H>T $wjT+ HqT u> +#
dTU++ #j \qT HqT. esT u&d =& s> MTs+ qw bs, <s &T>
Hq n+ qwbqT. <jT#d d+> H e~*|+&HsT |Xse>sT. jTq
H{y+ <jT#d nqe se+ HqT <q bjqT. + eT&T b\T
HqT, eT&T jT sX+.
< meu>+ wO{+> #+<] =+& MT< ]+~. s sT| jTe]{
= dyX\T, d{ = dyX\T wO{ #X+. b\ rsD d+ HqT, |k<>sT
\d s, s, sc n+<yTq |<X\T # #X+. sE <jT+ LsTZ
b++ >\ q V u bdt d+ y+. e m<TsT> LsTZ jTTe
Ls= {|H #d e+~. HHyT k+<s eTT>TD {|H e eT]bsTT yTe+
#&k>qT. |k<>sT n~ >eT+ s&>sT @$T{ MT]+ {|H eTTT<T nHsT.
k |k<>s! |{< eTq m<TsT> Ls= eq nesTT #d @< |<+
}V+#T +THqHqT. |<yT$T{ #| Hq d+wkqHsT. y+H H

:: 52 ::

}V s|~<T=q |<
yH\ sT\+<T ns$q H >T_ |Pe\+
<Tq |s>eTTH $T>T\ z| H| d]+ yT
eH |d+& >TZ deTb\T> C] ~>+ deT\+
<q> $Tq>> eT~H+ d+# $]+ LsTZ dH!
n #bqT. eTq b>+ be>+ \dyTH >=| |< + $|+#s qq_q+~+#sT
|k<>sT. s b\ rsD |k<>sT n<T H|D+ q|]#sT. XuHuT
b| eq yE=B =+u sE\T |#X&T. <+ + |PssTT+~. #+<]
s &bsYyT+T <s+ e+~. & H>T bs+u eT+< HH &bsYyT+{
|]wH rdT HqT. ... + $&T<\ eTT+<T sw|>] #|+ y] nqTeT
rdTq sH $&T<\ #j*.
1974e d+es+ |e] 11e ~ sw| >] + #|+#&+ d+
nbsTT+{yT+{ rdT HqT. <Ts<weX ~q+ <jTyT |T+k\ >sT
dsdZ T \ jsT. y] Hq nqT+<+ =B <V q jT \T |P] eTT+<T & y &
eTqk|<T . n|&T mH.{. sese>sT, nH H>Xs se>sT V <su< eHsT.
y] f* bH <s |T + k\>] eTsD ysq T *jTCd kjT++ < m<TsT#X+.
<s s<T. u+ < sT>+\ Xej bs+_+#+.
eT<dT $T, \T>T q{qT\T, >jT >jT\T, d+^ <s\T, s\T |<
d+K VsjsT. Xej @&T >+\ dXq y{ #]+~. <VqjT\T
bs+u+>H dT|d< b jTT\T +] y+fXsse>sT qqT | |* &
qT+& n+<s+ yDeTV y+. n& MT n< q d+| du @sT #XqT nHsT.
HqT sw| >] |sY #|+#+<T ~q+ nbsTT+TyT+{ rdTHqT.
bb jqT. HqT q+ eq d+|du b<T. <jT #d MT n< H du ]|+#+&
nHqT. nsTT MTsT =s rs+ <T |T+k\ >] >T]+ |<yTH sde+&.
du #~$kqT nHsT. HqT eT+\ y\TTsTH
me >qeTT \Tf&<\+{
rjT+<H\ \Cd !
me eTT<T\ HeT $T+{+ s
eT+yT se esT y> !
me eT +syT+<sT qT\
>yT s] \T> Cd !
me #\ #sTT mH T+u\
nH] =\+ <T=jT !
n{ kqeT] eTV eTw
eT d+^ X\ l |T+k\
#jT dTs eT >q du\T sT|
] sTs y ~$E*+ !!
nq |<+ sd y]# n& qT+& |+T $eHXj yqT. HqT &
#sd] >+ |< sTT+~. HsT> +<ueHqT. |q V |T+k\ >] d+|du

:: 53 ::

sT>TTq< ]d|H #bsT. Hq& y[ eT\ \THqT. H *dq $TT&=&T

qqT >TsT|{&T. HH+<T & e#H n #| s| sw| >] \y\+f m
nHqT. y+H nqT MTs+ +>sT |&+&, ]>sT H >TsTT\T\T. MTsT s
m.|.ueHH e+&+&. s| <jT+ |~ >+\ HqT rdTyqH&T. eTs&T <s+
sw| ueH y+. ]>sT y\T Ls= +<|u #<TeTHsT. H y+
eq $TT&T |]#jT+ #jT>H |&T MT |<yT #<TeTHqT. |T+k\ >T]+
>=|> sXsHsT. q sbsTTq+<T $T+#+& ksY nHqT HqT. |sy<T.
~q+ eT<V+ eT&T >+\ |sY #kqT. |+T ~jTs |{ syT[ sdT
rdT= fyT s+& nHsT ]>sT. + y] dreTD dsdrusTT ]>sT n&
e#sT. HHyT qeTks+ #d eT<V+ eT&T >+\ ]>s, MTsT H |sY
#&* yT&yT nHqT. ]>s Hq #&yT+{? HqT +~s>+B b{& jT
sw| #sTT+#qT.jTq HqT se&yT+{? HH jTH=ksT nq<yT <s+
\ud.
]>] n\T&T n+ eTT+<T sc sjTu]> +&ys. ysT L& | sY #XsT.
|<sq eTTjT>H jTq +&jTH |s b{>| + >=|> +T+<
HqV+#< d+w+ e+ #XsT. ]>sT n|{ | & H nu H d]| { |+#sT.
s eT<dT d + ~jT s u mTq |$TjTsY c @sT #XqT. V\T nesDeT+
XuH uT b{\T |+{ #dq bd sD\ XujTeq+> n\+ ]+#qT.
|<sq |]XeT |eTTKT\bT +<, d&&, HC+ |+|D<sT\q+<]
V+#qT.
|<sq eTTjT>H n+<] <qy<\+<T= HqT |dT=# d] @]j\y>
|sY =H+ <T q\T>Ts<T>TsT e es+& Ls= eHsT. |Ps#+<se >]
q#C| d&& @]j, +< s+&T \T |<sT nyTXqT. n+<T &dsY
q d MTwH bqT H sD ejT+ yTT+ e+~. &H>T 1974 | e] K]ys+
] C+~. neT> $T*q @]j H n+eTT+<T @ |sY sq+ u+ e+~.
... n+q+> sH s<T . |Xse>sT |T{ + dTU++ #jT +& H>sV y
>H $c<++ #de+f \T>T L& se+ sT|= e+&~.
s |sT seTjT+&. <s&T _.$. |k<, d+^+ d+, Vs s+>H<,
VssTTH |u, dHsjTD<= |<qb. n eTs<\T jT+. &ssT d\V yTs
+&sY wO{+> yTT+ rX+. b\ HH sXqT. | b VsTT+~.
|s >eTsY be&+, d>T |& e\dq s eTk\T be&+ e\q
seTjT+& +q+> |<sD b+<<T.

e |<esTT |[
n< deTjT+ e |<e sTT us$Z , H\sT yde \T q\|s & #+<XK sYs &
esT&T sM+<H<s & |[ ~]+~. q\|s &y ] T++ H\sT |sTydq
sjT T+ u\ {. #+<XKsYs&>sT C|]wY #sH> |\T s \+
>TsT+ #T<q de\+~+#sT. y] eTT&T lydT\Ts& +< |<X |uT + eT+>
nH XK\qT deTs e++> sV+#sT. >=| e.

:: 54 ::

e nesTT m+.m. #~$+~. sM+< L& n+. sE q\| s &y ] $jTeT+<&+

HqT n<w+> u$+#qT. #+<XKsYs& >sT H e~ sjT T++. MTsT
$Te bsTTH |sy <T . |[ e+ |T q+> ]|+# #&+&HsT. MTs #ksT >
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~+#qT. DMD $\+ ~+q ||], <e\|*, oo, sTDo, jT, sT<,
<Xs~, Xw+<Xs, HsjTDs&, =+&e #s, +&\, ys& |[ djT+> e
me] $\T ysT #~$ D <+|T\qT os~+ e <+|T\ dseT+<THsT.
<e\|* w Xd >] >+ eT>usTT q+<Tq y] $\qT |eTTK>jT Cq
\|++~.
eTTVAs+ 1974e d+es+ @|jT 27e B kjT++ H\T>Tqs>+\. e
s+&T T+u\ +<T$TT\bT \T>T, $T, q& |]XeT
ns<eTVs<T\+<s @.$.jT+ sCX] DeT+&b $#ksT.
$yV+ kjT+\+ sT >+\ |PssTT+~. n|{ qT+& s uqdeTjT+ es
VAT\qT n\]+#+<T ss\ k+dse\T @sT #kqT. n+<T
|<q+> |s=q <q~ |eTTK qs XuHjTT&T dueT>, e] eT+EusZ$
w&T>, y+|{ qd+>] H+ @sT#dq ue |+. n<T\+<s
|<sqqT \d \+TbjsT. uH\ $wj ed $+<T s 7`30
$Tc\qT+& n Vq | yk+. |+& ksTT qT>H uq|<s\ j sT
#sTT+#+. n+<T eTTK+> #|<q$ H\sT >s\T, HqT |+> &CH #d
sb+~+q n|&\T. n$ #d+<T eeT\T n|&> e+{sTT. >TTq
qH yjT>H ueT dV =+ <s+ <T |> u+#jT+& nq ns\T |
TsTT. @sT #dH VAT\+<s uebH $+<T> u$+ s
deTj nd\T $+<T s<T.
n|{ | $<q+ <T. eT+&|+ s+&T m.d &+> V\THsTT. s+&+{
k] H\T>T e+<\ eT+~ uq+ #jT e#T. |<s q #dTq y] m+ \e+|{H
=$T~ >+\ > $+<T bs+u+ <T. e] |+ |PsjT d] s |H+&sTT+~.
nsTTH | s yTeTT n|&+ d+q $<+> |> u+#d e =+&+ |
$TsT. D MD bT e<esT\ |sT jsT #sTT+q &|P{ +|q bd
uqT VQ T\+<] n+<CX+.
o w $jT+ + jT& m+ XeT|&H |[ $jTe++ #jT& n+
XeT|&qT. n+<T q |*+ <+~ L&. usZ$ <sT |\\T. yTT< nusTT.
s nesTT. nusTT |sT e+o. nesTT |sT d.

<=s\T ` <=+>\T sD+

.jTdt.sY.<dT <s&T, d+^+ d+, <HjT&T seTw. yDl
~b_qjT+. #+<yVH, eT+EusZ$, l<sY yTT<q ysT q s>D+. H n

:: 55 ::

> L& ejT |jd\qT #jT+& u &{ ]+ 1976

|e] ]C #XqT. \+ *dsq|&T + m+ >=|> rdH s
$T>T\TsTT nq d <=s\T`<=+>\T + <VsD.
$<+> H #\q J$+ eT&&T>T\T eTT+<T, s&T>T\T yq nq kyT>
k+~. H HqT | n|j $j kbq+> eT\T#T=HH > ~>T\T |&
#T\T eTT&T#T Ls<T.

eTT\|\ sD+
<s&T _.$.|k<, d+^<s&T d+. jTdT<, HsjTDse +>,
sCseTD, #bD +>, >ZjT, |+&usTT +> q{+#sT.
| s H\T>T b\THsTT. H\T> HH sXqT. dHC`>THe$ |[ ~]+~
nq bqT d$Tq qT nqT>TD+> >+ sXqT. b m+ VsTT+<
n+< \TdT. n> yseTT+< | +~ nq b |sY V{ nsTT+~.
$T> s+&Tb\T n+> H<sD b+<<T.
dHC >THe$, ys eTT+< | +~ nq b\ rsD d+
sT><e] >b\|s+ y+. } sT>T HjT&T &. keTdT+<ssY &.
y \T nq<q d+. keTdT+<sY s&>sT wO{+> e\dq n @sT
#XsT. y +{ eTT+< ys eTT+< | +~ nq bqT jTdT< bs+_+#+.
n~ ds<j eTT+< rjTe\dq b. n+<T e\q |~q+ <jT+ <T>+\
qT+& sT>+ > esTd> H\T><T sE\T +#+.
HqT, jTdT<, |k< seT+& s|P d# d y+. HsjTDse s &> ]+{H
eT+. $T> jT{ duT\+<] s&>s edks+ *+#sT. wO{+> s+&T,
eT&T sE\T s>ZH u< e ueeT]~ seTDs& n|+, HqT eT<dT e#XqT.
] ys+sE\ s >b\ |s+ yqT. n|{ ys eTT+< | +~ nq
b bT eT] = dyX\T L& n& wO{ #XsT. s n+<s+ b|=+&\
y+. b|=+&\ eT< ><e] q~ MT< |&eqT |P\|\ jsT#d dHC
` >TH e$ nq bqT r]+#+. $T*q +&sYwO{+> eT<dT \HVdt
]+~. HH + wO{+> ]q sE\T s> |&>He+ <s&
|P] d##qT. |dt| s>H HqT, _$ |k<, sl eTT>TZs+ *d |sY #X+.
b\ r sD m+ n<T+> H, wH qT\|+&T>> eH < \+
n++e+>H q+<Tq +~ s> |\qT T<q ujT+ H *+~.
s n @]j\ qT+& =qT>\T<sqT V+ |k< u |<sq
@sT#XqT. H n<w+=B |sY n+<] q+~. |<sq |Psj y n \
s { d+ m>&sT . HqT \y> =] H>~ |* me<s n+ >&
eTqk| y&q sT n @]j\T nyTXqT.
s eTT\eTT>TZ + H{ys{ =HqT. + m+ |Tq$jT+ k~++<
bs\ \TdT. HqT qc\ }_ LsT bsTTq|&+ b|s eq uyT
qqT eTT+<T q&|++~.

:: 56 ::

HjTT&Tue sD+
<T |] + HjTT&Tue. <s &T |d s & d+^+ d +, |jT dt |X #j>V&T.
XuHuT, jT|<, jTdT<, yVHuT, dHsjTD eTTKs>D+.
|sY bs+u eTT+<T XuH uT ksY ! &H>T MTsT q+ rdTHqT.
|sY s s *dTq $<+> MTsT L& s+&T \*e+&H&T. n> kqT,
s | sY L& qTy Vs$. s +&T\ *| H\T>T \* k q #| \s bjT\T
n&H> #qT. | sY wO{+> eT< +&> eTs= \s bjT\T eyT rdTH&T
XuHuT.
HjTT&Tue b\ HH sXqT. sE b\ #s * XsTT \ eT>
y*XsTT nq b |sCwH |k< d&j sT>T e+~. XuH u T, jTdT<,
jT|< wO{+> HsT. wO{+> qdt esY #jT& b jTT&T d{ e
s&>s! MT |s |sTydq q{eTDT*<s eHsT. <] mesT n+<yTq y
n&>L& |X y deT+ H n&>&T.
HH{qT+& @yTTdT+<q <s +s m<TsT#& k>sT. Hq~ >eT+ sT
*+| {, sT z]jT+ { nHqT. y+H XuHuT <] mesT
*+|{, mesT z]jT+{ nq~ #|<T ksY nH&T. n~ MT }V e~
dTHqq>H VssTTH dV jT{ duT\+<s eTTdeTTd> qeHsT.
s bjTT&T qqT | |* s &> s! jTdT<, jT|< <] MT n_eqq{
jTes n&>&T. HqT D+ jTdT< nHqT. sD+ jTdT< \T>T #\q|]XeT
>]+#> Z q{eTD. yT n+<+H <T, dV qq |{+ ~|sT. |& ueT bD+bd,
|q$TyH\ yT|Pd, \T>T|\ q\ ]+#T $< |+|q |MD, $sH
$sV+ s| ds\T b~q ds>MD n H n_bjT+ s n+<s+ ds<> |#d
nqTq |s+ + |P]#X+. |Ps#+<se>sT yTT<{ | #d + b{>|
usYf b{>| n+ >=|> e+<HsT. |sY 1978 qe] 14eB ]C #XqT. ...
|sY L& n++e+>H & H qcH $T*+~.
n|{ >&sT dT+<s eTV <jT+ d+es nsyy\ $T+#~ <T. e
eTT =] H\ <Te+<\T eyT #=#~. <+ y eTT>TZ] y{\T
es{ y\ |s+ <s{ qqT rdTeTHsT.
~jTsY <jT+ n++ e+>H eH, d\+ $\Te u> |]q+<T e\q yTT+
y\ |< =+&T \\ T> ss TT+ =] \|~y\ sbjT\T #*+ seT#+<s&,
u\cs &, dT s$Ts& u>\T HH rdTHqT. <+ ~jT s H y{ mqu |d + ~.
s sE H ueeT]~ yVHs& |* & =&T. HL & =&T.
eTq s y[<s *dT+{sq qeT+ <T. n+<Te\q ~jTsY eTT+<T u>+
udtyT+{ es {eq d\+ V HH {+ kqT. n+<T e# <jT+
~jT sY y{=# <jT+ +f my e+T+~. { MT y{L& Hd ~q>+&+
qs jTTw> k> de ybs dd #| >&sT e MT n+<] eT<
|X++> >&T|qHqT. nqT +{ y[ us + ~jTs e y{ nyT
|d < KsK+&> #b&T.

:: 57 ::

s H\sT X+ |sY nH |sTq 1978 yT5e~ &dwH |dT bs+_+

< u< seTDs& n|CbqT. HqT sD+ y| kdH H\sT |dTd+
# \T =HqT. n+<T eTTKyTq~ X+susD+. + wO{+> bs+u+
eTT+< HqT y] sdq b\T $ eTT>TDjqT. y+H s @&< H>Xs
seqT *d H\sT s{ nsyy\ =HqT. dT+<s HV HC+ @]j s{
=H&T. X+s usD+ <s&T . $XH<. d+^ <s&T .$. eTV<eH,
C.$. keTjE\T |< qb bw+#sT. eT+Eus$Z qs > q{++~. + |Psj

<ss*<s *d &+u+ dTuwD ~jTs |<sq @sT#XsT.
|<sq qqT, uqTeT>], &.$.jTdt sE>], $j|sY |Ps#+<se>]
V+#sT. |<sq #dTq+d| HqT <>u]yTq q+<qT uqjqT.
|<sq eTTjT>H n+<s+ jT{=#+. &.$.jTdt.sE >sT |sY >=|> e+<
$XH<>] n_q+~+. y[bjsT. uqTeT>sT, $X+ #\+ s >=|
|sY #|+#e <sD n_q+~+#sT. $T*+~ HqT, |Ps#+<se>sT.
|Ps#+<se>sT $XH< <s yT#Ty*. |sY {T = mes #&sT.
|#jYT. 16jT+jT+ |+Trd }s] |+| |Xe\={ +> #|+#T.
|sTTH $T>T\TT+~. n #| y[bj&T.
|Ps#+<se>] e\ <ss\T K+>T HsT. H>Xsse qqT |
|*, ksY |Ps#+<se e\T $H H >T+&<& m y+~. MT <X+ #|+&
qq&>sT. HqT MT yT\T ] #|HqT. |{es n$Tq @]j\T > m+
s{H @]j nyTT<T. n neT <\T+f yTT+ HH =+{qHqT. <+
H>Xs se =+&+ <syTT+~. |sY ]j H\sT HqT =q sT
+f eT&TsT u yTT+~.
HjTT&T ue |sY $&T<q s dTesT H\sE\ yTsyTH <esC myTdt
s&>] H |sY HqT yTsyTH n | |{+#&T. HXsyTd+~. D+
<esEqT |* H nqTeT +& m+<T |{+#e \BXqT.
XuHuT q <jT+ H s&>] H|sY qTe #dTeT #b&T. <s+H
| |{+ #qT ksY! nH&qT. HqT XuHuT bH #d yTsyTH <esE
|{+#&$T{? nHqT.
HH #bqT ksY! <esE L& +&d |sTq y&> nH&T. n+f |X +f
>=|y& nHqT. e HqqqT |X b>s e. d{ s>H HH< T sT> eH
H qeTks+ |+& HsT> yTs e< y&H&T. qT $wt #jT<q sD+>
HqT |XqT e<T\Tq bH |fX qT. <+ n y& +~. seTuD+ | sY #jT q
n&+ ]>&T.
s, ]dT eT< >< ed ]dT\ nkdjTwH, b&dsY *d
$#]+ |]w ]+#&+ qysTTr. HqT XuH u T <+ s\eT+&* eTT+<T+#qT.
&.$.jTdt. sE>sT ]dT\ nkdjTwH #]+ s&>] CsTTr eTq+ <] \TdT.
XuHuT s+&T |s *d n&H rdT= |&T s+& |sY #jTqq&+ |
deyX+ ssTT+#&+bT q e | q+<T q eT\+#*+# es @
s n |sY rjTL&< CsTT+{$T{ ssTT++~.

