Chuyn : Bt ng thc

Tc gi : Nguyn Vn Thy
su tp v bin son n !"""
ch#nh s$% n :!""&
Bc tng chu - chc chu thnh cng
'( )* +u:
,-t .ng th/c 0 1t t2ong nh3ng ng 4i5n th/c 4h6 nh-t c% ton h7c ph8 th9ng
:
Nhng th9ng ;u% cc bi tp v ch/ng inh b-t .ng th/c h7c sinh hi<u 4= v s>u
s?c h@n v gii v biAn 0un ph@ng t2Bnh C b-t ph@ng t2Bnh Cv Di 0in hA gi3% cc
y5u tD
c% t% gic v tB gi t2E 0Fn nh-t v nhG nh-t c% 1t bi<u th/c: T2ong ;u t2Bnh
gii bi tp C nng 0Hc suy nghI C sng to c% h7c sinh Jc ph%t t2i<n % K%ng v
phong phL
vB cc bi tp v b-t .ng th/c c6 cch gii 4h9ng thMo ;uy t?c hoNc 4hu9n Ou
no c:
N6 Pi hGi ngQi 7c phi c6 cch suy nghI 09gic sng to bi5t 45t hJp 4i5n th/c cR vFi
4i5n th/c Fi 1t cch 09gSc c6 hA thDng:
CRng vB ton v b-t .ng th/c 4h9ng c6 cch gii Ou C 4h9ng thMo 1t ph@ng
php nh-t Enh nn h7c sinh 2>t 0Lng tLng 4hi gii ton v b-t .ng th/c vB vy h7c
sinh sT 4h9ng bi5t b?t +u tU >u v i thMo h@ng no :Vo 6 h+u h5t h7c sinh
4h9ng bi5t 0 ton v b-t .ng th/cv 4h9ng bi5t vn KWng b-t .ng th/c < gii
;uy5t cc 0oi bi tp 4hc:
T2ong thHc t5 ging Ky ton * t2Qng TXCY viAc 0 cho h7c sinh bi5t ch/ng inh b-t
.ng th/c v vn KWng cc b-t .ng th/c vo gii cc bi tp c6 0in ;u%n 0 c9ng
viAc 2-t ;u%n t27ngv 4h9ng th< thi5u Jc c% ngQi Ky ton Cth9ng ;u% 6 2Zn 0uyAn
T Kuy 09gic v 4h nng sng to cho h7c sinh :[< 0 Jc iu 6 ngQi th+y gio phi
cung c-p cho h7c sinh 1t sD 4i5n th/c c@ bn v 1t sD ph@ng php suy nghI b%n
+u v b-t .ng th/c :
ChSnh vB 0S Ko t2n nn t9i tH th% 4ho bin son chuyn b-t .ng th/c nh\
Wc Sch giLp h7c sinh h7c tDt h@n:

V%nh Wc c% chuyn
Y:t:t N1i Kung t2%ng
]: ^h+n * +u ]
!: N1i Kung chuyn !
_: Cc 4i5n th/c c+n 0u ` _
a: Cc ph@ng php ch/ng inh bt .ng th/c a
b: ^h@ng php ]:Kcng Enh nghid a
e: ^h@ng php !:Kcng bi5n 8i t@ng @ng e
&: ^h@ng php _:Kcng b-t .ng th/c ;uMn thu1c f
f: ^h@ng php a:Kcng tSnh ch-t b?c c+u ]"
]
g: ^h@ng php b: Kcng tSnh ch-tb% th sD ]!
]": ^h@ng php e: Kcng ph@ng php 0 t21i ]a
]]: ^h@ng php &: Kcg bt .ng th/c t% gic ]e
]!: ^h@ng php f: Kcng 8i bi5n ]&
]_: ^h@ng php g: Vcng t% th/c bc h%i ]f
]a: ^h@ng php ]": Vcng ;uy np ton h7c ]g
]b: ^h@ng php ]]: Vcng ch/ng inh phn ch/ng !]
]e: Cc bi tp n>ng c%o !_
]&: /ng KWng c% b-t K.ng th/c !f
]f: Vcng b-t .ng th/c < tB cHc t2E !g
]g: Vcng b-t .ng th/c <: gii ph@ng t2Bnh hA ph@ng
t2Bnh
_]
!": Vcng b-t .ng th/c < : gii ph@ng t2Bnh nghiA
nguyn
__
!]: Ti 0iAu th% 4ho
,( n1i Kung
^h+n ] : cc 4i5n th/c c+n 0u `
]( [Enh nghI%
!( TSnh ch-t
_()1t sD h\ng b-t .ng th/c h%y Kcng


^h+n !:1t sD ph@ng php ch/ng inh b-t .ng th/c
](^h@ng php Kcng Enh nghI%
!( ^h@ng php Kcng bi5n 8i t@ng @ng
_( ^h@ng php Kcng b-t .ng th/c ;uMn thu1c
a( ^h@ng php s$ KWng tSnh ch-t b?c c+u
b( ^h@ng php Kcng tSnh ch-t t# sD
e( ^h@ng php 0 t21i
&( ^h@ng php Kcng b-t .ng th/c t2ong t% gic
f( ^h@ng php 8i bi5n sD
g( ^h@ng php Kcng t% th/c bc h%i
]"( ^h@ng php ;uy np
]]( ^h@ng php phn ch/ng
^h+n _ :cc bi tp n>ng c%o
^X+N a : /ng KWng c% b-t .ng th/c
]( Vcng b-t .ng th/c < tB cHc t2E
!(Vcng b-t .ng th/c < gii ph@ng t2Bnh v b-t ph@ng t2Bnh
_(Vcng b-t .ng th/c gii ph@ng t2Bnh nghiA nguyn
^h+n i : cc 4i5n th/c c+n 0u `
]([inhnghI%
!

0
0
A B A B
A B A B

'

