BivitnyvitchoIRF.

Grenoble,12/05/2005
Falleaf@irfvn.com
Choccbn,

Cthni,hinnayviiukhinrtphbinVitNam,vcng
dngrtnhiu.Nhngsinhvinngnhin,inT,CinT,TinHc,
Vin Thng... hu nh ai cng bit cch lm vic vi vi iu khin. Tuy
nhin,vitmtbivittngqutvviiukhinvviclptrnhchovi
iukhin,quthtlqukhkhniviti.

Dovy,titngayvnlbivitnyshngvonhngbnsinhvin
mibtutipcnviviiukhin.Bivitscchiathnh3nidung
chnh.Nidungthnht,titrnhbykhiqutvviiukhin.Nidung
nyccptrongrtnhiutiliu,vdngnhlvncbn,do
vy,tichtrnhbynhngkincnhncatisaochothtphhpvi
ccbnsinhvinmitipcnviviiukhin.Nidungthhai,titrnh
byvcchtipcnmthviiukhin,haycthhnlccbncng
btuhcviiukhin.Nidungcuicng,tislitkccbchcvi
iukhinmtcchtngirrng,mcnhntichorngnhuch
cho cc bn. Bi v nhng bc ny ti cng tham kho mt s ti liu
hngdn,vkhihcthticngphilnmvitheoconng.

1)Viiukhin

Trongrtnhiutiliucbnucpnkhinimviiukhinlg.
Do vy, ti lt qua cc khi nim c bn ny. Ti ch cp n cc khi
nim, m cc bn cn quan tm khi bt u hc, hoc la chn mt vi iu
khinchomtngdngnocaccbn.Tnhngkhinimticp,
cc bn c th tham kho t cc ti liu chi tit hn, v ri cc bn s nm
ctonbnhngvncbncamthviiukhinno.

a)Kintrcviiukhin

Thcraviiukhincnglmtcutrcsiunh,gmcclinhkinint
kch thc micro hoc nano, cc linh kin ny c kt hp vi nhau v
cniviccthitbbnngoiquaccchnviiukhin.Chnhvvy,
hiurckintrcviiukhin,ccbnshiurcmnhanglm
vicvicig,vcilmvicnhthno.

Kin trc my tnh hay kin trc vi iu khin cng tng t nhau. Do ,
ccbncthtmhiuvkintrcmytnh,hiurvkintrcviiu
khin. Hai kin trc vi iu khin ph bin hin nay, l kin trc Von
NeumannvkintrcHarvard.Skhcbitchyugiahaikintrcny,
chnhlvictchcbnhdliuvbnhchngtrnh.KintrcVon
Neumann t chc b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh chung vi nhau,
chnh v vy, ng truyn (bus) ca kin trc Von Neumann l ng
truynchung.Trongkhi,kintrcHarvardtchribnhdliuvb
nhchngtrnh.

Mi kin trc ny c mt li im ring r khc nhau. Kin trc Von

Neumanntndngctinguynbnh,trongkhikintrcHarvard
sttcxlcaohn,mtkhcngtruyndliuvngtruyn
lnhiukhin(chngtrnh)cthcdunglngkhcnhau.

b)Tplnh

Tplnhyccoiltpmlnhnhphn,vchngtachannvi
cpnngnnglptrnh.Bnchtcatplnhlmttphpccmnh
phn,mtccnvxltrungtm(CPU)nhnbitvthchin.D
liucCPUxllccsnhphn.Chnhvvy,tplnhdthnoi
nacngsthchinmyvicchnhsauy:

tnhtonccconsnhphn.
cclnhchuynccgitrrathnhtnhiuintchnlinhkin
cclnhdichuynccgitrgiaccthanhghi
cclnhiukhincontrchngtrnh

Nhngiunytngchngngin,nhngthitnghnsgipchcho
cc bn khi hc v hiu mt tp lnh, cc bn c th phn loi chng ng
cch.

Tp lnh hin nay c phn lm hai loi, tp lnh RISC v tp lnh CISC.
Ccbncthtmhiusuhnquaccbivittrnccdinnint,tin
hc,hocnhngtiliutinhckhc.