:: 58 ::

sD+> XuHuT H\T><T sE\T yT|t +& +{ Lse\d e+~.

s\T L& y] ]> qc CjT +& e MT< \&sT . <+ XuH u T
\ ]bsTT eT &.$jTdt. sE>]H XsTT+#&T.
sE>sT qTe #d+~ | uT. deTd keTsd+> |]cs+ y\+f s&>]
<T |] + L& nqe |s+ qTy q{+#*. q e | q+<T m+=+
n|s<d T ++ #*+ #\ #bsT. > +s+ d XuH u T s +&T ws T \L |=
n|s<dT++ +< =+ |+ #*+#&T.

seTuD+ sD+
+ XuHuT bT w+sE, jT|<, \, eTTq yTT<qys+ eHsT.
<s&T XsYs&. nqT n+eTT+<T #\+ He< nkdjT{ &ssY> |#X&T.
n+<Te\q seTuD+ n <s&T> jT$T+#qT. XuHuT H&T |
|]dT \e+H nsTTw+>H seTuD+ |P]#X&T. XsYs& nkdjT{ &ssY>
m+ nqTue eTTH &s s >Y |s& TTEe #X&T. |* +> | sY |sjT+ b+ ~.
de |]XeT m $jTe+yTq de\T rdH |sY |sjT+b #\T
n+qT+<T eq u\{ [+#dT+~. H $wjT+q n< ]+~. <+ H
n|\u< eT]+ my+~. >+s+ d |sTe b&Ty\q <X+
>&sT HqT HTs& ]+q dT+<s eTV ne\ ssTT+#THqT. ys
*d #<\y& weT], n nq y+fXsT eT<dT e#sT. yTeTT sE n&>ZH
|{\T + eq+<T e neT |+ B|+ |f|&T MT |s \T+T+~.
MTsT n*$T* e HjTq m+ n+&> +&ys L& #|P e+T+~. <jT#d
~jTsYqT ed J$++ MT TTD|& +{+ nH&T e\ ejT>&q weT].
n> kqT wsT. dT+<seTV eTTK<s+ e< H |eTT+~. < m{
|]dTq n& qT+& =\+#L&<T. HqT ]+# \qT, H\sT |+|D
#d \qT dT+<seTVH yj*. ~jTsY eTT+<Tq Ud\+ s sDM
#jTL&<T. ~jTsY yTT+ $\Te s+&T \\ nsy y\T b> $T*q |~ \ q\uy\T
He+&HqT. n> |+& MTsT #|q |syT #k+. n+ n&H> syy\T
euj&T weT]. ns<T. H ef n&H>. ys+ sE d>+ &T e+&.
$T>~ MT M\TqT{ e+&HqT. y <+ #| y[bjsT.
y+H <s >&sT y[ dT+<seTV yT+ =HX+ n #bs. d+> md
cs & *d+~. md eT+ CsTTr|sT &T. H dVT&T. eTs& jTq djT+>
eT<dT e s&>s! MT ~jTsYqT =HXeT #qsT *\T {eq+ {+{+
ydTHsT. >&sT s&+<s e+&> n$ Vs+> #T\eT&yT+{?
MTsT |{\T +q eTs& sdH \|&+ yTT<\T |{q <TssTZ\T y. y+f
s+&T \\T m$kqT dT+<seTV He+& n&>&T.
$T+#T md.~jTsYqT =H <X+ +< *dT+f m+H yyTyD <T.
|&T #jT >*+~ <T . |{ es e| e> MT n+<] # >T]+|&qT.
|& >T]+|qT #CT HXq+ #dTqT n d$qjT+> jTq q##bqT.
weT] k<sT\T H\T>TsEH ] e eT&T \\ q\uy\T #*+ $T>

:: 59 ::

yTT+ <b \y> H\T>T H\ #*+ s ]ws Y #sTT+#T+{+. $jT<X$ T

qT+& ~jTsY yT+ q&T|+{eT #T\T |T= esT. HqT <qbjqT.
y ~jTsY kBq+ #dTq eTsTd{ ~qyT $H<| |qT m>y yTT<\T|{sT.
<+ y <jT+ e+f eT&T H\T>T sT |]+~.
m{ |]dTq e y{ neTeT H #|q yVHs& <+|T\T eT sy |d\
y{qT H\seTT+< #<\y& k<sT\ nyTXsT. n+f < ns+ y neT&+
w+ <T, He&+ w+. B { y eTqd+ m+{< }V+#>\sT.
s #<\y& k<sT\T =~sE\ H uH |+#*+ y |s ]wsY #sTT+#T
HsT. n+! ys+ s eTT+< H |{ rd eT\|&d < kq+ y HjTq
b{ |{sT.
$wjT+ *jT>H HqT <TK+ |bjqT. HqT yq ed+ s+&T
\\T qwbjqT. y Hq eqT H\ s eTT+< eT]bjsT. y+
# b\&s HqT \ L& }V+#<T. y eTqd+ *d L& ~jTsY
<TssTZ\q+<T qqT HqT +~+#THqT.
VdqT&T n\T seT*+>jT n+f H # w+. HqH jTq+ n_eq+.
jTH=sE H e< e s&>s! MTsT J$ e&udq ysT. e nesTT
dTsKqT s+J$ <eT ns$+< n+TH&T. MT n_bj rdTq s HH=
sj sy\qTHqHsT.
|dT+ s+J$ |sTq Vs be#T. nqT eTT+<T eTT+<T # |< Vs
ne&T. s+&e #q e+& D+ eTTVAs+ |{+#+& nHqT. <e sjT+
n> eq+<Tq dTsK, s+J$ |[ UjTyT+~.

jT |eT\\T sD+
n+<T Vs b q<H qT&T> s+J$ | Hq qeT+ jT e
|dT |* qTe e de Vs> q{+#\HqT. jTq y+H eTq uqs q{+#&+
H n<w+ ksY n+ HqT #| q s eTTqswH |H&T. <s &T _.$.|k<, d+^+
sH H>+<, jT qq|k<. n us s\eT, eTj q{ deT, $, ^
VssTTqT.
|sY wO{+> yTT<q =H s+J$, dTsK\ |+& eTTVAs+ ~]+~.
|+& d+ w& = sE\T bqT. |sTTq s w& u+usTT e]+~.
n& s+J$ bT dTsKqT L& rdTqT. $T> q{qT\T L& u+usTTH
eT+. dTesT sy sE\T n& wO{+> ]+~. s+J$ qqT y eeT>]>
>s$d jT{du T \+<] $d, q$d ds< > + |P]#X &T. Vdsd+ , X+>s
sd+ |<q+> k> + eT+ ] $j k~dT+< HqT >&+> qeqT.
+ |Ts+> <q~. <Ts<w+ y+{&TTq|&T < ]$T=&+ k<+<
jT |eT\\T HH yTT{ eT #|+~. s s+J$ Vs> <+& s$Ts&
<s+ sT|s& ]+q UB + nK+& $jT+ k~+ jTq qJ$
jT|> *+~. n\T seT*+>jT>sT sE qqT *d s&>s jT
|eT\\T + MTsT $|+> qw bjsT. Vs> s+J$ |&T {|t eH&T.

:: 60 ::

{ s+&TksT MTsT y[ \e+&. HqT L& MT= +

#jT eT >{> #bqT. | +& |+{& #bsT. HHjTq
#|q |s+ H\T><T ksT s+J$ *XqT. .. jTq
H e{&+<T L& w|&<T.
e |<esTT |[ d+<s+ H s+&e nesTT Xs<qT
bs \ |]#jT+ #j\qTHqT. nXsTT+q
q+<+ eT] bjqT. n+<T# yTqT >T]+ |&T
|+> = e\T #bqT.
yT H LTsT eyT <T. ns H >TD>D\, n#+#\
yTq $Xk, eTTd{ H # #<s ysdT s\T. s+q H b* e>
e+{sTT. Xs< q|{ qT+& &sY y\q ] e+&~.
yT |<e T& d|q bd+ ~. +&jT { #s & ejTdT d]b sD+>
yT q~H s+&T d+es\T yq |e\d e+~. +&jT{ u|d rdT=
Xs< >DjTyTq esT\T d+b~++~. esT \qT { m+._._.jTdt dT |
edT+ < n+<s+ +#+ sDyT H d+es+ dT s<T . H Xs< sTV
|&<T. |T<\ _.jTdt.d #~$ dTHjd+> m+._._.jTdt dT d+b~++~.
eT<dTH m+._._.jTdt |P] #d Vdtds H #d e +&> 1982 yT 9e ~ u+>TSsT
yde &T &s Y H>+< Xs< $yV+ ~]+~. |[ L& e |< esTT |[>H
n< @.$.jT+ sCX DeT+&|+ n+ yue+> ]|+#qT. n|{ &sY
H>+< +<|uT &sY> u+>TSsT |#dTH&T. s b+&#] |sY
|yX| sX&T. | |dts+ k~+ |..sY |sY J |P] #X&T.
Xs< L& n< J >q\dT sY #~$+~.
yT <sT|\\T. nesTT, nusTT. nesTT |sT X, nusTT |sT VsY.
H @ esT&T s+J$ XyT|k< $<uk >T]+ $e]kqT.
y&T |<es> es ]w y #~$ eTD>\ $<]> |sT #TH&T.
s eT<dT +& djTHJ +&jT{ |P] #X&T. d+es+
\jJ _.jTdt.d #~$ _Hdt MT< >\ d =B eT<dT qJ _.yT
|P]#X &T. s m+._.m #<e& XyTqT nyT] |+bqT.
XyT Hq+|+# &T #\ M\T <=]q|&+ >+\ =B ys |qT\T #d
#<Tek>&T. n~ H q+<esqyT+~.

@\e sD+
$js& &ssY. jTq \T>Ty&H q&+ sCesY Vs> nH
$jT e+yTq \ <s+ eV+ #&T. e| $js& >\ <qT >T]+
@\e <su<qT jTq n| +#qT. .$.eTV<eH d+^ <s&T.
<, <q+ d+uwD\T =+&M{ y+$. + b\T, |<\T, >j\T, <+&\T
n HH sXqT.
w, jT|<, >TeT&, qq |k< eTTK s>D+. q <s&T Vs.

:: 61 ::

yTT<{b e+&e+. b |sCwH d+ wqT ss+bq |{&T Vs. w

L& $dT>T, $seT+ +& q Xq+ <sbX&T.
y+~ &eTsT+ yT+~ VeTq>+ k+~ e+&e+ X+u e+X+s+ e+<
>H jT+. nq |\$ k> b bs+u dT|u ^yT + ~.
@\e +> jT|< nd\T ddq jT|\e q{+ +~. <D#sT\T>
>TeT& qq n|Ps+. + q{qT \+<]q n>+\+ jT q<. $js&
yTT<{k]> \T >T <s+ eVdTq + @\e { m>H $jT e++
#j \ nV]X\T X$T+ |sY w& |s+ |P]#X&T. Hq, =+&M{ y+$,
$j s& *d |dt | #X+.
HqT q+<+ | uy& >bs &> ] #|+#\ eTs&T |+T rdT= H\sT
y[ |sY #|+#qT. jTq bT y] e~q XeT\eT L& #d+~. |<sq
|P]>H >b s &> sT \T>T \ + kVr$\Te\T+{jT HqV+# <H sT.
XeT\eT d+^eTT, kVeTT < { b{ |&jT qq_q+~++~.
>bs&>sT d+es+ sw |uT+ q+~ nysT\ $T{ qqT n<&T>
jT$Td n nysT\T @\e kqHsT. + 1982 nsT 7e B $&T < =
+<\ qsT sE &+~. H sDejT+ my q+<T e\q H +q+
u+ s<T . \ k<q H esZ <s &q @\e <q T +> sb+~+#qq
| $T*+~.
s + DMD. dTeTH, eTT#s nsTD +> q{+q <s&T
]<sY. nqT |sTq &ssY <T. H = yqT bV+#\q < X+ n
neX$T#qT. d+^ <s &T d +. n+<T H b\ DeTT. + wO{+>
H\sT >+&es+ q, #TT|\ >eq ]+~. @<{> + |P]
#d 1983 d|+ sT17q $&T<\ #X+. + n++e+>H &+~.

e nusTT $yV+
DMD sD+ +&>H sjTs+>+ eT# eTV HjT&T> |s=+~q
$jT udsY s&>sT |[ e\dq q <sT es\ ] e nu sTT
e<\THq Ts+bsT. XyT nyT] m+._.m #<Te TH&, n~ |Psj
L& ys @<H sY #<y \qT+TH&, y& #<T e |Psj
T < |[ #jT <\T#T<
#bqT. $jTudsY s &> sT m>H H q##| eT s &> ] e~q es |u qT
yT us q T eT<dT |+bsT. n+ eTT+< $jTudsYs & >sT sj $wy T q
e> H \TdT. y] dreTD XeT\eT >< eTVsD es. d++<+ e\q H
T+ >se+ eT]+ |sT>TT+ <q <X+ e nusTT e{& #bq y
#| |+bqT.
eTs&T nyT] bH #d ]+<+ XyT #| qTy= k] +&j e nesTT
#&eTHqT. HqT #&s<T. ne MTsT y[ #&+&. MT q n>q #|+&.
s+&T H\ H m+._.m |PseT+~. n|&=kqT k] nH&T.
<s+ HqT, H us, e |<esTT usZ$ V<su< y+. $jTudsYs&>]

:: 62 ::

eTT>TZsTes\T. |<esTT n|{ $yVyT nyT] ds |&+~. s+&e nesTT

|sT +<T eT. qesTT |sT es\. es\ d s+>T yH eTTK+ eT+
+~. n+<T e\q es\H #dT+{eT $jTudsYs& >] e{#qT.
XyT +&j e#> $jT udsYs&>sT u+>TSsT yde q qk$T
+<TeT |[ ]|+#XsT. XyT |[ 1983 qe+sY 17e~ eTTVAs+ XjT
yT+~. yTT<{ XuK rdT= Hq, XyT H{ eTTKeT+ sese>] *d
|[V +#+. sese>sT, XyT! qTe ybsd++<yTq sY #~yy. H MT
Hq>s+f m+ n_eqy $jTudsYs &> sH n+ n_eq+. |dT + ysT +<+
eT+>eHsT. sw+ HqT eTTKeT+> eHqT. qTe @<H eT+ +&d d\
#dT=+f e <] dVjT+ +T+~ nHsT. d\V XyT q#<T.
$jTudsYs&>sT es\ e nusTT |[ V<su< |Tq+> ]|+#sT.
|[ sw+ sjTHjT\ bT, CrjTksTT HjT\T L& nHeT+~ e
e<esT\qT os~+#sT. mH.{.sese >sT drdyT+> e e q+ <+
b\T|+#THsT.
s HqT H\T>sE eT<dT |< mTq ]d|H @sT #XqT. se
$jTudsYs& >] +<T$TT\T, sjTHjT\T, e $jT+&T q\|s&
#+<XKsYs&>] T+ duT\T, e +<T$TT\T, #\q |]XeT |eTTKT\T,
$T H&T sjTHjT\T # eT+~ VsjsT. HqT s e |[
rdb $<+> s V+ n+<] eTqq\+<THqT. <+ e eTT>TZsT |\\ |[
u< r]bsTT+<q q+<+ bT n+<] eT+ d++<\T ~sjTq | e
<+|T\ *+~. e nusTT <sT &|\\T. |<esTT |sT B|. s+&e nesTT
yT. <s >TD>Dq $<T<Tq XyTqT rdbsT.

|{ d+V+ sD+
sE e>T+ dTs$Ts& >sT H e< e |dT+ <+& s$Ts& &ssY>
eT+ |sT eH&T. Hq e{& MT= |sY #d+<T |kqT. neds yTq
|T& L& e& +& HH kqT n #bsT.
y] bV+ |{ d+V+ bs+_+#qT. <+& s$Ts& <s&T. #e]
d+^+. <<q+, d+uwD\T |sT#] <sY, $.jTdt.sY.k$T #j >V&T. w
<HjT&T. Xs<, jTdT<, s<, >ZjT, ds++, dHsjTD, ew,
#\|se yTT<q ysT s >D+. |sY b\ y] >sT sXsT.
&>T\T @sEsE sd n+~+#sT |sT#] <sY. sD sV&T> e
ueeT]~ seTDs& @s #dTH&T. n+<] dV s+ + wO{+> ]seT+>
]| sTek |P] #XqT. s ]]+> s>eTT+< |sT#] k<sT\T,
<+&s$Ts& *d #XsT. |sT #] >b\w HsT > H e< e ms+ &Ty s> d
s&>s! MT eTVsX |{+~. + ]]+> +& ]C #dH d\sYp; >s+{
nH&T.
eTs&T Hq, m&sY es+& *d |sY #X+. |sY f >, |sYbyTH|s+>

:: 63 ::

m+ >=|> eH f{ HjT+ s>< e|++~. >b\ wqT |* |sY

>=|> e+~. |{ d+V+ nq |sT HjT+ s>< #bqT.
<+ >b\w, <+& s$Ts& s+~. s HqT |{MsT\ #]qT
e]d e+X+ |{q y& H{ < HjT&q ns+ e# Ts < sXqT.
| sY bs+u+ ]dT s+>H< MT< < r]+#+. n+<T <+&s$Ts& nsTTw+ >H
bZH&T. sD+ m & <T&T<Ts=H + $&T<\j ~jT+> qsT
sE\T q&+~. n~ HqT yTT<{k]> 1985 d|+sT 18e ~ sT|uTq
$je+. m<TsT#& $jT+ m<eTT+ y* eqe&+ |\+b&,
m<TsT#d, #d n\dbsTTq e @ e+ $jT+ \_+H n+ |~sT b+
b&T. n+{ q+< H+ ~+q q{qT\qT, k+ | DT\qT, jT{
duT\qT |Tq+> d ]+#\qTHqT. eeT\T> de $jy n+<]
yTyTT+{\qT VQ]ksT. Hq+<T _q+> ns sH\ ]+#\qTHqT.
s +&T sE n_e+<q+ nq |sT |d + sb+~+#qT. + q{qT\,
k+ | DT\, |+|D<sT\, |<sqX \\ y], |k<| udt y],
q, |< nq & +& | ] e n<+ |&T y&q e y&+&
= ] = |J b+<T|]#qT. $\{ |{\T {+ | ] n+~+#
@sT#XqT.
$je du &.$.jTdt. sE>sT n< eV+#sT. &sY d.HsjTDs&>sT
n_e+<q+ |d $w]+#sT. <d] HsjTDse>sT bs+u|Hd+ #XsT.
+<T {.dTs$Ts& >sT $wn~> $#d du |sD> sT. y&T
H #\q J$ eT{jT eq+> *bsTT+~. e>T+ dTs$Ts& >] ##\e
e\q + H |< uyTT+~.
1985e d+es+ KsT q&+ qT+& \T>T nqTe~+ q & &sY =HqT.
n+<T < HjT&T $we sH ( H>sV y Vs). HsTT dTVd. & &s Y q +<\
meH, V<s u< $jTe++> qsT sE &+~. +<+H H
|T&, KsT\T e>s\bqT dTesT \sbjT\T <jT yTT+~.
q+<+ V<su< s&+s+> X~Hey&T ] bqT. esTd> |{
d+V+, & &sY $jTe+yTq \T> H U eT|&sTT.
|{ d+V+ sD+ e+&>H HqT |<\jT d+d ]+ q 70 myT.myT.|sY
d+Vdq+ H\sT s { =HqT. n|&T H\sT qs f 70 myT.myT. ~jT sY.
~jT sY bs+ue+ H < s+H ]+~. n+<T e\q d+Vdq+ n& ysTTkq
w e{#qT. qs b| sTTsY HsH s & L& d+Vdq+ q ~jT sYH ykq
VMT #&T. =sE\ s &&sYqT H e eyTH #|+&
ns+s+ > rdyX &T. <+ HqT \#+ <qT. HqT n e< [ b<j
T |&& + w+
wq eqT m \uT y\q #q|&qT. d+> *d e>T+
dTs$Ts&>sT H e< e MTsT d+Vdq+ |sY d+ HsHs& e<T.
HH |sY $&T<\ eTT+< e s+>eTV ~jTsY |&>={ qs +f rdb $<+>
H\sT 70 myT.myT. ~jTsY {+kqHsT.
n|{ d+Vdq+ $&T<\ H\T>T ek ee~e+~. =~ \+ eq ~jT sYqT

:: 64 ::

|& ={ = ~jT sY ]+#&+ k< e! n HqT d+<V +#qT. dTs$Ts& >s $wjT +
H=~*|+&. $&T<\ ys+ eTT+< ~jTsY sD+ |P]#kq #| ] H\sT
y[ s+>eTVqT |& >={ skH qT+& e+<~eT+~ essYqT |*|+ s+e
n&e+&, nqe|s+ nsq 70myT.myT. sD+ |P]#d H |sTe \u{sT.
H | dTs$T s &> ] >\ |e_eH\ >TsT> H\sT nsq70myT.myT. ~jT sY
|{ $T* e+~.
s + z |eT <. ds<eTH uq <HjT&T (d]yH\ Vs), <HsTT
s~, <s&T so. + me u>+ yC>, |]ds b+ r ]+#+. so
n+eTT+<T s+&T \ <s+ eV+H n$ $jTe++ <T. H e <]
dVqT+< Z <s u< n|+#qT. so VQeTTK |CX*.
d+^+q, kV+q n+<ydq #sTT. nsTTH H <Ts<w+ n |u |>Z+
yd+~. + 1987 qe] 30q $&T<+~. |*+ sTV u]+.
de |]XeT HqH d+e s\TH me\T ]+# bjqT. sD+ kY
+&jT H | nkdjT wH sesdZ u T &>, <D us #\q s#s TT\ d+| < &T>,
\T>T | b& dsY n<&T>, |q>sY `|s{y Vd+> kd{ n<
&T> nH u<\T sV+# e\dse&+.

k>sY |]#jT+
HqT de sD+ m+ _J> eH eT<dT |eTTK \T>T k+d d+d
k>sY se\ s# VsjTyD.
d+d n|{ msTT]+&j qs yTHsY &.jTdt.*+>+>sT, m+.m.dTuqT>sT
n< s<sT \T> +&ysT. <s= sE H e< e eT<dT jsjT
\T>T \qT $&T<\ eTT+<T e duT\d+ c ydT=H+ <T |+#eT
ssT.
n > | k q T. + > e& + k< +< T . MTs T | | sY
ysTTsbjT*kq+f HqT e{& # @sT #k qHqT. y+<T
n+^]+#sT. n+<Te\q k>sY duT\ d+K >DjT+> |]+~. <jT+
L& =+ |]+~. s = sE\ d+|T duT \+<s *d k>sY qqT
n<&T> mqTHsT. s<]> dTuqT>s =qk>sT.
dTuqT q eTTdy T H \T>T uw MT< >{ |Tqy&T. dy ue+ n |T n_q
>TD+. k>sY duT\ d+ ys+ ys+ yd de\ bT Ts<\T, H\T,
qs|\T yTT<q |<sqsT #d js+>\ $w de\+~+q |eTTKT\qT
d]+#k>+. #\q \ XK\ #+~q sy eT&T nysT \qT | d+es+
d+d y]e d+<s+> e&+ bs+_+#+. m+| e duT\ sVd u{
<s ]>~. sD+> k>sY nysT\ nqVyTq >T]+| e+~. nsTTH
=H sTy sD+s\ e\q nysT\T |yX+. sE $*y+ @]j
oq<TsZ \T>T VjTsY d+& d |P]b q&|&T e+&~. sE d
y]y qqT eTTKn~> V+#sT. H bT sV\T dTuqT L&

:: 65 ::

e#&T. eT<dT eTVq>s+ q\uX + \T>TyH bsX \ n+ <Td e+&&+

e u< *+~.
k>sY s| q bsX \qT < rdTH+. =+<sT <\ dV jT+q, k>sY
d]+q <T\q s+& bsX\ n<THq d<Tbj\ qq ueq
deTT<j ]+#+. | eT&T H\\=k] $<sT\ deyX+ ]| #<Te |
y X<d\qT |+b+<#X+. me] ys jTeTTH rsT> eq b<jTT\qT
se sVD *d T> |#d $<+ > esT #+. e\+ s +& eq esT
$<sT\ *<+&T\T m+ d+w+#sT.

du\ ` deyX\T
n|{ eT<dT us n eTs= k+d d+d e+&~. < |sH
VjT>sT eT<dT +<T\ s|q y] |Tq+> d]+#\qTHsT. sese>]
d#q yTs du n< eV+#eT qqT ssT.
;#Ys& d+#V du nVd+> bs+uyT+~. n~ # dT$X\yTq V\T.
H dT L& U<T. y~ MT< VjT>sT k>|Hd+ #XsT. s
du < &T> HqT e{&*. eTT+<T> du qeTd]+ H |Hd+ bs+_+#qT.
sese>sT us< X + >]+#<> Z sT&T. jTq nH bsD, k+|T , Cq|<,
#] \ q{+, q H k{ n s|+#THsT. y] >T]+ *jT
ysT du ssT. y du n<&T> H |sT m+<T d+#s ns+
e&+<T n Hqq>H sese >s+<T=, $> MT os<+ dyT VjT>]
MT |sT d+#qHsT. os<+ =s q#f |jksT. MTsT @ =s
ysT. nT dsdr {+, T \ {+ |w\+> eq sT\T. n+<Te\q
B$kq+..
|TqyD seTD dyT eT sTD yTbsT
qTy Byq => |&T @eT]+T j>yT
nqjTeTTH =qk>T >! n HHodT\+~+#<H
#qT y=|H qs! >=qTeT d+w \eTTqH!
nq |<+ #~yqT. HqT |<+ yTT<\T |>H sese >sT + \e+
\THsT. |<+ e] nqT+& H #sTT jTq sdT| #]+~. nsTTH jTq
n> \THsT. V\+ HysY nq H<+ <<] *+~. HqT #| +< #| &+ w+ . .
o D |s+|suT<jT ko\+T qyT
| ueTT\qT \TZ+ C ] <TT
b+ CjTT <jTyT, |jT yd+> eTTT+>yT
q+> eTT> dKT&! eTT deTT>H! nHqT.
( |< \T>TC Wq e ||+#eT+ #f<Te > n ns+).
n< |s+ sese >sT \T>T<X+ b k|+ +<T\ >sy ||+#+
q\TeT\ #{q $wjT+ n+<] \TdT.