!(tSnh ch-t
j 'k, A B <
j 'k, v , kC C A >
j 'k, 'jC k, j C
j 'k, v C k V 'jC k , j V
j 'k, v C k " ':C k ,:C
j 'k, v C l " ':C l ,:C
j " l ' l , v " l C lV " l ':C l ,:V
j ' k , k " '
n
k ,
n
n
j ' k , '
n
k ,
n
vFi n 0m
j
A
k
B
'
n
k ,
n
vFi n chnn
j k n k " v ' k ] '
m
k '
n

j k n k " v " l' l ] '
m
l '
n

j' l , v ':, k "
B A
1 1
>
_(1t sD h\ng b-t .ng th/c

j '
2
" vFi ' o K-u p qy 2% 4hi ' p " r
j '
n
" vFi ' o K-u p qy 2% 4hi ' p " r
j
0 A
vFi A oK-u p qy 2% 4hi ' p " r
j (
A
l ' p
A
j
A B A B + +
o K-u p qy 2% 4hi ':, k "r
j
B A B A
o K-u p qy 2% 4hi ':, l "r
^h+n ii : 1t sD ph@ng php ch/ng inh b-t .ng th/c
^h @ng php ] : Kcng Enh nghI%
si5n th/c : [< ch/ng inh ' k ,
T% ch/ng inh ' , k "
tu ` Kcng h\ng b-t .ng th/c )
2
" vFi )
V d 1 qC yC u ch/ng inh 2\ng :
%r q
2
j y
2
j u
2
qyj yu j uq
br q
2
j y
2
j u
2
!qy !qu j !yu

cr q
2
j y
2
j u
2
j_ ! oq j y j ur
vii:
%r T% qwt hiAu
q
2
j y
2
j u
2
( qy yu ( uq
_
p
2
1
:! :o q
2
j y
2
j u
2
( qy yu uqr
p
2
1
[ ] 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
+ + z y z x y x Lng vFi 7i qxyxu R
VB oq(yr
!
" vFiq x y V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi qpy
oq(ur
!
" vFiq x u V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi qpu
oy(ur
!
" vFi ux y V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi upy
Vy q
2
j y
2
j u
2
qyj yu j uq
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi q p y pu
brT% qwt hiAu
q
2
j y
2
j u
2
( o !qy !qu j!yu r
p q
2
j y
2
j u
2
( !qy j!qu !yu
po q y j ur
2
0 Lng vFi 7i qxyxu R
Vy q
2
j y
2
j u
2
!qy !qu j !yu Lng vFi 7i qxyxu R
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi qjypu
cr T% qwt hiAu
q
2
j y
2
j u
2
j_ !o qj y ju r
p q
2
( !q j ] j y
2
(!y j] j u
2
(!u j]
p oq(]r
2
j oy(]r
2
jou(]r
2
"
V-uoprqy 2% 4hi qpypup]
V d 2: ch/ng inh 2\ng :
%r
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

+ b a b a
xbr
2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_

+ +

+ + c b a c b a
cr Xdy t8ng ;ut bi ton
gii
%r T% qwt hiAu
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

+ b a b a

p
( )
4
2
4
2
2 2 2 2
b ab a b a + +

+
p ( ) ab b a b a 2 2 2
4
1
2 2 2 2
+
p ( ) 0
4
1
2
b a
Vy
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

+ b a b a
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi %pb
brT% qwt hiAu

2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_

+ +

+ + c b a c b a
p ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 0
9
1
2 2 2
+ + a c c b b a
Vy
2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_

+ +

+ + c b a c b a
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi % p b pc
a
crT8ng ;ut

2
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
.... ....

,
_

+ + +

+ + +
n
a a a
n
a a a
n n
T6 0i cc bFc < ch/ng inh ', tho Enh nghI%
,Fc ]: T% qwt hiAu X p ' ( ,
,Fc !:,i5n 8i XpoCjVr
2
hoNc XpoCjVr
2
jy:jozj{r
2
,Fc _:s5t 0un ' ,
VS KW:ochuyn Ng%( ^hp gf(ggr
Ch/ng inh CnCpC; t% u c6

2
j n
2
j p
2
j ;
2
j] onjpj;j]r
vii:
0 1
4 4 4 4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ m
m
q mq
m
p mp
m
n mn
m
0 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

m
q
m
p
m
n
m
o0u9n Lngr
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi

'

0 1
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
m
q
m
p
m
n
m

'

2
2
2
2
m
m
q
m
p
m
n

'

1
2
q p n
m
,i tp b8 qung
ph@ng php ! : Vcng phwp bi5n 8i t@ng @ng
t u `:
T% bi5n 8i b-t .ng th/c c+n ch/ng inh t@ng @ng vFi b-t .ng th/c Lng
hoNc b-t .ng th/c d Jc ch/ng inh 0 Lng:
ChL ` cc h\ng .ng th/c s%u:
( )
2 2 2
2 B AB A B A + + +
( ) BC AC AB C B A C B A 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + +
( )
3 2 2 3 3
3 3 B AB B A A B A + + + +
VS KW ]:
Cho %C bC cC KCM 0 cc sD thHc ch/ng inh 2\ng
%r ab
b
a +
4
2
2
br b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
cr ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
vii:
b
%r ab
b
a +
4
2
2
ab b a 4 4
2 2
+ 0 4 4
2 2
+ b a a
( ) 0 2
2
b a ob-t .ng th/c ny 0u9n Lngr
Vy ab
b
a +
4
2
2
oK-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi !%pbr
br b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
) ) ( 2 1 ( 2
2 2
b a ab b a + + > + +
0 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + b b a a b ab a
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2 2 2
+ + b a b a ,-t .ng th/c cuDi Lng:
Vy b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi %pbp]
cr ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + + 4 4
2 2 2 2 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + c ac a d ad a c ac a b ab a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + c a d a c a b a
,-t .ng th/c Lng vy t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
VS KW !:
Ch/ng inh 2\ng: ( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + + +
vii:
( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + + +
12 8 4 4 8 12 12 10 2 2 10 12
b b a b a a b b a b a a + + + + + +
( ) ( ) 0
2 2 8 2 2 2 2 8
+ a b b a b a b a
%
!
b
!
o%
!
(b
!
ro%
e
(b
e
r " %
!
b
!
o%
!
(b
!
r
!
o%
a
j %
!
b
!
jb
a
r "
,-t .ng th/ccuDi Lng vy t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
VS KW _: cho q:y p] v q:y
Ch/ng inh
y x
y x

+
2 2
2 2
vii:
y x
y x

+
2 2
2 2 vB :q

y nn q( y

" q
!
jy
!
2 2 o q(yr
q
!
jy
!
( 2 2 qj 2 2 y " q
!
jy
!
j!( 2 2 qj 2 2 y (! "
q
!
jy
!
jo 2 r
!
( 2 2 qj 2 2 y (!qy " vB q:yp] nn !:q:yp!
oq(y( 2 r
!
" [iu ny 0u9n 0u9n Lng : Vy t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
VS KW a:
]rC): ^oqCyrp 0 1 2 6 9
2 2 2
+ + y xy y y x
R y x ,
!rC): c b a c b a + + + +
2 2 2
ogJi ` :bBnh ph@ng ! v5r
_rchob% sD thHc 4hc 4h9ng qC yC u thG% dn:

'

+ + < + +

z y x
z y x
z y x
1 1 1
1 . .
Ch/ng inh 2\ng :c6 Lng 1t t2ong b% sD qCyCu 0Fn h@n ]
o thi t% Y@n ge(g&r
vii:
|wt oq(]roy(]rou(]rpqyujoqyjyujuqrjqjyju(]
poqyu(]rjoqjyjur(qyuo
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
rpqjyju ( o
0 )
1 1 1
> + +
z y x
ovB
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
l qjyju thMo gtr