Nhvy,tkinthcny,nhngkhkhnmrtnhiungigpphikhi
thchinlnhtcnglnnhngthanhghilnh(vncngchldysnh
phn)scgimbtikhnhiu.

c)Chcnng

Cu hi ln nht t ra khi cm mt con vi iu khin trn tay, chnh l

chngtaslmgvin?Hinnayrtnhiuloiviiukhinrai,vrt
nhiutnhnngctchhpvotrongviiukhindidngphncng.
Tuynhin,tuchunglithmiviccngunmviciukhinng
cvccmbin.Mtcnhcatnglmtcicmbinhngngoiv
mtcingc.iasnhnggtngucdnhnngctrong
,vnukhngcngcthlmsaonbiniinnngthnhcnng
c?Mcigcithcngcli,cngclmvic,thphiccm
binquanst.

Cillunnysucngkhngsu,mnngcngkhngnng,nhngnli
lcsnhngnhsnxuttungraccsnphmviiukhincamnh.
Vcngt,ccbncngdphnloilachnviiukhinchomnh
dng.Ngoitrhailoiny,thnhngloikhcchngtacxemlloith
ba.

Chngtacnnhmloilmg?Bivtnhnngcaviiukhin,clin
quantrctipnschncaviiukhin.Chonnvicphnloivhnh
dungramtbnyccloi,ccchcnngcaviiukhin,sgip
cc bn la chn vi iu khin tt hn. Mt ngi mi hc, c mt tm
nhnrngvviiukhinmlachncngthtlkh,nhngnutmti,

hiuvphnloicmtsloiviiukhin,tnhinshiurcci
bntngiphctpny.

Lmthnobit?nginthi,trongttcccdatasheetccungcp
chotngloiviiukhin,ucmtrtnhnngcatngloi.Ccbn
tmnhtmhiuvphnloimtsviiukhinthngdng(mccbn
cthmua)ritnhgichngvmttnhnngquaccdatasheet.V
c hiuc cc tnh nngny, th cc bn phi c mtkin thcnn, vd
nhtimerlg?pwmlg?capturelg?i2clg?usartlg?giaotipCAN
l g?... Nhng ci , bn khng cn hc t nhiu con vi iu khin, v
nhng tnh nng hon ton ging nhau, ch c cch lm cho n hot
nglkhcnhauthi.Vynn,ccbnclymtdatasheetcamtconvi
iukhinbtkno,cvcgnghiumcchcacctnhnng,
vchngtacthdngkinthcnychobtkconviiukhinnokhc.

2)Tipcnviviiukhin

V mt khoa hc m ni, chng ta c hai hng tip cn chnh vi mt i

tng, mt l nghin cu pht trin i tng , hai l s dng i
tng . i vi vi iu khin, thi im hin ti nm 2005, ti khuyn
rngchngtakhngnnnghincuphttrinviiukhin,mnnhc
sdngn.

Vychngtacnnhnggtipcnvhcviiukhin?

Trctin,nnhiuqutrnhthaotctuncuichomtconviiu
khinbtkhotngl:

a)Chngtacnlmcig?

Khitcuhiny,chngtanghngayntnhnng,schn,vkchthc
cnthitcaviiukhin.Vchngtaphilachncconviiukhin
chng ta cn dng, tt nhin km theo ngay sau l chng ta c th mua
cnna.

Tinirngchngtaphibitrngchngtacthmuacn,chng
imuanvi,mhyxemnhngvntiptheo.

b)Lptrnh

Tt nhin cng vic ca bn l cng vic lp trnh, lm cho con vi iu

khinhotngtheobnmuntronggiihncctnhnngcan.
ycmtimrtvuilnubnxtlitthkhaisinhlpaca
conviiukhin,chcnngvtplnhcanthtngin,nhngnhng
cng vic nh by gi n vn hon ton lm c. l vi sao? L v bn
chtcanvnchlthaotcvinhngconsnhphn.Dovy,numt
conviiukhinkhnghtrmttnhnngno,thchngtacngu
cththchintnhnngbngphnmmvmtviphncnghtr
bnngoi.

Nhngtmdngchuynli,ccbnmunconviiukhinhiuc
nhngchlchmccbnsdnglptrnh,thccbnphibini
ccchthnhraccconsnhphn,thhindidngfile.HEX

Munlmciuny,ccbncncmtchngtrnhdch.

Vicsaulbnphibitngnnglptrnhno,thngthngkhimi
btu,ngitadngASM

c)Npchngtrnh

Bnvitchngtrnhtrnmytnh,bndchracfileHEXviiu
khinkhinhnccthhiucbnmunlmg.Vylmsaoa
nidungvochoviiukhin?

