Bai Giang PTVP Nam 2010 Moi - Xuan PDF

I HC THI NGUYN
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

PHNG TRNH VI PHN
(Bi ging in t)
Bin son: ThS. Bi Th Thanh Xun
Thi Nguyn - 2010
LI NI U
Phng trnhvi phnxut hin trnc s pht trin ca
khoahc, k thut vnhng yucu i hi ca thc t, n
lmt b mntonhc c bn va mangtnhlthuyt cao
va mang tnh ng dng rng. Nhiu bi ton c hc, vt
l dn n s nghin cu cc phung trnh vi phn tng
ng. Ngnh ton hc ny gp phn xy dng l thuyt
chung cho cc ngnh ton hc v khoa hc khc. N c
mt vgpphn nngcao tnhhp dn l th, tnhy
su sc, tnh hiu qu gitr ca nhiu ngnh nh ti u,
iu khin ti u, gii tchs, tnhtonkhoahc,
THNG TIN MN HC
1. Thng tin mn hc
- Tnting Vit: PHNG TRNHVI PHN
- Tnting Anh: Differential Equations.
- S tnch: 2
2. iu kin ng k mn hc
- Mn hc: Toncaocp 1, 2
3. Yu cu ca mn hc
- Sinhvind lp y
- Honthnhccbi tp c giao
- Cccbi kim trathng xuyn nh gi
4. nh gi mn hc
- Thangim nh gimnhc: thangim 10
- im ccbi kim trathng xuyn: 30%
- im thi hc phn: 70%
NI DUNG MN HC
Chng 1 - PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP MT
Chng 2 - PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP CAO
Chng 3 - H PHNG TRNH VI PHN
BI TP THAM KHO
TI LIU THAM KHO
1 Cc khi nimc bn
2 S tn ti v duy nht nghim
3 Phng trnh vi phn c bin s phn ly
4 Phng trnh vi phn thun nht
5 Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp mt
6 Phng trnh vi phn hon chnh
7 PT vi phn cp mt cha gii ra i vi o hm
8 Phng php tmnghimk d
Chng 1
PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP MT
1. Cc khi nim c bn
1.1. nh ngha
1.2. Trng hng
1.3. Bi ton Csi
1.4. Nghimtng qut
1.5. Nghimring
1.6. Nghimk d
1 Cc khi nim c bn
Chng 1 - Phng trnh vi phn cp mt
1.1 nh ngha
Phng trnhvi phncp mt cdng tng qut l
( ) ( ) , , 0 1 F x y y' =
trong
dy
y
dx
' =
Nghim ca phng trnh(1) lhmy=y(x) ctnhcht lkhi th vophng
trnh (1) th tac ng nht thc. Phng trnh (1) c v s nghim. Qutrnh
tmccnghim ca phng trnh(1) c gi ls tch phn phng trnh .
Nu t phng trnh (1) ta c th gii c y, ngha l (1) c dng
( ) ( ) , 2 y f x y ' =
th phng trnh (2) c gi l phng trnh cp mt gii ra i vi o hm.
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.2 Trng hng
Gi s hmf(x,y) xc nh vlin tc trong min G ca mt phng Oxy. Qua
im (x
0
,y
0
) thuc G tav vc t c di bng 1vlp vi chiu dng ca trc
honhmt gc sao cho tg =f(x
0
,y
0
). Lmnh vy i vi mi im (x,y) thuc
Gchngtas nhn c mt trng vct c gi ltrng hng.
Gi s y =y(x) l mt nghim ca phng trnh (2). Khi tp hp nhng
im (x,y(x)) s to nn mt ng cong m ta gi l ng cong tch phn ca
phng trnh (2). Nh vy, ti mi im ca ng cong tch phn, hng tip
tuyn vi ng congtrngvi hng vct ca trng hng ti im .
ng congmti mi im ca n hng trng khngthay i c gi l
ng ng phc. Nh vy phng trnhca ng ng phc cdng
ng ng phc c th lng tchphnnhng ni chungn khngtrng
vi ng congtchphn.
( )
, , f x y k k const = =
V d
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.2 Trng hng
V d: Xt phng trnh
y cc ng cong tch phn l cc na ng thng
