(Structure and Function of Angiosperms)

(Plant tissue)
2

1. (Meristem) 3
1.1 (Apical meristem)
apical meristem

(shoot apex) (root apex)

(Primary growth)

Zone of cell
differentiation
Procambitm
Zone of cell
elongation
Zone of cell
division
Apical meristem

Leaf
primodium
Young leaf
Axillary bud

Root cap
(A)

(B)

Apical meristem (A)

Apical meristem (B)

(Cork cambium) Mitosis

(Cork)
(Vascular cambium)
(Secondary phloem)
(Secondary xylem)
-
(Secondary growth)
(
- )

1.2
(Lateral meristem)

Cork cambium,
Cork Epidermis

(A)

(B) (C)

27

(internode)

1.3
(Intercalary meristem)

(hollow internode)

Leaf blade
(parallel-veined)

(solid node containing

meristem)
midrib
ligule
leaf sheath

2. (Permanent tissue) 2
2.1
(Simple permanent tissue)
-

2.1.1 (Epidermis)
-
- (trichome)
(root hair) (gland) (guard cell)
()

()

()

large central
vacuole
cytoplasm

()

() cuticle

() 

nucleus at tip
of root hair

 (, , ) () ()
 ()

2.1.2 (Parenchyma)
-

- (Preserve
parenchyma)
(Chlorenchyma) Palisade cell
Spongy cell
(pulvinus) C4 C3
Bundle sheath cell
Phloem Xylem

28

() () ()


2.1.3 (Collenchyma)
-
-

Collenchyma
()

()
LS
TS
thickened pectin and
cellulose cell walls

()

()

(, ) (, )

2.1.4 (Sclerencyhma)
-
2
1. (Fiber)

(Lumen)

29

2. (Sclereid Stone
cell)

Stone cell


(C)

(A)

nucleus

lumen
sclereid
after Foster
Pit

lumen
lignified wall
canal

lumen
(B)

(D)

lignified
wall
middle lamela

primary cell wall

middle lamella

Fiber L-S(A) Fiber X-S(B)

Sclereid (C) Stone cell (D)
 X-S
 L-S

2.1.5 (Endodermis)

(Suberin)
(Cutin) (Lignin)

(Casparian strip)



(Passage cell)
Casparian strip surrounding cells

cell walls of
adjacent
endodemal cell
B Three-dimensional view of the cell walls of
two endodemal cells to show the barrier
fomed by the Casparian strip

30

2.1.6 (pericycle)


2-3
(Secondary root lateral root)

2.2
(Complex Permaneut tissue)
-
(Vascalar tissue)
(Xylem)
(Phloem)

Casparian strip

Epidermis
Primary xylem

Old root hair

Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Primary phloem
Cambium forming
Lateral root
Root cap

(A) 
(lateral root) (B)

2.2.1 (Phloem)
4
1. (Sieve tube member)
-

-
(Sieve plate)
-

-
2. (Companion cell)
-
-
-


sieve tube
elements
small vacuole
mitochondrion
endoplasmic
reticulum
sieve tube
plastids
cell wall
thin layer
of cytoplasm
P-protein

callose
sieve plate


Diagram of sieve tube

and companion cell

Companion cell

Golgi body



nucleus




31

3.
(Phloem parenchyma cell)
-

(phloem ray)
4. (phloem fiber)
-
-
Parenchyma

Air space
Fibers

Xylem
vessels

Sieve tube Companion cell

Phloem

2.2.2 (Xylem)
4
1. (Vessel member)
-
- (lignin)

annular, spiral, scalariform, Reticulate
Pitted
-

-
Perforation

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(A)Annular (B) Spiral (C) Scalariform (D) Reticulate (E) Pitted

32

2. (Tracheid)
-
-

Pit
Pit

Pit

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(A) Annular (B) Spiral (C) Scalariform (D) Pitted

3. (Xylem parenchyma cell)

-
-
(Xylem
ray)
4. (Xylem fiber)
-



33




1. (Pollen grain or Male gametophyte)
(Pollen sac Microsporangium)
(Microspore mother cell)
(1 4 )
2 (Tube nucleus)
(Generative nucleus)
2 (Pollen grain)
(Young male gametophyte)
filament

anther

filament
pollen mother
cell
tapetum

pollen sac
anther

stamen

2

4

(2n)

4

(n)

4

2

(n)

(n)

1 2
3 1 2
(Pollination)
1 2 (n, n) 3
1 2 (Mature male gametophyte)

34

2 

(pollen grain)

(pollen tube)

microspore
mother cell
(2 n)

4 pollen
tube
(n)

meiosis

4 microspore
(n)

4 pollen
grains
(n)

2 generative nucleus
mitosis 1

nucleus
mitosis
1

2 sperms (n, n)

generative nucleus
(n)

tube nucleus (n)

tube nucleus (n)

4 microspore
2 nuclei
(n)

2. (Embryo sac or Female gametophyte)

