Bronstejn - Matematikai Kezikonyv

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I. N. Bronstejn, K . A . Sze rne ugyajev
D. Musiol, H . Milhll g
MATEj\IATIKAI
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KEZIKONYV
Hurlnpcst. 200G
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V..rlag Harry
Deuueh. FrlUlkfllrt am
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Tbull 1999.
fyr-u-Illi tankOflYV
E16sz6 ajavftott , nyolcadik kiadashoz
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Kovac.. SAudor
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A nli'lO''''' bibliogtlt.filt.t S<-h""lUt,.ky Viktor iLIlitolta 0000<U'.

ISBN 963-9316-- 53-4
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3.::'.3,:1, M"", ,,l!" ,,, hi f");;I"I"k. IlZ "l'Y."I,!.ek normalalakja
3.::'.3.4, M""' .. ll.",hl fdiild.'k, alta l;;",... ehnel .. t
3.6
I sc
197
200
203
2lJ.1
'1.:1..1..
207
4.:.1." ,
:107
P~7., "d"t"H/.OI<>k
4,:J.::>.1.
4,:.1.".2.
214
220
:123
l\ oordilJataIT",Js.U'.-..k tr",,,,,,f,,rmki..-,ja.
Tenzo rok mr-gac:1i1..... .-1"n'k"'ilKtl koordilll..tAklUli
S(>ffi"li.~ '"lajdon"'''j'/l t,nl~.rok
4.3 .3. 1. Ma,...ci'-"lltlt1 I"nwT"k
4.3.3.2 . !ll\'"ri"u.. l.'nw n ,k
T"lll.<>rok l/.orl"V"UII]l, kOlJl',liIlAtlU"Il'b<t.,.~kt ..1l
4.:1.4.1. I\"v....,i,;.,."" {.,. koutr,,"'.riH.lI" l""it<",kloll"k
4.:1.4,2. Ebcin'IIUIl 1"lIz",,,k k"v""i"l1_ ,'", konll"V"l'i'UlS k""I<liu"",,j
4.3.4 ,:1. 1\" "",r i(<I"". k"ntI'lIV'L1'i"'" i.,.. v,Kj...... koo,.,Jiuo't',j" Hl,,,,,,,Jr"lHhi Wllwlokuak .
4 3.4. 4. SIJullit....i """I",ly"k
4,,1.
l'onUiikro-/; "' '' k"or.linM,I\l',,,,L,,.<'r k,~.d,jl'''lJtjrm.

l'"I.<" " Jot' llm t [ull,"mAllak" I"'"",~,,,,n.-,
Lill~il.fi" '1lY"IJ),.tN'Tld",,'r~k
XV
l"l4
22,;
22.-'
22.',
231
23.;
2Jb
23:'
2~
23......
23.'l
240
243
243
2H
246
21:2::.0
2:::.tl
2:;1
2::'1
2,,1
2.;2
2::.3
2::.3
2j:2~
2:"-...
2::.s
2j \l
2..-:8
2j9
2j9
2S9
260
261
2b1
261
1(;.1
l(i4
l(i4
26;;
2W
2bG
266
20\
2(;S
2VX
2l.i9
27U
XVI
1/Jf1a1nmlNJvdJ:
4.4.1.
Litlf'Ari~ r~Il,L</"flk.
-/'.4.1 L
4.4.12.
4.,1.1.3.
4A.U
4.-1. _2.
44.3.
d"u""""w-..ljar",, .
LiI,,",uu.rrud,qRrt"k
270
'270
EI,'ulI"">ff'-f'ljArol.l<
Lin.'4ri>o f;iAA~
270
271
271
MAtrix iuvt'rtJililsa .
Li'....1lnI< .-gy.'U1ttr"l<~"Tf'k megoldfu<a.

H, '2 I. Ddillkio PA Iw-golJhatiJo;;lg
44'2.2. Al\ ..lPm.....no.-.. ljaras A1ka!JIIa:.Woa .
-U.'2.J C!/UDf"!o",-"l>aly
4.4'24. G.. .-f"ko"'~ritmW!.
T,\1hil.1J\rowH Iilll'~ pgyenJctrnlo--rl"k
44 .:U . T ,illuownWlt li".."",, ~nJct...,nds:1A'Wk""
2n
'2,.1
2,J
274
27::.
276
7if1 pmblhuAk
4.a.
1.40.3.2. A ~b ~k fMadAt>\n.lLk Dun....r il"... ~1<lAAA

~1"'lrixok ....i/lthtt'k-r...lAd.\lA
4.:5.1. Al~ .;ajAtt'rt;'k-prob"'ml\
L''2. S~~U1.. ""jA~rU-k-problPma
4.::'.21 . Karakk"flSZtillll!l poIinom
4.; .2.2
,"inunMrik,,,, rn3trixok.lwoon~ trallKdormAriO
V.
4,::'.3.
4.;:;,2.3. KvadrlOtlku" AWl... f~l\'tran."'I:fortuMiOja .

4.;:'.2.4
Vtmutaw /l""j3lkni-k..k p,;IDPrik"" mql;bat~
Szingulior... iTtfkt>k ><Zft"inti fdbcmw.
S. A llt..bra #OS dillZkrii mat..mat ika
s.t .
l..oIika
.'>,2.
::'.1.1 . lti>k-tkAlkulUII
::'.1.2. A pr...lik"tllmlo.lkuh.. hkj<'7"-i
HftllUUClu...kt
':'.2.1. A hftl~ . ' ' " - kiilOnJoog.... halma>".ok
.'>.2,2. M,1.....kou-k h.o.hlW'.... klo.l
:;.3
Zi .2,3.
::;.24.
5.2.::;.
RrI"':iOk .... "'k~k

Ekvr.....J<-nO";;. ... "'I .."""'-i rdArink
5.3. 1.
:1.3.2,
Mil ......,u:k
FPk-..c'I-"Jlwk
C""POrtok
':'.3.3.1. D..nnkiO c., alal......tO tlll&jdOIL..agok
'::'.3.l.2. TUow.>ooportok'" dillkt liwm..tok
'::'.3.3.3. C>oop',rtok k01J)n.i I..k""",,"""'k
'::'.3.3.4. Lll~"''') I>orUlk
'::'.l.3.5. Lie-Illg.-h" ' k,
':'.l.:U,i. FH..gy"unl Lie-nIOpo rtok ]e krVC'd.,...
C""I>ortnk ><l1\l.lulID'JU;ai
:>.3,4. 1. S"imuwtriA nlll.....1.!,k. ""ilIllIl"tria e!"rn" k
;:;,;\,4,:.1 , S"ill1ll"'triaNll'I',,rwk.
5,3.4,3 Mo!.'kllllt.k ""j "U"driA \n,l ..... ]"!,,i
5,304,4
A kri><"t"l!'\K,'iLfiA szimmetr ia csoport je i
5.304,5. A k "'tuulIuffhAnilu\ ..zim met ria csoportjai .
:-..:I, Hi. W.., kdizilcai",Ik>.lm"""""',k
::'.304,7. ,!,,,...Ahhi fizil",j a1kaJrnl\"a.~i ]>f>I<lAk
GYilrilk .... I, .. t,'k
HahUMt,k !l7An'~
KJa-Ukuli a1g.. brai ..trukt,jrAk
3.3.3,
5.lA.
:1.3.5.
".4,
I~J~.<>t .... ](i>.
276
277
277
277
277
277
27'.1
';;A.l.;;.Fi~
".4.2.
2SO
2!l1
2~1
S.;'.
283
21'S3
2RJ
2~
2117
2"1$7
2
:r.n
29J
2%
2'J:i
2'J:i
2%
2')6
2')(;
2~J7
2'J'J
JO:.\
30li
5.6.
311
311
312
312
l16
316
319
320
5.7.
Lintoarb Diopbant<-i "llYf'nlok
':>.4.3. Kwwucncii>.k .... IlIAI"~LiJ)'Ok

".4,4. F<Tmat. Ell," ~ Wibou k"tclf'.
':'04.:>. KOdok . .
KriptolO,;ia
".Zi.1. AkriptoI6gia~
.'>.Zi,2. Titk"";tN<i~.k
.'>.Zi.3. MIltfoU\ll.tikai ~.
.'>.5.4. TitkOllitAo04.1 . .-\klaI-ik,,,,kri~~
:;.5.4.2. ~ WopPtl t,t~lAo>
:-'.::;.4.3. A Vig............kod
:>.Zi.4A. Matrix llf"l'o'f'tl",i~k
Zi.5.Zi. A kJ-iklllO krip~ lIl6dArrei
5.5.5.1. StAtiR:7.t.ikll"",u..liz;"
.'>.5.5.2. A K....i..ki Fn...lmMpr-<>t.A
Zi ..'>.6. On.... Time-T&j>C
5..'>.7. :'\'yilviwuo; kukr<il eljArIt..'OIlk
5.5.7.1. Diffi..... H..lhn..u kw""'vri6j"
5..'>.7. 2. Egyirfwyu rtilU(\'fnYf'k
5.:>. ,.3, RSA ..Ij"'.... .
Zi.5.8, D ES algoritllLUIi (Oat" Enniption St"'Il<lll.Cu)
:;,5.9 , IDEA lOlgoritmll" (lnt<'rn"t,ional D",tlI. EtwrYI"-ion Algorithm) .
Ulli,""rLAI;~a1g..tJr".
:-',6.1.
:-',6.2.
:;,6.3.
:n:,
::'.3.:-'.1. D('filliciok
:>.:1.".2. lti=gyl1riIk. i<!"Alok .
".3.".3. Homomorfizmll""k. i7,ornorfizmll....k. homomorfu> lktt.-I
Zi.3.6. y ektolt<'nk.
5.3,6.1. DetinkiO
5.3.6.2. LirwAn.. riigg"".g
5.3.6.3. Lil\f'Arl>< \..k(>....." "-k .
Zi.3,6.4. AI"'",k. dinlllLl.iOl.i>t.1
5.3.6..'>. Euklidtotozi Ytkl.ort<'....k. "'Lklitloofti nonua .
5.3.6.6. LiDeilril< 0V<'ratotolF: _kttlfb'nokl:...n
El"rni s:r.iunf'lmi'\f't
.'>.4.1. OwnbAti..ag .
5.4.1.1
o...tlut.tiMg"'~ . .tlut.~to:r.&b6.Iyuk
:;.4.1.2. PrilllflZAmolt
5.4.1.3. O'OZtha~ krilmmook .
5.4.1.4. ~l>kOaa>.-tIl.kop""bb~~
Definicic
KOllgm " llci" rcINj6k. fll.ktoralg ..l.r&k
Homomol'fizrnullOk
5.604. Homomorfia tftd .
5.6.". Vari..t.it.ll<.>k
:.i.66. Kijd"llt"""'4,'Cbrli.k , ~"....I>riik
5.7.4. Boole -alg .. bra mint n.'lL<!,-ti",
XVII
3W
320
32 \
321
321
322
322
322
323
'"
'"
'"
324
32'
326
:m
329
329
331
aae
336
3J>j
3J>j
338
338
339
339
3<Q
3<Q
3<Q
34\
341
341
342
342
342
34J
34J
343
344
344
344
345
345
:J45
:J45
3;
346
346
347
347
34'
XVIII
5.8.
".7."
BooI.... fiiW"nyt'k. l1oolr.-kif..jf-I.......k
J~8
".Hi.
:>,7.7.
~ormAlfnnnAk
Ka~....kall':.. or.j..
J4')
J.'"JO
3:.1
GrMdlllNcti a1go!itmll,.n!c:
:'.8.1.
Allli'f~lllak",;"IOU-k
5.8.2
IrAnyltatlan ~M"k brjAr"'"
:'.8,2,1. EI.or.-.atnk
:>.8.3.
5.9.
:>.8,4.
".11.".
".116.
:>.11.7.
fUDY
:>.9, I.
:>.9.2.
3~,1
J.).J
:'.11.2.2 Euler utak .

5.11.2.3. HAluilton-ltOrok
Fill "'" f..v~
:>.8.3.t. fU:.
".11.3.2. f-.lt6 fa
Jj6
357
3.9.4.
".9.".
5.9.6.
p&rwi~
SlkgriLfnk
Pj.JY'k irAriyilnU srMokban
saIlita.i bAIOsawlt
kib
A fllay kib &lapja

:'.9.1.1. AnlUYhalm.u<>k~
5.9,1.2, T~ fiin;vmY""k
".9,1.3, fllzry halmuok
fUZlly baimAzmd~k
5.9.2.1. .-\ltaliDoB funy halmunul.....letf'k
:'.9.2.2. A &yAkod"tloau bAKlu&lt fuzzy
5.9.2.3. A~iQi ""ItY lwwpntAl6 ~
::'.9.2.4. KitM'jf'lozu"loi I17AbiUy
3.9.2.5. FUDy koml'lrnoenNuggvkJy
Fuzzy ,..liciOk
".9.3 I. FIUZY I'f'Iilri6k f<>W1llA
::'.9.l.2
Fuuy conatrelkii> R 0 S
Fuzzy kiivMln:lt't6l"-"u~k
Kik-t#b-\oIooi (.MnuyfikMilllol ~....k
Thd~i
t..9.G.1.
5.9.6.2
5.96.3.
5.9.6.4.
6.
fm:zy 1'f'nd>0:7AT<'k
6.2.2.
6,2.3.
3'jJ
396
ui'iIo6Prto'krk ~tArosM&
6.1.5.5. Implicit alakbM adnu fiigrkty ~h'inck~h&tamziIsa.
TOObv&ItoIZ6Io ~uvn: ditf........riilliIAa
6.2, I. P...-ciAfu; dmv.ltAk
301
6.2.4.
(~)
6.1.::;.4.
Ab8z0hi t
6.2.l.1.
6.2.1.2.
6.2. L3.
6.2.1.4.
6.2.1.5.
Fiiggvo'ny J'l'll'ialiukt'iviIt;a
Gf'QlllO'triai jeIl"Ilta. kk vilt..... _kl
A dill..""I>ci&I ~ma
A dilI.......nciAI f&t, tlllllj<lnnMpi
Parri.ll"'diff~
T..I"... diIf~~
rt'D<Iiiditff'A'flriilolF:
6.2.2.1. Tobbo-A1todJoo iliUV"'" lo>lj<olodiff~j3nakfoplma.

6.2.2,2. ~I~h rt'D<Id dmvil4k "'" diff~
TobbviItozllo, fllgVf'nY""k dill.IY'uciiIardinAtatrarlllZf<.>rm3-
397
397
398
398
398
398
398
J99
J99
o
soc
."
."
."
."
37J
ciOkn&I
J7J
sea
6.2.41. Egy"aItoz<:.ti1w"nY.
6.2.4.2. Kkv,u1-<DQo tiiAAV"nY""k
TOhl""iJtozilIo fiiuWnY""k _~kri
6.2.5.1. J)pfinicjO
6.2.;'.2. G.....metriaijeoIPnta.
6.2.;'.3. Ko'tv,utozOoo fu..cxvmy fIZo'bQoIn#b-illl'k~.irozM&
6.2.5.4. Szi'~ ~Mt.AroziINt. ny&(t<n<iB fii~nv .....t<>n
6.2.5.;'. FplMatok kaz.:.lit6 ,Ilf"KOi,IAM .
.
6.2.5.G. F...l tktd,... oczloIto.'Io.'t-U-k mpglllltAroziI>,a
.OJ
Ji'J
J7t.
376
loll
378
379
A Sugt"IO--II>Od!OZt'l'
379
Alkaln~ pfldAk
JSO
T u.lAMlal'u intnpou..:-i<'I!Il"f"lIdl'7.<'r
3I'l1
ElO'vAll<T.t.6oo m~"uY""k difJ"rPncWIiM

6.1.1.
Diffcn-nciiUhAny",IOll.
6,1. 2
EgyvAltozo'ilo nlggv('nyckrc vOIl>ltlw-Lit difff'rPnciaJasiSUlhAlyuk
G, 1.2, I. Elp",i fiiggvo'nyt'k dcrivaiAAA
6.1.2,2. A <Iiffpl"f"nciAIA><alaJ"'l'AhAly>li.
6,1.3, M~..-hh 1','u.hl.l",ivMt..k
6.1.3.1
A lIl>ll/:"""hh ,,,,Ill derivAit ddillkiojll
ij.1.3,2, f,~ ..~.,'nlhh fiillJ:v{ollyek lImgl","bb relldll <l..rivliltjai
ij.J ,3.3, A 1",jhni1.formlllll ,
ij.1 ,3.~, ParMlH,'rt'll 1I1akhlln ",Iou f(iggv~Tlyek tHag"""bb r<'l1,M dcrivliltjlli
6. 1,3.", InVPMi fiiRXVrllv..k m"l't"""bb ,-pnrl,; J" rivlilt jlli
u.t.f
A diHpt('lIcil\J.,q.Amit''''I,'~fonlOl<llhb wt ..l..i
6.1.4.1 M,motnnit....i f<'lt~t ..l..k
6.2
364
J6.I
J6.Io
3W
J&l
JOO
369
370
.... MIUJl<iAlli~
Dilferellci AI~zA m ft b
6.1.
'IZ4'~kei
J:il'.
J.Xl
3:.9
360
361
361
J6J
ba1JrIAzm,'' "' ' ..k
:>.9.3
6.1.5.
J5.l
6. 1.4.2. Fermat tktclp .

6. 1.4.3. RollI.' tPt .. 1f'
6.l.4.4. A dilff'renriAlszAmitNo kOzlopolrtloktiwk
6.1.4.5. A7. "XYV"ltozO" fiilQP;v~llyek", vull4tkoaO Tay lor I~1.f'1
6.1.46. A difl ere lldAlllzAmit"'" kOzPpoIrUok~li'llf'k !It.a.la.r.... ita..a
A ><:ti-bOCrti,kPk .... illll.'xWo<l-'ulIl.ok lIlf'l1tl",~
6.1.3.1. MAX,mnmhminimnm
6.1.';;.2. LokAli.. -''''''''rUok "'~lO'k IQ~"" fdtH.. J..
6.1.';;.3. DifJ"l"f"ocWhAtO., :r f(;r) Upliclt a!akban A<ioI;t nlggvo'ny lok&lifi
3 84
:iS4
31'\4
;jg,j
;jg,j
J!:(,
3UI
:J91
391
391
392
:N;J
J!J;J
3!1;J
6.2,5.
1 , V e gteien soeok
7.1. Sz.&msofO";....tok
7.1.1
Sz.Am80fO"Latok tullljdonMg>U
7.1.1.1. S....uru.:>T0:7Atolc, ..1Apfog&llllAk
7.1.1 ,2. Monoton "".....IWIl.f01,Atok
7.1.1.3. KorlJil.Oll "Oroz..l"k

ST.Am""r0'7At IIl1tJ"+rt<k(,,
KOllsta ns tag<, ""Tok . . .
7.2 ,1. AltaliLnflll konvprg"ll(,u.tH,.J" k
7.2 .1.1. Vt'h"t'!"ll ""rok konvprl/:pndAja "" t1iV<'TII"ncilijll
7.2.1.2. Sowk kUl,V<'rl/:"ndAjlirll vnnlllkotiJ tH ,'lek
7.2.2. Pm iliv t"!;.(l>IOruk", vOll"tkm:'" knnV<'Tg"lwi,, kritrrillmnk .
7.2.2.1. O",,,,~'I,, onlltO kflt,"rlIlm .. , .
.
.
7.2.2.2. d'Alpm!><Ttro'l.. hAny",l""kritl'ri'lm
7.2,2.3. A Canclly-fo'l,' gyokknterium
7.1,2.
7.2.
",..
""
-oe
""
-ce
see
407
.,7
"'"
""
409
409
409
409
410
411
411
411
411
412
412
412
4 13
xx
1.2.3.
7.2.24. C..lI.-byf/ol.. inlpgrl\.lkri1."riulll

Al.-<>Iut (.,. MI.!.I.... knn""rgt"lKi",
~ 14
~ l~
1.2.3.1
1.2.3.2.
7.2.].].
-114
fiiM'"nylOXOk
419
1.3.1.
1.3.2
419
419
~.2.2
.II:;
41S
Bt-moulli.~ E,okr-fClr
A ollV...J<'ktc ~ .
411
Hll
1.2..~.1.
7.2.5.2.
7.2.5.3.
.lIS
419
419
1.3.3
n"'jnr>\nl<....,;iI~1
AltnnAll> knnwrgPftlllOOmk
Sl"f'riAlilo.!lOfflk
OrtinlciOk .
.c,y.onJtot- kolM'll:~
1.3.2.1- Doo!iuk)6. W",-'ll<lr_f..k-kritkium
419
1.32.2
E~"""-"lllwll~ ....... oktub.jdo~ai
H"tvMy!onrok
7.3.3.1. D<ofinlMb. ~f'llciIl.
.3.3.2. Mol~k halvAny;orokbl
1.3.3.3. T.yk>r-oorf"J~. Mad.....riD-'"
420
421
UI
421
422
7.3.4.
K....Iit<5 funnulAk
424
7.3.S.
Mzimptntik.. JuotvAn)'>lOl'Ok
425
7.3,'1.1
1.3.:>.2
A.iml>U>tikUOl~.
AlCI.imrJt>tik, IwvAnY""""Ok
f~-lIUruk
7..l.1. TriRon,xnetukw>~k F'ollri~NlOr.
;.4,2.
;.<1.3,
;,4.4,
;,4.;',
8.
lJ<onoli..
.......amok
..... 1.1
Ala".mak
H.I.2. A Fouri.-r->rok 1cd'000t<lolabb lulaj<Jon...agai
SiUlIllrtrUlllI f;~ny<'k rgyiittha.Wlnak,~
7,4.2,1. Kl1lOnhOW...uu",...triilk.
7.4,2,2, A f'ollrirr-'o<,ff"jtitofOCDllIW.
A lViittlut.tOI< D1.-gh"tAm7...... numcriku;; mO<Iszel"l'kkr:l
f'<>l.11"ier-,..,.. i .. f"OurWrinu-grAI
CtmutatO" Fourier-..'rf..jl ......k tJibl;\;rAtH.I"n.
Int f'gr'l~z' mft b
e.r.
H..!.Al"mII.tl...n int.-grll.l
8.1.1. Primitlv fiiggvfony Vll.gy inuwAl {lI.ntid..rivfL\t)
l:!. 1. U. Ha w O'UIt la n in1-wM (ILntidt-riv,;Jt)
8.1.1.2. EI" IIIi fiiggvfony,'k int"",aJ.ja
l:!. 1,2,
!nu1l;rAI.w !lU\1....lyok
.':l.t.3,
RarionA1i~ fill'J'lvl-nytok iut<-grl\.lAAA. .
1l.1.4.
1l.1.3.1. RMlonAliII ''X(~z fiif.:j,'V(ony..k (pohnomok) intf'grAljI\

1l.1.3.2, fuu::i"nl\.li~ l,iirtfiilU/;viny..k integrilla..a
8. 1.3.3, A plI.rciAI;,. tiirtpkl"l' valo bontas ncR}' ~.,..,t<.. .
lrr ...-i" nAli>< fiiAAvi'ny..k inr..grRl"""
8. 1.4. 1. 1t..d unAl,.,. filggvl-ny int "j.\rlt.1a&Irll. vi""'l~l\"'/""'; hply"uPI<it.h<
8.1.4.2. A~ int"KrAI ntal ..kit....1I. trigo noJlJt'lrikllRPs hiperbolikus fUl\>(vt'nY"k
tl",ionit.liJ< kif"j.-"""'in ..k iut.ellf"ljAvii
!:l.1.4.3. Din<>lni"liB iul,..graudllR intHllf"lfL""
8,1.4.4. Elhpt.ik".. iutoogrl\.l
8.1.6.
414
4'5
:"..hlioy ~r-:Wi ......r

7.2.4.1 :"OthAnykol\l'ltl\ll.~tagUlIO(~
1.24.2.
1.2.5.
74.
Tri gonom.. trikllR fiIKl'\v('uY"k inuogrl1I......

8.L>-1. H.. I}-..tt....,t .....
!:l.1.".2. ER}'><l.PrWlitptt mM!<7.M'f'k
Tovahhi tr",,,,,,,,,.,,,tk,,,,, fiiWfolly<'k intf!8l"A1AM

l:!.I.6.1. Expon"Tl<"WitI fiiAAv('lIyl ~ illt..gnllolr.
l:!.I.u.2. HIp<'IboliklL~ fiiwi-n}""k illt.-.rll.lj/l
l:!.1.6.3. :\ pacriAliII illtpgrAl"'~ a1k1L1tl'l11Z4AA
8,1.6.4. Tr~"u.I"II" fiiggv""Y"k in1egrAlMa
Hatarozott in"-"RIaJ .
8.2.1. AlapfOj{alIIlI\k.l<Z&hAI~..,k",u' wick
8.2.1.1
A halArozott inlf'JSrAl fogal1Il/l
8.21.2. A hatAror.oIl in'""VAI jtol1f'm16i
821.3. Az i.u~iIciUol MlArokr" WlClAtkol.> lovabbi U'wkk
7.2.4.
7.3.
o.'llukiO
AI-',]lll wnw'IK'-'''' >IOrok tu"'j<lo~ai
Alt"l'TlAlnlOOfok
8.1.".
S.2.
8.2.3.
/l.2.4.
425
426
427
-127
427
s.a
HI
441
H3
\'UDalinuogrAl
L tip",,,j
8.3.1-
421'
428
42l:!
430
,130
UI
131
433
43J
43J
434
434
434
,137
437
4:17
431l
441
44 1
1'.2.".
l:!.2I.4. A ~tt iuto.,r;rAl ~uitit.M

A bat.a.-onott lnt~aJbIlIWlZ6Ioa
1',2.2.1. A ~t wtcKJaJ.a1kalt~&Itali..u<.. cl...,
8.2,2.2. Gn>lD<"Iriai.a1~
8.2.2.3. ~1..m...nikN. ftolWbU A1b.1tDUN1<>k
Impmpri,~~ intf'grAloIr.. Stif'lljoooo- h lI~in~
8.2.3.1. Az int.-grilfopJurn 41~u-i
S-2.3.2. V<-,;t<-I.-n inlpV4cio'Ito hAtAroltka! rrndf'lkmilnuogrAlok
S.2.3.3. :"iPTllkoMtor< fi~}' inuov&lja
P"l"ami'I..""" intf'CTllJ
S.2.4.I. "'P"C~lUt~dffinicjoj
..
S.2.4.2. DilIcn-oci&lU lIZ itl\.eKI&lJl'1 utiJrPtt
1'2.4.3. I"t~ lIZ intr,r;rrlljdrn ""'iil
ln~ _haf..jl<-l. ..pn--Wit. nt>m PlPmi fiiw+nY'"k
l:!.J.!.1.
l:!.J.1.2.
l:!.3.1.3.
8.3,1.4.
~tlIl1in~
DE-linff'i6k
Egt,itrd. oc 1alcl t'i
I. tiJ>Ul'u VUIlA1it'l<#alok kiaiuniUoAll
AJ: 1. lip\l~,'l YOOAIillWp;rfLl A1b.1trl/l7.li11/l
vollAlinlPgrAl
o
2. til''''''''
A!lA.!M()f\ tiPI~~'1 VOIWintegraloir.
8.3.4. A vouAlinl<wiJuak 11.1. illteKr....i"'" 'IttOl ",,10 fiigg ..t.I..1l1lPgt'
TObl-.oro.. in"'W"AIok .
8.41
K..tthi illtt'grAI
l:!.4.LI. A k"tt" inl.<ogral {<>RnltM
l:!.4.1.2. A ""uu.. inl<w-i\! kiloMmflAroll
8.4,1.3, K" t t6t1 int"llfiLIoka1kRlmll.1.AM
S.3.2.
8.3.3.
8.4.
8.4.2.
S.5.
Ilfu-m;l>' int"!,:c,,l
8,4.2.1
A hArm"" inlp!':rAl f"!:l"lmll.
8.4.2.2, A harm"" int,pgrAI ki...,.AmitflloA
8,4.2.3 , A hArm"" inl."ltrAlok allu.lrll~ .
F..liil,ti int"!,:,,U
8.::;.1. t , tiPllRll f"liilrti intpgrhl .
8,::;.1,1. 1. Upn"'1 {pHilp!.i iol,"grhl fogl\lml\
8,:;.1.2 Az t t.lpll"tl r"hll,ti illl.PgrAl kiJ<dl.luit.Asa .
iL'i.1.J. Az I. tlplL~(1 fdiil,tj inl"grAllllklllnlll-'lJulai
8.5.2. 2, tiPll~,'1 feliilcti illte!,:rAl .
l:! ,;'.2.1
A 2. tip'L.(1 f..liildi int."llrAl foglllmll
XXll
S.,j.2.2.
S.5.2.3.
9.
4~
2. tipUllUMiiJ .. u inl<.'II:raIok koo.amitasa

A fdiikti iutl'll:r'1 "lI.Y a.I.kalm""....""
4!J.j
D iff...... nci lll.-gy ..nl..l .. k

496
9.1.
KOzi>~ dllf,nuci&\lgy..w..l ..k
4%
9.1.1. ~llthl .hfft-n""iAl<'!O"'nIM..k
496
9. 1.1. 1. " 1<.oIrlio1onk[;.t~,iril..llylllf'"l.6
4~J6
91.1.2. EJo.mi ,i1on iIlt'-"Rfalhaw difl,,",nci~rurtd..
497
,j()1
9.1.1.3. hllJ>lirit JiJlLTCncWegymwuok
9.1. 1.4. S:WIjtIW\rvI int~nUnk #OS azingulilris pontok
;;00
91 .1.5. El..orf'fKlll diJl"",IlC~L...Jet..lr.lr.,"",litO wr.-goklMi in<Xh<u. -i.
,jO,j
9.1-2.
Mae-bb noudll diJl,,~~u>lr., diff"I ..ncial"8:~:.nIM-",ndw k
506
9.1.2. I. AlalM't6 ~aJmU
,j()6
').1.2.2. A TPnds:I.Aw aoOkkrutC>oe
;j()1j
9.1.2.3. n.....l l'f"ud,llillf'w liilf~~k.
.j(J'J
9. 1.2.4. A 1Ian<Ic'> ")'ii t lb&tloj 6 Iirriri8 diff~~ ~
,jll
9.1.2.,j. AUandO"K)"iillbaWju I.i.ueftri,. diH......nciftle,;.vr.-uld. -n-ntLruwlr.
,jJ;j
9.1.2.6. "1~ ii linMriol d~Pi<
;>16
9.1.3. Pcn:u"'rtiS-rrlaoJatok
;>23
9.1.3. 1
A pmbkItnA~maziI.M
;>23
9.1 .3.2. A ~Jr.,.k", jit.t~o"o~k f6bb lulajtJowr.Mgai
524
9.1.3.3. A
fiiuvf!nyt'"k rinti ....-fr.-ju",
,j24
;>25
9.2. Pl\l("iaWo ..wr..r.-oc~nlru-k
9.2.1. E1Io6rm<tllpNrill.liloditf~iPU>k_
,,2:j
9.2.1 .1. E1fo&nondlllinMriA pArriiliA diff,,",~k>uok
;;2:)
9.2. 1.2. EWl'f"udQ nem.1i.no:t\rill povciII.Iis diif~niMf'k
,j27
9.2.2. MNoOO.,""ltt liJlf'irioo Jl"l"ciiliR d ~k
5;J)
92.2.1. Kf-t l'Ugn"'n VliJt0z6ju Ill&.oodn-D(hl diffl'Tf'~k ~
lyoeil.M", tllla~
,j;lJ
9.2. 2.2. TObb. lllUllkk ~tl"ll v&lt0z6t \&t.almaW mModI"f'Tl(hldiff..ren<:~'kOKl.t&lyozMa",tulajdoJNgai.
9.2.2.3.
M.w.ocUrn(hlliu"an., Jl"l"ci&li,;
diflt~nlM<.'lr.
,jJ2
Dlt'guIdA."Iiu.u.
9.2.3.
A t~ ko m,hMld mdomAnyok diflt"lCll~nlt-t<-i

9 2.3. I. A vrolMllia f..lwu--", a p<'l'f'Tllf..lt"wt..k .
9.2.3 2. A hllllioru<'&."",nwt
9.2.3.3.
9.2.3. 4.
9.2.3.5.
9.2.4.
1I<'1 \'<'7A'l i.. <'lO-~nkt...... II t1iffU:i:i6oc eg.v..njer homog..n kii:r.t-gn..n

A Pni_ m_'1O"'n lt't
A SdIrO<liul{1'r-"RY"nlrt eo. a h ....n tumm"',bauikaIllApjlli
Nrlllhll,fIri,I l >lU"<"iAJ i~ 13
~>4J
,jH
:-.46
:H6
::.47
a:N
A probUlIl1...lln"lt, t i fizikai m<>gkozdit......

A Kurt"Wl'll: eI" Vri,...-<-gyenl..t.
S"rnlinrAriM Sdlli,..lillll:,' r-<-ogytnl",t .
A ".~ill"o<;I; G" rtl" tH'gy.. nlrt
'Ilw,,!>!,i ,.,wh touu ltWJkI..........1 rrn<ldkrzo llcmlim'fu-iM " ..nh"Jrio..
tm
"'gy,nl..t.,k
5.;!1
10, Var iltci6l1dl.lllitb

10.1. A fdlld"t kitllz....
10.2. Kl""",,,ik,,,, fd ",t"tnk
10.2.1. IWI"'rimptrik'lIl prnhl {>m"
10.2.2 . A hr""hiM1.torhr"n-prol>li>m"
,jJlj
,j,j7
5;;1l
:;0 1
.jul
;>1;2
,";2
;>1;2
to.3. Egy <li lIlf'nzi6o< v....-mdo.. probli>mAk

10.3. 1 A variAci6o<dlmitNIl.-g~hb f..llliV.ulpu"'l. ,':o;tr..mflli.'IOk .
10.3 .2. A vviAci6oc:UtmitNi E" l.. r-ff.1r liilfpt.. nriAirltyrnI"tt
10.3_3. VllriilriOo- prnhli>,nAk m .. lIi>kf.,ltiolPl..kkrl
10.3.4. ~lag_hhl"<'IH.hl variAri..... probl"mAk
10.3.;;. l'obb fiJggv"nyro' VOf\1ltko'lA'> v..riN-iOIo prnhlPmAk
10.3.6. PlIl"amel","", voorWi600 prohl<"miLk
104. TOhb<iirM-nzi68......nAci600 prohli>mAk

lOA L A l<'gf'g)""'Rnlhh ~ probli>ma
10A.2. .\.ltalanooahb \-ari.ll.rilJl< prohlPmAk
10.;>. V.vi.aci08 probleru&k Dumrril" ... lfWIIOl'lNwr.
106.
K ~tCti .
lO.ti_1. El'IIJ ';" mUotIik \>ari8r.-i6

10.6. 2. Fixi kai aJkllllIlllZNoo>k
int~illeg:y<"nk>t.. k
572
~.".,-"",talymM
';'71
II. LiIlt'ans
11.1.
112.
Ma..odCajuFrrobolm-f"J..int"'Cl"~1.-wk
11.2.1. ElfajulO lI>agl'1 inl"lP"~nl.-t..>k

11.2. 2. A "'-'fOZAtoo Inf"'&k_Iith< (AuJr., ~ .. "I>l'ruxirnAciil)~. r-.:..nTl\Alln-foOf
11.2.3. FT1"<l holm-fioJr ~1dUi.~, Frftlbo!m thelri
11.2 _3. 1. FT1"<lbol.w f&> I~ D~
11.2 _3.2 . Froo<IhoIm tM..H-1
11.2.4. ."\ UJIW'rik"" ~k a Fro:-<lhvllll- rt'le miooodf.joi in~&1o>gyf-nlrt..k mrgold&.w..
11.2A .l. AzinlPgralApJ-lnoWu.ilo:-iO)a
11.2A .2 . M. -AJlprolllmkto
11.2.4.3. Knlk:ticii>oo ~.
11.3. Fmibolm- f" lr " hoiif" jli int~n1.-wk
1l.3.1. E lfa ju lO m." inlf'gr&1o>gyf-nk-tr.k
11.3. 2. F"l(>l1maJt. analm..Jwli ~PdroozkOzOlt
11.3 .3. Az intep;r~1rt viloozA_ ..... liIlf'J.rior. orgyt'rUrtl"<'n(lau......
11.3 .4. A.z ~Wif"joi ho~ inl~41~lrt mrgoldlw.
11.3.;;. M.'I':"'-w,u m..~h07. kM "p""ifllift nrtonOf"lIlAlt "ll<W.....mrghlltin>1A""
11.3.6. 1t.cr....i6 moo,..,rr.
11.4. Volterr... ft'l" inl<-waI"lIJ'.. nl..wk
11.4 .1. Ehll..ld.i aJ"l'",k .
11.4.2. ~1 ..g" ltI"" Ji!f,rt'u..ialiwuU
11.4.3. Vol""rr... f"l" lUi....,.Jfllj,, inl.. sn.lrg)"llk't.k 1l"'I':01(lfw" :-;.."mann--lll)rral
11.4.4. KOllVOlli"io lil'\1I'11 V"lt.. tr....fl-l.. in t.-grAI''llY''ll!ett k .
11.4.:'. Voltt-rr... ft'I,' ma..otlf..j,t inwp;TAlrgyrr,I"\t'k uumcrikua t Atxy,.JIi.." "
11.';'. Szingnlliri. int..grel.. gyenleu-k
11.5.1 . Abrl-ft'- l.. int "Kf"l.. gy..nlet
11.;) 2. Saingulens illt"grAJ"!O"<'nl,,t..k Callrhytll'u"U l1l~okknJ
11.':;.2.1. A Mlltillt lll"llf'>!lI..hn"".AM .
11.5.2.2. A lll~g()IJ""l{tld....., .
11.5.2 .3. A Cawby-fi>l.. inr...grAI tlllllj<IonllAgai
11.:'.2.4. Ili lb..rt -f"l.. P"l"<'ml>rl.,'k-f..l"tl" t .
11.5.2 .5. A Hilb.. rt-fiI"I"' I!lll"rtkkf..ll1tillt ltl<'gnlrlfIAA
11.;).2.6 . A Iuu-"kwri"ztik ll~ inl."grAl"IQIlll"t mrgnlrl.........
';':"3
:'73
:' 76
:'79
:' 79
:OS1
ssa
~
~
~
,;,1,7
587
,;,I.,S
590
592
,j9.1
::'9-1
;;~);.
:.%
,j9(i
.~97
,j!RI
;)9<J
600
600
602
602
602
(;OJ
(;OJ
fAJ
604
XX IV
1 2.
Fu nkcion Alanalh,i~
606
12.1. y ... kto rt .. rek

121. 1. A v"ktmttr fUlt"1ulJ\
12. 1.2. L.in..Atu.h<affinAllf'ff'k
12.1.3. Lin.."'Wul fii.w"tlo-n ..Io-m..k
121..1 Kon... x r+oozhlllm",wk r.. k..,uv,x buro
12.I.U. KOJl...... b.ahllAWk
12.1 ..1.2
K '-l ~
12. I.;;. l.iJ...... i11 .Jl>"Tiltornk .... fllnkrinMlnk .

12.1.::>. 1 u- k0'p007Jow>1F:
12.1.;;.2. HnmomorfiZUlll>" ""OOrnorfum"".
12.1.;;.3 bomorf ..... ktoW"I1"k .
12. I .6. V.uo......kt<>rU1"O'k knml'l<'xifikAlAM
121 .. RrnOru>n ..... ktoW" ... k
12.L7.1. K UI'0lt "' r""",,b<.~
12.1.1.2. n.~ ni-........ korlAtOlhAllllAZOk
121. .3. l'o:ativol""'fAtor-nlt
12 1.1..1 v..lttoehall>k
12.2
M<:triJ"""'l<'n'k .
12.2.1
A nwtriku.. u,- ~Illffi/l

122.1 .\. GOmbOk .... koru}"'"Utl"lt
122.12 Surmatolr Itou...,-~ja rnnrikUll t6-1x-n
12,2. 1.3. u.rt ~ n . kzarAo<
12,2.1.~.
SUr<l~""~iw.JIl('trikll"tnTk
12.2.2. Teljt... Wf'trikll" lf'ff'k

12.2.2.1 . CA..-:hy--.:lIMtok
12.2.2.2 T..1;.- mrtriltU!o u-r
12.2.2.3. :'\l>Un". .....pwUi til..! vljn< nwtrik'L~ t<.=kben
l2.2.2.4. A knntrAJrcin<'lv ni'Mrty A1kA1~
12.2.2.;;. M.. trik,,,, tk I.. I,;-wo I';'U-!<'
12,23 F'olytonOllo"..r"torok
12.3 :-;-ormA!l U'... k
12.3.1. A oomuJt u'r {~UIA
12.J.1. 1. A II<.nnAll ri'l axiOmAi
12.3.1.2. A nnrmAlt U'ffk ni'hAny tulajdolL~a
12.3.2. BlUlN"hl.-r<>k
12.3.2.1. Sorok IIm nuJ l tt'wkl,,:n
12.3.2.2. A ru"tuM bb D"IUIot-htl"nk
123.2.3. S".o!>olj<-vtt.,"k
12.3.3. n,'I"I'"",d l uormalt t.'l,,'k
12.3.4. :"orn uJt ,~,'lm'k
12.4. Il in", rt -t.'n 'k .
12.4. 1. A Il ilh..rtt l>t f0lt .. 1mA
12 U .L SWlU-Iowr""t
12.4.1.2. UlIlli'r I"n'k {... "{'hm,,,. tul a j<lon"aguk
12.4.1.:1. Iri l h,'rt-t ~ 1'
12.4.2. OrtogOlll.1il AA
12.4.2.1. Az oltugou.. lit"" tulajilon!l"j'\ili
12.4.2.2. O l'!.ol(oui<li~ nu<l~z('H'k
12.4.3. Fom i.. r-,.orok" BilIwrl l""!>" u ,
12.~.3.1. u '!Uuhh m"!tkoz<'Ht''''
12.4.3.2. P"t"W"V><I"'IQ"'"IOow'R, R i,....~ Fi""h..r- td d
'""
'""
W7
609
610
lilO
61.
lilO
610
611
611
lill
612
612
613
613
61J
61;'
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616
61,
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61>
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6 19
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624
62:'
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626
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632
(i32
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63.3
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6.3(;
12.4.4. B.-lzi. I<'t<'7;".,. .lw morf Hi1n..r H....... k

636
12.". Fol". to"O!I li"pari.~ ol"'"'tm"k i.,. fllokrionlt.1ok
63.
12.::'.1. Li""Ati" oJ",ri<torok Iwrlli.t<-"g". llom"l.jA k fnlyton~"
63.
12." . 1.1 L.in..AriI< op<'rAturuk kur""t.-A,ta hi notmAj..
6.1.
12." . 1.2. A rolytoTK>!< liu,,"";" ol'''rat"rok 1<'T1'
637
12.".1.3. Op.. r"toT!'O""""tolr kon~"IL"uO.j..
b31'!
12.::'.2. FoIyto...... LUll","" ol"'rfi.torok B.. nlVh-t..,....klwon
638
IV.:]. A lio"ari... ol"'r"torolr ~"',klr~~lM..ll ..k doom" .
641
12.;;.3.1. ()p<>rit.tor n"lIOIVt'I...haIUllWl.Ao r'-Ul1V1'U*'
641
641
11.".3.2. O]><oTAtor!lp.-ktnm...
642
12.,,4. FoIyto_1ilriri!I fllnkr)onAJok
642
12.::'.4.1. Do--finkiO
12.::'.4.2 FoI)"torKll'l li.....vw. flluJrrionAk,k" Ih lhPrtt{....... Rino:< Fri,o.....1M..... 644
12.;;.4.3 . F~"torKx< hJ>f"iu-ilo fllokrion4lnk P '-lwon.
(i.l.l
12.;;.". Li"".ar;,. ftmkcioD&Iok kit.-r.io-t....
(;.W
12".6. Konvex ha1mAzok ..Iv~ f"l"t v~tWl
64"
12.::'., . BidlJAli,; r.k' "' w6l'xiv t.(.-lt
646
12.6. A<ljunRlUl op<"riItorok oonMit tf'n-kl",,,
6-k12.6.1. KorIato....,.....i<tor..djIlD~..llja
b4~
12.6.2. Xem korlii.too."I"""""tor ...tj'lD~l\It}ll
649
12.6.3. Onadjunplt ~
1>49
12.6.3.1. Pat.it iv ddimt oper4torok
1>49
12.6.3.2. I' ro jo-ktomk .. lI i1hm thhm
650
11.. KomflAkt ""'lItft-Wk .... komflAkt Of>"'I"lomk
650
12 . 1. :"Ol"IUAIt l-eIl'k kompakt ~
(i.,j()
12 .t. 2. Kompa.kt OV"'&I.otuk
esc
12 .t. 2.1. ., knmp.&t o!'etator rapima
650
12 .t. 2.2. KompUt lil>O'1lril< ~ tll~~
650
12 .t. 2.3. F.lPnwk l[;,-",,&,, ~l'OCiAja
651
12..3. F.....-lhol m- f.. ),.A1t<'rnatiVll .
(j,'j1
12. .4. Kompakt liTlf'ArVo O(>"fldomk .. Hilt-1 tJor....n
652
12..;;. Kompakt on...-ljllugAltOJl<"l'Atomk .. Hil.... rr.-lhPn
652
12.~. :-;" ull it...1tri><opl'r"torolt
6:".2
12.~.\. P" Jdak n<'InlinMril<OpI'r"torr.. .
ssa
12.8.2. ~,'wlil ...'i<Ji>; "pt.'rilt..,.uIt ,lilf, n'Il' uJh.. ~"
6::>3
12.8.3. ~ ...."ton-mod",....
G.').l
12 .8. ~. S<iJJu1<Wr-{"l<-tixpont..1v
G.').l
I2.K" . Lerey Schallc1<'t..lms-l..t
(j~
12.1l.6. Pozi Uv, n.. mlill ..... u.ol"'tii.t.or"k
6,),j
12.8 .7. ~tollolon ol",rAtorolt Uar",d, l",,kh"lI
(;.",(i
12.!'l. I-.!i>rtfk r-s L.. b<"'glll ~ i ot<'!t rAi .
(i.:;(j
12.!'l.1. a -alg"h r"k .... mfrt<'- kpk
ij..';6
12.9.2. M<'-rhptO fiiggv<'- n)"'k
(;.">1;
12.9.2.1. IMrh.,tll fiiW''' ny
f.i..J,S
12.9.2.2. A mi'r1,,'111 filAAvi'uy ,' k , _ tAlyAn"k tnl"jdouAAg&
6 <>S
129.3. IzM gn.I..... .
6::>8
12.9.3 .1. Az illl "grAi dd in k ibj.. .
6:>1l
12.9.3.2 . A:t- illt "l~rAl ui'hli.u y lul nj, I"Il"",iI;"
6.:>9
12.9.3.3. KouV<'r ,i/;"I Wi"li,!..lt'k .
ceo
12.9.4. Ul.t"<'k
coo
12.9.5. I) i"",t ril>" cibk
66 1
66\
12.9.;;.1. A f'ilrciit.1i1< int ''lI:,.Al.... ki'l'l ..t .,
larta1"",ygyz"i;
XXVI
13 .
12.9.:>.2. Alt";a.Il""jt,,tt dpriva.Jt

12.9.':'.3. Dill7.trihlkio .
IHI.:>.4. Di~ztrihlkio,l..rivAltja
Ve kt oran a li:ti~ ",
t{> rehn{>wt
13.1. A Ic....lm;.1.-t NaI.f<$&lmN .
13.1.1. EjooIWU'Nn;.t.e......,...ktnr-~lWarfij,gg\ ..uy
13.1.1.1 [)Ptinl.-iOk
13.1.1.2. \"pktorfiiU\'kly djff,j"ucWha.uyadosa
13.1.1.3 Vpktorffisgvkly..k diff,ullriaIa..i >IZ&lWyai .
13.1.104. \".. ktorfiigvffiy.. k ""'ylor-sorfpjte..c
13.1.2. SkNUInPZUk
13.1.2.1. SkAlAnnnI5 VRY.kaJAr JK>lIlffiggvCu~'
13.1.2.2 FOllt........bb WlArIIll'Z6k .
IJ.I.2.3. Sluo1&cUte'liik wqr;adAsa .. lroonliniUak tiiggv"'ny<>kpnt
13.1.2.4 ~tf.liilft<,k N l<&intW>naW<
13.1.3. Vpkt"ml<":tdk
13.13 I \"..k~ VRY ..... ktori4li>-. _
.....klOrkti-ka puntruxgvCny
13.1.3.2 Fonl.-.-hb wkttll'tlleZlik
13.J.33 A wkt...-mf"lOk rnepdB..aa koordinat&k fiiuv;,uY'-"FnI
13.1.304. Ankh. "'Oil. lkbfii kooxd~er;y wa..ara"lQ' i'(rl
wkUlmIO'Z6~
13.2
13.2.7. A t;,rbrli Jiff,'tf'nciAlll7.AmLt"" AtlRkinli"",'

13.2.7.1. V..ktor",,,.litik,L< kif..j",,",,,'k .. ,j,.rt~u. ht''lJg..r- k.gomhi konrdinAlarl'u.l&t-rlwu .
13.2.7."J.. A dilfPn"udAloI"'rAtornkra ",,_tkoa<'> Co """",,fij~(.,..,k "" ..r...hlll'lly..k
13.2.7.3. Ditf......ueiNo!"'r..t.uwk -UUlu...i fOMhAlyai
13.3. V"ktoln>C"mk iu~
13.3_1. Youalinl.ql.rliJ;;,. pol..-tKiAI .. ""ktol'TIu"1iihcu
13.3.1.1_ YonaIintcwA[ vrkw""""">l,..,, .
13.3.1.2_ A yonalint"PioItnrduwikAijr~I1lh<> .
13.3.1.3. .-\ voualiu~ lulajdnnMpi
t3.3.1.4. A ........Jin~. wwl mAooodfaju AltalAnno.tLp""'-1 vonaJinte,;ral
13.3_1.;). \,..kt.Jnn<,W kOrintenU.ia
13_3_1_6. K<>rl7J!'t'V>Ott\"~~U--S
13.3.2. F'e-J~li ilW1P"Al
13.3.2.1. Slklx-li ....lUlrtdaraLwktono
13.3.2.2. F..hilM.i il1t~n.I kio;Amiu-.
13.3.2.3. F..h-llrti inlql:rloI e. me-z6k BUlI'- .
13.3.2.4 II. tip'''''' friiilrti inlo'ral Jus&wjla... dPr+k,<Zi~f1 kooolinA!-AI'1'nd---
ti62
062
662
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
66S
06'
66S
06;
"""
..."""""",
(i(j6
--m..n.
660
13.J.3.
671
671
132. J. lr"nYlilPUti i'I< t.rrf~i diJIn-enciAlhAnyadoB (dcriviltj .

13.2.1.1 S~ ir"nyulCnti diff..It"I>Cialha.nyadoM
13.2.1.2. V,ktorm<'a6 u.oYmcllti diff~~'adosa
13.21.3. rm~li ....,;y tkbPli diffPTf'nciAlhiulyadooo
13.2.2. S~gMlifonrop
132.2.1. GradiM18 dPfini.-inja
13.2.2.2. GlI"l. . . N ir"nymprlti <liffPTf'll('wbMy...ko..
132.2.3. Gr...lifollll ~ lkrfoptj diff..f'ffiri&Ihlwyadooo .
13.2.2.4. A lI:TaJ;.'!1>l tovahbi tulajJu"",;g.u.
13.2.2.:;. SluWi.rlll...,.6 ~..Ji<,1L"" kiilOuOOz6 koordir"'tar~b..n
13.2.2.6. ~"lvrl.ti;~ -..iruitAoli o<t.abaIyuk
13.2.3. V..kt<>lXfI.di"llli
13.2.4. \.. ktornWZ<'l diwrg.. nriAja
13.2.4.1. A <liVf'TK""ria .-j.. tiniriiljll
13.2.4.2. Oiv.. rgtonej/llJlegA<!AM kiilimh07ii Iroordiruitarmd"'.......I<1xn
13.2.4.3. A di"'rgf'nl'i.. ""'\",,l..ti lI7AhAl~'ai
13.2.404. C"llttAh~ n1l''711 diverg..nriAj..
13.2.:;. \'..kt"rm,oz.<'l rntkioj ..
13.2.':'.1. RntAo-io,t..linkiojll
13.2':'.2. no t"':io .. kiilj'noo?6 knor<hnfltaN'U""7...r..kh ..n
13.2.Z,.3 A rotfl";'" ki.~""""iwi ~1Ai>fIlyai
132':'A P" h 'll " ial.." uwd'i ruUICioj..
13.2.6. N"t,I""J,,'ri'h.r, LIlI'I""'-"J,..rflt"r
13.2.6. 1, N'lhlllul"'rAtol'.
13.2.6.2. A llllh!Il"I,,'rAtnrr.. vOllatk01.6 foIZAmitisi ~?ahfllyok.
13.2.6.3 V"kt"'Kt"lldi"tll'
13.2.604. A Illlh!il'll','rAtnr k';t"""".,. alkl\lma7JISII
13.2.6.Z,. LaI'! lln ....'I'''r,;,tor
671
671
(ill
67J
613
613
613
6U
'"
ti14
674
67~
67:;
67':;
67ti
67'6
67'6
67'ti
676
677
6"
(i71'l
67'
67t1
67!1
679
67~
"'"
"
GIll
6lS1
GIll
GIl2
6Il2
682
GIl2
6l.4
6...~
68-4
6t4
ess
68:>
GM;;
~7
7'
Int.-grAl~1Pk
13.3.3.1. G_ int.-grAlti1...w, So intforAlfonntllaja.

13.3.3.2. Stokn iu~lktdP.
13.3.3_3. G........ iulrl{JiJlkl-lci
ees
131.3.:>.~
Tlorlwli dilf~itM.
XXVII
13.-1. ~1l"Z6s-.WnitNr.>k
UU. Ti.... ta forra..m..w
13.4.2. Tixrta V"(O' furrlw,.ID<'Iltno Ot'v"nymn6 .
13.4.3. PonL~'\ fon ....k .....~
13.4.3.1. PonllOl""" C...,Iomb-II'M'af'F.
13.4.3.2. PontlQerl'! t.iimoo ~avilAciOll tere
13.4.4. Mcz6k ... u~ja
13.404.1. Di><zkrft rurra..e-~
1304.4.2. FoIyto ...... forr..... k-lM
13.<&A.3. o-...rfoglaJa"
13.Zo. A lk....lmPlPt dilfpN'~n!MRi
13.5.1. Laplece-dlff..wtlC~\oot
13.5.2. Po;"""udiff,,,-,,,,,w ''lO'''" lf't
14 . Ko m p lex filggvenytan
14.1 E gy\"Alt o-" ' '' lwllll'lrx fiiK!t"(ouy
14.1.1. FoIyto n<Mg. d iff..,.,.neiA!h,,~
14.1.1.1. A kompl..", Vo\.1t07.o.. fiilU{Vkly d..tinkii>j...
14.1.1.2. KUlUpl...x v,;,ltuz,{", fiiggYl-ny !".tAn'rt"k..
14.1.1.3. Kom pl..x vAlt<.M.... fiigg\"i'lly folytoll<lfIAAga
14. 1.104. Kompl,'''' v;\!wd. fiijt,;\\"i'lly tlilft'n"IlCiAlh..t6AA.g..
14.1.2 Analitiku" fiiAA\'i'Il~,'k .
14.1.2. I. A7. l\IIalitik"" fii!Ql:v;uy <ldillkillj..
14.1.2.2. PI>!dAk ""alitikll" fiiAAvi'uY"krt, .
14 .1.2.3. Analitikll" fiiAAV{llytk tll l.. jtlul ....~'.;
14.1.2.1. S7.inp;nla.ri"p"lll.uk
14.1.3. Ko"form lrk(olw'....." k
14.1.3.1. A konform l"ki'IW"'''' fu~ ..llU" i.. tu!"jdOU.....Kai .
141.3.2. A l.. g..gy"" ..nlhh k"nf"nn l.. kl>l""dw-k
6&!
~
689
G90
690
690
69t
691
6!l1
691
691
692
692
692
692
693
69 4
694
694
694
694
694
694
G9.'i
G9"
ij(J:j
ti%
ij97
ij97
ij(l7
6!l,S
XXVIlI
I
1 ~.2
14.3.
14.4,
14.::;.
14.6.
"j"artalomjeqydk
I~, 1.:.1,:.1. A S.hwar~-fN,' tiikrilzP"j ..Iv

14,1.:.1.4 KUUlI'I<'X l'"t"I1..;41
1~.1.:.I.5. 1\ ll7,ur...rp.->ziriof'lwo ..
14. 1,3.6. A I,ml''''x IIZlUll"ik trt ....iilf'gf"l kok"pc-u..e
1nt"!VAl""" I>lnl'\o')( ~ik.. u
14 2.1. Hat "rn'.,U .~ h..t,v...,,,,,tLlUl in(''gral
1~.2,1.1
A IlDmpll'xin!<grAltldinirin';"
14,2,1.2, Komplrx illl.t~rA1ok tlllAjd"n...ag..i 6< kiszarnitA.'li m6c1j...
14,22, C"'K"hyY.l.. iuto..1V&!litt>I." knlllpl..x fiiggvrnvtan ..u.pth.. J.o .
14 22.1, C"'j(!IyfMr ull-wAltkl'i "1j'............... n <iols:rRfiiM"l tanornilnyok,""
14.2,2,2. C..udl.v UltLPlIM.f'''' I~.--.:-n <-zrli'il"Jl;o tart<>rt1Atl)")kul
142.3. A Qul<"byfi'\c illt''ll:rAlfnrmuliUt
1423.1. A_lltlk,,,, ffill'JtVlony ~ t.v\vnIiwy .... t...jffi<on
14.2.3.2, .~I\>I!itikll~ ffil';Klll-uv ~ IMtomAnYOll kiviil
A...wtikn. fiiW"nY"'k w.tvMY"'->l"b" ~ fooju"oP
1-1.3.1. Kuoll.... x ~'I _ok knnwt'gf'nriaja .

14.3.1.1 Kntllplf'X t"8'l !l<'ro-Ullok kon....... ~ja.
14 3, l.2. Kompln taU vfgtt h ..... knn""'l:f'Il<'iAja
14.3.1.3. Knm,*':x 1>1'-, ,"tviul~
1-1.3.2. T"ylnt-_ok
14.3.3. Az awWliklll' fdyt.uJu. PI""
14.3,4. r..." ...ntll<lri..jt ....
U.3.5. IroWt ><WUaan.. pUlltok k. .. rnidullmwtel
U,J.5. L 1;wW1 IIanllJl\4rUI pnrMk
14.:.1.5.2 ),I('fUlUOIf fii.v;vklV1'k
143.5.3 Ellil.lik.... ffl~k
14.3.5.4 Htozidlillm
14.,J,5.;', RmtUlIWti1.-t
V..It'xo. in~4lok ~~ kumpw,x ;n~kkal
14,4.1 A UulchyfilrillttWAiformllWt"'~
14~2. A r<;wlllllmtiot.-l'llklli~
14.4,3. A Jor.w.\I'lIlu,.. alkAlm"".a..a.i
14,4,3,1 J"nlAu-lr-1ll1ll>l
144.3.2. PN<lAk " JnmlUl-lPmm.udkalmaziwl.r..
AI,;.olorKi "" ..J,.mi trM!OZN''''lco,... fUuvrlly,ok
14.5.1. A!li;.. hr,u ftlW"uY'k
14.5,2 EI..mi tr'''Il<tt~1l.1., ... fiilO("..,,).,.k
14,5,3. GorlWk '-'8Y'"IJ<ot. kfllUI,kox Ri"'kl.....,
Ellirtiku~ f,'iAAvi>UY'k
14,6.1. .-h .. nil,tlk",. inlt~r,;j"kk>d V!\lo ,~...r,'iAACo; .
14,6.2. J", ..,hifd p fiilUtv" uy>"k
14.6.3. Th'-t.. m~"'lLy<'k
14.6.4. W,i,....h '....... fH" (;ilUtv"nv,'k
15. lntegraltrlln."f"rmllri ok
15. 1. A~ int.gril!tran-.:fvl lu;,,'i{, fO~l\Jm ...
15.1. 1. Al intPj(rAIt,rll,"'d orJ"...-iokAlt..J,uI<J!; ,t..finiriiija
1::;, 1.2. Sp,>dil!i,. ill t.'~rilltn .. l,.'l.f"rtllr\(,iok
1;,,1..1. In.....n ll'l<l",d"rmAdok.
1;, ,1.4. A" int,w-Altr,.. ,,,dnrmAriok li"">Uitii,AA
15,1.5. TohhvA.!t,YI!lf; fiiRjlv/>IIY"k int.''grAjtran ~dormaci6i
15, 1.6, A~ int''I'\rA! tranll7,f"rltl...:i{,k alkaJllu<~"""i
15.2.
707
7U7
7W
1:'.2.1. A Lapla<"L~trl\ll"dornll"'io t"t..jd"nM8"k krpf,llQtv..llyt'i
1:>.2.1.4. A Dir....,f,<J.. oS-fiiflgv"lly <'..." d_tri],ok)6k .
1::;.2.2. Vi.-.atrlUt'<l1"rm&a.o"'" .......IMi tartmuJ\nyh.o
1::;.2.2.1 Vj..,.z".t,""lJ.'</;fonnA\ft..~ tAhllWttt.>k ""Cit.~1
1:'.2.22. Rb<rt' >Iw kr.- bullW
15.2,2.3. Sorf..jtbck.
15.2.2.4. InY<'n int<w*l
15.2.3. DiIf..... ncW'lt""'lrt..k lIM'It'0lcl...... L..ru..-tTll.-fnrmA"lO~t,..;.gt'vf'l
15.2.3.1 AI"'n<lO "'8,.YiitlhAt0J'~ k~ diff.. ~ .. k
1<>.2.3.2. VAittoW ~ii'thootUJil ~eo dilf'm.l<:i&kR.v"ulctdt
15.2,3.J. PILrriAlito tliff~Io'1<'It
711
711
711
711
112
714
"4
714
11.~
115
71::716
716
1;'.3. Fourie.--trlW9ZforIIl3riO
15.3.1. A FOllmtrllI)."l;l;fonn4rio',tl1"'jdolll'4l;,u
15.3.1.1. FOlln..rinto,vAl
15.J.12. FOIln..r-tnmlOZfonnAriO .... in_MltrAtWEfntrnJio:'in
1<>.J.1.3. A Fourio-r t ,",,_fonoAeiOr" YOnAt ltoaO ~ '<Il\biUyolr.
15.3.1.4. SJM'f"iAli. fi"lgg\'lon,..k k"l'fiigv"nYO;
15.3.2, Diff~tt>Jr. ~oa.w.. l"ouri<-r-tru~~~"""'1
15.3.2,1. K(..im.~dLlf..~lf.t.,k
15.J.22. P......wi.~diff~loPtt>Jr.
1::;4. Z-t~onniociO
15.4.1. .~ Ztrau.uf"nni0ci6tuJ..~,u
1;'.4.1.1. J);,.,-J",Pt !i1~kl,..k
I ::;.4. 1.2 A Z-tr"lllldonn/W'")6 do-fiuir)6j1l
1::;.4.1.3. SzNunlAtvlll
15.4, 1.::;. .<\ Z-Irl&lll<formlw-ii> in~
1,>.-1.2. A Z-narurdormilcic'>ll1kllifTlllZAslli
1::;.42.1. Li"",,"" <Iiff.....Dci"""K.""UJn<ok AitalAuot< 11It'gOl.......
15.4. 2.2. MA.'IOt.i... nd,i diff.rtucUot'O"ffilrt.. k (~i"rtt'Jr.-[~WIat.)
15.4,2.3. M......Ifl'Ilt.h1 dilfl'fl'ncill<'1J"nlrt<.Jt (1'..... mt'Twkf..l..ru..t)
I <>. <>. W" ""let -t raw;zfor rnN.-iO (,.hnllAInoookll~. t rlllW'fumliorill)
15,5.1. J..J,.k
15,5.2. Wa \..l.. t-" k
1::>.5.3. W,,,",,jl't.-l.,",,n,,zfornu''';o
15.::;.4, Di.>oz kr"t w,,"'I.ttllUlNl,,'lll...ii>.
15.5,4 ,1. Gym.....a.....l..ttrlUl""formArio
15.5,4,2. Di,,~k ri>t HaIlr-wlI"" I..1 Ir"ll'lZ["Hui\(-iQ
15.5.;' , Giloor-t ran,,1formAc io
;'\6
716
716
71,
71~
71~
719
719
119
,19
720
720
721
721
721
m
m
m
,24
7:l4
1:./::;
1:./,
7:.1t)
7:10
731
7:.1:l
73:1
V"G. Walsh-fiiw " ny<' k

15 6. J. Ik p"""",,,fiiAAVpny..k
1:J.{;.2 W"I"h- re tlll"z,rt>k
735
73",
73::i
i:!"
7:1J
73:;
737
7:17
Lap~trlUl,.A"mIAr;o
16.
VIlI""z i",ls"gs"ilmita.~
16.1
e8 m a tema t lkal ",t a t in t ika

Komh inat.o rika
16. 1.1 P"Tm lltArii>k
161.2 Komhinilciok
16.U. Vari ilciiik
XX IX
7J>;
7J>;
7J>;
""
142
145
716
,4(;
'"
;~7
749
749
750
7:;1
,::;1
75'
75J
7:>3
i54
706
759
760
700
tm
762
763
763
763
764
7tiS
766
767
767
7""
769
no
770
770
711
772
772
i73
773
773
773
XXXII
TIlrl."lo"'J~g~z'k
17.3.2.3. Glol,.uu. homokllmkus hifllrkMiOk

17.3.2A, A torun r..lhomlilM
'
18 . 0pt imal izAlu

18.1. l.i""AriI<l'f'OltI"ll.lIlOIIu<
11'1.1.1. Prohl"m"f..lv,>ti",..... ,;ooIDl'trill-i Ahr>i:mloV< .
lti 1.1 I. A linrJui>, l'f'OlO""lUIYUW r..Wia.t ...L.kjai .
Iti,1.I,2, Egy po'l<ill-"'" grafiku>< IlleI':oIdAAo\
ts.r 2. A WIt'4I:iM prOlP"~ Iliapfo,;aJIUAi. IlOnnAIa1ak
I ill.2.1. C..iioo /<0< h&zit<
Iti.1.22., linririoo l'ror~; f..lada.t normN..lakjl\
1!'I.1.3. SllIlIIl''''"X III''''-!
Hl.1 :J.I. Szimpl.-x t4ha..
11'1.1.3.2 Alm ..1lPI "&V 'nM,k "";'wpIPx tAhl4ra .
111.1.3.3. Egy b-z<1c'I to:zimpll'x t4hla. meghaliu"oz.i8a
IS.1.3A Mlldoo-itntt to:ziml'lPx mo'>d!ozrr
18.1 .3.~
HUA
Dua1it.a~opti1naliz&lMblw
SpnW... lill""",,O'l'tlU~ f...ladatok

11:'.141 S7.4J.lftMif..wiat.
II".U.2 H,~u<1o-Ih.if~1
1~14.3
EIo.-ta..ir.-ladat ..
II",I.H lit.uO Uc'OOk problkn4j1\

11:" IA~. SorbaJ-pnd<o7.k<i friMat
I !'I 2. ;\PUIbn..arioo progr~
11".2.1. Problellwdvrli... ..Im<'lcti alapolr.
11".2.1.1. ProbJi,maf.,JVl"li'oI
111.2.1.2. Opt,ma1itMi fdtf-uol.-lr.
1!'I.2.1.3. ThwitNo 11% optimtJiz.AlaAb,w
11'12.2. Sprri4li~ IIPIIllinP4rilI lII>tinwi7.l\lAsi f..ladatok
1/;.2.2.1 Kou .....x 0l'timali:t.BJA,.,
1/;.2,2,2, 1\\'",lr.. t,kll"optImaI~
18.2.3. ~1"llOl.-lNc~k kvadratik,,,, OfltimtJuAlMi f..lNlatokrA
11".2.3.1 W"U..dj4l:....
II'U.3.2. Ihlclnlh-,n:..:'1.....ljir""
11'1,2,4, !IOum..tikulI k..l"PSi-/Ii ..ljAr4llok
II:! 2,4.1 Egydill.IC-'1,d... \un........
Ill.24.2. Milll",""k,'fC'>'i..."-<iiltlffizi6o! ..,,klickw.i V<'ktorli>rocn
18.2,;;. Elj""No fdi.M.-.ln"lkiili f..\I..-IAtokrA
11:!.2.:'.1. A !.-.g1ll..,,,,I .. k.. hh,,.';kk..n/l ir4nY'1 ..!jAr""" (gradi..,.. miMI"".cr)
Il:U.:'.2. A N'wtollm6cI'Cl'n ...1k...:Jml\ZAAa

11:1.2.:'.3. A kuujll~aJt Jl:1 ...li.u",-k m6cl=-rt .
II:l2.~A. Devidou. F kt el,,r k POWf'llm6cl..." "rc (DF P)
111.2,(j. G""li"ll>' m(Mwwr ''gy<1I16tk''''''gf,Iu,ld.,,; fcledatokra
Ill,2.ti, I. M''I:'lJl:.~lotl irRuyok 1ll6c1"".<'''
18.2,7.
Ill,2.u,2. A \It'tilc>tt !'tT"di""""k ",i>.i~wn

LJiinhtJ;. (ll k"rli.t'Y.<h mi"I".<N.. k
IS,2.7\. BiinM,f; "lj4r""

I ll , ~ . 7 , 2. K<>rIAloz....i "lji"""
18.2.11. ~f,lJ<z("'(k"k 1Il("b.-"'1'
18.3. Di><o! krit dilUO"ikllM oplillu.!it.A1""
18.3.1. Di~zk,"'l ,liIl"'llikll~0J>tilIlaliz""AA
Ill.3. 1.1. nlip'"&< douti...i foly"lllatok
l'ti.'>
,.7
S1l
1171
"!71
1171
era
1:173
117J
117<.
~7ti
,,76
b76
1171:1
87'.l
eeo
,,'
"I
H\.3.1.2. DiWlIOikU>< ol'liulI.lid"""i f..iJ.Ku.tok

IK3 .2, P "ldak di.~zkri't dOllt"'i moc.ldl.. kr..
11".3.2, I. Bcv........ rl4.~i M... lat
Ill.3.2.2. Haliz...ak-feJt.dat
111.3.3. IkllmAnn-f.k fw,!<ciom,tegy"uwt<>k
I::<.;1.3, I, :\ kultli-gfiiggv~IIY tlllAj,1011AAltai
.
IS.3.3.2. A funkrion3iegyPnkttck m",!fop;,oJ,,~
IS .3A. RrllmAIln -f"l.. optimalit""i ktiv.tiulII
IK3.'). Bellmann-Iclc fnnk("ionAl"'!Y"lllct.mOd""...r
18.3..).1. A miIrirn.ili.~ kOl~ lIWKM.t&ro&Ao<a
18.3.;;.2. Az optim!iJi>o 5trall1tia mpgtu.~
18.3.6. P"k!Ak flllUr.cion4l.-gytnIct_mo'>d!ozrr ,oJWn....w..va
18.3.6.1. O])timiili.~ va..ar1Noi ~tr ...tfgLa
Ill.3.6.2. Hii.lizsakf...a..ru.t
19. N urn.. r ik U8 m Odsz
k
19.1. F.~rrt"'
nemli....aril< ~lrt n"Itl<'riIr.,.. ~
191.1. It....a oo.."j&rioook
19.1.1.1. Szul<r.-iv AJ>pr~lInMIU.
19.1.1,2. :'-;f'W'tl)n ....ljar...
19.1.1,3. ~ raw
19.1.2. PoIinomeg;yo-nlo:-tl"k IDf"gOIt1aN.
19.12.1. Ho",""~
19.1.2.2, A gyOkOk..lb..Iy"1cf'de.-
19.1,2.3.
:\lunerilr.'L~P1j4l:iwok
19,2. Egy..nJrtn-nd-..n-k nUIlM'lik'i8 ~

19.2.1. LilH'"",,egy=k-t~ ... k
19.2.1.1. Mii.lrix~.~;'
19.2,1.2. Cbokt<.k\'....Ij4ni.. ... imlllf'triklll' m4trixokr.
19.2.1.3. O~iUlUidj&rNook
19.2.1.4. 1t.raciO 1.. 1i- .... .-gy<'nkiuti llopo'o.kJIrol
19.2.2. :'-;..mlilH'Ari.~ egyt'nwt",ueb<r"'Tf'k
192.2.1. AltalJinoo, il<'r~ l'ijiu-No
19.2.2.2. S ..wton lj
.
19.2.2.3. G"""," S ton lj4l:a..diff..... lIcWNon,lolklli
19.3. :\\JII....rik,L~ inl<,.;ral';'~ .
1!.l.3.1. Alww,OOI kvadrahmuonullla
19.3.2. Int.-rpolarit'>o<kvAdr"tur4k
19.3.2.1. Ti'glAnYUo-Rg
19 .3.2,2. TrAphformulll19,3.23. H,,,mil..... fd, tr"ph:furmnIA
19.3.2A. Simp;lOufonm,IA
I!J.3.3. Gau_til>llSII k\'"M1rat.l'raf"rm,,14k .
HI.3.3.1. Gall_kvAdrl<V,r"fonn lll4k .
19.3.3.2. LoI",tto-fi>l.. kv",lrl<t(m,f"rm'114k
l!l,3A. Ttomh..rg.elj"I""
19.3. 4,1. A Ro mh,rgd j...r.......II\"ritmllAA,
19.a,42. Ext rnpolii,du dw
. ..
"
1 9 , ~ . Kii~..ufi>"'f\"" diff..r.. uci;'k.o:yPIlIo.t"k ko-u'](tli ""'~olcl"""
19.4, 1. K'-~AI..ti"rt('k.fdadat"k.
19.4,1.1. E"I,.r-fo'l.. l"',liJl:(Hl\'o"itI...1y"....
19.4.1.2. 4c,lr..nil(l Hlln~ .. KUlla-,.ljA,""
XXX III
901
901
901
902
902
902
903
903
903
903
XV
I ..,
9(;9
9W
9T2
976
976
ere
976
976
977
""
97!i
9
903
"
19'~
so,
""
90 7
907
~7
907
9Oi!
909
910
910
911
912
913
913
913
!)J<.
916
911i
919
919
920
920
971
921
~21
922
922
922
923
9TJ
923
9"
924
924
925
926
926
926
927
9'1:!
980
9<0
981
981
1981
9::<1
sea
9~
%3
'"
'"
'"
""
""
91:'06
9S7
91"7
9t<7
987
ses
989
990
991
991
992
992
992
.J2
~J2
~J3
'.I'Jj
9%
9!:K>
9!:K>
9!:l.S
'.I'J'J
9!:1!.1
XXX IV
19.4.1 ..3. '1'0],1.11'1"""'" ..ljAri\l<ok

194.14. P rediktor kurr<'klt"-lJl6<I~~Rl'f'k
19.4.1.:'. K"uv,r~'l,,'i>\. k<"l~.oot..nri", ~lllhilitM .
194.2. I'r....n ..1:ti-k-f,I,..I"tok
19.4.2.1. Oitf..... r"iamM!OUfO"k
19.4.2.2. PtOW,IW"'"Y'lll'i<bw.r
19.413. 04HOd_"l'rk
I~.::'. rAl<"Wi~ diff"I"I",~uJ,.kkk"""lili'i iut.-grl\.lAAA
19.".1. Djlf"",IKi.>.u.~r
19.".2. rrOl U#;KV."l"YIbO<ba..-t
19.::;.3. Vtw: !o-lil-lul.u--r (FEM)
196. AJ>VfwUnuiclO. b,1Q'rnlili'i IlllAmit-i><. hlll"mnJlik... ""alizi,.
19.6.1 Polinom-in~iO
19ld I. :-;.... It>u(...' '' u.t,rl'0I...:iQo. formula.
19.6.12. lAttr1W~ f..k- mlt-rpolilciO
19.6.1.3. A,lk..u Nl"Yil.... i"I~.
19.6.2. Kiiowl'hm W'tt II.p!'"'XimN-iO
1962. l. FoI~"IOOO1' f..wt..t. llO.Im&It.'!tY'-nktek
196.22 D~lufl f......la!.. ~k.IIOll.<ffioIdn--mOrl,<7.....
19623 lobW~ fd lawk . . . .
1962-1. l'i1"l1lWw-an.. ~1 ka,..,..f..l>odAtok
19.6.3. e-1........"W'UICimaci6
19.6.3.1. A frlNlII.t k,tl'lu..- ..... /I,Z A1t<"fJlAlAAi tAitt-l.
19.6.3.2. A <;....ht--looliltOll'lOll tlllajdo~
1').6.3.3 R~~tn".~
19.(;.3.4. DiIoU"'l
~b""'" .pproxim8.-iO .... optimiz.lUN,.
19.64. HA/lllOCUkltlllllla1W>o
19.64. I. A l~'Olurtrik"" iut.erpo4aciO kt'-pk>tei
19.64.2. G)'Ol"I FOll rlO "l'-trIll"l't7I OI"lTIAciO (FFT)
19... Go.-hi-k Nof..liill"!Rk 4hr~ "l'lirw-nli: >Ol'gi~l
19.7.1. H....-rnMfoku>q>\iu<--ok
19t. 1.1. IlIWrI'0IA<."io. ~I'linr-ol<
19.7.1.2.
Ki.~l'tlhtoll~l'lin.. -ok
19.. 2. Kil.<lilll'IWOot IlII.nllAdfokll ~plillf'-Ok

19.7.2.1. A kktlirn..mti"" hlU'nwlfokll ~p1illf'-Ok tula.jtl<>riMll;1Ii
19.1.2.2. K.ttliul"lIl'i6I< 1l3IIluotlfokli int ...rpol~ ~pliTlt'-oir. .
19.1.2.J. KiI,lim'Iw.'.. I.i><uUNlfoh, lU,,&),,nlili'i splin...
19.1.3. Giirhiok I... fdii!,ot"k u.n~~({iuOhi'rMm'wl,,"..a
19.7.31. AU D-to:...ri....;;.I....wIM .!"'
19.7.3.2. U U fdiH"I;,bn;''''1iu<
19.8. S,;'mfli'!:'1" k h"""".ol"u..
19.8.1. U.. lIo6j.I,,],rfl.1....li'"
19.8. 1.1. S'.NllnI"J,,~"I',k
19.8. 1.2. 11,,1...11 ",.AlIu.hnlwl""
19.8.2. (ifpi "~AtlIll""'"kllAlf,.Il"!,llllllm.'rikll~ hih,ik
19 .8 2.I. B,.v,"'tf.... hibatll'u."'-Jk
HI.8.2.',!. Nnrm"li'-"lt ti~A ~I''I<to,-t"k k kpfIkit.,.
19.8.2.J . Nuun-riku "'~"",it;I."Jk pouto""i'K"
I~PI.3. N,IITI..rikll" llu"I"'Af,'k.t "",-tahUllz{, l'l'O~rlllIl kolly vtarak
19.8.:1.1. N,\Gk<>lIyv(ftmk
!!1.8.:1.2. I MSI.-kimyvtft,
19.8.3.3. FORmA:" sSJ, II
HI.83.4. Aach"ui kiiuyvtAr

19.8.4. SzAmit6gi>p-alll;..l>rai "'r"j,w'r"k ai!uJmN.AAA
19.6.4.1. ~I"ttwn.".tin.
19.6.4.2. M"i-'w
20 . .\ Iatematikai programcsomltgok
20.1.
97G
20.1.1. A tnatrmatikai I-'rogr8.lIlO't>ll",&,k riWi.1 jtlltlll7.f,.

20.1.2. Bn...".,to vi'k1.8.k 1\ k-gfollt........hh A1kA1lI11\ZA.<;i t<'nll..tf>lm5I .
2Ill.2.1. K"l'l..tltrJ.tIi...
976
9.(;
976
977
20.1.2.2. :"llm.. rik\L~....AJlllt.Ntuk

20.1.2.3. Grafik ... ahrAzollutolt
20.1.2.4. I'rugIiI.I...w. .. ..-wuitOg..l'ft' kOm~twn
20.1.3. A rnaternatikai pnlRI'lllIInoofnII.tlk frlt'pitellr ~ lw<;(n8la.ta
20.1.3.1. AlApwlti ,.,...."k......li ..imlrk
20.2.
976
Br\'t"7,ct,"o;
~liltho-matit-A
97S
978
97~
9.1"
90
2U.2.1. A~lI7A'I"~i .."'mrk
9<0
:..'0.2.2. SzAmAhrilzolNoA M"ttwm"tlf"A-bM
981
981
981
981
:.!O.2.2.1. ,\ "1.Amok A1a1'Upt~ A ~Atr...rnatit-3-han.

20.2.2.2. Spt"<'i&Li.~-'muk
20.2.2.3. SMmok Ahr&zoUM is konVt'1't..UA>oa
20.2.3. A folU-Ol<Of""l'''lorok
2112A. Li>-ta);
20.2.4.1. Fogalo.w .... jt-Ituv..
20.2.4.2.
TObbttzillt\lli.~
20.243. ~hi l<-ti'k lio<tAkbJ

2O.HA. SI .iitli>t 1i>tWr.
20.2.5. Vrktorok bt lI.a.trixok llIinl lir<t4Ir.
2O.2.S.1. M""rixfu."!lU: lk... haWo.r.

20.2.5.2. ""1wletek mMrixokkll.l'"" ....kl.OC'Okkll.l
20.2.6. Fiill;RVi'lIyt'k.
20.2.6.1. AlApliiw;'nyrk
20.2.6.2. SpeciAlu. r'igg'o'M1yt'k
2O.2.6.J. TiltZt-A fiiggvi>u~k .
20.2.7. !-lintautt .
20.2.8. Fiiggv{uymu\'clel.<k
202.9. Programo:l"';v;
20.2.10. Ki<'g""zit<'sl'k lL !lZiHlAJ(~~bO'L. inf"wliltiok, (i;vllE'I.k

20.2.10.1. K unk 1t ",'u k , ..ttril"jl\lllluk .
2O.2.l0.2.lnformariok
2U.2.10 .J . UU'ud.'k
ZO.J. Maple
20.3 .1. Alal' vct6 s""rk''Ati .. l..m,.k
ZO .3.1.1. T il' u"" k {.., ohjcktumok
ZO.3 .1. 2. B vit..1{.., kivitt'l .
S~ftIll;"bri\;F I"" II M lIl'l,~ hcTl
ZO.J.2.1 A s7.fllnok a]"I,UI''''lAi" 11.1"1'1 ....1..-n
ZO .J.2.2. Sp ",iAiiss,.IIJuok
ZO.J.2.3. S~IIJlIok "hr..""l,...... f,; k",,""rt"IAM ,
20.3 .3. FOHtm< ul",r,,(orok a M" pl,,-I" 'lI
20.3.2.
20.3.4. Algdm,i kif..jcz.....k

20.3 .::;.
Soro~atok Nt
Ii"ti.k
ee
lk<J
ssa
9N
9N
9N
9I:V
""
986
987
987
"7
987
""
9119
990
991
991
..,
992
ssa
cca
9'Yl
9'J J
9')::;
99::;
9'):>
9!.l;">
~.
9!. ~)
9!.1!J
XXXVI
Ta,talo",j~gy:iI;
W.3.li. T Ahl........t./'" t<>lIIh'<h uk t uni.k. wktorok .... matrixok

W.3,li. l. T Ahlw t - ';" tiimh"tn,kHlrl"k
20.3,6.2, ElO', lilll<'nl:io.. u, mook
20.3,6,3, K"lclilT\f"m:i<':w! tiimook
20.36.4 Vdw>rokr" n. mAtrixokr.. vonatkoz<) ~I-iAli~ lItN<itiuook
20.3,1. f'l~vi-llY" k ';" oIM'n'ltorok
20.3, 1. 1. f~n Vf"lt
:lU.3.1.2, Opo>r4lnrolt
20.3.1.3, Dilf..... I"' iAlop<r.. lorol<
20.314
A lJIAl, u~la..
2O.3.':!. ProgrlLlloozM" M..pk-br-u

20.39. K"'l'i~"""'k .. ..unl<W>oh<>l', infomtariOk ~ lW'gi~
20.39 1. A '-'''I..... kOnyvtAr IwwIAIAlll
20.3.9,2. Kiim)'P2-l'ti v&ltozOk
20.3.9.3. l ul" n uac iOk "'" ""!{iuor,;
20.4. A m..t<-lI..tdlai.l~tam<'*~ka1ka1mazNia
20.4.1 Allt"'orai kif..~k ko>zfol"""
2tH I.I. ~{al~ti<"a
20.4 1.2. M"I'Io
20.4,2, f-fO""ll "''''k ;''' ~\f1 '''Il<,- ...k~
20 4,2 1 ~lal bo>mal i<"a
20 . 2.2. M"i'1r
20.~.3. A bu,W .
l,r.. rlormri
20.4.3 1 M..lht'It\Ati<"a
20.43,2. MAJ.1<20.4,4. Dttf..ro-nriA.!-'" in~r4lloz4mjtAA
20.44.1. M..tb<-u...ti,:..
204.42. M..pJr
20.5. S"..ll1ltOW1..... ~atika
20.:;, I. Gratilo. /l M"l l-...m..ti<-4-va1
20,,,.1 I. A r;ratibaUtpjai.
20.:'. 1.2. Gratiku" ..I..m..k
20.5.1.3. Gratikll" ,,,><"ii>k
20.;;. 1.4 A ~atikll" Aor........l"'"....inlAXisa
W.::'.I.". Kiu lill" IUiQoo. ItOrh"k
20. ::'1.6. Giirl.....k 1"'I"..U ..t......,. M.nu.olAAA
20.::',1.1. f ,liik trk ';" !i'TKorhi-k Mm"".01';";" .
20,5,2, Gratika .. ~1 "1'1,~ .....1
20.:;, 2. 1 Ki-t<liml'lu i{", grllfiJu.
20.:;,22, IIAro md inl"lI"i,,,, R"lIfika
2 1. T AhlAzatok
21. 1. Gy .. ktl\.ll ,IUf"nIIl16l\.lJ".lIu6k
21.2.
F i~ika.i l\.lh....16k
21.3. l' ihiUlY fiiRl!:v(-lIY h"t vfo.lI.v."rl\

21A . FOll ri"r-..,rf..jl,ho
21,:; . HlltAl:""",t l" lI int"!!:rliJ .
21. :>.1. H"'' ';'' IL,Ui. fiiltl{\'{-u)'l'k illt,'!!:n\']{"", .
21,:;.1 I. "~. UJ' + b kif..j,/l"t tal't allll"";' il1t''KI'IU"k
21,:;.1 ,2. A~ UJ'~I br + (' kif,'j,/;"'t tartalm"" o il1 t,'!!:ra lok
21,:;.1,3. A ~ u" J ,I kikj,/.kt tarta.l m"-,,." il1t.' !!:ralok

21";'1 A. A1. ,," r" kif..j"".kt tart..lm..7o int "grAlok
1000
11100
1001
1001
10'"
100'
1002
1003
1001
1001
1001
100;
100;
100;
100;
100,
100,
100,
100>
1012
1012
lUI4
lUlu
lU1l.i
lUIS
1020
11120
1013
!O2(;
102(;
Ill20
lU21
102l;
10'"
HJ..11
1032
1G,1..1
](l.')..-,
21 .5.1,:;. .-\z,,~ + r 4 kif"r/ht tarWm..w inl-<>grliJok

21.:;.1,6 . A7. a' -.I' kif,j..,i~t ta.rta.luuozO il,t<>gr41ok
21.::'.1.1. 1'''h8.ny tort p<uri41il< tiirlt'krt,l>""tMa
21.:>_2. IrrarionAiill fiiU pny.. k int,w41jlli
21.5.2. 1. :\.;; a' ,; r kif..jn......k,of. tarta.lJIlll>'.o inltw4lok
21.5.2. 2. Egys b .;; kif"j..,.p,..t tarwnli\i/i> inl<'Itl'al"k
21.5.2.3, .-'r.. ~ kif<-.i<"d~t lNt>oluuw> i1,hWAI"k
21." .2.4 . A .jar ... b ho .j'J'i'+'9 kif,-jn;io>.rko... t.vtalm"".o intt>gr41ok
21.:;.2..; . A ~kif"jP7: Ilartaimazo.'>inlgrlUok
21.5.2.6. A ~ kif~J '2J.,.t tarta!rna30 intqi:riLk>Jr.
21.5.2 s. A ~ kif..~t W-WIlIa7.6illt.-.,;rl\lok
21.'-",2.1", A,fa?- + L ,. kif..~t w--ta.lmad> illt<>grlUok
21.5,2.9. E.,;y;'h irr,....ionAli.~ kif..~b1. lartaltM7.o inl.-gT4lok
tA....u."",
21.5.3.
Tri~llOlIN'tnku~fiiMV~)'O'k int+'grlll}ai
21.5.3.1. S7.inu"",.niggvionyt tartAlmazil lILt"gr&l",k

21_.,.3.2. _'" k.-i",t!W,ig''''nyt tArtlmam IlIt~iLIoJr.
2\.5.3.3. .'" ,qinll"'l- .... kuoWi"-'""uuvl-lIy,-Iu'1 tartalmazO i.nt.twaJok
21.5.3.ol A t~ntggv<'l>yt ~ w"-'lttaJok
21.;;.3.5. .-'r.. kol-anfirnl;.fiiAA"Pnyt t.v1alrtlNli> in~4Iok
21.5.4, E,;:,'l-b tr~ .... nJ.AAVPuY"'k inl~A1jai
21.".4.1. A hiJM'rbolik,~~ n'AA"f>nyoolt illt"tiIJjai
21.::'A. 2. Exp0!l<:,nriAlio- fiiuvPny.-k Wt"'lUAijai .
21.:;ol.3. Logarilmw.r~)'<'k illl<v41jlli
21.5,4.4. A tri~rtrikll~ mggvklyf'k inWTV'inrk in1<'V&1.i&i
21.H.5. A hiJ>f'TboIikll" fiigg.....n)'l"k inwro-iurk inl"'J:T41jai
21.6. !1a tArowtt inl<'gtAl
21.6.1. TrigotlOn,,trik,,~ r!AA'"m..--k hl\.l~.tt intt>gt4ljai
21.6 2. Expo ur n..i&Ji" fltm'rnvrk .....t.iu-nzoI:l in1ow41jai
21.6.3. Logaritmik"" fiiAA'rn~..--k hat",",",,, inlt>gtAIjai
21.6, 4. AlI-,...orai niAAV"nwk h..tArowll inl..gr41j..
1 1.1. Ellipt ik"" in try;r ,u
.m"
21.7. 1. El<;()f..j'-I ..J1iptik'L~illl '-grl\.lF("".k).l'
21.1.2. MfL~ f"j '-, "niptiku" illkgr>Ol E(,;.k), k", .ill"

21.1 .:1. T~Ij<,.. dli p~ik,,~ illh~r31.l = . in"
W,~ l
1U.; 5
21. 11 F i><lwr f(lc F-d OOlZIr.....
IG,1..-.
10 ,m
IO~U
10'"
1U42
1041
W50
urn
Hl50
1052
10.J6
10:>6
1056
1051
1051
m~1
1058
1059
l OW
11161
11163
10<>;;
106 7
21.5.210. Rrktlnlv formu.lak .. bUlOlniA!iI< tliJI.,rtu.iA! i.lJt.twAijanaklr.i:<tAmi-
21.8. Gl>Iw",,fii~i IlY

21.9. Dt-.-l- fiiwpny" k (h"ngerfiiW'plIy<'k)
21.10. l--"g<:,ndl""- polino mok (gOlUof'iK!:vilIy,k)
11.11 Lapl....e-t r..w.zf"m"..: io.
21.12. F"llIi,rt rllJl""forllmcio
21 .12.1 . fouri" r-""""in""',l.r" n. d or m",jn
21 .12,2. FOl,ri..r -~7.i n ' l"k l..ra,,~,formiirio
21.12.3 . Ex"on"n"iiJi~ f OHfi.. r-rrl\Il., form....io.
11,13. Z-t r"ns~f"rlHa"io
21, 14. l'o iAAOn -"I",,~I""
21 ,15. Stan dard normali" "1"",1",,
21.1:>.1. Sta nda rd norma li. d"""IAA. "h,,1 0,00:5 r :5 1,9')
21.15.2. Sta nd llrd normali. "1""7. lr,,,. IIh,,1 2.00 :5 r :5 :UIO
a.is. , 2.,'lo,d""
I""
XXXVII
106 7
1_
100'
1070
1072
1016
107 6
1U77
1017
!O7.'!
1079
I~I
1082
rosa
icsa
10"
10<'6
I~j
I"'"
I""
lOSS
IOS9
I ""
IWI
11193
"m
lloo
lloo
1106
1112
1113
1116
ms
JIll;
11 I!I
1120
112 1
XXXVIII
21.11l. StU,!Pllt-ro'h /d"""IAA

21. 19. \"{>\.tl"l1~lIf)k
TargyID utal6
1123
1l2~
I. Aritmctika
1125
1.1 . Elem i szamolasi sza ba lyo k
lUll
1. 1.1. Sziu nok

1. 1.1 . 1. Te rm esze te-s, t'Kesz es racionalis szam ok
1. E rt e lm<>Z.... i tartomanyok e.. j" lol...... k
.\li nJcu "KOO 6; to<1:arnot. kO-.<tiik "!J'Uo'itivu!u.t." ' ..'W'llvok..t r..,,"uIlAt. mnm><il >z,imnak
~iinIr.. ~ kapnlOlatban" ki>vM1a7.O jPlOIo'.w-kM. haMuMjllk (tN.rI Hal llU\U'l mfl.-.t . 2'),. old.J;
"~f'U'S-"mok IuolIlllWl: ti _ to. L :.!. J . .}.
""pgi->czllMlDOk~
Z_ I
-2- 1.0 1.2,
"racionAli.. .....iLmnk h.oaIlJIAU.'
Q _ {.r J"
e, .wnI pE l,
nP'~
q E Z .... q
0)
A ten~ !<liLmokat "l<1"mWIL.~. in. l'f'I)I;~ ,gUk>oi,dt...... hatt-. 1Ml'f'_ A ~rl ... !<ZAmobr ....".n'VfJlirJ r-gi'z .: ....... n;ak ill mondJuk.
2. A raciollalis szamok h .. lm>WI.nak tu lajdol~ai
A faciorui.li~ ~ balmowc vegten..
A halrn.u. rnwI~zdt. va,t;.Yi.~ hftn .....Jy Ir.~ lr.,uunl>iUi5 r...-lO.>hAIiA lI7.4m. 4 i-f, IIkOiziiln..-g Irilet ulOll<l.w.i.
bur;). ll1C1)'ik !r.;...,hh. mint .. ""'-"ill. (u...-J 2 0101 ).
A lWma.z onrn<LF!.AOOn "i..... Y")'il< ham ...ly Ir.k lr.,jJ,i;nhOm 4 ft, II (4 < II) nvionalJ.. >dun lr.iW>tt
!'-'.-zik k-galJWb<-"K,V C (4 < (" <,q,ft.jn rocdlll toM.
3. A r it llH't ikai mii,el.. t .. k
Kh t<:'l-'<W~ r"';ow\li>- ~ A.Z ..nll1l.'t,)ou mil....lM..k (~. kivona.,. Sl.Ol"3., "" 0ffZt ....)
lliWdi!,: N.\~.lwto k. j.;; O""Il"<im<'Il.viilu...,;illt r...-i","Ali.. ~Mmot adwo.k. Ki, M-o-l . r..Jlamlt...lO ....
a"...ly it-lu-t~t1nI.:.-\z 4 : 0 lcif"F"""""lr.lli"",,~llJl". meet. uiUOOQIYILIl ,,~batArozo tt bracionAli. "".Am.
<UI>f'lyrr.. T 0 P!OMm telje-.,-lln<:-" b 0 '" a 'lL'''"~; ba I....Ii,:" - O. "ldrof" tf"t."".iilpg"" ..... iooAlio...,..am W~ . ..u 4 '" 0 ....ctbPn R)"kr..., ,.JluJ.U...wt1 4 0 _ ec ('''Il1..lrn) irAAmM llf"m jelomti ""I.
bo,;y Po: "" ' - ' ' ' ' ' ""'Iw\.....~; .." """pM" kii"""k....Ii,.J!iw riividili....: ba.. n('W7,O nnllAhm km..ledik...
bAnyNioo.lI.hRzoIul "rtd'wben \.M.... min<l<-n .... tAroll t'il nO~,k><tlk.
4. Tized.... t ort .... li nctO rt
.\tim lr n rncionAli~ ><Z.Nll d .... ll,thato '?fi:.... vagy Wogt ",,, ~ tlZ'"l"" liirt. valaminr lAnctOrt ILiAkJahau (W-<! 2. old.).
S. Geom.. t ri ai abra zolAs
H" l'gy .."ren......n rogzitw V><-l' (1. 1. abra) "10' 0 ("'dl,.... t ). '"IY I "itiv jniny (.mny,/"") i's "lG1 ho,,,,s:l,....~'K'."'.!': (Wplo'k. lil.
"fi nti'g ~kAI.t..l II'! . "Id.). " kko r nlind"ll a r iolllws """'-u".k ",, -,;f,I..I az <w <'
un; c!O' mpgbatAr07.o1t pontj... Emlf'k " koonlinatllj" ....... ."L. I""llt '-'JO'u(,V'f'"#tt "'("I(>fIIii.. pan t. .-\Z
PR.....u....t ~uim'"9!1"'nl',.n.k np\,{"LZ 'i k. Mivr l " r""lonilli. "".Nllolr. h"huaz" ru;u<lpuiiU . 'in; . narmp ly kH
r"" ion;i.li~ pont kilzOlt v<..-u l.. u .ook to",l.hhi r....ionilli" l'<>ut ' '''U.
<:t"'''
-~ J
-2
='_I
~
o
1.2, Ahl'a.
1. 1.1. 2. Irracioua lls es tra nsaco ndc ns
SZfU ll fl k
Az anallzi. cfljaira. radouMi." "u'imok h"lmlL7'" ""'" fl.w uJ,; . OAr" "zli.m'1l....."'... milld,,"iitt ",in;. ""t
" f ' Ul tol l; k;. Ha p{>I<l R.u! "" t'1O' ''''ll:no'I\YZPt AlJ AtlbjAt A kiif,il "lfor!,:ntjuk ,IK}'. hol:Y IJ a """mcR.vr" ""
1,1. Elm" ,w ' moM.i ."",bnJyok
K pontj,;,ba, mf'nj<>n AI ( 1. 2. Abra ) . I\kkor K nak ninr-s r...:iodlis konnliniltAjfl. ClI&k. "" JTTQ.r,.".<i/....
_.:amot IwVl'7A't..... t_i kh..t~. hOftY "ozAm"l!Y"llP>< mind..u pontjliboz ,.,.Arnot tudjunk (l'u'''']'';.
Az MAlizi.~ tAnkolllVf'i a:z irrRcionl\lj,onlull'.kr" ,...tal.>al.t:ol ddinicibt ..In;Ur..I''''ldA,,] int ''fvall""",''''t,,lyA
za-,J. A l<rellLl"let h''''ri..aal IIn...,;flll"I,ita-..!. boRy ~ irr arionalj,. "".Amok" """""<'!O'f'lK'Snpk IlWkat
II p<Jntja.i.\ fuglaljU: d. lll,,,lyt'k .. rel:ionAfu, ""Amok kown hPulgki'nt j<>wlltk<'7.TK'k. k hogv minrirn irraciouali>< sd.l110lllO"ID ~ vf~tc~ tl",,~I, ... IOrtt.-lIPlwt el6411itanL
A~ irracionli.lj,. mmok kiTd' ~nU liJhhrk km:0I1 a:z r" ~ tl,,_lX,,-1 ->--- 0LZ - "0 '" 0 .u..kli
aJg..-hrai ~lIct<-k ...uo... no"ll~" ~'l. Mol n > I rfi,.., .... ..,. eg)l-'~th .. IOk i/o "8,0,0, "".Amok. Egy
pi-lda az
9z oj. ~ = 0 <'IO"'lLlpl. Az ilym SY"'k()k..t algebrw 'rTUClOl'uJJtoIwak ll"......auk. Alg..hrll.l
irnociollllliti..vll II ~.rf1lt,h j",1<iAk Al. Z- - a _ 0 '-"KY"nletck vaJ6.; ,;yOkci. ~iB .... v'ii aWtil
llZ&mok. ha oew rarionilJiNUt.
r-
V'2 =
UU
'iii = 2.154 ~ ..brN im.,..iollilJ.itaz.,k.
Aa>bt a:z im.nonAlilo Il7Amobot, AlnO'lyook U"1ll alK...b.....i m-acionalitasok.
. A : :r = 3 .141592
.c=2.; 11<21\1 t~~~k.
Inm,~"",....k ~iik.
B : .')'z rgkz "ZAmok tl7.r.ll a!apli lopnhIHL..al. ki........, ... 10" ..IakUak Iogaritmu..,a.it. Ir~ ...
'""""'"
1.1.1.3.
Val 6s szamok
_oU o...:z".,. r""ionAli>o "" irrwci<JwUi" ""lilobt '"l{Ylitl

mo.l: IIoIm<wit. amcly.-I [( rd . jdOl iia lr. .
1.
,.,.],0,; ~
mondjuk.fKY kapjuk .. roW-
A la pt ul a j donsA Kolr.
A ,..lOO -'mokaAk .. ko..",k.,z6 alapt,l1Ajc~aiV>UlI1Ilk:

A ,.,.J60.!IZAmok halmAU v;'K1<'1ru.
.~ .".J6o,!IloAmok b.allIlAUo ,'MItlrzdl faa..! 1. okl.).
A Y7L1iM..u.mok haUllIWI Ouw.llll:"oan ~urU {1Md 1. old.).
A ....\600..v.mok ha1mAZA 1~1~.<,n ",nM~u. ""YiIoa ...,..i.m~ miu<kn l'outj.M.ak mrddd ~
-"'" s7.it.m. A rllrionAli.- ~nok I"Jrnaz,Iu-...... Il<'Ill l-rvl-II)"""'.
2.
Aritm{'ti kai mii...{'I.....k
Va",,", lI7.amukkalllZ arilmrtlW nui""lftrk lIulldig ..1vi-gPZhrt6k i'>I mlndig vaJ6s ..umot kap'lllk ."t1'flm....
rryiil; ki.....t ~l .. o-.. ,.J valO (lOIZIAH (lNwl I. old.). A hatVl\.uyoz& sernten "h('h.'g(",. Ami .. tll<'"JonlilN<ai1
illt-ti. minden IKYLlliYY..J600 Ir~..i..mh;,l v"nlL ta 1.<'""".61"1:"" cok l'" V>w. 1.. t..'<MiI.,.,..", 1>rY,.ill .. (I- I) a1ap'l lotl,...
ritmu..... Az 1I.l1l.Ii",i.I<f<7.lUnfr>ftaimAn.. k tr Ahhi Altalfm""itA.""a kornple.r .mirnokhoz ....., Rt <1No<>ntokW r<'ud,-Ik<"m <'-""fiiKl:o halllllWi.t. ahol a < b,;" a Id,d -:>0. b
l'"dig I..hl'l +x . ,n II. b ''''1,.>nh' ,nt<'n""I""'"M u...-..zziik. l" tl""allllnIOl "" a, b v{'!lJ"lfl,,,kW 1.-1,"1
lIL<'gaJui Ugy. hOlO' MrI,j..lI.. ' ,,,..,,iik <5krl S~~lel ' ... f(oJw.rojd w.rt. k"" 'k filWruH uylll ;ulnv"lllllU'
"'"g('l j e101 M,ogk iilvlll>iT./;t'l iillk (II. b) lIIi",lk"1 oldal rol "yilt IIltert'<IJ1"mokat. [,",b). ill . (a. b] FI''J-''yut
mten'all"mokal .... [a.b] z,irl "'t<-n~JI""",hl. Nyilt ;lIlPrvallllmo kr a S7.okA""" mi>g(a. b) hr lyd t ......". /)1.
llR)-,."igy la, b) h..1Y,II ..... [II, b[j ..liil..... Glafiklls Ahn'L?.oIAAnAl,. "yill intl'r vallllmok v"~p<lllljllil nyfll,,KY" kkd .II 7.Art iUl.crWLl1llmok ......R1"llltj.. it kit.iiltotl l'0utokkill j,'loljiik.
A : 52 {~2i3 ~-t(.]>f''' 2iJ = 5 . 52 + 13 fIlnjd 52 = ~ . 13 tdu'll " l<'glJagyuhh ko ",;" ",,,,ti, " 13.
B: l'd rla K.rr", h,'IO' wlla lHrlyi k 1"1'''''1..-u a 1l"~ilU V IlllUadck .. ki>o(.bl. ak w ](lll,.t.ik,l ,'.,. <",.h l ..... 7..ill
folyu. t.j llk wv iihh /\/. "l jiiri"" , A kiilldlllNoi s'l.ItIllIMr 595 (,.. 721; 721 = I 595 ... 126; 595 "':' 12U - 35;
12ti = 4 35 - 14; 3:' = 2 U + 7; 14 = 2 7. IRhat. " l''f,u''l'.'Y"bh kvw.. OS,.10 a i .
3.
Limctort..k
LcIO~'n ;(o
!,ols wl,,!I''II. ;(1, ""1, .... ;lOft 1"...Ii~ I'",.itiv v>llo.. HdLlllOk. Az [xo. x, ... . . x ft ) V{'I,'''''' lii.mtorl .Idi
nk io "'''' 'r;,,1 "'"
(UI
1+-
.rft
'.
Plllf'l_ tOrt: a f<'lt"" ..1 hiztOflitj... bURY Ail a111lr,,1 fdf,,'" torti-nO <'&.~Thb alAkra ha7A~nAl fe-l],Ppo'i
mill'iPlJll"V1"Wpl"U'lfllf"". >L:7-"" Jlf'm O. hiw...... ~ OU 1lI,>J,.Q,-l';lli iI' ].>07.iti....A l&w.1ort <'gy>0!'f'l1. ba mi'g
az i.~ U'\jPsiil. bogy A7. .1:, .1:1.
.rft !'7.ii.mok ~'-"k.
~yilV4nWLIMn minden viog.... ~i tAn..ti>rt ........ rao--iuw\.ll>llldmol aJ.Iit e10. ~I.",rordit va. wiud"n
I'ftcion&Ii>IIlZArn IIl"g"dMti> v~. ~-...nllAnrti>rtkPnl(ponu.an ki1.C& mO<lon)
.
61
.. ,
A: 2 _=2 .:r; = 2 " -6 ~ 2.

3
_2;3.1.6).
3 .. - , .
I
_
..\It&l.aban. ha Uo/u, "!J'~~ilptl a1akhAn fpIfrt r""innAliA..un

t"h.i.t "0 (,.. "I rclati, tffim'"k -.
tovabb3 "1...1 poziti...u.ak v.u-t .... l\Z .. llklirlft<l;j aIt;oritID''''''''' ("""'" ....' nyi ... kiilOnho<i-lt. ~. h", ....
u.-gatlv. akkor .... w """""'IJiik kl lIZ,.JJoontf'tljm. h_n n>Olot /I b-lM.kniI hAny;wJo..->kra van !lZiik.~)
~t kal.juk,
"' ="''''+''1'
..1 = ......I ..3
"!=":J'I2""'"
" r l = 1II,"rl
It, =
0<"1<11,
0<U3<.,
O<""<U,,
It,.,.
<
",_J < II,
",.'-lo,.
IlmibOl1al.'<.<ik. bogy IlG/U, 1iir..'t.Ortkif,jt{w ti'l1Y]"g~ .... hi
1
"'
",_I'" -
",
H.. tI2. Go. a"

, <1"... "7.li.m""llJV\l .....'&t'-Ie II. eg""",,,, k"6\ Kll "" ai, 111.' pmiti>71.k. a k kor ""
."0, a l .... a..
]...",,"I<'1<:'u "I'S'<I:''f(l\Nwl,>rt ;I'ti-k"u " lin"'_oo[lla, aI, ., a~l Zl\llIot " rtjii k. .'1.7. il1.<'lli
T~ =
"l ... , a~l m,iow\li.~ ~~...'" " j;"'llt<ir~ 'H-tlik ..ul"t.. , Ik lli.thatO. hogy TO < T1 < T. <
<
<'1ft < .... T:/.<.-l < T., _I <
< T3 < '.J < <'I. \.<,""' hl "' litll;, ( r~ - Tl_l ) = 0,
Emi" u (TO. rd. (T1. TJ). (r~. rs)
<'gylll....I"". AA,t"lyAmUinu-rvallnmok vPgt.. len ""rOTAta.nmr-lyc kn r k
"lu..,tl,u ko w.. d"Ill" van . tchet l'I f"u ti lim ft _ " , rft tpl)yl,,~ lk "'l.ik,
Er.ek S""riut be rmely vegtelen egys z.. rti l" "" I-iirt m"gh"tAI'I'>1.rgy V.. I""~1.,;,mol ; .... a "7it m miTldi~ in",.i
"nAlis. l\lpgfr>nlit.va, hltrmr ly in""i<>nAlis
'"&.v"rtrlrn'1'1l FrHrhnto v" gl " I"" <'gy"7.('f1; limr l;irt kh,l.
B: .,12=1,4142135 . =(1. 2 . 2.2...):
1"".
"1"'"
c : J5 = 2.236 . = 12,.t. 4.4....].

I + vr;
0: -2= 1.61RH.
[1.1. 1. .. I ... 1.
..t n t",~ hkll
1.
4.
(},,~z .. m " r h.. t&ool>g
A~1 mondjuk.!..'lQ' kd ..u.m........ b ;;, ,u",hhrtO.ll" wt""ik Pgy lJ"ru""lik (' ",.am. alTl<'IYTl<k ",in,lk'" I.."
"l!P:oz """.nlll I.<;I,I-'O"O"'-'i. F:kknr a Ull', , , _ 'll' (m. n Z) ",mit
b-"'~
~~r>ll"ionAlj,.
(1,2)
Ell,'uk,'w ,,,,,t!>rn Q"," ii.,:~",h"rld/,.,..

A : A c.<at.>iJ Y'>" OI ~'u ~ "t lOk i", ,,,, ol<l,,IIlk ~,ItJiThM.1: 1"n l't7.
1 J5
"".ok.lViIIlynk" r..u ti __
,_.
ar"lLvn~....An)'... ~l .. (,10:,.\'
tndjuk. bogy .. w .. tapontumi H II' I'ASZOSZ ( Kr. ". 4.::(0) ' 1-'""U
a pioldit.u r.....ioll.. r..1 all irt""VmAlL~..uunokat
B : A J~....t "tJOjAruUc h<>1<UW\i".k 1..-..t-Ag>lO""-.....r nh!a... tif'n. m<>rt hillly",b<,')'; "'" Jrr"C1onAli.~
<'gy'" f>lJ
l\Z
v'i..wn.
1.1.2 . Bi zo nytta si m odsz...r ek

Un~I..... harom f-w
hi7.onyluo... w6<Ltw-rt km05"'hOzt....iink 1IM'lI::

diwkt lu<>nyilN<.
iudi....kt loi7.omit./io;.,
wlp ill(l"kriO.
wnkiVlil kon!<truktiv ~ Ul'w.kll(1)'lnlktiv hiU>1,)it-ri>l .. """,k.i..~ ~Ini.~.. bi1:on~il""ri-lj .. VIl1aml'
l:n-n matnnatibi ohjO'kt'uli ~nrk .....IAIN.
1. 1.2 .1. Di N'kt bizony ftA....

Egy nW brlY"""",k htmnVlllllM.. Il>ii! (p rdt"""""l illduhmk ki, ~ cbOOl. W':llI tj,ik I.... u>Il)liw.dli I.i1.<'l
(q ftlljl"'~l ~ voIt..t. A kibi kOVt"tk'ltnn. >IOI"i\n f&t""'t az implikaciOt ''''KY "" .. nw",,"ocU<1 .,JJg,J.
m"".l'uk.
a ) D irekt biz(mylta.~ impliUdo IoeKi l,.;.g..v..l: A p _ q .. "plihino """''''''' foolt ....... ~ voIt3h01
ko-t"'"",ik "" AllitNo il"% volta (1""'-1 "l! IU'I,ltkAci/i ig>v..~"'bllwo.t.a -to;oral. 2 3. oM.)
Bi7'Ollylt.an<l"' ..... II ; " ?: J;;b
<'KY,'Ul6tl<.~,
ahoI ..
?: O. " ?: O. A f..h<'W:",,, .... h.,.,.n..k "lfo",<Iun
(II _ b)~ _ Q~ + 2<Ib + Ii' hinnrlliAli.~ k'-I'I<". ltUl('ll'ab ki\"oAA.""val adOdik (II _ b)2_ ~ab : (a _ 12 ?: 0,
..t>bOl ..... "SY'nJ6t.k.,,,,,,,;I><'I1 I....lig .. kOt~,I".o k,f"j<-"Li':< ..Ihagy"'''''''' .lab !i.1\ it.-w. (,. +I;Y>'I ,...Ji> OIIZt"" llt3U
kazVf'tlt""il "l! AllitMt Ju.pjuk. h.... j(VOk....
a ?: 0 .... b ?: 0 miat t .. pmi l;" ..l6j..l....R:7.or!lk'71ll11k.
"""",itI
b) D irE-kt bi7.onylta! ..k"jval.. nei .. ~<>g i tsf.g"v ..l: " hizonyita.4 "r>njiJ;,iJ,i,.nl, ,...,;:vi._ II l,,'l.v~
""K"""iik 1I:""l1k" I' '' q ftlliliul h..l"' "'g.. h61 indulnuk ki. i.,. mf"l.,'111Htaljuk .. p itll;t"" II<"
l..........g..t. .. mi ,...."Ul ....l . ,.,.k .. P _ '/ , h~""ln "1 fNUl.uI""'" ,,,,,-tell 1"11" ,-,,.'1':' '''' &. 1'1. .-,;y arir m,-tiklli
ii.llit'b"AI.....t j'k~lti. 1l<JltY milld"n ki""l>fllflil ><tli.luol....i I&[""'-.I...k. ;ullcl~' a p aIlitii.."1 II q iUlil""l... vi><.<.i
,,~y"rtr l m\1 "1l llwgf"l"Ilith"t',uak kdl l<llni...
1
Bim"vit an<lli I\Z I _ II .,. ,,1 +
< - _ "KY"nlol.l"Il""'g...hoI 0 < II < L
1- "
5wrO"',\'1I (1 - ,, )val kal' juk (wiv d I - " > U. 'I:l c~~nI6tlrn""Iti..1 V,;Jt01".I!an ll l':'tVlotl~~"' , 1""'lm"1!.
(1,971>)): I _" +" _ ,,2+ ,,1 _ "J + .. t,,~ _,,_+1 = 1 _ "A_' < 1
Mivd 0 < "A. I < I. '" iKYn)lf'lt 'R)" lll<'l tl"I1"'gh,>ly"". '''''miuthogy a ""p;r"haj l.uth1Am" llVoi ll"l w ld. "k
egy<'rtdlllli"n ""'Kf"rdl1h" ,j,k . " ,i l't .. kii",lu!""i ''!\.Y'lu6tl'Il''''l': is hely.....
if':""~'liWt.val
"t.
"A
1.1. 2 ,2. Ind lrekt [ell ent.mondas...a l tort.t no ) b lzo ny ltas

A q " Hita.. himll yllru.... ,I,ljft.h"'l" q t"'J,,,h,hol ill, I" lu" k ki. i""ut6bhih61"ID' h "Hli~ r illht"" l'I'.kiiw,k, -".
tet iink, v"l'Si~ q =;. r (1"",11ll"'~ :lIS;'. "l d .). Ekkor ""." llha" ij is h",,,i.~ kpil hogy I'K""", m..rt implikki(,
,~tj"u CNlk harn i~ f" It""""l>llljlltl",tuuk l"'mu; Mlitftsra (1:",,1"'" illlpli"'":i,, i"a """l't"hliV.at{",ak I. .. ",'<I.,
283. old.). 0. , h.. 'I h.. mi~.ltIt k,,1' q ill"" kdl h.>IO' 1"lO''' '''
i-
~Ill. T"ItI'l1k fd iudi ...kt. hogy J2 ranonAl;,.. Ekk"r .,/2 =

I- o. r..!t<-h'1:o,, h,JRY itt ItZ a, b I07AlU"lr. ,..Iali" I"i",./;;. ""llYi. nines kiD; ...
oezrojuk ...tit kapjuk. hogy (.,/2)' _ 2 _ ~. IL:7.AZ .. 2 '"' 2I?, tdlft,1 ,,2 f"\r<'"' ,Am vol"", ami..,.,.k akkor
kht,-~,'S, I... II :In rW""" S......ll. Ekkur a 2
':n~ : 21fJ "'WI "'-n"k .~ loN-'''' _zi\.mnalt kpH..n.. I..",,;...
Biw ll);t a" d o, hog.... .,/2"PIll rat"i"nilli.
"h,,1 a." l'l:i'Sz ""Amok ''S b
Ez llyilv&'llvali>A" "IlPIllmoutlltl,llItJ< .. r..tr..............k. h<'lO''' ,'",,, ,...!Rti, pri"...k.
1.1.2 .3. Tclj es in dukci6

J0;z<-1 .. l>izonvit"'..i mIid""",",,[oh'l\ll 1<.;1,1<-..."1. ""fly k"l'lf',..k..t If.ll.-t bfohi"-'''YI'alli. aJllf'ly<'k tcmltY""""'"
""Amok-tO! fiiAAn<- k. A wl,r ind'~10 ..\...... " \r;iW... k..w:
H.. "l!Y illliw iKa:7. "'KY "" 1f'rt",-",l<'S ""'lIl1l1.. k IlZA1ljt ...~k hArmrl)' n ?: "0 ~'.<'1r.<-'lJlra.,..10:,
hW~phOl kiYvM~k HZ All;l"" i-rWll~~" <lJ: n _ 1 ,oknnt. Ilkkor 113. ,;,ni t"'~ "unn..n n ?: ...
t .. n~ ""Amra igaz. Ez,.k ......rull .. 1""">II)il""" kOvrtkO'M ~,;.,....Jr.t'"' tnrtpmk:
l. Az indukci6 kf"7.dpt"" \1<>gmllL<.ljllk AZ .wilt.... {rvi"UJI'-:'#1 "" n - lie ..... tJ....n_ TObbnyir<' VJ!..
l-thati> no = 1.
2. I nd u kd os ff'lt f' vi's: n-Tf'U iI!lit';'" ~ (p foolt.........)
3. I nd u kc..... illita,,: (n Irre&Z >i.llil<iot ~ (qAlllt ....l
4. A :l implikiciO bizonylta..a: p ~ q
A 3 . .... .1. ~t "RY"tt mJun'; .w....t.k:t~l;,lI"Ir. "") nr151 (n+lr"" \-alti ~t.tntrtf~ .... k llMTZZl,),;,
1
1
I
I
..
B izo lJx itandO "", ~~ = - - + - - - - - - - - - ~ - - ...,...
12 23
3.1
n(n"'l)
11_1
Az indukciM hizoll)'jtiul ~ .. kav.-tkr7.ok:
l. " : 1
.',
= - '-
1-2
'-
nvilYAuvalOAn
1- I .
ill:~
I - --\.I'p'JOo"
"
1 -il>1 .....-tt-n
.
- -n(n ... I)
" +t
_.
,. + I
3. A 2 . a1ani f..ll<....~~ rndlt.'tt '''''1t Jr.,lllnut,atni.I",&-Y '_01 = ~.
, . - 1
. - 1 2
23
3 4
~ , Biznny;t"'~:'A+1
"
,,+ 1
......
12 -<-- N'"
1
(" - I){n - 2)
J. 4 ' .,
n 2 "' 2n _ l
(n ... l)(n+2)
1
'n(n + I )
+ (n ... I )(n + 2) : ~~ ... '1.',- "I)(n

::-0;;
+ 2)
("","1)2
(,,+ 1)(" 2)
n+ I
,,2
1. 1.2 .4 . Konst rukt tv b lzo ny tt a s

EK,.v ,ogzl.""t..ncilt bironyita.~ml .. kkor mOll<lj,;,k, 1ltllO' /;;n,...trul-tit. h" ..ljAr....1 i~ ad .. ""~t!. lIlItt<.mllti
ohjf'kt\11U el<"ili.llita.w".
Ko n- tmkt fv him" yitAAr"I""I<la I\Z "llkli<l....1.; ..JK'>ri tmllA. IImdy ,".A!t<Li hiwnyitj a kH '#"'1. "".ii.m
I''gllltltv<,hlt kiw"," OI<l.u\j!i.n" k Ii- tf7';;";'t, h"!O' ''II:.'' "IjAr,...., ",I 11 tinyl,I!.'"'li....llitiL'ra.
1.1.2,5 . Ncm kons t.rukt lv h i7.onyft.fu>

N"mk"ll, tm ktiv 'Wfi~"t<.'Jl(,ia"iwlJy lt""rll ,,{,I.lnlt;l; EHOOS r AL ft.!t"l k,M1..m(>lly"z,!.t an . vaj{"".illlhigi
m{"-j,.,,,r, am..llyd (,~ hi.. ." nyit j"k 1" 'ltl""I,..I"u tUlaj d"ll..Ag,i P;lit.f lit,,i ...... t. h'>g)" !,.,..d tllllii.ljuk a kf'........tt t"l"j,lull.""~a1 "em 1'~ ",I ..lk"'f.ll RI'M"k"t ,.", ,, kI'lltlt t f" !"" llt~.,.l(", .Jj lt. IJ< ~ ,,~'k ""Ill Id l,'!.w' k
l>llllyia". mint"", iiss;r.,,,, wti,h ajo vo p;rfU.
J.
I, I . E'EN'" ., z,im"M.vic\ f..1ira..arll.lI
D<ofinicio
~.,k rUvid f..!irMA.a ..
+ a" =
L_
".....""nJrlpl hMznAljuk:
"1"1
L ,,~ , kiejtv.. >CZIlIl'llIa k "ftVt'IOO I-t.6I n-ig" in<Wx k
( 1.3)
1. 2 .
n ) ~l jo.-lOli A k "7.AlJlOI /uLO"'b.Il...s.... U1Dn"...
mlt" ...uak I~i\k _ H" /I ""'UllllIla;m.,... """'l': lI.Ital&u<.-blWUI
"I P"
n < t. Akkor ddilliciO -nllt .. "zUllllWO iTl.<'kc U.
tAg (1-
Ez " rovidit;'" '1 darab
L:..,
2.
Szamolasi szabalyok
1.
E K) '..nl6tllgokO:-regt" ""lO'i~d.
.
:L:l4 - 1I..
'4. kicjtV<' prodllktlllll k 'ltY<'lI]u l-lJil n-ll" iIldt-x k
(1.:;)
~,
....v.r..llf'k vaY u ..mmo.-
.... =
n prnJ,lkI""'rl..' hAA7nAIJuk:
F,7,. A r.willi';'; n wab ... ';'uy.-w (.I; = I. 2.

. n ) ~"ruo.lAl jdoli. A Ii """-'not /tJfiindurK'k v,.,;y ..
prnd.ik t ...n ,...te.o+Il<'k Ilt'~..-aiik. l u. a:t iir.... prndukuun ku'kr dcfin.ido '"""fill' 1.
2. Szarnolas i szabalyok
L E gye n lO t e n ye zOk s zo rzat " . -y iM .. . _ " . hA l
1.2
,n:
n..
~ = e-.
( 1.63)
~,
a.ba.t=1.2.
2.
Kon ~tans
tenyt>Z6 k i.. m .. 1eMo
{ I .k}
( l.tihl
~ ,
3.
F...l bonw ri'sz,szol'Ult okr,.
.~,
L "' =L lI~ +
I tl
0. ,
.
L
4.
0,
_. ,
( l.oc )
E gyen l6 t agszamu lIzol"Zato k lIzonat,.
_L
s.
)- L ",+L b
"-I
5.
(1:5 ... <n)
.... ,
.... ,
(1.6d)
... ,
(1'IZ ~6o"g kit old&la f("Ioocr-r:-IhrtO) .
("" "lO...
.~,
n..w-o- ... n...f] 6.f] ...
( 1.4.-)
(I5:m<1I)
_.,
rr =rr ~rr
( H I.)
,. ,
L>'* ~
A t s zArnozas
n..~=
( 1.4<1)
. .. ,
..-.-,
II
"" -" - +1
.~L_
llto..'>s ki-l "ld.w. r" ],,,,rH lwt il).
6.
...
fl ... = f]
~_
( 1.6c )
0..... 1
Szorzat sorrt>n d j e ne k megforditA.....
A tszJi.mozh
( U'O
.~ .....I
... 1
It _I
or j
L "'-- L...
,....
"'H ..
7.
(I ,fig }
,~'b'
L UI'=L uHl'.
(Uf)
LL"" =LL"'"
. -1 1
"""" eRY tAbl........"..1"IIlt-it i;...../A,,,lh..t juk ,'ltV iI<. hUjQ' ,I,;"Y

.vr.. ""roka t o...'~'1\,,,.ziik ;.,. "llVi~ . I,,'K.v dilo<,;~;r
"" ,,"7.l0 pokat .
hl.-.'
lI.Z c1u-m .u po nt (1. 1,3.1.) i . ~?AhR.IYI\ \It,,,,i I!IcK,jcgy"'''''t.

U that6 , h"KY 1\ flZllmml\rll;'" II pro duktumre, vO IL"tk,,/i, lI""I J,uyo k piol<J llki'nt
1U';';~dl""-ll '"I. "t6bhillk iR min<lkM, ir flnyl ....n w...zuill,,',,_ k.
Jk;d
m"~d"ltet h,,tOk
"" t<>r-
1.1 ,4. Hatvanyok, gy oko k, logar-itmusok

1.1.4 .1. Hatvanyok
A "'"I ",i" y,,~,i, t , mint Il1l1vdetl'I. ,.,.. II~ lr ...."n" ,I<1 ,,] j.-kiljiik Az a ...dUlL HI'V" II/li p. r Tl('\"(' kit e'-D, v{1\i il
u' n.'v" hl\l.vilny_ A hal.v"'''' <ldin ki<'JjAt, ,,1. 1. 1. tAblA zat ..<lj a m'-g. Ha t viln yokra _figy"!o-llLl1Jd "" ala"
,... a ki t<'vti "'rt..lmp?i'>li tarlolU.'mY'm. , ,, ki;vr-tk,>?1i N t./ll nu hl.~ i lIza lUl]yo k i']'v{-n)" ",,'k;
I. A.n tmdiktJ
1.1. tAhllw.l, A ""tv{mv rldiulciojll
..Jap"
t<-L-<wlrK.... ....u... f. U
hl<"oOr
1l.tIt""n!l"~
,, =-1.-2.-3. ...
r....iouAli><,
~I lv"""""
b" - r
.-0
(p. Ij ~. 'l>O)
~-
(q-N1ik gyok a a p-ffiilwo )
2.
fun ....
.-~
lDCIt<t ~'tllk ):
pa.tlti\"
(1,I....)
klgr- =nklgr.
,,'b'= (aW.
b'=Gf
O7 j
jl 9 )
(I lU )
(1.11)
> O. V>l!(..;
~Iog,-1og2-1og:-3Iosu
3
3
l<1g ..--2 .j"j
h~
3. A k;ilOnOO7.o ajap"logaritmlll.ok I\fAny<>l'l'k <>gym",""". ltl{Vb"lP1o:f. a alal't'" vntlAt kozi>logacit nu~"""

iR)' t<dunithawk ki b alaI'" logMitmu,"ok ""Ri"""gf.v..L
I
AAol. \f=loK,.b=--
(1.l5)
''''.
Az At ..urnol tr"nOlZfonw"j"" m,,.juhl><luUt II< hivjAk
1.1.4.4 . Specialis loga r-it musok
' 1 > 0, "!o(i",~)
(1.12..)
.-\70
("
- log (Jr.,:li) -\of: (2: u") -
lo~.r =.\ f~.r.
pOl-it lv ",-,u""t 1\'- <I ~II n-.. hk Il:yiik"n"k rnOluljllk. Ki-zAmitiWiml J qyiib,,,,,tiHul l""",.;];iuk, i". .."
a S"/~1.1Il,,1 q~I;;J'l"l ,UII/I.! ""'''''Y'''''!1,,,,k, ,,,t 1',,,lil': qyijU,lmii"" k hivjllk . A 2, h< Il:L j{yiikot niyy:d!i!i(i,hlPk . ill . .!:i;"'Jyi;Atwk i~ ",\'("~~.iik.
(J
101 ~
Gyakrll./l VJlll """ k,..>g II. for-.-litott it.t1I1AkitMr.... ""Yilt klilnllhmil I\tI'fIny~k logaritm'l-'OIlitlJlnAIII\1l7.o
kif..jn-J>o< ..kWliuiWa <'g.WI.lPn kif..jo-lb IogAlitm.uwcffit.
. 1og3 ... 2Iogr "'
Az 1 1. tlob lb/lU ll1~hlUljl;h,,"IOl'.
,r" ""
kif..j<>7hloglllitlll1lAAnAk ~tiLr<w.a-:
1.1.4.2. G yokok
(a
a;:-;:
> Oj
+ 1.1.... n !"'"'"
- I. lIa n 1.... "'tL..u.
( 1.I4h)
Ahhm.. bog1.' (1.14a.. 1.14b) ""Iti'-'*'l'!.......1 ~k ~ km;'n~rk ""-ltmuMt """ll tudjuk k"",,,ni. f'\OItlIi>r~t&~. hall)~ krll Okrt "tAWtJtani. h...lrbct .
I
- 1otl;3 - 2\of:.r ... - log, - log 2 -Iotl;: - 3 los Il.
",' f"k'jt~ijk d. lK>gy nO . ) .
if<i
\Ii - -lot;
r
n
( ha * O).
Itt In a 1l7." ,..,.... m t.rrm"""'~ loF:..ritulu..........t = 2.71S2-'1I82M59

Egy ~r-'iAlj,. hllt"A"y" kii.....tkrx6,
(-tr =
~....n klg
(1,S)
u'
(a')' : (a')' =
/l ="'...(
(bA a"i O).
w." b >L1a.p
-I
2. E:gy kiWM b Il\Ilpra VOIlAtkozO ~11TIl....-.kr ll." k;;,,?! k-'5 ~ i lIZII.h4lyok kvkt)""""f'k (fIZ alapot
hlll~
q,.
{I.lJ b)
1<.
A logarit musok uehany l u la jdonsa.,;a

YoVI tMw.5l,.,...,. p""'iliv ..u.l,r" ''OM11I<"" IogAlitmllM. kl..........
I . ~lindrn poriti..- l<ZOimruJo:
~ -><
G' G- _a'-'
~,r -
boo'l. SJ>r.;Aliooan
all ..
log..1 = 0 . Iog..b = 1
( Ll Jo-)
A Iolr;Mitlll'''' n<"gatlv Mgmrwntmnokr" ""II> kitM"J"l'71 ......t-" koml'l<>x "7-illnnknl Vl'llI "'Iiik<i-g.
~. ",k.1I Dlf'nnyi.~ k>garillllllAAn1lk 1ll,,"/JlapltWl """nlm....ir-n-M nrk nf'v,'ullk . Igy hl..-ha.tjuk
I1Wg rgy Ioglllitmnst tartAlrrl"".o kif..j<>7....." "k ILl ( I I~ I Uh) k"J>lru'k "2"Iinti Atx\&kftiAA.t is. Egy
IIl<"IllIY~ logaritmu....aMI VRlO mrghAtArozA:<At IuIr ......,..:,a..ruJo: _a'-Th .
llT"" io"ali>.
..za- =.......
<lO-~IlIot"i'l ki;,~tkt7.lk
(1.l3a)
c.. megr"r.-litva: a mlL...-..-lik "l!J""I,,tMl kii....tkp'ik
Ihlyf'7fi
a~=~
l-i.,/3
I. Definicio .-\z .r > 0 ""Am b > O. b f 1 01"1"'" v""l\tk",z<' 1"'1''"t",,~.<iu. k"plM.l""ll: II = ~.r, "" ~
'" kit","'t ;'rtjiik. llm..lyw ... b al"p"t h"tv>;'uyv~1lt kl'll. bUKY Il7. r !t>'~mot kapjuk. Tr b" t a
". =,, ,, n ___ . a (n az n-,,,Iik,.-,. )
n =L 2.3 ..
l ... iY3.r2- -21",rl
A"rj=-8''lI..V""!,,tharolllgyoJ,;,':T t
1.1.4 .3 . Logaritmusok
villi", vn~y k<,lltpl" ll ...
> U,
vra
"gh<.)
(l.I'lh)
"!Of('ll!d n"'g"l,!a..... t &yI\krl\lI I<l. r =

".\Ilklulll hjnk P'l ;\0. d6;'lIita.~ 11 ~~'''nl'I,r~ <'rti'k"t kl,l'v;,,-,1,
alll,.]y,'k"t tWI':"11vv"IO' k"llll''''ll (J (,ttl"k ,.,'din (1. 13Jh) ~7o"rillt (la.....l J 8. 01.-1 .) kd l k i""illnltnlli.
1. A 10a!"I"""Amra vonhl.kow logari tmu""k>tt Il':,.,. al"I'oJ v"lO" (lR IGGsFlt 1t'Y'mh""""Aw.k nevezxuk.
J"l"!;";;ik:
logll, x :lgx, ':",f" lllu'in Ig{rIO") =Cl+lg.r.
2. A~, e "j hl", ...A lIlrll vOllatkod, l""ari tm"""k>tt " 'n ",;,' ::d.,'. "'40'
zii k. J d ii!h<;ik:
lol(...r = ITI.J" .
A t "rrnl'-sz" t"" l0f0\acitm\l'O k.at
"1,,p{lIlkh.. Atviv6ntotluhlM
I
.If = Igt : ,.= 0 ,434Zf1--1--11l19
(1.16)
;.lA l'lr.RFI,lng"ntm,~,o kllhk
n"v"z ( l.I 7)
tf,.,,,,
udO
( 1.1 ~)
10
1.
1. J. EI..m, uamola-",
Antm~laka
- . .!. - = teto ... 2.302"i<,-"l93O.
(1.19 )
.II
3. A 2 ~"n, vonatko"w:' lOll:llJilmu..okat /;,11, . alapl; log<lrihnu.."hJ.ak1I1V<,a'ik.

J ..luli...ii\r.,
IoKJr-W.r (nfim klg,,r _ lbI ) .
(1.20)
-I. A tizP:< '""r>'~"''' t .. rDI'_ .... i"llllntlnll".,kroIIOf"ntm ..... ttibiazalt>! illf"k n'udrlk."-,",",. & ...krt \co.
r""bAu e\o5Iozoo...tdt.I..lb.Imazt.u: MtVlinyok kitcziunol"'<;\'r>\ v,.,;y ~
ta.." k "'~l"'k
IllCI'\k";IWyi~ l.<,I:ti.ibl>o<li>r" tI7.....,.]"P...loK...-itm,l'l<>kat hasLn.ilt3lr. em' .. <+Ir MM"" Zl'O'~
~k'" >OUflwlyi s;Wuili~k "logaritUlll.'lLi.bl&&tokat nagy mmelr.bo-n ki."7.OIitott.Ak a I'iAlnolNo
O'ZkiW.., kO:i:iil.
MIIl(wn 1><Jll.lt[v t~ tilrt. v~j" wind'-lI vI\Iilo ,.,..Aul (lb b...ll az ,-,fiIM....h.:,,,
j,. Il>OI.Id
jilk) "lO' l; ~ luuoroj([ 10" tv..", luo.tw.ny ki.-~I doallitru.to a:z
"""",",-.nak
h
E
r _ ilo", AhoI lSi < 10

(1.1110)
fpl~ Io,;ari.llnik.... ..wr.houl_ Itt IIIt.Z r u"'nn~1 I ....am,;..gy,.iIlf'k lII>l'02.ata IuoI~A~. 10" ",,"1i:B r
-y...og"D<I!'t ~AkatJ" .oUt kapjllk. ~
Igz=.t+lgi, AhnI 0:S!i<l. ~ IlI:i=O..
{1.7t h}
A k.....unnt .l..na1kruztWin..U.1i llU-dn;-.,5 'Itan ano !Wi.wjeg)',.,"",Atal l"'..li& ..... nt~....t<iu..U Ilt"'o'("Ul-llt. Uthbl"t a ioKAritmut4hlA7.atbOl J..~ 1PnI""",ni.
19324 = 25105 . whAt .. k.v&kU'nlOZtib'1 IDAlIt~ 5105 ..1\ IO"DII'I v..I6 ~ ""&Y--tiIM.AI k~ -wlOlr.. pl. 32..lO; J2~ oro. J.2~. O.0J2~. logaritWu..&oN< maZltiawija ''lYIlIVIZ.--hinktJm 5105. do> bnUtwrioll:tibja k,iJnnholorii. Ez.'ort .Iofanlm,,-.~oklvut .. maZlt~ V>LIUlU:
frh,iuwtYle. A IDAlIt..... IoroI-wrt4l1Of"lTl .. tiu-dn.~ hPlvM. w-w. !CI4mtOllWr.. ""ttY )Obbr. 41....
uulWuot th,.J"'ktv.. al~d6tli DlIllii.t) D<'ID kdl ~~J..mh<-.....nni. Ezook ~t.4roaott T nu
UlO'I",1'Ihooo taIt<JIO k k-rAkt.'ria.uikA 1Dl~.il-A.<oAA4l ~~.
A !ogarilm'uonn klvid ivn f,mto- t<7luuolMi ""'g~"'" volt a log",ik. A IogAfIN milkf><i("o<!l<"k ,,",'J"
"'" ( 1.I ~ ..) ki>p101 ....m.ly H ... t&+ U'>l:li. bolo !IZOI7A.... kat "" -.l.uUookat ~....li><;"" k,,,,,,,,,,,, 'ilj,v,..+!t'=uuk ..1. Ezo'ft .. ~101i<'<"", .. ~k logarilmilru>.l.,.l.ikl-.m ,,,,,,nAk fr!tU.llI.h.. (Iko<l Sk4l.... k
fi:igrenYP"J'irok. I HI.01<1.). ,jlQ"hoRY l\Z ...nluett ..,..JunoIasi mrlv..l.rtck ~ .o.-...N:l.........." "' ..lei
von/I.w.. .....,.rth.otOk vi-...
r-
I. Algebr..i kif.. j,,k '"'Vf"l:fl1lk rgy ""lO. tii"" alf!;rhrai m..nn~itoo'w't..I,L ...Junot vagy hrt(\""imbOhullot, ILffiPI~krt,,,,i ktirl..k.pl. +, - ... :.
~th ....alaruint. az alwhr,u m,ivrlrtrk v,lgfPh..jtAAi
",orr<'u<ljrnrk lI~h",tl'roZ/V.4r .. ~",",If!;H.I" kiili",nfrl<- r.ar6jr!,k kapcsolnAk ;;,...q....
2. Aw nOtfllAg ",zoIYI\I' ''RY''lll&q;i 1uI",,,..,I,,t kct nlgdJmi kil<'j,-.ti", k...." ,tt. ,m",ly rrvrnr\>o'n m........\.
h.... lwlll" ""A'ff'1'11'i hrt'l~zillll",ln",,,kat t<tl<7.o1,'R'''' "WJ.Il"rt"k..kk..J1,,lyMtro;;tjiik
3. Eg.}'1"I11..II,r k I\" ....o;eullk ..!t'>. f'g),ul......g:i 1u.1"",olat.ot ka ;u.,"<,hrni kifrj""", k07i1u. I"." k,,!'....,,];,t
(az _,n"""'~!I: .....tit<'Il "lthl'io'lI) rsak CIQ'<'" "l'...,iAli~ i>rtfkck bdJt'iy ..tt<'!<it......' ''''''I,'n mamd i'rvi'lIY'''',
Pi>ld" ul '''... gyl\1.<>n wUww k/t fiiAAV{'uyc k<>lillI.i
"
"
e,
A
'"
F(.l'} z/(:r)
1. Fd ru e n nyiseg.. k F6r"....."1.."Y...(-,,rk n"wuiik AW1u.t ~ A1ta14uot< ~t (hctU.~".il"bOl1\mo

kat), nmclyrk =..-int S\Z alltch,'" kif..j~k """tN)~""""'" tOrt"nik: ....~kct wimlen "lO"'" .......b." kliloo
ffif'8allapitani. F iiggvi>nyrk ....."'n .. fiiggrllrtl V1iJtuz6k .. f/'ilnll'lll\)"i>oft!:..k. A tOOhi. "".amokkallll<-g he
Jlf'IT1 h..lyrtt....itctt ,"''wyi....-.g..k" kif.j.-u-.. pammrl..-r,,. ~ kif..,....,Ao"khcn .. paTlUll"t<'fPkpt ~t
bon
ltat"1,,,ak
,,,....,.Lik.
E,;yiittw.tok It'p....k f..1 pl. poIinom.. kblUl . FOURIER-"""..k""" ""!il\f',m,. diff,..-.'UcWpgyt'nlrt..klwn.

Egy kifr~ .uoll'liggOo-D tArtOlik ... "lO.i!r. ""KV mMik ,..dalyboz. I'Ir>&Y f/'i'D<'nlly;"''gt-in mil:wn m.'I",*1.. 1wt lu-II ~-."gr ..hajtaui.:\ f<'im<'Dnv~'k'-" t.>bbnviff' a:t ~ "tow. hPt;'livrl: T.II. :. II. t' . . . "
pIU1Ul>i1....-Nu.'t a.z cl>.O !>PI,;kk..I, II. It. c_
j ..IOIJilk. AI. '". II. p. . . ..... lilk..1 po:<ilivcgo'sz parlUIli'tl'l"kt"kPkT1'. pl. iiM<zqo;......i ... it~ inc\cx..k... t-D4\jnk ~"kaL.b.
2. Radonilill egesz kif..j<-"o>-k &Wk. A/llPlyo'khrn .. f&no>nn~ ~ kivowi<.a .... '<:Wfza...a.. .....
Dt'UlIll"gJ\tiv fOg"""" kilrviSj(\ h..tv~n);.....w.t. fordul"""" ..16.
3. RAc iomi!i.. t or t ki f"'j<-" ........k .. r....io,,4.li>< ."11: kif..,..u....~I ...nlik'lt m,;vrkt..k..n kf> iil a fOOlf'DYD~kkf'l..,ooot<.dil.~t i>o tArtAlma:ltnalt. h<-In'rt a ~..Ifv ~ k;1..wj'l ha".....~......a.<l "" ee-tenkent
f6u...nnyi.~ck raciou.ali. cg..... kif..~.~ ,-..10 .-,t""'l
4 . Irracion1ili3 kifejez""'-'k ,..llPmWjr.IQ'Uk....... Vll@Yl>.tilrtkik'v6jl1 MIVAnY""...... pon~
.. frnn.-nnyi.~rk nociou41i;.~""" '-...0- tOrtkir..~ihl'il v..I6 ,;yOkvouJ,.;t.
:>. Tnmszceod",rn; kif..j .. ~k , ""IlY ""p"',..Ot"iAIio<. ~I"illl.''''", trigOOOtnrtriku:; kiW.iezi-k:
oIyan ~hrai \cif"r"""kPl tArW.ma>:nalr..... DII'IY"kll"l" MmL'flllYi>o'vk lr.il....OhPn. ~till""jel alan
vagy ~i'fl)..k Mgtlmrnt"mal....:nt _ff'J...In..k.
If'frt...,.
1 .1.6. Racio n a lis cgesz kift'jf'zioM'k

1. 1.6. 1. EI6allitas polinomalakban
~lil>do>n r""ionAJi,;.-g<."= kif..~t .. IPffii atA1alr.it...."k. ~ "1;)'1\f'f1I11 tag... ~vona.-. ~~ kif.j.-Y-k;.,. poIil101nok ...........~ kivon4Nl ""' ~ r+vffi. polinomknl1 Ichct elt'ialliunL
(_a' _ hr 2 r _ r ){-k 2 &U- ) _ (a3 ,? ... 2a'r _ 4ar') -Ia~ + -kI''? - 4ar') =
'" _4a s -+ 8<l'x _ -tu2 _ 8<l 4.r -<- Ilia'? _ &u' ... a3 + 2<lJr -.$aJ"' - a~ - -ta 3
-tar' =
= -oo~ _ 13a'.? - 2u 2i3 - Mr'
r-
tl"'" dOailithAti>k "lI3~,i kif,jt-,w,..,k ft< poIinnmok .....or""u.kent. EhllP7. ""1':00

,..zko-,iiI .. .h ..m..I"",
r_'01"'m, I'!M. "T-"iMi. lu'plr!.<'k. tovRhbli. at t4Y"nl"' ..k. <iltalarwb luLt),wn..a'lui
!<ZOlgalnalt.
A : Ki..nIP1...., 8ary - lib.r'y + 4r.r~ = 2T2(4<l1l- :JbTr + 2l'r) .
B : ('.oport""ftA.~: 6T 2 + Til - Y - lOr: - 5y: =
t 3TN - 2XII - ,; - lOr: - 5yz
= 3T(2T + y) - y(2r + y) - 5:(2T + y) = (2r .. y)(3T -11- a:).
C : Egy..n!..ltnlajrl"'tAAl\okalkaltll.....a..... (1Mrl m"" 0\2. ,,1<1.): P(r) .6 _ 2r .. u' + 2c J - Sr'
II) r 2 ki."",,!;.,;,.. b ) nIlD"k lIl<'l\a.ll"pit""". h"KY (), = I hi "2"" -I" P(T} = 0 "KY..llldllek gynk..i.
P(T).('t clo-ztve az. r(. _ I)(r + 1) "" r" - r 2 kif<'jMii_'l it;\ r - 2T + a hany"d""t kapj llk. Ezr
Ill;"" ,,,'m leI,,t. t.ov"h),i ""1,,,,. t.;'ny..,<'Ik", f,.Jl~'lJt"ni. mrrt l' = - 2, q = ;,<
q < O. t...hat a<!Otlik:
r'! -2r' + 1..-' + 2.r" - ;,.2 _ .2(. -l)(r+ l){r 2 - Zr'" a).
A VOlillOllIok !'Ok
1.1 .5.2. ..\Z algcbrai ki fejfi'zesck O!'ztalyozA.sa
1.1 .6.2 . P olinom fe1honta...a lcu)"czokre
1.1 .5 . A lge b r a i kifej<>z{oM"k

1.1.5.1. D efi n fci ck
11
molAAokat. ~I;"';kor nlyan iitalakitw.,a "1\11 "ziik";";'illk. lUudyn<'k WII;''T<"lm''ny.- kiiliiniWn alkahn""
"iY""wtme,;olJa..ra.lognritm't,Iur<""...r... ,jilfPT.."l"ial""nl. illt<WalMr.. st.h,
.. tiz"" .ullp,",wt" t"rlI1"""",_'kt... Atvlvo I""'!ig
u,
~~"b;ily"J:
( 1.22)
"lO"lIll'il'<{-gi 1u.p"",!"t.,.,t nkkor lU"1I.1jnk ,9y'~"'fnlknc.' egYfDlelllt'k. It.. ,,,,,,ka ..hh,wll mp"li"t,lu-01'<>1.t
hV'k"i 1II.1I..1.1. t...lj,,,,ilL II.. a:r. "1\Y"IlII'i!lf~i bw"",lat. az T valt,>'w 1...t"A'II'I;\'''' "r l"k,' mdl.,u ill"'" lnl\l'l\<l.
akk,,1' ""'''Il'-'l';l1IUC I",V'"l-;;iik, VAg)' azt " ", ,,dj nk, ho!!:y l\Z .. g,,...,,l..t ""on.""", t..lj,,,,iil.
4. A aonos 4tll lllkft.aH "11:"1>l'>\i kif..j,",..",t. ""..,.uk. ""Ic azonosan "IG"'nlO kif.1,"tJ.,.l,.. vi><,. lit ,4.7. ily.."
;,1."h,k[t.......,k " k,i....I.<'U ,.Nt.61 fiiRg';"1l kii!<;ubiil<'lk ld",tll"k. P"ld[,ul "'-,!lit....giikk..l ..ovid,.,.,h kif"j'-li'""k.t. ny..rhdnllk. ,..,. IIQ' kontly.'hlwll IIdy,1.t,.,.ith..tiillk be Rzalll,,1u.t vRgy Y{II;,,h.,tilnk t."v"),!>i HzA-
6r
r; -
1.1. 6.3 . Sp cclalis kcplctck

(r y)2 -=r1 2TY + 1/,
+ zjl = r 2 ~ y2 +;2 + 2Ty+2.rz +Zy2,
(T+ Y
(1.23)
(1.2-1)
12
.\.~
I,). EI......
I..4.n tmd t.l:"
(x
[z
(x
+ Y +., +" .... t + ,,), '" r: + 1/' + :~ -.-.". + t 1 +
y)~
I"
+
+2ry + 2n + ...... 2ru +'211' + ... ... 2yu + . ... 21".
(z y)3 = x 3 3Jly + 3.rY I
kiwj...u..t /I. bioonlui.]u. tj.l .. llfll..het kil<t.alnitani (1iI....-l {1.31aH 1.31<1)1.
+ 1I)(z
-.\I)
z"-11___
,-,
,cA ...
-II,
""' ,,--I + r--111 ......... ry"- ,
=.?
( 1.2.;)
"
(1.26)
... ,.~l.
I
I
,,
;1"--1 _
,",
s" - y'" =
I--'1I
.1'--1 _ ....
,+,
-I-
;l"y--1 ... !i-I
" +- _ Itf--2
_,.-1
(csak pilTatl<lll n-re] ,
(1.2'9)
J"'LroI' "ore)
(1.30)
10
10
(:)
(:)
20
rs
(:)
(:)
....0 >V.C
16 mindeu
El,,6 b inom iAli. k40p"'t .o\l
( o. ')" ,. 0" ... tId-l~ ... "In - 1) <1 ,,- 212 ... n(n
+.
...
2) q"_3/)3_
l )( n
2'
n(n-I1 .. In-,n, I ) ._ ....

