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- .- .

," , , ,
.
' . "( "cowpox
) , , - small pox - ( ).
200- , .
' , -.
, () ,
.

:
.1
.2
.3
.4

- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Fungi
Parasites . .

11- , .
( ) ( -)
(.)antibodies

:
.1 ( )adaptive immune response ,
. , ( )protective immune
. 4-6 .
.2 ( )innate immune response . ,
. .
( antibody generation )antigens ( ).
,-
- () . .
. .

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, . .:
- () ( ,)
.

.2 (= ):

.3 ( ):
. " .:
- ( ) T . ( APCs: Antigen-Presenting Cells , ,
).

Natural killer cells .4 :NK


( ,)lymphoid progenitor cells -
.
, () ,
, , .

: (:)antigen-specific lymphocytes
. . , .
. . ( - naive
) , , , " .
( )effector lymphocytes .
, () ,
. .

- T . . , () 3-
:
Cytotoxic T cells - ." . Helper T cells - B . .
Regulatory T cells - , . .

.T .

( B ) . B
, . B
.

) immunogloulins (Ig . surface immunoglobulin (sIg)/membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) -

B
,Y . :
()constant region , . . ,
. .
:
()heavy ()light . ( )
.
FAB fragment
) .Fc fragment ( for: fragment crystallizable
.

:T
:
.
. , T cell receptor - .
T -/ () - .
T / ,
T.
.T-
. T .T-

:
:
Primary lymphoid organs . . Secondary lymphoid organs . - , , ,
- .
, ,
, .

:
- , B - ( )maturation- . T lymphocytes - Thymus -
( ) .maturation
B - T - . ,
( ,)adaptive . "
(.)innate
:
,
, .
.effector cells - ,
. 4-6 - .

:
( )cytokine . " ,
( ) , .
( -)chemokines . ,
. . .CCL
.
" ( ):
, ( .)inflammation ( ):
.1 ( ,)innate .
.2 ,
, .
.3 , T-effectors .

( /):
" ( . -
) . " ( ,)complement receptors .
, , :
.1 -
.
.2 - ( )adhesion ( ) .
( ) leucocytes
.
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.4 .
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( ) .
("") (
) .
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. , .

:
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) )immunotolerance "" " -"
( ).
, .

:
( ) , , , )natural killer) NK . , ,
-.
- )Pathogen-associated molecular patterns( PAMPS
, - .
.)pattern recognition receptors( PRRs
" ,PRRs - " ( T.)B -
:Toil-like receptors .
/ ( ).

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