! t2ong _ sD q(] C y(] C u(] > hoNc c b% s}(] C y(]C u(] 0 K@ng:
e
N5 t2Qng hJp s%u qy 2% thB qC yC u k]

q:y:uk] )>u thuOn gt q:y:up] b?t bu1c phi

qy 2% t2Qng hJp t2n t/c 0 c6 Lng ] t2ong b% sD q Cy Cu 0 sD 0Fn h@n ]
^h @ng php _: Kcng b-t .ng th/c ;uMn thu1c
'~ 1t sD b-t .ng th/c h%y Kcng
]r Cc b-t .ng th/c phW:
%r xy y x 2
2 2
+
br
xy y x +
2 2
K-uo p r 4hi q p y p "
cr ( ) xy y x 4
2
+
Kr 2 +
a
b
b
a
!r,-t .ng th/c C9 sy:
n
n
n
a a a a
n
a a a a
....
....
3 2 1
3 2 1

+ + + +
VFi
0 >
i
a
_r,-t .ng th/c ,unhi%cops4i

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
.... .... . ....
n n n n
x a x a x a x x a a a + + + + + + + + +
ar ,-t .ng th/c T2( b(swp:
N5u

'

C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +

+ +
N5u

'

C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +

+ +
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi

'

C B A
c b a
b~ cc vS KW
vS KW ] Cho %C b Cc 0 cc sD 4h9ng > ch/ng inh 2\ng
o%jbrobjcrocj%r f%bc
vii:
Cch ]:Vcng b-t .ng th/c phW: ( ) xy y x 4
2
+
T%c6 ( ) ab b a 4
2
+ x ( ) bc c b 4
2
+ x ( ) ac a c 4
2
+

( )
2
b a + ( )
2
c b + ( )
2
a c + ( )
2 2 2 2
8 64 abc c b a
o%jbrobjcrocj%r f%bc
V-u p qy 2% 4hi % p b p c
vS KW !otH giir: ]rCho %CbCck" v %jbjcp] C): 9
1 1 1
+ +
c b a
oa"_(]""]r
!rCho qCyCuk" v qjyjup] C):qj!yju
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 4 z y x

_rCho %k" C bk"C ck"
C):
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
arCho q 0 Cy 0 thG% dn
1 2 y x
xC): qjy
5
1

vS KW _: Cho %kbkck" v 1
2 2 2
+ + c b a ch/ng inh 2\ng
&
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
b c a c a b
+ +
+ + +
vii:
Vo %CbCc Di q/ng Cgi s$ % bc

'

+

b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
c b a
2 2 2
p KWng ,[T T2( b(swp t% c6

,
_

+
+
+
+
+
+ +

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a c b a
b a
c
c
c a
b
b
c b
a
a .
3
. . .
2 2 2
2 2 2
p
2
3
.
3
1
p
2
1
Vy
2
1
3 3 3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi %pbpcp
3
1
vS KW a:
Cho %CbCcCKk" v %bcK p] :Ch/ng inh 2\ng :
( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
vii:
T% c6 ab b a 2
2 2
+
cd d c 2
2 2
+
Vo %bcK p] nn cK p
ab
1
oKcng
2
1 1
+
x
x r
T% c6 4 )
1
( 2 ) ( 2
2 2 2
+ + + +
ab
ab cd ab c b a o]r
)Nt 4hc:
( ) ( ) ( ) a c d d c b c b a + + + + +

po%bjcKrjo%cjbKrjobcj%Kr
p
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ +
,
_

+ +
,
_

+ +
,
_

+
bc
bc
ac
ac
ab
ab
Vy ( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
vS KW b: Cho a sD %CbCcCK b-t 4 ch/ng inh 2\ng:

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + + + +
vii: Vcng b-t .ng th/c ,unhi%cops4i
t%c6 %cjbK
2 2 2 2
. d c b a + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 d c bd ac b a d b c a + + + + + + + +
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 2 d c d c b a b a + + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + + + +
vS KW e: Ch/ng inh 2\ng
ac bc ab c b a + + + +
2 2 2
vii: Vcng b-t .ng th/c ,unhi%cops4i
Cch ]: |wt cNp sD o]C]C]r v o%CbCcr t% c6
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 1 . 1 . 1 ) ( 1 1 1 c b a c b a + + + + + +
_( ) ( ) ac bc ab c b a c b a + + + + + + + 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

ac bc ab c b a + + + +
2 2 2
[iu phi ch/ng inh V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi %pbpc

^h @ng php a: Y$ KWng tSnh ch-t b?c c+u
f
t u `: 'k, v bkc thB 'kc
"l q l] thB q
2
lq
vS KW ]:
Cho %C bC c CK k" thG% dn %k cjK C bkcjK
Ch/ng inh 2\ng %b k%Kjbc
vii:
T%c6

'

+ >
+ >
d c b
d c a

'

> >
> >
0
0
c d b
d c a
o%(crob(Kr k cK
%b(%K(bcjcK kcK
%bk %Kjbc oiu phi ch/ng inhr
vS KW !:
Cho %CbCck" thG% dn
3
5
2 2 2
+ + c b a
Ch/ng inh
abc c b a
1 1 1 1
< + +
vii:
T% c6 :o %jb( cr
!
p %
!
jb
!
jc
!
j!o %b %c bcr

"
%cjbc(%b

2
1
o %
!
jb
!
jc
!
r
%cjbc(%b
6
5

] Chi% h%i v5 cho %bc k " t% c6
c b a
1 1 1
+


abc
1
vS KW _
Cho " l %CbCcCK l] Ch/ng inh 2\ng o](%r:o](br o ](cr:o](Kr k ](%(b(c(K
vii:
T% c6 o](%r:o](br p ](%(bj%b
Vo %k" C bk" nn %bk"
o](%r:o](br k ](%(b o]r
Vo c l] nn ]( c k" t% c6
o](%r:o](br o ](cr k ](%(b(c
o](%r:o](br o ](cr:o](Kr k o](%(b(cr o](Kr
p](%(b(c(Kj%KjbKjcK
o](%r:o](br o ](cr:o](Kr k ](%(b(c(K
o[iu phi ch/ng inhr
vS KW a
]( Cho " l%CbCc l] : Ch/ng inh 2\ng
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + +
vii :
Vo % l ] 1
2
< a v
T% c6 ( ) ( ) 0 1 . 1
2
< b a ](b(
2
a j
2
a b k "
]j
2
a
2
b k
2
a j b
"l %Cb l]
2
a k
3
a C
2
b k
3
b
TU o]r v o!r ]j
2
a
2
b k
3
a j
3
b
Vy
3
a j
3
b l ]j
2
a
2
b
T@ng tH
3
b j
3
c c b
2
1+
g

c
3
j
3
a a c
2
1+
C1ng cc b-t .ng th/c t% c6 :
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + + +
brCh/ng inh 2\ng : N5u 1998
2 2 2 2
+ + d c b a thB %cjbK p]ggf
oChuyn 'nh gf ggr
Gii:
T% c6 o%c j bKr
2
j o%K bc r
2
p %
2
c
2
j b
2 2 2 2
2 d a abcd d + +
2 2
c b + ( abcd 2 p
p %
!
oc
!
jK
!
rjb
!
oc
!
jK
!
r poc
!
jK
!
r:o %
!
j b
!
r p ]ggf
!
2G 2ng o%cjbKr
!
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1998 + + bc ad bd ac