:: 66 ::

||] HsjTD#sT\ y] ds+

sE sT seT$dt du sV\T H e< e yTeTT dsdr| ||]
HsjTD#sT\ y] d ]+#\qT=H+. MTs deyX n< eV+#\ ssT.
||] ysT |<VsT uw\qT Wbdq |{q eTV$. y] MT< Hq >se+ =B
sT yqT. du ||] y] w>D+q, |sqT\q +& e+~. qysTTr
|s+ du<&T> HqT eTT+<T e{&T...
m& ||] $? m& H~ H s>
<q >seeTqT <eTT eq H]q+
#s q rjTq>T # qTZ
nsrs b&<qT eTVT b+&r |uH!
nq |<+ dT+#qT. du q |sT kV s<\T e&+ e\q |<+
n+<] |X+d\qT n+<Tq~. n ns>+ d| seT$d du Wq, ||] y]
|uby\qT $Xwd e{&qT.
s ||]ysT s+q e+&e+ |sq+ bs+u yT+~. e+&e+ ysT
djT+> >q+#dT+&> HqT #&&+ n< yTT<{k]. ysT ejTdT$T+q V+
\jT<+> e>q+ #de+f k |seTe&T +&ee&T TqT> HqT
|se+#qT. ds seT+ eTTk ||] ysT e{&T qT X~ >+<\T
s+H q <e\dq U <<, d+ Cq|s nysT L& s< u<|&sT.
y+H HqT #sT\ ys! MT |u nysT\ryTq~. MT Cq|snysT sq+<T
MT+f me> +<<X+ kV_eqT\+<s+ u<|&+.
@ $H bs\ n_eq+ H nysT\T >=|$ e. n<w+ MT \_++~.
eTsDq+s+ L& MTsT |]\ V<j\ dJe+> e+{s de<q |]#qT.
||] ysT eTsD+# y] w>DeT+ *d b<TsT H #T\MT<T>
dsdr|T $>V$wsD #sTT+#sT. n~ H b*{ es+> u$+#qT.

uqTeT >] dHq+

dT|d< q{eTD uqTeT >] |<o |sks+ e]+q d+<s+> k>sY s|q
ds du @sT #k+. $wjT+ | #~$ H* qT+& <DeT] nH &sT
\y sd] e +{=#&T. s+ HH eH&T. kjT++ H bT du =#&T.
yT+ V n&T>T |fd ] &{]jT+ k>sY duT \q, uqTeT>] n_eqT\q,
#\q |eTTKT\q +& e+~.
+ uqTeT>sT e#sT. yTqT d>se+> y~ MT<V+#&T dTuqT. HqT,
uqTeT>sT | | H LsTH+. dTuqT k>|Hd+ X>sY Xj \qT sVdTq
se\qT $e]+#&T.
HqT H n<|Hd+ # eT+~ |<o n\+s+. uqTeT >sT |<o
n\+s+. y] d]+#&+ k>sY n\+s+. ]dq |\T H{ du
n\+s+ nHqT. du #| es+~. s uqTeT>s! q{>, s#sTT>,

:: 67 ::

s>, d&j n~H>, <ss*> VQb_ qjT+ #dq $<TweTD MTsT. MT

d+d s|q ]+q n \ DeTT\T. HqT MTsT q{+q + $&T<\ sE
e }sT qT+& H\sT d MT< y[ yTT< #dyD. MTs sese>sT
+> q{+q eTX] + \T>T #\q |]XeT eT{jTeq+. H bT
MTsH, MT qqH |&## Ms_e eTs=&TH&T |sT <DeT]. H* &sY>
e+TH&T.
MTsE ds+ n | #~$ s\T T= e +{ y&T. n&T> eTT+<T
esTdH Ls= eH&T. jTq H *d sT e# |&T s&>s MTsT uqTeT
>] MT< |<+ sjTL&< n n&>&T. HL sj\H +~. e <]
ejTdT nsy <{+~. ejTdT yT MT< sjT&+ dT> +T+<! nHqT.
y+H uqTeT>s+<T= $ ejTdT |HeTT+~ s&>s. MT]|&T X
e> #b#T> |<+ nHsT. HqT |< eTT+<T b<+>...
uqTeT>s! MTsT b& sTT\ b +T+ <+{sT d+^|jTT\T. HqT y
@u$+#qT, m+<Te\+{s! sTT\ eT eyT b&TT+~. MTs <T.
MT+s+ X #dq MD. m|&T MT{H neT+ e]dT+~. n+<T...
Tq|&T L& rjT+<H\qT
>\>\ e]+#T >eTT ~
<Ts L& eTT<& eqq
+ s+#T qT\T $
N{ L& d>dT+<syTq
$Td$Td y<\T yTqT ~
&T<TKeTTq L& HC_*
|jTweTTqT +<T |<$ ~
n+jT | nDTe q+<T
~$T #T+_+# qTd>=\T dsT\T >\e
eTT esTT+| eqq \+|
|<eT kbqeq+< |seX!
n+ |<+ eTT+#qT. |<+ $ d<dT+ b+bjs uqTeT>s++f
me b+ bjsT. s ds seT+ n|Ps+> ]+~. uqTeT>sT nqsZ + >
e{&+ bT H deTjT d] |X+d\ eTT+#sT. HqT |<+ X+>s+
b\T my+ <y q d+<V +#qT. uqTeT>] |X+ d s H d+<V + d+w+>
e]+~.

sT H>jT>] ds+
HqT >&sT eq sE _eqTq =+<sT $TT\+ *d d+dr dyTq+
nH d+dq T k|+ #+. < &s Y dT+s seT#+<se>sT n< &T>, HqT b< &T>
e+& y+. | d+es+ dyTq+ s|q swksTT H b{\T ys+ sE\T
sV+# y+. dbV+ e] sEq b{ >\Tb+~q q{ qT\qT, s#sTT\qT,

:: 68 ::

<s\qT q><T VQeT d]+# y+.

HqT eT<dT eT+ e]q s L& qysTTr =qk>TH e+~.
d+es+ dyTq+ s|q <sT duT\T H e< e#sT. d+es+ s+>d\
q{qT\ bT de |]XeT s|q VsqT, <sD, d+^ <sD,
sqT d]+#\qTH+. q\T>TsT mes u>T+T+< #|+& ksY nHsT.
HqT q\T>Ts s eT]+ eT+< ] H>jT >] |sT d+#qT.
H>jT >]|&T >eTseTT+~ ksY nHsT y. eTq+ d]+#~ qT >eTsTqT
<T. |]XeT H>jT >sT |dT + yqT& +&e#T. | &T qT&T>, <s &T>,
d+^<s&T>, s> ns k<yTq |sT >&+#sT nq>H ds MT weTHsT.
s eTT>TZs+ *d H>jT>]+{ y+. H #q y] #|>H qqT |{+#T
y s sE MT #q se&+ H n<w+ nHsT. <s+ *d dbV+
e] sEq >&sT y+. n~ sTjT\T y~ MT< ]> du. b+>DeT+ n|{
&T e+~. H n<|Hd+ |<\ bs+u yT+~. HqT H>jT>]
d+u~d . ..
m+<sT sT yT{qT seT+<~ jTT+<T #H dT+<s
eT+<Vd sT X_T $TeTT >+q+, q+<eTT
&+<eT+<T_ qeT &T >seeTT e+<q
e#]+| | y] #T\T #T BB!
#\q >T n\T|sT>
eTTKeT |XK\ eTT|<+&T
=eT#T&q sy&!
&T MTe+{ yTTq>&T &T &T!
y<kseTT y\~ b<eTT\+<T
+~+|Cdq d<T&=&T!
y \Tq y>$ T
sT T&q |T{&=&T!
q >q \V] qdeTVeTTH\
eTT+ *q |DeT] jTT&T!
nujT MTjT n&T>q <
q seTTq&q nq|T&=&T!
n{ yeTq, bq, >sE
seT<dTqT eTs\ u$T|q
s|q MTs#T <$+
HsT e <qT ysT sT!
nq>H H>jT>sT e{ |\TL +& n# q+> qT+& +<|&sT. n
m+<T |&s *jT n+<s+ +>sT |&+. y+H HqT y] yT\> | ]
Ls|{ n<Ts> H>jT >s! @yT+~ MT n&>qT. jTq &&TTq >=+T
@MT <T eTVqTuy! H >jT + $&T<q d+<s+> yTdsT eTVsC ysT
qqT V+ || fqT>T MT< |sM<T }s+ du eT+~s+ djT+> H b<\T

:: 69 ::

& { rs|k <+> d$+q|&T qqT HqT eT]bsTT n#q+> +<|&qT.

|&T MT |<\T $q>H n< d qH e]+ H qqT #]s+ #d+~ nHsT
H>jT>sT. d<dT\ q+<Xe\ +&bjsTT.
s ds seT+ @ sT& s>q+ |Tq+> ]b+. H>jT>] eTTK+
q+<se yT+ ~. Hq+<T H>jT >] |sTqT d+#H sV\ sy T + ~. H>jT >sT
H |<\qT eTT~+ |+ {+ |&>~ |~\|s#THsT. H $+ qj
\jT+ =\Tyq+<T HqT eTV<q+<+ #+<qT.

H q #]syTq $ dyTq+
us n<\T VjT>sT eT<dT d ksTTuu D eT+&|+ $
ke{ $XH< dHsjTD>] n<q |<jTTq $ dyTq+ @sT #XsT.
n+<T dT|d<Tq dTesT eTT|eT+~ e\T bZHsT. VjT>] H | >\
n_eq+ =B qq&+&H Vq | H |sT yXsT. du<\T> $XH< y]
|sT #&>H H $T&$T& Cq+ >&>&&+~. ysT n<|Hd+ #d y~ ~ m<TsT>
yTT<{ esTd LsTHsT. y~ MT<Tq e\+<s Vq | esTd eT+
|s+ eT eT $* $|+#sT. s du sV\T H |sT |{+#sT.
m<TsT> $XH< ysTHsT. H qeTks+ eTT+<T> y]]d..
e+<qeTT $XH<
e+<q yTq y] y>sDH
e+<qeTT \T>T yD
n+<\ yT+q{ #sTqH!
H{ dyTqeTT k{e\
q+<sqT |sT |sTq n_qT+
du \e+ e+<q XeTTd
\|+#< = |<eTT\ |&T
HH= yT ed H]q $<jTT n+eyT
qqT Xs< eTD nq C] yTTy $
CqeTT |q* $> =qk>TeTT eT+eTT>eT
qT&s kjT>yT eseT #Byq!
eTVe odT\qeseTT
qqT q&|+# >\eq qeTeTTq
\eTT H eT $\*
d+|TeTTq |sT e&d dV$>!
>DH<T seTT |DsE |&>
s#\qeTT #jTT \eTT H~
$TH{ n\\ yT|T >sq\
\d >qeTT #jTT >eTT H~
nesq\qT eesZeTT\qT
\Bd y*yjTT \eTT H~

:: 70 ::

eT& $Xk\T eTs d<+\T

eT~q Cs eTeTT H~
esyT<q @ <X ydTq
d\ eqef CjTq
|seT <syT >eTeT uq
q& k+#T $Xeqe& HqT!
nq>H $XH< ys+<T= m&THej eTV$!
H H+ |&+&. @yTH+ #\+ s $
dyT q+ $ L& bZH& TTEe #Xy! BsjT TcH
ue! n #jT os ~+#sT. y] |X+d H $ <q dsusD+.

eTTKeT+T\ H nqT+<+
n~ 1953e d+es+. b{ oseTT\ y] sD eT\+> +< |\T_q
>V C\\ Z +< |uT+ +<sw+ @sT n+^ ]++~. skH
V sT eJ |< q HjTeT] dd t y+# MTwHq T jT$T+ n n+X\qT |]o*+,
y~ deT]+#e\d+~> ]+~. y~ <s+> 1953 nsT 1e Bq
s \T s<> +<s w+ @s&+~. H{ Xdq du n~ d+U\T d+Jes&> ]
nqTjjTT\T. n+<T e\q qT eTTKeT+ y\ jTq +#sT. |<
|+&{ eVsY HVA C+CdT= e\dq+ u$wT e+~. |X+
|+T\T>] eT& eT<dT sw+ nHjT+ ]+~. T rs&+ d+ jT
eTTKeT+ #d qTe | eTTK eT+> +&eT #bsT.
n< |s+ |X+ |+T\T>sT +<s c =* eTTKeT+ njsT. d+Jes&> sT
|eTTKeT+ njsT. qd+ Xdqdu du e<T\Tq n<] \s$Ts&>]
d+Jes&>sT sdu m #sTT+#sT.
|X+ |+T\T>sT yTT<{ #s > sT| o y+fX s $X$<\j H\=sT.
s +<+ qT+& m+{ dV jT+ n+<b sTTH cq~ |q usC ]+ sc_e ~
s#u yXsT. >T+ sT VsT H\=*q |Tq L& |X+>]<. eTV>+B
XjT+ yTs eT<bq w<#{ |yX|{\ d+*+#sT. d+\+ ss|+
<\eTT+< ks|sTq sjT HjT\T n$Xd rsq+ <s |uT |<eT&T
H\\ L\<XsT. |sekq+> +<+ sw| b\q $~++~.
n< deTjT+ n\ us +>dt eTV du\T eT<dT q>s+ e& ]>sTT.
HqT H\sT +>dt sesZ duT&T> eTVdu\ yqT. <X+ +>dt
HjT\+ VsjsT. eT&T sE\bT ]q du <X+ m<Ts=+Tq nH
deTd\ MT< #s\T ]>sTT. kw*dT de sD n& |H~ |&+~. e] sE
ksw ydjTq <sYqT n\ us +>dt n<&T> mqTHsT.
n|{ sw| b\q =qk>TH eH +<+ eT&T H\\ eTT+<T >H eT<+s
m\T |{++~. <sY HjT+ 1954e d+es+ es m\ |#s+
H\sT >&sT |D+ bs+uyT+~. n|{ >&sT eTdT\ +#T>

:: 71 ::

e+&~. du n~ d+K Vsq eTw\ T ~${\T # { +>dt es+>

H<\T #d n&T>&T>TH <sY |d+> n&T >T\T du \+ dw+ #sT.
bdT \ eTdT\qT y]+#\+f y eT]+ sbs u$+q
@.d.dTus&>sT qqT y~H |<\ y] ns# n&T yjTeT ssT.
n|{ +>dt |sT #| H qs\T b+>$. H yX+ \T +#T=H~. HqT
yT+<T= ns+s+> m+<T=#j $e]+#&+ bT, +>dt b
>*|+#e\dq neds <{d dTesT eTT| |<\T Xe> #bqT. H |<
|yV+ k>TTq+d| eTdT\T Xw \THsT. s HH |<\qT se+
nH |sT \ |\T eTT~+ n \ +>dt |#s+ d+ |+bqT.
s sw +>dt n<&T> eq uy& >bs& >] H + m\T
]>sTT. m +>dt b |Tq $jT+ k~++~. >bs&>sT eTTKeT+
njsT. \+ d+Jes& >sT |eTTKeT+ njsT. n|&jTq $<TY Bb\
bs+uy y+] e#sT. d+<s+> y+] |<sCysT n<q
V+&yTq du ]+~. du +>dt HjT\+ e#sT.
d+Jes&>sT d#Y H #d $<TY Bb\qT y*+#sT. s ysT e{&T |{
es y+] |D+ N{ =T$T{&T e+&~. |&T |C |uT+ eT\+>
+{+{ $<TY Bb\T y*XsTT. |D |\ eTTU k]> q+<+ y*$ ]d+~
nHsT.
y~ MT<Tq n+<s e{&q s es HqT HjT\+<] qeTks\T *
d+Jes& >s!
|\ &>+&T b\ esZeTTq
$q$+# jTTq# mq&
rsue eT~H+ \T#T+{
q&T> +&q |TH neTjTq!
MTH=q eq k{
y\T>T #LsT B|eTT *>q+#T
eTT]d be#T y+] ydT
\T+& Bq H= eT\ ~ *
| | X |]&$\
Cdqfq ;&q #\ jT+<T
|d& |+&+T, H|& b|jT+#T
qusTTq yeTTq qTq n&
u] >TDX*jT |] sT
n $q| eTX< H\+
$<T# |\
<+eTT bCd nT* H
$<T# deT+>T
d<XeTTqT >+#TeTjT kVd es!

:: 72 ::

q~ |w sT\ ]\+T |*<Tq>

q~ X ]\< =+&\T |+& djT>
q~ +s+= |jTT| keT de+|
qyTq &eTT H={ T&+#T y&<H!
|seT <TsX# |\ u<sT+> \+#>=+&T
es&T <Tw T\qTys jTTq] |<\H
seTqT s MTs n~sT\ <|& qT+& uee
|seT <j skeT $e] T& >+~w&!
nq |<+ eTT+#qT. d<dT\ Vs<H\T $Tq+{sTT. H |<+ |\T MT<
m+ |>&yTq eTT<ydT+< |+> #dq d+Jes& >] H{ qT+& H MT<
n_eq+ eT]+ |]+~.eTTKeT+> >b s&>]ee\dq >se $TdH y]
nqTeT d+Jes& >sT H>sTqk>sY sD os+ #T{sT. 1955 &d+sT
10e ~ H{ |< HVA >sT eqe ] k>s X+k|q #jT&+
#] |T+. eTVe+ HqT bZq&+ H n<w+.
>bs &> ] eT+ es+Z 1955 e] qT+& 1956 nsT 31e ~ es =qk+~.
s +<T \+<s >=&T>T +< +&\q d+\+ \+>D *| V <su<
s<> +<|<X sw+ @s&+~. => @s&q sc eTTKeT+ |<$ d+
d+Jes&>sT, >bs&>sT b{|&sT. n~X+ XdqduT\T d+Jes&>]
\|s#&+ e\q 1956 qe+sT 1e~ ysT +<|<X eTTK eT+> |<M u<\T
d]+#sT. >bs&>sT ] eT+ |<$ #|{sT.
sE HjT\T sjT+> eT eT m u<_bjT\TH, |CuT<jT+
d+ m \d yT\d |#d ys eTq+ ns+ #dTe#T. dT Vq+<s&>]
d+Jes&>sT q eT+ esZ+ #sT= jTq sjT u$wT |H~ yXsT.
sj neds { $TT\T XTe\T>qT, XTe\T $TT\T> esTT+{sT.
d+Jes&> sT, V q+<s &> sT =H rjT $TT\T>qT, =H < XTe\T>qT
e]q d+> sVdyT+ <T.
d+Jes&>sT Vj+ |]$T d+K eT+ esZ @sT #d n+<] q
n<Tb e+#THsT. y] Vj+H #s mH..s+> eekjT $X$<\jT+
bT oX\+, b#+b&T, e+X<s yTT<q Xj\T |sT&TudTHsTT.
1960 u+>TSsT ]q n\us +>dt eTVdu d+Jes&>] CrjT
+>dt n<&T> mqT =HsT. e s+&T |<e\T sV+#&+ dT <
eTTKeT+ |<$ sJHe #d d+Jes& >sT m..d.d n<\T> & ysT.
s eTTKeT+ |<$ n\] d HsjTDsE >sT, m.d.dTus&> sT b{&sT .
b{ y ]+#&+ d+ +<+ <y<s+ d+JejT>] 1960 qe] 11q eTTKeT+
u<\T n|++~. d+JejT>sT ejTdT q y&H nuT<jT uy\T \ <[
HjT&T. \T>T kV D+> n< jTq+ #dq y&T. jTq Vj+H u d+dsD\T
# <+ > neT\T|s sT\\ ms\T u $T |<\ |+|{sT . n|{ es $&$&>
eq V<su< d+<u< q>sb\ d+d\qT $q+ #d >sY V<su<qT
@sT#XsT. \ | d+JejT>] >\ n_eq+ =B sw+ \* n&MT

:: 73 ::

k|+#sT. jTq eTTKeT+> eq~ e\+ s+&T d+es\ s+&T H\H eT+
|]b\H<&T> |sT #THsT.
1962e d+es+ d+Jes&>sT ] +<|<X eTTKeT+ njsT. n|&T
q eT+ esZ+ s nqT#sT\ bT m.d.dTus& >], n<] \s$Ts&>]
kq+ *+#sT.
1964 |e] |uT+ s\T dTsqT CrjT+ #jT& dT|+sT
||{+~. |DT\ $T{ y~ |s+ eTT+<T> H\sT, sT, &| \
sqT CrjT+ #dq sH s\T #j*. |uT sjT+ n+<T $sT<+>
q< dT|+sT rsT #|+~. dsq HjTkq+ rsTqT skeV+ d+Jes&>sT
D+ eTTKeT+ |<$ sJHe #XsT. d+Jes&>] HqT >eT+q dT>TD\T
s+&T 1.>o\+. 2. <H| be&+. s 1964 |e] 29 qT+& dT Vq+<
s &> sT @< {> @&T d+es\T eTTKeT+ |<$ #|{ deTs e++> sV+#sT.
sw+ |]Xe_e~ mq w #XsT. d+<u< +<+> <D eT< s CH
@sT #sTT+q |Tq L& y]<. jTq eTTKeT+> +&>H H{ |<qeT+
+~s>+B sw| |<$ \+ d+Jes&>] |sTqT |b~++~. s
d+Jes&>] $u~+ jTq b{> $.$.] >] \u{ +>dtb duT\ $|t
C #jT+& n+s |u<+ |s+ zfjTeT bV++~. |*+>
d+Jes&>sT z&bjsT. ys *d HqT usTq $\|+#qT.
s eTTKeT+ nsTTq |.$.qsd+Vse>sT sw+ ud+dsD\ #{
|yX|f+<T >{> |jT+#sT. sD+> & ukeTT\T n+ *d jTq
|<$ qT+& ~be\dq |]d *+#sT. n+<Te\q qsd+Vse>sT eTTKeT+>
d+es+ eT&T H\\T eyT =qk>sT.
s 1973 &d+sT 10e B \>+ y+> se>sT eTTKeT+ njsT. jTq
Vj+H es u+ qT+& n| rdT= e H>sTq k>s,Y oX\ + bC sD\qT
|P] #XsT. V <su<T $ msT> yTT<{ ||+ # \T>T eTVdu\ T ]|+#sT.
n> sw+ +BjT $X$<\j H\=sT. |&Tq yT(C+ Hd{
|t yT& dHdt) Vd L& jTq Vj+ s| ~<T=q<.
\>+ y+>se>sT eTTKeT+> +&> ]q qs m &sY \+
d+Jes&> sT q+<\ qT+& qb s| q > *q @ nu ]> du mj sT.
+<+ qb n~y T q yTC > * |uT + @sT #d+ ~. |uT + d+Jes&
>] du ds>Y m #d+ ~. d+Jes&> sT dsY |<$ n deTse ++> sV+
n b\ eTqq\+<THsT. s q |uTyT y] sw|> m #d+~.
ys *jT>H HqT HsT> y] bH #XqT. ysT H s>H
us<~ qTT+> u+>dsD
+ #T +< s+> eT~>=
b+>T#Tq~ H&T MT u] $jT
u] seeTTq Vs{ Bs #]!
n H q+<+ e+ #XqT. s =~ sE\ <Ts< we X y] qsY k+~.
+< |uT+ d+Jes&>] Xd $T+ nyT] y+<T nedsyTq @s

:: 74 ::