C l s thc bt k.
D thy cc ng cong tch phn y cng l ng ng phc.
dy y
dx x
=
( ) ( )
0 , 0 0 y Cx x x y = = = =
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.3 Bi ton Csi
Nh trn thy, nghim ca phng trnhvi phncp 1ph thuc vo hng s
C ty . Trong thc t ngi ta thng khng quan tmn tt c cc nghim ca
phng trnh mch ch n nhng nghim y(x) ca phng trnhF(x,y,y) =0 (1)
hoc y=f(x,y) (2) tha mniu kin
y(x
0
) =y
0
(4)
trong x
0
, y
0
lnhng gitr chotrc.
Bi tont ranh vy gi lbi ton Csi. iu kin (4) c gi liu kin
banu; x
0
, y
0
lccgitr banu.
V phng din hnh hc, bi ton Csi tng ng vi vic tmng cong
tchphnca phng trnhi quaim M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) chotrc.
Bi tonCsi khngphi bao gi cng c nghim. Sauny chngtas thy vi
nhng gi thit noth nghim bi tonCsi tn ti vduynht.
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.4 Nghim tng qut
Gi s trong min G ca mt phng (x,y) nghim ca bi ton Csi i vi
phng trnhy=f(x,y) (2) tn ti vduynht. Hms
y=(x,C) (5)
c gi l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2) trong G nu trong min bin
thinca xvC, nco hmringlintc theoxvtha mncciu kin sau:
a. T h thc (5) tacth gii c C: C =(x,y) (6)
b. Hm(x,C) tha mnphng trnh(2) vi mi gitr ca C xc nh t (6)
khi (x,y) bin thintrongG.
Nu nghim tng qut ca phng trnh(2) c chodi dng n
(x,y,C) =0hay (x,y) =C
th nc gi ltch phn tng qut.
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.5 Nghim ring
Nghim ca phng trnh y=f(x,y) (2) m ti mi im ca n tnh duy nht
nghim ca bi tonCsi c m bo c gi lnghim ring. Nghim nhn c
t nghim tng qut vi gitr c th ca hng s C lnghim ring.
1.6 Nghim k d
Nghim ca phng trnh y=f(x,y) (2) m ti mi im ca n, tnh duy nht
nghim ca bi tonCsi b phv c gi lnghim k d.
Nh vy, nghim nhn c t nghim tng qut vi gitr c th ca hng s C
khngth chotanghim k d. Nghim k d cth nhn c t nghim tng qut ch
khi C =C(x). Ngoi rachng tacnc nghim hn hp, tc lnghim bao gm mt
phn nghim ringvmt phn nghim k d.
2. S tn ti v duy nht nghim
2.1. nh ngha
2.2. nh l
Xt phng trnh
Khi bi ton tm nghim y =y(x) ca phng trnh sao cho khi y(x
0
) =y
0
c
gi l bi ton Csi, y x
0
,y
0
l cc gi tr tu cho trc c gi l gi tr ban
u (iu kin u).
Mt vn t ra l ta hy xt xem vi iu kin no th:
Bi ton Csi ca phng trnh c nghim.
Nghim ca bi ton l duy nht.
Gii quyt cc vn nu trn l ni dung ca nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim.
( , )
dy
f x y
dx
=
2.1 nh ngha
Ta ni hm f(x,y) trong min G tho mn iu kin Lipsit i vi y nu tn ti N > 0
sao cho vi bt k m th
(*)
, , x y y
( , ) ,( , ) x y G x y G e e
( , ) ( , ) f x y f x y N y y s
'
( , ), ( , )
y
f x y f x y -
'
( , ) ( , )
y
f x y N x y G s e
'
( , ) ( , ) ( , ( )
y
f x y f x y f x y t y y y y N y y = + s
'
( , )
y
f x y
Bt ng thc (*) s tho mnnu gii ni trongG, tc l
. V theo Lagrng ta c:
Nhng iu ngc li khngng v cth (*) tho mnnhng
khngtn ti.
Ch :
2.2 nh l
0 0
0 0
, 0
x a x x a
a b
y b y y b
s s +
>
s s +
Xt phng trnh(1) vi gitr banu (x