1998 + bd ac
!(,i tp : ]C Cho cc sD thHc : %
]
x %
!
x%
_
y:x%
!""_
thG% dn : %
]
j %
!
j%
_
j y:j%
!""_
p]
c

h/ng inh 2\ng :

%
2
1
j
2
2003
2
3
2
2
.... a a a + + +
2003
1

o thi vo chuyn ng% php !""_(
!""aTh%nh h6% r
!CCho %xbxc 0 thG% dn :%jbjcp]or
Ch/ng inh 2\ng: o 8 ) 1
1
).( 1
1
).( 1
1

c b a
^h @ng php b: Kcng tSnh ch-tc% th sD
si5n th/c
]r Cho %C b Cc 0 cc sD K@ng thB
% N5u 1 >
b
a
thB
c b
c a
b
a
+
+
>
b N5u
1 <
b
a
thB
c b
c a
b
a
+
+
<
!rN5u bCK k" thB tU

d
c
d b
c a
b
a
d
c
b
a
<
+
+
< <
]"

vS KW ] :
Cho %CbCcCK k " :Ch/ng inh 2\ng
2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
<
b a d
d
a d c
c
d c b
b
c b a
a
vii :
ThMo tSnh ch-t c% t# 0A th/c t% c6

d c b a
d a
c b a
a
c b a
a
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ +
1 o]r
)Nt 4hc :
d c b a
a
c b a
a
+ + +
>
+ +
o!r
TU o]r v o!r t% c6
d c b a
a
+ + +
l
c b a
a
+ +
l
d c b a
d a
+ + +
+
o_r
T@ng tH t% c6

d c b a
a b
d c b
b
d c b a
b
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
oar

d c b a
c b
a d c
c
d c b a
c
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
obr

d c b a
c d
b a d
d
d c b a
d
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
oer
c1ng v5 vFi v5 c% o_rx oarx obrx oer t% c6
2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
<
b a d
d
a d c
c
d c b
b
c b a
a
iu phi ch/ng inh
vS KW ! :
Cho:
b
a
l
d
c
v bCK k " :Ch/ng inh 2\ng
b
a
l
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2
vii: TU
b
a
l
d
c
2 2
d
cd
b
ab
<
d
c
d
cd
d b
cd ab
b
ab
<
+
+
<
2 2 2 2
Vy
b
a
l
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2
iu phi ch/ng inh
vS KW _ : Cho %xbxcxK0 cc sD nguyn K@ng thG% dn : %jb p cjK p]"""
tB gi t2E 0Fn nh-t c%
d
b
c
a
+
gii : sh9ng -t tSnh t8ng ;ut t% gi s$ :
c
a

d
b
TU :
c
a

d
b

d
b
d c
b a
c
a

+
+

1
c
a
vB %jb p cjK
%C N5u :b 998 thB
d
b
998
d
b
c
a
+
ggg
bC N5u: bpggf thB %p]
d
b
c
a
+ p
d c
999 1
+ [t gi t2E 0Fn nh-t 4hi Kp ]x cpggg
Vy gi t2E 0Fn nh-t c%
d
b
c
a
+ pgggj
999
1
4hi %pKp]x cpbpggg
]]
^h @ng php e: ^h@ng php0 t21i
t u `:
Vcng cc tSnh b-t .ng th/c < % 1t v5 c% b-t .ng th/c v Kng tSnh Jc
t8ng h3u hn hoNc tSch h3u hn:
or ^h@ng php chung < tSnh t8ng h3u hn :
Y p
n
u u u + + + ....
2 1
T% cD g?ng bi5n 8i sD hng t8ng ;ut u
k
v hiAu c% h%i sD hng 0in ti5p nh%u:

1 +

k k k
a a u
shi 6 :
Y p
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 3 2 2 1
....
+ +
+ + +
n n n
a a a a a a a a
or ^h@ng php chung v tSnh tSch h3u hn
^ p
n
u u u ....
2 1
,i5n 8i cc sD hng
k
u
v th@ng c% h%i sD hng 0in ti5p nh%u:

k
u
p
1 + k
k
a
a

shi 6 ^ p
1
1
1 3
2
2
1
..... .
+ +

n n
n
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
VS KW ] :
VFi 7i sD tH nhin n k] ch/ng inh 2\ng
]!

4
3 1
....
2
1
1
1
2
1
<
+
+ +
+
+
+
<
n n n n
vii:
T% c6
n n n k n 2
1 1 1

+
>
+
vFi 4 p ]C!C_CyCn(]
Vo 6:

2
1
2 2
1
...
2
1
2
1
...
2
1
1
1
+ + > + +
+
+
+ n
n
n n n n n
VS KW ! :
Ch/ng inh 2\ng:

( ) 1 1 2
1
....
3
1
2
1
1 + > + + + + n
n
VFi n 0 sD nguyn
vii :
T% c6
( ) k k
k k k k
+
+ +
> 1 2
1
2
2
2 1
shi cho 4 chy tU ] 5n n t% c6
] k !( ) 1 2

( ) 2 3 2
2
1
>
yyyyyy

( ) n n
n
+ > 1 2
1
C1ng tUng v5 cc b-t .ng th/c t2n t% c6

( ) 1 1 2
1
....
3
1
2
1
1 + > + + + + n
n
VS KW _ :
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
2
1
1
2
<

n
k
k
Z n
vii:
T% c6
( ) k k k k k
1
1
1
1
1 1
2

<
Cho 4 chy tU ! 5n n t% c6
]_

1
1
....
3
1
2
1
1
1
1 1
....... ..........
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
2 2 2
2
2
2
< + + +

<
<
<
n
n n n
Vy
2
1
1
2
<

n
k
k
^h @ng php &:
Vcng b-t .ng th/c t2ong t% gic
t u `: N5u %xbxc0 sD o b% cnh c% t% gic thB : %xbxck "
V b(c l % l bjc x %(c l b l %jc x %(b l c l bj%
V d1: Cho %xbxc0 sD o b% cnh c% t% gic ch/ng inh 2\ng
%C %
!
jb
!
jc
!
l !o%bjbcj%cr
bC %bcko%jb(cr:objc(%r:ocj%(br
vii
%rVB %CbCc 0 sD o _ cnh c% 1t t% gic nn t% c6