#d+~. d+<s+> d+Jes& >sT y] dreTD H>seT>sT 1977 d|+sT

eT<dT e sueH $&~ #XsT. eTs&T d+Jes&>sT H bH #d ~q+
s m$T~ >+\ eT<dT =+<sT rjTT\ &q]dTH qT. qTe T+dyT +>
sy\HsT. n< |s+ HqT, H oeT y+.
sCue H esD+ dTesT nsy &u eT+~ &qssT #XsT s &> sT. d+Jes&> ]
<+|T \T, HqT, H us fT e< Ls= u+ #X+. uH\T |Psj
d+Jes&> sT
myTdt H qsY kq $wjT+ \TdT. |swH $T+ HqT, H oeT, e
nusTT dTBsY s& nyT] yH+. HqT <X<&T> yHqT { n& y<
|DT\T |swH ddt njT+<T Xe+#q +& w #ksT. nsTTH nyT]
y eTT+<T k] MT os<+ rdTy\qTHqT. + eTT+<T L& qTe qH=k]
B$+#e. Byq H J$ = eT\T| |+~. n+<T eTs=k] Byq sT
THqHsT. y+H HqT..
bjT B# sT bjTeTT qT+&jTT <X de
jTeTT q+$T&q >D #]T& Me q
<jTyT s! ~>T+<T VsTT> bsTTseTT, H
jTTe =+ &< H|qeTT\T yT#TqT>H!
m|&T H Byq >
|<T <s| [ |dT|H
|\T> sd, s>\
eTT|qT |+#T>] eTT<yTbsH!
n os~+#qT.
s s&>sT H us #&e H sw| |<$ XX+ <T. s+& b{
~>T<+ eTq nqT+< >TsT> nHsT. b{ |{ H e< |~\+> e+~.
s d+Jes&>] nyT] Xd $jTe++> ]+~. ysT nyT]
=H+& ] +&j ed sE \+&H >s. n&Tq usrjTT\+<s
*d @sT #dq dsdu H os< >T]+ |+> |k$+#s d+Je
s&>sT. d+> \+&H +^w b|dsY> e+Tq >{\ weT]>sT H bH
#d #bsT. e H jT C|\T.
s &sY eT] #Hs&>sT eTTKeT+ nj jTq ww|P] eTVy
n_eqT\+<s *d V<su< VQ<sY d&jT+ |Tq+> s V+#sT.
seT+ $jTe++ e& | |]XeT L& |P] dVs+ n+~++~. d&jT+
\~ |C+ +&bsTT+~.
qyV #d |\+q #Hs& >sT HqT +< |uT+ <j<D\
nsTTq eTTKeT+ <T. ~q+ n&T>&T>TH Vs<H\ C=&TTq MT n+<]
dV s+H eTTKeT+qjq + yX+ e{&sT. eT n&T>T\ eT&T>T
HjT\qT ns+s+> e]yjT&+ +>dt qysTTr. d+|<jT+ |syT 1980
nsT 11e ~ eTTKeT+> #Hs&>] =\+ y] kq+ {.n+jT>]
eTTKeT+ |s+ n| ++~ +<+.
n+jT>] +uC{ eT+ esZ+ #+<uT HjTT&T duT&T> eH&T. sE

:: 75 ::

mH.{. sese>sT qqT |* e nesTT uTeHX] #+<uTHjTT&

y\qT+THqT. |dT+ jTq eT+> eH&T. sjT+> eT]+ m~>
neXeTT+~. n+<T sj
T + rdTHqT. |[ $wjT + MTsT =+ u< rdTy*
nHsT. HH+ #j #|+&HqT. uT s|q sT qT+& y] nqT#sT\T
n~d+K eksT. y+<] ed ks\T @sT #jT&+ bT +<T$TT\
d+ <>Zs> e+& V |~><T\T ]sY #sTT+#+&HsT. sT qT+& e# y
u<qT e>T+ dTs$Ts&>] n|+#qT. +<T $TT\ u< HqT uTCq
ydTHqT. {q>sY X+ V |~ ><T\T ]sY #sTT+#qT. eTsTd{ s&T s
sese >] ksTT >ZT |[ n+>s+> yue+> ]+~.
s XyT V yTHsY s +&TsE\ _\T H e< |+|+#&T. _\T sese>]
##qT. H _& |[ n~ MTy{ nqT+& n H uT+ {sT. |< HH
#*+#qT. sT qT+& s*eq y~eT+~ _\+ e>T+ dTs$Ts& >sT
u]+#sT. s sese >sT sE qqT |* yT+ V<su< 20ms\T
u$T=H+. n+<T Hf+<T s+&Ty\ eT yTT\T y* MT }] eT+$
<=sTjT *d+~ nq>H n~ yT, |dT+ eTHsT e e< <T. me]e<HH
= |+|+#e\d+< nHqT. jTq y+H MT e< q|&T =q |<T>< nHsT.
HqT eT<dT qT+& e qeTT&T dTs$Ts& bH#d eTHsT eT+~ #d me]
e<HH s+&Ty\ yTT\T = C>> b #sTT+ <s V<su< rdT= y[
sese>] |< esT& n|C| seT #bqT.
y&T H e <q n< |s+ eT HsT rdT= V <su< sese>]
esT&T jTw e< y&T. nqT u&T>>, eTHsT K<T> |k eb>
MTs djT+> y[ H{+#* nH&. d+> eTT&T H bH #d #b&T.
HqT e &dsYqT n& &T rdT= u&T>, Hf+<T njT KsT\T #*+
||P] #d= s! s HsT =qT>\T dV yTT+ KsT m+sTT+~ H #|. HqT
sese >] q& rdT= #sTkqT nHqT.
y&T n< |s+ H{+ ] }] s>H n KsT\T *d H\T>Ty\ s+&Te+<\T
nsTT+< H CT sX&T. HqT CT sese>] ##qT. y+H jTq MT
eTT&>] @+ \TdT eT<] nqT+<+. b|+ |dy&T < n+ wO{+>
y[bj&T. #d~ H HqT qe=HqT.
s sE e>T+ dTs$Ts&>sT y] dreTD bseT e +{ e HqT
H\sT w, y], D nH |s eT&T ~jTsT {q $wjT+ MT \TdT.
n$ sD|s+> m+ >=|> eH {H eT\THsTT. n+<Te\q y{
mH.{.sese>] # bs+_d ~jTsY >eTsY |sT>TT+~. m>H ds jT
MTs |+#\HsT. sese>s|&T V<su< wO{+> eHsT. eTsTd{ ~q+
<s+ V<su< y[ jTqT *X+. HqT dTs$Ts&>] e <q \bH >
jTq |+{s <qq nqTeq+ qqT |&dH e+~. sese>sT qqT
#&>H s+& s&>sT nHsT. bjT+>....
HqT ksY! dTs$Ts&>sT H\sT # eT&T ~jTsT {sT. +|
bs+uy $TeT* V+#\ e#eTHqT. eTTVAs yT|&HsjTq. dT

:: 76 ::

s$Ts& >sT &T #bsT. sese>sT n> ekqT. @s |Tq+> e+&

#&+&HsT. yTeTT y] <qy<\T #| ] eT<dT #s+.
bs+uy ys+ sE\T eTT+< Vq |\T rdT= dTs$Ts&>sT H
e<=#sT. n+<T eTTKn~> H<TsTeT* HsHs&>] |sT yTT<T+~. n|&jTq
s yq eT+> eHsT. b{ |s+ HsH s &> ] |sT yTT<{ ysTT+#sT. <s +
y[ yTT<{ fwH sese>] <eTHsT dTs$Ts&>sT. fwH jT<
<+> sese>]d jTq |sT HsHs&>] |sT +< yXsq >V+ +
T yksHqT. eT]|&T @+ #<+ nHsjTq +<q>.
sese>] |sT yTT< yd |+> e+< fwqT ysTT+#+&. n$
sese>], |]XeT |<\ |+#T<eTHqT. eT+ d\V #sT. H >T+& <&
nD+~. s| <jH = fwH MT <>Zs =kq n< |syTT#sT.
yTT<{ fwH sese >] $T>e |]XeT eTTKT\ |+|D #X+.
bs+uy s+&T sE\ eTT+< HqT, dTuqT H\sT y[ ~jTs n\+sD >=|>
#sTT+#+. dTs$Ts&>sT y] k<sT\T s @sT #XsT. eTTVAs+ sE
<jT+ dTuqTqT ~jTs e< e+ Hq, dT s$Ts&>sT syq >dTVdt+.
n|{ uy& >b\s&>sT, >TqTb{ seT#+<s&>sT, yTqLsT >b\cs&>sT
>~ Ls= |#b{ e{&T+THsT.
yT+ eTT+<T> y] |\]+ sese>] s d+ m<TsT#d eTTK<s+ e<
\TH+. HsHs& >sT n+ eTT+<T s d>eT+ y&T d#d <jH
H\sT edTH s *d+~. jTq+f |~$Tc\ eTT+<T sese>sT > dTV dt=#sT.
Hq, dTs$Ts&>sT y] k<s+> V+#+. jTq |H eq >~ y[
eTTK+ &T+THsT.
>~ qT | eTses n&T>T|L&< <+ eHs HsHs&>sT.
jTq sT ~>TH H >~ eq<es >~+#sT. mH.{.sese>sT |& e#sT.
eTTK+ &T+THsT nHqT HqT.
n~ H d+ |+> @sT#dq >~. < |y+#& n >T+&\T
nHsjTq <+ }b.
jT ]q d+uwD+ sese>sT $HsT. H HsT$|<T. eTq+>H e
ssT. Hq, jTq sT +| e< jT\T<s+.
sese>] k>+ #|P {q uqsT H\sT {q+ +&eHsTT. HsHs&
>] |sT {q uqsT |]$T+> eHsTT. dTs$Ts&> sT <] deq+>H {+ H
mj sY n_eq d+|T + n< &T {.syT wts & | +> |<d + K sese>] |sT
uqsT {+#&T. HsHs& n$ #&>H |&>q beTT Td=&T +| e<
e#&T. sese >sT H\sT edTHs *d n_eqT\T sw+ q\TeT\\ qT+&
+&|+&\T> s*e#sT. +| s qT |H e+~. sese >sT sT
qT+& ~>>H mH.{.sY +<u< nq H<\T VssTT. <X s #dq
HsHs& >V+ \T +#T+~.
mH.{.sY ]H { #jT >H du < \T uy& >bs &> sT e{& eTT+< HsH s &
yT+<T= yTT&> H\T>T e\T e{& y~ ~ y[ bj&T. sese>sT

:: 77 ::

q dV <sD |qd+ e>T+ k<sT\qT n_q+~+#sT. s >bs&

>sT, HqT d+<s+> |d++ e>T+ k<sT\ _sT =j&+. seT+
12.30 $Tc\ eTTd+~.
dTs$Ts&>sT sese>] s d+<s+> e+< bf sTT+ y~ eT+~
\+#Y @sT #ksT. uH y+ nHHqT sese>].
ns<T. eT<dT y uq+, s+& nHsjTq eTTd]>. <s+ sT
jT\T<s+. eT<dT y + es |<$ $|+& sese>sT >+;s+ > LsTHsT.
+{ e< sT~>>H s| <jT+ <T >+\ \T<+ s&>sT nHsT. Hq>
yqT. ys|{ cjTs+>T d \T <]+ $yq+<T& >|t Ls= eHsT.
Hq~ #d >|t @$T{ ksY nHqT. q MTsT L& #XsT> HsHs& nV+.
< sD+ sjTyT> n+<T yTyTT sj e#+. => sjTb |{\.
n+<T w\+ #]T&q $yq+<TD d]> rdTHeTHsT.
deTjyTq sjT+ s\+> sw+ +>dt b syT\TT+&&+, & |<\T
e{e{ eTTK eT+T\qT es&+ e+{ sD\ e\q |\T esT d+
m<TsT#dTHsT. |&T MTsT b|& sw |C+ Vs<+ |&TT+<HqT.
MTs b #] H s kq+ MT< nH sjTq. HqT y+H $T+#+&, HqT
sj # \+ |#d n$ H d]|&e $s$T+#T HqT. <jT#d qqT
nbs+ #dT+&HqT. MT $jT+&T q\|s& #+<XKsYs&>], y] k<sT\T
oydT\Ts&>]qsTTH b #]+#+& nHsT.
n< |s+ q\|s& k<sT*<] eT<dT |*|+ sese>] *bqT.
n+eTT+< H<+& udsse b+rjT b |{\H #q eqT *d
sese>sT jTq e{&sT.
s <sT *d q myT ssY esD+ |< du @sT#XsT. n+<T
q\|s& k<sT\T L& bZHsT. b+rjTb |&+ e\q m<TsjT deTd\+{
L\+w+> #]+ 1982e] 29e ~ \T>T<X+b k|+#sT. s msY
sw+ q\TeT\ |s{+ nqq keqyTq y>{ |\qTs\+#&yT >
|< |\+<] s+&T sbjT\ _jT+ n+~kq y>q+ #XsT.
n b k|+ q =$T~ H\\ nd+; m nK+& $jT+ k~+ VQ<sY
d&jT+ \~ |C+ deT+ 1983 qe] =$T<e ~ sese>sT
eTTKeT+> |eDds+ #XsT. jTq n+ eTT+<T sjqTue+ @ e+
b sTTH eTTK eT+ |<$ #|{ q =~ sEH >=| |]b\H < &T> |sT #T e
&+ bT, n&T>T esZ\ s<<eyTHsT. y] Vj+H VQdH k>sY |q
\T>T y[\ $>V\qT |w+ kV_eqT\ eTqq\+<T HsT. n> \T>T
\*sD+ sD+, b{ oseTT\T \T>T $X$<\jTk|q sese>] \T>T
uc_eH, _sT <sH\T. \T>T |\ >sy ||+# #{ #|q
|Tq sese>] <T+~.
1984 >w sese>sT VsY |swH d+ nyT] ysT. jTq sw+
deTjT+ #d H<+& udsse yTC myT\qT qy| |= 1984
>w 16e ~ H{ >essY syT <s eTTKeT+> |eDds+ #XsT.

:: 78 ::

n|{ b&dsY n<&T> eq HqT eT<dT qT+& e dsesY V

e+&> +< |<X | #+sY d++~+q =+<sT $TT\T H e< e udsYse>]
|]XeT s|q Xu+\T *| e<eTHsT. jTq m >*q eTTKeT+ <T.
sese>sT sw+ deTjT+ <=&<]q eTTKeT+ njsT. |]dT
eTq+ jT+{ y[ n_q+~+#&+ eT+~ <HqT.
|]XeT s|q jT n_q+~dTqT s\ eT+&* n<\T> MTsT |
|qH e+& qqT \e+|{sT. HqT nsTTw+>H | udsse
n_q+<q\T *bqT.
sese>sT nyT] qT+& ]e# H<+& udsse #s qT sdd y|sT
dV |\TesT CrjT HjT\T jTq n+&> *#sT. y] *d sese>sT
] sweT+ |s{+ q ]q nHj <|P]yTq |Hk\ |\
$e]+ <s n~ d+U XdqduT \qT eTy| |= syT kq+ >essY>
jT$T+|&q X+sY<jXs>] <s ] eTTKeT+ njsT.
HqT sese>] \e eTT+< |]XeT =+<sT |<\ T y] *d myTdts &> sT
H<+& udsY seqT n_q+~d s\ eT+&* n<&T> | |#s
s #>={sT . n+{ >< T , qqT s\ eT+&* qT+& n$Xd rsq+ <s =\+#
|jT+ #XsT. d+> *jT>H HH djT+> sJHe #XqT. s H kq+
w+sE>] eTT&T ds HsjTD sEqT n<&T> mqTHsT. H |s @
]d q{+#L&< rs+#sT. H\sT |dT d+ HqT =eq \qT L&
eeT >d #bsT. nsTTH HqT \e+#<T. nDT e+ L& ujT|&<T.
+]bs+ n deTd\qT n~>$T+#qT.
s\ eT+&* qT+& HqT H<=*> |]XeT nd ed+> js+~. s&>sT H<+&
udsYse $w jT+ #d+~ |e#T. n+eq jTq |] XeT #dq deqT
$d]+#&+ >< =+<sT s\T m<TsT]>sT. s n+<s H e< e ]+<<
]bsTT+~. s\ eT+&* n<\T> MTs =qk>\ esT. HqT y] ]qT
<q ] |<M u<\T #|{qT. mH.{.sese>sT eTTK eT+ nsTTq y+H
<s&T s|T y+<se &_+> ~jTsY &, jTq k<sT&T wyVH
m&{+ > ><T \T ]+#&, #j >V&T |wt , yTs jT{ @sT #dT e&,
d+^ <s &T #e] ]]+> ~jT sY & ms+ m$T~ y\ <T e+<\ sbjT\
<s =] ns ms+ #=|q s& H+sY 2 |uT d#sT.
Hq+ eTT+< ueq+ y+ {yT >sT eTTKeT+> e+&> V<su< &_+>
~jTsY ]+#&+ d+ <sUdT |T HqT. n|{qT+& <sUdT |+&+>H
e+~. H <sUdyT+ < n&>& H{ de#s XK MTwqsY d<T\T e<qT.
MTsT s& H+sY 2 s+&s\ u$T =+<]#s *d+~. HqT # sE\ +<f
&_+> ~jTsY sD+ d+ n|wH |{ eHqT. < d+>+ #Xs n&>qT.
n&q |y& |uT u$T y\q s+< nqT \ b>sT> de<q$T#&T.
n y~+ u+< & |& eTTKeT+ e<H \T +<eT HsT>
sese >]+ { yqT. d<T\T H eT< ]q $es\qT, n&T H |
eeV]+q rsTqT y] #|, HqT s|Ty+<se, eT] =+<] m+<T d *#s

:: 79 ::

n&>{ s<T. mH qT+& |+&+> eq H n| wHqT m+<T eT\q|&

Xs \+ =B m<TsT> eq \ MT< >T<qT.
H yX >eT+q sese>sT k s&>sT. MT n|wH d+> H *jT<T.
s& H+sY 2 eq <T b f $T* e+~. n~ ydT $sT<+ > e+< y
e~dq bT. MTsT eTs # m&H sT +f ns ms+ <T msyTH
kqHsjTq. ydT< weTTH |s<T . H <H |+#+& HqT. y+H sese>sT
d<T\T bH #d <T $Tc H <>ZsT+&\ <+#sT. nqT TbH <dT=
e#&T.
sese>sT s{+q |+ n e+ #d sjYT! |e*q y<y. s&>]
| |+&+> e+< H+<T #| <T . |> y] \u{ e{& y! | sTT bsTT+<
y] |T n >~+#sT. y+H HqT e<T ksY! y& #sTT * H eT*q
eTesTT nHqT.
s sese>sT #Ts#Ts y&e+ #d qTy+ #ky H *jT<T. |uT
+<q\ yTs s| kjT++> d s& >] {sTT+ <MsD |\qT
y]+<Cj* C>! nq>H y&T n+sqyTbj&T. eTs&T s HqT |<\j
>dTVdt |&T= e+&> |<=+&T >+\ deTjT+ d<T\T H e< e d
d++~+q | H+<CX&T. HqT |uT+ ssTT+q sT |s+ ns ms d
H\T>Ty\ s+&T e+<\ ju sbjT\T eTsTd{ sC #*+#qT.
s sE HqT eT<dT e+&> $TT\T seHjTT&T>sT s |~ >+\
H bH #d MT >esyT+T {sTT+q d\+ mes nsy, &u eT+~ V&e&>
@< &TTHs #bsT.
HqT eTsTd{ sE <jH V<su< e#qT. n+eTT+<T U> eq d\+
s\ qb{ \T+{ w&, n+<T |<sT T++ eddTHsq& >TsT>
= e+ b\T e>s |+#sTT. n+ +& d\+ |.H>sE #+~q~ nq
usT L& e+~. H>sE mes H *jT<T. @+ #j # dT| d< jTsY
.||ts& >] e< y[ ]+<+ #bqT.
H>sE #T&T. q &yT+T dw+ sT jTsq T, &\ qT sT#T=
dT\T q&|&+ #sTT ]q~. V<su< @ dH bwH juX+ V
*dT+~. n+<T e\q sT <s MT HjT+ s><T. eTT+<T MTs +{ n& qT+&
=\+# #&+&, s+ #j HqT #bq d\V #sT.
HH s |H+&T >+\ deTjT+ dTesT &u, mqu eT+~ L\qT <s
rdT= y[ n& |seTTq y#YyTH ]+ ={ keqT\ <s q>s
ys bssTT+#qT. \ys> y#YyTH ssY L& @sT #XqT. #T =+<sT
*wq e\qT s\ | |{qT. H>sE eTs&T <jT+ d{ <>Zs =
qH<Ts=H <s+ ] sTH XsTT+#&T. dT y< |y<\ dTesT d+es+
q&+~. H |uT+ @e+ |{+#T <T. s e jTsY H>sEqT |*|+
=$T~ \\T n # sJ ~s&T. n< |s+ Hq &_ ]wsY
#sTT+#THqT.
d\+ s+&T d+es\T X$T+ Xu\jT nH |sT ]]+> ~jTsY,

:: 80 ::

&_+> ~jT sY, = m&{+> syT {qT. n~ #d zs

=+<sT de |<\T sese >] *d &_+> ~jTsY d+
d{ rdT=q myTdts& >sT n+<TH &_+> ~jTsY bT
|< ]]+> ~jTsY L& {s s#>={sT.
H<+& udsse $wjT+ >V+ eq sese>sT
s<weT] nH & @du MTwH yd H H{d|+#sT.
H{dT $es\ |s+ y] sT> eeV]dTqT
HsyT+~. ysTT< sEq y]+{ qT. s<w>sT n|{
| eTT+ <T+#T= bsTT+{ yTTHsT. HqT qeTks+ ksY nq>H Ls+&
s&>s #|+#sT.
HqT eTT<sTT, MTsT HjT eTsT\T. MT eTT+<T Lse&+ eTs<<HqT. s&>s
MTsT |<\T <jT#d Ls+& \e+ |{sjTq. HqT y]<TsT> qTq
Ls= $#sD bs+ _+#+&HqT.
MTsT s& H+sY 2 &_+> ~jTsY &q |uT+ e< d\+ rdT= n< d\+
]]+> ~jT sY L& &+ # |s+ #\<T> nH sjTq. HqT y+H MT es
|[ n>] s|q dT\ |sT |f +&wH MT< |+& <TsTHsqT+& MT
$jT+&T dT\ |sT bT e&D+ L& |& n~ # |s+ #\< + {s! nHqT.
<+ & nyjsT.
s &> s! MT |X # d uq <. H &{ HqT #j *> nHsT. n> #jT +&.
H bT n< s&T eTs q\T>T] |uT+ d\+ {sTT++~. y es +
es sbsTT y{ MT< KsT |+& VsTT> nqTu$dTHsT. $wjT+ eT]
b+& n ] e#XqT. s s<weT] ]bsT @yT+< H *jT<T.
n~ 1989e d+es+. n|&T &sY eT] #Hs&>sT |<X +>dt n<\T>
eHsT. y] HjT +H sw Xdqdu m\T ]>sTT. +>dt, \T>T<X+ sw+
n kH\ b{ #XsTT.
sE #Hs&>sT H bH #d s| m\ |*\T |{dT HsT. MTs s+&.
n+<s+ *d $+<eTHsT. Hq< |s+ yqT. n|{ jTq nqT#sT\T # eT+~
n&THsT. |* \T se&+ yTT< + ~. HqT +{*CH ]bsY @eT e+~ ksY nHqT.
y+H n&Tq $TT&T 175 dT ekjT e+<H&T. y |. 176
edTHjTHsT #Hs&>sT. d]>Z n< ]+~. B { #Hs&>] sw sj\
| m+ ne>Vq +&< ns+ #dTe#T.
m mH.{.sese>sT s+&T j esZ b{ #d j esZ+H
>* || HjT &jsT. #Hs&>] eT+ esZ+ |eDds+ #X qysTTr
|s+ jTqqT d]+#+<T de |]XeT s|q du | q>sY
&.seHjTT&T eT+& |+ @sT #X+. n|&T HqT |q>sY `|s{y
Vd+> kd { n<&T> HqT.
HqT k>|Hd+ #d MT]+ eTT+<T eTTKeT+> q|& e kd{
d\$T#sT. |dT+ kd{ u]c\qT m<Ts=+T+~. |]XeT d++~+ MTsT |]w
]+#e\dq deTd\T L& # HsTT. H\T>< T sE MT n< q |uT + n

:: 81 ::

XK\ y] deyX+ @sT #d e deTd\+{ d$e s+> MT eTT+<T+#T

eTHqT.
y+H #Hs&>sT s| @sT #d MTeTH |D n #eT]+#sT. nq e
|s+ #Hs& >sT eTs&T dy\jT+ deyX+ @sT #XsT. \T>T de
|] XeT m<Ts=+Tq k< u<\+{ yTys+&+ b+<T|s s&>]
n+<CX+.
y+H ysT | deTdqT |] o*+ n+{ n+^]+#sT. K] n+X+> e
kd{ |uT+ s|q sy <T \\ sbjT\T n|> |d <b\ y]> u
#*k + nHqT. y+H `|s {y &s s Y \T>Cd T = + q>s # kd{ \ THjYT.
+ es |uT+ @ kd{ e<T. n #+<T #+ nqTeT+#<T nH&T.
#Hs&>sT # <+& n~] e+ #|d @eTHy #+ nqTeT+#<!
#{+<T HjYT. |\ dyT> |uT~ H> #|HqT. H ef #+. D+
ys&q yTT+ X+H #jYT nHsT. n~ #Hs&>] |]b\H < sD+.
VduwD+> ysT <] +# <+& k] n, |#\T n~sT\ >T+& s
|]>TsTT. #Hs&>sT \T r]q sjTy eyT <T. n+ $T+q
bsj<T &T.