(Ovule)
(Megaspore mother cell) 4 n 2
1 3 8 7
3
1. 3
(Micropyle) (Egg) (Synergid)
2. 3
(Antipodal cells)
3. (Polar nucleus)
1 2
7 8
2

35


3

(2n)

4
(n)
1

3

7
8

3
3
(n, n, n)

1
2
(n, n)

nucellus

(A)

megaspore
mother cell

8

1

1 (n)

1

2 (n, n)

surviving megaspore
of tetrad

stalk of ovule

nucellus

(B)

integument

(C)

(D)

vascular
supply to
ovule

micropyle
integuments

(E)

antipodals
polar nuclei
egg

(F)

(G)

synergids

 (AC)
(DF) (G)

(A)


(C)
(D)

(B)

(E)

A  B, C, D  1, 2, 3
7  8

1. (n) 2 1 2n
7 7
2.
2

8 
/

1 /

36


1. (Pollination)

2. (Fertilization)
2
(Double fertilization)

1 (n) + (n) (2n) (2n)
(Double fertilization)
2 (n) + (n, n) (3n)

1. (Pollination)
2. (Germination)
3. (Pollen tube) 2 3

4.
5. (2n) (3n)
(Double fertilization)


6.

pollen tube embryo sac

antipodal cells

polar nuclei

ovum
male nuclei
synergids

37

(Ovule)

(Embryo)


(Endosperm)

(Fruit)

(Ovary wall)

(Receptacle)










(nucellus)

(A)



(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(A-D) = Differentiation E = (F) =

- (Hilum)
(Micropyle)
- (Caruncle)

(Seed coat)

(Endosperm)

(Cotyledon)
(Epicotyl)
(Hypocotyl)
(Radicle)
(Hilum)

(Micropyle)

(Caruncle)
(Embryo)

38



(Freshy endosperm) (Liquid
endosperm)
(Exocarp) (Mesocarp)
(Endocarp)
cotyledons
seed coat
Shoot tip
raphe
hilum
micropyle

Root tip
Cotyledon
Seed coat
radicle

epicotyl

(Rost et all, 1984)

endosperm
seed coat
cotyledons
shoot apex
raphe

caruncle

radicle

(Rost et all, 1984)

()

()
Endosperm
Cotyledon
Shoot tip
Ovary wall
Seed coat
Root tip
Modern corn

Scar from silk

attachment
Endossperm
(starch)

Pericarp
Aleurone layer

coleoptile
Embryo
leaves
Primary
root
Root tip

()

Embryo
(oil extraction)

Testa

Pedicet or flower stalk

: () () () (Simpson and Conner-Ogorzaly, 1986)

39


(Seed germination)
(Germination)

2
1. Epigenous germination

:
2. Hypogenous germination

: ( )
seed coat
foliage leaf

seed coat
cotyledons

epicotyl
hook
shoot

hypocotyl

cotyledons
node

withered
cotyledons
hypocotyl

internode

Epigeal germination : (Phaseolus vulgaris)(Rost et al, 1984)

40


- 2
1. (Primary growth) Apical meristem 3
- (Protoderm) , ,
- (Procambium) (Primary vascular bundle)
- (Primary phloem)
- (Primary xylem)
- (Cambium)
(Cortex)
- (Ground meristem)
(Pith)
(Pith ray)

(Apical meristem)

(Primary growth)

2. (Secondary growth)
- (Secondary vascular tissue)
-
- (Interfasicular cambium)
(Intrafasicular cambium)
(Vascular cambium)
- :
(Secondary phloem)
(Bark)
(Secondary xylem)
(Wood)
- :
- ( + 2 + 1 + + )
(Bark)
- 2 (Wood)
2 :
- (Spring wood) ,
- (Summer wood) ,

(Annual ring)

- 2
(Heart wood)

(Sap wood)

41

primary phloen
primary xylem
cambium

(B)
cambium ring

(A)
(C)
(A)
(B) (C)
primary phloem

(A)

secondary phloem

(B)
intrafascicular cambium

residual
procambium
primary xylem

secondary xylem
intrafascicular
cambium beginning
to form

pith ray
epidermis

(D)

(C)
intrafascicular and
interfascicular
cambium form
complete
cylinder

secondary xylem
secondary phloem

primary xylem
stem diamater increases

primary phloem

(A) (B, C D)

1. (Growth curve)
(
)
(Maintainance) (S) Sigmoid curve
S-shaped curve
()
150
100
50
()
5

10

15

1.
(4 )
2. 16
8-12
(Speed up)
3. 16

2. (Perennial woody plant)

(Summer wood)
(Spring wood)

42

(kg)

sum

r
me

wo

od

spring wood
()

(Photosynthesis)


1.

(CO2) (H) (H2O) (H2S) (O2)

(S) (by products)


2.