'

+ < <
+ < <
+ < <
b a c
c a b
c b a
0
0
0

'

+ <
+ <
+ <
) (
) (
) (
2
2
2
b a c c
c a b b
c b a a
C1ng tUng v5 cc b-t .ng th/c t2n t% c6
%
!
jb
!
jc
!
l !o%bjbcj%cr
br T% c6 % k b(c
2 2 2
) ( c b a a > k "
b k %(c
2 2 2
) ( a c b b > k "
c k %(b 0 ) (
2 2 2
> > b a c c
Nh>n v5 cc b-t .ng th/c t% Jc

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) b a c a c b c b a abc
b a c a c b c b a c b a
b a c a c b c b a c b a
+ + + >
+ + + >
>
. .
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
]a
V d2: (a"a ]""]r
]r Cho %CbCc 0 chiu Ki b% cnh c% t% gic
Ch/ng inh 2\ng ) ( 2
2 2 2
ca bc ab c b a ca bc ab + + < + + < + +
!r Cho %CbCc 0 chiu Ki b% cnh c% t% gic c6 chu vi b\ng !
Ch/ng inh 2\ng 2 2
2 2 2
< + + + abc c b a
^h @ng php f: 8i bi5n sD
V d1:
Cho %CbCc k " Ch/ng inh 2\ng
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
o]r
vii :
[Nt qpbjc x ypcj% xup %jb t% c6 %p
2
x z y +
x b p
2
y x z +
x c p
2
z y x +
t% c6 o]r
z
z y x
y
y x z
x
x z y
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+

2
3

3 1 1 1 + + + + +
z
y
z
x
y
z
y
x
x
z
x
y
o
6 ) ( ) ( ) + + + + +
z
y
y
z
z
x
x
z
y
x
x
y
,-t .ng th/c cuDi ccng Lng vB o
; 2 +
y
x
x
y
2 +
z
x
x
z
x
2 +
z
y
y
z
nn t% c6 iu
phi ch/ng inh
V d2:
Cho %CbCc k " v %jbjc l]
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
9
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2

+
+
+
+
+ ab c ac b bc a
o]r
vii:
[Nt q p bc a 2
2
+ x y p ac b 2
2
+ x u p ab c 2
2
+
T% c6 ( ) 1
2
< + + + + c b a z y x
o]r
9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
VFi qjyju l ] v q CyCu k "
]b
ThMo b-t .ng th/c C9si t% c6

+ + z y x
_:
3
xyz
+ +
z y x
1 1 1
_: :
3
1
xyz

( ) 9
1 1 1
.

,
_

+ + + +
z y x
z y x
) qjyju l ]
Vy
9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
opcr
V d3:
Cho q 0 C y 0 thG% dn
1 2 y x
C)
5
1
+ y x

vJi `:
[Nt u x C
v y
!u(v p] v Y p qjy p
2 2
v u +
v p !u(] th%y vo tSnh Y in
,i tp
]r Cho % k " C b k " C c k " C): 8
16 25
>
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
!rT8ng ;ut C nC pC ;C %C b k"
C)
( ) ( ) p n m p n m
b a
pc
a c
nb
c b
ma
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
+
2
2
1

]e

^h @ng php g: Kcng t% th/c bc h%i
t u ` :
Cho t% th/c bc h%i ( ) c bx ax x f + +
2
N5u 0 < thB
( ) 0 . > x f a
R x
N5u 0 thB
( ) 0 . > x f a

a
b
x
N5u 0 > thB
( ) 0 . > x f a
vFi
1
x x < hoNc
2
x x > o
1 2
x x > r

( ) 0 . < x f a
vFi
2 1
x x x < <
V d1:
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
( ) 0 3 6 2 4 5 ,
2 2
> + + + y x xy y x y x f o]r
vii:
T% c6 o]r ( ) 0 3 6 5 1 2 2
2 2
> + + y y y x x
( ) 3 6 5 1 2
2 2
+ y y y

( ) 0 1 1
3 6 5 1 4 4
2
2 2
<
+ +
y
y y y y
Vy
( ) 0 , > y x f
vFi 7i qC y
V d2:
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 4 2
4 4 . 2 2 , xy x xy y x y x y x f > + + + +
vii:
,-t .ng th/c c+n ch/ng inh t@ng @ng vFi
( ) 0 4 4 . 2 2
3 2 2 2 4 2
> + + + + xy x xy y x y x
( ) 0 4 1 4 . ) 1 (
2 2 2 2 2
> + + + y x y y x y
T% c6 ( ) ( ) 0 16 1 4 1 4
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
< + y y y y y
VB % p ( ) 0 1
2
2
> + y vy
( ) 0 , > y x f
opcr
]&
^h @ng php ]": Kcng ;uy np ton h7c
si5n th/c:
[< ch/ng inh b-t .ng th/c Lng vFi
0
n n >
t% thHc hiAn cc bFc s%u :
] si< t2% b-t .ng th/c Lng vFi
0
n n
! ( vi s$ ,[T Lng vFi n p4 oth%y n p4 vo ,[T c+n ch/ng inh Jc g7i 0 gi
thi5t ;uy np r
_( T% ch/ng inh b-t .ng th/c Lng vFi n p 4 j] oth%y n p 4j]vo ,[T c+n
ch/ng inh 2i bi5n 8i < Kcng gi thi5t ;uy npr
a 45t 0un ,[T Lng vFi 7i
0
n n >
V d1:
Ch/ng inh 2\ng

n n
1
2
1
....
2
1
1
1
2 2 2
< + + +
1 ; > n N n
o]r
vii :
VFi n p! t% c6
2
1
2
4
1
1 < + oLngr
Vy ,[T o]r Lng vFi n p!
vi s$ ,[T o]r Lng vFi n p4 t% phi ch/ng inh
,[T o]r Lng vFi n p 4j]
Tht vy 4hi n p4j] thB
o]r
1
1
2
) 1 (
1 1
....
2
1
1
1
2 2 2 2
+
<
+
+ + + +
k k k
ThMo gi thi5t ;uy np

( ) 1
1
2
1
1 1
2
) 1 (
1 1
....
2
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2
+
<
+
+ <
+
+ + + +
k k k k k

( ) k k k k
1
1
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
....
1
1
2 2 2
<
+
+
+
<
+
+ +


2
2
) 1 ( ) 2 (
1
) 1 (
1 1
+ < + <
+
+ +
k k k
k k
k
4
!
j!4l4
!
j!4j] [iu ny Lng :Vy b-t .ng
th/c o]rJc ch/ng inh
V d2: Cho N n v %jbk "
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
n
b a