{ s{\T sD+
1990e d+es+ yT H\ d+u$ +q TbH ;u + ~$ deTqT n\+ #d+ ~.
y~ eT+~ |\T eTsD+#sT. n|&T eTTKeT+> eq #Hs&>sT |Ts
{qT> &yT+ |*+ sb+~+# e\d+~> qqT ssT. HqT,
e\=+&s&>sT, _.jTH.s&>sT eT]=+<s+ *d ejT|jd\qT #jT+&
{ s{\T nq |sT &yT+ |*+ rd |uT n+<CX+. #Hs&
>sT qqT y+ rdT & y[ +<ueH |<sq eT+&* T<|k<>sT
L& bZHsT. + |Ps+> e+< n+<s #Hs&>] qqT n_q+~+#sT.
#Hs&>sT eTTK eT+ u<\T #| { HqT sE e] sE y] \TdH eH
H<H |<$ #|+#+& @H& n&><T. n = H\\T >&# sE H s&
>s! | &e\|tyT +{ sswH n< |<$ d+ =+<sT de |<\ T b{|& T THsT.
me]d eT+< qq&>sT. MTsT me]H H |D <HqT.
n+ MT ns<q e nHsjTq. e HqqqT. MTsT H @ u<
n|+H X~ sVkq #| e#XqT. s =H | &q\|tyT+{
s=swH n< &T> m+.mdt.s &> sT jeT+ n | e+~. y] <X+ yTs
HqT 1990 qe+sT 29e ~ s=swH #sH> u<\T d]+#qT.
n|&T s=swH s\jT+ n< +{ e+&~. n~ nded+>, n|]Xu+>
s=swH ksTT qT < H|++~. \T>T<X+ |uT + Vj+H s=swH
k+ ueq+ f+<T ssTT+ n+<T neds yTq <T\T L& eT+ psT #d+~. HqT
u< \T #|f H{ ueq+ nd+|Ps+> e+~. HqT #sH nsTTq sy sE\
<Ts<weX #Hs& >sT eTTKeT+ |<$ qT+& y<=\>e\d e+~. y] kq+

:: 82 ::

H<T sTeT* HsH s & >sT eTTKeT+ njsT. ... #s H> qqT e+ ~*+#< T .
HqT ueq+ +{sY u\ >b\cs& e{& n <sH sT H\>
sD+ |P] #sTT+ #qT. n|&T H n<w+ =B wHse>sT m|t.&.d yTHsT>
eHsT. jTq eT+ _sT >\ e. |+{ CsTTr |sT&T. y] dVs+
ueq+ |\ nedsyTq d<Tbj\{ jTT< b|~q |P] #X+. | dHsY usT
|dT L& n+<TH @sT #X+. dHsY\ |]o\q $T ~jTsY ]+#+.
wH s e>sT | X< rdT= ue q+ | >~ y] y] V<\qT>TD+> r]~<sT .
m|t.&.d.#sH> mesTH +{ n\yH +< H\y =+ yTT+ n+<CksT. HqT
k+ +{ e+Tq sD+> n\yH ns< sd#qT. e\+ n+ud&sY sT,
e +{ f*bH, |sq ndd+TqT e+ rdTHqT. |uT sTqT HqT
k] L& H k+ | |j+#T<T. HqT #sH eTT+<T |dT
<>T\T deTjTb\q b{+#y <T. yqT <] |&+ d+ HqT | + |
eH, H <jT+ |~ >+\ |dT yy&. <+ <>T\+<s eTeT+>
deTjTb\q n\yT|&sT.
sE usT MT{+> ]> |uT+ <w e\dq deTd\qT <V]d
yTys+&+ jsT #d HqT, =+<s+ duT\+ *d HsHs& >]+{ +. jTq
>~ Ls= |ds @< e{&T THsT. &sY +&\ e\=+&s&>sT L&
n| & & eHsT. yTeTT >~ n&T>T|>H @$T{ myTdts &! nbsTT+{yT +{ +&H
de<+&TqT y+uT =#eH&T. y+H HqT @eTHy! HqT bsT H! @e#q+
d+u~+#&, +=k] e nHe+f $T+#qT C>! n sTeqT.
n<$T{? +H n+ |+ eTTKeT+> HqT e+ #qTe rdT L&<
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s 1992 qe+sY 9e~ $jTudsYs& >sT eTTKeT+ njsT. jTq
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eTVsw u+|+
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H y<q \ |wq eTs =$T~ eT+~ |<e\T >=+T *bsT. n+<s+ *d
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o |sT#] VqTeT+se >sT |~y\ |T\T +> eTT~+ e d+ n+&>
sT. s V<su< sM+< us |< mTq du @sT #d yT+ $|+q

:: 83 ::

$\T d<dT\+<] +& |{+#sTT. es> HqT C* # |T= d<dT\ eT<

y[ n]+#qT.
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]|++~. <s \sbjT\ |> ed+~. n+<T HH= |~y\ sbjT\T
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dVjT ~ |+|+#qT. s $jTudsY s&>sT eTTKeT+> e+&>H 1994e
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&ssY >TDXKsY <

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\T &s #XqT. n$ qqT sTV |]#sTT. <+ @ s H neX+
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T |&&T .
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H | |yTq &ssY |u|++~. |<sq eTTX |sY # >=|>
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qHqT. ] $jT+ s eTT+<T |sY $&T< #\T. <jT#d $wjT+ MT
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<+L ksY n+ y[bj&T.
s H\T>T sE\ H e< e ksY! HqT u> +#qT. kw |sY H
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:: 84 ::

+ ]+ eHsT. >TDXKsY |b jTq #| d\V n&>qT. |b eT+<.

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*yq y <s&T >{y& |\\T @ bHH ne\> bw+#>\sT.
|\\ d&j eq d{ @M |se. usD\T, dH\T, <TdT\T
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#dT+& d\V #sT |Xse >sT.
HqT ] V<su< #sT>H >TDXKsYqT sY &ssY udsYsEqT |*|+
|Xse>sT #|q $es\ #| &{ m+ neT+<HqT. |\e] b]w+
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T #XqT. #j >V&T Cd|t. d+uwD\ s#sTT m+.$.jTdt.VsH<se.
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|<q+. n+{ |\\ d+ V<su< H+T d >*+ seTT&T, \DT&T,
d, seDdTsT&T | $T*q b\+{ u\u*\qT m #X+. eTTK+> seTT&T
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sE >sjT >qdu mH.{.sese>] eTqe&T s(V]w =&T) q
|<sq #XqT. n | <* q, Veuyq H sese>sT |+#sT.
eTs&T yeT bH #d HqT |\\ sejTD+ rdTHqT. + seTT&
b MT nusTT |=k&y #kqT s| <jT+ uTH=k] XujT |+|+#+&
nHqT.
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Veuy\qT +> |]o*+#qT. n+<] d e<e H nH nesTT seTTD $T+q
d> H |++~. eTs&T HqT y[+{ y[ H eTqdT n_bj #|>H
nesTT bT yT *<+&T\T L& d+w+ n+^]+#sT. \DT&T b
HsjTD X nH nusTT HH m #XqT. $T*+~ seDdTsT& b.
sE >TDXKsY =&* k nH nesTT H e< rdTe seDdTsT& b
nesTT u>T+T+~ ksY nH&T. nsTTH Hq+ kVd+#jT nesTT b{
rsTT+ #qT. b{ <s+> sY &ssY udsYsE s+&TsE seDdTsT& >|tqT
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n+{ q{qT\T m+| |Pss TT+~. s |\\ +<] byT q <TdT\ T, us D \T,
jsT #sTT+# u<qT sY&ssY udsYsE n|+#qT.

:: 85 ::

&s{ ds+
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qT+& H &s{ |<q+ #dTqT K e+~. ys u{ b>H V<su<
q>s+ k+d +<T> |sT ydq k]|* =+&\se H bH #d MT q+<+
b\T|+#T=H+<T HqT L& <+s+ ekqHsT. <s+ *d ~.25.10.1995
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nedsyTq d{ |+> ysTT+# e\d e+~.
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d{, dH\T jsT #sTT+#qT. dseTT\ D+ d{ >H{ s KeT+ qT+&
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:: 86 ::

wy T TqT KsT|{+ #k>&T. nsTTH + eT< sJ|& n c e~XqT.

nq|Ps d&j esY |Psj jT{ yTT+ s eT+&+. n+eTT+<
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w& |PssTT+~.
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nsDyd+ d+<s + > |+#e{ Xe s \b+ e< ]+#+ ...wO{+>
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&ssY udsYse ] dTqT n<T+> sb+~+#&T.
w& eTTKb\T H\T>. seTT&T, d, \ DT&T, seDdTsT&T. e n]dT \ ,
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$wjT+ #TqT.
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u<sV+> de<q$T#&T. n~ n nV+s <sq+.
sejTD+ 1997pH $&T<+~. #eT+~ m _sY eTs= \eX
e+~+#s H bH #d #bsT. s& L& yTT<{ ys+ n> e+~.
V+ ]dT\+<] \d sweT+{ $jTj k+#+. y[q |#{ |\T

:: 87 ::

e jT{ Vs<+ |{sT. n< fyT nqeTjT + $&T<+~. u

s>D+ ]+q eT]jT de eTT+<T e + \ebsTT+~. nsTTH
sejTD+ CrjTksTT e T u\\+> me&+ HqT b+bjqT. 1998e
d+es+ e] 29e B H{ sw| .sY.HsjTDH >] #T \ MT<T> ds e T
n+<T HqT. HbT <s&T >TDXKsYqT L& sw| d]+#sT.
s +<|<X |uT+ q+~ nysT bT |< yTT+ q><T VQeT L&
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# qwbjqT.
sE HqT >TDXKsY |* sejTD+ nT CrjT nysT, T q+~
nysT \_+q|{ < d++ ~+q n|\T qqT \TeH +>BdTHsTT. s>
eTq +_HwH eT+ kw |sY rd | H n|\ u< qT+& \Tq
#bqT. ~ H u< ksY nH&qT.
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eTMdt qT q{+#uTq <s+ eV+#eT qqT ssT. |< Vs
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|sT>TT+< #b&T.
sD+ sT>TT+&>H eTq= eT+ < jsT#sTT nHqT. H|{
Vs eTVwtqT <w |T= H| eTq d+ + e+#qT. yjT+r y]
+ $&T<\ >H < #s LsT+<eTH&T >TDXKsY. Hq e\T q$T eTVwt ,
u$T n&H #qT. >TDXKsY eTT+<T>H <T \\T n&H rdTH&T. s H
d+ jsT#dq <qT eTVwt Vs> m+.mdt.sE #dTH& *d+~. HqT c
HqT.
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s\T n y+|&sT. <+ nqT qqT |P]> eT]bj&T.
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:: 88 ::

#T sT>k>qT. sE nqT nsTTq \dyT> nsTT+~. d+{yT+{> MT

=$T< |sY #j\qT+THqT. &ssY mesq~ s #bqH&T. nqT mesT
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|+& eTT+<T < yTT<\T |+& nH&qT.
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+ +<T & {.dT s$Ts&>sT H @< e{&\ Xu\jT e#sT.
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nyT+{ #dT= V<su< e#qT. \T>T y\T>T &\T n |sT |{qT. n~
T+ < + s>D+ MTH, y+{, eTVX], dTs wt, |~, jT|< yTT<q ysT,
n+<T HqT MTH > q{+#qT. d+^+ m+.m+ oK, <s&T eTs, |syD
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X 1999 $&T<\ #XqT. H X |>{\>H $T*bsTT+~. n< d+es+ H
qeTT&T dTs$Ts& eTsD+#&T. s eT& H |<eTT&T seT#+<s&
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:: 89 ::

<sT\T +| nqVyTq X\T |+#THsT.

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eTT+<T>H nyTd 2000 d+es+ d++ sEq $&T<\ #XqT. + n++
e+>H &+~. =qT>\T<sT u> qw bjsT. H ] u<e\q dTs$Ts&>]
|T& ] ebjqT. nsTTH ysT sE es H |T& ef$T k]
L& qq&><T. n~ y] W<s HMT<>\ n_eH <sq+.
s dTs$Ts&>] deTsD n+<+ + bs+ _+#qT. Vs. VssTT<s
= y Vs |sT , VssTTH |sT dVq. <s&T oydts&, d+^+ |T+{&
w. $T> fwjTq+<s dT|d<T\T.
Vs VssTT<s n+<+> +{sT. qq <s Js. |*+> +
$&T<\ +&H |{ eT\|& +~. H d J$+ + $&T<\ H#T
be&+ qqT \TeH +>Bd+~. s oyds& <s+ eV+q = |sT
eT+ $jT+ k~+#sTT. =qT>\T<s n e $\Te |]+~. nH<H e
kjT+ #d n+<+ u|&k&q X @&$T~ ksT bH #XqT. nqT
H bH e{&+<T L& w|&<T. n \b>sT <= sD+, H eTs=
nqTue+.
HqT de |]XeT y[q+<Te\q eTV$ oo, <e\|*, deTT<\, |+>[, sT<,
jT, <Xs~, dHs, yTT<q dT|d< s#sTT\ |]#jT+ |+#THqT.
_.jTH.s&, Hs&, #bD, .$.s&, m.$.|k<, .jTdt.|Xse yTT<q <s
s\ qT+& #\q sD nedsyTq nH n+X\T ne>Vq #dTHqT.
kV d+^+ m+ <V<|&TT+< \TdTHqT. e> <s&T> eTs
yTXsse qT+& H *jT $wj \T mH \TdTHqT. sY &s s Y >K |]#jT +
eT\+> >sy ns+ \TdTHqT. sejTD+ CrjT nysTqT
n+<THqT. e HqT b>T#dTq n+X\T.
b>=Tq<+{s! # b>=THqT. = d+<s\ qT #+|HqT.
nH |<+ de |T+Te >& |{ y<H |+#<q + \TdT
HqT. e b&T bjqT. = N{ |\T #XqT. de |]XeT s
eTT+<T HqT @ ybs+q sbsTT qwb<T. |] XeT e# c\T qc\T
qqT =]$ <jT y+{&sTT. H dT\ V]+#TbjsTT. sD+ uqc\
nr+> ]dT\, k+ |DT\ |k Z+#+& b]w\T #*+#&+ d+
X $T+ n|\T #XqT. TTD<\ eT+ |+& H\H e&\T #*+#qT.
e& H =+| eTT+#sTT. |{ H TTD< =+ eT+~ #&y&qq <X+
eT u\T n&>&+ eqTHsT. n+{ y] +<T {.dTs$Ts&>sT, &sY
+&\ e\=+&s&>sT, $. s&>sT, y.jTdt.#<]>sT, |k< u syTwt>sT

:: 90 ::

eTTKT\T. H < | q |{ e nusTT XyT ]+q \

>T]+ $e]kqT.

\+u\T sD+
n~ 1985e d+es+. sE HqT e nusTT qTe
_Hdt yTHCyT +T sT #~ye. @ ybsqsTTH deTs e++>
sV+#>\eq qeT+ H+~. de ybs+ m|&e]
eTT+#TT+< #| +. { qTy<H +&d bs+_+# |jT +
#sTT MT eeT>] dVjT+ L& +T+~ n #bqT.
n+<T de<q+> y&T uqc\H$ | ybs+ e+&y HH! |\
dsq $H<q+~+#>* m+ &sTTH ksT. n> uq |jTT\ sTsyTq
Vs+ |& KsT yq&sH&T. y& e =+ ydeeTT+< H|++~.
y+H XyTqT nbsyTq ybsqTue+>\ syJse >] e< rdT= y[ y]
d\V n&>qT.
s &> s! XyT eT q |\y &+ <T. u> #<T eq y&T. nwy T q es+Z H
be+& d\V #sjTq. y& yTT<{ de =+ n&H MT] MT d+d
<sH $&T<\ #d |+& HqT sqT.
n+<TjTq n+^]+ |H+&T \\ sbjT\T n&H> kqT. sT H\> e
n&H, |+T, |_d { KsT, MTwH dV sb uH yTT+ ] MTsT #*+ #\
wsT |{sT. Hq> nHqT. y+H syJse>sT yTHsT Xese $es\
#| nyT+T jsT#sTT+ |H+&T \\ sbjT\T n&H> eTjT] | <s
XyT# @sT #jT eTHsT. n< |s+ Xese, + sD+ e+&> <b \y>
|H+&T \\ sbjT*#&T. d+^ <s&T d+, HqT, so #] eT&T b\T
sX+. + |sT \+u\T. sXKsY, J$, D#e] eTTK s>D+. <s&T
& seTw. |sYqT m>H V{ #j\q |T<\ <s s*<s @<{>
s+ e X$T+ syjT&T sE b | $T> |sY |P] #XsT. b
]]+> C$T d&j @sT #X+. n~ dTo\>sT b&e\dq b.
d + <jT + 7>+\ d& j
e |~ >+\ skqT d<+ #X&T. dTo\>sT
se&+ ns>+ \dyT+~. > d+ | syT y[ |\< ~jTsY
e#&T. + dTo\ >s=#sT. yT ~jTs n&T>T|>H q yT+ eq d+
d+ m+d| m<TsT#&* n+ |T\T {&T.
dTo\>sT <T'K+ | s &> s! ns>+ \d+> eq+<T + eT+~ eTT+<T
d+ m+ #+> e{&& $HsT>! HMT< n |s b&qT. <jT#d eTs
nqT+& n+ ] yusTT+~. ~jTs eq qeT+ d+ |esqqT
ndV+#THsT.
HqT dTo\>] | #&e! | sY H~. H+ es b +& @ | sY rjT<T .
y&+ V<T MT] |e]+#& H \TdT n+ \q d+ |qT n]
~>< #+|q<s>={ dTo\>] e|D #|+#qT. s dTo\>sT u<H yT
eTT+<T ysT. n~ dyX|s+> <TK+ b&e\dq b. yT n>....

:: 91 ::

~ b H <T @ s>+ H s<T

y<q X> s<q \jT> k> >q$T~
nq bqT |\T +& |f b&+~. m ny+s<TsH nqTq~
k~+#\q |T<\ e nusTT ysd+> n_+~. |T<\ |H+&T \\
eTT|y\ sbjT\ KsT + |P] #X&T.
=* |s>H eTT+<T> yeT #|+#&T XyT. yT +{ s>H |sY #
u>T+~. => L& e+~. \+u\T nq |sT + m& $|+#< #| +~.
y+H |dt \T |+ d+, HqT C$T \T #X+. d+ neT>sT #|+~ yT
ksY! MTsT f{qT>TD+> q b sjT+& nH&T.
HqT T* b| s~ *b\T H |\ s~ \+u\T nq |\$ $T k+>
sXqT. b |PsjT d] |&T < qeT&T.
eTs&T eTjT] |*yT yTHsY Xese bH #d \+u\T k] #<+ ksY
nH&T. HqT |<s q @sT #XqT. Xese, n ndd+ T, HqT, dTuqT, e ueeT]~
seTDs&, e nusTT *d |sY #k+. |sY #dTq+ d| HqT nqVyTq
q+<qTu qjqT. +{ |sY { L& rjTbjH n u<|&qT.
|<sq |Psj n+<s+ u=#+. |sYqT >T]+ HHeT+{H, XesyeT+{&q
e nusTT ujT|&T \TH&T.
HqT n_bjT+ #|< Xesy nHqT. n+<T @eTT+~ s&>s #|&
nH&qT. <+ XyT n& \e +{&T. y& y>H HqT Xesy! |sY
u> qqT <T. s{d = \T nyTjTeT+{y! nHqT. nqT H #sTT
|T= M\T+f n \T nyTjT+&H&T.
HqT +{ y>H |se] qqT<T. uT ~>T\T> |&TH& H oeT
#|+~. HqT y& syT y[ + |]y&$ |s+<T rXy s! Xesy e
y<e TqT Hy! HqT #| H $qT. | sY d|sY V{ e&yT +& s> eT+
>T]+| |&TT+~. u+#jYT nHqT. \+u\T 17.10.1986e ~ $&T<
m+ |Tq $jT+ k~++< n+<] \TdT. $je+ eT<dT n|Ps+>
]|+#+. \+u\T + <sH sXKsY, J$ \TeT>\jsT.

VQ sD+
<s &T & seTw. d+^+ d +. n+<T L& sXKsY, J$ |< q b< sT\T.
#sDYsE $\H> q{+#&T. |k< nH jTTeD => |]#jT+ #X&T XyT. s
nqT |]XeT VQ |k<> *bj&T. $T> jT{ duT\+<s \+u\T
| #dq y.
\+u\T + V{ e&+ & seTw, XyTuT +_HwH | C
|]+~. CqT \uTy\q |T<\ <s < <q + yTT<\T= | $wjT +q
]H=sT d+|~+#T=+ + |P] #XsT. VQ + b\ HH sXqT.
n b\T |\ eTqq\+<THsTT. + 1987 &d+sT eT&Tq $&T< X ~He+
sT|+~.

:: 92 ::

n+X+ sD+
esTd> s +&T \T $jTe++ e&+ V{ k~+#\q |T<\ <s , s
eT]+ |]+~. |T< qT+& $s$ ++< n+X+. n+<T L& J$, sXKsY
HsTTHjT\T. V+ eT+> #\k cseqT, $\H b s$Ts& => m
#XsT.
+ bs+_+# eTT+<T sE & seTw, e nusTT H e< e n+X+
+ eTTKeT+ b e+~. n~ MTs yj\ |T{sT. y+H HqT #&T
seTc! ejTdT HqT eTTU s+>T |PdT= de q{+#e\dq neds+
< KsK+&> #bqT.
seTc, ksY! MTsT yT|t ydTe\dq |<T. $>TZ |Te\dq neds+ n+H
<T. + MTsT <]+# K<sT |+#, * #\T n q##| |jT+ #X&T. H H
qq @ e+ nqTue+ <T. eT+> q{+#&+ Hw+<T. J$+ m
eeV]kH n> q{kqT. n+<T MTsT d<yTH n n&>qT. yT+ sTH~ n< ksY
nH&T seTw.
d+^ <s&T d+. n+<T L& b\ HH sXqT. eTTKeT+ dyX+
V+ eT+ = >D+ $es\&T>T&T. V+eT+ dsq de<q+ #|
nudTb\e&T. n|&T eTTKeT+> HqT sw+ n XK\ d++~+q >D+
$es\qT ns+ b\Tb+& @<{> #bqT. n+X+ 1989 pH 13q $&T<
H |s+> n+ eTT+<T ]sT\{ <\T={+~. + <s HqT eJ
eTTKeT+> | V<j *bjqT.
n+X+ $T s{ sXKsY = <+& bdt nq |sT nqTe~+#&T. +
$TH&T d|sY ksY s+Y + b{&T @<{> qsTsE\T q& +~.
$je d+<s+> sXKsY J$ bT qqT L& V+#sT |+|D<sT\T.
y&T qqT #dq $T |\T |< eTsC> n_e]d H Vs<+
|{sT.
&= $c< ys #bqT. d+ d+^ |$T+q+> &TqT |$T+#&T.
\ T> T q, q & + q e+< ~ \ d + ^ + d e T L ]H |< >
d+b~+#Tb j&T. sD+ nqT s M\TqT { b]w+ m+H || & &T.
n+X+ + n b\qT n+ qs++> ds |sq d+ + m+
\+ J$+#e\dq y&T. $TMT]q >T&T e\q + $&T<\ eTT+< qTeTX&T.
sD+> n+X+ n n+$T#+.
n+X+ T \T>Tq, nT $T+q |T q $jT+ k~+# V+B
qT <HjT&T> yT #j\q <X+ s+J$ s{ n&>&T. + # eT+~
s\T m>&H e nusTT d\V yTs s+J$ #qT.