Q.
m'
(1.3310)
3'
-.-
+ nab~1
... b"
(1.3111.)
(1.33b)
k.,,1f>Wt """"'"""" li!rlno-lc n....'f'7OZlik, A tcl.-! mindrn ~ ~'lwrnplcxa", b""Ji.mra.. to....,.... mindPn n = I. 2.... fi1iokn- ~_ ...\ rovid<-blo iTa..mo.i kNh"""rt ~P<"<"iafu; "R"litth..tOkAt W"Z<'tt4'k bl-. '"
1n.......1Iil il'9JUttAaloi"t (!Nod (1.32Jo)):
(a -W =
....
(~)a (~)a.-lb+G),,-2b2 ! _(;)a~l~+
(1.33<.:)
... +(n: l)ub"-I+(:)b"(I.Jlbl
(l.33d)
(1.J:k)
(a_w= t(:)a--lbl
1'-3l<')
(1.3Jf)
kl>plpt
2. ~IModik binomiali5
f1 l< l<Z (1.31.. H 1.31r) kPI.k-,..Ir.bffi"blllZlUuot .. -b1lZ&Lllmal hdyrt
t<>:<itjiik. ka.pjuk .. nuiJoadd blhm,util... Upl..,....:
n(n -I) ..._1'; - n(n

(a- ')~ =a _-na..-Ib + --,-,-a
(a-b)" =
.-
J~
= (n
00
..
()"."
+ ... + - I
,,,!';,}"
(;){_ ltQ~_lbl
Binomialis elO'utth at6k
(~)
rn'
2) a a-~b'
l ){n
...n(n- I) ... (n-m+ l) __00
+ +(- 1)
J.
1.1 .6.4 . Din omialistN('1

I.
G) C)
(:)
(csa..k
v" =
, ,
"
I
( 1 2l'/
13
Egyiitthatok
( 1.27)
1U.iJy"k
_n~)!k!
( 1.3-1 )
( 1.31<1)
Ii.. " {", A n',m",gl\ti' .. g':"", s7Ji.m. a:t:
/akl"ririJunak hrvunk :
(n= 1.2, ... ).
(1.:.!2I.)
Ddinkiok;'nt
(1.32d
IlZ
l'gy""V'-IA'U
PASC A I , -h"rY",~",ogbol [..h..t
3'
"' __5
16
A binomiali" ..gyutthat6k tulajdon" Agai

.
... A hino miaIi. cgyiit th"ti>k 11.1, ( 1,311\) hiu"lllialis k...pl.... kiYIRl"'ig niiv,k""",,,k. onnan kl"7.rlvp p",hg
( 1,32>0)
(O:S k :S III
O! = 1
A billommlis ''KYiitt luo.ti>k ht...kt>t
1(_1_ 1)(_1- 2)
~,
kif..j..zi<t b"",miriJi.< r.'1yijllh " trinl\k n..'.../.ziik. It t n' a pw .iti v ..ge"z ~,Ji.m()k SWl7.a t a I-tol nig. am ,l)"!
"' = 1 2 3 ... ,,
!<vlv""n;:
I'
csOkk" " ,,~ k ,
... Awn ' "w>k hino miAli" l'gyiitthat6j .., " lIl<'ly.. k II. hinumiflJi . kf1J["t d t'ji1.61. ill, ''''g''',01pgy" n[o tavol""p;ra vanna k, rgy mAAAal "p;:I"nlO,
Az n kit~v6hijz tarto"" hinUIlliali~ k"'l'kt h.." " hin o miilli.. E')!,yii tth" t6 k o....:t.Pg.. 2" ,
A parat lal! OOnl"fu",, hply..n a ll" hillumj.. li.. ..gyiitlhat6k O""ZA'p;.. '10""" 16 " l'MOl'I IlOn<:7Ji.m,', hdym
All6k O""z~p;hd .
5. Binomialis sor A bino miAli.. t M..l ( 1 ,3\1\) kl'l'l..ti,t "''I':lItiv l.< tOrtkil."vokrp i.. ki I" h,t te rjesa t.. ni.
A Ibl < a """"t.... ll (a + b)Z"'rt{-ki-t (1.3Jr) millt"j " l"a "g)' k"n~ng" 11" ~~gt"l ..n !lOr, 1\ h", o1'1",i1,.. , nr (IAArl
14
J. A ,.,t", d lk"
lOn 01.1.) ",Ij .. II",,;:
1I1i-g
(a ... 10)" _
f: (:)'I~-lb'
_a' + ra'-lb"
.~
r(r-I)
- --II
2'
._2d
0- -
r(x -I)(.z--2).
"
3'
I\ ;' t. kro-.iif;;
1. OSztO .... toh rn.l OrOfl A f'\,r) I~>lmurn ,_tll..16" Q(,r) (Q(r) ' 0) polillOllUU.u. ha wl,,,,,ik oIY1\I1
T(r) pohnom.lUll..lyro'
~~::
.....kkor
I (Om'lluyi,i-gg.. l r..n<!plk..-m polinorn hAny"<t,,...;,t 001,;,11 tiirtrwk 1l<'\"f-~J.iik, 1ma .,cimL\.lohall
aJ.!6 polw.,m lIlarsonvahh f"k'i. min t a nf'\~WI"'ll"lIo, r U" lIk.',w ,.... tl ...11 <i!tm1r/'iIIwl</;'hlnk . ~l illu.Jl
1.1.6.5 . Kiot polinom Ir-RUaK)o h h kozos oszt6j ft.nak m c g ha ta r o za sa
P(r } = T(r}Q{r)
A racio nalis egesz res z lIlt>g ha t aro d l.->a
1.1. 7.2.
'.'
a1tOrtf.'lbOlithato pg).- valixli lort .... 1'\0" poIillOlllo-:,."r;Prf' IU.li!t.u. bot:..v ,,><Ziutll...V ,poIinomot f'lc-ljnk
a nf'......J.Opolinomm>'<l . '""f';Y~~ !,'..A!Ju:tj"ka rl.ci"'lli.!u.~ ~t. to'ltdl" kiiJOn~ o-bm tart ';"'f'miatt
lIZ a8'~iJll!'f"tik,,~ kro-.riit cs .... ~iml,t"ta iiJta\N;,,,,,iIANL
3
2
R(z) _ 3..r' - Io..i' 22a Z2 - Z4a .. ... lOa' n.. iowili..tT"-.:l ,..p",;,.pllf>k m"ll.hatarozA.'.,,,
..2
2a.r 3'
2<1 3 .1 _ Soa'
(3J'_laar _ 2'2al.r 7 ~ Z.ta'.r lOa') (r-2az ... 3<J 2) - 3r - -l.ti r ~5.l2 r7 Z...... 3<Jl
(J.:JIj!
= T(r)
Il" " P(r) polinom ~tbal.<,. Q(r) l><>linonuual. illor an mondjuk. bogy Q(.r) .. P(r}- ....k ",,'oja. ....
hogy PIx) a Q(z)urk !~~<irii....
2. lNgn",g)'obb ko~.... 00II:t6 ~li ", I" ll polillOlllot. "nlf'~... P(r) e.. aQ(r) poIinom kOzi)o. OO<l:lujA. ....
"lll('ly uyauaItkor .. ki-t polinom nun'," lIlIlN< ~ o'll'tZlojlwa.k t.Ob~." P( r } ... " Q(r vo1morn
Irgn..,..,.. iiiz"i. OIIdrijAnAk 1IoI'....,iiuk .... I.~ KOI P. QhaljNOliink.
P(r) _ (I - 1)1(..- - 2}(r - -I) Q(r) _ (r _ I)! .r _ 2)(z _ 3) = L.'\KO( P. Q ) - (I _I}l(.r - 2).
::lr' -
64r'... 9<1' r
~413<J'r_2-la3r
larl- ~..hl _l2aJr
s..2 _ I2d ' r - 10<1'

'>o:lr 100'r ...1",,'
- 2..'r-
II.. P(r}-Jlf'k .... QIS}-Df'k .lUD'" ~ .....hTlODlI.'fl'...wj<', "HoI" ,.,.Inti.. prim.iur" lnOll.ljuk Q,M 11)'1'11 '
ko<- a
3.
~hh ~ OO\ItO
hann<'l, II""",,,",,
Eu klid....z ; algoritm.... Az
~.b,:. ettnnf'Qu..
ki.-t polinom. P(zJ,;", Q(..r) ~ kOzo'io.
Ol'lZwj,oWak IJ>O"ghatATmiLw.. '<1.. .1~4lO lIiOd>r1... r. Plr ~1I n-rofoku. Q(r) p...-li m-<"<I!...ku ..... ~''-Ik
rd. hogJ.' n ?: m ?: O. Eh i~aiik .. kiWl"t """11 """'ltNoolu.t:
a ) .-\ Plr) poIiDOlIlQt~t\"'AQtr),,,,linomnwPKY Tl l r ) l!liuy...Jot;t ....f'@YR,(z)rnaradi!wlMl'lluk:
PIx) - Q(x}TI(z)'" RJfr).

b) A Q(r) poIinomot ..kto<ztva,.;e RI{z) JlolillommAI
punk:
pg}'
T,(r) h.inyadco<t;'"
Q(r) = R 1(r)T7(r) + Ri x ).
"R}'
(13,,,)
R 1(..r) mAI"l,,!i'kol ka(1.J7h)
c) A:.t. R I(..r) polinomot ""-IVA~ R j(x ) poliuollmuU'1O' TJ(r}--<-1 ""<10' RJ(r ) M M,"mk. "'h, Ekkur
a kct polinom 1"tl.~h kOzO,. """,wj.. Ill; ulol>oO. o.wl kiiJOnh07ii R.(.r} maT... l''''. A uKxWrr Al<.'1 I"i~
.....-t<.. s".';'mok...-itrnMikAjAhOIi"IUt'r1 (lMtl 32S. old.).
A WKn"K.''''hh km-iioo <'W<ZtO u wgh"'lil.l"<,......... 1,1 ''It\-''l'lll,tr k m.-golrla."'- ""'ran rn..'<lr.IWw.w. 'l<'VP7.<'t .....11 II
tiihh...-iiriilo gyrikok 1~'<I.lti....."u\.I {.,. .. S TlJ ll l.I ,"6d.<:~r alklo.!mAZiL-an Al. (la.~d H, old.).
1. 1.7. R a ci onAlis tortk ifejl'z(>S('k
1. 1.7 . 1. Visszav('z('t i.' '1i. a kg<'lo-" slf>n1 hh alakca

Minden TlIo<i"l1l'.!iM ti jrl kir("j,/i", Mirhllti> ki-t ro-]" Ii\' I,rim pol inom h"nya<lOAAk~nt. F;h h.. z ..,.,.k elerni
Atalakil"""kra .." II ",.11 k.. 'Il.. rWVf"7At ......n l'"lilJOlUok i... !.iirt<-k """" ..ada."",".... kivow\"..ara . ,;utru."'ull (.,.
""'.t{.....ra. va illmi nt to rt... k f'l!,y!<Z" riL~H""" r<',
-2a'.r-aa'
R(;r)-J.rl--la..r-aa~-.r~ ::!ar 4-la- 2 '
",,'
fy R' r) l'>Ilt"ioMli~a1tOrtftlggv"nyr..nonll1i.~~rf,q.i1. R.r ...,."'p.f,,'..l-.... I;i;~litt i'nt-k ;"mondjnk.

Ill...-t rllUtY o'.-t.e-kt-in- R(r) fig.\" vwlk...-l.k. mitt' f'7." poImnnuitliA~.
1.1. 7.3 . Parclalis t o rtc kro b ontns..

~linOf'll
P(r ) = 1I~r" ....- I~ I

~ alz ....
Q(x)
b..,.r'" - b,., ,r"' I...
... "Ir ... lit
l1'W"iooitl.i~ va1O<li tOrtruu':;'IIy egy;'r1t"im,if'n r.. lllOflth..",
R(z)
(n < m)
( l.:k'-)
er 4- D
( 1.3'J)
(r' +p.r +'1)"'
&htk'I......-'iaIi.~tortP k O"""""'8"rr.....nl ft. 1'. q .... A. C. D v..IM "",".mok. Ezt" kovet kt-r.6k(I'I"'"" erjiik el:
1. A n".....,.iip<>!.iDOlll 1>", ~iillha IOj'"-t l-re vAltOZf.atjllk a1..41tAl. hogy (1.3l:l) ......""''OjH .... "".a"mlalOj"t
<"10M7tjllk 1>..... redet i ertt-k;.v..1.
2 , A (1, 160) ko'l' l'>1 (IAAo:I 13.01.-1.) """rilll r..litJllk .. Q( .. ) 1I"""WpuIiUU1U ~oklilJ}''''.wo. ..I&I.\litA.o;At'
__
A_
r_u l
Q(I)
(",
(I - "dk,{z - " 1)1<, ., (r - " ,j . '
'( I 1 + Plr + qtl""(r' - p-,r t ql) ... V l + V, I ~ q,)'"

( lAO)
Itt <>1. 1..... 0, a Q( r) puliJlOlU I d.llf"b VIII,,,, llI"ik,. Et<k'''11 kiviil Q(.r}-lJ(k \,(u, r [>1<[ kn l1jugAlIkom pl~x ~"r,,~lrdy<' v.. ltml'lY"k "'" r l + p,r 4- q, (I
1. 2.. . r) 1lI"'"",If"k,j !j. n~~k gyOk~i k;'nt a<lM nak
A 1',. 'I, K7.a.mok VRlo..ak . .... f..nn ;\U (~) 7 _ 'I, < O.
3 . A I",,,,i,i/i , tort~k." b"" lti~ l' rol ", kif<.jn i .,.,. .. k<ivrtk, -,.6:
+ an IJ"-l + ... + "I I + ""

" d ''''''(J' ~P ,r+ qtl""(rl '/"jI
""I"
P(r }
Q(r )
a d"'( r
(I
A)
= .I - a,
81
A2
A,,,
(.I <II)'
8-1
IJ""
+ (I-"dl + . +
-I --al + (.I
<.Illr t
+,
+( "
. " 1 '1-"
7
'!,}m.
16
1,2 . V"ge...orol;
A ril "., ~I aJ;-a
1.
C1,c
+ D1
r2+Pl.,+QI
ELI + PI
xl + P:lr + 'h
...
C 2z ... Ch
(.r 2 + P1Z + ql )1
+ ... +
~.l" + F2
+.
(.r2... P'2I + 'h)2
C..., I + D.. ,
+.
+ Pl-l: + qd-'
E...,r -+- F...,
a, ..
(;rl
(.2 + P2I ~ '/'2)....
(IAI)
4. A1 .-1".-h.
.. Ph F2 .. lull...I4l""'1c mpghAtArozN;a .....'j .. MI "'" ( I A l) I'w......if..j.;i-f;t 'JWItI"OOfl""
xilk a Q{.r) poli1l<>IunL..J. lllAjd u....$OhlW>nhtjllk P(r) ..t (,; a moo<t k"polt Z(z) I"olinolllot. F..nnAll
Z(z) '= p(r) ..4. ZIT) JX>linuluot.r I... l'o'l\ny.u ..,....rint rt'llJ..."",iik, majd Z(z) "" P{.c) 1\7~>lI('" w..t\'l\-
lI).unak Pg)'l-,lthllt6it "'IY"ul6v" t.~llk (...,.,uttbnto.."','uh4..onhla,. ""lO' .. "aJ"rowtl"n ,..,pw,tJ1,jl;

mrid.<:~",).
A:
6r-.c+l
ABC
=-.,.--.--=
A(r-I)+O.c(.c-I) -Cr(.c ~I)
r3-;r
.c z- I .c .. 1
r(r 2 1)
.0\1: ~nk:-t hal "" job!>oldalluvUllW\aiW6jabo.n J: a:IOIlO' Jw; \-anyainM: qo;uttl...t6i.t ~'llI6vt' 'iv ..
a 6 = A + B _ C. -I '"' B - C. I = -II . ..,;ypnk-t....oo--rt kapjuk. 1Wll"IYlIrlc In<'II;oIrlMa A = -I.
B=3.C= ~,
z.,. I
A,
81
~
B~
u
_
.
B:
= - ... - - + - - - , + - --,"" .h.-I\o HI.B::. U3pgyutlh>o.tbkll""gI",~
r(I 1)1
r
.1'-1 (.<-1)
(r-l,a hAtMorAtlAn "!YuttbAtOk ~""""'l tiJrti'nik.
C.
u .,. 16 = ~ _ V,z - ,
1h:r- E: .\2 A VI.
. (z-3)(r z"I)2
:r-3 :r1 z-tl (zl z.lj2'
m<>gha~.. luotAruzAt!Au rKY;;t1w.tok nli><iooor""," tOrti'nik .
s.r-
~t"1tiPKYZ"":
U.... Q(z) 1If',...wpol,uolllUAk.--k

Alkor az (1.4 1) prohAkif..J"'.N A1AkjA
II.Z 0'.<>2,
I'~' 1 '1!SiiUMlok
(I,.m
(1.43) Ilf'vt'!ZOi~Il"
P(a2)
.h:: Q(otl'
~ Uo:'TIv.i.1t z .. '--'I, Z =
4
P(a.. )
... = Q'(o.. )
1.1 .8. Irraclonalis kirejelesek
..un
(I~'~";(~'-"l')
.i7
(I "-3)
,
.r" Il... bl"1V<"kO"Il f..Ivctt prtelu-i aJl"....
A'
V 2,
c.
a b cd ab ('<1
'"
- ,- "" -;t . - 0- - -'- ' ~
r
1"V<"M,tctt I\rAlIy<o>oAgok. A ~.
al
a1
a.
i;7= i;='''''''r,:
b d ""
d
D:
r -x~+W
'Y>(r1 -
.r -.'!i +
W)
,.
aI- b. c" d "'"'''li''' a-b

_"_'_' = _'+_'
c-<1
19r
\,j2:rY: _
=-
r-z~
.. W o_U
.
---,~,. 1.'_~
"'-"1",1 III 1.1.6.3. ~I""'''''''' "",r
~+
3.. .;;
Vi=-
3.r';;(J2+.;;J
2 -:r
-
(.ji _ ~ ... \fii - '.:tr') (.ji - \Ii _ ti - ''jl") "
r'" _ r~"2) = z + r'/- .... r-" ... rl1/'2 _ r- - _..

.r"M _ rl3m _ zot- _ r "
r U/11 _ r"/l2 +
I - zl!, - r'f! + r,n) = \fii (I - ~ + ..,!Z).
ro" _
r/t _
vrr
(:rItz ..
_ :r1&/l 2 _
riO '"
3.r v'2C +
r!3 _rl'
r",lU
+ ri'
Jr
+ z"'2)(r'/1 + zll/12
~
+ .I'
...
- V? "
1.2, Veges sorok

1.2 .1. A veges sor definlci6ja
az
~~ " ....... a, ... U2 + ... + a~ =
. A: \ (,/ 2- ViJ' '' \ (..t2 .ji)J"J2
v~....""ro n
2,
Irt..kM r..lJu..<znah" oo'dliink,

3. A batvanyok es gyokok kog<'gysz..r olbb al/lkja R..nd'OV'rint AMlvAlryoka! "" gyOkoket it< '"
1.1 .7.4. Aranyo.'!.iAj;ok atalaklta.<o;a
_!.
\ -Ir
r_,ji = (:r +,ji)(x-,li) "" zl_,
r '(
A,
"
D: r+,;'i -- (r ..
r'/3
6.1'2-.1'-"-1
r-z
l"iii " v"Iii.
r
{j2zy: . t .. hit.t
iLtaW<itA~lI:l
Sgo1r
211:
dkal ~n':>I>iljuk.. Ilf'VW.6t ''It''a,uu:mywlik batviwyta "tuui, abAuyadik fOOkOt ko-Il voeni.
I
z-..jY
r-Ji
ABC
.
2
=-+ --+--.IlI""O,o2"_ I61o,l:= - I. P( r),,G:r -r+I.Q(z)=z
z-I
z.,. 1
", 3r _I A" p rO) .. - 1 B _ P(I) _ 3fo1C _ P(- I ) := -I , P(x) =
-t _ '_ + _ '_ .
,
Q' (O)
.
Q'(I)
Q'(-l)
Q(r )
r
r - I
r ... I
Ugy,m M 1I1ll" w,ld"" Acl"di k, mi n! ;,;e A 1"'ldAh'lJI.
( I .-I:>h)
Ae irnu"iorwill kifl'jt"J..n.k aJtlllilhAn<'g.V....~,,-ilbbn.l..kr .. hmlll\t"k. m''R].>t'tlifi: III II kitrv6l'gy"Zl'ni..it,;"i'wI. '-') .. &,vOk.i"'I ..Ii> t&rtcnO kic"... lfo->l "" c)" nrvo,.w gyOklPl..nit"'""vrl.
I. A kit ...vOegysl.<riisit ...... A QI....,;~ (lgy I<'IIM "".:r.-.;:.ikn.. hotq /lgyi:ikj<'l~u~~m"nnyi~ct
t..n .....Wlr.ft> oontjok. majd .. gyOkkit.-vOt "" '" ~)"Okj ..l .w.rt
lU<'lUIY~ "ond..n t .. nYf'WJf'llI'k klteVO]ct
.-I<_tjuk.-..en o-...c..lril.<.'vo k-gwogyobb kiizof< oo;zl.ojava.!.
Vl6{z,1 2:r" _ Z"l) " VP. rl(z _ I)i _
.
2. A ne,ez6 gyoktt"!t"n ites..o A ........zn- 9Ji>kt"/rnitr .;Tf' kiilOnbiizO mO<l><u-Tf'k V1UlIL.IIok. anM'1)....kl>f"ll
"" '" k<ir.Oo<. bogy bOvitjiik '" tiirt.. t,
H:
"2.'
b,
~~lhbSiAlakra
bou'i'k=.;~~~
.....
n. lI.Z "g,v'-ltthAthk .. kowtkfoze'ikfopprn h.. ~li>k ~

P(nd
= Q(o,)'
a,
"V--""" gyi>k"i "lllIllAk,
.0", V>lIilo;.....
P(z)
o,,:r"' .. -alr ... ,,:: ~ ... ~ _ ..... ~
Q(r)" (r-o!l(r-02)(r-o.. )
r-n,
z-n2
.1'-0..
A
a1+-U~
"I-b-.!"'",+b.
17
(1.46)
II,
.~
iiAA'l.<'p;" t h tj iik , a melyuek a:t: Ool.. o:<.", llU l<16it A1 tl\lAI",",ogy 1Il.'p;I",UnYwU """"haly "zc r int kcll k(' IX-'"lui.
Az a; (i " 0, 1. 2, . .. , nl o...zl'sui"nd<'> k "1.Atll<>k, I\m"ly..k..'" sor tagjllinll k neveztlnk.
( lA-Ir)
1.2.2 . Sziuntani sorok

I. EI,.oN'nd,i saamtanl sor
liZ olya" (1.46) !lOr. "",..lyn"l ki>t pgymAst kiiVf>tJi
Aa; = a; +l - a; = d=mn~t ,
t..J,f,t
i,"",~.....d l\ndh
<l,""I4<J+i,J.
k iilo llhooPg" konstans, v"ID'is
(1,411\)
I ..4. ri t"'~ t1.l!l
18
1,2.4. Speetalls vegcs sorok
Enni-lfOK""
2.
'K =
ao ... (OQ + d) ... (aa + 2d) +
.'K =
... + ..
.. (ao t
.. d).
1 + 2 - 3- "_(71_1)
wi)
--,-(n - II
... ,.,
"
= 2.3.
(II
'<I,
~:U-k
kiinnVffi
(1.::'1)
(2,, -3)+(271-1)-,,1
1 .. 6- _ (Z,' _2) +2"
,,(71_1)
1 _ZZ _3 l
'
kiM-tkf"7Jii d.tfN't'nOn.'':'Il4bOl. (hNou-.."'....Jn,,
~(,,-I)
:I
_n =
\1.::'21
(1-i>3)
1)(2" .. Il
"(,,
(1-::.41
n~(n
~'
.... 1)1
( I.'::':;
+(2n_l)l=" 4,,2_1)
... ...
""
( 1.::.6
~'
.11 a t
"
I);2p-nl
.>.,
"
(J~"")
. I.e)
Ilyt-rb<-to~"
(1..:;0)
)-. 3 ~ :; ~
oIYIW ""r. ",... [)"tIflv. <10. d[. Ill.

a~ "'-'fozat '-."dik dlif"r<"nciAih6l.a .1' a, ~1it.nlUkl.,I.w.:. ...",,_l
IWBsta"", A m~hr ..nd(l ditf..rr.wuO.\ul.t rl'k,,",!\" m6d0n."
a:<
P\iilrl\l< alal'ja.u k"lX=lik.

okd>;bUlj:
71("
I)
- -, - -
p -(P -IJ~(P 2)~. ~(p_nl=(n ....
k-adr..nd,l !Iu.mta lli .....r
.1"<1, = .1- I a, ... , - .1.
"
~'
.1''''
.11 112
_ (2n _II' '" n1\2nl_ll
...
.1'<11
~'
,,'
I' +2"
..
n(n ...
II 2" +
-;;,.Cnr",,-_.'
~I C-C(Cn'-(I.;:.,":)r"'
_ .l")l
-~.
3" -
1j(3fIJ ...
I)
JO
(1.:,,9)
(:r :i I )
1.2 .5 . KOlepi'rti-k('k
lIAAd~m.old.Ps"11
...
Ax n
Ekkur a tagok....... ..,.."-~ f"'Ul&1l
",=aebK
old.)
1.2 .5.1. Szamrani k07.ep
a" m<'nnvi.-.',t lO2Amw,i ~.&,,,k ax
1I,+Gl
(;) .1<10'" (;) .1 ao +

2
(. = 1.2 .
a"
n
IA =
.n).
"
=;;I L
jl.tiOa)
II
~,
kif".i<oz,',,\ u<'VeZ;liik. K'\
(" I I) (H2 I) .1"0 + (" 3 ').1,

"0'"
..,..Am', II,. "l .
.l"A"' T
(J..1.'\<0
"0
Az II. I
u"'lmy~..('g. II '"
b _I"'" MI,juk:
b mpnnyi,.>gpk ""....mlAni !IOro:;r. .. t<,\ Alkntn,.)(.
1.2.3. Merteul sor

Az (1.46) iiolow"'W" ",,trta,,.
,.'.'wJt w\I,,.z;ik,
I", kN <,Ism",,! ko\"..tii t<\g
hAn~... I......
kun
l ,,"~.
\"illo\yi>-
1.2.5.2. Merrani kOlCP
I..
01,.1 = q =
Ekkm
""II>,t. '..hAl
<I,
= 'I<Jq'
(1.1'1,,)
"
..
.<.={n+ l)"<J
ILK
q"H - 1
+ <lu'( = " < 1 - - q -,
"-""
1- q
ql l.
( 1.4%)
"----\
'1_1
Ha ,,"Or V"!/;f"I.." ""k ta,.;l~,llt.lI.l\kk"r

. = lim ."",
ha
/:
""!lI~lm
",':'t",,; w d ka p l.lll k. ,," !'.'tyuek
I'll <
I ""d,"ll
II~
1.:1 Ahra.
Az " odu, ,,(, ta-rn nPgl\ liv "'."1.

mI-r1.u,i kiizpPPIWk "-Z
ra
y'<'l,<'ll.,,<'ln =
, II" " " 'lllly isr'g
(Ii , ")~
(1.61;0,)
hI
kif,-j,,,.....t llt'v(";.,iik.
lo'l' jllk;
rc - J,lij
K~!.
"'''"llyi''''K. a i:-s
,,,,,,t "ll
( Hj l h)
,""',...,.,,,
(I.-l ')d)
Az a. Je, b mpnnyi""gpk mi'rtllui ""I"0'""t"t "lk"'llI.k. II" a I.,. b kit lll"gll' !"U "z"I0..~1. . akkor egy It.: =
,;;;;; hOfl....,,-'." Ag" s'J~kai<1.t "' 1.3... vaK)' 'II. 1.3.h Ahd,u f,.jtiiut''I., t.t H"'."rk,,,,,,, ti,,,,,,j 1..1,,1. lll<",ha tilrm lli.
IS
J, Antm~Ia.l:"
20
E,;y ",.akaw,nak Il:>; I\fllnymM."ZI'M i<f&llyAI>alII 'm.cn<"i f..I""'lt';""" (IAwlI~2_ oM.) 3111f.rtl\lli kiY,i']> ~p' ....iAli~
_e.
2,
[11 1
.eN"'" - (- +- +
nll,1I7
.ll. mp nnyu.,;.g hll11l U llli ltlL~
kOzcpCIl~k
az
1]-' [1"
-n2:a.-1]-'
.-,
+ -)
ll ~
( 1,6:laj
(I, I~)
(1<;<;)
tL.. a K..!!.... f"wal. "'" l,j
ic crt<'klwz v~"",onyitjllk . ..klwr .. K IlR,

p", i.: = p : 100 "riUl3""'-.ag al llp jiall"
100
k -him foglftit f"liIl
kif..j"",-t Ill'Yf'Uiilt . Ki!t lI"IlIlY~ . <J "" b ......t ...n lu.pjuk:
..,.,
( 1.62h)
1.2.5.4 . Negyactes ko zi>p
"","'IIl' "I. "2.
(I."
p lOO
( Ui7)
p'" l OO ... p
," =--,
Az "
mollny ....'ll; nPgy7.M.... knupo'...-k &o!
~k.
"" woO M 230, Fl . Ez az ior .. fo,;y"""til _'1I1POllt

.iaU>Ot p '" 1511~OO = 13.O-l szUzaIi..k frLir"t w ta1auu.
Ha <'RY Am cftckc 200. - Fl,;" II f"LV 1:>%. Hk"r "
3.
"\ rel1gedmeny Ha.. K i'rt<'kbOl p% ""9"d",':n~t ny,,jl unk. 1I .~k kpntPl t hti'k
(I.b8 )
(l,GJIl)
H" a K l~ ~PdJni>nrt
klf..~t T>PVf'Uiik Ko'\ U"lIl1Y~.lI """ _PrJ k>.pj lLk:

ZQ
Ja
'''''9J~rt...
2
;
/12 ,
1.2 .5.5 . r\ k8z<-pCrtl-kck oozt>ha.;onlitAsaket pozitfv a $: bmenn)'isegcsct cn

a +b
- , rr;
2
r-r
2ab
a ... b
",,,,ab .z lI " " - -
1. a <b~
rQ=
J a2 .,..,;
---j<o~1
:2
~ II
-orre nd
'ij
K htoOltt- v.....ri tj"k. un ..nyoij t<.>u
pnr!mfony
(1.69)
100-p
~ k.
Lr,;vrn
an, i-rti-k" 300.- Ft. H. II:< ~",,'"ny I~ akkaa fu.rt<ond6 ~ 270.- Ft. A .......6
10 IOU
....r mpontjiLh6l ..... lLZ ;Or P'" ~ '" I L II ,..,ilMli-k ru~.dnli'nyt tJvtallfl""_
iU
1.3.2. Kamatoskamat-szarnuas
.. Lg "",tt,u i><. lIa V>Ul k""tijk I~"'hh ko't kiilOnbOW.
2. a=b ......W1:1
1. Kamat
A Juun&l P'gy ml('lirt (kolNliJflk1) fu.pl,,"dOri ij ""&:Y "tC\. kOv.-t.tol... ~t1 ('!l-rt hf.vi>tel. Egy U'lp 10.....1.
,...n6d....... (ft.ltaW>an 1 i>vn> llwf"ktptplt K tt'ilWrP II bunal!""riI><Iw<~",
( l. 64b)
1.3. Penziigyi matcmatika

A pi'nziigyi 1ll"t<'U1l1tiJu." ...wn"'.l1 i h. mo'rt....l li .......,k. ""K"i.~"", ( 1.4 7a) -( I A7..) ... ( t .49;,,) {I A9<1j kl'pl.,..
u-k alWIUN.ilowUI111)'ll~ik. ripP1....k ILZ .. 1Ju.h~k aloa.uk'ill,Ybcu oIyal1 ""lui-t,1"k'" ~1>Prial~-...k.I"'KY
pgy llagyozAmll ~v<'\:iA.lu. ".:,uol1uMl <lolgozO kiilOndi><U;pli.lla jOt! 1ftCt'. 19y II pt'll>:iigyi ml\l..ml\llJu.
llPTll~" t,&"'ll('k kat,,"t,.. bll1"t />to jArMfknut....rh+n tOrti-no v.uw.w.at vi:f~lja. Juu, .. m I"'nyrgl"
.....n fdiilpli "lwll.. l...~.ullit"". tiJrl........lJwt7,Amit..... rf.ozl.tn",u,.- {.,.janu:IiJo,.MlIlit"". Idriilonk, Mfolpun
..... rPAlkam;"t-NZArI'itk<. \/llUu" iUI" 1.,..kt..u....!pmzi's U'riil..t't. A kO"dh-wkb.'I1= 1I1..,..... to kh,I"'f"l
u'vc..:,ket .... m<'golcl""i k''p!'U,\ut wl ...rt,tjiik. A pen zugyl mp,u-matika tdj"" ~1....ktrlllLu;'t jlJ"\.6rn hP
kdl"'miink IL:l irodfl!"uua V><!l> hiV>\I.k<>1.~1 (1M<! 11.21. 11.11]).
A b,z/n.,.ld." "",t~",,,I,J;,,. "" " knrkiUllt../","/rt, "mplwk II V><!o.-~i",i""'l':szAlllltil.. "" II mal.plllfltikaj ,,(.(0.
ti"ztika mo.].Yr<i..., i'piih ...k. (;nAllo c1io;o:rirlinAkal. k;I'......nek. I", itt "''In k<'rii!""k m..gl.argy"l....m (1......1
100
KL
( L1U)
k.<un/Itot fiZf'IIl('k. Itt P /I 1o..."tppnMlJ.'''' ,><>n<>-t!ozO 1o",,,tJah. b< lIZl mUlldjuk. bogy
k>am.atot lW'tIll'k.
2.
/I
K tiiki'Tf' p'K
Kamatos kamat
~liv,,1 a tok<' minden kamatT"'rio'xI'''' v~i'n m"l\m'i .. lutm.. t iifIoo7Rg.......l, /I ko""Iko-di kama.tp<'ri6lhL~hall
"hefolyt klimat i~ kamatoo:ik a to ki-v"I"gyiilt. Ezt lIZ pg)Uttkatuatuwt 1o",,,to51a,,,nlu,,k n"""f.ziik.

HII a lill- kamatos IutmatUl,] valtuzik. tiihh .... ".,t k..Um,og..kuli'"hiiztptlli.
1. Egyszer! befizetes Ev,-,"" t6k,.".it,.". .,..' t.i'u" K t61u-" iov ut';'118 K~ v,;ght.;ku' llo\"l'bzik fd. Az
n ... lik i-v v,',!lenf"ll",i.!1
II.3J, jl AIl
1.3.1. Szaza!cks1.amft.As
1. Szazalek A r.: "'~""Y""'!I P "ziUnl,'k" kif"jrz","" I~ J\ i,rti,k.. t
7A<;ok ""rAn r.: "10' tllk.~;""l,"~. A ~47.11lfk j" l" %, vilgyi" f""nAII
p% - I~'
u. 1% _ om .
21
Fel.ar Ha Khoz p% M ilr"t "",.Amlt " nk. " l1l<w,ovrlt <'rtl<lt
. = K
1.2.5.3. Harmonikus kozep
. u " l'ZAtuil lJU'it iv 111,1l~>
P~nziiqll' matemalika
(Li t )
j"I"nti, ...hoI a pflll.iigyi alkahn,,
(!.ti5 )
ruivid.. ,~ k"dv.....rt h"\"P"lAjiik IlZ I +
1~1 = 'I jd'i!l",t. h. II 'I,',rli-k"t kIl".",tt"'.~ez(jnrk n"v,""ziik
EII".mil g~"koribb t(jU."k~r<;II ...""fliink, h" "" .'\" m d"n.h pgy,'n!1'i h'--ZllAAgli kam"tp<'ri6<lll"ra van
felceztve. {>,; a kametot lila, ",illlkn ily"n luunlllp.'riOclu~ vi-lt~n hoz1i1lrj4k lIZ IIktuAli k...,..-!"th"n K
toki'l\(~_ Ekkor a kamatp"ri6<l""''''ki>nti kaJ""t K.........- P-.

100m
N< n,',v uti;'n. alLlI"lY"k unudegyike m
1. Ant",d lk"
K .... _ K
1+
P)-'
j"Oi)';;;
-" "" f ....k (kama'pPriM'lso k) "7111na II;< ",li-,'.~ ,",'~l,'ll;'''' tiirl<'>ozt.',""i~.
(1.i2)
i>rti>k,.., no,...k""ik (.1.

. :oo . n t,;k.. ouudy i,'i ; .2%-kal k..mal,r~ik. ti ,',v aJall al i'V'f'<' tiik ...it'" e>o<'t"u
K, - .'>OlJO{l ~o.on)' _ ;~,l(}..re, h) Mvi t61u'",it'" """tpn K n - :;ooQ{l -O.O'! 1t)"1 = 7691,7 t Ft
ra OO,...k"lilk F,!.
2. RE' lI d~ l"'"-">I befi"wt N fooItc'ik(o,oitfoil ER.Vl'llld i.-lokiiwllkh.tt '-"KY,'Illo E ~', h<-t: ~f"""k~1 k..ll
IPlj<--.itffii..,, ~ idv""""k u~ kdl
"'&)~-LZ<'UI'k a kam"tJ>"ri6.-lIL........u, Ha a bclizrj,,, rnin.-lilt; A M.1T\Il1/_
ri6<j,L~ "k-j,'u. ill. vil\rUlortMlik...M:rln (pn"lllllll~rall.-lo).ill. "Iotago,. (JXI"'"llfll<'r/LllOjo I,,fv.,\i~
I.....zt'liink, .-u ......Jik bunRtl"'n{"IU>< ~"'1I A""AmlA ~" 11." lI~ilt;
a ) elOzpt.... l>f'f1z.. tk.". I,
b ) uto la gos Iwfiz..t .... " .. I,
T - m .\' 1\ \.iir!""zto,-<.,.zl.. t (alm",I':').

Ez..kkpl" j..liil......kkpl "" ...-lo,,,,,,k,, lorl...."l.ori...zl,!Ik 1i"'li"":'" kivii) .. kO"'-'Ilwm kaJuatw,I"'i V>ll1I",k:
,,) Zn kamat az
n~ed ik kamatP"'riM tl ~ra ,
I (" -,m, I))

_
. (I.,u..l
_
,S [
Z. = 1 - -"
100
2m
(l.7:.laJ
'I' '1'-1
K _ E 'l"' ~ 1
(1.731
'1'-1 .
3. t" ~lll'l gyakurilob bf'fiz..tfool foil . ' e ll kl' ut i tok iI.... A z ~t. ill. A kalw<tJ><'"">thL~t m .-t..rlll,
l'gy>"nlil bu.o<.o~' """bvrzt/l oontjllk frl. ~li"'I,'n
l1 pJ,ojffi. ill. v~ II,,,,,,nOf' E ~ tiut'lnk
I...;,,; all az h. ill. A!o:amAtl"'!'i<\oi ~~ V'lI: '~ ]t1O>tr~ kalu.alo-Lik. I1Y"n rni>rlon <V .... plt.. lt..... I.. 11.",
~~ t kapjllk. 1l1fog1"~/4.
a ) ...oz.. t ........fl.zf01 .... n.l:
b ) utolagos Iwfiwt .....no'l:
fl,
E[m.
("';'R!I
p]
tl.;~,,)
s,
E[m
m~l}p]
II
j~h)
A mA.".xhk klOf'!'l 11.", wlJ<"" ~""' kM ... tozik. ,hbczjom...k JI>iog "" pl"","ihr:t; luuooI,lt> h<-hZrl ...... ok
.... kamAtolt. 'i!O'IIOIQ'" r\' lltiul h
I gyalwribl> i>Pfiu-t.C.. No """" tOk... 'I.... .-'I':U." h'. ~"'U~
al l'lOz...t .... befizf01"' n.I,
b) u t6lagos Iwfizl't<'->; "l'l:
h.",[..
_(m-11PJ'l"'- 1
::000
'1'- 1
(I;~)
Ko - E[m.
(m -l)p]'1~- 1
2110
11.';jh)
q-I
EllS I"",-t ....P = 5.2 ..,.....ka.u...r.1Ah 1ll..ll<-n M'''OIIkhlt Ilwlag HJOO. F t -<.>t lUct 10... II",,\, h-.w..tt rri
"az ::;00000. r ' -or< f'&.w nh ..t? .-h (1.7:;1>1 krl,inAiapjiul::;OO 000 - 1000 [12.,.
~J I.n:;2~ 2IXl
(U1S2
t<-hit.t" "" 22.~2"v.
1.3 .3 . Torle!;;zt c~~za llllta....

1.3.3 .1. Torl<'l'izt t'- s
n '" hit..1vi"""Afjz,l i",,'t ilt j iik. II " ,,,"In irjll k pl6 nu;'s khlt. M",,,,,,,,iikII kii....l k,"...i!u'.
1. Az S 1, ,.... "1 ln~mM .... I;, ~"rlllZ ..JOo.wl mi'l<I..n kam"t pp riO<l us vo'gi'up% kaJu"I ,,! k' i\'lI,lllI'k.
2 . Az ... 1"""'\11; X Iutm"' p.. riiodllSll.vi (1llouuid6
t<>lj.... Pg....7.. lx-tltorl....ltC" r.. k...riil.
Az IId6lo kam"'f"'riM""""ki'l1ti k rl,, t"h"l k..,lllllOkhOl .... Uirl<-sztUr,...zl" thOl 't",~;dik Us_z'. II" a bt..
m"tls'riiKh" I (.v.1tZ 10..11I1"" hi I..uzl,,!i rMon litasM "mm,tli'llak llI"'~ziik,
""'It
r.. k iili>lI l ~yz,11d"" o""'!'ll'k vl\' lllak, PI. a .. i""Mfiz,-t,,,,,k lort{'ll IJPln"k " t,ikkil ....i
i<lol>O"lokl",,, VAg)' I\Zflk kiiliilt. " .. it<~'l... tiz, t<-!t 'ioc."ewk j"h"lnpk kiilollho-~z;k "'I\.V iI>', ~Il.i",'l f"t.l\llli,I,;
alau " lIall<lb"k.
Ad'''''''''''ok Wrl"""'
1.3.3.2. Egycnl6 torles;o;t(lr{s;o;]d.('k

A torl,,,,,J i.,. f m,ll (Iuo.llllli j>N i("I",.".-,l) r';.. id,hh id,iki;-zokhm to rt ,'n ik. dt" ,I.. kij"i Ulk""lth< i.. kaml\lo"
kamat "Ill,~,;,t1"I'"d"" s aorint
L"RY" u
S a~ ,,,U,,,,,,"I':, (kiulll\t l"'ri,,, lw. ,uk{ut p% kmu"tot kell fil.'..tui ...~ "!0"'" tOlk",,,t("'i i<!;;I 'I)UIokl", u ["1111'
"ll<:i ad<io<",,,,,,k ;;,ll"w' IlI.An l.
'" " \.ijr!,,,,,,t,irh<zhl.l'k !'I1l1ml\ k..,ullt.I"rio<!ll0<0llhut .
"i,,,.
.-,
Egy 60 OOl Ft -or< ~ .......... bt.n...t" l:! t:16IA0!Iti>rloo>ro:1r-160 himal"'n al minrli~ 1000. Fr-et torIO"f<lit.ink. ~l .-kkor ilk
All Pgy<'" h ...k vo"go'n felli-pO k1t.matok? A~ '-"IC'C>t "".kef'.""; Ju.tu,..
U>I All (1.7ti11] kPpWotOOI "ZiImithatjllk ki. ",,,,I 5 _ 60 UtM). P _ s.
.\' '" 5 .... m - 12 . Ev-k A IllP!"'k..1t t"hlAz..th.w VJW!LI\k !dlulI-
I. k:
2.f<y;
3.":
.. k;
tet ......
.-\ IPI';"" bt.mAu>t. ( 1 . 7tibl..-gil~ is Ju"zall,ilhelluk vohur._
---z . UIII""
~ 60000 [5 - 1
-----.--00-
Z_
:;. h;
Z,
Z, Z,Z. Z, _
0.7bh)
.cco.. n
3400. F t
2~--IO. Ft
I .. so.. r ,
;j20.- Ft
~~-;"'~7.Z
12200. FI
12 200. Ft .
1.3.3 .3 . Egyen)o annuitasok

S
.
tiir~tO~<'!I""",,ru.ll boraAjcM'5lwuatok lIZ id6 m",~,-..l"""km .\'
um"'k (w.d a:t: d6:7.6l"'ldfl.l). E7.1lIP1I'7.f'IIlboon "nn...14.,;;,-I,<:I" ..".-t"n winJe" kam..tlit.eti",i haw;dO.
koI- ~t"" a7.0IKll< A Il1InllitA~'. '''llYi.~ -.0001 lu-mAt tOr"'"'t ..... ~'l kt,n fW:.tni. /..Q. iU ad{,..
\"All07.atlAnulllW'lldO T = - -
uorhP""'" ItZ pg""z t iir]p"zt ki
~b..n AlWiJO.
"'="
S
ItZ ~ (kamatP"'l"iO<lll""'tkrut 1'% Iuu,,'u..]).

.-1.11>: IIImuitA<pgy bt.ma.1f'Prii><lll rA (AlIAw1i,),
a .. iOrIP:szW"""".IPI. "" bt.mA'l>prii.ol"""'ltk"llt m 1.U/Io"><o\li." tOwltlk (a11a.l,t.I6),
q= +
It ka.mlttlhl~_
F..... kkpl a jPIiiI......kJ,;,,! az S.... ~llI\I...lviulr n bul",tl><'TiO<lll1l "tAn
I I:'x,
S ~= S q
T o rm t
....npl:
z- t.z~_~~[-" ;l _m2r:,I]
no.u
tc =t.- ('1'-1)
b) Z ~z ....il ett kamat az S ad""'sag mN

mll.. tben. S ka m a l pt'r ic'xltls .... p% kamu l lAb ",.. lIett tort ~no tlt 6 la!':os l orl....zt .....
[ m+ -(m-l)pjq'-I
- - - --- ,
2f)()
( I. ;;)
'I' - I
lit >IZ Sq ~ II:l S ...lo-;'!'l "rli'k,' t ... Ijll mel{ kilt"..,..,. k..mattltl n k"matl>PtiMll.i< UIii.1l {IA.'" ( 1.71 I).
"ma...xlik tag ( I ,TT)-IX'" po:~lig .. IK'TiM " .." " t.... liili u liill""'ltl'lrt"'zl.., ..k <-7.....(1.." "r l,lkN irja I.. .....ok
""',,,,too kaJ na to-~""'" ",..It,1t (I"",,11tZ (I,;;'h) k."I,I ,'I '" E - 0 y,"""zt,;".,.aJ). Az "'UluitAsrA fennall
A=a[m +(m - I}p ]
( l i 1:!)
zoo
Itt ,1 .....m-""Ipri a (kamatuw) ri'llZ[,'lli~At<.", o....,ht(k, . (I 71:!) alapjAtI A ?: "''' . Miwl f...Ito..k
k;,.m al.l"rioo"" tlt.An" t.orl""'~l"" v'''lvt ( .1', IlZ ( I ,TT) k;'l' k tl'l SN =
(L 7S). "'" ""l,j llk:
A ~Sq
N q -I
q- /
-- ~ S---
'1'" -
1 -q - "
(J
"'~RTilll 1\"
Ilwll..t t "l bl mll.7.""'" fd h..." ' nA!v"
( I i9 )
Ph lZii!O-'i mater uatikai f,j"d"lok 1ll<!>uld,;,...... ,ilj "I..,1 (1.i 9)-'" " "'!'luldh" tjll k "". A. S. q. .... mennyi-egek
hflrmpjyikp,..,. ha .. tobhi..k ....Ipk. i' llll'J'l .
A : Egy tiO 000.- F t -oo l o rlf':'lz t.p,..." 1I,1i......ag "v i K..lllllt.. !I%. ,"':. i'v ""lit. kd l UirtP>ozf.t>ni . M~kkOfa ""
1. Ant""'I"",,
"'TN A. tiir1"'7ot''''~ Il hllvi" tnrl....zt<'lrkzlf't? ( I. i'9)bOl. ill. ( I ,78)hOl kapjuk: A. = 60 000
0,08\
...
"'dll~. ~
L"
= 15U2;(J.., : 12117.9'JFt
[)
".:"q -",, = nq
I - I.USl
15(J2j.3'JFt.
II ji<rnrl"kkiliz<te.. utAn
:- "
q ~-I
-r--
q -I
Kiivrtkl'7.m"n}'f'k:
12 + 200
r",KL
100
B : Egy S _ 100 000. Ft ll"&.."""!~"l hit ..!t rPnd.Y'~ tOrlarzt6l>oo'l 7.5% hi Iwnat 1ll.I1.tt X = ..,
"'" Il1Iltt boll v~In.i. Miudeu tv v<,i:i'n nli'g;;ooo. Ft ut kPll pOt!ob tOr1c>r~t<n.i. ~I"llllyi" h.w i
0.075
tOrk>so:tI'>"""",LPf? A~ """'" A til r"""l;'" (1.7':1) ""...rint..t = IOO()()l)
,
,,' ,, - I
L07S"
12 d...-ah.. ~ tiir m t&H7.lPth<'ll j.,. "&Y t'VW'l? p6!.16I11g.... 5000. Fl__ bPfiZPl....M1 tf'" o.llk o-u.
[ ""']
FL
vaIto:l.ik. Ez az
.J, t6Ja. trIjro1 ,,!foo1.Pbf'n f..Jh-znA1M.--.. .... n1i. m~lig S l<l.oim{,

jAr...-l..kfi1Rl-.... n tAs!. {1.1'!2&)hO\ a K, : 0 bt-l.:v<-ttct;i~1
( I. 7S) ""f/;i~I ..dOdik : A "" 0 12 +""""2iii'""" + SOOO = 17p72.70 Tf'hiu .. bevi tf'bPr o "" 97'.!.62.
nt'lll
On>i)oirrul~i ......t ...
( l. 1'! 2c)
: lilJ72.7U Ft . ~hV1'1 A ''VI
1- -
.-\1:t Mpjllk. hOllY K. "" K. VBfO'iIIa t6kt
(l.l:l'lh)
K '" ..!... r!.....=..!. .

H.. ""kau (koun&tpm o.-h l!'Oll ~I iili)
lM...kbf'n n hPly#le rnn." '" I .;.
t~I",", jAt.,y.k~
I~
b..lyfbP
pMi~ II =
I _
{U l2dj
tfir1hlik ..... kor
I~
Irlllld6.
l<Z
( '- SO) (1.:<2a) ki-p-
f"'~ boo .... ~i
1.3.4. J Ara de ksza m itAs
bunat"",riOdust rn darab "lQ nl6 "'-zt'L~ lij kNn&t(.H'ri6tlllAl'A -elol tuk.
1.3.4.1. Jaradiok
~I~kk<xa ~'t ...11 20

n ill Mvon kl>nl utllla hcofizt-tn.i. boo &Z "tana ko-tknO 20 i-vh..o
hllYOnk" nt 2UX1.- Ft jilrAdi-kot J..J...-.n r"',",o oi? ~ a bll~ bavi 0.5'{l tl2d H )I'\1 n '" 20 12 '" 240 "",,(on a ko.:vct lm iil .--tlAk0z6 jArlldo'kfizr tb<i idO.<u.Itbat: "Ziik.~
_*"" II
~kf't.
1Illlf'IY"k llZAbftI.yuo idOkOzOkben owdi'...... k: ........k IdlMnrIF:

ut6lagoo.ak, Kk.....-tct kiilOnlXirtt-tiink IDf'lI:
a) IWfiZE-te..ek . \ ja.-adioW-Vluot fol~lIfiu.tik b.-.'-"'AZOk kamatoI<anluuwt.tal:naIr:. Az 1.3.2
pont lwuAtuoWnal-liZAmitMi kloplPU'i A1kNmru.IlAl.OIt.
h ) Vi ".fiZE-te...-k A jAtNiflkfi7"'v.-"'&.v bulAluo1w kamAtom to"U-b61. tOrtenik. A>: 1.J.3. pont til r
~t.Vi k;.pI..to-i A1bUruazMti>k.d.. tilrmt.:... b.-Iyrt~ jMad.'kot 61:iink. HIImindig l..gr..J,iPhh "
"'~krW kzunatot fizMik ki jAr--lW-kkt'nt. .m;l:]<inI.diirol ~Iiink.
:\ j&r...wkfi.7A"to'oo (t- ~ ~ I h) tilrt-t'uhrt .. 1uunato-dutJo,oi fonllll6uAp . ""ItY A kamatpmoolll'Oll (""...n ) b..l'U rffii<kbb idOk<'o-iikb.-n .
Jtinadil:Mk _ f i k
llZOOOO' vag)' ~htt6 ~lalt...J&"t..-k ~
1.3.4.2.
Ut61agos konsta ns jaradek
EhhPn AZ ......tbf'n .. um"la&mltAoo

j;'lI"adfkfizt-t6< fonlu1On&pj.. meg kell bogy pg,)...,;zpn. ~ll
.. k....mll.\<.>zNI p% kNll&toIo Iwn ..tll
1Pfo'f'1l "j.vAdi'kii0007.Pg mindig &:1.onoll R 1l&gy!l4gu. Eldu>t' M. R..
ja rodii rrgou tftJ tnf'tl.....-ljA. bogy II mlllAtppriMllS AlA" .. rendszeres jAr"""kk~k lllf'kkor" {or
u-kre no:;,....ke.:!t..k f,I:
R.. :Rq"-I .
( l.!lO)
q-I
A70 n., Jdrrulii-",d"Ioo".:I'gM. "" iTli'k, Illlwly<1. a:: ,.!..o: w'l&tpt"ri6th", 1u-L<l..t..Jwr (f'!O'ctI" Il " Ib.lomlIlIIi ) bP k"ll fi7...toi "hom;. llOlO' n MlIllllp..ribtl,," "tAil MDlllto>< kamll.ttal lIZ R,. ja.-!O<lik"rgo,--A'!ll'l
kapjuk;
o
R~
''(1 : -
e" .
p
100
,.hol q = I+ -
n. ""
1_104- 10
- R - - = H - - '" 5UOO
'
'" 40 5!'> -l.-l8 Ft
q~
q- I
q- I
om
I
q"- l
..
~:>o<l 1.005-
1.......,;,- -
hllvonk"oti R hefiZ<'tft. (1.1'!O) ........-int "" R l *
""
0.005
- I ... 279
16J.~
Ft . Az .. hhcr: ltK'gkiviwt
2;'9 16 1.5.1 =
t.ohit.! R = 604.19 Ft .
1.3 .5. Le irasok

1. lAoirftsr"jlilk
A1,OknAl .. jIIVRkniU. amr'1~ ...k {Tti-kr pl. kopiI< ""RY 11\' 11"'" mian ..,."klo-n. ~ ....nkt'nti It'irn..t "",,-,ka. a.\k.al
lllII>'rn. A L.->ira.. km"PIkrzti>bPn.. po'ru:llgyi(,v foIYlUltiul AZ .........ji mdtd<it'rtik "" ..vvtlgi lI',amdMn)'f'rtil:1"f'
....okkMl_ J..lOl"""k:
A .. Ilf'<IZf'rli'>Ii t'no'k.
.\"" iwIzni<lal idOtartal:ll3 (h "kbPn).
R,. a. n1l\l"lIdvit.nyt,rtck II ". utitn (n :5 X l.
4,.
(n : l , 2.... ,X)"",,"'hki-vbPnIPlIt0Mr.f'\l;,
.-\l..fr.v.f"jtAk d~han .. 1"'>1OMZ."tj mrglud<lm:<i.tiMll tIouwk d ~tll""t6I:
LmM";" leinimal "'" h ...okt'nt.lPirt <->-.f'lI; Vll.!tuU.tl"'l.
~,.<:itllrini..naI a7. o'woki'ot letrt """""~1l. oo"kk"IlI'i,
l Ull)
Egy ""-glOl"al"kill<'k 10 {'wn At minden {>v vi'gi-n :;000.- Ftut k..ll kaplli". Az ..1..0 kifizt'ti... d,itt It
I-ArsAAI\g ootlot j..l,ut , A .""'1,IR,mdll,,kllAl kOVft..li.,.k{llt ,,,,,k IlZ n., jMatl,killdlllOO"":'...g"t 1,'I,,t 'TV/>-.
nvestteni. E vi 4% kalll"t .... t;.n {,'uluill
.
n: ~. kovctk..-zOt bpjuk: 1\.
2.
a~
I-q-"
1.3.4 .3 . Szamlaegyt'lIleg u- saorl jftrade kfizp tfs utan

1)tol" gOll jAr...-l"kfi~" l'" c{>ljAh61 ,.. lljOll l"'u<!...lk..,.....uukr.. K o.."z"gu to k... emely p'7o-ka1 kaml\tozik. Mill
d"n kAmlltm.v.i fnrdlllon"IHUl r jAn"I{'ko-...~R k,riiljon kifiz,I':'llre. A K" "Zi<ml"..gy ..ul..g II kamatl"'ri-
Lio..li.ri s It-iris
A,. ..vi I..(r"" konstans . vagyi~ az a~ Idrt UN<,~.lI:!" .... Al".
Ha
A. - flo;
= - -,,-,- = a .
(1.S3)
R" mar...-!vAnyo'rto'kn1l Cv utan f..uuaIl

A- H
R. .4- n-,-, - v
(n=1.2.
n", = O. az azt jd"nti. hull:Y .\' .., pltplto'vpl a1. ",... I..., i h t.I'kl't tdjl""nlf'irjn k.
F t . A Ri'l'd 5 o'V "'an"", fl., = 10 000. -
U'lI:Yl"''''jO' go'P ,*,,""17-"'<i iirt< A = 50 000.

nyertekn- kdlldrni.
. ,S). {1.S4)
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J(r) 'or) ( [ >'{r) '''')
1..-1 .2 .9. C sebisev-f'R)-t' Il!o t le useg
1.4 .2 .7. Hlno m lalis f'Ii;)'l'lIllH lt' llsi-K
1.
Il
",r,([
0_11).1)
~(Q2 ~ b2)
111.'..1 (1.107)
<
fl = I VIllO"" _ U n,otfu <nillyn!.
Il.u-m..l... a.b . H v.ut......wnr..
1<1 bl $
(t,.....)' (t,.. ') (t,..,)
-I ,.,.],{,. ..Mnir...... n 2' 1 f'lI:.... ><IAlnTll
( l~a)~2' I+fl"
Az
1:,12 _.. "'1::"I'Jlu,I'", 1"'21' t
.,-"7
Bf' rtJolll1i-('g)'1'1l 16t ll'lI ~1;
1.4 .2 .6.
I3Arm<-ly a
..,I;i;.rj/
2 ....
IIl'lIiOOllawik. bogy .... i.~ kit,'1jo~I.'-" ..,je;" <"g.wn!<itl<'1....-gIl"k, Itt 'fi:~ ... ,,!;.I.I.,.U2_
:,. '%I.
. : ... "',. "'2_
II. ~ "",.Amok kolll)lJ.X Ironju~a1tl,..t l<'lolik (IM:I J(j, 0101.) _Az pgyo'nl~ ,0]\. ..
I..!<-::
U'2 - : " K;. Ha v"j" mrly . ro-:,\.,)-O,akkorll,(:,)~~O,)
3. Cauc hy Sch wan-.,g,,,. n lt'it l.. nM-g konv.. rg..n.. "egt<;> l<;>p IiOrokra .... integralokra Az alabbi.
kO"......,I;',II>' vPgt..L..n o<o1Ol<ra. ill. hat>i....--,tt illl~,ijokr.. Vl',nalkOl'i>C Al:CHY SCHWA'l1~....,16tJ .. ll...r,.;
a:t. (l.lOtih) kt'plrt awUogOllja:
It~t< ... ~,_
1.... .2.5 . Valbs sza mo k kiililnrH(' kozcperl(> kcire vonatkozo ('g)'('nI611('n~g('k

K;'t II ffi II rmltiv Yftlh, ~ll. II < b .,z.Nuuuti. rno"rtIuti. lw-rnonik,,,, i-.. u<,o-Llt..... kOtrI.ot / g ALI.MII
~~ ..k kOtik e- (1Iuwi moil ~'tJ , 01<1.).
.. < rH(a.b) < ref.. b) < r.(4 II) < l"<J(<l 1 < II
(I IOJ/!.
.. +60
,,,=-,-.ro
Jll
+ U.. U'~
.u::"
(1.101)
mini .. ,"""amok mo'ftalli kim-p"_

"K.""ll~l o<ak..kknr ptvfon,..".. '" mind A7. n <l1lT"h"ZAm pgypnJO.
"""",wi
S ft~.="~,:+ii,,",;,,;-;+C.:-:."_:-;r.c,,,~ v'liitWI .... 1i"i".."l t
!Z,U\ -.- :21.1."l _ ....... ::,,1.1....
+) >
_ al01
$G~
a,5:"2$
.....
bl5:~$
5: b~
b1 ~~ ~
~ b~
"2/).1
..+
.... I>,~~~
.... <I~b"
(LUCIa)
( I_IlOh)
~b,.~rordil"".
1\.. 1 "~.... 'Q;NW'Ol'OUl-tra.. lIlII.. h.... k II clara!> ptmtiv ....ullhol..u,l<"k, .. "">ro'",,,,>k ,.zAmlani kw...-prinrk
>"l<Ol7Ata ki,...bh vag)' "tQ" nill. ill. n..,;yo},}, VIIfO .'R.....u1i mint "I""nnki-Uli "".orl,ll.l"k ""Am lani k(>:<IP'.
{dli'"" hogy ~''''''''Tn' mindki'l ~ziul....>r<nat noiikk<'loO ""lO' uowk...-J6, ill. II:>: rgyi k so,...,.,.a.t oo....k.. lo ""
"mA.~ik ookk..ni'i.
1.4.2 . 10.
Alt al a nostro t t
C !-ol'b iS('\'-('gJl'll lcit ll'llM,;
Ha "I. "1 -'" ...... 1>,.1>..... b~ 1L<'IlUll'gaUv 'lair". !07.Amok. l'IkkClr
. (<1 1..-- <1'+ + ....
..
1>1 + 1>-/ +
ahol
VlllO'
.{"I"+",l+ ..--".
'l):$<I,$ .. $"-0
" ,
~'"
~,,~
"
b,$I>J5: .. <;;b"
t... bl~1JJ~ ... ~b~
{>,o
32
I.
A n t", ~ rIk Q
I lol d cr-c gyt'lIl i)tl pll se ~
1.4 .2.11 .
a1"1
lIold "r-.-gy..nl <'it l.. n.~1-g sorokea H.. p 2: 1 6< q 2: I krt val"" ""Am. Am..lvekre
.
p,
r l , rl.
I .... YI , .'12.
'" tM~Wl"8"" 2n Iwmpkx ",aul. akkor
! -;- ! '" I f'tI h..
1.
t~... I < [t "~l~ [til.rl~

~I
Otl
Ez AZ egy<ldOt.,~
1.4 .3 .2. Elsdfo ku ~(" ll lot l (" n si'~I>k

( 1.11""
1~lAlhat"""', ~k-u
..bola johbol<W o"rt"k.. V"S,V ,~ .. I..u (.... Akkor az A.lli !';'~ trivWis /. ~ ha vfgn;. akkl>l" jc>l ,h "1tI....m
~ k"t !IOC kmlW'rp'nrilI.}AhOl k.w..tmik a b&l oIolalon A.ll6l1Of kon~jA_
2. Holder~ ..nl o t k-n...Pg inl.-gra lokra Ha f Ir ) i'S 9'(z ) ko't mi>rlK'tofiiggvPnY A7. I X. ...t1') mho
ti-1r.t.c'rl"1.l (tud fAA'!. oIn.). akkor
1.
I9<'Jr
-3..r< -2.
5.r-S1"<1-3,
r>m
.-\z
( 1. lJ ~b)
k-
(111 .....)
mM>dfohl f"l(W'lllOtk~k ~oI<1AM.i "" alabbWt.
L11~lo)
ha m < 0 allor "" ~niUl.kU""'ItZUI~l.-J _ d.
HI> m > 0 1llf'gO!.-IA.~ - .;;;; < r < ~ .;;;; ( 1" < ..r.;i) .
( L1 2Oa)
(1.l2Ob)
l!IOrokra H.. p 2: I. tovibba cr y., E C ki'l szAln'.ortlllAt ...kkor
rnlrti'kwrt'u (liuod fi,j./;. oM.), Akknr
[/f1'I.'('W'{ < [[I!{'W'{ [11'{'I~,pr

t"jl;yt' lI lti t l e Ilse~e k
1A ,3.4 . A m a..';odfok'l pg)'pllleit IPIlMojl; a ltalanos csctc

a.?~b1""'c>O
1"~ +p.E .,.q<O
megoldasa
1" -+-
ElQ'<'nltil.l"m'''llrt "!:y olduuk lU''g. hOKY 1'I" ...,611,'I.....r' allllakitjuk .. kvival"n~ ~...IlI,ill"n""l';"kk~. A.
h""",nlo..u Oo...:/-'I\I!lu"li,k;>t vih..tiinlr At "l/;yik ol.-lalrOl""'Mike" d,ij"!iik "R.yi
d ,jillll.. gv,o\jt".,.I,,,tA.,,,,,A1. TovAl>hA 1Il'. "!:ypul,Uj,,n"';g mindket oldalflt 1Il''K''zOTO"l.h"tjuk ""10" "I",,, l.h,,l.
juk ugyau..,...l-IIIII ""liMo! k;iliillhiir,1I ,q)imm"l, mia)tal az .. !'t Y"Il16t.1" Il":'I:,j.1 ira llya ""'!lu,an"l l"" "Z A
.tam r,,)~jtiv. vi"~.<>nl. 1n"K"l\.h'>1.ik h"" "dun n"j.\at!v ......, "Isiifoki, ,~clJI6t j,.Jls('r:"k ily.'n mod"n mintlig
az
(I ]]4)
,.. >11
IIl"kra . II mA....-.dfokl",k" 1"j.\"I\}><I"I'(lbh ,,,,,,th"11 az

"lakr... IlZ altlllill1"" ......tt ...n I_lip; IlZ
VI\f{V
( I 121<")
(1.113h )
~v""I<1.,,k ""'K"l,l"""h"",
v~
( 1.12 Ie)
ar2 +br~ c<O.
( L1 2 Ib)
< 0 _I",n lIZ ..1<'1,1 ~ltozIk. "g:.-!lotG. az

r2~p1" ~q>O
(1.121d)
(- 2P)' > (P)'

2 -q
( 1.I21f)
..w.:"t k>q>jllk. T..li<'>' n0'gy7Rtti> ",.)0 k~il"-"IMOtl,k

~
h..lyr ll
a~. (~)2 _ q h"I~...t l "" mj"I,>!i'S! 1",,~wtVt' k;'l'juk II
z'<m
( LI t:'!...)
( 1.12 111
.U "KY"nlOti<'IJ>of-gct .."-tj"k a"..J. ",iN.ta1 ~ a
1. 4.3 ,1. Alta lanos r i>s l
( 1.1 171
1.--1 .3 .3 . Masodfoku egp>uliil lt"t1st,;pk
b i z' < m:
abo! "" ~ Nl,out "bOU A.lli~ hol.llMn hA johb okWi ki't o....z..MiIuldokogalAhhpgyik.. ,"Pgt..len .
Akkor AZ ilIiU>. trivuw.. Vl'IlO' rnm<lkrltll~
hh61 kOV<'Tkrrik" hal oI<W \~...,...r.g.-_
2. ),l in kowski-eg)o,..nl6t l"n....R intpgril lokra If...f Ir ) Cs g{r) ki'l mrrh..t6 fiiAAV"ny "" t X. A./,l )
:r1 >
haa < O.
"
1.l1900}
( 1.I 13B)
1.4 .3. EIs6- k ma so d fo ku
3<1>1" -1.
(1.1 12<-,
~I inkow "k i-('~'-{'nlot l('l~
)' lin~ki-,,,CYf'nlOtl ..n.I>g
1"< -
/ 1.1 1; ,,)
. 5.r
"Ok oziunJ*ra Il' en;PnY"":
/ I!(,)g(,)~. s [/ ,p]' [/ 'p1~
{Lll cb
a1akr" h07.hatok .
.1
'!( ,W
a1"2 ~ /u -+- r -c 0
(1.11&.)
Az ..L..if"k" .,gypnlt'itl..n"'wk ITlf'8Okliisa
( l. lI Zh\
1.4 .2 .12 .
lu _c> 0
(I
11,,1,)
( Ll:llh)
z'>",.
''IIItY
( 1.1 22.. )
rgy<>nIOlI........1:ct. lIa ...,.1. UIf'l';oldjuk. r m.-p;l",tlirw.lllltb,
. A: _ 2?+ 14z_ 20>O . .c1 _ 1J-+ 1O < O,

3
( 7)' ,
1"-2
<~,
2+2'
A lI11'l';oldii!, 2 -c .c < 5 .
B: .? -t G:r + 15 > 0 , (3" -;- 3)2
c. -2:r~ +
].I x -
> -G.
20 < 0, (1" _
A 11lt'1\"1,I",,i l.art."mAuy"k 1" > 5 ,..
of
A I. P!\'y, 'u!,i t k'lJ""'l'; IIWIl"""" ("lj....;i!.
~,)1 > ,.
<
.r -
_,7 > .,3 .", ~' _ ~2 < _~2
- - ---- < 1" <
z a
34
1. A.nlm,trill
~fogl"JvlI. 3 m"!d,.]..l/llll....."lfnk,1 ''RV''n~ gyiik.. i altai. 1;IlPghaui.rozutt ..,'gel<, nyU' iut. r""Jlllln
vagy Il ki>t ,'i>gt"wn nyflt iutNv...lJUlIlllui<'>j" a IlJl'I':"JO"".
1.5. Ko mplex szamo k
1.5 .2.2 . Komplex sz..i mok t>K)'(,lIl6sell:t>
"""'Ill
U..tinki6 ""A'Tint ko't. kompl..x

,'!O'('ul6,1ut. ""M. rlHMk ill. i"pul" r',z.~k j,. "R,\'<'ul<ik, G''OUl<tri
ailAg nh..... kPt komplf'x"".Am akkor I'g)pulo'. hA lloZ Ilkrt AhrA7.<>l<'> ""k!.orok ,.,;yMllOl<. Ell, n lu:::.OO "", ~l",n
a komplex ,.,..Amok k'ilOnOO7nk. A ..1I'1lO',,1>]," .......k~... 'l,l>.. f~"h1t" k')j"I'!o-X,,"'-<iJlIokra IK~n':'rtd.Illldl"tO.
1.5.1 . Kepaetes es ko mplex szamok
1.5 .2 .3. Komplex szamok t rigonollwtrikus alakja
1.5. 1.1 . Kepzetcs cgyseg
A komplrx namnk
z -G -ib
K..p7A't .... ~d l...--t"'!'t' krnl1"llY I '"7.An,.Il./ll.. lyr....k .. I1CRv=tc"-I" ..-\z ..wkt rol<"ChnikAhM i I.....
1~...1 t Joo&tiJbb,v.ijr .. J bo:tlit hiwllJi.IjAk. hosy 1... 1r~n a:gQlam 41ttWin.....f4..fir.. _ I , ",lompkz ..:<imokra.. amrly<"k Il7. ...JgpOrAhll ll
"'" A:Il ~~IK'1lIlalO' OW''''J><'I j.ilrJWl.f\Jl.k. ;"' " g'~ "ll...t ru.ha.n ''''''l':'' fizik:ilian "".Arn08 konkro>t 1ll1<'Tf>.....
wli>t. ill. 'ij k1rM, I..t.t>t":iooi-R.-t rrr<!mi'n'''-lr..k.
lurnpJ..z .........,., ....1m:J. oI,J;jd "
~= ..
z = p(('(Il!. ,; - i sin,;
Izl - p
1.5 .1.2. Komplex szaruok

.~
(1.12 Ia)
"lOiillit.A.....t alg"lmu...ww...k nr ....aiik. H" o-'lU't",,-koor<IiIiAtAk hrIyoott l'0lATko<onltnAlAlta.t haIr.r.nA
lunk ( 1.1. abre}, kapjuk" l ..",plu .ui"wk f"'f<"'....... lnlo..' a/.d;hrw Yalchl,,;al.ht~:
(O :5. p < ~)
ki',o>tu...o:
( 1 , 1 Z:~1
HA.. ;"" b miuden Ir~ Y>l.Io'. ""'''bon ~11.l\kkor..lMl.Illiindffi k-h<'t>oi,!:"" z kOlIlI'k-x.......n .. \1:
"'IZimot : "Gl6.< r"~ :"lI.. k." bllllAlnnt : h?:,.t ..~ n'.:;.1lO"k Df"WZZIa:
a=Rr(: ) , b lu, (:)

11.l23b )
till II = O.llkkor : - ", 'iY~ II. ~ -'molt .. koml'lPx llZiImok ~~ .........-i. H.. '" U. ..kk"l' :
ib,.tilortJo ~ ....1Il".
:\ komp!..x lIZAmokhOl ..p.:iI f,.I .. kutul'kx
halmaza. RmPlyrt e-,.... j<olOliluk.
~1<>gjPg) 'z~: ,\ : _ r i, knmpk-ll "1\11.-..)'" - J (z) fiigzVfonJ('il "lwlUplt'll fr'U"ru,vWi (livoo l .. 694,
....... r' ov.-lkcz601'Wabt) ~...lJA.
...-g: _.;: .... Zk--,.,
1- ". < ,; $
'<Yi.ltIult I:wVmrlyiko'l pt"llig : "'Y"mrnt

j6,'rtf'J:;r,k oi"juk ( 1.I 2~ h) _
pc-o;,; .
(1.12.">3)
p >O.
; =
hAb<O. p >O.
o vales
(1.12:>01)
> O.
bao
-,i
!lao=O.b>O.
0"0=0,"<0.
...-dg-
To
b.... <0.
!
1\I"1g-
,,~O .
"
OAO <O."<O_
(1.12::;")
A z = (} kompln S7.Am ahs:7.o1l1t "rii>k.. nnllA. argU h..tAr,,,.....ll,,n,
1.5.2 .4. K omp le x szam expouenr-ialis a lllkja

K ""'1'1r-:, ,,:,,'" e-X1""lI'nr1<il,, nJnI::!,iUAk '''''''';e;eiik ...
: - pe'~
,lOMIi\Jo.o;t., .. b,,1 p>l:l "hw.olilt ,,1."k ,..,. .; "" "IWIlU,ut,uu.
(l,12til\)
r,tl,,~11L:4
El'LER-/d, i;"-,,,j"91"":
(l ,l 2bh)
Egy komplex -eem ..1<W lit"'''''' b,;,z'"",fi-l,' "I"kl",,,:
~/
ru.p '" 0
a) : = 1 -+- i v'3 (all\..l>rai ",l"k), n) : - '2(, .....

a
tenge ly
j + i 8in j) (t.ril:"""" j,trik,," alak) ,
c ) z '" 2 e;f ("xpollf,tlciaIi~ Klak), U [("'Iti,h,' "I.Orit.!<,y;ev".

H" IlPlU "mritk<W:llnk" fMr!.i'kn>." kij"'tk'YI,,; ,'lllAl1 it.>l-.< ,!o,r ""pjnk:
d ) z = 1+ i v'3= 2cxl'[i G + 2b l ) ] = 2 [,...,., G . '2br) + i sin (i + 2h ) ] (k

1.5. "h",.
i.e.
M,ra.
( 1.12",,)
lU'llJ:-
e'~==(~,,;,;""i~itl;.o.
b '_"'." ... z
val6s tenge ly
p=~_
(l12:>h )
p"'lll"
w.b~O.
Y .~p7Ates tengcly
ilL
1.5.2.1. F.li'ial!ftas vektoralakban
tengely
1: =1l.1.'1.
1.1Z-t<1l
l\Ilk 1I"\'M::Ilult. A .; _JgM .. : Lnnpln ,,a,n n"9""... nl".....
kowtt (u....-I 19 1. old. ):
1.5.2 . Ceomeu-lai slt>IIl!i-!tt>lk

A VRJ6IIl<domok !lZ&1I'~'I"""1I V>LJo', 'i.hTlbt'u...a,-..l...,~ modon a kompwx l<f.Amokal <'R.v ~ik. ~ (IRY
Tl<"If'7,f'tt G"uss'FI~ .ui"..J: IK"'lJ,Liki'nl Idwt ""hr"""'lni. Ekk"T II : = a .... i b...dUll i\7. a a'-"'i~j,., ....
b oroiuit.tAj.i !>Otlt (1.5 , abra ). A ,"'I.... 'OZAmok 1\7. Ahs:7n..."'.AI.. ng('l~..,tl hdwzk...i,wk ..1."uwl,v<'1 '>Ui",
"ug<lylld,;" hivMk,,, k"W..' ....mmnk l....-liglIZ ordillilta"'ng.. l~'('n. ma.~ "".0-1 .. k"[>7""'" I.'nll' 1)'<''''
Az igy lI".,;""I"u sikt~on mindMll"nnln' 1'g)i-t1Rlrn,i..n mpghatAT07. I'g)' h..IV'.. A-tM (w..l 1Sl old. ), (lRY '
IIOlO' mi",lrn komplrx ~r.Amn"k m"gf..I..1 rgy m-ghetaroeor r "..hoT. am..l~ ..h1>o'Il '" ~,'kfw.n f"!<>Q;,k ,'.,.
a koordi""t",..ndw...,. k"",j"'I'.mtj"t"'l "z ill,otlll""'ll", lUll!.'" ( 1.6 . ahra ) . .-\ kompl"" ,.,..Am"",,"t "'1".1
!,on!.okW iI<......kmrokitlll is Ahrll-mh,i 1..1,..1
AZ
Egy pnlll p.,; "'" o. biorti>k.., kiXr.i>H '~flAZA ~l . milll"pont D<--Jl,TtP.O,--fi>l<'ft. poIiu'lworrlinaw
Kl.&IlI".
CO;;j-vC.~I""""'-~':--~
(I 12k)
....&mot a : kornpI..x ~ <J,.:.oI1i.1 ' rt i l ..ucIr. Vflgy " ...oduI...,aaak.
- ib .
Y kepze tes tengely

z -a+b l
b .... ... ,
I.IZ~ul
1.7. "hr".
O.1.2...)
36
1.5 .3.3. Osatas
1.5.2 .5. Konjugalt komplex saamok

A
="" " 1" kOllll'!"x K&l\1l",t
1;,""Ju9fii1 1;,()",pI~~ .;:';molmak mVf"I.:I:;;k, ha vaJo.or"""iik ~'ulU. ki'I_t'~
~iik
\';''<1,()llt ..Iwn''''''' ..Mj.!([;

JW(! ) = lU>( r ) . lro(: ) z= - Im(:)
( I 111,,)
Gcom.otruu!"l'l kif.jor~""; a """Jug<ilt w...pin .;:';IIIokllak mpgf"jp16po"tok a \~ If'~<>lp'' rlhwlO:im

lllf'trik,L.....n ....ly""'k...IIWk ..I. l\ otij 1lgal t koml,1<?: ,qj,mok "b>rrohit frti'k..i. ~nlOk.l\l'gIllIlf'nt'llu.aik pO"
riig..,.",k..I6,i<'Ihf'n ko1liiuhiw.llf'k;
:=&
iltz=p(n)l;'; i ill,.,)=ptl..
1.5.3 .1. Q ssz('adas bkhollA...
(1.1 2"1
Jr.ip",", kt<-IO"21. A II:''UO'' UIJV WI<'I"j>n"""tOb.<o all. ~-. ill.lr.;;lOnl~l'z""~"~rorW> komJ>""
iPx ..amok -Jr.toraIl Jr.r.I.l iMQradw. In. k.ivonni ( 1.8 . itbra) , Enllf'k ""r;On II _kton'Mmfw !<WQ",-,,"
,.zah&IyAi kWoY'.....k (11.0<1 11'0.oId.l
\+i(&I+&'-b:J+''')
-'~"~,
.,t,
01 1
" ,......""
It'ngt'ly
."2'" I....
alb,
b,1
(l IJOa)
~'ri"t
_" ~ p,(roo; ,;, - i ~in';l) ~ p_\ ,__ 'cO.

."""~ -"")"I!!4nl~'I-..-"1
Z2
P,(roo; ':l + i sill ..."1)
Pl'
\ l.l:lOh)
1.'J, .. I>ra ,
>c
~ I- .'
Pl
" l:alfRel lW o:umlelt.. t "",,", a
( l.lJO("j
%li =1 hAo~t AhrAzolO _kl,,"- I"IJ(V k>!.l'lllk. ~ a "I lIZAmnak IIl<'I':ffoJ<olO_ktort llZOounllIAtOjAf"/i.....-J ~ aJltz1_Wl~tJuk.rnajda J~l! e.-t<-llri y..JU
.-u... l,tj4u z.;ugoriljuk.
~ te&it"gyz{-s: ." lIullaval valO U<XtiI>o lI"m
C-llf'Il "'""' ...hf't~.....,
1.5.3A . A neg)' alapmuvel crrc vo nat kozo altalanos szab a lyo k
<t>~,m~Y
-.~
0 1 vlo~
Foruw.i...,....mpoutbOl ... Z _ d -;- ill kompJ<ox !'Zii.tnokkaJ ~lllIllc' jphf1 ,.ziullolni. mini" kii7i>Jl...;'g.... k;'t taU kifrr~"".ld<el. ("..k ft2t lro-n ~lll"" vemn, b<<<y i - - \. K om rJo'Jr r<1AmW lromJ>lrx !l7Ammal
...dO....nitMnAl. ..l&:Wr lr.i Jr.r.I.l ki11cwI",11II a llf'VI"Z<l..".,t.... .....,.;! ('Y. ~ a,."AmWOt .... a n....-....'Ot
n,~roDlI.k" ,1t'W"W kotnpk-x kuuJug:ftItj4va1. U J<obrt~. 0,",- iU
(II ... ib}(d - ib) = d' ... Il-
(1. 131)
lIZAm "alb.<.
tengely
(J-ti)(- I 5i l'
1O+7i "'- (3-~L)(l-IHt-2a) + (1O+7i)i "'- -2(3 - ~j)( 12 -.~)
1 + 3i
Si
\+3i
ail
1 3i
7 -1lli
- 2 (Ci6- 33 i )( 1 - :l i ) 7-llJi
- 2{--U-21Jli) i-lUi
1(50 19 1 ) IO"'3S.2i
a
(1+ 3i,(I 3i)
-~\0
+--'--5""
1.10. ahra.
1.5.3.2. Szorzas
KM kompl"" r<1.Am. :1 k :1 ",,~,n.AAA1 .u!("hrai tr modben a
:1:2=("1 +ibl)("2+i~) ("1"1-ltlb:!) i{tllb:! -b1al).
(1 1:.1'1,00)
ki'l' ld hl,!",.."i. A tril:"IU>ludrikll~ irr"'mb,lI....., f('umill
=,=. - >PI (mo.,." , i ~ill';l) ~>l(l'O"""1 ~ i ~ill ..-"1)] = p,P,[UJb( ';1 Yl}+i ,in('; I -t-.."1)],( l.12' lh)
HIK,Vil< II ,,~,,--,...l al",,,,h'l l i-rl~ k,'" !.InY'''1.ok IIb."""!'lt i'rt<'k..i",k S~.o"~lt"Va1. a ~~~'n""l arl\UlIl"lIt\lma
1',,<Ii,, ,, t<'n~rzr;k " rg1l1",'ul.lIm"illa k n....,.~"Vf1 pgy..nlo
Expow'n d " lis III"klm,,:
( I 12~l<:)
A """'''Wlr;ai in t... rpr..tl'.'-;bI", u" :\ I~ %1 ~1....rM I.Iil,Ah r"",....lo ",ktort (11{)' kal' jl1k m..g, h,'ltY %1 V<"kt "r;"l.
"" oramlltat" j,;,rlt..';"va! .lkllt..!'... l1 " :J " rgu lllt'lJtllmAnak lIu'l,rfdd6 "~;~",'I d forll"tju k. i", a kap,, !t
v..h ort a l' l l sz,;,mma! v"t" !<w ,,,.4./< l'h /ll lll<'"gUy (ljl.juk . A Zl Z'l swrmto t hall<m!o hArom"ziig ...,.P1'k....zl.....
""wl i~ m.. gkaphatjllk ( 1.9 . abra ) . Itt fil\.Y,.]'1l11,.. kdl vermi. hOl:Y a z k"mp l..x szam i-v..1v"l r, M.oT1A.. ,
vt'kto rflllak 'II"/ 2 s1~"1 va!,',,'If<>fl\,,til...;,t j"I.nti. mik&lh"lI az "h"wh',t i...t(k vall.ozlltl""ll1atlu! ( 1. 10 .
abre ).
a a, ... bIb:
Z2
(<tl"""I)"'(1I1"'11>:z)-(<t~i~
ZIZ. _ PII'l.,~I'I~I',l
ib 1
.2 = e!..,
Ki'l ~ tOOb komrl<?: IrZAm ~I ..... lr.i"'.>l1lWd algebrai ici>omOdt...... a
I.S . Mmo.
al
~'isa Mnyad06al,."",hil (mit<- "" ....l.Oi... "" <.oUIAU'1o "l'>4ohil """"k<'ilM'ka hany...-Joo;Aval, a hionya<\00. ""glll(lf'fltnrna pedil':" ki-t "'l';'llllf'utlim lrmulll~t'-w-l,-~.
E x ~Ij,. alakhan:
1.5 .3. Szamolas komplex szamokkal
-("I~"l-""
'1
;; = al -ib, = '.... _"./

.-\tngollollwtriku." U;"'lrK.!
1 12Th)
(1.12 7.)
%, -%,-%,-
I(h lromrlM: '"7Ji.m ""'zt lt... .. t a szor7.ivo fo,.Iit."t t mllv..),>t..k"nl ri<finiAlju k. Al""lmu il'a.'llIbdlmll a I.Ol1n,k
1\ n..VPYi konjugaItj" vaI. valo Mvit{.,..lltA"" kii",>tk"WI kl<pjllk (z. -F OJ'
Y.{ kCpzcte<; tengely)
1.5 .3.5. Komplex szam hat vanyozasa
'C
KOllll'l,x.-cin1n-ed ik h ll.t\'Allyra ..rm-l...... 1\ M01VIlE-l.pJ, t_

gil slgi-v..l torl {,ni k ,
I\l
i 1 : _ 1.
'"::. vz
.,.,lr
= f'~(COl"''; + i sin "",), (1.131,,)

"l "''lOhi t (,rl."k,t fl... lik hal vAnyra ' IIl,ljiik. II.Z ",r!,:un ,, UI. ' Ulio t pedig n-nel ><7,orozzuk . V..gy ;ik filly"lpml,.. . I,,~~
[p(eot. '" --;- i sin
v,,~~"
i 3 = _ i,
i~= + 1
( I 1:l:.!1o )
r... ,,It,,lfthan
(1.132,,)
0 \' al6s/teng..ly ,
'Vi .
" , .---' 'C

'I;
\.1 1. Ah r" .
1.5.3.6. Ko mplex :-;zam n -ed ik KYiiki-n("k mcgha ta rozase

B'll:lll..JJ,k ,,..lik K,.yi'k ll"',d,,,w<>/,i\sll" J".tviiny""./u, pgyik fomiloTl rmlvcleee. H.. :
Anoml,;.Wl\.k:1 r~2 _,,~I). 2. .rz _ 2.r ... I_ y' z .. 'J.q:_:
+i sin ..' l. iUr.k"r"
AIII:('h'N ll:y"lllt-tllf'k "'" 11.1:J:i) lIonnilla1akra ",,10 Atalaillt""" lIt;"1 t:lOf4Jl.Julh..l. hogy a P(r) - I)
<'g}~'nlMll .. k vlUlIJ"k OI)"lUIlll'"R"ItIn.-ai. ..TD<'I.....k lll\ ( 1.1 ~) kiin.htLW l"JO"'u!"lllPk ....Ill. n.-.golrlr..",-u. E:.o;tt
rrOhilra vall ,zUk""g' P(.r) = 0 R,Yiik"lt 0,. \cPU !...Iy.,tt_i!pni" kimol1l1JO,.j .'to'(,1Wto,.. Ps meg kdl ,'m.lI:"'ni. ~ ......k (I. U.t)-nak i.~ IJI<-g"JdN,ai ......."10' ""Ill.
:1 ~ ""
V=. "hoI
,,> O.
~o'm.
tI
"
(k ~ 0. U.
lJ:la)
.n -I)
(1 13Jh)
htflr. [o\";<llu-It .i<'~.

:\Iig az "--"'_Ia...lr.ivoruVo.
M"rI.No...."'n ..... "" ~ kil.,."ojil w.lviLn~"""" "lQ,rrt.. lm,i .......-In...llyr.. _to

M ,,-... iiir. gyOk m.~IIAt""o~ mindill n ki"Ii'onhiY,15 _'. U~'''''''l ad. kiw-v.,,, : = n "'' ' '<>I...nllknr
lIunJo-.n gyOi: _ O.
G"lU1M~
IL>\w-. ,.u-,-
~. l'ulIt"kl1t\, "Iv"" "'MhAIVOfo "."q ",'" pontj&!. "'l1<'ly,...k k""'''''('OIltJA'' koor<hk dlipnnt,... A7. 1.11 . 'bra ~ 6 Prti'lWt hint.ti f.-I.
~
I
..:1
. F.Jlll<'k no rn """-l>tJr..... r - r r
.r -1
r -I
Pr''''k. de a kiioollWi .-gytuwlJ\pk 1,..1ll. nl"rt llt,ihl" lIZ r - I ...u.' nu,,'" htd,JI("'~""',
B : ..;r _ ; ~ I = 2r ,~i.~ .'. _ ; -- 2.r- I ~t-,;yutrt' ('wrJ"'-1 liar jllk 'd.r 2 - 5z-- fi - 0 JI<.nniIWakol. ;VflPI)"llf'k,;rom I _ 2 e- rz - -3/~ A>;.I _ 2,;yOk .. kiin.-llllAAi ~lMll('k i>< lll<"l':Ol.w.a.
A:
lIZ I l ~)'ok
ll7.Onban Dl.'lU.
1.6.2. 1.-4. foka egyenl.. tek

1.6,2 .1 . Elsofoku [ linea r-is] e gycnlc te k
1.6. Alge b ra i es transzce ndcns cgycnletek
r.
1.6.1. AlgC'hrai ('g){'n)ct c k normalalakra hozasa
:"'ormalalak:
...... +11 =0.
2. A m.-golda.<;ok sz.ama :
1.6.1.1. Dt>finkio
(UJj)
~liutlilI: ~-ao.
(l.l~)
.rl = - -
"
F(r) "" J{r)

(1.IJ4)
"lQ"."I,w11x-n IaPWflI<l r \..ulnll6t w,>l'n"IIo'Dllf'k llt'\T;/2iik... valtul.OuNta;wkat .. I~ r rl
r.
ffi.rlwit ~ilt. ILlIlO'l:o'Pkl'<' "II "K,WIlk-i u.1j(.",-,J.. "" (,;..... nlct 'lJ"iU'lK'k V>t)' ~.....JAk mOIl<ljuk,Ii:M
'l'J"'II1M..knVAlc",,_ .... ' ....lItnMu ,~ ......,..>k .. oiik, ik
.4lqdmu "!1S'rnk1rOlllkkor
luo .. h"mlt" klli'I"; F(z) "" I(z) rllAA"f.n", ai",,'..-";. """'" r..n...ruui~
,~' irTl.nonAli~; PRVlkllk kUlI I...... i.~ Id.. 't. ~IJI.tllu ~brN ('g.wnltt ~lmt.i al-ll1alLitNonkkal ..
. "I'" . 1Io, '" 0 ... i- OJ
P(r) - a..r" + a._l r - 1
(I JJ.j)
""lI_".
..~r.. ho7.l".u.. 1\I,...I",,,.k "RY"''''''''''''' ~Oluj. J.JJ.int "" <1;.Wlllet p!"1"dtti Alakj.<i.wlk; 'tlcp; noIh""" ""...hhi g....ok .. i~ \1U1. A7. .... "'lQ'iillhali> (-rti'k"1 gyekren 1,1".' wi.ll07.Ultj'lk; 'l!Y'I,k'!Jt ""
. ....
pgyiiUhati>bl.t ill"" .. t"~hhi,,klwulll' v,..]6ocwJ; UI..I...; .ziik rd. ki..... V(> emikor kiilull ["lhi"j, Ik.. tilO...lmM
O'Ilnpkplwnk<"l.ojl>rP.
"911"nl. t l"ttill"J( l...\-.=(,k.

... -It..;rr=6
... _3
K....-iik "7.
I + - - "K\"'"l,'t llOru.al"lakja~. '1 uhhl"",_ Atl'L!l\kitfL-.)
3{r 2)
...
r(r - I _ ..;rr=G) _ 3.r(. -:l) 3( ... - :l)(.r - 3). r '.L.r + r./r 1 _ 6 = 3.r! - 6. ~ 3Jl - 15I
18. I./r'J - (; - 5. 2 - :lll.r + Ill. rJ(r a - Gl _ 25.1"'-200r' +c.80? - , 20T 321. 2 1.r~ - :l!MlrJ
A7." kitpvot
!1Z
586..." - 'Wr + .12~
O. A-. N.~hll'"Y .'ft.... ll"rIllAi>lJ"klllJ"~'(~If(lkll '1\}-,'"Irt.
P1(r.)/.z .... )
n. Pz(.r.II.: .... )
u.
AP, (I=1. 2., .. n)fii!!J~\'''n.v.k''''I.Y,Z,.
,P~(r.y.z..
1.6.2.2, ~ Iasodfokil [kvadratikus ] egyr-nlot ok

I.
NormalaJaX:
~ -IIr-(" =O
(U39a)
v"lO' a-val. ,.,.j;, """,tAl< ntAn:

I!'"
2,
pr - 'J = 0
(l.I39h)
A va l6s !O'okok szama: .-'r.

D = lac_b2 '""l':."
D_q_E.
(1.140)
t1i""J<riminW plOj..l"tiil ni~o.n kal'jllk;

D <: 0 (...-I .. u 2 \.,.[0; lJltl';Dl<I,Iw; '"lUI (2 vl'L!.... IlY,ik),
D = 0 "",>fi-u I ""Iris TDfl!:olrla,. "lUI (2 '10'1,.,..,.-; ]tvi,k) .
D > I) ,.".:li-II niuC";<. "..10.. m<"R"ld,,,, (2 kOllll'[,-X ~ri,k).
3. A masodfoku "!O'p,,lpl !O'okpinpk t"l .. jdumll'j.:ai Il a .r 1 '-"'.1"2 "'" ( 1.1J!11l) V"'J' (1.139h) me"odfnkl'1 ('K)"'IlI,t gyti kPi. akknr
b
r,,,,r2 - - - =-P,
.rl.l",, __
4,
1. m Odsz pr: H.. m..g t lUljllk h"l.,i""llli.
. }-I).
( 11:14;)
q.
(1.141)
'lI:
ar +b.r+e =u(.r-n}(T-11) (1.142,,)
vagy
r a + /'r + '/ = (r - ")(I -;1),
(1.14 21
!V.o""~llfdholJtil.~ kO;wPJ.l"niiluwg",lj" l\Z
v';'\lm,ok l'0lillomjai.
2.
= z.
II~-.n_
:..t"-sod fo ki. t"1O't"IIJ.,t c k nwgo l<llwt:
1.6.1 .2. n szfu n ll a l~('hra i "~Y" lI let "61flll6 re n d s ze re k
:.I. III
:.I. Iy-Z =O.
1.6.1.3. Hamis g)'okiik
irAAm6<Iw. n d.....-ab
_ .,; ... 2,br)

_'" "" v'P ( " ' ' .,;.211:
' - - - ' ' ' 1 SlU--- .
U,
.-1
!I- I
v..
.rJ = to.
~....o ki;kd,
iii .l"2+ r
(1.H3)
I2 - J
_(;=0. r ~+r-6"'(.r + 3)(r-2).rl
__ :\. I2=2,
I..4n " " . /tkn

al..Jr.l,.." irjnk, akkor a kf>t i~m"rt'tl"" Ita (>,0. ,." m.'nnvU<i'~ <i00t7-"ttf>t i~. "'~>r/.at;\.t i>< iSIlJ.'rjiik, (,gyhogy Il
V I~A-f<>'" gyoktftpl alapjan (lMcllJ. " lcl.) [..If<>Rhatjllk ok." Il
tt)'_(u J + .,),, . ,,'I,.3_ 11)'_'1qu'_p" u
(1 .1,'iO<])
2 . moo"z..r : A lIll'l';"I.I<,k'1,].,tl\lk..hnl\1Jwl
a) II.Z (1. I39.. )..I..Jr. ,....,tiu >I>l
u.u II.)
ma..o.]fokll rgyenl..t lIl~olcl"'...,j""k. Innf'll
.." =,,a =_q -J<f-r.

llllog"ld3>oo.>kr.......""1. ..1,,>1 allWw.. hk k'"I..t 1>An.. b 1ll.'1I.'U ..16nyo..:
b ) lIZ (1. I3'Jh)!LWr. ,"" ti'll
IV
( I loW)
IIlI'll;okLi..""kAt ....lja.
1.6.2 .3 , lIarma,lfok (1 ('g)"(,llIN('k

1.
>LX
J;
_,/_~,
(I.I~)
(1.150<')
\/~q->- v'ql ... p" \"I'~_-q-_-.j~<i'O=.=p'=
(1.1.iOf)
CARDA'So.J,<l, lipldet kIlpjuk. ~li""llIlinn..n kol'!t.'o'okurk IJar<mlt'r't<'k.. Vl\Il (\AAd (1. 133"), 3.".oI.-l.).
kil<>uc _tPt IebetI>f' IIIf'ItkiilimhOztct ni. "'I.<'k uonl"'ll ~ ttt'
- P.-..fiiU"" mi"tt " kOvctkt-r.o worn
1IJt1tnMA;.", r<><tllka16dILllk:
Jll - Itl - t', (tt, ... VI lIZOk Il """'" ko~ukok (ho\nl,,~yik ilY"U
I'io rm a.II. 1ak:
...r-o?+cr-J_O
tt..,_I.J
(1.1-161>1 egyenlet y m~Iow...w""
JI -II...-t'=
_eJ~_q
2
,
X"
(lgyhoRY
lJ'.! =" (-- -
bdyt tu-..it'" "tin
'
l'
v&i"l. IUlll"I:n-krr .. ,1ft
- ~p) . ( U;;o,:)
~)v'3 + t',( -- - ~lv'3.
(1.1 JOb)
'1
1
i ""
I
i I:"
ltI=II'(-2 -2}v3 -t'1(-1 -3h/3
J-~
I. """1
(i.l-lbb)
. y + 6. + 2 = O. Itt p = 2
21T'
be2'1 -; 2;;i - J;;i
2.
U I .....
t;; ...
3<v - ~
3p - ~
(1.146<;)
m eg oldbok salina: A
D=:rI+y
(l.Ui)
.-tmkrilUlll,,".~.-IOjr"'l~ fiiqo.'Oo>"A<kxfik
D > Ol'OOMrn.....t"" ~ w.I<'-c 1I1"~oIcw. (~~ ... kh komplP:o: gy{,k).

D < 0 . -.....bArom ~ 1I1<l:.'>lo:liuc ("",",>Ill .,iilOnOO7i> .....1"'" gynk).
D = 0 .....-ti>n ~ -kJ,. ""1:01.1$. (~ bAl"OllIlI7.OI'O/l \'"A1tio- ~iik) h>o p
q _ O. ""lO' ki>t ....ute.
lIX'gotd/v. ('xv "ltY""'""'" ~ KYOk i ... "l':Y k.'t.ouTUl.....u.s ","ok) ha Ii' = -1 ,;yo.
Iuoi Xl, X2'" X3. Aklu,r
X,+T,
T3""--,
<2
-+-+-=--,
T,T,Tl
(1.I~'l)
A harm",dfoku .. It'o' e n l..tek IIIt'Kold ;\.sa :

Ha m'1t I"cljuk h,.I",",,~ni. .. 7. 'ven],-! h..J. old..l".nak
aTl -<- b,Xl t c.r ... d- fl(T -(0)("'-- ;J)(z- 11
~7.or7", 1 f.,II"'lltAAil koz\..-tI,'niiJ m"S",ljll lIZ "&.""IlI..1
4.
1.
IlIM ~z ..r :
'x,-H . ,=(1.
2. m6U ~z.'r : (;A ltlJAN()

J
(Ll4~lh)
T1=1
l{Vok,'it.
. ;r3 + ;r2 _ G,X = 0 , i ' + 'x' _ 6r
'x(xI3)(;r- 2):
ki']>kTi' ll("k "]k"llU",,......,.
u + t + ( u + v )( 3 " ,, + :lp } -<- '2'1
"Kyf'u l,>t l",. Ez l>i~.I.UI'''u t.'Ij,'~iil "kk"I', hit f"Ull>tJ1

113 + I ,J _ _ '2'1 i...
1(1'=-"
Ha a". (l. \;,()h) o...z,'fii\Wi""'k,,t >v.
u" + ,,"- - '1q,
,,",.3 -1''''
=:
(1.l4'Ja)
Az
'xl= O, 'x, = - J , 'xa= 2 .

0;
+ " h,ly.'U,,,,it.<--:'1 (1.14tih) fotm,'R.Y IL:<

(1.1:i(l>t)
( 1 \;,ul
r =- ~-1 -3 '"
q-1.i-'!
9J-oII..".,ot:T'7:I=~=1.2599
-1.;>/174 AvNo6coR.'o'Ok'1 = II
t' _ -O.3Z7:',,,koml,IP:o:~OkokY'.l] =
_~( .. + v) i ";(a - ~ ) = o.ieas i2.4'>59

3. moo"zl"r: .ou 1.2, tii.blazatha n fl'lhilllf"tptt ,.ryidm",",,,,,':,...l:~. De_tjiikllZ
r =
(I.lc.l)
;..101....r. Mol p lIZ ( 1_1~6h) "RY"ulrtbOl vaIO, ... r t'lojtolk q ..16jelioVP! "V"'7-"nek VI\lIlo<ztjuk. E>:utAlI P"'
D =
- ,! t'\OjrWWl ft-JAAOCu" tfthl&zatt..!01 IIltoglu<tArozzuk a 't'llI"pf<tTllf"llllyi>.fgM. rs CIllll'k fNhaw.,..
IWvalaz JlI, J/2 .... !b gyiiki>t..
2
.
r?- 9y + 4 = O. P = -3. q = 2. rI + tTl < (}, r - J3. u:... ,; - 3v'3
- O.38--t9. ,; = 67'22'
.r
y, = -2v'3rotiZZ"27' - -:1.2t11 J/2 ~ 2.;30..(611" - 22"27') =: 2.H7. y, _ 2v'3ros(6O" -<- Z-n7') =

0,-155. r rOlllfC Yl - Jh ...- Y:c '" 0.001. ami Il kl'T"kft'...i hiloAk lIJiAtt 0 hdyt'\t ,lr~almtO.
4 . nlooszer: Ko-l.d it.o """1:01<""', w..l !.I1O. 01.1
1.6.2.4 . Negyedfoku egycnlctck

No rm alalak:
a.e' +
+ CI' + dx -.-, = 0
lI a ",. .-gyp"l,'! minden egyiitthatOja val ,.... IIkk".- 'o'~.v O. V"!lY 2, 'o'''lP' 4 '0',,1<'< [II<1;0I,lfI.. .. vall.
2 , SVfi: mli5 alakok: lI a b = d = U, Ilkkur ><l:
fl.r' + ('.X' + l: = 0
I.
br
(].1<~21
( 1. 1~Ja)
''gy'' lll.,t !n'okpit IlZ
.'1'"
-r~
2u
kfpl "[" 'kkell..J,,,t kis".Amiu.ui. Il .. u '"" (' i... b =

a'x' + b~a c;rl + b.r + a = 0
(l.l :hJh)
.t, IIkknr "'"

( l.1c.:k)
.~
p U
<1 ... '; <0

rr
b
ql+p'>O
rh., =~
ITO' ,: ..
'1= _Zr ,,,,,i3

1
1
"."'"fI1Pt ,ywi\
.
,
di
3.
t.
1.
a.
kilzwt],pq,il o"'K"'lj..
I l =O '
H,
6 JP
...J.b c~_t"""""l. am"llwk .. g.,vok"; ''RV... .-..k. mllll .. kimdubu-i !"R.wnkti-i, d.. lll<~1 ow.--k 1
lUulli"licil ......" "'. E hh ..~ A volinumul kPt , ..".....wo hontjuk A
P(x ) - Q(.T )T r l.
l.li>7b )
T (x ) = (X _ .. )H (x _ J)l-l
lIycrjiik;
-1_ ....1
2a
( 1.I 53d)
Q {.e)
.r.. =
L X,
1.
r.="
"
.. .rn~;r.l"ft_ lX. -
L,., r ,.eJr.
..
2 . m Od"7-t" r: A7. (1_1~") "lO""fll<-t ""ok"; .. - I ,_ti>n n~wJl('k""
,.
r+ (b_A):"'(II +",,-d)
K'~/A'lltO
k,,,,..,tkezO h.. nuadfokl, "I(W"lrtll.-k '1\.."
"'"""
I Ll w h)
1I11'l\"ldAA.I.... t !J10. old.
Vales t>gyiitt h at 6j (1t>J;)t>n lete k
n..
1. K omplex g,yokok r..llephetnek vAI6I<"8.yiilfhatOj{,1><,hullm''R:I~'u],tck m,,!:o]dN.ilik(-nl L,. o<ak.

l>lIju!-\Ah kompl<'X""rokhan, ""gyi.~ h" .. - lJ+i b'"lt"I~Jok,IJd~"1 J '" a-i bisaz.lU(oghozzAllgy""""""'"
"mllltil'licitA<..w. Ma.....-lf"ko"l <'S<t],ru" p
- (n + ,I) = - 2<1 (.,. q .. oj = a 2 + I} jdul'-I f..nnaII
1",..)
P(.J) ~
Gyokok A"
(J
1.6 .3.2.
(.I' - n)(.e - J ) =.e 2 -.- p.e + q

(1.l39)
Hit,.,.. (1
o"'''Rf;igg''''I'''l1l1liu'\''1l ilypul ""-""lfiI'Ar !<1.nrr...tAt (I ],;\J) "~...,-illti kif,je"'....wl helyet t,,,,iljiik, akkor a "a16o< rgyiin!",'i,j"I",lintlmlll,k .. 1I.Y ,,,J,;. "'fly" ';"'" val6 fdoout8.,..!\t kapjuk:
1.6 .3. n-edfoku egyelllct ck

1,6.3.1 . A Igl'h ra i ogyc u lct.ek altalanos tulajdonsagai
""_,,,-ft_1 + .. + '.... =
( I. F,s)
m' -<Oi>
C>' iKi. (os magasabbfoku egyenlctek
",ltalMlilIllll'm o]dlJ,,'6k Iup@'gyiikvolli"",k l",l,;,."'/ibnialg,,hmim'lvrl.,!.!.,,!.
-~-~ .
( I.I ~)
~lrt lO,m,....j ",,1. Abol A = JIlJl'" /) 4r p,; II a

gyolw:
8rl-4<~+ (2/Jd-~' )!J "(4("_b2 )_,(I =0
Jft
-~_l
a&
r: =;1, ... ~
I. rl--1. r.=2.
3. m Ms7..r:
( l.l i>' r)
( I 1:.4A)
rl_lr_? _ 'b = n. -!"(.? -1 Hz - 2) = r (r-l ){r - l X:r - 2}.

"-1-0,:1"2
(,r - .. ) .e-f)
ko'plct..knek 1Df'&ff'\f'l&-n_ T(x )...-t a P (.e) poI.iDulJ'

oPr-ivAII;s.. P (,r } ~bb ki'J:l.O- ooqtojak(-"t
(Ias<l l i. okl.) k-b.'1 lliegMlArmlli. IIl"rt P (.e) Ii>l.l ~!yom P (x )-n<'k i>l gyOkci. uutan .. Q (x }
polinomot'>gy kapjuk 111t~. huto P (x }-f'1. <'!ov.ljuk II T (x ) ""liuouunaJ; Q (x ) 7kn~,""lyci u~.ok .
mml P(x)--i-i, de multil'li("itMuk 1.
3 . .-\ V iet a--- fel e lO'o k t " t el (g)-oko k iost>gyiitlh at bk kOwtli o-zl!'ffigg"""k) Az ( 1.156A) <'KY"fl\f'I: n <\IIrIIhXl . .1'2. . .eft,;yOk.. '"" lIZ,'X-vuUhAl<'>k knzlrtt frnntJlnak .. kl'ovrtkn.6 o.-fi"~k:
IP;VOk,->kM.
I.
''I;
y>- ,. sh~ -iJ3" {h~
( 1.157..)
A z ilt. U.noooo"'lP'f'<l fo k u ""11:.'-.. " ....1 mt"gold;is.a:
1.6.2 .5.
.-
,=
1. mbd",",r : A l...J oldal ><IoOI'7Alf.. lhonta..H.v..:!

ou ' _or ;s' +u ... ,,: 0 = .. (r - oKr -J)( r - , )(I -6 )
3.
'"
r' 2.1t =
P(.r )- (x -o )~ {r ~ :1)' (.1' - , )'"
"o"'IJ~lO<iluttU. A P(r ) = U <"R.V<"n!o>t In~ol, 14M1 ullu.h~ 'nf'g \f'lwt kUllllyiteni <"fO' ulylUl f'gyl'tli<>t1"1'
r-. - rm i3 - iv'3,.~h'::3
w..."k..m k.,.lo-u-k ".,.i~vd
,~
- iv'J r sh .c:'
1/2 = r ch
IIJ - '"-2r o:Qfi
,h; -=
'1 = -2rMb z;
3
!I:I =nh i _ i../3 . - ri, i
Yt "" -2reh
(60" - ~)
~=+ 2,.n... (6O" . ~)
Itt P ft_I(:c) "gy .. - l,...l f"ku polin<>lTl. II;, Pft(x) ,,,,zth,,t'" Iv. (.r - o }1< d~ ""m ozth"m ez (.I' - o j""
kif"j~l."kkm I\Zt lIIoudjuk. hogy n" Pn(x )
() <'gyPnlo>l.l,..k k . :oro. gtjijk,. Eb.... n ll7, ~t...n n "
Pft(.r ) polinomuak. e.l<'gf,,]j,hh (I; - 1)...-{rPtl,ht d.. nv.utjAiullk ki'ttiio< gyiilu' .
2. Az algebra a laptHt"It" ~lin<l"",, ....lfok!I''IO''nl..tr ...k... melvn..k llZpgy;iuhAtOi.....lOo<""RY k01Il1>"
I.,x "",Amok." .tara!>val,:,,; vag)' kompl.. x f'\Y0Iu' v"n. hllil k-.<mr... K;o'Ok,ik"t k-flWf sM,moljuk. II.. P ix)
cokt-i 0, J ..... Cs .,..",kll..k .. mnltipli"itMa ( ""~"l nu.l, .. k , I. on, . .. akkor i-n-fnyrs ..
(1.1"'.i1l)
'~Y"lll"ll ",1 ,,1<1..1Ilt ""df"k" Pft(') I",linnnltlak. (1. 156,,) mrgo1diWu!" Ph ( . ) poliJinlU ~y;;k,'ilwk 11<'vt'"t.I,;ik. H"" .. j",1illnTn ,!tv RY<>k., "kk"r P,,(:c) o""th"l."'''''. (:c- oj kift'.ip~i",,,,'L A~ .411,,.11111<'" ,,,,,'ll"'l1
f"llwill
(.J - o,)~ , (. - " , )It, .

... (r' + p,l + qll""(.' + ~.J + 9"1)"" .. (,r:l ... ,,,,.1' + q.)'"
(1.100)
In. 01. "2,'" ,(\1 a P(:c) polinom I <la,.. h val,,,, !O'O!'. P(J-} -u,'k . '1\11 t"v"hl", r pa' konjugalt komplex
/G"ike. 1U1ll'ly,'kd .. ~ x 2 .. p,:.J + '/. (i = L 2, .. , r) 1I1.... "lf"k(ll~llyP1fikzi'rn~],,'lyrik"nt ny"riink. A ~
II, (j = 1.2..... 1). p, i... 'I. (i "" 1.2..

m"ltiplieit{~',,,i r<'ndr ..
k,. k..
,r)
~z['l1l"k
, k, "" m i. '''., .
. m .
vlll6o<llk. i... f.'nnAIi
(~r
'I, < 0 A gyoki;k
1. Antlll , llk"
2. v alos egyiitth a t 6 j il f'ltY*, nlpt gyi>kp ;nt'k sz luna A'l (1.I.:;!I) ""'Zlfii~i.....l ka\",..,I,,th,," ..I,
mondotr...khioikiiwlk,'"/,ik. h,'lO' minden pAr"'I"n fok" <1G"'nl"ITWk van !pg"lilhh ''RY ,'..10.. R.vok,, Il~v
"'" {1.1::.tia) eKJO'llld.llf'k k,'t IdlO'.liI.."".... " i... b vtJ... ""'..'" kiior.ot l, ehol a < b. M.IlY ""loto R.vii!u- ""n, "",I
1,6.4 , Transzcendcns cgyenletek v isszavczctesc a lgehrai

egyenletekre
L 6 .-U. Definici6
II w""'k,,,,,il"'PIlf',,If'hM rrwg.h"lAr"~lIi:
A~ F (x ) '" fir) f"gy"'1I1..1 t.r1U~""A'<'Il<l...",_ L... "<II F (.r), I (L ) fiiRJ:V'<".Ylk kiYl.iill.-gNlibb ..... f1:Yik
II1 l1:...hr a.i.
A : 3J = 4,-2 2' . B : 2~ (3.r -1 ) -1o& (l:.!r _I ) n . c : 3<iu = shr - 9.
a ) A t obbolzoro.. K,Yi)kok IpWllu zt a sa: E1&<.OOr 1,,"""""'tjllk" P(x) - 0 'Rvt'"IM tOhI.....iimo< ~vnlw,t.
mialt.u olynn '1t""nlf1f1 kapnllk, 1Il1l,'ly.wk "lIn<l..." ~okf' mo>gVllJl. tit mAr """k 1 mnltiphnt"-"l. ut
"" a11l"hr.. .w.ptCtf'lh...1itImrrl""f'\:l mo.loll kbo1. m,~,'""i_

lIZ ... tklid"''''l IIlI:"l'i1mu~hnz n"lYO" h....o,,10 STl RM-mrid.z,.,. _nllt lllin<lj3rt. II
STURM -!""' Itl..... (II STt;R"I.j~.. ,...l:) 1I~tu.~Val Ju,-""I.-ni . Ii" """ utoiloO. lIullAl.OI kiilOnhi'JotA
p.. mar",~k Uf'1Il kul"'w.... lIlcknr p(r j..I\IC'k Y>\ll1I.IIk wlH-iim. gyOkt'i. allil'1:reko'l Ir. ko'li ~t.. zn.
C....l..7Rnlhh II:7.OlIhftn
D:
?~I = S~2 _ I,~2 .
E : sinr
rnt<~x-~
P : rlx.. r=sinx,
f.."""....... u-klMon '" tran.""""'ll<kn~''K)''I'''Io'k lIi<'l!\oI,!li.Mt.1'1... 11<><11,"'" h<-1)'PIt ....jl~kk,.]. a1g"br>l.i <"g.wnIPlO'k n~da..fl.ra kht1. vi.""""'V.....I'U. AI~I ......ullf\l,,, Ir<lll:<.t.O .. ",1.'1111 egyenlt-l.ekM c><aIt: kOz<-litOlq:
MiItdPlIe>ottw ,z"l.iLn II>: nj P(z ) - 0 f'!tW,u..twk ,ull'1IO'nf'k tOht~ ~Ia-i., rio- 'ijl"1l. IDf'g kr-Il. IlAt3ruz.ni a STIiRJol-fpj,.lAnrot
IfflM ~oId&ni. _-\l3b1o uo'hiwy. aiIl"br31 t'g)"O'lllrtre ~\".....tliet6"""1<'t wjCJ!lIolunk.
b ) A St urm- fUW '#o ny..1r. >lOrozatallak k.p7.......:
1,6 .4 .2. Exponencialie egyenletek
P(rl. 1" (rl. P,(z ) P:lr ),
P...
Ezptm...... uil .. ~nUt,k. b.. A7. x i:oTTlO"f1'l:IPn V"6Y"'8Y Pix ) I'0linnm nU: ~ e. II, c.' -. lDffiIlyi.~ek
lil.ev6jo'b..n SY'l'PIl'd. 1II ki)wolkf'Z6 ki1. .-.II...n .....1.rlbo-!6k V~ ~ er;yenlt1.K":
l l lt.il)
<'OlI' 1
1. Ha az 0'" , . II'>' ........l v&u)'Uknl D<'11i kOtlk CK,VII..ubo:..:-lNook ~ kivnrWook. a:l "C""'Il1o-t
lllilldkCi okIalauak teb~ aL-.p1.......... tlwW ~itlllu""1 ...-.iik.
In P (xlv...oml ~J<.t bill ol.l.aI.o>... 1" r ) ... P (r),.j,,6 <Ieri..aJlja. P (x ) " PIx ) pol.inomllAk .. P(r
polinommal """" o.qtA''''IIAI kt-Io'!.k.t-Lil ~k. Or- ,.]J,-nknJj dOjdJcl ~......., P:(x ) II P (x 1><>liL n
nail: a PI(L ) poIinommlll ~ ,_t~ f' llq.o6, ..,~ntPn ..1k-nlreW "lOjeIld wit marado'-k ~th .. f'...
!wm,l.AI'" # 0 A7. "Iol.oo. do- kow-lAIl>- lnar",llok. A ><I.iunoI&~ "'IY"Z"'rii.... li.,.,. ...:1j3l><'>lllZahNllI kapo'l lUIIradCkokal ko""tanr; p<lIZitiv ..........kW Ul~-:wrOWl,<"Ita,"" I'I'f'dmmy Jlf'ln VlilIuW: l1K1t.
c ) S i urm I.,t"k-: H" II:z ( I . l l.il) l'OlP11>an a ,..h~k. ~"fOi.<o,, ~ ...~rOI . - -r... ill, fordit,." toctPod
3lJfWIlf't..k ~.JunA x = a _"",,,II .-1 ..... L = II....-to'll B ..... Pta ) es P(b) I- O. ..Jc:kor A7. A - H ItnlOnl~
..,;:....nlO II PI x ) = 0 ~Irt (a. b) illt<TVallumlMUl taI>\lh11l<'i ,....... gyi"illPiut'k a .......
lb.......Junf'O-
. 3' _ -I,~1 ?;r~3_ z -2)q ~-xq2;.r-1ot:
-I
kal'"nk. IUTlf'lyn.. k
"",..1.
2'
[]AJRSTow fr !, djMN<
Ili",~w\lhl\tO
(lfwl
[i~1.221J.
zlr
~: k.:-plct r+vfn ~ In<1!: 1.-1"", hutamzlli,
1.6.4 .3 . Logaritmik us CIU"('III('t e k

l.ogont,mkb.' ~rJd,-.l:M. ha "<II.r ;"1Il<'ro1k'!., vagy '10' PIx) l><>Imnm noak .. lngalitn"I~;"1 AlAn fcrdul
..16, a ko,...t k..z6 k<'t ,,,,,'1.bt,, koh,1. .uW-lml.i "'I:.\'<'ul, t re Vv..1...'....,....III;:
a ) Ha "'" <"K\'l"IllO't .-sak "",v hi7.0ny<: kif...p ..... 100001Uilm''''''1 tartlmazza, ,.),Iror "'d .. kwuitm'.~1 ,'>j
ism......llf'n krm J,-hf>t hPv.."..tDi "" 1\7, ~.. nktO'l erre lll.ogo1<!",u A ~ '......I...l i ;"nlf"..tl...ut a IoglUitmllshol
......mitjllk ki.
m[log. P(xW + n = "Jllog. P(rJFI .... b. Al Y log" f'(r)Ilt'IY'UA,>,iw..1lZ ;,,11 + n = a~

'1O"'DI"'n' .........!. A 7, Y m f'nnyiso\g n"'gh"t;,
IIIAn xr
P(x ) _ ,," e!lVl'u lcU'1 ka l' j llk .
.,A-
Il-e ufoku e!O"'I]"t .. k m"K" ld " "a !J > -I'....1.' 11 " z l'gyenl"t " k {.ltIlJa haJ, """k kOZf!fI.O[,..'10I,I
hatok Im'f(. A ~'"kotl"LI~," ,v."nhlU' mhr a hartn l\Ol ;". u...~,'( lfokil ''Kyt'lJl''kk mqt"I<lIt.."'~rI' i. ki;,Alitli
m{,d. ,'.<',,k,,1. "Ik"h",v.u"k, ""df,, k,', ,~I'I" hr"i 'Wnl, t 0,;,. "", gyi>kpi. kii7,l iik II kompl"x,'k . ki'7,,,1It,; " "'Itha t it.r 07.f1._it.p, """lgA!1\ B nO OETS KY ~MEAL fi'l ...mi>d. l.{'r (Iii."" [I !j1 . 1 1 !j , ~1 ) . A IIt,hmi "!4}"IlI" IA 'k ,ItY''';
"" I"" gyok...inek k i~7.fll nftA..... " U< 'Ill1i",{"i. "~'n l"t" k m"'f(oldii.'<Ara "~...lgAlo Altal';'llo,' ki;'.... lfl ll lll{" I "z,~
,."kkd i. I"h"t""f("" (Mild ~1()7. ,,1<1,). Alg''' 'r"i ,It)" Il!<I ('k komp l...x 7k m shdy.. i,,,, k "'...f(hal"r<rlJ.......I I";,
~..... lIti1n x..-t e r
2' , - ~' ~1 - l'~ l. "2 = 64 - 16 A7." = Z' h..I)..-t","it"-1 i' - -Iy - 32, = 06<!fI = 8 ,
0, tilO' hoc.rl _ 3. T iibh vaI6810'011: ninno_
" = - ~ . !b = 0: 2" = IS. 2" - - -I. 2'"
Sor -
3.
2: ; 4 10(
32
2 , Ha e. b_ c;
'1t\'azou k sMut..,,"- ""1(10' wrtki""'6ja hllwilnylli. ~ a = .l:a. b - "... c. '" "'.
akkor hizooyOi" kOriilmell~"<:'k ko,wu az , _ ~ 1>r6b..klf...~ ""1If~ 11"1"11. Ai!:..nrlli "'!:Y""nleM
I'OZIllhAn ~ lIi.wc>k ""II/"'a1..,;)'O"III&. J<kkor a1J:'Mt aj<-lvNt&ook ~'<l.<Wlli.liWwAI kl It.-.llllAc'lll.
Hat.aro:<zll k ""'ll A7. z4 _ 5rl + ~ _ s - Of'gYPnlt'I~'iW'i"ek~t" O.Z- im...r vallumlMn.A S Tt"RM

/VggoinyrJ; h.....unil.......VAJ" ki"""kf'7~1 Ivap;l1k: P(z) _ x" ~z - ~; P(x) '" ~r' - lOx _ te .
P,(x ) _ s.r -121 ... 16 ; P1(z ) '" -3r _ ZN. 1'3 ' -I . A... x ~ 0 hel~'t't ...... it.(".a -5. -+ S. -16. 214 -I
"l>IO"",tot adja ki1.jPlviltNoMJ./U X '" 2 !wo1.V<'"....il p<"<lig .. ~-I. ~20. -12.... 2 ~S-. - I ....1U7...,ot '1!J' .1"'1
V>iJtiItoMJ. ",;yoo,;y A - n _ 2 - 1 - I , VlOgyi~ 0 i 2 kO:riit1 "KY g,vok taWllAtO.
d ) ~Mh"...f"I~ "lllj"l~Ul hilly : A P(r ) - 0 '1lw llk.. poziU\" gyC>koit... k ><l.liu". (Ill""t mnhipliciliI-ItI" ....m"h.. ) II...m TlAft"Ohh. minI II 1'(z) l'0liUOlll''lQ'iiuhat&-""m.tlltAI'''ll'' j,..I>.,;,]t...... k ~'''''m ... I...
ulobloitOl n<ak IwlroII """'rum..l kf,lonh''''h.t (1lI<Wll( e!l"'RYjllk a lJ.-ka1 '"" ..gr iiu l",tOk ""....."., "MI).
~f it MIlt lIlOlldAlli Iv. r' + 2r' - r' _ "-x - 1 _ 0 l'lQ'<'nl,t gyOk...ir~j? ..u "lO"'DI. ' (ogyiiUh.llt<'iiuak dojf'le wnd ,... +. -+. -, .,.. -. VIIg)'u, IWOlIl jd\"alta..~ yo.. n. 1h e~"ul.'hlf'k a DESCARTEs- fr w
jd.,.ahNy ..... ..nnt. ""KY..gr. v"R)' h"""lU I', .... itiv KYoh vaIl, ~I ; .... I x h...1yr h" -x i'l'\ikd in'" 1\7, '10'<' 01...1
~i>ko-;Tlf' k .. Ioj..l.. 1l1f'j(VAllozi k. tovllhhA x h"I"",h. '"" x It cr ti' k"t in'" '' K\iikok h val ,"';;kkollIwk, ..
J:)p,o("Art<'l<- frl.. jPIlll.llhAly ..-git....- gh..[ a 1I" gativ ~~;kok ~,,;i.mAl . valamlne a hnal na,;y"hlo I/..viikiik
mat i. Jw.-"iilni l<' h"t. A }O'I"'II 1"I,IH.l"'1I r 1...1.\"rlK " -x o'rto'kf1. In'" az .r' - 2.r" _ .1 - 5x - I - U
.-gy<>n!..t .. t kAp j1lk . l..hAt ..... ''IQ''lI],tlwk "!O' 1l<'Illlti\" gyok{' V"D. HII X helyebe 1\7, x + I hti'k"t {Ijllk.
e kkor r 4 -t- lix J + Il r + 13r + 6 '" 0 "di>d ik
.. mlnek Dyilw;'lIva\&mlullO< j><u.itiv !tvok... . l .. hAI ,,/,
<"gy('u!,t lIliu<I"ll l><y/,iti\" ltV<ik<' ("ICY VI\~V hArnm <1M"") l Il'1 ki.",,],h.
nt'll'
b ) HI\ ~ "",-';Cnld lllilldkfol oldala nlYI\n kif j ,;.,...k ~ A>ll" alll.prll """"tkO'w 1000..ntnllJNUllak "'.
n .... "I':i'llz o-gyiillhlltok ka! krWA!t Iinf'''ris knmhiDA<'injA.Am,Iyt'k .r-ue-k Jlolin",ujai. 1'1. ..... <1G"'llld
... 1"1(" PI(x } + n log., l\ (x ) +. .. 0 ..1,.),1',. ")' k"r 1\1. "ltv,DI...., hili ol<l..lAt ill. jobh old" Ja,t is qtydlf'n
kif..
I,,!:ari tmuwa 1,,11,,1 vi""""","",t"i.
j,"....
(3.r-1):
(:u- lf
2 Iog,. (3,c - l ) - logs (12x ~ 1) '" 0, log,. 12x + 1 = If,!:, I , ~ '" 1 . Xl = O. : = 2. A7,
X, = (I , ,,, Ih..,,,, ki; nd lll""i "Iotw ult'll'" "a\r'> h,hdy,!.t,'>' il.i-,; n{,I ...l1Y n ..gat{v
ko"'plex m"'u lly ;""'g li'p fpl. '1IO' ho~y.r, _ 0 Iwlll tlu'l(ol,lko,
~dll lJ
logar il ll1l1"" . \"lIlG'is
1.6.4 .4 . Trigono u u-t r ik us cgvcn lcn- k

1f'!1nlln"'drlk,lS "mr"lekht I\lgd n a.i,gyp" l' h ,l dl,t vi",,~lIv,,~tlli.b'l l\l' .r ikm" ",-I.I"11 vagy az n .gi"'~
"RYiiu.halojllnx +" k iflj,,h ('Mk " trill:<>lU>llldrikll" fiiAAwnY" k iUW1"1<'nt nmAha.n fOMIlI Pili. A t ngOIl<>m..trikus kr l'lpt ..k a1k.,lrnazA.."....I 1\7, ,gy('U]"l,t At khN a!lIkil,u ,i "10' , h"R.v r -n..k """k pgy..ll""
46
f'iiggvinyPt tartalm.v.1.A,", ,"t y-nN t,~;ik ~"nlOvt'. Az fKy.bpott "RY"niM lJl~ol,I"'''''' ut"ll llll'ltlu.tar'o7.znk r-d, OlO"'lni ko'lJ" ""~"ld",,ok tOhh"rt.hl"i.~;'l't' .
'
"'11"- ""
II' =
2' !h
az'l =
..2
(XlI<.r -
I ""IO''''MlLI
__
1 -Mil, .r - _1 , Z,
~
-2' .h !h 1l...~"I,Lvo" luill.lnJ.u.i <'R}'<'"l..trl' Isinrl :::;
i~
21<.. i ... .r "" 5;
0,,,.
2. 1. A fiiggvcny fogalma
""m ... 1 ,-a1"" m<'W'lld;"'t.
2.1.1. A fiigg"en:y dC'finki6ja
= slIlrh..lyMI""it""""l, . , - ~
~ "L<"l'l"ld..... ..,,;,I.r
I miatl
+ 2tJt RYilkok... \WA1.. AhoIIe =
2.1.1. L
1 2.3.
1.6 .4 .5. Egyenletek hlperbolik us fiigg\:i-nyckkd

II~ .... fiUJ'l''''n"".i.M t..rtalnuoJ> <'gy1'nlM.f.k Akkor ......thPU'ik ~J\ ..rgffinLi f1I:o...nwtrr. bit ILZ r
iSID<'rctk-n noU:." hil""Tholik'l~ fiiY;YM1V'<"k "fgIlnwntnma.hAn fordnl ..\o. Ehhfoz" hil"'rhobk,Il' f,iggvi'
n)",krt rxpo....nriA.l... kif,,';'-';'-kkrl bd .....u ... ;tj;lk.lllIl,jd ..J~uk lUI'
u.st. milUtAI.."" A1vbrAif'lO"'Jl~t bplmk. t.n1W'k ~oh-w..a
UlAn
3 d u = WlZ + 9:
9 v'73
J("'_~')
'2
r-~'
- - - ,- -
9 .. 1/5
9:"'-
2<' -'-9 =0:1/
9-J73
e- ~!
lilac ..,....k lUI r
k~ it<ul i .
J'1..2 = --,-- ; rl = In - -,-- "" 2 .1716 . .1"2 = In - -,- - "" -1.-17.;4.
~.
bd", 1""'1-
In,ktikrt k..\1
--!l -0.11-9,-;-2-0;
2. Ftiggvenyek es el6allftasuk
f'uggyellY
lIa r"" 11 k~t va.lt<TW lll..nnyi..ry;.'~ h... ~ ....~,tr r m"kh.~ 1'0,,100<\I' pgy II ht.k '<1.11 h<y~v\rPlld ..I"".
""k,,!"az II llll"Ullyi...,'ogP' r "!AA"f.uyi>n<k 1l''Vf'7.Z;Lk;.,. RZ
1I =/{r).
(2,1)
;.-10 t haK.w.;!Jjuk. A v&ltozi> r mm"y;...:."..I ... , fiiu'-';'ny ftiW tl.... MhowJOiwt.lr. vagy .rgt:tmnlt,.....,;nnk ......."iilr.. :\zok "" r "rt"IwI<.IUI...IY'~,i>rt"k \'Nt ~w.aIlrutjak~/lr) ll-lggVfny D
m ..lt",,;:,:~. tnrlmlll:in"u_ A vAltom II 1I...,",yi>M'g!Jt'..... JUggn rJ<:iJtnZti; RZo.-n., .. rt<'k..k ..J.kotp;.k AZ / (r
"y \I ' m,:a"~=ldd.
"4IJ.......
2. 1. 1. 2. Valm; ffiAA,eny
HA U "!"tJ'ImM'.r,.i lMtoruli..uy eo &:01: hU'kk""" ....t nwUt ....... ..-.wuubllaltalmaz.. JI.1,t mondjuk. hop;y / (r) lOIlti<
A:
..";Jt,,wJ'i ..lti.~n,.
.=r.1IhoI D'
B : II -
.;r.AhoI
- x<r< x .1I"
0"5 r c "X: .
n
2.1 .1 .3 . Tiibb"ti.1toz6s fllggveny

nA az II "a.!\ad> '1Oui,{ Wbb r
, ha."".nilljllk
=
jP~t
r_
r2
/lrJ.rl . . . r~)
(~IOhbvaltmi ..
fil~1m
v4l1-<.wtill fUu. ..Jr.lwr liZ

(2,2)
fUcgvi>nrr6II_;'h'ink (lao-d 121. old.).
2 .1.1.4. Komplex fiiggvcn):
n.." fiiggrtkn valtozi> "8)' :
wmpkr .;:"
kot a..
1(:) k"I""'" h>mpl..r mltozo}ti l"mpkr fiigg-"":nllt Ir \P. alllf'I~"" A'romplf'x fii~yt"'l1( 1 W-I okl.) , Argyl\!. A knml'lM[ fiir;gvt'ny..-k kOzP tArtm:nAk an>n fiiw"ny<>k i~. am..I~...k ,.,.16.. r ~'L1l1""!llluokr" 'nlllnllk ht-Plm ....V<' .I" komplex fIx) fUgg......ny..rr..k<kM '''=It1< M.
2 .1 .1 .5. To vabbi
fii~,e llyek
KiilOnoc",.o a1kallWl7Ji.~i t~riilf'tl" lulI. pI. ..... kl-<JI""IIa1l7.~~t...n "lylllllllU""'n""k k,..rii!u<k fdhlL"Zllillilsra.
'l.Il,,!vrkll,,1 az a.rgtLm""!,,m;'" a fiiAA"'II~'i'ftikok ppM/ud A kii'M.k....ok..p" .. lI VlU LnIlk ..rtellll...."'.. :
a) .-'\ 7, ~lIn""fllm val""'- "fiiAA\'(ny vpk\,or i'fti'k,l.
.", \",.kt"Jfiigg..eny (IA.~ (I(i4. old.).
" : Sikl,..li;.,. fiorhf' ]i !(ortH'k IHlrlUlIi-t." .. dr.iulilii..... (1.....1 :lJl:;. okl.).
b ) Az .trK'UlU'utUlll w kt"c " rt."k,l '" fiiW"nv v...l6.I.
Sk"IArn,,-;.o (liIMl6(j.'j. ,,1<1.).
<e ) Az IU'glLHlPlltUlll ""hoc ;'rt('k,l '" f;;WrI\Y""k' or {>rt'kll.
\".,ktOIll W/.o (1....1(,(j{j , old.).
2.1 . 1.6. Funkcio nnlok

Ha " 10' m" p;h",tAro w tt fiiAA"" ny,,-",ztAlv m ill< k u '.I{V<'~ r
valu.. "'dUll. / "flk ",na/r':'1h,~z(;li iTl k .
r(l) fiigg vPllyH ...z hm 7Jt. Vim ,,"nddvl' "!0'
1:
A: Ha ",, (I) adott . "", [a. h] inh-, vlIlhuuon illl.f'll;rAl htll.MiiRllv"ny. a kk" r I {r ) =
<;(I )x(t ) df lin..Ari~
a7. 0,.,,'1."". 111. [a. hi illwr"Al\mll"lL f"lyl."" ,,,, r = ;r{t) fiip;p;v,,,,y,kn, 'ttd uJ"z,'lI. ( 1A.~
63i "Io .).
f,,"k" ;"ni'l. a mdy
B : A VlU"ww.-......mit....Lf"l l.. t"k in!.,!VAlkifej.-M.....i (JA.-.d ~l. old.).
2.1.1. 7. Fiijtg\'fIlY,"" I kepozes
Legyen 11I":I"" ki'! nem iin",!wlluu. X
i~)'
Ld:~p".i,,n.
am..lyt't
mOtionj..lOliink.olyan ..]MrM~ il1iiua. lLIu,.]y X minden r P\Prn<'hPZ }'-n,ak pgy egy"'Itlm'l,"" m.w",I"roeon y ..I...nft ~.Irli. A ~ II ""'llIrt M r plPm kipind: n.. ....-zzUll.. i.,.I""'ZIJitljuk "'" II _ f(r ) ir""mtxl"t
i.~. A.J.~ lllOudjuk.1>OIQ' "" )-. hAhWlZ II.>! f i"T,Iurt"''''''nY/J v~ irtilli.,uPl,..,.,.. X halma;< l....-iil( / mr/-
X -)'
.....z.,: .. t"'1onuin,.a.
frtoolmf'7;.,.j tArtornAny .... " Vl'lArtom"nv ","""", "ZlUook hIllmow'w.U pgy .~,)" ri..w...l
X a D C H ....) . = I\' C ~ . akk...r ... '2.3) k.,,10.1 "" r "",,-, Yli.lt<x7i>wl.k "RY' = f(r )
-v.. fii~"'nY"t lTJ'" J.,.
A : H..
mazlI.,
'l1~(X)
y" 'lO
y: E(x)
fIZ
(1.3)
y,
1 2 3
6,
hI
2.LM,r...
AZ
"'"Yi.~
B: H" / ~ A
(a, ,) (1_1.2.
. m.] -1.2. . n)matriLw.1Lbba X = It~ .... ) = Il ~
akknr. (2.3) kl-p1Pt R ~ u..k "llV II ... .....val6 k-kf~ U"jR Ir. A (2.3 f'i6lr"" pklror" kiY.,..lkr7Jj. '"
li~ pCf'nI<1l><ll AlIO ~ ;..It-nti;
... = G"",r, + .... jrl +

r .....k1.on-..J VlllO -<lOtJ,8t.ol.
, ,,,, vI'f="?
- 1 :-: : . :::;: 1. 0:5,:5
2 ,4)
In .. koor<1iM1J'lI"f'Tlf"''''' krz<l6puutja k"'" rap:oh
~kOr f!'Ni
A;l .
"")"i>< AJ! AZ A nulttix
Alr.N.i.han" kowtk<y.t.O hitrow.w.knl h-nAIjftk;

1. Explicit .. 16allitas: II - I x).
.
r-
2 .1.2.2 . Val e s fiiJ.Q?;vt-IIY aue lit tkus d6.1.lIitasa
..... x~
~ I~'z<-k:
1. A k-kP~ ~ahl"''' rnltltvl-uyfull:Nom AJl~ll(lf;itAAA.- Wrt .. k-k~-kM fiigr;W'lLy' k... k if, ,...
W'Zik.
2. A Ir~k Mhb tlllajdonAAgILi .. :.!'J.3. 2'JJ. ol<W..kOll tAlitlhat6lt.
3. A7. olPUI \P~t. AUl<'ly ''&Y X "b..ztrllkl t"r mind.-n .. Ir~ t'1QmrllD1l<TI ~' ....... tJ..,. JJW;ik.
)' "'-tr t '-"" ..-..l&mclyik ..J".wi!t " "" I..ti. opt'niton,ak llC'-rzziik. Itt ah.,zUuJ.-t fr.-..n H.ltaW...., f,11'J1;'
''''nrU'1"f'1 iortiiuk. W('f1 ~ ..Jb.ln""'......,k !lJ.PmJ>OTltjAbi>I fontoo. te ....k..J<.mri ~toht-.or nigKw"nyrk.
At -t roUt terek!-""IoIn"I" lil1<an,.l<-,rdt (1)><1 \"pktoncrrk. 321. old.). I< IIX"lriklL" krrk (Iiuooi l.il~ old.)
... mindk..tt6jiik kw.o.. m.;.-....... tJ\Jy... II nomw! '-"wk IAAd (;2(;. old.).
f.....r61 ~..... !<til.

2. I m p licit p l&illilas: F (x.lI ) O.
(2,;>j
bA<"It A:l\ f'l!J"f''''t ~htrln""'n U>q;oldluot"y-r... Il7.N! l>limlfly x.b<... I<1if..I';"-bi>~ It'" wlr--liI.
r!_.j _ 1 "" O. -I:S x:5 +lOS: , :5 I Itt "'Az"ll~ki>r fd..ofdi-rOi van ><W. M.-gjrg:."tT.Ziik.
bugy 1""ItI",,1 A:l\? - If ~ 1 "" 0 o.-di"lAA.... DrUltrr..lmP"l ,........ fiiU'o'nyt.
3. P ararn"t"re-s e loaJ lit ;\:;: x _ ..i t). II I I)
(2G)
IIf'rti>b-il ~'. pam," 'trrn<"!<"""'...'It. t ",~Mvilt...m mfI,gWn\...lwnt ...-Ijus nwg. .0\ y'{tl. l;' t) fiillR-
r'"
.....~k iTt<'llIK'7bi tartornan) .. .-..no< krll ~
. x = y-(I) , , ""tot) ..hol;I)_rooti... q'l ~in l. 0:5fS=-!tI;"mi'takootdinAIAP'nd...,.

krzo-lq-.ontjA kOri'n<j7.oIt ~""'fI;kOr f..~ frll-t"'k ..lAAllilA.W61 ""n 'GIl.
~1 e&ieg}' zk: :\"t'tD miD<l...1J p"r;uni-1 .........16lUlililtn, 1I1AAVi'UYlll'k WUl l"'rlllTll't-"'Oll<'nl<':" t'X1,!i<-il vagy
ittlpli<'.iI... WitikIL~ ..1MI1itA.""
r _ r ~l illl l - .>It). II - I -0-",1_ dl)
2.1.3. -"'(-han)' fiiggvfllyfajta

2.1.3.1. l\lonoton fiigg\'i>Il)'t>k
2.1.2.1 . Ftiggvcny m cg..ld AsJl

f ii,ggviouy<'k"1 klilo.ul>i"'iik'I'I""LI.-I",t 1I,,-wu11li w<&.v {>rt.. lm""ni. pI. " rtikt.Ahlfuo-.atl.. l. f/,tafik"" "hnv~ ...
l.iIIN".on ki'nl) kiilon hi;,il k"I'] '" .k kd ..0\ ".. lit ik " .. kif,-j.~j.,. ':-'trl,,,ez~'i t"'"toTll,; " ~,,h"ll az IU"glLm"uIUnlllak
""ak o]~'an h1;'k"i ~,~-r'11<'Ih,t II,'k. /UII.,ly..kr.... !ligglo'i'''Y "rl"It".".. >\l.>tJ. ,g.v"'TAh"" PlIlIl'lclh"t "nr/A,tt vr~
g.'" v" l'" " rl"k"t """7. fI1.
Po'!rlAk ~l"JILk'-'1l1 ,.]Uri';,lL UII 'l:''' ]''U fiiAAV"'ll~,' kfl':
A: 11 = E(r) =1.; =n, h,,":5 r < n+ 1." ..1\....70.
B: Y'"
,r,
IhI< <0.
>U . .
1"
.2
. ,,, . -
C: y-"If/,U{.)-
l -Lha r < o.
O. lmx"" O.
+ L l".r> O
It t ..if/,u(r) . pjt",', ,.'7.i,::u lImr". l\~ rllfJ" IF;?""~,,yt j..loli. Az E {x ), ill. .x] fii!\l-,'Vf'ny...jt"'-]: ",r .." ...""'....7'"
I<I.t a 1"f/,naKY<>hh " f/,i~'~ "",,,molt "dj.. 11I'R. anw ly ki>;o'hh v"lO' " 1/::1'1',, 1<; millt x , A 2.1. fr.brfln 1I1Ilq;[" ldi,
l(rM" k liithllwk; II uy llh '1;.Y..k IIm ' l1t" lu"k . hOltv vi'RI>ontjllk lJelll tartozik .. f;j~v"uy!$)r".;h,,",,
H... e&y -J<'lli-lgg\""n~"", iTtelm"J""; t.iu",->",a.n~l>11-1' lo"nu..ly

1.Ij<.,.iti.v,
XI
i.,. Xl argUIDMltHllItI\. a111,l
1('2)?: I(x')
r2
>
XI
(2.,..)
f.h"t ..lt. flkk". m"not"n Mt'/;.fflti fi,q9"""~I"'k l"......a iik (2. 2.8 ' h ra) , HII
I(rl) /(x,),
(2.7h)
,lk kor mono/""
jii'l'l",'lIyrol h,"" i'!iiuk (2 .2 .b lih rll). 1I ~ " tll<>l1<>t.",it.a.,i (..It"'.'l nem tplj,,,,iil
:s
"""jl);"",.
. ----1
o
~l
~lX
"j
1,1, lillrll,
h'
~I
~l
"" ...t"lm'7;"'i t ...lom"'nyh"z tltl1".w uuudeu L "rtikn. hal~m.csak a tartom/my pS.V ,i.,.-...;I"II. 1'1. 'XI'
int"rvll.1lulIll",," VIlKY "RY fl'ltor"S..lyPu. "kk", ""'I lllouJjuk. hogy "fiw<-ny ~6kn /I "".,:t"r/"",li"yb""
mMl<>tnn.. A""kAt" fii~""y..k..t. am..ly.kr.. 1t:t
f1L2) > f(LI) VRRYI\7. j(r,) < j(r,)
(:l,7<:)
[pI1i',..1hWlly..... \"'Yi-~" (2.71$. (".!. ;b) kiI,I."t<kl)('11 a:<''lO''''ll~,,1 niIlC>l m~"f1.K",I ....... n'1"n"m"_
n"t"" oo""k...u;n"k. ill. r~oiUnul"" .. k u..-uiik, A 2 .2 .a Abrim <-gy ""';!,'OrlUW WOl1"IOllllO.....Iu..1U fiiAA
.....ny van f<-ll,intrtw." 2 .2.h .. brim J>"<\ig <'ll'" L, b< Ll kO:r.Ott aIlando. azon k",il f<l.ij{onI.>Lf' mono!,,"
aoOkk...oo tii~y.
..-' "zigorll,," moooton "",!tk"II<; R,n. II = IIIr I-lig ...:igOl"llan monoion nOv.. krdO" [>Ol:itJv
fi'll.. ng..lyen.
.v =
2.1 .3.2. Korlatos fiiKK'-"u)"l'k

&0-,........ rni'lni fiiW'i'n)"t j ..liiirOi i"rloil".nak
l)MI~,ink. ha.","i'k..i nem hAl>w1"",k","'II;.-gy bi<lor,Y9"

7.Amot (jrl"; kor/lit)." "'rJrOi hnilita..rW;. M Prt"kf"i nem kisebbek t'!O' weglw..u-moII-'wMl (.....
kmW). A k1flirOl j"....Iow-OIII< korJal<" fiiw"o'nwkrt .tnrl.itturu<k Dl"'Vl"ZZiik,
r f.hilr6lk"rlllt,..(1/ :5 i)
;\, 1/-1-
C: , -=- slll r korl.6.tao. ( - I ~ .v :5
1\
B : 11
...IuIrol.korla"", ,
>1)
.\ Dm"',_~ l.artolwluyU .......'" I(L
f,~ny"lV'k""
allf'ty.-n ab.,colrit
vag)"
,2.i'\n,)
\'all.
~Jotlm."'"1 Dak II
r < q-! > O. LeD
hA A 2.1'.Il
pgy kOrlly.-.s-Io"lO"tl Wljc.<il. \"'lQ"'" ,,",krAAl': r ... k",.AlJl<'ly..k k~itik lo.;l q - ,
<
r.!tl-t.<-It.
0\>< .... wl..t ""@Y ,IoINW.. m... ",,,,,... v...... /Jiu~ .. ,..laJir vagy lnltili3 ,......"'..... "fu.lkK'ja" f, nl;,.kkd
aruU6g. .--It A (21''') <''It...ul..ill<"t'''''~<1 It;<
j(a) S J(r).
{2,~b)
<"J:)"'nlotlf.n"""llg..ll'lll",lrll<-,jI.tn.
:\ I <'gj..-gy~k:
n...."
.. ) ,4. nll<.'(lIt1UllI (~ 'l.lillul.lum. kiN;"

s:.'L.,i~'1<1 r"ga!ma ''''In kotOdik a fiiW"'"y rliffprol1d,JI ....ti.os.iLgahaz.....ha, 01Y-I<I' f'llQlvi'lIy<-kI"l'1I< vuu,,'ku:t.ik. IlJ,u,ly"k 'XV<'" Itcl....\un U<Ill. V/OK\' 0'1'1"'"....hobv-m
diff......ndlllhAl6k . 1'11"k'lI< 1...I.1nk ,tl< "'''''IlY'''' g"rl":'k """u.,"SIt.i (u....I Il 6.10.u. c abrflkat . 3'Jti. ok! ).
b ) Diff..""nriAlh"tl> fiiW'lIy,k ,q;,J,oOCtli'k.i".k ltK'I':h",~" ~a1o nLOtIw.t'f"k" 6, i.::'. f"j ..,.-!
boon. A J9.j olrll\Iu>IIwz<!M&-n ta1A!It",<",k,
2.1.3.4. Pares fiilQ1;v (>ny('k

A ptiro~ fl'gg''''"'Jf'1 ( 2.3 ... Abra ) ,dJ''''ilik "",
I(-x) = j{r)
(2.'111)
n.
fdli'trl t, II" I ~rt"lm0'7.kl t" t t" mllnyll

akknr t" lj"",ii!ni" k<-ll. hOfj-
(r e D) =- (-r e D)
A: y='Ohr . H: y=r'_:I,r 2 ... i
(2.!JI,)
2.1.3.5. Parat.lan fiiggvfonyl 'k

A p,ima"" Fiyy.'''''Yc! (2.3.1> Ahrn) l< lj,. ilik lIZ
I(-r) = -f(r)
f"lt...."I I , II" J ;"'l<I"wll.,.i t",tornlr.m"
kk", n".giltt.
(LE D)=-l-re D)
-,
h,
('l. W,,)
n...
(2.lOIJ)
I
2,-1 abr...
2.J. abra..
. A : , _ ~in r
r-r
. B: y
2 .1 .3 .6 . EI6allitas paros ~ parat lan fiiKJ;\'{'II) ' sry;it ..l>g{o\'t- I

HA,.,.. I fl1ggvi'ny D ht"lIDf'7hi tArtornlUlVtv/lt .. lp,ll all <'l6I,ht reD OoMo'u - L E IT f..hile!. akJu:ll
1.T)=g(r -Itr)
f1n1Hih. manm ..mt1 VIllI.
n.
jlq};::
..1.7. I(r) fl-~'o'nyu<'k&I. a ",.1\...1.1 ,,[ali \"'C fnl:.<iJu tR<lnm".....
/ p;
'0
I ..lMll'thali><'g)' 9 piLroI< .... '"KY' U
. D: Y = i ~ r korlAl,,", (O < ' S ~)
2.1 .3.3. FiilQ!;vl-n)' szl+,,6i-rti>kf'j
n.. mioo..n rED Prt"k", r..nnall
'1
Abo!
_ / (r =r'" =~("'+ _Z)
(WIllLow fiiW""y
~(. _ .. Z)_ehr
2.1 .3.7. Pcriodikus filggvenyck

A f'rllI"IJo.... /~'J<'I:. WL1Art-woly T-....1t.4 ilik ""
fIr - r _ I(r). T _ kow I.<w>-. T I- 0
r..ltNlt. ,\
~ko'ut.
g(r}-~J(r)-j(-.T)
"r)=~'j(r
-j(-r
(211
.Jirl'-2.!I.1.
eU21
f""I"iOdiklL~.
folytOllOf'. 1lf'ffIk"""lArl~ fiiAA"'i.".... k -u-n mi"."'"ki-l'l'''" li'1"",; Ir,;ki...bh po7.ltiv T "".Arnot./lIDO'ly,..."'" a f'.-11 ...." j \O'ljrsul. ,......,;,f ....ttAk hivjllk ( 2.4. abra) .
2.1.3.8. Iuverz fiigg"'{on:y

.<\ D,rtd1ll<"":"'; tl&f1.o,nNty(1 (,. II .'.,-tikk'.,ozk ttl ,
j(T) "'IIZ"""y mill'k-u rED Prto'kllt-l;~yEll
,whot ""ndrI. Ha rnegt"rdft\... min,it'll , E II ~rti'k~" "lO'''rf''lmG+'n hozW..lldPllwto 0'gY rED
.,-tJok. amclyre, _ j(r). aklwr j /I''''~; liiggJ":'''J'-' Ju.I'J"k. E~I .. -,.' V"KV It;< 1-' jPI1+>1 jPlOIjlik. Ehhf.n
Il>: ''''''11",, Il>: I I j.1 f'lAAv(lly,q-l11l1"lIILIU. I""UlI,,.I\"'llvt r"j<"2' ki.
A7.11 = j(r) fiigK\'''''rrol "g)' "'nink at "" ilL\~'r" ffiAA""'u~ n-, h"I!J' .... t "" y-I fd .,.,....lji..k ,.,. az I - 1(11)
pg)'Pnwlrt m~okljnk II-r.... miNtal"" .', _ ..i r) .,...llIli'nyrt j"llIuk. A7. II
I(L) k >Of. r = ;>(y)
..lAAllitAA pS.vmiL...."'" ..kvivll.1..n~. Inn"" ""'Mik .. kiiwtk",,'" k"t funt.....k"'pl"t,

/\'."(11)) = Y ,,,, ...i f(r)) r
(2.i31
Az y = j(r) = ," (D. -'X- < r < "".11' II> U) r,j~v"'u~' "Ity... "",l it n'w'i"t f"j",,; ki. minI
L _ -,.iy) _lny. f""uNI.'
!t.ln'" r
Az II ~ ",,{.r) iltv,....~ fii~'Vifty Wid...j. y _ jfr) lo(,irl ...jtI"'k "" Y r "lIJ",,,,.~n va!6Iiik.r,i7!.....VP! all ..l';
(V i. aura ).
\"I<I,-.k i",'..r/. fii ~R\'''nyr ..:
11" : y;:: 0;
"1,,,1 D; r;:: O.
A: y j(L) = L 1,
..},,,I D: r;::U.
lr:y?:U,
!J - ;;(r) = ,;;,
uholD -ccc c v x oc..
1\.: !J > 0;
. 8 : y-f(L) =e,
y-<p(.r) =lnr.
ah,,1 D .r > I).
11" ; -00 < y < 00.
"hoi D: -rr/'2:5 J':5 "/:l. 11": -is!/S!.
C: II = I(r) = sin z.
y = .,.,{xl = lIrc>;illr. "holD -l:5r:5 1.
W' -><:/"2:5.I/S,,/2
1!.1. A jijf/'.I""ny Jognl ma
2. Fii99 1~' ''YI k i" r/,;,j/lif,i""l
" ,
,
2.IA.3. A Cauchy-fclc konvergeuciakr'iter'ium
/
/
(,t...,.,.. . "
Allh"". hOllJo' "" f{s) fiiggvfllyU"k a>:.F " 1,,'lyl'lI

h..Ur'llck.', ....... ;ik.~,'S i.,; "!('K"'-1;' '''' hogy a
fiigg .. t!..n vfllt0z6 V t l('\.stOl"8"". 1\7. ,;rl"(",."ti",, '...-I"",,1111vh<>'/' wt"".ohi <I-h"", d':~ ko-"d (..kvo .c,.,
hTkkh.. " m..gfelelo f( r .). f{r2) fiiMv~lly(rt,ik,.Jl CIO'uwtO( to,t,,,,.ol~"""'n kr-"i""" kii!i;nl>OzzrlHk.
E I;" al<t m e g fugalmazas: A hhoz. bog)' 11:I. f(s ) fii\tltVt'u}n,.k >\Z:r .". II h.. l)"'u ]H..-I.:f...n hatiLrfrtrk..,
",,11~ {", ..l"M''''. hogy m<'il:""h... "RY to'!Jq,f'lirw'-'u kiNli poziljv I! ....Alfl<ll. IA1alhato'i (rgyrn f"lry
lll>L~ik pm.iti" 'I ~ 'igy. hogy k':'! t"t"wlolp: ax i'!'t..JlUt-lA-"'i tartulll,,"yll<~t tHrtOlZi>
S2 (II 2 l' <I)
, 1I
_.
".';"--j;'I"
2_
s"
-)
53
h\;,kr... ,""IY'kr-.. l<'1jf'>'ill ax

h)
S,--i-g.
~I l"gje-gyz~k :
I . H.. """ f ro~lIV g / ~ D \lIt.I"VIll(lI11....n l<7.lgor"i'm UlO1lO10ll . ...kkor rrI1"""I1I'1on'>ill

nl .... li-l=iIt "'" f I 'D'~'r~ fii~v.
WII"
Ill'
;":&0-
2.1.4A . Vegteleu mint fil gg..-l-ny-hatflr crt ck

.-\
2. E",i.ot.tt. "" '"R" " .. '" mouot"n fill\g",'n:v "'~"""''''' t...-I'",t<UI~.,. fPl ,.",lh"IO d,1UI "ItVu..u.t,.. I""tll
uy'U6 ~,ll;r ... Am.. (v.'ko-'fl ""illnr'i><n mnfI"tah. "kk"r IW'krto kiilOukillOnU.lt"~lk "" In........ fflgg\''''I1~
f (s ) = -c
k.,.1<"1 IUt f<';'--Li ki, ~ II.lUikor S lIZ V<'k..,zrk.
E gzak t megfog almazas: A (2.rn <-~.efi"l6lln. ..klror- kv.....~_. "" lTI<'I"'lV"- "&y
poritiv 1\' oUmot. talalhaJ.0"'lO' I...... uv 'I MZio.Iu iaKY. hoc ~
2.1.4 . Ffi ggveny hatfui 'rtl-ke

2.1.-1.1 . F,l~\ "n)' hatarcr t ekf-n('k d dinicioja
~n AZ
I - f (s ) fllllv<'uyMtdtul"' .... 1; <'II. InaF:.i.t a7. <I hr(....t ......t k,l; kiv........
,I, fiiggWou)' Mlnrm.k.. ~v I,mr,:< I\Z s _ a hrl.... 11 A.. jrl.b.-n
!~J r )-.--l
wgy
ba.
f(s )-.-\
M mikii7lwn s minden bAt,,",1l tUl k,w-ko.Lik u U.... ;I;I; J(.c fl!AA'.. n) rniu,jp" haWolll,ll kil,...J<..hk ..\.
lo<R;. " .. m ~f~.,.. boto' "" f(s) fiiAAvi'l,~' iLl T _ .. h..J","llZ A. ,:,,-u.k.. t ,~... f..1. -<it. u"";"mk ..lj,ik.
~. IUi1: lU: "lU. he'lO' ,l,,(y<'tl "rh ]u,,"'.... Jr,;y.-u.
E g z akt megfuKabuaza..: A (2. 14) lu.tAtI"""k uko.. lke7.ik. M.n~<od,a"ItVtrt""....
"lr,:"""" kjc."i I'''zitlv
o """'-1101. taJ..iJhat<, ~ """"k lJU.tlliv '/

Is -
 f.;
iHI
1a-n
l<
(2.11:'< )
a -'1<z<a -.,
!~f(S) = +"".
(2 .1& 1)
u-""u..xi"t. M. p"'lig Ilf'&lltiv...