Cc bn cn c mt mch np v mt chng trnh np ph hp vi mch

np . Cng vic np c c th ho bng vic cm mch np vo my
tnh,btchngtrnhnp,loadfile.HEXvochngtrnhnp,lachnvi
iukhincnnp,citccthngsnp,nhnntProgramtrnchng
trnh np. Sau khi np xong, chng trnh np no cng thng bo kt qu
npchaykhngnpc.Nukhngcgsai,nhnOKlxong.


d)Mchchyviiukhin

Mt mch chy vi iu khin ti thiu cn c ngun cp in cho vi iu

khin hot ng. Ngun ny phi cp in p t 2.5V n 5.5V v dng t
150mAn300mAtutheomiloiviiukhin.Ngunnychcungcp
choviiukhinhotng,khngcungcpchoccthitbngoivi.Mch
resetresethotngcaviiukhin.Mchdaong(chockhngc)
cthctchhpsntrongviiukhin,chnygildaongni.
Nukhngcmchdaongni,phidngthchanhtoaongcho
vi iu khin. Thch anh thng dng t 38KHz cho n 40MHz tu theo
tngloiviiukhin.

Chnhvnhngcimny,nuchngtakhngtnhnttcccthitb
ngoivicniukhin,chngtahymnhdnthitkmtmchchuncho
vi iu khin, cung cp in p 5V, dng 300mA, mch reset v mch dao
ng.Khidngbtkloiviiukhinno,cngcthdngmchny.

Ngunchothitbngoivi,tikhuynrngnnthitkringchotngthit
bngoivi,vchorngthitbngoivilbtkthitbnonitrctipvi
mchviiukhinnutrn.

Ngoi ra, cn lu rng, vi iu khin nhn v xut tn hiu in trn cc

chn t 2.5V n 5.5V (ph thuc vo ngun), v t 12mA n 20mA (tu
loi).Vvy,ccthitbngoiviphicthitksaochokhigiaotipvi
viiukhin,trctipnivoccchnviiukhin,vcdngxutnhp,
cngnhinplogicnhtrn.

e)Ktlun

Trong ttc nhngvn cn c ny,chng tathyrngcc mchngun,

resetvdaonglkhngin,vhunhccungcpmtcchchi
titbinhsnxut.Chnhvth,chcnltdatasheetravthitkging
ht.

ivithitbngoivi,thtutheongdngmchngtathitk.Ticha
cpny.

ivichngtrnhnpvmchnp,chngtahontoncthlnccdin
ninttrongvngoinc,hoctmccnguncungcpmchnpcho
tngloiviiukhin.asccloiviiukhinucnhngngithit
kmchnplmsn,chvictmvsdng.Chngtatuytikhngnn
quantmnviclmsaolmramchnp,hayvitracchngtrnh
np,hocginguynlnpnhthno.

Nhngngitmhiusuvimcchgingdythcnthitlmvicny,
gipsinhvinhiurhnvn,hocphngkhisinhvintcuhi.
Nhngnhngngidng,khngcnquantmnvicny.Chngtach
cn tm mch nguyn l, lm mch, v t v sau c th l dng. Thng
thng,vgnnhlmcnh,btcnginocungcpmchnp,cng
ucungcptheochngtrnhnp.Vykty,chngtacngkhng
cnquantmnmchnpvchngtrnhnpna.

Chngtrnhdch,huhtccnhsnxutcungcpchngtrnhdchcho
ngnngASMlminph.Cmtsnhsnxutcungcpcmitrng
son tho min ph lun (nh Microchip PIC chng hn). Cc chng trnh
dchtngnngcpcaoC,Pascal,Basic,...thngcbnvigikhcao.
Tuy nhin, Vit Nam, thc t l chng ta dng rt nhiu nhng chng
trnhkhngcbnquyn.Tikhngcvchovicdngtrnhdchkhngc
bnquyn,nhngthctlthct,bygihunhccchngtrnhdch
ngnngcpcaochohuhtccloiviiukhinuccungcpy
trnccdinncacVitNamlnncngoi.Vvy,vphnchng
trnhdch,ccbncngchngphilolnggna.