:: 93 ::

>V+ sD+
&ssY .s$#+<, d+^+ {. H&T ksY nysT\ >V> ||+#
|X+d\+<T+Tq m.sY.sVeH >V+ e\+ usT |jTsY> |#X&T.
Vs sXKsY, VssTTH neT\. + s+&T b eHsTT. s+&T d]yH\, kV
sXsT. + $&T<\ eTT+<T sXKsY #H |<sq @sT #d |]XeT
|<\ #|+#&T. |<sq |P]>H +{+{ sejTD+ e+{ nH $jTe+yTq
\T ]+q qe |sY n~H w+sE >sT H bH #d H|& MT nusTT
]+q >V+ #XqT. n+<T sXKsY qq KsjTeq+> e+~. &>
&*e]q, n_qjT+q $Xs| d+<sq+ #k&T. + #b\+f sXKsY eTT+<T
n$Tu#H <sY nHsT. <D us<X+ w+sE>]q+ de H&
eTs=] <T . n+{ >=| e H_& n+> |X+ d+#&+ HqT b+bjqT.
>V + sXKsY + |sT H |<> |C<sD b+<< T .s e nusTT, k+<s ,
dTswt, seTw yTT<q s>D+ nysT + bs+_+#&T. |s,
}s sese nH syD &ssY> |{&T. HH $wjT+ \TdT & seTw,
sXKsY +_HwH qTe ]+q n \T $jTe+eTjsTT. |&T k]
<] ese\dq neds+ @yT+< XyTq&>qT.
sXKsY >T]+ MT *jT<T HH! y& |sY rjT&+ +f n&Tq&+ yT\T.
& seTwqT m+<T esq+{s! ~ # &{ |sY. n+<Te\q &
seTw e+{ |< &ssY ns<qTHqT. nH&T. |sY |Psj swt #d
nqTqT> s< u$+ XyT ] & seT wH XsTT+#&T.
nqT k+<sqT, dTswtqT, seTwqT | $T> ]dT \+<] e] < =
#sT\T, esT\T #d yTT+ |sY wO{ #X&T. f{ e+ es<T. nysT
+ HqT sdq | b{ VsTT+~. eTTK+> e k+<s MT< r]+q
b |sY \eyT+~.
+ m sE\T wO{+> ]H k+<s q k+ |sY> u$+ d+|Ps
dVseT+~++~. yT q& q{jTH \T>T |\T k+<sqT eT &|&T#T>
u$+ #sT. n+ >=| q{eTD VsT> nq dV $eq |e<+ eTsD+#&+
\T>T de|]XeT <Ts<w+.
<TsZ> q{+q seTw |dyX+ >| <s+ n|s[ q{++~.
nysT 1995 qe+sT 28e ~q $&T< d+#\H $jT+ k~++~. n+<T
<s s\T |& XeT m+ eTTKy, n+es @ +q $<+> _H
jTTe&T wt (w |sY k*H VyT) sb+~+q >| n+ eTTK+.
nysT $T+, V+B &_+> s{ <s |< u+ e+~. $jT<s+ e
nusTT H #sTT<{ bj&T. = d+<s\ qqT s+> #d H eTqdT re+>
>jT|]#&T. nsTTH y& |eV+#~ H syT < n d]|THqT.
||+ # de#] e# esT* m|{| &T >eTd n+<TqT>TD+> q \qT
sb+~+#&+ XyT s s\+f eTT+<T+{&T.
nysT s me] |sY rj*? < m e+&*? nq MTe+d dTesT

:: 94 ::

s+&Td+es\T >|t rdT= Vs y+fwtqT <w |T= < jsT#X&T.

Vs b >|t m +& ssTT+#&+ d+ y+fwt yT|t ysTT+ ss\ d
rsTT+#&T.
n+<T q, y+fwt u> qq b{ mHsY #sTT+#&T XyT. y+fwt
b{ rdT= H e< e n+ H XyT, HqT *X+. H >|t e+T+~.
e <] \sTT k~+# $jT+ MTs #<TsT > n #| q+<+> y[bj&T.
XyT, y+fwt Vs> |sY rjTuTH&q ys s+J$ *d+~. n|{ esTd
n|j\ \&*bTq s+J$ y+H n\T ns$+<qT XyT <>Zs |+| +{
|*|+#T= #$ @+ }<& *jT<T >, y+fwt <T\T> s+J$ |sY
rjT& d<|&&T. esT q ]q neeq+> y+fwt u$+#&+ |<T.
e nusTT n #jT&+ eT+~ < Hq u<|&qT.

n+ sD+
s+J$ <w e+#T= @< +^w | sY <s+ eTs< j sT #d d+es+
s n+ + bs+_+ #&T XyT. L& <s&T & seTw.
#j>V&T #{ .HjTT&T. d+^ <s&T eTDXs.
n+ s+J$ bT n nq H>uT, s$Ts&, V+B ]dT {q q+<,
<sT eT+~ u\ u*\T VssTTH> qeT s<sY q{++~. b seTw
MT<, eTs b edH MT< r]+#sT.
+ HqT b L& sjT<T. m+<T sjT<q |X H e< de<q+
<T. n+ L& |<q+> >| MT< <s|& +. nysT n<T+>
>| n+~+q wt, s s+>+ n>XD #sT= \+&H ds|&&T. n
e<T\Te&+ w+ y&T n&q+ &T #+<T n+^]+ <b\ y> yTT+
#*+ #&T XyT. n++& sT # \+&H y[ wt <>sZ Ls= e d++~+q
>| esY #d nedsyTq d\V* e#y&T.
n+ + wO{+> @<{> <s ]+~. s+J$ q d+|Ps dVs+
n+~+#&T. H sD ejT+ n+#H \ $T+ nH sT |]+~. |*+> H
e e+ L& #|+& XyT V<su< >dTVdtqT, eT<dT s+&T qT
e+< #\ nyTX&T. HqT y& ] u<\T #d H u<qDT#THqT. s+J$
Xu\jT &_+> #|+&> sE HHjTqT *d n+ + @sD+ #HH
|sTT XyT u$w eTT+~?, y& |\eT s H +<qqT *jT CXqT.
y+H s+J$ d+<V+ MTs<T s&>sT. n+ + n ]sT\qT
<\ T=&TT+<H&T Be>. n< ] H+f d+w+#y&T e+&&T . <Ts< we X
+q |*+ sb n|&T y& >$T{? nHqT HqT. n m|{ s><T. y
] XyTqT n+{ e~ kH D+ HqT, |eH #s= |sY #d XyTqT ]+>
\u&+ nH&T s+J$.
n+ e |P]> >| MT< <s|& e+~. d+> *d L& V<jT+
s&T wt n<q+> eT] =+ &_d >| eq |N|{&T. deTd
=+<s |]cseTjT~ <, >+s+ u+uq, V<su<q V&e&>

:: 95 ::

e d++~+q >|qT =+es |P]#d 2004 qe] 14e ~ n+ ]C

#X&T XyT.
+ e dT\{ V]+#&+ bT =qT>\T <sT\qT L& >
n<s>={+~. $wjT+ HqT s+J$ ||qT. nqT ]+>q, V]+>q
e nusTT nH $<\T> dV jT|&&T . + |sjT+ b XyTqT n$<
<T+{q #| q e e+ \T| <T . H e nusTT, s+J$ >\ nqT+<+
n =qk>TH e+~.
XyT n|{ es rdq n \q f{ myT.mdt. s & deT]+#T n ydy&T.
qysTTr n+ b{+# b> dZjT $jTudsYs&>] b{ yd + jTq
n+$T#&T. $jTudsYs&>sT y& |\q eyT, H $jT+&T >< n
d]|THqT.

nsT+< sD+
n+ |sY ] \Tq+ <rjT&+ XyT eqd+> +bj&T.
HsX+ qT+& sTe& # \+ |{+~. <b nsTTH $jTe+yTq +
]+# b bsTTq |sT e \uTeT u$+#&T XyT. | #jT &+ eqe dV +.
e nusTT q |$T{ \TdT H&T. | ~<T =H+<T #dq |jT yT nsT+<
+. < yTT+ VssTTH #Tf sT>TT+~. VssTTH b nqTwqT m #jT &+q,
>| sVQ q+_jsY nH jTTeD jT$T+#&+ q XyT *$> eeV]+#&T.
$T> q{qT\T L& j b\ nqT>TD+> ~ssT. + V+B qT\T
kqd<, wjJw+& bT Vs> B|, u\q{> u_ ~e q{+#sT. \
dHsD, nq|Ps, eTHseT yTT<q ysT s b\qT bw+#sT.
nsT+< L& & seTw <s&T. <s&T nX. d+^+ {. m&sY
es+& y+fwt. |{ edsY $jYT. #j>V&T d+~ esY. nX d{
sD+q, <TdT\ s|\ qq n<T H| D+ q]#&T. nsT+< bs+uy
eTT+<TsE XyT yeT s| <jT+ qTe, Hq nq|Ps d&j e MT#
MT<T> |PC se\T ]|+ qHos~+#+& n&>&T. n< |s+ HqT, H
oeT y[ C y*+ yTH nK+& $jT+ k~+# nqT>V+#eT u<~
seTTD y&TH+.
HqT M\T <=]q|&+ nq|Ps d&j y[ nsT<+ wO{+> #d LsTH
yD eTTK+> eTVsD eq nqTw Veuy\qT #d H V<jT+ |se+#~. >+
D + >& bjT~. nsT+< s +&T b eHsTT. { &s Y d.HsjTDs& eTs={
d]yH\ dseTXd sXsT.
nT & seTw, T XyT y nqTq m| d+ | c{q |Te<\
$esT X$T+#sT. dTBs \+ wO{+> s|& + nsT+< &{ $|+> |]+~.
nsTTH XyT m& sJ|&<T. { ]]+> V{> *+~. nsT+<
2009 qe] 14q $&T< d+#\H $jT+ k~+#&+ bT +<|<X |uT+
<s |~ q+~ nysT\ qT > \T=+~. sE H eTqdT |V+ |\+ bsTT+~.
nsT+< y& ] u<\T # es rssTT. eTTK+> &= $wjT+ #b*. @

:: 96 ::

q TTDqT +<y , e>T+ dTs$Ts& >] H |]#jTyTs&q H{ qT+&

nqT+ jTq H wqc\ b\T|+#THsT. H ] u<<Tsq |k HqT
n&+&H s+&T #T dVjTeT+~+#sT. n+{ eTVe V<jT+ s \
Tb >T+& *e&+, V<jTeTTq | e + &|{++~.
dTs$Ts&>] eTsD+ s L& y] T+ duT\T H n+&<+&> sT.
eTTK+> y] k<sT &T dT<sY s &> sT e nusTT neds yTq |&+ {~ sbjT\T
e&+& n| <THsT. dTs$Ts&>] dreTD bseT, y] q eTT&T
oydT\Ts& |{ qqT eT T+duT\ sT> u$ksT. eTTK+> >&sT
HqT ]+q dT+<seTVqT =q|&T #<\y& k<sT\T q e \uT+&
V\T eTTK<s+ |{ eq H |{ ys+ s eTT+< rd eT\|&X sq $wjT +
dT<ss&>] *d H +f me> u<|&sT. T rs+<T n< dT+<seTV
m<TsT> q k+ KsT H $>V |w+#+<T |PqTHsT. dT<sYs&>]
d+\+ ss|+ <*d H q #]syTqT u$kqT.

H $<ojq+
{.n+jT>sT +<|<X eTTKeT+> +&> eTwj s< \+|PsY
||+# \T>T eTVdu\T ]>sTT. n$ eT+&* y+ cse>sT n<\T> eq
+swq \T>T Hd { |t V <su<, eTwj
+< d+|T + d+jTT < s+
1981 @|jT 14 qT+& eT&T sE\T ]>sTT. du\ Hq |{ es+ de
|]XeT | <T\T> y+. q{qT\T, <s\T, s\T, n~ d+K VsjsT.
du\ sVD u<+ uTCq ydTq n+srjT \T>T deK n<\T eT+&*
y+cse >sT $$< s+>\ #+~q e+<~ eT+~ \T>TyqT sw+ q\T
eT\\ qT+& s|+ eTwj |+bsT. K] $Tw+ nys sD\ e\q
jTq eT<dTH *bjsT. y] <T\T> n|{ k+d XUeT\T u+
oseTeT] >sT eTVdu\ VsjsT. eTTKeT+ n+jT>sT bs+ue+
#XsT. oseTeT] >sT \T>T uw beTTU >T]+, \T>T d+d $w q T >T]+
e{& cse >sT s T rssT. dT|d< q{eTDT\T eTTq, +#q mes
}V+# $<+> \T>T b\T b& n+<] Xs|]#sT. s+&esE deyX+
HqT e> bZ \T>T uw Wq >T]+ \T>T d+d >T]+ d+|<j\
>T]+ |<><+> |d++#qT. s eTwj \T>T d+|T+ s|q =+<sT
|d++#sT. kjT++ =+<sT >jT >jT\T b&q b\T n+< q+<se+
eTT+#XsTT. eT&esE \T>T uwqT, d+d |]s+#Te\dq n+X+ MT< #s
>w\ T ]>sTT. s uj
T <X\ ysT |<] +q k+d |<s q\T | s D>
* du\ # eTT+|#sTT.
eTq<X+ b\T+f Hu|s+>qT u>[+> eTwj # q<X+.
n_e~|s + > eTq+f m+ eTT+<Tq <X+ . H\ZesE Hq, | { eT]=+<sT $TT\+
*d ]dT dT jT\T<] eTwj q\TeT\ |s{+#+. | k+<s
|sTTq <X+ k~+q |> $rs \+# u>+ eTVdu\ eT\+> e
*+~.

:: 97 ::

s Hq, | { es+ s&Te sqZ d+>|P sY y+. d+>|P sY |sT ydq yD+<+.
||+#+ => njT @ edTyH yjTTy>+ e d+>|PsY & y\TT+~.
sD+ <X+ ~>TeT dT++ be&+. n+<Te\q n edTe\T s <X\+f
#> \_ksTT. n& es yDC\ |q |uT ~|+ +&<T.
d+>|PsY $T ||+#+. n& k Hu+f sp ebjT ]dT\ d+K
me. d+>|Ps= q>s+ eyT <T. |sT |\Te& q B$. n& sV<sT\T
n<\qT eT]|dT+{sTT. ueq deTT<j\qT >T]+ #|H ns<T. |]Xu |
n+>T+q |_+_dT+~. Hq, |{ n& s+&T sE\T >&| \+|PsY
sb+~+q &yT+ |*+ rdT= +&j e#+. V<su< #sT>H &
yT+ eT+&* y+ cse>] #|+#+. HqT \+|PsY du bZqb sTTH
yuyq+ {qT #|+#s e <] n_q+~+#sT cse>sT.

nyT] |sq
n|{ c >ZjT| XdqduT&T> q H s\ $TT&T _.sese
sE H e< e d+es+ (1981) yT H\ 23, 24 B\ nyT] >
q>s+ H(\T>T nkdjTwH |t HsY nyT]) eTVdu\T sT>T THsTT. MTs
ed <s+ *d yeTH&T. HL sy\H +~. |&T> e+ sqT. y~
MT< HqT e{& neXeTT+fH ekqT nHqT. @s HqT #kqT. MT KsT L&
HH u]kqT nH&T sese.
eTs=k] n+ eT+ neX+ s< sese *d nyT] jT\T<sqT. e
bT nH eT+~ sT\T, >jT\T, =+<sT sjT HjT\T e#sT. yT+
|jD+q $eq+ nyT] \eq+ |s+ 22e ~ s =$T~ >+\ >
@sYbsT #]+~. $eq+ qT+& +~ #d q>s+ u\ dsZ+ H|++~.
23e
~
<jT+ 9.30$Tc\ eTVdu\T bs+ueTjsTT. du \ ||+#+ q\TeT\\
qT+& eq \T>Ty dTesT |~y\ eT+~ e+{sT.
> q>s yTjTsY eTVdu\ qT bs+_+#sT. y~ MT< y] bT H n< \T,
eTq sw s>XU eT+ m.eT<HyVH, nyT] eTs \T>T nkdjTwH {
n<\T, eT] =+<sT |eTTKT\T dqT\jsT. yTT<{sE HqT |&T> Ls=
n+<] |d+ >\qT X<> $HqT. s +&e sE H eT&T $Tc\T e{& neX$T#sT.
n+ =~ ee~ H eTH uy\qT |P]> y\&+#&+ k<+ < H |d+>
bs+_+#qT.
du qeTks+. us<X+ qT+& < sjTu]> $#dq k$T $yq+<
|d++q y~ ~. d+<s+> y] eTqks d]d \T>Tuw Wq
>jTs|+ $|kq+...
m+ eT uw eTq~
m<qT ~| uw eTq~
n uw\ n+<\T #$#d
#qT MT]q uw eTq~

:: 98 ::

eH q uw eTq~!
$q =B sT#T\T |] ]> uw
$sC |Pe |]eT[+# uw
~$Tq bZsT b<T>T *Zq uw
d\jT{ } d<rs uw
|&T#T sjT+#\ q& H]q uw
&* n+#T\T <{ <qT <=q uw
d]>eT\ de& $]d ]d uw
kH H ksT s> uw
XyVqT*+` esT =&q uw
rjTT\ d] ` >+<eT\~q uw
qqjT HqT& HD eT~q uw
q X* r]~~q uw
m+
bTq y>] @yTq uw
>jT >=+T s>eT\~q uw
sjTkqeTTq ` sDq uw
nw ~>Ze\ ` q\s Cdq uw
m+
H e\T H] ` qqT eTw> r]
H }V\ s| eDeTT\T |]
dV $> qqT d_*+<] eTT+<T
*| H $ y\T>T #|q uw
m+ eT uw eTq~
m<qT ~| uw eTq~
n eTT+#qT. y+H eTT+<T esTd LsTq $& H ysY |C n
n]+~. # & e ! d u = d + | < j \THsTT. H sV \T q
deTjTyTbsTT+~. ysT> u$+#+& nHqT.
s > q>s \T>T d+|T + s| q =+<sT qqT *d MT >sys+ s | kjT++
deyX+ @sT #k+. n&H MTsT $rs e{&*. n< $<+> nyT]
eTTK q>s >\ \T>T d+|\+{q MTsT bZ \T>T uw rjT+<H\qT
n+<] |+ |{*. n+<TedsyTq @s j d+|\T #dT=+{jTHsT.
y] ] yTs HqT eTsTd{ ~q+ > q>s \T>T d+|T+ @sT #dq c>w
deyX+ bZ H |d+>+ n+<] THqT. n> HqT n& \T>T $TT\
dV s+ nyT] # |<X \T #XqT. n+<T | +> |s=q<q~ &d +&.
&d+& y &d nH Xdy y~ ms\ dw+q eTV n<T+. <
jT<<+> e]+#&+ m+{ eTV$H k<+<T. n+<T | n+X+ #|sT\qT
d+ueXs\ eTT+ ydT+~. n<T <X\qT #dTq+ d| qqT HqT
eT]bjqT. b+>D+ yTT+ #&\+f sE #\<T. e+<sTTH #\e.

:: 99 ::

+ #b\+f &d+& n<T+ <T. nH n<T\ deVs+. &d+&

eTq+ |sD #~$q eTjTT&T dw+f >=|> e+T+~. s HqT #dq eTs
n<T+ dt@+C dMT|+ jTes d&j. Ve& \ bT = $<o
\qT L& n& ]ksT.
jTes d&jqT <]+#& | + \~ eT+~ edT+{sT. n& q>
s\ q>s\H XX b|~q ]+q dT |]XeT d++<eTTq | e
nTs |sTksTT. TbH <X\qT +#& H H= #\T |qT>\T\ &
#T L{y dV L*bsTT. \T +#T |eVksTT. ] H H=
L*bsTTq #T jT<<+> \T+{sTT. eTq eTT+<T |eV+q yq
y[bsTT. <X+ #dTq+ d| ! e! nq u+ \T>TT+~.
n Xs#T* #d <X\T n&T>&T>TH eTq <sq$TksTT. deTT< >s
n+<T \#s\qT, |s\qT f$T{ nH $\qT u{ sT>T qT\
sTers #&e#T. ne eT+> dw+qy.
dt @+ qT+& dty>dt dTesT eT&T e+<\ yT+T+~. HH= \T>T $TT&
sT jT\T<] dty>dt yqT. q>s+ |>\+ <bT+~. s|P yT
e+T+~. n& | T q+< \jT+. $<ojTT\HeT+~ s $H<\ d+
|+ edT+{sT. n& eTTK+> p<+ me. p<+ \ys &\s es+
sTdT+~. <X\ |+ #d s+ n& >&b+.
s n< $TT& *d XHbk yqT. n& = yT b&eq +< <syT MT
+& deTT<| bjTMT< ]+q _& e+~.< >H >{ _& n+{sT. <
eTTK <s+ e< sd eq $es\qT #~$ nyT]H XdE\ yT<d+| m+ >=|<
eTq seTT+~.
us< X y T + bNqyTq < nyT] n+ n<T HqyT+ ~. =\+dt K+& |{q
sTe+<\ d+es\ < n<T Hyd+> e]q |Tq _{wt y~. n+<Te\q
nyT]| ds V\T eyq _{wt <=s\T |{ + #sT. n|&T C] yw+>H HjT +
nyT] eddT q _{wt y d \T> e] jTT<+ \< =s\qT ]$T={ nyT]qT
d+ <X+> |{+#sT. n+<T <X s< yw+>H n |sT |{sT.
yw+>H nyT] s< eyT <T. ||+#~ | +<+ L&. nyT]H
|d&+{ n~s \jTyTq y{Vdt yw+>H | sD. y{Vdt eTq sw|
\jT+ b*d # q~. n~ e\+ 17 ms\ $ds+ ]+q ueq+. n+<T
><T\T 132 eyT eTq sw| ueq+ H\T>T e+<\ ms\ $ds+ ]+q
+<ue q+. n+<T ><T \ d+K 340. yw+>H HH= |<s qX\ yqT.
n+<T eTq <XdT&q s$es sb+~+q \es \qT #d usrjTT&T>
eTT]dbjqT.
yw+>H s nyT] #| <>Z eTVq>s+ qjsY sd$T s\jT+
n& +~. ||+#+H >=| yD +<\T> |s=+~q es f& d+sY +
ueH\T qjsY q>s ds usD\T. n& @ s&TL |sT+&<T. H+sT eyT
+{sTT. qjsY eddTq =+<sT \T>T $TT\T sE eTVq>s
eT>+ #|+#sT. qjsY q>s qT= q deTT<| B$ <X k+

:: 100 ::