(2, 1~)
~f{z) = - 'X'
~.._~
2
2.1.--1.5. Ffiggveny bal oldali es jobb o ldali hatarertek('

.-\~
J(s) fiigg","u:vu('k a;t z - a hely.. n a ba1 nidal, /t" t,i...'rt,'b .-t. h" ""''' 07.Amhell' miu&n hataIo" t{,1
..1111ri>1 kiizr>IPdo :r eru-kfk........,:,,, .. fiitJ{vh'Y"rlJ.k mind"n l!;,tAr<>lI tIl l km.l....lik ..,. . 1- "'-t'; kll,,,,:
.4 - ____-u
lim f(s}
flbra.
Ha a ..g,V"".aJrn,.~. h" I{''1,olltj", ..kkor ''Z I. - "I < 'I 'K,..,,, (,;tl' Il"'~"~ ,g.y"~" nl " - ' I <
',!(Y"IlMt l""si'~ k;;7.iiJ IV. q~v ikr.. rr~ I"k.il{,<Ii k ,
J.
ill . .F <
<l
+"
2.1 .4.2 . v lssaa vozot e s soroznt h a t arer t ckerc (Iasd 4 10. o ld .)

Az f(;I') riiAA""":V h"IJU{'I'!{'k. IV J = " IIf'IY"ll A. loa ,,:t. ('II" k,'k mi ud"llolyan ',,-"1 . . . 'n..
(T" oF (lj ",-,w""t.A,n. """,l.y a;I. "'rl.ll",,.i",i t"rl olll{",y hall f" K-zik"" lI-hO'.< ko" vf'!' ' :" . '' ""'lIf'-)"11'> fiilQl;'
yi'llv" rt,;k"k f(JI)' f('2).
' 2 .1;0. 1
mt.Pn'><ilum""-n f {s ) mind..n ....trlw po7.itjv. "kko-'r ..
ki.,,:,..... "'-tl<~ ""'. _ "uk<>.. IOZ
'IRY. hOR)'
f(.r.,), . . ""1",-"1,, .I- h<YI- k,,"v"rgAL
IIaI1J-'
(2 1SA)
a-.,<'<<I' 'I
wlt'rvalluml"W f..kv6 tf'1,..;;],'K'-' S i "M1,:,krkrr f {s
2H
S-<l.
tf'lS:7.o1rgl"'*'U
f (" - ll).
(2,19<0)
Eh b..., l""":JllIOaIl '"'' f (.-) ni,II;Rv{'nyll.'k '''. .r z. " h"ly""" J" I,b " l<Ia[ , h"l ,i.." 'Hk .4+. (m az a ~~.allllj("
mind ..n tr...t Arnll t(11jooo r,, 1 kO'l...J, ~m J l-rt...k,k ,,,,,!iu .. f,iAAvi'llyi'lt,:,k lJ,i w (l'[j b"ti"oll t{I1 ki;z, 'l, ~hk ,".
A' ('rl{'kh"l:
.4+ =
__
lim
~+O
f{T) - f(u + 0)
{2,t 9!>}
A ;~; f{.r) '" A rrW<lIl<xl {elthd t>Oi i. hOIl,,." hal,'",,, jul.!> old.. li h.. tMht~k li,t,-tik k m.. gPgyfYlik,
( 2 . 1 ~k)
2. / . A j " gqllf n y l ugal", a
I
A~ I(z) = ~ ff'IIJ(\'i'lIy ~
1 ,"""t{>1l halr<'>l t-s johJ>r<'>1 kft kiilo11h.'W.o h"t.i.rirtikl,..t t,ut:
1 + ... _1
//1-0)-1. 1( 1 Uj _U (2. 7 .ab ral
2.1..1.6 , Ffiggveuy hatarer ti-kc a vcgtclcnbcn
f,..lk ,'r hogy a ha tllli'l'tf kr k k ii l"n-k iili:in li>t '~/,lIrk . "l'R''''''k no lim ..i .e)
f2.:lQ..,.)
"".ilm.'" 1~I\l1l "ltV IM~"""" ki,.,.jlly I......it;y " , .......1101 taWhatOoI..,u, .\" > 0 ",,~i.Ill.!lORY t.M.l-....i ~.r > S . .I" E Dhtikro"lI11wd...l O/I.r) irtfkaz ,1 -! < 1(1) <.4 _ "ill1 fT..a11umDaIl hrl ......~k"'hk
Pi. Ehbrz ha.",,"kw1 r _ - x ....-t.'" "" I r ri~,,"y bata.-frti'kr""
.-1 - lim I(r)
:1 20bl
.- ,
...,....... hi. 1IM"ll:",1"" ~ tM~..-n kin-inv poeurv c ..v.mot t.alalL.atO .. Ivan - S < 0 .......... II<>KY
lllwr"-...Ihulll......,
to>L~r < -S r E Dh1~kp''' ~,.~/ .r) crtI-k "" A. - c < f(z} < A
bPI}...uP<!lk PI.
, . 1
A:
lim - -
I.
R:
hi
,-
I ,m
I.
c.
h.. lOUoo"II no ...k"q,k. ""I .. ku","k<-",ikt-'pp''ll jd'-"Juk,
lim 11') = -c.
2 __"
,llo-tw
lim
. -. . . .
1(1'
(2.20.-.)
AAI-ug -uw.. ly Sll<'I r > S , till 1(1') :> O. ilktw 1(1') < O. akko.-lill1~_,. /(1'
limz-.o< I(r) - -:x" "" It_mk">KlI .I' < S ....."''''-1 :L Iwly.-tl - :X -lM"1.
r- I
lim - - =
A:
ill,"" ..
- ')( . D:
lim,. -r~-
s_ '"
HatArht<'l'k ki..9AfIlltaAAm a fd .. xu!.l
1.
.
.-\ I blma.~ ittalakita.~ .-\
t(",!. -wnint ,.,.Am........t>Uakilils (pI.
RY'>kt..lrnit6<) "" mod-
f,"'iAAV"'-'vt" hlttMi>tti>k kw.a..llf~a ..JlutJ.n..... A!&lt.... bo=tk.
r -I
lim _ _ =lim(.r 2 _.r _l)_3
A:
._lI_ !
z _1
, VT=I lim
B:
.-0
lim
,---.4
(.j[""T'r - 1)( ~ + 1)
rr-r-:
.r{vl.r
I)
C : lim ~in 2.r = lim 2(~in 2r) _ 2 lim oin2J.-0

I
.-0
2r
I.-o:lr
2 . Beruoulli-I'Hcspiral-szabaly
Ha
~.
2 lim oiul =:2

.......
:: ,0
o x
-"...;.--,
lim -:
...... ,' 1+.1'-1
"'JC.
X _ x . iJ'. x a. I'"' alaki,
k...Jn uuz,tk .
alak it hatit~l lan kif..jP7....... k: Ha ....: f(I) =

o vag)' ~
oc
z_
I . Alla nd 6 filgg\'pny ha lAriortiok.. AlL<ud,j f~'<"llY Ualiu-i'rti>k.. <-gyf'nlO lt~'-..l ,...,....1" mrny
nyi"'"gg..l:
~Ia.n
r-(.e)
,--(.1')
ffi~-fn~'11'
r__
2 . .. ,.>(I)....{r) ffigj.,.,...;uyrk 'Xv. <\Z a IKI.IJl-<,t wWm&zI> inl .. rwt.lhun""-n" rt.. lm<'"tVl' ,,,,,,nak l~al>lUl
lIZ a j>ont1>aua fiiAA":'ll~~'k ll<'fU \u.U00gy o'rt,lm ,-, .... ~ ... k) ~ ,IiIf, ........ iAJAAti>k. tovaht....ll(r) '" O.
Ilkk"r
,.u n I II I =
(2.21)
A.
ijt.
,......,. h""7.nA1AtoI'-:
I . .__
bm ..i Il = 0 ... 2__
lim (>(1') = 0 (-0 ..wr.it b..uv..-tlanlr.ifrj<o7h). VA&Y
lim .-i r ) - C'C; .... lim -'(I) = JC ( ~
X ..we.. hat<\t,>,_tu,n klkj<-M",j.
-x
2.1..1.7. Ffiggvenyck hatarcrtl-k('ir(' vo na t kozo tetclck
lim A
')(; j,. ltoh..t
I- r
A fruti tkwl"kl"," a
2.1.4.8. Hararertckck kisz a mlta.-.a
a ...... t )
, r-l
lim -rl~ .,.
(22))
kifPj<07-'-k Jiop....." ftoI . IlkkOl" " ll ERsm LU LHOSP lTltL....Ioftl" (ruvi<k-n: L'H oSPIT.u-"7AhiL]yt l lt1)C .
lun - - - - x .
.-., r
l-r'
C:
8:
_"Xl
~I<'gj"g)'z",, :
fiil':gv(ony ..t-o!i,t o'rti-k.. m in<h
,,<'I
!~/(r) = .4
lim ..2 _ O
b ......t ) H.. r kor"'t INl nOvpko~"","" Y1l&Y k<.r!"tw ~""U<--~ a
I- O.
5. K07.",foga.~ (O'u.-Jo... I,) II" "" f(r} fi(gKv(lIvf.I1,;krtl ,0;<" p"nt ""lam.. ly kOm)"'7l'tphf.n
milsik
niggv"ny. ': (1') "" d;c) i>Ttf"Pi ki)znf'J1{Ju . "=" mindrt, ily'n ;c-fl' vagy .,;>(.1') ~ 1(1') ~ ~r). \'""1{)'
~ (r) ~ Jlr} ~ ,:(.r ). ha t<Wahhit lim ,.'{.r) _ A. "" 11m (.1') = ..\ (Itt .., x i~ IPhf"t).l\.kkor
z--...
._
Tpgyiik fd. 1>0,0- "" y = f(r) fiiq;vi'>nv J) ...r t.. lllll"Z....i tar t<lr Mnytt.r..liilrOl .... Vl\gy "JulrOlllf'm k"r1Atu<
a ..,..,t) Azt IDOn.!j"k. hr'ltV I -.:; ...... 'IPn Il.ll I(r) f,-lggVkly h,, !iLri'rti>1w "'l
A = 2~1~,. fIr)
55
.__
li m -,:'(.r)
-.
.-.. tt(r)
(2 26)
2 . (h,.z.. g ""gy kiilonWg h ll.t Arfrt lok.. \"f-g",.""k f(igg"pnyhimnilyrn rlojdr kk..1wI ! i"""/~{'l"k
t,at.Ar<'rti>"" '1!..,.. nlO.. ff'AA\'i'I!,/<'" bIll",,"I1" k"i"" k ll,,'l',fd.10 ,>!,lj"hl OI''''''''l:f wl. f,It""" t,,'KY " b" t a.,{ rkiUoll- kiiliin ji>l-PzII, k i.. "1:' '''''k:
lim I(r)+.,.,(r)- ~"'(r) =lim/(.r}+lim",'V)
- rlir1l0(r)
(2UI
r_.
z__
,-.
__
t"bo"
3. Szo rll:allllltfl rirl.k., V{'l\,,,, ,.-,k fiiAAW>!I" """r/AtAna k ha (.;''''-rt(k" ,"y,"l"' fiiAA''''nj'f'k hatArpl'''k..iJ",k "'''>I'A,li",,,!. f..hi".. h"IlY II ha t,u'fr l.i>k,'k " iiliill-kiil;;11 )(t"/.1,,k ' ''' vi!':.....'"
.
~i~;~ [J(~) ';(1') ~(.r)l = [~i~~ J(rl] [~~~ ; (r )] [;i:!~ ~(.e)J

4. H e uya d oe h ata r"rH'k,' I\H fiiAA Vhw
lJ'k"i'"'k !IiUly,,,I,,,,,'w,,t:
f{ ~ )
!il:~/(,r)
z_ ., :{r)
~i~ "'(.1")
l,,"-- ~ ---
h:" ,y,,, I,,,,,,,,ak halarprt""" .gy""I""
(2.23)
fiiAA....." y,k 1I,,1,';''';r
(1. 2-1)
2C":ll'2.1'
Insin 2r
~
:2 11l. e .
- ,,u<~2..r
= li m ~ = lil1l-= h tll~ = lim--- ~ I
,--0 In s'n r
. -<1 _ _
......, tg 21'
,-0
2
.-<1 .. . ",2 r
,ill I
" ...22"
U .. ~.,t) 0 . oc alakit hatitrozat,lltll kif..j .."" ",.. k: II.. "" It) ,,,,,'!.Iw/. ),;...."'1" ,lilf,r" " cialha w..." i f,j
t<;!,J"k ",rll ..tt f.muAn I (L) = ; (r ) "c.(r). "illllllliut lim ; (1') = 0 ,'" zlim \C.(~,) = (X; . ak kor a lim /( x )
lim --.--
._4
!J" I.Arel't 'k,,,, .. lim "' (I"") VIl.!\Y lim
r.....
.~.
v(.e}
.n
._u
$ I ..j.. h .. h' ''lllk. "" ..~z..1a h"I.Ar<'rt"k kis>,Amit.A..Jt.1 vi""zav ..,...t
2./, A f';f/9.<f"y f"9oUm a
56
jiik " - vag)' -
..\7. f(,r) fiiggv,>ny m"K,,,,,,hh rp",I1,.." v>\llk v<',l;I"["n kiolIIlUyi. ""...... m"ll:_hh ....ndh<u I,;n ik
ct' flz)
.
,..
,
".
I m;1l! "!/lz ) fiiAAVi'IlY. b",\7. z _ " Il.. tArMlll",... t "",,,11"
,,~'" 'lJW "''''ZUIut (.' " (.'.... i\Z - !I(r)
2.
"""tI1"
lim(;r-2r)tgz
T_.l
lim
11" - 2J
-2
---=
lhu ~
' __ . 1
I
", 2 .
r_.1 rlJ{.T
- ~m'.r
c ....e l ) coo - oroa laku hat arootalla n k if..j"7,k.ek , Hil l\:< a) ',j.,~ll("''' h,o.>oulO fdU't"k-k n...Jlru f..nnA1!
fir) = T' (Z} - vIz). vN&llint lim .c'{r)
'XC 0'." tim (r) = x . ak kor" lim J(r) h"tAnlrt"'k h ....AllllU
.-
.--
'-
""""nlo" kiilOnt...-,:'1 " ii V"lQ' r....ll'rnkr" 41lPrw- ::; aWua OO.lZl>k. Ez kiilOnf"'" moool"m ti>rtrnhM.
1*1<l~1I1 ~_t
k..vuuk l..v; .,; _,
o
(1. -!.)
/~
.,;
~
I ) - I.~l. ('b"-'_I)
....('
~ ;-:-) - In.r
.r
lur
= ~ii
tUl"
."J brjnk: lim
z_1
(,1,, -,.1)
zlnz-Iuz
_ hili
._1
U. A L HosprrA L-~....lWy utsr.cri ..JkioJnuoMM-
( b")
I".1"
1_ _
_ lim
._,
( -I -~)
I
- --
, r
'L '.
hiulYano..n"lIahoz tart.
3 . I\H fl-JAAvi-ny. f(z)"", g{z) azou.... n"KY~nn.ll ..lllArt wIIlAI"", Vf'Igy ~tP"'nh"".h.. "" z ..... a Im!.Al'Atfll(""" ...-.rhn a;l
r"'UlAIlO
-c
<
!~;:
hAll}''''!'''' "I",,,,,hil irliJt, Jr.<lrlAl.... w"r",I.I"l{\l<'N>.hhAn h" a-boz plo'g ki>7.el
I~;~ I
< .\ 1 < "x; m
,
I
f(z) = O(q(r))j<'konu-
hAWl'ni'lWt "ZAlIUIJllk Ill. lUurlV0 X> lWl]ni Ib ) t"li'l"t )..... ha .... Ik.<-.Uk ( :x ;,. IPtlo-t), Akkor utAnA
~~ w-g""",buo'nykfllt U. ~ "'ru'kf1 H" ..' (.I) ~ O. dr II bilrmikTn Iril< 1mm~1I W>Ul r. ""'"
..-{xl = O. alr.kor C"a"II r ...k,.. qLl ~ U~ cw. noddwr A ba.tArirt;.1I; o<alt fII' _ 1 vagy OO'.l = 0 Irh<-t
_rinl, bogy Inilld"a-n z-rktf' (z) = O. Wtgy 1.....Ii& a-oo. d<;!: mz-,I mar ~.;r) > 0; IllilldkM " '11,,",
.--k 11 tObbi z..-lI;11." (Mol ,.>(z) > O} 10-11"" J..lwt a f<"llt; ..ljAra.-J ("Jdiinwni. bogy...-krt' i- I. illM.... a..a Im......... rti>k_
A x o. I'" <W't4kl}('11 ~ ml><Inn l,,!lrt "jAmi. n...ginl fit;y<.-Icmlx- vev.. hov;1.... x ' ....-th.'U .. kw'v6
'(r) ~ 0 1<"11<"\ nwUt.
[im z= X.lnr"_zlnz
lim z lnz=
z........
...........
lim
z-<H-'I
~
= Iim( -.;r)= tI.~.4=[IIX=O.
I
~
k",~ I""~), IPh,;,1 P7. 1I11>hhi "l'i .. !ffln kr-t tt'l all tj,;>;jmrn<'tri-
,\f
k'L...--J pn"tlI'1.Mh<'n szimmMrik".'< rrIiIciO

'RV "" a1AhhiJ""~f(s = O(g{s)) .... q(,r) = 01/(...)
.. , A landau-f'>l.. s zi m h o lu m o k J(H f1lg....uVTIf'k "sy I.. f~'" r - Q ht-Iyrp VOIIAtko:ti.t "lQ'fi t
I.... viMol~1 irlOnki-nI" LA.'iD.OoU- fN.. () (~omn ,ill. 0 l.kill nrrlI 'OLimhOlnmoklu\l irjnk le e
ki>wlk~......'ik<'pP"ll:'" - Q
t",;-n h....,.,Ilw, z _ a - 0 ''''10' z - d _ O.-Im
d t"li'l"t ) rfJ. Xl' . 1- aluu h" t a ro1..1l tlan ki f,oje z...... k, H" II 'lO" kOrrr,'<'7Rt"l,", .,>(r) > U, f(s} _
..i:r)O'( . ....w.minl ~i~ ";{Ll = n ... !~ l z) = U. ..llDrrlOornOr a:7. III I(z) - v(r) ln ..i r) W ..,..-";,, A
57
f(z)
glz)
IrorW~o ~[)'I..k;nMI tillllmi knmvpuwl>PTl,
litu f(z) =0.

)
._~
ahoI: ~ill l .. = :::x ;". ""'ll ''''' <'''11:...1>

t'rtA-11IK':<"" ~...n "'" 9 u" llinjOn ..I.
A ' ,.jnz = O(z). ha z _ 0, IJW'rT ""
.- ,
(221")
(2 ,2Ib)
n"1{int ll~kiMtdJ'lk. IlOlQ''''''uu wmwzMi-kn f
f r)
""'_'I
= sin r, g(,r) .. r ~tAA<oltl mf,g" tOOhct rnoodO
lim ~ _ I i~ Ienuall, V"fO'i.. II kOmy.....li>I..u -.in r Ol{l' vi.oor1k<'<:lik. Illinl Z.

B : Ha f(z) = 1 - COb Z .... g(z) _ >w r, Mil", f(z) lIl..,..-bh ,..u.II>....1 t,inik d. winl g(...)'
f1s}l
.
l - .... ,r
lim - - vhm - - - - - 0 ....._1- ........
o('<mr),h"r-O.
.-0 gIrl
,.... sillr
C: II" f(s) = 1 - ....... z .... 9(r) = ? "kkor fIr) "" g{z) l\7.tl'"' n"';:"AAgr<'r,dhrn t,lnik d:
lim f(z) = litn I - r l= ~ ""...... 1 "w;r_ O(r) ..... r 1=()( I_Nlf'z).har_O
...... .q {z)
,-<I! zl
2
\ "i>glil m'1U<1t"""'U<lO, bogy m;"J,ok" rd.... iI>k ld jn..-n h....ollJ.6Bll .l..fmiaJh,.tilk 8OIozatokra. mAA\Wr>1'.:lll\ITa az .....111." i" am;kor .. filAAw nW'k f"NI.k "ltJo' M'tm'Atltn ''IIl U"Jt d" fin;a lva .
5. P o lin o lll uk llac;ollltlis
fiiMvi'ny n"f\..'~"l " lji'l .. 1...llnom f"kAv.Li kh," k;f,-j' ~lJi . [gy 117.
fIr) = r fiiW'fnv n agv""gn>mlj<' I , tilt "ltV (n" I }-"", f,,k{t ,,,,Iinnm n"+\,}'AAgrPndj .. I -IO...IIl~,""bh. mint
"Il..v ,, -<~Ifok""' . & , a hN-ornliu< a w nhML ""Tn miml<'n (uar ,'lplUi) fii!IJtVi'" yw v!>R"" hd..i..l.
6. Exp"npn<:iilli, Iliggveny Az pXp'lI "'ll"iAIi~ fii ~v('IlY .. + -c-ben g)~,r"",h""'n t.art vi'gt<'I('1l1",~,
milll a hannily'pn nagy kil.('voj,1 r~ halv';'IlY (n mw:fl.o>l t l"TIl' ..........!.... """'m):
<'w"'"
. lilll ~
.-<1
1"1 ~
F"
lim .eft
'_'>0
2 .1.4. 9. Fiiggv{'nyp k Ilngysagre ndje es a La n da u-felt- sz.imbolu mok

Kfl fiiggv" uy ,iflI'IAj"....."'lil,a...:.uAlll..vakl'au fuul '; I ", [n;. bugy rnilvr-n a Hi!\!:vi' n~'pk pltYlll""h"C
I, ViS/A)nyil ol.l. vi""lk, ~li_' hiz<>ny",. ,I' - " 1"'lY" k V"hUlli!.VO'll l ip ll"'l komyezetebcu. "hoi " x i" k l",l.. KUA'I
kap"""l..t.hau" k';V..I,k'/o n"ID'~l't'Hdi ' ,,'IA'f;iAA';"'k hcV(~.'ti"';'n.. k" l ,ilt ><or.
1.
AI.
f1T) fii wi-ny
nj;<!'.,,~,,),),
n-ndbon v utik vf,;t"kn lJ<lggya. mint a_q( .r) fiiggvo'nv. l",
Ill, I
..... "
~"lo"tt i~'tfk,' ""''''' I~g; IJ",-uyado', IIh"z"[,'lI.frt"kplIlu " h'n halMo,.
!",lariil.llJPlld ",mon <' fiil\llvtluy,'k " h..

t"llllovpk,,~ik.
(2 ,22a)
x .
A L 1I0 SPTTAI,-",,,b;\ly a1"l'j,," "lO'iUl;S

p'
e'
tillJ - = li m-- ~
,_ ex..rA z_ ",- '>..rA- '
.= lilll "-=ex..
,_'" n!
1, Logaritmu~fiiggv"ny A lOll,ari lmnsfii"""vo'ny ..
JuilY"1l kicdny I-'O~i ti\" kit l'v6 j " T " hat. v';'1l)' (r > OJ:
11"" 1
lim - - = Il .
'-,", or
(2,2'l h)
(2,23)
..
~.1.
A hiwnyftil._ i~mi'1. . ..J"'IQ''' f,>ut,,!>"j I"'lduhau j~. l'iI<!,'"J.3 L"HoSP ITAL=iliiIlly,.] t.i;rlinh~,
A : Ilr)
Az ..uuw""" >kh,m j.-sti)hher _'I'I,k; fii~nY" k /ollJtono~ j,;g."n.yl. VllgyL>o "ly .... f(z) fiiAAVJ'.
lIwk. A1,K'Iyt"k l .... r >Lfl!:'UI1t1Itlllll ki. in~' mt"gV41I~ a ffiAA""n)" Prll'k.;'" k"'W~'1 \-;Utro:ik. .t,, ~
il.","lI fiiAAV"lIV J(tMk". Ahn."I.... .....,....fij,ll,g~ (Ili\rho't t'H11111mY"". Ha ellenbene ~icl... '"It'''''' h..l.....keu
~~l. Ilkkor ""I 1ll<>U'\Juk.Il<JttV" ITlf"gf..l/'Mftiu;vi'uy ....... /ol,tl>no<.;.,. 3Z1\J!:"11mrlll'U1n... k1U.O""t
lIZ ;rtfolwit. IUItf"I.....k..... -a..cl.-.. frl JioI'. ~..m,u". A"llJnuck ""v<='-ik. A 2 .~ ...brAn pgy 'z,t1 ....;u,...
Un, /"lgt" ..,,,, fliW+nv flhrl...J<' van (dtiinlrl"" .\ ~"""i brlyek "",.-I. B. C. D. E. F. G ,"onl"k. A
nyiWl. >&>:, kjo-Lik ki. hotLY WomlOlIlJuk urln tArttmk Il ~b"h.cz.
Azt mondjllk.
'"'J
bof:y_,
= f(r)
1. .c)..z G brlyt"nkvIm"",V<'" YRlI ....

2. a lim I(s) Iuol-.Vk1:"k ""'.-aik
..,;yMl1ll I("')-v.l. Ez IX"ltol<an
.-
....Y;
I;
akko.- t<>l.jP.<lil ..... hitn"rly t > 0 !O'Ambo:z taWhatil ~ dIe) > 0
-un "I1Jo', bogy
Its)-I ... )I<t Ill1uolt'lIu1yanr-",.lUud,w S - t 1 <d. (224)

E<nJ<JiMl' """- ""'-Y ~I) 1<>1,1""0 ",rot brAzi.hink, ha
lim I s} - Ir ...) brlyo'tl.-lr: II lim I(z) = I(a ~ 0) vag)" a
.-._4
lim I r) - I(a
"'-
....
0) M.1.rLrM1i-k Ii'lcuk
A; ~111 I
;/;
1,ll
"
c.
3.
I
1(.r} -1i1ll--~
~_ x I + S ~
I( I -O}- I. I I +n}
'- ' e-gszuoteth..t 6 szakadfts
f~"""ny
Il.Z
U.,k/ll)_}
A 1~/(.r} h"wi-rti'k "",..,,ik, IlO'.J\Z I(a - O} '" I(a -.- 0). ,k a
.-.-
a bdy..n vag) I.lit" .,.m ..h""",vp. 0>lC' I(a) -I- lim I(s) (...2. t1. Abrao " D pOllt). E~ t ;>.
~t m'9-'nmte lh~Mn .. k IDOll<ljuJr.. hu.;wn
C DE: FG
I(a) i'rtl'k"t" lim Ilr} hatiui>rt"kkd tl<1loWva.. az I(z)
v' I - :r -1
s -
lIZ r - II h<-Iyo-n II
- t ,p ,....... t...t.Nmatl"lI klf"J<"d>IadOdik, r1.. .1ilII
_ I r) ~ -2 ; l~'
ha r = 0
a)-v.I.
2 . 1.5.4. Elemi filggvenyck folytcnossega k szakada si hel)"('i
II.... f'-lggwUy ~ Mnlt. 'I-lnt 6-i& u -r,...111 il'tA"'o'>lllum rnintlrn pontjahan ful~1()", akkur ""'I m..udJltk.
bo,t:.. Inl~ eM" az ... ' ......JI..,""'.. am..ly ...hrl nyilt , fflil:-uyilt "gy 7Art (1rL 12 . 0],1.) HIl ..
WIlY .. ,.w,"'lO"""'" mino,.lIpuntJAh...n "rt.. lmrz'... 'o1UI "" folytonoo.. akkor ..<It IUUlIdJ,tk. I.uttv ., ,..",......"
Inlytmu,. A", i-rt<-'1TTw7hi tAcluu'''',,'!>rlRrji-hrn \I"ftV hatacan dbrly.-..:k...-lO s _ a i'ttik .. r-lggWlIyllCk
,.ro1..dG... ",../,... M. "V wruY'-#'I"""Il" niggvellv ;'rtd!U<'";.,..n . .-lr oTt 0"111. ,~ I(a) dr/iu i"h. d,' n, m
f'gY'CL.ik I""l(" !~ I(r) w-Ui.m1i'kkd. ''>I.&Y a bawf-rt('k nrm ){>tf'1.ik. <W\;{., Iut. .I>IUI " fiiAAvrlny ucm
",.:g.
fo ly \()llOfI ,
An uWl,uj"k. ~ lU I{r) fliAA....:nyl'rtrlm<"'Zhi t<lltoIl1",..."""kr>g) inl.-rvallum"l1 ,.U1hI- .;<" ,1""llnl~
I..,...., . h.. "'" i:ntA'lVl\lhmmM ....."1:.'.,. ""k kiv'I..ltOI ..lt,killl "" mimkn pon,jAhow foly l",.......
2 .1.5 .3. G yakran r.-lIl-po szakada.<;ra.jtAk

1 . Fii ~nykifut "" a vi'gt .. l.. n be A fiiAAV(o,,,,kiflltA<l ;>. wglPl..ntwll k'glQ'" krllhb..", l.;ford"I" "Nl
"""!;i..4;>.j ta (.. 2 .t1. Abnlll II lJ. (' k. E J"'ut); 1~,,JAl>h IlO'. egyik o ldllii h" I-Iu"'rti k + :x' va,;ty -nc .
A : I( r} = tKr. I (j - tt) "" . X', I (! ... 0 ) '" - ex; A p;iir1l<'a 77_ 0 Idalo lla 2.:n . Ah ,.AII IAth"t, ,,
J"'''lj "hIlIl fell. po.
II , ......k.a< Ul/i oly"" ti l"" n. milll " 2 .8. IIhrl'
I
B : I(r) = (r _ I ) ~ ' /(1 - (I) = +CJO, 1( 1 -+- 0) _ -r e>;". A "z;>.kadii.,i h..ly ol y;>." . m inl. l' 2 .8 . il br..
Az r-Inn, fli gvf o:.....k r'nf'1I\lE""""'i Iartonw,)'"kiwln r,~vtou<....k; "zabtlr\og"",,z fiigg" enye k, m b ni"""11 polillolllok All .-gi....... ~.-'D folytOOO'll>-'l.k,
2.
A r w-ional is t iirtfii ggv"ny...k (aWr.j,tk P(r ) . ah,,1 P (r } {<,; Q(r},><>Iinom} mw,j,.lllitt folvtoucQ(r)
,
...k. kivl'w
tM-g ll7.on r crti'k..kM. amPlvpk,...Q(s} = O. A~,kou "". r - a bch..lwn, abol Q(:r) = O. <I..
PIs -I- 0 fligg..-I'n:v szakad. milluki-t oklAirOl ,"ulInily.. u '" a h"tAr?r1;.ko... ..,.AkAdil.,i 1>...1.,..1 pOlo..
n',l: ", V'-zz,ik .
P-t p., Q- t kil"rj<"l<7.l:jiik a k"'ujll .. x ~fkr... Ha aO\ II i-rtl-k Il l\<'V.-.06lwk ;.,; II """,",IAIi>t:u.k
'" ;',"r,,~t. ..l)... ;>.klw, 0<Illr. ahl>ll.llll.Z ,....tl ...n 1'<'>1",... II.. ";'nL.I"lykl'ut a mllilil'licit.a.-.. {I""'I 42. "I d_);>.
11l'V<-;.ohr" WI!':)'O!>!.>. mint Il t<zAmIAlOh.. lI. E llr n k, ;di . ... tl>('n.. ,.;,aka"li," IIlPg11:Ziiutd lieu; .
3. Irrac io nal is fiigg,'r'ny e k E7f'n ""-liil.. ,,,,Iin"n,,,k I>u'/.itlv "S"""" kit<-"oj'l gyok"i; az .""lm...,......i
t"rt.on"i.lly "g''''''-''n folytow.....k. H" .." a kil, " >,j I""' ''" , nkk,,1' Il:( ,;rt.,.lm, -.d .,.j tKltlJmAnv illU'",allllIno khOl
All... n",lyrk minn'1O'ik h" tli.rI>Olltjilt "" h.. t"lUa~, m"g. !l,'I(Y ,,1.1 .. gy<'ikjd .. la tt i l',,'liUVlll p.,.,:ili, ert<'k~kr,;j ll''gali''"kra ''''It At. 'l'o rl fii ggv " ll}"k (1'1. h" Il gyi,kkit''V<'IlU'g''I(V) 1O",k..i is ,1,1", a fiiggvf'u yo><r..
lilly!... tertoznak. f7... k "'" ('mliT.ett '...d m kfviil m,'g .. w kr.. 1lZ r 'rl!kokr< ... m folytullooak. Ilmt'ly('k a
gyokj.. 1alal!.i fiil\8v<'ny sL.ak..d A.,i h..ly'i.
4. l)-i gouom..tr iklls fiiggveuyek A ,in r (.,." "'''' r fiigg vh'.v mindeuuu f" lyt<""",: " 11: .r ,.,. a Oil '" r
r
(2'1+ I }....
uAAvf'nYIl<k az r =
2
1I" ly..k" " v" lo\t"lr n "lira..., VIlli:II rtll: r i...
fo"iggv"uyu"k ;w..r ~ WI
I".
,,,,,,,",.r
1) I,o nlja (+ OC' hdy,u - X>-1II'1).
-L
1(1 - 0) = 1 l(l'" 0) 0 ( 2.1. a hra).

1-.- ..;-']
B : I(r) - E (r ) ( 2. l. a Abra) lt - 0) - n - I. 1(11) _ II" + 0) - n (11 r;,.......).
= - -.- .
fiiggv':'n \' folrt~ v,wk "'" s = Q h..I}~u ..\ fi"!AA"myRi,rl ...h.... ily wr'><Ion hnuAtl'><l:iink "lQ' poetor.
ilk W' "'1/;)' Jpllgrott- pou tot v~vi><t;iiu.k A Ililcho'-n> M"Pil iiJIh -tI..W >a.A1wlNcral""lda.k ... kliJijnf.....
hat&rozatl>ui kif"j<v""""k. fOlrg IllIW'ly.-k a LlIo sl' rrALIq./lI...lly<li VIIY mill j"lI\('rtMrtt nll'>d~rerekk:d
vi7~at6k ""'" ''f'IUk dclinialt fliAA"i>nyu...k v<itn< hatArPrtPkr vau.
A,
tiiggvrnyaz.c = .. IwIvm!"',tono..,
59
d .. lIZ i . hogy lIli"dk"lTlitul k iili)u hiU ik (A 1"'IIt).

I
2. 1.5. Fflggveny fol ytonOS-'iall;a

2 .1.5 .1. A (O!l tOllOS&'1 g i>s a sxakadasi holy fogalma
2 .1.5.2. A folytonossag d efinlc i6ja
A/iig'f'Jf''' '1logrUm"
c . I (r ) _ " ' - z . / (1 + 0)
U.I( l- O)= CJU, A"'7.><ka<lA.' i hd y ol)'an, mintIl 2 .t1. lIh raC pnlllj".
h" gy liZ I(r) fiilO:vf>lIy a?, .r - 1 pOll!hlll,"i", ,, "rt,'l m,zvt,
1\7.7,111 .. k iiliill l""'~,,l.

2 . Vi'gl'~ u gr/l" Az r
" pontoll vII1,'>At],a!",I""k"r a", I(r ) fiil'J/;"f'ny Pgy v{'1'.''''I'!tf'k!6 1"KV 1rI,....ik
,!t,;kn' "lIlik . ,,.J"' 1 fr'I" ldali h" tilrhti k,j 1'I,'ZIJ<k (", kuli;lIhiYzo..k (Il 2 .8 . " brIm JlZ ..t. F , G
pollt ok). Az I(r) fii""v,," y ..,.I...k, lIZ r = " h ..ly..n U'lIl k.. lI. hogy oIdl ni ill,," l'1(Vf'n. "7. 1\ 1,,ly 7,<'t;>. G
pontl"J; "" i1< J..l", I>'-'I\"". hn K}' d,fi"i{,Jl,.....t ll,p""1\Y("lik;w. I{II - 0) ""flY lIZ
-+ 0) t'-rt" kkd (F pout).
v,"','"
na
(n tlll",t i" "1\" ' 1. ) l,dyek,'" ";>'ll V"gld " n " "Ti\.......
5. I n v p.rz trigullumet,.iklls fiiKli:v"nyek A Ip; r "" .. ('lll:.r fil'!.p '"y,k r uinde gyik {' I\" iuW'r t A!.
111\1.,'>; "l" ,,ii. li""n a V.agaik im"'l~...i: lIZ awlg J. ;'" ar"' t g .r fi ll\ltvi'Il~' i" Inin ol" lliitl foly t o ll'>O; , Az "n"in r .
",,'('(;t; r fii!th'vflly.. k ""'t.,.]Ul,~/.i'si tart",,,Any.. II - 1 ::; ; < + I illh 'l VIllllllll. Illl'rl "Z II hin r" rvs .r {'krtp.
ki'l"'k. mA., '",oval frni.o:;An;>.k (is) az f rl.'kki'"zl,td ", ""'u i"V<'r"'k i" f"lyl"".,...,k 1Il'. /ort..Juw/.N 0 l'x p o n.. nc iitlis ffigg "eny Miml..nun fulytoT>O!l.
7. T~'hz61("Kt"!I poen tv ala pu (ou: 1 .-t kh'e~''') lOll: J: loga rit lllu sfiigg v en y ,~fiiggvi-uy miuJcn
p'y~itlv r "'rli-kr,' (Dlyto,,''''_ r...a;.: r _ 0 I"'lyt'u .~e lOll: r = -:x; Illian ,,('m mrg"",iint ..dlf'16 ~I"""
21
/
,
",m.
EI.. mi ffigg""ny.. k AltaIAI"," .-\fnlytoll<-agot lIZ o...,..f'lP1:t ki f..j<>7.....h<>n r..n"f'O"llY"""j.-mi fiill,g vPn}...krti>1 Mb<>liilr61 kilT-lo'" minrl...n r rrti'kl'f''' fpol ilIm<'I'tf'IPU ......tf>kn..k megf.. l..1Om m.-g k..nv~Allli
(IAt-l m<'g K""vo>tpu fiiI\KY"nyt>1t. 00, ..k1 .)
!o.1<"l':haWoouwt.l6k
lU:
11
. ~ fiiAAvrllV~";
.r slll~~ l
h..J....i.
A~
-F.
l "" ..
,
~ y'\,1-")
l'!.
.. ~
iI .
"
- - kitpv6u<'k ""' r _ 2
.1" -2
. u!l' "'AAvrnynrk ... r _ 2 hrlwn \~ ~jf>_n. KoW'tkPzP.,ki-pvo.'u az r _ 2 bd \'r1l ol)'>Ullil"~,,,i

-"z r = 0 Iwl~....... ~ nllllA"il '4Iik. Iuw>nI<'ww lUO.khuz ... r IwIy.-klwL. >Wll-ly..1u ulIIlI ~1 - r
r
mr , a:<IlZ liL r _ I - "l;;-l "rtc-krk. ahoI n t<'l~n<'ll' ,
m.. 11 -un u~.... !>ott>
s:
s:
Folytonos fiiKg'iPII)t>k t ul a j doosal";a i
q(x )
i' 0,
A z 51 = f ( u (z koz .....t .. tt ffigg ..... ny fo lyt onossaga H" feu) az '" folytol'\OOl fiigjr.rt,)"l'n. II(S )
r folywllO'l f,-.gv;'I1}"l'.
f ( II) ;'rt.. lnlf"1.Pfli tArIoIniLnya. tartA1mazza u x) htfkklw;iPli-l ..klLor
a:z 11 '" f (u (s )) kO:i:.... IMI fiigvolony xr.. uk.....folyt<>nn!' ..... fMln1U1 .. (r) frtdmrzCsi IN1.omiLllyAAllk
IWwdr a pontjan.
".~wkl....., ,-.lr." ~r..iPlO olclairOl-, ho,;y
2.
tov"hl"
~f (u(s)) - / U~ Ix))
Ae ~1......,,,~yJ.:f"I. olyan k"vlM.A .Iefiui.&IJAk. <lUlf'1y<'kl>t'u ... .,.",,10.. 6 ftiggt"t~D ...u.t<n.iMl!.P1i< IroDSIAWI<>kklll ..h"'P'uOO llul ....k1.""....
~111V('kI.llltl a IWgy ..u..l>iullv.!<t.hAl viul}"cn.8.-< l.t'hilt ~k VlllW<
i, rrt.. ndo: r..JllAA7.liAlhalo lov.wb4 lIZ' XpOluurWPi." logl\litm.~"fi".gvfony."sWullillt" lri,gonoIDl"triklJ"
r.i"~K""'U""(,.k "" .. fiiwi>nykOIll(1'OZlrjri. tov..l...... III lll.....rz fiigg.....nyt'k 1u"rrrJ-. minden oIy"n irrt..nlL\hlll>OlI. ahoJ ""liilr61 kif..I;.- h..wl....." kal"'1t lligvo\.ny..k m'lul"ltVikr cWiniAlt. Az ..l<1ui fiiggv,otlY"k
algt-b...., ""...n bdill r...io"'iJi,.-.,. 'ttao iuw'JI<O ;.,. '""...."".,"4,.'". fligg..... uy..k.... OlCtthuti,k fpL
E1"uti fiiAA'fn~...krn kiviil nrm ~Irm. fUgg,>in,.J. ..1 iI< 1..""1 <t..finililni pI. az 1U\Il1i1: iAn....rt <= k07.civ..l
(JK...I pI. 167.okl.).
"'.1.
Ez ~l .il'1""ti.lll~ ~"Ah,,,..' " r..IYw"..... fiiU:... oIo11y hArm..1y folyto""" !Uw'''")"'' ~l.iIlliu rul~l""''',
3. Boll a no ti' I,le H" ..,; f(s) lrt1J:vi'uy "" [e. II] z3rt iut ..lVl\1lumh.." frtrlm.':l'... ...au ..'" f.. lyt<,".....
P1i< az int ..rva.1I11m ...o"Itf>ollljrulll\l' f.-l... t'tt I(a), f(lI) fiifl.t:\fuyfrtikek killimoo,,Or lO';"l1;"k ..kkot IftM'ik
Ipg,.]Ahh"KY r: f.rtfk. 1\l1l .. 1yrt' f(x\ '1!:.""nlo5 nullA""I,
f(c) ::o u. "Itol l .. m"",k
.,Id..],'ir.. v.. lo Mm.. n..l.""rAn I,",,,l"hh rttv"~..'r mM..;.. 113'. r.t,,"~..lyt .
4. K o:r."'po'>rt lokt lot...1 ES7.fr int .Io" I\l'. f(.r) fiiJl,ll....-ny "lO. int ... ..."llumh"n fort ..lmezv.......n "", f"le..to'''....
tovAhhA "" illW.......I1111n kf t u, b IMlILtj,i""" (I"I0""Pl. II < b) kii!o"I.>O,'o A . B "rt'k..kd " " ,. [d. 'v",.,..
[(a) = A
I(b) = 1J ,
I- 1J.
2 .2 .1 . A igeb ra i fU~\"pnyek
A~ aIgfbm' jiigg'v'nyrJ:rl AT. j ..ll..mzi.!Jogy
1'o(x)
hl fL.kfl'l'''n kifPj,""..",; A f"l)"t"n' ''' I(.r) fii~v"'llY "" "d," A .... B kiYtotti h t ,'k", 1' 'g"I"loh ''!\Y~'~' r [,Iv,...~ ,
5. I n v.. T7. fiij;tj;tv pn y IH "",f."" li n '11. I(r} fiiAAvh,y ,,1. I illt.rv"l1"mo" .. rt ..lm" '....' "" II. f"lyt"H"" i ...
s/.ig" rl'.. " " ,; k,,1.ik ""I(V mikk,'U (1"",1.. I. illuszll'k iot ), Iikkor a fiiAAvi"'yll"k m il f" lyl"I" ". ~l. lJLl '"
~zignl'('A!l no k...M. ill, ,";;kk,nlt <,.'{.r) ill\", 1. fii~viJly. (1)iIId
51, 01,1.). 31llr ly at f {.r) fiiAAvi'uy "Ilt.. l
r..I.....t.t ;'rlfk..k tlli",li ~ illt Ptv"lhllll"t ,,,If> II ta,-tolllilllY"h"n vN 'forwluwtv,' (2 .9 . ebr.. ) . ..... A1talflhAll i~
fiiAAVfny (.,. .".....1">'... ~t"li.k"lLj" " ~ Ul",sh"'l a:;< y
.1 C~"ll''''tf' v,.]o t iikroli""',.J kaphatri In"!':.
",,'.!/;
.'
Il>;X IIrguo ",n'"1Uot az y ff1w;'nny..1 pgy
+ Pl(X)Y + piX}y2 + . + p~(r)yn _
"],,hl rJg,."",i egy,.nlrt
(2.21..)
.. kko r IlZ it (,. B k,y,;itti I"incl"ll C !'V"'Llllb,,~ t"lall",I,; a .,.b ki)ziitt [..galabh c!U' (' po nl. """,I....... wlJ ,.,.ill
f(d-C (a<" <b. A < C C >B ).
(2.21h)
s: s:
s:
2.2 . Elcmi fiiggve nyck
(2.2~,)
f (n(a))
s:
E.u folytouoo; lUgg>+uy ~hh "" IPgk"",hb Prt;'P kOmtti lriili'm""'il:<'t "tli~y mgMomsAuak
lI.......,.,.iik " rurga<k>u iut ..rvNlllIDOll. Fiigv<'ny Molt iut.........whllDOD W1.t ill~AwWc: fogalma ki~
t'-"fie.ztlx-tO oIyllU fUgg>.~u)'l"kr<" 11<. Ilu... lyrltlf'it ott nill<" ~'Ohh VI\fO' If'gki'f'hh ;'1"U'!ciik (&IlIf'Iy<'k
""""''-'V''l iltl"<"Sli a Iegki....hh M..'; lrodAt.1IZIIZ!Up,+mUln "sup]. illM...... " ~-obb II\IlO kotJa.t.1lza:iIi
'"fiwum )nf ) (iIi."J 122.161. J_ kOtM).
hanyadOllAo nak fo1y-
to..."."aga II" J(r ) I.. g(s ) 10lytol)'. "" ... 0' iut.<n>JIuIDOll. akkor 011 f (r ) ::: g(s ). I (r ) g(s )", I (x )
ftZ
hI
"""'k
27r. .
'"
no :os: f (x ) .11. MilS: S

b.
/2.21';)
1. \\., i.. rstra>;Stetele Ha llZ l x )fUw...n"/ll: a blW1.lt1!<'n'1l1lutUhll.nm.lmfoz.....VlW(o,.,fol~.
..kkor .. fUgg\'''nyu..k ott
"'K'" .\f "hIw>h"'1 llJAXJ.tllutUA b. '-'R,y m ab<a.ol(L1 minmulffill.. VlIlO'i~ lIZ
x
b....1.Pu
itu<-n.,.jJum""'" laWhlltio ifoti:...w.h 'V r "" ~h.'lQ' d I'0ul 6c. bogy a
m = f(1fl
f(x)
fk) - .\f
(2.29)
'<ZA.tn. A ..zamWhO'Z"D iortolok.-k "R,Y'ki'ro- ""m uulm. ~~y" fiiq;vi-uYllf'k a:z r _ o. r _ I. r _ I ,.-'.
r - I ~r. r .- 1 .:I:
bt-I)"'k.-u IU,"dkM. ol<l.alou .'Oau.ol~-... , t'IM" U ~ .".ull.llk. IIUlil
lWlilY"1l II 2.1'\. Ah ril n IlJ. E VOllt JOhhokWi kO<UynA."ti-ho:-n.
j.o. folrtol'\OOl f'-J.M"fnY;" hNly...to.o.",...1;'"",," nli' ff'l k..ll tMIni. bogy az 'nw......JIllmlww g(x )
6. Fo l)t o na> fiiU""ny korlatOllo!loliKirOl u b l6 t . t ..1 Hil. u f (:r) fiiggviony az a. bj x.art irrtf'n'1l.1Ilimban Prt~ van e. ott foly1.OlMlI'. Akkor ..bl>m u wt.corva1lumbM koriAtOfl j,;. _
taWbAti> kfol
~ nul1A...,.1. AI llt,'lbhWl " .,:II -
Fo lyto nO!l fiiltJtVi'n~k o.u.U1l:"n..k . kiili'>nbsi-gpn.. k. !<Zorzatanak "
0
2.9. "hr...
"
\'+'"' Ufl;fiololrpfrio m",t .. 2 .8 . abrao "C fWlOlhAn ( I&b! df0rg8Z ....1.
1.
.1' :
My.-II V~Mc-lI "IV""" Y>UI; r = 2-rN o:1l)Pk i>. \'~O'\m 1Igni._van: ._2_0
lim e7""1 _ O. lim
,,;:) = x
_HO
2. 1.5.5.
I)'
/'
0' 1l'
1
k.~l'r""lja 0N,;0.... .. h.,I,Io.
;J.q,el - 4.r.'l + .r' - I - U. Il>;><Z Po{x )
Ph ... , I'n
(2.JO)
~
x l - I.Pl(.r)
.r vAlI.,..ri1'0linnmjAi
-4.r.P2(r) -U.p:\(.r)=3x .
II" sik~riila (2,JO) alg ..br.. i 'IO',n l.t h6l "1:,:,'I" ,,, al" I'ULl...,!t-t.kkd .'I-I kif('j'~lli. akkor .. ko\"('tk..., ;;.
1.. ~(I0'~"riihh alg..!>rai rii!'\gvfo"yt il" ",,,k VIIIAlllI'lyikiov"J vall ,jOlgllllk (a"", IY" k ki;'~ ii1 "" ..1..0 ki't til'll~t
''R.Vll lt. r""'o llil!is fiigg "{'1l}1'kn" k htvjuk]:
2.2.1.1 . R aclona lls cgesz fiigg \"cn.yck [poliuornok]

A~
.r argllm..ul ul1l111al COlak """,,,...J""t. ki..., ,"...~ l, i'"

.'I =a~rn+an _lXn~l+
..
+<lo.
~wnio.r<l
kd l vi'g'-'.ui.
(1.31)
t.Y. 1',,1"'0"'01:
~ y :0 /I fiilU(V{'1,vl tilll",doll"k. lU y - ar --- b fUAA\'.;nyt li/l~tin.. fiigV';"'1Tl"k. "". !I

/1,1'2 + br ... ~ fiiggv"nyt pedig ..1ti.",Ifobi v'lKY I:,."dmtti..., fiiggv"llyut'k llP.....,.7.iik.
SI>ffiaJiAA/l
2 .2.2.5.
2.2.2.6. Inverz hlperbollkus fiigg\"(.ll yt>k
RA.riollali~ tOrtliiKK"i'ny 1I:t mdyik ('~Wlilh"tl> k"'t
r.vi'-'llitlis '1:'''''' fiiAAvi'ny hiu'y...-lOl"Aki>nt'
(L&-odW,ol<l.)
"'<1"
(2,32..)
. A : II = ln ~ill I .
~+.
;:;-::-d
2 .3.1 . Linear-is fiiggveny
A racion.ilio<tilrtfiig\'ffiy.-kllrl .. ua!it-ou llIt'h...IM..kPflltivtu itt IlZ ,I' ar~ulIM'ntllmroo'!!: 8:yollJcl.w.u
1"1""''' ....1lI"" II. filuvfuyt
111. .
A : ,:~ . B: ..
2.2.2 . Transzcendens
U>t~ fnnnulahaD
{, I
'<Zt"Wp!'1""t ..nonNi~ k,t<'Vt'lJtl hatvful...-......
(!{,r2
H,.
1)\11'
11'.(,,>0)
,.,
Il
~tm,,~fii~Y"k""l
ritmll~j ..I.w.t1 fortlnl ..\(;.
. C: II = 2""'- ~
(1Nod n . old.)"",. 1U"J':'1lllClll,m, '~' 1UlllIlk
<'!t'. Ng<'hra.i f,iggWn.'~ It
~"rf..jl"""""l o\.llifjllk ..!o. vagy m,-goldjn k " ~~ + y =
n ,1i tf<'r"!,,,iAJ,ltY'IlI.'I.'t. ""
<1'1 = I k..,.dt,l,j f..lt{>t .. l..k lll,, !IM,t. a milJ,'k a ~iu ,I' I\Z ('gy,~liili ",,'~nl.II"'"
dr
Ha ""Ill j,'li;)jiik "'.....kh,t . l.riKOno llwttiklls fiigg,t-Ily,k Mg unll"l1t nma S>'Jt.mswnkTl" ~7;;g n..-H';'njAv"l.
mit.,kePI> i m,,<'r l ':kf' vd "lLw'zik tn.''!.
= 0 h" lyw vol", t ko",', II =
(I,
2.2 .2"1. Invc r z trfgo no met.rik us
fii~g";' ltYf' k
Az X Yaltoz6 YI'l\Y ,u m"k "R.V"l~"h t ili fiiggv;;uyt' AA arc sin, ar ccos .<tb . invera t ril',oll"mdTikllllfill()l;\/!lwk
(1"-"'! 86. old.] ""f:llUll'IlI' llll{i)~\llli'l' fcl.
A:
v = aro; ill x .
B:
y = Ilf'""lf; .;r=-r.
,
!!
A.
:~,
'lL-.
u
'"' C.
,I'
.y
.)
kJR'"
A: II - In . B : ,:Iil:I.
C: 1I =logl{5~- 31)
2 .2.2 .3. Trfgonometj-lkus mgg\"ellYck
A trigOTlOlTwtrikllll (ilggv<',,~,,'ku<'l (I"", I 75. 01,1.) II:t 1 ar';' ''''''nhull \"R.\' IUlluU: <'K" >tJg..br.u. fiW't"llVf>
"sin. COl>. Ill. clg.
<-.-~. V><I",,,..lri kPllC VKll h<'1)('1~..-1: l.<'s il\....
A : 1I:~ill:r D : y = u-..(2r + 3) . C : y =tg,ji
Vpgyiik fili;y<'1.'mb.. 1,,'lO''' triil:"n"m..trikll~ fiiggv;;tly..k .. rgu mentumat n"m kmv..l )" ll'll ~llCll "'...jiik. mint" ~"" ","n.u 1!,,!infd"lIA!, h"""lU r",liAnh&Il.l\llIi hArmily..n _100 S7..azll I..h..t., A t ..i~oll<>mM.
rikw. fiiAA ~{'IlY"k ~~ '1ll,1 ri .. i "".I'ml"I,,1 n;;lkiil. tisZlitll "tl"li tikn, modon i~ ddi uiAlh" to k M'gl,h,tj iik
pl.. 10"10''' f,iW-I'I,}'<'kpt
(2.34)
tU" ....'<1t,. ...I..... ( 2 .10 . b i b ra) .
2 .2.2 .2. Logarit lllllsfiigg\-'i'nyek

:\
....,t,.,lOt, ..
"'1lfrh"'''.mi"......
kapjllk. IUIM'I'(IM'k >\hn\.ja"&,V. A k~ ..
fii~\'{>n)'ek
~lIM'nttlm wogy fWD&lr. q:y ~brai fiiAAV"ny..
IlZ
II-IU.
kil..v6lJc,n fotdOlI ..\(;.

8 : 11
(2-33)
> O. A ffLW';;ny mnnoton nOVf'k"",ik. lJ.,. poodic a < O ..Jr.kor lllOllOlOO ookkcn; a
0 a;<'1.m
tI"Ug.. lY""kkd V>IIo 1I"\._"'1-"'ut"k.-t -/I ... 0) .... 8(0,b) (rkt.J..t.......bb..n 1.aN:1
193. okI .. A II = 0 ..,..-t .......
..u "xjlOtlCnriAli. rnWlly..kllfl (la>ool 7'2.old.) "'" 1
/I
y - IU
"fiiW'''ny kOll"tal1l'.:\
fii~\'{>ny('k
2 .2.2 .1. Exponeur-ialis
AI
h~ f'-r.R"""~ ~klL' >\hr"".,I&.... "!1J"n ... l...-l (2. 10. 1lI 'hrll )
A tnI",,~ fMft-<n.,.ll>1"11l frbatOk'" 2.:l.I) tipw<i,.b..,.j <'gJI"fIlM.t"'. :\ Ju)wtlu...., k1"'" hrmlltatjuJr. a ~hh tr~n~ ~"'uli f'lQ;VCuyrkct.
. A: , : ....
1 2 .... , .
2.3. Po linom ok
2 .2.1 .3. Irr acio m\lis fiigg"i'nyek

~hct..
B: , -
(2.311.)
fii",;vf-nJl"k Il hn~dn. li>r1fiUJftoin.,l-
..
<'RY~7""- hanl';"(uyuallk. loOK" a:>:.. I.'mi fiiAA'{u.vd. h>tJmazlllt f..t-.,rnltakhOl kiindulva <1:/. pmliwlt
m';Vf'lrt.-k ~-i'g<... ..Ilk...wri "JMlmaMAA,-,.j ... 10.-1" ffL~""'Tl .....k~,
Inr .. ~
.'.Iil!:
:"b...
SI-'iAl~""" lIZ
II :
Hi p er b o liku s fiigg\";'u yt>k
([";,,,,190.01<1.)
2.2.1.2 . Racloualls lortfUgg"enyek

a.,r~+1I1.c" 1+
Y - be-r"'.j. bl,T"' I -I-
63
<:
!
b)
.)
b)
2,10. ahra.
2.3 .2.
2.11. ..brIL
Masodfoku polinom
A>.
.'1_ <l.r:
+ b.r +.-
(2.M)
ma..o.lfoki, rarionAl i~' 'l:i",,, fiiAAvI'ny grati k"~lthro\.mlit.",, oly"" 1", ,,,'~,ltil "'[. " " ,,-lylJ,'k fiiggol<'gffi sxim nwtrial." lJgdy(' "" ,I' ' " - b( 2/1 h..1YP ll Illpt""i I\Z 1 I(UI\'.[yt ( 2. 1 1 . hhra ) . H" .. > 0, a kkor a fiiggY;;ny
" -,x-I><,! indulva do.'ziil' !"..ok"" ll. "l{'r <'RY mininmmot, ",,,,j,1 '" + oo-il: niivt'hzik. lI a " < O. akk.-.r "
fiiggv,'"y fdcSI'ri'lt h t"khltt.';'n>kk,, 1"l,.... ,; ;r u,ivph zik , d /'r "gy rnl\Xilnlll" "t, llt!" la fl.~li,! (";;k k..n. Al ,1't"Tl!:.' llypl v" lo A, . A~ IllPlsl ""'l"", to k (
A ",kn..)i>rt"k-ponl C
( _~. -la, - f>2)

2"
1"
- I> ,fl,l - I"r
:.!a
,n. AA y t<''' l\dlyt-l ",,10 D m..tsl,""p.-.tlt (0.
("1'",."1...1",,,,1rl",d"t,,,,'hb"n 1""'1 :lOJ. 01<1.).
d.
...
,
2.3 .3. Il armad fok it p o linom

(2.36)
_ n pa ratla n
... n pa1'lJ!'>
'.
1~
\, ,
\
5
"
~ k
A,
-'
bj
oj
2_13.
banllZmnloiriLllytang''t..... tC.; _
.:t.illm~ri&pol1ljll.
(d')
d.r
F;
27,,2
E ( _ ~b_
.x.l
2!1' - 9at.27a 1
-2
-3
-l
bj
ZloI. AhrA.
2.3 .5. n-edrend n parabola

{2.3i!)
1I = cu "
'"
frlU\';'ny gOr.....jf' "l!J" n-..m..nJti ptlmlIoUJ (n
> 0 "1:"""
A~
l'lI4m ( 2. 14. abra)

I . A z (J = 1 sI-'i;i lis.-.l;: A" II' "" r" lI;Orhr-Aln~ ...(0. UJ. ( I. I ) polltoko.n.#-""ri.nli \'>lgy nwt,<x.i ~
..tMljt<'!yt" koordinatMnKi.'fZl'I" krzd0<5,><>utj.a-.. I'M"''' ......lion II.>: )'-u "1Igl"ly,, 'ilUllwtrik'L~ gOr.....t
kiI.J><mk. &1lX"1\"I)"k a Ju..alOs><>t1I'""", ruirWllU'..... v....,. PAralla.u n ..".-I<'u " gi"trlw .....", n'1i""'ll S7.im m<'tri k'L~
"koorrunalannd........ k{'zdopontjara. ""' <"l!: '" pool. <10'1..... ulfkx;,,:. popt i>. A!<Liruptota niJJn..
2.Az a rO alt a liin""' ...... t :
0) EhhPn .. poul-
....z 1I - a,rA gOrhPt AZ 1I = r" fflgYi>lly giirhloji-h61 /lZ ",~.Ak IQj-R7nAI JJl~DyUjtal.li.\...J lao.(>juk. Ha
(I < O. AZ' = Ie> r " gOrhPt tiikrOzziik AZ r lPng..IVJ't".
hv'=3 tI.21i'-9abr (6ar-ZIIlv'='3)

31;1
a"....
1
-I
-I
(-
-I
3
2
A fiiW""nJ viooolkPo""'" iii \.<Jll7.".j, '" 3<Jr - b' di..-ArillliM.l..o; 161 fiiY.!':. II" .l ~ 0 (2.12... , b Abrik).
akkor .. fiigvPuy e > 0 ,-ti'1, hI.,,,,,lnn llOvW'k-'lZik. d < 0 "",--ten IllOlK>toII .,.(;kkMl. H".l < O. alkOl'''
fiiW?nyn.-k t'gy uwo.mOlInll loP. "'KY mimml1l1"" ""'" (2.1 2.<: abra): EbOooQ Al- ~Iwon. M a :> O. aklrm
.. f,-1QWDy -oo-r61 .. waximllmlll tlOVO"k:!Wk. tuajd .. rninllnumra aoOkkcn. vegiil ~v-ig DOvf'ka.ik: b4
.. < O.l\kkor ..-x.--rOI.aw,nimllmrlU".nlF:k..n, "1aw.IIllUl.rimwnr"niJ,,....bxik. mlljd - ~""""'ktl.l_ At; I _
~llycl vaM; l~p<>llt... k mini .. l 2.;j(;).1....., '" 0 ..../y<'u.... i~1 Upott "'&}... nIr.-t ~ lO"'lkM .....4nll\hat6k ki. A VllI6Iog,yi'lki>kllZiwuolrbct.~. k.1:tI'i rpkknr .-gygyok k<-1 ..........."',:,...b b.w IlJ>OlltMnh'intk...
ze. "<lon) va,;.v barom, .4 1-h .... A l . A~ It.-u~IlY"'1 ~ mPt--"'<pont B (ll. oi} C. D.....eLo<;;.n;.k..I>ootnk
inlli'ltiOoo pout. AlJld~' '"!O',ItIAI It sort".
It::
2.12 Ahrll-
1I -ok nt.'Ja. A7.OD<>I< kPIl. bogy ~
A,
A,E __ ,
o A~.Cf l
.j
i';j
2.4 . Raciona lis t o rtfiiggvenyek
~~
3a
2.4 .1. Forditott arall)'ossAg
2.3.4 . n-edfok n polinom

(2.J 7)
n-rofohl r...-iollA,lilo'1:ioqfiiliX'-'i,,~"hrli.j",,,,mhnM,,,,, t ..I', ........-Mfol,. gnro., (2. 13 . a bra; IW l~l:I. old.).

1. __t: n plI.r.. t bm H" a~ > U.><kk<'l II' rO]ylollOl"Ul bal"d -x r,.[, +x f.Ii. 1m 1,,~Ii!( u." < It "kknr
-t-cc f.461 - 0 ; . f<.1". Az .If'llK"lyt "I\"rl><> 1.1\f<oIj.... h "-~:l.{r Ju.l,~h~ti. ill. erinrh--ti (, ...'.,.U"hl c!t""rdl'!"k
1IL<1\old,""""'IIMi ,,41 fo" rAki>v"lk'-m ol<i..h..kat. v"J"",iu! .. 910. ol<l.. lt). :\ (2.37/ fliAA'""uyu"k "'lO'
nitl,,,, S;(.<-l,.;;(,rt,;k". \'a!O' pAr< ... ,.;o..A.lIlU "" {Il - l )u'! ""m t.ohh ",,"l"""rt"kp "'..u mf'l)~'k v;"I1...k<" .""
minimumokrwuisximumok: I\Z illH.'xi,...I">ll1.',k f<Zit.ttra fMn\tlall. am{']~'I';'" ,, -2 ko,
ik. A,...;iIL'I,t"t(,k
.... ~zinglllar.'i>< pou1.ok llillO'f'Il"k.
2. eeen n p t..r..... II" 11-. > o... kkor II' fo!yto",,,,,,,, halad +oc fdol +x [pli>. h"l'"lii\ " . < 0, ",kk"r
-coc f,'IM -coc f.]<'. A i\,irhf' ~ r-tengelyt Ipf:f,ljP"h n-szpr mf'ts:zl"'li, ilL ';rinthdi;" maximumok'"
miuilUU!ll"k"Mtnk"z\ f"rdnln..k "I<;, pArll.t!al's"k ""11h..lo!iik. k l"gf..lj ..l,h n - I , ,>;< inHf'xio..!'nlllok
'~{Ull" pAn",. mnl'ly n" t i" I (s " - 2 kii-d,,,,ik. A.:.:iJUl'totflk;'" szinglliftris I"mt"k nirlf'""n"k,
A gorhl' m..gr"j;t<,l........ ,'I<>t 1. ll.jiml"t,," ,I,""'/.;;r 1\ ,11>!<;/li'r1'i' k"k('t, i,,!l,xlo.. ]lontok"t'''' Il.Z "1,,,; .1,rivAi t "1.('('
pontokh"n f,'lvd~ .,t!lkit nr",~lrll.l.ar<>l.Jli. IlI,AIl" j,.>r"jmlni" gorh" it.t.'ni "rinti;i!. vt'giill,,~lig mind'"'l1
ponl.olrnl. folyti>lI'''''''.n o..-,."ki;! ni "Il"r"""",,1 .... 1. "lfIhhi"kh"n ILl. a..-l = ... = '~J - 0 "l',....i,..li" ,,>dt<'!
foglalkoaunk.
AI.
.>Uol,'
_to
(2.39)
fiigj,....,.uygt5rbi-j{'oly",.. "'JY~"'6
hiprrlnl<l, 1U1",lytll'k ...kounli""t.au"II:,.]y,k "'" """';'UI'I<>W ( 2 .15.
ilb ra). Az. = 0 hdy{'n II' = ::>o tiJ>" ~'" _!wI"'" ""u. II." > O. ",kk<'r" RiMY""}' O-rOi - ::-;,- r<' ....
"'x rOJ U-r/l.ookk".n (folyt<""-,, r>ljmlt V"ILI<! Al'. I. i.,. 3, "jkU<'ID',~lIJ('n). Hll. Q < O. "kkor ll. filggveny
u-rol +(J<,~n";'" - :x,;.rOl Ur/l. uij..... b~ilt {~ll.tott vuul<!ll. 2.... 4, "ikHt'K)",,,lI...,,j ..o\1..4. B. ill"lvP .4'.
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f'St'tl-,..n" 1.An'>j..lh..li ,""""Z<5 kM ol<lalli.u (I > U,,,,,ti'll Il.:t ''gy t'"Z<'i. /l < O,.,...!in I"... lig Il.:t dl,u\.lICS ,.],;j,!,k
v,~nd';k. SYkl"""rti>k"k niw''''ll('k (ll. hip.'rlHl]Aro]rl'l<"t!.t .....,bl"'u lA>.<l:lOU. oM,).
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+ I>, '
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'il. "Iii] -b , 1l-2 d"termi"",,., '" U) fiiAAv(.zIY It<>rIH'j, oly",u ~'Jy,,,16 oM'll,.}"I"'rOOl","ml'l}'n"k a1
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( 2 .17. Abra ) _ Ar. .r.IMI~ ... I1~...1 ""I'" D. E J[j"\-I<,,,,,,polJl,,,k

bJ _
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0,;,....1 .. m'ipr<>k ""'VAlly 2.20. M>Tl'jiot .
(u+b
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in".u ''f()' lllaxiulUlll"U kl't<'w.liiI (,jrll -:xc f.I' llWKY, "t"""'''ll I "",-ro 1Il\rik. ""giil +Xl-["'n
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fiiAA""m- ( 2.1 7. IIhra . <l > n >1.) IuormNln"whi gOrbit (I. tip",;) il Ie. blll<'k 11M. ~lI11l'l."t.ja VIUI.
I = 0 {rf'16j<>li-t0i rilUo,..u "" kuR.lv ]><l7.itiv. ill. rtf'g>o.tiv M,,) 6< Y ~ a. "" ki.. aghOl All. "",,IY"k
<"K,Yil.... m ..ntion y lll<>lI<>'<.>lI <l"~ ! 'X.:. ilL -'"JC ;'rl,;.kh"l,u.ulr. kUzVtt. Illig /I. lnAAik8g hAn"nj...l1"lf,...I'''I~'U-
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l"A'll ki"iiI f"lytlluOI' (2 .Hl.c Abra ) _
2.4.4 . Hnrmadrenchj go r be, Ill. t.lpus
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( -2,;' 3'" ;" s>.,.\wIAsi hd}' ..k r
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69
kal' " ""k vi.""'/A: ..miMI b f 0 .... rk knr r > U).

b > 0, A f(Wi'''Y O--rOl-x rr ,"':jkk"n. Vall "KY """,lwIMi J...Jyr.lUl,rly tit"" - oc-ro! " maximulLHll
ni'N..kllZik. majd O-- rllnt<:ok!tt'fl (2. 19 .b l lib ra ) A llJJUiIUUlIIpntlt A
:US. Mr"-
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kiviiJ "nlM'....ny folytOQQ!l; mindkct fi>rhi-lK'k
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_ t, ~ < 0 : .-\ n-IggVi'n}'llf'k ki'! I<lAkMMi ....1"" van. z =>" (." r J. Il f,iggv<'ny llielWtt' n bdIljd;'tOi fiigg.
Q eo 3 eMj<-;" kiOOu\rol)-;W; A ntggYl!'ny 0-r61 -OC;-r.. .,.-,kkPn. Atllt;flk
Xo-roJ ~t - c>;. Ill: ....olrb-n .... kO:rh<-n athAlao-l .. k....dopoutoll. Il .............r III "'x.- .. l!gik. IDIIjtl onllAf\ 0-.........k"'
( 2 . 19 .c I a hra ). 57i>~k..k nrm Wopnrk M.
rJ;.,./J "W:;.i<"k'Df"'8&liv, A fiiW"'nyO-r6I-cx;- ...oklu-n. "l~ +~rr. Uwm<'&Y mirumuIllOD~
t.-.I "jra -x ft"W' haWi. 31 ~k - ce:- . "lQ' rNtXirnllmiRnn-brWt. q.-.I Alirnl'loliklL....... O-rane5lr.k<'n
( 2 . 1 9 . e~ itbra).
A:< A.. B ,.z~kh<'JY"'k HlO"'rtA7,oldr,,1 "Ir<'pk-t<-kko--I lI7Nnilhat6k kl. mint IlZa ) "",lb.-ll.
a {OS
IOj<-;" poz,iti"; A n1ggW-nyO--r6I A minimurnfllrdlrPt,. mAjd :><;-ill: 11oOvrL.zik. atugrik - x r...
albaiA<1.-,;y InAXimuTflOrl .... "Jrn - lC-lw%. tNt. AllIltJlk -c-ft'. ~-u l....!ig o-hra tart ( 2 . 1 9 .e~ a b ra ).
A" .-4. B ,.zf'~kh.-lY"'k 1lg>'AllMOI<k>Il A klj>lM..kk<'i!<lWrIltl..'li,k Irl. lUillt ,.... a ) .'>rtl...n.
.\Iirl<lh&rotn uti>hhi _t lwn " lI:o.bffi<-1r ~ ill1Wxi<.oe I"..,I./" V>lIl .-\ "'-"b.Ot'-r1'khl"lyt"k ki-pkI;.!>(>[1 >J.t'o.
rrpI6 rM"Vf'Z6kr61 rnin<J<>gyi k _h.-n ..;"m, ......"m.. l.-.....J kllnllldlltato.I\ORY n,'w l..JlMlltk o-k,
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(I-tiil johhra pozit.iv o'rt<'k ....k(']} hI.
II llllUiilllllll U'1I.
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V>L1An,int .l < (1......1;;.11 AZa.? _or+<" 0 "K)'l"ukt Q. J p;yOkci.E...k o:-lOjdcWl. .:l _ 0"", 1,;" 1..~bd61'""
fii~,' ~ri#.... k
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2A.5. Rcciprok hatvfm y

Az
(2A 4)
fi;~gv{>ny h'l",r""lib~, III"',"; yiid"" ir l,. IU"<'! ylwk " k""rdinAt"'I.,nge IY'k vl\gy frlt.-.ngd}'<'k Irhrtnrk
"" ,,"zimptotit.i. A s?ak;u!"',i I...Jy .r _ () ( 2 .2U. IIhra ) .
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-<Xrig ,"; ikk'H. lq>lln f"!HlI: rik +o-;c. r... majd (I-- rA ""'ik k..n.
70
b) e .... t II" a < O. "kknT pArc>o<" .""-\;."" li'iggv"ny(}.r<,>j -"C.i,g ,-",lkk,n.,1l,<;1 kt""l"" p''''i~ 11 f.1<' tM!-.
",ikOzl..'u lIlinuiK ""Xlltiv 1I~\J"'1. t'At"tl"n" ,..... a mW"'ny n.ri>I -.-:xrig nO\.-,k""ik. "tu,o;rik -()<;rp.
t""
majd n'-r,,"i;\"rk.~7jk.
A fiiAA\+lI)"Ilf'k lIi'IO'O",.. k ,"'m 1W'1~rt"kPi .....1Il illllpx;6o; l>OIltjai. A gorbo.- 1UlJ.aJ gy""",hloN, ki;,.,d...lik
".zi";'l'totikll""" It:< .l".t,"u",..lylwt (.,. anuMl MhhAn lIZ y.-ung..lyiI<"L. min..1 wogyol>t.l'll: n ""..."'. p".
n .. " '... ...,,11 .. p;i'fll<' ""Llnlll' Ink"" '.... V-lAIl~lvw. pArAlIAIl n ......I"n p<'dill: ....nlrAl~'IIl(I -aiunu..lnk, ......
Imominil.IMrlIo,.,..<7 Ju-.'~IUT)()lItj.v,," A 2 .20 . Ahra lIZ II - I. n :1 "" n - J ""''1M t'-Ult"'l frt
2.5.3. H a t va ny fuggve uy
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m.n I'fy,.iti\" <w'-.. I.!lotiv I'rim,.....yHOk.
(21i)
litO
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~ .. = I. IJI<'Tt 4 l' I ....,t.'n y = ~ ~Orl";jiot .lilt ~ y-\tII,...lv IrAzlr4han 1<11""""""'"' mpgnyi,jtani;'"
"l,!,:"tiv .. Cti<ot''Il az .c-tc,,~d~'l" tiilui"n.ni; <'Zt l!' 111'L""trA!jA" 2 .23.a .d k a 2.2-i.h abra
Irrncionalis fiiggvcnyck
2 .5.1 . Linearis binom n{>IO'7f't lO'oke

11
fllQVPu~' 'l\Yij1\
"1!..V
p"... W.u
v'ou-b.
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(2.46)
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a ko-L<16I"",tl"", ~ 1/;;;,1", "tillli ItZ .ft<lLl;,.]~t ( 2. 23 .d "'bra ) . 1m [,,~Iig k < J. ...Jr.knr. .,zintf>ll a k...,,,16
I"Hlt""". az y-t""gdyt (2.23 .a.b.c librilk ) , p""", " ''''''!i'n kN, /tZ 1"-I..1tI':,J~'n' "",i1tl"utriku~ foJ~"tOn""
109 (2.23.tI.d librilk). pim", m ,.,..tillIM~lil( krt, ItZ y-I,'UI':' 1'1"'",,;nUJ,..triku, folvton..... It.g ''''n ( 2.23 .(,
abra ) . P"r""m,, m i", n ,,,,,liu a IIUr!M' null'll.h""u ,..,.iUlllj" lrikll' a k"otdil"'t"H"ud,?.<'I kPYIopontjit.r"
(2 .23.h , 2.24.a abre]. A kPYI6 po llt l"'n t" h,,' 1\ gor""n,'k J"l,et """,'''''. inll,xio.. P"lltjl\ V"ID-' \"i""".alt"ro
pontj" (2.23. ahra ). A"Ziltl l,T " I" j" uilln'. Ha n ["'1""' ... Unr Il1- "rt"!ul(>',;"'i t"rt"mimy !U. c>c). ~gy{>h
k,'ut az ..gi.,.z Ii : az ,,1";;""'-'T.hPn miun"ll ag "~i-I","'r!.,'k .. l'fl-I",ly.... " O.a nlAAo<1ik ,.,.t""n POllt"",..." ak km,
ha til 1'''''''''. "g.y;'hkt"nt, n;Il"~
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rn''gvii.'''-,ztii."" mellott v"" fP1tiill'..tV~. A gi,tI",ltip,'rl."liku_ 1I1"~'"'' i.. "szilUplotAi cgyl...."'n"k a ko
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,z"kada.-i bolyo r = O. A 11;;'-\'"IlZ ,rt...np:, 'lylt.. l, l\lIlI/\l1O'''I"l'"hh''lI. "1, y-unp:dyl,,"/. l',,,lit\ "nn:,] l",.s"h-hall kii,,,hLk ""'t.iltll't.otikllAAn. min..1n;'''Y0hh " Ikl ~'l.illn. A Ki;tI", ro,'ud,' ,.,." k'M)fdinAt."t""~,'IJTkr,,.
ill." Iu"/.dovolltm vOll"t k"wszilTlIlwtria. \ ,-,,--" "U 'l~Y HlUtl .. k > u ,...
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2,22. "hra,
A f;iAAVi'Il~"'k i,.t"IIIl,,,J.. i 1,""'011,,/11,-,,";'" n"u,,t .. " i.. u ,,],;jdd,il fiigg (2.22. ahra), II" " U. "kk",." fii'Yo\"iuy,'k,...k ...."k k"ly,~t' .. "rtik,ik "aHunk. llgyhogy ily"ukof" 1\<;<1", rwI" IM,,,,ik (,,~
,.Jlip.,~j~r<il p,., hip.. rlM,l"I'i>lli.,.~l<-t<",,hl,..u lEwII!!i ,.... 200. ,,101.). H" J. = 0, "kkol h I p~y~",.,.1 ialPllllk.
,tl""".
72
2.6. Exponencialis es logaritmusfiiggvenyek
n..gyobb lIZ 1/11 ~za,Il.
2.6. 1. Ex pm w llci Alis fHgg \-i' nyf'k

A;t
y=az=e-
(1;<1>0.
b=hlll)
(2A6)
fiigg.....ny gr...tikll~ k"p" ~ ~.I'J"'''~II< "if", ",.w ( 2. 2 5. ahra ). H" a _ e, bpjuk"

t~TT"i~uj~~ aU.pu r.zpc... rn...
,v.' ,,';,",,1-
II _ e'
2A!.l)
.-\fiiWrny mimi.... prt"k","n:ltlv II.. Q > I A7_b > 0.... fi'igg....ny IllOllOloll I1o"..~ik hAWi-tt"khm
ll-rOI 'X-~. milldko't b..tAri,rtikih,-" ..unA! ~bhan tNt"..... mind ""K'ubb a II"".Am. Ha a < 1 A7.AZ
II < O. akkor (ol"'lil_: AlIuAlllY',"",hhN, oo;iikk..n monotcu motion, hAtan-rti-k!><-lI x-rOi o-ig. min/>l
~ " Ihl. IWlZ nl.lni'l !tioo<bh M II lOXAm. A ~rl ... ,;,I'lKl(\" a (0.1) ponton. ;.,. _imptotAj" "l: ,Ttmg..ly negati\< Me "" a > I. M.v II > 0 ,.".ott...,,; ""'.. < 1. A7AZ " < U."",,1.0<-11 .. po",;li... f..l<-. Az
yo - .,-' = (;) fiigg.....ny II
 I t""'-"l.;n....okk....; "",.r .... 0- ~[bPlt~IDNo
tiiko..k.,...i "'" I/'"t"lI~lyr.- ......UA1lw:>.1>ou'
~ -1~:
2: iT:
Ii' ~~:
~
~:"'.p.
-',
'I
1
\
j!I
1:
'. .\,
\ I!
.
_ _- - - y =Iog.x=ln_
,Y"_ - - - - y=1og = Ig_
I ;---
2.6.2 . Logarjt musfilggvenyek
(2.::;1)
GA.U~s/<,lr
.. -I.')'
I""""wij,bd il'j,. I., ( 2 .2 1 . e b ra) Ez n !:;;rr.r ~7.imm~l.rikll" IV.-,/t"llgdyre, i... IULlLlIllIYon<llhl"," ki>u,l... hk Willdk,'\ iranylmIl "",'~jIlll>t<)t.lku",," "" r-""lLl';dyl,,"~. llIinN
fiiggvl,"y n rolyt.",Of'
'. L
2 27. Abril-.
(2,::>-l)
A/
-.
,iY'
. '
s'gn c
sign b .. sign d
Slgflll
(a. c>O,
ceo. d>O)
b)
2,~
y~
sign a sign c
sign b sign d
(11)0. c<O, b, d>O)
<)
1" ~"""r<'
2.6.3. Ceuss-fele haranggorbo

y
.)
(2.;;0)
'"nMudr. lag" ...t",,. Ri'th.j;.t knl'JlIk.

A ......1Oo; !<IAfllokon 1... I;il" IUl\"l'ltlllll,;fiiAA""U\' <>;;.1< r > 0 ....... trn WLI\ ertclmezv-. H.. " > 1. ,.Jc.k<>r Illollol-onllowh.ik h..t';'I",t(lrJ...u --.o-r<'Il 'f'oc-i'l. II.. I....-lig a < I, "kkm lIIQlIot<>U csi)kk,'u h"li.r"rl.rkl..."
---:X'rol -oc-ig. ':"'I'.~lill >v. " X I " 'I W"cii,l i~ f;jW"lly.. kh...~ Jv,.oon l""-nrnindket .......tb...n ..uu,;,1 1I)"'l""h""n.
lIli"I,j ki""hh ,..,.JIll '-'I ""Alii. A l!:iirl"'lItllw!lY ~ (I, 0) ~..'UI.()lI, "" r - 0 - (J . ",,t{'ll """impl"tik\lf"UL kO",'!Mik az V'I 'lLl:,.JylL<-~, 1lI""'I,,~lig a > I ,,,,Vllll:lII!si>. 11 < l..,.... t.iu .. fl'!W r"!rh,-~, "" l"tl i~ lu....,III,.,
lll<">don annAl gy(>n.abl..ull.,,,,~i, rnin"ln,,&yohh az Iln e ] "~Arn. "1001. IOg. .f I",log! r tiik';rkrl",i "IO'Ill'","
uak "" ...-t<'[jI!:~ly .... VOII"lk''''(~'ll.
"I
b.~1
.Ii"
sign a =sign c
sign b-si gn d
[a, c. b. d>O)
h'T
v.b. e-o
2,z:., ,u,rl'l.
rr'KK"rn~' a /ogtontmtt-_giirlw" {rj.. l.. (2.26... bra ); I'Z al!:,-.,.hr az a' ""l"'I\<'f\{"iAli>- 1:,.,.1,.. V =
vou..tk<rW t'ikOrkrp.,. MAX a'n..k loe. l' IL;: inve,,,,,..u '-' ~ e ,....,then ""
.. - 'j;;T
, - ..,.. ... ~
(a>0.a1-1)
~) . :\ nl(~fdcJ<;
fi-'w"'nyf jru<vrt....mjrh;"""",,<>k n...Jlr-tt .. 2.28 . a b r llliinld.i k-l. A ......-k<"""ti",UIQ' tOr-
.----
v-I.,g".T
2 .6..1. E xponencialis os.<;7.f"~
IY./!i
I.
B. C in!lrxi.... l'"ntok ( /I~
__- - ).=lo&...x = 11> x
\~ u
:.
y =.,:-(x) = -
fol)"t-onoo;.
..
.'
II-
ir<Ulyl-lll\l:l'll.......k Ig.,.- - 'fu.j2j;

:\ (2,j2) a1talllKl,....lou GA.lJssFI, h"rnn']gi>rlI.- font.;
a1Wm""A a mryfi'JYf'Ii... hib<i! n......,,<iI. . ~l.,_d<i.tiir""_
n,ind: Ed "" (Ia.....i Gralik'L~ ,,1000000t.... i" a1k1JllI""..... II......u:..uiu,'i:lrg'WUnitash.. ll. ,01.;"" .. rakiN<lk...~jj oI.W..k),
Abol "'~ ...mPRf..1e1O ~\ln1....:-,;fiiAA'rny:
I
.'
Az
. '_" r... .
:\~ .--\ maxim'"ll"mt. (0, I),
sign 11* sign c

sign b* sign d
(11<0, c-o, ben d >O)
d)
hhr....
tenik. ~. az V, = aeW.!/2 = ~ ."...."...... wL.1Ok K<>rl';'ill'k <>r,IiIL';'I.!l.it <_u-<IIljllk. H;,. ..,.. a, b. ". d
>rt..i>.u<>keg)"ik(' "'-'lllIlUlln. "1\.;rI,,'..Lnkj';'l a 2.28. a b ra n """"'1'10 ui1O' gorl,,' \'ailUwlyikf., Wo.g:\' =1arn'~
lyik ' ..llb...lv ""(1 ~iikurkiI.. ",Ijll-ln''!:' A b _ -b. d _ -d b<Iyt'u""jr""-! kaput.t gom.. "" <>rffi<--tillck
,.,.. !t"teng.. ly VOll.>ltkozi, tlikorkj.p... 1l-1. II _ -II. r _ -(" """I\,..n I""lig lIZ rtf>nll..lyre ,..,natk,w;' ~u
korki>l'.. t kll.1,jllk. Ezt i1Ju><'tlrMja II- 2 .2!'1.11- IIhra II- b. d > Il ,,,,,,1.1lf'n, II ><'.I.Il.gglltott pont./Yi'.ott gorh.. II
I.iikrozt;u.
A~ y-lI'lll(ellyd. ill. r -t.cn,o:rllp1
..,.16 A i'l< [J
lll"t.sd'>;I~>Ilt (u.e + C). ill. (_1-1"

(-~)
,0) ," C ""kl
d-I,
r
",*rtr khply ...k"ordinAlAj" _ I-I, (_~),,, D inl\,'xi'''''I"n,li> l"..-\ig _I-I, (_"~) .r.. l!i>ve hop.)'
d -b
",I
d-b
ca,v~,'k " [lotltok I"l.,vt.tl<'k, "''''7. a r<>rmll jlik rrt" hn~k,
11-) ..,... t A~ " i", c. ill. b {", d plU"mH,!<k ,.]<'ij" j" ""'lU"';" fiill:gv{'ny nom vlllt,f'](lj..I.t.: i>rti>k" hatflri>rlrkhf-n O-- r61 +x-i~, ill. -x- iI(, vagy +"'O-r<'i1. ill, -oo-rlIl D-ra vllll<Yl.ik. Intl' 'l(i"" po"t ni ne;;: a....'illlpt.ota
F l engp]y (2 . 2 8 . a u bra.... r, b. d > O,,,,,'t.).
h ) ...... t A.. II .... C paramf' ..rrk a7.on.-.., b .... J p,,"[ill; dl,'uk,-"'I ,.)<'Ij,.[,l,'k, II fiiAA""'ny plOjd ....<It"" udkiil
AZ
t.7. Ihgt>n"mdnJ,;m fij,J'Jv~"ye~
15
74
2
2
~.
,
0,
w..tit.r~Iti'k1wll 1" ;>;>-r<;\ +X-i& v41t<YI.ik f,.. ki;~b"l1 ,~v minunnmonmegy at. iI1dV<' - )<;-101 oc-ig V>\].
tfl'Zik i", k;:,.,.J"'11 ......V lIl..xiu"lIu"" bal",<t 11.1. !"f1,'xio.- pont lunes (2.28.b flbra . a. c > O. II < O. d > 0
-c
,-.fl).
c )...-t
A~ a c... (" fWUlllllet"TO'k .n.. uhw." "" d pfflig ""'01100' ,,16j.. hipk, .. fiiw"ny l",tari'rti-kIM'n 0rO! _",.ig. ill. -'X>-i~. vagy t-x.-ml. ill. _ x-r<'I\ ll-ra vAltO'~ik. miMh.-n .-g)o"![/n .. lOjd..t "MI, t"vJ"l,l...
aiM...! <"II.Y (' ![/,i>l~kI""lltOIl.... I."JQ' D illfl..xiOt; pon lon. A;;:rillll'totllo "" r-to>ug .. ly va)I\md:llk f, k
ra.as.e ' b r a. e > O. < < 11. b.J:> 0 "'0<1.).
d ) ...... t ~ a .... 0: pMmc'vrrk kiiJ;inlKr.t.6 ..lOjcli\f>k. b i.... d Ug)..,."illti'll: /I l'iiggvi-n)' m.,uoton vKltmik
bAt.N+rti'kbo-n _;>(; "" *....:;, 11klv...... :>.; "" ~ ex; k07i>tl.Szo'l..oPrt"k"ninno. viwnnl ""II "l!J D lufl..xu",
1","tjA (2. 2 g.d a h rll..ll < O. c > O. II < O. d 0 ......>1;).
iiRl':~'Jl """k nt'mllt'f':"tiv ""lO' po~itrv r"rt"kek'1- T.rkllltllltiink. "tgyhogy II mind.. n "rt"kr nemnegartv
I....~ ..... 0 o;ak" ()-b...nl.. h~t ( 2 .3 0. abrl'l )
.-\ 2 .30. abra n iatMtO. hog}' " pa,"n,,;tPT<'k elkalru.... kom"ill.... ii>javal .. I,~k;il,)U{i-libb gorht-m"u('t,'krt
I..h,-t rlMllitani .
Ha ~ > O.akkor" gorlx aHUIl...-l.... koo"lilllilanu,l......r k..z,!o[,outjall. A~ "'int,; "bh..n a p'->lltb..n b > 1
.....-tPll A:i' .c-w:'K'!Y. b - 1 _l~lI a1. roo ~iir.Il"gy'~! II - r ,.,..ilgr.-InJlJ'" 0 tI Il'edig "'"
v-t~nR..lv, t .. hAt aJOhbol<lall rlPrivAJtJ'" o-lwwC1u,l... O. 4. 'XO. H... b < O. "kkor lIZ y-t<>ngf'ly pmitiv {..If'
lU<ZlIllPtotll.. H ~ c > O. ",,:r !\rlt1l''''lItUIIlIll..J '"KrUll ... fi;ggvl>ny if< mind.. n h...tArnli tM n<i..... k""ik; ha.
t < 0.; fiiggV""y _x_ brn hataITrt"khru t1-t1, noi.>kluu, Ha b eo. c ..lOjrl<!' kulOnOOzO. a nJgg'l"n)"Ilf'k I\Z
:r "" -; ocly<"Il egy .-t sd-~k-pontj ...van A gOrho'tlf'k ''''Y nillNl inf\rxii>oo pontj.... V"8Y rgy. ilL ki>t
C.... DrnJkxii.. pout.ll'l. van ( r
.y
bA) . ","Nint ~"k~lf'tm
--~,-
.. IItlf"IO-<'.......kkor hAny pm;itlv
kt"kr van (2.30.<;, P , f . g abrak ).
i I
Yi
lL- 1L-
0'
<:>0. b >l "
h)
Y'
2.2'3. ahra..
2.6.5 . A lt alAnosit n tl Gauss-fete ha ranggdrbe
.,'"
y=" r-',
0*41,
,-#u
(2.<":')
rik"" "lC'
:.
_~ m!!.l!l;I'~{"'''~_''''Ul'''rt.n,'m metsz; "",.t,ngrl)t . ..,.. y-t<1l8"UY,I.....LO D II,rW.i"'I"l1Ilj"
'"
In-
'I
fj
rulytoll'" [,iAA,i'lIyt" (2.:;1) GAlS~-I'"" hl"u,,~ a.JtalanOl'itaNUial< IrhM frlf,'ltlli: .. ~orhr~'''llIlI ..>t
0'
...)
bj
.j
2.6
J/
c<tl, b o l
<:>0, b=1
..
mill,
"in,"" ( 2 ,29.1'1 Ab r a ).
I~",
'x
,...1",
moo
nak;
2.6.
b ) ...... t , c
/ C
c<tl, b= 1
<:>0, b<O -
dj
)~ ~L
o ceo,
II:}
ckb<l
J(
0 c<tl b <O x
h)
,.... ("
< 0 : A~ r.t"ul-:,'ly""."iml'wT.l'I.
(-It 2~
J(
2.JO. AhrlL
.!t;joI/otOl fii~, c",,"k l\7. a > 0 "",tU>1 {"w"lk<Ymnk, ""'It IV; II < II ,."..th,~
lartm.o g<',~t>l1...:t ..11~hhit><'l11\Z rI,,"~,lytr ...,,1" t"kriizP.-.....II"hl-1 uwg ka l'lli.
a) ......t , c > 0: A fiiAA~,"n:v h"tMi'rtCkl ...n +ocHollllininu,,,,Ara,,,,okk,'u. llI"jol rn~i,,'. +",,i!!.uil,,kb
~')
,.,
,.
",-,ik. K' ,-t\ ,..n mill,lig l',,-~i'l\' nH\rlllt. Az A miuimunrpont ( - ~ . a,- Ie ~ ill "XI'''' I"'U' .... ""'.lllll'lnta
Aw
o 00, 0<b< 1
,j
vrdill, (0./1) (2.29.1'1, 1.0 Ah r a k),

A n'AA""Il" 1I1<"1..'t .. (I
)~ Y~
.u.. -!~:<I<-j)."
A~A maxuunrupont (~* '" -~) ,Il O.CillH,xif"pullt"k
fii~~I'lJY nu'!!.illt mind, -nlLol pm it"-
2 .7. 1. Ele m i tudnival6k

2.7 .1.1 . Dcfiutclo es abra zolAs
1.
De fin kio
~ trigouometrikus fii!'\gv~n)'f'k
(Ill "" n('VI'Ii .,wgfii!/!I",rny, A- VI\K\' !/"""''''' I,~tli Fi'l'i"~n'ie~) kl"""" ik,,"
II~ argum ..UT.'m, fo kh" ll Vag}' Ivmertekben
",v"" .., _ g''';'lIWT. WU l,ton tiirt"nik F.z~rt, ,j,ofinfriojllkaT. k

VI\16 m,'g"t!fu-;;,t a l:.ll. oldalo" tArgYl\ljllk,
( 2 .29 ,b Ahra ) ,
2.6 ,6. llat vanyfilggveny es exponcn cl alis fiigV;veny szorz uta

A~
y- (Uh~<", ,-,.h.,' I' I)
f"lyt" ".... {iiAAv"IlYT. <:~ fl,;'." > I) ,..... ,1>.." vi/"!!."ljuk. mert aI II < 0 "",'T.!~ll ~;>r1"'j"
2. 7. Trigonometrikus fiiggv enyck
2.
(2,.-';;)
l\7.
dfih!>i!>.11 Il~
r_t"ll!,:<'Iyrr ""Ii. l iik ri;-, ,_ l ... Io.lik. tovAhl';" ,,~ ft.lt.IllArlOO' h"tvit.lIy fii~v~Tl~' jdpuli't." lTLIIl' l b 'It,i'k,'t.<'l
Szi nu sz
y ="lIlr
(2.,,1)
kjjZ~jll~';Y~,' ~z; "u"zFi9~.'.'iny gorh"ji-l, 1\ 2 .31 .8 "bra lJIlltl\tjl\, Ez ..gy T

2'1t 1"'rioJ,,"u {OlytOll.... g;i,-b".
A kOZOIl,""'K"" "~llHl"''-l':0rJ,.. .ctengdly,'l val" /10. U l , 0_ 1. Ill. 0_2.... lll"tod"'l'0lltjai.llhol O. "" (b,., 0)
76
.J a
(k '" iI. :%:1 . 2.
Ki,rh"l",k rgy'lUI\l infl..xio.. pt>lltjai iI;. E"" kl", " " pontokh..." .. KO,o.. "'rinl';"
Wjt;. :j ' A 07kl...wni>kh..lyek C" C_ 1 C1 C 1. . .. C t
yTl<'k 1\7. r wn~ ly hf'Z v;~mnylt"lI Iuojl
[(h-D::-(-t
jt ) (k= O. 1. 2
i." +~ kowtt valtmik." fiig ...... ny

.
",,10
g_
1.
T- ! l l _
g
B ~B"~
-21t
~.
O. A ,. A _,..4 2. ..1_ 2 ... .. A,
"riml; iriwystiigf'~.
'I
C,
).
tJmgn"ji,'J'J''':''y I'"rioo""" T = " ...uimJ>lotAi ,v. C _
-~2K
3ft
"
(A''' . O) m.tIo'."poulok "lQ"ittJ\l inH"xio.. pontok is. am"lyt'kb.-n az
f-< ~
:A, ! A~ !
Of
!
~I'
hi
2.31. " b TIL
""wn
fill4Uino.. _.nn.... :~' amplil Uctoja.l bd) .1.1 .41. fr..kv..nci"ja.l bPlyrll ~" kn.d';f~ ' ''''''
rau..-1t<6clMa pMi" 0 lwlY"u .;.0. Sl... bo-j .. II 2 .3 1.b a b r a n liI.that6.
A ~ IIP:Im~ __ 11I1"'11 U &ItA1lwoo< o<Zi.nW<lf:Orbr ( 2 .3 1. b .. bra ) lIZ .-1 1tin".-z6vr! A1:
,. ir....)hNIlDl"l1 YM hy 'ij'"",
Il.I ~
u.~
lIZ r ir4nybau
' ......nyom..... N. a -
VlW LoIva bal.a. A J>'"riMlIII T ., ~~ ; IOZ r~lIyd vU6 ~(>ODtok B.
_"",""'"",...."., c.
3.
..\
(he: ""', 0) ;
1;;;:<",.. ,,'1'"_'
Az
(k = O.L 2.
.r.wnp;plyt
Il
Bo.
~fiffrin, lI:t:
ponlolio.
Ahoi.~ '"
((" +
~) ".0). CKY';I1..u infl<-x'" polLtok is. 1UI'lf'Iy<"kbPn SIZ kinIn iriI.oy~ ~.
6. SukAns
f 2 _ ~.9)
B _ l_ lh . . . . . 8. _ [( k
1:
~)" . 0]
,j pontoktwllTll't!'7.i; <"1A'k rgyhPn lIZ iulk-xio. poIll<:>k i><. hPnnolk lIZ mlltO irli.ny_ ,iiro\"
SZ'
~r
J:ti""ftUJ'l'otny l"'nooUhll. T _ 2...
8Z
MUI1lVIOtU. I
(w.r +,:" + ~ )
(2.Gl )
al"kl'al';" fdlrl",t.,. ""l\Yi. mint 4lt..1'"'"'' "~i

fl""zfii!:!:vi-ny,., '" 9if f'""i,.dt"l'"I1......,1.
4.
A~
2.32 ,
,"",a.
TangeIl~
,:' !Ai
f
1:,
.,
2,
2.:N. AnI'''.
(2.(;2)
(J:
~),,;
B
B,
'"
mindig r..nn&ll lui 2: I. A lokAli. maximnmpontok A,. A_ I. A J

.4 - 2 , .. .. ...hol.4~ = '( 2k -.- I )r. -I ): alokAJiIo minimuurpontok 0... B,.
B_ 1. 8 1.8_ 2. '. ahol B~ == (2b,.. +1) (2.35 . Ab r,,).
c. ""
U - A Sill
"2"
(2.&1)
S('(:' I - - -
(2 .3 2 . Abril ).
Stiol.>o:Xctkkh,I......k: CO.C,.G_I.e:.. . .
(h ,( - I t ) . .
-\..0<
.q: A ,,,,;o;{wJ" + ",,1
(2.GO)
riltal,;"".-- k"szm'zj!'n"!"y /lll
(2.63)
~ I..w-. <'holt tang<'W'gOrt... (2.3 4. abra ).

I'Wnj!;dyw tiiL-UWtt "';j
I.
1\7.
:,"
, =",g I = - tg(I-i)
11 :
ko.:m....:jii91J1"'''' f:iirhPj..
'It
KotangellS
Kos zi llu sz
II = N", r -MD(J"+~)
A i A.i
.b r "t:.'"t'tIQI<"Ir.. Ha I 0 &. 'It kiizOtt valtozilr.. ,.

u-hAt "" is ::- S7If'Iint p.rio.-hk'lfI. Az ,,,,z,im ptoIAll ~ I
rnonotoll ai>klwn hatMf>rti>kbPn -+;X,-r61-"O- ig . . ..'" I I<"IIlt.. u. 1-10 .-I " .-I_h A J , .4_2.
mct.'<7.P!<--
~ ( ( ~~ - ... , HI"'),_
"","""""""'1.
Az
2 .33. ~.
5.
f'gyt"lI_k (2.3 3. ahra ). Ha r II--i
}'
- 1[
-I
'l"
no,p~ik l",liIo'>rti'kbeu -oo-rol_x.ig. Az .r-teugellyel
mOl,ol.<>II
,.
i i
C,
C,
(Ie + ~)
'
! f,
:"1!\~
B, ,
t
A.,
f
2,3(i.
B,
rr
Mm.
o
2.37. "bra.
2.
2. 7. Jng<lfWm~tntlt., jiig""inyd:
78
7.
2.
KO!Iz.. kan~
y=
At.
"'J3~~/ui'c1ii.g1r~ .. ,
g&hfijto PRY r
(1 . . .
~r =
'2 ~L&i
- ._1sm.r
jobblll. .-Itolt
A k>kAli.<llluWmllIDpontok ,-\" A I. A:. A_l.. ".aboI.4.1
Bv.B,. B_,Eh. 8- 1.... &hoi D.
~IVgyzes:
-,-11'....
1)
1
= ( '"
(2,ti:j)
~"",kans!,:orbc. A~
,,,cillll't<,tAk r = lit
Eg)''''' sp<'(:ifl1is a r gumentu lll o khol t"rto<to fiiggv," ny ,"rtpk.. k

2,3. I.>\hlaut.
A t';l':onom,trik,c' fiiggv"ny.. k 0". JW .-I~", 601-,; 9O"h<n. in..t ..... 1\ lIl~fddo IvUl~nfkhf'Z tllftroi>
frti>k..i (x .... 'J=x ri>lol<l..li h"t41;,rtkkPl. jf']""t)
" _ 3 -I ) . a Iokal.i.~ nunilllulIlpolllnk

-,-::t,
( 2 .36. a bra ) .
KompWll lUllulI...n' llm' l tri~n\l"lrikll'l f{J.W+n".k .. T:?t;. ol<1Alou lrer'-ilIlf'k 'Acgy>L1A.~r ...
-x<z<x
trt.-~ t!LrtoIllli.ny
-1:S;,;inJ":51
-l:5emI:::;!
tn;'kk'~
7- {2k ~ 1) .2-
- x <tgz c co.
rl-h
(k - O.1.2.. . 1
~ x < ct l: r < x
2.2. lAhJ.,;.u.t.... trigOlIOlIlt"lrik'l" fiiggvi>nwk ..liij..l..

S.r,Og~"
Mil
cos
(_ h.. ~t n..m l...lo+rtw)
I
II
III
IV
(l(r.ig
9O.tilll
-ig
180"t61270"ill:
270".toI36O"il:
., d,
- ,.
(1".11>]
-.
-.
so-
2"
co;et.
.~
v'3 'v'3
3
,r,
,r,
2,,'3
v'3
3
0
- .x
d'
,
,
-"
3
'.
a.
I
v'3 v'3
a z 3
,r, ,r, I
T
v'3 I v'3
a
I
6
I
60"
""
3. Te h roleg.... srogek
M",,,I,, trigonomctrikn...ffiAAY'"n~... k IJt'ri,,<lik,-J,; (2", ill. ". Jl""ri<'xl,l"IIUIIl." tct.........~:r ~nUlm
h<"c tartorn fiiggYmyi'Tto'-k IDf'll:hat~t 11~lil1y!tlk" ~kl-a6 !lZllh4lyok (all iYIJW'Tti-m- valU
Ali...... ;,. - trivi.ali..).
AJ z argumentum > 360": 11& &...,;",; ually"h... IWllt 36l.I" (ill. UoIofO'Obb. mint 1,- 1. akkor a trig<>IlOmf"lriInL" ftlAA'~ ...k iTtiokM & km...-tIw7A ~y ..k ~tJii"Rh'l-1 v.--....lo:-t...t veaetni nly"ll n lI7iigbiio:
tartodl f.-'AAWnyi-rt<-k..k..... ;un.-ly.-kn- 0 -:;: " -:;: 3611"(ill. -:;: INl") (n ~"l<t).
~in(36<t n -n)-~iDn
(HiG)
(Ulj36O"'n ~ol=~""o.
(2 ,(;7)
o)=tgo.
(2~J
ctg(I"llJ"n~a)=<1:gn
(2.69)
19(1OO"n
Silmpgyl:"<l
vrnert.a:
o-
-Ir,"
tartur.O. "'"10';" 0" (.,. 360" koai>.n. aM:t ivnlhti-khPn 0 k 2". kOztitti "'liigo>kl'1'.
A 2 .1. U bl.b a t ';'Itc-kin'"" ad JU':..wi -t fllUV"ny .. ruit~ \.IutOmiwyilci>l ..... ;'lWkk~"rt'SI. A lj
fii~\' d6jrlk.ll1DO"lya lJWlI;f..~ ..msht-n kifpJo"'u'tt) argumo"lIturnot ~ . ikllf'g)""<MI "lQ;,
a 2.2. U,hl iLat lIllltalj.L
E.r1Pkk"""zlM.
Sl.ilg
se-
2.7 .1 .2 . Erti>kkes zlt>tt>k losa fiig,;;\!{>n)"ck m cnc t c

1. 0 5: z :5 360" 'lo5gtarlOIiUlIl)'
A 2 .3 7. i b rin "lO"i~t IMhal.6 mind" tu.t triR"n<>Illf'trikunJUV"lly gOCbPjel.ll.iu.I" 1>t'&Y ~i1u"~.l~~lIlt'z
"..In~ tArtotnAlly
79
A z z arg ument .. m < 0 : Ha "'" 1U"g!'lTlI"nlum n.-,;..t!v (r = -o)..... koc"" ffigg'''llylrt;.kt,J<,.t" km...t ko--zO ki'-plct.t-kkpllo:-bPt (>mitiv MgUfT)f'nlllmhm tart""", fiiAAWnyi'rti-k..kl""vu-..."""LA.trn:
~ill( -a)= -,;jlln.
(2.TO)
cn\(-n)=Nl!in.
(2.il)
19(-a) = - tg a .
(2.i2)
HII((-a) "" -"lll(o
(2.73)
A z z argume nt u mra 90
<
lazalhan <;Wrt'plO ml,u:cuh
i:~plod:k,,1 "KY n h~;iIlh,", l.It.rtm'.o
<
3 60": II .. 9U"
<r <
J(;O".
><kIw." fii~'IlY<'rtf lwt a
2.-\.. ta b-
f,tggVt',,,)',rt(kr.. Ichl'l vi""".........

e-nu. Az ol)',," fiiggv<uyh1ik,k kirrolt r"lluill\6 O""Z"fligp;......kPt. /UTl ..ly ..k t'g....mAAtill 9O"-kal. I W"-ka/
vagy 2i"(J"ka/ dTiro. ilkt ... .-gylUK.~t 90"'fI'. ISO"... ""lQ' 27(1"-r" kipg""'.;tt'I ",,~.. kht'7. ta.wznak. """,dni", ... lacui""..k ",,~~zziik. (Itt;" trivi';'li~ "" ivmi-rtlk,.,. V>\l<'> AtlrM.)
2.1 IAh],.,....1
Trignn"n'f'trik,,~ fiiAA"~n ...... k "~ l ,, k d"'"
F iiAA\'{>ny
r =90'n
smr
"-""r
+ COf<"
tgr
ctg r
'f ,in"
'f ,t",,,
'f tgo
r_]~"
'f sin n
- (""'''
t",,,
(tgt>
ki'pl..t ..i
r=270" n
(
.... "
,ill"
'J=ctK"
'f tg"
(k"",lr';"I~,,'l>\ciok)
r _ 360"
Kill 0
+ 'x'" "
-lgti
-dll"
80
A 2.4. tablautt I. ,.", 2. ,)10;1,,1''' ptif.,w~Jld~I,J,,1;, 1 ",,;j .......Jof'l' h"'l"~ri!6.Wg-t~I~1.:4ct 1"<1,.j'IIIWo.

lsmrrt. hogy 9l)O - " ~" "'1~iR ptil"0~ (J,i.-d 131. oM.). f'7Rrt htvjuk II
rosa _sitl(900_n).
+ Sill Il = WIl(900 - u )
(2 .7-111)
2.;, tit.hl""AI
T riJ':Iluo w l'tr ik,," fiilQtv;'llwk k,f"j"",,,,,, 'X'uu<-! (0
(1. 74b)
S;~Ugg\"PnY
........ tAhl"zAthkn _'",pM liihhi ...,.,.f,lU1"o<t pOt..ziigt"t~I"/;nfk.

.~ trigollOllll1.riltllll
fiiAAV"'nyrk klt"R'"",ito "".kh"z (I&",j 131 . old.) tarto:1.i> "rt ..kPi kiizOtti.
-<I)
'fsill'''''sin(l
(2,;[,.;,,)
- ('OH I = C06(I8(f' - n )
vi
sino
,-_.,tii.t
="
e argum..ntumr ll 0" < z < 90 : H.. b~61 ~"lUl"ZO (0" rOI. i..l,,'Oh.,.shatok.
../1
AL
sin(- IOOO") _ -loin 1000- - -sml36lr2
- Mll 2~ = ~"",, 10"
Tri~(Jllom('trikus fiiAA~{>Il)'('kre
,'I
siu
ct,,,
,II
.,iIl 2 "
.illO
2 .7.2.3.
vonatkozo tovabbi fontos
Tri~Ollollletrikl1 s
formulak
2. t .2 . 1. Trigonometriku fiiggvc-n)"ek kozotti Bsszefilggesck
i.o2 a ~~n - I.
/2. 7ti)
~n_t&2n=l.
(2.77)
~(l-etiQ = I.
2. 71;)
~- ... rg o,
sino <::o5eCa_l.
=0 SOCo _ L
tga
= L
vi
ctg o
-/1 .,. tg 2 fl
~"
~"
.......
'"
Itg~o
,II
,II
d~1 {)
--
N'"
--
'."
fiiggn'>n)'f'k s7.ofl;ek tobbszoroseihez rartozo ertHei

(290)
CO>20
coe2 ... ~ sin 2 o .
(2.':11)
co>3n
--Ico.;~ o
- 3 ......... ,
(2.96)
(2m
(2,9;)
=-
(2.1)2)
=-
~tKo
(2.7'J)
(Vol)
2"
tit"
,f l-"lt;]o
!<Inn
ltR"
~in2o
"0
-O.9N~,
.. . hm"rto!'k ~n mer;adolt n c;g..k

Az ivmiorti'kb.-n. &&II;/, .adlM "IY ..1d"'1I u>CR..Mn ~UIW'lItuwl-rt<:'kcl..", II {3.2) kpplrt ~~vd
J..bM; fokr tllz&mit.Ani (1Iuoci 132. "*.1.1-
2.7.2 .
n:w;2 u
(2.':>h)
....... lohbi fpJtiiut<'lrlt

p<..tiI: ba.oonlnouJ 1;1t!1i~m';mjg -I"t ..I"/;IM'k Tl<'V">:z,ik. A ~ - f'16j,'Io'k
~ ...kilrlnYf'bo W<1tirgy.v.n,.t<Wg mu,ll 1tU'1'f']lf'lllO'k.
'."
="
sur o
If
< ' I < -)
. -- ~ et g (t .
(2::0)
SIDo
tJ:40 = I
6 tgJo _ l g ' O .
(VlI<)
luatl.<'ki"tbctt'iroi-gio,.o,.VIlf'1l11 tm'"hhl fOl'IlI"liIltar a. 2 .5 . tilblilzat ban fogWt"k ............ .I:: fo nnOl I" khiu ,
AltllJAuOOl ......t ...." a. gvokj..1 ..1(> """'rillt kd J 1lO>! ltiv V"(O' rwgati\" .. lOylM tenni. hug}' lI.wiK mrlyik
~ikfJ"!Q'... I""" (IvTm"rt"k-ill1<'TVIlilullll...n) hd~.....
.kmik.oj,
!\"f!:Y " i>rt"k.. kre sin nll ' ''' (U' no 1Il,ogJu.lo\rni!u<Ar1l1l ~I OJ \' n E [;'1,' ki'l,j,'l<-t n'1"Zenll1.1.kAlrna:mi. A hi-
2.7 .2.2 . Trigonometrtkus fiiggvenyr-k szogek ossaegehez , ill . kiiliinhM'>gi-h('z

tartoz6 t'>rlfok(i
,,,,I(>vd kal.juk:
(Itt .... II wv"bhillkIHUI<-.k armyi II mpgkn''''' II liU"ll"vlo"Wgtkn.
siu(u J) =
~i'If ..""i1COf;.osiuJ.
(2.st)
uogy 1\ formulek "rt plm,.,...k I'KV<'II.k, )
("llh(u8) =
COb'H"OOIal'~ino~ind.
etg(G 3) = etg n t't g J 'F I ,

,tg {j ,tg fl
~ in( o
+ (j + i')
...tll'l C'I'" 11(~,,)
"""(ll
+ a +..,-) _
{~"" l
sin (l sin dain
j ,
C'O!O
'I , in" "in"!.
hi'K'fIIi"lit< "ltVlluhlll<, (1........ 112 oM.) h"....~lIaJlllJi.v,,1 .:.. ;2
I'OSno .,. i sin no = (I'OSn
+ i ~in fl}~ = "",... + in "",.-1 " kin n .,.
- t (;)
- l lilI..w l..m...."'''"--
(~) cos-" ,ill'"
,Ui-3 n ,in' " + (~) ru..-~ .. sin~ n +
(2.102)
(:.IS?)
iUIl"1lp"liR" v"lo.. "'" k':'l' ;pte,. ri.,q,.. k "ll.v,nlt".i'8" llIi"u
rosnn '" cot!n 0 -
"",d "'''', - sin (l sin d CQ!;,
- sill ,, " " tl"in"! -
(:J
(2.s.:t)
+ ('(lh(l sin il ,n>;..,-
+ ~'''''' n", ,hill..,- -
nOflliAl~"'-trl .... ""
(~) nlfl~-' fl sin2 0 + (~) lVti" ~ (lMlI~" - (~) n",,,---<I,,siu"u + .
(VI!:!)
(2. 103)
,ill "U = "0,.;-1 fl sin a _ (:;) " .. ~_.T 0 "ill' fl
+ (~) 'UI"-" "
,i ll'" - .
(2. HH)
(O,,,lcoo;..1t-o.;"1 _
I
J.ros(o .... -1-. j
,~ .. (
+,'OIl(l--'-O- -I)
,,,.,(u+ -1+"))
-I
fl)
I l' -
(2123)
2.".2. 7. Trigonometrik us fiigg violl)"pk ha t vanyal

(2WS)
11(-"
'2
JI-<Uil
I - C'Ohn
---1
(2.106)
sma
(:2.107)
~-~.
+ COIlrl
'2I (1 - ooo;2fl).
1 ." .
sin .. n-= ~(.,smn
(:2.I~)
2.7.2.5. Trigonometrtkus fiigg\!t''Oyek ket i-rlHene k Osszegc. ill. kulollbM"gc

(a d d iciOs ttlotf'lt'k)
sllla
0+1
0-1
1,.mJ=2"m--~-- (2.109)
<>+-1
";Ilt> -
a-I
(2110)
>ind = 2l'O'-,- " " - , - .

o~J
0-
tg ... =
..iut/>
:I:
.1)
si.ll(o
(2113) ctgO :::d,r;J = ::: ,
~tlOOBJ
"''' .. ''mil
rUIu
'''XIfd =
"illflOOBj' '"
z!roto -
;1) + Nl$(n + ;1)J.
(:l.1I~)
~[r>iU(U -
J)
(2. 11'.1)
"in(" 1 ,11.
I
siu" cu;l3n"'l "" '41"il1("
+Sill(-r
sino sin;3('()f<;
+" -
d) - ,in(u
+ /1 ~ i1.
+ I' -")') - sin{;J + ') ~ a)

+ II - tl) + "iu(a + (J + 1)].
"+
-y)],
~(m. -Itt .... -It'U' 2n -
3)
(!.I2'J)
....
2 .;.3. RpzgPst>k leirfl.......
., wdutikiLlM.n ..... a Iizww...n gyakran fortllli...Jr.. 10.. f- .....Ij<lOIt i<!<iu;t ffiggo'i

.hill(_l .... .,.-)
.1> 0
(2.130\
a!all mNIrn~k. l::7...k rt .....ha ~'"' .....__ .... n",........J:ur-J,; ,.. IliviU. I<l.ibdi vAll.ali&<-tLk hn.......n...
":_'l ir w. (2.130) Al>rilz.oliu<a llll.a1anoo< ""lIl"~.l'(fuIM't ,... .,jIUl"I'~'" JA,;d .. 2.31'1. abral .
".
"
"'
2.J~I.
2.:ki ahra.
(2.1:.!U)
b) " T
.,
,
240. Aim..
AhTIt.
2 r.-
1'.,ri6d\1~han . amply.'!. itt
I",/J,i."h".,.,m"k hivllllk (itt ,,-' '"
'"~9''''' fri'hwnr'a,
"melypt"
[(~!\""t",nh;', kii~jH,k'",nr"in",k hivn"k).

(2.121)
c ) " .;: lrzdd, ,'ziigl",n ""10 k!-zdiij,izi.,I,,,u ""I:Y j,j"." It"/,i/H,!",,,. "'lIJdYI~;1 fdtd,,t<j. Il~ [0.211")'\ '"
,:,;ik .
AI- " _ ,,(I) lJH'lmy i",'"
'i[-n...(,. + II -)) + "''''UJ + 1- o }

+" - 13) - (',ti(a +
COlI' n -
(2127)
'I) "". A a"'I'/;/lit!,,1.m.lI. vagyi,,, , i,l,;\.t'ug,lylo'il ""I<lI''lI:ll"~y,,hh ki\h~""\"'Jl.
+- "",(-y
(! 11.s)
3,,,,,,,,) .
A7 All.AJAnOl' s7in,,"zgort... a:z 11 "" sin r kmiin""'P:.... ~1.il"1.1.I!l>r ....j..'U1IIt koVt"'tk,,,,iikl...n kiilonlrii7.hct:
I
sino "in J "ill l' - :i1liin(o + ji -1") + ..in{p + 1- 0)
+"ill(i
-l,'O\ 2n .... :1).
ta.nu)
(2.1111
.1)
~(CO>-kl -
.~'" " .. ~(n", 3n
",,-vn i>rt...la>k....~inn "" ......~o m"k"~ ....lAn~'Ol'h nioIkfll "*'~ t.afQ:El!uk 1I>l'J!'...... o. 'u> 20 .
..... no .... ,.;no ,in2n. . ";nno~1 olrlAlonI-AWtu.lillu'-pio't tl\tr<'1l<hv.,.
.. =
Tr igo nome trt kus Fiiggve nyck erti>kcillck szorzata
"iTlO"in:l=~joo&(o-Jl-m.(..
co;
.1)
cu;(a ... 3)
(2.11:;) clgll-Igl = sinQ0063"
"'...(f1 ,f)
t<J+clg,J=
tn,,,Ioiu;J
2. j .2 .6.
'"
(212(;)
2 .7.3.1 . A problema megfogahnnzasa
CXJbo -cot;j = -:lsin - , - "'n - , - . (2112)
11:l't
~in' 0
. ..
.~)
-sm
(2.12,'))
(2.122)
ai"kbau is d ';;.Ilit ha t ,; . Itt t
e sm ..'t
O.... t
-I-
hn.. ~'t
(2 .131)
~.
"
am ihill a"",
84
b "K.vhl...I""j.u JUI1:lJ"tfln.L!u.lil, A~ u. b. A. i", .,: lJ"IUJYi.";~ek .. 2.39. flbra b/~ lint ''R.V ,to'l! Iov;~il
harolll><lOg mpgl.atArua', .... laraiu"k l..kilJll,..,llk. (H,.,; ISH"-.- n "I"k,i. ekkor h,>lwtl.< 11lI1" - n. (", I".
1<'7.190 ..- J Nalr.I,. Akkur d",IY'!t 90' - j Vl~ud';.
boKY vt'glil hegy<",,.ziiwt lw.pju~k. ult']vlJ<,kt""R'-le...
~l
_I
A lllt'g",lott t i<\OJXllllhuz U.rt07J> " mrnnyil'<'~.'t" Vl'kl"rtl~1U1l ii Vf'ktnrAhOl" 2.4.1. abra ~-~lilJl
1..11..1 llll-ghalarozui, El&<'wr" koordinAt<L"'ll.IOW'f 0 ko:lAl';p<>utjAII At.f~kIMjiik ,1:1. UP(t) i,I6I"IlK,,].... t.
am ..JyO kOnil azOramnt. ..r.ojAr.......vll!.-gynO ir"llyl>Ml. "Ullll,lo ..., lEliig......t-.Pggo>l fofOg. A' = 0 k,",I"ti
id6ponthlw lIZ y-I~ngply ........, .n 't,rth",l", <"!Q'l.......ik, Emu'll lwwdy t j,lUpolltbMl1-ru<k AZ wlOt....!,:.>ly.-., ejl.<>lt OS H,t.,llo>ti hooow.a "KY"nlU 11:1. tI(t)
.-1 sin(~'l + .,,) ;ill"L'IlOOl ><Lir1'~'iZfuggv':'n)' ah!7..hlt
PrtPk':'wl . .-\ t - 0 i<l6pont .... n .. (0) = .t";l1 '" if nek lIZ,.1.. n~..IY" VR10 Vl1.ii!rtt( 2. 4 1. abre ] .
2.7.3.--1.
y.
cs illa p n ase
{2.IM)
~.
fi"~l)- L > O."..,lkn "" c.Jlapi"'lI ....~ giirlH'Jit (2 ..& 2. 'bra) irja "'...\ r<'SIl:Ps az L -t....!:..!.... konil
m<'K.V vi'gb<-. e. kiizkn a gmt... -.w.ul-'totlk'~"I\llk""...I...tik lIZ .r.~""". A ,~nll..~orh.. burlu6i;u;
JI = :::.-1. --- e1p<>DCuc;aw.KOrlJi-k;!Ill ';ri.llt(~ 1,,>Utol
wi
Rf>7.~fst>k
.g
. ~ ~ ((.-~~ _-.0. H)"~+' (k+ ~~,- ..))
01
I><>utok B - (O,..I, ";n;.) C .C1

2.42 .
2.7 .3 .2 . Hezgesek
~7.lIp{"rJ>()zki6j a
'''l.;;.:.ru,!th,'!)'''k ~.r
.wra..
u.ft<-x.o. j>Olltok az T
vag)' css ze t e te le
(._-ti'I.<it'wk) lIM'l=Uk ~,,>.......-t'>l"lI. vlllW1OO& frrhv-nrtripi

iN,,,,, Mnll<>Wkll" ...../~.. 1 ...1. mCgprdi~ UK.ViUlaZZIll a fr.-k .....llnli\rl!J:
n.."Zfti~k ~;;101'"1"'W''';'''''nak
. . . ..1<
ii_.,~~. U
.-l"sin{.f-;-"l)"'Alwnt~I+,.:':I)
.hlU(_I- r'
A/ ...2A,A 1<no(.:>2
>.,
= .. ~
~lJlf"'l"mokhar.
-.-
Al!'llllftItllmokhoz.;u; E 1 E1
""
21321> k-lg; = ,
.'1,('()O,';. -
-"1('(lOo,..':I
:l.U:.!"1
3.
Vf'nriAj'l AllaIAn,.. ""in,,,,,,,f,1AA,y,Il;.' I...nit"\.< kmnlunoir";Jf1 if< "It.a.l".nos

.....,.~ffll ~.....-llll"nY"7., llRY"n.v.>:.>kVf'nriA","l:
_.
E.
_'
tAr1-OZrIl\k ...hnI tln",,-.
m.... n~..i>o:'K."" .. O'i.Ilaj,il..... """nltllloh.. .vm"......r""...I l.... n'''Y''g;ijk: I t t " Ps ,.....
bann.-Iy kpt -.~ 3lgl1w'''lltl.lmU ~;':"-I"k,
A hlll(..:1 +.;),
""il1,,~d,lgg,..i'lLyt
rugg,...."......
.0\ ciklomt-lrikus
k .. trigollOffif'trik". li.1wy,nVl"k in"","- li.-JU:W'n)....i. Inl't'n IngoRO'nt'lnhi.oo
""fP' "rb.<zfr~V"""",,,k i~ hlvjuk okM. EIO~lmil ,\<o!illio\lAsllk <+ljAb6I" Iri~.... nll~rik .... lllggV'"
1I~...k i-rtoolm<"7iosi tartmnanyal mnlJ<,tnnitAAi inl<'T\-.uhuu"kn<.l.outjllk fd. ro niln<l..n IlllIlll''''nitil..~i in u-rvellumra MOOik I.'&Y in....-.n fiiggWllY. E"",kPl a h""""'jl1k 1.vto7i> lUouotonitAsi wtcrvallunillllk rnegr..I..\o k in.-wx",..IIMjllk ..1.
(h/l.1lll<>nik'",
(2, \J:j)
"hoI" (2.IJ2h).lwli A {..,." (2, 1:.I',I<-)I...li .; IlJplllJ;.'i""!\,,t ~RY wkto"li''I'mm!>,,1 (2 .4 0. libra ) lrl>,, IU<l('
lJ"t"r<'~l1i.
2,7.3.3. Rczgesck vektordiagramjn
..,.<_. -----.-::.".--
.,
A (2.130) '''' " wI .. ,,!tV'1Ll,t (2.1;11) "bk(l ,,!I,,!AlJ(">V,llHhl.fiiggvi-ny dl.z"nlrll n' )HwA'nt"llml,b "K)' kij..
'''''' ~ikh"n" p = II,." !,<>I',rknmoliul<t"kknl /o~ "I.~' = a , II _ b DESCARTES-f/ol.. k"nrdi,,,'H.kknl (IMI~1illaT.Ai (A, ",j. I( i'j ily"u ""'llllyi"'R
~~g....k k" r " kl,t, (<21, bd '''' (ll-l,I>J) ,,'kt."r "';~I."",kp"t "d0dik ( 2. 40 . flbra ) , Ugya"ig,y Ii;),), iIY"n
wktor 0..-'''11'' til!>!> Alt.Il!"Il'" 'l.illll~,.fiilUl:vi'IIY I",rlin., t",,,,,,,,,k,oJoit a.-lja. E" t "" Ahrkwj'lI't .",/':1",,1,.
aqrnmnak ",'v"'l.ziik,
.0
2.8. Ciklometrikus fiiggvenyck [arkuszfiiggvenyck)

A.\,.,ln,; -.4~;.in;:1
maltZ Acu;.;-v< 1f'K)"'Ul<'iu.'W-Niu.llkkUl .,: - 2" ~ 2' eszerint, hogy M A in io'"v..J clo'...n lti""...UIWO pmitiv '''10' n~.. tiv; mi.""],, It\"nk 1\IAlti k,f.jP7 ~ O. ,.hhcll .... az a1t&.iuUf' .--Ilwn ;".4 ~ u;
'" egy"rt.. llIllil"n l....,;hlll...l1Y......q. F:zl '"!tv", Inl>l> """':r lI<lamlorll a.lluUma.zva k"lwnrl Inl>l>. "".oll~ f,,k
L c,A, hin( ...'1 + .;,)
y,
(.. -.0)
12.I:JlA}
,.JlOI. A kor,hhi h.ly< tt,,,,ju.,..k ko I
I
A=\A/
A Ii = In
h---20
h_; "
.C.;o
._.. -.-"<,,
ql '
_ ..,.",,-.::::::::' _:;:".",."A__
2.43. {ohra.
2,H ...l>r3.
2.4/; Ahr".
2 .8.1. A. ciklometrtku- riiJ,.W;\:{'nyek dcfimcicja ,
:'." pljArit....' 1\,. Ark"".,. ,.,zUlli,,>: N~... "uy I'{l.!ilj"n mml\tj"k t.... (2 A 3 . .. bra ) . A;< 11 _ sin,' f,'AAvi'IlY
"
i-rl<llluO:",i \.Mt<,""U,y"1 .. k1r - :; .:::
J: _ O. l. 2.
. At 11
.::: i;1< - :;
" mUllolouj!Mi il1t,rvall",uokr. hont)uk
sin I mkJl;vi'liV ~hi>ji-' ..; 11
"',,'K."""....... l"kr'-",Vf' Mpjl1k
J: !'I"lOgf..l..
1I-1lI"('~b.inJ:
ill. h-2"':::IIShz.
E"..I~li
hti-kk""~
Ark""",
.,i",,,,,,,
}
}
}
I/ ""a.qslnr
aIIol l;-O. :d.2.
(2.1J,jl,)
A7.' = "IT, "in I ... " " z

,.jllll irl\>oUl{M! ..kvi_""",,. AMIOg wOdon n}~'r!lct6k" ti;l>!>i Ark",..,JiiJul;.....n:""'k. "mf'l:"",k.t 2.4" . -2.-16. " b rak _'mlPltf'tllE'k an....",......1./:. a'TtIt;}. '\7. Mkll..ml~y.. k
<"rwln...,......i t1lrtolniu.~...... i,u'kknu!o-r.. \'l\Isun III ........iilr ..hivalrn... tnl!onomNriku" f,i~ll\... k
a2A7."mrlyhOI~
.. 2.6. labhv.Aln.an ""'unak r..! t;wtdw.
Ark""", 1u.o<l;ll''''
w;art'~"""r
.".kiN< tarlll""
It - ......~ tl'(I
-1 ; "I~
t. . ~.-.Ir1O
""
.-..l nunk..
pl.~nI=...-q,,.;nz
,-\ 2 .-17. Ah ril n ~ ftJ:kUlrd'iuvi't.,...k fUk1:i>kri IAlMt<lIr.

:\ l pgj.. g:,'ziooI: A f<'iiTt<'ko-ko1. _.J~.tOl .. If. J<ohf"
,*","",n_ A fii(orrikrr..-..li> "s-7... ......,.~1.no .. kiM-tJrf'?A k;'pw-u-!t:-
u-I mrto;uik:
(-I)~aro<i1tl.
lVCi.blnZ
11.13ti)
(I; + 1)1r-Illt~u'l
{ br + lU"l~. . z
{I; 1....."'/II.n)
~ I""""")
.ct.
~,2- ._--- -------
l:-O.1.H.
/<
arct g
-r
tJ
."",
ar("!gJ:~
~' ~I - "
1llC'C11I-
<I<
n'AA"~ny
2<w<n-2"
1-r<tr${k_I}Ir
i-r-
2 < 1I < 1r'I- -
2'
n<II<I.l: ... J)"
-".
0
I"" tgW
I =r:t.gW
0.-11_ b.1,j"k "" iUo"" <ikl<......Iri)::... ~""v Momdri-t.

(pl . .....,.;",... Z ......O,qll.r)
" ,,,,,,It
......I""';od..>; fIiolhl
_____,m:>:tg
-::<.
It = arq ctgI
2.8 .2 . V iss za ve ze t es a rOi>rt {>k.. kre
n-
ISI'SI
"" <r<
InllU"'''''''!rik,,,,
.rtfkki"'~),-l
.rl.I,,~"",,1 tl\rt""l'U'Y
,.i,rk,"",fiIAA"~"Y
ill'
{2,n:....)
in",-..t fiiAAv.llVf'krl.lU....lyrkll..k >l7. hblm.>,i.,.i \.Mt<'lllil.u}" ""
-1':::J:':::"'!
rd. abul
'HOI
(I>
0)
{ - ~'~ m
1
1ll'f"O]OI,...-------.r
"I ... :r-
(r-U)
(J
(Z
2:: 0).
(Z
OJ
\2.143)
-n
'l!'
:2
(2I-l-1)
2.137
(I'::: 0)
1LIt~
til I
hI' _ arM g I
(2.13S)
(2.11:;)
(2.IJ'Jf
(12:: Il}
. 1IT..~~inU
k,...
A:
M", "ll'( 1 = _ + br
B: Mo.-III I "" -:j"
I
lII'.... inO-O
. C : lI-l"f"f'Oti-I
" "t...
('OM
2 _.:!:3
~ (Ie
I)ll' 1m k l'ii'atlan no
-i +k
2 .8 .4 . Kepletek ellen! et t argumentumparokra

1< ha k ,,a' lIIi .
llJ"csil1(~:r) =
-ar<.>;itlI
.
/UC'lt\
,r ""
uW("{lt<r
0:
2 - 11.'0::00
2" -"-r"smr
,
Iln.tg--JI""="?
1Il'Ob( -J:)
- II' - lIl(t'O J:,

"rPMg(-r) - 1< -II.TN'tgT.
(2. 140)
IIJTlg(-Z) == - 1U"(t g z .
(2. 117)
(2.1~)
(2 .14:I)
2 .8.5. arcsin x 6; "resin y Sseecgc cs kiilollhst'>jo;f'

- Un.~ ......
v'T"'='?
{ Uf<"<'''''vT=J1'
{- ISISO).
(0 S.r S I).
(2.1,l/)}
l\r(:sillI+l\IT"iny=art::>;itl(J:~
y~)
(III:sov~YI~-lS I).
= ,,- un"i "(.r ~ + y Jl="7i)

(-IS.rSO) .
(0 "0 ~. S I),
(2.1,1l)
(2.112)
= -1< -
lIft'sill' -1I""ill.V = ",.."in
an"i"
(IJT='ii2 -+ Ji.;r:-:;:'I)
(J:~ - y~)
(IJi
(:r>O,y>O.r 2 +
(r
l : : : I ) . (1.1::.0],)
-c 0, .II -c 0, .1'2 + l 2:: I ) (2. Fllc)
2: II ""R."
+ 1/' S I ) .
(2. 1.;1,,)
l'-an"in(rJi-';-y..rt="L1)
.. -". -1U".",in
~ r > O , y < O. r~
Jl~I). ( 2 . 1~lh)
(r~ - y..rt="L1) (r < O. y > U. r 2 ... Jl ~ I ) .( 2 1 ~ h)
2.8.6. arccos x i-s arccos y i')Sszt'p;e {os kfll onbsege
~~)
ILlT"'' ' ' = ar.n.(ry -
UtUJl> Z
11' - IlICl:Ol>
an'O:lb r -
M("<'W '
= - 1\10 " " (ZlI-
~';i'-=?)
- ar........ (ry+vTT-../ l-,;)
2.8 .7. arct g x
aITtlP '" arel l'lll
~ 0)
(I ... Y
(r
( 2 1 ~bt.)
:s: 0)
y) .
(r S ,).
(2.1:;2\')
(Ill < I)
z,
=2"
2.8 .8. Spf'CiAlis
(2\."";"')
(X> O. II < O. .ry< -I ).
2"n""inr = "tN<ill
=
-
It -
-lr
r.
(2. 1.;;'1
< - 1).
--tlr
:Z) ,
(:z < r :s: I)
( lxl:S:
(-I:S:
( 2 _ 1 ~)
( J:"la"9"'-. /lf".. .-6ol,.I:,..o:).
12.1(;-1)
(.:u,bjn.. h'l...rb"iu,.u~ ) .
(2.l w)
s-
= _1
cb r
2_
.-z -. ,,-'
~
_ _2 _
ez - e-
fiigj,"Y<;u~"k
\ to,. :~.bi.~. h'l~ik...'% ) ,
(2.Ui6)
"",,,,l.l-t,, 2.4S.- 2 .52 . Ab ra k lUuu.tjiLk.
2 .9. 2. A hlperbolikus
fii~ v PII:rf'k
gs-aftkus t'l MlIltA...a

(2 .-19 . Ab ra ). A koo rdi-
t>\rt<Yf'<\ primo irally,,"~<ig,

. . .p = :: . Al</,i"'I't"tlillin....,
(2,1;'11
I ).
r + ,~z
~ --ec
e-
((,it""'nd~Z<'f k.-.z,lopoutja "!'\Y~~"n(' ""ilUU"'l.ri.. kiiz'1' IMJlLt j.. '... illfk:uo..l'"utja i.~ 1I~urb{llOk. 1I"ou..a
= 2lt - "rttul( 2.t~ - 1 )
(II I <
(2 .163)
2 .9.2 .1. Sztnusz hipcrbolikuse

y = .h r (1"-...1 2.W I ) Imr"t"'". -00;'" -ccc kiizijtt lll"u"t"IlUiivt'k''l11l flilU:vfoUY
(2,],,1..)
2I
sh.r
r < - :Z)
(-i:S:x:S: O).
t'OO'Ch T = _1_
2"nU T = "rt~.",.(2,r: - I) (u:S: r:S: I ) .
2I1f<'tgr -llretll'i7?
I
th r
(2 1:""")
az arcsin z , arccos x . arctg x
(2x~)
-"
A !:<'Olllctriai J..fiuiriO. lw"'])' II ~tn_ fc.,.", 11,,u taWlutli> lUI"J: (1Ml IJJ , oM.). ~ .. trigOll()o
fiif,gvrn~....kh.,.j.
" ,",rang.......- AI,....r6rMtku..Z. ,.:../:,;,u A~'Z'" /:....... ,bj"" A',....,...,~ l\lf'l67il Mrom hip .. rl>ohk,~~
fltgg\ "ny Il'.:il'ruk .rtik..khlt "au l-rt4-hllt'':''':
(2. 1:;:..i)
"n",ill (2r....'f="il)
(2,16"2)
"",nkll"
A hiperbollku,
(2T\/i=--;2)
-1U"('Sin
("lhr = -
O. Y > O. r y
(2.160)
c.ieu
r - ,,-'
(r , ... -I) .
OSSZt' fii ~eM' k
.;;r-=if
r - ,,-'
t hx = -
IU"(IJ~.!...:.!. (x <
ril~ vi'nypkr('
(r -
2 .9 .1. A hipcrboliku s ru gg" en:rck d ('fin k i6j a

A.::nu,,,: I..~z. w........~ h,,........,at....z .... ltmfnI.' Atpo'"rir:tft,h,.<: dt-fiuiciOja" kO....lkPzO:
{2. 1:i4<1)
I ...
e' -"
cns =---
1 "'
= }
2.9 . Hiperbolikus ftig gvenyek
( r < O. y<O. ry > I).
&rCtll: r-arelll l/= an' lg r- y (sy> _ I).

I",
= - ".
(z + v?"=T)
T~ (x ) =
' 2 1:;':lh)
12 1:.4a)
(Til- I).
= 1' ... llTctg~
(2.l.:.9)
\ n~ I).
"',nl n liirl.><l.iLm i~ "'bPt..... T. (T )-M"
.bI
1-
(2 ,1:>1'< :)
kpplPt batArozza.~. lIa rt ~ ..".am, akkor T. (r ) ~ r V41I.q;61l1lk -JOJaboon polinnmj_ (C SEBISE\"polino...). A CS EBlSEY-poLiuomok t1("'j<I<x~~ I4o.tI. 9-&6. olt1.
1 - '"
= - I' - aITt g r ... y
( 2 , ] ~hl
(2 1:.:Ja)
arctV;!J Osszt'g('f!s kulonb sege

anlll:..:...:..!.
- :- _
<"OI'I (flaITUJu )-T. (r )
(r - y
(r y- -If="';i Vi - !f)
2I
(r> l).
1 - r'
2I
l\1<'1g-- (r < -I )
1- r~
ardg--
=;:-
(21:;'-':")
2.9 .2.2 . Kosxinusz hipcrbollkusz

y ch r (1......1 2IG2) pA"", fiiggv{'uy. """'ly -00 < r:S: 1l-1>l'lu lUOllot<>U c",;kk"J( +OlJ-rllll-H. O:S: .r <
+ 00-1>.]( j>' 'llig moncton llov,_,h"ik I-[(,l +?V-l'O' (2 .$0 . Abra) , A mj";lllUlupo"t A(O, I ): ,,,,,,im pt o t ,,
I'
nino< A gorl).' wimmetrikus az g-t4-Hf\,ly..,..... n:r. 'I = ] + "2 pa r"""lll (n:r. ft,hr&tl" ,q~lIt"lI. f\or"l')
90
2.9.3. Hipc rbol iku e filggvenyekre vonetkozo fontos ki-p lf'lf'k
1:1
'w~
3
2
1
A bip"'rl>"liklL< fiiggWn~ kr t ''llYn"""..,.];j"."",-lu'r",...l" ,klinkiok e,; \U'pk\"k ... uJ~iat l1l11tatnak" triguuollw-trik",. fi"iw"ny kni'1 m<'gi'm"rt...k hl. I~v llPlllIUtl:lt-..,.:;. b"lO' It ""ogtd<'!6 triKonom<'triklL~ k"l>Itt.kbO]1"hM n lIti>hhiakat l...v t'Zf'tni" (2.1!).1 ) (:l,W I ) '
~'f;iAA"""'k ""Ril"''ll.r-l.
'.
3
2
/
.'
2.9.3.1 . Egyez6 argument IlIl1ll hlperbollk us fiill:f/:vi>Il}"f'k
1:.1. li.;7,
"",-'h~r+th~:r =1
(2.U'''1
,",
- - _ th.r
1 2 ,
d?:r -'hJer_1
fth J r _ ..... --.-i1' r

I
th.rnhr- I.
ch'
- = cth r
,h.r
(2.171)
d"
(2.16~ )
(2 ,170)
(:l.172l
2.9.3.2. H lpe r bolik us fiiggveny dl).:'i.llitasa azOIlOS argumenrumu masikkal

..\ttf'kintho-tO-i-gci-ljab61" nw,,;f..J,..1t; k<-plrt...krt .. 2 .7 . til h lilUl 1ban r,Wt"k iiootzr.
2.
r.
2::;0. Ahra.
flly;vkJy
sbr
sh.r
------1
I 2 3
-1----- - -'
,.
-z
JI
ch,
y!JI".r _I
'h,
.h,
("tlu'
"oJ
~
,hr
"hr
V.ill.r
<thr
I
JMh'r
,-til,.
Jeth2 r
I
,-th,.
I
--
<h'
2.9.3.3. Ellcntett argu m e nt umpe rok ra vomukozo kopletek
2 .1
f<>lOn ",,,r...t {.. mNo.><II'O'Il<l11 rdf..l.. uyil<Jtt l'araholak kOz,-u
hr7,;'u-',I..g). A fiiggv"Il)' I"""gi;,-f,it It J.- (1AH<1109. old.).
<"1-
hiuti" ~rhi>t It U hall .. 2. <!rrivl\.!tLl\
2 .9.2 .3 . Tange ns hipe rhol ikusz

'" tb,.- (II-I '1,](03) loArl\tlltll f;iw"uy. "mel)' I-r,.. k - 'X;-t o,1 ~~ Mi Vl\!{, h"l~li.,..,..knr 1l.~OU~:tilll
~i;....k~7.ik (hlllfo.l"rl,i'kl~'Il) - l-r<iJ + l-ig ( 2. 5 1. abre ]. A k<.><>rrlmatar<'ml~lIr kr ,AI" po ntJ" 1\ R(lI~" " .. k
!I '" l <'gy,>,,,,,wk 1<.~7imto tr..k,
JI_tb J ,.
2.::;2."hrll-
2.:-'1. "1.,,,-
~1.illlll",tri ... k<;'h)l")lItjl\ (.,. iufl.,xio.. poutja
tll .r
1l~""'"
J,J,',.+
,-!,y><>:. n "
rn",. fi IJOtVruyt>. <qottl'

of,.r
'h,
'h' J
Jcb. 2r_1
vczo "'~IIJK"I1I11mllhp<'tholk
I". a !t<>z,.A tarul/JJ ",iuto
in'llY~"~" .."
~ A'~
'h(-r) =
sh r .
th(-r} = - t b x ,
-e
<'11{-') - ch r .
<lh{--, ) '= eth r .
(:.I. 17J )
(2.174)
-c
(:l,17;:;)
(2.17v)
2.9.3.4. Hiperbolik us filggveuyek kN urg uun-nt u m Osszf'Ki>hez

hi k iilo n hsi'gio hez tar tozo pr j i> k,j [ad dtclos t etelek]
.,h rcll y ("hr,hy.
(2.177)
,"(.r y) _ "hreb 11 "h T"hy,
(2.178)
sh(r 1/)
I(ry) "".-1,':;h"'Tc':;h~,C
thrthy'
(2.1j 9)
t 1
"th(,'y)= I "t h .r d h y
rth.rethl/
(r
I-Y.
ill .. r t y).
(2,ltlO)
2 .9.3 .5 . Hipcrbolikus fii~v{>nyekll('kaz e eedet i arguuientum k{>t sae rcsc n

fclvct t ertekci
21h.r
..h2.r _ hh.rrh.r
rh 2.r _ ~hl.r
(h 7.r
(2.1S I)
1 - Ih r
(2.1" 2)
t1.h2r _
IC+
;:"~'eb'_':
2 n h .r
Hipe rbol iku-,

irtikpi
2. 10. A rca fiiggv enye k

2.10.1.
,
sb-,
12,l 'l6 IM."
1
:r
\-lrhr-I).
,1
A
no'ttv-...tItYOk ..J,/\jdo't J
th! _~
:2
21i'..; f
fiiKj~Y " II)- f-'kllf-'k
shl
Ll1:-o
2,1"~
(h
' 2 , 1 ~" .I>oW A:I ......" e,;.>..... L1o.. ~1>l'1l
az eredet i argument 11111 fplion fe lve-r t

,
'1- - ('hI)
! _ \ _Idts
2
0 __ t<>n p""'ltf'"TIIl1<,
hJ
R: shl: - 2,h:eh2
2,11'1)
( rh .r ~h .rl = rh " r ~h .1Z
A : ch~z_shl: =1
Ih2.r=~.
2.9. 3.6 . Mo ivre-keplet hiperbollkus fiiKK\"enyekre

2.9.3. j
.-\ MnJjiig.p>tnll"l: a hlp.'rbo.hk,e' fiiAAVI1l~"k 1Il"T7-'"'. ""YI> .." .....: 1"pn6t>lJ:..~. f'i9g""'",I:. :\ ,I'I.
lhr k nh r fi-'U''''ny ~'>r"""'l mo toll . ..,h. IUm.ll'C)'lkllrk IlOlll<""'lll'ftY mll"l"V'lll"m".. ddinialt )
wV1"rl ffillK'''n)f<''VIW; llliL, a h<"l~z-,"I , hr fii~w.lIlln1. "luplyu"k kN .w.ximali>.. ""-"'lOS {>rt"ll,~,i
mnU()(OIl I"'~l intervalhuna, !<>WlI k"l in ....n; fil ''f>ny<' V>I.lI .... " rth r .........\, AmPIYflf>k Aki-t. olga di""krN
hu-kkho:k-t,i. t .. hAt inn'T7RnH: {>.I..hllf'Th,IAI10f11Nl",A k"1 ,\iQjuukt it,t.TVAiltllnhOll\ll. :\z arna (t<T1"ikl "I""............ " f1"iAA\'t'ny hil>Pl"holA.--,kk IPM,"""k"nl l .. rtf-nO. ~''UWl''triai .1< tiuiciO,,,-, fi"tgg UN<zt> (IN.tI
13.1...1-)
< 0 ......,,'T\ ~t '\'IlAk kr I ,.....Ill
z.e.
dh!_~_ ~
2
c1'J-1
'J
r,I
J'f)l
~h:r ~h, _l~b _,_{-h~.
shll y)
2.9 .3 .9 . Oss1.{fii~i~ a hlperbofikus es a trigo n olIletriklls fii f;O(vPII)<k

k01.iit t ko mplex .:c: arg ument um csctcu
nc -i_hiz.
'U;:_c1li:.
(2, 19~)
tgz - - i t h i:
(1. 1%)
(1. 1!li)
ng~ - i'1hi:.
U~II <"JC
1I~0
r - my
r< 1
- ""<'}<"OO
r-thll
.rt> 1
-0<.<1/ <0
0 <)1 < --':
(1,1~1,;)
sh e = -i~ill i~.
w cosia
ch c
th: =-i t,.;i:

cth c - irtgiz
-"-<,.
<" <
I~r<:x
-ClC <
.\rr" k"ta.ngt'll-~ hil....-holik""",

y =; arMh:r
= .. th,
2.10 .1 .1 . A rea sain usz hipes-hollkusz

(2.HIII}
( 2 . 1 ~jj
(1 11kl)
(Z,20I )
Mind" 1lklpl,' . to.lll<'ly .. ><tlllll~~. kl"",ill\l'~ hipo>rholiku"z fiiggv{>nY'k.r vap;yiilu.Iii.lI"""hlM.ll 'u (,jp no''''
+ b) "r~lllll,nt,\llllll<>I. t to.l" ",J, ' rtl k,it "gy lllii>.., a1 i'HlZPkap,,,"olj,,. lr W'",rt h('t6 Mi1l1L....l . k'o<:till""zIri
KOlloll",lri kl'" fiiAAvilly,k" M!l"llwlltHmhO'I ' " rt<" .o t'rt.{>k<'it. OAA-u 'b pcso16 lll,,!,:fpl,lo Hpl, t..kl,,;1'IKY.
hogy sill " hd y..lw I{.i; i sh I . "'''' ' ' Iwlyl'I"'I',~lig"rh .r kiff'j<'?Rst irj' lk,
. A : {~",2 " t , i Il 2 ' 1
1., 'hlJ'+ i~~h2J'
1 vitgyi" ..h2 I _ , h' :r = I .
B: ,i1l2u _ 2,iu u,w,o. i,hZ:r - l i , h J' d l J' '""!Q'i, ,h2r = 2 , h ;L'd" r .
Az Nldi~ "m Ulr t1.,>k'>11 klvill is mill,l"n I<11("hr.. i . gyiikn wnlPll. tril'l0llom<'trikus ,,,, h il",,.k,,lik\l~ fiif(l.\vllly'
k<-t lto.lt"hw";. ""'''l'-''~ A kOlllpl,'X f;i~lonytilll ,'gyi'rt. ,j" l<1""!,:i t" tt'le kow tk, ",t "h"" <'rvi'Il\'O" komplex a.r";Hlll'/lIHmra is. h" I< .',,r"l'l.-; kif..jvli>Mt'k I'rt "]llll"",'k, E llI",z I. Ill"!,: 14.::i,2A ,-,>1
(l,r
:r _ ~L y
12.1').1]
(hrdlY
E.tl.ikkNo:t.kt
E.......wti
hi['<'lboliklll'rngg...t'":,,
-i...... ~ mprtLolik,t"'"
2,1'12]
ch.r -ehy - 2>-b-,->I<-,-
I tartOlWi.uy" .... hIt'
hipt"Thohk,,,,,,
y = arthI
r-II
~:x<.r <-x
JI-an-hI
11~1
ht.-lm"J'-'" '.Al10f1"'"~
.!,.ITA _Illl"" hip<"rh..l.ik,e....

11 = IlnJlr
A..... ku.<:riu,~.."
lAA\"'l'\
'l = -An'b:r
1-11
ch,,=lch~ch-,-
tb r thll
M'
AT"t"AA"iWkl",
11!JO)
r 11
r"'l1
,.
1 1"'.I I..-" mindk'" lortkif....ir'zi"'hPu r 't It.
2 .9 .3 .8. Hiperbolikus fii~\'i-ny ki-t hclycn felvctr e Ttekelic k OsSZ("l;('N;

kiilonhsl>gts h- va l No vagy ch- va l kifejf>7.\'e
du
D oflnrciok
"
1I=,,",hJ
(1,M2)
varni
fiiAA'i"ny( 2.53 . ebra )

lan. ~l:ig"r"laJ.lll">l,,*>nni,....k..""k. o'rtdl1l'-J~'.,.,i tArt"",iiuvlt.t':.. 1rtt'kH=k-"'1 ('ooiga 2.8. tfl blM'at ta'l.<llml<Z7.f'. (l :.!O"2 j':.,.r = "I>IIllItVAJl/lllllakl{.i;<-~~mg)\""';f'k kiot ini.-<,ut'x1j".
..
A fiiI\RVPtl.\-',uk " koo[<Ji"at"rrnrl...."'r k,-.uliil"",tjAI""" inf!,'xi,,, I"",tj" VlUl..... itt az hillt" in\.nv"",~
.
.
.-'=
':j" '
2.10.1.2. Area kosalnusz hipcrbol lk II S Z

:\z
y-ar,h .r
(2.203,,]
I"
y--IlrdII
(2.2ll.1 h)
fiiggv{>uyl'k ( 2. 5 4. abr,, ) itz.r _ d, 11 ffi..:wfiifU\i'Il,k [e-lohn-k I"<'g, Ert"!lllt'zi",j brtoTllAny nk'" ",-U,kkl"z!"I,iik I< 2.8 . tahlftza t b61 ulw",hl<u.lf', C "'<I<. J 2: I ,'S<"lon W'llll"k irl,lllllZV'. .-\ fiii\Kvt'nygorl.ek",'k
a:t A( I, 0) pUlltl"'ill fiigg,;!,'8'" I'rint,oj,ik van. pll,;1 j"bltlllllZ "ltVik "zig""..." , Illullut"n no, a lll{e,ik "zi
Il:0r'litn m""oton"";;kk,'''.
2.1 1. Hlln"a;l.nuiti 9".-fldo
-<
-,
-2
-I
0 1
-I
2.10 .3 .
I -J
(, rl< I).
(1.1 > I)
(2 209)
1:.1210)
v?"=I
- -
("it;Iu)Rtlh -
12
!I
:),.
-u
-21
-3j
= {~' ~Iu) """ I "
.
Ilrr h r - ( lgIl r arsh
2 3 "
A..
1/.- -
(2.211)
,.........,- (!<1 Kn" ) Rrrth-
I/l~ .
I
"....------.
...; 1- .."
= (~ign .
Ilr;.h
= ( S1.~ .) IU.-h
(J I)
(2.2 13)
V'
2.:,(1. wa.
2. lOA.
an:lu
( 2 ~'tM1
..\70 r = I
I Hy
I))
( 2 . 2 1 ~)
.,
(2.216)
"1(\""''''''& ......i"'I'(ol .... .
11 = Ilf,-thr
2. 10.5. K s -plet ck clicnt cte argument umparokra

(2 :.1 17)
(2_ 20~)
nl~"n ... ( 2.56 . a b ra ) ...uwly ILZ r

erh II i'I!<1...f;ilU:'",nrk f']'!lIIf>g. pfLrattaD. ';" o<I\k .1"1 > 1 ,""'1,;"
wm i-rtdm'-"v,-; l'ft.-lIlll-Ii",; lA!1nrnllllvill ""'''rtf-Irki_l,-ti-t .. 2 .8 . tAhlazat tartahuMl''''_ -IX < r < - I
<:
_po haw.ri'rti-klll'll (lri.l -oo-ill:. I r < +'='" ..,..-.ti'll\..'tlig + x~ n)1 O-ra"""kk"Il "7o;I':"..."'u
mMoll. Il""'lIl M<f,iu'I'luUj" "'/\11, m"gl"...l ig"7.!I "" 0 ,;,. r _ 1f'g),pll('M'k.
IlJ<>llot"ll
anh( -r) = - lUt h ;C.