,
_

+
2

2
n n
b a +
o]r
vii
T% th-y ,[T o]r Lng vFi np]
vi s$ ,[T o]r Lng vFi np4 t% phi ch/ng inh ,[T Lng vFi np4j]
]f
Tht vy vFi n p 4j] t% c6
o]r
1
2
+

,
_

+
k
b a

2
1 1 + +
+
k k
b a

2
.
2
b a b a
k
+

,
_

+

2
1 1 + +
+
k k
b a
o!r
V5 t2i o!r
2 4 2
.
2
1 1 1 1 + + + +
+

+ + +

+ +
k k k k k k k k
b a b b a ab a b a b a
0
4 2
1 1 1 1

+ + +

+
+ + + + k k k k k k
b b a ab a b a
( ) ( ) 0 . b a b a
k k
o_r
T% ch/ng inh o_r
ojr vi s$ % b v gi thi5t cho % (b %
b

k
k
k
b b a
( ) ( ) 0 . b a b a
k k
ojr vi s$ % l b v thMo gi thi5t ( %lb
k k k
k
b a b a < <
( ) ( ) 0 . b a b a
k k

Vy ,[T o_r0u9n Lng t% c6 opcr
^h @ng php ]]: Ch/ng inh phn ch/ng
t u `:
]g
]r vi s$ phi ch/ng inh b-t .ng th/c no 6 Lng C t% hdy gi s$ b-t .ng
th/c 6 s%i v 45t hJp vFi cc gi thi5t < suy 2% iu v9 0` C iu v9 0` c6 th< 0
iu t2i vFi gi thi5t C c6 th< 0 iu t2i ngJc nh%u :TU 6 suy 2% b-t .ng th/c c+n
ch/ng inh 0 Lng
!r vi s$ t% phi ch/ng inh 0un v s
phwp ton Anh cho t% :

Nh vy < ph Enh 0un t% ghwp t-t c gi thi5t c% 0un vFi ph Enh
45t 0un c% n6 :
T% thQng Kcng b hBnh th/c ch/ng inh phn ch/ng s%u :
' ( Vcng Anh phn o :
G K

, ^h Enh 29i suy t2i gi thi5t :

C ^h Enh 2i suy t2i vFi iu Lng
V ^h Enh 2i suy 2% ! iu t2i ngJc nh%u
z ^h Enh 2i suy 2% 45t 0un :
V d 1:
Cho b% sD %CbCc thG% dn % jbjc k " C %bjbcj%c k " C %bc k "
Ch/ng inh 2\ng % k " C b k " C c k "
vii :
vi s$ % " thB tU %bc k " % " Ko 6 % l "
) %bc k " v % l " cb l "
TU %bjbcjc% k " %objcr k (bc k "
VB % l " %ob jcr k " b j c l "
% l " v b jc l " % j b jc l " t2i gi thi5t %jbjc k "
Vy % k " t@ng tH t% c6 b k " C c k "
V d 2:
Cho a sD % C b C c CK thG% dn iu 4iAn
%c !:objKr :Ch/ng inh 2\ng c6 St nh-t 1t t2ong cc b-t .ng th/c s%u 0
s%i:
b a 4
2
< C d c 4
2
<
vii :
vi s$ ! b-t .ng th/c : b a 4
2
< C d c 4
2
< u Lng 4hi 6 c1ng cc v5 t% Jc
) ( 4
2 2
d b c a + < + o]r
ThMo gi thi5t t% c6 aobjKr !%c o!r
TU o]r v o!r ac c a 2
2 2
< + h%y ( ) 0
2
< c a ov9 0`r
Vy t2ong ! b-t .ng th/c b a 4
2
< v d c 4
2
< c6 St nh-t 1t cc b-t .ng th/c s%i
V d 3:
Cho qCyCu k " v qyu p ]: Ch/ng inh 2\ng
N5u qjyju k
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
thB c6 1t t2ong b% sD ny 0Fn h@n ]
!"
vii :
T% c6 oq(]r:oy(]r:ou(]r pqyu qy( yu j q j yj u ]
pq j y j u o
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
r vB qyu p ]
thMo gi thi5t qjy ju k
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
nn oq(]r:oy(]r:ou(]r k "
T2ong b% sD q(] C y(] C u(] ch# c6 1t sD K@ng
Tht vy n5u c b% sD K@ng thB qCyCu k ] qyu k ] ot2i gi thi5tr
CPn n5u ! t2ong _ sD 6 K@ng thB oq(]r:oy(]r:ou(]r l " ov9 0`r
Vy c6 1t v ch# 1t t2ong b% sD q C yCu 0Fn h@n ]
^h+n iii : cc bi tp n>ng c%o
]~Kcng Enh nghI%
]r Cho %bc p ] v 36
3
> a : : Ch/ng inh 2\ng +
3
2
a
b
!
jc
!
k %bjbcj%c
vii
T% c6 hiAu: +
3
2
a
b
!
jc
!
( %b( bc %c
!]
p +
4
2
a
+
12
2
a
b
!
jc
!
( %b( bc %c
p o +
4
2
a
b
!
jc
!
( %b %cj !bcr j
12
2
a
_bc
po
2
a
(b( cr
!
j
a
abc a
12
36
3

po
2
a
(b( cr
!
j
a
abc a
12
36
3

k" ovB %bcp] v %

_
k _e nn % k" r
Vy : +
3
2
a
b
!
jc
!
k %bjbcj%c [iu phi ch/ng inh
!r Ch/ng inh 2\ng
%r ) 1 .( 2 1
2 2 4 4
+ + + + + z x xy x z y x
br vFi 7i sD thHc % C bC c t% c6
0 3 6 2 4 5
2 2
> + + + b a ab b a
cr 0 2 4 2 2 2
2 2
+ + + b a ab b a
vii :
%r |wt hiAu
X p x xz x y x z y x 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 4 4
+ + + +
p ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
1 + + x z x y x
X" t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
br V5 t2i c6 th< vi5t
X p ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2
2 2
+ + + b b a
X k " t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
cr v5 t2i c6 th< vi5t
X p ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 + + b b a
X " t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
ii ~ Vcng bi5n 8i t @ng @ng
]r Cho q k y v qy p] :Ch/ng inh 2\ng

( )
( )
8
2
2
2 2

+
y x
y x
vii :
T% c6 ( ) ( ) 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + y x xy y x y x ovB qy p ]r
( ) ( ) ( ) 4 . 4
2 4
2
2 2
+ + + y x y x y x
Vo 6 ,[T c+n ch/ng inh t@ng @ng vFi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4
. 8 4 4 y x y x y x + +
( ) ( ) 0 4 4
2 4
+ y x y x