V+> ]+q * $>V+ |s\qT #jT

|\TdTqT> +T+~.
s HqT #dq q>s+ &{sTT{. n~ bsY sT
s|\q #dq q>s+. q>s+ eTTK+> #&<q~
bsT m_wH. n+<T yTTyTT< jsT #dq bsY sT
|{ e+~. =*k]> $eH sb+~+q s{ <sY
q>sydT. y < X+ $V]+|CjT& |&q
nedqT {qT eTq+ m_wH |<sq <s
#&=#T n m&& \T>T $TT\ dVs+ HqT
nyT] VdH , s+&, |{sYZ yTT<q q>s\T #XqT.
|{sYZ CrjTT\+ *d y+fXs \j n<T+> ]+#sT. \jT+
ns\+<s sT| qT+& y[qy. <y\j d+<]dTq+ d|P sTeT\
y+fXsk$T d~ H eTq nqTu \T>TT+~.
&sY |.jTdt.s&>sT |{sYZH +{sT. jTq qd\+ eTq sw+ es+>
. nsTTH e<X+ MT< jTq >\ n_eq+ =B V<su< dMT|+
XMTsY| =+<sT nyT]H $TT\ dV s+ yT&d{ Vd ]+#sT. sD+
H
$T T & T
&
+&\ e\=+&s& >sT |< q b eV+#sT. HqT L& jT<X dV s+ n+~+#qT.
s XMTsY| Vd nqT +<+> V<su< dsesY V E
rdT= y.jTdt.#<] dVs+ n<THq+> r]~<sT. XMTsY| Vd e<
yT& J @sT #XsT. J e\+ e\=+&s& >] w |*+> #|e#T.
s HqT d+<]+q q>s+ |. | e ueeT]~ esT&T oydT\Ts&
H&T. nH qqT ||+#+ @&T n<T\ fq qj>s \b+ e<
rdT&T. eTHVs <X #dTq+ d| qqT HqT eT]bjqT. n+{ H
nyT] j |PssTT+~.
s \+&H y\qTHqT. e $jT+&T q\|s& #+<XKsYs& |< esT&T
&s Y dTs +<H<s & \+&H s +&T e+<\ yT <s+ usH | nH q |D
+
+TH&T. Hq bH #d 16.06.1981e ~ \+&H edTHq #bqT. qqT ]dy
#dTe& dTs+<H< +<| d+b<\T e+ X+uT|k<>] n\T&T &sY
|.jTdt.eT] V $eHXe e#sT. eTT>TZs+ n& qT+& +&jTH y.jT+.d.m
y[ u+#d d{ #d+<T u\T<s+.
yT+ yTTyTT<> #d+~ b\ZsY djTsY. n~ \+&H q>s+ |XdyTq L&*.
n& Hb*jTH #e] jTT<+ z&+q qs sYH\H $>VeTT+T+~.
y~ bes n& e{e{ | m>TsT #d V\+ #d rse\d+<.
n& qT+& +> V+ bdt y+. n~ _{wt sueq+. H m*uY
n+<TH +{sT. s|k<+ |\ |y +#+<T me] nqTeT+#s *d+~.
>T e< qT+& ueq sD X +{+~q+ es #d &+> d{+.
_{wt |<> mesTH M~ |<e H+sY +> y] yd+. $T> eT+T\T
L& n& e+{sT. +<|<X eT+T\ eTT+<T |+# V+>T s+ n&

:: 101 ::

eT#TH n>T|+#<T. s _{wt bsyT+{ ueq+ #X+. n~ # |sqyTq

&+. <yT q~ &Tq ]+q &+ +>jTT\ ydT H|D n<+ |&TT+~.
H{ |s q n+{ #*+ ] y. jT+.d.m. y[ u+ #d s n& |&T H+.
17e ~ <jT+ \+&H u>s+ ]+q u sTTH s+&T >+\T ]>+.
n~ m+ n<T+> H HqT Xsb<T, q+~+#q <T. < sD nsTTq
KsT me u>+ eTq<X+ qT+& <#Tq< >< n u<|&qT. n& qT+& y
eTjT+ y+. n~ \+&H y[q | e #d rse\dq |<sqX\. yTq+
sb+~+q ||+# |eTTKT\ | sb\T n& <sq$TksTT. C$ | sb\T
e. j e\ yde sb\qT eTq eTT+<T *| n<T \T. n+<T eTq
<X |< oeT +~s>+B \+ L& +~. #dTq+ d| k
+~s>+B #dTq nqTu H *+~.
s eT]>] M&\T #| Hq dTs+< usH| y+. q |D+
|X+ JeH, | k+<s \jT+. n|{ e d+ m<TsT #d +~
dTs+<H< us eD. yT # uq+ +{ uH eT]|++~.
eTs&+ dTs+< +{H eT+. s dTs+< qqT \> dT m+
dwH e ]dy #dTeT >{\ weT] >] bH #d #b&T. weT]>sT
n+ eTT+< H \TdT. dt dwH jT #&>H HqT eTV<q+<|&qT. <s+
y]+{+. ysT nH d+es\T> \+&H +^w b|dsY> +THsT.
weT]>] \T>T e\H, \T>T kVeTH e\ e*q n_eq+. |sT ydq
@ \T>T $ \+&H y[H y] k<s+> +{ V+ djT+b+ |+#&yT
> c>w deyX\T sV+#&+ n\yT. n_eq+ =B eTV$ oo, |]|+&
n|\ k$T k+ KsT \+&H |*|+ dTesT sy sE\T +{ +#T=
sTe] $ d<d ] ns <+ #jT &yT +& | $q y] #H #~$+
]sY #sTT+ e+<~ d&\ T sb+~+#sT. n|s| d+|{\qT \T>T y&TH
m>& =+{s weT]>] $Xd+. y] |jT+ b X+ L& |*+#<T.
n| e+ |\ +|{ $T*bsTT+~.
HqT \+&H q H\T>T sE\T weT] >] n~>H HqT. jTH=sE
$XH< w <esjT\ y]+{ H $>q+ @sT#XsT. w<esjT\T $ ke{
$XH< dHsjTD>] +<Te. weT]>] > ysT L& \T>T $eT+f #$
dT+{sT.
n& H $>q+ dTesT s+&T>+\d| ]+~. s ysT n|Ps+> qqT
dH+#sT. n+{ deyX\T \+&H eTs s +&T sE\T ysT ysT > ]>sTT. n{
d+<qs weT]>s. HqT nyT]q, +>+&Tq \T>T<q+ {|& |+#,
H ]>qT.
s weT]>sT s+&T <X \T>T $TT *q VQeTT\{ b #d H
bT $eqX j e +&j |{ m+ M&\T #bsT.

:: 102 ::

H e]wdt j
e]wdt ||+#|+ >TsT|& Mq+ q B$. n& | | u,
|+b\ $s\T e+T+~. B$ #T q deTT< rs\T e]wdt |
sD. eTTK+> $ nq | e #d rse\dq |<X+ e]wdt.
V<su< |<\jT d+d ]dTq V+B + wO{+> d+<s+> s
.VqTeT+se, jT{ duT\ bT qq e]wdt seT |T{sT.
n+<s+ u+u n+srjT $eHXjT+ qT+& 1983 pH 8e ~ jT\T<s+. yT+
$eq+ >&| q sT>+\ \+ ns> + >& bsTT+~. |j D \ <<| eT&e
e+T q+ yT+e&yT n+<T sD+. e +<+ VqTeT+ se, ~Xw]se,
|{ es+, +<, jT|<, Hq jT{ duT\T dTesT eTT|eT+~ +{+.
e]wdt e +< qsY, n&sTTsY, sZHsY, V\sY n |{ >s. m|&T
me]+ nedsy T TH n+<]#|\T jTqy | y$ . | {~ VQeTTFqyTq |. nqTq
| k~+#&+ d+ m& @~ nedsy n~ |j k&T .
e]wdt \T>Ty # eT+~ HsT. y+ e+< d+es\ |Ps+ eTq
sw+ qT+& L\T> y[q y. s+ m|& >++~. |&&Tq \T>T y
HZ s #+~q y. y e{& \T>T eTqs+<T. H eTq<X+ qT+&
\T>Ty mesT n& y[H n|]$TyTq q+<+ k>ksT. es+ >]
dVs+ HqT e]wdt deTT< rs\ #XqT. n& | ;#Y #|sT\qT
|\+|CdT+~.
e]wdt s< bsT\jTdt. n&= z&se+~. sE es+>s, Hq y[
Vss+ ] #X+. e]wdt eTq <X+ > d+ || >\ <X+ . n|{ <X< &T
\T>T d+ #+~qysT. |sT Msk$T]+>&T. y] qqT $> |]#jT+ #XsT.
|{. jTq H # = \T>T $\T #~$+#T= q+~+#&yT +&, e <]
rjTyTq n<$T#sT. $<+> |H+&T sE n+<\ B$ >&| nqT uT\T
HeTsTydT+ jT{ +<+ *d ] +&j #sqT.
s =~ sE\ #q us $< d+d\ b\ eT+&* duT\T &sY +&\
e\=+&s&, _.jTH.s&, j>jT HjTT&T, eTkqjT #<], eTsYs&, $.$.
HsjTD\ *d HqT eTs=k] e]wdt yqT. B$ Hq+ eTT+<T #dq<
nsTTH eTsk] #&&+ n<w+> u$+#qT. sE n+<s+ qb{ +sZ$T
$V]+#+. yT+ d#dq V sV\T eTT|P e q# $<+> sTsyTq
|<s\T e&+ ny]+{ n\Te #dTHsT.

H <sTT+& |sq
1988e d+es+ ||+#$ dyTq+ <sTT +& s< u+ q>s+
]+~. kV |+&T> bZH+<T eTq sw+ qT+& \T>T | <T\T> HqT,
C.u|s&, +&\ e\=+&s&, #s sTeT\, ]fsY V+ d dTVD+, y*#\
=+&\ se, bdt edsY qs d.V#Y sC+<|k< y+.

:: 103 ::

e bT <X+ q\TeT\\ qT+& $$< uw\ #+~q e\T, esTTT\T #

eT+~ e#sT. dTesT q\u <X\ qT+& nH eT+~ sE eTT+< u+ #sTHsT.
eTsTd{sE <jT+ |~ >+\ o yT+ e$C nH <sTT+&T $ H+
du\T bs+ueTjsTT. n& bs+u|yd+ #dq e s | LsT+{&T.
y~ MT< $>q+ #d e eyT +{&T.
yTT<{ sE $\T $|+q $T\T, eT j\T, q&>T\T, V+B e\T y]y]
e uwH #~ysT. s <X\ qT+& eq e\T L& eT $* euwH
$|+#sT. s+&esE e e+T e+~. e @&T>T] o dT VD+, y\
=+&\se, d.V#Y. sC+<|k< \T>T ysTTH +> $+ ]]q y.
n+<Te\q y eT bsTT{ +^w $|+ #sT. +&\ e\=+&s&, u|s&,
#s sTeT\ +^w nqTe~+ #Tq $* $|+#sT. s HqT y~H
yT |yT +&j yT eT<sY+> C \T>T. _dt |t <{ $ & H \T>T
n+...
$$< <XeTT eq y* $]dq q+<q+.
y>T #T\T >=+T *|q $X$ dyTq+.
>eTqyTe]~ y]<H >eTeT+<] <=fq
#{ #|q dM+<T\ |u~ |qT <sD+.
nq >jT+ \|+#qT.
s <sTT+& >=|H e]d...
u< d<+eTT | +{ eTT+
+& $+#&T H\ <sTT+&T!
ds+> seTeT dV | Xu
H&T H\ <sTT+&T!
be\ |ue yVq
q e&&T H\ <sTT+&T!
X+>s $|D d> dT+<syTq
VsTT |+#&T H\ <sTT+&T!
] wq d+|<eTTq<q
e eTsTe w+ eu$T
$\Te |+q |\T $yeTTq
d d+s |&T H\ <sTT+&T! n #~yqT.
y+H eTT+<T esT d Ls= q |H esTT q+<+ | VsT>
y~ | qqT &d |T= qKK |s++ eTT<T \ eTT+#+~. n|&T +<
qT+& esTT uw *jT+&H m+<T n+> |se+#e yTqT n&+~.
n+<T de<q+> $& uw @<H+! y] bsTT{ X k+<s+ qqT |\+|
#d+<+ qqT eT eT n_q+~++~.
du\T eTTdq H{ s <sTT+&T |uT+ #y|jT q~ MT< z&
e\+<] $+<T @sT #d+~. d+<s+> eTq<X+ VQ |#s+ q
sejTD q s|+ > |<] + #sT. n& L& eTq seT< > { q]+q+<T

:: 104 ::

HqT eT]+ d+w+#qT. <+ eTVdu\ seT+ |Pss TT+~. eTs&T <sTT+&T
n+<yTq |<X\ qT\ sTe rs #X+. n yT+ d+<]+q y{ ||+#
|d~>+q myTs u<\jT+ |+> #|<q~. \jT Xu d+<s\qT
{|&dT+~.
u+ e_#s+ # <+ . <= | b+>DeTT+~. sE kjT++ n+<s+
n& y+. n& |<]+# q> <X\T E>Tbs+> +{sTT. H y~eT+~
m>& #dT+{sT. HqT n& \e n+<]+f eTT+<T> V #sqT. s
u+ eTT#T HeTsTydT=+ n+<s+ +&j #s+.

||+# \T>T deK H nqT+<+

1992e d+es+ d|+sY ||+# \T>T deK $se+ #q|] ]+~.
&sY $.+> k$T HjTT&T du<&T>, jTT.$XXsse qsY> eeV]+#sT.
uy& >bs &> sT $w n~> $#d \T>T uw Wq VQeTTU\T> $Xw + #sT.
||+#+ \T>T ys+<] dyT y~ +&\ du rsq+ #XsT.
|s ekq+> dTesT ysTT eT+~ \T>Ty deK XX duT \T> #ssT. n+<T
Hq D. s 1993 p eT&e Bq H{ eTTKeT+ q+<eT] s
sese>sT nyT] qjsY eTVq>s+ eTs=k] deK Xus+u+ |*
n_q+~+#sT.
1994e d+es+ ] #q|]H y]y\T ]>sTT. du |eTTK
b]X$Ty $.m.<>Y sT n< \T> mj sT. s 1996 deK y]y\T
V <su< \* sD+ yu y |+> ]>sTT. n|&T $.m.<>Y s n<
\T> HsT. d+<s+> <Y>] ] yTs H +~ k> ^+ sXqT.
|\T+~ k>+ ||+# \T>T deK
| ] n+*+ d]>eT\qT s+>]+.. |\T
$X+ q\TeT\\+<T $sdq \T>T<q+
# =\Te B] ~\ q\]+#T y! |\T
eT+#T=+& $... eTsT eT\ $...
+ ` H\ ` +&T< *# y\T sd...
\+ n+{ \T>T qT& y\|+q
eqjT e\ \ eT+> sq $T& |\T
+<u w<e sjT\T y=q jTT
<X uw\+<T d \T>q~ d+!
\T>T y\T>T eTTe{ |\T >&q eTT+!
y\T>TqT |dT+ n+<] sdT e+ |\T
|s>* s>.... |b\ qTs>...
eT*q$T+ ~... eTq \T>T d+d!
n< es+.... s+s+ \T>T C!
\T>T k>T eTq >ssD+! n~...@
H{H y&b \* sD+.

:: 105 ::

V <su< s &.$.jTdt.sE >] H + & ]q eTV du\ sD+s\

e\ HqT ybjqT. <T |] deyX\T 2000 d+e s+ yC> ]>sTT.
n|&TL& sE>s n<\T> eHsT. n& L& HqT sdq k> ^H \|d
u =+&jT +<+ n<TyTq q_qjT+ n+<] T+~. ||+# \T>T
deK y]y\T m& ]H nH n+X\ MT< #s>w\T sV+#&+, eTV
$u>+ <s+ d<Ts=+Tq deTd\qT k\+> #]+ |]cs\qT d+#&+,
$ dyTH\T s|&+ qysTTr> edTq n+X\T.
2002e d+es+ deK eTVdu\T d+> |PsY ]>sTT. du oeT
$.m.+~s<Y >] deK n<s*> _.jTdt.sY.wqT s<]> mqTe&+
]+~. +~s<Y>sT $.m.<Y>] dreTD. \T>Tuw |, \T>T d+d |,
eTV d+eT+ | | n_eq+ >\ $<TweTD. $qjTeTT, $yeTT yT dV
\D\T.
eTq <X+ qT+& qs L& rdT= b+& d+>|PsY \T>Ty H
k>^ qs| +> |<]+ n+<] s<qT\+<THsT. s nH
n+X\ MT< #s\T ]>sTT. H n<q >=| $ dyTq+ ]+~. <X $<X\ qT+&
eq dTesT eTT| eT+~ edyTq+ bZHsT. n<&> HqT | $
|sTd n+<] neX+ *+#qT.
n eT&TsE\T se\T $jTe++> k>sTT. e]sE H |d+>+ $q
jTs|jTH \T>T nkdjTwH n<s\T us #|s\>sT, yT us use>sT
eTsTd{ d+es+ \+&H dMT|+ ]+>V yTyT ]> { du\ qqT eTTKn~>
seT ssT. HqT y] VH n+^]+#qT. 2003e d+es+ d|+sT {
n<s* Vq+ yTs HqT +>&T ]+>VyT yqT. H bT +<sw+
qT+& =+<sT kVry\T, sT\T, H{ #sT\T, qseTDT\T, #\q q{qT\T,
>jT >jT\T, Cq|< sT\T |< d+K e#sT.
nyT] H, { d+| \ |<T \T L& =+<s=#sT. $$< <X\ eddT q
\T>T |\T |< d+K $#XsT. eTsTd{ ~q+ { n< s\T us>] H +
>+><sXd bsH ^+ du\T bs+u eTjsTT.
s<] y~ s us>] n<|Hd+ dsq s++> k+~. s |\T
n+X\ MT< #s>w\T ]>sTT. eT<V uHq+s+ $w n~> HqT....
yq +>+&T <XeT+<T
\T>T d+| $T* B&
q&T|f> H&T qqT |*
d\ eTs< q >] d+deTTq
k>+q usH dqT+
yT usqT eTqks n_qT+
du &T\]+ d$qjTeTT>
*dq+ H\TZe\T e+T!
n+ |Hd+ bs+_+#qT. dTesT eTTbe>+ d| |d+>+ k+~.
s { duT\T n# \T>T d+|<jT q\qT |<]+ Ws! n|+#sT.

:: 106 ::

KsT n+X+> q |\\T |<]+q se\T dud<T\qT eTT>T* #XsTT.

yTT<{sE se\T ~jT+ e&+ s+&esE &{]jT+ ]dbsTT+~.
{ |Ps<\T dT#]s& bs+u|Hd+ #XsT.
s =+<sT |yk+<T\T d#yTq \T>T eT eT d+<X\qT $|+#sT.
+< qT+& e bT eq |eTTK qseTDT\T |<Cs&, B|s& q s|\qT
n<T+> |<]+#sT. |Xs\ seT+ #\ k+~. eT<V+ nce<q+
H n<q ]+~. ne<H\T keq |\qT n\]+#eeq n||< +~. n+<T
@ e+ +< H{ ne<q+ TTEe #d+~.
s+&T sE\ kjT++ sT>+\ qT+& m$T~ >+\ es k+d |<sq\T
]>sTT. ]+>VyT \T>T nesTT\+<s |T \+>\ e | sD>
sT. KsT d<dT\+ \& CrjT^+ \|+ Xu+ |*sT.
s us>sT dTesT ju, nsy eT+~ |eTTKT\qT $+<TV+#sT. y]
+{ n\+]+q edTe \T bNH<T d+dT\ yT$+|> HsTT. $+<T d+>
#|H ns<T. n |<s\T n# \T>T e+\qT eT]|+#sTT.
eTsTd{ sE us>] <+|T\T eT&T, H\T>T ]dT dT n+<] \+&H
rdT= e eTVq>s XuqT, beTTKqT m&& $e]d eT<V+ es |
$eqXjT+ M&\T #bsT.

u+>TSsT eTVdu\T
2004e d+es+ &d+sY 25, 26, 27 B\ ||+# \T>T deK deyX\T
u+>TSsT ]>sTT. du\ Vq d+|<\T> deK qsY C.jTdt.s&>sT
eeV]+#sT.
25e ~ H{ us |< |.$.qsd+Vse>sT |seT|~+#s *d eT<V+
es se\{ s<T #X+. n|&T HqT deK k+d d\V<sT>
HqT. u+>TSsT du\ V<su< qT+& eq dT|d< H{#sT&T nsHXs
y+{ H+ |eTTK qs e] de+ *d sy<T eT+~ qseTDT\T bZ
H k>^+ du |c+* |T{+#sT.
s C.jTdt.s&>sT k>|Hd+ #XsT. +~s<Y >] n<|Hd+ deK
Xj\qT n|{ es sV+q se\qT d$es+> *jTCXsT. s =
k+d |<sq\ H{ seT+ eTTd+~. u+>TSsT +< V
d+jTT+> @sT #dq uH\T |<T\ Hs]+#sTT.
s+&esE w& |s+ nH se\ & H H n+ |byTq
H>use f Xsse >sT s+q eq $jT+ |<sq n w+ MT< +~s<Y
>] |+#qT. ~q+ H>use >] s>+ d]> q+<Tq d+<qs> +&\ e\
=+&s&>sT eeV]+#sT. $T> +<eT+ H>use w. seT+ eT<V+
s+&Tqs eTTd+~. |T{ |<sq @sT #dq+<T +~s<Y >sT qq_
q+~+#sT. s n+<s+ uqX\ y+. n& L& # eT+~ eq $jT+
>T]+ #]+#Te&+ HqT $HqT.
eT<V+ qT+& #s>w\T jT<$~> ]>sTT. kjT++ k+d |<sq\T

:: 107 ::

eeT. eT&e sE eTT+| deyX+ &{]jT+ dH\ +&be&+

|\TesT \& se\qT \+#e\d e+~. H&T eTTK n~> $#dq
jT+.y+jTHjTT&T es<b+>T e+{ y>{ \T>T uc Wq >T]+, <
|]s+ #e\dq neds >T]+ |d+ +#&y T +& eT< eT< #T s\ n+<]
&T| q$+#sT.
+~s<Y>sT eT&T sE\T se bZq sT\, |<q e\ du\T
~jT+ e& &&q C.jTdt.s&>] s |eTTKT\ <qy<\T *jTCd
|sT |sTq deK C|\qT |<q+ #d d]+#sT. _.jTdt.sY.w e+<q deTsD
#XsT.

CrjT HjT\ H nqT+<+

n~ 1964 yT 27e ~. HH~q+ >&sT d MT< yHqT. |H bsT eq
+&j s &j qeus s |< eVsY HVA |se T|~+#sq $c<ysq T
|{++~. d+ us =* |<>, qe us s>, X+<>, |+#o\
|e> n+srjT U >&+q eTVH HVA. <X+ nTe+{ HqT sTT+<q
u< H V<j \|s +~. y+H H eTHH+ eTT+<T eTVqT& eTsD<X+
k]++~. |*+>...
{! m{ $c<ys! { >&+<seTTqH
={&H >yT\ \&\T#TH >=+=f +Te
| usTq jT& esTeTT d+_+#H #\B#T
<+#T bs qX\eTT K+&+s\eTT\H
nq |<+ s|~<T=q~. y+H V&e&> eT<dT y[ n& qT+& $eq+
& yqT.
n|{ ||+#+ $$< <X\ H\T >o\T n+eTj bZH+<T
$#XsT. u<| V<jT+ Hq jqT e]+#qT.
& |D sesZeTT\T +&H X d+|yT
n\&T |C deTVeTTq VVseTT s> |P
\T H\qT >| d+<qeTT| k>H deTd |C
y\ueTTq H=| VsT eTV|kq e<+eTTH!
yTsT deq >;sT
us seTTqT Bq+<T |
C] |+{+q
|Ts <Ts+eTTq jTeTTq >=\Tq e>#H!
~ HH eTVH n]+q nXy[, HVA eTsD+ s >T q+<
n|<s |<> eeV]+#sT.
1964 pH VQ<sY Xd>sT |<q eT+> u<\T #|{sT. ysT
eTV>+B +q nsY s+&e ~ +#&+ usrjTT\ |D $Xw+. y]
HVA >] | eq n_eq+ =B q eT+ esZ+ +~s>+B de#s XK
eT+> #sTHsT. Xd>sT s+ qy&H n+s+>+ $T* Xe+yT+~.