0
, y
0
). Gi s:
1. f(x,y) lhmlintc hai bin trongmin kngii ni G
V f lin tc trong min kn gii ni G nn tn ti M >0
( , ) ( , ) f x y M x y G s e
2. f(x,y) lhmtha mniu kin Lipsit theobin ytrongmin kngii ni G
Khi tn ti duy nht mt nghim y = y(x) ca phng trnh (1) xc nh v lin
tc i vi cc gi tr ca x thuc on trong
0 0
x h x x h s s +
min( , )
b
h a
M
=
sao cho khi x =x
0
th y(x
0
) =y
0
.
3. Phng trnh vi phn c bin s phn ly
3.1. Phng trnh dng M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0
3.2. Phng trnh a c v dng tch bin
3.3. Bi tp tham kho
3 PTVP c bin s phn ly
3.1 Phng trnh dng M(x)dx +N(y)dy = 0
a. Phng trnhM(x)dx +N(y)dy =0(1) c gi lphng trnhvi phnc bin s
phnly (hay phng trnhvi phntchbin), trong M(x), N(y) lintc trongmin
no ca R.
Khi phng trnhvi phn(1) ctchphntng qut l:
( ) ( ) M x dx N y dy C + =
} }
V d: Gii phng trnh vi phn
0 xdx ydy + =
y l phng trnh vi phn c bin s phn ly. Khi tch phn 2 v phng trnh
ta c:
1
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
xdx ydy C
x y
C x y C
+ =
+ = + =
} }
Tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh trn l
2 2
x y C + =
3.1 Phng trnh dng M(x)dx +N(y)dy = 0 (tip)
b. Tng qut hn, ta xt phng trnh c dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 (2) M x N y dx P x Q y dy + =
Trong M, N, P, Qlcchmlintc theoi s ca chngtrongmin ang xt.
Gi s N(y)P(x) 0. Khi chia2v ca phng trnhchoN(y)P(x) tac:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
M x Q y
dx dy
P x N y
+ =
Do, tchphntng qut ca phng trnh:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
M x Q y
dx dy C
P x N y
+ =
} }
Ch : Ngoi ratacn xt trng hp N(y)P(x)=0. Nhng trng hp y =y
0
lm
cho N(y) =0 cng l nghim ca phng trnh. Nu mun tmc nghim di
dng x =x(y) th nhng gitr x =x
0
lmP(x) =0 cng lnghim ca phng
trnh.
V d: Gii phng trnh
2 2
( 1) ( 1) 0 x y dx y x dy + =
V d: Gii phng trnh
2 2
( 1) ( 1) 0 x y dx y x dy + =
Gii: gi s
2 2
( 1)( 1) 0 y x =
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
2 2
0
1 1
ln 1 ln 1 ln ( 0)
( 1)( 1)
( 1)( 1)
x y
Pt dx dy
x y
x y C C
x y C
x y C
+ =

+ = =
=
=
Nh vy, tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh ny l:
2 2
( 1)( 1) x y C =
Ngoi ra cn c cc nghim y = 1, x =1.
3.1 Phng trnh dng M(x)dx +N(y)dy = 0 (tip)
3.2 Phng trnh a c v tch bin
( )
dy
f ax by c
dx
= + +
Xt phng trnh dng:
Cch gii:
t
dz
a
dy
dx
z ax by c
dx b
= + + =
hay
( )
dz
a bf z
dx
=
y l phng trnh vi phn tch bin.
V d: Gii phng trnh vi phn
5
dy
x y
dx
= +
t
5 z x y = +
1
ln1
1
dz
dx z x C
z
= = +
1
1 1
C x x
z e e z Ce