Vyiuquantrngnht,ccbncnphihc,lhccchvitchng
trnh. Ti phn tch vn ny din n in t
www.diendandientu.comvsnglibivitnytiwww.picvietnam.com
(din n m ti sp m ra). vit c chng trnh, cc bn phi hiu
rng, bn vit chng trnh cho mt vi iu khin, tc l s dng cc tnh
nngcaviiukhin.Vyccbnphitheoccbcsau:

tnhnnghotngnhthno?tisaochngtadngtnhnng?
lm sao kch hot cho vi iu khin hiu rng chng ta cn dng tnh
nng?
khi lmvicvimttnhnngbtk, chng ta phi tngtcvi nhng
thanhghicbitnotrongviiukhin?
mtsthuttonthchincngvic

Nhvy,ccbnsnmngaycrng,iukhinmtthitbngoivi
no , chng ta phi xc nh cng vic cn phi lm, xc nh xem dng
tnhnngnocaviiukhingiiquytcngvic,khinmrhtcc
tnhnngcaviiukhin,phncnlilmtchtlogicspxpchng
trnhchychochthng.

Chnhvvy,ccbnsthyrngcrtnhiuthuttonkinhinc
xy dng, cc th vin code... Bi v thc t, cng vic cng ch quanh i
qunlicbaonhiu.uclogicvkhnnglptrnhmtphnldo
thinph,mtphnldosrnluynvtchlumc.

Chnhvvy,cngmtviclm,nginylmtthnngikia,chyul
slogicvbitnhiuthuttonxlcngvic.

Tmli,iuquantrngnhtccbnphihclcchthchinmtchng
trnh sao cho tht logic, hiu qu, nh s hng dn ca mi ngi tm
n cc th vin code, nhng bi tp mu mt cng suy ngh nhng
vnbnhmngikhcgiiquyttt.

Rtnhiungittinvokhnngsngtocamnh,mthiusrnluyn
vtchlukinhnghimlptrnh,chonnchorngbivitcaticphnd
hi,vkhngcungcpthmcckthutgchoh.Tuynhintilichorng
khi hiu mnh cn phi lm g, hc g, tch lu g, gim bt ci g, n quan
trnghnrtnhiusovivicbitthmmtthkinthcnhmntngi
khc.Cnhntikhuynccsinhvinmibtulmvicviviiukhin
mtlikhuynchnthnhlccbnhytheonhngbctitrnhby,hc
tpvtmnhnhgiccvn,hnhthnhmtbnkinthc,rit
thchinmttibtk.Saukhilmxongmttibtk,kcti
chllmnhpnhymtcinled,ccbnsthyrng,cctikhcri

cngtngt.Nhngvnquantrnglphixcnhcnhngbc
thchinnhticptrnkiavtipsauy.

3)Ccbcthchinmttiviviiukhin

Tivitrayccbcmtngimihccththeovtipcnngay
cviviiukhin

a)Tmhiumtskhinimcnthit:

Hin nay c 3 h vi iu khin ni ting l 8051 (bao gm AVR), PIC v

Motorola.Nubtuhc,chnmttrong3loinybtu.
Tm hiu v kin trc my tnh, hiu c bn v kin trc Harvard v kin
trcVonNeumann
TmhiukhinimRISCvCISC
Khinimthanhghi
KhinimStack
Khinimcontr(pointer)
Khinimachvachgintipcamtthanhghi
Khinimtimer
Khinimngt

Vsaocnnhngkhinimny,bivnhngkhinimnyslnntng
cc bn hiu su hn v tnh nng v phng thc lm vic ca mt vi
iu khin. Hn na, nhng khi nim ny u l nhng khi nim tng
qut,vubtnguntkintrcmytnhmra.Dovy,victmkimti
liucngkhngkhkhng.

b)Hiucctnhnngcaviiukhin:

Ccbndownloadngaymtdatasheetbtkloiviiukhinno,tily
thddownloaddatasheetcaPIC16F877A,chodlccbnhcAVRhay
Motorolahay89C51....Ccbncdownloaddatasheetnyv.

Trong,ccbnkhngcnchchititnkintrccaviiukhin,
mccbnchcnxemphnmttnhnng.Ccbnsthytrangutin
cadatasheetlunlitkycctnhnngcaviiukhin.Mtstnh
nngnh:timer8bit,timer16bit,cbaonhiungt,tnhnngADC,DAC,
tnh nng PWM, Comparator, Capture, giao tip USB, CAN, I2C, UASRT,
Parallel,...ylcctnhnngphbincaviiukhinhinnay.Ccbn
ltvotrong,chiunhngtnhnngnylmnhngg.