:: 108 ::

d+> \TdT+& n|{ bkH n< &T njTuUH eTq<X+ | j \T<Ty&T.

jTT<+ Xd>sT |Tq $jT+ k~+ usrjTT\ d by ||+# <X\
#{sT. <X dTs+> e+#~ bD& d]V<T\qT b& d\T. n> <X
dT_+ #d~ nq<q sT\T. n+<T Xd>sT CyH`CkH nq H< <X+
q\TeT\ #{sT. n|&T <X+ m<Ts=+Tq Vs <H\ =sqT =+ esH
rs+<T | T++ ys |P |ydeTT+&\ <X |\ Xd>sT $|
#XsT. HH $| T.#.| b{+ y] | H>\ s<H uy #THqT.
bkH jTT<+ eTTX sT>TbsT>T <X\T |>, |rs e +& \d
yT\d eeV]+ ||+ # X+ <V<|&\ u$+#&T. n|{ sc n<&T =dH.
sT <X\ H\qT eT <X V+ w+{ q>s+ X+` |+<+ ~s&T.
n< deTjT+ Xd>sT >T+&bT VsqsD+ #+<&+ <X|\+<] +&
|{++~. d+<s+> HqT +~ |<+ y] y\]+#qT.
|T &H uT$ |f&T eT+ <XujTTH
>TT>y+ #T= >=|jTXeTT >&+He,
q u<{H= |+eTT|{ sTT+He, m
|Tq <s esZ yT&ujT He e XdJ!
s |<qeT+> u<\T d]+q +~s>+B u+\qT CrjT+ #jT&+
bT >u Vsy nq H<+ &T>TesZ\ s<<eyTHsT. <seT, kVdeT
eTu$ +q eTV> ||+ # <X\ |X+ d\+<T=HsT. deTse +yT q |]b\q
d++> sT. n+ <T, n|{ es bkH @\T& eq sT u+>qT
jTT<+ <s $&>={ +><X $sy sHsT. Bs< eTV seTD
1984 nsY 31e ~ n+>s\ Tb >T+& *e&+ $c<s |]DeT+. n|&T
L& HqT & y[ yT u <V d+<]+ <> u]yTq V<jT+...
iT bjTeTT q+<T oseTT eTT<&
u|PJ sTT&q Byq\ |\eTT
q& >TsTe> nqTs H=dq
|Tq <Xu u<q\ |\eTT
d\ ||+#eTT d+#s yTTq]+
deTLsT=q $Cq |\eTT
ndVjT XSseTqT|eq |
>&q{ V|\eTT
\d <X~H> y\dq{
|DeT] qT #+| |\TeTT=q
b|yT j C u|=qTeTT
n s MT #s n!
e q{ <XeTT sT
d+<eTT> es! <T'K uweTT\ &
jT&] +|+> n\$jT>TH!
yTTeTT> <X yTH yTTT=q!

:: 109 ::

m+ u< =s |+#Tq
s \ H>T T yd
qT ns+eTT> H\ >
us+~s! CVsT\eT!
n X<+* |T{+#qT.
+~s>+B eTsD+q sC sJy>+B <X |<> |eD ds+ #XsT. n q
ejTdT dT$X\yTq us<X |<qeT+ nsTTq U sJy>+B <+~. jTq
Vj+H <X+ H|swH f\J |yX|{sT. b e]& s< #{
neT\T|]#sT. |+#sTTr s eedq T |{w + #XsT. n< deTjT+ o\+ X+k|q
d+ eTq s < |+| m.{.{.y] >VyX >TsjsT. ubsY +u D+
jTTeHjT yT& #TTe&+ eT\+> s ]q m z$T b\ jsT.
nsTTH m{{ y] |> |&>q beTT n<qTd+ +# k+~. <T|] m\
|#s du sJy>+B <XeT+{ |s{+ es> 1991 yT 21 e~ $TH&T
o|s+sT #ssT.
~q+ nss ysT m\ du |d+dT+&> m.{.{.y] eqeu+T >Ts
H\=]>sT. $c<ysqT H= bjTT&T bH #d #bsT. y+H s+
yT\T= neT sJe+ nq o] # |<\T sXqT. n+<T = & <V ]dTH qT.
n~ s, ne >T+&\ H=k]>
~|q s, s\T |> >*q s, us
uT<jTeTT qwweTT\ eTT+ Vd+q s
#<\T eTV +&eTTqT #= $T+q s n{!!
VTy~jTq ` jTesT V+q
uVyTq ` #yTq
sjTT>| #s ` sJe V ` j
eT# jT $<eTTq ` edbe!
ks ks y~ qT\T qH
us u>$<> |]>D+
|\T CC\ yq |\]+
eTT+<T ]&T ` k+<s eT] H|!!
e+ b<\T dsTT+ <=+>u
H=\TujTT#T esDjTT<eTT |*
us qsTT eTT<T\ |{ >\
m >T+&\T? yTeH |*!!
s <syT<q >
d|eT+<q ` }V+| k<|&
|seT <Tw DeTT ]bjT
eH >sTT deTT qyjT!!
us jTT<s+>eTTq b|\T ePVyTT+&T |jT

:: 110 ::

rsTq bsq+<qT <VeTT ejT\T #dHs=?

rsTq <XHXqyT <jTeTT> >\ <TwX
esD VeTeTT+ ]| eqeH Ve]HsV!
$eT\ X+ ` H&T $XeTTq
|+|{q H\ beseTT\T
&>\T> e] eTeTqTs>eTT\qT
s|e|&T \eTT <|]+#!!
n H HqT u<|&T \ys>H & y[ eTTq
sJy>+B eT<V #d <T'K e| >=\TeTHqT.
nXe y] H y[.

n_qe yeTq _sT<T |<q+

HqT eTV $qjTo\ eTe \ nq eT+ sdq d\T +<C ~q|
qsTys\T <syV+> |#T]++~. d+<s+> 2003e d+es+ qe] 12
~ |X+ s#sTT\ d+|T+ qqT +>\T V++~. n|& d+|
H>use fXsse>sT >sy<\T> _.VqTes&>sT n<\T> eHsT. ~q+
dTesT =$T~ e+<\eT+~ s#s TT\ deT+ qqT n_qe yeTq _sT<+ d ]+#sT.
n|&T ns_wyT nq |sT ysT deT]+q dHq | & jT<<+>
<V]dTHqT.
|jTyTq eTe!
e e VH eT+ $#dq XudeTjT+ n+s #T+_dTq~ e
q+<V\. jTeT<y T q e + \Ty $+ |T n_q >TD\T. |d q +H
y+&sTT |< JeH&Tq jT>D\T. e >+ $| |<+, \+ ~|
|<+. |<+ kVr eT<+ nq d | |<+ \TyT <sD+. q& ` HD+
|<<= |yTq uD. e Te> eH eT eT $H\|dT+~ yD.
|<\T ~dyT T\ sT>& |d| \ \ e dV dT+<s\T. n+<T kVr+ qT dV M!
n |\T+T+~. b\T |]eT b]C\T. #+<dy <\| =s& saT[|+#&+ q,
d+|T <Ts#s\ #+| #eT|+#&+q y\<T\T yeTq y\<T\
b{|&sTT. n+<T qT n_qe yeTq _sT<+ d]dTH+!
e +&T qs J$+, neT\yTq s#q\ +< Xs<q\]+#\ eTqks
n_\wdTH+. s L&... yeTq j e \\+ |\ H\\ MT< J$ke
d nseT _+<Te\ qT n_wdTH+. n | {++~. <X+ |{ H
eTT+<T yT<&T e+~.
sE qT+& H>us e >sT qqT nH! n_qe yeTH! n |\ek>sT. n H>us e
>] H nqT+<+ ~q~q |eseqyT+~. ysT s+q >+<\ HqT #~yqT. |
>+<+ q, nuT <jT uy\T, ke dV n&T>&T >TH >#]ksTT. ese q e\qT
bV+#&+ H>us e n+<]+f eTT+<T+{sT. ysT nH |jT s#q \T #XsT.
= d]= |j>\T #XsT. n+<T eq $jT+ nq s|+ eTTKyTq~. n+{
>=| s#sTT qsY y~ k&+ qqT \es|s+~. HqT y] yT Vd

:: 111 ::

#]+ y~ ysD Xe+#q +& w#XqT. |*+> y~ re =+ Z+~.

... |P]> qjT+<T.
s H>use H& eq es +{ ysT. HqT n& L& y[
s+ y] >&| <s+ #| e#qT. dTesT H\ sE\ |> H>use>sT n&
e+& #sTT+#THsT. me sE\T J$+#qq ujT+ ] V<su<
eq esT e< e#sT. d L& ysT H ewu |sD+ #~$+#T= m&]
{ T>Z nq >=| yd+ ssTT+ H |+bs. s =~ sE\ ysT T~Xd
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ke{ nq _sT<T |<q+ #XsT.

sejTD e sD+
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q+< deTjT+ MT <T'UXe$T{ ! n n&>qT.
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HjT\ |]$TeTjsTT. | H{ V+ eT#TH +#&+ <T . + m+<s
nu>T\T Te& , q& +&, \<#Te& >T&d L&
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neTT+THsT.
#|=+b &T| s $wjH HsTT. H _& >+B <X+ eTs=
seTs+ y\ \\T H&T. |{ sjT HjT d+> |P]> eT]bjsT.
n+<Te\q seT<qT <q X* e+> sd sjT HjT\ ]|+#eT
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use <X <q eTe\ sejTD s#q os+ #T{qT. Hq
=~b{ Cq+ eTVy HjT+ #jT>\H nq ujT+ qqT y~+#k+~.
n+<Te\q n|{ es $$< |jT\ eq \T>T sejTD # u>+
d]+ dTesT |~ek\T >+<\{ n< jTq+ #XqT. beTsT& L& nse TjT
X* ju nsy |<\T sXqT. sE |<\qT dT|d< $ #s sTeT\
$|+ u>>T\T #| eT n&>qT. jTq MT |< u>> z>T m&T+T+~ s &> s.
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:: 112 ::

jTq d+d sejTD Wbdq |{q e. MTs=k] y] n_bjT+ rdT+&

#b&T.
eTs& HqT y] *d sejTD s#q m+<T |PqTHH #| H |<\T
$|+#qT. ysT | |< X<> $ s& >s! sE .|s& >sT, ddt
<+& seTjT>sT H e< e MTsT y sejTD+ | X ns s\
bT $esDyTq yUq+ sj*. ||\+> MTs+ n& n+ keTHsT.
eTT+<T MTsT H|+q | |P] e+&. ||\+ d+> s #<eTHqT.
n|&T HqT es+> d+d X\ #sT&T> +&yD. y| <>+ sVdH
r] deTj b B | |P]#XqT. n+<T dTesT m$T~ d+es\T
|{+~. s |s&>sT, <+&seTjT>sT e +{ e MTsT # XeT|&
k$Ts+ |P] #XsT. ||\ +> MT+ y sdT+& n+ # T H eTT+<T
yXsT.
n|&T HqT e nHqT. eTT+<T MTsT y eTV] qT s+q sejTD
||\yT+ rdTHs \TdT+& n|&T #bqT H+ y\H~. e *<+&T\T
H oseT#+<T& |sT |{q+<T MTsT Hq neX+ e\q qks+
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#| y |T\T y] |+#qT.
ysT esT e{&+& y[ H s#qqT |~ d+|{\T> |#T]+#sT. n+{ H
| |P]sTT+<qTHqT. + HH+<T J$+ HH H|&syT+~. MTsT s+#
ujT sejTD $q&+ dyT HqT Hq+ |~ d+|{\T H d+d+
*jT<q uj
T + MT s <T . MT d+<V + eH < yT |d + T+<
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s#q MT<H \>+ #XqT. HqT y sejTD nqTd]dH W u+>+ +&
d]= \q\H+ #XqT.
s#q d+|> k>TT+<q d+w+ bT ]|syTq =T$T{&TTq
HqT y eTT~+#>\H! nq u< qqT y~+#k+~.

dksTTuu y] Vq+
s#q dT+<s +& eT< +&> sE n|{ b{ oseTT\T \T>T $X$<\jT+
\|> q .$. dTVD+ >sT H e< e ||] ksTTuu y] q~q
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#X syT Ls= n|{|&T uu>] >T]+ @&$T~ |<\T sXqT. $
dyTq+ eT<V+ eT&T >+\. |X+ \jT+ |H q \+YsjYT V

:: 113 ::

2.30 >+\ |~y\ eT+~ uu u\ ]dbsTT+~.

$ dyTq+ bZq& eq e\+<s uu s dyT<TsT #d y~ |H
H\ MT< LsTHsT. HqT y H=|\T sD+> MT< LsTHqT. y~
ow<esjT\ <ssY \|d +~. + uu>sT s |+> jsT #dq
qsT V\T e#sT. sTH V\+ \jT~] HsT> H e< e d+
eTT| sT d+es\T> m<TsT#dTHqT. |{ e#y nHsT. y+H HqT eT
<sH sL&< <T, m+<T \+ n >&bsTT+<HqT $qeT+>. ds Ls
n #| y~|q y] d+ m<TsT#dTq | dq+| dqT\jsT.
k$TsTy| |H+&T eT+~ e\ dHsT #XsT. n<weXT H dq+
k$T y] |H |&+~. H eTT+<T sT>TsT e\T e<H sd #Tq $\T
esTd> $|+#sT. k$T ys+<] <TX\Ty d]+ | ] = \&T
|k<+> #sT. s e+T H<+~. HqT H |<\qT usd+ {|& #~$ ]
e k$T y] |H LsTHqT. y+H ysT H &#sTT n+<T= H eTT+<
+>s dw+ djT+> H y\T =&>sT. <+ H q+<Xe\
+&bjsTT. k$T ysT n~ >eT+ yT\> m+<T&TdTHy nHsT.
<+&Tq $ |+&T*+<sT+&> MTsT |+> H| #|q <s_eq+ H
q+<Xe\T +bsTT. H s>+ d]> be&+, ] u<\T |&dT+&&+ \T#T=
|\T_q <T'UXe\T q+< uc\ *d bjjTHqT.
y+H uu>sT |y&! s>yT+~. y H=|\T n+> n$ H y!
sd sDj
T +> sejTD+ sdTH y. + u< + {. |{ dT+<s +& |y +
#y. >TT+<. s> |P]#jYT. n& seTT&TH&T. & HqTH. e eTT<D
$wjT + yT+ #dT+{+ nHsT. +d| H #$ k$T ysT yT\> e{&
+ #d
V | \ bT k{ e\+<s XsbjsT. ~yqTu q eT]bqT.
HqT ||] qT+& ] eq s+&esC eTV< .|s&>sT H >~ e
myTdt! qTe ds#+<<T \Tq+ \+ sejTD+ sdTHe |\ ysT
#bsT. n+<T d+ |*+ H < #&eT n&>& e#qT nHsT. HqT
y+H MTsT sejTD n++ eeT n&>& eqT+~. e+ |
e{ H H seTT& |*+#&T. n+<Te\q HH >+< y] n+$Ty*. <jT#d
nbs+ #dT+&HqT. HqT e< n+$TeeT n&>& s<T. e+ HqT
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u$+#qT. <s+ H s#q y>+ |+E=q~. e+ |P]>H y| |\
y] MTs eTT+<Te sj\ sqT. jTq dTesT H\sE\T ee~ rdT=
y eT>+ |]o*+ eTT+<Te sXsT. n+<T 21e X+ |<e T |+#+
+<<X eTe\ ys+~+q dTesbjTd+ eTe\ sejTD+ nHsT. +{
eTVe+ \T>T +es s<T. MT< L& s<T n yXsT. HqT y]
@u$+#<T.
MTsqT> |{ es s~ yT |&T HH=#qT>. H s =H qqT
$T+q y&T eTs=&T s& m #|>\s >{> y~+#qT. <+ ysT eTqdT
H=|+# eTe\ sejTD+ e+{ eTVe+ eTs= H\T><T X\H edT+<

:: 114 ::

HqqTqT. \T>Tuw q+ \+ e+ dJe+> \TdT+ < |] de]+#sT.

s |s&>sT q k+ KsT eTe\ se jTD+ |~y\ |\T ds+>
dT+<s+> eTT<D #sTT+#sT. e+ |s&>] <+|T\ b{qT |#T]+ y]
|<s|+ H <qy<\T *jTCXqT. y$wsD eTT+<T HqT ||+# \T>T
deK deyX #H yS n& $TT\ <eT s&T |d\T y+ rdT=
yqT.
deyX+ eTTX deK n<s\T oeT +~s<Y >] +> y[ yT=
sejTD |#qT. yT >+< <T = s +&T |J\T n s> d <$T{ s &> sT!
+<T |s&>] <+|T\ b{ +~ nHsT. <+|T\ dVjT+ b e+
+ n+<+> s|~<T=H~ <T. |~y\ |\T ys |+T #sTT+#s HqHqT.
MTsT sejTD+ sdTHs H \TdT. e qq&>T+f edT s|q |+T
#sTT+# y+ < nHsT. $T+#+& yT&yT! MTsT n&>T+f #sTT+# yy......
|s&>sT Hq&+&H q+ qT> H e< e >+<eTT<D d+ u]
$seT+~+#s Hqq>H +~s<Y >sT n s>&+ e <Ts<w+ yTT<{k]>
MTsT e +{ se&+ y eTV] djT+> eq+ d+w+> e+~. >+ e+
#sTTkqT. d+ e n<yTH d]+#+&HsT.
<e! H& <sT eT+~ $TT\qT *d ns+T> V<su< y* nq>H yT
|T |+#\ , eT&T \\ q><T &T = |d\T |+T #sTT+#+&.
|sTTH e $T>T\TT+~ nHsT.
s HqT #H H + | q <T>TsT $TT\ |d $ T#qT. |d e T+<Tq
| s \ juy\ sbjT\ e+Tq H n+<CXsT. &T |+T #sTT+q
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s |s&>] T+ duT\ bT, e T+ duT\T, |\ ysT, =+
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deT+ k$Ty] b< |<\ H sejTD |PC dTeT+> deT]+ #qT.
s s+&T d+es \H eTe\ sejTD+ <\ dVjT+ q\uy\ |T\T
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H d+\+. <Ts< we XT H s>+ |P]> <q&+ d+K n& bsTT+~.
eTe\ sejTD #~$q |+&T\T, e\T, $eTs\T dTesT @&$T~ e+<\
|J\T yk\T sd H |+bsT. n+<T \|wq eTT|eT+~ kVr eTsT\
dMT\T e+ m #dT= eTe\ sejTD <sD+ nq |sT >+<+
|#T]+#qT. >+< H{ <y<jT XKeT+ Ey~ ssse>sT
$w]+#sT. du Tsb{ T+se>sT yU> eeV]+#sT. kVr
$Xw\ <sT eTT>TZsT | $T> ys+<s djT+> e H dseT+<THsT.

H kVr $TT\T
H $, e n$T+> n_e+# kVr $TT\ &s Y +&\ e\=+&s&
eTTKT&T. jTq q |<\T> jTH HJ nH |< e+ s+ u\ dsd>
>DTsT. HH e+ #~$ eTT>TDjqT. q+<+| jTq |<\H K

:: 115 ::

sXqT. n ]H=sT #dT+&H e dV+ <] V<j\qT |qyd+~. s

# sE\ H\sT uy& >bs&>] <s+ ]q kVr du <s+
bZH+. n|{ es ]H=sT #dT<T. du <s qqT jTq, jT HqT
>T]+#&+ ]+~. H{ qT+& H{ es e dV+<+ n$ q+> =qk>TH
e+~. H $ yTT<{ X & +&\ e\=+&s&>sT. s+&e X kVr
y#d yTTe ec~|>sT. M]<s H $ dT+> |]o*+ u>>T\qT
m|{ |&T H *jTCdT+{sT.
dT|d< $ >T+sT Xw+<Xs =H >&sT |sb\ d+|T MTwqsY> |#Xs
+ eTT+< #bqT. ysT us<X+ >]+#<>Z $. d+d+< uwH +>+
L& n<T H|D+>\ kVry. y] H{ qT+& C\Tys ||<+q $+
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nq |sT # yk\T sXsT. y] n_eqT\T # eT+~ Xs>] jTT>$>
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#~$ eT |{&T y eTe\> n q n_bj s |Ps+> y*T#sT.
ysT H&T eTq eT< b sTTH y] s#q \T $ |jT T\+<] V< j\ >Tu[dH
e+{sTT. HqT y] eTsD+ d+<s+>...
n\y> e \eTT <dy
&* s+>eTT &d >T!
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#$ HssCjTT $ $q
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n y\]+#qT.

ydT*> |d~q _.jTH.s& >=| kVr y bsTTH q *dq eT+

|~eT+~ |+#\q <X+ dT\u dT+<syTq X* ke qT d+<X+
_.jTH.uw\T, _.jTH.ue s+D yTT<q >+<\T s+#&+ bT u>eBZ
ks uw\ $w]+#&T. sD+> _.jTH H rjT $TT\ &H&T.

:: 116 ::

n~ 2007e d+es+. sE \ysTCeTTq <T >+\ <eTT

uYsyT y[ VsT> C] +<|&qT. <+ H T+{ meTT eTTbsTT+~.
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| | n+TH <s yT&d{ Vd #]+#&T. Vd &sY wjT>sT seT
<> eeV]+ Xd <s < d] #XsT. s n& H\sE\THqT. HqT
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kjT++ qqT |s eT]+ H eTH<s +bsT. _.jTH.s& L& n|&|&T
e H u>>T\qT $#]+#&T.
n> e+<~ eT+~ rjTT\T, n_eqT\T Xu_q+<q\T n+~+#sT. de
|]XeT d++~+ sT ed T. HqT Vd u& MT< q|& u<~ seTTD
d+u~d s+&T sE\T y<q nH X+ s+#qT.
\T #]q H{ qT+& H |P] s#H yd+> n++ #d esTd> ewu
|sD+, us s\T, $y q+<T&T, m+<s eTVqTue\T, y& eT\T,
H{>\T, sj\ e+~, y+&s H|<+, us k+ d+>eT #] nq
=$T~ >+<\T s+&T d+es s+#qT.
n+ eTT+<T Vd s+q y<q dV |~ >+<\qT H jum$T<e
|[sE d+<s+> 2009 nsY10e ~ sM+< us d<TZsT yq+<eT] >]
deT+ H{ eTTK eT+ & =DC{ sXjT>] #T\ MT<T> $&T<\ #XqT.
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<s<sH &ssY eT<T d<Hse >] |Tq+> d]+#qT. <s <+|T\T> HqT
u$+# |> sY |+sY n~H |sT#] VqTeT+se>] <+|T\qT, es&
weT] >] <+|T\qT e <+|T\+ d]+#+.
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e +qT d]+#&+ e n<w+> u$dTH+. J$+ MTsH TbqT m<Ts=
$$< s+>\ mq de#XsT. mqu s ejTdT L& ke dV MT s#H
yd+> =qkdH eHsT.
dTBsyTq MT J$qTuy\qT |\ *jT CjTe\dq nedsyT+H e+~.
<jT #d s | MT < os+ #T+&. >+< HqT +> eTT~+ kqHsT.
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|PqTHqT.
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+<T b+<T|]#qT. H e<| + eT\+> d+u$ +q eTeTsT| e\q = C| \T
eTsT>Tq |&bjsTT. sD+> = bsbT\T ] e+&e#T. n$ T~|Ps+>
#dq$ e.

qqT e]+q _sT<T\T

dV$, n_qe yeTq, |<$ ke{ nq _sT<T\qT >] + eTT+< #bqT.

:: 117 ::

s V <su< y d+|T + ysT eTVdu @sT #d <jT + qT+& kjT++

es H eTe\ sejTD+ e>q+ #sTT+#&+ bT s +< y nq
_sT<+ qqT n|Ps+> d]+#sT. du d+|T duT\ bT $$< s+>\
#+~q |<\H eT+~ bZ H sdT| |P\es+ ]|+#sT.
s de |]XeT nTq |sksyTq s|T| y+jTHjTT&T nysT n|{
eTTKeT+ &sY y.jTdt.sXKss& >] #T\ MT<T> n+<THqT.
<ses| dTVD+>sT k+d eT+&* n<\T> eq|&T +<|<X |uT+
<s s _sT<+<THqT. @ $ H bs \ n_eq+ +f _sT<T\T >=|$e.
@ eTV$q m eeTT\T
s+sTT+#qq~ |u <T?
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uq k~+q |*yT+?
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nq<=f eTTU+X eTsd #&
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qT >TD+> kV+ m esTH |<+ H{ |q$T C_* |dH
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H rs ]
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nq |sT dT @sT#d <MT< e# e& | d+es+ H q~q d+<s+>
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ks+ #jTe\dq u< e nusTT MT< +~.

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H >\ s<H uy +~ |<\T ns d+\T.
w H nqT+>T HdeTT

:: 118 ::

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