~liR
It...
(2,2IS )
Illt'lh(-:r)
h. lIrth;,.. arcl" pitratlil.I\ f;iW('lIy. Nidi!: "n IL (1......1 22(7)
-an'th.
1I(,~l\tiv
(2 219)
r 1\IX'11Tl(,lItlllTlokra niIl ....
"rtdm"7.v,.
2.1 1. Harmadrcndfi gdr be k
2.10.2 . Az arcafiil!:l!:v('IlYf'k f'1,iAllita.." a a rer meszetes alapu

loge ri t m us sal
ron
A hipprholi k""fiilo\ltv iny,k (2,

(2.1(j{j}<l.>hnici{)jilj><,1 (1"",1 S~ . o]d.) "" ar""fi;AAvi'llY"k kif"J,,,,hl't,r;k
a log"ri l.mll"fiiAAviuy ""~b,i'l<h.'l:
( 2 . 21 ~j )
~) o z n.
(rll J(rl
arch . arth y _ IlIth - - I
.,
An-a kot angons h lporbolikusz
+ .,;;T+i) ,
:::: arr-h, = Illd!
(2.2 14)
, ,
fiigKYi'ny ( 2.55. a b r a). '011.1'1)"..... r

th II ~RfijAA"'n ..k {.. lei m"l!:. pa,-I\llan.;'" ,><ali: I-rl Cl""; crteIUl.~i~ Wt<,m.u,)"A.I;'" ;.ru;kki-J<:<k,i'lll 2.8. t ab l<iLat 1.Ml..'lI.11l.aU3. A hw"diu"l.ar<'",j .
,
lr<"'7rlOpontja infl..xiOo< I...."I..... ~ i-rilltO irAny"1,Ogp itt.; = '4
..\reafiiggvc nvck k{>t t-rt t'>kli-nt'k t""szf2'~e f.!;. kiil onbsi-Il;e
iU"Shr ..Nl J - arsh (rv~ II\~)
11 = 111Ih...
arth. =ln (r +J:i!"'=I) =-llI(r
";I:II.l") Illr.h
Ill' lb .. = anh ..!.
:l
2 .10.1 .3. Area tangens hipe rbollkusz
ar"ltr = In (r
arcth ,;7 +
"J" 1
...,\ -3 -2 -1
{
a kflliin lM
J z{"i arc1\fii~ \-'('l1ye k k(Jz{it t
-2
-1:
Rr"Ih r - - I n - 2 - 1
( 2 ,21JIl)
"!'>lhr - (~ign .) llJth .;;::r:l '" lUI" ~
-2
,
"
1J
2 .10 .1...1 .
1+""
O sszf'fii~f.sf2'k
2;>3. ,0,""
....Rf
arthr=-l,,--
95
( 2 ,211 7)
Ellv ~f1"f>rh{t fl-...-IrtOmhl alg~"r" j ~il'h('ll"k 1,,w1.iink, h.. "!IS kMVli.lhw......, fl iiR~~fohzii.rn,.I. F(x, y) = 0
"l"h, pOhllU!ll('R.\'f'nkt T",1 irhal.u If'. V"J!,y ItIl'J!,,,,,kott a]"kj" "gy ily-nnolekviv.. l"lJ~ .
A kardioid. aIndynl'k egyenb-t. (.r~ + ./}(;r2 I !I~ _ 2<1.r) _ (]~y~ - /), (a > U) !HIO',,,I,,,,,h11l.<irl,,,
(l"", l ~I'J . old.]. A jol i~lJll'f1. k(i l-',,,~ l. t,,' k (1 ......12 04, o]d.) lllNoo<IH'!J!lil gu,hik.
2.11 .1. N e il-p a ra bola

(2.2W.. )
i.ll. H,m""drrnIM '.JOrbe"
se
2.1201,)
'/ = <It'
1_a1''''''...n .... ~'WIlljt'''' (tt
#- Il) ...\ EIL/""u/tnl.il ( 2.5 7. ab , ,,) irja I,, A koorrli""l"""Tloi
n""".al{>rOJ>Ont (1. :H;.I.:.I_2_):M~IlIlI't"t~ u;UO'''. r
I k.- .1"IK,,,tJ"
> 0.-,,,,, r; -..;rr(-1_9u

6a lr)3P gorbiil..t l. 3.G.1 2..1 1
2"
(32" 3)
pont).... iWV. a ""'i""I>onl A
tota k"".otli 5..It.criil,t ugyanrkkora.
2.11...1 . Clsszoid
mind.." i>rtik, I rN"",,;ol ..1" kuol<lmatiU"Il.wn Iu-~.Joj>(}ntja';';~.\I(r. JI) K"rl"'1>'mt k",iill

I
.. giiri>f'lv........... f'''''g.. L __ .j ... %1r)~2_!'o27<11
-c t6l
t}-1g
r'
(2.?.!3a)
a>O.O:O:::.I"<O)
(-",<t< x
'j
'II
i-rintOk ml'n'd..kso'!l.l' II';~' 2 =
It! P
I<Z!:1 ~n~"f'-l----'l
....-.~.~
ki>r let.~ l>olItja. Q l-"~t..,. .. u\l ~
";"'po"tjl\. .-\ gOchr .... a '....T.'mptotA kmi>u,l-<"t1ilM ,:,
( ..'~ .:~) .
J
3,;3
-I
'f-,- ..1" lI:Orhr..,. AZ """,mptota korott. lRJiilM S = .,."J
IT 'f,
(0)
3tay
'1\'y,ul..ltwl v"ID' a
301
",,],0
112211.)
(I)
W IGNERf...j,> giirbf>~I",,"i;\.li.,.,....te (0 := 0". b=
"l.,. _ 01.
(2.:.I22al
(0) 0)
1/
,~:t'<l~
51
3,,/~
"h"]I_ I~1:.\lOI. .\I-(I.1/),
-oc<l<x.
(:l.n~h)
param,t ...! '!" "],;,;.tJitAAh",,. tart",,,, lliirl,, a [)~:sc"lnEs -'r"'''' ( 2.5 9. abra ) . A k",mli""t an'Il<I''''r kcz,1';I"lIltj" a rajla "t.hal."I" klt jl;i,r!"'!l1\",ian k.. t l<"'l'cml (I. :Ud.3.2.), alll('lyl....n milldki>t k''''nli",',t.a.
1'.'IlI\"ly.. g<il'l';'n"k hint"j... A k''',r.lillfITarrlld''l,'r k"z<!6poutj"ban mitltlkit I\<ir!,,';"')\ 1;';I'I>;;[..t, ''':ol"m
r = 31. A" ",,,,irnptota '')lv""I.t.. .I"
+ 1/ f- "
0. "'l.'rt. korlAtoo; hllrok"ak "'" ori"",,,1 l"I(1!;""]lIhhi
2.fi1. Ill.n...
2.60. "'hr...
2 .11.5. Sztrofoid
Sum!t>;dn"k hfvjuk a ne@,ativ .I"-'''"g.. ]~...n lO<V" A ]",,,11,,,1 "lQ';itl ""AlU ,\I, {...\lll>Olllok llJ{ort.ani h.. lyPl.
/Uu,IY'k I\l ..t ]>outb61 kiilldulOIPI",,;;IPK""
f,i~,)lf"II;"" r...I"IO...I\ ..... n frk"'''"f'k i. illll... ly{kr~
= PM2 = OP
(2.Z1")
lrr P" f,I.'K....... "<',, {" az y-tpug"ly nwl,?] l'Olllj... ( 2. 6 1. libra) A ~'llr"foi<l rgy<"lrt<> <l..rfh?~i ko",dillatii.kh"lI. poIMk'>Ol'lin"lAkl",n (rkkor..,.. "ri!;'" ll.,jkiil) (.,.l ....rnlll(-t',...,. alakh,m a kow>lk,wl (A i.. ()
""In
ro,
I"~,-,j",,g,,=o
1.1" I,,;l ",I.-"I&<" ,kvi_I.,W'
I=I+/,.1/= I+I"
lll(>I.
A 12,2'21>0
Descartes- level
+ 1/' =
.I" = 0 a>.:Iillll'to'-a
E@..v "P"'"ialis ",ill>'l'ilo" ,..~~.... FOllll~.l\tran"rlorm""io ~'rilJli k.:l-'fUAA'-":Jl.~' '1'1"'11 a f"uti

LOIlE'i rz- v"ID'lJtl~;lT Wtl:;,,~:tlf. j,. gilr ..... b = a-val (1i.,,1 ,00. old.},
.1"3
t('l'; .... ..,
(<1>0\
'I'
LOREo;TZ- ""lO' ma..k">I><"U BllUT
2.11 .3.
halM'.lI::t.a ill e. ",u.. h ...kn-
2.m
:\GSE.':i]-f"J.. ph<> IL:Z
..h
w ....l\P1
till _ JfQ
~.o\ B. c mfl.. xW_ l".nt<>k koonlmal.1.l
IgAr (I. 3.6.1.2-1 ) r
"
2.223<')
pnlArkonr.-li,,"t.A.< riOlilhtA~ ( 2. 60. 'bra) AWll .\f !-"Jlll,*
<'g._rUM" 2.5l'l. 'bran r.l!'iUh"ldl AG'>;E5I-/ilr hirt.:ir (~ irja Wo. <;Z<.>W r

, f..J<-, r..I....
Vl:'l jo; ,k1iuiillli. LIL lIl>tMolm I .\>l:Illllpt'''Jl.j''
I-I.. ngM~. uuuiwlllll!JOlll}l' A 0.<1 . AoI hi.. \H{I ....
1/= /)I+(r
2.2"-31,)
kiirl [ verzicra}
1I-~
gilrhUlrtl
q)
~.
~
,
c
Aglw~i.ft-l t>
2.11.2.
a.
,----
"
"hoI0i"_1l;1.\/U.t.\I
nl~.
'j
91
!I
>0):
'-_ r,(<<+ ,)
~-
{l-X
(00,2."
p- -Il - <Xlii ."
:rr
:r
(-2"
< ;<(). U<,;<
:'1,,-
2"''''"1
5".
<." < "4)'
(2.2261,)
2./t.
98
A k"",.,hniitllIp",II<,A" k..,.lill'<>nljll" Riirh"I,,'k k..tt.....pontjll., ...,l....lyl>rn "" "rilJlok ''!tVl'"l'1-''.V = -l.

:\.;1; "'~LlJlJVtot<l ''l{V<'llkt, -l _ II. '\1. UTlR',I<\j J~t:'\'olahhi h"rokpol)1.. t"hAt. .. """ '[")III ..1.( -<I. O}. A
i".1l1."~;;rI ..' k
h"rr< t<.-r;j!rU 5, _ 2,,' -
A:\
_im(lUlI" km.olli 1"1";,1", p<..-lig
Sz ~ 2,,' .... ~1r,,2
2.1 2. 1.
;"; i k Ol ll~ l_ f"' I .
"IKOMEDES'FI~ kmuh",tllLl'lr.
ko nc hoid
(ke>u.-J".i!oIlAkl ( 2. 6 2. abra) IlPV<=;jk
"'lOTI
.\1 pOl\lok mo'rtAlli
lwl~"'t.
""",l~~'lu-P td./''''i.iI. ""
iiJ7_OP/ (/>0)
rl.Zl7j
il-ll~=O
(.f_a}'(r 2
(2..!'l"'-l
l'
(I 'S; a .-1.'0 -2
b ) <--.t H,d
> a. akkur" k"o,..liu';'t"",,,cl.
"
1212"1.)
1:
,,~
lIM~"H' [""nAlL tgu
c) ...... t II.. I _
f,,!ti>(rl; in P a D.U,. 111. O.\I1f'1t\""t>'""jo,,~ ..... Vl"lUlolt ~6k'KCti"R.VC1K'."",r _ .. > O. WiI..Ikrt ~

~ ......i.llIp'........ n"'twi"">O/ltjA..0\ + ..I6,jo-I" k,j),;,'i. "" 4un\.ujobOOl<.W.i... - ,....Iig" I,,!>or'. ''''''>I.lali
~~t dcfinwjA. A ;";IKoMt.IIt'.:; -J 'J, ",,"..lIoul .'gyt'nk-tc <k...&~ koor,liuitAkb"w. I....."'"iot.n..
alaIr.ban k (I ~ II ",,",rn 11.7. 0I"i" ''''lk,ilj 1">1fLl-k"ordinAt.lI.lr.l"",,,:
99
a ) .......t H" I < U. akkol 0 'S;.. I 'S; ,r i.,. ilQ' imlall l'""ltlll Van .lolK'LJ1k (2. 6 2.a abra }. lJyPl,kor a
,.bw-; i." aL."" r';"/~(-'lh"",'k val' "1\.." ''l!.j' l"vAhhi intlP"ii>., p"nlj... f: h. F. """]y,k,,.k..z ar",zci.""""ja..z
.i1 _ .l<J2,r -t- 2u(..' _Ill n "K""u!<-l 111k....KI,k J, R11"ltY',t,l, lO';ik.ki'llt ""Ib,lik,
"f
k_l&I'''''tJ.. J,.,tl..... tK'llt ( 2 .6 2. b aura) . A ~"rl)l f"I,,'. ill.
,.\.0 f""'ikha ,...0 rf.",7i'".k nlAAV""}'ki"t,, n >;r

,,\cno,..Ii"'''-lUO'n,tw..", k.-~.l';p"."IJ';'IJOl(\ a ......~"II ....kl.ol i"
2.12 . Ncgycd rc nd fi gd r bek
X~'1yrd,,,,,rlu 9ornl!
<I.
 m.AA'iU\...k cliutiiiwk
l'/tVanrlt .. R"rhiiJ,'l, ~ Ig>\r rv
/~
~
kuonl"'';'IJ<1<u.llq..r Jt,.z.l<lI'0ntjll v...........lkr<; p"nl ( 2.6 2.c abla ) .
2 . 12.2. Altalfm~ ko ne hold

A :'\IKOMEDI::S-jfJ.. bmch"id "" Jilt..J.N.,,,, IWIl.boirl ~1"""W;" ... -te. _\,Iuu 11:'-'1'1... (21t0rhihOI ioIl<', k<>l"trhoiolj"'t ,'~ bot.juk. bolo' mind.-Il I>OIltjiu...k rM"_,,, ktu.,';'t <'IQ' :r.I kOl1"taru; b<-z,'Jt"WI I.aLL"''''...J
lll<l:b<-.....hhitjuk. H" ...gOIht'nPk van '1O....,J..I.<....>iNkuo>r<iin"tAkl...n: p = If ,;). tovihba 1(;) ~ I.
...kkOl konchoidjazw .... ' ..... E'f!Y"IIloI"l'oIArlooon-lullitAkNu,.

P = I( ..."1:::: 1
.-\ :'\l"'OMIillES--f& Iammoid .... S
II {> 0) ~n'A hmrlootJ)4
"p _ ,,1
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I . '-"Se t ,
A ... a
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m=t
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(3.4 .~ 20)
(
B,
m:3
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_ a
-m- - ' H" m egi .. ll-.
~ ,A
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A.
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..
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1lf'D1
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Az m _ I noortl'wn II l:,..d.-i.,( MJljl1k
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2. 13.... Hipociklois (os asz troid

H'I~>f.JJ"""u.k l"'tf"u.iik I'Z
OIYIUI Kt;,hit. Mlld.yrt ~ ki'irbo-l,,;o!.w,w ..,.". 7""" uilkiill\;;nloilo ruk;ik

kiln,,-k '"!tV k"riil"li II<,ntj" Ir I~ (2.70 aura ) :\ hil">riklois "10",111,,..... .4 .;,;.. j..lPTIt......... "'~,.,<e>;I ..)lltnk
'''' ,~i-t,; I"",tok k,,,mliuatAi. ,,;t. ivh."""/.'i-"'-g"k... '<M,hor1.<'niJ.. t .... "go..hi,lrti "'~IU>'Ik k"!'wIM
1l,,'Rfrl<-h"'k '" "pidkloi; rtI vtJw.tk<u.i,knak uzaJ" kiilOI1IN'AA"t hoKY ~.I:~ k,pIM ......" .-~ 1,,ly,'I.!
ma.l'lmin<lkH ki"k-th.,u .. '<l~ h..I""I ... -(J~ inwdo. A vi."",.aIi'TOpo" tok S7.An","~(_. tOrt .... im.,.joIlAli~
m ""'-"'11 {n.....' m > I It-b,r.t .-Jr.) I\Z .. "i,;:kloi"''''l ~"m.-rr..kk..I""A'1IU'>,
1 ..-1 , m = 2: HOI III = 2. a.kknr" god,., i\ rOj.,rzitrtt ko..;i.tmMiiJP"" Iajnl ..L
2 .......1.
Tn
= 3 : II"".. = 3. IIkko" .. hiVUCi.ldoi._nak; hArurn 3gll. ........ ( 2 .i Oa abra ). /.,. f'l'JlUl""-t"f...
'1t,,,-"Wt..,
ki'plo-tl,,u ..-"- h..ly<"h<o> " -,," irauclo. Miv..I,\"

A>lvagy'\< l
.I' - .. (2.~ .. ~ + ......... 2.,.).

~ = .. (2~ill'" - ~in 2.... ). 0 5: ~. 5: 2~
f'llllli.ll ~ = 100." k'l\l1'-~~or~llIal"l hAroru"'AlR tf>nllrtf..'>,.
2.
3 . eeet , m = ~ : Il .. III
~ ( 1 .7 0 b a b r ll). akkt>r .. bipo.-ikloi....lak ni'g,\< "gil .......,. [.,." ""'''' Il/Q.lrOlrl
(......"."wo). E40~"1"..Il' <\l'l+k-.....>gtl k"ordill.. tAkbai, i'S I".nuuo't.,...". A1akb"n.
I!;nrlll'lV<lA"lillt hot hnrlwlt ""RY Uyl,jtott. hOKY
f- 1. .~ebk';lll t.'I~I,,;"". akkOl" a>;

r a(I~'\)~~'. y-,,(I-'\),iu,,"
<-gyt'nl<'tll hipotrochoi.-l V>tloj"han ..Hil"'7.i~. lU'lI'lv".-kfl-lt.-nltdy.:i a( 1 +,\) &. ,,(1-'\'). II", A
H.. A - 2a e..,\
.I' _
,,(2t'Oo;,:: - ACOb 2,::).
~Iegjegyzes:
Y_
a{2sin~'
( 2. 2~ 1.-,)
-,\ am 1.,,),
A 9'J. olda1olJ" P"scAL-fffio '""'8" tArIO'aIA.<iuuU a-val jdolt IIl{'lli1Y~ rnoo-t" 2.\0; rcI [><'dig" 2a AtnlholJ..k. Ez,nkiv,ll .. koo"IiuAt..rc".b=r ill UK,~,;,;Jt07.ott .
lflf'g.
2.14. Spiralok
2 .1-1 . 1. Arcb imedcszt sp irAl
ARCHI\IF:DF-SZI ,.".nilllJl.k n""f'ZZ;ik az oIY3ll gOf""t ( 2. 73 fibra ) . ml"ly<.l '"1:)'. a moraina.l.af'nId!q.....
kcWOpolllja. komi iIlanOO _. ~*~I fOf!<'> f"~'-Il.ulaudO t ,...~d ~ pont if "'.
.-\z MdiirniodP.<zi spirill "ll:Y"l'1<'I.. poIt.rkoordlD3tAkl"'ll
.,"
k.
p =a.....
,.
a = -.
11.242)
o < ,.- < -c . ...' > O. If!Mt a > 0,<,; "IIIallik Ap>n 0 > ,:: > -ro:.,~' < O. trMt ..kkor p = - .. ".-. A gi)mhr.-i;
...."'"
"
---------------n..l ;------- -.-=
\\...
A<l
k(I..>g", "m. am..l~....k .-gym......""'" "" y-t..ng..I),", """",tkow tiikiifkl'p.i. Min.-l..n OK f"l..gy..r"'s" gorbM
A."
]><Jllloklmn m..
3lI,..lyPkll<k t1:YlJI""t6IIl,,-rt t,;,vo],;,;,g" .'1.,.'1'+1 = 2:'1''''
ol)'an n. A I ' .4 2"
hI
A"
2,71 aim.,
2. 13.5. Hnrkolt {-s IlY{ljtoH c p icl k lois es hipociklois

1/",.;;,,/, ""S,y "V") 'ull rl"",U"~.I. ill,tv, h,,,*,,/' ""I!..V "y,ijl(jltlti,,,,,'ikWiJ<', m;"", ni'...n "I"'"'' 1",,,/,,,. il
I.,!w '''l'''lmcl",,,{,,, ( 2. 7 1 2. 72 a bra k ) Ir I, ''!0' kiir k;i!"':; ("I,itmd,,,i,I). ill..,\"(' h.. l",~ (hil",tn,d,,,i<l)
old"I"" "",,",.1\1< 1l(lkiilj\';1 di\lr. m......ik kiil'hiW. merevr-n r;ig"it,'tL" kur kiY/i'I'I"llltjflh,',] kiiu,l<ll,', fi'l"KV'~
",", u,'k "10()'," kiir,ill klviil ""l\..v hdiil f" kv,; pontj",.
A,... pitrod",id "Io()"'lll.'" ]>M'tt,,(I...r..,. .. I"klmu
(2 .
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a. """kor
(1.140<0)
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I. .
(2.2I1h)
=
" P"'iCAI,-"'I~ r"'9M (1......-1 m"'K 99. okl.) k,"I,juk IV: .. "itrnd..,iolh6l:
tekn.. k f..W1
'=' ('.\1."
107
+<l}"''''''-'\'''''''';
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~ -(A+a)"ill"'-'\a'"'CI.:a,,",),
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~ (~_';..4 ~ 1 ~ ersh .... )
. "mi """.iml,totikIWtll. l"h,,1 i" -
a ,2
, , 2 .
-,""-v..L Az -'1,OM 2 "'~ktor t".,.iilrt... S = -:-('<'23 _ "' 13 ) . A l;rl,iiktl "Ujl;{lT r =
(j
"
k'lOr< rlIl1't".... nd"""r k.td<ipont.jMmn r~ =
X>r,-. "ID'..nlO
( .2 .. I):tt:r
(j "" 4
,~I .....ifl.liAAll
.. + 2
"'2'
2.14.2. Hlperbolikus sp ir a l
P"lfld""",liuiit';'kk./l
(2,2~1,,)
"hoi A" ri;g._itd.t." I'"lil!." ll.iinJiiltl kiir "llgar", 5: .... 5: 2rr. jd ,nt(.,..' "KY'UlI"', ,,,illt k",i,)'hl~"J.
A hip"'I'O,h"i,I .,..t(j",,
',)l<JIlV .. hil'''''ikloi,urrJ
"r" ki-I'l d(l"'ll"-" bdy"tt ,,+", lllaj,lmiwlkH
'"".i,
..
Iup,.,./,,,Iik,,. p'nU ..Ky<'l,I..... ( 0)
p= -,
"
(2243)
<
i"
< ce , ,,,.,, mfl..~ik agou
0> .,: > -oc, trhM. "kkur f''' -~ .
2.15,
A lti...r],olik,I>IMI",,"Rvrl.'J' (2 .14 ALo ra) i>o kPt A,i:hol iLl!. 'lJIlf'lvt>kpgynlfl-'T\1lk l'll Y h'IlR"[yr<'v<>,,,,tk,m,
tiikorki'l'<'j. :\:1: JI
a '1tWI"'" mind.'-! ';'1:11ak """iIlll'tot,ijll, a. koordinAtarrnrl.",,'>r k'''l.<!&I''>Lltj" J,,~h
""",iml,t"tiku,; pont ..h .\I,fl,lfl ""...ktn,
gilr!>iilooti
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3)
~"g.>I.r r _ ~ ( J I..: ..
L(J~arillllikll s
1"r'-ll~l","i - ~:1 (-!.

. - ~) . ilgyl,,'IO'
,; , . , ;,
s _~
.\
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2,:
lim
.,
a~""
(a> 0.1'
..u f~O lO ltiorl"'uok,..;
-J
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-:rtCO'> !
dt
l<""'''''''
~ J "'!lTdt,
lrl"
., 1 t
III'"
!I=a,,-:r
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:L.lI. '221(,1.)
Az ml~>\loblllt'UlIdt< t .... lUI ffigg".. uy..kJro>l krf......" w: rif<",1 I-tNmo-ly t 1>lLr.Llllcl=-mH:r.. ki Idwt
6lrc, !!WWlilalli UUill<'rik,,,, u tegJ1ilA.-t "....1 ~r21. "Id ). '\10 hogy " klnt"i.-l<'t pontonltPnt ""l': 1orbr.1. raj-
Illi. .-\ .......wu~pd 10.-1.......kisl.N.uiTiwi>l Ja".113.11!-
"'-
-x b<. I>lft.oai> -'-lmptolll"",. pontjsL
( 2. 2~GAJ
(a> 0)
.-\ kk>l<>id pg)-..nk-t.. pa'C1w"""r-l\lAkl"", -N'I P'''''-lll'
spiral
:z .:.
.'
..'r=P
A kOr m int ha U ....... t : II.. "
""/"t"idruJ< n........;.iil1 k~ 1(,;,1..' (2.11 Ahra ) . II" 1<7. r ~;,rh1l1"11 "Ul':aTll- fnT<litnttall aJ'anyo "" orig6ti>l
szamitnt r " ivtT<-7"""AAal,
r -
cIJl("_ -C<. < ~-
- X. ';1 -
"r-I'!P =
.\f.. \f1 iv hoc

~
,o\~
A I:0rl.><- ""'lnOli."" _Ununt-trik,,,, ... IloOonw..,;.lawn<Noor k<-MlOvoutj........ lllllf'ly <'RYutW ( ~ fi~

,..nvt""k t"but"",) mB..xiOe< POllt;" A;. i,.H..x"-lO>IIC>UlllO'l' .... mutO""" .r.U't'lI:"'ly ..\ 2 :\. B pont<>k Il. ~"'"
--,--pz. Ator~'>I,iolP'l -
~ . ' '' '1)' ill

( - " '1'
-\ kloloido, pi
L.,k.
"",""",'rt
t ...
..kkor ,. = 0 ...... gOTboPbOI kOT """':.
(,"PPs....l "'kill
k \A.<.<l J.1 2
dU<. Mol Il:l "K"'""
(-'~_.~)
.
'1
2
,,!rorh ... \-NO Att"'"" kloloi.liv kOzb..ikl,..
2.15. Kiilonfelc cgycb gorbck

2 .15.1.
A
".
"
Laucgorbc
L~"'!I"",,,lM'k~iik ""
olv.... ll,i,..-hrt 1\ 2.7/l .hr/m Il. fol~'IOfIOf' VOll..u..J IJ"""'I). """,-,lvM ~. b0. U} ,jlw.laI.llUI "'" U1in<1kM ,";';.-.0 fetfiiIut"""t.-f1 fonal alkol, " lO~rW "K)",nkw
Il
1/
:L
.,..+,, ~r
= a dl - = a "--''i--2
(a>O
'\7. a f'Mamo'U'J' ,n.-gh"WUi<l'.I\'lIZ A ~l;""J><>I1'''t, IUn<'lv""k knominAta; (0, a). .-\ go..lx az y-wng,h., ..
\.. O/A
?
1;; 1"1'1I.0011I (Il.
L
~"tol' vonnlWraj7.ol1 ~ilrh<-
2.7ti ....br".
:?7 7 ahra.
ltiir roolvo-n."n..1c "''VM'~i ik I'll nlylUl ltiiT!";t. (2.76 abra ) . ,un,.Jy<'l <RI-' tlI,~ f"""il ..11. I..lthl llfUIfI"1l
ponl oo.n frillt6ira ny1"1 1\"",1 \l'!t:polltj .. Ir j,...... uiko, ""
n 'S'u f,ol"..k..rt funaial a korroll.. f"jljiilc.
A
''Il''''''. .
"'ruler tl"R)',",&a S - a L _
..-\7 I. Iv L - -I.\f h
,,1 ~h ,: !:
,L"".l!:" L
A,.. \1 = (,r.!l'J I..,utl ...li
,,~h-
="
~orhii1..ti _ug .... r
y.
1JJl. A i",-..,~,Il" """ll"k ~I!..I',ul,I"I><lr"ll1iI"J"'!. al a khan
n{'Qll ;"''';''m.;
y ,,~m,.'-n,:' ....... ,:'.
(2_2~:;)
" k"r ~Lrg....'.. i.,..; f BO,r. n :::= ,:' :::= 2lf ,I, i/:iirl-..'rwk kH . "" ,'-I"n~..h.,., "zitlllJ)"lrik,," ''''' '' van
..hul <.<
(a m,,-.ik ""al "" ..11.."llI .." h..jhrr",,,"'rinli k f,'jt,-"I I"'l'j nk: 0 ~
"" J- I..ng..Hv..1 v" lo
n lf't."~.l"I">!lt 1"' 1.....,.r = - "-
.h A.\l LV hO".""'(l"i.~ .. L
hdy"".k"dik ..t.
~",.;l
"",:'0
,>'
....
"" . A
_. . . / "
~ - 21l").,\ vil<azalfr,j p""t. A (" . 0).
. " ho I ';'0" tg ,:' = ,:' "l\r" "I"1 lq... ki",'hh I'm,i t iv l\Y"k,.
A g;;r hiil,t i , .rg"-' r -
a;
,fI(;[ . .. B giirh 'il.., j kid'!,p""t" ki,,'on
"
2.79 ;,1,,,,,.
2 .71'1 ilbrAn "
e'._~-Ia
2.14 .1 . A kor evolvense
t<'iLiiI AD _
109
2.14.5. Klnt oid
Logtontmi/m.."1"nilTULknrv.., ;ikA7."IYlUlgorhi-I( 2.i 5 8b r a).am.. I~akoonI1l.-'t r<.L

k '!OI'" I
jAhi>l kunrl'110 rnlnfflon r"~"n,"'1 I\:l.OIIOOl 0 b~.... ~ "lau rnf'l.:\
"fl' llik
'ItA!, '" 1\1..1,
polarkooll",hnAtAkhM
K iiU;nf& NJ!I~b 9Or-b"i
2
_
_.. . OA.\tP
2.1(;, mp,nk,... !I;;rb~"
110
A Janq~orl,..
II
trllklrix ,""lutAj", (IAMI 2J(; ... Id.). ~IAArl'""1.I lI,trllktru: (l""'ill !r.Owl"'-'.u; M,Ju_.t) lLZ
A{O. a) COIU<>ll-'Outu mlleg"rl.....vol v.." .... (l&-<llJti oJ<I.).
2. 15.2. Traktrix
TmiotrunaJ. (a 2.7 9 Abr /m " rolytollOll voullllal rajzclt gfirbt-) n..vezzfik SlZ O!Y>llIln].. jrlon.""'gl', f>Onl"k
IIl~i h.. J""t, arn.. lwkrf' .... TfP ;.nlltll<!a.r.. h. amrlv az JI frintCsi ponttOl "'" hU1WlIdl "KY v,all~
~n_l. itt
r-~lIg..IlY"1 Vld<'> P n1f'1lO1ftl'nntjAigIPrjM. konstan.~ a oo.-(~:'. Tr.u:lrix"t Ir 1<'

egy a > 0 hc-z,'iMK'i llY1ijthatalWl roM.! ..,;yik ~"hcz ra,rdt..U .\1 pont. allldy<'1 .... 'Wlt"tt pontlWe
eeveeunk. hA.. mMik. P ~t "!Y ~Tlf'>o, itt "" .r-U'flgf'ly menton mm.og. A tmln.< !"&.wnlrl.
Il7.
p.:t:[aalch;-JaLr]
{Clluq~~ _Ja.l _y2]
(2 2-1.:1)
Ax .r-tf'nK"ly .. R0..l"" .wmJ>t<>l.Aj.l. Az ..t(0 o } ponl vl'O<1.a.u'ro pont- .-\ gilflw ozimmMriluII' .... y-V'n
~
gplvno...\7..\1 = ( r . , ) pontiRuAM Iv
h<-"'iM" L = aln -
Ha A:7. L jv"'-'n~" x-h.. tNt. """"
11 - O. a:I L - r kiOOo~ "" o( 1 -lu2 ) "" 0.30." crt.. kbrz kOrt.c.-k-d.i.Ir.. altol r az.\I].><HIt " ' _ WlZA.I""-\
gOrb"iWti~l'll.vr = ..MK!. Ax In'" IIlnrhii....ti~,,~N. ... "I1'F = bnonn;lli-.dara.b"lY~ fnrdiloltan
rb = oz.
A tmtriJr. <"\'OIutaja (liood
&I;inyua;
2J(j. old. ). YBlYp,. a tmtnx c ~llni kiYUl'[>OfItjAiw mht.vLi brl ..... (a

2 .79 abran .-ggalott vvualW rajzolt sorbfo) a (2 .2t j) J40.,gar""_
2. 16. Empirikus go rbek meghat arozasa

2. 16. 1. A m odszer vaelata
2.16. 1. 1. F iiKK,..ell)'li!:orhek Osszehasonlitasa
K5zMito krplM. IDI'l'\ha~ <'lO' Ji'
fir ) f'iWnyhf"Z. AIDPlyrOl.--k crnl'irik"" ...lataink val1l1u.
lIl<'R'.w...ztWhan clm(oi.t.i lUO,#ontolJ.....,k nil}No<'f)Pk ..-git,.i',;rlllk,-.,. akkor " ..wba .iiivo ~'-":"~[l1L.t,
tugg-...-nyo'k kOzOtt k.-resiiuk kmdit6 kel'!Pt..t Ligy.!logy garhPjiikM o",,,,...haI<onlitjuk 1\7. "mpink".. a.-l,,
to!< IIlOrbfji-vt-1. A I\Orbiktt-.>n1O voIlAnak ..l<!ijnu..;;""n .,....mrnhti'HlllkCl'Ouhat, &.i-rt" kim;lito fiiAA
wny ~taN. lIt-&l, i... .. parau>t'wtt'rtiokPk m,,hatJi.r07.iwl. ..lOu wktifikat.v-.1lnCK Joc.lI ViuNI1i.
hogy .. ~-allII<7.t<>tt ki"I..t. .,w.URY<UI alkahnazhati>-...
2 .16.1.2 . R ektifikAIAs
r'" Ji' kil7iitt m"Rhalilr<.-.wlt 1Ugg0000-.: ..n f,nn. majd a vH.IaS7.tolt ko,-...1it<'i k;.,,].-t....!lit-
~11"'''''ZI-tiink k"'-,
X - ,:>(r,Ji')"' }' = .. (x . II) fii~('llyt <iK.v. bogy f,," " l\.lljo n kmhik "&.v
}. = AX + 8
(224'1)
alak" !im"n.. kapo.ol"t. ,,1001 A {.... B v.. l.... !<ilun. H~ Il mpga..-lott x.;.. y ert ,;k..k ll...... ki~7.a.mftjllk a h07.7.A
jHk t/lrt07.o X N< Y i-tt ikok,t i", '-"" k" t Rl.. fiknsaIl Ahrii.7.oljuk. konll}~'lJ nwg"Uapitw.lj"k. hog." Il kalooll
po llto k k07...lftJll'K tkllyl"ll: ''lO' ,KY',,,....-n f..k"""'llPk-.. . Enn,'k ala l' ja " ("] k..U rlontpni. hogy II. vill....." to! l
kf>pl"t m<'g r.-I..l" VIIiO' ...m.
A : H.. II kU-t.t'litJl k'pl.. t II
1..,1"'1""1-\'" vulu"
~X
= --'-. akkor Id'd

nr + b
11 1
A n nak ..ldoru......re. hogy him",""" .. ml>irik,~~ ,.oalokt" 1.-]j<....We "flY Y = AX + B Ii..Il" ....iIl OOzl'fiigg;"',
.. I"'t"ti...., "'9"" ,,:,,;/ h l:i>rn'ld("l(il (Ii""l~. old. ) ],I",t r,lli.-.tuAlni. h iggvfnJlka l'cllo u..t llak Ii.nf'ii.ri.~
""-I"-,..,[;.tr .. va16 vi.""",...VO"",ti"":t ","I,jikti1~ nalt 'l<""f"Ufik, P" ld Aklogy'.'" k;'l'l.. t .. k ....ktifilu\.l.......... a 2, 16.2,
poutben (lA...-Il ll. 01.-1.) talaJlmtok. 'V t .. lj....,." V<~il(lW\molt I""'ldn "",jig 1\ 116. oI<lalonS7......".-1.
2.16 .1.3. A pa r ametere k m eghat Ar0 1.Asa

A par.. m"tr"ri-rti'k.-k m.-gli.a~.......o~ ~for,t.--hh ..ljar",,, ..~" PI'nul,J: m04""" (lAAd
soc.. 01<1.1. rnA.<. L>i:-v<'n .. hilow,Pgy7...t-rnOr~r,"11ljl mm,lk,"- n"-n IObb. LW'" kj<"t.t"tbt-ntilrgyallluk . Sok
......-t""n 1\7.0nba.n "lO',ozcflihh rnM""...wk;,. >likorro! ..JkalmAZMtnlt. pI. a J:ijv'ph1~J:-mOd.':n-.
L
KOz;, pprt ;'k -moo~ur A J:ijzipirl:ik.nM'u.,-no'l" ,.l'f'kulikAlt- X,)' vAltaWk kiXWtti linP.Ar\.r. ,.Agyi.~ az }' = .--\.X + 8
fiigg,;..1 "kn~kf'7.6k.,.1><'tl ba>.zu.ilJuk ki: A ~tt };.
-", "n;'kp;\rokr" vvn>lotkozli }; - .--\.X,
IJ ff'1ti'wli .,r;yrnlo....krt kH (p;ir a t !au 1<l.A.rnt', kti>kl'N e-Mffi I
kiilOnWggo-l) ~1O~; ....->pOrtr.. __ tjuk. Ull"tAu a;t ); v"y az X, ~rtfk ..k..t ~ "".Print
't",..k--dw.. Az pgymw-t.. k<>t A7. pgyik ooopmtha.n ;,.. a miIo<tkbau;,. <-.t-acIv.. k~t '1lY'!"llw-U't kapllnk.
arno.l)"'kbOl .. ko't. A. bo 8 ism......-tl<'n mpglut.tiIro7.ha1<'. II .. n_11U; X . }- vAitozi>kat ujra a kiinduilW J".
11 vaItorWkka.! f..jnzi:ik ki. mpg,kal'juk IU: x ~ Ji' kCVi.lltl k.-........u ~~t.
II.. lIlMMtak meg ~t<\ro7.atJa.o ...l.""ami't k. akk..., irtmM. aiblma.mi Irbcl a kOxi-pi'rtfk-~.
d.. ..~utt.al a n'kt~ rub X .... }- m..Illlvi
kkPJ k.-lI .. h~ (Ja..o I I'1. 116. oM.).
A ...-klifiUlil._l Ps" k~;'k-m6<lw-J'I1. ...,.;.,.....-'-, olvou.kuf alWmauu.lr..lWlikoc a kOz.l>litO k"l'w-thPn

biJlonyn< P"l"'mPtPn'k llO'mli"""",, mMon Wopn.;-k rd. wwt vl." (2 .262h . 2 2620.') kli-plpl~klw>n_
2. H iba n;' gy zf' t -m ooSJ:.. r .4. luMnln:rl......!.:..,.. v..,;y JuM-nlgrz~/o"'''''9 mOd.."," Il.....u.....an..
h..,....,.t.'.. j~ladntnI:ra ~...,...t. lui. " kOz<.lir6 krpWtb<'D ~ 1"'I'ami't<.-....k ... 'Illline&ri!. mOdon IPpnclr frl. M'"R"kWuk !OOIr. ~t ....jO kimdulUi kO&o.-lil.....krt ~yd, ljthbbu.k TPktifi~ """
kfrzi-pht;'k- ~ l ny.-rb..t.Ok.
2 .16 .2 . A Icggyakrabban hasznalt e mpirikus k{>p!ctck
ki1 ~ tiirtJ-nl..t. E.I&o:.Ii>T ,~tju.k a kOzMit6 kpl'w-t f" jtJi.jAI. am..lr altalAhlu,"rhimy owJ_1
paramCt<'rt wtalrnaz. U;llt.i.u IWwtk.-.ti1r. "I',ulU'I}i>t..ri-TtPkPk nnmPriklL~ IIl<'ft:hat~ II. /I kip].-t
F("It.e0<2: iik. hogy
m~a/aro:w'"
~ z , Y = :.
II
Po; il.7,t
kapj"k, bogy
r = nX
.!.,
r '" .!., h..IY't t ....!I."" i. E kkor a z IId6duII . !JoKY } = <l + bX .
r
B : L.W ~ Egy><>:"l\"'-'u I, .g"l'itlllik" . >'IhrAmla.. timl1 "'''''''''>:1 . 119. ol d.
c: Lw.d .. K Ct~l<'r''''- 'H l"l~aritmi kll~ Ahrfll>.olAA tim'; ">:ak"",,zt. 120 . old.
Ebh..... a ~ban ....ha.uy. 'llll'iri.k.. fi1gjr;vo;:uyb,,,.,..,J,uhm,~illnr.t.lhct' ><l.<>IgA1i> ig<'n "lO"""-""Tl1

ki-p1M.o.'! boz:z.a.juk t.vt.o:ri> ,;<;rbo't i.~Inl"tt<"1 fink. Mu"lrn shr"u tObb - "'" ilkO k."krboO'n >0."n"p16 P" nt.IIli"" k kiOOnOOzO h-ti-Joc.irM".k m..,;k'do - ,;<;rl..-'! tiilllt'ttiw\r. fd. A J'6C",ui-to.,-i-rt;.ltPluwk a giir.....k
ala.kjAr" gyakorolt lwA.....t .. k""",-1wrJj .,..aIwo7.oklwu, fottiuk v~Alni.
A" al.ka.!lDA.~ rnggveny kivAl"""t.ii..<iInlII t .. kintM ..... k.-ll venni, h.-'lO' 1\7. <'mpirik"" adatolt m<'Rw..taro:t..Wi.
Uoz .. fUggvl'IlJlROr.....TI<'ktOhhnri .... n<lIi "&" """RIP VlU1 "7.iik~. >lm<'lyPt rr"d..... ..nnt Uv;y kapllll.1r.. bogy
.. fiigg ..twn ,;\]to:r..6t <'g.). himn_ intPTVl'lllumr" korlAlm:?:uk
""lD' <'k-vr.--k "10' ~t<:'rvaI.lwnb61
cirmazllak "'7. aQa1ok.
pI. t~ volna ""t gonliolni. hogy l'I7. 11 = nr + hr + {" kr'pk-t a<ak ak kor
n,,--.:f..I..IO. h.. az ..mpirikw >l<Iatok gOrh;.j;'IIf"k io- VIlIl PgY (oIoto O'\ll.k ..gy) maximllllJll vagy minimwlllL
tgy
2. 16.2.1. Ha t\'aIlyfii~\' pnyt'k

1. Az 11 = az t ipu~ : Az
II =n?
(2 .2.::.o..)
fiiQ,vP"y b>orlX'ji'''''k til'ik".~ " ""d... kii!QlLf"I, h k,t,'v(,kl''''' 2.~O Abrim lAthll.lO. LMoI m,,& .. 2 .1'1 .
2.20.. 2.23.. 2. 2 4. "" 2.25 . ';hrflt. A (2.J.Il) k"pl..n ...l jooll"ll""'u fiiggv<'lly.. k,' n-.-,i.-.:nd,l1"'moola Hi-wn." (2,39) k"l'lO'tt,,1 jelleruzetrek..tj",'dit"rr
n......n ... (2.44) kpl'l plt d j..n..mze tt..k.. t pffiig
r<'O:iprok h"t"illlyfiiI\F,Yhty
,,6;, "" i 1. "1.I"I,,,knll tArR)'llljll k. A wktililu\.lAA 10000a.ri tm'l.~ki'p"'""",1
tiir'':'"ik,
""V<'11
+ I,.
X = log r .
2.
F = loI:II.
,m;""",.",
F = luK + bX
(2 .2 50b)
A l 11 = az b + c t fp us: A,.
.~
- a.e-" + ("
(2 .2:>1.. )
kepl..t "KYanazokat" j!;i>rho'kf't ... lj". mllLl (2 .2W,,)........k "" 11 irft."yb allcvd d t olv.. ( 2. 8 2 a b r e.) . H.. b
,...lott.
"kkor" m ar ad '" ki>t. iSlll" l d l" ll lll' lo\ h" la r< rl.li".."r" It "kl ifik,,l....m<xlja:
X= r" . Y=II:
}' _ aX + r
(2.2511,)
In" jrl
Ha b i.mp....ll. II. ..kk". ,,!tilo7;ir "'''Rhllt.tt<Ya."k r ;'rt{>k;'I,
X-lOll".
)'-1"1'\(1/-1')
2.
liZ
1"1:11 .bX
}'
Hplctrkl<l'"J rt'ktifikMulik. A, ;nik t1wghArarm.a.."cll fd",,,,,,imk hsrom empirrkus

anK'1)-rk "t-c~ kOlllll", ,.,. -'1 !.<Is;tJl!fog
2.2.;111) 1>01 ...10,1<', r =
_~I!ll
V'I .cJ. ordinir.IAtk p"'ltg
!/:l2y, krpkkt A1kn1m-azllk.
!/1*IIz-
c Ptteki-t korriR"lni I..h..t
1~.
h"lQ
II:<
11-
/If
AL y =a e ""' + c t ipus : A,.
y,. yo>
~l i ut<W m~iirl""l
l..to'.;un:>: l'''Ut<>l.
.rth;.,. II.>; ,.,.,Plck. t
a "" b megh ..IAr<>,u\........
nlf"lmyi..,.<og.k allaga.nak v&""tjnk.
(2.:l5Ja)
y-ae"' -c
22;k)
k'-I,I.'l "R"",,,,,,.okat a gtlrb. k<'l ... ljn. ,mut (1,2jlal. """k "".!I m.uyl""" , vel phnl ..... ( 2.83 " bra ).
ru.I'mU2 ,k (. ertJok~,. ""log"l'1'm,~~k"lr",.,.... J "klLhMlunk az
}' =I~!I -"').
} '=I.-~"
~I.-,~ X
k 'I,ldc'k"""rin! :\ ,."rtl'k ITWltha'iI~1f"frh'

s,-.-rz
.. "
- - - . or.-lmata.k JI... hll: !I /fl'

2
WI zOI< ~.r
:'tl~-
/22.:.31,1
HIll. hAmmI'0lll"t. ""ud", kall!<LCi.'<"Z<Uko-Liilr, i-.-, r,

.'
,_. . .
!I'1h-J/:,l
. ''''!It'' It 12 2:>3a)-hOl..-lO<l&tn,. =
,
-
\"11lt.-w ~on"m a .... bIDql:h.. tMUNlIt.' VOl1".... hh;.rti,ko'l. "t<'>l"8'" l/-lI
J1 - It,
y;,
ItWllnyi<J.gpkilt1AR;ak;.m
ka"l'"ljuk tI""&
2. 16. 2. 3.
~IAsodfoku
p olinom
ar -
11
br - c.
2.!.:.4a
....i-.uJjM:M pobnom ~Orbr-ji-nl'k lil"k.",I"f"tMalt 1">Xl1 ,. r-Il .-.,. ,.r" It 2 .tl--l flbra ,.".,mlMt<"li. A 2.LI
Ill.....>dfoku l.oo.nomnU:", ~orl'x'jmrk ( 2 .11. lib...) tAt,tv..u....a.t Iud A 6.1. o!.-Won. Az a. bh. ,. ~itt
hal" k lPPll:haIam,.iL", ~ I " b bant"KY lrno:Wlr<z.rtr" tortMtlk . .,bPI
azonhAn a 1l"kt,fi~
~.
,.,
HrktilikAlm f'g'I rPfl<1plk...... i;nk.... iLl'" tPl
..
=r }' - r~
- s,
}"
b-ar
L;,,~-tdr.kd...hM. Ha~I-'WiAAn" n~I"ll r ; '
"'
X -r
} =.). l/ .
j22:Hb)
ti-1wk .1.r
h kUliou'...."K'1l<i.1i.u,taui >oIUZ>tI.<>talkul....Jr..
bh_uJ. z -~X
)"
(2,2:>4c
1 lMf'kk..l1l"kTifik&hwlr.. !>Ii.ndki l '''''11" l! U .... " IU' 1ll<I.otc>JOAM uLAn rpr1i-kk "
L y = aL r~ -.- b L:> - ""
(2.2.'M)
.-.gypnk-'hOI !<t.iLlllitj tk ki. abol '. " lI...,;..dott
2. 16 .2.4.
J:
i-ttJ'b k "-/Aln"
Lilleari s tortfugg"'pll)'
Az
,- -=--d
~ -,
/..',;..... tij,tji99IJi,,'1' a 2.4, f,oj,vl('tl...n t .. r.....,.]juk .. (2 10] ptr;y<'1L!t-llfI ...... 2 ,16. ilh rilVlllI
(l ...-l b:>. old.}.
1 !~1/>1.. ~,... (Xl. !I,) ...bll'o"l k;v"],..",t,,,,,, UI<\I' "r<'ktilikAln..t "".
} .=r-r,
X.I::
).
At-DX
""~"th..l1
(2 2,,,,1>]
l/ -Y'
k"'I'I"!"k s"'ri"t vi'1\,,.7.iik. A,. A . /I frt.. hk 1ll"K11I'1....07....... ul',,, a iu<1~'1t k"l'lct.t a k"rt' kit,,,,i hi bak
f"l. II" ,,,,lha''''. hOKY <l _ I. b = 0 Va,;)' U = 0, b = 1.
akkor "l"""'I1<1il a l!J<11,'ld o (2,2,-.;,<1) .. I"k is:
"'..:.H.ul'...." a (2 ,2,,.,><-) "l"khan h", 7.nalh" IJuk
2.16.2.2. Expoucncialis fii~g:\'('l1y('k

I.
Az 11 = a e lw tf"u~ : A1.
r - rl
y=y,-.- ~
11 = """,
fiigg "{'uy " k " iidM"j<', ,,,k n{hiulV !il'ik\l" j,fu tAAAt p.)~ it.iv ....... "'" /I -r " 11 2 .81 ~i bru ",,,I,,tj,,. ,\ (2 ,'L~)
"T/,mw",." i!i" jijYfl"'''y,,,,k ,.. J:;;1 1II'j. 11I,'w,j,'lwk ( 2 . 2 5 . ahr" ) tArgylll"-",, " 72. "ldalo" t..~l,iJh"t{" A
r"kti likfp,)"" l"R"ritm',,,k,lrd.,....1 ti;l'thl ik'
X = J: .
(_, . '.....
_')
~~ ~ ,
(2 .2,',2<\)
\'= I0l(!/
jug<l
b In!,: (
(22,-,21
Ekk" l' a n kti likalfl.s kipkt ..i m in<lkit s j)(s'iAlis """1,1"." .\'
d sl'ib" Il." mas odikben
1J<~1il': .\'
= r "' }' -
~.
.,
,--r-r+ d
I
, v
I
\ 'ItR.)'
-. w'I-\Y
_ x i", Y_ - az
"
114
2.16.2.5. Masodfok n polinoIll IlPRY7.t>llQ'{lke
.-\L
i :~-.-/u +r
(2.2:i6)
<'1P"('nlctl.f'llI"~h......... "",,,tt
WiT"" LOll!> 1.. hM.~"" I.. fllt""" pozitiv r-re .... y-r" ..
2.~.s
lib r li" IAtb"to A:t
"kvivalr"" ( 2 , ~6) fiiJrJr;Yi'IlVt i~ Itf>rt><'irnrk lI\ru.>tij (2.22. abra ) '" 70. oln..:Jon tilrgy..:Jjuk.
A" uj Y = II v"'low 1,.,......f~t~l" ",>vAhoi ",.,mn!A.> .. ma.<oo<Ifohl polinom 2.W.2.J. ,,"IIIMn vWoph
ctiMi'IC
w.....tht'to v""'.. . . , II <
0 '"...U'Ulll'(Vil/l.... t
-y- ra.lal-vaJ '"<'gnziik .. 1.
y.
yo
o
2 .16.2.9. Harmadreudf gorlw, I. tfpus
.0\1: "llY"'nk-t:
o
2,N Ab-ra.
2.16 .2.6. Altalanosftolt Gauss-fele ha rall~orbe
,.
.U il~= t ipn,."
JI ""-~ (a>O) ,v./U! JosIl -Iog<l - b7~f' - d logt'

( 2 _ 2~;1
fiiAAn;ny.. k I!Orbo'jrn..k ,.ll."uaW Itrllu.....i IKYLitiv r I1"" 2.86 libra n vanna.k fd t iim."'...... Targy..w. u..
a 74. oI<Won WAlhAlo.
A VOlIAtk03i6 r.lac.{".t '" ilJ } '
10,;11 viLItozil lK'' ''...... w...:.....J .. rna..odIoku I>olinuu, 2. Hi.2.3. l'<>lItlWll'
~all ~ti", ",~'th,l.6 \'~;" < 0 .....'tt'-tlllRYil/'<"l.! -y-r.... aI-va.! v~n.iik .. 1.
2.16.2 .i. Harruadrend rl j;iirht>. 11. ttp us

:\7. ih..-n tip'L""
11= 1U'7
+ I>r _ ..
(2.2:,il)
fiiggv<>uY"k giirbo.'jfu.. k Idwl"':'Il'''' Iduli"""i pro.itiv
r-l'C ''''
y-ra a 2.87 abrim vanuM [,lti,,,I':t\'. \'i_
gNatllk .. G6.oldalou W"lhali,.
A f,I..<I..t "" lij ). =

,....l.f'lhl't6v~.
,~
YMt<rd>
IMv,~.t{",i",J
2.16.2. 10.
2.16.2.8. Ha r-mad rendfl Rllrln-', III. tlp us

UA'k rR.wlll'>I.r,
yeo a.r J
2.!!IJ :.I......
.. u,........ lfuk(, l",linum 2lti. 2.3. pontloan WfCI"It. ....-t.' ,..
,b,
H a t vanyfiiggveny {'s I-'XPOIII'IH:i;ilis fiiV;g\'{-'u;y szorzata
ilvrll tip""".
t .. hAt
egy
y = a.r:"e'" (a> 0)
+ b.r + r
'
(2.2.; 9)
"1,,
"fiiu""nvgorhr ""hfl1'y 1, h' I.~i'll.''fIl,.fll rAAA l'o7.iriv r-rr ,'-.,; .'I- ra" 2.88 almin VI'" fdtiilll.d ..... \'i,....
J"t"k a 07. 01.1..1" " tali\lh"tb.
A f,.]",I"t a:I. ilj }'
:. vAltm1> ],"v"I"('''''''''''I" lIl;;......lfok(1polinom 2.10.2. 3 puu th"" t"rgy,,!t ,,,,,'l"'f!'
(2.2bl ll)
k"I,I..t"'I ..<Iott fii~v"IlV",k g;irhi'ji'u"k ll"hAuy l..h..t...I\.'" I"[ut""" l'o7.itivT.r<' a 2.90 almin Villl fd tiintdv... Vi7e'galatuk a 71. oltlal<>tl tl\l,;.]h..1.6.
Ii .. "7, empirikns r ,'rtck"k" kiilonhs."gol ~""rn!l\l\i .. uuml.()t ,Jk<>!llak.akkor ''''
}'-L:lIO!: y , X= L:llog:r:
}"-hdoll:'"
(2.2611.)
ki>pl"!,,k ~zrrillt l"<'ktifikalllllk. Itt (2.2':'k )-h,vl, h"...,,, I<".,u, olIo!! y, ilL L:llng.r " logy. ill. logr "'''llllyi,
""g k"l. "gym,,-'! kiiwtO "rti>k;;r",k kiiliiIlJ"",,,/t H "IIt1. U.. vi"7.flnl. ...~ .r ;'rtl>krk q h,mya<J""" m(>rtlUl;
b'"
116
K" d III'aSl at "tok 'Xv, IIIl'lTIk """n

nbl azat:
'
hI, '1
}' - .HIRY
1).\ I<",~
'" lik Mu"lkt 1. II I ill; ,tN. bi..., ;,,-li'k,>[ llI.."hatarmt"k. v....""iik .. m

1,,1\, 10-'"
lpt~aritlll"""l.h<'IO'jOJl:
.. (rtilulr2:l.:H(I, 111<",1 >m.);w~wuith<f.,~JkkL a<O..""ti-nm<'ll:1Il1
-y-t wktlfiMljuk III ko>l}
II.. " ""~I I<>tl r ,or!"Iu'k llO'Ul aJi, Illl\k "'jU tiuul.&lll. "'m Wt'rta.lll ")f<lZawt .1<- k""(,...,.II, I" ti.hh
""
..
ri>rt<'lwkhAmMoM .. km~IJUll<qfrti'k \it.....la
"
n",
!",tpoMda'
0.1
L7~
3,1~
3.19
2.::.4
0.0:,(;
0.063
OJ191
0.\::'7
ou
1.77
1l.2-~!
1.14
0.1
O.W
u.e
OAO
0.2.j
0.13
0.07
0.0-<
O.-,tt,
1.0H
2.UUU
O.!I
1.0
1.1
1.2
"
0.2
0.3
0.'
0.5
I,
J-
ktl*,l~kk.l,.
m.;kp..v ''10", 110ft' l....uv...!,"'lIk,1O k"""ll!.Jl>< q ITlck. ill",,, n-klifik>ll:.~ra llgyall Z"!WI'''' {>rvrnw
mint am"kor 107. r (,-t..;k..k l ...... WII "'...' ,tvt ..Jkut,>;o.k. fdtfw boF..',- "" )" _ ~' log 11 IJ, Y'l'll -" T
kaIJllan,k.ltl~ luf:" .. I~ym.uuv
k'-I"lv"" ..rtiki-llIkkiilOuh."~I~llll. welv.Jm t
3_'IlJ
7.'-"'1
1::'.71
>10
0.007
O.O:U
uoea
O.l:l,;
U.2U
Ill"'''
U'N,
f"'
lI~f'lJ'"
'I"'''''''''
I"
..I I"
..11x!I
U,:Jl)1
U.\7ti
llV" rt
~,2..1
0.2,',0
0.::'02
0.:-,01
-o..n~
o.m::.
-U,31H
0.2~1'
-1.lJOU
-U,tffl
-0
u 2',2
-UI.I'.J'J
-01:;7
0.2::'2
-0.I.I'J7
-0.147
-0 "lJ.1
o.rao
-1l191
-1.134
- U::.:.
-u.zzz
0.0..',7
-H.I;;
-O:~~~
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O,U-'"~
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_lJ .17
0.0::.1
-02-W
-U~
II.WI.>
_u !~~
0,"1
-U.f1'17
;1.7~
-uonr
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O.COO
-H . "
IL~I
U.O-U
-II::':;
0.0i9
-I~
..1.ts s
~0.OO2
IJ.W7
O.O7!l
U,Ulj7
1.')U
-II.!I,J
o OJ,"
~U1U
.
,\ koz .. lit6 fii~~'''n}' meg~l,a,.ztaN: A ..M.lolF: .u..PJ

Mpol!
ItOrhiokkf'I~.uo
If"..r l"""""ht. <vI DI laijA. h '&Y /I
koiro 2T,9 ~. ::1 2G1a kM 1M W<
10"1
l'-
1.7t'
3.1::'
3.16
" ."
- .l-
1.7(j
1.14
0.70
0.1l
0.!3
0.13
0.07
0'"
rhi"ri: 2 .92 a b r a az ....l~k

2.90 abriln IaJbali>giil'hiokt1
:2.1." ,
Ot-n ~-..lt
..\!g Y
O.I0.20,lOA0,.511J,O;-0,30SUII11.2
0>
O~
0-'
2.'11 "l>ra.
o.,
'Ill'
II -
u."'-
, "
}'=!E., . .
0,
'<'co'1\ 2.'Jl
I'
~-
11\'
"'tSl~
"
i.,."
"i b ~I
r..ladat: K" w ""ii ll k ""'j>lllk,,~ ki'l'l..t,! "ki>""tk,-",,; "lda)i t;'bla~attal m"R,,,I,,tt ,;,.,..",.f"",I\,'-';I'.r i.,.
I/kii"ot\.!
-1.0
-<l'
.Ij
1,!J..lat'r".
l !lJ it.b ra .
(2,2(,21.)
ki-plO't<,kkO'1 nktilikii!ullk. ~li"IAIJ /, ,'.,. II h1ikd "~,,n "~"''')'1. ",-gi tsegiv")lu'1d",tiin>".dnk . nl"n",I,',,,
i, u",nt)' l",k ll wgl", t ll.r""; "'''ra i ",,'I I'<'ktllik;\hlllk. llJ(.. t "kowt.k,"tiik~[!I"'u:
Y_y,Jr
-<l,2
n.
ahrl'm vauu"k f<o!tilul"'....., ..l, fllW"'n\" vl~.I';"I..'" a 7:1. oldalou t"lalha\.<',.

Ha >\Z r i'rti-k, k h killi",l~i1 ",Jullt"r" >,(JI"<".... I"I alk,)\uak. \.<",;\1.1", y. Yl. 112 "" a<lo!! fiiW"
h:'''' Ill'cum ''Il:VlllAA! ko..... to <-r'''k,. akk"I" mill.-l<'1!.Vlk <lV"Il h.,\.rnm~hi,l ...-Iodi, k07n
0'
-o.i
2 .16.2.11 . Exponr-nr-ialis (.... szP~
~J'l"",,, ..,,,.u~.ii,,z,"tJgf,rhol-}<',,,kti]>ikll,.,,"f"I''''''''''I',,~itiv.c-n6.y.ra("'II ,,;;.0.1> d
O~
A paramMerpk mell:hat;'ro~asa,II a (2,2:>!.l) ki'l'll"l<'! ""''''~;'k. akkor a .1 - .... "", r m",mvll'i;:,( k,-!1
('fktitik"lui. .-\ ~,";"u<>li\., 1lL(,"I""" a;r,t Ill"! alj",
h,~,,~
/OS.1:
"
kii~o!!i kJ,!",,o)al. \.<'",o)rol "Ju Iill<'it.ri".
I HAlJi-~i"'r<- is !atha!{,. hoRY a, n ti,hhi '1\YlIo/",,,I.;'lIi i'll i-k,'I kiJ,I.J kill,illh,.-!: 1I1,,,,.,."""'II&'n Jll''', "!landi>.)
A (2.26la) h- p)'" alkahua""..r,g;",ak llwg\"i7",,,,ili\S<\ ,ilj ..).,1 lJu'!\I"jmljllk " .,;,log r k J log !J k';7.iil.li
&<"',,-fiig,gk gOlh'-ji,1. az adou .}.r - h = I), I ,.,.,.!l,,'u ( 2 .9 3 ahra ), valallJinl " ";', log y {", J: k'i,.iiUid
a'l - :2 ",(j\.lwlJ (2.94 libra ) . )"lindk~J, ,-",,1,"11 ku-l,"gi!.'; 1'''III'",,,illJ.',,u ' -!O''' w 's t kepunk. 11gyh"l')' a~
'I - ".rb"cz h' pl,-t alkalrn"" a kiYl"lit.i",rp.
..l,z fl. 1>. f' kon,I.""""k UI"ghaJarO"/AAA f'{Ij{,l",)1iI,,,:.ri~ ,,,,,qdiiJUl-i,,,, k"l'f",ii"k .r /os "h "rli'kp,,1'! ",I"u
";', logy kiYliitJ a ki'm ' l";rt <'k- m{" I"'I"' '' fdh""~",.AlAA"v,,J. A ~ 1,'1: y "" I> 1"11: l+f'.l' In" r fdti-t"li"I';Yl'TlI"("k
'IS
krt. hiLmm-harom "llY"1\I<,IMI "'I" n'''I'.,..lh"o torl{>no""",,"~val """ kal'jllk. hogy
-0.2'92
ahollnan II ." 1.966;"',.

-7.932. A7. " "rtiok mpg,"l~ ~'l!'ljahol <-zr..ojnk "" """"..... log II
Ifill:" b IoKL + .. Iog~ J tip'I8'" ''!P'''ulot<kM.; i,r;y -2.67lJ == 12 log II - 6,519 - 26.t'; MOdik. lUflihol
1otI:/1 -
2.561 mu,1t
II
JG~_
II" ,ozrn rrlPkPkkPl ki><ziu.l1olj"k a
r - ruU< 1I~,,1,,1O
~-
"
kun<llll;\.~i
_ a.r~.. ~. 2 -
y,
10
-d (')
- -L IUI.J.I
II
dr 1I
f'mlf'k rgyTIlk<utAni kti'ko'l h"'uv"dooJol r - 0.1. O.Z.
.0.9-...,. akkm mJu- prtj'ik. bogy" lrlf1;Mdc'i
tAhlk7AIOIlW~ wio'rt hMoulil "IQ'Tr .l',hhan pgy Ill>. 2 h.8.nv..dor<I, uK'rtani """""AIra (II7.iLmtA,lU 11.1\,<'11).
.h II = 364r _ .. -1-. lr.<'plolIrl kilo7knitott 11 ;,-tiIuA .. kozditO N6iJ.1itA.~ra,.,...,\gAIOfemi lilbla otai
utobO .... .-dopilhan YlUlI... k r.-I\lill,..l'''' :\ hd~t..k o...:.A"gf' O.Ultl~_
II" a n-ktifiiaJ..loeW 1Iy.-rt J>'U"'ffiI'tl-l""kM willt
I.
x
I
"I
-3.392 - O.!llI3b+ O.G5lk.
O.90:Jb + O,2GlNj,-
"rtpkPkM ha.<znaIjuk..
m('ropoharon: E,;v
..,w..,tjanl A ""IrontoU folyMPk Imogalilnak
I~
~rnIme&ri1< or,;,.-ut..olu'wJop-fo.1Ad>.t IMd ~:._ '*I. mMndlk. ilo'n<tiv ~~ ",,1 b.pjuk. ho,;.v
II _ 396.6019b06. II = L9!Pi~. c
-S llOOll9l6. e." miniwumot ... 10 a. b. {" Crli-krkkrl mmiloll
hi~a-t ~ 2 ~D<""'" ,"""",Rut. 0.000 091&-r...
'00
so
2.1 7. Skalak Cos fiiggve nypaplrok
II
fdvinni. ~~Mk "

1,>106- mer..t.M; lIlllg__
~ H =
15 <nl. i,tmi'rO
D = 10 ("Ill. A 2.97 abra _
kan-I bo7.i5l<'1'P"' ver.ctbct.6
Mi.l.....u..uJ...u..v}a.-,.y, = fIr} fi'~'1IV, Ehbr:r. A f;,uWnYhfoz 'bibiI. ilgy k{~t;'.llll.. hc'IO' VA1Amil)"'" I!:OrlX-r". 1'1. l"lO'""h.... vrnllurA. ~ 1/ rr~~"'m"'rt&kM mint Jx-zi,~t 'iM<.r.iilr. f,,1, do- Iv. r
AIll;IlIIJn'l11rnfortiokrkkrl "U.IllO'allk 1ll<'K_ Tdw." Wit.t ...~. IMwt rpifof:ni. win~ a fiiW+n}' """"ktAb\A
7.at.inak .-,.y<luTlf'lw600 ,;t" ~I_
Az, = fIr) f;iggWlIybo-.t ta.l.1.<wi> ,.J:~nl, t " ki'M1kP:Zil;
II -=-I/(r) - f(re)
12_2631
Az re el1..k .. ..uJ... kr-~,..,nljal rf>R:7iti. Ax 11I<"",",UMg ,limcnziOj,"lipt<'J,U'n,...';W'11l7.1 ,....quk fiIo'c.
Jootnl:M". bogy "l!S hi""n_ .-MloU.m.-le <"g.v lll<Wll.t.arO:Wtl h.-:dl~ <i.lIl'<'T1<iPl~ ...._
A : Logaritmiku.. ..kala: 11.. 1 = \0 <"111 ...
I. akkor <"I"",ll. ,kaI""'K}...n\f't<>
11 = 10.1~r -Ig r = IOlgr (nil -h'1'). A.t
r.
10
k, "fe-dog..' t> allwtO ~
b)
.)
..
Jr... = .....'Iii.
,. _
~..;;s . u,.:.bogy AZ"
(v'Iii))
~W
==
.,}:r
2.16..rf
.jfi'f7";1.
DJ2
h -7/ = '3
rg o -
11111"11 h
'3~"'h.
,k~nwt ado.-lill..
i\.taZ I "" 1. 8(1-) '" 2.16W Az ,.],;.hhi tlrtJokt"bllw.t !Of'Si~{owol t<>hAt A to"""''"' IOZ ah.... _'<U'tillti
l,..j.101......ket kapjuk. abull = 1 mi..t t 1\ l"look IIJjlt.t61a V-ht"ki~ U'rj... ~ "".a\ut,;z l"",-.u "l'p<"fla
h":,,,.JItartozi> ,,--<'rtik.
.tY
2,~.j
78 9 10
I I I
Igr.,-lg.I:2 ""
19~. t"hl\tr,
-'"1
2. 17.2.
Fuggvenypa p trok
A J"AAyakr"bhan ha."lluAIT fiiAAV""YT"'I,iruk l;lO' li.1I11...k ,,16. h"lO' 'RV d"I"'h~"igi\ koor.-linfl.t,,,,",,fl{i"~I
klll:dyci
ahr",
B: L o garlk: : A l0ll,arjt.mikll",klt.lll Wrti'Il"l",ikgkgfollt"""bballrnllIlaz"-"",, 1O!J"dh vult. Ell ulI !'!.

a _wrd",t ~""""t./",t kN. "",,"'''' l"l'tlkt{'Il.vpdlj" '''' 'gym.... llleuteu dtolhatOan fc1..ru..it('U !''l\Ilrit lllikll"
, Ic"!,,, ",'git"',::,;",,ll,.]I.t dV/>j\"wL
A 2.9 6 "bra '~>'rill t : Y:l Y' + YJ. ,,,,,,,, Ig-'",l = Ig,rj + Jg-,", = Ig r l -'"2. t"hAt r.l
r \ ' h; lwi.,r('""t
=!fJ - !fl ...._ II:Fj
"">I.~ lI1blJ(JA.~ ,Mol",
un
~~a~nlcta
2.17 .1. SkAIAk
Vj
C : TenOj/;atsk<i.la k"p
AWt,..
nllo
~.
r2
r = I, [f('I} - flu,,)].
skiJIW!D""lll"t" "kAlak. Itt I J
Y - 12l! (t,) - f(1Il))J

121i>p!.i' kti'1ly<'7'ok; "" ....
""
(2. ~)
'II" sk{ll",k k""<!';I"",tjai ,
2.17.2 .1 . Egysz cr logaritmikus fiiggv illypa p fr

He ez .r .t" nwly 1.... "'''t''''''''Ky.ukiYl.f1 (('kvi.b,I.IlllS). a? !I.tpngply~ Itwul"""lr>g"'rit.mikll.<. a k k"r 'l\Y"'U'I
\"garitmi k", fiigp;vi>nypapirrt'>l v.. gy ~9y.",I"'1"nt",ik". l:"""/""il",.. ",f.,un-611",,,,"liink
120
(2. 2t,.-,}
..
EgyllZO'r
h"tn.
~ar:iI.lJ.liku.~
pa pin .. 1,,;1,1..
1. E x po " ,,"c i.ii.li1I ru ~ " "ny ..k

EK} or Iot.:anlmiku., papiIon az
II
2 .91!1 abrim l"t
abra7-olA.~"
IPh,oI k~: Ha ('It:'- <"l{\''''Rnllo,l;arilrn k IlO I

pirra l.>< rapolt Illh,',;, pon 'ok kiiI' 11~ "1t.' ,~" UP.
J"k. "',,;0.' - '" -
<l
,1t'O
10
I;
zs
20
'1l
'" k. alko, .. valtad>k kerin,' 2...........

I
fij,
ll,tll zh.,t'i"kf"I. E 1I"l1J
... ~"
,,,,,I
I t .. rlli'ri I vontokon ..... '.Lll Prt. k __, r t ["k,,", ilk '"
W
tlik,!; m.'gu..' .....o:.ili. . tj lk az" .,.. .1 J""Iam<'!r..... k h
uk<
2,<)' "hr...
'0
1"1/ '" - - -
I~
k..V--
It
egy <'gyf'Jlf'" irjllir. f..lt ....-e bo ~ ..

ilIZ V-1f,I~.h- m<"il'ro!t 1M
lIZ .c-1-l"!Jb ~ vi. \OI1t 1;Ilf'MV 1..-
..00:"""""
""'" ..Ililt.....
.-\
I"'R..I)'w ",matk<",,,
....1'1. I,
~hol"
== ,"
12..'1>61,
10
.u,
H..."KY "'ri~i r. ,-kourdu,At,u. 1'<J,w, lui!"lki'1 l< lIl:"lyi'nrk h<n<:rtA.... k>gi\l1tnllk, . ..kknt kiloRantllllkll' fiJAAvi-lI)I"'l>lrr61 ""l'.Y t, I~ur Infr.tntmtk,.. i.,..",u,uitm"rnd.::.'"nii!. b.l~j,wk_
l. Skala~'lO'.. n l.. t .. k
A skid""K'..-nlrwk,.] J"
r-ldgu-~"o
IUJJJ"
lI a h 'ilnyfii ltlt, '#>ny..k (11l!OI',.] (JA...<1 .. lJ"tv';.uyliiAA""lly,k t"f'ktifikAI"-'<Ii.t. III. ,,],I.), ~.
tnlllJ.-IollMg f,.J!"""-":llIi.1""" "~V">I"~ trirli'llik. mint l\Z "lO's;r...n'i logfLri tmikll~ 1'"'l'irnlLl.
2.1 i .2 .3 . Ffiggvcnypaptr reciprok sk.IIAva l

A .,k"I"""'".-l" k"()r.-l i "At ,,t ~ nw'l y l "~ ",,.t '''''''' f",..lil"tt ""'"'Y''''''''"~ fih~'''('lIY'' Il' k (2 ,:I~l i rgy"ll~'''' (Ii~....1
W, "Id ,) "'1'\it,"'!:(v..1 t" rti' llik.
S killa'IO'~ IlI(1
A , kalal'l\,V<'IlJ<.t ('k
'[-"--"]
r
1"
(" k<>". t",,") .
,,10,,11), I " Ii'l' ''' kt i'IlV''';'k. ,ro .. k,-,.,j'; I" 'ut ,
. I
10
2lJ
30
,
.
;0
1I",-Ic-, "'O.OO;;<'lt lol
1'1
wAke"
.......
Iwo.JMJllk .. k."'-I,..,-lUJ:lOiot......... ""ft\'L' "
"P
bf,
1:0::
I - k l et t
III II
p:! :It.J.5 IKHttutk",I"""".. kiJz,.jtoprti>10 koru!AI <11"'" a <'"u-mr.... i6r":
IU
2'IJ.I<"M,t,-..",2{j.W 3
O(J(J51U 10
~I f'ltif'gyz es
Fliggvp"vl'"pirok st"'rb, t'''';'re e. "]kaIm 1.N-ar" "ok 'lOi-!J k-hc t .... -g \II '";\[1. lliu- a ",'",,,i ",]"Iok ki~r1iok.. l~h....l rna k,!-:Iohl....wr Illtogy t .. lj""trnNL\"11 ""....lllJ~.l'.k "ll,,"'"
k.-li"",... " "'''ora:"ri"mi
I'fllXl bau ~ RY""'rIt" h"""",i.Iuak fii~''''n)l'''I'lrokat.I"'It,,"'"l:il""~ ',kk<1 k i. ",Armi mi'",,,,,; i'r!i'kh,,1 a
ru~g... ionykfLpcsolIItra ,",,,,at kmo >\lift ....! l1y,rJ'lwk. ""f(V kmJ'hld 1""""',t' 'I' k"!wt kfLpjallak . ....neI"..kr.. ""rn"rikus .. IJ;\r"-",1r. aikaluu",.i,,,,, "''' "I) """I ""mli".."r"" "('KY"~t kii"" l'--f..lllli"lok. 9-t,j. 01<1 .)
mint kiillrllllil.'i "rtiokfok .... "a" ~z,ik,,'1t,
",id<"
Ilho/I,_ f, .. lp"li-!o:;Ii'lIW"M.'>k. IIu "". II jw-I<MI"lf1tok.
(n. ,1 lu,w'lMu;)
P,
fl
.)....
1'"," >bA1lZ~...u",,!o:;i'l'O"t~ ....

Iwt
Pc.--- V
10
it.-......
2. 1 t .2..1.
I, III: v - I!\t
2lJ
t, -t2
II
II
"-"I"k.
, ....--
.-\1 ,Ill I...., -tow 2.99 "brabOl iodhatu.

boRy a ,Il<'ri'sI I">llt,,1r. joe TOI<,o:: "lO' "lO'f'
1Jl">o<"" f,.k;
fii ~\' iolly pap i r
.....Irl
w..vrkedi~' II
'O'fiiRll:"" ;.".'ny'". (" jobb h"t-
- kt . VlIg)'l" II , . ' . -....
", O. a_ 1
2. 17.2.2. Ket szcr lo gar-ittniku s
I.
f iAA,-.:uy....l'iroD
rn
(}~
....
k'>\,tk<di
,.
kOI~ til"")
~'1I.-,.yenl<'t "",ipmkAra att,'...........t
\ 1, "ID""n.....-u lrot. p, r
s-
(f{J. k
1-.- Q>kt
....J<Jaul"
3= In!t.r-1ny
<, <
~ ''(I) konn 'lJtr".-iur... ahoI
~.2,
F" ltc "",Uk. l,,'l"..v miL"O<ir""'lbA)
..Wl;l,rxpoTlf"ll<'iAli>; fi'ggvi'uY"k"hril..fl' "'&.WUt"" (J.OooI R. k
tljj\gijM. 112. 01<1. Ezt II 1,w"J,lnll""",."1 II ki"...-tlcr--Wk';pII
2.
""ran: ~ k.-Illi,,; n'Mw;,',ual",
t IlZ id<'l. a kiiv.. t lrezO{,rti'k,-k"t
t (min)
W' ",,,I I)
K o n c pnt r acio eg.,v kp",iai reakcio

mi'rl.'k:
I . Skalat1t\' '''lllett'k
r _I, u -....
(hn,an~~kA"').
2 .18 . Tobbvalt.ozos fiiggvenyek

2 .11'\.1. Defintclo es doallft:'i.s
2.18.1 .1 . Tobbvaltozo s fiip:p:v t-Ily(>k d l'ift.lI il.a s a
x,.
EI\Y ,,"-'10'1,0 II m.." nv; si1\.. t "" 11 "",;"", ,,',

~ j. . ,J'~ ji''1'I'''/'''' ,.iII",'; fii!\!:vi' lJ)""l1,,1; m OH<h mk. I",,,
him'!l" " v"lt.O",,ok a.-Iott. <'-rt.iok('i ",,'II"lL II "I!,,v,', t.,I,, ,,l .. n lrL<l!:Io"t.imw.ol ! iflik,! V''''~ f"l . A""",r;m , h,,!:y
kit, h "rom '"" ~." Tl vAIl"',o m"Hny;",,!: fiiAAvillY'J.~1 """ ",A It kiiV<'t k,~,l (r:'s",,,, I,,ka l "l ka llll" ZlH k :
" ",!( .c.y), ll _!(L,y,Z), II !(r\.xz.. ,r n)
(2.270)
Ha al " sziuw', fiigg dI,'" "" h " 't il bplyil". kOllk rl'! ' I allloJ,.,\t. holy..tt,,,,itii,,k. " kk"r It ",, ]t Ol,ok "IlY f-rtik
"1'1 !''''' ' I,i! I"het illt, ,V"' -!.. I"i. AI "gy"" fii)!;Rd1.,1t
H',,<!s/,' rH kfLpjnk . " md",t. millt It~ II di""."",i..
v,',l!<la">kat <It!l,, ,,, ~,,I,,,,,oh,,,k is llJo"dj " k;
i.....~, f"t>(j"I,',,,u ~ ;;,'~.,. fiiKl\('t l..n ",,!tro"" c l{Vi ill ,,,.(, ,
",,,-l.ik a fiiAA""ny a rR",,,,,,,t U!lJ;, " ,,k ,
"M,,,
'i"
12
I.
Pl'Mak ruggv~nYf>rt l>kN' :
A : At
231 =1~_
r lu(y - zt ) fiil!;~v"ny "".r '" 3. y = ~ .
B : A... u _ I (:r .y. l . t)

II>:
..,
f(.r . y) .. .y1 lliggvi'nynek e r = 2. !I = 3 "rti>k,.,.ml"",,,,,r IJwlwu ,y; <'fti''''' 1(2. J)
II
/(3. ~,3.1)
3In(\- 3 I ) =
,"rl{>ko'1.
\"(",Li
: =
3. t - 1 ;.rtikrf>nrlwA1 11,..111'11
wI.
2.1 8 .1 .2 . Teihb\'al to z6,; fUgg vi>llyek geomet eiai a b razo lfL<oa
1. A ~'a lto7"'k ~rt o!>k r .. ntl>u~",in ..k a b rbolasa Egy 10M villtom!>"'I. r-h<;I'" ,.-hOlAIIU ....lI;'lUWn t " '"
...-wkl'1"U.-llV,.,,..t ,,"':k .c. !I.kr"'loo<~li koorrlinatit.kbl jdk"lllV'tt pollljll.k.;nt let,.., ,,1>nU"]lli; lli<lulll .r.
y. Z VAlloW k1iokpfl<'!,w-ri,...k II lWumditnelu.IDo; Ihh.-n liZ .r. y. : d<-r{>k..~l k"or<IIl"'tAlr.W Molt
f>O'l1. f".if>J 1Df'll.. :'\''to' VftlO' AlUIA11iN.b IwotrhnAtAI",!Allil rt"nd~kct mAr
t".I"nk "".. ml..lot""""
,,]ki>p7.dw_
~I~. II hAromfliITlf'l\ZiOo< to'r ~jAr"" I<uwu't r l . X l _ . .r~ vli.lv..
li>1>6lAllO wlItioc:t.rrPkrWI;,. az n-dim('nzih;I tk
rl. '
. .sA .1r..... 1r.><t ~1l
kuurtlinA.takkaJjoolk>m7.o..tI pontj....61 t->i-limk. A ".." ti 8 ....1<1.. 1"'" SU
''''lIl
"'
i"tt;,~..... II ~niIll<'.wo... ti"tu<-k A7.

IAi z _ 3., = -to : - 3 es t - I.
.-\7.
2100
2 .1
"
'c ,.
"'If'"
..
poulP.........lyU"'k ktKor.-lilla-
2 . A kf,tvillozils Ii = f (z, II) rugg'''''n)" AbriLzolio II

a) Kk I1IU..llPn Y.iltozi> fiiWny;'l. AZ "KY fiiYl"lJ,.u ~l'" fiiwt'U}..-k ~f1:bdi fiiggv<..,,'gi>rhi>jMt<-k ~jAra, ti-rhooli "'hlk-lkrnt ...... t
abrbnlni (2. 100 .brll. Ww:l ~ 243. oW. ). Ehh<-:. u kt.-In....JP.ontJa.lf.. hil<-h-t
alknl nak ... hAtnmd~ tcrbm_
"
~ ... ~: A r..hilP1 dlil'tiklllll-"""N><*>itl (2. 1Ol b libra. w..I m<'>1>:221
c: .._ J16
Z2
yJ::\ Miik1. r
rK'mkorLltos
,.irt
t.lrtom.1n~
PE-k1ak fii gg"E-uyt ' h r iLzolo r.. liilrl ....:

A: .. = 1 _ ~ _ ~: A kIlpotl {<"Impt Lk {2 , lOla abra . IaI<d m<'g 214. okI. ).
B: ,,_
2,lUI hr"
h,
,oI<l.).
;.tAsikokW piu"huza.mOOl v~""",k {,Ijim .. MAllomd,~'1 ~Orhi'k

..-git""IlM-,1 i>o lW'llhI\IAr'>7:hKti>. At. .Ii '" aIlK.l1ni> m,t"-,pl!!,Grb<'\(f'I,.:mt",,,,<JbJknnk ill hfvjuk .
alak,
'ulllj
2.1 j
A ~k,
(j:;.uj
A 2. 10 Ib. c abrak ,""","b('11 a OIl'iinlv"ualak kou<-...nTriklL~ kOrok {uiuesen..k h<'ll\jzolva).
M.,oRY ~: ..\ hiu"orn v"IQ' lohh IlI"Klllll<nlllfllu. fiigg....'-"Y"'k a h';'rolllrlin ...u"j i", I"rh..n III'm "hril;l.ol
Jv,.t,'lk. A b"ron"lim""1.i'''' Ii'r f..liil..I,i",k >lJJ...li>t;iA.jara ilYl'llkor at. ".rliTlWlltii", t .... Io'I,,".j,.[iu"'''wk f(>-
gal",;,l b""'U,ujllk.
2. 18.2. KUlonf(>J c l-r tt' h nczi-!ii tartmminyok a sikban

2 .18 .2 .1 . Fiigl("Vcny i-r t e lnlt' zi-si t artomfm ya
r,iy'J"""Y ,'rtrl",~:r'" , I",rt"""ilJyoin"k ""v'-'-1iik ,,,,,<>n ~rt~k """lsuTY'k vag:.' /I(ml"k /vU"",uil. KlTll'lY"k"1l
"t..kiutdt mlQ,""'lJ)' v"lt",i,; vr'gigfllt!Jal""k. A~ igy ..lOAll" i-rt<>lm,",i",i tartullu;'.nyok llalO'un kiili>uh&
,jlk [d"'ll",k, u'l'\t,ihhr<?,<'T i;""~,.f(i~. k"dli,t"" vagy llf'''' kllll"u", p""tl",llUazok lil'"l'k fd. Az "r,,lu,,~
,i'Ki t"rlomillly KItO] fiiAAtKU. il,'llv " bl>tAor hm.Utartoz ik vagy ""Ill . .d 'rt. Wl!0' uY'Il. ()""'A'fiiAA'; ur lll
IK,,,thalnlJw.l tm 'I/lt/lllll'jlli,k ll,v..., iiuk. H" Pgy tartomiinvhoz h<YaJ\V,,,,-,,ziik .. hl\t';":"'-. zlid t"rlou"j"yn',l
l"",zi'liiu k. h" 1,,,,lill lIr'ln. ,." ,..~t k iiliiu IU<lljl,s(,!y"l.lli ukarjnk, akkor "!I,ll t'lf t"fI,oi"lJ r61.
"hoI I
2.18.2 .2 . Ki>tdillll'llzi6s tartomfmyok

.".~ 2 .10 2 Abr(lll " ki'l v,-,]r.od>t< 1'.HK1pfiiAAO po"thaIIlJ"""k It'b,.,.gy~7.pfjlhh """I,"; '''' ""ok
du,wzi."... I"t
ht/:>, A t .... tonu'ny"k \'O",,]kAz AAA.,] v'''lll"k fpltiint<tvp; a ~"'rl. tarl-OTIl';'nyok"l. vKg,vi~ ,,,,,,kat. Klll,l.Y'k
d)
"I
EUil.;I.. fi4;t:,tl"l1 vAlt'OlC'k "rli'kl'lll t1.hLi:t>\( t..t",..." hal sdli'"1~~""J><-'Lld. A kpn'!lO,tt fiiAAV"n\"rt" II. It
1IJ.~,'I..lOlIOr"" ,_1"1' rno'"".i"'."'utjA1JiU\ l,wuh"w, .\ il.vt'Illilbm.-....tokat k"tbr"""d,rp~n,,k nlolldJlIk.
2.
Ert .. lmez.... k"pl.. tt .. 1 A tnhlwAltm.iltl fiiggv;'ny<'k (pgy Yl'Igy tri!>h) ki>I,I.. upl i.~ ddillli\JI""t"k.
A : Il _ r Y :
U: U-.flnll-:t).
C : l.l =
r -lj
{ -v t s
-r-JI
kl'ts/. ..rcsen
&szeftiAAl
_""","/ , tartomany
hAr2:0. '1;::0 .
har2:lJ.y<lI,
h"r<O y2:0.
T -'- Y
nemkcrlatos
har<O .11<0
K."I.. tt .. 1 m~..d olt ffiggv"ny oI>rt .. lmf'1.fi,.i 1""OmanY'" .\ Jrnllt'lDll'ikai. owalW.~l"'lIlo:,:t;,ht..

"".....oIyan fiiW'flly.-F! viT"'ItAhmk. ;u""I)",k ki-1'''n..1vll.l\Jlllk "rt..un.-z~_ n~ ..nkor "'" m..lull~'>II. tAr
l..,m';.nyha l,.,.j"ffljiik .. m~,-tlrn v41tou.k mindsccn ;'rt.. kwnd"Zf'f'<'it. amely<'krP .. fi~l~ >tJ,...llliku....
kif..~ i>Tt.. IIfW'I<. ""fO'iIo 1Unf'1~ ..kl'f"" kifl'jnh ..gyffidllJli<'n ~t4ruzol.t.~'>I. vaIi.. fortH.., VI
3.
! IW ...hr ....
'M.
Pi'ldak ~ rt e hn"l""i tartomAny ra :
A : II
xl ... II .-\z "rt.-llIlt'Zf'lQ lArtOIlJal" az <'J!f"'Z ,ill..

I
,
,
ve
2.10;:' ..101'"
"
,
,
hI
2_H~j
'~
o
r-rJ'
~/"'rin!
ki7....... lIlk. akkor kd':fn""" "".;;tfUgt,6 MW'lIIti..,rOl l><>-.tiliiulr..

Tiib6"iini.." ii..u-fiigglf t"rlmoui.. ~"k a 2 .105 Ah r An !i;.tw.ti>k. Egy "f''''
ii"~'liUjg6 tmt",,,ti,,, .. 2. 100 IIhrAn ''lUI fdtiiuu"tv..
,
2.100 ,u,fl\..
ahra.
2.
v'i"'="?
h n plic it ",Ioallitas
Inlpllt'it "]OOJlitii.~ """"rn
"" ar~lm<'Tll1lTnok ""
D: u _ ura-in(2.. - 1) +
+ .JY + ln e: A ~ "rt ..lnw,ksi larwlll""y "'. 'Will nyilt. ",. nO'1l1 di.lI
"".ull irt'kn'I<7A'l"(kb61 all. allH'lv..kt'f'rcljeailn..k ,,(I -;::: r
I. 0
y
1. z > 0 ''8)'''nI6l ku"'wk,
"ilIQ'Uo "",0" p""t"kl.,l, l1J1",lY"k ."j1:<>n'Il1J1 ItZ (.T. Ii }-~ikl>f'li. ?Art ry;:I""!':lll'!lyz<t r0!i'tt l",h'<"I.ko~h[('k ,.]
(2.103<: abra ).
:l.
2. 18. 2.5. F iiAAv{>ny....k anallt.ik us doallitAsi m6djai
sq~it.si'l'.i,,'cl "au l'xl'li"it n,isloll
A t ijbhvAlt.ou... fiiAAyill)'l'k,t. ' ljl,Y'illl(11'.)' mint

1. E x p lic it .. loAlIlHl"
f:xp licit d,V.Jlll.,i>; "",t"11
11 _ f(rl.r~.
:s
il/.
~ik<l......" t...J....jo'ohPn '10' pont<>t ""10' "ltV korlito.<. ("R.,.....~

~frl8l,; l'''UthaJlIlAZl.-.>; ,'rklllK"'.ti."j ldrl<"wi.uybol", 2.104 abra
II.... U-kmtctl
:s :s
''I\Y~''
Il fiiAA"i'ny Il k',Vttk..,JI til'U>' ''!twlll"tlPI ("Ilf,)'
nl ..n n~l"ka.lhat(iVflI) v,,,,,,,.}; ''''''''''Ic.I....,.,lv.. ,

F(.1,.r,
.r~.,,)-(J
(2.272)
Param"t,'res plOAllit it~
Pm"",;t",,-.,, ..](;i,Jlitas ,,,,,1.i'u al." stimll', '"It''lll'',,ltllll i,lt./lIM,.. n '11tV..u..mtyi

kif,'jl"."'. t,.]Ii,t ki!v;\!t",i... fiiAA"i'tlvIIN
.r = ",(r,,'l).
q~v;"!tod"",l"'t.t i.jhl.,f,']" 1",'~I,," I<'I j('! lJ[('~',J(dni,
arr"
.'I =
d" ..,j.
(lj
,,= \f.r. 1/) "" \(r.~)
vAltn7;' (pitlarui1.<'r)
(2. 273'1)
hilromvillt<Mi", fii~""":\'n"l
I<
filAAv"lIY fiigg('l.I'Jl villt',z0ivl<1 ki Vall r..j<"lw,:
..1~).
.1 = "'(". -,. t j .
(2.:.m)
sth.
Y=v'(r,',t),
:-\("... 1).
II
"(J.y.:)
;:(".~.I)
(2 .2731,)
12 6
4.
A~
H omo gen
fijggv~IlY
,I~)
I(II. I2
fiiAA\'i'nyt ..kkur lTlundjllk h"Ill'~"lJ
fii~v'lJYIl.k.l",
lo'I"",;I.'f':'''' A1II.'Il,tt t<'ij....;il
rA a:-.
.'Ulf Iv val..",..l" .. ff'Illi kiizi",.'rt.'h",,;""lart"''':llly /f "" ("t. "J,

.... ) kil-'lt ""'f\"h"I' f<>;l;laI,"n~'il'
J,."huat.ull ,1I1;i'n ""''''~ ... ,o[...'i",",lii 1""" i"liI. rl,.,ivi,ltj.. iv"I.'V..."iitt {ulvt"" , I",\' ;'11.""" fiigg,tl"11"'~d.
,k"i""I.". fdl'1.d. I\<: a1;,hhi_ "<'I" I
y ""
~'(r, y) fiil'J\vi'Il~' , tiII ..
of
fdtit..!. A"
III
~~.ilJn,,1
A: "(I.y)
a,
a
a,
"Ii""""""""". I"krillilk ","",,,iik.

~
i'lhOlll.~llltMroka"'=2.
IJ-:II,. ... ,; ... IVr]I+Ji
r:
B : 14...') = 2r _ JIt'
.. hOIIl<OII:rnilA:< rulm '" ~
IJ(f ;)
D(J.y)
u,
=1.
..1'.
{ir,
all
a" a"
A7.~h .. hn""n~rll'11'''7...tt ..
f( ... II "" _ .. III k''1v;\/tnr,O;.fii~'''nvrk<'!;;,up.""ofiUJJ"""~~I:t"'* lDoudjuk. ItA "'I "'lvik 11.1!'w.clwt.; .. u..., ,kk..l~ " = F
!WI.""..I. Ekl. "" ;.n. hrlf"7.w: 11
All.iI. ;,no.....
r~
:.
"Ajtrv.6k n
rf.
=,jT7 ""'?
~ lltAlU>mit.n)"Oll<'n<'lm.~ ....."-'fi~fI-IllK"Il)' k.
;u; "1'
2.2:71,
,.
..
iJ".
...... ) .
... - 1(11 "1'

ponlOf<l\hhal,<'R.V
.r~1
... t"'l.r2'
= f("dr,.r~,
r~J.
(!.271o.. l
,11._,(rl.
,r.).
II~ .
. u .. j
rz .
" .. (r,.,r~.
d"...
a,.
a/. ,p,!.-",I",,,. h"lO' ""11 <'f{y ri'olt"lir'"lr r ...It<"'h1akkrnniniuc,,",- i'IlU'~

hik " r'lJ1nrru\.nyon lIf'Dl _'H<.N\I' 0 i .. r .. 1'"l'''K.",hh 11)"11 1t.1.>O.1 ,.kkor
'uil"!.-'U dvo: lJ a!,kt',nu'''''''''Ill a:I. o,.-,.lolwhm t><rt<Oli>" ,. 1'0,. . .... fi,l'JI,.....lI~'rk ftigg.r"'l ...k. ;,.1 .....1"'I"ik kil,,'+\)'Ott r;iAA
""fly '-"'Il r r'i~ ..'uy Altallll<'ld,..tJ\,.,m>1!. ,,/.It.Z ,-,... ktr)j [lll'Jl" E,w....-tut il ... It, > fl. akkor a n~"dott '"
",,";'n"1 [iiAA';'llV ko-~,-.II'T.fdj.-[,h It ",illU'1 kl,..t fil!~,!I'l1.
JACOBI-n";,rix r""l;,j" r ahl"",
2. lICI. 1. Deftnrcl c
4'(l1 '( ,rl r2.

tip"",, illlp\,r-it 'I:,<uU''''''''~. 4> ,,..1l1 kl"'1 triviMi~. """",, "1. "z,.. ,. fi.. fiil-:.'\vi'ny..ki'IlT ""I1I111ilY"ll lIyilt
l",hu"'~'"11.t" Id",t l\<:uII''''''1 O. Hn uiw'" ily,," i'mfiiggi-s. fii~l'tl"" fiil1J': " " uy,' kri;! I.. .,.,i!iiuk,
A I, II _ ,fl-'-'l'~ +
+1'~< '<
.rl~ +,rl+ +r ~ 2 (", fl' ~ )'Ir2+,rI1",,+ .+,r,,, "+r2.)'" +. "+ .r" \,."
fiil'J\v" Ily,'k II:,< ..~i"I. R" " 'll i....~,,m!\l\,;k. "wrl " _ ,,2 - 2u'.
Anal itik u ~
(2.277."
2 .1S.3. Hatarcrtckok
eu.
l'''lltu!<al,I'''1l
3.
"
~~Arn","'.l.,..,;,,,h;;.
""a, )
L'gy... ,,~. mint ko'-l mAA'''uy .....t...lwll. 'IZ n Wu"JI .1'1..... r ~ "A1toz{> m "".Am,j . II~.. Il", f;
""n)'t' <'g)' ki~", "'rt<'lUII"';'N t-><rlmuiou.... 'U '1lVIl"""-aJ. o..-,,,fiiggo. W. val..mrlvik,tk. 1'1. II k,f"j",]""t,;,,
ti>hhi.-k ml\l;V<U),!u'ut.lIZ""-llA IU ....~ 1lll1olliiwyuu i'rWU)..... "'!tV ..xplkil
4>(u,
1.1 ~ 0
I
a,
A lta lall<.... ..-t: tulJ b fijRKvi-uy
-=
txr; h.
D,
~hihk,
.(r, ,) "'- (..-2 +

rum .. ~ ....
2.
~'4'II,
Ul.
(}I.
l-<'hiot ""
""R." 4'1 ..- )=0
figg...... uy ..... ' ''''
Of
of.
Spt'<' iali".....-I: k"l ffilUtvp n)'
h''''1'Y'''' ,," .. = F
(2,277 ..)
"""""
;tltaJi,nu'
1.1...11 '"
JACOBHl .. l .. nllin:.n, flak I ""i",,~a.Jl lalt<>ru.,UYUll ,....1" .IAhaol "",'u''''''''' .'11 1m
H
'1Ok01.1.. 11. n ~,,,.. n vAlt,,,,", '" - f .1'1
_I.).
t.v\.>tDiony Wlll.J<"1J po,"tj"h"l1
IJ(" t'\
Dlr,!J)'
1"'w<":",d~I.-n ... nri....na.k
"f
1.
\/0'
f.-lINd u
ru~, tl'-Il~ilI:r ..
\ 1,,,,1. If'" yiik f.,!. h,,~~' 1\ 1."kl1lt.,1t fii"j!;"{'lly,k . .ol ml',," r!,.,;r.,lllhi l'"r,.ii\li~ llNiviL!tj"ik i~ f"lyt",,,,,,,,k
.'~' kif"'" nyllt hllhwWHl i", (2.27t;I\) 'rtd","I>"ll olyan oj> IN,v"",,,,,, ""'K)' ""Ill ]d.
itrl,k,1 millkf'l.
,,i,,,,
.\ kh..Al1",.o,.,,, = /(".y) rii)~""uy'l<'k.,", (".1,) 1"'11 '" A ".ill"" h"t"riI1!k".!L" a;'. r .. ,;.jtozi",,, k fi h", ,.... ;;;< lJ vfol1.,,~ow..k 1>-1,,,1. ""Ii, ""bzi;I,",,, k'""I.'r1r',,,,'k<>r ...., /(:r y) fiiAA.....ny t<-t.~,.i'il(I!.(""n kii~(hlik
.~ hoI., E~l a ki;VPl k" ,i 'ikr'Pl" 'lJjf'I,i\jiik:
.-.
1m! I(,r, y) = A
IIY"nk", '''' (" b) I,ollt.ha"" fii~\"'uyupk uP", [d ht!"u iil k,!J .. ~ A {rhk,'I. f.IY'llll i,.. ",'it 'rt.,l m'~ w "'m
k-H j,'Il11i,'.
l:.lS
2,18 .3.2 . Egzakt megfogalmaz..l..-;

,"" ko'IViJt.",'..
[(.c, 1/) rr~"':ml ...k ].;lnik ""..I ""
tl
li~l~
II T y) hal"r'
rrt"k<>. hA nU'g",lv.. '"R.V td,.;r,6l ..gClllU kicsiuy po";tiv ( """lllol 1...I"lh","

oIyIllII"T";ti' '1"""''' ( 2. 10 7 a b r a ). h,>KY
11(.c y) - .-\1 <
2.27'''-l
l.c-al <",
1I."!tYul mi"d.u (
1.107 . h r...
{
k"r n..
.\ltala"....."bl"" .}La az f .I II fii'W;n;llv ,rt,.]I1..,.,'" v"" ... (ohl.uu..... <1O' -afl1U6 t.v'lomilrJyon. "'"'....
r,'1')"" .c,.1n. pontl......... fiiAA-iu\lu'tk,iliiul".wA. I r 11 ) B - Ilr~.1n. i'rtelwt,..-..zfo-l.
akkn..... ..t.... B kOzOu f"kytj hit.rmo:-h C .'uutlm !....J.. II...to "ly..n :r
pout. lIJLI.ly.-...
I
=C .I < C ontpira, ~ .. kvi""I<'T\.",,"' IlZ
,;
_al
J-b:l<,,}
2 .1 !'I .5.3. Ffiggveny kor l;iI 0!'is.;'~!lr61 sziM) 1i-1 f'1

I'" a.z I .I. JI fii~n~' '10' k"..I;,t"" 7Art Iartl><",a"vull (uh l' I......akkor" WWwanyon knrlio.rv- ~~. vagy ~~
Ii l("'.I.ik oIvan m.". .\1 ,.,.:lm. hoto /I tarto",...nv nun.I'll r II Jl'>tll. ArlO
2 .18 .3 .3 . Altalanusit ;l.o; li ib b va ltozor a

a ) Tohlmi.lt
hi
v.... ~b...tAfO'tt.d"
kfo _ln ..... k n ..il li>s_',P1
mOo mrlohm...l"k,
kriti-ri IlllUk>.I <l.Z 10'''''''-1 '", Ii

1-aWl! kaph ..1 nk. l..h"l "'JI'mIl,' lJ,.I..co"rti'ki'tl-' ,.Il1.. V
7.t't....... ll~t" CAl'eM" k .. kOllvo't'grnrWnl.-.n 'mJItAl IA.<d .)J. old.
b ) l iiblMil t
fiiQ-vt'uv Mr"l'f'rl k
nw m VUDAlk"..... lml...."unok .il, ... l""
H..
/I
k""'A1I07A0.- I r. II f
,,"t,
t' "" .. ,...t.1wzo
."yuc-k, }.-"""",,,r .c - a ..... lhI. rOf::zil<'tt !I ..... Ilctt. k<'p<=i,k ..
li~
'51:r1l~.\1
2.1 !'I.5A.
,.
1 .c !I
b
22"'11,
-.-.-
n $ C, 1I1f'g ha I. Ik i~ mindkfot bat.a";l1iok.

r'-r+r' ... ~ r,lUv.UVl".c-O.y
_ ,
.
-O'.... I'll B
- I ;""C
balMi rt<'kro' ww't AlloW\l>oU1
." .2/(7')
HI> aZ<llll>l\llli''''illk
rl
<Q.
yl
I(.r. JI) m~V'-ll.l' A
IHl~
--- I
I(I, II) iJl>w'rl'\u. I>k kor B - C =.4 \ [.. Ii
.I
lllPfl
aBC ''ID.,,,!r.....[...1""11I kii..,.tk,uk ,.,.. .-I1J"talhtik 1.,t.-.ti'S<'.
2.18.4 . FolyI.OIloS"rlf.:
"", . lIIonrljn k. hogy .. k,.vAh"d... [(z.y) hig.g"~ny fol,to" o,' az (n.h) l'(llItlmll. ila I '''' (1l.It) [.. ,ul
I( fiiAA\"' UY "I. dIU'~'" i L"rl"Jua"Y"I'I>. "" ha 2. ,.,.,
- <I. Y - b ..",tl~l1 "hiltan l l( k
j('lnik ,;"
hd<,t ;UI.,,~ ik
(:I,2S1 )
Ell,,"k.-,,' .,,.,t.i"-ll " [ii!\l\vi'lIy""k ~z;,k",I""" Vi'oU I(~ J - " . y = "h"ly"n . H.. "In' fiiAAv"ny ""y lIyil!
h"I111~ Inin.-l...n J~Hltj RI>ll1l " rl.,.[III' ZV" Vi'"'''' foly toll ...... az l mo ud jll k. hn!,:v" fiil\lI:'" n)' f" [y!.()lIo,"" hal
1II"","n.
K"!t.Oll';! ti ;h]' vAh,t;'<",fiiAAViu.I'k f" ly l o" "....i'W", aualbg JIl,'>< lo lJ rl.-.finiAlhatj"k.
\Veif'l"St ra....... ti-If'If' a It>!l:lIaK.\oh,, h. IPKki_hh fiiKJ!;\,pnyertek

ji-tf'leseriil
Ha RZ I r y ff~ny ~ koriill, .. &iut l.v! uUIl' .lIyfl" folvtonoo<. akko.-}k~ AIMlomAtlynak ~...I"hb
y') I-"'ntja..&lll<'iu{,al' wbbi hti-k<- InvlibI... li-wzik i1... uko .. "",..Jab!> f'RV :r" ,.. lKlt>', ""..... V... Ill:< Ilr" y" (-11<'k
ki>o 1>h----<,Q.... nl6. mint I ..r ~ -nak a t....-t<.ffiI\Il\ hAnfPlvMt.. tOhhi ..11m.." t<t.t1<'>rru\ny tM.o<IiO~
.c """" tJ""" f"nnilJl t..h '"
I r' r') 2: I I II 2:: I .I- , "
2.2"'-,
.\!,~: /I f..mi ti1...wk .. 11.. 1<,,"",","'I...IiY il"" .,..,....11. M u.,rJ nlf'll7.li.. I.......... is
'-,:"v
ftkkor A p"on
C""Jillllim/zy
2.ZN '
:gvl
b..tAri>rl,;k 1. 1l\It.j<! ~ ~ ".YO rt fUl:I:vi'lnU< k. """ h UoAr u.U!tt6l fiiAA. krp<'Z7.uk/I Mwi-rt<'kiot II ....-ti>rl.
H.. >\Z I r.y fiiy;vo"ll)' (oll,'lln.,-....-.' V",II ,... foil' .",'" "10' o."t<fii~o lartoHlallyon.;';' ha A tartom{Lny
1"';1 1"i1ouho:w (.rt 'I );,. 1-" 'n IK'Ulj"lwu, r, Iwtt f'lgg....nvPr1...kok ..rl." t""'" ,'I6)"hick. akkor a t"rt<>man) uak lPtPZ'k It,I;a13bh "R\' (..r,. !tIl jK'ntJa. ..Jlol I(.c .11) a Hulla irti'k,'1 ... .,..,~ f"I,
I r3 Yl = 0. ha I .z,.!1 )/(.rJ.Y-,}<U
12. 2"'2)
2.18.5.2 . K o zbiilsOCrt ik-li-tf'1
(227'11,
q-bl<'1
2.18 .5 . Folytonos Iilggvcuyr-k tlllajdollsA~1\i

2.18.5.1 . Bolaano zerllsllt'ly-tt'-tl'lp
r,
I,), St.'l.y,,,,,,,'rn,,
130
3. Geomet ria
..
,
,
3.1. Sfkgeometria
,I".......;.i....
3. 1.1. A lapfogalmak
3. 1.1. 1. Pont, cgvencs, felegycucs. sza kasz
l.
P ont
.\'''''''~
S,))I\
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A ~ikhii.mlll"zOf.:{-t lIiLrOlll ..da' 1mUI'07:l"A n,,g. ,....k ""~'nhall nrm irIml"k ..10 1..1...w1'"l-..-,;r1l (1aM1" 11....
rom><J.ii~
tt]j.", mr!':lmtium-.a.... pon-
tOl. 1 3~ , old .). kv o<iok k,'1 Im,...hhi

adalnt I"h"t <,]oirui. A Ill""ik hamm
",1..1 a 3.2. tablii.zat k,.p ]rl r i. v..

]"millt (:1.1:>1. ilL (3 .6' ) ""Kit",'8"v<,]
s7.ii.mithato ki.
32
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b =- {'t~"
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3.2.1.2 . Sfk hnromszogekrc vc na rkozo sza mo la,so k
Alapk iopl.. t .. k
A kbvetk..u; J..lOl.....!r.M fORiulr. ]...,.;tuAllli; 1.1. b. r ol,Wak:
t<-nikl:
kiiriilfrt ki"'l ~'lJl:'Il"'; r .. h.irt k"! ~nll:"""';
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Az u nld a ltltYl tartozo sul)'vonal
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KOOl zinuszt #ot ..1 V>lgy r..rd.... >gll h Aromsl.OgN" vona t koro Pitagorasz-I O>t ..1
?= ..J+b 2 _ '2ah n ", ,. .
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(0- -3)
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3 .2 .2.1. Geodezlal koordimtlak

(3.74)
(0-11)
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p.7:ih)
(3,77)
POllt" k llJ~a<lit.w.. a go"On..-lri"-ll>UlllI"t--rmt -",u....I"i.'; h..-mi""itRnTod. ..-n:'ke'l tu..<t.uilJll&k (3 . 16:'>.

IIhra) , Ezzcl """,mt...n e g...,.j"'~iAlN\ll" !>nl.,..Ini.'; ll""",.."i/4,...nd.o:..-n-! !<W\Wooo.ak,
I. G.ood"ziai d e ri-\u;zol/;u koordinilt ak
A ~fkhPli "a6o<Ira.~\1 d..ri>k'<Zi:igll k""rdmAIrpn<I"".PThPu ( 3, 3<1. Ahr a ) 3Z .r.tengely II. f..lf"l" mutato
allNZ('i ,... t MlgpI}\ az yh'llg,ly .. j""lor,, lIl11U.tO "ltliwt.t"lo'ug,'!y. E !:,Y r p"lll Koortlin.li.t.&i YI',;1'_ Az;I<"II!:,-Iy inwvitA"a gyakorl...t i lll~f"lll()IA..."k""I ....... 1. ~ agytl "b t"""I><Agl'l m'rf-,;eKIl.t /llD.. ly..khcz l..g tOht",ti;r " SOLDN ER-fi'1.. WI@Y" G AI'SS KIIOGt.R fi'I.. IKmiin4tal'f'nd~1<"rt h ,mAljli k (\Ii....-l l 60. old.].
a pmiti" .r-t<.'"l/;rly a hAI07Ati ""'Ak... johlml irAn.,."I/> y-I.<n~dy k.. l"t f..l" mut t. A ~lla,<'gy<><I"K ",.am.,.
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E gy .. n.. sszaka.~zok a hAromszilghpll
A z II o ld", lhoz tartoz6 magassAg
h=/.("
3 .2.2 . Ccodeztai alkalmazasok
T O\la bb i rn..~z" fiiAA"spk
~ill % =J ( " b~"
..
.. g"'l1lctriflhan " l/;\'i'hk"nl.l<zokit.._KYaK"r1atu.l ..n""r..tt"Il. az {m'DlOlt",,, jar"""'"al m"1\"lQ'<"'.o.-u
t;;,ti'uik (3 .35 ., 3,36. abrak) ,
a ~i n O
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(J.73)
0' "
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t ...rul~>t .,k ki""amit!M a fPTd z5gll hilrom. zOghl' n
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...-1...1. AfDf'lVl'k kown k-nni kPlIIPgalAhb..,.... okWllAk.
EbhOl k-vl.-zrtl..-tO a D<"p;y 'm. trlapl..-bt4aJ.. II... '10' frt.~ ~ hat I ~ a.da.ta ( ~
0, J .... ~.,k """ "",liik -zrml...n r..k,,'; a. b.ul<l..u.k) ki":rl iI n"-"S V>w "dVll. hoVurn.ukor ... mA.~ik hArom
~AAI.v-ozo","I'" 3 .3. tahlilzat l'g'"",,"' .. i ""I{Il............1kU07.AmllhAti>.
~]liTOf'n "lI:omhAArorn~thl lNwl 3 .7. t ilblAzat . :! A1apfPl...-l.. I}.... f.. rtI~l ,.illharom....ogn;.1
hacom ~tt !<li>gMlIOZ okl.u..k n"m ""Amit......I;,k ki,
...u,; ib ~llI1lolll!;..I. h.nlld) kPp"tnj

= --
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A 3. tobl kpp"' rl't HEROS -j.'tr t...--.il~lh'pI.. tlJ<k l......uuk
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= -l R ~in 2' ''lD 1 ", u 2
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A beirt kor sugare
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3.31. .. bra.
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Ii a "llOlltok sik.hdidhrly..zk..-d......n klviil ml'l';""",,!,:okra is l<lliik""g \Il\n. hlimmdim.. u,jlls hal...-.drA.~ {, <!,~
,i'b,JijI;11
E ) kOllrdill:.lar('[l<!",,..rt I,'h .. t h""zu"l"i. IllI1<'1yl"'II" :-t"np;dy a :nllt f..l" nmtat ( 3 . J.~ .
abra) ,
ts.
2. Gf'Odczia i polarkoo rdin;'itak

A .ikl,.. li po lAI:K' Klrd iwt.tiik hal", ,,II'>t.~(ll\," )( li'/.i,,i 1"II,I.Zf'n'!,,'u (3,36. Abra ) .. P pontot l\Z "l""~i",,t.a
t " "I\,.)Y i... az.' "wla~~7. ki,./) iU i I in\n ys,)il-\. 'Ml,uu iul " l'"ut {.,." k'>on li ll"tar(,Jlds,~>r k,zd6pont.ja (" "WI"", l'0h,._nak hi" u" k) kiiz<>t ti ,. t """ l""l-\ h" l.rt.l'tru.a n",~. G..,<1.', iill"'ll " " "';;1\ m"I';",\ii"",," m a voz ith'
irliny tll'-W'g,v,-, ik az <'>"I\mutll\.l>jii.r.........",J,
~I"g ...'-""!:ok1lJ<1:hat Aroza..i..-aa ( z, ni l... o., Y"!tV" ""1'1"~'';9' .:,,'/, ill, ~ "h"j l ......Wg h""1.n" l"t O'l.A .-\,.ri'k.zi~11 hf..--omd im.. m.i.... hal,..,..I''''''1 koor<lillilt"ulI< ",,.~ 'rI ,,n 11,,111 ,l,hrl\:t~ ,I"" ( 3 .3 4 , Ahra) az t mn t atja
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3.2.2.2. Szogek a gcodeaiaban
H.. II t
J.
kPplrt.. Jr__rilll ti'orthl1k. akk.,..

F.v = FKm!
I'rl. lr..-.lonbOz<'i m ml lDoo1<ll

Fji, FK 2 = ,,~
knr J < 90" "'" J "lJo<-rtt'!rml"n W<'l! ......

b. Akknr .. kO\"rtknii .-u-k lP/wl.""'s."..k:
II.. <l 2: b.
b.in<l
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2. T .. r ii k.-t e k me....tarimyim .. k k i~;<illn it /l'II.... t<-r,Ur-I ..k kilv.AmitAM "'" F" -
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Iyt.~kroo ~Io:l "".aka.~~ ,il;l.Onrat ~y """ ik h' l k"or<linatanl~...,...rh,1l dhdY'-J.k...1O 'Io:l ~hO"1._
I . Szakaszok me ret a ri",ya na k kiszAm itba H.. til 1\ ",04,,1.,-, V"oIR)' ",,rrt.,,<im, tovAhbil1l.1. .Y. ill.
'" in,wx IIttnni=.--lr", ill, "Iforkio!,", utllJ. Akkor
.11 I ' m = ~ " '"
(3.!'7a)
" <'pk l...k " l.ohhi l'lllal"k kL~...alU.it.;"""""
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1. A I i rii.ny ~nJg "10' P I-"JUlhow IIIf'gJUlja "&y irAu\"ilott ~Wlk" P f>Olllon atm{'uo .... .u: r1'1Igl.'1IY"-"1 parhnx.arnOO' ~",b<-" vi><wuyitt>tt ir.. ny4t (3.31. abra) . ~li\({'l" g~Aha:n"!<liiK w ...
r'-az 6 r1llllut-"tOjAr"",,-,;J m'W'"fO".'V... u I'>rt"",k (3 .3" 3.36. ii.b rik) . ,.. _ilr.negy...J..k ""~
sorr~ntlj<' 11.~iklwl; triRODOlli{'1 riAj"hl......-lr...~(' t1..t+~ kO"flhltii.w~lI,l.....r"hf.n "1):lkA."Of'llak a furdi
tuttja (3.4. tahlfl7..at) . A "ikh.. li t"~lI"Il"'lrtI'l k"j'wUoi aumh...n v:.hozlalNe ''''lkiil ..Jka lma:><!ml ' ,k.
11(-=--
., - ("
a)(.,
m""""'"
(th.o<lmi'K Bal "' j...hl ......lr""(l knntrlinMaft>lI<lSZ"....k. 20._old.). hogy" IRllil~

7A'"ill.<-Ugdy ,... "'" . "".ak;"", kt"'; 'tt UirtJnik. II. h"jlN.-<;Z<igi Iwd ig II:l ~ """,ka.<;z;'" ann ...k y. F-"i'kh,,[j 111.-",1.'1;''''
w lft!d , kiW,n.
3. K ooro1iuatatra nszformat:io k
1. P o l1lrkoor d inii.t a k kisl.a lll jlA.~ .. d.. rfokloWg u koordinil.U.kbOl Ell:" <lM+k"""'l'\(1 koonhl1;' l.>I
rl'ud""....-!>l'u dhdyf"'tM1 A(!I.-l. r A) "" B(!I/I. rn) poutr" (3.3 7. Abra ). hll ~ III a:I. .~-tt,l B f..li- ;"iuyil"tt
v.;w...z. tt,.,-8.!,1>A ha l .ill.
f il A
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..lfj j..lh'l -'l.ynal (-;;.::lo.f-SZ('! V;""'l.iik I". . " kknr ,,,. lIrt'l 1( ""Il Y til \ !l 0 lU ], ], ...l ""pol! 10 "~,iighiiz "ikll<'~V( .. IMJ
fiil\l!'k'u huzzi. kell ".I n; ,, 3 .4 . t AbIA.."thlln f{'ltiinlPld t ,ij f" k-,' rtlkd.
2. D.. ri>kszuj(u koordi natft k k iszam ' t,,,,u l'0IArkoortlin AtAk hOl Pgy p ont
3.34. A"rl\.
3.3:". ahra..
3,36. "lor,...
!,olari~ fii ~hIe
t'1!ptpn Lokfl.li" j>OlArkoor<linM" -r..,,dl<,,d...u v(K,,'11 Il..'ri.. k .-.JllpjAI' t1tv ,j<'ri'kI<zogll kou n li" M,an ",I-
1<.
q - -~ ,11l
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rA. zA :lIR .z". !'.len''': ". AlJC.
Megadul:
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3.2.2.3. Mcrestcchnikai alkalmnaasok

kourdiu;itarend~zer
kozou H" 1,,1,,1)('11 IIl''!:-
h"tAro1.OUIl(mtola,t "kanmk "K:' thki'I'H' fdv.'uui. a:, y' ,.:' lok:Jis k"ordilli,tiL!'<'!JnS?A'lt tmllsz["nlllilu;
kd]1I,Z y , I ol'f'1.ilK'''' ,...,,,lsz~.:tH' ( 3 .3 9 . Abra ) , Az y',.:' r""ds'IA" I\Z y, J" T<'nnsz,'r!wt k"I""'1. .; ",i~,'I,.J
van [nfglltv" i~ az !Il,.:lo (>rt.,,~,'kk.. ll'A.r!lIlZ"IJU""'1I d vlIn !,olva , Az .if, x' r"nnsz(',i"'1J "" jutlIV~/.i;I\,'kd,
rIw.1 j..Joljiik. Adv" v""n"k A ,... /J k,",nli"AI."i m;"dk<,t n'll,!I<zrrl",n "" "1lY C 1><>111. kou,.,liw,i",; ov. y . .1
rt-f1<!szrrlwll. A tr"lI.1.fnlllll'cib" kiWf'Tk,-,li i""SIA'fi;gg"""k ",-og!t"i'gi'vt'! tOrt.<"-nik'
(J ,n,,)
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(3f111o)
KoordinAtatran"1.formilcio k olot d" .... k~zogii
Y.
(J.nl, )
A ~......l hi"h"lIl'.yakrall fdli'!,'; lJl"tl"'l.l~'bllilu" f,l",la' ' 'I:}' f,.]v"""M S PHllt k""rdiu"tf,illak llJ""bat (,ro7.""" h""'''~'"'''J,'I,'" k",,I.(.I"II, E fPl",I,,!. zn<l'."hl i...K.1'", "",,,11\:.)" <'IjI",,'.,; az r16l1ll'b?i",_ hAtrarnrts''''''',
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1.
F.llim ..t szes
1. ElOm..tszes kH feleK,ypn..ss .. l , VIIllY" hri",,,,,, z"'I,-!r. I. fti/-/"d"I,,: Eg)' fdv,,,,,,,\O X 1'''111. Jlj''l',hatlilo-f.A.;a HI. lIJe~",lott A. }J puntl""l a/. AnS h "FI>",,..,ii~ ""Ilit."w''''-! (3 .4 0 . ;ibm) ,
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2.
S,l""I, tn!l",,,, ,,,,.tn,,
149
Harrametszes
1. A hat rarn "ts","" S"" ll ius- f" l.. f.. l"dllt a , \"lO' ''ltV frh''''u,16 S I'0llt luiuIIIllf't.-V","" harom fTI<'l/;/\don :\ , B. C pont ""K't"'~"\'I1. ...Ulll "htiro""z'''.YI~~ t. /5/, l"d"I,;","'. i.~ ""Vl'zIlt'k ( 3 .4 2 . a bra ):
M "1I:a dva : y , . .c... Yn.rn'9 rf ~ I(orv .. :f,. ~MSI'Oll'tl",n. K "r"".,nd<'i:y\.:J",.
.1"""
1..\:1 ..1 1 - - .1r,18
.1Y..l/1 ~in t ,,, -
1.1.1" ~8C06 t 18
(3.')11.)
~ lf"II:oldas:
~,~
19t'\(: = - - .
' ' 'MIL'

- - == '," ~llI{"
-
~II\
sill 1
"Inn
~lh"
""- = q U - - = 'I/J
jJ
,Ill'
tn
11,-=f,l/f-n
"'-'N'
sill /
>llln-J
~,~
-fIU..-3-I"H--- :J:l::.!ljO~)n. (J').IO
~-fc..
3.'.4 I
J ')of!>
,,
='N
..
_~=I :"if' _
,; -~
'., =
t/l:-'--,
2
3.9(;0-)
- f c 8 = 1N" - t BC
,,-- =
"
~,
III lAC
"
15'
....,......,;,m
,m 1 (,1
~,~
"'-' ~'
Illt1'('
~in
tlJ('
(3.%<1
3'11...
,.'
(3%1)
o .. in~
""lilt.
'.' == ~tn6,
3.9l.iL
'J
3.%)
"
--;;T,
Lll r'
mol' ' "
- .- .- ..in
"ID~
3,%1
I.... I
,.
2. Ca...~ini- f"l ..
hat ramf't ~7.""
1"8:!fe. re ~ I"r-v,,: 6 . -'2

S ,... utl ....,. K............d<'i: y, .J,.
Enni-l" ~~i ..ljATli na] k'" p, q "'1t"'1pontot h...1:llahmk rd, ilffl"'h~ k kii:t.iilaz ~'ik az A..C. P
~ I<'gadva: Y... r .. ;!l8
:.\..II.Io.l....
B. cq potll,"'n AITT>PIJ<'i ......:Mki>riin hf'I)I"""kAhk el. i-f, mmdkl"ttO ~ az SpOil'

ton ii.tllWflii <'gyffi......-n f<>k~ ik (3 .4 3 . lIb n ,) . A kOmk H,. ill. H1 ki-S,'I....l ltj"::te. ill. DC f<'w-....>WO~
rOIegl.....n'k .. PC. ill. QC ,..,.,....,ki>10 1'!tY.1l'I'l<" I v..IO tnl't.'" ]>()nljll. 11.7. .\' pontMn mm .I,. &z ",,~k
Ill~I ..m,,kll P. ill. Q l'"ullUl'~ (kf'l"iiWt,qOgl'k).
I>OUlokoo." lDli.~ik"
3.42 "hm.
2. E!OfDl-tU .... ir i ny dos ne lkiil lIa .. /J POll! "" A ponlhOl rs-m IAth"'o.,, t" """ tB' lr",,,~'"
nW<..mtlut.t<'> .... ir<mrrtk""rclllu""J'1 D. f: IK'1l1nkt", mlltAt<,,,..,;:..tl~ iriLllyok ...-glhi .....d 1"",:<[<,1.1. II.
Ulf1\ (3 .4 1. li b ra).
Megadva: y".~. 1111. IR.Yf> . z n IIF r~ ~ Ien'e: '\ az A l'''llthAn. a D r><lIlthall.Irh.>tli!l'g 1 ~~
K ert">lelld6 : y, . ..r,
Megoldas: V~V(IAti"'l\<! 1 fMd",!ntrll, tgllH koo..:..nitii.."" (3.94a) ..ml'jfo.n i..." kt,wlke"M; ki-l'lrtrk
~1"1I:oldas:
y,. - Y.. ~ (rc - r.l)ngt.,
(3,9.,,)
FI'
(3.9 7c)
'Q
aIkalrulWtM:
.1 yPQ
.1 yAl>
tgt.w = - -
(J!I.jl.j
''''J - -.lr-,'Q '
(3.97.-)
(:1.~I.jd)
liS = liP I (r,~' - rl'}tl;II'Q
(lgl,'Q tgll'Q)'
J..l M!
11l.\' -
tm;;
(:I, ~ I,-,f)
fl=I,II1- f " ", .
y,\' -
Ill' - (F\' - .rc ) r tg t l 'Q
V"~l"'lyes
II';/Jj,'
J..VII A
+ r" .ill 'A."

'I: I A,\'
- III t~t'j"
'I: I II"
(3,!"'~i)
!Is = !IIJ +
(.T .... - I,,)\I:I'I."
"
~"
-tg l,'\J < IgII'Qj,
r ..
+ (l/C -
g.. j,tg6,
(JHi"h)
J/I
+ (!m -
!/C}clg~
(3.9,<1)
-YP't (r,,-rp),' tgIPQ
Igtl'Q+ ..rg l ,'Q
(3.9j"f)
(3 .~17g)
(3.97h)
ko r : A j>ollto k k i v"Ii\.~zt.li...AnAI Il,,,"I, .. k<><I ,,i kdl anol. hugy a t .' killt,tt lli'gy p,,"t. Ill' f('kiid ji;1I " gy kurt;". "WIt " kkor Tlin,,~ 1\l<'f("1,1l,,,: ilY"llkur '"'.z,:lt",, hin"t'il j,'''''lj'j;ink , ...ti ll") kitl,,],'bb m uu"k
" IHJll1<,k ah boz, hogy v'''' '''y('~ kilr;;11 kk ;;,lj"Il, 'k , .. nnA1 1'" "t."I I" II"h h aZ djAn'-' .
3. lvm..tszet
A f('lv' ~'",lnhuKt ii.j ,l A i .. !/ 1"''''- knriil .. "'l-n, ,',1..'1 i.,. ' IH ,,,~Arral rajmll.
(......k lll"""'lj"'l'"ttljl\k~1I1 ...1'"lik (3. H . abr.. ). l\i,.,..i\luiljnk 1<1. i IllN,'!l"n ".HI ],o",,-,;,..aI\OI. i.,. "" AD .\'
.v
3.Y.
150
J.4I.i. Abr...
,
~ lW<,~
1,,'-'
il"U.. 't1
,lrl+Itw~/l
(3,'
'B.'
=c ,
AR'"
Il:t~N
..l!hR
=-.).r.tS
21IlJgon .
( 3 ~"h)
(3.:l......'
(3 ' 1..... )
IA."
tB..-=tB.,-J.
t"H -"
( J .~
( J ,% h
YJ<
3A7. "hra.
3.3.2. Elek. csucsok. tcrszogck
'-"----------'.
bArmli ol.W..lo6l...
P!wl F~' JII"'~ik. in 1...11I viz, ,wt lJl<W."'I..... " f<'t./rharom,aiigw..,.j{) fPIho"I,w,I>OI. indul ki,
:\I eg ad va: YA,.e" 1/1 I.e1l :\I pn'..:. t' 'ii' K ~nM: ~MI,Y"'.e..-,
:\ legoldM:
!aNulD!<ll5s m",' uull:
Hi}
T~rqm",dria
yH .... H .. ~lIltH ...
3.3. Tergcometr-ia
3.3. 1. Egycnceck /os sfk ok a ti>rbe n
1. K H "10"\'"'''' Ki-t " "IYI\7~ ,n "ikl"", f"k..II..gyen.....n..k Vag)' "ID' k07,o" p"nlj" van. ""1'..\' nil!"" k01d'
I><Hltj". A" "t"hhi ,,,,,,llwlI I\Z '"ltVf'n......k l"il-h"u",,,,,',,,- H" ket ,ogy.-.n,,,,,,";\'t lwm I..h..t "ikol f1kl,'lni.
akkUl bt~,,; '''1~ .. nr.,rtr..-;II"",d'lii"k, Kn llth,; ''9Y''''''' "~ii<)~,, ket.. vdiik parh\1"~'\Il'''''...gymA.'<1 m,t.
~. "K""'''''' ",.~"t. rrtjiik (3.45 . Abril ), K" t kit",,; "!lY""'''' l.';v"l""gA!.'" mindk<'t. "K""U<",n' IU<"I'61.,!:,""
~"I"""""i"''K"vlIl ,j,tiniJt.ljuk.
2. K Pt s fk K.-" "ik ""II)' "!tY ('1~Y"H<.,.h"l1l1l(t,~i,,!tY''''''t. ""I\)-' " i", '" k'i.,oo I",,,tjnk, Az "I.ohbi"",!l,nl
'" k'-'!...ik P"l'hlll.l\llIo... H.. kH ..ik IlI<"l'<i)"I1"" " I\Y'V~'" ('1\:.."""''''''('. V"1tY mi"JkPtl,i';" 1,,,I"lhal." kd. II)("!'''';
egy"n<"', "lIIf'ly.-.k l'flr..-'nkbnl p{uh"""'u",."k, "kk"l" k't sik "!0'""i,""al l""'J""",,,,,,,.
3. ElO'cnu C~ ~ik E'IY "l:y"I1'''' ""RY , ,,Ij,," "l:i"'~J>h.-.n "",v m..giUl"U sikl",,, h,'IY"zk,'dik PI. YI'l\y 1\
,ikkal "K,v"!.!'" kit/;.. l'"utjll ""n. "''l\'y " ,'klml nino: ko~;;" pontj". A~ nti>hbi ,,,,,'1.1."11 "" "IIJ'('u," pi"
h"">ull<J" a ,ikluu, E,,-Y"1I'''''-''' ..ik "'~iI\'-t ,IZ "I!,)"""''' {",,, , ikra ""tf'tt. m.-.r01"g"" "'!.iil,t.,, kit/,01.l. mfrjiik
(3.46. ftbrll ). H.. ' 'ltv "I\Y"u,,,, w,U;!"II "It\' ,ik k<'-t ('IlYm'....', ""'I.,,,;; ""ypm"";re. akk",." .ik ,,,j,,,I"11
'1\..WH'''';'I'f' n",n'I.'!\,,,,. a:I.aZ ",,,,;7'9"
ik,-a.
1. Elnek ~Unk rgy ..lakulo'. "I1t<"l:",'1. ki>l. "SY"lO'f'Il""hIIl kulltlnlO (iL~ik.ill:01 ( 3.47. a bra), .\
1Ia.,i ""'ObaK.malatblw... JrfudriOtOlf'lti>rl>f'll. Mffi k"t ~1t 11lt~\nna.lAt htjiik...v. cl wn-t.i-.lr.euJ lIZ
ABC u.~ ,..../gal. am<.Jy.t .. D J>0llthO! kiill<lnl6... DE mct",,';"vollah .. Ul<ro~ ... k;'t fH~ikloow
haJa,:lO k<'t f"~",ll(';. alkol.
2 . A OIUe>; (" 3.48. atmin OA.BC DE olYIIlI ,.w,.1.JIt. 1Unf"1yt"t tOhh,~' kOwio< I'0llltal (0 ""'00
pont) n-ud<-lkl7.6 ... "'KYmA..t"IJ'OlithUlluitltlll16O,~, OB.
~"r ... J:""" m~,.,M.11 (,*W l" l' l alkot.
a aRK>- -JamcI~' oltlallapjat l...tilnd6~,...,. iL'U>f'rt w ..... kPt "",,"t........oo.. okWIa" I....ti&e1t
"'<'t.
~IroL
,..-,;o,Ir, AIr.lwr ~nlOIr. ""lO' .-gy6r'orig6.I:. h.ot. "t{Ym'-'" fffi;,<.... I1ortMATi>Ir.. Ehhcz l<liik....'-J:<'" ","'It~k
~..lcI6"""""i .....k. -.-..,;yi.~ .. I"p..."ig"klll'k ...."kMic..kll..k >l2 "C"'II~". H.........,inIOk IIIoCl1;f"'".I6...Icm..i
f'l!:Y"lIlOk. d<' fonl;toU !<OIT<'ndlx-ll ki.....tVLU<k. akkur IlIOr "..,'.. "'>10:. f.~~"'" 1W'm ho'I'hMi>k..<zrm ..... trV:u.c r ......-.l:nak .......-.=,>1< 6kt1.. llwrl " 3.49. Ab rAn {Ph lllIPl<"tI. lti>IrNiniW'n szimmr,riklt~ modo.,
""I~..J.
KOfIt'tz c..1ia harmcly "Ii-""k
i.....kAOB .. DOC
3.
wljn; .,:i-o-l"ll >IZ r';.'llk.-.lda.lN, &-k~zik. BiInnfoly konVl'X aIiic!<

~,'( 3 . 4 !:4. Abril ) k'-"h~.M.1.
H~<~
.. + EOA
H arom o ld a lu CSUC!iOk ''ltII><''l\g<,k. h" ki>..... tkrz<'l..!o-mrik t<'kintf'I"hnlll~ll..k:

kN olJalla" .... """k L..]..wg...
..,;}'aMalia" '''''' ooa.a ..,'atlakO'd, k'-' L..]--JR.
!aNum owmA..uak IlI<,::f"I.-\6'-~ llIlWU... h\"tJ,,, lOO>r1'Il,Il ..." kilwlkf'7.11 "ldl'llla.l'.
hArom "l!J7Tli\.~n"k ITlf'Sf.. l..lo Q<
,,,,hh'\ll a ..>fl' 1l.1I>oVi>R.
"ll.."..
4. Tp,."wg
jPloljiik Ps az
A W.......ll
q.lJ.
"K\' poull"'1 kiiu.t'lli> "'II!:>U>oo1 t"l~"l alko! (3. 50 . abra ) .
F
IJ = ;:2'
Ezt
n wu
(3,!!'Ja)
l.,.
ki'jJ1Mtpl ",/~~mi lj\1 k ki. 11.1 Fa ..,.,;ijl; ;',ltal" .'lII';,,,,>1' ki'r,j'l'l'''ulj" kiinlli, r ,,,ganl gomhhol klnll',-,,,J'it
fdiil,>td"ral>, A tJ'I"'-"';!: ..l'.....".!:" .. ".u~md"i" (.1'). r " IJIIi, Il:
""l\Yi.. "" I "' n"!!'y""g" 1."''''7,Og,,~ (r _ l m] "";-;An', " K""''-KKomhhrtl I m~ f..l.." ;,,,l darahnt ",,,IS-I- ki,
A: A 1.,'Ij"" I.i>l""iig II '" 41l'r 2/r2 _ 4"
H: Az a '" 1200 uyfl"""'wl:'i kitl' t,'-I'..,.i'K.. 11 = 2""~"O"{' 1/2)/r2 '" ", Alr..l f('lh;~~l.I1iIltnk a !,;i'lIl),'
"",,1,,1..... ",,,, .. t,klY,,6 (3, 141J) ki,,,I.'I.ot,
152
:;.3. TitYlnl1ldna
.1. (;('"",dn"
153
olyal1 t,"gIM""tf'k. i\IJldwku,'k "" <'!..i "!lV("fllla 1"_"1>"" " - b - c,

I'_II
(3,IOS)
(-I.1l1JI
F_6.i
(3.110\
6 . G u limak
( 3 .5 5. abra ) 1l,'w7.ZiikIV. "lvi\l1Ioohi'<l<'rt. lIul.. lyrwk alnl'lal,j.. "<lk.~. "klallapjai
p<'d',l'; <'g"V I-",,,th<w." "",,,,,,po"li>all oif<w fH16 harolll'''' lJ:,k. A 8'\IAI '!W~II"'''''~ m"",.lj.,lk. h.. a ",(,..,...
1'''"lh01 "'" .4. a.laplal>rl' l"","';'tolt IDf'T<;k .,'" lalppollt;" a;I al"I,1II1' klY"p!,,,uIJa. :o>I>tU",,"M. h_" A:1.
>o1Aplap O<l.ab&l:v<", ",k",z'->g ( 3 .56. a bra). '" II ,,u,,Mnak.III. ~ AI"l>!"P Il~q. A" a1aplaPI...J '1O"1l1 a
RillAllak (n - lllapj" V>\1l. F",,"iill;
~. = .411
3
S""bBh-OI'i go'lIMa.
3.+':1. Abt:....
3.3.3. Poliedcrck
EbIwn '" ""...............n a lWv<-tJg-M.~ ~kf1 f~u.k h-r.wilni:~'
lat<tf...t... in. h n'~ . .-I UlI't.Pt1ilPt.
I.
P oliklernf'k ...........1I"k <"1('1'
2.
Iladlbnak
'-lI't.
tmug",. F
wlJ<"l'
r..~ill ..\1
J-
boo o<ikol< hatAmljAk.
(3. 5 1. " h ra) oly>W I"nlll'<lrrt ""_~-lItk.
lUJ....
lyn..k Alaplal'JAI ~I...
ik ~ 0I01aI-
iAE,jai J>A'AWogr"",rnAk.~ rw"r~ /".....1>,,1 'lZ jo.-lwn.tZ.i. hotly ~i;u ~,Loq.. >kr.. wo'r<>Io~, ....-k. II
:aMI,.............., (....-lie M, h"l!..~ rc""un< i", M>q>Ia.j.iAi "-&b"l~ ...~k_ IlNoAhra fmMI.I:
~",Ah.
3.1001
.\1 pl.
3. 101)
F_.\J2A
'3.lIll
III p;u~.... ~ .... 4""'1_ b-f"jp,.. kl.lllZ olcbUo<lcl. bo-"L~"_ Hiunlhul<lah\ bat.fthr...
/Ultf"lynrk .w.pIap;..i nm, rWtp'~I......k~ma.-J(3. 5 2. a b ra). f<'lll.Lill
\"_(a<b"'dQ
P_IOJ)
3
ahoI Q f'C IlJ('~'''' g.l'<"!Q:u....l><1A'l. .... a. b. (' AZ al.laN!l<-k ~l.-...wu. n-<>l<ia.I,j IvoN\br.... M...l~l""
f...JO....pj.o. llf'Iu.u .u..1.laj.rW Iwh,,1..... ~ """ kv~,.,.. f... nnAll
I'=/Q.
(3.]fl-l)
aholl AW,Ak" 1Jlf ~Mk" h<"""',t....l:!'. IUll,.)Y lIZalApiApok "']yponljllit kou '_""'.;'" Q ""
kM1"N.tn...t....... !.
"""""-u.. Ill<rW.~""
13.111)
(:U121
JI - '2ph.
..hoi p.u aiApi>out)"~. "'" .u..I'1appAl j>MhnxalllOf'
"ikkallr ,'AIl V~ (3. 55. ~ 3.:07'. "b ra). II" "StJ .~'u.. ~ ~ a.-s'""I"... ll>i>l ouAlAp1>opr..
hoo.,;,um mcrOM.-go.... ~ l<.ilga. aid",.
TI,
U
Sli,
- 1T,1J
SC,
C;C
ID,
WJ
(~)'
A.BCDEF t ....iilrt
(3.114)
.4,O,C D,E,F, tl.riilct =
II" .. ft,.4 a r..J,;Qp,."J,;i, ..u.pll"f\ilrt. h
".lo:..,cilla u,..e.
II.. VAg,Vl-'l AZ AI><plAI><>k ki'mllti tavn~.
lovabt.... C .... C AZ aiAl'lapok "RYll'
u~f,-IrJ,G oklalAi ..IOO>I'
m,
' _ ~h [A ~ "_ V~ ; ", jh.4 [1 c (~rl

p -
.11
(3.11(;)
= -,-'.
><hoi p "" P "" alapl"pok k,ri,},I.. i ,... h. I\>; oIdAll..polr; n~ ...

8 . T.. traM..rn.. k 1>I'\'f'7Xlik a haromnltlal', KlllAr (3.SIS. 'bra )...\7.
CA = q.1JC = pr.. An = r j.-lo"""'kk<'l r"IlI,liIl
3.:.3.
,iI"",
Paral..lepip.. <lmuu.k (3. 53. hbrll ) lI('v"nii k ,.;<,,,J<,,.t.,, h",<abokat.. "'''''h'''kllf'k az "lapl"pjai 1'".
r" ld''Kl'iImrnak, Pl\f"lpl'!,il".I"lIt~'1I1"iH<I a 1l{'llV 1<~ !a!.l{; ,!tV 1,,,,,tl,al1 "",I.",,; {", f... I,"I.; c~y",r~'l..
4. Tel!:l"t..,.t.nf'k "~.,,kal. ,,~. ,!tY' !I''"l'and' \''I ,ip,,,luu,,kat. ,,,wzz;;k. ,un ...ly...k ",k ;v- alaplal'jai t...K
lalap"k. A I.<'-"Ial,....' (3.54. "hra) t<",U,t loi ,>"sf"nJlal"",~z"lak. Ha u.~. (' a ' <'- flla l"., t ('l!",,,",,(w',,,,,i i", 01
l\Z ';'t.](, I"~';~a. akk"r
(3,10ti)
b. ('j(' - ...
OA
O~rfa~1
~-1=_'_
r20rt.2 1
rO";
(3.1 17)
q2
I
2&1(121)''';01
1 I I 1 0
9. Oh..lis7.kn..k (Rl,liv. poli ,.I"H......nku"k) 1l""'~7.,ik Al'. oly.. n l>ol;(~I,.rt _",,,,-lyll,-k llli",lf'n<>I<lall"pj..
t.. ..p"". A7. itt tf' kimM t ~l'.",iali, """.! l"'ll " I'Arh"."",,,,,,,I,,pl"'I,,,k tf'llh.I"I'0k (3.59. ithra). "" ,'&.v ma.<c-;a]
R;.<'lJlI.. u f..kvooldalN,k "". al"1'1IIj>l .. "" k('p''''' "7w,o"l",jlr",";<.k. <I,' u,'" futual
''lIy<,tk" pOHth,m.
I I" a. b ..... ,~. b, az ;dlll'l"l'ok ol<lala.i ,... h Ri'i "lo,\j,zk 1ll;'I:'.......1\". akk",
~'=6!(2"+"))bt(2")+1l)bll G["h+(II+<ld(b+bil~a,bd
(3.118)
W;,,,,. .
3.
t =abt,
(3.11~1
,\ ><l.ll.bRlyoo C"OOnkAgoi1>o p.oolA.o<ljanak f.-hah...
f"7-'"11
~
~
(3.113l
F = 2(IIb~ b<'~ "")
10. Az ek ..Iyan polikl..r. anw lYllf'k "lal'l"l'j" l"Kla/"p i", "ldlll1"1'1" k"tk~t 'z "llllwn feb,,; q,'u,l<'i!<zar(, ha.o",,,ziig . ill. t.rap"" (a.uo. Ahra ) , T"" f" I'." I;,:
V = (;I{, a +"l Ib' .
{3,IIUI
,Li. Tb"lmmdria
I:; :;
15 1
~1ry;lJ""(","';';
II
Ehb
J.'::':>. ilI'ra.
z.
'
.,...
lop,
A --
""'"'
u ni'gyZ<"t
s ruu-"",,..Oi,;
1 2ol""'~
IkmaM..r
10
"" "
zu
30
hi<roIII.<d~
\'/0 3
J3; l.7:m
u
6.U
2v7 - 3. 16-11
3J~5.2 v'S) =
2O,M5'
5,,13 = ~. 6603
"
30
T i>rf' 'Ka '
Fla 1
,,
"
v _Ah = QI .
-'ii"" 0.1179
I "" 1.0
2,,13= 0.-1714
,-.-:; , 'l:= r.6631
~(3;1~ '>; = 2.1~17
(3 ,12 1)
.If _ pJ, ;; ..,
3. 122 1
3. A z eg)-'enl'S korh.. ng.. r.. k.. t "'" i<'Ik"u=.I,"R.v a1>lj.IAl'jllkk6rk"'kntojuk nIf't'Olfog....... kiir , ikjAT..
(3.64 . hbra). Ha ;u; alaplap ~lll':",a R. alkor
\ - -Wh
(3.12.1)
.\I-::t-"Rh .
(J I 2 ~l
F;; 2lrR{R + h )
(3 ,12:
J.:>t' lbra.
Dod..kaM<"f
'''lj,... f,.J,r;.ju
All A1koto bo_;.-(L~a 1"."Ug t. akkUl'
~-c
li t P
4 Irfuum><Zi>i::
Kocka
t J..k C'l""",k
,q.N1lJ\ ~Il'"
3.:> . ,, 1m .
1<"'r"",l..r
Okt..... 1.-r
3.3
la;d
HJ\w uli> IJ\I....k

s:r.ama ,... ...Jakja
4.
3,(,0 .
3.::>9, Ahra.
F...rd"n J.eviigott korhf'rtgf'r (3 .6 5. ahra )
AI,.....
v=
_[?2h j -h7
Z
(3 .12.)
3,126 )
j3 .12'l)
am. "'bra.
11 . A ~T.ab;ilyOll 1'0 liM Pn'k.. t 1\>: j<-U'lllZi. h~ hat.>\rolO l.. pjJlik '1(1'1"... "",,<,> _I,.J.......... ,lr.-~zOs\,k
....,;<:l'I\ik ,....Jili\ '-RYI",\~o_hio.l~~ ... ,osluok, A~.ot 1,I...,~,.,.~? hal~n"poliid"T" 3.61. Ah rillll"tll..t",~
"m.l(f..l..lli ",I;,l,.k" 3 .5 . t lll.la za t ban o<IAr<'J",hlPk.
12 . Eul.. r-rN .. polied.. r-t",.. 1 Ha ,. a ,osl,n.ok ,.,..fun... 1 a 1"I,,-,k """,!Ua i.,. { a<I il..k """"'U... l\kk"l
....
r-,+1 =2
(:U 20)
hfu-u".ly kO" V<":l l'oli.... krr~ vnll..V"Iyalll'0likkrn. "n"'!y fnlyt<HI"",d,'furm "'" " ",I.ogy k,,"V"X I'"lii~l!"ll ...
vih~',1'i I1.L P"lda!< " 3.5 . tAb h'lzat ba n ,..Wb"tbk.
3.
p,
ral "l""
4. T.
Jalapol
J\Z 1<1.10
3.3A. Gorhiilt f("liiletckkel hntarolt testek

EhlwlI "1I'I."ka.~1.l\lI a kiivl'l k."o j<'!iiU....k,>' foiiu k hilMJl"llli, l" 'h,'I:"I., t'
t,.]j ." ",""LII. ,IT
3.(;2. "urlL
a.
.\1
'RI. ;(h T
:IW./i.hra.
3.65 . ahrJ\.
,""l r.."1." = .;/2 (.....t f'g)""'gl... n) v"'...~7.IA.......1fpllnaJl
A 3.66. Ah ra jdol......
,
" - //)" ]
h
[
\ = 3b a(3R -", ) + 3/<-(b
H e ng.. rsz.. le t
j>l'\.
I;\,..t,f"]",,,(n. I, n"'Ii\;""';'Il. A al"l't ~riil,t .