( ) [ ] 0 2
2
2
y x
,[T cuDi Lng nn t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
!!
!r Cho qy ] :Ch/ng inh 2\ng

xy y x +

+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
vii :
T% c6
xy y x +

+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2

,
_

+
+

,
_

+ xy y y x

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1 1 . 1
2
2
2
2

+ +

+
+ +

xy y
y xy
xy x
x xy

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1
) (
1 . 1
) (
2 2

+ +

+
+ +

xy y
y x y
xy x
x y x

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1 . 1
1
2 2
2

+ + +

xy y x
xy x y

,[T cuDi ny Lng Ko qy k ] :Vy t% c6 iu phi ch/ng inh
iii ~ Kcng b-t .ng th/c phW
]r Cho % C bC c 0 cc sD thHc v % j b jc p]
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
3
1
2 2 2
+ + c b a
vii :
p KWng ,[T ,unhi%C9ps4i cho _ sD o]C]C]r v o%CbCcr
T% c6 ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 c b a c b a + + + + + +
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. 3 c b a c b a + + + +

3
1
2 2 2
+ + c b a ovB %jbjc p] r opcr
!r Cho %CbCc 0 cc sD K@ng
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
( ) 9
1 1 1
.
,
_

+ + + +
c b a
c b a
o]r
vii :
!_
o]r 9 1 1 1 + + + + + + + +
a
c
a
c
c
b
a
b
c
a
b
a

9 3
,
_

+ +
,
_

+ +
,
_

+ +
b
c
c
b
a
c
c
a
a
b
b
a
p KWng ,[T phW
2 +
x
y
y
x
VFi qCy k "
T% c6 ,[T cuDi ccng 0u9n Lng
Vy
( ) 9
1 1 1
.
,
_

+ + + +
c b a
c b a
opcr
iv ~ Kcng ph @ng php b?c c+u
]r Cho " l %C bCc l] :Ch/ng inh 2\ng :
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + +
vii :
Vo % l]
2
a l] v b l]
Nn ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 1 . 1
2 2 2 2
> + > b a b a b a
X%y b a b a + > +
2 2
1 o]r
)Nt 4hc " l%Cb l]
3 2
a a > x
3
b b >

3 3 2
1 b a a + > +
Vy b a b a
2 3 3
1+ < +
T@ng tH t% c6

a c c a
c b c b
2 3 3
2 3 3
1
1
+ < +
+ < +


a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + + opcr
!r Yo snh _]
11
v ]&
14
vii :
T% th-y
11
31 l
( )
11
11 5 55 56
32 2 2 2 <
)Nt 4hc
( )
14
56 4.14 4 14 14
2 2 2 16 17 <
V*y _]
11
l ]&
14
opcr
V~ Kcng tSnh ch-t t# sD
]r Cho % Cb Cc CK k " :Ch/ng inh 2\ng :
2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
vii :
VB % Cb Cc CK k " nn t% c6

a b a b a b d
a b c d a b c a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
o]r

b c b c b c a
a b c d b c d a b c d
+ + + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
o!r

d a d a d a c
a b c d d a b a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
o_r
C1ng cc v5 c% a b-t .ng th/c t2n t% c6 :
!a
2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
opcr
!r Cho % CbCc 0 sD o b% cnh t% gic
Ch/ng inh 2\ng
1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +
vii :
VB % Cb Cc 0 sD o b% cnh c% t% gic nn t% c6 %CbCc k "
V % l b jc x b l%jc x c l %jb
TU o]r
2 a a a a
b c a b c a b c
+
<
+ + + + +
)Nt 4hc
a a
b c a b c
>
+ + +
Vy t% c6
2 a a a
a b c b c a b c
< <
+ + + + +
T@ng tH t% c6
2 b b b
a b c a c a b c
< <
+ + + + +


2 c c c
a b c b a a b c
< <
+ + + + +
C1ng tUng v5 b% b-t .ng th/c t2n t% c6 :
1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +
opcr
V~ ph @ng php 0 t21i :
]r Ch/ng inh ,[T s%u :
%r
1 1 1 1
...
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 n n
+ + + <
+
br
1 1 1
1 ... 2
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n
+ + + + <
vii :
%r T% c6

( ) ( )
( ) 2 1 (2 1)
1 1 1 1 1
.
2 1 . 2 1 2 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 1
k k
n n k k k k
+
_


+ + +
,
Cho n chy tU ] 5n 4 :Y%u 6 c1ng 0i t% c6

1 1 1 1 2 1
... . 1
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 n n n
_
+ + + <

+ +
,
opcr
br T% c6

( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 1 .....
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3..... 1.2 1.2.3 1 . n n n
+ + + + < + + + +

l
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 .... 2 2
2 2 3 1 n n n
_ _ _
+ + + + < <

, , ,
opcr
!b
Phn iv : /ng KWng c% b-t .ng th/c
]~ Kcng b-t .ng th/c < tB c c t2E
t u `
( N5u oqr ' thB oqr c6 gi t2E nhG nh-t 0 '
( N5u oqr , thB oqr c6 gi t2E 0Fn nh-t 0 ,
V d 1 :
TB gi t2E nhG nh-t c% :
T p q(] j q(! jq(_ j q(a
vii :
T% c6 q(] j q(a p q(] j a(q q(]ja(q p _ o]r
V
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 x x x x x x + + +
o!r
Vy T p q(] j q(! jq(_ j q(a ]j_ p a
T% c6 tU o]r

V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi 1 4 x

o!r

V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi 2 3 x

Vy T c6 gi t2E nhG nh-t 0 a 4hi 2 3 x
V d 2 :
TB gi t2E 0Fn nh-t c%
Y p qyu:oqjyr:oyjur:oujqr vFi qCyCu k " v qjyju p]
vii :
VB qCyCu k " Cp KWng ,[T C9si t% c6
qj y j u
3
3 xyz

3
1 1
3 27
xyz xyz
p KWng b-t .ng th/c C9si cho qjy x yju x qju t% c6
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
. . 3 . . x y y z z x x y y z x z + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 3 . . x y y z z x + + +
!e
V-u b\ng qy 2% 4hi qpypup
1
3
Vy Y
8 1 8
.
27 27 729

Vy Y c6 gi t2E 0Fn nh-t 0

8
729
4hi qpypup
1
3
V d 3 : Cho qyjyujuq p ]
TB gi t2E nhG nh-t c%
4 4 4
x y z + +
vii :
p KWng ,[T ,unhi%cDps4i cho e sD oqCyCur xoqCyCur
T% c6
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
xy yz zx x y z + + + +

( )
2
2 2 2
1 x y z + + o]r
'p KWng ,[T ,unhi%cDps4i cho o
2 2 2
, , x y z r v o]C]C]r
T% c6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
( ) (1 1 1 )( )
( ) 3( )
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
TU o]r v o!r
4 4 4
1 3( ) x y z + +