Vd:ChcnhiuADC(AnalogtoDigitalConverter)dngbinimttn
hiuinpAnalogvomtchnnocaviiukhin,bininqua
gitrs(Digital)bngcchsosnhvimtinpthamchiu(Reference
Voltage). in p tham chiu c th l in p VDD (in p ngun) hoc
in p tham chiu c a vo mt chn khc. Nguyn l bin i ny
cthchinnhthno?ThnolADC10bit,12bit,8bit...

Chcnnhvythi,ccbnkhngcnhiunhiuhnna.

Ni iuny cngtht bun ci cho cc bn hc lu ri, nhng y l

ccbnmihc,thvicnyvcngquantrng.Vrtnhiubnlnmng
vhirngPWMlcig?ThnolDutycycle?

Dovy,nhngkhinimny,nuccbnnmvhiucri,thvn
chcnl ngdngsdngnthngquaviclptrnhtrnviiukhin
mbnchnnathi.Mcctnhnngnythviiukhinnocngging
nhau,chonnchcncmtdatasheetthsbitht.

c)Tmdngchctp

Ttnhin,ihcphicdngchctp.BnmunhcconviiukhinA,
thi bui ny khng phi l thi bui bao cp, pht phiu i lnh vi iu
khinvxi.Chonn,ttnhtlbnlmcchnomunhcthphitm
muabngcnritnhchuynhcgrihc.

Cmconviiukhintrongtayrimitnhchuynhc,lhckhngc
thsao?Thkimcibaphangmnhmtcivoconviiukhin,mrut
nraxemcoinccigtrong,thynenthui,chngcg.Mtcicc

enthuimmnhphihcvnmlmg?Thivtmni.Cchl
haynht.

Tip tc trang b dng c hc tp, nh ti ni, chng ta cn c: chng

trnh dch, mch np v chng trnh np. Hin nay din n in t
www.diendandientu.com v din n ti sp m www.picvietnam.com c
cungcpcccngcny.Muntmhiuthm,ccbnlnccdinn
nc ngoi, h cung cp khng thiu mt th g. Thm ch khng cn ln
dinn,ihithngGooglelcngay.

Keyword: PIC programmer, PIC bootloader, AVR programmer, free pcb

programmer,....nhiulmnhcigvocngtmracht.Nhngcc
bnnntmcinominph.Saukhitmxongnhquaylisharecilink
chomingimingimtcngtmkim.

Keyword:PICCcompiler,AVRCcompiler...cvymtmtiti

Sau khi tm c s nguyn l mch np, chng trnh np cho con vi

iu khin ca mnh, cc bn nhanh chng lm ngay mch np. Load mt
chng trnh mu bt k n gin vo vi iu khin kim tra mch np
hot ng tt hay khng. Nu tt th oki, nu khng th li b ln cc din
nhi.Nhngthngrnhrinhtisnsngtrlichoccbn.

d)Hcvitchngtrnh

Hc vit chng trnh c th chia c th lm 2 cch hc, hc vit cho vi

iukhinchycthnhythngvohcngnngcpcao,hccptc
i ph vimt n no . Thm chvidng lnh banuvitsai,
nhy ln din n hi, tm thy hng dn hi, tm bn hi... cui cng ri
cngvitxongchonchyc.Cinothykhkhn,khngbitlmth
tmcodemubngngnngcpcao,thlxong.

Cchthhairmrahn,lhcvitASM.HcASMkhcngphu,phi
hiuchititcutrcviiukhin,phiiukhintngthanhghi...

Tuynhin,tikhuynkhimihc,ccbnnnbtubngvichcASM.
KhinmvngcchvitASMchomtconviiukhinno,chuynsang
con vi iu khin khc khng my kh khn, v cc bn s ging nh mt
chuyngiavnmtkhiccbnhiutngtnmivn.

Banucvshikhxivmtmi,nhngsaunythccbnsthy
hontonttinvokinthcmnhthuthpc.

e)Lmccbingdng

Saukhicchngtrnhnpvmchnp,ccbnthnghaylmngaybi
tpnhpnhynledlbitpkhkinhin.Thcralg,ccbnthc
hinmtmchchychoviiukhin,vthitbngoivilcinled.Nh
lilthngthngviiukhinxuttnhiu5V,12mA.