1. 1I" ngprf" liih.tn.. k
j"'V(",;,uk ''Rv I:;;r!>;i!t fd il],I.('t. au,..ly " l'J' "Il.Y,'u'''oI...k (il" "Ik"ttill"k) "II..Y
gorl ". (" " r:" "J'J" ~ ) nlO' ll!~n 1.i>, tiUO , .... I"'=tllOl'..!t"l!i.....vJ\!jiin IH r, (3.62. Anra )
2. H..n f.\.' rllf'k 1I"y,""iillk ('1;)" t,...t<"l , am,lyel.ell.Y Zi\rl \'I~,"rl'.orl,,'j ,i h"lJj;.>rf,,!ii[,-t. V"!"llllll! kit 1'''''
!J ll ZIU U' " ,lkhl>l" l"Ill'.l'lf,'lii!"t ill!al kill,,'t,zdt kd. l'''rnu~.,ulj(''' ah'l,lap h"ti\l'o\' II " "10' 1.<'1.~1.11.. ~, ..
1"'Il!,:"[ (3.63. "nrll) "J"I'!"r>-k,riil,1.'I'.az llikotora ",<',n!r'!,:"'" kf'r<"",,' m" 1.~IA t k,'riil,t, . i.,. 1,j';iI,',> q.
.1l.l:1, ahr...
11 )<>
Ill?" ( ,Ill
. I I - """""'
,iu 3""" - ... coo. " )
= -b-
+ a1.
(3.1 :fJ )
(3.I:JO)
nILoJ a kfp],t~k" b > R . '" > ". ,,...tl"1l i.-.... y, uy' ....'k llllU',,,lu><k,
Oreges h<>f\g<>r Ha " k;i!"" "" gR.r
6.
R+r
~\l"ar!, = _ , _
H." I",\,.~ " "I":/i.r I'. J\ ""R"rak kiiliiuJ",,'>gl" ~ - 11 - r
i ... a kii~~' l"'"
(3.67. abr a ] . akko<
\'=",h( R2_,-2)-1I'h"(2n-~)
1I'II"(Zr+ri)
2".M~
(3 .13 1)
15G
'J.
1.1. 1'r.y""nl'/rill
G~",,,~jrlll
10.
R---.;.-r
Egy ..n......_....nka-korkul' (3.71 . alora )

1_.../112 -,- R _r)2
\. _1:Jh(R2
~._.
?i
.--hHl~
''"---_._. _.......
II.
4-h
3G7 iLhr....
3.(llj, ,",'r".
Kupfdij l~>t kr.lo"lg,uk,Amlkor"l!..v"'''>&ziUltlw,lltOll a'-';UO'I>OIlton

<1t' IlW'bc ( ~.->fl ...) nwnl,'Il \. I\"",i"k (3 .lil'l.A b ra)
7.
II. A k,"pobt ( 3 .6 9. Abril) '"KY Wt \"( 1 Hhi'Jl kl'l,fcliilf'l ""

..JapIA1'lut.t.AroIjA. T..I....&'"I{... k.ll'r...frtutilJl
aim
l'gy'"
-"'R......
llIkotl>l
FI,13til
,-l_Rr)
.11 = ",/(R
(3.131)
H -h
(JUJ)
Kupszelet ..k WJ:.?04 old
(3 .72 . abra ) ,,,~a:r R, allIJirOj<' V
2R (;oml> ullll<11"Il "ikllWt.ov-Ir kOr_

ki"w'I'PollljoUl atIIK'110 ,o..uo<'1.'>'
/,>1;,..- 1......1 1-..' old ). t'm,,'''' 'J:ant R. A gOUlI,f,.JiiIM"'''I. n..m ",rIl"l!<'S P""IJAn ~I,ilt--k 'V fokOrt 11'11<'1 feku-rni .-\ ItO' ,hf..I,1rt k"l pt>tlljilt
ft>1'i1,"!<.n o...'tZclt0t6 ~-idrhl> ",uN It fiik'>nv IMrt 1;),' old
(;;'tllhfp ill' ffi gOmhtirf~tk"l'lr'l.. k:
F _ -aJ "" 3.H~D'
F ~"'~ "" 12,,;W
12.
Gum!>
:,.,R'
a "" U~!JIi'
k, pf,.JiilM-h,'J k
\
= ,.,yJ "" u 5::!36V'
\'=~
IF
r.::
R =2V -=-""02~~I"F
13.
A ~(iml>
hl\rru(>ly
.. gnmh--
(3,1401>1
3.1-11",'
I
T . r=
-\-",OlJ9.,lllJ"P
3.1411>
157
..,
Jr' "" 0.620--1\<'I,'\
JIU..
3.14211)
\, -
Gombcikk (3 .t3. abra )

F _ ~R2J.-.'-
..
\' _ 2,.,Wh
3
3.I~J
(3,1-1-4)
H . Gomb,;zelct (3 .t 4. lIlora )
3.;0. abr....
3.1;<J. "hra.
.\1
15.
/\
:1, 71. AhTA
5>rR I1 ,
(J.l:nJ
.1/="H/='!rUJu2+P.
(a1
1. 1 )
F _ ".
3.147)
(~Rh
h 1) =
a 1)
:t"
~ -I.l(3R _
(I?
2<1 2)
(3.146)
l3.H~1
G omhn'tt'g (3 .t 5. aura )
2h
.\1 = 2:rRh.
~"'h (:ia1 T JfiJ -.'- h 2 )
(:J.Wl)
t-
(:U,'il)
S = ".(2m,
111
t?)
(JrJlJ)
(J.I:>1)
(3.1::iJ)
3,i" ~ . {,Ill,',
9. Az "gyrlLt"ll kork,lpuk;.t ItI. jdkwzi. ll,,~\' abl'lal'juk kiil' '''' c~1k'I'''U1j"k a k,;1' k",i'l'l'"nlj"
fij!(itt hdv.."k,~lik "I (3.70, {,hra). II" I liZ "lk"l" j" .....,d,"';.ga '" R a, aml,l"l' ,,,,,afa. "kk",
V -
1:
1
2)'
W _lI1+(U - t? - ,,
11\\ ~
2-:Rh =
r _ ~"'h (Ja1
ra.ic
,,1 -h(2R _h
p ,J:J1)
r~>rH(1I+I)
(J.I:.\,-,)
~~
J.i"J. it),r",.
"'"
JR "hI''''
,--2b - ,
ts\!f
2,
3.7,-'. "hra.
158
,'I.
G~"l7wln ..
16. T6ru"znak (3. 77. i ora) n<,v,.zziik I\Z ulyall te><tcl. 1\l,ll<+" '10' kompk" kor sikjilh,m f..kvo. <I..
a kiiroll kiviilrlh,Iy.-"k ...I,} t<'n~ly ki\riili f"rg..t ....Jt.v,.[ k...J"tk,..;.ik.
F=b 1Rr""39,4sRr ,
F = :ClVd"" 9.l;;uDd .
(3.1:>4..)
(3.15.:.3)
1
"41r20tP "" 2..l67V'p
(J.1;;'l h)
gj
(3.1:).; \,)
//
3.79. MrA.
2.
H ord6t est ~k
(3. 78. ' b ra) "'llV n~.-Hol6lf>rbUk-tll alkotO f~ .... >+o jOn_k 1Iotr.-;.l:Or
hDrtIJilnl,k. IWrw.ekl. pG~thA IIDnkit""rk. ~ forgataN\.v.oJ.. A kfirbordOt....t'" koJuoI.i"j;
~ f<'flnAll
v "" 0.26211 (2l)l ... If)

"l"f"bolik\18 bo~ltt" ~
\ ..=
~~
(21)2 + Dd ... ~,p)
(3.1;m)
""
o.oS236h
G ombi t a ..-olsag
A gombf.. \fIzin ko't llf'm Atf'lk-ncf;. '''R\'j" I",Ul ~azoa it.twi'T6 viogpnntjail k"I""".o .1 "' B ponljAn At
vfogtt-k-n ....k k;"" gOmhi kort I<-brt !'rkIMni. ,I<- <wU. '''llJ' f61r.iirt (g f6kor"ikj4hlln ). F"ktNil<l'ink a:< A. B
3.77 aim..
17.
J.~."'hra.
VA)'
, .. ""
O,08i3h(2D _ d)"
ll;V: ... -IN -.- 3J!)
(3 1~I.l
(3 1.j7)
3.4 . Gom bha romszogtan (sz fcrlkus trigonomctria )

:\ap.yobb ta..oo.Bgokra kitrrj<.ill ~w m;'""",kn"ll..kinteebe 1-U W"uui. hoto-" 1001.1 Romh ,.].... (1.
Ehhcz a gUlIlOOII m+llY"" Ilromrtriil.nl ~'lUI !lZij~. Sr-iJiliVUI "Z,1l;",i-g ""'" KOllIhharom!<1iigpk. ~
pnOOll r..kv<l uaro~rk ki..u.mit.NIAT,,41k>llnw; k"p!P'..kTf". Ezt mar lIZ 6k.uri GOro,;<m<7~han {..It,...
J1l("rti'k.lf;y"1<l1r.lx-li t~<>IlOffirtria m... llM.t kil\.l..<U;ull" gOll1bh.ilroru.~ot.au i.~, ut6hhi ~J>j"n"k
HTPPARCHOS (Kr. ". ISO ki'nlll ttokinlt...I<'I.
3.4. 1. A giirnhft>l iilf>t geollle-tr iAjAnak alapfogalmai

3.4. 1. 1. GorlJiok, Ivok k szOgek a gcmbcn
1. Gomb fcliil...t i gc.rbf-k , fJlkor H ki~ g ombi kor
A gomhf"liilrtrn "lh"lyr'I'.k",M R!\rhl>kpt gii",h/~Iwdi yOrWkll<k uevezauk. Fonl<.. gamM.liil.ti f(0r!.... k
a f6kariik Ulgy or!odromAk .... 1l ku. gi)lIlhi korok. E:t,,'ka ";;,,,bii' ti/.,wigk [un. "",hw"l"k) tIl,t
l17..... kiircik..nt Allnllk .. lt'l (3.79. ilbra ) .
HIl "gy R ~llgar\l gambot " lmptMiluuk ''lO'. "I;0mh 0 kOz/'vvolltjat61 h t{IVnl"",,,,,, l"vo K ~fkW. "kk"r
Il m..I....,..... kor r ~ug"rilrll f"nuAlI
r"'..rIfi=hi (o:S;h:S;R).
(J .l:;.s)
A h '" 0 ..".;,lWlllI lllt'tou6><fk ath"J"d llll.iimh kiY/.i'I'I)('lltj"n.... ' felv,,,,,,i I',&nagyoht,irl.'kil. A r l\ikl~L11
igy k..l..t k<"l~ 9 m'!.M?)<,.kiir W'W /6kiir. Mhub-n mit... lIl,tKlkllk<>rt. "mdyr" t"h"l. 0
h
h, gii",bi
kOrn"k n"\'P~iink, ily..n pI." 3.79. Ahriln II k kol', II" h '"
a K /lik a K'imoot,'ID'''tl''n pontbanerluti,
VIlgyi~ 1m, fnnl<l...Uri villik.
A FolrlK,imh(;n a? "'}'I""IiM. vala",iut Il ",~ndi,;.",k .'gyl'lIit vt' "Il" m" " rid ifLnj" kkal (Il F,ilrl t"!Jl\dyi""
vonlltk07.6 tiikork"l.nkk"l) f(;knr,;k, A .1.~I.-'gi knrok ki>. gombi korok (M...J m"l\ 160. nl.I.}.
n.
:s :s n.
pontokoo bo""",,-tiilkH k,. k 2 n..Rinnhi ki'xt .... ~ o..6Ut azA.. BpnntnkonAtmrnOf5lr.0r~ikj"ba

( 3.1W.' b ra) ...\ fOkonwk V>lll aloognag,..o hh ~ll~""". wlW. Il ~bb~, <'7h1. A "'" B kiirWlt a
~vid<+.lb i.iHoz<>kOto vonA! Il kd ponton atlu.""l6 rOkor boohbik i..... Ez /lZ rv lIZ A k B pont kiiliriitti
lqrovidPbb Ul a gfunb f..b<1.in<'n: tt<-{r.<ftgAt giimbtl4Ml..dfrWc ,..,.,."u.iik.
3 . GPOd.. ti),; u s " ollala),;
T,~.,. f..IUlrtcn ~dohu """aWUIlk tlf'v.-a,'ik azok&t Il pbi-kPt. artlf'ly..k 1Wm<-1)' k,,\ pontjuk
kOlWlt Il kgriid...l,h "tat I\lkoIJiU; .. r..I<'i!rkn J,;"...l 2::.0. okI.).
A ,.ab&naz~k.a ~l.-..m af6korulr. .. g......Ittiku>l VOUA1ak (la..l ~ lliO. okI.).
--& . A gombi LivoIsag m e reee
K<'t poIlt gomhi tavol..agiLt hl-mht"ktwn ""to' J<ziigmk'ti'khPn kohr-t kif"j<ozni (3 .8 1. lib ra).
1. A s7.ogm o'r tfokbf'n k ifej e '1 t gombi t h o boAg II.Z iiA "" 0lJ "'lgk ki'o.oni '17~. "KOmh 0
kii7"'ppnntjahan mo'rvo'_A g"mhi . volAAgh<r7- n. Il ~me: "'&)"rt, Imllffi V>lll ~n<:\"IV<.",Il tovabbiskba.n
"'tin kishct,lkk..1jPlOIj,'ik_ .... jPlM .. gOmh km.o'ppnntjllhM Vl'IfO' a f(;kor"...n I..hrt f"lt'mtctni.
2 . A h osszmertekbeu kif...j eeett gi) m bi t a vo lsag az A;'" B kixWtti fUkiX[v boowzu.~a.. J..Kiw,.,.
.. toV.wbiakhNl AB (PjL<ooi: AB iV).
3. Az a tsu.m it ils uogru,;rtekr61 hOOOtlzm " r t i-k re i... f..r<lilva a koVt"tlu-W kepl..r.. kkel til"mik:
.;8= H ....re = R!:...,
,,-AD
,,
ht ('" f"k"kl>.t" (.,.are ,. Il ,.,..li,inl",u (l.....l lvmilt'k. IJI. nitl. ) m"rt .zt-'!:. A f! at"",illniliL'9<;)
A h"""". ilL "'iigm'rt.t'kh"" val,; "'''!I'''\'''' 'lO'pnhtikil. tI" Ill\i;mhtu\rolH~'~ill.tatlha", a gUm!'i tavolAAgoka[ rr"rl""'ri"t "",.i,gIU"11~kl,..u"dj"k Uff'!I.
A : A Fiilrl fdillet;'-r" w,n"lk",d, I(,jmhi "'~\lUnl';"'Jkll"ll "IVILII gomlJlKll iurl"luak ki. ",udyw'k thf"
gata a KRASSOWS KT -f;'-l.. k"tt'Hl:dy l1 l,.fPI'f Jl(, u.. d li l'>;w id{~,,1 "lO"'ulii , E " a Fold- ~ug"i.l n = 6371.11U
km. ahollHau 10 ~ 111.2 kIll. I' ~ HI:>J.J Ul Iri'!\i t"ull"ri mhf.ijd. Mil 1 t"I1I:"li "",rrold 1SZ>2lH.
.
1433km
U : A gomhi tfIVolAAj; D rr ?da "" Sz..",tI'H.'rv>'ir k,r/AiU AR= 143.1 km Vllg)'l" f: '" - - - ; ' 7 3~ =
63 71km .
'" 1 2 ",l9~ '" 12"53' .
160
'J. Grmnrr""
'~lartr\6l1 tudjuk /'g.'\I ~ikb<"l; .1.'r...k.... "'ll k'''>L.I""i'arr,,,I,,,,,'rl,, kVp.....ui. SOLDr-ERI ki>wtw"'7. z
t<u"...IVI 'ogy meridiAnr". >I knordi"':"I,".. n.j....,,~lu l'~I",ntj.il, 1"..It ''J(.'II jOI frlwIt ....ntrali, pontll.. h<>-1V<">:7.;,k ( 3. I4 .a abra ) . Egy P 1"'''111 o"h,ml.J'j", i.,. r al ...I.<p.,."....J.. l" ""lJl"'I~ I"'nton alm.. no fom....
n<hll' Ta. ,II. a. nmtraJi~ ponLnu AI1l\PIlO fO.'J, III k,lIP I"""",t"'l ~oltthj "wroleg"" wj>j>oulj;it<'>l II
n>ntrAl;. pontig n"'rl .....Ju.,.,. ... lja m..,; ( 3. 8-1.1) lihrll) .... nuko", Ituwhi ab..a;' dlkat b or<linalAkaI
"lvi_'1k a. ,i1d)('li k"nr<liw""n uO. ""1'1)('. ~ AIovo ~,k ul<ltnvr',]nak i.,. >U il<Ulvnk m.ogYio.!toznak. Al.
"1,,,7.< wranvhalJ az .. " Jt., tm, :n
r,
..
b)
. j
-"
=l
,;
'2f{1
,\ m<'1r;lI),ilA.~ kormt.<>za."" .-t-!j,;,I>i>I"
l..rj<..J1'L. Ha 1/
3 '! ;\,I>r...
a.no
fi:171k",
r..nd
W km...kkor 1 km .......
a f.im. rllll-l\lJ uuudkct ,*t.WW k'l'!.Ij<hI>W km tiI,,>lAAgJ
,.
""'gI') Uliuoa U.u.:. Itt.
.. ' ---.
;). :\1e h z':"",zOg. u t irlln~' ntloK Ps o ldabzOf: (a limut)

Ki-t Il;Ornh~Iw.!1 orhr nut. W!I<'" 111
't 'rtj Ik.IWlf'IV\1 .. rinlolk II.gorl 'k P, 11l,1-I< "'I" rjll
b.. nIx,.,-AmaII.Ha .. k-t~orll<'ki 11M. "KYik.1t.V lli 'ntl \II ;U:k"rIl.P-tOl"""Akraf"h~i: >rUt ...ko.. lIk
mM.~'.t "rlA"~ ,ha" "I mn .:.t'91J.'k hi' k '" ...-val j.l"lj-l1. A gorl,.. ko i, II \"'lO' IIV .. U ..
haJI&-.iwak 1Df1l:klllimhad. '.... '" ,. Tiram
P o)""'t r..miel'ink a 3.!:l2.Jt.h _h rn
nlll.
..
SZlllVt .. -90" < () :s; 90' .uto,....,J
rIO ko r1it.1
Ik. T I"iol "" u.tir"") og m" Iy 1"". """" .. ,
..llAt"tl it-:.Azlttll~n .,~fii ' .. ,lI/;U1I,.lI.... vlI.......t.. I.\ g:,';, I -fuuOQlnt.l, .. tol,
p
A ~hi>IIe k .. 3.82.c ihn
f II P 1. ,
f..' , ,-..10 i,;U"'t....... t a 6 oUtdo:"'} ';jII. "'.
ID<'t..........p<>1lIJi'n "h,...m. J... .. k r.
UI II". m" ,I ...... ..,. .. p, tAl P2 f, Ie W..v. w>rl
~ .-U ~ ~
lAl",a U" S .I < 361'" i.LL1<TWLI.lllmot P!l&""'lj,ik 'II<'Il:,
:\Iegjeg).l i-s : A lIaVljtAriOl....., .. h. h k"urd, ,At.:.L.lIt'Kt,'>hl-or rPgi fukoU"",;-,.. h..tVAl
,."...hrn. \"I"Zom all;ornl" uwoL
ki.t. \...w, it I 32 "lin"", ~..k..: .... "j.1al><o Wkrl "'It' fi
r,
~J(
i:lx'
", --_ e,
-,
'"
ti7..... ,qAwre~...ljiUr III<
3.1 .1.2 .
1.
Sp~iali!i
koordinntnrcndszerek
Fo ld ra j l i koordinAtAk
,\ FOld f.b.I.ini.....k P 1><mtjli.1 fi:.ltlr"p;i
koordll,,"~
MwU'u"k U1CR (3 .83 . abra ). \;'RHI'I:"mbko, rdin. lAiI

kat" FoM ,~.II;\,al_ a A fiildrn.Jv, It" 1.-ngRAl..,. ...
fOld"'}lI .;"Jr_ <'91',.-1. :\ h<-z'I~ f"kok ",.Amol"""-l",,, ..
Fol<l f"l~~jn,;t U E.~uki'''''fkli>!" o'li....rkLg 11I'1~"'Klu fi J
fiik"riik,,'. a mrriduinnk", ,,,,zTj ,k f.l.\ n"I"'"" lldutll.
t{,l. l\Iu.I)' Il GrffflMmU"h -, rsillag~iL>w"j"Jll ha1a<1 {II. k, l<'
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kat k-Iwt Il hilt ......pf..lN.l"t k<Tl'lfhoon k;jlollOOzO 1l...golM.~i m.akon "I rn..gw.tAromi,
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(3,191ih)
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l'K)' him""'i pontl",u erinti. .. nwlyn.k fril<lrllj7.i ""k\,"""'~" 1"\', 't-'r, - .."'7"
3. Loxod rcma
1. FoglllolUrneghatiirozfis E",y "i.",hfdii],l; I',<>rl"'t 1"1't~ln;",,ill,", 11"V<',,iiuk. h" llIilld"IlIlJ,'ridiall!
"..O"OIl ('1.irAuyszOR alau ml'lst.. A !V;-l,,,,,,,"~i ki;l';;k (0 :z !lO) i", Il w,,-j.lii"I<,k (n = O") uhiLt sl"~'ialif<
lox,,,ldllnAk
2. A loxod rcma .. g yeulet.. A :f.IUV. flhrfln "RY" "'t;rAllY~1,iig'1.1\ Q{A, C;) fuli, ponton {". 1\ 1,ozz"
,,"~g1.d,nu1 k,;",,);" P(A -"- .\ . .: + rt.."j 1"'II1.otJ Mnll'lIl'i \"x,,,!r6t!1 l\ l"'h"I'<" A !::r.QC P rl"I~hzO!;,l ~ijIUh
luillJlI~'~'1. .. Aliff,rrlldali., ''''''nt"i'' miau. "ikh',m"'>t'I'if!;l...k 1.,kinl-brtj;;k F"krt f'>I1 I1,,11,
RCOb";A
Ig,,,I,,,
111:" =
</A "" - (3.202,,)
Rd.,;
e<~n
'*
"
(J. 2Q;;h)
1811"
(0 i- 90").
(:.I'lO"lh)
Szt'-I<>ssol-gi knrrpl valb 1II~'t~J:':... pont :\~ A (>', ,'; A) I'<>ut"u "Iu"'uo, ...... tir.....'y'"".-"',i loxoJr<>Ill;i.u..k a,; - '; X ;::;>kl""",w kiln...!
X (.\ ,-. ~' ,d illf" ~""'l><,uIJ'" (:.12021 .w.l'j'lll:
5.
,."J"
., (+i' - ~',.')
>'x
A (:.I.20ti)
),. - t g o In
tg
I~r'
(a ., !Il) ).
")"
15 -
(3,2Otif
o.-..fiigg""hOI"J--iilli.....cI A7.l"K\"'nhhi,...1 VII.l{> f\;(),E. 0")
" =,,",-tgo '('"0

") ....
,"'"
"E
n tg .. -7
I~i'0l\t
U. k;..,..amitMt6:
(.-)
"r""
:>
(3.-'-,'
""
M"-'ltielo-zi-s: BizonY''' kOnilmmyo-k k07i>t1 "",iik>ooi( van .. ~pk (3,1 ~l...nnti v1s.~Y"'"~"
~ll"!'idiannai ~<t.16 tnt"tszo'-!lpontok :\ ku<,..lti>lu4k
k,""""' .....
' ; kilrOkrl i-s .. IDf'ridiA.
uokat ~!,ir;ili.;an -.imp\.otiklll'o mOdon .. pI>I,.....k kOri- n>IIvw< .. IMk (3 . 1 10. abra)...u A >. ,..,; . )
I'0lllon atlJl('nO. () llliranys7.o,;i! lox"dri>ma.lAk .. ), - )". u..ndi....lIl..J...,.J,;, vti(tcl<'1l ",>II: Y~.\~ ."'
(u E Z ~1""'Tj ...... 31O'!h) ......nnl
6.
"}' _ 2ant" {"XI' [>.. - >' .,. u J6(f
~ .
_'_].,
Ign
",
Ii'll!"
(4">0. ';A)}
_so!
(v E
H.. A "lmodrOr".iw..k "'" 'lO"nlilO_I ........ l\:i.llr. 0" n"""""'I><"'I..... akkor" kio]>Wt r-g:I~...o.lik:
3.110. >lhr...
J. 10'l . "brlL
3.
.:"y=2 &J,'q~ f!XP
"
Ivh08!lz " 3.1U9. ahrarol In>lVlOl</uoIi> 102 MAhbi ..diff....-ncilili... o.-:m;AA.....

rooon = RJ..' ~ d~
cL.
.; "7.l"'ri.nti intey.w-..J
';n - ';AI
.'
CUin
lIZ
RJ .;
(J2\lJft.)
"""1
A ( AA. "; A). B(AH.
1rR
~
(nt
9lr
'; jj )
sl1l"
3(j(J"
..
._--!Ilr'
(ue !)
1~1"
3.'2ll"n)
Gombrdiil...ti giirbo>k m .. t ~zi.o;pontj"i

Ki't ortodroma IIJ<.hdospontjai ~"",k" t .. killl ....1 ort<><lti>lnAk E..uli"""A-A<JiX'li puutjai
1\,(>. " r""X, l {". 1\,(>',,_ ~-' J l . aho! f\, t 1\,. ,-\z S(>', ~-.,) n.... """'l'0nluak .. A"I ~-.-nlct lx,
l,..hc-Ivctko<it,i.,.., a k;,.,..., k,.,..; ~l<-tnonn-m. ,'<"ZI"t;
4.
1.
Ilh"', roo(>., - >., ) _ 11: ...',.
{J.20.1h)
"'B.
I""
),}' - ..liE ... u

tl:<l
..u.
v<iq>ont(, iwI.Arah . h!loo<;zAn,. boPJ,!k-
Ha ."' lIZ iml"lMllomA.' i." D II n'lAIlnmU. .uk"r A.. n ;." ., ~ .....Im "l.-...mr (3.:.!OJh) '"'-I'JAl,
n......unilMUI
ll.ZutAu p2tYlhlallll,jJiJ, An_
Ko:r...1it6 kepl.. t: A 3.109. lihrA ,.,.,'rilll .. Q .4. P = B viull.ztJi....."" k" fiilrlrajzi ".d\< "R,k "ItagolA..... VII.I. .. (;J.2Q.ta) l',{,I...kif,j..,.;"'t kAl'j"k. IU'1<'lIy..\;'lk''''';\,plb ~ ""ltIkit'..
Ig"., = -
11: ..- ..., (....()" - )",) _Ig,;,
(3.2Q!'a)
(3. 20!1h)
t"ld"w'k" L"",.IUH>.,.Jiila:'''''m-,-ArP ,,.]0 ..J.Wtll">'A...a"a! kapjuk:
11:':"''''"'>''' -111:.,:'.0;,.;),....
tg"'""X,'m),..... Ig ...-,.,-.biu)",
(3. :214)1
A p.llO) <'gy.. nIM .. fiil<lcaj;o;; b""""",";~,k - 11'(1" < :\ ~ IlItr' ~r1.. lrll''''i-'si l>U1oLU,"l~ah,.J.l k,"
11>f1I:oloAAt...-l. .0\ hoaii.juk I.rl<m:' lO1<IIIIju .....;I ...,...l(f'k .. (3.:.!t1'\;o) n...,..fii~, ...I><'i1 ",,1':Kluak:
)"".),s,
(L'Wa)
,>,s. - anl l::tg ",' " CUt'(>" . -)",)

(u=12)
(J .211)
S,..'>, m"L~polll.)k ii.1.. ll,'r""' I><lUluk. v~yi>o ,1tYlnAt>I.nI" I:Qtrln kii7j.I'!K"llljAra ...al<", tiikriYd_,1
!l7.ii.nJLi<7tathatbk.
(J :zo.l),)
K"t loxoomm.. m .. ts~"" pontj"j L<llw lI" I"kiuldt l"xo<lrOm{,kf'!1J'f'u!i!liwl "'11<'> rrwtM''''l'otrlja
ill. PE, (J.r.,. 0). '''' ,-"ir"ny~~.iilt'lk " I, ilL ", ("r ~ Ol)' A,. Sf)"~. ,v., ) 1,,..I.S7i"'l'0nl. min dket
loxo<lr<'>m""K'.... n l~t .... val<'> 1"'h"IYl'u,,,,i l~' " kii",tk,~.j "RY"Ili<'tr< 'lJ<l~z"'rr~ ,,(-"/<., .
A~
2.
(Aj! -,\').
4. Utirilll.YSlOII: AT. A ( A.1' ,;.d I... B(>'I).';/I) l'0lltou , ill. ;l:l A (>IA, "' A) pOllI",,;'" 1\7. ''Rw1I1fU'lwl v"I<>
F't(AE. 0") tJJ<'I.II/A"'-l'""tun ft.tn...lIl'i ]nx,,,lrl>lIla,, {JIin'lIJy, z.jj!\" (3. ZQ2h) i.,. (3 .20:[(:) a j"l'jalL'
1\;, (),E,. 0").
),~'-),r"
= 11\<> 1 In l g ( -t5 + "';.)
ts o-
(3.212a)
"
1;q)O
AS-:\f/, =t,<>, lUI " ( t">~+ ",,)

..
"
2"
.\,,'l't kik ii.".ijhiil ..."
,v'S.
(J.2 121,)
,'1\ >"s-d , kif,j,"/ v,. ,'1O' v.'lttf'l"1I ,.,k !rll'l!"ld""",.1 r,'U' 1"[k.".6"!!.Y~TlI.tf't kapunI<:
"1
2ar,.tg"xp ' ". - >'r.., .,. v . 360" - - [

tg "1 tl("l
11'!l)O
so-
(t) e l )
p .213)
180
:l.lwaajuk
t...-I.<y~" >.,~. r;;ldr"j~i 1\'_;""I>'''l(.ok ';s.
-1I<'k
(3_212a~"""
""\0 !>foh..I)"","';t,""'",,]
".t<~JwUr.:
:\ IPgj.. gy7..... : Bi7.nn)'O' kortilru" ,,-,ok kiYwlt
6 . Specialis v.. ktorok

a ) Egy....g ve k t o r Dak , iAq - P "''''wor"iik "'I: olv..n '" kto.l. ",-" ..l.vlll-k h.-'-A. """'" .. h'<fA,\ul <'rt"'
I !(\... I "'lO"""I.i. ~t....r,.;,>y.. 1az ,; wktort ''lQ' 1'R.~kIHl i", ILl: .. b'<:'Allitt mo'k >r/.Hl'7.;,takpnl. ><Z
a _ <i:":'
3.216)
3.5. Vcktoralgcbra es analit.ikus geometria
1..,,17.0......... ~akran az
3.5 .1. Vckroralgebre

3.5 .1.1 . A vcktor d cflnlcleja. S7.fUllo!as i slahal.yok
rtAk. F./.Pk IlZ ,ril.nyok tovabna rt,"JO .~. k
' ( . ' ), ' .- -'
"s.-"l'.-lg<>,ulg
4~"'"
(v E l)
alakMn Mlith>l.lj,lk dU..-\ l,m.,.kf'<iO koonl",,,'Hkt"k<-k IrA",.,..". lnUlAt'" hiLrolU ltoordin"t'''''lIgo''ly jd-
Sb la rok Ps ..... ktorok

."""'kat .. 1n<'1I11r~Iu ... 1Ol1lt'1......kll.k ~ o'rt"k"l """"" ,.zI\IbOk. ~ual ....'
Ik P kl>i.lr. (ou..
b05IUl-t,.jkkt. rnr'tW"" ULlIU"" .. ~Juo.WI>' 1IlV;\~ IAA<l IN .112, "" 2(;~ okI,
f.utol_ml..,., -*'01 .. mrllnv,.,i1l,,,krt AI t<'lwkllf"k It. jf'I~ <'10- wn
'V .... n... "" '" ...
~ li.,-t,..jj fur~ltJU.I\ '" Kl:uk>t... .,
...... ,,,.. ,lRk ~k_ PH<lAk: ..ro
'S. lQ'O""iliiJ
I,......q.;. !OlOOI!.lQ'OOI"Iat< ...a..m.iut >U! rlMttrnmc ... " A ~~. \ loroIl. "Imoo
"''' .. l< r
""..u-u,
if
lt(Al
~J Ik.
E ..,.,,, k,:,"),,,I><"II" MromdlU"
, ,kl .. "-i lOr wlct.-.r>LiR8k;o-w. a." n",IrixM; n'l~ bopo"",,!At
bfwl"'"'~!
2. P o la r is k llXiAIi.~ _k torok
"poltiru N'kt",,,J; wi'rO<r.AuuuAI' k1"h.h IflUlU.,.a1 r....drlkt-m mcnn,~krt poI.~. g)'m1'ulli.
A:l .uutlt.
It,,.,..,,l VIl'lZOIlI IlJ<'l"'~' I .... b<-li u-.w.uVll1 0< ro.-,;""iriLnnYlli n-n<Jrllu-11i lIM'lInV ' kM
pl. trIiog-o 1.......1:. !<4<'I\K,l">f1"wo..) lihr":roliWr.. Rajxhni lD<'fI;kiiii>rthii<l.tn"';iikrt' J>Oliui.'. ill. >LXI' nVlko'
h-.rnilUlik (3.11 1. ibra). ~1.II"ll",tlkA.i tAr,;:..ua.. uokinl<>t"hoPn mncs kou,tl-k kiilOnl
,lrtek los t~rbtoli iri ny

,'\z aV8@Y.!!.wktur.lluut'lO'.<lk'>/AlOllOul6.,lO D V~>OIlt k",zot'i ~ . k",,"li, tiv lor ........,.__J"a.I
AZ if u..;ollil r'T1 l.m..ly" ~ I
I a.lj" 1I1e,;, -tamin!a ','ri>ffl.mn, lUurlyM h "",n\
(Mcp.....'1!.rv.-~ 10
ll~.,dl1l.
A b5;~h"t
w-I
4.
\'.. ktorok " 8J' .. nl tWg..
K"t "",,,tor. 3 P:. b Ak)[<>r "'UiJuil "SYf"uliiurk. I 1......,1," o'rtik'-lk <'!O'..uo "" u-.wY\lk Ul<'R'~ k. ""R\'lI'
a kN V<'ktor piorh1lrA/llOlO k ""AlII'" 1f l ly(I
..
Az ..I kon/rtf"' ...,.,...JO ....11 role"l "'R\'f"It\<'lahr<7ot "II "rr"k. d<> r\"'nl't< ... m'.lJ.v ,..lIrmzi:
.~B
Axiali~
a.
B.4
-a
.1,-
1,40 - IDAI
.1,21';)
;1,112.lihr".
=0
3.::11,
ejej
el.eI. I .
3.211llrtmwn...w.. -'-'ni,,,';! .. rnJ.urrrol ~ nk.
b) Nullve ktor Df'Vl'Zunkrgy wktort.",nrIn... k..t oI,il frti-\crO. tt'-h><t k.....I0- .... ~"'lJlja~I ........ik.
thhPIl ir.i.l~a!"'<lis: w.wUZ>\tl>on.
ejej
=0
=0
=0
1~l!Yh,,~'"
c) Az.\f pout i bE'I) ''''E'k t oranak IJ('W"J':1.uk ItT 0.\1 ' .... kl >rt ",wlyuek VMi6ponIJ1' .. Irt>onli"" .....,oo..... k=1.o;polIt ii.vaI.."jk .-.gyt... ( 3.11 2. ibra). IIwnk", .. koof.lj ~I.ar ttl...... b-zd6pon.j:'ktora ''It'''''rt,''nu1. n n dwlArO"aA
d ) ,\ koltin.. iori!! vekl orok. piu-b,ruw.,,...k <W k ... ~nc-l
,,) A kom p lamiris ve kt orok pNblUAWl
"llY k .-.. ~ik""'l. f..rvi "Y' rilJ tk 3,::1-13.
7. \'E-k t o r Sl<>r1.a,. a skal arral
.hoai ao~tok~?TIllik..... koUi~
Orto'u a . Il"anya" > O.....-ti'll m<'~~k Ii
....ktor ""'-K7.3lanait lPgfont -....hh t .. jdOl~ ""
"a= a"
.".za, I~.c.
oJa=oj"a
(n->-
.-i ....ktorok".j.
( =o o il J b
.l)a
,) ...)[Iorr"'.o\ "'"..... t ... ktorb<-.>t..-r;vi~IIh-<zoI'jl

0 .... I l-t't:
'",N.",...T Sk..1ic;."
.
u"'" "V101."
0';->- ~ll'
b ) >< o a + ub
,,(Ii
3,11:1. ii.lor".
sd
3.::!1~1 )
e.
Yek t o rok li n ,,<iris komb illacii. i
a) T ohb 3.
b.c.
JIB
Ii {~ AD
b ~'l;"
AC = C ~...ktor, Ilm<'lv >0>", ABC D 1.......J<Iogr"'lJIna 1ItlOjl.t k{l"""'i Ki'l

1"I..j<Ion~:
".... I;=ob 3
(a.bl> e
A~ l'ID"llltldl,_\g Ill"'" ,~kt"n>km
h } KH vektor it -
a + (h .....~)
1".;. 1;1<
\"I
Ii
( 3 . 113 .b abra ) ><z
"f'"..
"1'
kIm i""",~'W'-lJ"k \o>gfonl<l"llhh
It; 1
(3.22Oa)
,,,,,,,atw,,) h,i",,,,.:(;g., !11J' .J';fIF'L"''1'
b kiilonh....gf'
r"lf<>&h",(, IllilLI ,v. ii i ... " -
b ",kto. '-"""""!-:.-. ugyhogy

(32:Nh)
n,-! wkt-m kiil,,"1""'l\i'lwk jpl\f""10""bb llll"j.lou""!:"l:
(lJullv,ktor) .
S~abad . ki it1i\t .'~
(3.219<1
6 ~ va\61il><'Ar\l< korlll.,.....'Oja ..
,...hor.
,, 3. 113 .h !thran lftthllt-o At!,).
" KY"IlL'!I lTJ""lel1.,ltolhato n,ktorok

5""1.,,,1 ",'lI".. " tul"j,l"w"ii.l\"i l_ \"IIllyi~ "h,,~ot.',1. f.rti-kd ,:'tI irii.uyii.1 !I(-Ill ,",,!I<YI-I,Iltjll lll"l~, hll "nn'"ll{w"l
parlmZ/IlllU"lllJ 'lit\' [oljnk d.li,,~y IWI,I';l'outj" IIlh 1(,'~'lA;!('g<" p"nljii.h" kerii!. Ha ''10' ",klnr tulaj d"IL'
",,!:ai ''!tV tllt'gh"tii.r<MOt.! k,,.l';l'0utl)(r~ k"t,,,[,,,-k, iv/ii/l ,,,<it"no>! h,'tId-liink. J-:'IY""'" " ...
/f"/h,,M
""il,,~ .-."k """n "8}"'" ..... ""-tM-,, l"lI~lt(o ..1. "ult'lyl>l'1I f,-hzik.
5.
ro, "'"rr"d..zr! t ~~ a1kotnak. m<'rt
O.
a -b=o:i + (-b ) _J
hi
x
3.111. ilhra,
ifJ/
M ( ~ .}'.I )
ejei.
=0
lorolh'Oll..u.t j,~j" (3. 113 ... lIhr a ) . KM ....hol.
""klorukllak rbIH'I>"': ,w:IIH'" dku["ll<'n f"IOo"'110 forg,;,siranvllk van
J"
"'Ie j
iei.
JU.ndN. tI .nwU!
=0 . .
1.
3.
r. I. '""lit"" .
k
P p. '1Q'.... vt'klorolaot IW'2.nAlJIlk (3. 11 :i. abra ) .
A 3. 115. a b r a n" w.mm .~"" f;V"ktor iLll'" IIlt,)",t mN"l11 1I>1\,,,,,k '"!lv lI1..,-/'ilpll:"" Ifljn~.-in, ..._'t .uk"l
(3.220..-)
9. V"ktorok fellmnlasa
Barnn-ly vr ktor "g}'(>rI,'Imlkll fdholJllJal,; hAr",,, "lylln wkl,or """"'1\"''''. mndYl'k p{Il-ln'~"JIlo,'ak I,,,
rom m.'g",Iott. ""m kom l' l lI'H\.r L~ '-i. V. W v.kt.orraJ ( 3. 114 .... 1> hhrltk )
a _ oii + i3v + ;w .
(;J.nl)
182
,Yo G...""~If",
Ljv
d,
""
E:t at irk'mod 1I:l<'rt .. IOn,....
I,
1:1 =
A.I (}U. J ;;;.,. 1 ,.; ~ll1lCto""t II ....klolfdholliAA l""'p<>n~"M,.,..k. a:r. f ) . J .., ~klWUti>u) ,~krt
.."iLtthnt04-11M1l.......,z1,k V..ktorok. ","d~...k rArhUUOln<-k<'!O' ~-ikkal. k<'l. rlPUl k..Il.i..........ii. ;; ,.,.kUlt
1.I,Z2"l)
aW:nI bozhIolOk (3. 11.a.c.... llhrilk).

V.. ktor koord iniltlti
n.-.... brogu koonlimitak
3.2'11) ,.:uorilll '","""ly.4.8 - ;i vektor l1O"'rt<-lllIiIrn f<-lhontbllto
oIY"D VPkturok ~h-r.IUJ)rI~k r..... bll,,"IU<.-.k .. b>ordini\tArel.o-.-r rI. k .....,;)-
e.. ti, .... .w.,.....kt<..
o,J.....
ir.<m-h.Ln 1/"111 VlOlto-ULAk nt .,..

ktor lill"''''''' komhin4Mo'>jAnJ\k k,,"r<li.... \.li.i t ......kto rok Iroor<ImatiLinltk _>lit", ..u.k'l liT>l'AriM
Immhi u iOj..Ju.;1I1 n~..,.Iw'<'Ik, "lO'hUC" (3.2 191,) yt'ktor"lr;)'IIk>, hiLrom ~luIliLli~ kOllll>onpn'''"ll\'II1'1
npk fPlPI nl"g:
Tool>
t~
..
"a~'"
l.", ll a" ...
11>.. ...
JI>" +
e_a
0..07~'1l ..k
(3.22'-"')
c~
_ fl, b" ("~ = " . f b" c, a, a,

A" M (r . y.:) pout f lJd.V\"f'k t,mi.lu,k r!,...... kwA"'l\'l k' M'nli"at,io.j llu 'W'llY,-"",'k .. pn nt
(3.22.;hl
r,=Z.
i = rf + vf+ z k
,.
W.W)
3,11;. Ahl'1l.
IrAn )"tffiyezt5 vagy k ift"j ti-tl i t"g,)'uU hatb

"".V In<'ntkl vrtt irAllyt"'U~,"",ji-nfok~ kif" jt <'m"!O"litl Iw.OjAnak 1J("Y("ZZ,1lt >\Z it vektor ..."" - .. vPltklrT" ""I.-It "",,-'i)prM.. "".Vi-. Il.Z
A ~ Ii ",,\nar a~ = .. ~'''''''gvf'ktor iIAn)'A.....n
a., =
ait' == Iii]
coe c .
~b1Ari.. KZOna.tot ..hoI ~.
I\Z
(J. TJOa)
Ii ..... ..."f ' kimOlti """i,
,'u a _Irtorna.k "KY I~ \"f'k tor rn<'ut"n WII irAllytPn~jo'",f.."nAll:

"0
= a l il
..JJ01
6" = ~ ( liirimv'i"R.~ktor).
Ib!
(3.2301
+ fI~f3.J + 'i', ;.,
(3,:n7a)
It1. it \"f ktOT irAllvti'uY'-dii '''I r. !/""

: -u'IlR\'lyck ""'111,' n vMt
kompo"."""k. :\f'm ortollOrm,uif; ko "ro liu,, '-" lTl" j,......rl ... n .-~ II.Z ,-.nitA.< flf'm {'rvi'"y'''' ,
3.5.1.2. Skalar-is szorzat es wktoriAlis szo rza t

1.
Skalioris seore ae KH wkt "r. a ;'"
Ii .,k.,ltinJi .znrz"t"t ......
(3.m)
keplet <l..fin iAI,i>I. ah o l "" "'" a "" I~ flit .. ! b, .,.ar t h"ii""" ki,.,; ;" k,"/.,(i'ip<>uh a "'Jfl<ll koztat va (3.116, abra ).
A hkalli:ris "mru,t " ,t ,'k" "k"IAr,
2. A v .. ktolif>.lis szorz ils
mfl w l"t, "nwly ki't wk t. 'r. ii i~ b ",-MIJn lih ., ."",'z"/{" ,, v,,/~'t . En...l
c,. c, ..
fIl c,
~=~~
(3.23 1)
2 . Az a m n k ooT<l in lltllk .. rln , 'kKzi iRiI k'><>r<l inAtAk Alt ,"io." ,,,,it"'''''; "'/';" hArom lim' ';'ri''''''l Hil\lo\<'t
I"" . npm knnLpl" u';'l'iK. Ill';'!' 1I.' m "~;ik "" "k,'pp .' gy m A"I/l llJ<'r<"ilfog,'"
e~,
1l\I' Vl'kt orlri>j ,;,lIi> Jrl " l
M'A' rr" hArom ,, ', II ~ , <.1 3 " !\yiltt.!I,,t ' ,va l. ,./',,1 a [,.1.<1I illo " x" k" f " vilAg"rt "'m "~"h",[ kitcvok'1f'k f,.lfoR"i.
A (3 .223...,b ) i;",v...f;i ~.'""kk,.j " 1I"l,,!: Ill"d " ll ",["dik:
~ =~~
dpr"' b~iigil k' K,n li-
nAtAi""l :
V.
~ =~~
la,.a".a.l
",
(J_2'lS)
~ li .f ,
D<-rfk.~i koordinatan'I1<l""...r .... "
,.,. kli liilLl""'"Rh",k konrdillio.tAira f"jlIlMI:
I, ,,," r ,
. 6 Jl
+ J b'
II.
(3.22 1)
k, -- <ta~ 1- ,lb,
SI><,<,i,uisan kd wkt",
a~
.l;:3 _ n '13 _ J bJ
I'1I.iWl.l;
ii "" a,r ...

,k ..." ,
(;, . 0.,..
J.z:o..)
ahol ":I: a. 4,. bo .. , b.Iiuuk "" Ii , klor <I, ri!.,zOgJ iom-d' MUU a:r. oi, . ti, ;" c. CR.\~ktomk .utA!
~tt koorni..At......,..l..,...,.ben Eo<t II kovrtl7.o""PI"'D ~~ ,.zokt1l1 irn.i;
ii - {as
4,1
(32231
A bAn>m ~ kl"r,;jt...J n~hJ<l.<\ro<wlt u-auyuk CRY IIlf'rOifl!:.... mi..,...nr..... t alkotWLk. Eg)' " .....
t or ,......~ k.." ....IIIlAthi .. Wkh ... vM ,ik-t\IAm..lyik kuor.linal.<\tI'11Il.rl1wl pilrh""""n<-..aI' ""lO' a.nllM m<'Qli>" eitolunk. koo...bwi.t.oo.i .. m.v.ik VI
il
""
: .,~ L
~
""l!il~"I""
1.
k...
l 1:!j olo .l _ tl .. e l = f. e.l =

C: l ",
(:.1 .2'17...1,) k'Vl,t ,'k l\ (:.I'l2l>\. ) kPpl" t,'kI K'n,,'nn<'k iI.t. " f'kt r>rok (3.219h1 ,"ak" linf'an~ k"",hiwi.iOjiLr", ",,1<.\Imllt kt'! wktOf (:.I,'l2:...,h) ""'J~"r<'
kiiliinhM''Ri'rf'
;'-vPnro-k 11. (3. 22~1 o.-...fiiAAi.,...,kk..1>LlULlOjt; ,.]Ahh! !t<Jl1ll"m"IL>Of'KYf"!ll.. t .. k:
.l;: ' - n a l+ 3 bl +
.6d'
3. 11-t.4!>rlL
10.
mert '" <II, <12 ,a J ,luJio.rnk f'lO' w kt"r k()nt r"'l\I'iiI.J~~ kom d in Atfto; (w..I
(3,22j)')
M."
lll';"Y""gy a-ra ;"; b-I"f' lu,'rol,'",,," cVl'k tor, """,I n" ,,~ it . I;. c v,kh, rok jo h h n ,,, l",,,,,t alkot"ak (3 .1 17,
iihra ), Fpll." vP. bogy .. ha m", v"k tor k"",ll'il'Oll tj "t "IlV kii,.'''' 1'0"1.1... hdy'>l!;ik . '>' akkor;"oll f"lln, ha ',",
it I.,. b '.Jta! kif""zitpu "ikra ,.,. cgy (,Ua! C il':,ny"l", ",~V" ,"'- ii V,'kt<>l t " Gvt'kt", ir/myAlm at viv,; k gri ;"
virl,'hb for"'at.... a t. &ra IH \Jlat. ; j.u-""""v,,I Ill.,ft,'l':Y'w') (' rt,II1 I\1. E ll... -n "'" ''''''11",, at. ii, b. C vt'klnll,k irA-
V.S, IH,'nmly, b,n
18<
Ilyit""" .. lyan. luiut "J"bh k.'" hiiv<'lvk, llmt"ti>- .... k'Yl;ip.oiIll.i.ij\e. Imleu .....u-ma:r.ik .. .)oohklz-.""b.u'l"
fogallW\.. Kva ,u t it ..liv ~""lIll'<'utlK',J ,,"
ax g ; at) =c
I:l,:.!:l:t>t.j
Iii hi
~ill"',
(J.2~2h)
ow_ .-\
1J<.,.~'~i ....ktvr. ehol .; ~ i i", b illt.JoJ t"-J,.;n

C Vf'ktor ho>-.~ti>JIga nuw(rik' ......l l ""~'.,.v<7jk
"" ii e.. b.uta! kif.,.ziIMt 1""",,lrlogr"'lUlJA !.t'nl]Mi...L
3. ....klorokkal k" J>f'T... n "'Ulnat o k lulajdons Aj,:ai
a) A "kaJari" "ronal wndoolmik /I k""'lt llati\' t tlAjd'Kl~al:
ab - bi
b) A
v~kl ori8l j"
n .. nal
ll l i>fl~ ~
....I,-""'kor ~to:.<tatj.a<>lO;..Jit
ii ,, = - \6 >< 31
3.2.1-1}
c) A sblarral val6 s w naua frtlu4l1
a7.
~1'~'1
ll.\j,k>W<ag:
d ) Az tlliSUKiat iv tulajd.. ~ Il kM.
sbJAri,<;.,. .....kloriJLli."
~r"
I>f"IIl
la 21. rnert .;: = o.

3.5.1.3. TohhslOrOS szorzasi kapr-solatok
1. K.. IS" ........ \".. ktoriali.~ 5zo rz a t
Az a " (b x cl kit,,,,,,,., ,"'kton8l.... wrull
.. (bn.,. (able.
a x ,b xCJ I' (a " G, x c
ib + tiC
(Cllll.
3,21-")
ha.
(:I,UJ)
VO'ktorok "7-or~'",,:
,j .
ii x a _O
(3,21(1)
i) V..ktorok lin ..itri " komhiniK'ioit "IlVllllii/t1' ldll'! """"'lZlli,miIlT Il~W,;,,-i>; IlulillOlllulu,t"l~lni x. II
"".onMn ","fll, hogy wxtori,;J,j,. ~;Wl-du<U,;J, " ,{tJyr-;'O- f.. I,.....r"I"""'k. pI. 'm'n"""; ti\~ok ,-~",...."""""x,,,.
pliijf>lvAltmM".... l "k"L.tI...k,
A: (3:1
~ ,; - 2r) (a _ 2' ; _ 4C)
:Ja-1
+ ,'>ba_ 2fa- 00-,) - 106 2 -.- -k-b -l'bic _ 21lbe
b)
abe
.JkkaI ~.tzl\Il)("" ir""vi!....~,.'.
efg = I~~
~r~ cg
~~
ce c
ii _ {a
.}
b = lb,,~,b.}
c _ {.. .c..... }
akkor Il swro<atokat. a kovrtk""" k"pwtrklxil "1,Atujtl",lJukkr:
1. Skaliris szorzat :
2.
at) = a,b. + a,l>,
Vpktoria lis szorzet: a' x
h~
SkalAr i nl'llrililt~llak n"VI"uiik ,\~. "Iv"" ..kalArt, IIll...IYI...k ,',rtr'kp II k".".<!i"Alar""<!,,z,r ,!t,,,li,,,,,,k,,,
'" p1forsat .........k" " " "Ill vah"'.ik , Ki't wktnr ..kaIAri.. w""',,,ta ~k,l.bi.rinvarian"
j)
{II" <12, 'I.,} VI'kt"r k<,tlIJ)()Il,n . ,'i ,...m ~kalArillvariAJl~ok, ",<,,1 kiiliinhijdi k""rrlillAt".
n' "d"'''''T!'k lx'u kiilon),';li' (rl"k,'k,.t ..... h..tn ..k fel.
(3_ 246)
".b,
(a,b, - a,b.)
f + (a,b, -
<I.b.) I + (a.b. - ....b.)
"":. k I
- ,L
~'l
(:Jii + 56 - 2C) x (a - 21; - kl = JIi" Ii + r>h )( ii - 'N)( a - 6a" ; , ; - Wb x b

-H cx b -l2\ x l; .;.- 2il " c- li;j x 1;- 0- 4l) xc - 12:1x c - 2fll; x r.... u
= - l h i x '; - 10,; x c - 24" x c
II I) x it + lOC x a + 2-tf" b .
(3,24;
.. . Szorzatokra vo oa t ko ro kfopk't ..k d ..rl>ks Wgll koordin'tII.kban

Il I1 "'" a, b. c ktorok ,h,,~; !u'onhl"'l.lU
k
(3.24S)
II,
b. b. b.
B:
a_
b .... C Ah..ll1t<~tArowlt
32.0)
= :JiI.-1 _ \l)l;2 + i<.C 2 _ ",; _ I lac _ lube
A: Egy
32421
'1.6l ~hk-6<-n. k"t 1kt}-e.n~...... ..10-
ee af 8K
J.2:llb)
iix 6_ 0
,,-"2 _ ,.,2 ,
-c ha
- l; ac =
th,....w oklik,.,. f.""""
Tobb.;roro.. szorzalokra vo na t kozo k"p l..t ..k

a ) Lagrang...az.on.,.."ag: (a" I;lc"d:
;if) bd)-l bC}( a d
3,2.1 ;',,)
f() Kk vpktor kollio.....ritJui". (i"" 1>1..kkor AU
a;i
b;e= iibc _ bea _ cab _ -act>
ab "c)= O
f ) Kfot u'kto! oI1ogonalitAsa (Ii..l bl uk,,! illl ..lO. h..

ali o. (......11I i . Irlu b nrm ~\~ nlO" null\'pktorrAl.
A~nOll
{J_24IJ
\".. gy.... szorzat
fa)(
3.
ax(l>.,.c}=i,, 6 Ii"c
h)
J 1;' W'!", c'-~ konl],Lll.IIAri.~v,-klt..-:
.-\Z (3 x bl c """'gY"" "'"-Of7,At iort"k.. ol~'1U1 ~k;Wy-, llIucl,'

W-"I",\ru ~k l!l hArom ..... hor "'tal nx-d:>.aw,uou paraIPk-pipOOoll t<'rfuptil-'; -. M-t"k I""";tiv. h... Ii. b ;.,. c jobl..-c".l~Z<'tt allr.ut. &l.
clknk..w ,....- tbm prdig Degl'tiv. A ~ ,.zoc7......nAI.. zArojrl ..... 1=-<-.1. 1~w.tO;
,,) A disztributf\l tul ajdon.. .ag fmn4Il:
alb - c )
<"",'II<. '10"
ax( b"f)- b( aC} - c\ <ib

2.
jrlvft..ltoziL"fA _1_
Kllmplnn4.-.. ....kt....-okl"ll... \'ajP;\"~ ha ii f'IlY"
~ ,UAlI
iLl! hnc
185
J"l
A ~.... "WI7.AthAn. minrlhii.rmn
o a b)-(oa b
o."bl= 0 8 >< h
"",d,ti!>", y""",dna
B: Egy a = {1I1'''l.1I3} v.. ktullo,_...... ''''It''i.~ ..

,,~ oi "l<uuyi>.o"g...kslIArin...,...;;i.lJ~. m,'rl
kiililnbi;z,"koonliuit.lllr"ll.-l,.,....... khcn lll\..VIll',.;t,.;t ",,"1,,1<0>
C : Egy wktoronmagaval V<'t1 ~kI'1iLri~ S1,OrMl"..k<.:I"'lU\'ariAJ",. rt.. \"..~.. -lt""ll aii _ ,,2 -III 2 <,n;.;: =
... ktoriAli~ ~zonAt ht ..k.. <'gy
Ie
,:~
s~or~at:
,.:I;e ""
I", "'s,I
(3.249)
br ,
b.
c, c. c,
3.
V"g)"'S
5,
Szorzatokra vonatkm.o keplete k
"mil konrdinfllflkhl'l ll
I, ~f ..trik us egyiitt hatok f.8 reciprok 11I1IJ'w k t or o k H..

VOktOl, a;;" J; ..flin ko"nlinAtAit. v"g,yl_ 'w-
i!
u J e, +u 2 ih +u"e;I,
Ii
b' ''I+ll~
b' .:,
I\Z
C, . c~ , C, r..",I'M'rl,..n jSlIwrjiik kN.
18 4
'J. Grmlldril'
186
uyil
r""
frll>ontAt;o:,kat. "kknr "hhO'~, h,~ k;,.-...alUith"""" k ......
b~.
~Ic<l.vv.
~ .
a.
. J/
bJ /
8'b _ (I'b' ~, ti, + u 1>1 ~j 1 + ,,3 ," <'J e.J

... (al '; + alb') e, oil -+- (aJb~ + ,,3/l) ~ e:l + (.. lb' + <.(, b')'-;, ;;,
3 .13. tabl""...t .
RN,il,rok alapv..ktorok ,WAri>. . wl'7.iWl
"".>r....M
ax b=
""ltV
(aJbl_a'b') ~ x (;., ... (alb' _albJ) ~, x e, ... (a'b'
""ktorillli... _.nI<l.ut (f"liwoznAlt"k

l'l Xe, =~ x iS = cJ xcJ
_ <ll b' ) p \ X 0':1
10;1.
a,Pl
9:D- "" ~'

9'u= ~' - <S ~.
3.
!hl= "'J ('j
= c , ,,,,:! -e-,'"
fl( ~X "I)
.......tor. ~ U '" .
'"",, = <"3 1', - ..\ ..,
(Jz.:;.:J1
e1
e.: .....
f](p"x ed
i'
rt"..,\>Q~'m' vonalkozO
(3_r~"J
fl( e," iS).
hArom ....IJ'I".I: n-l:tnr adjA ,1><'1. abo! w.
I
11 ,. -=-::--:
(J.2;,.ih)
e..,
oviiltluitil. lU'IO'J)'nrk lI<"\'Mi1'IjPl...n II koonliniLt.a lr;torok VJ"KYf" 1eZ<ln'J\tA ...........!>rl.: ~iMrI>I"lt .. ki,.8>hi
ki-plrtrk royjd,ohh ir.v.m,x!j.<t ~1:41ja Ax ll1&j horok 3.11 .. 3.12. u o rwUl.blimak ~l.Jt. ""
~nb"WkJg,J\"vrlt
s, o,
.,'.
g )K
b) A
C.I
_'17.........
"
911 g" g"
'"
""
g.
g"
el
.q...
9.11
A:
'" df~
a A:
frlld ",
ih
~ e.j
doy l
j) S ki
I -k
k I
I
~=
I. r., -
.911 = !fJ'l- 'l"-l= 1. !M =~l:' -'11l -0 , 11 =
,, 1 =
f,
iil =-
j.
,I" = k'
I = 1
iIk
IwiJ't'o k "l"pV<'klowk ,
-J
.'
-;
= g.."aq
/I
(3.2.:06)
(3 2:i6) ...(3.247) k." IM.... rrwv al.
"""'"Qt.....
ioo..x..
9 ,,0.- " : !/J'G'.' + 91]'<l'1Jl ... 9,~'1I + Jhla'60' ... !lnG' h' _ !h3fD.l b'
7i
.' .,
--n ,
.,
7i
-II
(3.257)
A v",ktorWis ssorzat koordinat u "'l6allit ..... A (J z::.2aj o--RfiiU""' alApjAn fPflua.n
al.'\)
[)pr-i>!l." '4 '1J koord inatftk ......tPn (J, z::.s) " (3.:.1 -R1) k" I,l<-tI... n-...gy at.
-n
S.
A vegyes szorzat koordiniltAs e l<Sallitba A (3.2:'2..) """-'fiiAA' .. lL1Apjal1 kapjuk:
II
a bc == s,
u
<'S~' I ::(", C'~ r:~ 1
(3 .2::;9)
[),. rf>kszOg" koo rdin Atak """U'n (3.z::.9 ) .. (3 .2 49) k"'" I..t l... nwgy Al.
0,:.1,"", )
a l"pv,'k!.ornk. "
L L g"."o"'b"
Do-rf~i koonlinAtU. nocti' n
2. Alblm l'l zfts d .. rt>k~l'~ll kocrdinatakra A d "rf>k'7D&'; k" md iu M';'k "" .. ffi.1l ke ..,\,hll';'l.ak ~I"
dab. ,,,,,wi. A 3.13., 3. 14. tablaz"tokbOl ", 1&lnak .. ~
c, '" f
+ g.I1 Q~.' + !/12G'1I ... .1Ia<t'.~
",""",,I
S0Jnl
- I
A (3. 236) <-:rRfl~ nWoodik '"fO""TI\IioPs.io-w- lltaD All ~..k k'~itAAhHn ~ riivi<l.iul:l
itiI.~m{)(ljAt a1kalma>:t uk (1iuoo-1261. oI<l. ). .-h ,.ti>hl.i inWni><I .... tu.u 4Il. ~ ...!.ply..,. ~ bN yPt t DAk
'10' t ipi.ku... ~t ill llllr. J,..", ..........-"gP7.ni k,'U Il11UOIm l.Jt.(I~ ki'llQtr (ro-r..JuI k <10~ r..IHI)
""'-""'P1li index
:1 ~o-..i
\wt 11'. ..... ~0r<-'IIl bo-Ilikhljdoljiik, .....otiinlr.bo-n r'Jl<" !r. A:I 1. 2.
:1><Zi\lllokon fu tnak w' gig. T..h3t
4.
3.12. tAbwAi.
AIap-kT.orok .....huri.4l... ~
nv,
A skalilris szanat koordinatu .. IM lllt ba
ab =
tuuukiLt !t.n..kint!x'tOhbe u.'><Zi.
3. 11. t.ib1Ua1
AI..JlV1"kturuk ~
f) K
H:
""""""-~k
.1an.I.
gil
(;.1
[J2j2h)
.....trih.o "fP"Il4M (><:U\lll)... ",k ...>rW~~ "'lOnAt """"",,,~Il r-lill: "tw"w <w..h
e) A
;-",.ltlAA'''IJ.lI7.'-lk~'lnkVan .. kooc<!iMl...w k to....k piuuukhlti "".orao!ooir.... t: 1","'lLkrllt; "'ZOI"I'",<>kft,t

... ~kaUu-ia _ .....1 _i-!>.u .. hat
'/12
d ) .'
f
;
(J.:.wl)
N'.
3.14. tabw.at .
fu""lI'rok a1"'I,V<'ktornk v..ktorU\,fu;
nwt.rikuK..g,y iitt.hal.ok. val"",iul. ,,1. (:I.2,-,,,h)

(:I.;Z,,'-w)
T..hal. " r,,ip,..,k ..l"l'V<'kt Ol'"k tl"'g~",vt"ll ",k,, ke .. ,rd il1ft.t.ar.. n,I".tr " l"\,v..k'or,,,i Vl'1. v"K)' ,w',~k"'I'I"'"
kif..j'YI,v... d..rik....ii,l;il k"onhll"t"k .....t"l \ ,,,. a L,p v,kT.o r- r.. nd,,,'wk UIlIn",.;" k "' ~: I!,r"k "'11I1.<",'1<'\.
3.5.1 .4. Vektcregyenlctck

A 3.1S. tfIb lllza t a>. "GY' 7.tT" w kto " lO'PIIII'"..kr,;J ... I im , 'Al lltA!<l. n. 'IUll' a . 6, c ;';UL<'rt v..ktorokat
jelent , x II kPn....u. v,'kl.or. 0 .
i'lI",rt ~kAI!t.rok"" F . y, Z IIk"n .,.' U IIIut.IAr.-.k.
:-1 .,
3.5 .1.5. Vektor kovar-ians es kont ravaeians koordlnatai

1. D..finiciok ,1,1.
ih , <i:J a1" l'v,kto rnk Alt"IIll,'~h"lflr.-.mtt n'lJ,IK,-,'r1lPll "llY ""k tOrllilk liz
iii.
a = " l el+ "2", + aJ ~, = "" e,, ,

(3.2(;(1)
k" pl.ttd d..finiA.l.t ,, '. a' . a" affin kucm lilla tftit " Vl'ktor l onlml",,,,i,,. k,x,minat"iu"k i... nevs-zz fik. E,.,,,,I II'l..milf'n " vl'ktor ,w'.... ria'~' L."n/inala, IL7. e- ' , ij Z. <i":' a111p""kt"",k 1I",,,,rillt i. vagyifo "" " , . (;1 . e:,
188
:U:'. tAhlaut, V,ktofl"gyf'!]l..tek
ahol g"'" = .... e ~

CX,viitlhatokMla
x j,.TIl.. r~llPn ....keor, a . .;. f. d ism..rt v..ktorok

r , II. : jm".. , .. tl'll ~kAllunk. a. Ii . .., ikmprt skaWok
1. i
a: _ Ii
j(
ax _i
xa-"
2.
3.
_ll.. h A'"
g" - ~-,-"--c
M.-go!tl....
El/.Y.. nlo>t
91 .9:1 1/13
.o\z <'13'Pl1lPt h1I[~III\ll: ha min<!Po i _ktort. ",""lywail "kY' 11wt t<>Ir"il. uYMlahhOl a poerbol m<'riink M. akiwr .. ~\.Ok
"fY "" a Yf'ktOll'J\~"" ,iko[) bo-1Yf'Zko~iJ ....k pI. A 3 "lt~. l.k-
6.
{xa"", ..
.-'.l.t.'&.""ulo. t w.tan.u.atW: ba minW-ll i ....ktort.an",lnr,.;r. <10""11'
xxi
f'K\"nkol. t
h.1.
3:)
{:~=~
i .
,.
xc . .
..hoi
..
d = r a + yb :c
d
s. _ z(l; " Cj
_,1,;>< ..)+:(",,,6)
...... "
rnn.... ~ ....!~nkt;lJ'.k .,..w:g,ik.
j(("xiij + ...
Iii" 6)
al; i
i. h.{"", a. t;. c ....ktorok reciprnk V<'kt >l"N (lNod
,~--.
ahc
da
",;c
sv
'
/ide
r--eabC'
db
-
abc
I.
o'd I
ab,i
,- -ibE
-:: - abc
+ a2 ..2
"",ona,,,,,',I1,
".. = ii L
". =
(3,2(;;11
iiI , ",,,, :i ii
(J.:l1.H1
k.. u rd i1IA1 fl.k Sf> git ~"g"v .. l K"" vr ktm akali\,' i~ "~, wwt ,""u..k kOlllr ll'
vari;,." " knonlillH.ti\k "'j(ft.";'gbv,'l vfllt, "IM!lilii.<Al a (;1.:.1-:,(;) ki'p !"" t arta!""""I.a. KUVI" i,"" ,,, ku' 'I diw,! i,kra
a 1IIl'!,:fddil k<"l'!<'l;
SkaIAri.~ Ilzo rz ut (,IM.llitlu!a
a l; = o9" ~ 1I" b,1 .
.\1
a ,.,.klOl" bu-
a. b.
A,
"I ae, . a2- li~, <It= iie3

(:.1'21.>2)
Az Ii v..ktor MrmO'ly knnlrav"ri,""'li k""l,hw'tf,jll ''I:.,""ulo II vektor """ a rnO'gf"l"lli rt'<"iprok "lapv"k,,,,
3.
""bal,..
.,
(;\,:llo:,)
.~
""klorok
~.
\.
a .... b ",'ktorol<
,;,o.Qg
ki)Wtti
.~
K,,,,rd,,,,,w k"Plr,
{,,,,",k.~ b>unl.inAI.io.lthw>1
k"'I,I<-'
vP
s_
tal kif,.,.z\l"u l)l\fllirlrpip<'"

don thfogat.a.
.-\z
V..kt........
,
, ,
.-\z ...... Ii ",ktol"f,kAlIAlluf,

"Zilf'll pac~"ll"'''' tt~
nilru
de
,,' = as" . ..2 a e l , "3,,, a ,,;l

[),'I-':'k><.t:i.ig tl koominlltAk .".. I;n a (:1.21;2) ;'" II (3,2(;:1) k(,1'1<'1 lIwg,'ltvt"t ik '>gyllln.-.J:
:.1.'1)7)
3.5. 1.6. A ve ktoralgebra Kt'tJllw t riai a lkal mazasai
..,"RD"'....,..,.
al ';' = <tu e "

J.ZtiI
[),>r+k..wg.l k<><>ff!inllt.u,,"cl_,-I...n II ....kt"r"k k""ari"u.~ koordin;"tAi m~'hl" k .. k,",tt"v"I"lAI1~
\roordinli.tAkW.
2. K oord in At Ak .. I(;AJllt lLa " kaIAru. " ,"o r;<a t o k S<'lI:'lsege\,..1 Egy a v..ktm 1,,',nw'!Y k<"al,AIl~ koordill"tli.jll'1O""u!611 vrklOfllllk", /I koor<linAt",...,,,I~-,,'r ",rf:f,'I"16ulapvektoranak ~kaI';'ri>< "7A'rUl-t';'v"l:
~kalf\ril<
(1"6..
lI'b;,
.\ 3.16. tahl.uatban .. _ktoralIlO'I,,"

!!:'~>lIlf'trll\l ..J.kaln~ \IJ\D f..lliintfol"". Tcwabhi. ""I
....aIit>k e gf'OlIlf'tria.bor; t.ar1.<MO aI.kallIu~,k..t.I'I. .. ,.jJ{"";U "lO""fl"" woIt:t~~t... 1....' .,.,. 214
.. i-.-(~ 6+,{.
"3
a, ..'
i b -"'b:._al~
"
"Ill" C)
wnd'0'T Tf'ripmk..J..qn...ktorT<'11<bt<:<,n- _Tiuti ""kt"rf.lbout...., pgutthatOi.w f..lrl....k ~ 1M<1 il'KI.

lT2.1~1. II. kOtf't) Az Ii , kt..r a,. "2.
k"V&liAu>< kuonliuauw-Il ft'1mAlI
" .. II.Z ii vt'klOl" kol>l"..-aniull'l koordlllAtakkal ... Ii veklu! Vl><WIll k"Yl\riA"" koor.li"li.tAkkal\IOUl mtT;>1<l-.
,ukor ~kaIilJi~ ..;wr""",!k
,Wakon WgyaIj ik.
"._li,,11
<t he
kbl'\t'1 kAJ>C80lja~, .. hoi ..\ - .. "

~""'n iL"n ,kl' ruUlI]" Mk IU' "" ",Idct<-rminiw"a. amO'!>' "g.,,~
P1.Pm ",r;\wok i-. .-Iop.'wa.k. t~ 1All O'~
!for tool"..,.-d. UK.v",-",LLOI a pontoo[ mniin.k frI. aklwI .. V<,alOut,,1t

'''I:Y ..... :i ...1.10,.....1. J"'llmzamoo; ~ brlyv.<kOOn<:k rI, A 4)
e.
y.. ft
9:
i_ -
Ii (6 .l 5)
1\
""'<h<
'Ill 'h'l
6-a
It'! .. ,11 '....l-I,~ ..nklilll"k ...".."."Uk.
4 . i)(;1_
" n '(';I,rok "",ktom'n<l"'A'rl"f' v"n"Ik<Yll, 1lI"trik"a f'JO'iilt"atbk. ltObl,;wt
ax ~
'
,
s~\
,,",,
l
4,. ",
~b,
".,
la,
-.-
. a~
2
1
b.b~l4 ..
0 ..
a. j2
b.. b.
"""1
_1""'1
\ . = b. b. IJ,
c.. c. c.
iii;
..,b, -+- a.b., - a,b,
........ - V,,;-+a;.
. . '=--1I;J61' b; ;-bi
Ja. I~2
(
3.5 ,2 . A sfk anali t ikus gcollw lriAja

3.5 .2. 1, A lapve to foga lmak es ke p lr-t ck, sfk beli kcord inat a rt'"ds zeTek
1, Si kb el i koordinatak e s !I'kh.. li koor di m; l llr.. n<i/;l.......k
A "ik l>Arnlf'!y P POlltj"uak h"lv/...li'!, t" t""oJ,,"'.... ko"rd i'u''-I\l"f'"cl.",,,,r ...'gil ...'p,"wl!,'ld,<,l inti. A I" 'ut
h.'ly",,'u't IJlel'\hauirtY/.o ''''';'UIOlu.t k" o" IIlIl, t<iJm " k ' '''\'f'~~; ik . J....!':tiihbwiir 1\ d,,",k",,~i k'Kltclifil-'1.;i,kat
i", a p"!i\,-koord;nM,;,],,,1 ha.~~lli..l jllk,
I. n .. r,',ks7.ogu koordinatak
E~y P po,,'- d"J;'h,i~ll koordinAtAi fI poutll"k kH ,'!!",yma.,,... Uj("
n')\..)1,'' ' "Ry..m'><t,i!, " k",m/iudt"kngrlw'h'il ",hI.. m "111",tiiro"/'lll.[ ,'lOj,'ll.!.-n.'ton "" lllf'l',ha1.".rowtt
mi,,.,'tan'nyhau megedott t r,v"lai'll"i ( 3. 11 ~ . li b rll. ) , A k,,,mhtllJt,,t,'ngdy.. k (I m"!..szi"poll,-j"l a k,~",li
,,,it.mrnd'U'r kndollordjriuak ",vf"l",iik. A vl/"'"/,;"l,.,. k,,,,,' ,li,,Atat "llw'lyl,ltlllf'ly tiihhllvirr "'" .1" / '" 9<'1 !/,
awkA.",,,,,,,, nl",u~' "Z'II.""9' lyJl('k JI('v,vl,ziik." fii""I'i!,'",,,, "'lll\"lyt ,,,.. ii!,:, 1\1I1rJy ti;hl)]J~'iJ'(' flI, '1-/""9"/09.
""I,,,,it,,,, nqrl'lupk, E~.. k'll a lPU,l("!Y"k"lI m"l"/iljiik II P<Y/,;l(V irAnyt, n,i'!':!><'(lip, l'I'lld"",'r;nl ,tgy, ho,."y K~
100
.r-tengelwn johhr....az 1r1f'!'R,I.V1'l1 I'...hlt fi;lfdr lUllt""""U. Ekkor .. P ()(Jill koortlilla t iLi ,.,,,..-';"1 1'<YI;it!
vok v~TWgat(vl\k.It<'ltY" 1" "'( "...tii~t"m.-lyik f"lt"lI~ly",co;jk(3.119. libra ). Az L. ill. IIkoor.hlla\.l\t
"P pout "b.un.Z<ij<in..Jc. ill. (Jfll',n<it6)'i1lJlk n"VP'aiik. A PIa. b) iTasrn6<1 CRY a ~j(I""IHmhnA
tAju voutotjl"lOl. A koord inAtaIPngt'lyt"k Al'. .I.II-Rikc>t rWgy .iJm"YYM,.","'" L, IL III. "" IV. Rlk"'Wf"< ITt'
boll ijak fel (3. 1 19 ... ,b lIbrAk ).
~
: .~"
-
II
--.j
'7";
Pll-.Y)
III
i\ ..
.,.. :
0'
IV
y
b)
.)
3,123. Ahrll.
3,122, .. hr....
II III IV
Al~ba.o cgy kootoliliAtarf'fId.'t7Pl"I"6I .,r;y IIwlkrll -JO Aukfo,ot oly>u1 tr~rm"':iOVA.l1t-bc1

rlv"'ll:....ni.lUDl"ly cp;v 1nw.~iOh61 (..lto1Noh61 ){, "lQ' rotlio:iiJb6l (,. koortIinAl.Jltt'nR.. I~...krlforKaI."""I>OI.)
All. A (3.270a.,b ) n"lltku-rbt-z tart""...
;UI9.
J.ll l:! . .obr,,-
2. P olarkoordinllt ilk
P pnnt
~knnMinAtai
"""
(3.120 . abra ) ap""';r. ""10' .... !'oul tA....&

"R'....IK. .....k "f\Y D..,,;...I.. u.
.. poht....n itlll"oo. irAny11.ol:t "'~..-.i." poolArt.rngrll~1 hn.art~. A nu1l.llpootot" koor .linklA'
n'ud'<U'f ~tjAnAk ilo~jiik_ A ~ pozitiv. Mrnere..e3 pol&rnollg"'lytM..a:orlLDl.,tAli>
F:S)'
..aga"Y mepdott "uu..p.oottOl.." l) """'161. """ .; poltinz6g. ""R);s" OP
Do(=~
-:.~ )
.001 (;)
D(~
,U (~ D-'(;)
(3 ,270.,)
"'IlY'iltMtf>.miltrixot f~rvnNt. Ilivjulr..
,;anv.avN.l"llelltt't.olI irAuybM tbrtJ>nik; .. Ilpn~ ......Ibm nrgativ.
'lzl
3. GorbPvonaloi koord in'tibt hat&roo: Ill"K a ..akk "'Y~terebsfut-enov... kooldiMta~ .. (3.121. 'bra). A ",1: blrmrly J>OlItjau" kct ~k a;ak ~-q;y. "' I>OIltl>ll.lI"&)mN<t
lIIrtI<W ~1*.i<" ha1ad "t. " pootnak m+k-I<'i plVlIllli't<-rPk II poot ~.lounUh<itm. A 3.121 .
a b ran "'" .\f pool ,prb""oollh"l koordiMtAi .. = II, 8 " = ~. A giH-b..-voU&lli lwonliw\.lJ\.ktOl. .. IVrO.-n
,. d......~ koon lin.u..,...nd-rbf'n /I, knord.in4I.Jl\'OfIA1Ak II koordirui.!.JltcrIj!;clydliU"l l>ilrIl.1ZA/llO!< 'V'"
nnoclr.. II poIackoonlin.u...r..nd-r'-'. pt'dig II 1>01"" IIDriil i Ionct"lllrikw< kOriik .... ,. plIlu"hoI kiindllk>
fflcg\'t'Iln'('k.
L )
:.1.1 24.
""m.
3. 12ti_Abrll.
3. 12:>. idmL
Attere.. deri-bzogti koor<linat ilkrol polllrkoor d in iltilk ra k v i..r.o nl E.7.1 a ko\'('ll.....'" !U'I'"
let ..k "'~it.><i-gh"l'1 It'll'" vi-gnhajt=i. ba r..IIPllftZiik. ~ ... knnr<linAlJU'f'nd"'A'r kM'.d6ponlj",;,,; a VOl"'"
","",,,ill! a7, a""zc~lc""dy,..... polN1.<IlJ.\'!y .ogyl.......ik (3. 12 4. Ah ra ) :
3.
(3.2; 1")
o
3. 120. Abr ....
IIfctg.!!.
3111. il.br ...
2. KoordillAtatrannformAci6k
Egy ik d~wk""iiKt1 kOQI'dill'.w'.'ud!<Zf'm'lla mAAi kra villi> " tt.{n:",u';l a koord inil.t ak a k" v" l k.w
",~.h"o.Iyok
""Rrint ,,,,It,O"I.llak meg:

~. A koordimitat e ng.. lypk pArhu1.am"" pltola- az a abo>7-Cis.'1.a- "" b o rd illat....t.l<!v....,..w (3. 12 2.
Abra), IIYPTlkor az d , I"" ,,]6tt i :r. 11 kno r<lin"tAkra, a z pltorn.. uteni :r'. 11 koor<lin iltak r" . "ILI"lI1iut az 'Ij
koo rd in" ta WIl< [,;,wI 0' k''1'd6I'ontj Anlll< a r+1/:; k.. ord illatan'lld~lf'ITf' vonat kO"l.o l!, (, koo l'dinAtl, irl\ f"lIl1All:
,
(J , :ro~h)
1' = 1" +'"
y = y' + b .
(3.l (j!.lI\)
I' = L~ l! .
y'=g-b
2.
A koordinAt ..t ..n ge ly..k ..Ifo rg llt b ll ;p .,';iM"l ( 3 .123 . ebra) . I1y"ukor
z = z' CutJ'f - g'.;n.p, g = .l~in 'iJ + g' eoo;.;,
z' = Et:Ot> 'fI + g.in.p,
y' '"' -z . in ., + g CUll;,:>.
p =Jr2 + yl
(3.2; l h)
+ ,...
b"z -c O.
l,n'llt E. .
hAz > O.
",-
hllz ",Oky>O,
(3.2;1 ..)
h"r =O'...g< O.
h"t,um....tllUl. h"r =!I =O
3.
KH pont kozotti t;\volslig
Ha derfk..ziigu koord i" ;\t Akhllll lll<'II:'" lva ,, kH pou t PI (Xl, g,) (", P~ ("2, Ih) ( 3.1 25 . abre }, a kko ,
(:.1270")
(3,2 7ub)
d = J(Z2
_ Z j }2
+ (Ih
g,)~,
(3. 272)
192
ha J><..Iil\" P, (10',. "",) .... P~ (Pl . .>1) p"I'''kuurJi'''''t'''' ""'lI:",I""""" i~TIlf'rt (3. 12(;. ibra). Ilkk",
d -
-& .
Jpf . . .oS - :.!P\P'l.~.,;(Y:z
TOIll~oz"'ppo:mt
(Jl':.!)
.,:,)
1.2
.11) hOTfl"l:11 .\/, (.r . .) "uv"I;i pontokhOl ,;'lIb ",w"V'r
koordinatil.it .. kilVPIk"-; k"I,k-tekkd ldwt kl>07Amiu.ni'
;::m,.c.
S zaka.~ z
1.
A dott aril.llyu
,.,_m
.1",
I:
~ a 3 .129. Ah ra 'A'rillti !;"",nlf'lri1!.i '<7"'k....zl,;,.......1 il'I
k-hM 1"" .....Wll. F.""hkrnl I: "",,,ak "lWOh4I..."" li~l'k a:>: 01nlllJw-\L...'\wI-. au"'!)!IO'k ki>r1111rt kif<, .....1l!,>Llli.
.h 1lI1W)'111 I,...w,.. "l!. nlM..n
f..looo]".l i>;. smely -aerint ~
3,27tia uIolalanO.ll 1 I,igWAj ,>I1o- kt,U va!a,ut..."i <'KY ~I'" Ua!..",
~v .. ID< 1I1llf/U16 1~w..l'r '" tl' )'"",1,.,., (3.27t..
..
-" _At
r",IOIInA.~
).-'"~
3.12'J. abra.
11 1 m . -
-~
J!7:ja
j In,.
JI=
JG"'I)' =
J ,__
I I ... .rJ
:2
.,....
n_m
32T.1>
6.
T.. rii ....t .. k

I. " Af'OIDSZOg t .. riil~t ..
;\hra). akkor a WI1,k>t
,U7:.d
T- - I:,!/:!l
).
1_>'
I m",tt b\pJuk.
"
't:.
1I - - -, -
Hall p;p~ "l~Ulo z l"""tiv

,. n,,.idlv It'5~ ""oo""'-w.k"",tOIrUAAO<'ll. boto' iIallv"k ........
I ''lIfO' >,n. ~.k"t" 3.27 "..,.1 kPfllM.Pk ""1tJl""&o'wl). < 0 ..,...tiu ..lyIUlIM>lIl..ot W.
t.vm.hatWlk 1I><"I!. IUU<'h' It 7'J'; >C7,1l.!lN- t IlZ .. Wrt Arinyhtw kiviilrol """,tja i-1iL..A frln-=t,u). ''''Y''' /I
AA-......
p;p; ~ kiv,illwlY'-l.k...lik ,,1
II.. P a P;P; ~ behil taWlv.r.o. l....boo f. I""",.
"II"
a.-O.h.P P,
b)A-o x.haP_ P~"",
c) A = -I. ha P IU f ~ \l1I;t, l<-u I./I....... li poutjll., ""I:)'~ ha P

tavolMgr./l f,.jr;~,k. A A "It< k 1U<'I,,1.d .. 3. 12 7.b a br.. m'tat;"',
;u
C "lU"Df'l'<
Arr...... P ,..,,'u.... ..mrl ... rr P2 .. Jf;P!Ilalo:N<z k, 1"'" h..t....:dm-likd.),
P,Prtill" Rt<
'Il
=~ =-2
I:
"2
1:.
'1
I:
1ft 1
h I
-
r,
) "",-"""", ( 3 .1 2 8 .
I:
!h
Xl-X
\I'l'"
, ... I: - I : , ) l b - Y ,
3.277)
lI0\r0m Jl""I1: Aklror f<-b<rik "R\' ..,;'o..-.--n. hA
nnk. "1~...... I"nk. hnR,\'

2.
1
1y,1 - 0
1
SoksWg terii k-t ..

I
T =- r,-1:1
HII ...",u<xok ",~az "ramlltalo jl\r""",IIl ..n.."Ii-t<.. forg "'lr'UWllakf..J..I,n<~. a 3.277) i", 3.279)
k"l,lM l'0zil,, tlTlll.. IM a.-l. Ellf'n k..,;; ..,.-.thPn a vt>,I. I n<'ll",rv.
7. G orlw I'&.".. nl .....

.-\z 1:. II knordimi.tAkra vOllalko7AI ",inn..n F(r.lI) = 0 "LQ"'nl"I""k n...,;l'dd "l!J' gOrhP. amrlynt'k "'" a
InlajnonAA,il::a. hogy a gor1lf' harm..ly l' p<>lltj"n...k kooT'<linlt.tit.ira az <'gyf'IlI.. t t .. lpii!. k mpgfordit"a:
lIlilld.. n pont. M11.. lyn..k knonlinit.l;\,ir.. "" ''g.\'Ynw, t ..lj....iLI." giir\";'n ht-Iy.-zkr<lik..1. E ponU>k hah""""l
",,'ria... hrly"..k i~ n '<'7.7.iik II... "" F(r y) - 0 '10,,,1.., l'I ~Ik "lO"'tl .." _100< pontj';;'r... Sf'm l.. ljcll,il,
,.kkor n..", tartm:ik h<n """,mil)""" "ali... gor1lf'; tIY""kor 10,',,:<1,. giirh~r<;I t.. ",Lfliillk.
A Al jl;.. hrai go r h .. : x 1 + II ~ I o .
13 l'rans,,(.. ml .. ns gorh.. : y - III (1 -? - c h r).
II.. F(.r. y) polinom. "'I mon<ljnk. hogy F(I:. y)
0 ,11,.1".." y,irl.d ,.,[ "'''!::. i..." PO!illOlll fol<...t1w"'l "
ndJ~1Itk ,,"'..../.7.;;k (1........1 (i-l, oln,). lIa nin"" ol ... a" "'(;r. y) IK>lillOlll. am.. IlY'11l giirtK.' "gy,n]d ..
F(",!I} 0 ,,[aha hO'"hat6. tmn.o:nndrn.' 'Io"hhfil h"'''''liink,
GorlK"k "g)(llkt..it UlM komd;nata'"l'1HI"",'r.. kl"l1 i~ ",,"),''!', m<'xl"" l" hd lilorl'.vall1i, A t"""I,I,illkh"n
a,,-oHI'all. h" n' ...." Ilpm lIlowlunk. ,,,,,k d"r;'h,;;";il ko.mliHhtaka! fogunk h"-"l'inAl"i.
,{"k . .
o
hi
'I
3.117. AI,,",
2.
(3.'l71j(:)
_t "" ..
Ppkt..kkN. SZ,li.llutbAt,,,kk. 1\ P P2
m-"f'
.":t
\J_27~)
LIIl,
~1 .... f1Ll'"2
U.61~ ...
Iflf'II:
Em,~
r..IOOlz11t.......
5.
J-
l.iilUt~~IK"'Ip\.tuUcJ.
,____
Em'
""
(" "Ily pont) koonJimolai
A~ m., (...
.l~
=-7,-~1C)
3.1761,)
Ar"nynlPh~"'~lI .. k
rf""....,Ea~
(1~
.ult.nvlik
, , - ...
"
''''''''~1iik
1\1. (/
'v' u II~II""", k('I.
J:
i.,. Q
h'lj,,,, "7llkAAzhlY,E. mint liZ fI
J:
r rffi7_... zakit..... ~n' val0 f<'lh,>ut,........ t. ha 'V .r

r<-,<ZIIZfl.!v< Zarit.n...lik IIZ.r ri.,q,~,"IIk>",,E.h,,.,:
(:j,17IiA)
3.5.2.2. Egycnes
L
Egy.. n..s egyenlet..
\fin,I,u." k"oulinatak .... n Ji""(,ri" ",.;..." nl.. 1. "KV"ll,,,,t ddinihl. M ""'gfordilv,,: l"'m J<I... ' K""!l" " ''KV''"I......"j""[,,kll lin.... ris 'I\)',"I"t ,
'94
1.
A I: fOgy.. n .... A]ta\AIlOS egye n lt' te
A IiESSE-f&l" nor maJ...Jllkot a:t .'!t\'PIl.... A1t..!"'''''' ''KY'"I.t.'1I61"
Ar+8y+C =O
A "" 0 .-ten (3. 130. 'bra ) lIZ '1tY"I\.,. !"uhll:l.<uIlOfI"", .r -tf'llg.. lJ~...1. B
o ..... Ii'!! "" If"t'I~'']lyd.
= 0 _Wn J>P<lir; ft2 "&.,...u." illmtV" k"ordinit,[<ITf"lI<l""...r lwzdnpontjim.

2. AI: pgy.. n.... ir'nyti!ny~ egyt'n l.. t .. Min,l ..n ~"'ll<'>l. 'LIDdy nem pfll:hu,..",n"""", y-wlll':f'Jlyd,
elMIlitbAUi
y",b ... ~
(3.2/(1)
~lf'ttf>l, A It m"ul1~..1 Ill< ''RY''lU'" ,mnr,d"",..znji'lIf'k nl"Vf'U;ik:ez ~f'1l16>\1l1...k ",~,,'k
a tang.....oi>v<>I. A/JIrJ,.t lIZ ~ "'" r- !.t'u~ly pol'itiv iranyilYlll. z4r iJf' ( 3 .13 1. abra). A ~mi-k "'" ''ltV''"
llO',utA! A:l: .,.toonv1yh6l kim.~t ~ IIIIja I~_ E~ ~ a t.lWgf>rn<...:t <"!O"l"U<'" boI~ti1ol
fiiggc'iP1l kiIlonhOzOd6jrhllrhd.
3. Adott ponton Atmen6l"gyPn.... ~nlf't ... .4:.<..dat1 P J (r " YI) ponton atmrnli....lou irfLn'(1\
q.'if'DnO ( 3. 13 2. i b r.) "'8Y"'nJrt..
..w.{,
Y-Yl=k (.r-rll
'i;
....-'
e--c-e
0'
1
J' = ~
A
{3.2XO)
3.1JO. ahr....
.. hot " ;11:6.
).
..fo....nlP1.e Ha
p =
(3.2tl7)
P
.
coo;(.,:- - 0)
2 . Pont .... "gypn.... tavol..aga

A P I (I r.Y, ) 1000ltllA!r ~ opgy<'J><'>ot61 \..00 J tir.v'*'Ar:';'1 (3. 135. ' b ra) .. HESSE-f..... lK>T1I.aw....kbol
kapjuk UK"g. hugy { 3. ~,i ) hftI oi<laLiJ:... 1...IwI)Tll.<",!ljiik IlL ..ooll pnnt konrdinillAil:
J=I,co;n+y,s;uo-p .
(J .2Nl)
It.. PI ...... ~....r Irrm<"ipnlll}a"" 'lO"'1if'" ktilO"hilIiinldA1&n fcbzi.k. a.kkoI- J > O ..Ik-D
b-W."..-tbt"nd<O.
",gy
P r(" , 'YI)
eg,)'.. nes
r....mUUt""llf'k
ktll vAl_tlmi .
7. Az egyenee polarkoord inatils pgJpnl.. t e ( 3 .136. ibra ) lIa a p',h"~ll"Jr AZ Pg)"'n<"'tOI mht
tavobllga I" vOlu.~ti>l1I:iIl Pg)"'n....ig tctjP<16 nonnftl~ ) p. tnvAI.hA" 1>o!;lr1('ngoly"" " I'ol"..~h61 ""
Pg)"'1I<""T1' hon<alotl norrniLfu< kOWtti "".rill: n, ...Jrke>l'
..
yo
,
yol
J.lJ2. AbrIL
~ '10'1'fl'-rwk kk
--.....:
"
p/ p
0'
3.131."1>r&-
4. Kk adott ponton i t lUe n6
(3.28(1)
V " ' + P'
0
J.l3S. .. bra.
3.137 Al,r".
3.1J6. iII>nL
P, (r , '1). Pl (rl.Y:! )
, e-------
POlltj .. .dot1 ( 3. 133. ibra ). ILkktx AZ ''9()'1''nn. '1l..Vf'lllffio
!..:..!!.. = !..:..:.!..
Y,-!ll
(J 2liJ)
r,-r,
Az <"gyen ... teng..lym.. tuel.... "1O' .. "I.. te lIa """ l'JI,Y<'fi"" " tcn~.. l)".. kool "" <l. ill. b ""...Jw<"t
metsal ki. ..huI "" .16}<'k k..t ;" ukIU1<"lh.. kdl venni. Bkkor """ pgy<'lIWI (3 . 13 4 . libra) ,
$.
~ + ! =l
,.
"
(JZt4)
3. Egypn......k m .. hz....pontja
I. K i>t "K}"n.". m .. tszespontja Ahhoe, bogy kilo7.Amit>ollk ki1 ~n~ nlt'f,....'"'-I>Ollljllnak
OTdiuilUil. lJ>f'll; krll oldani.u; <"lO"'Iu.'l<'ikl~..!koh'lt "8Y"n].'tTf'Il<kI.crt. IL< it.:< L"!O'.,,,,,,,k >\Z
[K
'(" ' Y' )
H" .,'
12
2.
:J.13 ,i . Ahra
''l(Vf'1l1~t'1
,.t!Y'.".",
6 . A z .. gyo-n .... pgypnl..tl>npk nor mfllll.lll.kja (vl<gy HE SSE-/<,k non",ualak) H" a~

tAv,,1
""gil II. koor.:HnfltIll"PllO"7AI' k'-I.dIlJI<'utjAt.,,ll', t..lVAb l"' ..z .r-tengely es e ko o rd iw't"l<' Uc.l""" 1 kNAIIlI'''1l1
JAMJ 11:7. .. ,o,.n""r.. I>n....A tntt llnrmAlill AII..<III ...zArt "Z<iIl; n ( 3. 13 5 . a bra ) , ehol p > () .... () ::= 0 < 211".
akkor" HESSE-fi,j" ""nlllw1l..k" ki;..... tk,~/lI:
.H"OI>,-,+Yl\lna-p =O,
(J.2!<,jl
!lID =
Ig: ~:I
(J .2S9bJ
TA;'"B';l
IA B
B2 1
A,
O. akko r "" "!G""'.....k I~i.rl""~.ll" .....k. fl a -
Sugarsor Ha kit
A" A
3. 133, "hT".
~.
l/
.. a
19;9:1
lA
,I nn' I""
Ig
n, - -.
C
-n
"" f"g)... " .....k ('I:"vl>"'''lll'k
I
~hlC~
"!lY"""" nWI-fOz""'I'"ntji", "10' IULI'I",,,hk.
(3 .2'.10><)
+ D"y" C, = 0
"gy<'ll'''' hal",l at (3 . 13 7. al>ra) , "kkur t.lj .,.ii!"
kiiv('tk'~l.<l <'1 11'1,<'1:
1 ~~ Z~ g~ l = o.
(J.Z'JOh)
AJ B.1 C,
Az
ko-
(3,21&.)
.4., I + D1y + C 1 "" U , A,t r + 8 1 y + C 1 = O

"'lQ'eu!Mt'kk..1Vl'IJlnak mpg,..-lva.llkknr
'Y
IO.!It
(-ex:
<,\
<
'l-cu)
,.
196
G ~"m ~r .,,,
egy<'ulet k'irJ" lUit"I'v.,kI.t IV. ''KY''".-k'>I, "lll..ly..k "11lJ<'llI,,,kJl (3.2 119,,) alat.ti k'" ''lU''''J<''II Po,(
,~,)
JlWI,..,.....vouIJhn A. (J.2'JO<' "'IQ"'n[,-t ''lQ' I},{fo.~) '"rl,'oFt '"I>;an.Ht ,ldiniiJ. II.. a7. ..\>oO krt "'1'.)""''''
"&Y''til.. tr ll"rll"iJaI..kI~"1"'"l n...R"'t........kk"r"'\'
l viilit.~~t"""'.,j a ki't "l{Y..., .... "It,.] ....."Art ""'~"k
~(k'ZOlIl(k ''XY''"l'>/.<11 k..pjuk (3,1311 . Abra ).
'i
',0',
-\
iWlkrll hmhatO. Ek k" r a kor "1I1:1U',1 ,'", " k<>'i'pl"ml k"<>,,hrli'tiut ""
Il= Jm2 +n '

gyt',J.>n.\I (r
'i
t-~
I ~"
01
h
.-gyp""
k .. 3 .139. '
bra" .... that.Ok.lla""~
~ .... "" >U:
,/Al_U 2\I.-ti +
0;
.-\.B. - A.B,
32'9\"
\-':P -Bfv-\i
81
A Ie "'" 1.-] lnWyt"IIY'C'~kr'l kR.J'Juk:

1<2 - I.,
tg"
&~kn"l a
,";I"+~'~,;,~,~,
~J I
31'l]h
2.
.12"JIlI
ah.>i t .. tuOIQ!:O ~ c.." p<YLltiv
.. J:1
329tr)
"z. akkor
:1.142. ilhra.
- R r::u. f
, -
H",nt .
tel
I~
k,....t1J
(3. t 42. ah rll )
(3.291g)
ki"k-IrknJo]"" f"R\ ,k "R.'""ll<",t6111 11
Prim",,,,,,,,,,. '"!IY''''
IN.. (3.1 '10.a ah rll) f''Or,,\.I1
'Yl/r", "J:rr (3.140.U a bra) 1Ilj iii
2:
.-1.,
A,A~
DB,. =az k,
2
3.1U. ahca.
k~ .
+ B,Bz - U. "'A1 k:l
3.
=
-Il k',
A ko r tRY.. " I..t .. d.' ~k ~ 7,og " koordillflt Akban Ii" " k;;c ki'rdI'].>Outj" 1\ k,~"djlL.'l.\r~!'oI "r
ko,.,l<ip<>1ItjAh.. ~ik ( 3. 1 4 1.11 Abril) ... kk" r ,1"J{'k1'<2i' I:" ko<mliw' tio.khan" kor "I\.v'u],!,
.(0)2
+ (11_ J/<,j"
A kor polarkoord i naliL~ "IO' .. nl ... . ' ..11'''' iUtJol,;;.",
3.14:1. ahra.
,1"'11." 3.1 4 3. Ahra ><l<"J'iul '
(J .'l!)(,a)
Ii.... koc kiY,-"l'l"outj.... !K.IArlt'UR'ly.. n v,,,, /'t<" k;" ;'ltn'R.\' 1\ k....,r<lin"''',...,-"ls~J't" kr"IAIOI"-,,,tjAu (3. 144.
1.
' +- .y' = Il'

1-/" " ki>zi>pl"'nl " C {o. .1/1,)
3.1H. "I"..
p: - 21'~oo<;{ ..- -~)+d=R'
3.5 .2.3. Kor
(7 _
m' -..-
.....,..w.- lTlUlyl",," ti,rtiomk.

M~r6l."r'
A kilr parami>tere5 e lOOlIit a..a
3 !'Il<'
_ '"
"
A.,Al ... llllh
...
3. 14 1- " 1,rA.
,-hOI
I,; . r - A,o'4,-8lh
3291"
(3,2911,)
J/I>=-fl
_.._-- c(""',v...
i -
.-\,8:2
('U
~.
-Ill
""M.. gmt';'l; h" q
" ~I
nrm ",I ""
) POlllol kaplInk.
A .r+B!I c, =0
' 'IT.,.!J:/I ~Cl
~ .w.kh"D \'>W lJ'If'",Iv.....lkor (.-nnilI1
co.,: -
12')4.. )
".I. "'" '"!!.Y' n""
"I
3.139. AlII'''
-I . K k
.~c
.~~ cgynuil<t lDMl<W~
q.
ki>l't..t..k adj.ik ""'g. HI\. q > ",-
(:.I.'l!J:la)
p"" tl~,, ,
J,,,Jy,,k,.lik d 3.141.b ahr a ) . akkor az cgyenlct
_ II'
(:l 'l! r~h)
Ahra ), ..Jc kor "'" ''llY''nIN a ki;wlk<"7li p~s,rr>l ,,1 ,kol "lti:
p - 2R f'U,>'
4.
(J .2')(jh)
K o r i>rinloj.. A (:1 .'l!12,,) rp;yrnl!.
H'
(J .:t:li)
[rjal,.
:1.5.2.4. Ellipszis
,..2 + 2bJ')1 +..../ t 2d, 2'!J t ! = {)
io.!t"lio.n O'< mK..... ~ lf<Jk .., 'W, u lt!,ukkor {",",;ak a kknr """,J"u' nyn kiirt. h" b - 0(,;" _ (' EI, I"."
a;:"!O'lll..t lI,i1l< lig...:.:
.r~ + II' + 2m r + 2".1 + 'I
Il
(:1.2!J:Ja)
III. ""dl ", ,,
(3,2 !J:lh)
1. A z dlil>"~i~ a lko t<",.,le m .. i A 3. 146. Ahr An Tn

2" .. " " '1'1 I,.,,,/d'l . ~ = 2h" h'/ rn9p1y.
A. lJ. e. D " p"ic.' I"m f"k , Fl . fi" !ri"".zt>k" krrti'pl'''nn<'>1 rnindk M oldnJon r ~ ~ tavol"''>Wa,
e - c/a n;\t. a ki,t'l1 l:rll }'pl
1.arllll'l,>,m,""'\IJrajzolt hru- fi] h"".'(JAAp:".
'"
y
J_l~_abr ...
3,1 -lll. aim.
3.1;;0 . ilhra.
3,149 .""..
A:r; ..1Ii1~ "10'"\).-'" nuul1lua.la.kban. a7.a2. rgyhn>lo5 k""llhu."~"' 1'\.

li~~IY'dl. _>to'-II. ,..w.."illl povl\l'AM..re, Il\AklllOll:
2. Az .. Ilip""' j"
~ .. nJtott
= arn;!.
, - h int
(J.2'.II<h)
Az ..Uir-iA polNkuor<lil.........,v",olPti-t 1No1 .. 2I.Ili. okWon.

3. AI: e llipszill fokU!lzainak tulajrlc>ndogai . a.l .. nipsz'" d efiniciOja .\;c ..uil...a.. ,.;wI, 1><>111.011
Iltirtani ""'I~. A1 1yrk lIi-t ~h1.1 ",,"It61 (f<'>lm,<>:tOI) -Jo U...oc""'g>\wLk o...:a-g.. -V kOlLStAnlo 20 k
,..II.. Ezelwt .. t1o ~t . NJlf'lw-ltpt "'" ..Ili~~J>Onl ve:ri"T'sUJl:Mainalo: hivlIllk... kUvrlkrm ki,.lcwkkrl
Joobpt /Ol.
~ 1l1JUtV"'lIyrl>f'fl kiazAmillUli:
f'.=.\IFl - a - r.z.
rJ =MF,="..- pr.
r, _r} _24 .
(J .2'J'JJ
EnnH...... a <io'1+~ knordinAtilklUUl Milt l<tribbi k<-I'kvlmi-J. r.-I~;ik. bogy AZ ..1Ii!"W" lJUCl,lAl.
Wc",," VNI ~ lva.
pArhllUl:lnoo-an. d = ale t4\I<JlMgh,," hiw;:>tt ~
n-k (3.141. 'bra ). " " ..1Jj1"'LI.~ kt.o.W~.....\l(r., ) pon tj>\nt. f..nnail 4: dl'pm. ....l"""""'..Atul,,~
dorl-'l4gn (IA..,.J ae. 01<1. ):
4.
A I: e lli puis v.. urt'g)'E'DO_i
Ju,,1"1~..lly<>l
(J.:JOO)
S . Elli psz is i t mi!rdinf>k nf'Vl"Uiik 1lZl,1uo., .. 1"'lI'Okat. a.lIldy..-k iitmenn"k AZ .. lIiI'K.t.i>< kW""IK>lItj""
... IU'K'Iycl<...t " lcim'1.pont fp].'Z (3.14!S. ilbra). Az dlil""".i.~ va1<lm<>ly atmPr<'ij<'vr] parh>l;<>UlI'" hlhok fr1.wllOll~j.ulL..k lI>l"rtNli h...lyP il<mk 4In"<.r6.ILZ .....t1..ti "'lllrrokonjttgtii l rimt" m)" . Kpt konj lll\liJ ~ "lmrrl'i
.J: ,,,. 10' iriut.,tr"~ ...,.oj<'fl'
10k' = -1Jl
(:i.JUI )
,,'
1 . A z ellipszis gorbiil.. t i korl- ....k sugara (3. 14 9 . "bra ) Ha az killtU .... ov. .,,{.... . JIt) ..rintC!;; pont
'to"ZklClJgM>llr.OriJcti ou.Og u. Akkor
R =a21il(5 + ~)~ "" {r,r21

a-'
II,b,~in(o+J) =uh,
Ellips ais e r int6j .. At. "

!/!I<.
-;;l + -P= ].
.rEO
"~+bf=II~+1llIi l',,~i~
(3.302)
(:I,JO.1)
logy"nl,t Irj.. k A z d lil'M.i~ lttll'llLIl!i!<n "" "'riutlljp (3. 14 9 . flhra) f\ f6k".v."kh61 al'. M irill ti."i 1"'lIthll
W', pt o v'".!">'u gllr..k 1,...],,,,\, ill. kii],.'\ M,iill/,l... k ,,";>gfd..../~;j". Az Ar + B y + C = 0 ' BY''"'''' al'. ,'l1 i ]>~'f. i", k
akkor ;rintilj.. h.. t "lj,,,,ii! nI.
A' ,,' + 8,/>2 _ C' = U
ra.aou
ill. Rc = Rn =
0'b
8 . Elli pszis ~ l!'lIipszi5...... z.. k t eriil.. tl!' ( 3. 1 500. " bra)

a) Elli psz is;
(J.JOOaI
T = ".ab .
b) 80.\1 l!'lIipsz;scikk :
ob
,
TBOil
'"
"2 Al"tnJfI;;:
(3 ,306 1,)
c ) /l18 N pl1ip"zisszet..t:
r
T1111." = abOll,-"",", - o
...y.
(3 .JO(;r)
9. Ellipszi9 Iv hossza ~ kt-riH.. t.. A~ plliplOZilo kM A. B !,outja kiriui ivh"-7.At nPID Irhct Pkmi<'n
ki>r.c&ruiWli. mi nt" par"hoiiInAl.ruu...m nuUr. "ltV E(k . ....) I1I""",Uaju nem tl'1j.... plliptiku" in~a1 (1i\>;d
-1;;(;. old.} ...-git>oeg~'..,.l.
Eun';'1f"GVlI. a:z pllipl'Zioc kpI11Ip'i-t (1lwI ml-g 4iO. 01<1. ) IO:t E(..) "" E ( e.
iut<.W"iI1lld mmithatjl1 k ki. Mol
f ' '"
'i)
mN;o<lf"j" trip cllipnkus
.;;;r::-p/a" I1tl1l1" rik,,~ f'l(N'lllnrit.""f"I< ....= ~ (.. I",,"llpl. Tlf'g)""I
rmi>rp):
L . 40E(eI . 2'0 [ , ,
Gr'-G:)'~ -G::)'~-]
(0 - h) hp ,Yf't.tf':'\lt ~
"
(o+b)
A .. = - - -
.\ !(.ro.!Al) l'''Utl1<Yl ' " rtow hillt.:ljM f\1.
(3.JO;j)
ab"!.n "
Az A. B. ill. C. D n-itnopnl1tnldJAll (3 . 14 6 . "bra) R l = RII = :; '"' p.
Hit. kr t kn nj u.l;A1t Mm'ro h'_1.(1~"1111 .... 2h 1 t."vilhhil >\ll Atmpn'ik .... " negyteugely kij-,jitti hrlO"""<7i>gr-k Q h J. /lhol k :: - 11:" f"I< I.' '" tg fl. Ilkkot PrWl1yt." Ap OLLONIOSZ t<'l, {,- "kiiwlk,w; "I...kl",":
6.
b4
1 :: =!r
),2
)"
),6
2[' )' S
L=II(a + b) [ 1 + 4 + fi4 + 2 ;.6 + ~ +
(3.JUi a)
(3.3Oib)
f:s k,y,elitl'llpg
L ""lf[1. 5(0+ b) - ~1
(3.3Oi..)
J. Gwmrtn"
200
II.. a ~ L~ "" b I. n.lr.ku, (:I,JIlI,,) II 7 .~1. Vbo:<Ollt .. ma...xlf.j{, [rljr.o ..lliptikll.~ iUI'WIi.I "'Rit"; '"'' I
(1"",1444.01<\ I hirl';ll<; p.mt.......hh ,,,,\.In,,I'''' A 7.!kl i'rt,.lut ao.lja.
3.5.2.5. Hipe r bola
~n]"t
irja I" . A hip.. rhola Ilomuw><a'" i rint'-j<' (3.153. 'br:ll) " (ok".......,k l>O/;oZ .\1 Pri~ p"nth;\
v..-zt'to ",",zer ' llgarak b<ol<O. ill kiiL.r' ....."'.'.". k lI'I.Qgf..I...-IliJ', Az Ai - By ... C 0 ~n"" ekkor prinl o.
tu, I..lj....
.~2a2 _ B 21:? _ C~ - 0
(3 .312)
,,]=
"lO...." Itt.
1. A hjperbola ajkot I..n..; A 3.151. ;ihr;m A8 - 211

.. vahi V'1'l':,jy; ,t, D A r
"."ll"t: 0" kir...I'I"'''t' fj k f~ ..
jok ...:wk.arDf'1y.-k II
"9*'1,.." 1IlW-U,'f>Ollt min<lkf,t n1.d...
Jan .. > a tavolMgr.. brlyt"'lko~lll ..k "I: rf) - 1b '1~
-'0..,
II k"pzrlr., t.-ng<>1. p
';1.. Il 1...,...r6nIn Fl,,,.mm /r,., V".&;Vi..
e&,.V fuk.-m ,;t .. \...10.0 tt'lij\rh 1" U"T~"" n rllJu>lt h(u- fA
h..-i...a,;Il; .. = (" .. > I ...."'"......... r-rrrflfnr,tti..
2. A hiJl'O'l"holll <"gy.. nlete A h11>rT... ,u,,'1:.Vl1u.t< n0nn4la/.mkbow. IlZAZ "lO'~ ~h ~lv ~ \'I\l.6II [
..Iv .... 1."n. ""-
lAmint P"l"mo't<I1... ..L.kI>ll/l;
3.1;1 ilhn...
~ ~!.= I
o'
:l.~)
,,'nl
11- bdll
PoialkoordmJt.t.ikbow lfwl .. 20). oI<Wt

3. Hiperbola fukunll.hll.k tullljdow.a,:ai. a biperbola d("finkiOja .-\ hlp<'l"oo1ll '" JIll'Ul"ok
luPrtaw bel...,........ y.-k kM rtFil.l1.l 1'01>11.61 fo klls:lt.'>I J IDht t;;,~ k,-lOnl_''g'> '"ltv ku, ~~
:?a ertik. All T, - rl S 2tJ t.u..,.~ "nn"'''' Ill; ~i.k ~ ,, 3 . 15 1. ilhn\n .. b.oJ uklalilKJlil '"
r2 - r, _ 2tJ tll"'~'IIlk" wa..lkhrn- (" 3.151 . ahrton .. jobb oI<Wih=) tartnZlIM. E ,.. " ~ ......
allif'1~kM ....zm.,...-...l-1'ULk biv.wk, A2;
rl
(f'X-q). r~ f"r+q). r2-rl",2tJ.
33Wl
kf.plM.tokb61lllAwithA1l>k k, ..001 .. f....; "10,. I .. 1"1I oIdNi. Itl' ~ ..k'ljo:'l .. JUl.!> ukWi ;";'Il rn..r a.......
&.ekn.. l .... Il dr1+k.iOKilln.o.-.liruitakt:wu. f..!Ut I.o\'1lbbi hiprrbolab'plotdwpl fpile XI-a. 1x>Q1\ hip..r
hoIA oorTIl4laW<l"", van 1TII'l(".-IVI'L
3.1:>:1. libra.
3.1:H . .wrll.
J.'
6. Ahiperbola~zimptotai oIv,,""'Y""
Ie (3 . 154. ahra) _Ivrk - x Dd.en rninde u batil
WlIlu]koz,el..,jj...k"hl!""Tbo\A"wuhoo: Itl'
t"tudrfinit'l6....t
I 2J.I,oI.Jalull A;<; llIiZillJl'l o t.....
Iriw~tm~...wjo:'k
:t l&" - b q A. IlIWml,t"tI\k~... Ilrtl'l" ki)o,'"!uu:
,3.313)
A.
_.lm~tAk ...hiprrOOla "KY
~ ..
.\1 POllt l>l<l. v,"! t
'!ll to,.....{'"I"" It! .. A
/",ri>olG mnli><illrnb)'il .,JleotiAk.

=
;;I-J14 )
T =ab
Al lIlIZimpto tik P!< Ie'" whik pArhm:llmOlt. Itl' H J>ondxil knnJulo<-~, ....."'tal a1kotott <J1"Xll} p.va
iPk>,;ramrna. ti'n,lrtf'"
T/, _(,,2 _(,2) _~

t,
"
(3.31:
Ko nj ug al t hiperbulak (3 . 15 5. libra) ~Vt"IlIrtl'
;c2';
;;i-~ =l
ro -r:-ti.
TTl "".akat<.<\ (3 . 154 . lbra). A z .\1 il ulA I 1"'1: t IlZ k nto.lllrllhot ~ ki. !<'hAt
Az <-rillt,;i-s Il ki-t """"-rnVI(>\.JO Ie.... ttl TOT h...-om ' t<>tiil<'" mm<\Pn.\l i>rmtiosi pon , ....
c...
i_~
b1 ,,2
I.
(3. 3 Hi
&I1lk,'.; " "u"'Odiknak frlit! hil"roo]ll ... 3. 155.11brall vtJ,mlkn:t.<'.....u va" k h iilJt ,-tVt'. A,,;ullll' t ot Aik ki>";;""k. tova bh" i\2 l'l{Yik hil"'thola
lAnl\,I\'"" n......iku"k 1Ul'ztl.... tl'llgtlyi'. {.,. megfordttva.
""'<,,,,
3, 152. lih",.
y.
3.1:>3,;\. h , ..
4. A h ip "rholll v,,"z"r.. gyPlu,...i "v,Ji", I., 'u li.,' lyrp m"r<, lpg..... a kiY/r p p 0 l!II.<'>] d '" air t;;,' " l"" ~) ~'l1
..]h<'ly,,zk,~ l,' ,'!tY"I"""k (3.152. Abril). A hi l" rhol.. tlt'~ill,'I'\'"' .II(.T.,,) pontj"''' ft-nnAll .. hipt"ll,,,],,
"" Z"HIO, >,,,.,.. t.,, lllj, t,,,,,.;, I't" (1"", 120ti. ohl.):
Tl

rro _ !/Yu
l.
(:UII)
a.iso. "hra.
;J. 157. M,I'I'I.
202
3.5.2.6. Parabola
I'
3
L A parabola a lk ot6elem l'i

A 3. 159. ' b rAn Il:t r-t<'ng,'ly a:wuoo .. J'dmhola t""9elllfVl.'1, 0"
"",""bola c.l.ir.pont)U. F" pamlK.u./ri l",.,m. >uudy a ko<mlin4tan>I,,~r k.,.;~lol'''l1tjatOlp/2 ui-vol..agra
"'" r -te nfl:l'"lyrll talalh" t o; a p h1..:-kd a paml.onl.. plpammitrrl,...k nrvl'7.Ziik.-\" X X ' l"':~""~ a
]llllaboL.. t<'I1f1:e1yi>rr mcroteg.", <>gyrll aUlf'ly a t'>llll:r1yl .. Mk,,-..I ..ll..ntH.......ldalon p/2 t;\\"OI.~h,,"
Illf't-ozi. .-\ fH,....-lLIllCt.cr <'gyt'u!o" f6k" oli...n a tPllfl:r1yl'l' "".~ h,ir fpl h<WO.(lAA.ga~..J 11<. A p"rahoIa
ntmltn.n....""'nntri... t.W." I (1A..-l206. 01.-1. ).
2. A parabola eg)'pnlpt p Ha a k"unhn"t...-rt,,~r k~IM'ntj .. a l"'f..hola "."""I>oulj; "'" r
l<-n~ly egy """"' ik a p""aholA t<>ngdyf-w1 p,.al"""I".!aOl,inol'nlLti" h..1l.. lllull\l ..kkur a p"",W/I ~.
~i: fthr"n.alalak}tJ
u-t....
11 '" 2p.c.
bo
.""
2.
.ibra ) ~:
,=~ -.-b.r -.-c .

~
10. T eriil..t l!' k .. hipoorboUba n (3.157. .lbra)

a ) A .'\I .1'1,' hi p.-r bolas U' k-t '
T'(I>l ,~
'"'
IlI-obln(;: ...
=rtI-abattb;.
(3.319ft)
3.
k'r
&..
hol
~, + ~
2 10 2dr
(3.3 191
A1. JJC:.-kaou ""hllu.w",. lOS ~ .-.imptot.AVl\I. c a foku,;zUvoo.ag. "" II = l'?'.

n . lIip<"r hola lv A hip<'1bola ki-t..t. B f'Olllja k~ti it>M~ .. t ltf'T? IrhM ..l'"',"irtl k~itaw.
mint .. IIAfAholAnAl.I........ m ....... "1Y E(k. .;) nWoodf"J'1 n{'m U'lJ"" ..U'l'llkll" ml..grN (1Nod 4;;(" old.)
...-gf~l. b->nlc'>AlI1I.Z ..ni,_i>o Lvht8<J."hm (1Asd 19!t old.).
.'.
12 . A i& ~ .. nl6oIdalu hip.. r bolAkat a:wu0l''' = b hO'"'l7.(L~ l.foTIll:rl...... k J'f'l1rnu,k. whAt '10"'111...
t uk
r2 _ ,; =.,2.
..Ih..
wzp
5.
.'"2
~
N'
3.1:>/<. A1>r...
<'gy<'ll<"W"krt
(3.161.
.ibra). ~tindrn <itmmj f..le,:i a \iogpontjAhm. t.IlrtOM fflllt<'Npl pArhll7Am<'" bi'rokat (3.1 61. ;'bra ).
Ha a Mmk iranyWnY""iijP k. Nili>r az Atn...r6 pgyt'nk-t..
,= k '
p
(3.324)
(x.y )
(3 .323)
,r' - -
A para bola f6 tulajdon...a,:a (ai_Ahola drliuio:i>j. ) A p"""holallZOll .U (r. ,) pontok n:oktaIti
abo! XJ1!' a J""lAbolapontnak" fokul'<th61 kiin<iul6 ~h~llll;lV",

. A parabola at ml.n'iinek II<'voouiik a J>l'TaholA tmg..lyko.-I plirhllzamr",
lJ:.t20h )
...J
(3322cl
JTT '" TT1\ '" r + ~.
(:I. 320ft.}
,.
< O. Akkor a1ulrOl nYltot t. A """""'poot koordillAtN:
tavol.u.gr.. "anruU: ( 3. 159. 'bra ). Itt. "' .. ,\Priok~ ~ban kUn ttwal>hi k~ ..khm"
,....-abolApgy'I'I'lct.cn..k notJ:nAlalakjat w-nAIjuk. Ekkoc
Az '1O"'1,]oo kl..Jll hip<"rhoJ." ....r.iml'ww pg)rn.a,.r& nwr6l~k. ~" Ill "", illll'tot';!' "IO'1"~",...k,, ku<.r,1iw\.l.I!.WI~..lY"'kk,.1 (3. 11>8. a b ra ).....lwr ~ "~.v,,,"1 ..t .. kiJ\'f'l k,...w:
ry=
O. a kkor a ~ felilln'll. hA a
-lac - tr
r, = -1;b ' .lit = ~
'
2,al
ltd,.... lWlPiyPk pgy r-OF;zitctt ponttOl.. " fOk,_tl>I.. "" ~ ri:zjtd.t ~t.6l."w:Uo~t.6l.pgypWO
b) DA M G tdom:
TOAllC =
p=
Ha a
(3.322a)
I
(:J.:Hl'oh)
R.=sRI1=p"' -o
1'0
(3.321)
.-\ ~ pnl&rlwor<linAt"'~ ~t iaIol. 2()tj. nl<Woo. FiiQ:Olrg.". toJ.lIl:dytl p.vahnla (3 .160.
J.Wl.Abrll.
5.
3.159. ii.hr...
:1,100. "hm.
J.Hi2. Ahr...
J .I63 "hra.
Parabola erintojp ( 3 .16 2. 'bra ) A 1,." " l>nl.. ,\ f(ro.!/O) l"'1,tjM1<t.'. t.. rtozb
YYO '" p(T
+ TO)'
~ril1t<;
cl,;)" 'uld e
(3.32::')
A l"'C"hoIai>rjnlt'lj.. ft< /L'H'llL,'l!iIoa" f"kn"d>61 kiin<lnl6 v."...["ul>"r ...."" hin!'".i !'Onton ';'t!lalN]" IiIn''''';
ki...,;,tli !I7.ii1{<'k ""i>gf..lf'7~;i. A jllU.. h"l>,hllltOjrrwk II:'- Prill!''''; I'""t'''' az .c-tf'ng.. lyf'n f"kv,; l",r"h"I"IMIg..IlY"'1 VJLIO mf',,o:z""l'ulll kiw;\ ti ""~wlS,,.A1 " 1l'lf1l""u"''''''''''I>ontj"hoz ti.rt<o1>i>nllt.'. ""f(Yil. az l/-I"IlI(l'ly
!Plpz;:
~= m,
lJlS .ce. ~=p.
f;:o' JI = k.c - b "&Y"uJ,'tii '1tY'"IU". l_ ahnlfmAk ..Jr.kor"riutOjc. ha
p = 2M
..
(3.326)
(p ~ 2J 1 )3/l
r.:
vP
"" 0 ....,fn<pontho.,o J.>O'tUI!
I~
11 II
r:
~ =:2
H= P
7. T....iiwt.. k a parlloollll>an (3.163 . abra )
a ) .\l O S par.. bollL~z .. kot :
2
TOllII' _ - TPq'' '' (PQ.\"M 110 p",.,.ht)Ia~17lmIIlA)_
3
~ltnilis gf,thPk 6 '" 0
(3.m)
.1<0
3.:12......)
""r = "'- -cr/

,
,(J.32"lol)
Hlj...-rb.-.L..
KCt wet"w ~
.-U~ IJOI'1llAWAkja
tr..u.....loHnil.ciO lltlW
(3.3291
.-\ ..w 2n
1,,( I "' ")

1 +p )
10"'-2p[ Y"P
\'=; '- V~l
p ... 111 (I'ii
-/r(r+~)+1~h~
tl _ .....
"
"
, - c
I11f'nll~i.""1t ..10;..10-
(3,3:.\Ohj
J!
<-
'
\/(tl- e)1 -,--tOl

2
1
4 ,. c- J(0- .. 1 -W
.o\:t""" r' .....
..'kdt~ ..'-S..+6 _ Ornh.cxlfokuegy<'nwt
c - .. _\(c_o) - II>'
1;=
rt::
II"'!. kpll b<>gy~ ~b ..It'iJ<'1h-t I.

A1. U) z'-1e~h' ir.in}".... :"'....:;;..
(3.33OJl)
4'z'2 . t'y' ... .,
bd-.
r
tl:1.<. _ _ _
n~l.ahoI.
5 < 0 .....rhr ....uo...
hl ..l .... > U'.... tt'n ki,>",wb"" 1

1\;., k~",,"1A" '1 ~..."............. kiiozii,; pout l.aI
I . .-\ IooordinAtuPnd"7.<T k<-,~I':;l'OlItjUut.k

f'!lol1lttaa KffiUo: kOzi-ppontjAbll. 1IK"l)'1M'k k"",,,,wu...
(3_32.'< )
A parabola fvtK-La IlZ 0 OIUo-l"'utWl A2. .\f(.c. 51) potllig:
..l == 1I
'I>
2 A koonJ.inala1elI~ .. lyo:-k ..If<J~a1'''
'"
!l.
=0
~ #O
E]hJl":r.i.~:
S7.iik~ kooHlinatatcl\ll>'donnN;;t't
b ) OM R parabolai<iom:
To",. = -
,0
~>O
6. A parabolag{>rbiil..ti k(' r';" lI'k s up ra az .\l(x, . ,1 d IX"ltOOn. ha~m norwafi"o;w,u,h<_

1ft (3.16 2. i b ra ). altaWWl
R=
A ~rI ... .w.kj"
Ii "" ..l h1.,;k,
k"'-*'-"
"
..l, 6 .... 5 a (3.3311,) Blatt dt-Iiuiitlt ~l.IWdr. .

11 A1. '1!."'pllw'llf'k k"IYt('I,... giirllf' f<ol..llTlf~.
. 1)
Kiesinv :. <'11;.k..krr-kii'o'lit.Ol<,: ("UI,A.\J
,o..
3.5, 2.7.
Hm' -1(;)']
~ 1A...odrendrt
2.
(3,3.10<")
gorl>l>k [kupszclctck }
A masodrpnd,l gorhfok Alt a l! n......gy " n l..t" A n"l.Iotln 'u<hlgur[,;'k

a.rl .... 2b.r1l + C1J~ + 2dr + 2t'y + I _ 0
(3,331 .. )
"It.alan"" rgy<'nI..t.. <lr ntl iiUj.. lIZ dlil'""i"t, ' llmk "l,,~'i"li.~ '';I('t t''k''u ! " kurt. tuvahl", n h ip<'rholil.t. " j~"
raho lM. velamin t I\Z <'W"l ll""!,,,r! mi n! ""it..o m""",lr"u u ,] gurhH. A llornml"l"kr" valo vi", ..",....,,U.,.
a 3.17. .... 3.1!1. tAhlA7.athan 1l" 'g",lou koon h w\.t.atrlUl' don nAdok "''gir",;~''v,lrorl.h,hpr.
1.
:\ 1.. K.ieltYz ...." : A (3 ,:i.1 1"j 'l\Y"nl,r ..gyiiUh "thi neru "uJ!l.-.""k I\Z "ID'P>< "1><"j"li" k{'Ilf<Z,..I<,r('k p"mlllit,~
a'i v,,),
:\I"gj"gyz':'": H" ki\ ,ogy iitt hatll (ll i" b valIS b i-1t r) '" O. a kkor" "7.iik";'g"" kounlin" t.atr all MJon" A!'i t> k
a k<>t)rdinArar" ug,'ly,'k ,It,,]A.-ar'' r,,,lukAUKluak.

A nj + 2dr .... 2f" y + f I) ~yt'ukl " ':l (y - "",)2 ~ 2p(r - ro). '''' ar 1 + 2dr + 2"1/1 + f =
I\Z (r - .rQ}l = 21'(Y - "",) "I"k"t """'"i f,1.
"'R,v<'ul'"
~ Iasodrendii
t::0 r b.. in V"dl'i a m...i ..
j~I;:;; 6=1~~1
S= ..
("
(3.Dlh)
lllf'llllVi""l':f'k. A koordini<tar.. nd""...,. f<>rl\"t"""i "Uli'll ,,.lk m,glwl,-",I""k. v..gyi" hI!. ,,&-V k()()nliw\.t...
TrlUI<d"rlllaci6 utal'" WiTh,' ,ogypnl,r..
ll'.c"
+ '!b'r'y' + <:,y'2 + 2,{r' + '1,.',/ +
r _()
(:J.J;Uc)
nlAkr't. "kk", .. j , <I. S nw "nyi";'jI,f'kI'! "" "j k"n"t"u .. ,kl.',1 kisdutl(Tva a'. 'n~l,ti i,io'k,k,, kal,jll k.
3. A masodrenJIi jl,o r b<ok alakja ( kup""..J..t"k ) 1I,,,'1tY "/t)"'I"'" ki>,ki,pot " lll", t,zijnk e/lY 'ikkaJ.
"k kor ,,"ikon kI'I",,,dptjiin \{1"I"f'. H" " m('\",.o"ik l\ PIl' t ll"~y ill '" '''''w><Oll.akkor hip'root... pa r"I",]", V"!tV
,'Il i l "zi~ k<jdk"" ik ",tt(,J fiiAAiifH. hogy" "ik" k')jll",k kH. ''/0' V"1tY uull.. alk"tbj'\Va11"'rhll1.lIluo><. H"
"md,:U\ ' ik "tmf'I?J'" kill' ,.""("....,,. akk"r
b i/" z, /,.I<-( "lh~,k "Ill. alllt' ly('h(' il. = O. H" llg('11'i'
dJaj",,; k,;p. amdyn"k '''''l'''''~ a vi'gt.<'! 'llb"tl Vlll'. kl'lJlI</<'ld"ki'ut ki't P"'r1 Jl'I.illUOIt " Kr('ll'''' "d'Klik. A
k('p"I<'ld ck "Iaky,t" 3.17 .:.~ 3. 1M. tflhl ;\ult tnnldi fd.
.,,,'t,,,,;
3,5.
G"OI"~ln,,
Y.
'06
3.1!l. tAhJ.V...r. MAIoo<irf'I"h1 giir',,"k <"I:Y"I1I('wi.

6 W.
hU-k..
Par..bo.likll" gOrho'k ll "
(6 = 0 )
=0
'"
Pacahola
~pftr:
pUhu7,AJJ}()I\ egy>"1"..... k ba,p of :> O.

bttOM egy..-n<... ba
rP-af =O.
ki>p7Rl<>sll <'gyl'Dft.d: luo. tP - fJ! < O.
.~~ pgy1"Dk-t nom~j ..
koordil"'l.atr",...uoml.llci6
trNl.'<f.fonnano nliLn
1.;\ kooroinAt.......n<iw..... ~tj&u..k

~lwliwo
amt'lylW'lF:
,_ahola
=
.. . .
( "-"')
oJ +'"
--S- . "
d+ -
~1M
...
nni<1lpolntjAbrL.
s."''' konrrlinatAjit.t
AZ
J/1 =2pr
~-.,) ,.-/ =0
- - l .e+ (f"+--SS
,=
tIW'I.
N1ja
~ -.,
S~
2. A k.. otd~lyo-k ..lli:~

Q~l.aboI
tlto=-i ;
r<in .. ..!OF!.. a ..\Iljooli>wl
..llmteteo k..l1 hosY kogy.-n.
o~ . &hoi
tea = -~ '.
..t<'ijPloo a ..16,;.."'....1
..llmti>t#o>l ireD h'-"Y Itogym
sino
I. Koordinatak e.. koordinAtllN"ndsz ere k

.0\ tfor tpt'"~ P POlltjat kooroinAtarl'lt~""K1~......I"hl't ll~t&ruw.i. A koonIinAtavon"llIk
lranyitt lIZ q;y,..;.g....ktorok iran}'" ",Ij .. lllf'g..t,. n,,",~ kuor,Jill"~Il.lrw.-r ..... ti-n ff'DruiJli> vi><wn}'O....1. .. 3 .165... Abra a tiintcti M. ~I,-glt'-oont>o'ill;U-tunk nrZ+~l'''' krdo.~u.Iwonlinit.t.ar.,-nd"Y'ff'k
..t .
8Pnniilr II lroonlinal-avoDAWr.~,.;.gv..ktor.. i ~ Ilrt+~"t. ill. f"f{~t allrocnak. Egy mao
llilr fontOll ~kUl.onl:oO:t.t.etb;arra VOfIII,tkoo:ik. ~ II Jrnnr,linAwr-u<l!ozrT jot>b...-xIr...... ""t.Y lwWo::odruu.
A Irw'ahllbban has:t.ualt tk.....li koooli""~k,, ,""~1. II bM~- h "l':6rnbkuortlirui.ta1r..
1. .Jobbrendszerek e.. ba lf'Pnd~ Zf'N"k
,\ttOl. f\~ . ~ II (><*i.tiv ~yok milyo:-n
""""-'Ddbnl kOYo.tilt<1lVmA.~t. nwgkiilOnbOrl.t.Ptiink]ll'606o'ftd,,:nd.. t';'' 1IrJ......t.u-'dd. ~ ...AiMIl}06ll-m;..,; ... NUodnioti lotmI... oitn... nd.........krt . AJl;oo "Y ~ pl. !Wow. ~kll wn. D<"Ul
Iwml'bwiLrisc,. eJ.e~ .,,;,v"'"r;wktOl:OOI. U a ~..kknr jnbhff'oo--r. ha barmdyilr ....lrtoduak lIZ
lIZ .. lfo.-gat-""a .. koonlin&t.an'nd8zPr kOziie kn.<l6pontjA lroo,l. /Ullf'ly <it lIZ.ibo'd !<'M"rint rikiJvetke-di wk
tonal boua fOOCsbc. a lw-m...clil ....lrtur inWyaLoI uhw lIZ 6rAmUl-atOjArAM"," ..1""nti-t1'M'll 'i,l:ezht-t6
d II ~ ~tind<-~t i:rllbotilr'......'" 3 .32. 'bra f<-~ ki; lIZ oIdlI1Ak ott.'Wi a.b.t: j<'10~ lIZ
I. i- k ind!,x..kJr.dkeU bMyo1. U ihw. B.lI'lnd."0-mf-J.u 6r"'lIulAtO jAr""'....:! ~ iran}'' forgat<W..
VIUl """lr""'g .
Az ~nlt-tr\<'k
"
.,.
e,
lid .... "" , + f = O"l{.\"'n J,.t

..uStj2 +2~,
+
""'("-!4)("'-~ )=O
A1a.kra tran.'<7.fonnalbatO.
. 11 A" = 0 nribo'tl r..l~l1k, honp;y lUl Q . 6,,, "@Ylluhatilkpgyilre*m llllll&.

. 2)
207
3 .5.3. A ler ana lit ik us geomet r iaja

3 .5.3. 1. Alapvctc rudnlvalok . tl-rbeli koordinAtarendszerek
"
A koordiaAtA1f'llgrl)'l.'k plf~
"" ,,"al,tlh... 9oo",dna
po1iLrL'KY",lkt ir le.llholp '" fplparamf't,'r;.,. <' a:I.I'X... lltri<'it.v.. 1lY"nkor" 1.01",.1\ fok..""I"", lrelyeekedlk
..I. II 1>oIartellgely (><"iig .. f6k,,""tOl '" k",,,,J,>l,bi ..,.il'~IOOllt ft-lp irAnyn!. A h'p"rI>oJiwAl ..~ az ~Vf'nWt
CMk lIZ pgyik iLgat irja J,.
A gOrbe alakja
.l = 0
Szii~
l:ar abo! i ku~ ~orh(ok
VrJ:j,m"-~r~m
"
e.
-"
.J
k(ol'~t"ll ~rI ... fd..llllf"ll:_
P(y,x..z)
!:z
,,
x-l/)'
oj
3,16:> 11,,,.
4.
t~
~ r~
O'gy m'lt...-lntt O'gyt'n....I,r;I. 1\ _;j>r<>gyf'nf'StOl ......16tavolsAgnk arAny"O'gy k"n~l.I\lI~

,. ;'rtrk, "lO' ,. """,rnJ:,,~ r,.,...."trintd.." miIM><!rt'",I,; l'\i>rlw, A" ~ < 1,.,.dl,,u
.. lIil>O<1,i~, IIl\ r = I ......th..n f'I\l""l>oIa, 1Il\" > 1 ("11.1><' 11 p..dig hiporbol.. ",I'..lik,
11 . A gorbp mpghat ar<>1.""" fit pontjab61 61. pliiirt 1><'!lI"!J "10' {",,......k "!O'
miuooo:ln'lltl'll!orh., h..l..d At. II " .. pOlltok kiY~ iil hiLrom "gy "lO'.. n''''''1I f,k,..~ik,
J .164 abr",.
6.
akknr
~lASOdN'll d,l
p=
A mbodrt'lld li gikbek vt>7."r.-gye nes..-tu lajdons.iga Awn.1I (>On"ok
m"l1.lo.n; 1l<'1y<' (3. 164 . abra). lUlw ly.'kni'1rgy riiRzitctt F po"tt61. .. fokll.ll~tol. ,.,.
~lt","1f
kril"'ld,.,. t ""punk,
go r lWk polAn'c,'n l"t.. Mind"" mAA<,,!r"Il,hi gorbi-t. a:( .. gyptl."
1 + I'l""'.:'
(3.33:.1)
(,tjAl,.>gyll,AAt",<l.lvil...t6. KPt ~ ..ktor f.. loocr'~

Joh!>- "" M1J'{'nn..,.Rr Il:I: ~kT..rolr ff'l..,...t+I
I.....,m..,;v;Utar.tatjall rPH<is7Rr ...-..Ir"""'t. 1l7"M; ""-"Vl1tioAt. Jobbrendsz...rb<ll ""-!tf"lln""...r, htLlrrnd"""'rl~)\
johbr..",lwRT 11'S7,.
V..ktoruk fd...........I"""n ..k fonto fajt"jll" rIldik
frlr ... ro'ih. A/ll.. ly 101. irAnyiT-AA1 mpgt,artja. A 3 .32.
abr.. ""...rint j"bhrc",hr;,,rn;'1a Vl'ktorok fd,.,..-. I""".u (,r"mlltAtO jArAMAval ..lI.."tPl.... iranyhall. vag)'j,;
az(i _ j _ . _ i.j _ J: _, _ j.k
i
j .... k) ....~lIAliakn ...lo:f..kl ntOrt;.lJik. Balr"lld"""rH'.1
"wkf.<>ruk fclC8<'r~I"'" ><Z '>rK>""I."u. jilr
val tII'I:''l(Y<''/.o.~I ......!1.YU< IIl\ (i
. _ j .... i.l _ j _ i --t.j .... i _ t _ j) ""'m;<l",k n",FJ..l.. I<'i'fl vrlt,,h,1.6 I-I.
J<>hh",'", l~/R' balnlJ,l~".."...1 m'm hut-hat,', f,~l{",l,,.
J " h b...."'L~z~rt a koordinAw,''''\''zPf kpz<!<'il'""t.jllr" tiikriYI.\'I" balr"lln~1...rt kepunk (la...1 2ti9. oM.).
A: A nl'l'f.hwg,i koonlilllitarpu,lsz,'rlLZ r, 1/,: k'",nlillAt",t,'nl!..Iyck keljobbrendszcr (3 . 165 .a abra].
B: A d"'('b1,iig,i k<>'m linat a r.. nrlsz .. r..". r, e, 11 koordiuAtAt"ng"lY"kk~ll)JlIf{'lJoIwl.< r ( 3 .16 5 .b abra) .
C : A1. ii,.
o\lld<'i.
el' e. johlm'nd~z~rMI",. eJ .... ILZ e. "RY~~kt<>r f~I''''''r''l'''''''W'1 "" C, c . e; halrend"".<'T
208
D : Clklik,,~ f..I,"",I~Ji"",'1
N.
el;_ e._ eJ johhrMK!o<rRrt kal,j"k.
III
.i"hhTf'n,I~/Nb<'1 a>:
iJ . c~ . e, joh!>",,,,J"'Rrt... hh.;ll,,~lil( IL:il
II
rv
e, oi) '"
,.----
!/:
2.
" 'i'--_
vm
(" A koon!.i""tAk rlojPIP>U'O!"t.orn.,..,ln.. j, ,I (3.166.

lihra) fijr,g. Illll('lylwn a P pont ,..whAt'" (3.19. tAhla_
ut).
,z
.-
""'"
II
III
rv
--
..
a :-If'llll' lytOi kliuJ 00'; - kontAnl< r"lN."kok ""

a ! -t<'llI':.. I..." , mcrulo"g'''' : = kon"tlUl>' -rkok.
E koor,{j""lJo.ff"liilf'U'k lIK't,w",von..w" k".. rdinllr....,...tuU..k.
A t.<"lf'rkoorciinatAk b a <krfk."'~Jgll k<....c1mAtM kcw>tl, ii.1""lIdl'<''' ko,..tk<Wi k.,....t..k ~aJ"ak
(IA....-l ~ a 3.20. U.b IAzat oq:
3,J3.M
= :.
'!=..lr r
YII
YITI
-e. e, .... - - ..,. r. x e. -c;
aro:-rg!-ar""i"!':
"
\1
+
,,'
ha
..u.tt.
"
(3.33-lb)
.1>0.
A ,,~....l bpn.olathau ,q'lk...;.g"" ......1""i't...A!N<zl....t u....J (J.271c)
,
0
a>:~I1W<aIDM'Oir,;~""~.m,A,.t
r~nllAll
A wktoriAllll ~wro.t"k n.w,ti\" ,l<ij."I. ;v. '~~"klorok haL...,.-jra.~(, ...,rr<>rulj<hOl ( 3.1 6 :;.b abrll).
rngyilo lIZ Orl\lllllt6ti, ja.rMil\'..J U"'lt.. R)'t,,l;(,lnn<l.........hOl kOW'tk<"Zik.
~l"'lti"'lO' .l.t.iik. h,'!Q' mindk{'! f");(tl>f"ll
Alwal:N<njohl"""lrM(t k,,,n<!iw,li""u<l""I"<'k, t ltAA;t.llI'.Innk: II hpJd.-k ""...",1",,, m'lll fiiU"..k "Il,illl "".
1""""t.i.>;t61. A ~,."t'-I.ir.l"u,"1Jc;,hn..mt! koonli"'\I.ILl,'nd""'rpk ....n d"""rint hill..-"lrK.~,.,,,k (1A....t 1~3. <>ld.).
3. K oordinatafd ii l<t,"k "" kuur dinlltllvollll iak A J;;o<>rr/"'''laj,'liiJd..k<t "",pgylk k,,,,nIL,,,"t,, k"I ....
I."t~. "rt,"k.. j ..l1"Ul~i. (1I\Ylt"!tV <Inih,;iR,l ko", dinM.",,",J"/.,'rl",,,,/.,,k j",rILn/"'m"""k It. tuMik kit k,,,,r
<lilll;'tlt.[oug"lywt..! kif,...,.it.,tt ><ikk".I. A harom J' = O.!J = I), z = (I koordiJlii.t"f"Jiill'l "IIIU:"lJLdiuw'".i,",
1.'[1t uy"k ,cl'll}"klldr" I",ut.j" (3 . Hi 6 . Ahrll). A koordinii.l.owonalak nlyan gilrh"k. "1JI,.J~,k ""'lIth,
,,"..k "1."gyik ko"nliw<!.11 "ill.,,/.ik, 1'1. d"rfk~';;I\,l kO<>rdi",i.t"r.. mJ"Z'Thpn" k,,,,,,liuii.t"'-"Ill\,ly,kkd l~,r
hllzalll"" ..g,wn,,,,,'k. A k"""linlLt,,,fdiiIN,'k "Ry m""t, II k'''>r<linAt"vonalakhan n",tHzik.
1. HArom dim.. nzi ' ". Ko r h " v'lll a l(l koord in flt a k ,i.lh",k.l,;. ha harom. t .. t""lilpl\""f"Jii!,,,'ki>Olioll"
""...." "llY VIUl m."",Jvll. h"KY II 1.'1' mi"'I.IlI'''''tj""I1I,,..-om ...j'(g mind"l,yik'u..k 1"'(Ilt"",n ''ltV f,liil,l..,
3.]67. Ahf"ll.6.
(J.:ttlh)
.l.33.1I<)
(1Ju,tI 1.sJ. >1.1.). A Mrom kfplrt "K'-m<i..~001 az "l/;\'~ktor<>lt ... JJU:u.
&bodrlwo-u dcrr!t"*;,.;.l koor<tinillArf'l..-l u"rho'u (3. 16 5.b abra)
e, c" -
:ok.adai<!
Johhooodra...,j........~ ko<mlinlilN'f'll<l-.t.o>tl... I (3.165 .a abra)
"J.
. -
t'~
e,. e. "'lrt<'",IlJ<'!1 k,i,...U5 ~...kll>rnkrllf..nuAlI

e, )( eJ = ... , .., X p. if, ~ is, - e).
~ "",,"IlY"'" a jOl>hJ;r;-IIAtiI,
J~k"-riU~""",,j ",I'.lik.
A """g<'Tkoordi-","ta-r~r kOOf,hll"W.. I(llrt,a:

.. {J = kOfl-~ta.r~~ ><lJ,R""'; w'I1g .. rf. hll. I.. k.
e:
,,~
TPrllyok..d
koor<linAl,""ikt61 val6. w'-"!thaliLru;wU duj<'Ilde1I,.'''1 t
"rrf"".'''....
V
:lltili
Etc' P !'olll .k-..-;,WJ'Il"
k. mo-gh"tarat.olt 1lll;rt"~I n lIWl':""j",tt lit.~t

wk Il P poul ibdn...k t"'....lak , tlllo-tn (liu<d I ~I. olel )
bN-OllJ "4:..,u.a.~ra 1ll~f'S koordin"tAt.. 1I~" :VI" (3.165.
fobra) A kooI<liIl.iitAt,,"t"I~...k 0 m. t i pont);", n .b
ntl';:rr ,t~:dOpmttJ'iliak i)''Yf'' -tk .-\ P Q II
lr....ll.oJ azt jl"hti. bo,Q. P koonllllit.l.\I
a. 'I
II h-
VI
.-/
~t ...
/,
VII
U.. rek.sll>gu koordiuatilk
ku.'l.h.Jl.-'t;,in..k ........n .iik ft pont l,arullI''C'IuN-ra lI...r.;Io~
h..oJ..d At. lly<'n koordi"'ita....'''l>-.I<"rlwn ,-..Ja",,.]y I"ml 1",1.....11'1 Il ["'UI'>I' ,"1111<'''0 I",r<~ll k.-:,,>rdin."t<~f.~
[ill"t param"t...ri-rti-kcv..! hatace>7.Zuk 111<'f1;. 111;"11 1O'1I1r.r1lt1 1.."",u"l1 801'1"'\"0""]," k''''rdiuAtal''Mlcl""",r..k"
henger - "";, KOlllhlwordmit.t,ik.
5 . H.. u~ .. rkoordinatsk (3. 16 ;. abr .. );
Il P pont L. y-~ikra vl'tt ..." tw..t"u.. k (}"" -,: I"Jiukoor<liIlAta.j...;.,.
a P ]>Ofll z-koonli,,3uo.ja.
3.liiS. Ahra.
G ombkoorrlinatak vagy tprlwli polilr kourdillat4k :

!lo-zil""'-g".
II. ZtA.'lb...1y i... ~ r h..lyv..ktor ko,.olti d ,.vJg. ....uuninl
,,'" r h,lywkl.Or r
II:< Lt<"ng,ly i.. II:l r lI<'lyV<'k tnr L. y-~ikrll WI! vPtiil..l... kr,.,1iui ..' ><zi>g
Itt a I-"'lilfv ir';'uy (3 .16 8 . abrll ) r ",.<1{>""n a k,.,rdinAtllr~nd><z r k...,Mpont.jMi>1 a P pont Mi', d
,"'...I,,u a zl,-">gclyt<'il. f f"I,', v"siit .; .....!i-hon ~ rt""l'.,lyMI n ..k az 7. y--.ikra ..... u wt;ilct. fd'
mut,,'" A 0:5 r < 00, 0 :5 {/ :5 /1'. -I:" <: ,,' :::; /I' iort1kki...,..kt.,k stp;it..,(,givP! Il th mind,nl>o"tj..
''gy'rl",lmll..n j ..n..nlf'Zlwt.i'i.
A Il:nlrlhkuordinat.a- ....l1d.7,('r koorrlim't." f..liil,t,';;
"kourdinAt.al"t"I"L,z.er 0 kWA!<iI'Untj" k",.iili r _ k"lI"I,<.IL" ""g"n', g''JIlbi>k.
.. II k"u><tan.k('l><,k. all",JY'knpk '"0''''''' " k,,,mliw'l "n"",I","r k,"/'dol><'utjal"", ' 'all i.. aI.lLdy,kn..k
t,ng..ly.. " z-t.-lIgcly. val"'niul,
a z-t,"ng..lyhill k iiudnli> ""_ kOn"tall}< rlot"ik"k.
A knorrlinat'WO.ILaI..k P f.liil..tek 'II<(.,;,.{.,. I"Ual""
A ~i)lJlhk,,,,,.,lilli"'tllk {.,. a JI"l'i,h7,{>gt1 k,,,,nli uM."k kii'f,wti l,tln"Il,tt<' a k';\,,l.k."/.o kep!et,k ><wlgfi.luak
(1"..-1 llIfog a 3.20. ta bl aor;a t ot ):
7 = r stn ri ('OIl ; ;
!I = r Silllhiu "" t = no,,,1 .
(J.J3::ia)
210
II = arc'tf!:
~,
,
;: =
af<:tg!!., .
(3.m!.)
A ,-"' ~1 MI"""U,tI>M ...,.ii~... ~tvAllll<lt""t JAl<d (3.271d alar t. AWIle58 h..I :r~>I. All f<.nn ,;.\IJ\I
kapoool>otlww.
3 20. IAhlkta1. t">.-.... l1i~" tt..,.,.k.z'->giI. h""~I - "" lI:omh koonlinlltak kiU,Ott
o..",~,i k""rdin"tAk
H"' ,g..rkoonlinatak GOmbkoonl iru\.tAk
"("()fir'
.. sin dl."Oh ":
".in;
rsin.hin ,::
~
arrtl!
,="
Jr+r+:1
frut<
~ryr;::s
om, ~
,
arrtl:
amI: !
g
,
r",x' ~a.
1/ =1/+b.
z_i+r,
.e'=.e-tl.
'fJ'=,-b,
z'=:-r.
(3.J37)
2 . A koor-dinaratengely..k .. lfo rga tl\.sa HII ILl, 'ij l'Il,o:<'ly..l< irAnyk08Zium<l.alt II 3 .2 1. tliblazat
""A'fint jt'lOljuk (3.171. abra) . ekkor f<-nnAll
r = I,r' "- /2Y' + /~z'.

, = mlf ... "'21/' m.,z'
% = "I.e' + 111'/
"3~';
(3.3JI!a'
,\ (3.33&) rl'fld."7AT D '"KY\-'lthat.:>.1Il3IriAAt. 1UIlf'1Y''''
~ OrWnllinallMt a kiiYrlVdl k" l,k..k...dj,U III....:
rsind
ok""
D.
r' '" l,r + m,y + fI,2

JI "" '2.e + ~1I + "2 2
:' : I,.e +"'3J/ ... ,,~:
j3.JJt\1o)
j",.,...."..uruu...Jr. lleY<"Ziink.;'" 1\ tranzforrnNiO
i, )
(~, m, m,
(3.33&1)
., ., .,
Ri-,;i. YoWltknll:t.atjN
OJ trJIViy
_oy
irAnV~I"~
,,,
r'
i,
i,
m,
m,
.,
..,
"i,
m,
n,
,.,
3. Trannformild6 d e termin ansilna k t u lajdon..agai
a) ~ '" l . ahoI. &Z ek5Fl pmitiv h>o. .. hftI-. ill. jo/lhIonocIrNo nt<'llma.r!. vi!<7.ont ,"W'liv ha a,..,m-,v.
~aJl.o:<.ik.
b) Mindt' n ...b&,
x
3.1W.Abrl\.
2.
T"r~li
\'><gy ~phan
,. b
~'7... I..k
<-""R" I.
f''!''.''.''')
3 .17U. "bIlL
irAny
':(":",1)
T h tw li ir,;,nyt'1O' i" ' 'gy>'' 'l\W k l.o f ""'Rit.>ofgrvp] j..n"ffif'1.hrliin k (\iI....-t 18 1. olrl .}. IIlf'lyn..k koonlin';'t..<j ''l'.
i"';:"~.h._u,,,,<.. nk, ""lO'il<" jdklllz<'u<l<1 ;nilly .... " l" ", itiv koordinfl.t.at"n""l)'l'k k07iit t i ~7.iito\,k kOl<zillu,
!l7..ai (3.169. Abril ):
Le cce o . "1=('0113, 'I= n"", jl+ m2 + nl = 1 .

Ki't. ILZ Il.
'I, i... h . "" j."2 in\nyk<_illllll:1.<>kktt.1 nl,,&aclou ininy kwii tt.i 'i'
"1"
..
e) K"t ki.i1OnhOzll ""T VJlgy 0!<Z1op lJl<'gf..I..I6..I..mri -..~ O"'Z''!t'. U (w..! 2:J6. old.).
d ) Ilanntoly ..lem .. ~ = l ,;rti'k (os &Z NijllnWUt ~ta (1NwI2:.9. old.).
P I(' I 'YI ,ZI)
(:Ll:Itm)
S>'~ig
ki,"-".I.";'....... ,, k;;.....\-
kf'Z6 k{'pJo>tt d torli'nl"'t:

C(lIl(\'
= /112 + "'lUll + "1"1.
K{>, ire ny "lO'mA>orl\ akk"r IIw rl'i]rg'.... hll

I,I~ + m , m ~ + ", til = O.
3.
{3.336h)
3.171. Ahrll.
(3 ,3:lt;,,)
D.. rek~zog\l koordi nAUk t ranufor mAlba
1. P a rh"zlImos .. Itol"" H" ~. 1/. ~ ,"" "I'l~ l"li ko orclinAIAk "" T. 1/. t 117. 'ij l\k. toY.. !,I"' !I. b. r ""
"j k{)(}rdinAu.rpn<I~7"'T l<...,.,lllpoutjAll " k kOOl',IiI l"tai "" cr{~leti koordinAtAr"n<' ,.,." ,r},pll (3.1 70. lIb rll ).
3, I 7'2. Ahra.
E u l.. r-sz og ek AZ ' lj k" oItlilll,t",,'wl"rpl' r<" Kih",~ vL~rdmyit"tt bt'lyz.,t" tcljcscumeghateroaha to
barm1l. EULER aJt..J. b~""" .f'tM t "r'ol:: ....p;it...'1!::iv'] (3.1 71. Ab ra ).
a ) A d ""tticios sUN] " l t""Il,'ly i.,. II 2'- \.t'lIg..ty I'''Z il,!V irany " l<iy,,,,tti ""';11: ,'rti'k" It 0 $: {) < 11' tartomAny""- ""ik.
4.
b) A r- P,.,.,-.....zui.wg "jKmlt;v r"nlldy.......lseuint a7. r,y-,j.,.; r.y' sik OAo m''t.w;.,.,..,,,.. l,, k,;"on;
II"'R. ~"z-t..ng.. ly... ;:'tc'IJg'!Yi", 0.-1 ioJIII! ..Jk<,t"n
ir;\.llvbArm,,"~ (liINl 1,>('1. old.) 1l'''/lyit;w,llRYIU,o["all l"@..vPIl,mint" koor<Lin;i.l.al.<u.p:dyck~ A ,..,;itl;,>t ,,'"
r It>ng..lytol "" y-t. ugdy rd' mi-rJilk; 11lrt<m,iuly.. n S It < "...
c) .~ ,.;f"'J'~"z0" [""liliv r' l!A&.oy ..... ,,,. VA. 1l,rt>vi'SY<>flal kOziitli si.Ot!;; tactomauvll 0 $ ~. < 2,,,.l,. "zOgfiiW""n~ ...kT1""
'<liifl: Ad!<'l;;g p07.itiv ir'-'lIy"t ,'llIv va]_,.tj,1I<
nJfi
rI '"
c,
nJfi
sind- .\.
~.
"lIV
l'z
nJfi .;
7 II : I
1 7
'
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~,.
~IU';-~J
'"
(J.3.19ftj
I,C~-'~7-'"
m="l'-J~'I''l!'3.
/, -
"'2
I,
fI,
= -:...... c l'Jl'CJ.
m. -..
"1 =
,"2
fl3
SIS,.
.',e:..
(J ..l.1!lh)
~c
OIto.
1/'
:,1
:21
IJ!/3:JI
11!12
r Y : I
.e, !If :, I _ 0
IlO Vt'>liink ","-v ko.IAr1. Afl}Ply .. koonliuatar...n<kM-r ..JtolAM "" ..If,,rlVl1,w,,

""'""" IIlI'glart}Akto'kPt. Ki1- '" klA.<l lIIu&Iai >IOnfIlll ~""""r"" (liL-tIl 'H. 01<1.
A ' E,.va
{<It.ll, <I3 ...... t..nr komf><"'l"'h'"" Dt'1n ,Jm1;.rinvaril\n,.ok. JIWT"" koonl",:'tA~..........
f"Ito"""'''' " ~ .. 'I"IUI kllJunllOlrJl frto'k"Iu, V1"'1.u"k f,.j
as. V1 kt<>r h<
N'ml s~"r
I"
-.el Y- YI
~1 I~I,Y_!I:I
(7 ,. 1./3. :.) V"~ trtr"",i<-rt alkol
p.3-I:;)
",
6 7-.e Y-,\/:i:-
k'I'k-!.I.ello-h..t ki"'<du:ll.illllli.IlhonJlll1l.--k .ur.k"r PI"mk I"""'itiv \' i'ttrlwt. "" .. PP" PP,. PP1 .....kt(lrhAnt\A:<ir".~-;tAAA. ~'f7.ik .. koor-olll...../ll'I'"n,L ~;r".nvlt.ifN\'."J (IMII"!. oM.). E11"l1lr<-zOP>iPthPn
l><'g liv rni'k MOdik.
..\ nP!o]>Ort1..ur.kor "" oW.: Akkor f,1or.tilr rgy nd",,,, hAI"';""il A7.
5 . Ska IArin, -,,,i Ansna k
B : Az" '" {a, ..,
N"gy pontbol fol16
"''KY 1"'''1. U"W7,rt''''''l! P(.e . .y.~). P, (.e, y :), Pdll. 11'1. :1) ....
( 3 .1 73 . lib ra). Vl'>lt'" <>gy ~ikh"" f..k~7,lk. A \<tn,i,,1< r " r(''I\.ttAI Il
n'i'l'irlir"""kPl ~I ..... f<'UDAlI.

-<'2S1 - Cl~~
"~2'
6.
fdlMcl.
11,,~~11 -
(3.346
1~IlI:sI
~ .. Jai --- <4 -..; IDf'IlD)I;,.c.g. ..M\nn....,;"u".,

:wrh\!-" WArin~~~'
c: ""tor()fl~\""'k'1"'~"" ludlo.rl>
aa _;;1 = 1..- ' ......: = /I'l n... rt r' 0
4.
K~
pont t.ivoL'O/tga
Ki-tpoot.P,{1 .!lI.=,)""PJ(IJ !I2._.)(3.1 72 . .ibr.. )t.if~
d- /(IJ-I,jJ"'(Ih-rd 2
.-\ kiot ]>OliWl.
~ki)\,l ",...Jwq.
5.
{3.3-1Oil.
(J-':' 2
-d-'
-, - -.
(3 ..UOh)
~,<---
Saw z r",lo,u:la..a
Awn P(I. y.;) I"'UI lu"'l<I",.. tAit. "" .... lv .. P, (I,
1j1'
1'1',
"
1/,. :,) j.,. P, (1'.!J2. ~l) k'Y,i>tti S1.11.ka1<?:t ,.]olrt
--"'-=~
,.,.anyl""" "",,'j..... kOv,I)w,"; kiv1'.... k h,,';'"
'0
n>Z'l.ak UlPg:
nlll + "'Y2
y, + ).,I/:l
(3.3-12],(
n + '"
""""i'"7T .
A ~'l....ka...., fr1r:,;,,,,,,tjiuu..k k""nhnilt/u
I,+~
Yl+!12
z....
""
0=
z,+~
,~,
n-.- '"
":1
y '"
m:,
"_m
I,
(3.341)
A"
=- ~ .
~)., '1
"I-A
(:i.:J42K)
(3.:.l42<)
7. F"",llilPt pg)... nl.....