4 4 4
1
3
x y z + +
Vy
4 4 4
x y z + + c6 gi t2E nhG nh-t 0
1
3
4hi qpypup
3
3
t
V d :
T2ong t% gic vu9ng c6 ccng cnh huyn C t% gic vu9ng no c6 KiAn tSch 0Fn
nh-t
vii :
v7i cnh huyn c% t% gic 0 !%
[Qng c%o thu1c cnh huyn 0 h
XBnh chi5u cc cnh g6c vu9ng 0n cnh huyn 0 qCy
T% c6 Y p ( )
2
1
. . . . .
2
x y h a h a h a xy +
VB % 4h9ng 8i qjy p !%
Vy Y 0Fn nh-t 4hi q:y 0Fn nh-t
x y
Vy t2ong cc t% gic c6 ccng cnh huyn thB t% gic vu9ng c>n c6 KiAn tSch 0Fn
nh-t
!&

ii~ Kcng b::t < gii ph @ng t2Bnh v hA ph @ng t2Bnh
V d 1 :
vii ph@ng t2Bnh s%u

2 2 2
4 3 6 19 5 10 14 4 2 x x x x x x + + + + +
vii :
T% c6
2
3 6 19 x x + +
2
3.( 2 1) 16 x x + + +

2
3.( 1) 16 16 x + +
( )
2
2
5 10 14 5. 1 9 9 x x x + + + +
Vy
2 2
4. 3 6 19 5 10 14 2 3 5 x x x x + + + + + +
V-u o p r qy 2% 4hi qj] p "

q p (]
Vy
2 2 2
4 3 6 19 5 10 14 4 2 x x x x x x + + + + +
4hi q p (]
Vy ph@ng t2Bnh c6 nghiA Kuy nh-t q p (]
V d 2 :
vii ph@ng t2Bnh

2 2
2 4 4 3 x x y y + + +
vii :
p KWng ,[T ,unhi%CDps4i t% c6 :

( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 . 2 2. 2 2 x x x x + + +
V-u opr qy 2% 4hi q p ]
)Nt 4hc ( )
2
2
4 4 3 2 1 2 2 y y y + + + +
V-u opr qy 2% 4hi y p (
1
2
Vy
2 2
2 4 4 3 2 x x y y + + +
4hi q p] v y p(
1
2
Vy nghiA c% ph@ng t2Bnh 0
1
1
2
x
y

'

V d 3 :
vii hA ph@ng t2Bnh s%u:
!f

4 4 4
1 x y z
x y z xyz
+ +
'
+ +

vii : p KWng ,[T C9si t% c6

4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y y z z x
y z
x y y z z x
x y y z z y z z x z y x
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
2 2 2
.( )
y xz z xy x yz
xyz x y z
+ +
+ +
VB qjyju p ]r
Nn
4 4 4
x y z xyz + +
V-u opr qy 2% 4hi q p y p u p
1
3
Vy
4 4 4
1 x y z
x y z xyz
+ +
'
+ +

c6 nghiA q p y p u p
1
3
V d : vii hA ph@ng t2Bnh s%u

2
2
4 8
2
xy y
xy x

'
+

(1)
(2)
TU ph@ng t2Bnh o]r
2
8 0 y h%y 8 y
TU ph@ng t2Bnh o!r
2
2 . 2 2 x x y x +

2 2
2
2 2 2 0
( 2) 0
2
2
x x
x
x
x
+


t
N5u q p
2
thB y p !
2
N5u q p (
2
thB y p (!
2
Vy hA ph@ng t2Bnh c6 nghiA
2
2
x
y

'

v
2 2
2 2
x
y

'

!g
iii~ Kcng ,:[:t < gii ph @ng t2Bnh nghiA nguyn
]r TB cc sD nguyn qCyCu tho dn

2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + + +
vii :
VB qCyCu 0 cc sD nguyn nn

2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + + +

( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2 3 0
3
3 3 2 1 0
4 4
x y z xy y z
y y
x xy y z z
+ + +
_ _
+ + + + +

, ,

( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,
or
)
( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,

, x y R

( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,

0
2
1
1 0 2
2
1
1 0
y
x
x
y
y
z
z

' '

Cc sD qCyCu phi tB 0
1
2
1
x
y
z

'

V d 2:
TB nghiA nguyn K@ng c% ph@ng t2Bnh

1 1 1
2
x y z
+ +
vii :
sh9ng -t tSnh t8ng ;ut t% gi s$
x y z
_"
T% c6
1 1 1 3
2 2 3 z
x y z z
+ +
) u nguyn K@ng vy u p ]
Th%y u p ] vo ph@ng t2Bnh t% Jc
1 1
1
x y
+
ThMo gi s$ qy nn ] p
1 1
x y
+

1
y
2 y
y nguyn K@ng
Nn y p ] hoNc y p !
VFi y p ] 4h9ng thSch hJp

VFi y p ! t% c6 q p !
Vy o! C!C]r 0 1t nghiA c% ph@ng t2Bnh
Xon vE cc sD t2n t% Jc cc nghiA c% ph@ng t2Bnh
0 o!C!C]r x o!C]C!r x o]C!C!r
V d 3 :
TB cc cNp sD nguyn tho dn ph@ng t2Bnh

x x y +
(!"
vii :
or VFi q l " C y l " thB ph@ng t2Bnh 4h9ng c6 nghI%
or VFi q k " C y k "
T% c6
x x y +

2
x x y +

2
0 x y x >
[Nt x k o4 nguyn K@ng vB q nguyn K@ng r
T% c6
2
.( 1) k k y +
Nhng ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 k k k k < + < +

1 k y k < < +
) gi3% 4 v 4j] 0 h%i sD nguyn K@ng 0in ti5p 4h9ng tn ti 1t sD nguyn K@ng
no c
Nn 4h9ng c6 cNp sD nguyn K@ng no tho dn ph@ng t2Bnh :
Vy ph@ng t2Bnh c6 nghiA Kuy nh-t 0 :
0
0
x
y

'

_]
Ti 0iAu th% 4ho

]( ton n>ng c%o v cc chuyn i sD f
-n#$ gi% dc & ' ( ' 1))&
*c gi+ : ,gu-.n ,g/c 012 ' ,gu-.n Vi3t 4+i ' V5 67ng *h-

!( ton n>ng c%o cho h7c sinh ( i sD ]"
(n#$ 01i h/c 8u9c gi: h n;i ' 1))&
*c gi+ : Ph:n 6u- <h+i

_ ton bi Kng h7c sinh i sD g
-nh #ut $+n h n;i
*c gi+ : V5 4=u B>nh ' *n *h?n - 0@ Au:ng *hiBu
a sch gio 4ho% i sD fCgC]"
-n#$ gi% dc ' 1))&
b ton n>ng c%o i sD !&g bi ton ch7n 07c
-nh #ut $+n tCD ' 1))E
*c gi+ : VF 01i G:u
e vio t2Bnh i sD s@ c-p t2Qng hsp i h n1i
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
_!