Nhngcinledchdngkhong2.5V12mA,nnchngtanimtci
intrnitipvicinled.

Nhvy,chngtaxcnhr,chngtaphilmmtmchchychoviiu
khin,baogmngun,mchreset,mchdaong.Ccchncnlicni
vidy chn cm ni rangoi. Ci ny, chng ta sgi l mch test.V
chonkhichngtahcthnhthomtconviiukhinno,thmchi
saunydngvovicthchinnhngdnlnviconviiukhin,
mchtestnyvncgitrcan.

Lmmtmchtestliuthtphilm.

Quaylichuyncinled.Cinledvintr,thvitrcacinled
vintrlthitbngoivi,cinledlthitbcniukhin,ciin
trlmchgiaotip.iunycnghal,khngcnbitbnlmcig,
nhng cc bn thit k c mt mch ngoi vi, cm vo vi iu khin
iu khin n, th bn ch vic cm n vo cc chn c a ra ngoi ca
mchtest(ccsocket,chncm...).NhrngMassphicnichungtrong
ttcccmchint.Mtsmchintphctpdngnhiumasskhc
nhau,thtnhtcngphicmtmasschungvimasscaviiukhin.

f)Ccbchctnhnngviiukhin

Saukhicccclmnhpnhycinled,theomtshngdnno
, thm ch l copy and paste, nhng ci n n nhp nhy, chng t bn
lmttmivictunkhichnhthcbtuhcviiukhin.

Hytinhnhccbitpsau:

Hcccthanhghicbit,bnbnh(memorymap)(hclthuyt)
Hccchxuttrntngchnviiukhin(bitpttmnled)
Hcvithmdelay(lmnnhpnhy)
nnhpnhydngtimer
Bmmtnt,nbt/tt(nhpport,nhptrntngchn,dngngtngoi)
iukhinngc(PWM)
cencoder(Capture/Comparator)
cADCbngcchxoaybintr
GiaotipRS232
GiaotipI2C

Sau khi cc bn hc xong cc bi hc ny, vic hc tip cc bi hc khc s

khng phi l vn kh khn vi cc bn na, cc bn hon ton c th
thamkhodatasheetthchinmtmnh.

CcbncnphiphnbitthtrvnhcccchcnngcaPIC,vivic
hc s dng mt s thit b ngoi vi thng dng. V d nh vic iu
khin LCD, chng qua ch l vic xut nhp PORT, hoc nh bng in,
quangbo,led7on,ncngchlvicxutnhpport.Trongccbihc
ny, l cc bn hc cc thit b ngoi vi thng thng khi dng vi iu
khin,chkhngphihccctnhnngcaviiukhin.

Nhngtrili,nuccbnhcmtbihcnginvcngldngtnh
nngPWMlmbbiniDAC(DigitaltoAnalogConverter)thchnhl
ccbnlihccchdngtnhnngPWM.

Vicnhhngccbihc,vmctiugingdyphthucchyuvo
ngi hng dn, tuy nhin ti phn tch ny y cc bn sinh vin

hiuvsaocthmtsbnthchnhrtnhiuti,nhngvncm
thymnhkhngkinthcthchinmttilnviviiukhin.
lvccbnchathcsdnghtcctnhnngcaviiukhin,m
michdngmtvitnhnngvcrnluynirnluynli.

4)Ktlun:

Tidnhthigianvitbivitny,khngmongmunghnlgipccbn
sinh vin mi hc, mi bt tay lm quen vi vi iu khin c mt ci nhn
tngqutbanuvcmtnhhngrrngchovichctpcamnh.
Cnhnticngtnglngimihc,vbtquthtichhctrccc
bnmtvinm.nbygitikhngcndngviiukhinvlptrnh
cho vi iu khin nhiu na, nhng ti cng mun chia s nhng kinh
nghimcatikhibtuhcnkhilmcmtsvichuchbngvi
iu khin, n cho cc bn. Hy vng cc bn bt u hc, v hc tp mau
tinb.

NuccbncnhngthcmcgvviiukhinMicrochipPIC,ccbnc
themailtheoach

falleaf@irfvn.com

hocthamdvodinn

www.picvietnam.com

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