Min""" F(.r.y.:) ~O
2.
F"orll:a..~feliilet pgypnlpt...
f('d ,!,-y,"I,til gorh,'
Egy n ""'>\ml' m, 1<;1"('1('1 'L11)'lt.f..:i I",nth<>l r.ll" r<'nd><"'r tii"'rgkiill'I'I"'H!jAnak (an...ly..t j",ll't"I"lliil ..ily
p"ntul\k i" "wkt.l\k lwvw.ni) k''',nlillilliut a ki'vdk'-I.,; k~J>kt.,'kk,'ll,'h..1 ki~dulJitani. "!J"I,,,. i"""",,~,,'l""
""k az l-tiiln-ig I,rj,d," 'rj{k,kr< v'I(y.'lld6 k:
: ~ f ( /,1 +
_ Lm..e,
Lm,
.e=
Y... - - , - .
~.
(3.J~4)
3.174 ,,1>....
(3.J.lj)
"KV"'nlo-tn..k m'16..l..l..,;'{rd,il..1",n ..lvu,k Ill! " , lllaJ'!<'IlHIIl':'" hnKY l..t"Z6lpg'''' P f>ontjaruUi: koor.-li",i.t';';
kiPlPgitlk ;u: .,,;y<'nl..I..1. M<'d'or.-lil \.,.; mind'1' I",nl. 1U'l<'lr""k k".orrIini>t4i ki, IPgiI ik A7. <"R\".....lo-t"'-. ""pn
/l fPlii\<-tMl h..lY.....d,...-lik PI. A 3.317) "'10' ,,1..1<-1" Mi,kl '"It'V''lllPlo'u,'k l",v,~iik_
1. H""R"rf"liil"t "gy""I.t" Oll'llil hnlg"rMiilrl ''llY'''nl,'''''' (v.....d 1H. 010.). Ilmrlrn..k alkol"i pfu'huz.... m.......u AZ r-tPTl~'l1Vf'1. m'lll wtallllM I k"ordil!i>'iIt F(I/.:) = n. UIiC'>a!.i'O' Ilmll h,'ugprf..l,il....
"'k ('g)-'.. n].,>tf'i. Ilm..lwkn..k alk"lOi ll.7. Y. ill. :I.lll\dIY,II'..... hm....llI'lAAk. n"111 larlalu"u"ak I/"" ill. zkoor<1illat.at: F(r.:) = 0, ill. F(.e.y)
(\ Az F(r JI)
0 "1lY'nl.. t " It..n,,,''rf..lii!,! '''' a.t. I,Y-""k
lll..t!l7;.,.~.h<"jM [rjlll... lIa "dVll "'..lUtNr. II h"UI("lfdii[,o, ..Jk<>tlliullk itAl,.\,k<ll".lit",~'l ....i \...~ ,""hullil)"'n
wl,ik ,.,.Anyoo; I. m. " ",,',,"yi>o<wk. akk"l''''', '-l;.v,"I"1 alllkjll
F(Tlr-/:."y-mz)_U.
(3,34tl)
(J.J./:.l)
.e... =- - - , - .
,
3.113....1.1''''
In\nyknov.infllV.A.i;
!J2 - y,
IZ - I I
........ =--d-
v,,&,,j,;. "Il'an f"liil,t". 'L1,...ly "IQ' 1l"'1\,...I "u, a" .e. :-sikh"" r..kvt;.
fnrl'.at,lAAval jo" IH,... (3 . 174 . ii b r a). il!t"I;"Il""'''''t\I.>al1
1P)
z-
(::I:W9)
.linKIng ""id"" kapjllk I\>,on rdiil,I."k "I;.""n1"t't, Ku",ly,'k ",1<>n gorhi'l",k "g)' u,A.~ik k()()rdinAtat",,!,\dv
koni li forg31Ji....av"l kd,- t k,'~" ..k.
Olyan hil'f~liiJtt 'W'>lll,"'. mudl'U<'k<:s,i,.,..a IIk,~>nlillill"r"ll<k"N k.."rl"I'''lltjaloan h..lym k,,,,lik d (UlNl
1.)6. old.). F(.e.y. z) _ 0 ,,1..Jd'.llh,,1 F K k<~'r<linMAk h"""'Sl"ll fi;l!,gv"lll'" (l...... I12ti. nl,!.).
3. G",,"'dn<l
214
4 . H arem ponton a tm..n o ..lk ..gy..lIl.,t e

Pa (r3' 11:1. Z'l). akkor
8 . T e qtorb.. ..gyp n l.. t ..

Ter g<ir lWthiLmm
r = ;,(t),
,;,(t).
l -
tJ.:J:.O}
o';I(t)
tI ..... 1u\.l'ulII po"t PI (,I" 'I" ZI). P~ (.r2.112. Z2) ""
<- " ,-" '-', I
r,-.fll/'l-Ill 22-:1 =0.

Y:,-!ll ~-:I
pa1lUnM<7n< 'l~.,rnl<'ttf>l l..tlt" 1I1.~tk<Yali. A t I'''ramcu-r mind.. n prt<'k"nt>k. Alll.. lyl",k ''R.vl'hkionl
""111 lIlindix l"hM kmvrtJrn gPO",,",,ri'" j<-Ituli...t tllL..jdonilani. lJlf'Kf,.J..11I ~rh.- rgy ll1''Il:I",t.v.r,w1t
ponlj.a.
a) koord in atas i'rasmOdb an:
A tiTl':Orhf.k jrlk-m7.P.ohl..k ~ InMlk uiOtLozcrr k,'t

F,( ... "p) .. 0, F2 (z , y . z) _ 0
(3,3.; 1)
l:'!O"'nkt 1l>r.g...JAMh61 ill. u Rk mintloog,vilu- ft-liiktct drlinW. Aw a pontok. am<'lypk llUIUIlu't '1I:Y'-nIrt<.1. ki<-li-g:itil. thgorhft a1kotlll\k, vtlCUollliTJI:Orbr" kPt fplijl<>t met-~VUIU<1a. Tr t><WLW" ,\ " ...lInt
5. K H pont on itt m e n6, t"gy <:"gy............1 pit rhUUllUOlt ..ik t"gye n lt'tt'
A P, (I,. 'I" :,). P2 (.1"2.1/2. Z2) pOlltokoll lLtTrl<"nO "" All R (l. m. Il) iro\llywktoni ~ parbm'Alll<'
rn.in<kn
,..ik "'ltY"'uJrt<-
I:J.J.:o2)
aU..k,i l'g)"'"IIJ..t 01)'>m f.,J,lJo.t,t..,J,lUU<"Iyatm.,;,y .. tt'kintprt gOrben. tchat (3.3.'>1)<vik ~WtPl ~

az '"K.\....,wttrl. hrlyrtt<ollitbo-tjiik.
3.5.3 .2 . T erhdi egyenes Cs sj k

I. Sikok egye nlet e i
MiD<k-n... IwoniinAtakhftn
li~
<"g"nlf't
,.(kat
.k-liniiU.... ID<T;fordit"'" rnindrn ...11:
~ ... boU-
folni .
I. A 8ik 'It.Unoe ~ e nlorte
b) v.. lo;tol'05 irb m 6d han :
r"S" + D ::: O.
ahol lIZ~ (A _ B. C) v..IF:tor~ .. Nhll'''' l"Zi-rt .. .od r&mm<ii....ktnniM.k ~'-Ur..' E .....II:I,>t iranyIwBzi.n'L~:
A B C
3
(J,;Jr.)
NII,,= vA '+lF+C2
COl - vAl.D~-,-C2
"""~ = ,,/,fl _D2_('1'
Ha D = 0... "11: AIIl~" k".. rdill"l,,",n'~ k....M poutjilll. H".4. = O. ill. B _ VAlI;)' C = 0,,,
",1: parhU7.1UTlO1' A:I; r-If'lIg.11rl, ill. nz It- ""lQ' " l-tfoIlRf'lJ~...1. H" A = B = O. ill. A _ C = ""ltV
B = C = 0." ",1: pftlhlW<l"'-'" nz r, ,.~iIl:W, ill. AZr. l '-agy II. l,.jkW,
lin. ~n l<:"t~n<:"k
u......,.r..1P normala lakja
a ) koordinatis Ira.. mOd ba ll:
1:2-:.'; ~ -:. ~I ~ ~Il

-:.
1m"
,In..." + ,I ..... I~ + z <"Of; -, - p = O.
(:t.;J.t4,,)
b ) v.-ktolU!l fr"~mM ball :
(3Xl4h)
01
(J_3-'i6b)
(3.3ii 'aJ
O.
b ) _ktoros i'ras mMban:

(I' - f l )( r 2 - f ,) It ==
6. Aoon pont o n at m e n6. kH egyeneseel pirb uUrtlOll Ilk t"gyf'n lf't ..
HaoU irilllyvt"horok RI (l"m"o,)", R1 CI, . m:z . 02) , Akkoraz~nI.-1
a ) koordinAtas i'rismMban:
'I
Iz- r l ' - J"I Z- l i l

ml
01
{3.3iiTI.}
",,0.
l,
"'1
"2
I f - i llR,R. = 0
b) ~...k toros irasmMban:
Ar ... BJ/+Cz ... D=O.
a ) koordina""" [ribm6dban:
(t - " I ) (rl - f l ) (fl - f l )
b) v.. kt oros irasmoo ban :
a ) koor di natas ini...mOdban:
F, ~ >oFz '" 0
2.
1r,-r,
{J.J.:>l'I.)
7. Aoon ponton itt m .. oo, adott ~ll...ee m.. n5leg"' lIlk t"gye n"" te
Ha a fKXlt PI (rl'~' =1)' az "K)"'...... iriu.yvt"ktora l-!ig ~ ( A. B.C), ..kkOf
a) koord i nittas i'r8IImOdba n: A (z - ,I,) ...B fJ - IIll + C (: - ZI) '" 0,
b) ~ .. ktorosirasmOdban,
( f- fl) ~=O.
8. Poot t itvo ls.iga lliktOi
"jlla;
zOO6n
Ikhcl)"'It<~I'... Aot .l/(ll. 60,
(3.J.:i9a)
(3.:w9b)
(') I'0llt koordinAtAit 1t,.fk~I"Ilf'k (3.J.J4A)
+ l1O'JbJ - lCOS-, - P = 0
HEs sE-fi-1fo llOI'IllAiAWI:j.abA..lr.al'jllk:

6 = aca;n + 1"'01\' ''' c<:oh6 - p
Ha M .... a koorrliwUArrll<l""",,," krv:!opolltj" It ~llr. kHlOnl""'.o nl<l1l1ai1l f,k>lr.i k. >lkko:r';:
......t bt'n6 < O.
(3.J6OA)
(J,360b)
>
0, ..lkllk.-.d)
9. KH !lik met s zesvonalan a t m <:" n6 I lk t"g)'.. nlf>h' Egy l\Z A ll' + B,,I + C , z + D l = O. il l.
A l r + B 211 + Cl l + D, = 0 "KY,,"1..ud jdlollaott o<flr.ok lo.I~v"u...l "''' atm.uo "ik l'gyenwtf>
Mol :"Jo ,, ~rk norlll!\.lilo '1O'''''~~klur ... {... p a 01k tAvol""R"a a koorrlinAl.an-n<l...,,,,, k..,.ooponljfl.ti,l. A
HESsrrf{>l" nor mA.lAIKk .. (3.3;.Ja) ,ut,.JAlIQo; "R)'''III,'thlll a
I
I
/J = - :ll
(3.3:>4,,)
a) koordinatas i'rflsmooban: A ir
lIuru"ul> t('llywi\w l vall> O7<>I7M 'i tjfm!\.ll ,,10: ennek ..orAlll' ..lojpl{>t D ..llIj..l'",,1"[I.."I '-I,,,,n..k k,,11 V>\..
l",,.z ta ui.
3 . A slk .,gy elll.,t l-n.,k t ..ngelym..t u ..l .... alakja H.. a. b. C 1I ~ik " ltal ... k"" nli lll.l.... t<'llg..ly,,kl.'"
k'Vhgu tt "[oj"l,,,, o"... luu<u,k . .. 7. l"lIl, t'll~, IYIll<'I.~''''I. .. k (3. 1 7 5. ebre}. akkur f,n nfl.ll
Itt ~ v..J.68 parami- t" r. h'lult a (3.J6 ln) .'" (3.361h) ''IO'''lI It1 ..k "&y '1>""~ ~rk ....r <W't Irn a k le. A 3 .176.
libra a "'k",It,1':
hArolll ~ikkal ""~ llJl{>[t..ti. HlI.. {3.J6 lal k (3,J6 1b) '"!tY<"l1 l"T.i)(,n ~ v<'gigf1lt.min-ten
- oc (.,. + 00 k';-loOtti {>rt.fk"n, ..kkor ...o"I"gh,"I tll.rto;o'.<'> ii0007..... ~lk"t. IlIPgv.pjll k A A = I v!\.lAAzt:L.......1a
kM: ..n~lpt i stk k07,ou i -wg,'k"t. r"I..,.o "ikok " gY<'tllltit nyr-rjiik, fdtiV( h,'RY a z ,uxl.' l; ~,kok ''K-Vl'lll"t.
lIon",ulllakw.1I volt. mpg"d vlI:
"/Al + B' + Cl
=-+ !!.+':':ll l
a
/,
'''I-t .. kl n,
... ...... 1... ',1 w..1 S....J..,

1" 5, nl<l.,. , lk ""kl....... 'Ry " ,,~V ,.lll.Oool \ .kl<
+ B' II + CIl + D l + A(Alr + D2!1 + ClZ + 0: ) '"

fN, + D, + A ( f~ 2 + 0: ) "" 0 .
O.
(3.3(;)..)
(3.361h)
""""'t
(3.;J;"i)
,1o:K1 ~,;'
b ) vek t oros trasmcdban:
" 1":1. nl.-t., ",I"", i" , S."III.; .

Ky. U~ k. 1&1, nld ,
'""PM"
'H ......'n ",k1o.r '""l!Y"" .""nat.....,1 );; 1.

~m n k<~,,,I" """kJ ",,, ,
1 ~5. ol<l~It,
'}\H ""ktnr _i<alar;. """>na tllroil 1 Si<aJar io ~ ' . I I:lJ ,,~ L. ... I~m i'" Sl<-aJA'-;. ''',,..a' ~Iti" I<oM...-li""t" khau .
1 ~ 5. nl<l .; ,. Ilk " ,kt " ,... '1!Y~nlr-t<'rol l't.l \'~klo>PJt.r,, ~ ,,k, I...... ~,1.
216
(l""'12Ib. old.). E hl" 'll "'" ",,",tl,...u (b =: ll) II ~'(lik '1tV"nlct .. nliuoik Jwou' CKY"IlI.,t ki"'vPt )(,l llJPOyt' .
N~v silmak "kkm (", <.....It uk", """ kii-ti""I">lItj... M
04'1 n, c, D,
6= Az lJz C, Dz = 0 .
(3.3t.ot.i)
..hlhC3~
.~
o
y
Kl'I parhuzamos sfk ta... oIsAg" H.. t"ljft<iil" Iwi.I"llll/~'"~ fclt(.,...I (IN<<12Ib. 01<1.). tovAhhl\.
..,;yt'n"'U'i
5.
,,~iklIk
(3.Mi-I)
8,
. . u-.-[J,+C.... D = 0
allor"ta.~
a.rrr. "'hrL
3.176 . .wra.
8. C. D
D,-Dzl
<1 =
(J.J6:il
v'.P _B! ... C"2

2.
KH" t obb 5ik a t'.boon

1. Kiot "ik i6ltallwdort sziig.. k .i1ltalil.nOfleM.-t:.o\zA .I + B . C~ D = One ,,,-,..- Bt, C 1
Ih - 0 eg,vrnwltrl D~W"lotl kM lk &I\.all>r......t
iltrlu-t a kOvrtnzo 1r:<'pIM;t< Iriwt G.iAmit..,o,l1I;
COII~~
~~.
,j .-41
.-1..h-BD,
e('l
Of ~ dJi.II l4 _q)
3,3ti2b
-'"j\'2
Harom ..fkm..u u..pontja: HA.cc.m ..zA,r~B,.-C,:-D, =O.A,..r -B-l!l ('1:

.4:sJ ~!I + C J % iJJ, - 0 "&Y"'lllffi:-kkPllDf'&l'llOlt....ill. m..I-u..I",,-,tj!w><& kuoruiwi.lir..lt..:t
-~r,
Tprbeli
.) Koordimita.. irasmOdban:
A.1I BI, ...C,='" D,=O.
b ) \"..I<toms irasm6dban:
j_
-~r
D: _0.
:_ -~%
K"t ~ e tit&fk mptszPl"'t
A~
lI=h -Cl
a,e'l
..---
IAJB]C]
A.zr
4.
A,.I"+ lJW + C". + D"
3.
(3,366b)
(3_Jt;';)
"
/'
P' (~ I
Pzl~ l
,y, .z,)
,v,.z:>
iPl ( " , , "\', ,;t\>
0 ,'
, '- '-
- -
I
.__.J
3.1 j'9 , M.ra.
,
31 1lO. ,ulfa.
Adott ponton "-tm.. ",'i. adott ir/lllyv""t,,rra l parhuunnOll "gyf'nf>!l ..gyf'ul.. t ..
A P, (.r" !II, "I) po nton AI " ",uo."" It(I, "'.Il) i"" uyv,'kl<'TrId 1""hulltJU'IOl'1:Y"LJ'''' (3.1 78. ,,-"ra ) "R-veuI"t ...
a) koord imitas plOilllitasban ..... vpktorO!< frAsm6dha n:
~fk II jf'H11"~.,~, I,,,
AI A2 + 8 , 8 2 + ('IC2 II
VI,~y
N,:-J2 _0.
N"IO' Mil< llldMl(-.lp"ntjn 11,\ 1I''''l(y, "z A,L + lJ,!I+ C , + VI = 0,
(3.3WfI)
""'pea<'! <'10""".... o>&.ven"'t"
J, I '; S. abr".
' '!tV '1tV.'"....U 1n<'IIn,'k ,i t.
2. ?l.IprOl.. gps~"'g i fpll.... t .. l: Kf.'
D,
llaro lll ~ik "R.Y POllln.." m.t"",i "'KVn\l'L~!. II" j.... i U. Ha .lr - 0 k l''g"IAhh "lIJ' m""",I""n<111 alel..I..,-Jllill"'"~ # 0 ..kk"r 1\ "ik"k Imrhu1.RU"...ak "gy ''8Y''lu_l; "" rn;lI<kn a1<1..\('n n;mu ", _ U ...lr.k"r" ~iknk
Sikok parhuzll.lII..-iIKullak ,.~ IIlt'rOl"Kessi!gellck fdtHdei

1. Parhuzamo..sflgi r..]t"l.,), Ki-I .ill.1,;...h"",ullo",I",
III
o.
-.4A J -[3]
-c,
c, v"p;)'
1
C,.
z =hr ~b
3.
fhll
"lO""nlrtPk ..,;y~'. az <'l'J~ "l~ .... "'" r ....ikr.. ,II. "'" r z.... ik.... ~.... sikot OMinWIUlk
( 3 . 111 . .. bra ). EukM: vt"tit";';ikoknal< ll<"\P%ZIik. A" If -<likbl p4rhllZlllJ)(o "to'f"~I'f' az ..uwJifM
....boon" fOl'TIllihan Ilf'Tll allWTIlA7.Mtt>. ,)gvholl;ylIVf'11kor..,;y nWoik knortlin;i.u,.il;pAml.I-U ''f'tit''ni .
"
j... =A7~C"2
n'
r~ , ... D,=n
2.
ki-l'Io-u-kkd kJ.r.t Jtio,;Wu;r.."Ill, .. b,,[

A,
~eIM'5 t>gy"enl.. t ..
I.. Tprbeli "lO'enes <'IO.. "l<'t.. , 1Iltalan. . ",<t ~h .....l IUUl<""li-thdi "J:Y<"l..... lIi'\ ~ik UJ<.l....I:Iek'k..
dctiniAltmti>. a.naIitik,,<.a1l ket Iin<-ftrj" "f!;.\"-llkotl"jl iJl6 1'<'tI<!>0:nd idlitll;.to ,,16,
r~ , + V,= O ,
x, :\1
2.
.1'=
3.
~ '-rl
(:I.J(.:;j
+- ~
II,
~ik lI""b~,{"'I'''lltj';'lI,,k
A,x+ flJy + C,.
n, A,J' T lJ.,y + C. I + D. -" 0 "!\.vmldck kcllllC",wl,,tt
koor,liw,t';'ll " k>>I'juk kl~~.Amil"Hi, "kk", ,'I,'l.,,";'"H'gha la n./.znk va.l,,,,,,jyik hac<>lIIl1l1k IInllt"""",!",,,l)"l
"T" =
y-1I1
Z ~ZI
--;;- - - " -
(i'- i',J x R- O,
'1
,Yo G r mn l'ln ll
'18
2. :~il egy.. nes egyenlet e ket v..tl...... Ikka l V1In megadva Az.41 ... By + Cz + D = n pgycnlct,l
.ik "" "'" y = k.e -,.- Q.. : = h.e + l> CKV,,'ulctckkpl mPK",lott ''I\Y''I1'''' lIl'''''''''''''I'''lltjAiW<k koord in ii.tAi
b ) paramlot erO:"'& .. !akban H ",.. kttlf{)8 fril~m6dballl:

~=;tI+II.
11""1/1+ ...1.
1=~l+nl;
(3_36&)
_
Ba+Cb+D
.e =-A~Bk+C h '
A (3.36llA) ..lMllit...... (:l.~) rgyt'1l1..t.'khOl",UlIiik. ha
1=I~g~l, m=lg~:tl n=l~~~~I,
1\7.l\l, ....
a.
I.
Do
(J.J6!J;<)
(J.3ti!1b)
Ii :: ~ 1 X :"1,
k'""'"'" Ir....mixlbM
~=
.!.=..!!..
...,-1'1 ft-',
= ~.
'2-:'
tV..horok -.natkOI ....l
(3.3 70A)
b)
i ,l
x (i -
i': l = 0
(3.3701
l~. old.).
b)
4 . Pent tivobo/lga koordinatAll alakban megadott
.4.
(i -
S. Adott ponton atm.. n6 .adott siba m ..r6IE-gesev;yf'n.... "'1O"",nl.., .. Lo-gyrna pont PI(r" '1. I,)
.... k-r;ym" ..ik.,;ymlrt.- .-lr ... D, ...C: +- D = 0 ~ i~
D = 0 "W"i (3 . 180 . 'bra). Ekknl" Il<l
f"llY"U80 <'IY"Woot.. konrdin4t.Aa. -wnWt ....Jttoroo. [rlWnOdUan:
(3.371&)
a,
(3311h)
(i_ i',)l< :ii= O
eg).. ne!lt61
..u .H (a. 6. r) pont d t.Av~ .. (3.~) aWr;bM n>egtldou "lO'f'D""t61a kowtk<"Z6 k;.plrt t<ollGAulIthatO
u;
(II
r.)on
'1)ll'+((II-,l1n -(c
"I, " 1'.1"'" I'

I',m, 1'.1""'
"2
H.. IIwAluliLlOlWUl iLl\() ,kt..rminKwo nulla. akkor td~;il anu llk 1\ f,hi'l,I.,. hoKY
lUlU
nu....... t"IO' lilMt.
a,
"'"
6.
~ =
IIhul
fl-
"1-0,
1J.z -fl."
,1, 1 - ,1"
hl-h,
I.
Ar l + B YI +Cz I + D
A I + IJ m + C "
(3.37Ga)
hi
,1,1
Siko k "" "lO'en.......k Altai bezart lIIq..k
KH "1O"1-"DelII sroge
a) A lt a la nos ......t: H I' az t'lQ"'l>n<O"k IlZ
I-II
1I-r.
: -:1. r - z 2
11-1/:1
_ ,_
, _ = --;;;-;- = --;;-;- ... -
,-, -
(f - f l ) x R, = 6 ... If "'ZOigIW>
ki-plrt
r,) x
I 1/ J .,.
ml m,
:-%J
~ ---;;;;- = ~ VllY .TiIt<1lut1a1l az
R J = 0 "ltV"llet..kkrl.-..nuak rurpi", Akko.-a ........ ~taAAr

'-"
RlR2
+ "1'"
... - J(li + mi .,. Tlillli + mi + nil
12 + "'lm2 -"I'"",0
,1
""lO"
C'()(;';
= R,RJ
<'lQ'"'I)o"'I"1" IIIWhlWl.l~ fcltiotl'1r
R\ >< R-J =O
(3.37S)
.. ki't
t hl"'1i '10"'1""
""ltV
R"IR, = O
~ ill
"
..
megedv... akkor
1\
n. YafQ' wkwl'OI"IIn IIll Ii' -
rl) x It "" O. ill. rN + D
AI +Bm + C"
RN
~m.;= ns
..
(3.37-1><)
ki'I,I<'ttd ,..d lllllt lmt6 ki.

b) parhuzam""s3.Jl:i f.. ltM e I: EItY"w.. {", ..ik 1>Ar!lnzll.m,-AgAn..k {pltH..I..:
(3.3741
c ) M f>rol.. gessegi fe lt;'t .. l : Egyc'li'''' '''' "Ik llwrlil ,'K,........!t',n,k f,'!I.<'t,'lc:
A I +B m +C n =O
= n,
ABC
-=
-m
I
"" 0
<'g}....nl.."'kk..1 van
szOg"
SlIl 'i'= J (Al+BI+ C 2}(p + m l + n:.l " Ill.
HII A I ... D m+ C " .. (I, IIkkor "7 PJO"'''''' vArhH7~"Il4'" a~'kkal. HII,vf.('nklvm ATI + Dill ",Cz l + D
ak ko r ~ "10""11<'" ln-nne f,'k"zik ",,'kl"'lI.
(3 .37'J)
Egyenes es sfk alta i be,.art nOg
2.
"
~=Z,- Ill'
,1,1
1.
(3.373)
.-gy<'llkt.. k kd Ull'gadot t ,ogypm" U1Pt ~7j"l><lIltjain"k koordiniltAi
Y=J/l-m /J.
:= -"h~,~~~~
ll"l -.I;.,o.1
j=
&.ok A kPpk't<'k o;Ak 102

("I - 02l (h l - h,) = (fl." - b,)(l, - k,)
(3.37tib)
frltet.. l llIPlk t l't'P<Imi'nY'="'k ~I'0lll.<>t. E:llcnJuoze'l _llof'IlllZ ~ k IK'm ~~.
Ar ... By + G %+ D
!..:.!!. .. ~
i= .el-II'.
,~- _.~-- -
c) M ..rol",gessegi f" lt"t"l: K H cp;,v"li."n"lu,'rt'l~ r..ltiot.el..
Sik H ""gy"lIl'tI m .. tukpo ntjai

A il .. gy""nO'll "1O'..nlp." koord ipAtas alaku Az A .e + B y + C z + D '" 0 ''I\Y''llkt'l ~lk h< II.:<
1.
O ..kkor
IrbM k~iWli:
I,
ml
nl
i; =m, =;;;
n, 12
lIiu
I.I
+ Gb + D =
~ikhan.
b) P ilrhu zamossilg i f"ltHel: Kc'1.
- .e, ,1I - Y, ZI - Z, !
II
onl
"I
I,
""
n2
I, 11'2
O. akkor 1\1. <-gyt'llt'" pArhl17,nJU'''' II..lkbl. HI\ O"1Rnkfv;jJ Bo
fck-"7ik a
Ket e gy e nes metsz....poptja Az Y = ll"" .. a" Z _ AI.e'" bll"C'"lllpt.. kkrl ~tt<'KY"llC"'&

.k ,z ~ Q., . : = h,r + IJ.z CKYe eke..kkd mrg...lott <'K"''fIn< mM.""""'poutjAt a knw-tkPW ki>p\f>tf>kk..l
(3.3 i'2)
~. Ket. kooroipitb alakban mpgadott egy" P" I"gki....... bb tivo,,"aga

A (3.36&I..welwull~ ...lott ~'~k tAvolAAga
3.
C'()(;
:,)m!' ~l{("-:I)1 (0
(l ~m2+n'
'"
+C h =
a.z II =
... haQ rl. '" :1 IWVnokra!.f'lpiil (J.3titiB.).

4. K fot ponton !Im"nc'i pO.. nes egyenll.'1E' ..\ PI (r,. VI ,,).1\ ("1' v.z. Illl>OlltokUUl\tnwno'i "lO"'"
nat (3. 179. 'bra) ~Jru- koordinAtAs;'" ~ktOT05 irbmOdban:
a)
HI\ A + B k
IlZ ~ bP1IllC
(3.31~)
:=h1+1>.
ji=H.o.lI.
v~ <>v
' ..-oJ
vaI'Y
RN= o,
R x N = O.
(3. 3l\O)
(3.31l1)
no
z
3.5.3.3. f\1A.mdreudU: fdiiletck . az cgyenlotek normalalakja

I . Centralis f.. liil",tek A !Wv.-t!u-",jkl"'1l wu,'rt<'u",T1' kf"l"U!t'} pgy<>nwTRk. aJudyrlut .. J""""clro',,,hl
fpliiWt.-k I\OfmAWAk""n fdlrt "'KYf'ukh'iu"k n'.....,..,-i"k. II mA...-><lrcn<lil fdii]M..k .ut>Uiol......'!twul.t ....>II]
(INwi moM. ) NiOcIIlAk ..!>MIl "" .....-then. amikor .. kO:.<tl'punt'" II koordill.. w~rl<l'0r lu'AI,il'uutj ..
egyt><-ik. A ki'o7.Pl'l",ut fd,':l.i .. TIIJL\ allWAolO b"robt. A koordinAtAtpng..ly>'kll MUlrlek ..umlllf'Ui...
t<>~l}.,.jbf.n r..k!0'Ilf'k. lllO'h<IJO''' koonUwi.la.oIikok <'R'/.... n ""immnria.-;iknk 1>0.
2. Ellipszoidok At a. 6. r r"ltrng..ly.-k (3. 18 1. libra ) ru.,;zruilatavaJ a>: "K......n~t:
r !l :2
;i + bi + ;:J" = 1
(J .J.'lJ)
......lfok"" kitlOnbO:zk1.jiik 1lH'll'C a ) a
A ki>wtker.6 ~r-Wi.~
= b
>
r:
o..s:...n~',n1Ut1 forgil>orlbl .....,iol (Ir...
r.MtJW.: ) (3.182. 'bra).
b) a
=" < (';..lnylljtott
~Uil-.id (.:u...mW:) ( 3. 1 ~.
c) a = II '" c: ,;iiwb.IW)Ilyurk ~,1.. .1 2 +
abra ).
+,:2 ", 0 2.
3.183. Mra.-
A ki-lfi.... f~Jli~1 "10' r , :,"ikl...li, Q;'" c ffllt'n~'lyii ..lliJ"'Zi.'<IK'k .. : -t<,n~<,ly k;"""ili fnrlt.. tN.I<vN.
a ~b f'llY kOm<"k wWu-lyik t.. ~ly ki'on"iI-lO r,~""vaJ
dO. EIlir-oiOOt llI"ti<W,,(k ......~
N.U7.11.tA .. lli.-.;,.. ~p<'riAI;" fOOMlwon kiir..",z .. lIi~Ki te.Jogata
3.18:0. "'bra.
3,1....a -'hra.
om
\. _
~:f; .
f3.:l'<4 )
y.! j
.~
i/
3.1t'6. -,hn.,
J.11.l7. "hr,,-
3. H iper bolo id o k
1. Egykopenyil bip..rbolo id (3.184. i1hra)
<,mwl
.;
:2
;;i + -;; -;s = I
(A~
2. K l>t kopeny ii h ip..rboloid (3. l!15. toh ra )

42
.;
Vl"'7i-~.i<' "R" oIylUl d i>!< It fi>It.-nR"I},l plhfl'<'"Uo Iplwt. ItmPly",.k ~fkja" :_t<'llgrlyre IJl('mJ~"'''
koordinAl.>Lrend......r kr7.-10I>VI,tj4t61 (' tAvol"-'8,.. VAn. Emlt' l <lZ .. lMllltJi>.ni,J .. k'ip AZ
3.1il2. .wra.-
3.I1.11. ..I>r...
.. lkoti>krollAAd 2'l 2. ol<LJ

A c .....:1,.", .... G. 11 k;.I'Zl'u"
k;'WA~ rfltolL!("UY'1
(J.J.S.5)
f{>lt"n~<'lY"kkrl frnn.Al1
:1
;;i + hi - ;! =
- I
(J.J1'l(j)
A :-I"lll\f'HY" ! pArh1l7J\fTl'" ~rknw l-l."... tf'k mimlk,'t hilJc,holoidnai hip-rbolak. At "gy kiill<'lIy il hilwrh,,
loirl"""tl>lwn" m<,I./</.t't I"hrt nWU<7J1 ,gyt"ll""I'A, ill. AI. F. y~ik k>.II'ArhH/...mos ~fklll<,l""d,,'k .'lIil...,i"'k,
HII. a = b .. hip .'rholoi<lot, rgy a !of< " f/>lt,l'lll'lyil hipl'rbolAuak II. 2(' tr-ngely kuriili "'Io\I\U......'w<l Iool ",t
!'I:1ArlllllZtlOl,ni. Ea ut6h hi t"ll~f>ly I\Z " !0' kill" 'lly l1 hil""I" )I,,i.! ,,,,,,t"1x,tl H'lmt.<"" .. kHkiil"'uyll ,... 1.,'l"."
V1\1''''.
4 . K upok ( 3 .186 . Abnl) H" " ' ..'....M 1\ kOlll', HJlii.t;U,,"d~w, kf"MlOpontj" imn h<,ly<'zkffi ik <'I. "kk"r "'"
''lU''"ld:
.'
y'
"
;;i+bi-;!= "
r
:
h- ;i:? '" l
.2
Az G .... 11 VIlIi.os. vabuniut ..
(J,:1X7)
(J.3&l)
hiperboloidok .....aml'wtik.." k<",!,jA"ak r"gll-llotO lei. IW..-Iyll<'k ll.ikot-ilj"" ,igt<'1,ul,..u miud kcl hip"'
boloidor h..tIlrt.II.Iannl m..,;k07.pliti (3 . 18 7. ibra ) . 11.. a = b, <Lkko"'IO""K" kork<"'IK,t kepun k (1aI1
1.:.6, old.).
S, Parabolo idok Mi_ l " [>I\I"..holoi<lokllak niu ... k'''''''Pl>Ot,ljllk, " kii...r tk.....o rgy<,,,l..u'kh.,u al>l-><.,1
indlllunk ki. hogy 1I.1........h o)oid ...." ..sllO ntj"" k"ord i" ilu \t<'lll lJw.t'r k<~/.-Iopontjhl"," hdy..-~Iu~lik PI. II. z
l.<,~dy !illnllctri"tf'Il~f')Y. >\Z., 1 .... 11.I. y. zsik I""lil!. ~7.illln,,triAAik.
1. E lIi p t ik, u; parabo loi d (3 . ltI8 . Ahrll) '
.2
z -= ~
Il
+ b2.
(:1.389)
A z-wllfl:.. l1y,'1p arh U/J\lll O" sikm,'b7.<'t.k l"'r.. hujAk, Ill, F, y"ik k>.ll....l h,u....l1l(... siklllf'\.~/...l.r k "Hip"1.i,..-.k.
2 . Fo r ga sp a r eboloid. 1111. a -= b, kkor fnr ll"" I"" '" hol,,idot AAI'IlUk, Ill"..ly a z = ,r1 / (11 pal'aholAll"k
ill. T, e-stkban "k",,; t"ugdy,. kiiriiJi fnrl\ntAAAvnl S'Ml'lw"",t;<tb"t6.
A7.oU paraboloid(>;('S,,' 1.<'1"1:,,1.1\. "mdy"l, "10"" :-t"l1g<'ly.-.' ,w'rt'il"!:,.,, "ik h "'''1\........1:),,, ,, vap; I",
\l =
~".abh,
(33~JO)
s.
222
G~"m~tn"
""IO'ifllI ....1"""'-'U.... r,,,MIIIIICl "" ll".~"""'-I!:(l "UiptikllKbpng>'!" ti'rfogatAnl'lk11. rpl.>.

3. lIiperbolik us paraboloid (3. 189. lib ra);
<:
"
=;i -
,.
(3.J"J I)
Alll/ . :~lk W pArh1tuun.. ~ikm..Lw-t.. k .... lIZ r, z-..ikkal varhUZ&ll.lOtl "ikllll"lxLctl'k "KY~'" I_..ho-
W<, lIZ r , y-~lldtA1 parh1l1.AlTlOA "iknlM_otpk pfflill hiP""l"bol>iJF: "" ~
IlM."I.sdj ~n""po;V.
3.191. &bra.
3.190. "hrll-
y
3,11l./' Abra.
J.l ~9.
abra.
!/
6. F...lUk-t ..Ikotbt II t.!'I;.-ua rdillrtbtu kkv6~k. P..ldak .. Ir.Up- ...... ""'w'rf,.jiilo1.A1kot6i.

1. Egy ko pE'n y l1hiperookl'd (3. 190. _ b ra):
r y :2
(3.392)
-+-- -= 1
..2
b2
~
Az "1lYkap..nytl hip<'rboloidnalt kk Alkov.-~\IlW.;.,..,...k ~
"
;; .... ; .. .
(I + i')
~ +:= t'(I-!)
' .. (")
;-;
.(~-;)=1 +! .
(3.J').l)
A hiperbollkus P'U"'hoIotdllAk ..ainvn kk Alkotl-l'1"8"' van: "7A"k egyenlf'tf'i 11. ko ~'f't kPZOk:
('a b' ..) .
II
Itt II "'" t' megint l "' ~ o'rtJ-k. Min<l ki-t """tn.-n,, M ii),>, minden pon tjAn kft "RY""""'. ""1"I'g"uk"1I1
.-gy alkali>, nl'1t)' At.dp" 3 .190., 3.191. ilb ril kon .. kett<'i kmiilmi nd..niitt ....... k """K"ik VIUl t...rAj"".]v" .
7.
H.mg<'n 'k
1. Elliptikus ben g..r ( 3. 192. IIhra ):
x'
yl
-+-= 1
",
xl
II
2. Hip..rbolikull h..ng..r (3. 19 3. Abra) : ;;2-;;2= 1.

3. P arabolikull heng ..r (3 .194. Abra):
Ii = 2px
~.
,)
(3.J'.l(i)
wr&.
3. 19J. &brA.
3.194. &bra.
3. 5 .3 .4. Ma.<;odrf"ndll feliilct.f'1,;. , Altal an<i olm elct

1.
- - - =(
\' , l''
- +-,') =: . (3,3%1
"
.
ab
z. (3. ~)
L;
3.192.
- -
.{
......
(J.J'J.;jb)
".' ",.
- + - = u,
"a
b
/1
(3.J93Il)
= 1 - ;;;
II
c
b
a c
II
Abo!. 1I .... 1I ~.... fortJ.k .
2. Hi~rbolik Ull parabolo id (3 .19 1. libra):
: = -
~d......
MAsodl"t'ndu fel iik-t a ltalAnos egyen l..t e
al l"
+ a721 + a3:l: ' + 2a12 r y + 2a:zsyz + 2a31ZI + 2a llx ... 2az<y + z,,30Z - aft
(3.399)
2. ~ Iasod l"t' nd u feliilet a lakjA na k m egAlla pitfu.a a fe liilet "lO'enletfMI ~INoodrendii {pJiilM
.ui<kjat. ba A f..lii]et ~nlf'tkt isn..rjiik. a ~ . 6. S. T inw'rili.lJIIOk .-]6j,k' a.lapjAn. a 3.22. "'"3.2 3. t.ii.bIilxatbOl hat.ii.ro:t.hatjll k mq,. E l.iI.bl.w.lnkl>llll, a f,'liikt nlt~Il<'.....; .n.cn kiviil, u.. ~lhatjuk egypnlp.tior..-k nurm&alakjat ill. amdyn <'KV lrll,!\", lotl ''lG''u].t AtlllAkitbati>. Az "10. k"'lw.ct, ,,, fdiilct..k <>gy""1..' ..i},<'I1 ",,,ulIllilym val "" POllt koo rd i"i,t ai t ""tTl l"hd kj,qJunitlUli. ki""vp A k"'p?.<'t"" hlp ",,{,csat 6; kM
k"'p 7.<'1.""~ik mCt!>ze,.vollalat.
3. MasodrendG fdiil.t in va ri illll' l< i A~, 1I,~ = lIh jdiil<-'ll"un
(3.J'J7)
all a'2 lI,;< al~
a21 an lI"" lI:It
a :ll U3 2 a3.1 a,..
(3.3'J1:I)
UH "" 2
6=
U221113
U (3 " . .
(HOllo)
(3,4()O,,)
+ a.'\;l"n + "11"72
A koordiniitatengclyckc1tolhM
11]\ a~ Ill:!
S =all+a:n +a.~,;
T=
"n "u
" U
al\ a:TJ ":l:t
- II~:t - ,,~ \ -
V"R)'
U: 2.
(3 .400d)
df"'R"l.A>o.. ",)I'aU .w k " m..nnyi>oo'~ ..k 1!I'm vsdtoanek meg.
,~6.
22 4
D,t!rrr".i<ily""",dri"
225
""'II:
56> O.
~ < O
T > n- u
S 5 ..... T ""lI1I1Undl",lt.O :> 0
ElIiI'...m i.1
r Ii ~~
- +- +- ;1
K" ,kiil""uyu hip<'rholoid
K i'~/"'t.r.< ..IIiI~d
f.yk0I";>IlYl' hiJ>"Ti>oIoi<l
,,:
~ > O
b2
II
? II ~J
;;I+ P -;I=- l
:1
-,,2 +.. - "" -)

fiI ~
til
K~ k'l l' t\01llOlnni<r<ld)
.1 = 0
r
-
OJ
II
... -
til
:2
... -
r2
JI --=1
:2
.... -
fi2
K{,p
y2
:2
-+-~- = O
,,2
f1l
~
=0
3.23. tAAl.u...t.
A .I" '" 0 tuIa~ nWondl'rt"hl ft-lii\n.rk ala.Ir.jA (JlIIRboloiOOk. twng.......k <.."I1.I"irokj
.lr :> 0
Ir kkor T < 0)
vo""tko-lJuU:. pI. a f.!iil..t...k It0rhiil..t.i i........ "",I"!.",,..;.

f''Rin k k"loul.al.t''tlli "".,k t<',l a Inlajdoll""K',kt,61. Illlwly...k " gc.rh(.k ..... ff'lii,..I.k .,.;.''''';v.1 kal......');'t<... U:."mil .....""k 1'1. .. ''''I'''I'''uI"k ",.aUla ''''RY
"RY wI gOrh.. I".... zu.""w>.
3.6 . L S ik~orbCk
3.6. 1. 1. Lehctosegek s tkgorbck c1pfin ia )a....'\ra
I. K oordimi t as ('g)"ml.. t"k Sikgcl{l.., an..J;tikll"'o.ll
,.,jnL
1. Der+ksrogu koordimitakban:
II
kow-tkM'fi lui.. lok valalll.. l.viki"IPbrt nlf'g-
a ) imp lic it "&Yenle-u ..l:
o '" I-'( ~ ,y )
(3 lot )
b ) explicit egyenle-tt.. l:
y=f (% ) ,
(H lrl )
c ) paramet........ alaltban:
2. Po la rkoordin a ra k ban:
%-"'-r(I ).
(3..103 )
, -y(I).
(3.104 1
p- f {.,;)
2. Gor!>o'> pcn itiv !>o'>jilr;\.~; iranya F-y (;1 WJ) AillJeMn IIlf"IIIIlou ~I"'" IIltt az ;";\.nyl llCVCi<ZiLk
I"wtivDAk. AI....-.IybPD It <-... h. I1IIit) y(I ) p.. "tjA~. 114" 1 1>IIl"1Illli't.... {rti-lu-i ni>V\Ju"lnrk. H" ..
g.-...t". II. (J .W.!I alIIIthooll V1III lJIfW"h..... ,.Jr;kOl" _ .u--v.,.7i1, 1>IIl"1Ill""1<'!1",k "'''''1 f"U"l':ui l'" = z, , 11"') . llgybogy II nO""kvo .hwri_illmltk """Itf"drlO irAny a ,_lily. A (3..10 4. ) ..Jak .,..'!.fI"'1I. ..- "2iig
l.. kiutbPt/l [WU"'<1""'''rTlPk '... = f (....- ) r'fJt; .... Y - f (.,;) sin ..r , t .. 1tiI1 IKYJUy ir;\n~ ..- ..o-v..It~k f<'1cl
1DO'fII:. '~a:7. oramut-ati> jiIr.\.. vaI ..llornlk....,
. 3 .19 S.a . b . c a b r ax
A : ",/J . = t'. 8 : f "' ''lJI'''
C : ,, = a .,:
~/ O
_0
H.-nvrf..I';kt......"'TKi>rI... kflll mNoodwTlc!11 giifhi>,....l. Tllf'ly llli>hIIlUlllr.

II1Akj.. kiU'-",fi'" b<-~"T'P k<>t pl"'dmrny.z' T :> 0 f'>If'tion Y>Il6oo ....,;y
kiopv........ dlll,tilll"'. T < 0 """"-"n hiJ>"ThoIikl~';'" T = 0 ....1.h, 1_....
hoIikll" J,.'ugr n'!lo1., h....--k II !'Pliilrt rs-m <'Sik ~:rR t
\"1\1<.0.. ki'W"''''''
YllfIY "lO'1......t; ...ikr.... A ""ho""" Mti'wk-.. k&.'N ko..w;
IlZ
.0',
1"""11"""111
all an "2.
14, a'2 .....
..
"3:' ":<4
--- a-12 aD all
all Uu '4.l
l1.l2 "'" " ..
"al
h)
- 0
<)
-ar A .l. T m..n"y~ ..kM. JA,;d 223. <>1<1.
3 .6.1 .2 . O orbck lokalis a lkotoelcmci
3.6. Differencialgeometr'ia
A ,lilJ''T ''n ci" lf'l ''''IlI'' hiAlmn " ...Ik- "" tkF\" , h#ok"I , v...lam ln( fdm, -t..k.t ...<l ilf"U'IWiAl,..,AIIl U"'" lIIi" lo<t~ , ....
i",,1 tl\lluln"""'y<.J'allk, uiott ...~<'rh~k . ill. f...lule-t...k "gy<>l1l...wih... n f...Ue]>ofiiAA"~IlY"'krOl frl l"""1.iik. I."I'"v
folyt;"u.......k (,.." ... i,,,~ AJll. rnh! I'I"" j...!I"gf',utAI Jlj'l\klvAlll. rondig I.prjffit",,. folytonc.. ,1'II"Al I."Jek"I " ll<l..lk"'l.mk. A gOd"'''''k ""llY f...!iil... tn..k ....... k " gy>'"H ki"",pl"" rontjaihan png,~lj 'lk 1u</t. IJOIlY ,V
i." f<'i t,i '"...1
nt t,ljt",iiljon. IlY""kor U ' '''1'J rin.< /",,,,toh6! 1,,,.d!iillk,
Amikor .. W~>lIJ.tJ' il\i ..J"h~\t""'\t "'RY'nl,,t,'ik ""gfl.";g "vr! vizsgAljuk. kiilolll~d f"~",,k k" ui ..z uly.."
t \l lflj<louAA~uk ki"d.itl.. "'1lI,jy"k fiiAA Il" k fI k"nr']illl\.t"l"f'",1~1....r lIJegvAl'l.~zl.a.""'t,bl.]>1. p;iirl,,"k "''I(y fd ii
!"I.,k md .M.i"""",lj ai a k,,,,,diniitlll,"Il!\.lyrkk pl, /oriH!fik ""'Iwl"k..eb"' lIJaxim",,,,,k ("" minimulIl"k. V>\.
lanuut "'" oly"" invlll jau" t llll\jd"n~"k kii-liil ' . IIm,ly,'k knordi "at....tllll l"d"rtn"',ibt ,il [i;!,.!';,,!,l"n,k,]>1.
i" ft" xii", V<lIltuk. ,,,t"lt,,,,,.ut,,k. ll.iirltii!',t....k.
T"...iibb..... I"killi" tlllllj<lo~oJo.t . /Il", Iy..k " g,irh,'kllf'k VIIgy fd iil"l."kn,'k ,,,,,,k ll...g.y,," kin,illy 1+" ~' iT<'
AUGI fii~ii .. n. hogy a ~>rh~ll v;\lt",/, .H l,,"'l a (3AU2). (3040:1) VAg\' (:.lA04) ,.]"kh",u \"''''Il"~,,,IV>\.
h,!yztti't I . t " "I{>' ~ h"tl\.rO'I.'~' ""R. L< 'IO~'1l ,y ......\/11<'1 l<""",;I'~''''''ll ki>z..1 f..k"o I'OUI.. ''''' I.'!lv,""
h<>zz<\ tart,m. p,.,.am't...ri"ti- k r + <II. I .. dl ,..!tV.; . J".
L
Ivetem
H.. ~ a ll';rl-..'""k ''It'' ri"l.it<,tt A po"t.tl,II\7, M l'"n',iR ""'It h,,,,,,,,,'iMgA. llkkor ,, Ll.~ = .\1,\, i"fill il..,.ilU"lj~
"o""km"lly', kiYIRlitol " R"'" ;v],,,"",. ,I...li tf",..."..iiiJjii""J. ,.,.. i, ...I~"'nwll,h ...1. kifejezni:
!
=
':> ~ ", d.,
, ...
(::~)1 ,J.r
a (.1.4U2) "Ia k",.
(H O,,)
= ~ dt,
" (.1040:1) all, kl" ,
(H Olj)
u+f11d;
,,(:U ll.1} a.)"kll\.
(3 4m)
226
A: y =~il1r , d.. = .,f1+co":lrJr .

B : 1:1 1 lI= t ', d.. _ t ~ dl
. C : p = <I"" ,
,,) ,\ Z
.
' 3 /1 2 / '
h) A nom ,aJj, <'gy'f"n!PIP: 2t (X _ fJ) ... 3t 2
,'., =.. ~d,; .
22
n' - t~) = U. I\l'~ 2X + 3t}' = t 1 (2 + 311); az .\1 [>Out001l:
X - 3}- = 2:;.
Poaittv ;rany a gorbe frinttlj<>n .... norm illUlAn H" II. gOr"" " (3.402) . (3.-W3) vosg"v (:JAW )
.w.kh.w. van llwgad-. akkor ~ "rmtlin;"' .. IIl..-mAli.>om "l',ytitiv irll.ny ~ V>IJ' Mw.nva. A1t ffintlin
II. pazitiv ir.wy ll~-ezik .. ~irhi>n"k RZ "rinf.i-,oi I.olltlmu wtt l'0aitiv iri.ny".....J.." uon",i.liM,n ]....-lig
ligy brjnk mpg" pm.itiv irilllyt. l>OIO' IlZ mnt6 ~tiv iriuly4t "" AI pont kor,-t1 !Xl'".ka!. .-lforptj'lk lIZ
nrllITIutatOja.-Wval elIPnti'tc!orn ( 3 . 19 7. lIt.ra ). A& ,\1 popt AZkintlit""" 1Iornnlli:.t egy pm.itiv;'" pgy
npgAtiV f;'~ .--tja.
3.
A
/
o
3.196 . "br....
2.
,II = t' gi;rb"llP"I. Ill! .I1 ( ~. -tl). r = -2 1","1.1""'1:

} '_ t J
.\' _ j2
3 . I,
.,
('linIO pgyrn!pt<.. _ _ ~ _ _
IV_)' = -/.\ - -I ; "'" M ponlhan:} = -3,\ + 4.
= t2
C: A".r
A & "rinto meredek8t'gi>t m<'lI;hatAnlrian

a ) AZ ..nnt6 Iu1.jlOM~ VIOfO'ilo AZ At--~t<-~y puzitiv iriuya .... az olonntfm<ila..Tl1lk p<'<iifI..,. .\1 I.ollthu! N: "rint """ 1I1<'f~ pgyr'1If'>o't (3 . 196. "bra).
.
2. Az f r in t 6 e. a nonnAlis "1O'~nldet a (JAOl) , (3.402) "'" (3AOJ) """"ro. .. 3.24. tabl.b.at tArta1luazza. Az .'1 fK>Ilt laoordinAlAi .r .....y. u kint<'l ...... D<>rtlJ.lili.; r"t.> J.>OIItjAna.k koonlinfltAi " ... 1,& X
p,. Y A dm""'t....k kt<'k<Iot "".\I Jlontl-. ko.,U ~jtAni.
b ) ba." gmlx- pol&rkoordinilUkban V>Ul m.~VlL lIZ7J = p tMi.wvrktor iran)'" b lIZi'rintii pw.itiv ir<UIY" kiMOtti,. -">!: (3. 19S. librA )..,\" tI IT. A,. ~ ;'ro+nY"""'lr" kiiw-tk"".o Ul'k-trk. ahol. d~
ki>aAmitaAA. (3 ,40.3)---( J..I0 7) lOZt'rint tOrvnhrt:
<i.e
d,
tgn "" <i.e' OllI'n = Ii. '

tg"
'-Inn
dy
pdp.
"" 7j; ' 0llti" =;I;'
(J . '''_ )
= rb .
~"""'"
d.;
np =17;
(3.4OI'h)
d,
..
. A : , : ~;n x .
Az ~"'lI.lrt
A,.; <'rint6 ~J<ol"
A 00fIlliIli,;,
.ogyrw..w
B:
{"jtAj"
{H UI)
(JA02 )
iJF .
8F ,
Fl.\: -.1") ... -
a, (I
X -r
- ,)=0
}' - II = ~~ (X - I)
}' - y
(3.40 3)
j'
-: s
J,,/l'" - r)
F "" - X.
7=---;;-
~il\ r
'" _ _I_( X - .f). ;"'~lZ
n",.r
(J AO'Ja)
( ~nnMdn.tII' ),
T IS - x) + y'(Y - 1/) _ 0
(Hrob)
}'
- X
SO"'.I"
JfY -Iyy'l
(3. IO'k)
2~
B : A 7. y "" sin F ~/.illll>l;\~()rhN ,,"~ a O{O. 0) IKluth"n :

~rinl.6 ''&Y,n].t!; }' - ain r = <:0.; r( X - .r}. ":'-"'1. V = X ,n; .r + sin r - .r COli)': ,, 0 l>n ntl ~,n :
hI A norn"'lisp8,.wnl.,tp: }' -
"2'
5 . tr; ntOdarAb , nonnllli5darab , z u b t An g.. n ~ los llZlIhnormalis (3. 199. iIl"'A)

A) o..",bzo~u koordioatakb<.... (3.40 2) V"fO' (:H OJ) l17...rinti m~iItJ,;..~tfll;
a} Az
Y ""X .
tgll =
d,
X- r
1l,,1.iLm7.zuk meg "" i'TLIIUI ..... .. uurlllAliJo "RV,'uIrtN "kiivf'f.kf'7Ji gor.....kh"" ,

A: Az r + .j =2:; ki",rh'i't ><:t ,1/(3.4 ) I,out Mn '
a j Az"rint<'l <'gy1'uJf"1' ' :lr( X -.c) +2y(\' - y) = 0. A kor"fj~nJMi>Il..k felt"",znaJiI...aval, X r+ I'll _
Az M ponthlon: 3X + ~} ' _ 25.
, .
X - r
}' - y
,y ,
4 ,
b} A IlorlIl"h~",.;y"nl,1.": -~ ~ - - ..:.-"'z }"" - .\ ; >\Z M pontban.}" "- -x .
2r
21/
r
3
,,,,,r3.
C: p =lI ..- .
ifr~ifr
-a,
x:r.
}' - 11
+ ,i n .r + .l"SO'"J . " 0 1~>Iltl"'lI:
( . : "bnon",il~.)
(HO'Jrl)
b ) P o la r koor d imitak b a n , (3 .40 4) O<'A'rillti 1U'1l",1"" "",t<'n:
rrr = I~J'? + pll

Jif!{i =
Jrr + 1" 1
or = I~I
(poi(i ....
(3.4 10>\)
(,,,,J,i"n,,,,;<t,,,,,,b)
(3.4 101,)
(1'"I,in wn,,,iI.,.-, lm,,b) .
,I,'""y.,~.). (3.~ lOr')
if.Vi = II I
(,,,,Itihlubnmmalis)
(J.110d)
22 8
A : II eo rh r . y' _ ~hJ:
Icth .cl, ~ = I ~h.,..h rt.
B : p"" a ,; ,
p "" " .
1...,...2 I ,~ = "
. ~
= rh r :
TlT
='I~h.Tt'thzl ,
= Il'h ' rl, P1'
.,jPJ .. p'J = ""Ii ..;,2 ;JTTf = la,,;J t + .,.4 1 ~ = I"VI + r..ll or "'-
Gorh.. gor b iile t p F.,;'o 1t;,rI",
)'
J_I~J_
r,
2m ~
_(d.fi)
--
<is
....1
_ _1
Al,t",-
R = II /KI
AK
l'2 =llttl2 -(':{;)",

Mol. , = !J (r }i>sy = h(.r) "
dJ
~.1
""""..w.
- 2,
~I.-t
(H 13l
lV. \1 pontl>llll ... ,M1 ......v u/,b. nllrn kj,oo.nh ..
A : Egy a ~'1g><I'U kiirP K = I /a R"rb<1J<.t

B : ..u~h =O R =?<:; .
3.200 . " h.....
(3.4 11")
'11:". = ("- (.-r1))
Eg"v l!:Or.... R ~;iJ<.ti ""11:..... "'" .\1 JlOllth61l '" ph'-ilPt ..b",..ol,,'t iTt",-
krn<-k rt"f:iprok>o:
k-tfo... &nVl\ltak I""h~ "'" .\1"><>111""" \wu06k.

~1.-,;bAt.V07....oooA>:" .;; l_..l... \&k "'" II = rl
Ig(l l ~
(:u l2)
.\f.\"
w=
2 . G ilrbe gorbiik.ti "ugara
irMyti-u~jll<"ft'o""'n.-.k ~j.l ... k k~i~....
.\I.v lvl~~ an\.I\yAu>t.k h"I;u-h"lik.. "'I. M.\" .... U ~tl)(,ll;
A ,prbttlr1 ..lOp mcgMja. h.'IO''' Jl:Orl,, knnkAv "low.." 1I:i\t..... Il<>rm;i./""'nak l>O'I.iliv ( K > 0) VlI.gy
llO'g"liv{K < 0) okWa f.. \P nh (IN<1 Xl7 . 01<1.). M""I""'I'I"'U kif..jf-I._: a K > 0 ,,,,,tl...n .. Jl:Orbiilrti kOzo'ppont a Ri>rlX" normalw.nak pozitiv ol<W"" . aK < (), tI"'II ...."".... nl a Tlf'liIlltivol<l..Jall f..k."""ik, 1\<-1",
... K lI:orb,ik-tet p,"" ~tiv lIWnnyi""gn ..k fORiuk [!. [J} nkor wiu,lili:" h"tllrmi'k .........ol{,t .. rtfkft kd]
6 . K""- g orlw att.1twdo rt. uOg l~;ik " ,1, h<'lQ' .. r l r2 t;',rl .... k '-';.Ylna..1 AI; .\I po..t ...... rnctJ<7. ik.
A iit """'" l<iwlt. iJ ~~ " !Virhik .\ / .><mll "", -"I mntiiillf'k ~'l iortjiik ( 3. 200. ' bra). A 1 ""~
ki.....i un .i........t ~ viIooI<T.........niik "
1;-1:13<>I-(t)lI
f, g"r!>iil,!.<',,-: ,1/1">llth.m "" M'''' S 1">nth'~J ta~.o pO'l.itivo'rin
1<;irA"yok kiU.ott i 6 ~Wg (3.W 2. abr a ) ,-.,. 1\'1.
AI.~ --0
3.
Gorbn [",t
I.
fr: -
es go r biil..ti ~ ugar
4.
(H l l b )
r, ill. F1 ,;iR-I",'1O..-tl-
n ph;l!..-ti "'~....
n. "'"R - a II:.OrhiilPti ~'wU km",1>lruc m"k.
3. K e p lrte k a g3rbiiJ.etft' es a gorbi:i"'ti lOlIgirra A ~ = do. i... .\IS", d" v~..".] ( 3 .4!Q2.
l bra ) a kovMUz6 iUw.wo. kW'tlyfi V"let..kM kooj,j>lk ;
h=~ .
n=I:1
.., k"-lIoDOOW m6d01ron

k.if~k M1MnAIr.
m~t tif>r~Irt ..k ..-pn
(H I4)
(1iwt 11::.. old_) inllf'lI
h-~
.... R-... killiiu fi-lr
kilWtti sWg "'" M (l. 1) 1lOntllM :
3
l g 3 : IRf>2 - tg .. , = J+tgllj l!\ft2
~
(3 .415)
GOtbe kouvex " kn nk a v o ldala
HII "'10' giir!"'1\l\ Y = f( r l ..x]>Jkit .w..k.....11 V>\lJ " ..'Y"I ...... ill"r'l'..."" kisdarahj ......... Kludy lalt.o<lnuv,M
"" .\f poutn'. Ill,"ltkb.-! lIIHIl<IIU,i.lu'l;Y .. itOI'.....konk..v "I<l..la[..[f.1fva.<t" ].{..[i- n"'''. Kivi\,<] ..-:..iI ,.,...l.
IUniknr ,\I inflrxic.. V"II.)' ~7.ill~1l[, 1of1,; pout (11Wl 2n. old.). H" """"""lik ,l<'ri"31l f" (r } > O. I<kkm ..
gOd ..' koukA, <>[.1..1.. r.I[,I<. _~i>o " Iomiliv Itir""yl", ,..-" (Il 3. 20 1. ahrall iv. J/2 I"",t). II.../" (1') < (J
(M I I"",t )... kkor .. gorl", ..Iulrol Iwuk"v. '\ 7. f" (r ) '" U"""Il"'n" ]>1"01>1';I",<.t az infJpxjc'.. I"'ut Vi7_"ItiJ"t ..
,.. ..{lI ><1"1..-1>1""1
(J.Illi)
k"l! dt'll~-I.ui.
11= r' (2 . 14 .1. libra): II' = 61;" ~'rl,, f"liilr<'l[ k"ukav I",
l'
> O.
i", "[Hln,] k"uk"v [,,, r
< n.
y
(3.4 17)
o
J.WI. "hr....
:Lltl:l, ..
I.,.".
(HIS)
s.o.
230
11: -
A: y = ch z ,
7S J
C : .j _ X
G
In f:AAk olyen pontokAt viz.. galunk. 1U.,,,ly..k kuordinil.t>l.trlU""f"rn...... ii"'..t ""llllx-ninVlLria.l.....k. Maxi -
"
tc- =
(rJ+r).l."J ;
D : p = (J'; ,
5. Gorhiil.. t; kat "" kOl.':-ppo" tj a
1. Go r hii l.. t i kor A sOrt... J/IHlutjAll<YJ: t.arto'U> giirbitkti ton...k ll<'V<"J:Z,ik "'" ,\I..n .... " ~rl .. kH
hozza kwli S "" P l'uutj.on al.lIlm<'l kOr h..tArh..lyzetet, ha S _ .\1 .... P _ .\1 (3. 203. Abra)
E:. iLtU"'llJ'" ...oblulfoq" ~Ih"""ul.t>". "" Qtt
I. 6; 2. Jeriv;;Jtja. mint II. 801"1"'11"". t"h3t
a:l. mllt<-N J'.,.,tbftn "8Orhol~ kiilOlI..... n jOI dmnl. wrt II r;O.-b.-.Jcti kOrt"m..lrikOrllf'k j,. l......a'-Lk .
S,'lQ'CNut..Ir. IWVf' gQrftl.h .ug<ir, kl<lo',;il ri>!>l. hnp;y" pbo.-tld M->I,it o'ono'kprlf'k reriprobYll.l egyt'nl6.
'Lgy_ ""
2. G orbii"'ti ko zioppont A flOrhiilo-ti korCkim.-ppontja _ .\I rontboz l.artoIWReXbti lrti kiiru'pp<>111

A pM kuokAV ol<l.1au."" .\ft- l..rtoW lIoruwioooll bP1Y"1'k..-lik"'.
3. A gi)rbUl.. ti kOl.foppon t koordiulrotili ." ~l""ti kOdvl>ont (sr, yc) koordiru\.tAil. "sOrl>r"&.l?II'
Io:-tt'nrlr. ~1iW uMjAt61 fi~ (Iiood Z1:>. '*I. ) "" AlAhhi k;,..k-tck !<qI;i~""""''''tw-t kifllAlllilAlu.
'"r
rc = z - - -'--",:'--'--'-
(3.-1 19)
(H 2O)
(3 ." (),\) ..... rillti~:

(J .4:21)
(JA n)
E1...k II. k;'pJ<.t..k ""

I c =r -Rsm" ,
l/c =y ... Rcoo;"
dy
i~
yc =y+R
d"
irtwilk (3.204 .). ,",,,,I ~ R o'rtlok,t ( 3 . ~ I:;)
---,
C
(:I . ~2:l)
""IQ'
d.r
Ic =z-R;r,;
....:Inkhan
C(l-
( J . ~24)
(3. ~ I S )
l\lapjfu.l ld,,t ki><Uuuiwli.
mUlllok "" minilll\Wtok llit>ghlllal'07.it.AArill \N;<lll J!)lj. v].l..h

1. Inlle x io.. pontok k a megtl'l lillil,mkrl'l u " IK'16 8"'lbAlyo k
Influio.. pcmnek n<'VP:i'.ziik "Il;urbo.'-klllk lU'. op't "I""nljll.it. aIli<'l}'f"khO'lll\ gnrh'llpt ..1IIj-Pl..1 valt ( 3 .20 5 .
abra). lI,...n pontnak cgy ki>; kUrll)"...~t"hrnll gOrh<- h,>m f,\c>';Jlik t..ljn.o-n ft:II hintOpgyik ol<W"n. han..m
AZ "rinw" KOrbM. atmctlrLi. Infl..xiQoo ponthan II: = ().... R - ::>;:; .
l. Gorbe Sf = f (z ) explicit meg.. d A...... ( 3 .40 2) u l:rint
a) Sziikseges reltetel "" infl..xi6r< pont k'h'-#""'t'\'. bo&Y .. pc1llthAA .. mNw><lik d..rivillt. ha '7l1l il~...n.
nnlLa I.-gyt-n:
r (z ) = 0
(J.42~)
16 nem ,"PZ6 nWlo<lik dPrivillt ......tit IIo:o<l b ) aiAu ). II" van IlWIodik,j,.riviJt. AZ i.nflexiOo< pontok 1IlCJl:~~kPlI k......-niazr(z ) = Of'lO""Tl"'to..w.Z hz~ .
Z , ,z.. ~t.""lllin
d.." z. mekt-t aorblw bf, k..U brI}-..ttf'llitf'lIi "lI"'8lU11lhhrl"ll(h'l <lrrivilltAkha Az z, pont akknr inll..xi6fo
pont . '" >lZ I"lM. f'Zf'n" bf'IY""fI f'11lf'Ul t,'Ioo ~VllIt pMatilUt f1'1ltlll. II,.,. td<intMt pont nc= inlI.-xic'loI
pont. n)f'ft ~ Pbw'i. rI IlMIl t,loo ckrivA.lt l,- rrndj.- pM.. .w.tn. akkor,. KOrbe.- r~) (1' ) > 0 nocti-n frIU1n'l1.
J 41(1') < O.....-t;'naluirOl ~W' konkAv.
b) EI~es feltetel u inf\f'DOoo pont Iiot~. boQ AZ r (z ) rMoooolik <lrriv"1t IU: z, pont hAl okWi
kl>m~ .. johb oI<Wi kam)'l'"U'l."he V>lI6 A.t~ jr-J.-t v.ullOOn. E.ww'1f<>"" art a ko'rdo'..ot..
boQ rgy rnegtaWt 1', M-ti'k CJlV infl..xi60.pont a1~ja-r. a mMxI.ik drrivAit dllj.-!;.tl<"k 1l 1~..w 16
pontnn Vlllb il.tbalAd""'-k...- t>l.l"""'talt \;",. Ik...",lorbct wqv&l-.olrri: ba lIZ ilthaJ.adil>.kor- N;
rlt'ijPIllll'gVAlt<Wk. infl<>xio'x< ponttal van ~l1lk. Ez AZ r1j..... u Ii = "" ....-r.t...n it; alkalma:t.lu.w.
I
I-Jr
I
l-z1
. A: r "' l + r r (r l =-2 (I+rr h 2= Jj' r(z) =2~z(I..,.z~)' r(zl,2) 1'0.
..u..,jA.I,
in~~wk: A(~ n B(-~ n

B: y =
pont tUDOL
r'.
r (r ) = 12r~
.rl = O.
r (z ) = 24:>"
I~ ~I = o:
,Ycl
,; + 2p"J _
3.203. flhr ....
0
3.2'04. film, .
fll (Z) '" 2~.
r (z l ) = O.
7"
3.20:;. ft.],ra.
infl...xio'lI'
~
51101
C : y=r J. t/ = y J. Y = g .r-J. hll.r =O.llkknr Y =o.c.
:\{1!:6th' z..erto'koo-krol JXUitivukr.. j\tlhvc .. Iw.......lik ,j,.riv"1t ,lIIjrl.. nUlll!KZt6II,luszra vAitmik. t<>hiot ..
giirhk..-k AZ r '" 0 lwlYffiu,fuoxi6ll p.. nlj.. VIlli.
!Ille!tiegyzes: A gyekorlatban. hA.. gorh<- m..n..t"h61 k.iW'tknjk. IloKY k..lllermi intwxDI'0ntnak.I'L
ha.-gy folytono., dE"rivaltl.l'll re nd..lkrzOgorb-n <'gy minilUlImtill rgy IR/lXimllm f..I" h....:Ja,dllnk. akk"r O'k
liZ r, ..rtfJu.k rnq!;~11 !<Wrltkozunk....... 'iIA8"""hh....ndll <I..rivilll.l'lk vi1.>IgAl"tAt ..llulgyjuk.
2. ~l;is m ell:a d flsi m6dok Az illll....xi6o< pont 1i1"'~Il ..k (3.42: l17.iik""g r..!r.N.. !Pt. arn..ly a Kurt><,
(3 .40'2) m6don val6 mL-g...:l~ .....!.PH a1ka1IUI\:1.h.. t6, m.... Ill..g...-l""'-i mM"k
t"n a fdtk d kowtk,-,.o
1I,,,,htiku~ Im~fogl\lm~v..1kf'll h..l,...u""Uf'lli:
x-p
-,,----,/
231
3.6.1.3. GorbCk kitflnte t et t poutj ai . aszimptotil.k
y=f.
- ch' J"
Diff~ ,~rli<il'l""",d'-UI
3. (3.401) eaerinti, implicit nI<"K",I""lml:

:';"11
e,,{t..kl~ Il"
megoldas r>'wl,.z"r..
Irhf'tlol-Il'~
(34 26)
pp~
F(r,y) =O .....
= 0;
{3.427)
':1
F;>
~~1J=O
inllrxi..... p.,nr."k k.."rolin4Iait ,.."",Igaltatja.
(3.428)
"v,
.'1.6, Diff",.",..irilgro" ...
232
r,."
A:
(1-
~Milll).
yEll (1_
~'~"'t)
(ny.jjtotrciklois_ (2 .6 8 hab ra). WI. n[.l.):
I" "
"'J2-'~""'1
"
r"!/''''41
,;jilt
...... ,="4(Z.u.I-I).
('0)1'1""'2:
t.= 3+11;~
AIlOrI"llrkllli,,,lPnt.
'1
. 1 1 3 10._,(4,..
. 1 -1).Azinftc:QO.pOIlIIL":'" 1/2
O: p : - 1
; p2
+-Zp
-pp " _ ...
1
..,fl
.;
2..~1
1.--
4,..-1
= ,,'
(hil..-rhou.).
IF"::I ~ 1~ ~2 :;,1 '" ar - 8!l.

-
z.,- -21'
Ai.
r -y
= e : "' ..
muti (3. 2Q1... abra ).
i), j) T obb ezingularitas: EgJ.' .....nthAn \If-t ""flY IWom iJ\'f'n !Ol!i~liuiw if, f..lli-I,het ( 3.20 1.iJ "brU).
.)
2. On"rinte..i pontok. tompolltok, m egnullesi polltok e. asdmptotikus pontok meghatarozaea I1Y""n ~tivooIr...-k tran~I""'D ft1QV"u)"P. ciirhkn<'1 ry,... k fpj (lWd 193. okI.).
b)
3.n. ab .....
2.
On"",,t;., 1"... 1,,J;6...... jti,rho- ",m~At
f ) Tompontok: T,;,..;-.,JlOI""....M" a K,,.-I.... 11gf"'-"l1t.. n 'r>f'K'1\ltoztatj.. irlt.nyl\t. <If'.. ';"""A~ IlOf\t t,,1elthUen .. kk gi;"I,...;guak k"l kijlOn!><l'l')i mnt(;j<- V>Ul ( 3. 20 1. U b ra).
h ) AuimptotikWl pont ok: .-I .::Om"L>t.ho.o "....tolo kiJr,11 .. fliirhe ""'cU"k'u >101I: """Y-.....na.,t w,;M:. miwheua ponoot tct~n ~kO:u:-liti ( 3. 20 1. h 'bra)
n~VT\Jt,-..r.ik .. 1...f"lA>oi irany; #1:/. prinwllrk a

giirhPilgakho:> vi......,nvitott hdy"....te !Q.rri"t n"'ltk;ilOnl~""tiil.k "!roOf,,j'l .~ 1lIA>.:...lfaj" v~thfsi. l'0noobt (3 .201 .c ,d abrak ) ,
g) l\Iegszuu';"'i pcntok r M"f"vin;." p<ntlt>Uan .. l"rI... nem fol,., ..t'.dik ( 3. 2Q1.g abra ).
Yl '" 0 <"II,)'t'lJ1M "llmtmon<l,'lO'uw,uak. wi,.;.." hij....-holAnak nino, infl.'xi<'o< [>OUIja.
!'i(r -
b ) Izo la lt pontok: A-t ,:;nEal,pontnL ki.I""'oitik"g'irb"''lQ'''1l1,,'.k..,I''llin'''''lK'k rajtaagiirb"1l (3 .2Q1. b

Abra ).
e ) Onerint';"'; pontok:
or.r.i>ghOz t.Iut=ik,
c , ...: _ y1
a) Kptt6spontok: K~tt(;"JIfJ"t"U",.l\ g'irn... nnlnaslt.t m,'~ (3 .20 1 .a Abra ) ,
c), d) Vi..s;,.ater';"'i pontok: A ".... :"Ie.>'". ,..".tn/;Mn
p;vRm'otPr-h1i'kMI. !.PM! vfKtrl.." ...,It Ilf"[y"l. vau Lllfl.. xi<....puutj...
233
Csucspontok
a ~k ol}'AlI poatJAl. "lIKoiyrklM'll" .,:>rb;iIMTlPk IlIIlXimllInA ~ ruiniUlllllUl .....11. PI. All .. llil_.ioo-
_k IK,tv A. B. C. D ""'K"'toout;" V>LlI. A kl,:Al"ilm~rn-"" ~'l't"'n N"If">'J'<'lItj>. A;< E (I/v'2. ln 2/2)

POllt (3.206. ' br a). A nu"'ponluW 1\' ""t(V. ha "'" 'g.y--nlbb. R ~ko;ll ..k u~"'~VIl1
~tj,ik 11M1t. r..nuwnAlVll." (3.4t~l (HIS) ki"rt<-lut.
3. Szingulltris pontok
A 'R''9''U"""..", .ut..rUAnnoo r,'lINrnll..LAkiil<-,,,loiY.oo ~1M"CiiUi.~ gom.,xllltok tarto:m"k.
-e
~tolmal< a. :
drri.illt
l\Z'
\~ "It'"""" f,.j.,I~.
.4. ulf"K"Ztlur'~i pontok

= I(x) fI~y oIya.n ~i ht-Iy.-"..... f.....IJ...Jr. DIl"f:. a.bol-+g .... 'IP
""l;.V tJonylegte.. ~l1uo'>.lWvPtke:r.ill he.
Az lIl'<Ziwptolillwo pnntoklo.t olyau g{>rhPkniI ...ht>1 .. 1r,:~1hho-l1l1~. _1)1""11 polar.....
orrli.nata.Umak wo~IYrL H.. ,; - 'X ""C .; - -'X NOMt'-u .. hal>i.rfrtiok
lim p = O. aklror a pO"'" . . ."7.imptotikIL~ I",ot.
r
A : .4. lwot-dina~ kezdo'iJ->Olltja "'" It '" ~ ~r"'''n.... ( 6. 2.c Ilb r a) tOril<ponljA.
1 ...e,
B: AI. (1. 0) be (1.1) I>onl "" 11 =
---!..., fflAA"""'llyur\l (2.1 .llbra) """"",..Ia..i pontja.
I ..... ; : j
C: A p = ...... Iogaritmik"" "l'inl.1nal< (2 .15 Ilbra) \'IUI..,;y N<Ximl,totil",.. I",ntj.....
3. T ob bsw rOs pontok ( .. J ..). ""Iamint i)-j ) ..-t..k) mpghatllrozisa ..\ k.. l1""'pontok;,~.
hitro""",,o",,, pontokat .tb... _tiibb,Uirii"I",ntn/;- ut'o""l! f''II:I'''j"k Ot<oqR. Mpgh.. tJ\.rtrl.....llkh07. a gorIN'
F(r.lI) = 0 ""'hi pgyt'n!tti>h61 illduhmk ki. Egy .-I.....nt ...n....lyr...k (r,. 1/1) kuunlillAI.Ai a harolll F --= O.
= 0,
= 0 PID-"<'ul"t mind..,;yikt'>l kirl<'-git;k. akknr kMl&;pnnt, w. a hArolll r:~. F;.;'" F;' 1lI1t..
...><II"O'11<lI"i ,kivlt.lt kiiziil lpgallt.hh "" rgyik nom n"llll, Ell" lIk...,1i .....tl...-n A I.Ar"llI>o7,orfll\ Y"R" lU",Al i>o
ll"'l':AAl\hh m"ltip1iritii.~" pont.
K..tt""lxmt t"L.j<lun.""gai .....alA],],i fi;AAVt'ollyd,1.t'rlLlinill'~ rlfljdHiil fi;lUI:lwk:
r:.
~//
f)
,)
r.
j}
3.207. Ahrll,
1. Sz i ngulflri~ pontok rajtAi A-. "[,,hhi f,'I""l'ol:", a), h), ... , j) pontjai a 3.207. Abra ugy"ulllV
jl'l-.I'u r"",.{'iu..k f,'If'l11"k Il "'~'
1. .:l < ll: Ha 6 < 0, lIkkur" I';i;[bl' onmnp;At " ", I"l.i TV, A
kiiv"tk " di ,'gy" nlf't gyiik"ikt'ut "d....I"nk:
l'unll"UI~
"" A-hrli f.ri"t.<'k iranyw ny,v/); i"
(3,430)
23.
A:
.8.
I""If
1. ~
......
c.
s(.? -
i7~llt.ll pont.
,
V"lO' v~""l:Ul.t"ricoi. ""KY iiU<'rinthi
c) lIa I/(t,)
ponl; II.Z "rilLt,; ir"nytiouyt~dij ..
ra.cu
F;,
lltn=-F
y'
I.....""
> 0: tI.. .:J. > U. itkkor A

n...kkor A
3. ~ ,. 0: II.. ..:J. '"
A lohl-.ori.. pont Al"p"""hb vw.,;,ijatllhm rfL.-....'Ii1 It koordiniltacnI,!It;uort ft:Z .-t ponti... ho'I~lli", 'L!O"
t'lf0l'8"toi. hogy u rl('ngr-Iy It.,;)"'" It gorl>t>"rint.6,ic lIZ.-t ponthan. u"IM IlZ'1!Y"IlLM lIWtJ"hOI f..11IOlur'ThPtli. bogy ..bt6-, ill. 1"1wo",r1.f,,j'i vi-<at"rfsi j>OlllrOl.. ""KY ~ imhu,tntI polllmi V>\l' ,.-th.
A : F (.e. y) (il -t
2tl l(.el
= 0 (1t-nuIOOkata.. 2.66 ' b ra) : F; = ~.e(.rl +
_oJ).
=
y)' -
y ...
-Y1
r;
~~ r +
oJ); ..... F; = O. F; = Of'g)', .. drtll."lld~l.t'r" (0.0). (a. 0) IIlf'golrl.Mokat ..rI.ja.IUllt'IY'k kmiil
,-It IlZ ......,f..1<-1 Wt'l1lZ F = 0 f..lti-t.chwk. A (1I.0) pOlltnak a lu.a...:-orlik r1...ririll.ltkl... \I>\It'I bo--hdyt1.l.r.oll ....
,""I F;~ -= _~2.
= II. ~ = .,.~2. j, = - 100' -c O. vagyi,,. koomioAtarrnd>r7nkPb:MpollljAhAn
a prlwOnn~t wrto<li;..:II Ciuwk ir....yu-n.PZOJ"'r.. IRQ "'- l ...-li>o-iik. ft:Z i-nuIOk f'IYPh]"..... , .. .e
r:.
D : F(z.,)
~r' + r _r - y = 0; p. = r(3...-- 2). F; = r(3y-2); .. (0.0). (on. Go) n.
..
2. C
a 11:0.+.
k IIi
pm" (
,"n>h
3 . S.
lI..
A .... "
~.
Auimptot'k
'bra) .
A lIK'ltkii7.t'liti... 1011"01 ,,t IlZ "RYik "I.la!rill (3 .208 .&
itbra ). ""lO' a Rorb...lUI
'Lj,.. (.,. Iijr " nll'h.zh 'l i
(3 .20t1.b 'br a ) .
"KY"'"' ''
0)
r - roo;r' y = n(tll:t - t)
i-
t, ~
".",
'2' t~
"
~th ...\
Irhn. tat'O"Ih """iml'tota mrgk.."""",,,,;
"
.e{l,) -11(1,) = x . k _ lim -(,in I -ICOf't) - '_<lm

m
n m
"lIll-tl;Oflt-1
b=,~<n-:l [ n(lgt -t) -;;;t"", -n,~~~
",.. I
A m.ii... ... lik "tb. aszimptotara ~ InMon kapjllk:
mr
mr
1I-;;;z-2
"
nx
- ;;;z
- "T
A fiigg,'pny a z y = f (z ) e xplicil ala.kba n V>l n lTIf'gadVll. A rUAA~-amptotAkal mUllU

J(.r) fiiggv...., ,.,;gr..I..n 'W....hm tanmo 7.Aka<tNti hool)"l'it (l<WI:.s. old.).a Vl7J<l.i.ut.... ,.,. f..ro.. a.'t7.imp.
totaka' p...-!iI: min, .. ~rit'IO hatA.-"ltrDokktol ~tl ~V'--.-,kN. hat-alO'.ank rDl'll::
3.
r ca.
lI =h+".
k=limJ~l. b=~~~J(r)-h
(3.Ui)
A fUggo....ny az F (z . 10/ ) = Oa lg.. b rai ilnplici l alakbau 'au m~a(h..

Az F(z 1/ fiiQ;>'i-n]i polinom .r-h<Tt.... ,.hAn.
1. .\ viz>'ziIlt"" .... nlf7Jll:~ ......impt<-.tAk ~1\I'tJ;tN.&1,~ ~ .e. II v.utalilk F(;r II) poliuowjAb61.
k.i,aJ.....:<tjllkak,;m~,bfoll"l, mondJlll m "If..k" t>tt;obl,t"H"krt~ k,llOn f(.r.,l = O":.\"t"llit-otl..."
""'1>Ort<...iljnk. rn.ajd .e-....... tt-ra ""'ll:OklJnk:
4>(r.,)-O aJIlp.iAn r=~i5'
y-,\r
(3.434)
H.. z - x """ten!h = a. uk.... az!l '" .. vD>tuU"'" -.ulll'totat. bIO p...-lij!:' - 'lC .....'fn r, = b. akkor
e r - b fiiu~""".iml'lot<it kapjIlk.
2. A f"n!<-a,,,,imptotilk lIlt'gba.tAro7JL<Aht! F(Z.II)I... IJt"...I.....-u..,jtjijkl\J. ....~ , '" h.,."<w,,nlctM.
"",jd Mlgy IlY"I1 polinomo' z ba.t,Allylti --On' l'l'I>t~iik
F(z.h -b) =f(k.").e'"-.-Jz(ib)r'"- -.(H3.'i)
.0\ ~. k II" Jl"'f"lInft..rt. f"Iti-. ... 1<-1...........'1<..1. ""
4.
3.6. 1.4 . GorlJiok all alanos
3.201:\. "lor".
Nl'Tn mil"I'Il." koor'lin..I.....I""'7...r k...,.dopon tj ..tl, l h" t.ii.rta.lauul ll\volodl, lI<>rI..;" ,.],:, (vPIl!"I,'II W'rh...
,y;,-,,,k) Vll-tl """ iml',.ot 4ja , II:)' 1'1. r"";o n lllj,; w rtfiiggvPllY" knfllt .,,,,iunalis " p . ....... ~.I ""7.im l" o t ik llS
ko-,..-hti'l'l,,,k u,v'"l.,.iik (1.....11..... old.}.
2. A ffiltltvPIlY U z = z( I ). II = Io/ (t ) para meteres a l1\kb1\n van m e g1\<lv1\ Az """illll'l.otAk
"Xy"n l,.tJ."" k lll"ldv. t llrozAAAhoz u,,~ k..UAlhl" I".ni ",.okal1\ I, i'rtp k.kd.u",lyr'kr" I - t, ,"".1... "
{.Il "''I'J' .e{I} - %00 V"l(y .~( t) .... oo.
A k<>wtk,,j; ,...., t..k..t. k,'ll Ul'"l~kiili;n],'YI.hllli,
(:1.4:1b,)
a ) z (t;) .... 00. <I y( t,} = " i 00 ; 11 = a All """.im p to t a cgy vl l."lint.,..... gy"".....
b ) .v(I,l .... 00. ,I, .e(t,) = a
_ ILlU !Il('l) (.,." b '" lim[y(I) - 1,.... .r t

,_..
r.
f,''''''
1. Sz
j,,17"-u
vt;~,I'nh,.I; tart...kkor kp[><'Zni k<'11 .. A-
fd ~.b) =O. hlk.b) =O

(3.436)
"RY""1..!<'kb61latpj"k m~.
II - 3a.ry ~ 0 (O""'Art.....k,N. 2 .59 . ' b n , ). A. F(.e. k r + b) =: (1.,.Io')z3 + 3(l?b - .l-a).?'"
1 + P = 0 k It ~.2b - Ii" = 0 <'jQ"l'nl..t],ol .. ~ _ - I, b '" _0 n"'I("I<I"" ...-IOrlik. td,ftl a.z """i"'l't"tIt
,ogyt'ul,'!<' y = - r - ...
I . Dt:-flnldo A1.>\It;(uul'totaulyan "R'o~'II<"'. aiUt'ly ..

D>ordiuAlAr<'nrI.o<ut' kr-tdiipollljat.61 "lO' ....I"vulahb kl'riilV1'a~bk. ml n d"lllllttArot, nllllwgkiYa:llti ( 3 .20 8 .
zit,) j,;
.r(I) hatAr+rtiok.. t. lla ,.....k mi,,,lk'1.t .. nl<"t'"/.n.. k. IIkkor ll''l\;"l;i<k "'" ""'-UllVtol"''&Y'n.... .-..gyt'nwli'i..I1
'''...rrplii kom laru;okat:
y(t,} ~ x k z(t,) - x; y_ b _ b
(3.432c)
~ ~) pnntok k&t:iil..-k ft:Z.-boO taWhBtI> .. gOrbPn: ta....hbil ft'UnAll F;~ = - 2. f;" = o. r;. - -2.
( aa
.1 = ~ > 0, ""lO'1lO" koor.-lin"~r koozdOponlja izoW.l ponl.

C : F(r ,) lti (J - ".1)2 -".s = O. A:< F: = o. F; = 0 ~k ltZ "V"tk-li (0, 0) ~lMt ...Ijalr..
alllclyrt"r1jto>dll U F = Of'(Y'f"lllM. iA.. E--nkivfli fPllnMI ..:J. = 0 ", Igll = O..... I"'~ .. koo0~n4tN"<'1 J..w-r
krz,;l,Opootja mNoorlfAji, vi-ti'rAoi POllt. A.llLi lIZ ~nlrt y = il(l % Ji) f'XJ,lint IlW;jAhOllOI~.
lal'ithaw. Ha r < O. ukor ,'UD<'lOk1.PIn....~W'. ha {-Jig 0 < r < 1. AIlkm , nuutlk'" ;'rVk"I"IIl',tiv; a
koortIinatarooud-t- ~>OIItjft.ball u <'rinw viu<tin"",.
~ . F (z . II)
0 ( F (z . II) pol inom a-ben es y.ban) t ipUtiu algt'brai gor~k H" IlZ ~wllkl ..-.n
knlJ>o\Aal<. ""'"' ..a..orokit ~"lutt eem tMtalnlM.llkItor a koorrl.inAtarr....&er Va:I.6pnnIJ" D:lt&ol"lll'.
A ~ .......kh.-z tartm/l kiOlok ~tM"z4""""....1J::AIO egy<>nWt<1 '.,;y MI.jllk. 00.0'" D...... lf"kLI taK"k
~ nllllAVII! u-,lk "'lQ"'n16v".
A lnnoi'<7.k4\Ar.. ( 2. 66Il b ra) "" ".1 = O'Wt:ukthrit, = r ... l6dik. H" IU: ''It)... nlrt IvMT",-illl"
~t ....111 \Art.IIlmaz. ukor .. lwurdir";'tarrIld.'<ZP[ ......dOpontja b.i.ronllQ.O..... I.... 'I.
j~.
00 : Z = " Az AA"l.iml'tota..gy fiiAA,,)PK'''' .gyPno....
(:I.432h)
v izs~alala
t'1l;)"E'lIk t iik alapjan
A (3AOl) (J AW) "KY""l"I" k valam ..lyiki>..elu..." ",I"u l:,jrlH"k," 1''JI:lii],'-ilr azert tenulmanyozzuk.
hOflV "",,islllrrjilk vi""lk"d';"iik.., ...,,,..,. alakjllkat
I. A z II '= J (:e) exp lic it m .. ga<l"~ U fiigg..i' lly Korl>i-j i'llek m ..gsl...rk esztese
a) A 7. ert elm ezesi tar-romaey m"Kallaplt.As" (l.....147. ,,1<1.).
b ) A gorhe s z irnm~t r iaj allak rn~>lla l h'I,lt as1\ " k",>nli"At.aHu,I.',n k," lo!'''''t jar '' .... 1\Z Y''''" i\dyn'
"""a,k.,...fun." I\orh.. "ftratla" ""!tV 1"'.,.... voll." IllapjAll (IAII< I " U. ,,)<1.).
c ) A fii AAvPn y vcgt " I""b,,li v is,lked ' ''' ('I",k m"KAU " l'lt As1\ a hm f(.e) &. a lim fir} h"ti",;,,.""
< -+~
t" k ki<7.ftm itA"" 'itj'in (Iii.."'l ....t . " Id.).

<I) A sza ka d a s i hcly"k meghal Aro z"slI (k...1 :>1'...101 .).
.. ) Az y ten gelly.. 1. ill. :t::-h ' IlKt'lIye l .... 16 lllt't n i'Olp'mt ok m',Kh;,I.AIW......,. fill) kiM... "it......... ill.
236
3.6
,y, U,..,mdnlJ
Dlff~ ...,u:ial'JfV",dria
2J 7
/(,1') -=; 0 rn<'golcl""" rewu,

f ) A maximumok " mln imumok lIlej1;hat arom'<a , Vl\ll\mint .. Illonotonitil><; (niiv<>k...-l....i, ill. ,";ik
k..n ....i) inlf'rVJI.Ilnmok m"'lAlIIII'IlN<>t..
g) A:cinfl f'XiOol ponto k m.. g ha tArou-1l h<YaAjnktArto:1.iiPrintOk~lIk1.';vcl<'lO'iitt

(1.1. 231.oM.).
Az 19y mpgbatarowtt fIl1"wkkal .. ~b,.' f<olvilznlh..tit..... !lZijk>leg __,li'n <"R\'<'" ponto!<
y.
ki~il"""..,.]
poutoloahOOn ia lU<Waj7.0I""tf>.
~1'"K"Z"rm.xt.-nM All y
----2-+-.~~
2~"'3r-4
xl
~y Ji:Orhi>j..,
a) A ~y z _ 0 kiv'1.r!iVP1 mi",wn z- ....;'1"U'1IDf"ZW' YlW.
b) Semmif"~ orzWlllWtria nm1 ill krln.
c) H.. z _ -:'I<;. aklwl', _ 2. vhAt Y = '2- 0 (""...Julri>I. v;UO kiiu..,I",d""t kif..~ iriwni><l). yW.OfLt ha
r - cc. akkot r - '2 mrIk-u, = '2 + 0 (knult-tl... fdOOOl).
d ) s = 0 01".., ~ hPJ)'. bo.v" ~ bAlrOl. ill. jobbrol ill -ex; f..W. t.vT.. In<''rt boo ,Chtfkrk", 11
~atiY.
-b --l -
~tlx
J11O. "h",-
3.209. abra.
3.211. ih",-
zr ...
e) !.IiYd flO) = cc. utrt .. ~Orho- az ,..~yt ....m metlI:zi. uR'o<Ylakkor '"". fir) '"
3.s - -I _ 0
l"!l~1l2 .c-t<:'t1V'lIyelall Sl 'l:: o.SS ........, "" -2.35l11f"~tokatadja.
f ) "lalWII'llDVIW &II: Z = S'3." 2,&6., .., 2.56 koor<lin.&tAju pontban.
g ) Az I = 4., = 2.a 1>001 iu6t-xiOo pont..... Olt!go = -1/16.
b ) MiuLiDa ~ .. nyo-n ""'att>lF: alApj4n frIvf1zoltuk (3.209. a b ee}, kwAffiithatj11k .. gOttw"",k
lIZ IIIlZi.mptoUvaI YlU6l1w-tnkpontjAt: r = ~/3 "= 1,33" '" 2.
2. A z F (z.l/ ) = 0 im p licit meg......... fiigg,.... ny go r biojiont"k nwgsurMut ......
Aitaianc. ......baIyokr. lW"fJl ~,ink ,iaVlUdAw:, lDl"rt a:zoIr. (OBIulLll ki>cUlmo:'-ny.,. !iZNnolMokr.ll. _Df'k,
L.~ -nnt.ll. IuJwtk...s &/kot6ooM-~ 1t.11 uqAlbpitan.i:
Euk a tulajdon.~k indokoljilk. bo,:y "" ...-oI"",,,t ... r 2 pI. I..J~JII" ,.wwjfnt-k ~iik, ~
rhO! "'" evoI.YnL~ cgy II>eJI:[c>o.l.itMl rolLA! 1t1..j~1 All <'10.....doll l'YOIutaOOz .-vulYnl>l<"k ~ """-1':<'
tNtOl':ik. 'f(1lI..1"rw-k .. lemril a lIIf'gf.-it..u ronAl """wi bt-... bAt4r-naa llW'g (3.2 1 1. e b re}.
..... f'\'OI"u ~k AZ t"W>!ul.... ~lot-ti>t diWlitO oiif(.. ,....~DIt-trffi<1Kzff int.er;raw.a,-...I bl>'
juk. A k... l'YOI""""",.,..k <'lP"'"\n.Pt 1Iuo<l. 109. okWon.
A kau:-noid ... traktrix .-volut.li.j.... A trulril: A btrnni.-l.-w>l.....""" (1Iuo<l 110. old.).
.) Az O"", z.... mpb z.lo<olpont mf'gMU.ro:rAs8 .11. koonliuata~d)"l."kkd.
3.6.1.6. Gorboseregek b urkol6i
b) A Ko rbe sz im mpt r i' in.ll.k IDPg'llapltha. ligy. hoto r b..J.yi-bc (-r}-d .... J1 b..ly;,bc (-,}-t ,nmk,
1.
c) A mAXimumok " minimumok mf'gh.ll.tArozas.a AZ rtnIg1"ly,.... VUlLatkozOan. U1ajoi r ~,f..k>oP"",""",T1 AZ . . ~.. I)'Tr V<>llAtkoWAn ilO (1IwI3'J6. oI.-l.}.
d ) Az inflex i08 pontoknak, valamint u print6\<. hajla.....rog..nt"k a mpghatarozasa. (101. 231. 01<1.).
to) A ~zinltul8.ri.l pontok m~hat'ro1-Ua (Ww12.12. oM.).

f ) A cs ucspontok m .-gh atirozha (IW 2.12. oM.) ....... hm:7.aj"k tartozO gfuhil\('li kOtlik mrgAllAl"tiINI. (1M<! 230. oW.}. A gi..-l>i-k 'y,lIU"l\hja.it IQakran mi>g rgy vi"7.0nylag nAgy ""JLIwrl.,m i>< lll'hh Ii
gOrhlilrti kat fw{ar...hjlLitill mrgklilnnhmMnt.
cc, JT,Z\ - TIt:
Karakt..risztikU3 ponto\<. Lo:,o...n "ttY ~'"' gi>r'-"'laz

F(x.,.a) = 0
2.
A (3. 43tl) egyenlettel rendelkeed gi)rbesert"g

pontjainak mt'rtan i helye It'hrt
'1O"'tl'-1l gOlh yAgy tobb g6rl",. Eztk v..gy II ""'l'<'l!;
1''Rinhl>lUl k,it lit/! 1'0 lltjaiM I, ill. h"tArpon tjl\iMI All
Mk (J .2 13 .a) ahrA) , '"I<gy " .... reg burkolojet " lkntjAk.
1I"I.IIll .)Iy"ll I\iirl>i-t, am<,ly A Ilt'I"Pg minden gi'lrt"'jo't erinti
katakt{' rUrzt iku~
es evolvensek
1. Evolut a Gorl
'!lltAjAllak ll,,~";.;<iik a:I.t.. m,\i;ik gorbfot. Illllf'ly az {'rt'<I,,ti god'" gorhiikti IW~;"..
pontjl\ihol,,11 (w..I 230 Id.); ' ''t ('!O't~'D I>Z <'r<,d,ti !torh<,nonnalisa.illak uurkol6j.. i>< (l""'I1lJ;g2Jj. 01,1.),
Az <''rol"t .. parlUll{ot,'r", '1O"'nl<'!.<' A gorhiil,ti kii7f,l'pontok (3A 21) kcpld"b61 "d'''lik. 10" 31. rr- i ... IV.
Yc lU"'IJlly~<'t fut<'> k'~Il,lill';'t';'uak t<killtjiik. Ifa .ik..riil ,-,<t'll.-gyrnl"1...khOl I< l'I<rl<",I1...rl, (.e. t ""10'
,.,) kikU><zi;l>i>llli, ekkor N. ,.....,Iut .. ''lO'''uktl' <!cr'I<lv.og,l koordiw;'!<i.khll tM f.'!irh"t<'>,
M.'gj,a t-"-rou ll do ,.z II "" r 2 I'"rl<hol.. "v"lut"ja (3 .2 10 . Abra), Mivcl
2r(1 + 4r 2)
:l
2
l+~r2
1+ 6,,2
.,
X "'r2
=-4r',Y=r+ --,,_ahoI Xk}I<zY'" -1 +.1.
cyolut.. fut,;, koordiru'ta.i,

2. Evolv"1l8 ERr olYl<1I r l ,il;iirl.... t. "llwlylWk 2 "" <,yolntaja a 2 giirlw ...Yoh~'lJ",'wk lwwniik,
Ennf,lfOR'"A "" <'YolY"Il~ Ill\rmdy Me 1I0nlt.li... az <,y"l"tAnak .....intfij .. (3.210. Abra ) .... "" "v"l"t..
(3.21J .II abra) . A kH til"l/;Mk komhiw,d6i iB !"h"t><e1I''''''k ( 3 .2 i 3 .c ,d Ahrak ) .

3,212 . "hra.
, (X
, )'"
(J.-t3S)
"IO"nl"II..\ nwgatl __ A "<"reg k"t. "!O'U1....h.>lI: ,.i'Kto.1t D k......1r6I &;I<)a-'tb. a par>Lll>kn a Ps a + ~

iTt<'-k.. h<,z tArtoo'.i> giirbioif'Dt'k VlI.llwUr. ~n kO~UtO K pont)fu wk vagy m"u7-"spolltjai a:r: (o} ....
"" (n +~) !torlx>.,..k, "agy olylWpullwk az (0) gi..-bi"1l. A11>t'!ytknck AI(0 + j,a) giirht>t61A normali>onlt
mt"1ltkn mm tAvoI""gA j,o -uft.! lll&g" .....hb r..ndben infinilM<imAlill mrnny~ (3 .212 .a .b "bnik). Ha
.1" - O.akkor az (a + .:lu) g<irbr tart /Ill (n) !if>rhN....a, ~ .. n""k ..rlt.n pgyt">l..-tpkl:H:-n" K VOllt egy
hat<irlu-l,U'tht"Z, 11 hlltiu-ponth<n koz.,J... lhrt.
g) A :I'Il!llzimptoU .k pgyt>n lf'tpn f'k mf'gh atarozAsa (u...d 234. old.) k ... gorl"'Agllk """;"'I,u,l.i\lr:h",.
YJS7.onyitott h..lyl.f'l-<>""k n,"SAlI...pitJINL
3.6.1 .5 . EvolutAk
(3A3j)
J. A burkol6 egyenlete A h"rkolu 'I\Y<'I1I,tlt"(3,43!!) "Ily<'nkth,i l kal'j"k meg

'I/S,Jrtr"",I.,z"rool az n v;i[tm.ot kikii~~;;hi;ljiik:
F=O,
iiF
=0
iio
ngy. hol\Y az a liiJ,hi

(J.439)
238
1. Az l'ri nto a:z .\lS ><IRIO h"tArh"I)",,!,. h.. S - .\1 (3. 2 16. Anra ).
A "otmal~ik ,.,.... tinton' tl1<'rw.-r ~fk. ~lin.ku.1I.Z .\lI'<>nwn iLtll't'n6 "" e stkban f"kvo<'gY"n""t
2.
a gOth<-.1I p<>nthOl'tan""il normalilWi.ll'\k nf'Vniillk.

3. SimlllOsikDak llpvezzi,k" R',rI,,hil.tom >0:>fTl~1i..J"".If,
h)
ha. S _ .\1 "" P -
ti)
0)
3213. Abril.
az
M~w.n.....o.dO Nil..... 4Z ''lr:)'~'~n<'k
4. fonotmalisnak nf>V<'7.7.iik a non...,;j"ik ""'" .illllll6o<ik UlM..,zP,<\"OTl"lAt. ""lO'i.~ "'"

IUrn'ly .. ~imuJ6"ikhan fek><:r.ik.
5. Bi norrnilis n ak lll'V'vaiik a -imlliOfoflrra lll<"t''I!<-R'''' "lO"'nt'>lt.
binorm.i l i.~
&1D<"ly akkor jOe, "'tn'. ha. pgy

..tB = l,.zalwoz ~""lIljai.w, kooolillatattong...
l)"'k IDo'uteu CIl.ilIZnlok (3.2 14.bra ). A ~brl"g)....nkl.e.
Wre'g
~e -"'IDn
'-
).
- - ' - = 1 ""y
l('('W;o
.~-
.:~
i]f-
F"''''<XlIin+g~infl-1 in",,,ulIrr-O,-
S. P 1'<>lltjil.ll"'lllll'1l6sik "atarbel)'V'lpt.
.\1. A .imnl<'lt1fkl>lW tNAlha.to a Riitl,, (>rinr6j..
iio
- r ~ in Q ->- ' CO!I Q - l COli q ... huln =O.A~(}

~'l\ItozOlr.ii.~",,~'3"'Y'= (fl':l...,;)'f"ll'
Inn adja. what" bllrknK> tV.-troio. ( 3 .2 14 .b
lib ra. Ik;d mi' t o.:;. okl.).
"
L'
ll.Z
a nonnAli.~.
ft'k tif ikJI lO
k;ik
,
.b',,
s imul6til\.
-;cr-.--- ~
,," .7 i'f
fOnonnoilis
~/
h)
I- ~IS1\.
3,216. abr...
3.214. "hr....
3.21:>. "bra.
3.6.2 . Ter gor bCk

3.6.2.1.
6.
T er gor bi>kd('finiAIa....ara alkalmas
Koordi natb egyt"llletek T"~~ ~ a

F(l',y.:) =0, 4>(7.,.:) =0
1.
1
KPt fph; IPt ~:
PILr~alak;
... _z(I).
y=y(t).
1,,}vo.-tla'26k-~k
:-=:(1)
ILhoI f I<'t.-'ilpg.... !",rlLffift.. r, ~1~i41iMn If'hf't t = :r, II ~ t.

3 Parame\nl.'><..tAk:
"'=1'(1). Y-II<'). z=z(..)
..hoi , lIZ fvh<.>o<q...,;y riigUtrtt A pollt hl" flit'" .\1 pont k~lt:
,=j/(~r+(~~r+(~:rdt.
2.
V",kto ",gy.. nl..tf'k
YalWaIl.;
(J 44(J)
(3.-l4l )
.,j,ul
iH4z",)
H/I agor"" t"'.""i1I<'gf'" pontjfnw[ hplyvl'ktor>o f(Ia....J lSI. ol<l.),I\kkuT (3.441)

(3.413)
(3 ,442,,) j",..Jig" ko....tk,w .,j"kl".n:

3.
r = f (3), e hol f (3) _ J"{3)1+ Y(3)) + : (3)k

(:.1,444)
A poziUv ir(my "ll,irl",' (3.411) i (3,413) alllk" I1WgadASli __ten a t I">ralll''!.,r lJo....k,~I ..""ll.k
it/myll.. a (3.4421\) I... (3,4401) lIl''g",I"" ( 'tilll'.~lig
l\Z l\Z
c) A hinormAlilon"
t.
e,;ylli'gwktor Altal Ul"l!ha.t.iu-07... tt ithny. ahol a

Ii "' ii .... kt<>rnIc johhoon<ltMl1 koor.-linAULr'Pnn!l7Rrt
alkotnak. arIlf'lyt't a titK0th<- h.ho tnidrrhwk nf'VO"Ziillk,
2.
(3.40121,1
i (t ) ::: .t(t)l + y(t) ) + z(t) k
a) .o\zkillt6n" ~OrlX' pozitlv iniLm'", Am<'1}'M a i kinto~tor""tAmF. trlf'g.

b ) A fOnorm.iI.li.",n .. Rmb<-Rmhiilf'lpn<'k ItiLn).... al,,,,lyet;u ri nonn.ilvpktoc hataruz meg.
(3.44:
a kovMkt"Z<5 lllftki"'lllrhaI6:
f _ r (f ).
R .. kt ifikil6 s fk n e k lll' "".ik AZ rrlnt6 .... a bLoomtAlioo Altal kLfnD:it<-11 "'lmt. Az (1). ( oI), (5}
.. vooativ u-any a k.-, ,J...-.w1",1>f><'"Il VlUl h~ha.tAr<r1:va:
~n-'1wu
l('h(' t 6~ek
ireny, amplyh"n az fvh,.".,.~ m~r"""li;l'ti'nik,
3 .6,2 .2. K{sl'n'i t.riede r

1. De fl ntciok
'Hrgol'l,..l.arml'1y M pontjAn..n, kivp.... a oq.in!!:uJAri~ ponto""t. rldinifllni I"h"t hM.llll'!lY'Il<.,.1 "" h"wlll
siko!. a.tlJ<,I.v,k '"SYlIlA.~ t II.Z M pon"n..n 1l!.'1.!\1.ik "" n'''r<'ll"!!:"",,k ,,!Om."'II<ra (3.215. Anta ),
A gorbe K'....tt'i tri<'d .. rh e ~ viswnyltott Iwly wtt'
Ki.Yw rll'l'g' ''' I':Orh<-pont _lkn a lfrgOrh,l\Z J/I><>ut kii!lly,.eni'lX'n a r..ktifikali> Mik ',,;:,'ik old...lAn Ieksaik.
allortl,,w,!kot i"!< a simul(";ik,,l J-><J<1igillm.t""i ( 3 .2 11.a Abu), 1lY',"kot"R}' .If kiiniU kia<iny R';rb......" ,wLnnk a hArom sikea vali> ",tiil,ki ko",,llllll."K a>: alA]'hi alnk,,1 LnlltatjAk:
I . a .imlll....!kon pgy m;\.oo<\["k,j !-",,"abollii-t ( 3 .211 .b abra):

2. a r..ktitikAJi> sikon ..gy h...n n... lf"k1,I ....r ..h.,I ....t (3.211.c Abr a );
3 . lI11orrnAL"ikon f'g)' azeuu-kubikus (I1Molllk<tt.~If"k(111-"'l'.. I... I"'t (3 .21'l.d abta ).
H.. "" M ponthan "gilt"" gill'biil..r, ""!lY t"w!.i,ijllullUa. v"'O' ha J/.ziuJI:"lAri. pont. t .. hat hll. .r{I) =
1/(1) '" z'(I) = 0, nkkor" g,irl", ...t..kj"lll""tllil~'l1 i" ld,pt (1,;,,;,1 lrorl. 122.21. 2. kot" t. 7. rPszl
3. A kl....r6 trii'<1t't alkotoeleme inek t'&YI'nll'l l' i
I. A gOtbe II ( 3.4 10) ala k ban Van n"'lI:adva
1 rint6:
x ;
of of
[)y lh
iN> J</J
8y
a;
Y-v
z-:
= iJF OF '" OF OF
7h ij;
iN> iN>
{J~ Or
Or Ou
iN 01>
7); fJy
(3 ,446)
2<0
.'1.
Gmm~ tn"
KoordinAw <'g.wui'.>1
Vpktorpgyrn l~t
Erin~ ;
di
oj
hj
~
.If
(R - fl di=O
oj
or
~onnawJr.:
).
act
lJF
DT
a,
ih
8. e a.
a; 0, 8:
O.
(JH,)
(di ,pC)
lIorm.iloik fotil lwor dinAtAi ; "
....
:'(Z - :)
t'~
. "' (" ,p,) ,.,0
.I
di (".Pi)
3.6.2.3. Gorbulct es torz i6
:'
=0.
1m"
1_ y'Z- m _
n -
r uuurw.oUi.o:
R =f + >'d i "
r-~
IX-'''-'Z-'I
"""'
3. A gorb<. .. (3. U Za. 3. 0144 ) ..1akbiln van megadva II.. "" .. iv~ vMu<ztjuk I_~r
nrk ...kkor ftZ kintdl"''''' biuorllu\.li>orl\., ....L.ulilll .. nonnA.l.~ikra e.. simulot<ilm. 1l1O'IU1aZOkaz "KY"n\rl...k
Pn><>nY"""'k. mint .. 2. ~b<'tI . .....k I h<olyo'Dr" ITAndo. A fOoonrWiI< i'f; .. ll.'ktifikfUO~ik 'lC""nlrlri '"10'"
"",,",",lb~ v&lnak (3.26. t ablbat ).
Z -,
I~ ~[ r~?r~
i R_ r) _ _ ,, _
dt dt
dt 1
r.,.
y-,
X -z
JUokt,likAlO ~lk:
dnivAltAk ..... .\1 pont ... VOhftlIwltn..Jr..
gort~
-+-
'X-Z )'-'Z-:I
.I
y'
:'
",,0
8illOl"lnAl":
R_f _ >. dl"dl'
.. (3.44 1. 3.443) a la k ban V>lD Jnt"JI:ad "" A 3.25. tablazatban

z. ill. f lIZ .\f
pom koordinAUi. il l. hoolyvt"1r.turll- A triftk....lrlllt'lr. futi>~. ill. bo-lywktora X. Y. Z. ill ft ..,
j J>"T"lI'i't"" - nutl dPrivAlt.ak &Z .\1 ponUIl vouatkoznak.
2. A
r( X - xl - ,.0' -,l
Sm,uI6o<ik:
_ _ di l f f
(R- r'"dtdt1"'O
S.,,:" ph.. .\1 pontjAnak koordiuiotai ..... X . }", Z &Z o'rint.6. ill. ..
1.
]. 217. abra..
X - z l' - , z - :
In
-x
:"ormAl~ik:
.j
-, Z -:
-X r- =-II =- <'
R =r' ~ ), di
X -z
rnn
a tt'rgor.....b..ly,....kIurR.
r'fi -
r""
..
Z-,
I?::r R~r f,?j
di"dt1
Gorh<. gi'>rbul..t..
}'
11':'.
17"-:".1,
lir~rhi'l ...z
'II
lm
tRrtoW ..uu.zal bdyVl"kto rR
A giirI>r M'ponllwli gOrln;u. f~ n..k IIl"W"liink '"KY K7iuIlOt. IU....ly ,....ga.dj... 11 g<.>rhfn. k I'IZ "C'Il!',.l<;] VM.Io
pIt.,.......,.. pont koz.....tltu!r.orrJyt"'Ulkb"lI.

A: ~t <lMink iO a ko.....tk,tA (3.218. i1bra ):
K ~ ;;;1'1-4 1
" 1'1"'1
"is
lim
1.
Mol ."?"rinli d..rivaltekrol
(344:\)
1,1
d.
dt
dt l
2. K i>pl.. t pk K h P k iszll mftAdrR

a) Ha II.gOrht> " (3.4421<.) mMon VRn rut'S",l",,:
(:I.4',Il)
lluW\<I",,:
d/ dl l
1( :: )
V(\I,
(",,)'("C)' _("",p,)'
GurbUl.. t i BUKar A sii rhiil.,ti ~lIgAr" sorhiil~t rt'<'il'mk .;rt ,;kc:

(H 4~ 1)
>VA.
VIUL
b ) HR II. giirb<' a (3.441) LuOOun
'I'
(x"" + y'1 -+- z""}(J"J -+- 11'1 + :,,"2) - (.1".1' + y'V' + z'zMf
(..r'"J +!fJ + Z'l):t
A dcr iv,\.Ir",,,lmt itt t
fI<:~I int
3. Csavarvonal
.,b ,
(3.4::;1)
h ll V~Wl U i.
(3.452)
2"
3.26 tahw.at.
T f rllor bPl!pZ tArt,"" ,.Jftkz,<toJ.v"ktoiU' N. koonliMt"-~ .,gy.,n!rt"i
Il7.
ivh..-o; fiiggvrll\'i'I"'1l
1. K e p lO't e k T esT kisLii.mitA.~"ra

a) Ha IL gorl)l' (3 ,H2a) "",rint Val, lLl'1':",h.,.:
Ir"'"""[
' ' :- .
Tn ""]" r-
if'
r"
,.
r=r
,.
y= z
..
T =~
,.-
=/
(di<f-r'r/1f) =
dlJ4.-d..:J
(r'"
{H,,-,}
rj".I.-~)
JU.ktifikAlh
""
(3A<i6)
"" ,'m.......'....-mnIlI"" ( 3 .2 19 . libra ) UUllt - " " " ",,,..I"f irjAk W, Ha"'RY rn<'l/.n~...JO" ._t.. II: :v
l.......ly l"KY1Jo,u """'~v ill ~\...n l"wt;v i.-iwyiJ... uez. akk< r ... CMViU All .. rnr[kc< ......... r"" '"
0nuu,,1.atO jlVIWt.va1 It. il'@;J'Wi ir4n" ...... '-"Rro<hk. Az olyan CS\~lI.u...t. .....,.ty ."...,..1 "Uf''lllrt""
in\.uytIM <'>Ul\'a<O<hk. ~wJ .... mu ~ II.
~l.l'k
ahoI. P k~lJi.", (J.4.mj .w."jallIOrt.....J...1

A {3.~"-', 3.K>6} '"'"Ril.~ ki-..u.rrutolt t<>Rill1f'1wt J'Ol'jtiv I'i. ~ti" j,.. AT'> O,.,..,tlx-O..:.l" uwgfi.
RY"'1O ..ki .. fOourIuAli-ou" binormAl~ pMh"zaffiO....ll All.u!O' ....tJ"-~" ~iir"'" <:"a\'NU<l8.. ... job!..
OIIIo.....-nalr. wlP! 1llI"g ... T < 0 ......t hf'n p<"<IiJt: t.n,;y I..u.--mak.
~'('Il "f:Y ("N\.....-v0<>31wo.k WW-I _ toni/ljA. F.k kor ..,"';111. hoRv R joI>l>n<a\;vr01 \"fO' L bah..V>UTOl \1LlI liJ. II toni<> k1J>k.'
.....L..
.....l...
<l,int)'
3.
,A
~{"gl ...\.Ii.,,".Al"IO .. (3..1.'';2) ."",I\fVt>tl41Ili>rhiil.. I." H...... t p.v1LlI,'>I".'rt a;>;.' - Iv~ ll"'ll\lYI>.i~' I
~
.
3
b., .
hd ~...It.... ;tjiik.kAl'jllk:;r
.. ("{... ~ . v _ a ",u ~': =";' /J1""(JA::.o),,J>.J')'U' h_
<
,,1
\1""-<-'"
. , '
O'
+ Jil
( .. n)!;
T ..
1. F.4 ii l" t egyenlete Fd ijJ,o\,,!<.t kii!i.in[r,I,k,'1'1"'III..h.'1.,j,'finiAlm:

a) l m plicit a la k:
F(r..~.:)=O.
d) Vl'ktoralak:
Giirbp torzi6ja
A gii,-k M -l,ont h,.]i /o r:,n)'in"k r",w1iiink ,,~,. "l'Amol.. a",,,ly rn.. ~adja a giirl';'rwk ''llv ~jkl:ijl'l,.-.r,;1 w,,]()
dti',."","" ,. I>fllll. kii?wI.I" H ki"'.'l~ l}(' n .
A" .."""k t .l"fink i,;" kiiwl.k,/il (3. 220 . " b r a) :
I"'il
lI,.
I / T />rt ~ k ,
(3.~,j')
3.6.3. Fe ln lere k
3.6.3. 1. Feliilet d e fin ialAsara nlkalmas h'hct6si-g('k
2.
- .
J:il
.'
T,. = -...1--&.1
-.
toniOo<ugiLJ.
b ) E x p licil alak:
: - f(r.g}.
c) P a r a m t-l t' n-s alak : r r(ll. "j.
t. II. 6 \'"ktorok d..rivAltjAl" F RE>; ET k." lPt..k ..-,;i~...1 \f'hM klk,ir?;ni:

dt ndii t bJ6
ii
;r; =p' <Is p T d. =-;
= - a - A K "rtl-k i/o... P "rtik i. kOIl.t"lJs. ~{';'.ik l..h..t &o'g fMr"mi't.rrtr"mzf"nnllri<'>

u.'lkill" (JAE, l) . o'1'],-\.<-t ..Jloum""',lIi; ,.~ ugy ...ll...r r" z eredm ...Wl'.. vr-/.ct.
-a -
fl'
FR E:-; ET-ke p let l"k
lit p .. gOrbiill"ti b,
:J1"lO,,,hr,,,
:t:l l!l_ "hrA..
\/ ,,- ',tt'
'I
-0.,,,, o~,
- .. <..... 1 - " ' U1 t O

1 <l...wt - <Ufo t 0
I' = r Ill . r).
(3 4:>H)
(H ,j9)
11
/lho l
y(lI, l")
: - :(11.1'),
r(u , "jl+ Y(u.I}I+:{u. t'lk.
(H al)
(H u l)
Hi> "Z U. t' ]>I\l"/lm"tt'ff'k vi>gigfllt nak miml..n m'1'(f'IIl\,~ I,tt I-rt<'k"II, a kkor (:U W! b< (3..16 1)" fd iil.,t
mill,)"" pcntjannk k,)l'rdi nii.tAil. h hl'ly \..kl,m'l.lIw l:", lj" . A (3.4 hO) I",nllui't")'('!lal<,khb l ,, '''' t' kikiil<'/'o'
hi;I<....:" ,,,I ,, (3 , ~:X;) implicit 1I1"kot Ml' jllk , A (3 ,~,j!.l) !'Xl' li"; t. ...lak ... l'ar"m<'t.......... ...laklla k 1L7." sl'l'..ii,li,
l'SI' l." . amikor u _ x i" t' _ .~.
A gil",!>"l:\y..nl.. t .. <l..r"k~? 0g11 k,~ ,n linii.t.Akh>ll'. I>Nam"'''f('!lI,l"k han "" Vl'kt oralakhan (3 .2 2 2. ab ra );
.1'2
+ y2
.. zJ _ ,,2 =
o.
r =Il ,~",,, sinv, !J ="siu"sinl'.:
(3.4li2a)
,,""',':
(:j,462h)
244
1.6. D iDn.,,,cirngmm dnlJ
3. G""mrtnlJ
Go rt...vonal ll f.. lijl.. ti kuo rtli na tak Ha.-gy j3 ..wo) ""to' (3,46 1) ..Jakban "Wf1:;,,d..tt f"li;IM"n a:z
r-am<'tf>J"vBltmt"tk 1Il,'ll.tt" t' = ''orrto'k<'t vBll.o7,AthUlul hl\f\Yjuk. egy f - i'( u. 19) Ji.irlw i'{z . y.:)
pontj",t kapjuk. H" .. t' ,,,,n\lIl i1.''T!l''k ''RY1IlN< "w, kiilOnhiWlI. d.. rilgzit,tl t' =
t'l. ., I' = t'
....ti>lwk..t ,..Junk ... lii\f't"n <"R.V g'->rI..~,rt"JI: jOn WI",_ A t' := kon~lMl~ gi'irb(k,-I. lIli lrajt"k TIl<J1.OKVll
II vBlkr./;ik. U".,..nUi.l-J,,;UE nr~;jk (3. 221 . libra)..-\na1Og 1Il0d0u. 1m viltrr, tlan " = koruotAw<
htHr. IDf'lktt .. "I>'U"NllCl<'11 Vl\Ilozl.J<tjllk. m"jrl knru<t3n8nM. I1."nJn valamilym "I. "1_
, '....ktl-Iwkrt
"'U""O'tUllk. <"KY " ....,,,dLk p ........~""- kapUuk.IUlldyIKkd"rncit IJronalaknak Ilf'W7.ZLik_lgy .. (3AW)
f..Hil..ten CJO' kounIirn\.1.'lvnntl1AkI>Ol AllO hAlOzatot Ik.o....i thctiinl. AmClyhcn a:l .If f..liilM; ponto! ki't
rOpitctt II "" ... "' tI = t.IWirn, M snr"-"onalu vagy G Auss-jrk .roordln<it<ii jPlkrnzik.
2,1.5
2.
tI
ti,. " _
r..
.w
""'S"" ......llklu>r .. lwordina.tavonAWt" ff-1,-,WtDek '-Z r = Jwu>.t.Io.n>o. ill.

"lkokkN
IDI"t!l7.l"'t<"i. F..hirti gtirbo'h1. ...Riiorbnoonali' koordinil.tAkkiUOtti F( ... u)
0
impool ~nlM.wl ""Y U u(f). t - I(t} pAr.. rnct.-...,. "1J""nloPt"kkf'l J.obPt jfolloPnW'ZIli.
.~ gilmb (J4<i:lI"c) I ~ "lQ'"!I\M:.-ibf.n tllt.Z .If pont /OUnJJn I", ,ni.~ .. J-l;JIl: \f pril.....
ta....L.... Y"lI;V iokIfAJU .... k--g,...\ ... ~,.,.. -".\fB m ~ "'" mwoI..k .. C.\fD .,I-/rultfl
lOniI: ( 3 .222 . ' b ra) .
H" .. f. lIM. . (3.4;)9) a1AkhR.n VM

,,=
kowol.N'"
valO
..w"j
=
~(X- ...) ..-~()"
X r
).
( f F ..
7h
-<-D?(Z-,) ",, 0
(3.459)
Z - , =p( X
lJr
t1I'
iJu
q.
a...
0..
(3. -161)
IJ:
-=1
.0
lJ,
i};:
00-
(R - r;r,
~
ih
z- ,
'I
a..
u,.
Z - ,
&,-
...l..-q(}-,)
X- r} - , Z
(3.460)
/I
--:rr .. ifr"'"
,)
8,.
(3.4511)
\ R- r~I S
0. '
.. O
r ~ A( CI ~ii )
...., rt r -<- A..~
JX'IK"""" .........lu>Bt&i ...
Eblwo> ~I..u :r.J',:'" f ... phr M

x ,}',Z .;,. R ... .tI I'o.>lb<. tart<*> ~..lk
{J:
Iux....IinM&i ... bt-lywkton.; ......bbip Or' ,
~
f"ti>
........ Joo."lr-ti "'~ poDij&l>ak

iJ:
S ........-J-k
dw
..
_.
" I ) H......m wl<tor vqyea _tari>l (.....111<5 nIrll
3,221. Ahr...
3.m."hr...
J. :l'lJ Abr...
2. A z l-rint5sik e.. a f..lUh-ti nocmillill ..g}'f'n tl't .. i

(Wort a 3.27. tablizalot )
3.6.3.2. Erint6sfk cs (C'liilt>t i lIormalis

1.
1.
n..fi nkiOk
trin t6!<ik At .H(r .1/.:) f,hll t; l'nnl.<>n Alm ,n6~.,. (,!.-ol"ti !':orl....\f-h"" tall"".orr;ntlii Alt,.J..
1...", "/0' k'-y,~" ~iklu>... f..hll.. t .\1 l ntho"t t."t<1.w ",,,f6 ,1jAMI1 f"k. -"'fi{k. Ki,+td t kr l'n n..k ,,~ 1W
k,;ppt>n t" A- (1M<! H .:'. oM.).
2. F.. hll.. t i nor mAlili At "\/ I,uul.m i'llwnt'!. 1\'l...rint6siha rn"rOl<'g"""~"Il""t I\..1f p<>ntl"Tl 111./'1011.
j ..Jiil ..r, nnnn ah.""k ,,,vl'u.iik (3.2 23. ab rll )
3. No r mAlw' ktor At i'rinUlt<ik,,1 ki't ""hUT {''>'l.it; k;. ,.,. PI -vn"al""'" '~V<lt"'.1
~
fJf
c. = IJ,, '
(JAti.:l>.1
{)r"
c,. = fn,
i)rinto",kt"r.u. A kN {rin!.(,v,hor
;rAnyAlw.m lltl\l.. E v" kto[
i', x
i~
v,'ktnr;AIi,,"?nr ?al.a olyan vcktor , ""m'ly
_ r, x r,
, = If l x r".l
''!Z.v,.;'''' ..kto! nl nnrmMv"k t"tnllk htvjuk. H"g y ..-t II fdiilt'l " KYik
(fl"g. 1."10' '' \'''I\Y Ii ",", .. I..... Vilgy II mA.-oNlik koon!illa t".
W-,yf."..
1\
fd ii!"t j n"rmn1i~
(J .4(hJhl
V''I{Y
ma,.jk olrlala f" l(, irAuy u l. nZ I",
A : lI. (3.4ti2a) ~'..nlrt\l gomh

I. "riut1iNlr.ja:
2r(X -:r) + 2y() - y) + 2:(2 -:) 0 WlfO' rX-'-II)"+zZ-,,~-O.
I'
X - r
}" - y
Z-z
2. Mfd..ti norrnAl ~",,: ~ =
~ WlfO'
(3.4 fHh\
B : A (J A62h) ~'"n"1.,lKowh
I. ,;r;n t 6f<ikj,, : X COIlU sin e + ) ' ~;n" ~ill e + 2
(J A(>-1r.j
T -
2. fclGlct i norm Mi",,:
x
coo; "Sill I'
l
sin " "in t'
CQo>
I'
a,
(3. 4641\)
(:JAl.i4<\)
3, F..hi l..t szinglllAr is pontjai (k i ' p ro nt " k)

II" ''KY (3.458) "K,Ycnld,i f"liil"l r = r j. 11 = 1/" Z "" Zt k". ".,liuAtAj(, l' 0nljAr a" gy"z,.rre feutlwlnak ..
"F
DF DF
~= &y = iJz =F Cr, U. z) =U
(3.465)
iWc,..-.fii!\j';{..ek , ,.,.",z ba 1\".,1,..';,...n.1<l ,]"r;v"ll.ak ,'It ,inHlk, .. kk" r ..:t ;\( 7" '11. ztl pont ,<zllllJ"llin,' ",,,,t,
miuo nt'...,ll 1."1'1""'( A raj t.. Atrn..no "'rintilk lwm feh,...,,~k ~gy ~ikhan. henom mMoclrcn'hl kI'l-"-,t III
246
1. Gr""'l'In"
imInA!<:..nr...k ''lO''lIlrtr
iPF
ar~(X-r)]
&F
t
iFF
s = / as.
iFF
iJylP'_yjl+ (J:l\Z-~)1+2(}rOy(X-rJ(Y -Y)
or
= O.
(3.ltiti)
..hoi" <rn\-aw. N; .\1 IlOIltMn !o!1o'uik. I I.. I\Z """'...,; m.>\.'Iodrelldl1 ,krivalt If\ .. It,inik. >lkl>r buuvulu.ltahb tiJ."~~" KZiJ'll;llIari..l'<>ntr61 VIlII~. DY'lll".. IlArnwil'f'Ildii V8fO' ULaR_bb Tr",:ltl hlp l\I.l <'10'1:
3.6.3.3 . Fdiil('ti vouah-lem

1.
t, diff..re"cialja
f..liiwt .. (JAOO)'~ (J.llil) A1akbau ~ __ U>gyPfl .\I(t<. t) .. f"hilo.t t<"..m~ 1"..utjA.
~ .\i(a duor- - ell') .. f"liik-t f'f{y.\I ki>7.f-ll.1"'1I r.kvolll.a"ik pont,ill.- Ekkor .. f..I.-,J.>I;
k........ litOlPgAZ i. JID~ ........<iJ)<iV><J. nlli:o Il'I-vt-U" fdiiJ, II _al..u.mwrllffi<..t ..
<f.,1 = Edu
--t
~ i (=
.ttS i,- h<-z~l
2Fd,wt ~ Gd.~
kcpn ',tj.m k~niwai.
dS=JEG
(346,..)
3. F..lii l.. t .. k "g)m a.~ra r..kl .. t ';"'" hajlil ful.-t ion

lIaegy fPllWlpt f.....~j"'" "" bo-~ ,,<'Ikill m'1dIAJllhmk... kkor .....V<'nl"'.. n~OlCilt. ok- U>l"I.rikaj8 "';'1
l.ozat!.M mara<!. "';i.~ !<IinAI: 1lZ..I,.; k_ln.llk,,~ alAl'fornlA tilol't.. MJbtNi8a\l'<Itllll... n iu~-..rian><. I"clu\!
k~ kii1bnhOM r.. hi"". IllTK'lyr..-I ..1., h"dr...lIk,,,, ..u.I,r'>rm4j"ll~ik. ~"'''''r .. W..jth..t6.
0;
\I
t;
(::r.(~)' C;J
-viitthatiJk IlZ .11 poolr..
voual~.
(Hn!
P d" d...
Ha ismPJ"jiik az ..1"<5 kuwlratiklll' "1"l'fon,,.. E, F ~ G "IO'iillhatliit...kknr l'I(J.-\70, 3,171 (.,. 3.472a,b)

kiol,],pIPk ",-,tN.W"ve] kis7.iUnithatjuk .. f.,[iil,.. i taV"lMg"kat.~,'k"t p,. r~l.;zin..kpt. Tphat "" ..L""11........1ratiltWl all<l'forma .. fdiil.-t ... rt..v.a)fit d"liniAlj ...
ahnl1t:/
~/
G~ i:~(~r (~r .(~)'

formoi)<iWok
...hol
dS n......, feliiJeleletrL
iPF
.,. "l0y8:0' - I/)(Z - z) - 2a;a;IZ - :)(X -.c)
(J,472..)
, ;-,
.,
(3.46"')
I:I~;II)
kf"l0-\ jobb ol<Wii.t .. /ntJrt ..1.,; n..Atnlu..... 414,....
Ilt"VI:'U -ik.
J.:n.:;, 41>r...
J.224. abril.
A : A (3.462<-) 1116<100 "-",ion cOwl",'
1
11
_d ..11
B : A (J-N9j mi..
F=O.
G-a 2.
3.6.3.4. Feliile t gorbiilcte
Ic". 1I1<1l",k>tt ft.hi],pt.kr..

F
(J,IW)
P'I-
I. Fe IUlpt j gOrbek gorbm e t ..

II" '"KY fdilirt.\1 !"",tjan at kiilOOhi)W... f..lill.1,'11 tu.!M1> ROrI"'k,'t hlizullk (3 .225 . !bra ). "",,r
C'U'k .If -u.,." tar1.o<&O p gurloill<-ti 'UK..rI'li .. km..-tkn6 hJLrom viN.onyu.tMn illhmk "K.nua."",..t::
1. Ec" l!:urb...\1 ponlhoz tarto.oo p gi) r b m .. ti l ugara "'SY"lltiamnC l(Orl... giirbiik-ti"ugan",al.
Itmf'ly" fd.-d.. trwk .. Rorh...\/ p""tOOz l.lutu"I;<' I'illlll~ltj';' ...1VIlk,"",,-,,1.<"10' (3 .225 .a abra ).
2. M .. usni ..r t .....1.. F..hilrt IWm ..ly C IIik",,I"7.l'U,lI'k (3. 224. b a b ra) giirbiilpti .up,arat ..
L=
" d. = J" \ I-(d")'

d"d,
E 2F ,il r/t
'/1
J
("-)'
_
,It
dl
k"pku.. lld,..t ki"z.amit.ani.
(J-I7ll)
J(rl rl'(&rI'
,1 .. 6 u +
F(d,,6~'
+ ,11,6,,) + Gd"J"
2F <Ill ,II' + Grj, "J Ju l ... 2F ouJ.,
p= RCOl;{ Il. N}
(J,47J)
k~plM:!<'ll.. h..t h'<7..Amitani.
2. Gorbi-k koziitti ~~Ol'\, K/~. "JlSIllMt 1'11..\f 1~,"tl"'"Ill.-t"W ,.,. "!><llltl",u ad r(d" . rl,'), Ii r"(6 ... 6,')
",'ktorokkal j"lI"lU'~'lllfl""V(lll<",rl",kivliitt; b,i~. vgyi" "" hiutoiik Altall~,"'rt ""OR(3.224. 'bra ) , I<
,,"". =
Itt R "".<IU C nonn U"l'llOOll1'~I',",-I".;)rl>'l~'li ~ugl'Tl'I. "Inplyn.-k mkja t ...rta.!mlt7.z.a 1lfl.:'r'an""t " PQ hint';l. mill' C ~ikj". v,..Jllflliut ILZ r-; f~HiI ..ti ,,"nnAli" plO''''''''vokwrt. ( n. ~)
"C giirl><' ii Muonna!i.; ,-gy",'gw kt.or" "'" 11:1. N (..lm..ti "onuAliI< "In'..'~'ktOT kiiziini ",,'g. A (JA7:1)
h..
(3.0171)
.,IE "'I' t
+ G ov l
k~ I'Joot l.d ""',,,il.h,,l.<"> ki. AI f;. ,... G ,'!!.yiitt h" I,,ka t "" JI ]lolltra k,,]1 r"..ghl<t';'nrt.l1i. II " (:I.'l71) ._1."",.
lAl6 jl< 1J111ll<. akknr" k/'l Iliirl", 1ll",.,;I"!!,,,, "gyul/"-"", A ,),' = Il_tt-...n M I" '!.t t! = kou"ta,," '''''' ~'" - I)
..,...l.l.....n kaput( u _ kOllbt"ll" koordillMl'IVt"".lak u",n;I"!\'''''''-";,-u,,k ("IN-I.,.].. F _ 0
J, F.. liil .. tnar"h fp l~zh,.. T" l b,~;l, '!\, " f,.jiil,-ti j\ort-... AltaI haliirolt 5 fdii k tdamb [,-l"'dni'l kf'U''loiul"'j\rAl1a11" h" t ki"z.iiul;I.ui,
1"."
k"pl.tlwl1 p dojele pceurv.

~ l'IC",>Uu R0rl,. konkav 0101..
f,k",.ik. "" uq:"tiv Ill'. ,'ll.'"k,.y; ,-""'1.1... ,,,
3. E"I..r- fe l.. kep le 1 r-..Jill.. t M pontjAhcrl l"rt"li, h,:mudy uormll.hu.,t"zO't 1.0rh'-,I"tN ""
co;;l a
,i"l
to
R = ---n;- -.- Ff;""
(3.4 i41
EULER-ki'I'I"t.tP! 1phpl. ki.~za."il, ..."i. ah"l R, ,.,. R2 I' f';y(i,/",j,'I, ~"y4r"k (11\....-1 (3.47Ga)). t nvahha " a
C no rm k C 1 In .. l"",p! Mikja ki,.';iUi I'zi'>K (3. 22~.c Ahr .. ) .
2. F6 gorbiil.. t i I'llga rak
A f<igiir'"ilrti ,'''gamk 1\ f..ltilot minimAh" .... "''''tim/,Ii" ,,;orbiii,~,i Mlll:"r"i. ~1"l:h"t;\r<rzIli ok"t" (', ;'" C1
f<j.wrr",i/"wl"ukk (3 .225 .c abr" ) ""git""!\/",.-II,h,'L C 1 i.,. C, Mikja ''It)'I1J,,,,ra ll,,-n;k'!:''''. i"'''"y"kat ai,
'tpq -
(Zf
.~{l ... til
+ [1(1 + p3) - r(1 ... till::;
~ [s(l ... p'J) -
"",) =
(3.4i:;)
3, F..liil..ti ponlok osztalyozMa

1. Elliptikus es kbrpont Ha .. f"];i[,-I .\I pouljAha./lllil R,. H1 f'i!:o,hiil..li sug......k aaon c'"'..liij..!tirk.
iLkkor M kornY""",t'.h..n lIIi",I"1I f..\iiIMi (Mm. IU ~riul"'iku.... k ll!O'lUl_m ..... oldala.... f"k"'-.ik; ilyenkor
dhpliiu:. pontr61 I-..7kliink (3. 226. 8 ilbr8). .:t ftZ .... kt ",lAiiliku"<\ll" kovel1<o-...o rdt"',..I~llpmzi:
LX _ .\11 > 0
m.iI...o,lfok,i "KY<'olctM!.,..kulth",tO ki.
HI<a f"liil,"" " (3_.w~) I")I;l'hdt "Jakl_l
val.
m"KI\lIVl\. akkor R, i"!l R 1 ....
(rt - .2)Jil + h 2p'P - (l ... I)t - (I + 'ljr R ~ h'

rn.iw<odfok,', "lC"'nkot gyokPi. ahot
iJ:
P=ih'
[1:
iJ:
q=o,'
(3,4'&')
K orpont A Miilet _U po>utjA' korpofL'lL,.Jt u.....!"'X'<!iik. "" .. ht>PTl .. poUI""" Af<'i!tm-hiil<'!i suwulLkr..
tf'1jP!<iil ""
O.
R, _ R1
tP:
t=-vy. eo. h =./l+r-<f.
lP:
~"ih8y
r-iJp'
2.
(3. l i S!>}
f..hi-.p!. Az ily<'n pontha~ tarto<tA IlOrmAluw1>lzrl<>ktr R
IJAil.ib)
.4.7. R. R,. RI ~ny~ <'~J<''''lll~l" _hAllyAl k-brt ~tarozni. min! (:J.4TJ) _,q""n.
Ha a fdrUM. ...(H61) wkt<xa1alr.I.u van ~Y1l., Ilkkor (3--1,;;);;" (3.4;6&) ....Jy...... "'00"'11.
3. Hiperboltkus pont Ha'l:'. R,. R1 f<W>Io.lk!1 ~'lI><Jak kijlOn~.6P\.11jPhiPk, akkor AfOnonn.almrt~ ..k konka-v oldaIai ~"IJWlM.I"lIruti'1.""lTimy"'" mutAtnU: . ..\1 mut&ik i1yrulmr "tlllrt,w ... (diu..-..... ~ho,.y az .\1 pont Ir......* beu A r..lii1f't Il~. Ekkt>r .\1.... /uprrioltka.o J"'>"tll&k 1lI'Yt"UU1r.
(3. 22 6 .1. ';"br..): A tula.jdon~ol. ......wtiku-o AZ
LS - .U 1 < 0
(GJf-FS)(~:r ... (GL-S)~
(FL-E.\f)=O,
(L. .... - Jfl){p - (ES - 2F.\1 GL)R ... (EG -
F'l) =
(3A i8c)
frlu-t.-[ .io'UPmzi.
(J..lnh)
q;;y'InIrtcl.lC.-pnrk ..hoI L. Jf. S ... m.ioodtt h'ddmllh... dlttpJMTn4. ~ijlthatOi._
" R'
L : rl
=
.;EG
f'J
_-
},/=t,l R=
of
,JEe
._
f'1 '
.\= ra R=
of'
';EG - FJ
4.
au
d = Or fJy ih
.:hi iJu iJu
os 8y iJ:
ihU),.
of _
iJs
Qu
us
M= a;;a:;
By
v..
iJ:
a;;
Us iJy
Vu
as
&;.
{h
a;
u,i
R I. R l fOgOrh'l\f'ti
Sligar-ali:
(3.47~)
LX - M J = 0
EIl'j-.id ' - ' " pontjAi Pi!il'lik,t...u:, pgykiipm)"li hil""" boIoidfoi hiJW!"h"likll".U'.lwngPJioi prdig pacAhol.ikll"ak.
{J.4 7id)
3.221. ahr...
:.
iJy
8:
Oy
[h- &v ih0['
&t'
[h.
Or at Or
MNoodik kvMTlltiku~ ..u.pformAil"k. lllu.. ly" fdill<'! ~hilki tulaj<~t tNtalm""'.... "l:
+ 2.\1du<i., + .Vd.,l
(3..li7l'j
kif,'j<-"'''''' u""""",iik
Gmiiil~1l .,."..JJl.o'Lk hlvjuk Il""Iea... r..liil.,ti I:wbt'k"t, Am..lypk ira.uy>< mind..n v"utlM.l' ll "~"RY'7.ik ..
f"'uonn"lmM...,.<'t<>k irlu1~"v,.]. Egy"uktiik (JAi:)1 '-ag)' (3 .477..) iut..-gr,;Jil.""va.! ...J"dik.
IlZ
...,ah..
lh.5 a;J &;3
tI'
P u a bolik WII pollt H"
"'lQ'ikr 'XI, ....kor a:z..,;yilrrollOrIUAl~nak W\gy infirxi<io.

pout;" V>W. ""llV "'lIalllt"tac'-t~. nymkor J,f-. pamptmlnaku..-xz ik (3. 226.c ilb ra); analitikns jellem-
(J,4n(.)
Itt az i ll . i',l . i ZJ wktorok ~ f br ly_ klor ma.-iwnd.l ~<\friv81tjai&<..... lMC~k......-int.

A llZlUnW6khM ...ki......'k"w ,kltTu,iIl4u.,ok 4l1nak:
iPs ii', iP:
iJ2r (l2y [fl:
EPr Q2y iJ2:
(h,7 i}b 7
"Ull: ,"'...
4. F..liilet gorbiil..t ..
FpliilM gilruillctk!l"k lI1llll<..-iIrU... jdl<'1"""""'tT' ~i.llUhh" kov,-tko-1.6 ki-l 1TIM11Iyi...-g..t
r . a f..tnt.. t kl'Jze pgo r b iile t ..
ftZ
2. a felUl ..1 Gaus!I-gorbiil.. t ..
M pont"",,:
ftZ
,If
poutlwUl:
H ..
~2
ha.~lnAljulr:
(1.+1.)
HI
(3--4 7<JAI
Rl
K _ 1/ R , R~,
(3.4791.1
A : Az <l "ugaru korl"I~(...nll = 1/2/J (.,. K =: O.

B: Elhptikue pomt"krA K > O. hiprrholiku~ pOlltokr.. K < O. pac .. holik1l~ I'0utokr.. JI... lig K = O.
3. H .... K kiszam.t......., ha Afrliilrt Il Z = f(r ,II) ..I>Jr.1""1 VIlll ""'j/;",l",,:
' >"
, ------- '
~
.. '
"""
= r( l
2(1+
+.r) - 2pq. + 1(1 + r)
r+
q1}J12
rt _
K =
~l
~(I-+~p'
'"'+~q~')',' .
(3.4~Oh)
:\ 1', q, r. s, t uWHl1yi":'gelr jplrntCIWt Ii""l (3.4 1ijl,) ""'-t t.
4.
Co
,)
h)
Ff'liilptek osztalyoziula go r u iil.. t;;k alapjiln
1. A minimalfelul.. tek olyeu f"liild ('k, lIu",lY"1r 11 lriYd'J>ll:;irl,ii1" !<'I Uilld~1L 1">ntJ->.<u1 nulla. vagyi" a"l<'-
lyekrr- Rl
3.2 2lj. abra.
= -R~.
2 . Az fllla,,""
~oruiilpt,i feIUlehk.. t
A : K>O,pLagomh.
111. j.nr",zi. hf>lO' C;At'ss-gi;rhii!,tiik K - Iron.,taus
251
.~.
250
;-.
Gm","' ''''
B: K < 0.1'1. II l_,"ll.I,WlJirll (3 .22 7. IIhra ) . vagyis" tIaktrix ( 2 .79 ll h r .. ) fo~f,,1ii\o-I". b"
3.6.3.;;. Voualfeltil et ek Ps lcfejt hf't o fel lilf'tck
Vona lr..lUl..tn..k lI"':""'u,k "KY f"liilf't"t, ha '1O'f'lI"" tM-bcl.i rnozga~vaI1"hM ,.zAnll""l"tll;.

[,.,r..j th..t &r..1U1..tn.. k n.".-Liink.-g)' vo,wfdiiIMet. ha~ikra Itfpjth.>IO. ;\"m mindeu v"'uJf"hlkl
l.
2.
If,f,,jtl,,,t6. LMrjtbM" f..liik-trf' jdwlll'w. hoRY

a ) minden polLlj..hatl" GAU~'lK'>rrn.-Urt nulla.. k
b ) ha II f..1Ulrt ,,: = J(r. ,) "XJ.Ii,,;t l\Iakhat, "an rn"gadVlL. allot' tdjPs',j .. I..f.>jtl...t......~ ..lT~td..:
III K=O.
"
hi
1_ .2=0
4.1. Ma trixo k
1. 1. 1. .-\ Imi.t r ix fogalma
1.
( m orn) tlp..,;u .-t lUatrixnak ( ....., ,id ..u A

)
_
.'
1... .. )
..... RlAhh, m >iOrh61 "" n OI<7.lnph61 AlIO tAhliv",t"l:
II<"V~"k
;jA....ll
t. ,. mNHlyi'1t"k j..lrlll""""- IAto<l (3.4, ...1 Iliat I.

A: .\ ki,V (3 . 186. a b r a) ..,. a h<,t"I (3 .192, .. bra) Irfcjth<W f..liiWl .
B: ~ ""ki>p<'tlyt1 hl\"'rholoid (3 . t 90 . abra ) ..... " wl""'1>olikl", parahobd ( 3. 19 t,lroh ral ""'t>L!.f....
"IO'all. ,if' r>tI1. f..jtb.ttl k .. ~ikrA.
AI
.H.
4. Linearis algebra
j.,.zill1plot"j" kUriil urW-IJ"k.
r,
A = {,,_ )=
....
)
(""" ...
"1'
3.6.3.6. FclUl{'t geodetlkus vonalai

I,
...m<"1y<'t
d.
,..,.v,oho.........,ruJr. ll<"Vf'I'l11k. F..z ~Mt a """"1W't jli.t.--... It frl',k1<'U. UlUlt "'" "&Y"......
...wm..... " ki,vnlto!7A tlllaj<IOI~ok

In.
A.
.\t.v.
jdlrnuik,
l. A gf'Otif'tik".. vooll1" irliilM. 1.. -1 IlOtllJA k"""t" ~ki.....bbti.~ Vl\b.;tj""",,,.
2. EWrt r,.j"Irl'1l v...IO !.ArI-Ol';k<KW-l'" kpny,-:u'!1t"U >Utyagi pont [......'<ik. ugyNW',otl" f,.j,Lltot.u tAl-'\lba1o
...u)"'lO.pout VOW"".... ~A. m.... lr.iiJ,.O("ft'i ltiinyaban. gPOdetikulo wru.k>!I 11101IoOII..
Con
mUOl
{4.1)
m--<..Iilt,..,.,
2.
" .....lik .....Jol'
A m&1rix..-l.. Illl'i~llf"k.ozAmok (~~ koml'l" I. ffigv;'11\,,,k.ditf~v'ld<.;ok

-tb.
A IllIllrlXokal
a m4tfU tiP'U"n.a1"
. "..,rlUl._L m..vun..
.' ,
VPktorok
><tAmA&1ap'iw
. tioJ.
. drfinSno'J& .,._"_
-"J..... A7.AZ"
..... 0KZI0pRlnak
n
J .... ~ ~'O'Uuk. A watnxok>t.t h....Jrnlu" n. titUJ;o,.aIal
jtJU..h,,""""~uk ~ I
.
"""'-V" soro!< "" "" OI<l.Iopolr..wUnA
""IQ' Ut'Iu.
J
".........-mt.
1._. .
w~'.4-lk
2.
\'a l68 .... komplex mtitrixok

!'..zo, oMtnw4- d.-rn<i~. J:mnl'ln
,n,,'nrool: kom,.klt..
_1.,,, '" .
.1... ..
._..
<UllJ4I<
~'
f.,;)' matrix. ,...l lldy AZ

(4.2a)
"ow - l bow
3. ElOlrt frI.-LlMt.. r"r.~I .. tt ~..luw< onll1 <'t:Y ~('O<Ictik'L~ V<JIlIlI aLt.kjat vn<'Li. f"l.
2 . o..finlcio ., 1\.....-lrtik'lIO von,..J oI~"" fpl,U<-ti ~orhr. Atllrl~'llf'k f.>nonwUw. mitlUrn l'''uln.u," f"lii
lr.OI.l'plrx clrmr-khO all.lr.<'t \..uo.. A ;'" D l.... lrix
Irti IIOrtUa!iI< ilKatyAl... r.<ik.

KOrh<'t,~rr I\.....ktikll" .... ,IWAi ."...-.-vonaI..k.
3. G
etikull vonlll "1O'f'Uld f' H.. " f,liilrt" z -= {{r.,,)
aWthan ...-IhAto lDtl';.

F--lQ' A ~ompl<'X malrix.""" l>m:zArt>".1t II A ' konJ'tftilt L",nplrr m<itru ,,It'UK'i kOzOtti o...z.:.fii!1J':{',.
gro<i<'t ikl V'l>fUlo1ak dlff<'S',u,;..u..gy.."l<-I..