= =
1
x
z Ce
=
4
x
y Ce x
= + +
hay
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: vi C l hng s 4
x
y Ce x
= + +
3.3 Bi tp Phng trnh c bin s phn ly
4. Phng trnh vi phn thun nht
4.1. Phng trnh vi phn thun nht
4.2. Phng trnh a c v phng trnh thun nht
4.3. Bi tp tham kho
4.1 Phng trnh vi phn thun nht
Phng php gii phng trnh thun nht
4 PTVP thun nht
Phng php gii:
4 PTVP thun nht
4 PTVP thun nht
V d: Gii phng trnh
2 2
2 dy xy
dx x y
=

4 PTVP thun nht
Ch :
4.2 Phng trnh a c v phng trnh vi phn thun nht
Phng php gii:
4 PTVP thun nht
V d: Gii phng trnh
4 PTVP thun nht
3
1
dy x y
dx x y
+
=

4.2 Phng trnh a c v phng trnh vi phn thun nht
4.3 Bi tp tham kho
4 PTVP thun nht
5. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
5.1. nh ngha
5.2. Phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange
5.3. Mt s nhn xt v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
5.4. Cc phng trnh a c v phng trnh tuyn tnh
5.5. Bi tp tham kho
5.1 nh ngha Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt
5. PTVP tuyn tnh
V d:
2
1. 4
2. 3 0
y xy x
y xy
' + =
' + =
gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt ta s dng Phng php bin
thin hng s Lagrange.
5.2 Phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
V d: Gii phng trnh
( )
2
1
y
y x
x
' =
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
V d: Gii phng trnh ( )
2
1
y
y x
x
' =
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
V d: Gii phng trnh ( )
2
1
y
y x
x
' =
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5.3 Mt s nhn xt v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5.4 Phng trnh a c v phng trnh tuyn tnh
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5.4 Phng trnh a c v phng trnh tuyn tnh (tip)
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5.5 Bi tp tham kho
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
5.5 Bi tp tham kho
5 PTVP tuyn tnh
6. Phng trnh vi phn hon chnh
6.1. nh ngha
6.2. Cch on nhn phng trnh vi phn hon chnh
6.3.Tha s tch phn
6.4. Bi tp tham kho
6.1 nh ngha Phng trnh vi phn hon chnh
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.2 Cch on nhn phng trnh vi phn hon chnh
6. PTVP hon chnh
6. PTVP hon chnh
6. PTVP hon chnh
6. PTVP hon chnh
Bi tp tham kho
6. PTVP hon chnh
6. PTVP hon chnh 6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh 6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.3 Tha s tch phn
6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.3 Tha s tch phn
6. PTVP hon chnh
6.4 Bi tp tham kho
6. PTVP hon chnh
7. PTVP cp mt cha gii ra i vi o hm
7.1 Phng trnh F(x, y) = 0
7.2 Phng trnh F(y, y) = 0
7.3 Phng trnh F(x, y, y) = 0
7.3.1 Phng trnh Lagrng
7.3.2 Phng trnh Kler
7.4 Bi tp tham kho
7.1 Phng trnh F(x,y)=0
7.2 Phng trnh F(y,y)=0
7.3 Phng trnh F(x,y,y)=0
7.3.1 Phng trnh Lagrng
7.3.1 Phng trnh Lagrng (tip)
7.3.1 Phng trnh Lagrng (tip)
7.3.2 Phng trnh Kler
7.3.2 Phng trnh Kler (tip)
7.4 Bi tp tham kho
8. Phng php tm nghim k d
8.1 Phng trnh y= f(x,y)
8.2 Phng trnh F(x,y, y) = 0
8.3 Tmnghimk d t nghimtng qut
8.1 Phng trnh y = f(x,y)
8.1 Phng trnh y = f(x,y) (tip)
8.2 Phng trnh F(x,y,y)=0
8.2 Phng trnh F(x,y,y) = 0 (tip)
8.2 Phng trnh F(x,y,y) = 0 (tip)
8.3 Tm nghim k d t nghim tng qut
8.3 Tm nghim k d t nghim tng qut (tip)
1 Cc khi nimc bn
2 Cc phng trnh gii c bng cu phng
3 Phng trnh tuyn tnh
Chng 2
PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP CAO
1. Cc khi nim c bn
1.1. nh ngha
1.2. Bi ton Csi
1.3. nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim
1.4. Nghimtng qut
1 Cc khi nim c bn
Chng 2 - Phng trnh vi phn cp cao
1.1 nh ngha
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.1 nh ngha
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.2 Bi ton Csi
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.3 nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.4 Nghim tng qut
2. Cc phng trnh gii c bng cu phng
2.1. Phng trnh F(x , y
(n)
) = 0
2.2. Phng trnh F(y
(n-1)
, y
(n)
) = 0
2.3. Phng trnh F(y
(n-2)
, y
(n)
) = 0
2.1 Phng trnh ch cha bin s v o hm cp cao nht
2 Cc phng gii c bng cu phng
2.2 Phng trnh F(y
(n-1)
, y
(n)
) = 0
2.2 Phng trnh F(y
(n-1)
, y
(n)
) = 0
2.2 Phng trnh F(y
(n-1)
, y
(n)
) = 0
2.3 Phng trnh F(y
(n-2)
, y
(n)
) = 0
2.3 Phng trnh F(y
(n-2)
, y
(n)
) = 0
2.3 Phng trnh F(y
(n-2)
, y
(n)
) = 0
3. Phng trnh tuyn tnh
3.1. nh ngha v tnh cht
3.2. Phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
3.3. Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht
3.4. Phng trnh tuyn tnh c h s hng s
3.5. Bi tp tham kho
3 Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp cao
3.1 nh ngha v tnh cht
3.1.1 nh ngha
3.1.2 Tnh cht
3.1.3 S tn ti v duy nht nghim
3.2 Phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
3.2.1 Tnh cht ca ton t L
n
3.2.2 S ph thuc tuyn tnh
3.2.3 nh thc Wrnxki
3.2.3 nh thc Wrnxki
3.2.3 nh thc Wrnxki
3.2.3 nh thc Wrnxki
3.2.3 nh thc Wrnxki
3.2.4 H nghim c bn
3.2.4 H nghim c bn
3.2.4 H nghim c bn
3.2.4 H nghim c bn
3.2.4 H nghim c bn
3.2.4 H nghim c bn
3.2.4 H nghim c bn
3.3 Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht
3.3.1 Phng php bin thin hng s
3.4 Phng trnh tuyn tnh c h s hng s
3.4.1 Phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht c h s hng s
3.4.2 Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht h s hng s
3.4.2 Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht c h s hng s
3.5 Bi tp tham kho
3.5 Bi tp tham kho
1 Cc khi nimc bn
2 a h phng trnh v PTVP cp cao
3 H phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht
4 H phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng thun nht
5 H phng trnh thun nht h s hng s
Bi tp tham kho
Chng 3
H PHNG TRNH VI PHN
1. Cc khi nim c bn
1.1. nh ngha
1.2. Cc loi nghimca h phng trnh
1 Cc khi nim c bn
Chng 3 H phng trnh vi phn
1.1. nh ngha
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.2 Cc loi nghim ca phng trnh
1 Cc khi nim c bn
1.2 Cc loi nghim ca phng trnh (tip)
2. a h phng trnh v PTVP cp cao
2.1. V d
2.2. Nhn xt
2.1. V d
2.1. V d
2.2. Nhn xt
2.2. Nhn xt
3. H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
3.1. nh ngha
3.2. Ton t vi phn tuyn tnh
3.3. Khi nimv s ph thuc tuyn tnh
3.4. H nghimc bn
3 H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
3.1. nh ngha
3.1. nh ngha
3.3. Khi nim v s ph thuc tuyn tnh
3.4. H nghim c bn
3.4. H nghim c bn
3.4. H nghim c bn
4. H phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht
4.1. Mt s nh l v nghim
4.2. Phng php bin thin hng s
4 H phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht
5. H phng trnh thun nht h s hng s
5.1. Phng php gii
5.2. V d
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.1. Phng php gii
5.2. Mt s v d tham kho
Bi tp tham kho chng 3- H PTVP
TI LIU THAM KHO

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I HC THI NGUYN

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

Xt phng trnh(1) vi gitr banu (x

4.1 Phng trnh vi phn thun nht

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