2.1
6CO2 + 12H2O +

C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12S + 6O2

2.2 (Green sulfur bacteria and Purple

sulfur bacteria)
6CO2 + 12H2S +



C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12S

2
1.
2. (H2O)
(H2S) (S)

1. (Biosphere)
2. CO2 (Green house effect)
O2
3. ()

2
1. (Light reaction Photochemical
reaction)
2 ATP NADPH + H+ H2O O2
2. (Dark reaction Enzyme reaction) CO2 H
H2O NADPH + H+ ATP

43


H2O

ATP

CO2

O2

NADPH + H+

C6H12O6

NADP+

ADP

(Light reaction)

1. (Pigment) 2
1.1 1 (Pigment system) I 1 (Photosystem I)
1
700 (nm) P700 P700
1.2 2 (Pigment system II) 2 (Photosystem II)
2
- 680
-
-
-
- (Carotenoids)
- (Phycobilin) (Phycocyanin)
(Phycoerythrin)
2.
1 2
2.1
(Photoxidation) +
2.2 (Photolysis) (H ), (e-)
O2
H2O
2H+ + 2e- + 1 O2
2
2.3 2 ATP NADPH + H+
3. (H2O)

(O2)
4. ADP Pi
ADP Pi ATP ATP
Photophosphorylation
ADP + Pi +
ATP
+
5. NADP+
NADP NADPH + H+
+
NADP
NADP+ + 2H+ + 2eNADPH + H+

44


P700 I I (700 nm)
(e-) P700
(Excited state) 2
- (Cyclic electron transfer)
- (Noncyclic electron transfer)

I (Pigment system I)
(Noncyclic electron transfer)

2 (Photon) 2hV
2 (Excited P700
state) NADP+
P700 I
e- I

(H2O)

H2O

2e-

II


2e-

I 2e

NADP+

1.

I II

2.

700 nm

680 nm (680 700 nm)

3.

4. (O2)

5. NADPH + H+

6. ATP

ATP,NADPH + H+ O2

ATP

45

 (Dark reaction)
3
-3 (C3-Plants)
-3
CO2 3C PGA (Phorphoglyceric acid)
(Calvin eycle) Mesophyll cell Palisade cell Spongy cell
-3 RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) CO2 (CO2 Fixer)
-3 -3
C3

1. (CO3)
CO2 (H)
(NADPH + H+) ATP
2. (RuBP = Ribulose bisphosphate)
RuBP CO2 (CO2 Fixer) (Keto acid)
(Phosphoglyceric
acid = PGA)
3. NADPH + H++
NADPH + H PGA (Phosphoglyceraldehyde = PGAL) NADPH + H+
(Reducer Reductant)
4. ATP
ATP ( Cyclic noncyclic photophosphorylation)
(Calvin cycle)

-4 (C4-Plant)
-4 CO2 4C OAA (Oxaloacetic acid)
Hatch-Slack Pathway Mesophyll cell PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate) CO2
CO2 1 CO2 2 RuBP Bundle
sheath cell
-4 ( )

CO2 -4
2 C 4 CO2 RuBP (Bundle sheath cell)

Mesophyll cell

Bundle Sheath cell

46

CO2 in air
space
Mesophyll
cell

Bundle
sheath cell

C4

Vascular tissue
(phloem)

C4
Mesophyll cell Bundle sheath cell
Upper epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll cell Mesophyll cell
Vein
Bundle sheath cell
Spongy
mesophyll cell
Lower epidermis
Stoma

Stoma
()
()
 C3 () C4 ()

(Photorespiration)
C3 Photorespiration carbon cycle (PCO cycle)
RuBP CO2 O2 CO2
PGA 2 RuBP O2 PGA 1
Phosphoglycolate 1 Photorespriation PCO cycle
RuBP + CO2
RuBP + O2

Rubisco enzyme
Rubisco enzyme

2 PGA
PGA + Phosphoglycolate

O2 CO2
O2 CO2 RuBP
CO2 O2 CO2 : O2 = 3 : 1
CO2 O2
PCO cycle 3 Chloroplast,
Peroxisome Mitochondria PCO cycle RuBP CO2
O2
CO2
(Affinity) Photorespiration
(Affinity) CO2 O2 CO2 Photorespriation
C3
CO2 O2 C3 CO2
(CO2 0.03%) O2 (O2 20.96%)
C4 CO2 Bundle sheath cell Bundle
sheath cell CO2 O2 CO2
O2 C4 Photorespiration
(CAM-Plant)
CO2 PEP ()

47

 (Malic acid) Sap vacuole Crassulacean acid metabolism

Decarboxylation CO2



CAM-Plant

C3, C4

C3
C4
1.
1
2

2. CO2 RuBP PEP

CO2
RuBP

3.
PEP
4.

RuBP
5. PGA (3C)
OAA (4C)

6.

7. PGAL

8.

9.

10.

11.

CO2 1
CO2 1
12.
250-300
400-500
1

13.



48

2
PEP RuBP

OAA (4C)

50-100