(1
kif"j.
0,.
tl"" <l".z
.,Lkt
A l!:f'O<l.. t i!n ul vnll a l fur;lIlma (IN.9.okl-j. EY .\f(II_') MiilPt IIW,n...,."",t;.o." km"",uil
min<lo-n,,, d,
_ Jlff~,,, ...""'iJtII1l11<'&ha1.llrt-.ll frliilM:i icillyhoon ;;.t.........IIlll! '10' k.,,zrIt l( ........
".
tJ2:l
p2 ... ,l
l ~r~
""
I"
(~~
f-
(2,.., - q')
M(pli,~t lI1ak!"", "an llIf'g",I,,1l. uk..r"

2q81J",lr - qr
(3AS'!]
It .. " f..liilrt .. {3.4(j()!I....-lUuPt"l'." "lul",n ,,1llI ,m-glWl"". Itkkor a ~.... I<.llk<t" ,ou,..J.,.k <'R..\'f'"I",... I>Ul'~
tuitebb tip""'" A p.q. r. 8 ..... t m<'tUlyi>i~..k j,,!..nu'>otl If.....:\ (3,476h) ,..JaIl.
(4.21
A - iB
a_
C:~y + (pr -
""W'~"""'l
Re(l....) - 11m (a_).
(4.2c)
3. Tt-an~zponall A T m atrix
llal t
Az (t>t.TII) !lpn"'i A [nalrixlt61" ""rok Po< a:r. I
k frl
.
T
XOI. Ilm,.["n..k a li,,,~ (,,~,) A ,
,.. ~ ~J>O
......r f!"""....1 kal'Juk
Il:t A
tnw';zVO
matri.
(a~..)T -t.
7. .. <'TIl"u't' .n..m ....:
((low)'
(O)
AdjungaIt matr ix
ERY A lwmpl"'lt miitrixool m,,~ka '"k' A H I

til
k<>lltpl"x A' lllAl.rjxot triU'"7.,."",FJ k (,~'. , 2~"'" J""'l t ",ottn",,' lilt". hog.\- .. ltO'L"-l\lar1<.Yw k"IlJugAJt
.~
...JU
M<
..
,,1.1)'
A ll =( A 'lT
5.
Nullrnflt rixnak (0)
",'v'-'.:riik azt" m"lriJ( t

I k "
o = ( ~ ~ :; . ~ )' . tn!f" y[j,. IV. ''''v~.,. "1,,[,,, llullAva!"K\"'"III:
OIl,O
(4.4)
<1.1. M " lTu oJ:
252
4 .1.2. Kvadeatik us m At r ixok

1.
Definicio
K"""lrlltiklL~ m"trixo . !IOrAin ak .....OoO:1J"J"'Ii n" k " "".Am.. m'1l:<"IO"'"~ik. azaz '" - 11:
A A,.~I (";1'. :;")

=
(4.6)
".1' __
o~ =O"". D =(O~' O~ :)
00
,,-
( 0" 0'
0
0 )
../,.,.....h....
" _=O ,hA
""'v ,
F..rdeD h..rmitikilll mAtrix

kvadratik'll' matrix. arn.ly n"W1O'{'"~ik A;/l ..njunll:!\JtjAnAk lU..11ffit.-uj......I:
A = _{ A ")T
EJ,' fcrd"Tll...rrnitik'L~ matrix <l~ ..1..lTM'i .... ;,,-y"'llyn<
01_ _
(4.15<:)
gy~iltrhl: E
~rixnAk Tlt"Vf'ZI';ik I<7.t" kva<lr"tik"" Il.....nxol . AIl>l"lyb..n "
1JliI>,,.J,.m nllllil-J f'g.....-nUi :
......116 milldt-n .. I#mfo~. Os nlindPn
(Oba
,.ll'.
lba,. _I' .
( U 6)
10.
{-H I)
!'.Iit rix lIp u rja ( nyom a)

Egy kva.:lratikUII mAtrix .opoorjat .. foatl6hdi &mrk ~kklt df'finWj"k,
-a-=L:>....-,
E=
(4.9)
6. NormAlmfitrixok
k-.lr..tilmw no kio>!i1\ltik lIZ alAbhi l'g)""nl"!A"t
A TA =AA T
1 . Ferde n uimmf'triku s m4trixok

azok az A kVlWlr"tiku" matrbsok, "m..ly..krt' prvi-n>-'
(4.1;j,.)
Egy f..r<l"n "".illlllwtrikUIIlllft,trix " .... .'I'IIH'ir<' lIZ
" ....= -II~~,
<l~~ "
O.
...,krt "lO' f"tMII szimm..trikll." mAtrix MIHlrj" dUlllik:

Sp( A) = 0
(4. 13h)
(4,1:k)
A7.0k IL:l. .. I"m" k, I\IIH'1Y"k "fI!Atl<'lr" tiikriiown h"ly,~"k"dn('k cL cMk diij..lben k(iJo noo w " k,
Mind..n kv",lr"tiku" A mA.ttix f..lh"nth"tc."jIJI ""iruuutriku" A . matri x;"" "!,:y f.."lin "zimtm'hikll" A ...
mat.rix o....7J,!,:i'r"'Il:
"h"l
( ~ . nd)
r~=O
L= (l,..,) /\hoi
4.1 .3.
1~ "" O
( ~ . 17)
M 1' >11 .
2. AIN> haromsz.t5gmiltrix L (1UIW'1t-, L j<-litli. amPly" k-r -" .. Wi Iwt'lj<o)

""",Iybrn" f04t lO f.. k-tti ~ clrm n"IIIl, .... '"lO""ulll:
-'2. [n. f]
(4.12)
A = _ AT
= (6_)
_-\ IJ,..,;"kt K RO.'<OCKER-.um> I>til" ",nU ~iik,

11. lIiromsz.t5gtnatrix
1. Fe ls6 barornsz.t5gtnatrix R (1UIW'ltwm U ;"lOI i. amP ly AZ uPl>t"t-> .. Wi htotii;")~oIYAll nWrix.
IW><'lybell a foatll> ala.tti ~ rlrm n"IIa-J "10""11111:
R = (r,..,) abol
(4.10)
(4.11)
..- : ...... .
::::
00 .- 1
S. Szimrrtf:"trikWl mfitri xok

uok fIZ A kYlOldr&l.ilmll mAtrixoit. IWU'Iyt.'k ~1ll6k IItrAWl7.ponAltjukb.L
A = AT
A~kr" IL7. .. l..rn..krr. llIurlyrk .. fMtl6ra t ,lk""""n Iwl....-zkrtl." ..k d . i-rvfn)'t"'"
10... 0)
(
01 -0
4.
Sp ( A )= 1I 11"' lIn + .
(U :>h)
I")
a...
c,
(4.l:>a.)
a~ = -a~_
<lialtonab..alrut. -alIl'lybooli mindt-n tl~ ~ vaI6s ""RY kowpkJr. r a1J.1ldlMoJ
~16:
9.
Minocn kvadratik"" A mAtrix ..J.M.IlftMt.6 t'JtY IJ<"rrllit ik .... A. matrix PI< ~ fmit'-n b<>mritik"" A....
mAIrix ~k"llt;
Skalilrmiltrix 5
~ ~ilo
l'l. lI.. rm itikus miltrixok vagy o n8clju nRait matrixok

IWlk az A kvadr"tik1l3 matrixok.Nll..ly..k f'lCI"lll6k JIll ....lJllnllt.ltjukMI:
A = A ~ = (A ")T .
( ~. 14)
Vili "klml mli.trix"h" a zirnm ..trikll" bo h..rmitik Wl matrix !'oK"'nlll IXYlx-....ik. H..rtnitikus metrix
.-\Ptf'fminiw..... va1<'x<.
A.7."
A7. A ma~rix II... ..k-tIlf'it , an.J)"'kn..k "....,.;nO'-'I;I ~ik azOI.dopiJ"i<-JUlliZd. foollrilwL

lIf"YO"lC'!iik.J..lOlnoiik o 1l. G22., ., 0-.
2 . D iago n! lmAtrixok
&roll: II kv1IrlratikWl 0 niAtrixok. alUt'ly";u."k .. f&lU16n kiv,lli ..\<omfoi nllll;l.VlIlI'fO""IlVik:
3.
253
I' <V
I"gy
olYIUI mAtrix.
(4.18)
Vektorok
tip't~'1 mMrnoluLt ~.I0J>'IIl"'triXolo:llI..1l""lQ' ., dimr-nlli6M Mzlop ....kt<>m.l:nak nrW'llZiik;

lIZ ( I , n ) tipllSti matrixoMt <>gylK>r" mAtrix"k""k v~ n ditnPTlzi{)o; ~""'f'>I:tomI:nak I\f'vPZZiik:
m.
~dop'."o" , =
1'190)
('U~b)
A trltlll'ZponAl"" ""gil."''''''''''l rjIJI Of'd""""ktot ",,,vrkt<,rrA vAltw.ik .... f"r<lit.~. Egy n d im..nl.i"" !IOr-,
dl,1.'''' "",?.Iopv..kt.o r '-~ poutot itl",t I" "'" II <liu"'IL1.i"" ,ukliJ",.u It" t<-rl",u.
A "ullvrktort Q , illd vc Q T j,'lii !i.
4. 1.4. Matri :xml1velete k

I. Matr ixok egye nl68ege
K{1. matrix A = (u....) <-'!' B = (I'....) "&)"'nl,;, hll >V~'I1"'" tip""'ul k .:... lIZ ""'-'UUI !", ly<, u al ia r km"k
""1\egyn n..k:
ha a.... =b.... min ,I.." ,. = I , .. . m .II =I , . . l1t...
( ~ ,20)
A =B
"4
-1.1, Mcit.vnJ;
4- Lm,';n.. algrbm
2. Os.~7. .... da~ es kivonb

ma.trixolo:. kiT.wu ..Jr.kor l..h..Wg.... M /IZi>n<lIl tipu"'Iak. Az o...aea.da><t Co< II kivon.;'...t d"Ill,,"lu'llt vt"l\f'C.o\ziik, a7.AZ lU ftW/,KIII hel)"'" All<'> ..I..mrk.-t OM7,{'N1jlllr. iIl..tvt> kivonjuk
(",'.!I ..)
A B '" (II_) (b....) = (II.... b....l
(I 37) (3 -50) (' -21)

2 -I';
I"
.; 08
nn[Jtl
m~
A miltrixok .:....z.,,,,laM koll!llllltaUV'" -.no-iAtiv mnv..\fot:

kommutativiti. ~i
nabaly: A ... B = B
-+-
4.1. abrL
(4.21")
~I"trix
uon.an uammal
Egy(m. n) tipl...u A nloi.trixolll2.<l vaIo'Jo, Vl\IO'knmpJ,oxl'lZ&mm.&l. iigy "WfflZuk. hoc Il:1l A matrixmindm
..wmi't ~"k &t (J l<&iuuo.al:
(4,22a)
o A = Q (0....) = (no_).
(I 37) (3 921)
. 3 0 _1 4 0-3 12 .
A (4.22&) &oI:till aIlit;'" boer '"IY AlIAndi> Uonyo-W .-.1)'"'1& matrix miIKk-n...k-Il)(' tartab...... k",...dl..-16.
-t. .\ l a t r ix 08Zt ibA uAm m a l
.lllitruok .<.... ",malNld ~ v~~bt-t.6azQ = Ih ldmllllll-JO"'IOr&iIsT... AhoI1 to.
u" m,1v..wt. AMz m&trix..aon4oo& ~rallor,.",utat"., ......: oOat..f ~ duztnhtl~ m,l.....J..t,
(4.n")
kommutativ it.ui "p ha ly: o A '" A,, ;
...~ iativilbi "abaly: 0(8A)
= (oB}A:
di sztributivit bi uaba ly : (tl 3) A = n A ::l: J A.
(oI,2'lrl
a( A B)=aA/l B
(4.:l2d)
I. Az AB lIzonat u A ~ B miouixok or.wr....ta. .J:aldrio mtitru:lwrmfn.. k i~ rw.....,.ik. noak .. kltor

kfpc:<UcU'i. !La az A b&lol<Wi tkiY"'R"l ~na.k a ......am.. u.egegyezik" B johh olcWi tfony<'7f. !OOraiMk
""'iI.a.I.11."Va!. Ha AZ A miotrix (m, fl) ti l"llIU. a.kkor .. B ,.....trixnak (fl.p) tip'I.",DAk k..U!<'nni<', .... "" A B
szor.....t "10' (m.p) tip"""l C = (C..l) mli.trix In .. (c..... ) .,,"y.. nJ6 "" A bN old..Ji tfonyeWp-..<lik""cMak
0. .. B jubb ulda!i tfony<'71i '\adik .-IOJ>&uiIk .. s~nat&:
(Jl - 1.2.,.,. m; ,\ = 1.2.
.p).
(oI.2J)
2. A m ilt r ixs w r Ult o k f>gy.. nltlt l.. n..ell:" Awkhll.n ...... """",klwll, ilmikor lIZ AB (..... BA >or/Atok l''tel. n.. k. Alta!ilh"l1 a:r: A D " R A . A:o''''''', .. kOlllmutativi"""-i ..uhAly illtalilb..Il11Pm h"('lly''', II..
..",.moon lU AB %: RA , aklmr a1. A hi B mAtrixok..t fd,""rell,.. t6kll..k lI.. VC'~d,k.
3. F.. lk .... m" A l1I"tr iJU;M~ lO'alwd"ti ..h'~b<'Z ,.,.. AD = C elO'f'u]o,.;,gn..k m..lI.f..I..I.....n 1\
jobbiit\.(.kindl..toWg miatt ""kIIlrn"""u k .. FALK - , ~",ti t (4 . 1 . abra). A C swr....llnat.rix c..... pl..rnepont.<>Mu az A p - tik ""rfumk ..... U ,\-ik oo...lol-"'r",k" k,rf'. w.t n M i-sCb<'ll j,I,nik IIWg.
A .. A I 3..11 ,... B I3,1) mAl,rixo k l17,on... t.. .. 4. 2 . abra h,thato a FALK-si'mll fdh,..""'" ,;],"...."'al .
4 . A K, i'll K2 ko m p h'x ..1.. mumAtrixok szorzasa A komp ln ,,],m ll. mat,ri x"k swr/.......1Il1IlJ........nAlh atj llk " val"" "" k~p.,,('t<,o r<....,. ,kl,,, vall> rd[,,,"IMt ,, ( ~ , 2b) {>rt<>lm"b..n:
K ! = Al + ill!. K 2 - A2 + il h, Itt M A 1, A 1 , B I , 0 1 mat rixok ""lr-k. A ~.i>thontlu< mAn aM.nr
't.-I\t l'lO'......Zf>g, II.m..lyl". 1L a t/\lt"k vIII<. .."'m ol lu it.h ixok "zorzat ll.kpnt ",.i,mit hll.l.o'> k.
(A + i B }(A _ i H ) .. A 1 -+- U 2 + i {BA - A B ) . A fplhontott mAtrixok . w rz'....... u,,1 i.o< t..kint"' ),,
"",,",ziik, h"ltY " ,..,.,rtkor.. It.l tal .. I>N1 I",m {>rvPllY'" II. kom mut ati vit""i s'l1\I"'ly. ""a,., 1\70 A ;".. D n"m
""'r{>lh"t<l f,.l ,
-12 26
11
-3 1
Irn A B
4.2, iI.hc...
6. Ke t vektor "kalar", "" diedikus lIU>rJ-a t a

.0\:< -'" "" !! ,.....toroknAk. ".mel)'k f'&yo'Glol.'I. illn ..... "1Q"IUl"1I wilrixokkent iI.br~hati>l<. a mAtrixok
~aJap;an k<'1fi-1c l<U.>f'Ut,u.t k~l""'lwt.jijk:
HI(. .... -'" (1. n) tip'l5u ... a !! (n. I) t il' lIl" '. akw " o;W1"U<l (1. I) tip....'.. IW\Z <'gy..wo. Ekko r" k"t
_ktor ,l:aI4r.,,,,",,,,,ttirUl.l::>-.7i-l;II,k. H...AZOrIhM az II (n. I) tip....! n ..b ( I. m) tip'uni. akkor a I<l.Cn&t
(n. m) til'''''';'' _
~ mit.t nx. F.htwn "" norll><"l'. kk ....ktuc daod,J; .... :ormtdr6!. """"...I.-wk.
I. Ket v.. ktor skaiarsU>rzata EY n ..kmol
liT = ("1... 2.... a,,) >oOI"W"ktofllAk~' n ..J..mil 11 = (I>,.b:z.. .!>.)T oszlol.....ktorral kepzctt ...kaLirlrtOr7Atan az
alibbi.
i-rtjUk
,. a,,1>~ =
L ..../I..
-' erv"uyo- Itt
(4.24)
.-\ ......n.fLro komm".....tivitA... l'ZII.halya iI.l.talAl"," nrtll

",, !T "" !! 8OITl"lldji>t pontoAAn he kdl
IAlUn i. " ........-nd M"".~.I\7A7. loaT '?Y diNIik.... ..,.,..,.Atvt ....... Im<'!lyra....
2. Ki>t ,'.. ktor diadikus szon""ta vagy t .. nt.oruonata F.jQ" n dim..nrio' lI _ ("1>"2.... , a,,)T
oo<rlopvrktoma.k "R" m di~ !!T = (Ol.b:z.
.1>.. ) """,,,kIOlTa! vrtt daodokw .zor..atiul az alAhhi
In m) tipUM" ma.lrixot rrtj,ik
:>. !o.latrixok u o n ll511
.. ,
Am
(421b)
...~ u>c ia t i v itbi !lUlbAly: ( A + 8 ) - C '" A + (8 ~ C).
3.
2
1
3
-5
0
255
abT '"
(:~: :~ :~: :~~: )

a"b 1 a"b:z
...
(4.2:
a"b...
III Il ",.on..... komwutaliviWi. !<ZIlhAlya >ainti'n nem men)'.....

3. Ctmutatis ket v..k.tor ....ktors;wrultanak " fogalmahoz A multivektorok Vll,gy 1..1ie< a!\.('rnAJ... l<'llzorok l<'n'I"Ii>n. itt "".t n"m tudjnk Iw-mnt"tui. V>UI a:t 1'lO'n'
I.lI>rUF;rl""'..Iv elt ..mal6 vag}'
kiiL..o .,"'rt.at. amely a kl,.._~ik". h,;.romdiffil'n7.i.... __thf.n Iljhl i>.nwct , J:t<>n:orz"t (1a...1 1S3 old.).
7. )' Ialrix rangja
l. Ddin ici6 Ep;y A mfl.trixbnu .. Iill"fLril'a.l, f;;1!lt"llo'u ... >.!0l'...... ktorok llIaxlllliilis r ,q.iuna mindig
Illpg<>gyI"Lik "limMi.",..." !1i,Q,"'tl"lI ""rvc-kl.or<>k maxiulll.lil< ~lliiv"', E..t ILl. r sumO!. nf'W7z;ik a mtitm
rnn!l1tinak. ern..lyn,k" jdiM...., fang {A) = r.
2. )' Ialrix ra ngjii.ra vonatkoz6 ti-td"k.
a) Az m dim" nzi"" v"ktortir\,..ll m1I11 tohh ""rvpk lof v"gy .....zlol'v,'ktor Jin..Ari""'lI ~.. fiigg (I.....,
:;Q9. old,), <>gy (m, n) t.ip us'; A matrix r raugj .. I''8f"lj"hh 1\7. m "'" rt sl.Amok minimumaval "g)'l'n lo,
tallg( AI"',~)} = r ::; mill (m.11).
(4.2tia)
b) F.gy regularis A I ~.ft ) kva.-lrl\l.i kllft matrix rlUlgjllrll. "".a1. <ld A f 0, ~rv~ ny ....
rang ( A(n,~)) = r = rt,
(4.2(j1 ,)
Egy (n, n) tiPll~\; kvaJrat ik1lftmatrixor 1>'!T"lti,-;. !Il,i!n.rllllk ll"v",".?;i k, ha a rangj.. n Ez pont"""n a kkor
""n. aruikor .. dd"uuiu;;,nAA cl,>t A (1......1 2t.;o , 01,1.) uull,,-t6l k;i!i>nl,o".ik . EIO'~ h ......t, >kl"'n""'gl'Jtin..
,,,,it/ u lI,,k n.. VC'~z;i k ,
. 1. Mritn.zok
c) Egy A ( U l lIZin~ll lflm, kv..dr",'ikl\fl m4trix rAAgjArIl.IWOZ ~t A = 0, prvPny<'"

rallll( A'~.~l)
=,. < ...
(4.2f..)
"" ...e ll)""', akkor" matrix"t lIl1.t"r .",itnJ'n..x tl.......l.~;ik. \'..l6Io _t"klM'1l lIZlluil.tr "" ortogonH.li~ mAlrix
fog.. hll" cgybo...".ik,
--I. l.a. l\l<itrixm uyelctck szabalyai
d ) A 1I1l11mMrix TAllgj"
(L!ti<i)
rlUlg( O) = r "" O.
3. A r ang m eghat 'nrza..an"k a Sl-abalya i Elpmi iitAlakii.Nookruil a matrix mnxill ""Ill Vlilt<,..<ik.
Inn; ataltJhltioo.l: o-u-f<~:
a) KPt "'" ""flY kk ~ ~ VIllI:> ff'l<'W"fl'lI-.

b ) Egy ""r ""8Y OI<7.klp ,.,..o!'"dIIwl pgy nullAtOl klilOnbOW ><Ziunmal.
c) E.g aor ~ "IY uWoik _box vac rxY OlIZiop ~ l"ItY Ilwik .-.lophoB..
A rang 1 I ~ rnll,,1rn ll,Atnxnllt.tA1Uitbatunk ...sorok ..Jkalma>I
kOlllhinAnOJAnJ
u~. boKY a Jj.....tik __bAn (Ji = 2. 3.
m) k-ga.IAhb A7 ..boO!'- 1 ~ ""llaval "KY"'DIO (.. GAtiSS II1p
ritmwo .. Iv...1Nod 27:;.. oloi.). A unllv..kton....kl1J.>nhnz6l;01Vf'ktorok ~1lZ igy iit>W.kitott rMtrixh.m
rg)"I"IIl6.. mAtrix r rAllgjl\.V>l1.
8. In~...n V1IIg)' l"Kip rok m iltri x
Ec A = (a....) """JAn.,mAtrixhn. mindig \kro:ik PRY A -I .n.....: nuitru. azaz. ol)'aD lMuix..IIorU)""1
li"..,"''''
a mitrixot ~ ~~trixot k>oplmk:

AA - 1 .. A - 1 .'\ ",
A.l; A _I = (J....) dm>ri
A
J_ = dct A '
A kOV1'tk..wk aiak Ilkkor alk"hn<lZw.wk, h>t. II bcnnuk ..lilfordlllo lIlu.....l..t..k f'>1 ... ~f'Zhf'tOk.
t. ~ Iiltrix szorzasa <'g),seg.na trixlIual ,
Idn,tih.. /,.b'przi.n"k ;,. 1I,PUiik:
AE =EA=A
2.
~....
~ll:
Az A m1l.t rix s zoniL.... az S ..ka lilrmll trixna l V8lU'
A ~ ( ; :)
-~ <I
AS = SA = r A
1,1.J.l.b)
3.
Az .4. m atrix szonAsa a 0 n ullmll lriuu,1
lInllm.Atrixot ...-rdrni'onyl"Z'
(U1b)
""....., az A
a B ncm uullnui.trix. II .....nahalt.lebt-t 1Iul1lw<tm:

AB = 0 6;BA = O,
I.....
A ';' O.D ;<! O
(-I.Jlj)
5.
"'-"III
6.
X, = AB-I
(4.2'J)
ou~
k......-l""tik.tIl nui.trixra __ tlklviilervi'uY""'"
(4.381
K et m1l.trix szorzaU,nak a z in..... rz ..
(A Br l= B- 1A- t
8.
Ki>t matrix szonatlmak .......... z~ n .. k a t rann pona ltja

(A~ B)T= AT-,- BT
( A B)T
DlA T
(AT)T .. A .
Az A
1.
0
0
(un
( AT)- I : ( A -I)T
X, : B - 1A
o
o
H irom mat rix szonata
(A B)e = A (BC) ,
(4,2.... )
A kvadr..tik'lIl mAtrixr.......
AT =A - 1
v"lO'
AA T ""'ATA ;E .
(4.:10)
<'-?...fiigp:"," mi-ny..... WN.. hflTlud~' ket .-10)' vag)' ""r "kal"""'.of7.ala uull""''" <'g,'"nI5 "" lIli",I,., ""t
rngy "",.lop onlll"l\aVl\l ..."U ~~rUl.t" ''KY. Ilkk", ... tllMrixot orlog",i!;" mMnrnak Jl<'v<'7.ziik,
(~onH.li" mAtrix"k tulajd"t""'KILi,
1. E gy A ortogonAli.. matrix ttlll'!I'/.I'"",utj"flI az illV<'I-y, is or t.0Ronal i.. matrix; lovAhhh '-'rv{'uy",
o"t A= l
(4,:ll)
2 . Ortogonhli.'lmMrixok "/.Of7.llt... i!ltllH or t<II:0n,Uj,..
Egy k,)<mli"ht..r,tl<ls""r f"rRatAAAnAl 1k>LJmllzott 0 j",y"tu.mlfitru. amplYII<,k "" ..l,'m"; 1I1.1tj t"I\'
I':dy irhl1yok irAllykOlillll"'~"i (U""I 210. 01<1.). ol'tol':olH\l", matrix.
10. Un ite r m At ri x
II " "10' A k" ", ]>I,x d .,tlll' u,H.l.nxt..
( Ao)T .. r '
VIIltY
A (A" )T & (A o)TA = E .
(U2l
A7.
{4.3.t .. )
ahoI S <'-rt<'h,..."'-(-I!\).
AE:E A:A
~l<,t<>k ~1dILooA
H...
E .. gy~at rix!lZ-al
AO - O .... OA =O
(-13.:
ru",k .. lI'l.ab&Iynalr. .. mcgfonlita.... altaW>N1 urw ~h1Y""'. IQ.IIZ, az A B = 0. h6l TIf'rrt lIz'-1k~k."P"'
kiWrtk<'Zik. bogy A : 0 v..,;y B = 0
I I
4 . KH m1l.trix szonatanak ..ltunke
Megjegyzf,s; .\Durrt .. mAtr~llju.,.IWUl .. mAtrixok """tMa IK"lLl "rtdlllcl.bO"i.O. IlAlIf'w ft illwn

nui.trix.-.I -'tuoluuk. .--.riiAA ~. bolO' az OO'l:IlW n<'lll magyarazhati> "g)'''rt<-hlll'iM,. AK "laMO!
BX 1 = A
X~B = A
&Itali.bM kiilOnhmik.
9 . Ortogonalis mAlrixok
lUi
(4.2,,,)
2::;9. ffi<Won ~t1 ..ljArk<t alkal=uk. (2.2) tip,,"" k.....ln.tikw- millnx
A-. _1
_ ( , -b)
ad-oc
(4.33)
kommulAtiv:
IlholIlZ A ~.. 1lZA mAtrU .......lMnI-bos ~ ..I6.io'",~nninins(1iw<d 2:.9. old.). A ~yakoIw.ha.tI&ll
A ~I
257
(4.3'J)
Miltrixok haevanyai
A' :
AA . A
P>O, "p/'ou,
(4.40a)
P l<lAm11 tfny,7.0
a)
(de I.Aj-O),
AQ= E
(HOb)
h)
A - '= (A~ ' )'
(p>O. '"K..... z.d,1. A ,#0).
(4.40.,)
A...- A'A
(p.q "IIi"",,).
(HOd)
9. K ron"",ker-szorzat
Az A = ("'~) "" B= (b~v) mhttixuk k: RO N EC K ER "wr/~,t1Il ....... j"hlti "y~,ltAllyal ddinilJjn k
A 0 B = (a .... 8 ) .
A tfll.ll"~pollAll.r" ""
l\
(4.41)
"purr" vOlllIl.ko'l.o .,....hlllyok:
(A 0 B )T :A T 0
ar ,
Sp( A 0 B ) = Sp( A) ,SI .( B}
(4,42)
(4 .43)
258
4.1 .6 . Vektor- C5 marrix norma
4.2. Dctcrrnina nso k
.....ktorhm.l>to.'1O' A m;"trixhm miudig h"t.""r,'"J,lh,tOf"K'J"".Am Hz. rx n"",,,i),,), dIrt"" II A II (A

noT7IuiJ<l). b Rkn..k" 'aAmokn'" ki kd\ ..licgiknif,k a nOfIIlJ\ ..noma;t (1iL...J 62(;.oM.). Ezlk ~ lU[icicuiLk
ft
a7. ~ E R wktorokr",
~I ~ 0 minden l!. -re;
&1_ n I">nl."""" ..kkor, hil l!. - O.
(4. 1-1)
4.2.1. Dcfin ici6k

4.2.1. 1. Dererminansck
~. ~
Ixa
I.l.
Ii
1I1l1..... 1l l!. ... kto,
... min'\Pn
), ......tkl.
Vl'll"" ""R.V komplex ,,-duuok. aIlll'i..v-..k.-t<'R""rt.-Jmiku wtlcl<'1iiuk bozzA II kv",I,,,ti k'Lo ll.atrix"khul. Egy
,l..krm... an~t. "mdy"t ILZ (n. n) til''''''' A ., (0....) Ill'>trixhc:<t rend.. Fink h"".zA.
'l. ...-lr<'lloii
(4.4;i)
D=dl"tA=<kot(. . .
l!.~r; s .! +lrNllli"<I"Il l!.k rVf'kt,,m.(harou~.t."KY"'n16df,,~~)(1iuot1181,oId. (41(;)

Y..kturolr. a. lI"",rixuk Donnk! kli]onhij,a6rlloooll ,,",1.hdjiik he, Ci-ISZClli. boRY 'V lS. ...ktornonll....
hoi lIZ A m&lri:lltonllill

A
,,~
rio-hniAijuk. b"lO' ....
s IA a
(H7
',.
)=
...,...,
"'.
(4. ;).1)
<I_I
,,!.AP L\CI>!il.. hJp)"'.. tdrllW"ll;itM'1t",vd ,<"kurlH' mOoloo .lrliniAljH k:
~11.. n....,;g ,,IJ""iljUll. Z.-;t"KY"'uI6tJr",

~ hMUlO'lIl hiha}><",,,,Ji.,J)('u..\ wbl "
ktoe- ...
mAtriX~I. "" v-I~ <';Ill >loll ,..,;ymIJlIJoon~ kiPlo'1Pllk l':ft"lIi.oal kor"pot""~'''''k llt ""uk. H..
~ik ~fv,iIIUWd"lI A wAt~ 'W l!. IW'mn.. lI..... lnor ugy. bogy Il;I; ~wo..'l: m'l.l)...... llkkor
~
A " ....uruYl<>nn41
--1 .1.6.1.
4l
.! .....l1~ tiblll ......Lilt m6trixnormA.olIk
D<"">:".<Z'iJr..
vcktornormak
r.)T <'1U n-<IiIDf'flun.. ....ktor._ 2!; E
HAul' - (Z, ....2.
n- . akkor II ~ vcl1.<>runmN.
a) ..uklid.,..;zi norma:
a:< A _ "" 0 .... ckllJll'2 tJ\rtoW Nd.-tenmnAna (-1)'''~ "<"lI:rnor.

.-U A ... ' ~Iu oM, ren .u M ... nak '-agy .,""'" i:ompk.......t.,"n;Ul
Itt
_'-,k.
-i .2 .1.2 . Aldereemlnansok
t:..v
,,--rdrcudLi
dctlnUllJiLU.~ Q_ p ~
tart<:ra<'>" - l .....h ..uJ,l aldtt.......,n..... ""k II""-..=iik ILZI "
<k-tcrminiw>-t. 1Ullt'1y.-t az...-lou o..tcrmiuiu1!Ohi>l" # .....hk *'1
FJo' nqr;yt'(hmdu dM.t:nuwiw.~ klfpju-" h.vm",hk
b) maxim u m n onna :
~
- 12!;1.. -
IIIJlX
'ss_
1....1
U3, 4:l2 " 33 lIJ,t
(4.;,0\
4.1.6.2. l\lalrixnorruAk
a ) "pt>ktrAlnonnll:
v'A-.-( A TAJ
40,402
(4.;1)
Itt a .1...... (A TA ) " lpll,n"!Ct'"h l>""jAt"rtikit (lA....I 1.n. 010 .) j"lo!i a"-A TA llII,t n xlJ"k .
Qg
Q~
""">1<,,,
A !.ArLAc E-ff l.. kif..jli.. i tfl,llrWlU"

kimon<lnu l;',,,l<-Ir "TVi'll'..... k OIclopo kra ~~.
1. Dt-t erminans "r!pkp n.. k fiigg.t l"I"';:1/;"
A d.\.tnuiuAn, ert eke- mggt'tlrn" kif"jri... "" riu ,,.); "k ,,:~uw.\.t,l.
2. Elojele:s aldetermillanwk h.. ly..-tt.... ,tfoMo
H" pgy <I"t f'nninAn' val;und y """ ""~'ri llli klfcJti,..lI"lJ "". plpn",kllm ta.rto'1h .. Ioj..l... ald.. trlll in H.ll""kat
egy Jlla.~ik sorhoa tart.o7.n plOj"l~ al.kl"'-lUiul'Il>'t,kkall,,IY'tl'-.ilj,lk. " kk"r Ollllat kapllnk:
-,
(4:'1.)
(4.56}
Eh hO! a>'. iw.ufii~"""h6l '''' a kiftjti.,.i IM...!l.o ""l'jHk
A odj A
AA adJ = (dct A) F-.
(4.<:'7)
Eh hO! 1I.7. im wrz ",fitrin ll az "I ,;,hhi r" rm u l" ",1&1ik
c ) os7.11lpe;,,~zPK norma :
"Alii
II..
L a.. A.... = O
b ) ....ru....zeKno fm" ,
IIAII
D41 ......, .....
au ......
--1.2.2. Detej- minansok szamitll..i s7.ahftlyai
Az R 3_hIIn..,.. ..IMni ..... k'onwl.rnitA~t ...Il..z ~,lU 2!; v..ktor .......,."'Il'I ..rt ..kPtjd,.li. A vo kw, >ll...u,l'lt
.....ti> k.. 1LZ Ir '" !: 1 Ln"S",lj..."", 3 v.. kl " , I~t
IIAU -ff Alb.
b"" .~hk l-.Iop wli->oo'..-..l kapllnk .
",,"me; _'fUlt:
:~::~::~:1="1I1:~:~:~1-1~::~:~1
c) abswhit o..szeg no rma:
,.,
lOIn
(4.:':.1)
Ez mHu.tja. h"gy" (4.<:'1) 1II{i.trixllllfmAt " (4..lS) v"kloTllll,m ahw, ....nrl..lt; ik hm ,"-,. Ugy>l' Wl ",.vh,)'."
" (4.:-'2) ", ,.,. " (4 A!l). L"< ' v"l"lllitlt " (/.,>'1)r.. ,... (.1.:;0 ).,... u,.
-i
I
= dt't A A ,..\j.
4 :-..'!
f\h,,11lZ A tnatrix A odj adl' ''' !J,ilt IIlli/nr';'t "., A dc,tn,'i,,,, k f\~ ,.j,; j,.j,"" " ld, I." ' Hlill'm '<aih61 ki' !" l~ iik ''''
v"lI:iil (,t. e metrixot trenszponaljnk . F.7,t "7. A ..~ n"it rix"'- nom "",,1,... 1""''''''''' ' ''l lli pg)' kOHl!,I(" matr ix
A H "djlllLgalt llu\u ixAVll.1 (4.4).
260
-t. L inrfin.. al'lrhm
J. Determina ns n ulUi v4 va lium

EI'O' drt"rmim,"" "rt'<k" nllll.., hit.
Ii ) '"KY IIOr "'"'1"" 111l11AhollLlJ ""ltv
b ) ki>t ,..". <vnw.....] m''g'''K)'f''!ik ""10'
a l t-..... " '1'<0\.,*" ",
aj!
F.. IClWrlol.... k 1loIJI.... lldh
EKY d<-t.<-rmiu.an.. 1lI'ln ,,"'t""-tAlj.. 'OZ ktJok.;t, "'"

a) .. "')fail a:t .-1"paiYlll fdnorr<"ljiik. Ekknr II JootMra vNO hih-o~~_",jl 00<7rliink,
..-..or.<lLtanAk
dM A : det AT ,
d)
vNAmf'lyik ....rbaa m"'oilr.
+ a ,l"l:I"l l + a'lG2I"~
al:!
~ .....,~Pt.
"rt..
n.edrt>nd li drt.,rmi llans

k..
n.m ......d,; d<'tcrruin.>\n,.t" klfpj'-""i tPt,,1 "''I!;;t>o<'-gi'"",! w..-....,...tjiik n d''1ab (n - 1 1~1",lJdli drtl'rminiu\>lra. c;'w..-ru "" <'g,Jo...... <k1.f'mlinim.......' ".kI!'rmulAn!<okr" vnnat knlZO """""iwi .,,,,,hAlyokkaI 'Jg.\'
"z
(01 .::'9)
.u.aw:itl\ni. ho,y k-hct6Ieg..oil D1l11A~J..m<' ~u,

~
"''''* <'IQ' IinM\ri>l komhinilrii>jA! bozzMdjuk. ilIo1U' ki....IlIJllk.
1=3'~3 '~ I :o:3
2 9 9 4
7 12
2 -3 12 s _ ,2- 5
u 8
2- .4
4 8 3 - ;, - 4 0 3 - 5 4 0 1 - 5 1
11 2 6 4
1 06 4
1 02 .fo
5. Sorok OIf"rloj,lonPl f..Il~p6 e lOjelvAlta..

Ko't ""r f~o+Io'oorno'l"<INnminAM f'MJ""'lW'gVlLltortik.
6. Det..nninao5 norzA.'\.a uilm mal
Egy rioot'"'l'lllinl\JlilOl A& n -w,u...l u,;y """'I'1'unk. hntr;y f'g)"Pt1Pn ...... ~t ,,-s>rUiUuk f'7ZI"l" ..u.mmAl.
A.. ( n, n) tipwo>l A w.i\triJr. n ""..vumal Vl\IlI ~Vl'lI ~hrni kiilOnllllCga kowtFr.6 form"Wwij"t
(4. .-J.aJy)
dct (o A l=tl ~do-I A
Ki-t dPt"nninAtJ.<. ~l lIIatrix,.j.k ~ W'Zf'tJiik v~
(do-t A }(do>t OJ = d<'t (A D).

Mi_l dPt A '" !WI A T (JA"d (4.::'9) ), ..rvi-m.....
(H il)
(dct A)(oct DJ _ d,'t (AD) = 01.1 (A B T) '" ,1M (ATB ) = d<'l {ATn T)
(4 t.o2)
~. v"C' .-:>r<>Mt uqJc,l ....k W ~ ",,",kat ""rokkal ""). ~b<1 <lOI'OkW v"ItV ..'v.lo>l><>la.t .-,k).
l'OkkW. ><uJfU'd>at'lILk ~~.

8. Determinane dilfl'n'll ciit lfu<a
fy 'H'dr('",111 ,iM.<'nninAn~. /l.ITIf"lYIlPk I\Z .. I"ll,,i a t J"lIlLm;'''''rditf('r('u('iAlhati> fiiggvPnY"i. ~ a.... _
a .... (I). t """,rinti o('riVAltjill ,igy kal,jnk. IIOKY lUilJ<li!: <'gy ""rt d itf(,rnIcia!IlU k "" 1\7. igy li'lnjii!l" ,l,~
trnni mul.I<t e-.....d)u k,

E gy (3. 3) til>"~U <!('",nninilll.l<rl\ M]>juk:
4 .2.3. D etermlnansok kisZRm it Asa
4.3. Tenzorok
4 .3.1. Koor'dina t a re nd szc rc k trau!'zfo rm Aci6ja
1. Line ar is transzformac i6
.-h
= A~
i, '"
lIUrl
+ 0:2"'2 + ""..13
i 2 = a21.r, +a:n"'2 + a:nr3

(HH)
i~ = al,"'1 -""2"'2" ":J3"'l
Iin.-..\rl>< trl\n"dormaci6111"..rcuulimenal.... lfrhc" " IU' koK'l'<lilli\talrltll.l<Zf, 'r"'.....i61. iIII'. ha A t"Ij.... rang'l.
IWI.Z A ",ngjl\ 3. [tt a l< I,. i.... IlZ i .. (I' '" I. 2. 3} .1O' ,,,. URYfUlILZOUI'0llt ko<.>rd inil.tAi. k;.t kiil,jnl.0z6 fl
..... ji: koordilllltl\Ct"lt.-l"""rn' von"t,k,u.o..u.
2. Einst .. in_fele kOllvenci6
A (Hi4IhPly..rt
vagy
(I' =
t . 2 . :l)
Vl\l/J' r;;vid..n EINSTt;lN "7.prin t

i" = ", .r~
(4.(i.')hj
lrlll,tju k. "'''''', II ki.ts t,<n ....11 ..l,;[o rol,,16 " ill<[,.:u, i;"";'~Rl'.illtk {'II "', e n~ llHi'llyt JJ '" 1,2. 3 r.. fdlrj " k.
A k"'n.....,...i6 a lt"li",.". : Ha " gy kif,j.., ....I,,n "l(Y iu.kx kHK~~'r fonlu! <'I';, " klwr a kif<oj.-,i",t f"JRn iudex
i~.
" lA""i
p, su.hioly )
(4 . ~} )
_.
ki~,.i\Jl)it"" ""
___
Kii lOne-o <'1on""" "'" nI"drt>n.-l,l .-lctrrminAn...>k kislAluiu...iwAl . h"" mAtri:wk ranRi<i.nak a mo:-gha~oz (~2:;';;. old.) h.. ,.on1OM Nakitj"k ';t.lWIl: AZOk lIZ ~,"rw-k . >LTnf'lY"k lIZ"11. an ... a..
...tli> alau YallllU. null6Vl1l ~l.6k A .-lM<'lmiuNllI kti>kr pkknr "C""tI16 lIZ ata!akitoU drlnmmN...
fMtli>jahl\n o\Jlo ..k-lI}('k -..natA-.I.
i" = LtljW"'~
2. H a rm lldrt'lI\hl d..t t'r lll illlUl>l "rtekoA SARRUS-"zohtil.v ",weilll,. "Tn...ly ~ h"nllA<Ir<.,,,11l d.t cilu itla "sra 'rv"" Y'''' ' ''
...mll """ rinl t.i'r t{" ik
-54 1-5 -7 41 - 5
12 4 1 2 4
1 ('-51 1' -51)

1g -: " - -21 2 4 - I -I = 147
(4 tiO)
Det...nuinan.'iOk uonil.....
{6. "".ahAly)
( 1" '1I" 'I)
= -21 , 1
kif..,...,.........:
7.
aJif" n
3.
"""". hvi-nY""
b ) WI1ll.mel.yik lIIOrloui <'IQ' nuUoilr. "''" hnl:r.iw:iunk.illo-t...., kivouunk.

c) ....J.a.r...Iyik...,m.....-:y mNlik _ t<ObbooWro..-.... hoaAadjuk. illct....ki\lOlljuk
a.12
- (all"n"" + 1I.<l"23"1l + 1I.~.OlI1l11)'

Az ('00 kcl OI'Io!lopot a dct.",,,UuAn.~lhl joh]"" mf-gl'&Y"'A'f Io'irjuk. [ kknr ki>(M"72.iik a kih,,,,,ou f."'tic ....
rokbau &110 ck-mc k 'V'.OI7.atallak 3Z iM<7Rl/,.;t. E1>I,01 kivnnjuk .. voualkazor.t ferd.. sorokhl\n .. llo.,]('lIl.k
0:: ) pgy""T mAA .. ,roll 1i,"Ali>< kulUl.lIlAn"ja

4.
0\1
02,./a:uxo",~./.ll'"a:n = 0 lla:na3J
J.:J. Te1UMl?*
minden ~wl,..jo,,<'lhtJokh.. o-t<~,,,,ziik. II" p~ index "'KY ~'RY"l,llct kif..j........... hen~......k '10''''''''' ford,Ll plO.
p('ldAul n IJ It (-1.wll) "KY"ul..th'Il.'"l ,..:1 jplrnti. hogy II.Z ill"lo "lO'.. nlf't minden oly.." ,-rti-kr.. "rvpnY""'.
1U''''!yd "" in,lM: fplwh..t.
3.
Koordin At art"nd~ z e r
D- l = ~
A 0 forS.
tasmit.trix ort"gu,..wtN;.\Ml, 1\7-"2"
DOT "'E
8
OTO _E .
"fO"'~ ..kh6l.IWVrlIu-Ik "" ..lrnwkTP:
(Hitih)
(Ji." '"' 1.2,3)
(4lN<:)
:\ (4 66c) O'ftY",ifol..1r. azt (",..uk kl. bo&v It. D n.t.ir.triI .. ,..- N. ~lopwktonLi orton.ormGltu._
..\ fOlJl:atN<miLtox J.... 1'j,.1l1<'11IZ El"LER'fMI' -..c laM:! 211. okl.) -..gil~ if< ID<'Il;Iutt.Arozluot6lr.. A
.<;i"kh..li forgl\1Noo..li-l 190. okW. I....hrlihrz IMd 211 okW.
4.3.2 . 'I e nzorok m(' F,;adA...... d('TCkszOgu koordinetakkal

1.
D<>fin k j6
u...--
~. ltlI'l-"ftlAI.,w ""cy lWMi T It>PDoy Uoec<1. <xV /I.' o..r+kmigII koocdiw\t.vf'nd'<lA'rlwn 3~ "~".lU"
Ii.ciOinvAl"iamo
"Jt,m1Tl<"1 fntnk 100. Itt ~ _ '.J.. . rn inJ,.x"k """"'" ponu-o-an" n 2: 0). Az
.ndo-xPkf't <l"l>Iif'a.;ik no mioo..ullI,lex az I, 2 ~ 3 i'rto'kM v""'Zi. M.
tv _
Ha .. ,,,_ "1,,fIK'k..... K lwo'ltu"'-l.oU"<'ud>r7..-m<'k ..
m ...I1~.......
i_., -
1'i.'.b6 vNO
tran...,.j~ .. (4ti..\) i'l't<'h....h..n
"
L
L ... 2:, o",a..,
._11_' _,
(4.67)
AI =!!Te~
origoll
(..\.w...)
-e.. )
-e.. e,
az itgy
tt If~trll""-.fg<I..........-.lu "e,. e.",,, e, ..koordinilLflU'Ilgf'ry..kr.. vonatk<-'.tch..-tctl<-nooi!gloyoroll,l'kok ...... A..,. A,. n... e., .. kourdiJloli.t.t't"lVb'Pk....YnOAtknzil untnfv.9GJ. ..,..,.... liiok.
B : ~. ..w.noo., dPfomuilt \.nit wrbrhi &JlavoIAt ..
e
(e,,) =
R.
-R q
-e.. e. -e
( -e~.
("" '" ''')
<r2:J
<rll osr <ru
Juzilt.i<Jf.t=or iI;' le_ A " .. (. J.. = L 2 3) Mrn...k lllal;.ValA7.at&: Az l'lMnikll" """I ~ P pontj6}ww
va1Mrt1lIlk'1tV m siltbcl.i felillMl'k-lIlf"I. aml'lv ....k .. normAl .....,-,;)' jobh.,odr....u r\PrPk.~i koor.-lin&ta.rrndor.<cr .rl-tcllg("Ivi-II..k a:t irlWv4ba mulAI. F,.;"..tI1I fo.hllrlf'tr >ol! etO'.c,;uyi f..I,-lk1.fI' jilt<} AlIy-agtol f'-rgg'"
m5 cgv (I,.. alJ n: <rll koor<:liIJlij" ""ktol'. """"nlhar, n"'lQ'''-Cin:uk a f"rlllllllll"adO kl', Tffig"lyno vo(I
"11 ":;,::
DAlk..o kompon<"l~"'kct.
aw_
:>. Szamil1lsi szabalyok
1. Elemialgebrai muvel.. t .. k Tf"fl7.Oro<Mmmai v..l6_>nAo>a""a:t

.-rnd<iU'-fIJlOroke..-..-adiNI.
h. ki,"O""""" komVOO<-'ll>I<'ukht~ "'!l-..m.-M ..1. h.....oolOlln II ....kton>kn...wAtrixok nlt'gfeiPlO m,h...IPti-hc:r..
2. T.. nzo..uon;at Az A . ilkl .... [J kraoruk ko'lIlllOll"'n...,j 0" il...l ..... b" " rl'nJjiik m. i!I..1_ n.
Akkor kpp"""""k a. 3...... mrn,;
(I. i2a1
skalAr1;."""' ... "--lrl'nJii C l<'nWl" 1w1ll1>"1..I .... jt. A C - AD

""VPZI<uk. ~rvffiY<'>' az _.ocu.tiv. "" di>o;/;nlJlltiv ,q,/\I..,;.j)";
(A B) C '" A ,: BC).
....nd.R7rrlM'n llIlV"-tln:l..wilt '''v....a 'lk .,k,,/Ii, ,,,,,,,,...i,,,,uak V"RY rn",,"";..., .kllltirnak
a:l
iril.nY""ktoraii - ~T, ..hr.v.olh.. to ..
AI.o.Ir.ban,ahol ..
O-ad re ndu t "n z or
EY nulltld ....ndu t.... w, n..k ,,,,..Ir,,~ kornpor"",,," V>lli. lWlZ. "10' ~kalAr. Az i>rti>k.. minden k..." "lin"t,,3.
e.
.... all
r.j-- ..... '" <1" ..b".
1Il<kor T <"gy n-.-d',f1dulm,wrtj..lnl. k t" .. (~bl_iirllZArnok)..lem..k re "d,l.<'tt in<l<'%<'kk"'" T I.....

ror k""'pon ......~.
2.
(-t.W!
(11'_1.2.3)
EhMl koV<'tkc-~ik.bogy minor" lnNooo.ll'f'll<h1 t"n?.<>t uuilrixkMlI il.lml.~....IIU\I".

A : E gy t ....t
~hd"tlt>n.~i "'".lI1ntik "&y '/ <1O""It"'f.. VOMtkm.l>An. IU'ICI)" athalad
(4~)
.... ,\I koor.!iIlAuU'T\gl"lyt'k IWzOtli <7.ogpk irAn)1r.<_in".~.ai,
J...d... -6_.
L
,-,
:l
i""= L La.....~,t.J
... 1 Jxl
Amikor .. k rl<-t+k.'IZOgll knonliunWt-n,l.-.r" h".....1for~at.1..<.AA1 keletkeaik..kkor (4,64H"'0 .. Irll.l".;tfom.ano mAtrixal'l< A

0 ';m'nY"" !II. .. D _ (d..~) ortogoMlis f"'"J'lla.""alnr. A~ 0 ortOl\<>lwio
foQtaWmAtrix t"I"Jrl<',~a"
rpr>dP7.hctok. A trlll",zfnrmacib" ~"",l,,;jy (-I.l','_).. kk"r:
f.. r~RtA.o<a
:\ 0 m....l rix d,.., "wm<"!" ~,.,.
263
r,, =a,b,
A i .. B '~n'"',,-.w.-""'Ail"k
A(H ... C) = AB + A C
Diadikus sz.o.. zat A... A = (a,. at. a.) ;.,.

eodreudd tenzor. en....lyll"k az "I."",~
3.
Ei lliire ndrl tt'llzor
!.f'TI7,orl;<;t.
(4.71h)
n ~ (b,,~. /10,) d . .on,,,hi t''lZ.Orok smnata~' nlli-
(i,j..:1.2.3l.
(4. iJa)
Egy rl";,,ndri 'rnwrn.. k 3 kOIll]>"""'''''' VII" 11. ' 1 .... 13 A trallszformanOi< ")1I"'-ly (4.67) ill"l,jA"
t.,,,, L,,,,,t,
,,'
(J.l:IC 1. 2 . 3 ) .
"'' I><, "10" v" k to r "g)' "IOO[I"U<111 t"n,..".

4. l\fa,..,d mit1 t .. nzor
Az n '" 2
tl",II .. T !<'um rn,\k !J '" k"lllJ"""'W,I' Villi, "md)"('k mfltrix "lakh"
Ez l\Zf,,,hall" wkto,."k tnlll~f,>rnu\,"i"'"~.....hH.lr",
(HS)
alh' ,-"b-l
a1b:J )
a3b, "Ji>:l
,,~~
~,~~
(4.~
n'l'll"l...ntidja . E zt npv<>7.ziik iLl< A. .... l:! wktmok d""J,~". umZ(lIAn"k.

4. Redukcio Tegyunk " gy ","lr",,<1,1 (m 2: 2) !'III.O]'b" kiot lw lyn' ",.."".. indexer k 'iS1<z.."....l.ziink
''1"r" a:t illd ..xr". igy "' g)' m - 2 -r" ,,,101 t...nwrt ka1'1lllk i..,.
I," "",. ,,,,l,,krj,;j,,.
,"t,,,
A "'Mo<lrp",hi C t."llwr (4.7:la). "",...Iy",k a;t.j.. m<,i/"/ = a,bi a'.A '" (a" "t. a,)
v.,ktorok tpnwfSzorzatat h"t.AflY!.z" lll('!\. ow. i .... j in,l"/l<'k'l' v"",,tk<YIh l'<"lllk.;on:I.
a,b, =a,b,+a,h-,+a"h.,
,"'!! =
(b,,~, b,,)
(4.71)
4,'1. 1"nzorok
264
Mkakt. ""~"'" '"KY nulladr"ll,h' t"lw,rt )g'llllllk. E:z I\Z A... .!} \"d:torok .k..I.it.=.orz,.tal
""t.V"""" lJW8.
4 .3.3. Specialis tulajdonsagu tenzorok

4.3.3.1 . l\1A.o;odrl'ud t' tr-nzorok
l. SzAmilA!l i u aba lyo k
A miIIoo<Irn"l1l WnJlOr"kr.. llRY_ k " !I7.Amitil._i """,baJyok ..........nyesek. minI .. ma.lri:xokr... Ki"dbttO,...n font"" 117.. hOC" min""lI T I.<"ru~ lMIlftl",tOCKY ""immf'trik'l~;"'..gy f"T'wn ""immf'trikll~ tenzor
a-..-g..krnt:
I.
I.
T "' 2 (T +T T) + :j (T -T T)
(U-....\
Egy T = (I,,) I.<"Tll,ort ~nm
~lnhunak
t'J = I,.
WD&tkoztAtjllk.
3 . Epseljontenzor
legyen..k az 0";. t. No e~ vcl:l.OrOk rgy .1.."':'JuW:,gl1 koonlini.t,reud.'<ZI"r
pgysPgwktorok...kiwI ervpnY""
II.
I.
{
-I.
O.
E,;y""imIJJPt,.,kll" Tl<>wlorbo:it._t~ = t..... 'uill<lill:~ik "'C D ~ t r~ u,;y,
boKY II t ~ uLoW d~ fnnnat kapun}::
ha i,J. k ciklilr.Ul< (jobhkk-lI7Al..uy).

hA'.J.kant~iklikUl!.
~k"nt
Ekk<x """",......,..:t3 = 2; ..k-m WLll. _I:""k f..lf~haWk ~ harnwiff'n<hl tt'"nzor ..kUll"w-nt. A koorrli~ io~tasanoeto'n. trllD>lZf~_hiuybol (Hi) ki'Jwol:kknik, boc
i..... = d,..4,d..... ,1<=
d d., d..
d~d."d,.:2
d~ d.o 4J
JnAI.IIflI<'Iy<>k II
,.,..m....'MlWrt.
4.
I.lu'1.mO &<I)<il....ktnmkTlAk u"\'t'uiik n. kif'IPglTik /l
T d., = A.!!.
(v=I.2.3)
<>gyeul'k1.. !b. irli.nyAik II l,il~"'J.-I'J ...inyot.
,ndr,,;nM npV<"7.7.iik.
tl'1lUlI"
Sp(T) = I" - l:.r::z'" 1]3 '" ill + i;<;l +;,.,

A T u-nzornyoma ........j alhti-k..k {l8sd 2;'2. old.)o..z.~.
B : A T '" (1,,) I.<"nzor ,k-!...-uillWlAArll kV"ny....;
}:I
i i
l ~~: :: ::1 ~ I~~:}:
131 IJ:2 1]3
T tr/llll<ZfonnAciOjat diagonAl"Jl\kH' jOtrn.g.-lyl..."":j<>r.
n,.",..vA. ...m ikur .. f,q..wkor" t.Pnmr ... r
~yn;;
(4,7lj(,)
/l
3,
~ . 3 .4 .
Ten zorok gorbcvonal(l koordinararcndszcrekbe n
4 .3.4 .1. Kovarians es kon tra vnrians bftz isvt'ktoro k

1.
-6 _{
'J -
Irai_j
"jQ'"hkr'llt'
(..1.110)
A t .. nzor d.. u-mJiniuJsll." ""jatt'rt'k,..k .aonatl!..
L Dpflnki6
F..gy <l"I..hwg/lt.<lJmrt ,n"'lna""lJ.. k uf'w:t.iillk, h.. 1\ kornponeu-ei mil,d"l1 J,r,;h,.og" koorJin"tllJ,nd"".<'T~n.l\ZOn<lf<l\k.Ekkn. 1\ fi7.1kAi n"'llllyirIO'l:"k mint ~kAlArok "" vf'kwrok. "lIldy..k a t euzorok '1"~'i[Ji"
",*,1."1, fll~PlI<'I",k "U61" koorrhnAI,"',u,b""lt1SJ."m~lyl"'n meghereroztuk. ,,7. o'r t;'k~i ""m" h" k'K,rdi
nAtar<'llfl,q,,'r f"rl'\lIt......k" r ""m /l k'Kll,linAt.u'1l,1"7.'" kf"/.dopontjAn" k fl.Z dnumlitAAA!lnr l,..1Il v>\ltnumk.
Azt mondjuk . hOf.\y tm""i,k";;,,,,,,,,,!,,.. ;.. t"r-qf1lrl."m)(lrj,i",. b< a lt"J'lIlo",,,, tt"IIl,'4(1n",i..irii"""n';,,,,,
2. D ..lt ate nz or
H" '1lY llla..o.lwud/l t.."wr I" "!"llwi 10 Klu.lNt:CKER"zilllh6 1um, ""~"lZ
(4.79)
en i]3
4 .3.3 .2. Inva r tans tenzorok
,,-
'O}'
Tf' n zorinvariansok
A : A T", (t.,)
T tnuor ~"J<ilir1'I.t-'r><'k IW'W"ZZ,ik. A "'lji1k.-ti-b-k ~Mk AI, A2;'" A~
' lI - A II:
II~
tn In-A ':13
=0
(UGh)
t 31
tJ:l
t 13 - A
!l>Iruuodfok'll'JQ"'nl.-t gynk,i. A D tr>UllOT.fomLiloriOlllitrixd, . ., ;"' d, .-.zlovwktorait a ""jli.t.... rt;;k..kl,..."
(47~hJ
-,_.
az dmwk /"""".uon.....-iG....ok. Hto tM'iIJ.-tj.jk ~ koor~hr6Y. bo,;y fii"g"tk-uclr.

~k .. kP'ldO(XMlt vaIa..zt3lil1. iY r..........u.-o6l.. "'InOn.ok is...kknr k......:r;ziik az
!IZlWlok egy
barmadl'f'Ddii in....nan.. knzoni.t. a;t , ~ t
".1.
Oi"lJ.o
0 t:13
/l
"'" ir.wyat.a muLt.to
.-\1; inVNi.llll-~ tf'ozorokruU< tnuonrn'll'ndfl.'l><lt k..U Il'Il'ltkiilnnho:tk-tu'mk. Az ul.<'>bbi.>ok '" t..-nzorkornlX""

~ ~n)'f'i, am<'1y<>kIlO'k az..l&kja", U Iorvkfo" koordiuAI.Al'<"1.w.ur (orl!:/ll.&Mnilll~'AllaZ ma-
(''o' 00)
A ill. t"lJ k i~ ..1Mn..k<1
If''Tlg .. I)'''ill<'k
~l'V\.tr" (""'1 1I:1~. old.)
1lUlZ,
F6tf'ng..lytrllnuformAc::i6
T=
....ndfi invarian. t<>n7.or1. "'" Ugyn<'V<'7rtt d../14Inl.Zort,
(,... =e:{ejxi!-) =
mindrn .J.....
(4.7;'1
H"
t'l = -II'
mindPn ........ Jrr.
(47.jc)
a.k.kor .. t..-nwrt.Im'n '.:lIl....drUt..onAk Vl'IY .. "'IUI........ tnhr..;nalI: De'VeZZiik...I, mdM, "Zirullll'"trik..
tc~r '1.1' l:.r::z,ft< t.u ('lr'Iln nlllLioVII.I "Vulllk...I, lrLimlllo<'trla. .... " fprdo'n "",immrtrla. (AIlU>wD,uICtria)
d<-finiciOJA li.tvillf't05IlU1f:_I,hWl,,'hll<'rw.>fo!u.. i.... hoi f'Zt a d<>finiOi>t AZ indcx..k IIK'I'I;hAt.Arw.ott pNj&r..
2.
akkor .. transzformaciOa "l.'\ha.lyhOl (4.6!Jb) kOw-tk.-tik" k"ominit.tJlf,",bwcr fnrl':at,;.....,.kor .. (4.{i(Jc) iilO""k-mhf'vfwlcvd. hogy
i,.., '" d d~J = lJ,.,.
(ot.no)
""""', "'" ~k'lI k jnrgatli.... ""n,in.,ok. II" Iwilk",zljiik ''lO' koonlinA!.JU"<'lld'<lA-"-ix- ,'q;y. hOflV" k...,.<lOj>onl
~ti.....tOl rliggM:\f>nrk, 'p;)' Im....zMrJri.nr"',.,...n..ok ito. ekkor Il '\'1 >!>.Amok!>61 kipt"Zuuk pgy ma."Od-
lIf'V1"Elink. ha
m;'nyn<.
265
Kovariall9 baals
A vaIt,YII"
r=
f(u.v, w) = .r(u. v. u'V~ + Y(II.1.II'}"" + 2(U, l.lI-,)i'",

(4.81ll.)
hdYVf'kwrrai VC"~Mjiik hf' 117. ",v,w " ltalam", g;;rl",v"",1111 homi",ildkllt. Az d,l"-~,, H'lJ,j"'.... rhez 1."rt07.1>
It:oordi,,,itafeWldrkct "IlY kapju k meg, hn "". r'{u, u. w)I"" lOr. ", ,'. ". fiiRl\"tl,u vitJt'YII6k "g.viki-t mindig
aJ!a"donl\k tartjuk. A a,.bb"ji;v() th"""" llliu<i"l1 ponT.jAll h{'l~'lIl kOOr<1illf\l" f~1iil ..t megy >\.1.. hArmdy
k"tt6 .womin';/"v"""!],,,,, lIlCI.M".i "1O'1ll""t. "1l,..Iyt'k 10 ki>o....,,"'lt l"lIltml meunek k..r.-.s>:t iil. A hamIll
vektor
iJC
(4,811
&U'
01..'
26<
. 3. lien:wmt
26 6
ft;l
....-loltl'olltl"'llll knnnliul\t"voual'" irAny,;.h... mntal E,....k k.,..."ik a a ~olh,-'V<>lU.J.", koordinalar<"d

ko""",j,.. /kin,';'t.
~r
4.:
2.
4.:
Ko nt ra""riton!l hil~ilI
A hArom wktor
.!. (1ft" ,
I.
A c
I ::.
(h.
.!. (1ft" ,
"..)
&.t.
D", _
&
0"
"..)
&to
Ht'llh)
iJw
IIr'-Igg"'i-ny<k,..rmu""",, Ulill<lt-&vllCf' n...ro~
1\
(~_~l..)
" koonlinAw"I'-"Mck <"lO'iJu'rfo .. ~'lt (.-1.-.1.. ,,'1<-'11.wz.....t.
0.. &t;""O
ij;;
ur
"[;u. ",0.
or
&r
th.,=U.
14..':'J1
Ax EI"STElSr.. J,r. kon\lPt>cit)t ;olkalJUO>:l-. II k<w>LriAu.~. illnvt' .. k"ntr"v;uiAw; l...w.-W'kt....ok Irfrho.tOk

tn<'xlut,
iJi' = 'l1
;:Jr
{Jr'
("
",_._
<.r.;
- 'h. ;;;;: = 93. lUO"'~
gU =
(~."'l,h)
g'
....,....1,1>8 frvi'nY'"' Il KROSECKER....imhOlulluwtJ Il
(~t\71l1
if,.fj'",<1... ,
......hh61 kovrtko-..:ik II
<JIg,... = <I.....
4.3 .
1.
gr,
"~AT"
"""I...
nAtm
Azt r
2. I
HIl ',!:
A \ -'.hOl
II
(V<71
vi.hm. ill,t ..... " \ ,1><'>1" V'h= villO "lm.. nptd" (4.&;h) al"l,jRll i",f,'% I~ .. iIl"lW' J~I,.""
I,',upk 1l"VP7.7.iik.
" t"gj"lO'zi-!l, Derek...;.i>~ konnlinAl ...."ll,i~~.... Thpn.. kov.. ria.u~""" konh,wariAnll k""r,liuMi'k ,"-Y 1...,
npk,
4 .3.4. 3. Kov ari Ans , kont ravariflllS CS vcgyes koordinat a i a Illa....o drc nd q
teuzoroknak
I , Koorrlin A t lltrAn ~..r"T1n[u:i6
E!\Yrlprpk,t,<'gll k"u...lilll'lI.f\r<n<[,;-~,rl"'lJ lIZ
"
PO h.............d:t~~
o..-crugg"'l...
ulPgy
At f.kkor '" T
&r,. ih:.
- - -,
n. A T k"tlll"JU<'~ k07i'lI \ioIWjOn"

(4.92h)
..... -
<'--fltgg;'" B<-w=t'V" A
V=l'lg,.\'J 9J ... \'lg,=\',i. illM_ t-=\.-",g'",\2.q 2 ... lag"

t~-<')
A \., komJ><lU'"''''''k AkonlrAYIl.fiAn,. kOOltliuAIAjI. a \, kOlllpnnplI""k" ko\.,..-w", i.""rrlim\l./\il jo-Inhk"
i: ypkl<lruu, ... k,,"l<iiniot.AIt knanni ,-~fugg""
\"",I'\i.
ilkl ....
\',=.ql>/\~
(~ .......)
g"l '"
(4.911,\
~ ~I,,)
~ = T[
or"" 0Ui
bUHIi) .' h(5H);;)'" b(iif' *'l,"
illMvr
,,--:=1\",,' \1"-90
r .... , --: ""kto,.. k ktUiiu. ,om"
Vf1O'''''S koordin,id.k
f... "' -
f.y V wktor ilhrklnllwo "kkor
ii . 91.
(4.90)
Eto' "j koonIi~.....lwl.,.],(, atlut'uMt>f.l" (~.~IA)"
<lIZ aW>hi
=~. =
wktorokkal
tf'kintht'lvk k<muw... .... kontrAvariiwo t~vrkl.orolmak.
"l!." ~ iio;,q,pfllgg';"t ad ITM'K A

batarOll. 1IKl:.
3,
-1.3..1.2. Eislirt'nd ti t.-m:orok kovarta ns es kont ravarja ns koordi natai
.ql>/
q,. ii. I"," {f.,
(4.911.)
t- \~g =l-'.q..
i>r'vi'n)"'!'. '" ~ n. II !wntr"variw hiV.I" inWy>'li pgy'-"nd<.
ilj ll1\,zu.t ..
IL= T i:
~hrYon...lti koor'i1""'.... on-....i'<M'f iigyIlf'W7RU l"..trntnnri...o
i)F
gl . akkor A rj, "' a if'
{~.S9)
A~
2. Linellris vektorfilggve ny
E,r;y illliwd6 ko ordlll/' t <V1'lld s"...rb.u A T I... wwr {dl .....~M1AAAVllJ A (V'~) ht..lmfb<-n
~ legjPgy:Ek: ~ ltorhfo.vnAl"lroor,liualAk.... n. "Iflf'ly..-kw
or oe
",-Iham m<>g. Az
r' = r,(ul. l'".l. 1l.,)e, _ rl( 11,. ''".I, lI.d"2 r.( Ill> '''l, IJ.l)i',
....kt"rral br-v<'Zltjiik"" "1.11,. U] WirhPv<"",I'1koorrlinAt4kat
jcloljiik, E kkoTmp,,}""' ..
Of
orl_
OJ'2_
orJ_
or.~
9' = au., = &u.,"'- "",,"2-" VII,i"J- Uu,,'"
lIa 01", =
"'I
_
'"
i),.
I>l'n ..... " ...k ..Ikotj./lk
Vu
Jll"trix.~:t.aI
26 7
i...
T",
(4.92c)
jdi>kt. Atpnzor ~,ko<>rriz...iltiiroll""",.i-lillk. ai.oolA /; ullIn" Iwlltr,,\"";,ins. az I indrx a k..v",riims

koonliniotAkra \,.,nalkozik. :\ i: n. II ,""ktorok kotllj"Jll<'loM'lrr' .ikoc-"rv"nyt'>lA
W~ = 1"11"
(H'lrll
H.... g. ko\<IriAIL~ biozi~t p<'>tuljuk"i' kot,Ir'WlVial", I~. akkut" Il (~~rlh)""" (4.9"k
kapjuk A
To
rbozha.'C>nlOan
Dr... 0'"
(4.93a)
, - au. (Jx. r ......
...... (4.92<1) " tmeg}""
II i, =- T~'\t;
,...-:.tf'fijgg""l....:\ T.l
;,.. ..
(~.93b)
l
~"" konnlin"tAk
k'Witt ..
1*, = 9....91.T:
(Uk)
ii",wf.1gg"" \""n.
4. Ti s zta kovarlans es kn ntrav",r ifr. n ~ konrdinht Ak
A (4,!.l%)-h;. a \1 hely':"" h..ly..u""i\.><,ik II ~I - .q,~,1'" i""'t,fi;I:#"'t,,,~ "~,,m!>!>i! cnt.hllllly.~i
1\', '"
T>,,,,... I-/m =
T....F"' ,
I", ,,1.1.01 a
i'"
"2 (" a:.o
:I
hAz ;~vp kt.or<> klml P!\y T In.....'<!nl''hi l " lIzu r
T. 'g.... = T. ...
( 4 ,~l4h)
..dOd;k , A T"",-t a T t .. nmr ti"~t" knvnri,,"s k'~'I,lillMAill><k 'l<'..~uiik. nuv..l minrlki't indI'X ko" a riAns
Iwl.... n;\ll. Aua lol'; mOdolllmpjuk" t isl.t" k"nl.fa""riA"" kn(mli""tAAAt
1*'" "" 9,.,)1*,.
(4.9;;)
4.:1, Trrunmk
268
m.k 8Ul
'J*l = "---.,,..---t ...~.

UI ...
ur~
(4.~1.)
[z a !r.iiwtk..wt jrl~nt.i: A ko"rl!inat..,...nd!<1,r k....... MIHllItjAr" valb JX->nttiikri;-d>!.l\I..tt "lP' n~dlarl,..,,,d.'l

tl'llwr. "lP' skalar ,it.!toz",tllUl mar",J. "'lY ..loo6rrll'ht t'I1,,",r. "to' ....hor. az "M)..I"" ~tnrtAtJa. f'lO' rn..
"",i"'",l<11-f'llU>r ~tozatllm mar...-!. "tt>.
.'
4.3.4.4 . Szamftasi see balyc k
A 264. okWon mAr lU''glMI"U """,I,.ijyok lUdlrtl prvlonr-k A ko~...tkW............"v...i.......t:wiJyok:

1. ~zeadu, ki vonu A~ ll~Ml<>IJ"'IIrPn<lil tl-nzoroka~. ND<"lyckbcn az "lO'mA.~nfLk mf'gf.. koki III.n.'k llliJJ.olk<"ttUlx-u kovarWvi vagy knntr"Vl'lriAruI hplY""lI iJI.llak. koonlinil.tankmt """".-.ljuk V"RY kivonjuk "" ...........111'"')' lI~AI'IOIYM",n<lill"nzor.
2 . SzonA.. Ec "......1,,'11<.111 ttuzor koordinAtAinak" ~ egy m-nlreD<hi tnl7.orrlll min'!;ll "IY
m ~ n -lTf'fl<lu tfonzort f'1'1.!wo'lIy"3. R..d u kcio T"8Y'ink I'H'<l.rl!'!'l.hl(n?: 2) te~ba'Vk~''''l''g}kolLtrll.....-ww.IwI\'t'tlAII'''in
<lex"" '"lQ..w.-.I ~ t ft; ~O"Z%;illkaz ElSSTElS-f..lP konw.flriOnak rnegf.k-l<....II..n. "" il1flr:ur.
...kkor f'Il\' n - 2...d"'f\<hl temoc" ktoJ..tb-m. E:tl .. lJI\iVP!rtt>t n'''''f''Xl!,ik nonrkwual,
4. Ind n:r..k-m ..li-s A tm1"lOk mJ,sj../......./....... "kOn-tkczO mii....IM<'tprtj,ik: Mmdko't ~ wo'gIIIilJn>ZZUk.", vfsiilu .......tnomy ftl'dnkrii>j4toIymOdon Wogo=Uk "I. ho,;y &Z ;oo.."..k, 1U11P I)""k ",.pnnl
rro.ukAlunk. ~ili'>n~ tf'lIyr.wlwtffllll.
5. Szim metria Egy tmllOrt mmmrttik'IOMJr. Dl"Vl":Ziink a h-t t6s ~ ""IQ" krt tOoo k0ll1/"1MlfiAn>l
indn:w VOIlAtlcozOM. ba ~ fo-l<-I+..,.,.,.woI eem vAitozik.
6. F.. rde u immrl ria y 'rl1mrt frMion IlrimlllPtriku.~Mk Dl"V'PZiink a krit&<lwvariiwl< ""'lY krtt&
koutra....nan.. indruk.... VUI....t koz;O.u. bA~k fr~ -I-gyp! ~ik.
Az "J""'1ilontrnzor (lbd 26.'i, old.) f<'"TtlPn ..:limlDf'trikusa kctt&< trt.~ k<n-ariiuu. V>IfO' kontr"VIlriAruo indMtrlu.. 'IOlII011coaiwl.
4.3 .5 . Pszeudotenzcrok
A fizikAb.on gy>Lkrllll IDf'gbAt&ro1.ol1 ........pel jftt.<zil< " to',u.oroIl. t ~ ....... n.".,;,;"... A k,ilOnoo.<.5t iik
~ vWl~k lIliAn kiilOi:llWgool tnlziinlr. poU;",,", aritil... "".J:tomi-Ir.&...ou (u..J 11'0.old), t:W
lIlato'lll&tiJlailag trI..i-'n -..11<1 wOJuu 1u.~Jbe.tOk. A leir....ukhow kii.lonhcT.t.n..k a 1><>iiIriI< ..... IU: "l{;A1;~
woktorok azaItAI. hosY az &lUA\ill k!-or"kallOOll<Zuk b. inwyuk mt"llettegy forga,.in'"Y Ii.ltAI ..br;iT.oJh,...
tOk. Az uia!ill woktorobt p".... utk> /;;toro.lUAk ill Ilf'WZZiik. A ""'ktorokat. minll"uwrukat ""ltrl1lw!
jiik a ~udokllwr fog'l1uuonuli.ltAl.."o" 1x-v.LA:'tbot'..... l.
4 .3 .5.1. Pont I ukriizk a kocrdinatarendszer kezddpontjara

Tenzorvlselkedes t ~ri n verz i6nil.l
A t erinv':"ui6 fog.1m. 1""""'..... non V"KY A:."'nlintilam.....-zwnh-tjUk. terpoutok ,,~I~,.../;;Iomina/;; <l tiib'6z'-'d .. koordin..t..... I1'.......r k<~6JX->llljlu-&. A hlu-ollluiJnellZio.- dpri'ks7j;g,t koor,lillAI-l1ol"I"!..zerhtn. tJorin..przi6 a ko..r<lillA"'I'lIgd~~k ..lOj..lf"Jlck a IlllogfOrilil.iw\t jpI..nti:
(r,y. z] (-r. -yo -z).
(1.'l7)
Ez{>rt pgy johhfoo-xlrll/;'\ koor<linAt .....nd...,...rt Atvi1l7. egy hA.I......-lr""'" k()()ruin""......."'I,Zl'Iht, 1Ia," ml" h-v"ny"" m"" k""rdillit.llUTn<!!'7......kr< i~. <:i'mbi koorrliniltar"",1s7"'rh"ulI kO,"",lk..wl. kapjnk:
(r ,tt..;)-(-..,Il'-tt. .;+lI').
(~,~)
Elln(o[ a tiikru",..nd 11laJ'",lzmk II v,kt"r"k h,_:t.lIi ,." a kowuiik I':'vo S7jjg va!.t""",t!lIll, Az "tlll'n,t.,t
"lP' 1in~,u-i" tr"ll""f"nn(,,io.'l ki;"wtlli.
2. Transz forms..; io m flt r il( Egy lilll"ri" tr"IlOlZfnrm;\cio A '" (a,...) I.r"flSzfnmlil<:'ionll;'trixlI,. herom,hlll..nzi"'" t{>r!>pn " (4.64) I>rt..lmpb..n II t.prinwr~i6nill" kowl.kf"ZO t'I!"jrl"nAAgu:
11_ = -6.... <ld. A .. -I.
(4,!:l':1,,)
Egy 1I('<I,,u,l1t I.~nzor kOllll"''''u...in'' (4,ti7)-h61 kovetkesik
1.
1.
i_~",(-ltt_,,~.
(4.1.1%)
269
"-~
-.
Isd
1;-
.,
<,
r
ca. .h. .
2.
GAOmetriai m agyara zat
A UrinverriOrn~iti.""t '<"H"IIlJrltrlhMjiill "CY bA....-.wiillW'~,krf~ kool~l~

~<'OIlll'1.~. /I.fIliT kPt ~hPn mutalliult I.. ( 4.3. libra):
1. fy koordinAta~ikre. pi'kfa'l! lIZ r, toW. v..JO t,~ RZ .r.y. l-koordiruitAre",l'et "'t~ Ill!
r , -y. :koordina~lx-.~ jobhc dr..... 'l ro>n<b07..... (1NorI207. old.) egy 1Ml..oor&...u wndzf'rb.-'z
2 . AI. r, y. l-l'f'fld><>-.PfT\Pk RZ y-t.nr'lrly kf>(1ili ll.lU--. f ~ az z, y. t koordinAtarrnd.'QIM' kczd60.

pnlltjArll vak'> t'i~ jOn Ik..... At. ..)"" li""",-lw.,uUtVA ,~j.u boWondra.nt..agot.
El"edm.'ny: Tertn......rzi<'>nAl.-g) po\Arif< whOI' al< ,ni"J<it. tCrht-u 11llJ- W v8Jlmtalja.!'gy axiAlill
....ktor~;.. a f~irti.uy81.
4.3.5 .2 . Pszeudotcnzor Iogalmanak a bevezetese

1. \,pkt nriilJ is " zo rzat a t"rinvil"ni6n il Tkill....rzil>nAl kk J><-JlArito _ktnr l!. ... !!Atmegy .. - l!. i1.
1M""a - !! ...... Irtornkha. azaz ... komp"....n....ik... 1-f'lpiil lIZ ploo6.. Ut!il1-f"lWrnkram+nY"'"(4.9!Jh) tr1W<ZIOrmac;o,. {onunl... Ha AUlnhan ae = a x b wktorWioo -.r....tot. mint AXiali" wktort 1-f'kintjiik...kkor
a konnbnAtarl'Tlrl"7A'r kowliipontjA;: ...Jo tilkr&1horUl!:; = -t Iu<l'1luk.1\UlZ az ..l>oo5rrn<.hl tenzorokr.. YO-"
"atk.,.ro (4.99a) tr;m.>:forrnArio.. fnnmtl .. nern tdptiL Ezht IIs: /UliNiII wktort p~:v..um.,kt<>rnak vag)-'
ft.llJlLiJt"""'l p"zMUlntrrtbl.. 1lJ'Lk nHtndj"k.
:\7.i'x f'. i'x f . V x if = rnti'"",kt<>r!<7.nr7.atok.ahnl r~ hrlywktnr.a jj .... I,......r.gv..ktor. az t Prffi-..-ktor

....V n"hl""I"'rit.tor "Iy..n pf>ldi\k "" ""iiLI;". ....kl.Orokr... aJlldY"knelr. &tiikrOzloorv<"nl"'" (4.!1.Jh) trllT\R7.f()l'lIl;\{;6ol furmllla 1Ilf'l:"1"'g.......t ..redmf>n)'I'7.i" '''rinvrrzi6 alkalml<7..w...llY 1."Iali8... '-"KY /UliAli>. vektor ~kalA"",.n"....
A skalAl""wrza.t eredmenve ('~. ~kaIi1.r {o,; ...1. mllt,kn k""...liu..." '.. I"L<z'r!-...1l \tgyl\ll~ "7. ;,rtCk "
"ltv kiiloniio< sWilr. p.ur",I.".k~I"maknrv,'uiik. 1I111,,[Yll,k 1lZ .. tlll..j<!on.....g. ven. bogy tJ.rin"l'f7.i<'>nill
az ..lr>jPI.. ",,!:vAltmik. A .kalilr /"ryti..."''''nti tul ..j,lul~...i.!:ftVltl" 1",,,,,,,I,,,,Jr....I,u l"'m reudelkeaik .
A polaris r(hdyv..ktorl v('kt"r. i!l,tv('" ,; ( IH~V<'ktnr) .kalArill_>rl.llta "'" ("'iAJb"",Ix"",,~V('ktor) ""iali.... w-kt"rral ".:/, ..~. :J .....,. jj . .knIAwJr....t ,..." hu{ny' '.i, au,,IY"k ,J"\I11U," tiikrWflt en"!!l I; (l""'II Jol:>. old.). nmdylH'n n'. !!..!! ....
poIAri. vektorok a (2,) rrt.dlltf>lwu "lO' ",.:~",I,,~k,,'&r. itt ...... (!!" !!) "10' nxiilli. v,'ktor. A "~!\y'''''~AHY.at
~lr;j,'I~ Hll'gvaltozik .. t"'in"~T'f.ionAI.
4. Psz..udovektor es m .... ...drendl1 fe r<1" n nimm"triku R tenser Az!! = (a,. a~. uJ)T "" !! =
(b1,I>:t. b:-,)T axiAii. w ktorok It'nWr>rIA>'''''too. (4, n,,) Prt,lm{>!>r" ..gy m.\>lodrpnd'l ".."mrt r rNlmcnY"".
ti"".
27 0
aJIlf'lym'k" kompon..n....i t" r ",II) (i,).= 1. 2, 3) . ~lill<l ..n ~>dr..ndfi tenzor ..IMllitlll.tl, ' 11;)' IIJ.imnl<'triku~ .... rgy r.. r<l"n l17,imllIP trik,,>l 1I'laor ....... ~k;lll. (4.79) miatt "'rvionY"'!
1
t,,= :z(a,b1+lI,b,)+:i(a,bJ
- aA l
(i,j=1.2.3).
1'lUI"l)'llck .. segIL..eg"v..1pi>lrlimllill"a.-i.. ''f/..\lf'llltotr..ndszer..k..t Po. lillf'Afi..o ptimalizAliu.i f..ll\datoka t oMha tunk meg. :\.1. ..l..mcser....!..p''''t a
A K-rd';ll "",wu, ,,trikllll",,,,, (4. 100) i-ppt'll lV. (.!! x !V v..ktor kompoU..ll'.. it rn.lmrny.-Ii llZ ~ ti-nyt"ZO ki
0
("13 )
0 f'Zt (41011l)
( -vu -t'zI
0
ahol
C!, =ll:th, -lI\b:,--'1)

"'1 = lIlb, - 1I1~ - c:.
-("\3
{I!Ulhj
IllIW'IY1If'k .. komf'On"L... i .. m"'-oclrt"udll truznroUa m";n)"'" (4.!1'Jh) tnlll,czfortIiN-jU,; lOrm"l"kat Ju<..

If,;itik. Ehb61 km....r:Juozi.k. bo&Y nun<Wn aU&i.~ '''-''t.Jc (pa.."daV<'l[to!" vagy p('u'>ud'l t-,udut<1W.>l)
s: = (c t- Cl.l'))T f..rdm I17.imJrwtrik,," mNoodfrndlI C tMlZOl. IUIH'lyno~:
c ='" = ( -~
~ ~"J )
'2 -ci 0
(4.102)
y.., =
a",II,
+
+
+
a...,r J
+
+
+ ... +
a'"
a - Ia
(::.
:~, :~J
al
(4.lro..\
'" B".
..m (:J m
z -.
r=
141m")
Az (m. n} tlPll~(1 A matrlx a.... "!"!Jl"i "" f\Z !! oorllopv..kl.or a~ (/J = 1, 2.. m) kom po m-nw-i "U>Ulll(,k,
Az.l> oealopvektor r ~ (v '" \, 2.... , n) kOlllpOtJ"!lspi jiigg..flm . " z y """lo pv.. ktor Y~ (~ _ 1 2..... TIl)
kompon ..n""i fii996 ,,,jJfnzrik,
-
<> .. 1 "002 .
o~
2.
{..I.IOC>ooj
..
0..
u ... _ _
"....
3.
0 .. "" - -
-I.
Q ...
....
(II = 1. 2.
0., = - -
_a.... _ a... ~_a ... ~ a ... Q'"
l'OIl!t-.E,
EI.. mcser....5.mla
H" .....(4,1000 j.lUl az a ... "j" ,n uullAt61 kiiliinhin ik.l\kk or lIZ Ugyll.. ve e-u d, ,,,,..u .-r1f,,b IM'1lN. y, vAl
t<TOO filggdk'lL Po. /IZ , . v"ll."w fiigg<'5 vAltoz6 l....a. A ~ ..l.. uioer.... li:p"" l'Z .. l..n"' '''' r..,lj....... "l"IM!'UlO".
1 r~1 0
'1 x,
It I
Fl
1 -100
:
1 s 2 0
11, 0 2 0 1
'"
(4,104)
o.
Q ... Q-
(~-1.
.. ,m;p1i)
(-I10C0bj
(4.105<-)
. n: V t- k)
()..
_a.............. trnilldl'lIPl-i.f<'k.vt-k.ra). r-l .I05<I)
IlIfkor ll1>fwiloau
~kuck
(Ift,.d 509. old.).1Ullikor a.z
""-'-~
c:e"'lc="'"'1'C~'ir-i1
:r~
H"",m ..l..n"........ utAn

(I"..]d ftlll ll, - I . .
!h - '" 111 - 'J) Ju..l>j"k:
2
0
0
.1'1 1 1 0 0 - 2
Y3 - 3 (ill 2 0 10
r, 0 - 2 0 1 0
A~ 1lJ2 = 0 IW"U nino; lo""hhi d ,-n"""''''l'' ld,"'~'g Po. .... YI "" 2YI - 3!fl ... 10 fiig;g(,,;{>gi r<'1""iO
kiolv""hal.r.. A, d CIll,,,,,-'''':'k n.... ""rn,,,lI"'lL .....10 ,I... ,"X7A.....ui'I i> 1ll-llf",b,II"1Q' "" m kia.cr ' lbctt; parj" II
...AlI.o7.i>kn"k.
,I A .1. 4 .
Matrix invcrt.alese
Az (11.11) til'u.~ (, A n..tW<ZiuguIAri>lmlltrixu.... IO;t A - I illvt n m,.t r;";"t ,t d"mCHCI,-~l.;pCt; utdn ka pj uk

lIl"R, Eu k..t "z d "m,""",l'f'-l"pi;,...k.-.t az ;[ A! rendezr-rre "l Ju..h.. ""zuk.
. A ~
1.
1
u .. = -
A (4.103<1) lirtf'Arot fonnAk
Itt lIZ:
A=
"
alaI..... a,
a:laI
..
0., 0., ..
Y.. .u x~ fl-'AA<'Tlf'l\ " al tmi> kW 1root:ri>lht"<'I. A 1it"'An8 f''AA''lk'U>'t-1r; ltZuk"rg... lcor.! pf-ld&uI. matnxok
rlUl@nak" TIlt"gha~.E gyi-I,k'lIl .. ~~ U 1aciO" ....mAi>i>l ko..w,J..uiillcol,....w..t<>.
m lillt"Arilll"lQ'PTlJ<.th& 411
anZ2
anZ,
a",
o~
1.4. 1.3. Lincaris fiiggosi'g
4..t . L 1. Lin eaeis reudszerek

Yi = allZI
a21I1
. . . . . . . .K
o.
",.
It'l
A..mmoIA>< kOnllviu..PhPo. f-l !l7Ahil]v) lIZ 0", ","".. kr, IIIZ iodul6"O/om.&box (m - I )-l ik _ kPrit hor.r.A_,lk. EY'kDt"k az f'!<oo~l,j,jyuknalr." ~I-.""'fi'vrl t<.>Yil.hbi riltati>Ju..1 ~~iink f..1.
4..t .l. Lin carls reudszerek, el e m csere-e lj fm is
!h -
0" 0.,
'.
0,. 0,
0"
4.4 . Linear-is cgycnlctrcndszerek
I"I"...uZff
~.
a_I a-z
""
"
"
o.
f>",
Cttl
o,
oMnAkkaI Vl'".-.ctjirk be. ahoIlI. hAlol<lali""rna II. ("\. 103Il) reUthru-rlltk f..1<-1 meg.
2. Elerncsere SX'llbil lyok
:\ l...J. oIfW.i ....I\l,l\.!>an kil'm..lt a... (
'" 0) ..Irmtt !&leJll.llf'k j~U'-"r,;JO ..Iemn..kj Dt"vnzi.ik:".u ..loom
.. fOook-rn Otalopiwak j60.:loprlAk "'rAwLk jthfl1TlJ\k " krr-<.lt'7.6Jo'oo'lx-n;i.l\. Az oij jobb oltWi ";'ma
Q .... " ' n~ f'\ernfoit" kiYVt"tkf'71i ,/nnt"...,...zoMl,.,4kN Mt.Anw:uk 1nf'lI::
1.
S. FH"drendu pl8u-uootlP'nz.orok "J.-MK\oo.kal&rNo" Jlf'Z"\KJo....k tor fog~ IlZ alWArxa.it4""'-n~ n-f"d~d ~l<,~t .,.wjrlkm:<lm.lr.. hoc''' t i&:r.ta forgatA.<MI (Il 0 forgoo.u..mAtruua
dt>t 0 = I) Ugy viooPlWik. mint "lO' n-nUt-ll<l11 t.-uzor tiik...-....,q \;,...lkMf..nIo! AZOJIMn "KY-I thlyoowben kiilODbOza. A ~,lll1llt.hl poct.ttldolC'llZOl'Okat Lwl pi'ldAull"\21
E,;y ltnrdru
,.
c:o= a:zb:l -tl3b::t-"c,
(')1
0' ,
" ...........
0., ... IS<]
W1.l"IhPI. Ugy bogy" So: - (! x !v lUtiliJi,.; wktor" 'I. '2.~ kompo~kel, ..kinth<tO<"!O' m.....,..I..... n,h1
r..r d"n ll:l.imIDf'trik.. t<>mornak i>l. ~
C = .=
'. 0,
0,.
"
"
0"
."
" ",
0" 0. 0-
(-t.lOO)
("122I)
245
" -;
",
" IT]2 ,2 2 "'" li m' " 13 -I 1.
-'I
E~
.,
5 .
y"
A7 ..\..m..k I,"d,"';';"".. lItAn: A - I ""
V, r
E,
"
E,
- 1.
1 - 2-2
"
( - 21-[,8-21)
13
o
I -2
- 1. - 1.
v,
V,
"E" - 2 0 1
" - 21 2 8
272
. D:
4. 4. 2. Linear-is egyeu le t re udszerc k mcgoldasa .
r] -+- 2J 2 - .cJ + x, _ I
2.1, - 'c2 + 2.1J 1" 2x. = 2
:iT, --- 'c2'
-+- 3.r. - 3
x, -Jr, -3.r
.r.O
4.4 .2.1. Defini cio Cs m egoldhat6s ag
x,
Linellr is egyf' nl..trf'ndn..r

AL n iMn.'!'<'lk'u .rl . ZJ. ., r~ m lin..,;,n" ~nwtel'>OIalii:> rt-nd.""",ret
1.
"III,'" (J,ZZ, ... . . . ...
a,.I. =
III
GZ1I , ...
G200S"
Q2
~ 1.r ,
GZlZ'''' .-
+~.t2+
. ......_ ....
A ~ (:;: :~ :: )
~...uo... ~. IIl1'goldA. " Iwn"'ll.';'n "lIY"n""'ro'fI<W~'TlU'k. tl a ""lI / nrUlttiviAli~. Jin<oArisan fiiggrtk'u ~ !!., . ~
!!J . Akknr I"'P'k "sy {J1O'tlt'Vt'2t~ta!Aplrl~rt (1Nw1 300. 01<1- ) Alkot
AJ: ;
._(::).
..... , a..2 ... 4-.
.'ltO!. fllQ&on. bogy lIZ I
p(::)
0",
~ktur dhiuik (!
14 lOti'"
-" "
== Qj. VAgy IM'fJl
(;!
i- !!). htnnogi-n . i1WtvP ..........",....
~fno...&..um51~liWk_ A UKylll.......,.rtt A .ttAatOm.itru ,,_ ....... -i .....ndw.... I'gyiiuMllli ,

mig 1lZ !! ~kl.ot" 01.. kulUI>ODf'!..-i II. bm..f4.... !4gt>i.
2.
IWIn m~uIJhato.
2, A hOlnugi-n re nds z..r t r i via li. m<'JtokJAN kt Ilb,,,....ndszoore

a) Az A~ _ 2: h0lllOll:{-n cgyt"nlot... ndwnl,,'k lILil"lig VlUlllII-W'wa.....1LZ Ugy!lf'V1'1.Mt tri,.w~'llK.'golJN;
.r, -X2'"
= .r~ _ u
(1.10&0)
h) H" "'" ~ = g, = (a , . (),.
. u~ )T '10' nl"ll,lrivWi:Io 1l1<'KU1,IAto, _
Il T!l. I\kkor ILZ ,!!: = kll ahoI k
= "-
hnniru .."....w.'.......l.urOlk Uf'"W'lCZf,k. Itt
,.s..z ''lO'''uktek f\:1.Aml\ 1Ut1!:.IO'...... ik ItZ ism ..r..tlt-n ..k szillnAval,

ItWllhM" rll.llp;( A ) = 2 . r"II~:( A . i) - 3 miatt Il ....nd""..,[
b. a IJomogfon lin.".ris "lQ"'nIct",lIdoqoorAlt"l/m..... mrgol.-l""'" a kiM'Ikr:W alakbNt &dhaWIlll"g

,!!: = k' !!.1 ~.I;1.Q.., . .. ... kl!!;
(4- , .1:,. ,. , k l rrt:tW~Vl\lhII),
(4. 10t<b)
HIl " ~n cKyrnlctrrn.i!<a.j A q!JiitthAt.6l:uAlnxAnAk" ran~" r < n ......hJ.Y""- "ool n az i6.rnrrrtlt-n.-k ~1lIA. a kkor lMrzik" bolDOln rr;yrnlt'ln'~ 11lCI.... t.a-iMk rop;y alAP"'nd'l:l.en'. H" r = n,
akkor" ~ n rr~nrkarak .. tnvi.1ili~ uor,,,ldiuoa Irtr:zik .
Az r < n.....-thrn "'" a1aprrudo<.t.cr D~tar<.Wbit.boz n - r L-m:M'l'f'tlml!ll'.-h&tl paraJ:llt'>t<'mrk ,.ua.'<Ztha-tnnk ..... " ~..dt. ;"mrrrtk-nrkrl czrkkrl fry-aiik ki. ..kkor 1I1Ilt"&f..... ~ r.......... aloYtenninAn.~ IN'ffi
Irbct u,illa. Az cgyrnlrtrk .... "'" iNnl-.... Iturk ..l....~ roll .. lk'bPt6. H.. pPl<lA"]
I,
Ec
Ii~~,*""tn<'oI<lhAtt'>, '" ~ik IPgA1Ahh pgy !: 0:= 2 ....hor. au ...lyre .. (4. 10l.i0l.)
~ vi1ilr.. fyioI,krut" ~ Il<'lh ~ldlwl>_ A 1DPg'*lba.tilMg""", 0",&01<1."",,11; ~IIA
lIZ (A .) kibOvftMt mAtrix f1lJI&i4t61 nlM. A kih6vil.,u ~rix ll2. A mil.uixloOl ,~ kal'h>.to.1.ultY
rl (.r '. r .
I, = 'c2(r
Lin eAris .gy.. nlf't N'ncin n m l'gOld ha t 6d.ga
L,. -
>tklmr az
r~ )
) .
J_r ... ,.
_I~ )
".(.r._ 11._2
. .I~ )
alAp~iL
.. >kat pi-Jdit.ul..
-.1_I\>AI'a1Itf't.Pi..k ko.-ftknO \au-!A<;AVl'l.! kapjuk:
(n ... l)-nlik -.r.Iopki-n1 boxzA_lk lUI !!! ,...ktor komllODf'nlOeit. Ek kor mpo)',,,,:
All a liD os naba ly ali inhnmog Ph N'nd"urro' A~ AI!: =! mh<>~ rend..,.... pollt.-n llkkor
ha
1.
oI,lklo~.
flUll: (A) = rlUlS I A. I ) .
r '"
rlUlp;{ AJ~a
(n - r)-...Jik a1a1'tJl<'ll:01daI<
kiivrt kl"7Jl .....~,~t.Nook VlUlnak:

(4.lOi h)
a) r '" n ......ti>n A m<>p;nldNo '1O'''rtrlnIl1.

b) r
< n e.1i'n .. m '1l.0I,w nr m rgyiTt<'lm,t,
(4.IOi c)
E:
II -
""""" - r iP<mrrrt lr nt . mint p" rAll"li-!.f'rt. _hNIon ,,;IN<l:t hl\t unk.
(4.1O'J)
(4 .10, .. )
A.
1"2 --- ~3 -
.r, '" 0
I , ... .r2 - 2.r, ... :iT. ~ 0
3.r,- 2+8.r]+ r , =O
I , _ 3Il - 9,C. - ix. = U
s.c. -
3r , - 1"2 +
2'c, 1" .c2 .... 2r J
. B:
r
r~
31",
+2.c5=2
- .c5 = 6
2.c,
-3J'~ = 8
A~ A matrix rlU'-!tia 2, II.Z ( A . ~) k,M "llrtt rgy.ittJ,.'1trimtih-.r

r&lIR,jl\ 3, IlZI\Z II. '"l'",l_ .ruek nines mrgolrlA......
x2 + 2.c3= I
2.c2 - .c:1 '*' 2
3r l
X2 + ~2"j II: 3
- 2r l ... 2r 2+3x J . -4
Az A ....( A .",) n,,;,trixok rangi a 3 . r '" n = :'\ lilian" ""'~"l,

.
10
1
2
<\,., "R}" rtdnltt. A lllel:tJlda.~: 1"1 = ~.
, J". = - -7' r., = - :: .
. C:
1", - J'j
Az A ... ( A . ~) mAt.rixok ran gia 2 A reudsxer 'nrgol<ih"t.o,

ll.l'onhan i1.1. r < TO lilian a ut"g()ldA.~ l",m rgy"rt." lnlit. ,,- r =
2 ism..n 't.!"nt .zat-md p" ramM,'>rrwk v"l ll..zth" tlluk {... Io,!.juk
r~
r, =
r l - :l 2 - r ] + ,C. =
0
,C,-r2- 2rJ .... 2r~ _ _
pH,I""l:;1, = 'cl -
I
2,,
CJ'" ,C. + 2I (XI.J~ trt",,~;l, 'w"')'
,.,., X2"",
_:V' -
2.r. (,C. 1", k't.><WIt'gt"')' AJ."pllltogoldivook!l, - { - ~. ~. I. O)T

..... !!J .. {_ 1. _ 2. 0. 1)T.
4.4 .2.2 . A z deUlcsere-eljaras alkalma zasa

1. Lin.. ari" ru~'"ny ..k ",nd~7. ..n'>n..k ho zzaren< hl'-'
A (4. 1000) ",r " old "",ihoz ",", A~ '" '" lin rfuis "lI..w "lrtrrllc!",,,rl,,-1. hnzzru;"l<ldjiik az
"
2....." "'IO"'nlrtrrmiszrr-t X ,
3
=
".,'c, ;
- 2"] -
A:
,c, - 2J2 + 3.c3
r=
A ,! - -'! Ii"....
itri>< fiigg""'"Y"k rrndl'Zm, t. amrl yrr a1kn1rr"",.znk az <'!"llw"" rt"djArfl>;t (1......1 270. ol d.);
A X =-'!
(4.110,,)
.. kviv" l" ns
r = A:lf; -;l = Q .
(4. 110h)
/\1, A (m.,,) t ip,,"u mAt.rix, "" 1! m kOlllpul wn,,11 ,IIt1, l"1'''''ktor, I\7.>\l'" I\Z .. gypn ll't.. k m "~AJw;'llak Ut''' '
kdl lllPgl'&"v,vl.tli" a.z ~~m"rt'tj" rtrk n "zAmA"I\1. A1, rl ..m r """" ,'ljitr fuo v{oll"n y = !l. Az A,!!: '" l!: rnegoldha t ru..'lg a t . "'l'goldii.""ill"k a ,,',~~mM,
\11.,,1.. ', ,Irmf""'''''''n''' hl>l kiol VAAh lltjllk.
,\1.
2, Linear-is e g..vE'nl..t rendsz erek " " 'goldh" t liltAg"

A (4. 110a) li" "Ari" l'wn],t",nd"z"[ 1"",1,0""" Itkk<>r ol,lhl\to n"'g, Ita" lill,'flrl>< fiwi'ny"k hmzitrf>n<l.. lt.
....,,,I...-,..'r <'r.. (4 .1IOh) " k' ;\'t'tktv",i kH .."d "lO'ik.. {or,pny ... :
~'.' Lm~,j'.,~ i"9Y,.. ld,... .. d,. u rd :
1. Eset:
~lin,I'I1.\1~
(p = 1.2,
,m) kin;fOrfol....t<'l vaImelyik
r~vd,
EL a:.<t j<-Irllti. hOlO' " lin....ns
fiiggvPily<'k ~t..rt,,.dt r<n'h!7...relin..Ari""n fllggpt]..n.
2. Eset : ~bb '10' y,,h.lI': nm..... OIYJ\l1 .r~. amelly..1 ki~lhelu. d/.aJ. "rv';l1)~'"
!h = A1YI'" A11h'" ..... A,.1I.. + >.".
(<1.111)
b< ~ - 0 ~,ou:t j,lelltl. h"lQ'" III""'"" fiiw"nY"'k h<>=i.tar1OZ<> rendsaer.. linriu:iNw nW_
3 . Nem megoldhe t6 lin ... ru egy,,"l.. t",nd~~"n"k
." lin<Wu. "K.\"'II"'trend~l\f'l' nem lll~IJhsW. hA" r.uti 2. D<ct .... n >.0 /0 O. Ekk"" .. ,...n<1,..,...,. ..lI..nlmon-
wi l.art&l.......
.cl -
r. -
2..., + -trJ -
3x, - 3r t ... .J.t.

J
J.r,'" SJJ - 3r,"" -J
rl II II
I
3 .. ~ utAn (j"'ldAul r, "
2 4 -I -2 t'l - ,.21 MpJuk.
set-a 3-3 4-3
lb 2-3 ;'-3 I
-3.r j
2r j
II
...
I <;
in -
.c
:1
.1 ..,
"
'2 :! - '2
.c2 -~ -j 3 -~ -2
II
r.
~-~O-~3
flim .1..11 Yli.ItoWk. ~ lit = lh = lib" O..... Z)
xl "IY r-ll.InkfT. Ekkor .. 1U"'lI:'*lio...c, == 2t ... I SJ = 3t - 2. SJ = I
3
A....lj"'....... 1,
(-x <
x,.
"'"""'o't ,~."
ft ... r..
l'J
r. -
=,
lIllII
alJIJ ~
- GlaI a ... 011
aJIIl
a;aIJ-
... GlI&Sa '" GJ
Cl"ISl .... a,aSJ -
woo..:..,. "KY"n\o>t~ll<'k
..ljariL<1
V"otgy It<'......w.. m<'><l..~..... krt
+ G_S a =
a"
d.t A
lJ1"lJI
Oo:dN Af.II.
(411'lh)
IU inho~ "lO"""1rtn'n<Wn (4.112a) megol<l4M .. xplicit mOOOll "" "'1;,V"rtl'llIlUrIl",U1>IU' lU'~:
x1=O
o,
sJ=1)
r.
D.
(4112..)
A O~ j.'lOlia.zt a .I<'.'rmllliLnf;t, amdy it D!>Ol ' lgy k,lptlwT.ik, hogy .. 0 rlpl<"mllll>Ul>t v-Pdik """'~'I""j..k
a_ .. I..mrit Il7. u" fJl.Mrll> l./LROkIa.1 h..Iy.-II""itjilk.I"'lrliiul
", ., ."
OJ=
."
uJ
fl.l 'I.
a:u
a.,.,
. aiR
(4.ll:ld)
, GR.
Iia 0 = 0 .... n''ll'1l\in,l.. u O~

n, "kk",." (4,112,,) w"d""...r ll..m m..goldhato. Ha II 0
O{" O~ _ (I
mind"n II = 1, 2. " .. , rl ...... tJon. .v....... D .... minden D. nu!liival "",-will,;. akkor I"'"zik fIl"%"ldfL,, A m,'K"
old.... amuhan !l"m 'lIy/'rl,lmil (1"",1 I'iImnl.at"" 27::;. old .).
2r , + r,+3.f'1
9
71 - 2.r~ + .f:l
-2.
3rl + 2J"~ + :l.fl
7
I "I
D'I= l 3i-~-~
1= 3!l
2 7
3.
oln.).
1. G"'u_fel.... liminoki.......Iv.. Az A5 - -'! (4, Il.l6allin<'J\ri,o~nklr"nu.-'TJJlcgol<I8AA.h"z.a.lll<'ly

m rg}... n.....ool all;.,. n i....Il<'WILPnt IMt,.Jnuu:. alkAlJna:(h"ti> .. GA!:ssF/p p/.. """i...", p!"" Ez ahb61 &II.
bogy ~ ~...nkt -git.~...l pgy i..rrwrrtloont" ma.r... lrk "lI;y"nkltkbOl.h"vulltu"k (kikiN.OOOHinlr.).
EzAltallkwjOn 111- I ~<'lIktb6lilllo n-I ~""lffit t.vtalmant r<'lI<loa.<T. E:ztaz..Ivct l"'llf.....I6!lOkII:IOr a/W=uk.lWlig <:'fJ UgyDP'I'<:"U'tl Mrr>m.oz<igm4tru-ti 'ft'".up!,...","=" jOn Ik.w. IWll'lyOOl. akkor
a ~"'" iJkot..... " kiindulk<i. .... "S--,. ~1ha1/lI<I\r,A. mpgol<l.AMillAk .. 117Ama, rg:.""...n'irn mrgkaphAtO. illM:_ i<ioIvaJuoto.
2 . Ga uss-f"l.. I"pes '-\1. .. looO GAI'SS-frJ<. "'~t All ( A. !) kih<'iv;lrlt ~iltbatl>JI)li.trixon mutatjuk
be (Ifto;d 27'2. old.):
~ all I- O. oIWlikor /'7. Ilf"lll l..IjP."il. akkor a ~f...1<'i6 "tQ"1.k-to.-k'i fi","",'T'ljitk..o\.1: aliJJbi m.ttrix-
....
0. 0,)
G.
_..
(01.113&)
all
. - .... , mmokkAi PA v. .......-Imi'n~t" 2_.3..
all
m-OOik""rbox bo=li.adj,tk, Az ~ltoll ruAlnx ..kkor
0o"0,' 0. 0, )
( o a:". a'",
..;,. a,
"n
(4_1131,)
a'",.
All (r - 1 j-,.,.Rri alkal"""'iI..... ."....kn..k" G",ussf(!<> WI'"""klllk.. kiivl"lhw alakhoz
0, 0" 0"
0
""
<I, ... ,
"1''''
a:/oo
0 , ,,, -~-~1
=- 13.
s
~lU'j.
az 1. to: t.'I.iail rrnd.... ~rualllr. .. _ aZI . _ an .
t,1nik ..1.1l7.Il.Z
01
(1No<l
a:/>o
(UI2lI.)
i... Il.Z "KYuuhati>matrix <kc.n-minim.... 0
=0o, =
-1.-1.2.4. Causs-fele algorlt fil II...
~ j,<,......-ct.........k IIZilma az
al1ZAmAvall~Llk
2, rJ
~ 1.,uE'gy1."": A maga._bh <Iu,,,,,,,.;,,,, li" ..Arill f1/S"1l!<'Ir"u,l'<lf'l'1'k gyakorlAti 1l"1l01.-l"""'a a Cran",r~y nl"m alkalu"",. A ,.,..am;ta..i ill;' ny .. no ....kvo <Iim'lwov,.] rl""dki\,ij[ gyol'Ol'lll no . &}>It ,.Jka.llllaz-z'lk .. Iill,....i' pg:."nl.,~J'1'll,i""Rr..k !J"uw,.ik,," m~ol,Ia..Ar"" G"'t'ss-f"l.. Aigoritm'I~I. il\o>tV1' a? ei<'m......,.....
4.4 .2.3. Cramer-szabaly

."bhow .. fontolo "(>"ciIUi.~ .....-tho-n. &lll<"lyl.. 'U
D:t
D1 = -1, IJ '" 1) -
A? ,,!o,<:'l1!ptwn,l....""'TIWk o>gy<'Ttplllu1m,'K"ldfL........ n II =
275
1IJ,.'1
,.
"
f'-II
0
0
.,.,,;.
."
" 0
",.L,<'t
0,
.,,
.;
(4.114)
u)..-ll
{-Il
a ,
I.-I)
3. l\ 1,goldhatOsiig.-.s megoldaeok 8z(una A G",ussf"'l.. l~["""k "lpmi "Ialilkila.-<ok. ,e/Akkd "",,

(A, ;!) mill,rix r"'lltia,," ,vad" n'l"I"""r 1I"",,ldi_,,'''' IIllw""ld"""k \'l",lk"U.,.. ""Ill \,[Jto" ik, A (4.114)
b61 a 1ll''K')I<lal'']() inhoruogcn lill('"ri~ ''!lv''llktr"",I~,A'rT<' II~ l\IAhhi ,,,,,,!pk,t kapjuk :
1.",<Jt: A H,,,l"'A.,r n..m n"K,.!,IIt.. I.'" Ii.. at <1;:-1 1). II;',}). . d!;;-lj s'I."nlOk pgyik,> nullatol kij[ouhiY,,,ik
2. """,t: A H' ud "z<'r w,.. gn],III" I;' . It .. <l;~~1)
a ) r = n: A m..golila.~'1\.vfrtplnlll.
'" ,,;~/I = .
u!~ -I)
_ U.
Tnv,;,hh" 1I,pgkil]iiu!>i;/,I,'l.jiik,
21 6
"<'I,,
b ) r < "' .-\ 11"11,,1<1;...

"!D,prt.. lmlt n - T j~lJlt''''IJ"" mini param,;tpr ,q.ah...j"ll val"",thato,
.-\ 1lJ~)I<l.I ...tc~ ..,...t;.t.,n ..,.. i~m ..wtklllIu1 ""uke,,"""',...... ~ lllol"" egyr'nl,tt..J Iu-'dlvr .. (~_ 1 H)h.~
Ha az A matrix ranlti.. " ( TIl 2: n ",i.. tt ,.I,h.'" IU; .....'h.11 fr1r ' rn nyfo l llnV.ch i" k ) . akkor Il:< ATA mat rix l",xit,v ddillit i", rt"gula.-is. "".al:. 1">rltlAl~ItY',,I<\.<k rf>n<w"WI,,,k telj,." r""g11 A _t,'" rgyi>rt,-lm,i
I.art<Yw ruuOllll<l....mAtn)U\ ''lO'''ll1''lro'II(~'''rl,nj Illf'ghll.tArOZZllk.
Ilwgold."-"" WUl .
A: x, + 2r1++ a-, + .IX, -2

21, 3r
.Ix,
3r + 4/ + r
I I I
4-",'"
r
2
<hi..,
-
Haro lll G Al:SS 1cJ..... nt.an a

kih61f,I.. 1t "lO'iiUMtoITlJ\tnx
a1ak
x2'" 2x ... Jr l _ -2
JA
(I 3 -2)
:2
~
0 1 :2 6
0 -0 - -,
-~ -I -4
0 0 U.;o - .Ill
-\ nlO"g01<l..... "'lI:Yi'rtf'hll""''' !wlf'l';7.ftl.!llt .,...., lW"llI"-'.i>RlIlIIlnxi,lm"i\n" pgy"U!,lwll.t.....",rhOlk;;....' ..m,k

.T, ",O,s:"" l , r . = O. J" t =-1
3.rz - 12.r, = -$
-Xl - 2.rz '" 5.r~ 2
K..t GAl:Ss.-WI"'" utan"
0::; 17 j
5J"2 ... liT, = j
k,bOvitM:1 egyiitthatOmatox
0 0
0 0
3r,- .l"2T 2r._ 1
..u.Ji:Jl'
00
00
i r , - 4.rl .I. _
0
0 0
0 0
~ ~.o..IIf'm"lt.vrrwIUlll fy l~nlft"'tk"flt!WIol.-lI'MMDf"tPr1lf'k vAlN<.ltu.ulr.. prI<"'ul.r, = t
B-II (-oc
(-1_3-12 _5)
-c t < 'XJ).",laq>j"k:r,
~.-I . 3 .
'5 -
~t .rl =
17
'5 -
st,T. '"
I. T ulha t linnott "lO'.. nl .. tN>ndu......!r.

Ax
A.x - .!l
(4,JI:'J
Iil...vl._ '1O"'lIlctwndlvrroJ..rfk~il<viiltb .. l.i>mfttriXA A == (4;,) &boli _ I. 2.
. m:J = I. 2.
.'-':
m 2:". Az A n"'trix ....ajohhol""'i !! _ ("h~.
. b,,)T ....ktor isnlf'rt . Kc.......iik""' !! "" (rl. 72.
. r .)T
y,kt.ort ...u m ~ .-.
~iiuk IUlJuJIti to l oft ... "d.UTI6l.." megu\da.<iwak a vu...lk...-l_ ....... !oull
..-b<--u a ~,,,",,,, mrgMtlu-ozh"ti> 1"'l<lau!"" d<lIlawTP-<'ljAriL,.""t
2. Lt-gk i"" bb n pgyv-t .. k f.. \adata
lIa (4.11:') "l!Y gyAkur),.li I'i]<l... uu.t.. m"tikai llll><!follj"t &dja Ill',!,: (A . !:!: ;..,. X vak'>:-l . ..kkur .. fUr ,..,.,i
h.hiIk ""IfJ mM hilwik..u.I,ja.. n.1ilio1
"''''It
r ;;' Q
(4.Jlu)
~
(4. lI i)
<'rw'''y.... lt'gy<' ll. ........... 1,,'10 a hlh,;/;; .. ,:g'J~" f("i,,:<"ft ",illilll,.[i~ l"lQ'c " , 1::,. a:1, "lv G ...l1sstol ,~.arrn"zik,
A (4.Jl 7)-t 1"9h,,',I, ""9 'IZd, /;;/r1"dalan..k 11<'W~/.z'ik. A. lid == J r T . r normal. az [ lIl>\l ", [i'kwkt nr
(w/.lduum) mamdfk,i,,"k "flg9 " "' N/old" ,. h, ba)a" ak n"VP',,?.l k.
3. Gllu ss- t rall5 lfurm Mi 6
Az.I vek tor [>ou t"",m IIkkm lIl'Il,<>ld'''''''' (4 ,II i ) Hair. . iJ.. "'" r lHllr"d(kv"k tor nr tog"llit.li, ,v: A U1i",j,'1l
....?lnflMa. E ? Mt jd,u t i. ho gy:
ATr :AT(A x -!!) =Q
v" lI:Y
ATA!: "" AT!! .
r.
!T! + Qo!T~ = min .
-1.4 .3.1 . T tilh a t Arozo t t lillt'aris egyen letre ndszere k es linear-is ncgyzetf's
kozep problemak
! = A!: - !! .
1. C bol f'sky-fe le e ljuts

HA"'" A mAtr ix tl!prt\llgli. .v: kor ftl! A TA mlt.triX""illU .."triklL~b l>oZitivrlrfi"it .... 'IQ' .. nortIl.lil"lQ'",o
1,.rwn<iIwT~olciaNlr"a ("MO LESKYf,'lc ,!jAr (1Iuo<1 9 1:'. o!oJ.) kluAlkozik. SAjllOl' pgy nlln,...ril,,-...
ID>-tAhil ..Igori tmlL~rol ~...... >:dJ. am.!c """k.!lftl .. Pl'OblPrnAkllAlllluU<'ri!r.,,,,,,,, jl>inrlll!H.tll"''' vi.....IWik.
lUIId:v..k.ll~I;u
m....ad<'k ' ''''ltJ c... II kiUli.
2. Ho uM"ho ld .. r -eljarlil<
;\'uu<'riklll<;\ll jO <,Ijiu-a.. a !cgkj".bb lli'&.vzoot..k f~ ll~"lc~" "" orl"""m.ab~....lyirfi< . amrlv
"'" A "" QR fak tormo.:iOn ..u. IJO"rik . Al mAXhatjllk a lIoI;S EHOl.DERdyini.t. Ahoi A Q "RY (>n. m)
tjPll~l' 0I't0K0I1.w.~ mAtrix i", R ~ (m. ,,) l.Il)tL~{l harOt~lnx(14".rl2.j.;J. ok!.).
.
3. RegularizaIas i probk>ma
1(", rant{ A) < .-. . a ~.....lrt""'",Ir.z<.'f Ul'ID oIo-lh",I<" Inf"II: "RYht"lmik'Ll
"'" ortogonalizA1f".i
"'jftrfLo< ~tad1Ul .. .....-Im"nvt...xWZ<:~. Ekkot- a {4. J J j) AtlT>f1O" Il.Z lllOlK"V't"' tt ~...... pnob-
"""""
Tulha ta rozot t lin eAris egyen lc rrc udszerek
Ebb." az .... -thrn ",", :! v.-ktort ligy ll..tAr<rauk Ill'~.
4..1.3 .2 . A legklsebb negyzetek fdarlatanak numcrtkus megoldasa
4.5 . :\latrixok sajat ertek-Icladata

4 .5 .1. Altalan~ saj.i\ti-rl ek- proble ma
~u "'" A k B k", k-o-..dratik'L~ (.-.,.-.) tfl>1~~I' " trix. E!nll..ik
VR)' kt'llJl'k-I....amok lrhMllCk.
A f"lN:lat. a), ~k .... /l1; ~ t Q ho=Atarto7I> lttorolt u..-gh..tiorw.......
A!: = AD!:.
(4 .121)
f"j<-ri ki M riltnltin.o.< .<tIpjt<'rl':/;;pmW':",rit A), >'7.Alnot ~"J'; t~t1':/;;u<,k. "" X ....ktnrt "",pjl""ktm-uak rsW'ZZijk. Egy ""jAt....ktort .,."pii,u <'K)' t<'n}'f'ZCit6! <'It.. kint .... lmWu-~llllk ""i Illi..-I az !: Vf'ktt>rral "R"iitt
.. qs: (r kon.~t<\ll.~) i~ .. A-hoz I.art".,,':' ....jlitwktor..-\ B = E ~1 __ Wi.~ ''''''1. ahol E <'10' ".ffir<,n<hi "RY"
..egmatri x. ""-"7.
A!: "" A!:.
iIl<,t v~
( A - ),E h _ Q.
(4. l n)
~l>n"i<i1i, ,,,)<it,'rlfk-prnblfmat halltrm m olt Snk alJu.hnJU'hl>IU1 "lOf"rdlll, t.iiblmyin ..-,.immM.rik'l>< A
matrix"'-l\l. Ezt .. kOv..t k",,;;kh, n r....'.],-I....U t>Ul1Y,.Jjllk. Ax A1tl<iAnos ...jAt'ru'k-I,!'>h[imAra '~"li\tko
...0.."
"1"...io\Ji" irorlalomra kdlllW"tlllk (liL...1 [.UI).
1.5.2. Spf"Cia!is sajilt(>rtl-k-problt'-ma

1.5 .2. 1. Karakterlszt.ikus polinom
A (4.1L'2 ) AA jill,;,r1;,kcl{V'.'Il! d <'gy lJ<>Ul'lgi'll li"<,Ari,, 'lO"'lI!,t f<lltl, "n t hal.Ar oz 1mg. il111~lYll" k pontOf<iUl
" kkor van ", ",tri,i"l;, X " Q m<,gul,IA...... .. ",i k"r
d<'t(A - >.. E ) ~ O.
(4.1Z3a)
A de t (A - ), E ) == 0 kif<j ti",,IK'i1 t<t kal'jllk
(.t. I I S)
Az (4. 118) ~<,,,I,1. <'gy liu";.ris 'R)'Illktl"u, I" .'r l!u,t;irm. meg, emelynck kvad rat ikll' '' RY iitt hat,o" ",tn xa V'UI, 1',,1. non" tiJ"9 y~n ll'!,' k ...... ,I.zt ...:ll.k lll'w-n iik. am<'ly" ..k .. dilll'H/,i6j" .-. A (4. 11':')h',1 A'.
"t"",,,-t,,,- A (4, I lll ) hm G At'ss,,,,,,.,,/,,,,,,,,.';,;nak ", vl''/.'/. iik. :\z AT A mAtrix "~illllll"hik"s
(-1.1 19)
Itt "'" () > O..,;y ~r=il<i" ptJra",':ln. A llOl1lla~..."IM.-kII. (4. JJ9}-hax:

( ATA + o E) :! = AT!!
(4.120)
non Ii"""",, <"KY=lct"",,1o.zN "fO'iHtl\A.u>matriX<l. .. > II-r.. lJ<R.Itiv drfiuit .... r-..glll.ri~. &Wnban <l(I'
alkalllllL'l ~1ari7~'<i ('ManM-I"r ... vA!M:xtAM "LV nffioi.r: prnhlkl'" (lMod 14.,-;[}.
<1d (A-.l.E ) =
11" - A "'~
,,~,
" 'Il -
..
1I 1~
A (\~, ..
"~,,
111:1
+ u .,I.+"<! = U
"'P~(,I.)=(-I)~,1.~+4" ,,I.~-'+
(4. Illh)
t'!t""'lI]d..t !am.ltrn.o:t,h~. "yy.."I,'I"..k;

a P~(,I.) polinomot htm.ll........ :/,h,.. 1"'1"'/l""ULk "' ..."7."iik. A polinom d-rusl...I}"';..,., A matnx ""JIIt'r.
ti>k.. i. rvi'IlY"'" t ,-t.vAlrR'" (.. ")I;r"""', k_h<ltikns A mat rixr..:
I . eeen :\z A .... l ""'trixn..k POllt",... U" <Iill<lh),l- ,1.2. .., >... .....jati.-rttk.. van ........k f'gy ,,,~lfok\i 1",IiJ)OflI " :a"n",lu-l)"'.h" <W'kM ~ "_,"",10 lII'ut'l'lint",,,,kW <'gyl,tt -unolj"k :"" pm>t>:imm''1. rik,,,,"'atrix
,...j.urt#'kpj J,ob"l",k komplrx......unok ....
2 . eset: H" A7. A ~ mAtriX e-.......jAurti>kf' ( "darllb ) kiilOnhOzii. II.kkor 1o'tez.ik 1-"",1."""", .. liT>f'4
ri>o&u. fllAA"tlrn.l!. ""jilt klor. <Illll"l,..k,,), = ,1.,,1"<" kapou (4.122) pg:.'f'n\Prl"<'n.-b<".l<ro'k ll"'W,I<tA,..".i
3. esri : H.... ,I., <'gy ""ro......jilIPrti>k "" liZ A
- \ E mAlrUllI.lI.ltia r, Ilkkor .. ,I.,hps lArt<ozt,
Ji.......ri.""Il ii~k-o ""-""h...ktornk !OM"", "1':)'1',,\6 "" ".gyn~1l mngt".o,u'"'l"'.,.,j..,._" - T, .vr!' E~
iTWn.,-. bA I $ n - T, $
I\UI.7. minr\Pn V>Iro.. ~ kompl<"x k_lnotik\L~ A . rnalriXllAlt I<"IlNilIIi,
e,;)- ..... ~ljoobb n VIIIiM YrtY kompl<"x IiDIAr~",,, fl~1rn ""jilt.... kto'" vau,
.4. ""jAt.i>rti>k-[dtH<"! '"JlY l'0linorn."ls,...lI]'IIl'k Ml"llll''g. Ez t
l'\;l
'l,.
A:
2-3 I)
3 I 3 .
( -?> 2-4
2-.\
-3
31 -,I.
3 _ - X _,1.1 ~ 2), - O.
-?>
2--1-,1.
-2 A""j..tw-lttornb.I"h<:raajuklartoll<iihorrtOlt"nlitJ<.i..-i,.t'JtV"'fI
,Wi ( A -,I. [
.4. ....jil.ti-.-v-k..k,l., =0,1.,:>:: 1.,1.,

\Pt...-nd~hoIIutIAmr.zl\k """l .\, :0; 2r, -3r, _ r
U
71'" Jr,
U
-5Il 2r2 - 4r, U
.1.5. 2 .2.
. akkor ...kOYetkWt k..pJuk:
.1',
3
= 10"-1.
3. V-!lzeM.-s sajat{ortekkel ""lI<j~lk....w m at ri x Eg,v ~_ ..... ~ - A) - ),l = .. = ~ "",jatt-rtek

h..-" 10'~ P lincarNw fl~kIl ... jat "'ktor ! ,. &I.
!,. . A (<$ 12'1) InI"U I"Zek lllUldMJ. It<'mtnvw;,.
liu..m..lwmbin&ciOja a .I..b<v, l.artuli> ""j.. l ......klol:. EKkL& .. GRAM SCHMIDT f'1e ...-t<Jg~
d.jMa.wu kivil&<ztbJatil port.~"",j4tv .. kt"t"_ o,.....foPtlWl.: Az A matrixnak P"lltoo;!W n V>Llu.. or
~
.....j&t.....k tono YNl..

Gram-Schlllidt-r..le o rtogona llza la..i E'ljaras ~ \'~ <'lO' tM...,~ .. -d im(nziOf,. Et:K uossz-t wkt<>rth. A" !.,.~.
L,.E \~ wkto....k ~k li~ li"iQllPnPk. Ekkar !i'tPllik iV,
l!1' L
.L E \:. v.. kt.-.rokllllk "8Y ortogoflAh~ f1'n<I-f1'. """,1,..k..1 ~ kiWM:kf'Z6 mi><Ion ko~ !r1wh...
tunk IDtW'
4.
1: ) . aboI Cl ~V l.<~"" kon<;
tor XI =CI(
~.
II
L A bnuAW"(07.n homogPn l"<'l ..k.or megvk!1o:<il.b61 kapjuk.~' r3
3r, - I, _ -;[3'
~D I3
I ...kkur .. """"tvrkt<>r
1,'1.~~.
)" = -2: A houillArlo"'" ]">lU''lif'tl rrn.-ls7 ffif1Io1.-lA.<il.hall,r2
3r2 = -5r2 - Lo.ogy<UI2 - 3 ...kkor II. .....jill
( 3-I)
(J
B,
1 ,1
- I ()
,M( A - U:)
A ""j"ti-rI"k"k.\1 = 2, .\, =,1., - 4
.\1: 2: A7. rJ t.d"7il1"l\'''I<, '2
aho! C , <"10'
~-
-I.,. I ) _
I1
i", II'RYI'''
I,
-4,r,
r,
t<"t.,~,;I"R''''' "1
'2 = l.r'l = U-l" ';";[, '"' n,r3 '"'
- '3
Et:KLIDESZiDOIlll8.jil.1
_,1.3 + 10),2 -32),
= 1 . 1:3,7",1"
-+
32=()
"" jat w'kWI'.!J. : C, ( -: ) ,
x" -
[iil-';I-'; "tl"" "" jM.vrkto,Ii't.'>7,ik 1'"1<1,,,11
C3 ( -~) ."hO]C2'C3l,(.t~";lrl-t''''
_0)
(4.12,;)
JPIOti.
L -
II
...:L.
_!..
l... -
-.
Abol ...
. Ll=(D~ =(D 3=0) E"I~kn,~~.ik'

!I =1= (1) . . 1 =~ (I) ; ~=!1- ~:::~L - (1~2) ~L - ~ (~I ):
y
K ~l Iilll'",-i""",
I.r<': ~ = c, (~) ,
J!l
:<..l
(A- - 2.3
........
_-'~.=..o _!T
koV<'lk.ezo1"'I''''''Il,[1 = -1-
at",l C3 V trh-,J;lo,g'''' kOIl'tat"",
-'I
1 4- 0
),
1
- I
03-,1.
== Jr2. I3
-i) .
C.. (
,-,
1
t .. l...,.;;l~ .....II
t"t~'",; l.-w'" kOll'l"n~,
.\,:.\" - 4: A1. .("
ko", tnm." k,
klm
I2 _ n J, =
~ = C 2 ( - ~) ,alwI C 1 <1Q' t.. lMl'i~ ko.~...
,~
(L. .t)
LU1lisok:
1. .4.1;u..y ) "'" L ''''"1I ....,klorolr. kA1&n<w.--""w jdoli
2. ..ur .,-:. . y ,...k~ok~;"rrn.wmh61IIlPR""I'JukN'i:,.~.
-II
),1 ~
'~l
-2r ,
val,,,, sziltlm,trik",. m"trix. a kii""t -
n) van.
= 1.2.
Aln..ly<'kct a rnegfd... lo illll]tipliritiw<"kkal "i'''lI~.ltllJr..
2. A sajatvektorok ortogunalitasa A kiili;nhi'ozO~. I- AJ """'t,'rt'k,khcz tartoW ~ "" X, ""jat.....ktorokortogonalisak. AM:t "rvi-nY"'" Al'.
:!.T~ = 0.
j.U 24)
I.
!l =!.d:. =L.- L~!'

r3
A uu\trix
A ~ajatert"k-prol:>l"ma tulaj<JoIllWKai
A ""jal"rtikek szema A~.~ matnxn...k P<)llt"""ll n """"" ""j';'tprt"k.. A, (i
I.
"
Iv.
ke7.6 tM"]"k i-rvi'nyt_k:
Jr,.
Val6 s szimmetrik us ma t r ixo k, h a..;onlbsARi t ransz formacio
A ~I""jl\fu< AAjilti>rti>k -l'rubl"IlWlI (4.1"12). ",m"lyh.-n
2.
=~-
_ ( ;//3,
) ~
.~_- ~
I ( ")
y- (L.,.!) L~
(ll.!,J -' (L'Ll
-2/3
,,3 - I
(!....!l)
F 6t f'n gf'ly l r ans zro r m ad 6 . ha!lOn I6"aKi Ira nn formaci6
kli",lrll va.l6H ~"i mm rtri kll~ A miltriXh07, Iflr,ik rIO' U orUlSlnn>\.li. mAtrix f-,; pgy D rlill.gonillmiltri x.
<lJnrl1Y"!
A = CDU T
(4.126)
Itt. /I D di"go nAlcl" m"i '7, A ""j Atr rt "kr i, "" IL:f. U """I"I'"i" hm,.Ajllk IlIrt O'l.n normelt """jAt.v..kt orok.
A (4.126)1>01 kir~v ..tl ,'"iil ki;VI'tk"" ik
D =UTAU
A (4.127) f'gy !olrngd ym", . z/ "n ",ir ;,i. E:" ,~' I 'v, A rnMrixnt di"l!,onAlfnnuill", vi,,,,iikAt
Ha II.<l A kv",lratikus mAtrixnt " ro'gIlIAl'i~ G k"",lr"tik"" mi,trix-z.""
G~ ' AG =
(4.127)
old.).
(h",1 2~ 2.
(U 2tl)
d6[ra.......I tr"ll>Q.formAljllk...kk<.1 '10' ""MnlM,jp 1",,,,,,'z!""M4:,orol J-zi>lunk. Az A ""

lu....m lok""k n"vt'Uiik. (~t,v.u)/"":
A lll"t,ix"lu!.l
1. Az A .... A miltrilmkn.. k IlllY"Il.."",k" .....jil.t..,"i>k<'i.Il7.><Z. h......,,~ tram.zfonnMiOv>l.l" .....j..

ti-k"k ".'" villI.r&IlU.
2. H.. A ""imm.. trik,,~ ...kk",
i>- ""imulf'trikll". a G ortugoruilis:
..hol
(4.12'J )
A ( 1.I 2'J ) ..........f'igg ... l IliUUr<I.i.'''91 trn'.... :j"",,oicwuak ....VM:ziik.
tr"l1>odornuioiO a AAjAIPTt"k..kM
(,; .. sximm..tf'i,it ulf"lI:l>u"tj... A (4,117) ""'I jd'llti. IlORY <'gy >ttiuuuMrik,,,, A ul<i.trixortogc'IlMi.> 111"'''11~ trawWocrnil<'~ .llAlt'>IlIIli7.lilhAt<'>. """""" D ,""'" <liagon31nwrixl""lrarL'<tformAltu.,,,.
u ..
A =
(~l~ ~).<l t ( A -
"'
A EJ __ Al .. 3A -::!- O.AAAja.tmi>kpk A, = Al '"
-l",~ = 2
A3 '"
tM~ .... .I, =
2, Al: TI
&hoi C. ~
(_~) M.!2 '" C, (_:)

I ,.
wt-'ll.61rw:.. luxal.ADII. As A
.......tnrnbl.&hoI C I (,;
S~ .I,. "'" I I =
Cllt~ kow-I"'
I Vli!ai4tN.sal. ""j.. t .... ktor &.l = CJ
,k.
(:) ,
.0\ (4133) tnu1>""fOftllA,ci<'> Ilvakorl"ti m~i"'- .. (4 1271 fouo,,~dyt'all><ZfonnaciOhol kiivl'tkc-Lik,

f.z !<I.Cffilc'i<'te>.cnazt j ..k,nti. boK.Y a koonJu";"t>twt,d""...rt..mvclJiik ~ A fUi,.trix ....j .. tvrktor&i!>.)\ All" U
flI1.ol!ollww&trixszal tOni-no fo.-g~u.. k irgy.llOIYII
, "",-,r,2
Q - 3-'L-! "'L
(4.134 1
A7.
L IIlC A matrix
d~UAlll"'lrixa. U
tiJrtko6 fOrgAw..al, atlll"iyhPn a di"4onAlf'\PJI>Pkd, =
J..
....r.,j<-.t1idik " D diaUll.wu.otrix.v.al
A uoljPoo Ir""""fOl'lllMiO a
C = J; D
mAlrixJaal,rbaw r ...... kapjuk:
Q _ ~T ~_ ( l" m)T A(UDi l - j,T(DTU TAUD lj
(4 ,13<
'" i TnTLDj, - jT Ki
(4.136)
I . A MjAti>rti>kpk ki!<7.AmolhAtOk" karalcMWJ;tiku,,~ (4.1231 [Q'Okpiki>n1 (Id_J>i'kW,\ 27~. '*l.).

hatAroo:ni. Ezt-k"
(4,130 )
,_I J.I
Itt AS! '" (I,.,ra. . .I.)T .. vAlto,"'>k ....klor".... 1l7. A "" (0,) logy val<:.< szimmf'trikul\ lI";"trix.
A Q A\aknl ,...ntf~ drJin,tnpk V"BY
bft",t,,,-k tlPW'Zz'ik. tu. csak pozitiv vag)' fl<ll.. uv h-tfk.. t
,...,.,.. fpl, f;" lI,lIll1 ..rti-k.. t oo..k Il7. I, '" rl _
= I. = 0 "'l"Ii-k"'lld~-O'r", """",i fpl.
A Q Ilinkot 1'<.;<1;,' ''''" "1YJ<l'''~ zn,.. ,l..jirulll,k IK"'''''7.iik. lut. ILZ ht.. lui ugy ..nolvall pj,ij..hi.k, .. null ..
{rt.. bt ",.oIlMn liil.l. kiil<.nl,01Jii-rt...krPlI<l............ ill fdV'f'hf"ti.
A Q vi... lkM"""r,..k m.ltf..I..t.....1, .. hozl"Jlt/Lrww val"" ""imm.. trik,,~ A matrix...t i.. I...../.il.i" ">oR" "'lta'(v
ddlnitn..k. illrtvp rqs-mi,I,611iu"'k n."".,...' ik,
'''!I'd''''
Va\68 poLitiv d .. finit k""dratiku llllak. tulajdonsagok
1 . Egy Q viii"" J..,zitf".ldinit h.,.,lr.. tikIL,,.Jald~"l" h<rl.zAtMtm.i>",""'" szimmetriku A llllitrix llIi",I"1l

fOAtU>lmll ,,110 d ..m, pm.itiv. 1l7.ot:l
(i= 1.2. . . n).
(4.131)
A pO/.itiv ddi"it.....I(l1<k .. (4, 13l) :<l!lik,,"lt... F<'It.;;'..I...

2. Egy Q vlll':" kVI\Clr..tiku" .. l..k ["->Ht,,,,,,,, a kkor pmitiv .I.-finit. hll a I"Y,zAt"rlc,.,,O A lui,I,rix ,__ z,'"
""j iltpl"Ii-k,' poziuv,
3. ERr Q = ZTA ! w.lt.< k""dr"tikll" .. l"ko>I., ar""lyb"ll" ho,,,.:.t"'t......., , A mllhix ",,"gj.. r,
kn-li~k IlZOn......
lWm ,;.,--,...k ki
NT"
~~
,.."dkiv"1 inslAhil a1KDritm'L<;t mll-
tatnal: ..... a:fAZ.. az 0, 'TY',ulrAtOk kill vil\tozlw.;,." AJ urll"lJ,rl)""k ~ tllllO" VliltouWLhaz vt"U'tnrk .
2.
A lIZimmctrik"" ""jAtfrtfkproblh"... IUllllf'l'Lk\l>' Il>f-~a ~ algoritmu..1 dolgoztak lti.
KM. <'lj>iri.-.tiJ}"t H,lOnb<ioo;tct;ink ~ (1N<c:I14,KI):
LL a,JI,TJ a xT A !
! =-Ci
A normalalak .. Ioollit.....a
l::hh<-:< az A matrix karalctcril<ztik"" l>nIinofuj.uuur. "'" 0, /I = 0.1.2.. . . , n - I) 'TY',uhatOit meg lu-U
I,.
>U
3,
4.5.2.4. UtmulatlLo; a !'Hijit.t erti-kt>k numerikus lIl~hatarol.a...ahoz
1. Va u... h adratik us alak. d .. fin ldo

."u.
,r1..... S. "Al~'Jk <l;.Y va/6oI kwwi,..tik'L' alakja Q a ko,..-tkl'71i,.Ja);u
O1..
.1.. t.P-t.'<7...n,.,;.... "!6r.' 1Il..g...mU J>07.itiv h-tikMc.
\Ph.. t Atvinni, ahol 1., 1. 2 "
miLfrix ,.,.ulIlIK"trilmll." lriilOnhoOall_jiw'rti-kckhMltNtozh .....-
4 .5.2.3. Kvadratikus alakok ((jlengelylransz(ormiLci6ja
2.
(4.l33)
~,
..takot kapjuk. amdyb..n
j{\t.... ktorok o ~ .
Q=
L k,i ,2
.~,
Al = A.z - -1;A~tNtozhbr>I~,~n"'t~rbOlkapjnk'~'I,""17"'~'
IS = -II - T~ .,u .I I - L II = 0;... I I
O..r~ '" I ~ti."MI kef. linririo;an "'Urllf'u ...j ..t ktort
bpUllk.a:z.3:, =- C I
Q = iT K~ _
t"'.
Iv.
(4\;12)
a) TT"lUllt7forIl"lMio.. pljiLrA.<oolc. pi>ldAul JACOBt ...ljiLr"". HOUSEHOLllt;R t ridiAgo nal iT.a1" '" QR-a1goritrnue:
b ) h .. rari<'>s ..ljAr.......k, p"1d&lIl_ktorit....ftc:'t6, 1tA"LEIGH nlTZ-~orillll"". UlVrn iV'rariO. LA:-ewS..Ijar..... f..lP?ksi ..Ijara...
4.5.3. Seingularis crtekek szcrlutl Iclbontas

I. Szingularis ert.. kek e..lIZinguhiri8 vektorok H""" A "ltV (m. "I Iii'"'''' Yai'" matrix. amf'lymk II nLll!U>l r, ukor l\Z A TA ",,,trix >." ....jAt.. ,ti-k,'in..k .. l"r~itiv u(-gy",'1gyOk,.it ... d~ '" v'r.' (v =
I. 2.... r) """"'okat az A matrix "Z"'9r<ltirv< ':,1,:k,'1I...k u'"f".Q;ik. A,. ATA lllatrixwUt" lJ<>ztJojllk tarw.w J!..""jJ\j"pklorll.it lIZ A matrix J"I," "M"ll ,z"'9"Mn. ,,,.I,:tom,,,,,k. az AA T mAtrixll"k" hoz~..ft.jllk
t.Iu1.01,o Xv ""jatwktOfl\il.u A Ill"t.rix
"Id"l, >zOI\9"J,iru ",.j,t"""mM ll....~1.'ik...,~ A AT mAtrixnak
az r darah I11l111i.t0l k,ilonhiO'o A. Mjilli-".'lco' "all. mint az A TA matrixnak:
",,1
"g}'''""".
A TA!!,.= Av!!" , AAT.Y.,.

A~'y"" (v - t.2, .... r)
johl>- '" hal ol.-lati ~zing"IAri" v..kl.orok k01.iiui OAA1.,'f'iAA''''
(-1131a)
E1.~ nk iv;il ll
A!!.,. = d. '!.."
A T.Y.,. = d~!!.,
(4.1371
Ervpn}',,,,:E Rr r I'ar,~{> (TIl. n) Up""'1 A wlltrix".. k Vi\l >r p01.iU" ,l. IV'" I. 2,
. ,,) ~"ill~"l<hi<;(,rt(k<,.
E1.,.kh..z Ii-I."" ik r ort.onormAl t.JJ..- johh o ld.. li "",in!,:"IMi..... klm' i.,.r ort.ouollll"lt..Y.,. Iml o ldali "zi n ~ll l;\ri~
....kt.o r. F.~Rnkiv;i lldf"/jk a llulla .zinl("I"";'" iort"k,'kl,..~" - .. ort.o""ruu'!t !!.,(v = r + I. .... u) jobb
oldali OZiOjf;llIAri~ _kt.or "" '" - r ortonor"'''lt..Y.,. {II = r + I . , .. , m) 1",1,,1,lali ~1.inl\lll"l';'" ....ktOL
2"
280
,.Join\.'
....n
1. A
ti-krk
2. H
"3
Egy (m,l'l) Urn,,'" 1I11\.trixwl.k B<:f,,'rinl van 11 ,;,,1,1> qldali "".ingu!"",, ....kto ra;'" '" b...l ,,1.tAli ..~inR1l1Ari~
wkt.or.... Illllr lyvk o..-r''li:WhlltOk ort.ogonA.li~ "",trixokha (IA....J 2::.ti. 01<1.)
U '"' ( ~ . Ul . ' . u. ).
V = (::J.. v J .. .. , ~.
f4.1J.:l)
2.
..........A(41
o ...
...
k>oplll
4.5.:
1.
Az .cl
vmogll.ljA. Az iWlctkallr.uI, ~ mpl\7ionA!iI' ...".,\.Mt itclo.'klr.kd fugWko-zilr. ..haI az ..;....tptt

it.'lPt it;~Prti'Iw."...kif; .. mwltlM ...k Jg~"rt"k ..tOl ~ "" uokat iMarb.{'""""" op<...-l<lon,ltlOI fllM..
JtOg%ltjiik a k\a."""i k""OI><T"toro!l altAI ulPghAtArozott r<"I4ri6lll.......1. ..... jrknt;""'1:
00 0
~~
O'<Zlor
_'\ E~I A~
" - r Of<7Jop
~A
a:z A mAtrix ':'''f''l4"'' m;ht ,,,,"",,I, j..u.m..ta...inU. _aiil<. At. A mMrix 11'. Ulwt ...: A matrix
(m. n) ti l"""U;..,.....: rb6 r ol~ ...ald."llil"II_ = d~ (I' = 1.2.
. r) kl\,i1 oW!; nu1lAt tart.J= In "
d.. .....imollllZ A tuiotrix "".in~lllAri<. ..rti!wi.,

3 . ~Ikalmaw A 1IZi~ iTti'krk --noli Mbonu<.- kihN<.<nAIhAto a:z (m, f1 ) til"""1 A nw.rUt
TIlD&l1oDalF: mrgh..tArn7.6Mhoz IU. A !. = !! (L\...o. 276. old.) \{llhat.ar07.0tt liD.-an" q;yt'nJo.tt.-n<w...r
kO'ulius ~Ic~ u '~IIl',,",,-1.1 ...,..lm1uirwi" d]<ir........J. &ZftZ ..
IA!! _ h J+ ,,~xa2
kWW~.
abol
f. [t "...c.-b,j' .,-otr. =mWl.

_I
<t
'.1
('hs Zt't N t ito'k-t.. k
A ~ IttlrtkaJk"l,~~ "" O".....'1.. tt ;tp]P...k il':~i-rttktt..z '-'IO'ft' it.:]..t.k ig~ktpkpllPk fllgg"h\''''bo-n
""'"'",
kM il"lrtkalkul,,,,bo-Li a.Lhwa.:,1uu<.k \<kintjiik
Od,.O 0
1t...I...t
F~v it..1M bizon_ hdv",,l.f>k vj"""Ati;kriMO<\{,..!.<rmkoo'!.r>o VlifO' Ill<"'t.. .".>g.... nyplvtl mon<!a.t forrnaj.<ir
htw. A ki-IPrti-k;l"'g pl~." (tObbi-rtt k\l Vl\KY ftlzzy !oKikK 5 .9.1 .) kUllon.lja. hn&.v pgy ;Itlet ;Ra:<~h-It'k ..
..ig""~~""IJ .JLa.mil<-. aII"']yct T tn... (""8.)' I ) illlt,1' F falM (VJtV o) bo-t,h"f'l jPlnhlnk. Az lJ':~tk ....
2.
"
jilh.,J
1.
o0
o
IJ =
5 .1.1. 1tfletkalkulus
0 0 0
o d,
. A
5.1. Logika
Szing ulari.l er.... kf.k !lzlPri nt i r..lbontiLs :\:t AJAhbi elOoillita..t
d, 0
5. Algebra es di szkret matcmatika
VAGY IT (.-t V D )
es U'
(5.1
~A
(A 1\ 8).
(5.2 )
(5.3)
.1IA .-t. AK KOR IT' (A. ~ D )
FiAI
~A AI\K OR f.S CS AKIS AKK O[l H.-\ IT (.-\ ~ H ) .

(5.5)
ht .. \.--\GY miooil': inkh.J>:i~ VAGY jcJ...uI~'l. Az lIul.hkMi<'> _u-hPn M A ~ D OloPTAtorTa M alahbi.
...oh~Ulk is lI.ItalAn......k:
A implik8lj& D t .
D f<I:'Ilu.i~.....-t-bce
I.<JVi"bhA
(-1.1 Ill)
A fp!ti'tPk B -u ..k.
0=1
> 0 "ll;Y T1"gll]ariz.lVi06 panuueter.
b -\).
3.
l g.. "siIgta b lazatok

Az O\-'<"rntorukhorr. a:z alahh; iR~t"'hla-to""tmiul iJ\~fiiKgv':uy.k., Hlld..J1u.tjiik...1,,1 A eo B
""illlholwlIok <>Iyan vll.ltcm'>k.;un('ly<'k .......k T (0,< F h-ti-kJol ""twtll..k fcl (ittlo-t val to w k ):
Itt llZ
AQ l
_I
:i1. I"hl""....t. Az rwl.., kKJk,,]UM i~l\>".".i'l:t .. hlazata.i
, Q.
frt" k,
, Q'
ciMini
2.
1. Eg:
fMI. [i,
Negad o
-mF
T
T
F
K onjunkdu
Dit<zjunkd6
II
"8
Av B
F
F
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
T
T
Impli kild6
A B
F
F
T
T
A ,* B
T
T
Ekvh.,.lpncia
.4 o D
A 8
F
F
T
T
F
F
A ]>o,
2. "
"",jal'
3. Ep;
4. Az itetetkalkulus kif..j Pz;"'",i

Az .-.gyvfllt"z,:'-' (lll'i\""io) "" kd val toz';" (konj" nk.-i' J. (li.~,jlllLk.-ib. ilUl'!ika(" ib i.,. (kvival' Hda) r"]oci,,k
alal.jan bonyolult i'""r/A't Plt it." ]<'l.k. kif..j..,.r"..k /I'ltl ...t(,("k fd . E'A'kl't " kifl'j,"",,-kct iu<lnktiv (,1.011
dd iniAljllk:
1. MilHk n Mlando '''' ",,11M;' kif,j,.,,,,,,
(;J.{i)
284
5.1. L<>gik(J
2. HII. A ....8kif..~.akkorllku...,tkdlki>l,
(...,A).
(AflB). (Av 8). (A .... B) ,
( A ~ B).( ::'. 7J
A T es F lo gikai o'rto'kekr.. vo n llt ko zo ~za b.(r, lyok
8.
AJ. Irasllloo "lO"=l1uoft~ k,y.k..l",n II k ill...& 7.l\Wj.. leket dhaRYjuk ..... " I'rl o ritA."IOllAt rUgz.itj iik. A'J.
a1i bbi f..J..oroINob.u, ruin'wn ", ...rAW "I'6ow'htwn kot mint" IIOITMlrllx-n kfMhh kov.-tk..ro:
..... A, V. ... ...
Gy>Juan "" ~ ...,A~ hrl)'Y'tt M

AM -t (Min k. iUt"l.v.. "'" A OJ>"r&tort ..lru.gyjuk. P"I<lAlll lI A V (""8)) =>
( A 1\ 8 ) V e )) ltif"jezhot ~l~it "" iY irluolju k :
9.
A v11 .. A8 vC .
3. IgauilgfiiggvenyeK
Tulajdonibunk II kifr,;..zn. minden itiolrt v4.ltnzOj&UU
.4 B
.4vll AD vC
r r r
r r T
r T r
r T T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
r r
r
T
T
T
T
A v1J=AB vC
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
r
r
(5 .151
AT '" A ,
(5.1:>3)
AF =F.
(5 .1r..,)
Av T = T .
T = F,
(5. 1:"-)
F =T.
A k.. tt&
tagad~ n
(5.1Sd)
(5 .150
a balYII
A = .-t.
~ i!:a:I~krt_ FA
..
kd"~
'W'ik lrotl"l-
~ b<-,I,..lydteo.ltboi'nrk mo ncljllk . Az 0f>"T4 torok ig~bWAta.i~it.",,&~ " kif" j<-d... IllLU' '''U
(5.16)
Az imp likaciOiE. lIZ "hival.ruriA ig~Ah1lwLta.ih61LMbAtO. boQ r-:<f'k m*< 0l'rniLorok.lr.aJ. lIZ alilhbi
~nk-tck "","pjAn kif..jt>7.hPtliek;
A -=;>B =A vB
I>f'hool)'f'tU'Siu.,..;.t..,.~ egy i8~<'-rt<'Iut l'-ll-
(5. 17a)
A~8 =AB v Al1
(:'.l7u)
dfoIhM.lmk. P..1d.i.ul .. rent n~U kif.,.

j<-l..... <'gy baromv&wliJ& ~~llyt
E'.zrko>t .. _hilynkal f..lha.'<7.nAIjuk majd ~ I i~k ~itMara( ~tNoi're).
(B OOL fiigg\'enyt) nv,...,.a'lll.li.l. (1-..1:>.1..
~.1.5. ) _
MindPD~tl'I.t iti-M lIymodou "0 PIv.ilto:z<'>o itI~n yt lOd 1lKl':. ""lO'iIo

az ~<-rti>k"k mindPn ... ~ <'0
~rtdm n-oo"I . flO' A7. n-vAl.~
~k l<l.&mA 'jr . pi'ld4nl kPt
riJ.taz6ra I."Z II IIZiLm 16.
285
A A
'I II -=;>
.-t v l1v AB vC
10,
.-tB 'I
=
e ",
B V C ~ az
..w>biak -.-illt iguolha&O: A V 11 =-
AB V C =
AD v as vc = :Ao v AB v C : (.4 '1 .4)8v C = TB vC '" B ve .
Tovabbi atalakitA!lok
.4.(A VO ) =AB.
(5. 1
A VA8 =A vB .
(5 .181
6. Az ftekotkalkulus 1I1llptorv. n ye i
Kk ~ t i ~ Akkor momltmk IngiMi~ ..kviYllk.~ll('k vagy ktkllawnot<uak. Iuo ,,~ Ill':
igaz...agfiiggvionyt I1'P~lIt&1jAk . E nurk ~h-ztkbnJo.-.ct.ctt itkk.-t..-k ~ ..kviv.u.-nriAjAlll': ic~
~tokutjAnt l"'~6 . reldAulA '1 11 ... AB vC = B VC. ""fO'lI<AZA '1 11 =- A8 vC
explicite nem fiig N A viltozc'>tOl.ll.luiut Af, a fellti igazl.8gt&blhatb61. mac ki,l..riilt. Az Itk lM. kaJk' I]'lI<ra
&2: a1&l>bi aIapt<Ubalyuk kW'lIy.......k:
1. As~&OCiativitu
(;' .8&)
( Av 8)v C = Av(8v C).
(:U~b)
( AA 8) A C = A A (8 A C).
2.
KommutativiU.s
A A8 =8 AA .
3.
(5.%)
(S.lo.-.)
A 8 v C ", (A v C) (8v C) .
(5.101
{5.lla )
AV AB=o4.
(S.lI h)
(5.12..)
A vA 0= 04 .
(5.12u)
(5. 13..)
A vA =T .
(5.13n)
(5.14..)
::IV'D =
(S.U n)
Ab!'!zorpdo.. a7.0nOOtsilgok
A (A. v 8 ) = A .
s.
AV8 =8 vA .
Diszt rib utiv it u
( A V 8)C = AC v BC .
4.
(;' .9a)
l dempotendll
AA = A ,
6.
A h a r m ad ik k iza r b a
t.
A de )\,forgln, "zonOOlAAgok
AA ::f .
TIf: Av11.
AB .
r r
F T
T
7. Talltol6giak, m a t ema t ikai vegeredmeny.. k

ERY c....z..tru ftkl,of. akkor "II."lan..... {>rv<'lIvl1 m/uo "1,0",,"] t.."t"lilp;i.., h.... T {>rt"k,l iF:",,_~fiiflJ.,'V<'llIryd
I"gikai]..g ..kvivalcus . A m"t"m"tikai v{>g,:r..om"uyrk I\Z It..I,tlutlk")lIl' ..,..ahAlyait kovrti k lp;y I""l<lA" l
lIZ AltalAUOM &v"'ny',
A=-B
1J ~A .
(5.19,,)
kifr.j"';h<t ft-lr rdh..t&.i>gi S"/.ahA!ynllk n"v<'Z~;ik. E"I't ""
A ~ B '" 1/ ~ It
(5.10b)
foru01"", fd irt suWJyt" kovptk""J;k;'I"'1l m"~"'"It.~h"ljll k: A~t .. t(:llyt . hOjlJ". >t:'. A:~] kov<>tkf"l ik.B
"10' 1M r uegmut eth etjnk , hoI'S 11-Ml koV<'tlwllk A tfny t Iga:wljuk. A~ indirekt h,z"nyltA<lI.ZOll a1.fIpl-Q.Lk.
1l<Ij(y B ,;Jlit""t lconisnek fclti,t"l""vp
..nwnnyilwn A i~ll-7. "llrutm",,,I;'lIlra ju tnll k. Form ahsan PZlIZ
rlv "" it"'l.. lkalk nhL~ szahalyai !If1l:lt.....K...Vr! kiilollh07J;k;'pp' >1l' rh.. t<'> h
5.!. HlI1mll " ..lmt'lel
28'
A=-B _AD=-f'
(i>.2Oa)
V>\gy
~4=B =Al1=B
(:>.201:
A =B -A1l' ~A_
(:;.200::)
5 .1.2. A peedikatumkalkulus kirejeztsci

A matnnalikai logiJu. m~..J~lU: it;'!fotWk"hlllll&l uagyobb kifej<-...x.-n.-jii Io,tik...... VlUI ""'iik.""x_
AfT,. .. ...elra.. hops InAtrlnAtilClli objooktumok t,,1lt.jdOll~1 h. .. kOzOttiik kYo I"lAri6kAt Il'irh_uk"
5, A predikaturnkalk ul"" tant olo gi Ai

A I'rPdika.t"mkalk"h.1ll kif..j............ill..k lJl--g.r.riOj" It k'i"""kcrJl talltol6ltiAkkaJ irliaw Ie:
.... "xP(x) =3x ~P(r) ilL ....3.r P(r ) = V ,r .... P(,r)
wk ""lI:il."-"'Ri-v,.] a V .... 3 kVlUll<>rok ,,&,, 1lI~ kif,j<'zll<"t6.ok:
'1x Pix) = .... 3x~P (x ) ill. 3rP(,r) ....'f x ~ p( x).
T.......hhi predikli.tumkAlk"I""I,..1i tA,,~:
'fx'lr P(r ,,) = 'f " V r P(r . ,,) .

3r 3, P (x . , ) = 3" 3r P(x .,)
'I x P(.c) II 'I rQ(x ) - V x ( P( x) II Q(x,
3x P(I) v 3xQ(x ) = 3x ( P(r) V Q(r))
prnfiJui.tuwkalkul'lIO ....01114.1.
1. P rt'di U tumok
A v~.ut objPk""OOM.t '10' X IWlnulwl.. pi>lAAlil .. I~~\.t'o; >IZlW>ok K h~ fo,ti"k ........
.-\Z q()'Cdi ek-u....Ir. t1lla~t Ij"'ld" l1l
prill<ZAn.tl k k......kw kiU.Oui Lt.pao;>lawkat (l'i' ldiml
win ki.....-bh mint n"l pr....tik4tumokDAk n<"V<"ZZiik.."-z X halmazon rrtcllDCOM'1:t n-v;\jt",""" p.....tikAtllm
~ P: X" - {F.T} ...~. ~Iy ~~..,.fj dt-m<'k minden .. -ffii'hfoz~ ig>Iz.<oi\gewb.t l'f'IItH A
w"
~",-'mokraff'llt ~t
2.
Ut
l'"...ubtum~-.illPtwo
kk,lI.ItaBilo.
wn kivi.il kvpn~_k "" altWbi ooplik4c.ok:

'I r P(I) v '7 x Q(.c) ~ 'f x ( PI X) V Q( r)),
3 x (P{r) II Q(x ))
K.....nto rok
31"
3 r P Ix ) fonu&hoon ifbatO..,. .". kvautifikaci6utjAn;u: ~ fl"'dllu\'tu mokbOl i~"'took ~ . ~ r.; .. ~t""lIZ&mok lWmaza e. p az ~n prin-.Am~ "&Y""l"'*"
pR'dikilum. 6JwI' A 'f n P (n) bawi>o <k.. 3 n PIn } iga.z .iJliw.
3.
amdyl'f' iga<I: P Ix ) w
..
A prt'dikilt u mka lku lus ki ff'jf>zhtoi

A prt'dikAtUmblkulu kif..jezftot-it ismM. induktiv m6don J..finiAljuk.
A1~bll.o
,r. f'kmi vAlt<Jdl P <!1:Y nv.iJ.l.<>:WoI p.....J.ikAtumv.iJ.l.ow.ckkuo-.

P(rt<... , r. ) kift.jt-7bt (.. lPmi fnrmlllilt J Alkol.
Z. AIIK'IIIl)-ib..o A ~ B k,fljczhork. akkut kif..jt7ht Alkotnak az A1abbiak i...:
(....A) . { A II B ). (A v B ). (A ... B ) , ( A~B) . (VrA ) .... (3 x A)
I.
~ Xl
(f.,21)
(';.22)
iUolnvAltmi>Mt fiiggf'llrtt vAltozi> n<'lkim pnodikatllmvAlt0z6k""k t..kintjiik . Allor kitiInik. bogy N it"'lf'tkAlkul1l8 Il pfO'<lildl.tumlngikll ~ IIlkotja. Egy kif".ir'zi'shru_rcl.16 r "1O""li v4ltoW! If'kOtOttn.-k mon.-ljuk. hA A7. r "1;.\' 1rvIlntor vflJtozi>ja. ('I r vagy 3 x )...... cui...k h"thkt'''h.u VIllI.
KiilOnb..n X .. h~1I Akif..j~n IlZAtw:I vflJtm.o.A1.olp,n pnodikiltumJogik.>..i kif.)l'Zi... !r.<! , 'lI'I<'I)'t"kh"1l
nern ~I !IZIltw:l ""ltozO zArt formula.knAk n"""""iik.
4 , A pM"dikill um ka lku l Ull ki r..j-.zktoi ll-.k in t ..r p rt>tac i6ja
Egy pT1"<likAtllmkAl knl" ...IwH kif..jP1.....inU'Tpl"<"wi6jA
"8Y halm"" (tart<>n",ny)
.... minden nvAlt07...... l'nodikAtllmv"-lto-/.6h01. ..gy n-v"-lt<>?i>l< pnodikatnlll kijcli>l".,{'1)luut i.
tlO' .-gy w i forllluill. in""TJ'l"<"wiojll. "!y itJ.I..t . Ha a ptwlikAtlllllkll.lkllhL..hdi kif..j<,"/j.,; ", 1"'.1vAll.o7.6Mt
;,. t&rtalm"", " kk"r "lIl1,'k Il kif,j.d"" wk '10' int,"cl'U'lkioj"..gy a halm ""...n <-rt..lmcr tt I"<"l,;,-,io
Legy<'n P a t .. n ""'Oi,, t<.. "'ilIliok r.; halm"zan" cd""i,,! Idro ketval tozos pr...IiMt,ulI.
Ekkor P(x , y) I\ZOklLlik " z (x, y) t .. rm,",z"h.. "zAlnl",roko"k " halmeze. aruclyrr- 1I :5 (kdvall.mi'"
N-Iwli c..I""io) ill"": itt.E .... y 1W\1..1t1 vhltoz6k.
'f y P{r , y) (''ltvvi\.!t"oWoi l" lAd<' N u.k azt 1I r'.,;zlJalmazAt ,,<ljlt . " mdy eli-"k" 0 "dtllJh,>1 AIL itt X
"",,.had "" 'I kow tt ,,,,It<YIA
3 X V y P(x . y) [tj!t-t ......'riut ,J(>hLik l'-"gki....lob \.f>rtr,....., .. tes ..ziLm"
A pn~ li kat "JlIka1kll l"" " IP' kif..!'";......, "llV "d"u iu!>'q'rct",,",6 ......t(>n igaz, ha az prt~lm'l""'i tRrt.,.rnimy
"leru..it .. "Z"..... l vAl101l,klm tl,tI'l'JlI,'R'''' m<'"lutl .... hf'ly~tt.....itv~ ill"" Aliit""t kapllllk. A 1"...-liMtlllllk"J
knlus kif..j.....~ "!t,al'''''''' (>rvt'IlY([ Vl'R)' t"" tol~i,., ha hArmily,'n inte rprdi" 'i" ,.....
illa7..
AIDf'fInyi~n A7.
s:
!i."
3 r P(x ) II 3 r Q(r ) ,
"x (P(x ) =:> Q(r) ) =:> ('f x P(r J =:> 'l'r Q(r )) ,
'7 x (P(r) _ Q(r )) =:> ('7'1" P(:d '" 'I r Q(r .
A plW!iM.tllmkalkuh... ~ .... kvaptoro!< ~ E>w-k "" uni~ "' ,,,,,,,~ci.ah8 3 kva.ntur_[.,p.gy<-n P u X ba1u..a.l.oll O:~ -u r,Jo"Vlilt"""," pnodikAturn... kkor azt .. ki"",",I1I"'I,
hoc ..mindrn X-booli r ....mre ~ P Ix) riwi<!it az '" r p{r ) formabAn. rnig .. ..IiYzik ol)'>la X-lwIi
Z.
=:>
"r p{r,,} =:> 'f, 3r p{r . , )
Z87
(f..23)
(a.2-1 )
(5_2.; )
(5,26)
(5.Z')
P~I
(;;.291
('; .30)
(;'.31)
(5.32)
( 5.JJ)
A,z illll'likBciOl. rucgfonlitaM .iJ.taL<I,..,.. ucm Ijl:U. K ~o AWl k.-U fll;Y"'lni, bogy A kii1i)pOOztj kvantorok IK'IIl ~ ft.I (lilIwl ... ul.olt....trnpl.ik kiOt)
6 . KnrlAto zott k~nt ifik:kiO
Gva.krAn ~i . hA A k""mlflkfw-iOt ~ Adott hAlrnu ..wm..,,... koriIIu:.zllk. E <+I"" A kirwtkeW rOvi-d,t ......k Iwo7.ni1a.to.ak:
't r (.c EX =:> P(x ""l~'"'' VrEX Plr ) o!f,
er i6t"r (xE XIIP(x )) Iid"""t 3r XP(x )
5.2. Halmazelmelet
5. 2. 1. A halmaz fogalma. kflldnleges halmezok
.0\ halm,.,....lmi>lrt alapjllit GWRG CANTOR II!.'-I'; HilS ) fogll.1nUl.Zta Dll"K. Az Alt&la alkalmezott fo.
~omalkolAA j ..l<'ntlW-gct o:-k k{-,oOhb w'I<rt<k ["\ A ItalrullZd uti'k t Il wa.l"miltw.. {Jgy!!ZOl""-r! VIlIAm..nnyi tt'Uk-ll-t oou!J5<-n dOtIlO7AlitotlA. ilt..tVf' "ltvMWAhNt l..h..t6\... It'll<' m'iv.-I.wt. ~l .....tallra Ama t .. matikae-. a1ka1m~ '-'KVik 111"1': ,wm kofll1b.t)'j .-ki>1.M+ vAJ t,
1. Az eleme "-"Iad o
1. Hahnazok es e ll"lIlci k A l".)lIllV...lll,"let al"IJVf'Iil fn~lI1ma u d .."", r<'lacit'>. EKY A. halma:z m<>ghatAro.w!t. jol m,,~killonbm,t(1-Ii ..tofl ohj~ktl,mok l'l'... mlt.l..t,lnkl>.n V>O.gy gon-dolatnnkb"Il .1tV eg""-..,.i>
tiirtpnt'i ~fog"",,- EZI"kd IlZ ohjtktllm"kf,t " 11IUlIlM ..lem..in..k nt'""".7.f,k. Az .'-' ~1"IlI(> A-nak- i11,1-\"(' ..'-' nern d e",.' A-nail. rl'lk i,,""'t IV. " t !i M""r"IM/w"l. p/'lrl"111 M = {<t, b, r] V"lO' U = {I . Z. 3. . . .}.
To\"Ahhit. ld rhato \""llU,u'ly m'-v;h" t" rO'/,o U lal"j<l,,"....It." llltt.pjAn. Ilmt'lY"t ,..." ki~" h"lm'''', d" "",i wi
j<-><ill'Jl{'k. ppl,I;,,,l,, pAratl"', t,rm'''''A't .,. .7."lIl..k U j,,,llllilZil kilh"to az a1Abbiak .'~eciJlt ; U _ [z I
T pAra'laIl wrm...,.:<ct.... "7.Am}. ,-,< ~z,;,lllh"IIlI"',,,k llH. laz a1Ahhi jl'lol':''''''k,,It,,IAr,,,,,,,k,
N '" {O. I 2, .. J
!"nIl'.,;",t,... "dUllok h"llll"za,
1. : {O. I -1, 2. -2. . .}
"I-\'.,;,. "1.>'tlln k h"ltu,"".
Q :
n
C
{ ~ I p, q E Z 1\ 'I f
O}
ra"io"ilIi. Mr.mo k 1",11ll1V.>I,

val..... "za.n",k hll1m"".... k
komplex I07.,u-nnk hll1m"7.....
.UI. Halmllu Jmild
288
2 . A halmazok kiz a rola KOOI..a gana k ~Ive Az A PI; B helmesok po n\.ollan II.kkoreg.vpnlOk. h.. 1110'''11"""kat az t lrm.. k"t tarLo.lulAZl'.4Ir.. ..:f.ro::
.4 = B .. 'v'r (.r~A .. :rED ) .
(::d ti)
A (a. r. 3. 1, 2} .... {I. 2. J. 7} 1..~llI-.ok <'R)'rnt6k.
2.
R ....z ha lm azok
1. R eazh alma zo k
fUgg"":
A~
A hAltnl\7.t B MlllW< r""zhahMZ6nak
~iik.
ba erw'nY'" az aW,hi o.z....
":r (.cEA~rEB) .
(:1. 37)
M... _vakb.l: ba A mwwmau a B IWnJJlZnak. akkor va.I.lo.IIlf"llllyi ..1<-mP pgyl,tt..,J B hAllllll:1.h07: l~
t.arto:/;iIr.. Amrnuyib"D A ~ 8 .... 8 halllW< tMtAllJl'\Z mPg tov.ibhi oIY"ll..IPlIIf'kPt. Alllpl}...k A7. A bIoIlllII.ZILII.i: lICrn ..kmci.Akkot A VlUMi t+lozIWmAM8 B h..JJnazIld.lr..6!.e'".<t 102.al&bbi irAoomiMl,w fo,jooUwtjiik
e a c n.
~ B "" {1.2.3. ... IO} .l<'t"~ciwoI<qy halma:t.a.fs ..t = 12.4.6, S.IO} apiorolol<7Jw,,>ll
rgy IJAIIDIWL ~I in tbogy u.-t be1uJ.q "llAnI.llAu....amokal nrm tactal.IDO\7:I:Al."7ro A ...uixii r"-MII'''''''''
a B 1W1DlWlaIr..
2. Az urea ha.11TUUI Cillo7.rriiIlf"k mutAlk"zilr. ftZ ~kn ..lffi>pl 00= ta.I1AlwaW uTe!! haJ.llI4 ~
uU-. A ~..tv ..JAs.jIul.--ll ~ku ilyo.-n halrn.uIet.ez.ik.
A : M {ril" E It J\.rJ ... 2.r ... 2 2 o} ha1ma:l Urn. M.Imaz..
B : Mindoon At baUll&U.. ~ boo' ~ .\/, ~"'" li ..... ba.Imaz mimh ha1mAuuUt. r"-baInuua.
3 . U a lm u ok uonoesAga Ket t..\hl\lll' pnn~ akkor >W>OOf'" ba cgymA."lIAk rP.<zhNrnAZII.i :
A=8 ....4 ~ B A 8 r;;.A
(:>.31:1)
Ut .. tionyt 1D'>Wan f..~juk Ie"t halma:< ~ bizonyitasMA.
4. H a t viloyh a lm u
E,;y .11 hAlID10Z Yl'I1ArnPnnyi rP.!Izha.IrJlAU, aJkotja .. halm.v. MtvUtyhalm.vA.t .
J..IOIj<- P(AI ) II.Z .11 hAlltll1Z hatVl\nyhAlIl1A7.At.IIUnr P (.\ I ) "" { A 1.4. ~ .\1) .
Az AI :; {a.b,c} hAlltl1l1 W<trinyhalnvwt.
P (M ) :; {I. {a}, fbI. {c}.la.b}, {a.c}. (b.c). {a.b.r}}.

Ig>I7..ak u &labbi illil.M:>k:
a)H.. 1l7. M ~ luUm.v. ..lrmrill..k II7JUnA m, akkor II P (M ) hlltv.iuyhalnut.z .. k-rn..illtk ...,iuw. r.
b ) .u e P {M ), kifl'jez("'nulI<ku.\I balrWl.Zr" igaz. vagyis..:to ilre< halwlU bArIllf'I)' .l1 luUmlOZ hat
viwyha.IJW\dwak .. kllll'.
2.
uae, m etszet, ko m pl emem.
A balm.. '1.l11l1 wl ......k olYl\ll halma:>:okon i-rt.. lm.wtl 01>erki6k. IIwly..k "r<-...Jlllcllyt'.-gy helmex.
1. Unio (e gyes it es ) .....z A ""' D halm...."k nllioja II.ll A u B -Vf'1 (pjt>wl: A Hn;6 B ) jeliilt helmae, mpl)'Tf'
AUB ""{L II EA VIEB}
(5.39 )
Anwnnvibf'fl.4 Cs B 1l7. E, iIl..lvr"" 1 tnlajd,,~kW lll.-ghatArozolt.lI.kkor a.z .-tUB ..lellleire legeIAhh "" ".-gyik tlllajoJon.~ igI\z. wogy;... a ko'!. !JAlm1L7. kmiillrgalllbb II.:< '1O'iknek .. l<'m..i. Az. llniOhalmazl
1\:.1 5. 2. iobra >\.rnyfkolttartouu+.nya tiintO'ti f,.J.
{1.2.3}U {2.3.5.6} = {1.2.3.5.6} .

2. :\{etszet Az..t b- B hAlInll7.ok ,....!.K.u't<' Il2. A n D....l (..jt>od; .4 ID<"Ul',M 8) j<'lOIt haIrrno.:., JI... ly.--e
.-t nB={I IIE.4"IeB}.
(5AO)
."mmnyil..-n.-t<'sB a;z E, ill.-tVf'1lZ Elt"lajd(Jr~kWn~ll .akkOl"l\Z .-t nBh.alrn=azobt
"" dJI)("kl'l wulltliU7A, IUIM'Iyt'ID mindki-1. tulajo.louooic~1ytAU6.
5 .3 . bra .....nyiokolt m.z", a1kotja
."1
a~r.et.
."-z. a j,. b >tUmolt .-t6ibOl b>pu1.t T {o) "' T (b) ba1ma:cok ~ AlapjAn IlM"ghatarmhatjuk
a kk "ZAm \fognagyOOb J<ii,z;j".-tOjat (jrlc: Inko(a.b)).l""&Y"'ft. = 12;.,. b "" IS. Ekkor T(a ) { l. 2. 3. 4. 6. 12} ~ T (b) "" { I. 2. 3. 6. 9. 18). vagyioo T (12) n T{ I~ J loognagynhh..1.-mP "" Inko(I2. I S) = 6
""'-
3. D iszj un kt bal m uok Ali A .... B bAlJIl1l7,()bt dilollj'lllktoak mOlldjuk, La ninclo kOz>:i<, ..\Pmiik.--'x
i1Y"'D halmazokn>.
A nD= I .
4 . Kom p lemens Amffinyihen.-gy el6", nqadott M &1a1.balma! A ~ .\1 rioozbAllIlMl\it w.l'galjuk,

'Lkkor "".-t hAlmaz .\1 hal=a vuwatku:W k"ml'lrlIl(tMr ~ vag)" lwrnl'lel~ (jol!<', C u(A ))
.u ." !JAl1IIAZ ...ww... nnyi .. I)'all 01'k-n..:'t WWJ1l>OAI<. anwly Ul'Ill do-lll<' /l7...t balmllZWlk. I\ZAZ
ClI (AJ={x II EM flx i A).
(5.42 )
II.. ",.. ." alap!JAllI1ll7. 10:7.<-n-fl->gg..... kh61 ~o'ru>lmL1, II.kkor IV.

a bra n &z..4. komplrm....uoi-t
lIZ
5.4. ';'bra.
A halmazalgebra alaptiirv"nyei
A f,,"t b.'vC?".".. tt halmll7.m,1v..I..t"k Il7. ltfl..tkalkuh .. " J"' rat<'r llival l\lla.lilg tu llljdo LL""AAal him ak . A
halmfl7....lg..bra alal ",,,,,halya; a ki;""tk...,./l l-l\h lll.......tl lllll tallllhat6 k.l\hol M Il7. a llli' hal m'l zt h. 0 a:>: ii......
halm""t jeliili.
I. A,,~zociativita..
2.
:>.1. Ilhra.
:'. 3. Ilhrll.
5.u. llbn'!.
5.:'.llhra.
3.
( A n B ) n c = A n (DnG).
5.2. ft.bra.
A "",imb6lum ifo llMIZru\.lhato. Ax 5 A ,
Mlly<'-kolt trriilrt mllW;".
5 .2.2 . Muvc1ctck halmazokkal
lIbrlln u"t h.. til .
(5.41 )
""'YD mM.>lZe'liik a;z UJ--e< bAlm.u..

.It. p&ro8 ill.-t"", p&ratlao o<Mwok halmaz,;.n,.k ,~too !OJ' fun halmu:
{pAratlan ","Amok} n {"""'" R7iunok} = fI
5. S 7.AmO!l!ll\g ERY.u ~ haJm-"" ..lr ull-incl< """,mat .. halma:>: ...,iun~""...k ""lO' w .liwolit.AAAnak n.."""z,ik, "" ranl.1I V"IIY n"'ha IM I irAAm6ddai j<>lOljiik. A kar<lirnilit8xt k&o% hi.kl,..u v<,;;t,I'1l
halmllZOkon ifo ht.. lmo=iik (lM<l :.2.:'.).
1. V..nn--diagrarn
Halmawk. k,yttiik ](vv r< \Adok ""' lu.lt ualluHl ...... I..tt>k &llI izolAAarIl" V..nll-d i"jl;r.. moki.t h"''''''''ljllk. A
ha.IJ",.;r.oM t V,,,,,, di...,,r,ul" 'lw u ~iklllli &IJl&kW hju k I... PHd" ul az .4 ~ D ri'l'zhal mlll'.... ....1....i6 ..,.. 5. 1.
289
(5,43)
(AUD)UC = A U (B u C )
([,.44)
(5.45)
A u D :z D uA .
(a.46)
Kommutativltas
.-t n B =B nA.
5.~.
290
3.
,.
Dintributi vit a.,

(AuB)nC _ (AnC1U(B,;C) .(;'.47)
(a.b} ='.d}=,,_rllb-=od
(::'.;;0)
:>2\
(5,:>1)
AvA = .-1
{j
(S.53)
A"iJ"'D = A n 11
(j..j.I)
(:i.:>5j
AuA=MJf
e. -16)
A de :\lorgan_a zonOOiSigok
A.nD=Aul1.
7.
.4U(.-1nD)=A
ldernpot..ncia
.-tn."-=.-I.
6.
To~"ilbbi
....1':"'1.;
Ha ",,- .--I p,. B halmft:'",k 'o'o'1!;"'"-'k. ..kkOl' DESCARTJ::S-107.OrMtllk d.uwi",k ,.zAn,,;"

(~'d!))
AnM
:>.:;'71
.-1uI = A.
l=..:,gj
An',.,I.
(:> :;OJ)
AU.\I =.\I
(500)
11 = Ill.
(:;.61)
it -.\1
(".1.;2)
A= A
(j.63)
E>:; II IAblA3aloX
>oZ it&tkalkllh",
.I"J'd'U>&lyaibOl j,;
~juk.
ha. >oZ aW>bi
heI.~to<itiw:-kct rl~
(".w!
""....uf,-tggl...
Clml(A x 8) = (l'arrl.--l)(rAnIB)
(:i,6:Jr)
A: A.l. .-t = {1.2.J} hoB = {:l.31 h"lul>OZOk D~:SC"RTt:S-'''.''f7.a'''', -l. x B '"' ((1.2}.(1.3).(2.2).
\2, J (3.2). (3. 3)} I... 8 x .-t - {(2,1). (2 2). (2. 3) (3. I). (3. 2) (3.3l! l-,11",-1 card.--l. = 3 ...Al'fI D = 2.
c....d(.--IxB)- "Md{Bx.--l)=6.
D : .-u. fi x n DESCARTE-<;-"".or"",ttal (Mol It " vlOl.." '....wuok !Wll_l ~r .JI"''' valarnt'llilyiVOOtJ"t
lrirhatjuk. :\ kooniin&l..O.k (G_ b) hAlm"""t If\lI n x 1\ M1llW'UlIlllD~ ....rj,,;
nl
A.
<\7."'....hbi
""l'"
8Labalyok
.-1nA=II.
29 1
,.\1. (a. b) ..1.. m..lat "'nd""Mt l...... r"k""k lIlollcljuk ,.... at ,JAhhiak I07,f'rint rrtd"waiik kOzliik ft:'. .,.;yt'nJO.-
(AnB)uc _ (AUC)n(BUC). (:>...11'1)
AbsUlrpci6ll eso n........i !:u k

An(AuB)-A.
5.
H"J",,"zd,,,dd
R '"' {(T.,) I e It.,
HI
Tilbb h almaz Descart

u o rzat.
.o\,.>m'f>c! ~I~I .... J<omhOl '"RY n",,1 bl>llllk. rnoolyn.-k jrlOli...., (l.t'J<om. 2...... m... n ...!em). EjO"
n."" .-ik .... mi1: .-ik kobIl,"o"nMlf'k ill ....w=uk Ax n 3,4,5 ....... lh.Q hAnnNc. n<,o- ""o\Oo<. ..lnn...u-..
hNooo.MIatoll, .-u. .-l., x :h x
" ."-. ur! jrIOlt n""""" n~~<;CARTES'-.ru'Il:I: """"'....,. (al a1.
. a..)
-I.
'" e A. (. _ 1.2.
.n)
-"'IX . x.-I. = {(a,.
a.l ",eA,(.-1
n}}
(::',661\)
AIl1f'1lIIyi....... val.Nnf'Dn)' A. h.a.lrnaz "<1l."". ..llr.0I''' r..n.~lI rlrm...k -"wi.t AX,.w,hi k"plM: ...tj",
canl{A, x .-1 1 x ... x .-t.) = .""tI.4, cerd Al ..MtI.4.
(5.66b)
~I~gy x"": Egy .--I M1rnaz OIllIl.l\f\ir.V>tJ ......It n""",,...,. --.n:alal A- je-IOli.
~t .......... khahnAza.. .......
~ik;
5.2.3. Rclaciok es lekepezesck
a 1\ !<ZlmhOluw brIy.:tt n. a V hPl}'M! U. T hE-1y.-u .\1 61 F hclyrtl Ill. Err<' a n"lIl Wlrtlrll ....... 1 ~
117. 5.7. ponthAn~.-n lutkijnk.
-I. Tov ibbi halmazm llvf'kolf'k
"f''Il1 !w\w,ptptt h.alIDAZlllfi......!rt,koukiviil ,,"plmpzzuk a kUlOu~t "'1JtV <lilJ<'Tf"llciat. "<1i",,k
.-0\ ....Jacii>k f'C"'I'lf'lI halmiU ..1..-"..--1. ""tlY k'ilOul.00z6!"wmlUlnk ""'''''II,,>Wtli kaj.. -....I.aU>ka, irnak .... Ax
.-1,
.-1. hAllI\.ll7.Ok kiiKOtti rl'"lt<uUo<lclio.riO "-",.,11 hAlnlMOk Df.'K:ARTES-I<:t:OI2.I\I.AnAk ~ha.lma7""'.
vagyi.~ R l:;; .-1, x .--11 x
x .--I. . Amt'unyll"'n 'o'"Lvno-nnyi A. halm"" a:r.outlll at A. hAllllIlz:JaI. aik"..
'''{'''lIoM veY ""'mm",tnk\l>O <lifff'l"1"llriAt f.1, II DSCARTES-l<I:Or""'ot.

KH halmaz k ii1onbMog.. Az A baIJ~ ItZOU ""'11"';,NlJCI~..,k rwrn.....fllf'i .. B 1u,.lnkl~J]...k 1l1kot.i4k
IIoZ A "" B haln..... A \ B~...I.iPI;'h kiilont.,;..g,;t. A:i.Il.Z
1.
(~.t>-II\)
A\B={;rI.fEAII.ff.D}
AmNlnyihPn "'" A hoUn)ll;et ~ E, .,." B halm""t 1I,l'. ~ tllllljdou,.,;,g j"n'l1u.i. "kkor "" A \ 11 kiilOub,..r.ghalmll:l: ..J,>m.[ ro'mldk<-J.urk M E l . <if' nem r..ntk-lkt-2;",'k az ~ t"lajdoll""AAal. A. 5.5. ilhran ~
Mnwkolt
lTlul->l.lj .. a kiilt'll"'''-KhAlm.vt.
rm
{1.2.3.4} \ {3.UI = {1.2}

2, Ko't halma1- n im mO't rikus difft'f"i'llci!ja A,. A "'" B halmazok A.~B\"('I j..lolt ""Uulll"lnklls
dill"nndl.j"lIIu, ,I..mri 1\ k';l h",lm"", kiitiil ...""ki>. I\ZOk <'R'{ik';h"".tartmnak. I\7Al1
AL1D = {r I (r E .-l II r f. D) V (r e D 1I.f f- All
(~d.>4IJ}
A ddinki"hUl ktwdk'7.ik:
Al:>.D=(A\lJ)u(lJ\A).
(~.ti4<:)
""KYi~ '" ~1.imn""rik"s dilf'l'!lld.. d"uwir<' "" A halm"" , iIl..t.wa JJ halma E, TlII"jdnll","l':ai ki;ziil
ponu"""" f'SY i81\1.,
A,. 5.6. flhra I!.1'Ily;k"l t 1'1""/" llI11t;,tja Il",jrnnwtrik\ls Jilf..r..nciat.
{1.2.3. 4}L1{3.U} =
3.
I\Z ..
\I
1.
nvflltozOs ....lacii>k
R l:;; .-t- . "" "'" .-II,a1mft:'.on <"rt..-lmf'Z("1l ".'o';,.]l.<.w.. I"'IAtit'>ml t--Jolrl"k.

2. Binaris T'f"lacii>k
1. E gy halmaz bimiris .... Iilcio jlmak rog >dm ll. rnkowtl .iP\f'ut~if'k 'W ImIIllIloZ ki-t~tO'1-"" (bi n....i~ll'f"\N-io;. R l:;; A x.4 Dill....... Tt'wiOk....t .. twu a1. (G b) e R hdyt'll ~ aRb jt.li.>lkllloo i.~ !I:i'..okNotltl.
P,;ldak,;I'J>"u"" A - {I, 2. 3. ~I halma" ,,,,,,,tl,,,~ ,.,),.,.ii>il tArg~nujllk.
T '" {(a.b) I a, b E A A a OfIO<\i,ja b.,U'k}
(5.61)
2. Nyildiagramok Egy .-I h"lm"" '0'<"1':"" him'till ,...lA<:,I"t uyiltli..gtamokkA.1 V"ltY Tf'1ii.ciOll mAtri xold<ttl
AhrAl.olktjllk. .-\1. A ..h-rneit ~ikllf'li I'n"tokkl'lIl tiiut.1Jiik <.I. foo l\Z a I'0utool ... b l'''''lba "kkor ~ ,-"ak
hkkor vt"'/ct uyi!. h" aRh iga ... .-\. 5.7. libra " T 1"1".-;,, uyfl.lil\ltTamj"'t mnt1l.tja.
a
I
,J
5.i . iibra.
1 1 1 I
0 1 U 1
0 0 1 U
0 U U 1
'l' Ahl;l '/.at .lld i" i' ,,, mAt rix
2.5}.
Ket h al m a z Vt'~cl\rtt'~- ....oe..a l "

halUla;<. llldyr<'
A x D_ {(a. b) 1'1 e Allbe 8}
Az A ho D h"lllJ"-",,,k A x D,',,] jdillt llESCAIfl' l::S"WT1."t"
(5.b'",)
3. lklliciOs matrix Egy A I,almaz pI"HlPi "IIY miltrix >itllaiuak (". ,-",-do!",inak f,I..ln..k m.." (1"",1
'" 5.7. abra tAhl"".atAt). Az " E A linT ;.,. b e B ,,,..d,,l' k.,.,'lizl...I.....I"""t ....n akkoT aJl 1, hit "Rb i"a".
"lO'ihk('llt "rt"k .. O. A f" ut i t"hl"''''I. .. T 1"'1....i<', {('j....'i'.. lll"triJU't Hmtatj".
...
292
/...2.
3. Relad 6k IlZOr:l ata, in ..... n ,...IAci6k
A rcwi"k 81....-iiLIil< lut.lnll","ok, 19y lI!<tOk........ helmaxmrlv ..lptt.-k vegreh"jth"tOOk r..jt nk. K"tviLIkYd-t
wlAci6k .....-t .. \wn" l"'IAci"k ><,Wrti\.tauak n.ll7, in..... f\l Tl"LiVi6uak kiilooo..jdrnt&g.. VJLD. A:I R <; A " D
....S 0;;; B x C k"tvAltcrd>oo rr1ilriilk ",,"IT'/'At.. lIZ R (I 5",,1 je]olt hiru\ri~ ..,1ario. m..lyre
R 0 S., {(n.e) 13 b (be D 1\ aRb 'd.S,.)} .
>.till)
A rp]AciOooll7.Ona,t """'WCiativ, .1" ,,,,n
(R05)-' =
4.
n-
(R n S) o T O;;; (R o T)n{So T).
(:0.70)
(:'.71)
B iDar i&reladok 1ulajdongglli

R billArp. ~iO
EY A halmuou h-trlln<"Xl"lt
(5.7:')
rr&.-xiv. bA Va E A o/Ul,
ifn-flrxjv. hA Va E A
(5_76)
IlZimmMriln.... hAYa,bE.4 (GRb=-b& ).
p .T7)
lU,ti'OZimlDl'trik'L'" ha ...... b E A (4m. A bR4 =- .. = /I),
(S. jg)
ITAlmti..., ba '1n ,b .C" A (a Rb A blk ... aRc).
(5 .19)
linrftriK. IuoYa ,bEA {aRb "blW ).
(::'.I!O)
Ewi<" tll ... .ido~" rrl4cink ~tAwd i!< Jooirbal.O&lr.. P..ldiul <xV hin.Vi.<. Miooci6ll1tb>rlnvutitlv.
-.an...
""RoR~ R.
A7, R noJiw:'i6 lrNWl!v k-Mrtj" tt1l./R) IOZ" biJWil< ....u.no.lUIl<'Iyik tr""ritlv. tI\rtAIlllAZU
miniInftlo..k-m"ZAnll'l, EhhOl kiiwtk...,ik. ~
R Il"lAriOt .,.
trIl{R):U,r =R1 uJr2 urr U . . .
(S.lll)
~ ?:1
,\[
1 2
Il7.
:::.
110010
200010
JOOIOI
401001
:::'OlUOO
,
3
.\1 1 2
:::.
1101 1
2000 1
au
101
4U
010
:::'00010
.\13 1
I
I
I
I
I
0
0
I
0
0
A./: RuR' uW r..\A.-ioh...... t>\rtow r..I...i6o<mAtrixot (lgy kapj"k .

bogy"'" .II..\1 2 H,,\[' miltriJt<>Mt d'lU.'nk';'nt <li~zjllnktiv mil<10" Oo--Aa<ljuk . Minth"lO' J/ lIlAg_hh b"tVl\nyai n"m hoznak
(lj PIP-r"..t" mAtrixM. PZ 1""7. 'It)'llttaJ R trlUl2itiv J...-iLrtjahoz
r<'l. ..:i.'. . mAtrix 11<. A ....I&o--i<.. rnAtrLxok .... wlAci<'o< "".or-
tArt""""
""10k KfMI">Ulok IA~AnAlt vizMgalatal1N ;"~u""p"tjat~7.B-
......
aI..pjan konnyt'll fpJ~~IH<'rbM.jiik.P"JdAuI " n'liPxivitMl '" nyiltli..,;rlLUl..hu,-kai- illPtVf''' wlioci6f< nw.rix
foatlo'>jAhAn allO ~k .w..pjan aIlal'ith.. tjuk lU''';' SzimrnM:n.. ......I ..n A uyildiagnun VIl1AlIlffi.llyi "yi1aJ..,.1P1"7'ik rgy ","Ie ~nPllIPtPf< iriutyti uy\1. ,11M..... A ....JAriO" mAtm: lOZimlIM'lrikll". A llyil~bOl
vsgy" Tl'J;;ci(., rnalrixlJi>l kiolV>l.~h..to, 1KIlO''' T uo<4h..tOo.ai Tl'l.IIcii> rrlIPXiv. d.......m ""inunruiklL~_
5. lA-kepeze--k
F~,.t balm&a-OIegy B ba!lJIAZrA-lO / :,.t - B k-kO-l"""..... (V")" f;j~ny lNot.l2.1.1 '. 2.1 .1 .1 .} ~
lat egy ~ llZAbo\ly. il.IDf'ly min<I..no E .4 ~10'1lth<02 ~IPlm;iPll~ / (a) E B eI.'lllO"t ~"".
Ax / k-UI""';"'t iY i!< tpkinlllPtjijk. miuIRZ,.t;,. B hl\lmlUllf>k k&lIOtt; Ju;tv.iJT.orfi:,,; ~ (/ 0:;;: .-t)( 8 ).
Az J ~ .-l )( D ..,w;m "" A ba!nuu: 8 h..,huA:ua -&0 lMt~k ",""""",Uk. W.
(.i.82)
"oE.-I3bED ((a.b)Ef)
...
:::.
1101
2000
3011
4
0
0
1
:::'0 1 0 0 1
Az .\1" m,;,uixot nliitrix~7N'7""""'1k"p'~l.ziik. "hoi .. "7.0,""" 1,,lycU konjnnkriot. A" o..,qA""I.v. h..ly.. tt
dll<l.j\lllkl'lot aJluLlmrumnk" 0 ..... I ,,,,.It.lllokoll mint i!!:a:t""""rt'kckc". A" 1!'J' nw-rt ,\[2 "'". R 2 r..lkj',!I,y"
tarlo',,6 n'l"d"" mAtrix 1""7.. HAAOnlo""I.Il<'t '''' ft', It', ~th. rel""i"", nuitrixoivlt i~ .,],mlllt"ni,
(:.i~)
'to E.-l "blob:! E B ({a. b1).(o. t.zl E / 00 ~ = b, )

Az / fiiggW-Tiyt inj.-kti,-""k lX'...-uiik.
"1.7 E.-l Vb
AitaJihan a
w...-n tlilnl<"h6rn
e B "" b).( o7. b) J 00 0 ,
If.lt~
"" lI;}.)
(.i.t'4)
bosY
min<iPn f'O'<i<oti ..... m.....k p<>"tc-.n ~ k.,>f'

Ir,;y<:on, All iu.i..ktivitA.~ ftZt yJ..nti. ~ IllIDtk-t, k""u..k co.U "1J PT1'(J<.tij.- IrhM..
f;iggvt'nyt az A. haInuw1Ak A B lWlJIAZr" vNO ICt fu j('ltt iv J,rk,I""""""".... k llPV"'T-7,llk, ba
a<ak art kO...-trlj 'l lt
II",.
.'It /
'tbeB3aE.-t {(o.b)ef) .
(.i.II.'
8
J,rki-"........ .-tkn az in'",," ,..,lACi6 lIZill,",," '10' J,.ki",~. mPly fnrtliton irany{, 1r1W1'(.",i...t _...u:...it meg.
. u oIyaD Jook~t AIDf'!}' inj ..ktiv .... l<I:iirj..lttlv bijookti\ l.. kPJ""Zi"'nd: IIM""2Z'-oJr.. A bijot..ktiv /: A ';"1.--:/- 1: 8 - 04 .
w_
A 1,.J{~k ......:Jkalm>L:1.ott f'('IaciUo< ll'WI"ZAt " Iek';'lJP7kk <'gym';"t ki).,...w vl'l'7..h"j""""t irjA
Lr-It.""">f'k /' A - B .... g: D
C kkij>C""'....-k. pkkur ""_/ " 9 "" A MUll""t .. (' LaJ.lu""l)3. kPpPZi W
'"
R p'wiO olll~';"'Ai v<"tt '1-__"'"' rPI~ ....... ruotltt j..loli.

Az {I. 2. 3. 4. a) hAhu"" R t.in;\ri~ rel.....il,j,;,t IIZl\IJ\hhi,\[ r..Jaci"" matrix Adj".
abol az R"
I
0
0
0
0
29 3
Vil:"" bin"",, r..I>\ci6k ,..;cto'-I..." {"'u-lu,t .. lulAjJUnMgoMt ti>bt,lIyir.. " lIyil<liagram 'Yllgy n'lano.- matrix
(5.69)
(::'.TJ)
5- 1 0
It ' .. {(b. a) 1(o.b) E R}

J:y A baJrIlII>: hiruU-t,o ....1Ari6ir. ... wvMkrm,,-nJUl'>o.k i'rvcnyt'!W'k,
(RU S ) o T =( Ro T)U( S o T ),
, ,a
0\(1
knmmutAtiv.
Ax R wlaci6 R- I.g)?I jPlOIt UIWTl: rrLoicinjlll'l7." hinArill rclaciO. mcly...
.\1 " ,\p v
Halmazdm';l~t
(t .q){a )
g(/(a )).
r..lhivjuk .. tigy..lml't AZ /
(5.tl6)
ffi 9 liigg""ny.. k ..-.rwndji-P' (az irotialollllwlJl,l1.h-o hulm..,.... is ..16ford.. I~)
5.2.4 , E kv ival encia es rendezes! n >IAci6k

Egy IIA1mazhiniLri!< .dadoi ltOziil kipnwlkPrl/5 j.. lrn~iio'lt l\il .. kviVRi..uria .... T1'nd..,.PsirtlaciOk ~ta
Iyll.i.
1. E kvlvalencia , Iac iok
~v A halm"'7.o"t'rt..lmC',.rtt R w[A<:iot..kviv"I.." ..i" trlilri"n.. k m<>ll<lllllk. h.. "'" r<'!l..xtv. ~7jmm ..triklls
.... t r.. nz;tiv, Az aRb jdi>J(." hdy<tt ily..nkm "'7, a _/I II V"lO' "'", a - II lrMIIl6<.1 i" h.tv<znal.. t
az llt6hhi
",hhan az """Ihm. hft. I\Z R ckvlv ..l..nd.. ,...IAd" I\Z i....."'fiLAAi....kl,r,1 i""llrt. Ejt>l: ..(I , R trlari6r"
von ..tk07M" ,.k"i,-al,'''" b-Vlr
Pf ld,ik ,' k" i".. lcn cia r"IAc;"kr..
A : U 'K)' >ll A '" Z "" mE " \ {O} "gy "7""n. A1. a _/I II I'ulll.oo<lul .. kk<>r igllZ, ha "" (l .... b """mok"t w.
'" ",iuum"j """t va n&ya" ,,,.t,, mar",j('k"t klll'Jllk (lIlIMI,,[o m kungrueuci ..) .
D : AZOllO",,,\gi kap"""jat k;i!onh07.o b"l",,,mkhau. r"ld>',"l .. Q rWi"IlAli"""ilmokra ;1':"1.
!2 ~
ql
q2
Pl'h = P2Q, , abol az "Wi .!tvpnl<W>jlj..1 " Q h.. jl1l"'t l....u. m!g " uu,...Mlik " Z2 hRim""han haw07. mr!!:
'"
fl'w'i"t,
C , G""tll.tri>U IIlm,k h"",,,,l,~.. ""KY k"HIl:T"..nriA.jll.
D : ~!.<tt itHrtrk logiMi d;vi,;<j"Il,ii'Ja, (Ii~...-I :'.1.1" 6 .).
2. Ekvi Wl.l,.n<.:ia out/tlyok. f..loaz t Asok
I . Ekvi valen cia O!l:dlllyo k ~IU A hall11A,7,onprt..llla u ..hi_wnd.. nw:iO .. haImazt TWin iir....
pArollkcnt dil<7.j1lnkt rml"olu"...kr.. ...my. (..I.
<'10' .. kviv,.]"nd..
v
.....
la":={~lbEAl\a ..... /Ib)

(.j_~;)
"" R ,...liIciOrA VOI\Atk<m,;.-;t .. rJ,r.mhP:l. ~ "kvi.."Jpnri.. OAZuily..-\z .. kvi"""'""Uo.OOO'I:tAIy<J1u-lI ig..",
a Il''!'' il. a_.11I1_ UR"" b'l/. ..... aj.Rb_ /I'Hn:b]lI""e
p."')
.",z.. k,;~.--tAIyo1ll.oi>l.uknl"n hNlnN: joY: A I R.

AIR-{lafl' <lEA}
Ax .4 hAlmllZ hAtv"lIyhAinllW\nl\k "lO'
.... f<.nruiJ!
ef
Z.
rill9)
P t A ) rinhalm.owi.t "'" A halJIUrll f..--~ ...k lOr"WUIik.
X.}'E ZAX t } ' .. Xn)' =11.
UXd
_~El
2. f elon tb i tH..1 E)' A lII'1JuAzouo'rtt'lnlM',rtt Ylll>u....1I11Y; R ..kvi~><ia l'l1'bio-iO"" A luLIlnll.Zf'IO"

Z f<oka"ZtM31 t.<.w.lrtw. for<lilV&. "ltY.4 haln:lA% minden fO"k-l.iw<a cgy Il2 .-1 ~ t'rt..-lrnnMt R
.-kvi..... ocioro ",l4ri6t Mt.Acm 1I~.
a .. "It ... 3X E Zea E X "he X)
(5.91)
fy A IWlIlAZOn kt"b_Lrl t .. kvi\~ "'lArK>! az i\l'n~ b.~ A1talo\nor;jla-"nl rn~IIA1'tuk
r.... Elt.-kmtilllk Il3. A hallnII.Z ..1"ulO:in"k Ji'nyPr;l..if'n- ....j .. l~ait6l. ;l7,OAAt "" .....,....kM IUDf'I)'O'k.~
hUouyo<' 11l1a~" k,tl!<'!.<'... n rs-m kiilollloQ:r;....k tV .. kvivaJ." iaOKtIAlyl","Oroljuk.
3. R..nd..u..i ~IAc i6k
fy .llludmllWll ..,t.,lm....dl R hil1AJi,. r<>14t-iOl alkOl u..wz,;nk r<>nd",,;"'i ",liw.-iOuak. ru. R r<>fIrdv.
a.llti.v~rnmf"rik,1l' ,'.,. l,>U17~![\. II" ('7A'n ",lm,nOrll R lil1<'i,ri.~ i~. akkor R t .. I)<" TPud..., i... \"IOg)' 1AI
Az
,\I hAlma.rtILZ R""'l'''''t:'''''\ "n.Io-/l,un..k. VlIK)' trljo..,u ....na,..,.Mtn..k mondjuk. Eg)' trli<-n "'n.l. :'t
ludm~hanl>li.nl1dy k';td"1I1,~~h"""nlJth"16. ,haRb j"liili-smell..u ily.uko, a:l a SH 6-. ""10' Mil S 6lr....'moo i,.. h......nAl/lIO!'. 1\7. "I"hhi '"'kur. IlA /17. R I"f'lAdn lIZ u.......... fii!'.K""'k alapjAn i"I11<:1\.
A rendesett kif..j<",J,. h..lyru" ..-.'nb.-n r<'lld,n1.l. _jQ' p"rrWiAAn rt'1l,\<".....1t """'''''-'<:Iin';'[,.l". "IkaIUlIV.h"tll.
P,;lcliUc fl'n<l,..,J.o,l ",IAr[(,k,,,,
A : A7. N . Z. Q. H .z....l.llI.a1u=wk" ""~,1WOnM S T'PINib...a1 tdjnorn ",,,.1...'.<1.1,,1<.
B : E,;y ""hnllZ ~haIl1\RU1.i k/W);It" r+.ozh/llm....... fl'\ilci6 e,;y "rIJ1 t .. ljf' ....,,0,..,.......
C : A ,,<"m..t !W',"ak kltik<~ratikll"....,,,IPZf'o;;olAueol alkOl.
4. Hesse-diagram
V"'!I'''' ... ".\,.,~t I b"jm"""AAt H" SSt:diagr"-Tllon Ahn\.wlhat.jnk. Adult "!0' \'<"1\"-" h...J-
5.~.
';hr...,
m""ol1" S ...wl,."';,..j )'(I"',io. A~ A h&lm"" ..l" m..il ~[kbdi 1'""tokkr'lJt "t"',mJjllk.

m~llr,,~li~ "l:;u,,,doll. hOlt} " E A pont""" E A f,-.I"lt 1J<'ly""kr<lj'>k l'1. a!II"llnyi l"'n
" < b h,-.!yIAIl,,. '\'w,.,hh" h" ui""""" "Iy"u" E A. luudyl'f' a < (" < iJiwv.. akknr
az" "" b J",ulok"t ,.!t'" ,"onanaj oo~ ..kritjiik, "'" ily,"kor,,7. "(",,, ,j"JII"k,! ~wm~zJ'
d""lIak muudjnk. E!0' HASSE diagram IdJat "KY ..I'~"npa.~zlt"tt" nylJ,lil"""m. "hoI
minde-n IJIlJ'<>k. uumb-u nym,,lI.Y i.,. mimkn "Iy"n "y,L "mdy a t l'allz,ti...itK.. k;i\"l'I,
k'''.mruy'' 1l"1ll ~z<"l"l'd. A;. 5 .8 . AbrAn at A = {I. 2, 3. 4} halma;. T """th"t''''''l\i
r"llldbjiit tilut "Uiik fd. "JII.~ly"t" HASSE-di" p;rillJllw J ahrii;o.olt"nk.
5.2 .5. Halrnazok saamossaga

,1,1, .),2.1 kj".....tben pgy Wg'''' h...JU\ll7' ..l..m"in"k ><UllJIlI lu.rdi"ahta...uak ", ........nlk. EZI" fOW'!mat t"Ij.-><ztjiik ki vfF;t"I..n h&lm"".okra;"
I. Sz.amossaK. karrlinalitas
,1,20 A ...... B h...Jma=k'" awn"" "-""'Jll'~'ll...k TlIon,ljuk. h. !<'e..--... ik kiiltOtlHk hij-lkl;v Irk<"p,.L6<. ~lind<'D
A. h...lrna:.,}"", hO"a.ft.-r1>ndphjnk pgy kardin"ljtAAl 00,1",: AI V"l!Y ,MtIAj ol:;mn.-loll. hoto' a2oon'", =I.u,OOt>li,j hal"""",k arollO" kar<iin"\it;\.."',,j,; lpg:........k ~Ii.,...j ''ICY IwulRZ ....h_m !oPhrt f\:I.OI\a< 1lUn""""KI"
hat\,,wyhAlIllAl.iV>\l. ninrsen .Jpgna,;yohh~ karrli"...Jit;",.
2 . Vl-gtt"lrn halma200k
~Iilld.. n vo'gt.-k-n hAlm,,:mak ,,,n olyan Y>U<',,1i ,--(...,uWlUll:Ul. am..ly" t nJA,uot.'" <aamok tilialmaz,i.va\
I07.oDOf1 ,czAmo.,,_Ag'" Igy a Jr,;k;"-bh~ vfR\d.." kIlr,li,llJitM" 1rrTl'lk7 I
""Amok ti ~ iwllina.I,tasa. E~ vfgtrif'n hAlman ""'K"7AmWhAt.H...k ll1Oud"llk. ha IIJ. N hal=.aI azonoo; ~',.
Ez <wurit j.-\ffit. bogy """mM f..booruIh.Alou.~. hogr ",",Ill<'i fplirbAtOAk llli"t ~v a .a~.
\+,;t..-J..n
....rm.ai..
eo vo"gtt"if'n hAllll1lZ m~Wh..1At1an.I""
1""llllZOllO"~i"" N 1ud1ilaZULI.11O' lUin,J..llllf"lll

f.,looroIhathh..Jmaz 1llf'g>Q..ur.lAlhAt"lhw.
A : Az. ~,.z.ft.mok Z ""'" rAcioIlN~_ >rU.u",k Q h,oJm.v"'IIl..~,.,.AltlWh..tO.
B : .>\ VI\I<'>oo szft.mok R (-,; a kou,pk-x """'-llok (' Mlll_lI~nlAll1atatLau.
5.3. Klasszikus algebrai strukturak

5.3 .1. Mnvclctek
1. ...vMtoWs mtlveletek
A ~tr"lrt"ra fog;!Jmaa m..lPlllAtiMblu..... ...Jka!maxJu;,>UhM kml,,,,,I, ~,,"1. jil1.>Wk. Egy ~hnIi ~t",k
Ili,"" pgy h,oJrnaz.hoI "" azon htclu"~LI.tt m,iw-l..I.. ki>(;\1LI1. .>\1, A IudIl.......U"'rtdml"V'1t n-... ILI.~ m,lve1Pt ~ oIyan ...., A~ _ .4 ...J"'I........,.. lUudr "'" A ,!oPmrih61 ...JknlOtI lllin<\Pn ........h r:.;u A halmRZ..gy
P1Pmi'1. J"Pndf-li.
2. Bin iris mii ...eletek t ulajdollshga;
KiilOniio<en fon1.Ol; 3Z" = 2.....-.t. "kkor hiuArilo lI1"",lM.ml h...",..,liwk. 1l~~'1I " !Q.l\.mr.k vagy m;i.trixok
~.." "ZOIZlL""-. i\lM...... hnInULZOk rgyo<ithor '" ",..r,_u:. EI/;Y hinMi>. m,l_lrt is wk."..,.....,
A " A _ A A ~yokhM" ~ 0 ( 1.)- jrl<iJ<Ioo hrl)'l II iiJr...lAl_, ilZ infix ira"mOdot ",,-1.- w..'<1.nalj"k,
,"u. A h.wllRZ l,inaci>. m'lVPif'I.. I\......., ii!.tiv. hA
(o ob) .c -a_(bo ..)

i... k"'umnlatl.... ha
" .1.=1. ...

i~lU'. tn<~.ol..
(::'.92)
(::'.93)
!'l'''' a.b.c E A d ."...k _t"h.--n.
A1." E A ..1"lIlf'l" n";,",,I.tn Ili"", Juutrllli>< -lenmek nl<Hl,ljuk, h"

a_,,=e ou=a milld"" flE.>\
3. KUl&6 mtlveletek
A kii!>..-i ",,,,",,j,,t<-k 01:;"" '" r; x A hallJLllZrlll "" A h"h"~r,, 11WTi'no hk'l',,i",-k. "hoi
tiihh,,:;ir .. ",i"I,>" ~t.r"kt"r';'lt h...Jm"",.
(::,,~l-,I)
r; 'ogy kill,...;.
5.3.2. Felcsoportok
A ~tnlkt(m\.kat m,l,""I"t."ik "7."'11" i'I' t,nl"jdo",.{'I\Iu al"l'jlllJ <:0"1'01 \.o~'lj"k. E!0' If halm"", ..gy rajt." "r t.f'lm"zd t m,lvd"tt" 1('i"'''l'ortot "Iknl. ha 0 I~"""/.o.-i"tiv; j,.j,iI<..... (H . ).
PeldAk felcsoportra:
A: IJArmdyik "",lil-"!.t "ilmlJ"hua... a/. ,......., ....1"" \'1lfI.Y ~/A>rZ'''' m'i\"f'l"t(...d.
D : ERr halma:.: hatv{lllyhallll""...."". "IO''''*''"" (umo) ""~'" Illf"t",,~1. mll..... ld.v"l.
296
C: Az ,,-ror"lI<1,' ll'1!.Y.... 't'... mil.rtix<lk IU ;;,.............1"" ""RY ""...niL. mnv..l..t"""!.

0: Egy A ..ACe" !..l,"-ti 0....:.", _...taVl\k~ A' 11Iun""'A Ill< f'gynlAAlltAu fr,.... (konkAt..niirio) mllwl<-t....
wi
Me&it"gyzes: " lI.atnxok ..zor.t....... tot l'>I" ,.,.AVl!.k pgymAAutan ira.atOl dt ..kinlV<' VRhuu""1lyi O'mlfl.<-tt
,mlvek1. kolllllH'tl\tiv: ..kkor kcnnutu.. tiv frlnonportrol bt...:ti-liink.
5.3 .3 . Csoporto k
5.3 .3 . 1. D('finIci6 (os a lapvetd t ul a j d o nsagok
. ~t iv .
""'ID"
EY aooport ".."trA!io.
"lQ't"rtrlmfl. Ezo.., til\rnrnO.-n .. NoOflOrt JDind.-n .. Inn<-....k ''It,VPtlrn invrr~
drmr van. H.... m'l .....1rl kolllmutl\t!v...ll1mr.-\Bt.-oooportrOl. ~Unk. Ita .. oooport 1I111....!o-t... t lUI
~
m,l_lrtlj<".........1 irjllk. Akkor .. PMltr;iko clrm joo~ O. llZ a ck-m. inV<'I'7"" -a.
P..1dak .....,port.ok.r",
A : A Q. R i.. C -unMJrnq"k .... o.-.-JIIdN, mll....k-t..vd.
B: Q \{O}.R \{OI"'C\{O} .. ~.
C: 5", := {/ .\1 - .\1 A J ht",ktlv t Abr-Ak f'l}"nW ut&or..jzoliosAr.. mme mli....Ictn- ,"VI1IltkoaM'wut
(~mrIlf'lnkUB aooport).
0 : A D~ hahu.all tIU1a1nlAUll .. ......hAI>"'" n-oltW,i ~ mindrn ol~'1UI tr>Lllll1iom....i6;ilt. anwly
.. ,...,k~ onrru.gil>ll vilozi At. H.. d jdiiLi "",*",~ 2".; .. ~I ,'aiOdforxat&<.;\t.{.,." ~ t<lIgdyr.,.,.Ji> lflkrozn.t. ...kkor .. D. bAl,woz 2n ..wm.... km.~ tlwWk"'J>I>O"ll frhalil:
= Vd..P..... r-', ", do.. . r'" I
Az ~'D""'"t&o a1bolnuoz.A,. tr ..uxdonnAciOj';vAl D. nlOllOrtut. m..I}...t a~portn.U 'WVf":/;,lnk, EJ>.

Ix-n .. o<o(l'Orttww~. b.-.,;y d" ="2 = e Pa "d = d"-'".
E : VAlam..nnyl a vNi>A ''''lO' kompl..x '<ZNDOk {"wlti l'..guleris n'OOf<'1lclii matnx 1I.1I7.oru.,., 1Il1l.....1,ti'wi.
Mpgj.. gyM-s: Az aIkAllll...MlookMn. kii].iuiiooko'l'l'O'n liMAriM ire.."z!onruOciOk IMI'AAAtwon'" lw\trixuk u>Ur.
YNl.
2. CsoportU.b IAz..tok
Vf:R"" "'""I"'l'tok ~offa..ru-... t.Ahlk-Atolult aIkal"ut:luuk: '" """port ..I..n...i ~Z<llg"lt",tj"k" tanlk-At ""nut
.... ~lopait. ,\Z a ..1"1Il ""n...ak "" .. b "I"m 'lOIZlol'anak kl'r""",tr-.r.6dffiiihf'n 1\7. a b ..I,", All. 1"'8Y"11
M = {I. 2. 3}. ekkor ~ SAl OlIimmO'tl'ik"" oool'0rtot Sa is jO'liilhMi. Ekkor S:! 10;1; {I. 2.3} h..hn_,"
ert<'1l1u...:u v.w..m",,"yi bij<'ktiv 1"k{I',.,.....h~ (ptl'l1lllta.:ioknol) aU, .,ht 3' = 6 elens- v...n. A permutN.-ioMl tiihnnyil"Pk,',t "orr.. 1lrjuk II', AA"IAA ,1><6 !lOrb... M ,.1..lllC'it. "mA",><:Iikl", azuk k"p..it Irjuk. I~
!<Z 5" dc,,,,..i .. k';vl't,k".,.,;k:
n,p,t: i ij P,t: i ~j'
1 2 3)
PJ= ( 2 1 3 ,r,=
A If'k~J~'k <'KYm.... utAni
12312.1
2 3 1 ,po,,.. 3 1 2
v~h"jtWv,.]
az SJ NlOI",rtr...!<Z ,.]ahl,i tabl,,,,,,,tot nyfTj iik'
"'m
1. ResLC80portok
I..-pn (C. _) ~ aooport. i.. U <; G. Arncnnyiho-n (ll. _) i>I noovortot ..tIr.ol. ill...- (C - ) strukt,irill.
Minden aooport "CY'.ttA! (i-b,pnn iIo.
,.(: i
PIP'lpaP,P~
5 .3 .3.2. R es zcsop orrok es dlre kt szorzat ok
".a~l=a-"II=c
fontoll !lU'n~
PIE ,,",P,P:,P1
1'1 1'1 p. E P:I PI I'J
P3 PJpo..p,E P'lP,
P, 1'41':1 P3 PI 1'> ~
1'> 1'> PJ PI P'l E P.
H.... aooportm(lv"wt kommlltativ (ABEL..a"ovurt). a.ltkor .. tAl>w.at .. fAA,li>ra nhvr lIZimmMr;ku.~;

az ~ csoport [)(>m <tZimmf'tnln~~. hi....,...... fll'kIAlIi P, "1'1 #- 1'1 0 P"
Az ..-.MlOtivita..~ ""m oi.......hatO Ir .. tilhu.:...tI>Ol.
m,l_kn- 'iQlL6I.ktMo'wUllk.-zik" lI'"l,trAli>l elem. tovRhbil

mintku a e G ..I..mn... tArtmlk oIyau a-I im-.n "kw.. 1llIl('1}......
D~
E
PI
A tAhl.......tho] klt,luik. hogy I\Z E ideutikus p<'rm"Ucj{,a

''>I<'I'"rt n,,'"rMiMd"I11".
A tAnlA7.at 'III1.m'lIIlyi ",,,ah,,,,, b< ""zlol'"hau mind..n
(tdI7) ..lcm """k <>RYlW'r _r"l"'1.
fey ..will inWT'v Ic,o]...... tu.tO.. tAhiazAthi>l: 1"'1<1""1",, 53
aouvort PI ..I..m""..k iuwl'""" p.. h~....-u" P. ""r P<. a po.. """.101'
lw""",tnMMIM.'U ~ E """trAli.~ ..
AIL
1. Dt-finfd 6
A G haln"""t .. r.. jt .. o1ortfoun<>a,,-t hinArio< ,ulI_kttcl (C . ) OOOpOl1.ot allwt. boa
(:1.%)
(C, _) ~jAnak ...,....,.aiii..

Az (li. _) pontor.an .. kkm Ifoozaooportj.. (G. _) no""ortnak (lObol U Ql"IIO iif'<'1I ~ C-",Ir.). bA
~nyiG.ItE U ~ ~_ hoc a It.....-, ~nti-n""V bahuaz ..krun (r';"<o:",.I'011. mti-n,uu).
1. Ciklikus mKSOportok ~I~ .. (C . ) ... q He) ) nool><Jrtl)k (G, -I trivWis ~portjaJ.
WD tuln,..D6Pn minden a e G p!f'm f'gY~ .u G""" A1talrnrrAlt ~ bat.&rm:
......
<G>={. a-2,1I-1~'.a.a2. . ).
Ekkor < 0 > oooort G ~olYIlll riwzaloportja. AmPly aa 1I"1f'm<.o1 tarWlIlllZZ3.
F.9!:l)
AICIf'mlyihen .. uooportmiiwlotot~. Akkor.u II' rOvltlitf!; bd}'f'tl 0 oonuogli.YIOI VPtt l;.v.ortlI< " ' ~ I ~ u -.ncotkiut ka rOviditjiik. t!'l'olJo" mint az a i">wruogAvai vetl k1fZt'JrO& O<>z..
-..
< 0 > = { .... ( -2,... -0.0. II.24 .... }

(:;.99)
1.ktc'.mrk v<,r;tck-n ciklikU8CIlOlJ<>r\Ok mint Z az ~Ad.Uoo&l,'" ~ riklikUIIaoportuk mint .. Z. a
noodulo m lli&I",x-Ju-talyoil ha1mcIu" ,Dl>d,Uu "'~. (J,t,od :1.4.3.3 .).
Am<'wLYih<-n" G aoovort "wlI1rin.'k..un... prtrn ...kkor G riklikUlO.
2 . Altal anosft "" A cikliklll< oooportok (01",11011" kii.....tkf7.l'il,,''I'p<'D Ait:AlAr_ithatO: Legyen ,\/ pgy
C DIOport "'''0 IIT<'t' m.z1uo1m.v.a. Akkor < .\1 >" G o'"l'''rtn''''' NIt .. """,".NlOportjat .i..lOl.i. am.ly
AI ..J"",t'it,..k v~,...,k f<i'.or....tako'-nt No. "".ok in.....l'7.#'ik.."t All ..~. A7. M ,""""hAIllU\Z < ,\/ > I';N,..r,;Ji>
bAlm"""'. H...\I 'l'J...tl..n O'lrmhOl;\\1. ..kkor < M > riklikll"
3. Csoportok re nd]e, hal.. los job b oldall m ..Upkos ;tt a lyo k
A CllOportPlu,,,lcotbc-u ,ogy v"ogc~ C ClOOIM'l't "[''l.lI,ill..k ~l.at onlG jrlOli, A11l.tlllyi],..u .. ,"""port '1'J-' II
,.1.I1K' altai gtll..raIt < a > ciklikwc r""""''M'IKort v"'I:"'" ..Jtkol 'm,,k uncljiot lIZ II ,.1.", r..ndjinek mend juk, vatO'i.~ ord< a > o,da. uogy,n (V. )" (C, .j '''''llOft l<'''''''.... 'llOltj''. ""' G e G. Ekkof 3Z a!"hhi
r......~h"l1l1I1ZUkat (C . ) '''''llOft (V. ) r,.,..zo.""IM'l'tlJoz t....ll.uW l,.,j old...liJIJ"tv.. job" ul,lali mellek....zIAIyl\ill"k npv,aiik,
aV: ={a ouluEV} ill. Ua:={u _a l"ell}.
(;:0.100)
A johb--- 1"'1olrlll.!i IIwll"klllOZt"lyok it< V'U"'kioIlAljAk" G h..JulI\lIt. (1"",1 :;,2.4. 2 .).
ERY V r u".,J><'rt vlli..m..,myi johJ>. ill..tv.. t....1 oltlali mpJl~k""'7,tAlyfll1"k >01,011"" "Mim'l. llf'Vl"tf'I.{'>;('n
oraV e!..mf' Vll.1I. Ennek fulyUn "johh oldali lll<'lU'k''''ztAlynk M;<nlll" ,,~.o]l( '" a hal ol"aiiaki'val. f,~.t '"
...~a",ot V ind..xenek moudj uk. A ~. dmomlott"k!>61 kuvdk"~ik LAGllA I' Gf; tMI'I...
4 . La granll:e t e t" l.. El\Y """""""'I'Ol't r{'"<lMAm,, ,"'ztnj"" O'''''I""t "'l1,I...llUlJ>\tl..k. Alt..I"hllll U"1ll
konny,l"RY ""ollOrt vWlIl,,<'noyi roo......'IK'rtjllt 111P~ ...lui. V"'!:',,, """I",rtnk ,.,.tM>Pll LA GIlANG ~: "'t,,\..
",int !lZiik~"" f..ltHd ...'giW~rt ny<" jth,,1. 1'.... ~A ....'I'''rtok Utc;.i....-n.. k nw~AIlnl'ilAAAra.
302
mAtrixok din,kt. v"lO' (b<'1"o) Krono",k..rf"l.. ~""r.l,>l.tAt kpP"'Zl,iik:
..001
(CLU ISCH GO RD...~ t{>t ..I). Ezt II kif..jl"'t C LE B!j(;H GOI(DA)<l......-nak Iwvo=iik:
(D{G)),.Ji:o D~)(u). D';:)(a),
O(G) :o D ' 11(G) 0 Om (G) ,
i,k=1,2.. , .. ",. J,I=- 1.2, . . ",
Ket lo'k"!Jf"'n Kron....koor-'roou\n...k jo'llPg.... l"nY"'..ok j ..llegenek """=WI.:

\ (1'21(a) = \ m(a) . \ (2)(11).
e.
Itt .....
([,.121)
Ral uci bilu. N irred ucibille
"'k"~k
AlDt"rulyiM. .. \ '. I.k'"P"'#o>li t"m<'k" n."I'0nmii .....lM:..krP ~una.tkozOOn ~k V.. (m < 'I) inYllliiuu<
alt,cn" Ilkkoc' IIlkll!.- T b4:<1I01"'llIIZfom~:i6k ""'lP'~. \ '. \i>rhPn" \Pup<"'....... mAtrix"" a!al>bi
alalm. 00r.M1iY.
l . D(II) T
0 1(11)
O lta )
)}
(5.1 ~)
(~.l 23)
1001
p.IL)
} .. - rn sor.
A 0 ,(11) ;'" 0 1(11) a G D"''lk j,; rw\trixk-ki,~k. dlllK'm'.i6ik m illrlw n _ >n.

Amr'Ilnyibm .. V. ttlTbPn ninno ~ iDYafiAn,I """",ok'. Ilkkot a DtG) IrkPl":"'lht irw<:I,...ibllillllek
~JlIk. E,;y~... nIOpOI1. UO'Ill ..kvlV....."" imoducibilis "'~k!<ZAmA~.AlI1<'nIIyibrn l,t..
t<'zIk oIYlW TbUilotranw.fotmAciO.am<'ly" \ '.. t .. r.-t wvanii.",,~ ,fu.,kto--~"" vituiat.. ""to'iao'
V~ = \ I e> 'io\ ., .
(:>. I2ti)
a;t
/l multipliril&..mrlly<'1 a an'(G) im~hl<'ibiliB l..kPI""'Li", II C LEBSCH GORDA~ -""rha.tl jr-
IPntkr-lik .
.-\ .....,.--ttk lW.i.~trlU1.<:t.furm.AriOjAllIlkm Atri"..I.........it.llmd,...k a K RO ~ P,cI( ER-1UOl"Ul.t iJ"n>duribilis rflIZrir .. ",,10 r<><lukriOjat..l"f"<lmhIynik. C LEBSCH (;ORDA S~iitth"ti>n"k hivjuk.
II . A z S .l f sziIDll1.. trik us csoport ir r...t ucih ili3 l.. kl>P'"zkfoi

I . Az S M sz im metrikn" csopor t AT. S.w ""imlllrtrikWl.....-.port 11<'11I dlviV>Utns imodnribil;" Ieki-~ lIZ .\1 ;>.: fckll<'zt.\..~...J. ~lml1f-1I jrIlrm,.-.:b.ot6ek. ""YiA .\1 ,;rti-k<.;lWk l"g"- ...amokr. V>OO
fo.-lOOUIN;;\l"u:
1>.: =>.,.>.,..... >...,
AT. S .....,port Ot i1Yf'11. rrwlwkdtl'1l bcIllUI".
totl You~G . kM'<"tl't ~maz:

Az '>' rlirno.ru.ibj3t
tAtja:
"'Z
alAhbi. kif...j r-u.. ..zoIpI.
,.);kOl''' O ia ) Iorkr,-;"'; matrix minden a G ","vbcn pgy megI"('k-IO T ha.;oD~ tr&l...u..-m.......t

~D bIok.kdiat;onlll alAkb.1ht'IO' At:
T - 1 D( a ) .T =O Il ( a ) ~ ~O ~' )(a ) =
f.y i1ym
k-k~
0)
O ll (a )
(
o
'. 0
~')(a)
(5.127)
&;t
.j'
>.
(:;'130)
(1) .
laal
(3,1)
1'1
IrII II IJ
!
luJ.] [I'}
EfDEE~~
r,k.....
A ItolljugAit i YOl''''G-Ia-rrI..k ..lav.iM ,,1IOmk "" .-.I<'I'0k

fflMb6t aMrlnak..-\.z 5., ererl..rihiliA "'k~ Altalill .... raiU<:lblJi"..kki- vit.lnAk. ba 5/11_1.5 11I _ 2
~kr"lrodBt<J'auk
~tainkal .
t<oljftom roodu.-ibiliAnM: mandllnlt.
~ f~J:k: A nooportl'ln.rlrt u-rT'IlkIz".ttuOOmlw)i aIkaimazAA&in&l
""::::>..,::::0.
>'1'>"+' ->'u,.,\f
>'I~>'l?:
Fr.l ~')
A f""o"ztA.~ grafllr."" ~tAciOjadobozkilkbJ tilrtklbl1.. aaudy<'krt Yot.:~G---kt-r-et<-kh.o:lrmdcliin k,
.w.p.~,w
f.ww ..h i"", All.
hoK.v pgy oooportllaA l~j ll k VAlI1l1tt"lJn}'j U<'fJIrkvhuru; ilnduribili.~kk..p<"7......u..k """'t&I~l\.t.

Az ~ IlZimm.-trikwo I'>I<>f>Ol't (5. 117) .... u ~lIlt ilhr~ "(h.,j bili.~ . All a1Abhi I..w.-tr""""f"r
m.iIriO..-git""'gf.....I ( e '.l ') {~-"I +",-+ "3, e-'l = "" ei = "3}IW-Jdaulllp-.,prrmutano
I".ki-~ mAtrixAr.... kb t kO"Z6kpt nyerjiik:
D1P3) ", ( 0-10

: _~ ~ ) = (OIA(P-.I ) O ~0~ ) )
Mul A= O) O
.-\:IoOIl(t!> f..\er1"k,l "Pinn..1bIrO r<'Il,lw.rr nrlo'u a kBl11umlllH'hamu P,," li-...I \'l"oIya.n tOObrm.......ki-A-bulJAmfUggvi'lIyPk szrrk""",fi-r;i-t km-"""li Wl'g. aJ.oI ket u-t><z6IPg ~kc va!aw<.Ullyi koordirui.tajillLaitfeio<Pr"JP- "IltiszimlJ>f'1rik'L~.Gy..k.rll1l a h,iIlAll1fiiggWny l'lO' hrly PA <'f;Y ~pirllu.ggvffiy "WnAta-kent AlI...l6. II" ebhrn IlT. ....-tlwn a brlrf~Il~t a r~k"1""rm"tAc)Ok utj.Bn II saimruetrikus ~
"lO' (i] ilTf"<lllcibilisIekPl"f'7hPhPl ran!<T.fonrui.ljuk ..... k... tlZt ~ I< "pinfUggv<'nuycl krllltombiniJllllnk.
am<'ly" konjllg&J.t lijlrk" ... ....... -nnt trlll>lOZformAltwlik, ",w..k.lrJ...kehPn, bogy. k<'-I r6<i.ct-,J,. .. rNlO
hnl1Amfu.ggv.'nye 3ntisrinun,1 rikw< Irgy..n.
5.3 .3A.
1.
Lie- csoportok
Fol ytonO!l csoportok
EKY
r..,gy..,n C q';y olYlon o[><'r!t.tor, IIllld yik r gy ('>I()port D irrl~lllcibi lis ld ,pp""hw,ivd kommllt "tfv. VIllQl ill
hcl yliJloll IC, D(a)J = C D(a)- D(I.l)'C = O. 11 E G Ot=.<.fii~"' , "'" V.I"k..V'v/.... i th e 1ft invari " lI.
altere. IIHor C lIZPgy....gol"r!t.l"r t"h l"'1.iiro...'. v/lgy illolyaIl (( C,k) ) matrix Illnd y irrrdllcibilill1,'k'I" ''''II
vahu",,"nyi Illilt rixAv/l1 kOIllIll\lta tiv . ilQllI:' E ..gy,J glwlLrix tiihh"zom,.... il.Zal C = >. . E . >. E C.
folyton".' G CflOport a d "Ill't val,,,, l>l<r"m"l.. rek .. = {"l ... "~ } lllo u<v.tAk"n t l'fjcrt ...lm,l"'l1
,;" "'lj<.....", jdk'1ll"",,h.tjiik. mik<:rll...-n lPglL1Ahb pgyik "O>l'ort v~ij:, I~or fol}ton"""" vil.lt07.ik,
A paramtotrrrk """.amat Il f"lytoll<'" ..,."port d rlim"lI~i"'jft.n"k lIlolldjuk , E lO' fclytouos """port rendj ..
vPgt.Pl..n .
~tiuJ.,'n a{a ) CflOport..I"lIl",k 1ll,'gf..j.'I ..lO' Pta} = {Ol ... '''.} po nt il.Z
n-dim..nzio.. 1""';>1""tt'r
tkrl-...n. AllUM r{iw.iti";{,"l, b"gy .. {>O<>I,,' rl .. ll.." trAlis ,,['Illl-l...k a f"\ram''!.<>r I."rl-...n II {O... OJ n'.. fd ..l m..g. v3g}'i.~ dOl" ... o-~ } "" e(O., .. Il). AT. R.. ti' rl><'u L1\Y k" "uIiHat ""..ndszert w7~..iitlk I",.
Egy Uta) I'''"l mind" ll P(,,) kornw7"'''r lt;\ n~ t iorl"H m,' gf..let" <'!IOporth"n "jIJl W (a) korny(VlCl.",k.
Legyen..k 0- == {Ol .... OM} ,.. 0 = {Ol"" fin) ~ <l "l"m ill." vP ..t e-' iuverz rlpm I""",,,,,tr,... i. akkur
lIZ11 b = C MZOrw.tra igaz:
10. Cl.. b!lchGordllll.... r o k

K,;t D (ll(G } . lj'I(G) i rro~llld l ,ilito Irkrp''7h !t.ltailWall mJ.llcihil ~ . A "l'....r.ttt('r "gy alka lull'" hAzi,..
trllnszformArii>j.. " ljAn II [)l l>(G ) 0 1)<21(G) iru-d llCibilito D iu) (nr = I. 2, . . ..) " "'l",k rp h"llt l",ti, frl
A ~ik " jIJl r~zit ..U po ntj" koruli kPt<!im'II'.i"" fOI'II:.. t....., k "KY l'tO',hm..uzi.....folyton oo (';IIOportot ..I.
kot ll" k, Az R CflOpo,"tPI"m..it .. 'r' (0::; <; ::; 2".) IlIIt &l'OU'l IIIL'll.
:r R{<;+ 2,, ). A """po rt n.'nt riJill
D 2 (1'1) =
9.
(PJ) - 1
(=: n,
EI80 Schursch-lemma
n...
u(l . t;(il) = ch), "-'(ii) ~ a{.. ) _ d O). <1("). ..(0) "" a(n) ...(0) . b(ii) = t;({i}.
nr..,)
(5.131)
304
n-
..1"1",, R(" = 0) . f.Ky "]''11l inVfT1.f' 1 = R(- .;) PKY /\:w1l." ~cl ..n..mH... irR"vl "u, tiirtMJol ..lj"I,,"t, R(Yl ) Rt':l ) - R("; l ~ 'I'll Ez" C>oOj>Oct A B L-c.o po rt . lIl<'rt Rl..' J) Rf ...'l) =
'" R("' I ) . R(...
-.,).
AOEL..f"k .~pnrtjai.
f" ,glll.Nit
A D, mAtrix..lem.. k tril':oJlo m.t riai fiiggv{>ny..i1...k .. ,r b...(..jti.,... D, (...",,,, '" 1 + O{~ ) ,~in .,.'
..Jjaaz infinithimAlill,;, - 0 rorl':"lti......,kra Il ~r"''''''r...ru...ci... '10' lill,'",i,~t:
A .;;plforl!:atMi MUg .....Y r7... 1,;,., uej u IIlo: "10""110-" khrt......1l: aooportPl"llI ..k l>arllmMri7AlA.W II. B.i.nnd y
moooton 1 (..;) [iiQWny 1l! y1U1'lKY fI'ltu..nAlhato W'llllC ACllOpOTt"If,Illi'k jcll..~T1'.
D,= E_ ,;,X,_Oi,:Jl ( i -=o 1. 2. 3),

ab...1 E a baromdim..w:i6ti ~.,..-gmAt rixot j ,,!i,]j . lIZ
19y"'" alabbi matrixok:
2.
A Lie-csopo rto k d .. flnfd oja
f.lQ' folytollOl' G ,,,,,,V'>rtnt LIE-,"""p"rtUM IIf'Vf"ZUnI. ha iR.......k A:I: a1ahbill.lr.:
1. A O;OPO~ ml1wloot .>lytoll"". Yllgyn. 1lZ .. . b Iuindm n' ki">ruy..-oto.'oo ~ k "'C U .. kiJrIl)"'7K", <10' " IIIIDm)'1'ZPt oIyul6olon,boy wincl..n ",' E \ 0" l'>let<'lIll' .ff E \I ' . A ") ~t C _ II . 11
par1lffii>tl"'i ..klwr folytol_ Vlloi6oo fiiggWoIlyt>i ""' ..... II() .... J p.&clLlllrtell.'iIwk,
:\.,;.
1,= .,:.(a!>. . O ~ . 3, ... ,,1..) (I- I. .. , n).

tt.. I32)
G....li !ll'.hrUl tot IllCl':bat/u'm;lAk ........1><JIi,AXii,m.UhOl Jcm,,t-
.........,
r.~y tlllajo.ioI~ i .lUn<"I Y"'k.
;:, (nJ, ... il.; 0..
,0)
a,
., 0 .. )_ 0,
..;. (0'10 .. Ci.;<>1>

.;, (a, . 0;0.
. 0) s O.
O;J. , . . J..)
...-,(0 .
",.(Il l . , 0.:01,_ ., i>.. ) = O.
Fi. lJ3j
. 0 . ; ~, . . ,3". Il>lf'UIlkPl """rint ,uMMnVl'l'.Ot' folyl---.tl
2 . A .,;, fi#vki,..k -u.w..ullyi {o "

diff.....-uriIiJhatiWl.
A >:, fi'1U"f>t,,.,k ..kkor II.Z 0 '" J == 0 ~ Il "",,,t cl\Ji~ rI....n k~hou T,,)IorIOf>r.... r..j d M'to.-k
A "",,,u4Woel<-m infinitkimAlis kO~l ..h..kint ...... No II. >:, fiiggvkiy ....j~nAk (lNod (a 133))
fiKY"l.-m.... v+uoVOWI. c(,o) = 0(0 ) . fl(d) """"",Uol.-m ho ",,,ii, in.......... ..l.-m " , J>IlTNl.eWck-.-(i == I .
..)
.. kOv..tkrWlwt bpj1lk:
I nll n it h im Alis ge n .. rit orok

Ez "'" "jirMAlkalffiN< minch 0(0 ) nonport<".kw.lI.. k II. Ilf"lItril!ilo..wm komwz.-tf-I><"I1 ft-vo'on\'O"l' l i~
.........'"
" {a ,. . . . o~ l '" ,.(0 ... 0) +
L o,X, _
0, _ 0
AT. (Oi.1J:",,) ..lPIm-k a1kotjAk II. Iokilli.< LIE-oooportokal a T><"1,trillis ..1<".. ki>rnV<"7Rti'],..n . A7. X, I"""'w;,.
d<>rivl\.ltAk
X, = & (0 1)''
an,
, o~)1
......
(i = L .... .. )
(a. l:.l:>h)
a 1.11i:-<"so\lOrt illfillithimAlilo lY"lf'rAt.t>.IOi,

Az 5.4. tab lAzat Atwkintht ...111 kJ,_4iklll< LII',.nooportokrol. l\mdy.-kn..k aCllOI'0rt.-lm;.I.., Irmlf.!o~Rt
tl1domilnyoo< IIlkalll""'.......inAlIlI.ot.p'-'.t~ jrl ..ut&oi'll''ik VIIll_
4 . I nfinitl>zim Alis r"rll:a t!l1lOk
1. A m atrix ok 50 (3 ) C>IOportja
D, =
(~ ~,",t -~~''P' ) '

o Am';'t
C()OI'P I
DJ
.. (
~Yl ~ bl1~Yl ).
-Mll-P2 0 t'Oti't-'2
D ,1 '"
(::~ -:~~t~)
0
(;, . I:JI.i )
bw1l':&tatja a h"r<>mm~ ..... t ([ t i'!' X = {:.r t. :.e2. :.ell helyv..ktoreinak &< i (i = I. 2. 3) [o-",.;"ly kii,iili ,""
"'tOggd tOrt.;",; .-lforl':/lI,AMit " gy .1'-ri-h ziis,.,1 koordinAta .....nd"ll..rb-n.
V..lalll"ullyi hiltom.tirn "w.io.. f'''l':"tA.. (vaj...di fnrll:at.... inwrzi6 nelkul] aJkol.j" all 80{3) h{lI'<lI"I~\tIl'
mrt,-fCl! ~1".,j;.Ji A(Jrtoll:0nAli" """I>orlot.;" k(-I."iUlI'nziOoo forg"tAsiok az 80(2) ..... SO(3) "101",ram{>t.,,"<
P'-..IiK \qI,f..lj......
0 (>:2 ) ordOjW\k.
(5. IJSJ
~k II.Z S0{3) Lrg-c-oport intillitl-~illWi. J:.- ,,",A~onuMk ..,;y

1.1E-aooport..J.-mci --.k A
Irbct.-.eg... C<"l't1"I'.f'tltMiOi. A 1oUli><
..-, - o.
('; .I:i9)
mil.~rixok. Amf'IyPknrk f6il tl6n
kivii li t4..rIlf"i.-k JcrWo-lo k,llOObOnlf'k IllillAlOi. .o\nn&k ..,..,...k{>.... n. 1>0,;).'

"'" R th -wnenll~'i hirowdi ll""' Lziiw. for ll;atW!.]".iTO P>h'lilll.l~portol ~kIlpjllk .... inlinithim&Iia fo~tiIAoka.t -i><mi'tt-Itf'n Wogr.- ....0 hajl."llr:
D(R }=e"lX" "x,- " x
.< "a a.lE R
(,;. 140)
.b a l. a-,. $J ~l\lIl""",,k h.-I\lMl a ' furgatN!i ,... ""' a knordiwOtareudszPr kn,Mpontj&n It.t rrwOO. ho /I
~eDVlyiriIn)...... mUlAtO Ii ~ ktor at. "2. OJ knm l>Ollt:ll"""il ill mrgNihA.uuk voIna II. fotgatMi
nooport ",km",inl'k meghataro.. wd-ljat,..,.:
('; ,134)
3.
(5. 137)
mAtrix ,,\<'n ll j
x, ~ (~0 ~1 -~)
X2 = (~I ~lIO~) ' Xl "" (~000
-~ ~)
0
D , _ E _ ..',X ,
J.
+ O ( .,.,:l)
O(R )
= .,(. ,.y,.... x._.y.j<Il
(:;,14 1)
Euler_wI.. srog E,;y dm-k..u;,;.i (:.e. y. z) koordilla

tAn'n<.Vozpt Il:I: EUL.ud{>],p..m.t ", _". '" kOr11li ocm f.1oo<-wltwtii f""K"tA.-u (liOO 5 .9 . abra "" 211. 01<1.) lIZ aW>hi
ml>dnn vih.-t6 At "to' (:r'.11 z') koordiMtarrud"'.'!:I....
1. forll:ata._ &x telll':"ly kOrill,; ~. ~_
2. fOI'l':atN< a.z "j !I t"l1gl'ly kOflll " por ..... ~iOoo ~.cl.
3 . f<>rgllwa:z " j % trnl':"lv kOriil II " ullltfo:.i.... ~ >gg.. I.
A z ElLERf{>"" oziig IIlkalmll1.N<i1.....1 'lO' ""11:'''' r"tA"t.>U.1I
kOvt-t I-zoir.i>ppm k;'p""_hrt6 "":
D(R) '" e~x'eu' e"~ ' .
(3.H 2)
2.
5.9.
"-",a.
5. Fo r gat asi im pulzus o perator

H" ''l>Y f NAAV{>ny f>1gg lIZ i ~ (r" rJ _III 1",IY""ktortOl, f .. f{X), &kk"t lIZ i k<><>rdinii.ta t''''I\<'ly
koriili (} "".oggel tortfno .. lforgatr...1. IlZ f "ll:Y liu,''''';'' t.r,.. ,~ronllfL<:-I<'>j ...l'Irlj ...:
(O.J){ i) '" f{O;l X} = f( x) _ o{L,J){x) + 0(0 2).
(~_ O.
HI\ lIZ D,f fiil\gV{>ny &< X I"'nl.Mll "II:YlUlllZt J'(/, /ortik.t vt....~i r.-[mint /lZ f f;iggv{>ny" 0;' f hdyl'll.
&kkm "z infilliw7.imii.li_ v"luY,AIl" iJ/ih. ,liff""'Il<'iaI "lwrAtorokla.l ~:l.Amlth"t<'>:
iJ.l1
iJ:.eJ
L1",:.r2- - 1 3 - .
iJ
f):.el
L 2 "' r .1-
- <' -
arl
'
iJ
J:.e2
L 3 = .l I -
- <' -
iJ:.r1
'
(:;.144)
2!.1M
o
o
,"
m
5
5
2. Nor mAlOOIzt6
Egy U rp,..,A'"lOOpol1rll "t; Allio.lflllllrl kiilonbi>zik a:1. Va llldlik!oI<1.1H.lyl',] (vi~)lJt lalll - Wa! ig,,",).
Amf' III1)'1lwn aU Ua 1IIliN''''llll)'i Q G ..kIlH", ak kor az C ~""rtot normliJ"",ti>rl1lll monoljnk.
Uo'k Il MI,,~W.I>< ~",rt"k k"'l""lik fllktol"N\<.port.ok kia!.akil.N<i;'nak alal,ji,t (t..iM1 :'.3.3.3., 3.). A>:
ABE.... ''''''i'''rtolr.l...ll trnlli'o>r>:<lOItlI UUlIUtU n:.,..tCl,OVOrt nomIAloo<zw.
r..1tL\k r""'.o><>l"'Ttokr,, bo 1.. >rlllAl.....t.i>kra:
A : H \ { O } .q \ { O } " ~ 1I111v ..\I'l.ivda. (,\(O}~por-tjAi.
B : ." pA......rg<'!ollll7.Amnk ~ ~""",,r VOlIiI.tkoWan Z r"=.....,I"'rtj.. ~ ...IkoljN..
C: Az 5:l ""'1,,>rt rH:r.oo.-.portjai L....CR 'lCE t"tclf. &ulmcbcn a 6 ..kmholNIU
noo!>Orlu..k (a
trivi.&lioo ~><>rtokon kivu!) _ oIyan m.
portjAi IdK'l.n..k. abo.l;u ..l..lII.. k _'""a 2 V"fO' 3. \'...
\Oban q
.....-.portMk ... ki>Vf>tkoWl rn.H>lOponjai V>Ulnak: E = {E}. C I - [e.p.]. V 2 - {t.I'l}.
L'J = {t.,Pl}. L't = (tPt PsI. SJ.
A nem l.n\-Wi~ "'-"""pnrtok V,. U2. l, ,-.,. Uj ..ikhln1>oak. minlhogy "" ""'lI"'k lW\Ul" luil" k'll """l_
ben ~m UlIYlUUlkknr 5J hl"m riklik" A triviaiio nom.aLo.oztoko" ltivw .... 5:l oooportll"k..-k
Al: l'. ~oort ttnnniUo-.t.'>JIl. AltaWli\ll ~ G r.;opor1llak miutko ulY"J' U r""zow'port AITlt"I)r p
jlil = IGI/2 oo~t1ljll. ." !OZimIDf'lnk,,,, S.. ""'I,rt.!>t'-'" ~>Ortjai""t pPfmutAci6 '"""f".rtuk
DAIr. 1IP_,lk.
D: Az 'I " " lui'r'1.,l r"luJAri~ GL(n) tru<lm:nlmak" mAtm ~~r" ~tko<l6 "I,.,.,wl>< r,,,,,,,",",,"
s..
s..
..
Eo
"'rv
o
o
o
(.
portj&i:
SL(n)
0( "l
SO(n)
I ~inAn-~'"i miltnxnk ......pnrtja.

ftZ ort"l!lnMIill mit,lrixok ""'f'Ol"tjA ,-.,.
A1' I o..tPTl1linit..n-~'1 ort<!RnrlAlu. mAtnxnk ""'foortja..
VAUurwIlIlYI
AZ
un; I'" matrix ""-
3.
k
bo
'V ' milvcl.;II't. un-lvre
(a,. b,)
L<.~ll<k
{A. 0 A) .... (8, 0B ) n;nparrok . A~ A. x B DESCARTES-
(a~.~) = (al O J
a,. b,
' /1
":l)
(~, IUIAl
'"'
A ~,j ' : =
'"M
Crt
'"
AI
B = "1<1.40 u"I B
{(a,e)I,' A ) i1!d '" B'
(;.10 1], )
[Ie. b)11> E B } f\Z A illetv .. B a;(,],orflal iWlllOrf 11l'r!lui.I"'Q[.',i I1J.
A X B ao<>l"'rtll..k.
ABE.... '''''I'' ' rt"k ,!il" kt .<:w rD\'" ,...tillt{" ADEL NOpnrt. Ko't A ,-.,. B ci klik,,,, "';<>1>01'1 di " 'kt "~"I.....I,.
ak k<>l dklik ll><. l", ..."""I""tnk r.." dj"nt k l"f,na,llJ-oohh ki'rl.o.. Ol'zt<">j"1 .
A : A Z , = {<,.OI} ,.. Z, _ { e, b. ll } ' '''''l '''rt"k bo l kip7.('tl. Z~ X ZJ '" {(",('},(e,b},(,,b~),(a.I!).
(a, b). (a.l?)} 1\ Zo e""I'''rl.l,,1 imlrL"rf ......p"rt. """,Iyet (a. b) ~"n"r"'L
B : Ulty"'ll\kk" r " Z~ " Z~ = {(,.<'),{,.b),(l1,f'},( u,b)) "'ITl ,iklik".... Ezt " 4 I"llelil """[H orl,n '
KLEIN 'FI~ "~"IH"'I IlAA ll..v' "w.iik. nllI)'" n{'RY"" ,Og I.rml.~/.formA"i6it irj" ]".
.
2. Ah.. l-cecportok uluptiolt,[" ~lilltl",gy " <Iinkt. smn"tok kCl"""" olyan "" r k,,",,t.(,,, , ampl y ..kp,
""" l" >rt"k)W
,l .Jl"I;'y' """ I"'r!ok"t ,,,,inA!. fr-hn ..rtil " kcn)('" fordi tottj,,: IIlikor 1..1"".pp:y 1l"l'J' G ""ol'o,l." t
"'7. A "" B kl",)'h ( l><>rtok ,li.... k t ..."" w,.... t"k"nl. ,-.I,v"l1il.iUli, m""k'ppp". 1l1ikoI 1,,,,. G ill.'lv" A " n
immnr f'r Az ABEL" ']... 'r l"k "I " pl,'t..], kin,ondja:
Mind"n ABE....
,It'''lIlt.!Uttl>I'rhllT .. u,hl eiklikll" """ pmtnk di rpkl. ...m''7."I"k''nt,
""" I".[I
h b
(:>. 102)
(d"l..-I tiM 8 = dct :Hll

Itt " hal okWnn vaIot< zi'rnljl<">l. HoonhiW5) ~. Illig
(j. 103)
/I
JUI,l> olo.Wnn ~"Iari-~
IllAlri;ll;ok ",..,,--t.ll1..
""""."..1.
~ h : G ; _ G J "10' C>lUportholllOlllOrli7.n"",.lkknr G j oJ)',," pl..m.l_k M1Jn;u-A kl'rh ,kI'!"DPI).
AJl>pl)""l & h kok<'(>P7i'l< ,,'G 2 Uf'''lTaJi-~ c J,.mro.. VIA AI .. h k-ko.'J'f'Z"'- tnA&JAI a1kotj&. A h m"ftia G, norlllAbztoja.
2. Csoportiromornz m us ."mnIu"'lhm /I h OO''i,,>rtbnmnmorfiun'''' m<1r: hijlktiv il<. "kkor h noportw.morli1m, lS. to\;ilibB " G 1 ..... G J 00l'i>Ort. izomurfak ljPJi,.,..".. G, :1! G J ) . Il)"l'lliwt-: kerh = {e} Az
iwrnorf O'l>pOrtoJr. ~ InlktllTiljUak. ""IQ-i.~ nuo.k pl.. o ... ,k Il"-':~hl'u kUlOnhOznPk_
Az
szinm)l'triac>;upurt ...... D 3 ilii-twmooport "IlV~ \ZI.>UlOff..k.l"1Idj;ik 6';'; &Z eg)'f"nlOokWu
Mn)ll~..u.: [ ~)O t irjAk ko.
s..
C",y le )'
teu'w
C AYLt:Y ICkJ.-llZt iilli lja.. buttv min<h ~><Xt tr"kl'lI41t'WW Irt:rlutll> prrnIuracio .,..-,portokkal (mo.l
~.3.3.2 .. 2.
V~"mi.,..-,pnrt izomorf "10' l>l"[[IIlltN-lo""'1><>r1Ia1. F~' G. " ,....'>UI"t....,..zaI" P perm ,TiIriOr.<ol'",rtW lZOlIIorf.ATU<'ly llZfikbOlIl"'~ (g E G 1""'1" ltArjl,khOlalk"l.otl. & ~. Mol 0 ko'pPa . q.
'" bozzit,Ulrtai.O f: G - P i7.0morfuwll t "f(9) = ". h-oWOIP.It nr~
D\lh..u .. ~lrllAtllTlk
ord A "
ClIOport ok h nmolTlornz m us t et .. l..

.-\G n;oport S norm.Ji.loll7;tor"'''''U1tkmi> UlPU..lros7t.AhAill'" h..J.mlU'-lI lIlZ
If'S (A " B , 0) _ ......11. ultI)'.1. II ki-t ,.".-,port direkt Ir/,OT7.l\lanak: nr,..din k; <'KY~"I,'''''' leA f'N) ~ ""
(a. b) ..I.-m in..... r'~ (a- I ./1'1). \'{'!:'.,. A bo lJ ,...,l.. >rwkn.
Vi
h(o . /I) = h(o)
(I""" ~.2.2.. ... l r ..1<Wu'Pp"n n~,nl(lj,ik" tk-IPTt"lllllrtllOk ~l
3.
Direkt eaor.....t ok
1. Dd inid o
2.
Homomorlizmu!lOk .... izomo rflzm u""k

C90porthomnmornzlTlull AlllphTlt.i ~trllkt,'uit,k kim'tl. ",,,,,iib,,. _,Irllkl',ral.arto"k-k{>p"''''''''k.,
f"K" llk '~ni: Uogyf'n.. k (G,. oj ..... (Gl.o) """1",rtok. l::gy h: G, - G~ kk"'p'",i1<loQl'urthnmomor"
fiunu~rno.k ll.'\-..ziink. ha llliuolf'Tl u. bEG, ..koml"'rr" ig,.;t, brv" ><l.OfUlt k..,... .. kiopek !Q.0r7Ata, az<lZ
2.
1 tiM..,.minAn,," unitiT Tl";'trixu.k ""'p'>rtj.oi~ .
1.
1.
ftZ
~ SL(f1) DI'"~t.-,jA" GL(f1) . lI1i~ aa SO(n) ~ j A a:l'. O(,,} o;nportMk.

E : A Iwmpk-x "It'llArioo u";'luxok <:'O:>I>Ortjit.rW.- ri's7r.onportjak"nt .....lil~ilk lTI<'l': lUI (1Norl-l. IA.):
U(f1)
.'il'(n)
5.3.3.3. Csoportok kozot ti Icki> p pzeSl:'k
aSobS = <J bS
(",104)
l11,i",lMtel '10' NOnportot alkol. /Iollwly<>l. G ....." "'rtll... "" .\' l>OITIliI.k-wn.. YOMlknzi> fakl.or uooJl'll"ljAllak ",vpziink. jPlol....... GIS.
A7. ..J4hhi Ihpl o..v.('f'-'I'\I':'-"'I ad m'l!: <"&)',"""pnTt 1l<'ll!"mnrll.-k"I'(";"""'ii..,. fAAlut nonportjai kOzOtI ..,.i>rt
l"SOl"'r!nk hnmnmorfizmlll' li !AI{>Irf'k hivjllk.
ER)' h: G j _ G 2 hnmomor!U.""",kprh m!lltiRaz"h..J."'''7..m..ly..,hrh - {o E G,jh(a) --. e}. A
hnlllOrfu.rllU!' k... h m"lti.. G, .......pnTt nnm"\l,..,,ti>jll..~ G,/k'''Th faktor """'llOrt izoluurf /l h(G,) {h(a)la E G , } homo llln rf ker l'M. Fon lit v" .. G NlOI,,'rt minden S "nnnaJOlIZwj.. egy "nmomorf I....
k" l'..zi.",t bawnz m rg no t",: (;1 _ GI/,V. "hoi n(lt~( .. ) ,., as i.. flllt", I..k"p"'l i", m'W Ipnn"""A-..
110, n<>rnnrfiz rnl t~.
Mmthogy " d('I.lI ll liw;'lt~ 1.k,'J->P1"'" d.'I: GL{TI) - R \ {O} '"'-'I,,, rt ho lllo mo rfi7.I11' I._. 1Ull.ly,,, k m"-lti"
SL(nj, 19y S l.(n) .. Gl.(n) """1'011. llormH.l.-I,,j,... ,.,. (..
hOll"llllo rlumlls tH..k ah'l'j"u)
GL( ..)/ 5 L(n) i7.0lTlor f ..
=,lUok R \ {O} multil'Hkal.h' ""'I"'rtjitv,,1. (J.IOli_ k..I.Iit.",1 ::; ,3.3. 2.. 2 .).
,."1<,,,
4.
,"","'rt,,,k
Csoporlnk abrazolas,,"
1. D .. finido Egy G r sn r or t D (G) r.I"';'zoltw.,, G .... 'l">l t (I,ol11 ",n",.f) kkl'I"''7'"'''' '' (val"" V<lID' kn ml'"
1" ;11;) n dim'u.ti...... V~ Vf'ktnrt~r D lll' lH " .illltuIAri... Iin""I'i... tr"""1.forrn"'i"i l""
D(G ) :" _ D(,,),
u G
{5.Hk
306
:\ l.,oegyz""" Az L, (. .. I. '1. J} "lwrlllot<>k ",i"ti>n ..-lMllitja a:l SO(3} f"r~""i """!)()I"lnt ,J" kVllJ'-
:,,'\ tat,lfu-~.l. A LlE-"""lltll'4,k "'" LIE-aJgrbr!i.k
11lmm."11I..lliklr.1>IUl ....t<k,," Ii t"n}~~Q;t61 dt~kinl"" "'" f r"fl!:"ta.~i irnpulzux oprrMor ,lrrik.w'-lRl1 koml'<>nPIl~I"'k f"k-Inrk Tll<'jt.:
It ........ port ,,;tn,IJzil>j.... (G) LIE-..JIl.... r.. A , R n{>gy7.<'lps tnAtrixnk. F,~

n_"iIIJt"Jl~i"" CKY"',!,:uilllrix. A T tIllJL"Zllt"wt malr;X, A' knnjllt;AlI komplex msrnx. A ~ = ( A . )T
...JjulJxalt matrix K" ~-al"" t R) '-agv kO"'I'I.'x (C) ><oWu"k t,.,.I<"
...
!l
1"'- (I. I .l.) =..,.(L,,~.L~).
(;;,!.w )
6 . Kornpakt k <Wll . fii IUl:6 Lilf'oc>ouport ok

Eg:. ll&<. .J>OIt'>l komlwolli..ue mond"llk, li>i R 1_;unl"t<r1.rnz;irt ft; kurk\tu<. Ejo- Llt>o'.." ..rlol i~_
,q,ffiiggonek WUlldll"k....... II. P"fillu"t.<-rtk k';l pontJ".-gy foly1.onor< I';Or""""'1 i.ioo!riookOtI...tO.
II klMszik'l2I L(.. ) SU(n) O{n ) .'lO(n} LlE-.non\>Ortoka. a:< Spl2n) LIE-uo<lfKH1. kompoU;WI. ,II;Y......
akkorCL{n.A:) DrIlL komp;<kt. ~ LIE-<.....portok j>CldAulaz SO{'l) i.... SCI" ) '"""Ioortok.
J..lol<.....k- G 1.1E-"""I'0rt, d
_ LIt; <""'IJOl1
_ Llt;al~brlt
_ Altalanol< linciri., ""'port.
G ~ GL(n.h")
_ LIG ) _ gI('l. K)
kcl
_ ~I'f'<'iali.,
5.3.3 .5. Lic-algebrak.

I.
l1nl"l!. '. aIOpOrt
A L;....... lg..b r.. ddinid oj a
." jntinib~Ill.1.~nilorai ~ n-mm<"nzi6oIlmm;" t ..... bftu"i,.t aI.

kotjak. Aml"ly C(G) LIE >drbr4vt ....kol. ba a:.tt .,. X - c,X, t ",X 1 _
_ c"X. r, E j.,- n C ....
az 'X" X~ '"" X,X. - X.X, knmmutii.tor k.i'lui_1 JooMcju..k. Krl ~,;.tor kumru"tAtor.. .-I&WhtllAli,
,X,. X. "" X,X. - .'i.X,
L c:.X.
,.,
_Ie ) ;l'~_ri)
_
~ltil;i,ri.."""poort
G =U{n)
. CtC = .. In)
.:ll'f'<'~-:- unitir.... """P"rt
.<\ CoO ti-nY""'"ilk IlZ (C) LII!.. l,:ooloralltruklllrlllio. .w..ntlOi, A", (C) aJg.ohrah&zi.;t.....,...,jr>nllilni,J.. ."...
li-lIl"Zl"k mint bAnIl>l<lfnk'.I<"TI7.0rok tr..wvl"nniliOtlllak.
2 . A kommut Ator kipd .. tullljdon..a,:;ai
1. Anlikommulalh,it lL..:
X,. X. 1= - X.. X,
1 ~ . 1 4 71
2 . Lin..arit.is :
X,. iX, . X.
I = ('IX,. X.
'l
X, X,
X.' X"X,1 -;X,. X,.X,

It
~O
(~.149)
"'-rnkllll"ll.li~ilJl.wook k"".ott:
L (C;.et.. + c;.c:...- (.. . C;) = 0
(~.I:.o)
Ah..l-f"~
Lie-alg.."r/!,
Egy AOELf.;lr Llt;."-'g"lml.l>l\l1 va.!ltnl<'tlnyigrr"'r';'lnr'1PJlmiL"",,,1 f,I"",-n:,IIr"to.a7'= X,. X.1 = u C:.
u
minden i. i. k. A7. itlll'-!>lfu"Jc..gy C' ~I:,-l>r<;,jlt alrknr itl\"ari,ul" al!,:"I>", (i.-l"".1)_ till [X" X.I E C'
min.-IPnX, E C .... X. E
Egy '1\Y!<I~'rt1 I. IF,all\.'htll.lrllk lIin''''''n nf>lIllriviAli" invar;';'n. n''' ..... lb't>!'''.j". E~' f,;I"lQ'",,'nl LIE-lilli"'"
rAllalr "in"""n AIlELfr,l, illV>lTiJtlls rt'",~a1I-:,'hli .ja. A kOlllpakt. LJE-''''''!'Oltok '1~y"zf>nkk
t. Cashllir-op.. rfllor
:\ C CAsIMrn-OI'f>I',;,t","Iran "IIt'rMof, ItJu"ly ruind"n gen ..rat.olTlt] ,..,. i~' a LII-;-"Ig"hra mind"11 ,.]nni.
vel kommllt"L F.:? "g'lIWJi!.<>tnkh"n ..!tY kVI"ll'alik,,~ aJa k.
3.
_ lw u<kouB E .. n\,al....ISuoi Di
OrtogouiLlis <,..,port
_ m indt 'U A C L{.. R).Mol
G - O{n)
qG) = <>(n)
A ,\T _ AT A._..
_ 1 ",oo.1 , D E ~ n . R
I G-SO(n)
I G=O(n.C) q
. .-./n)
!. KOIIJI'~X o~
. .-.In)
'i.~
A TJA
C(G) = ~p(2n.C)
L" q,.\',X,
,,<.,
Az SO(3) """IIt,rl X , (i
val,,,, Lu;alp; ..hrAjAr" " d
(:j. l~l}
1. 2, ;i) 1l"I\'-rAlor"i Oll",] ~.1~) hA:>:i .1.alk"lnak "" 50(3) """I""t 80(3)
"I X, + "l Xj - ~" x."
E H ..I..ruek kr-L M inl hop;y X ; "" - X, ..,.,
",
"
j r...j
milldplI D
.ebol B T -
t;
I)
B
1,>0.110
(_~. ~. )
E q/(2n.C},aJ,uI D Tj
JD
SU(3} 1.1~-,.Jx..hra ""Ialn"nny; "nt;""imll"'trik,,~dT '" - d 3" 3-.... matrixb"l all. A I... ll!'ratorok ko,.ou
fdao<'rClh<'t.Wp;i rel".i6,
':'IV~n\'<'" a
[X,. X 2] = X" ,
V>\gyi"
[C, X. ) = 0 rmnd..u /;.
.I
o/n\
min.-lt'll B ~ ':;(fl. q
IUJtJtIt~J A E (iLl:.!'I.
Sp/2n.Q
"
.'IlroI DT __ D
oooport . m~~ . q _Ahol

AA T =A TA =E.
- (Gl 0(".
_ ~~illJ!.,,"tl"'1l; ''''''I",rt
".
win.-wn mlf.l1 bonnltlkll"" )( n_ rnAtrixr>tl

'. ~-~..':. octogm"'"-"'''''I>orl /wlldt1t A E Ui") ,.." .. I,k-t A ~ ...1
c.
C=
"
minrioon B E ..Jln, K \.AhoI S >( B, - 0

mimJrilA~L{'l, (]
.AbolAA M = A MA. _ E _
mi...wn n gil", C).Ahol a" = - 8
(m inOt-n fr...-Ii-n br'fmiuk"l<" " n _ .niltrixr..)
_ mmoen A E V\nl .ll1lOI .....t A
-I
G= SC(n)
. CI C I $tI('l)
,_ C(G)
&..,k r<'1iu:i6lr. kal""''''t<'lt t"r"lIlt'lIt'k
C:., = -C~.
e L( ... J\ ) ,..!Jo! ,irl A
d=2{nl-1)hK~C
.. gelM"ritorok linMn>< Ia>mbuw-iclj..JU.nt
'('IX, - ",X
miIJdt'11 A E
-I
e-SL n.K)
~ LIE;-aoopor1. X, (. - I
"X.
3. Jacobi-id.. ntiU~
:
_ minOrn I>"lI;IIWV. 'l x .. nilltrix A

d..-Ira K
R
Kh.o!lforl"k"kk"l, K = It C
d-2n 2haK = r
minden n x" mAtrix A K booli "",,uk
It"
[X 1 , X,,) = X t
,K s. X d
X2'
(5 ,152)
r.t
SO(3) LIEal!\,'hra lluUMbl kiil(iu],o1.,; ~trHk !l'lr{,J;" Anand"'; ,;,', = '- 'b = ~ , = I.
= 0
A', SO(3 ) C C .... SJ ~IIR"I "rl.t"m IUlldy II L1E..J1:, 'h rn valilJU"lwy i "J" m ~vpl kommlltfll"
"!Q'~hki'1lt.
C ~ X~ + X~ + X~ (mi"df'Il9,~ ~ I ) [valunn-nnyi fI,' 0) kif'j ,~k.",1 ... Ilmt" JllPX.

!I.!"'lti"RY"es: A l.lF.-alg..bra ..]"u",i 1\''Uludliailll!\'' C l"'lltr!Jilt ,. "]"lllr'n ;'l hal".!'" a(n(t))(t ) a(o{f))
,,(,,(t)) b(J(t))h( (I.)) y,' =
~"] W (Il.vl kUlIlluutiitur .... h(t}) = ,,(,,( t)).b(f:I(t)) .,,( ,.(t)) ~I .b(f:I{t))-1
:u.
II
30 0
A V.. "".kt:'rt.et 1,"'.... kl>pth; n,.;t A"t~,t)JA,.,lilU,'n7,ioj.. (w.I699_old.). EIG' {... } (i _ 1. 2, .. , n) I~;"
bo........'Ruw:1 nUilIl<'u r _ktor .. h.~I!<_ktoruk Hn"Mill komhinAciojllk,,"t irlmti> f..l:
r"' Lz,"
-,
rE V...
L r:~.
-,
r: =
L
D... (a)r .
,.,
u t a tralll'do~iOI.lWoi. trawrdflmwiO61t {~} ~
": = ",D(a) =
(S. IOti)
A D(a), .. E G ha~t liZ r Vl'kt.. rr~ pgy ni'!tr....tr11 mAuix (O..,(a)) (i. k = I. 2.... , 'I) ,MiniAlj...
....,1<'ly .. trlUll<ZfunllAit W'ktol kDf>T'hllAr.Ai1 ",.."IIlAlU.tj.. a.z "\ """"i~""'ll: (D..,(a) (i. A = l. 2.
. .. )
z' == D(a)z =
5. Egy ClIOport el..m kara kt e Tf' EI\.Y a oo<>1><>rt ..I"", \(<1) k>Ll:a!l:t..", '1tY D( G) 1,'k(.I-""'""""r<" von ..tk o""...11" kkPp<'"l..c..i mAtrix nyOllU\{I< m"tlO fl"'lll.illpk '-~~'lte);
(:i.I07)
f<} i.~ r..lfoghatju.k:
L
,., D..(a)t-.
(:'.IOtiJ
\ (a) = Sp lD j=
(i,l:= 1.2, . "n).<IeG
Ple, = P,';.. (ZI)':..{T,},..,(TJ) =- ; ..(.rI),:,,(.c1).;.. (r,) - D"U>i~,

Pit, ,.. P, ,;.. (.r!l ':;I(x,),.:.. (rJ) = ",..(ZI),;.(.c2),:,,(rJ) = D ,1U>iJPI.
PleJ - p, ,;.(z,)';.. (S1)"",,(.r,) = -.:...(.c,),;..(r1 '..{Xl) '"' D.1.1U>i~
(5. 109)
A J..k~i mAtrix fllgg" bUiI. vAWtzlAM1i>l.

2. , H u k-k~ H il lf'~ ~h1 G - D(G)irornorfizmu,..var;yj,. .. ~""m..Ic"",,J<.ki-I""
~ m.atrixok It.iQiitti ~1ft< ~lm/1.
3. A l...k" pP7.H tu la jdonaaga i EY Irk~ ttIiajdoJlMN II kiivctk.....1t:
D(lI o b) _ D (lI) D(b) . O(q-I)= O-'(a). D(,.) =1.
(5. J10)
..hoi
E G e.. I lIZ Wio-ntkit.l,i 1l1'"'!"3tor.
5. SpoociAli!l I..k~~u-k
O le)
DlPI) -
COO)
00 1
001
0 10
('"0)
010
I m'nMn /1 C .
2: A~ungAlt le kioJ><"7.. .. A D<<?) I<-~h ..." ,larto:zi> O'" ~C) adj UllgaJt 1f.....~1.11. D(G) J,r1u:'1"~
~~ ugy k/lpJuk. IIOlO' a "'k"JI'~ ullltnx4n.IU: komplex konJ'JgNtJat ki;>c-o.iik", a matnxot trll.lI_
po ruilJuk:
Az
Uni t~r I..k "~zk8 UlIiU'r ...k.,.,.......... '....U'n Vl'IlIl.lllt'llnyi I<-k~ mate i,. lI1lilJor:
ah ol
E "'"~-gy~mAtrix,
4. Ekvi ~lt'n!l 1~kl-p"7.~k K (t D{G) ,;., a(G) I"kcp...,ht akko.l Illond'U1k ,'kviv"I.n~lIf'k. lu< "
:-"'P"rt min den /1 f'l" m"'h~ t artu d> J.'kl'p<'7hWto1
yl!prnzett hKHOlll~ trll.n. zfUlllu;,,:iii...If' 14lHt hll.t oo :
D '(a ) = 'r- ' . O (a ) T ,
U,k(a) =
010
D<", l
,
>-1 17)
\IPt)- \U>.l = e.
&!l~"
"l."'ditupuribjf' k-k~k
II.I<-k~ mAtrixolF:
"&y n = ", + "1 d iulf'nziOju ...... l<-k~""''''' fURWha t6ak 0-...... "hul
rlir<'kt iWru-g.. AZ aW>hiak !OZt"riJlt "UlAt.6lU<-1t;
O (a ) = O{ll(a ) ii>O ' )(a ) = ( D"l(a)
O " I(g)
A ~'k"I""J..c..; matrix I>lokktliAgon.-.l alAkj" I<rrA uW. II<'I:,Y
(t..l t ll)
A .... _"
V_. l..k..p<'7.....i I<'- r mint k'>f. invRri"n~
(5.119)
EIO' V.. al w rt't II.kkor mondun k illVl\ri...... alt i'r1I<'k . h" I< D(a), 0 E G trll.l\>Q.formaciO ....rAn mind.."
r E \ '......ktor l.. ki>p<"ZM i~m" t V.....1..1ll.. 1....1.. IV.><Z
x' = D{o)r ''''''I<'- n
.c' V... .
(5 ,120)
A 1,kil'czl.. kar ><kkn' "'" "RY' .. I"k('I"li~,k kiu"k"',,,inp k i'-1,P1tf':
(r--I);J . DJ/(a)
1;k .
(!i.I I:.I)
JJ..,
Ell..uk",.o """ t h..n n.. rn pkviv..J"IlM
.l.'H pp?h<ro1l Ix....d'liin k. A D{G ) Jck"pcclh n>l " [Y (G) l"k"I'f'7;"' Il' w.Jii
fltlll<'''d lI"' l';f"I..1A V~ l" k/'I" 'd'lll t"'r hAZll<ln'I"" .r" rmarioJ'An" k T : {f' I, '' 2, ... ,.-~ } _ {f"-1'1.
f'! .. . " i.. }
e'= cT ,
(""I)
101
100I)
(""010
O (p;z)
V.. (m < n) alto'r direkt <-7A'g" .-.11 ..1<'5:

V_=V ..,ii> V",. n="I+"l'
O{G) D (G ) = E ,
001
DIPI)
$p) = 3. \IP,) = \CP-J) =- \ ~)
6. lRkepeze-k d i....kt
3.
Ion
(,,0)
001
("100I0)
O (P, )
.0\ kalakte1T.. A kovrt kc:Wk adOdDll.k:
1:
(::i. II I)
(::i. 1I6)
Mmd..." ,t ~"" az Aiabbiakat bpjuk:
a."
Id..~t ik ~!1 k-kf.~ZH Mil i<kn C nooportuak lMn.ik ~ trivw:.. TdilDl'nzXwo I<-k~ (i<Imtlk":" 1PIt.~) . ..hoI A DIOp(lft VAlAmmnYI"J,rwfhr7. AZ ~nt>c itMi op<'TlUoc \1W boru.iLnoulklw:': /1 ___
(5. 11::i)
.U f TIP"lrilJi... "lt-m kMakl-<'1"I' $ = II "lPk!'J><'Zi>Io dilll'l11'.i6jll.. Millt bngy h....,nJ6AAgi trNL"Zfonn ....iOk
alkA1rrul.\...J .. mAtrix 1l)"Ol1UI in....-w"'. /Lit OJt<Ir'1l f'kviVl'li<'I\>I kk"~n<' k k"",ktc rc lI.WI:IOl>
A~ SJ !<?imml"triklL" "."pon t"li\Y hNofll.liulPTl:Ut.... lrkio~ vi7.otl;i1jllk..'u Atom- vag:y ~ZiM
bt'jmod.. Ujc ""","nt harOlD T'fo;Zl"n!k..Je....k ~'k .. koortlinAW reedre Z',Z1. ZJ p,. kk ~kr II'K.V"'rIII. y;:... ~ ~1I.i',Al.1>LputbAn (0 1 J koilfi&1.rAriO). A k-hl"t.~...... Jo-lMok ; ..(.c,~..{.c1j.,;4(rl) =
= e, . .... (.c,).,:'(Z');..(Z,) _ ""l . .,.,~(:r,);; ..(r'};n(.cJ) ~ f'J" \ , ,,zim lIl<1.rik ull oouport LJlII(G). LJlil( G)
....ktortc....ben egy {",.e2.t'l} lWit.t ..J.k"t[]ll.k, A J,;ki,~ maulxuk "km"; a C>lOf>Ortck-lDf"k alkalruazAMna.k utjNlpn""k WPgf.....kWn ... ljAk u"'l 117. f, l.a-c.. VOO/ltkolziJ koordiuatftkat.1gy pi>ldanl
Ekko<- lIZ a C$U1'OJtI""'mh" boruirf'1\4'lfoljiik II. (D .. (a J..k..p=':si rn&l.rixot:

0(0)"0_(D.. (4
L
D..(a).
..,
":= L n,e~ (i= I,2.... .n}.
,.,
Ep;y v"g <':ll """I"'rt minde-n Irkl'!' ...,...... '-gy Illl;ti'r If'ki>!wzp,.,,,.,I .' kvival..llIO.
(.'>.l 14)
\ (<1 ) = \ (Il(o) ~ ,W(a).
(5.1l1)
Lek"'p ...~e""k dir.. kt s.<orzata

e, (i = 1 2. . . . , "1) .... ..~ (~: = 1.2.. . . , 11-1) " V~ , ,", ,, V~, l,h!'....,.....i t"r"k !>"zillai , " kkor"
t" I,mOW'f'!,At
7.
l<'IO~' n('k
";l ={"'''~ }
(i =1, 2. . .. , "1 : ~= 1,2, .... "1)
(:0.1 22)
" V.., 0 V.., ",m,alt<'r III . II, .!i,u" llzi{", hAziAAt "Iknlj... A DOl(G) i", Dm (C ) a V_, ill ..t vp \''" I"'rl>"n
"rv"llyt'l' 1,ki-p....,"""'k MI .. "" w~tt ..-rf... urgy " I '''1 dilll" nzjoj(1 D(G) kk,"I" ':d",t kapuilk. h.. " l..k{'l'w h i
30':!
~i)rlx-
mntOwoktorll rl..hnlri(, ~'~'rillt,

,
A LIE-al !,:<,h", l)('v"",f'~l "RY gl.. h.ai~ LI-a'''J>0r~ vi~Ma"" a ll..utriLIis..INlI kiirllYf"Mti>l"lL kv......
nY"" loka.h~ !<tmktilrll vi~tt.r .. v",;~"I...to vu..v..... ahul,.,.. anali7i. mOdl",f'J"f'L "Jkalu,....J... I......Jr..
x..
110' II D~ . D _.. let r.... !><'fI.torok ",-gil,~;.., ...1

kiill<hdVII. 8:t
w kt"rI.nl .... ..ljul.vlI" 1~"KYohb In
.....kt"rig
IQ. o...z..,.. tiihhi ~(, lyb07. i" lIl"'W""'rk<'l(litlwtjiik II MjAtVPktnrok.---.t:
D" x.,
5.3.3.6. Fi-lpR)'Sl t' n 1 Lle-csoportok lekepezi-se

1.
{ X,}(i:!.
.,n)-{ H, (1= 1.
.1). .. (0 = 1.
.,n-fH
l rOWMforI.lI -iOk l,tjAn "ItY oIy,," ~P'"""i,ij;,. {I/" ..} l..w.. (C ART!, S - W r.VL-lWi.
zrthvtO
~ Iii,"","",," fi~,tl<'u~II""",," knmmlltAli> H, op<'nitor
0
Xl
D_"x,
Xl
"l,ly IIi - r"

~"dy In - 2""
(;;. tu1)
D _..Ji. = X.., I = 0
(G. I;.;J)
~tA1lAAr.-l~)
lH. H.I"'O (,,4.=1... ,I)
(::'.15-1)
t!l...V ~e"'rat l'o.w.i l.ll...k kl. A~ I ""~Il" LIE-.uvbr .. {L IE-aooport) rat.lllj;l. A ~ E" op<"l"Atomk lIZ
(n -1)<Ii~ ti'1' I..~jit.t f~itik ki. F..7A"k 'lPIIJ egylWl.o<.a.l 'O{"I1i a H, h"W,. <>kmrkkd I>f'm
konliDUtiI1n.U. Prlda lll,
:H,. .j_r...., (u=1.
.1)
(::'.1:":')
r. '" (r,u . . . Il.o)
(:>. I~)
A r;yok....kturok wn.-~ fd n -n41hAt6 " ""~ LIE-.

lrik oatal~ ~lint ~ II LIEalw'bru. \'>L1anwnn)i Irk;.p0'7.......I..-r: bouio.tactozilr. a llil"dd.,10 1okAli:!< LIE--C!lOpOrt ""k~. II LIEa1l':"'hru. ""k;'~n ..k l~ ..l.rvt,oo. h;. a L lE-ooopotok I.-k~t """tJUyozzuk,
Sulyok #OS l.t r Aopo>rAt orok
F..gy f")PIJ"l.Iml LI I!-~..h lAlul.kII ~tAn<i&nlINlz;"h.ui VJdo. )pl..,............. II. \".. k-k."..,..irh..n D , (I _
l. ... . 1) e.. D G (n = I . ." -I) m x m
mAtr1l1ou.t plWlmi>nY'f'Z-- ~linl hogy VAl"ulf'ILuyi D , mAtrix
komwutJU <'Zl"k '-"!O'illo'jiic"" "~tu\l AWlr hmhAtiwl.k: n 1iflf"Arif.an f(lggf't!Pn i,. E l';,. kOzOo, ....jli.t....k
""'"'
3.
A z 50(3 ) forgatasi OiOport

~
. 8
-zo,)' I, - -i{zu.l -La.). I .." -I{So. ~ 1Ia; ) (h = I)

dz
f"IY'lA>1impulz'''''>!''''rAtorok kif''''llitikllZ SO(3} fOTKllr"",.-...opnrt. .ou(3) LI[...~..hrAjat. i~" z t<:'n~\
kiirfili .,; "",,-'U..I WrrPllU infillithirruil", fOl"l':"tiUI ,.".ti-hrn qr;y .~s.lI. z) f\wi:""ny"", "liobl>i>o.k _'rint
tranlrdormwlik:
(::'.162)
R.( .. lV(.c.II. z) '" (I )to(s, II, %). p' _ 0
Az(::i.I4:l<7.mntaz I.. = -i(lI
i_-i.
MintJT,n,g:. -Lunc-nnyi iJilini,..,..Linuili... gt"1lt>r>'tor "Cffi"" k.-oc.t I...m kornllt"t.<U
_"-z,._ .......... ..-..iImnka\ Ill( l...-Ilmrm.iOlI th "C 1'. ..... ktoriba (gyoh.,ktoc) foghatjuk .-.....,....:
A~
=
=
Cartan- W..yl-bAz ill
CA RTAS.-gy """,1..1.1 ,,"'<1m"'''"" ,.".,rint "KY 'H1lm"l"Ci.;o,. [Negy"""",';' Lu :-a.I!"hr'uui.l
2.
D _a-x..
D , i,. = m~ "' i .. (I=1.
.1.1'=1-
.n).
(::'.1:>7)
'i.4
ii.
1,.1. -
v.. :i..I~J = i4
(.>. 163)
rangjar-a az i "'- 1 hWk IlI1Oo:lik. vllg,yi~.--It", nl)/An lW,io ~thn.to. AIDl"Iyni-la WOlIlI;.... lIf'ri.toc qfdjcbb "IO'ike aJlitw.w ..1O ~I.aI mf.lrix fnrmAjAhAn. StAlulardl>&zi.~kfllt .ilwablw
al'. .00(3)
HI
=i.
=L _ i. _ ii. ,- L -i,-ii,
(::'.H;-l)
ker.-i\ bPvMo...tkr<' ..hoi E~ a IMrllOpl'l1ituNJg", jt'IOh. Ezrn ~tnu-ronnMlOt
(i.i".i.l
{ H,. E._ E~} ~ill;"Z"-,,,,(,j 1..ozi.~<'I<-lII''lI"l':
[H,. E~ : =
(::'.H':;"')
(::',lti::.b)
A~ II. tiT. aIlll'ly .... n a.z "0(3) Ll e- al r:..hr" p;yiikf"lf';t At ~",lyAit idrrkt.olllllljllk '-"K.VuiJlll'lli'i<'< (i '" 1). Az
(::i. 165Il) !<Zt'rint .. g~..i>kPrv<-ktomk rend..,.. .... M t , '" ( I). t : '" (-I) = - r, ....kl.llfokhOl au. (11.... 1 8Z
5. 10. ibrit ).
..JAbhi_ ktort
TiT '"
("It>, ... m~"l)
:[,
"" l-dim<"II7.i.... thJ,..lIlll'. x~ MjAt ""kto r ~1\lyAlI .. k mnndjuk. :\ D , Jiagun& lIui.trilld .'m.l ...... ",'L!r- ktor
TiT i-lk kOllllx>n.. rnri.
-I
-I-+-1
-2
-I
1-'
::i.10. "I>r".
"':" "':"
D, =
(
()
t>g'=
m~~)
r:.
E KY L IE-"ll"'hr ll KYi'k,i.I,. ,1\Y l,'k;."..,i,. 11'1"(lly" i lL7,on.... rlimenzioj"l wktortt>r .... n V"llll"k lu",; ",I Vll.
A ",'m df"julo s'l ly" kAt qr;y><ln ilt,,k l!l<1l1djuk. A" l ir sl,lyt a" 0' sl,lynalllll.gyohhnl<k mondjuk , hll a;I;
Iii' - Iii = (ln j - "'I ... ,
"'I) "",kt"r d!4ll z"rllsti>l kiilonh07ii rpnrl"7.6jp p,-,".,dtiv. A 1, ki' I',zi.,.I, ~
lIaR-vohl, ~idyi,t 1"ll;tlI'lO'nhh ~\1 1Y IIII,k i" "'"'-I.ik, ER)' fi>leKY"""'f1i LII; .algphrll. velamennyi Lw. I" .-ihiii"
1,'ki'l'wi .... .. I'l\ll"l\Y"hh "(,lyl"'''1, .u m-ly llIilldi" "!G' ."" r,l , " Ryi>l t..lml'pn jell"m<'>lh..l.o. E Wllkiviil k;" " ,tat h.. l.I;. hogy h.. "" i ,.,'kt" r "illy" li\ , akk ol 1\ D"x . (,Iyll III + t,,:
m; -
D,{D"i ) = (m, + '.,lD..;{.
(:;, 100)
Az ~o(3) ({>p, ,'"Zz..1 '1;yiitt "". SO(3)) lm,<ludhl lilo l...lll .'h i"a1''1>0 1,ki'I',,7iw'it...k R"llyai
i'rt"k ,i,k.
"", "llYmA.<t61 I ;'rti> kk,,1 kiilollhi;zll"k. Az ...0(3) irff'<! Il"ihilis 1.kPp,"INnpk l"ll:nngyo hh ~,"tlYIl 1'l'.Y'1l
I",..lilt !P, ~ . A 1,I,,t~"" l.o"',hl,i ~(,m '" I (I '" 0. 1 2 ....). " h"l.z<\tlU"UI'lO ""jAI.vpklnr j..IOl
Iyokh<rz \.art.YlO "" ja t wktowkAt "'" E 1"",rlL<,!",rM.nm"k 1\ \'1
v"kturr" v,,16i.llI/td t a lkalllla:rJi."" ,a.1
~z';'mithatjllk. IIm if\ <17. m = -I ht.,'-kh..,. t llft.-rli, I'IIj"I.Vf' ktort (E_"".--' '" 0) " I Il"1lI'rjiik. Milld" u
llpe.lIl;;]" R{l1y (5 ,161) " laf, jan 1\7. ' " ;'rt,'hol n7. '" - 1', '" '" - 1 l-!, t<kll' n.Julllil<">dik. Az 50(3 ) ",gy irr....
<Il1cil,ili"
l"kI'pcz""",n..k
ah ul " ]''p;n,,!O'ohh ~(I ly I. I E Z-, "Uly.!i"!:UllllJUj.... "Z:"'lll'~ven""cll az
1.1_ I . . . 1. 0, - I. . . . , -I + I , -llxmt." kbb l hli (Ir"" l S.IO .Abr,,). A l",ki,WI,;'" igy 2/ + I dimenzios. A
I.,k,'- ,,,'z;"'i t{'r bazil<vekt umi " fUlW"'Lllll",I~. ,,~ z k"llI l..""Il....n',k i. 01" 'r MurAhoz "" az In fWl jM,rrt;'kl"'l.
t..r t.u-l.6 WI.,., "" jflt[ii!'OC'';lly"l;
i,.n,... '" .11I;.,.... (m = I... ,I),.
-I),
(:>.W6)
310
igy .,,;l50 (3) in....h...i hil~.l<-k ..'I..J><......r"'k m !.illyll.i hzjkail~ lIZ fo q;:atil.. i implll~IlM II kl'l\ntAlo ~nKPlyl'"
(~ t"ugdy) ..... u w-toil"t....,, ),; kl ...tMo''J:L'''' ulkMi "rti'k<-it ..Jja li riuIy kvantAI ....~_ ~hlJt h<'IO' .. (;A~ I MIR'
op<'rfItor C _
t;
i~ + i~ =
[i. i~ ... i~ +r~
=,"
P VJl1I<IIII"lUlyl ~1l<'1"AtoIT .. 1kOlIunutAl.

'"' [i. I~ + ~ +i~ = Pi = ri,o i':, -+- i~ +1"; =
a l;;~ . . fij~v"n~...k" f"r~.. w;
illllllll7.11M
P j = O.
<;
(7).ltij)
<;
no'gyzo'';''"'k i... '""jAlf,-iggvel1~i. A.z 1(1 .. 1) ....j ..t .. rt;.luk:
1~ P!'r_ .. =I(f+ I)"~...
<;
~1
(cd6X)
.U 50(3) i,.,...j, ...ibiJi,.lo>ki1><"'1i.....it "l'""ilikloJoI .......n II. forgllw.i iruPllhll,"lf
1I~i"'-
='
.fo .
L" , lY~ ...(..., d.
)\ .-
(5,169)
A:wk II.J: ~
, .... , " ' "'). _
{;;.17J).-.rint az ala.p
ni l
FOTgatilsi imvu lzu."Ioatol'"
fiiAA....n wk .........Iyo-k ..aiTtkll>o potf'flCiAllkrbenko't ,~ forg4lu I.lILpuhll"
",,"'ftI,t!
G .,...,.)O ~ i iwpub.' ..... allZOnAwlMlliw.
trt!ulrri<'>jllntjM Ilod6dik (5. 1 ~J:
D'"
(5. 110)
diuK'nQilj"r'" (21, ... 1)(211 + I ) ,.- L:(2L - I ) .

t:
A !<7'017.... ni-r~.... ~, .., t-'r._. "l: (1,nlll1m, LJI) C LEBSCH GORO"' :->-l'g)"uuw.tOk "'1I.it""'sf'VPI~
....h>t.J tott blUll'dorm.... iO... t Il h/W..t........ lyIlf'k .. korrwi AZ {1,m,12m1} rgyri....... .,.."kraIlapot f'q""IIiU'
pujzw; kVftl'lulU.....mai alapj'm vlUluak !X..ifik"h..... az im'ariAns .utel"t"kh<" ig"".od" "'LJoI hhzW... ,.,.
,.zi At. anwlyD<'k " WlllM AZ L , \d fot"g..... implllz11l' Ir""lItIUn.'<Z4w",-..J. 6< II h ...rrt.4lO t<oIlj(.ly ro wll
JI. M '" -L..... L W1l1lru-i I.i<'IJ.,"',~.i.b,.'t6<,k:
.-\ )pk~ tkr
([>-I71)
Az I, _ I. I, = JI-rI~kI'Arrll Il CL EBSCH GO IIIJA" -""mkb"lI irR.. lu{'ihilil< [jl_) ""'7"';<1', '''u.ly,k AZ

I~ I; furg....i illll'uI7m.ok,,"k "'" "1<'< 16 L = 2.3 .1 forg4.~i iml'ulz"",-" va16 ....kt o rial is ..........kaj".".,l.........,fol
a<lOdik
~'l0~JI=~+~~~)
(5,l n)
Az SU(J ) "I,...-:ifl l i ~ unittlor C80J>o r t
Az SU (.. = 3) s p.,,-iAlis "lIil olr ' ''''''I'ur l dirn""zioj,, d = n' - 1 = 8 . A hO"~zjj,t"rt{)7i, SO (.3) L T E'I\I~. 'hn"t
ilO" I'l ;"filliti,,;m';'li~ 1'I"Il"f,;,t" r f''''ziti ki. I\lUd yl'k km iil " CAIITA" WEYL-lmz;~m VI\1<'> AtI{'ro'><k"r "l: y i
5.
d,j l'\coll k"tto hmh,,"" di ll.J:0u/,j " lab",
H,
_! (~ ~I ~) ,
:.I
H J - II';
ev3
(~0 0~ - ~2 )
(:i. l7J)
Az SO(3) Ln:-" ljl;r h' I\ r""K,j" I

:.I , 110" " jtyoki>r<Iiagr"lIlm (1a..J 5.11 . abra ). i... liZ SU{:J) AlnAk
im ..lucihilj,. lpk" l',,,,,,,,,"k s"l y,lj" K"" " " Ujai " .ikon a kOVl'tk",~{",k lc...~ lJtk ;
_~(l.~).
ffi 1
aW.hl _ktnrok >ao!p.Ilalj&k:
_ ~(_ I.~)
r, =(l.O)= - e. r, HI.v'3)
oo
tr>W<dormali>.-lik. A k;'1 ",-",,,J.1M'ill\1I"'r.-nd~ ( ~ I~
1Pk"~ ~lyAiI Aa
111 '
= ~(o.-~)
..hnI m ' ,,~nhb "ily 5.12. a b r8) . A halcyok~ktucr a kovct lu-r.6..JOdik,
&lapotAt 1Mrj&k bAroxn.!.LU1f'ILZi<'loo ~tNw>kn&la fOll:"t4.i noopnrl [j.1, ,.". yl"l irrnl1lrihilj,. k-k'1...-i
....r ont traru<>fonnAlu.-ln..k. A -..l7.l\lth ...... ,~I._ imi. a [j.I, ~
K ROS ECKER-li.7.<>n1\1 ~ .j.O.ll
C'LEBSCH GORDA~-oo.r
::'. 12. ibn...
:>.11. 'hra.
AiAhhW: -nut trllRlll'rl'ormioIO<lwok:

R(,;,6.1t')I ... _
;;
r~
.ji'j7":Ij n~l 1>1
V"s... lWom<bnK'IWOo.M F: U L.ER ~ kOriiIi RI.; . d. v) fOll:lLt&okna\a Vi ",filgg\'Mi:t"k "lQ"1JlN< kim'tt
lI:7.
<;
A I 5['(3) minden irrOOocibilu.
=.
- r., e, =
Ick(,~k
H-l.v'i) = - i.
k-R1"')'Ohb "illpl k{>f _hor i.
y -
1inE-&ri8 komhin6ci6j"kftll illltb..u. ..16:

(!2 . 2v- ~)
J
,O = AX+ J.lY P.J.' =O. L 2.3. .) .
A A.1l ~ llZl'imok .......bjak m<"ltII. D (A. ll l irt'Nl"rihilito
(5.1,6)
k-k~
dilll .. nziOjal;
n(A. j.l) ={l-A)( I-j.ll(l-~P_j.l)
{:i1771
5.3A. Csoportok alkalmazA..s ai

C""pnrtok...t AlkallIUlZ[)"k .. kimiabtlll {.,. fizikRlwm A r~f,.J,"d nlo)<-ktllmok ..iC7.i mmMri4jArnLk~ IMr,,-Ily<'11 oh;.-ktumok peloMul .. lllul,kuIAk, kr ist,\lynk. !t'I..lI!I.... I!.f'!.1 slnrktim\.k VlIgy A kvanmmmechanikai I""nd"".......k. E......k lIZ ..Jka.iJIlI"....." k ~,~)l~l\lt"tjnk" '''u :"t:t' MASS..lv ,"",pj;;,t: H" "1::\' rend""...r ,
..,;y (:flOport ~ziw.",,,lria ",iiv..!{'wlut t.lutaln"". ..kk " t .. t1"1l,11lZef .....l al"..llllyi fuikai lIIt-ogfiltVl'Wsi i-rtk kr
ulO"anily<''' "",iIIlIllctrili.t lu-ll mu t """", ,, .
...vA.
5.3.4.1. Sztmmet.rla rmlve letck, szimmc u-ia cleuic k

E,;y ti-rhrli ohjekt llm .0 "",.imm .. t ri" nl\1.... Jooti '1l .. !, 'Ij,,,, !i'r Olllll~ba u;rU,"o OIYall lrki>pcd"..',t i-rtj iik,
"ho l" IJ.-Mk vaJt nz"tl""ok m"rac1n..k Ps 1\<1: ohj.. knun <>u"'I\I'IIi".,.] f.'<I,...I..., keriil. A Fix ~ a sz;mml'tria m,i ....\Pl. fixpo ntj ai na k hnlm..,..it.t j..li;!i. V"l!.Yj" " t i'r .....1lI1J<>rltj..illl. k hahu,,:r~;,t, a rnd }l'k az _, m\h-l'1<t "", ,;,n h..ly h,," ml\rMnak. F ix . "7. .' IlIIlv,'l,,, "",iulIllO'lri" "I,uI<'. A "Zilllln" l ri" mll\".. kt leir"","","" a
S,m"JSFLlE:SS-fd.. seimbolikat h"8ZTlaijuk. I< Mfi-lr ~7.irrJln rtri" mflvdrlM. kiili;n!>;;'~t<>! iillk m<'g ' lixp ullt
llf lkiili, k..t i"! l'wo.lnh l> "KY fixp ou UI,lll,,,ldk, ,j;,'k,t.
1. F ixpont ne lk iili s zim llle t r ia m ,l v..l.. t .. k IIYPll lllllv<'I",,'k "l,,hatlimlt \(.r!" .!i o hjl'ktmnok ,......
I;'h'-n nom kdl'tlu'~hctn ..k . ,d l t {'>,,'kd ;tl "''''' tr"l:J'"lj"k r<"w.I.I,....-n. Fogy fixpom . nl,lk ;lli sZ;Ullmtr;"
mil,""I.. 1 pi-IdA"l a pman,1 ..lto,I.....,
2.
Legalabh t'gy fixponttal biro ~zimmdrill nnl vel .. t .. k P" ld""ll " f"'g.....;....,k i... tiikr;;.~i....,k. Id..
miivdct,k,
t>\rt"~Hak I<Z al..bhi
312
a ) Egy tengely koriil i .".' nOAA.. 1torti'll o pl for gatil!lOk 4.,., = 2:;/n "row'" mi",l .. f"CII"I",,;
gplyt mind "'dR".t" forlVlWt C~ jeli;li. A fo~t;\,;i \t',,/:dyl ilypnkor JIfog'umkmoll,lj"k,
b ) Sik ba n torto'n6 t iikro zk

Minel ...tiikriW.ki ~ik"t. mimI "'IlII:a.t" tijkrim:.,.t (1.idOli Ii.. ,.,... n kfviil
""" .. fO ror~i tn,l{f"!yiiuk i><..... kor ..~.I ru..tlll.'II;.... r.. j~.oIjuk m<>g. '\7. f'!Tf''' ttIIfl"ly,.. nwml<'ll;'''' tr,kro.
7"""i ~ikoMI o. (h mint horizout"liM);"' .. Forgil.qj h'ngo'Iy<'11 atlIlMl,hikokat u" (1' mint wrtiIWi>I). ~
"J (d mint ,lih,~lrAli~ ",uiku.. "IU.. "" kOwtk.~!.(;b'-lJ bilr.ouY""'....og..k f~l<-zO<lrwk) jriOJi.
c) Fo rga t M i tlikro;tNwk
A;<t.. 11IIlv....VI. anukor "'to' C .. forll;alitst <'It"
5.3.4 .2. Szim m ct r ia cso por t ok

MlDOt'n IWllllJlrln.. m'lv..kl!ll".. t.u'tut.ik"1O' inWT:r. S~' lI11iY<'J".t. alDl"I"ik az S m,TvpJM,'t .VJ.>wq.....,.I.
Mlja,~
SS'=fT'S=_
(':i.17')
Itt r ilZ idPntKitao.i m/lvrl .. t.>t jOl'1Oli. V>IlO It' NTlPlyik >IZ ~ tnrt ,"!toz,o.tl",Il,,1 ~;... f-r 1........ 11
ol'Fkturn mmJlll"lrm m/l-IMrinrlr. 0.-.__..... ll>: "'KY~ ut.ini aIlWma:i'.owa "'lDatlu-'ww nooportot
alkot. NTlPly N.l.JWWooo <W"Iho'n U ohjrktluu IW'lI1 k...m nmW;v l<imlll<"'tllA .....>\>Orl..... III .. k,i.....tkrW
e:-.r..-fiiQo'lork iorvi'u~....... k;
a) ~{lDd.. a forJ!:..u... krt tiikri'>7i's _>nAt.oL :\ kk tiik~i S[Jr. !DCtS",..'.,.,"OIl31A .. rorcil>'t<~.. h,
b) I\rt"
tl,k~ pontoNw akk"r Wa
oo' : "',,
(:;,1")
ha .. bor:7.AlArtu:.W tiiktOl-i'N [Jr.ok """.......k ""ltY ~1lllW"'llIcr~......k.
c) KM ~11DMIIZIl fO~tO'll"'IIyr1 hili>f'>Ill"I"", _'r.l.ll.la l'Zi,,1i-n fOl'l"""'" aw.. lynrk f~I""grlyr
ii.tbaJ.N{l\Z.don foTJtN;t.. I<VI,.....k lIII't>a.....I>Ollljiw.
d ) I\"t IIZOUOO V"fO' kp!. "'KYll""'r. n",~.... !.t'Dg1"ly kOn"ili fOll\"ta.:rn ig;az
#0<'"
Coze;=C':C:.
(;l.I!'lOJ
I". "llIJ.....oIik
A ~ "zillti'n ~ fnrp;at.iu<. E1..li ......I hf'n" h<n:r.Atart",,-" ror~", tPllgply ilZ ... lou 1''fIg..
II
fOfl\lAAIPDg.. ly IWtl'Sl,'Jt'''' .. k"l ...-1,,[1 !<"Ilgrlyr...
5.3.4 .3.
Mol ekul a k szim met ria mavelctci
.....-.\1""11
Oil
CH, -
C II I" OC,H,
u. \ilkw"';" k.Owtr"TJtatMj
tiiknYmTlf'k ,,,_aiik;.,. .'>.-1lf"I ;"lO>]Jiik. A {org..I;\;;;"' .. t';kroz.;" f..~nlf'fo_ A f<>CII"taN t,'oll."lv ~,.
itt n-f'(j ("kil r,~t;ikriW.n.i to-uj/,dy. J<'liilko- b:cinwn S. A U'ngplyt ~ "",imrrwtrla .. \o-.
lllMK'k mondjuk. ;011..1,,>1. M S. m,twkt ~11lJl7A><.AnNl'.....ki.~" ""immrtriA cPlllruwa 11........1t...lvIOf"tl.
-\7. n = 2 _ti"1l" fotl\/lt,w ttikwd--' pouttiikrnz;"rwk""KY illV<'l'7.ii>n.ak j,. ruondjuk (1Nwl ~.3,.).I.).
t u-
I\"agy IAI_tal"t fU:iik""J,"'" ,..hiitt/.. bnp;)'1'fO' ohjpkt'lll' vll1,un..nnyi sximmetri....l..mi-t fpli><lll"rjiik, :\~
iruol..!ollllllVl.lAAil pi'1,LAull\:t 15.1 71.15,191.1;l.2~1 i...clalmi bi'"a,kroA"Okilt. ~rt".....n I..irjall llUltV.." w--.
her lllol~k\llAk ,.,..imm..tr;"'O'''I",rtjait rn....kllfllli.I,.. "II1""",,,",,i ""imm,-.tri.. "1"01 i,ml'rrt.... Molr-kulA.k
ti-rhpli illorMoIA.AAc.. " kt>V<otko'""'l ...~illlt...lilui' h"""'"a1I....tjuk: A e frl.. lti jpl (1""'1 S.1 3 . a brAt) j..l..nt'''''.
hogy itt "'" Oil ......p "rt .. l'''j~ ~ikjll FPI,,1t talillI....t o." C jobh olcialit.n 1",,0 j,-,II"~' h'lI:Y "" OC~H,.
cs<,rort ,""'1.<1 hdyr.kNlik .. 1.
A ",imm..rr l.. ("">jKttt mrll;b"tMo'........" kiiv<tk",;J'j "I jAr"""'" tortknhct:

1. Ninc" forgMh'ul!:<'ly
a) h.. nin.... "Ziluulftria,lrtn. vlI.g,vi" G = {f ), fl.l'az >\7. f icl,"titii.."<m kiviil a mol"klllam,lIt l,.,q; [d,, I.,;\"
saimmetrie, mt1vPI..t"t.
A f"'I",~,tM rn.. l..lm l.. W'lll _ikl,,Ii ..... ni'ltv kill;;uh,r,Ji atom""'I",rl,'t l"rtalnuw"
h) AmcIluyihrn <1 Pl/.,V li lk z'i;,l ", ill," "" ; ''lI:,v i"v,'r~ ib, akkor G "" [e. ] = ; C. i1kt", G '- {{ 'I =: C,.
i~ igy mimi;" iu,nlorF Z2 .W!'
A "7mOoo>iv m"l..knIAj" (1......1S. H . abr a ) " P kiyd'l'l'0llt kiir;i! tiikr,,"~h"l,'; (inV<",.ib),
2 . P on t o".. n egy C roq r;A,.t.. nge ly
a ) 'l;,tI<,~ll,'p;"", ~,,;;gg,l ti;rt(.llh.t" f"'w<I....... V"ID';'; C "" C"" ... llJol"klll" lin.. Ari.~ .,.. a ""imu",l,ri/l r",,
H
5.13.
.....1'...
5.:1. 1\/II".U1J",. IIi"..hm.,lnlkl.inik
"
HQ - C IIl" CO,H
CO,lI ~~--O"
6:
II
313
'
:::~:::-, .~,:::::~~:..
.;.I::'.ii.hra.
;'.1-1. Abra .
port~1PlI.
A : A k.., !';--el tip.....', ruuI,o-kulii.j.a -vn wnn ~llt.... tiikrOllk. " C kOriili valamPnnyi for~lItAI<ha. t.l&rtoZO ~tria."'-'\-"Of"I<l C_ jriOli.
B: Ax 0: rnolPknlAnAk ~ vimxintn< tiik.r~ van. AL.-h!an IJ\([nZ<) .wum...trill '"""'fl'OTt" forga-t.i8okh6l a tiikr07.6<OOI krk-tMik.~ D......
b )A ror,; ""..'W'ly n-fu,;U. C = Ca. Ili~ _mhan 2n -,,",,111 forr...u....tiiktl>3Mi trngPly.
TO'l:&hbi lIZimmrtri& elNnrk Ii-~.-Im G I'I\Y ,./n ~'l 1Ortt-u6 d ..I.rolgll.u.. utjit..o a C. 1"I'Ilfi....,.bt.....,;'o ';t. ~j,. G = < d > "" Za E"...n u n-rlbo."I1 G jr~ C.._
H 1ft=ik V<'Itikali.~ (1. tiikriT.ti,.. is ..Jr.kor G < d.(I'. >;[! D. (I/uod ::'.3.3,I.). "" G ,101koP C..._
H azonha.n a "" tliluirt.i'tl borizont&i~. aklwt
G = < d.lT. > ~ Za K Z: :, G jPli>li- ..kkor C.... fop, p4n0tlNl n.-ti-n cil<lik'lll (JaM ::'.3.3.2.).
A : Hidrog.....hil-""'roxi.-l"""",""0 (lii..ood S . IS . llhra ) O'Z /I hNnm.-t /I f",,1 rrJPgNiott ""nnt<\hrn Ifp
H: 0 < 6 < >(/2.6 = 0 ill"",,!, 6: "'12~bPn,
B: A H:O ,i7.rnokkula "",illJillt1.rilld'''Il",i <y,y Iwt!"':' f""-Itlu.Ttkezti-i:K"Il /lvi7. .wullWtri.. r:oop<>rt)/I [f.<)I'l)flrf" ~ <'!OOpnrttal.IIoIDPly a I\LEltoi-fiolP \'1 000portia! izornori {I.W. 5.3.3.2.. 3.) .
c) A forga..kng<'ly n-fOK,i,. dr .-gy"tt...I '.....1 2n -",u.-l11 Forpitiik~ ....,.,..ly. Iu krt ......IM k,-,I\ nwgHolo.nlX>zIMniink:
o j SiI..... toYl\hhi .....rtiluilj,. tlikri#..... ily<'nkol" G ':! Z:.. Pt< G jPlii- fh,..
ElTPpi'lrla .... C3(OH)~ k."Irt,1 (lMd :;.16 . lIh rllt ) IMrllhi<lrnxy-a11rnmolrknl...
tI) \';\1\ wrtikiJil< t;ikr<.izk.. ekkor G OIOloort ~n ['<'ntf,l. Nll.. l)'f't D... ,101.
AJt n = 2 c,.{'tre G 0>0 D . YafO'is .... """1"'<1 ~nu.lil dii..lrr"'''I'''rt. Em' pi'l<IlI."'" a1k;Il'IW>!f'kul" (1,,",1
(5 . 17 . a b r a).
3. T o b b fo rgastengely 1'01010 forg..... tl'lIl;..ly, ....I(n tovAhhi.-t megkiilonhi't7,t.('!......k,-.t k..lJ t.."n;i1,k.
II.. sp<"CiAli.'<lIJ' fl ::: 3 r{'"d,; forR""k"l\dY"illk v..nn.............1" .. kov,tko-l.6'"",,!K'rtok ",IMnak jArulfk,,,,
..~inllH<otri.. ""portok gyallhut.
..) A T<lletraede r cso po r t lwmo,f II.i. S. l>O(lI>Oltla\. "rd Tj = 24:

h ) Az 0 " ok t " ooer c""port Imlllorf "' S. x Z~ ",,,poz'ltal. ord 0" "" ~~;
c) A", 1" lkozeedee c>;oport nrd 1" : 120.
~~...k" L1lOportnk" 15~. "Idalou tarKyalt (1.......1 3. 61. Ah ra) rq;"IAris lK,IiM"r",k SZiUlIlH't.rill <'>'Opnrtjai.
A meten molpklll.. (M.s<1 5. 18. ab ra ) S7-imll"otri.. ..,.. 'purtj .. " T~ t'tn...:~le ...>'Or><>lt .
5.3 .4.4 . A krisata llogrntla sz lnu ne u-le csop or tj ai

1. RACliSzerkpzetek
A f~ tr1\IlllZ1ii."ibk iills7..."";gC II.lkotj.... T I,mll~d",'ib .... 'l'''rtut. A tr"IUJaciok mill t ri""V<'ktmnk 117l, = { f~} rfl"" t .. rI",li pontjait h"tarrY"d.k IllCg. A ""'l,,,zt ulllvd..
ki;\'"tk,-,.o: cT(t,,) . T( f,.) =
t, ..
312
31.
II:
...- .-- :----
. ) E
11:.. 1)"
b) 5
van,
zr,.,
,.,~ (.
.) F
t,->kr
Itt"
w.'
A"
5.3 .
o
,
,
...'-;~-' ---. o
'. '-~;" .'
H
H
-.0._. ",
",
-'"
-:: .
..... _-.-.. -.~ :' L. -:>:

c:
c ,
II
halo'....... m..ll..tt" ck- V'*lV t."rfltlOk "",U<,'<"'I."utjaillAll tovli.hhin\u'l,uuto!rat alkllllllllZ llllk. Itt
lIH'l/;kii
IOllhOzt..tiiok l'KJ olda\oll sikkro.jlOllll'1. h..l...:; kii-1,l"lIIt,\. f>,; min,kn ol<lalon . ikknzpnnt', r""""'kat .
\I
3.
----~L-- - l{
t:
'.
\I
P o= { R :Rt:EL } .
\I
~.l/'
5.16. Ahr".
.0\ kr~AhAhan '1lY krj,.tAIynir-< ""'wi .....Ilai r-r..1rJlt-pi
lOUokbOl.;\/1. A par.. HI..l"i......k>1L1 bNuw. '"K.v ki...u-toct """""

poutb6.l kiindlllO Ilf"D) kOilll>bwMi> i, ~kt<lr bat.urlllt'J: (liwod 5 .19. abra /_
A \"o'gtelcu geomctriai rflaw<trnkHm'\ priuutiv i" luw>(14nok
aJ.~\.u adOOik:
1. = l'l :a, ~ t1~l + ~J ' "=(1')\.",.1'),1 '.. E Z. (::'.11'>1
lU I
-.
a) "
b) "
...
AboIIlOZ n; qrrlitthatok \.w.rrJf'flnYl ~ '<Iiomol M"'-lIrk.
::'. 19. Atrra.
~."" ml
....11lI
A bAzitoVloktorol<
triklin
-, I
G 1 1- " 3
",31'-' !-C$l0
lllun<>khn
alia~t-as
o =1 =9O"itl
5.3 .
rom),ik".
"'/-"2 '1",
n =fJ -~=90
"''iro.t'Ie
t rill.u,lJi.lllO
",-<11=0,
n _
hM,
1"lt"!:",,A[j,,
"1="21-"3
li =J =9O",~ =12l)0
thl~
" "., a""niLliJ;
"I =1121'''3
0 =:'1 =, =90
- "2 .. <l
a - (3 - l' """ 90
~I
"""
Kurka
,>001'
A _z
b) A
.... ig
. A
a.
a )l'
oWmm<.>t:riAaooportjlli oIyan U1'1"",1r1 ..k>-t u.l.vtAh~tIlU. AIDl'l.)""'Jr. fnrg"tA....k "" primi-
Mzi;.t~).
Ev-kM a ml1~...j,>t ..kM V(RJ ""m primit.iv tr~iOkMk _ i i k . millthoKY .. .,nwgtOrt- t rarll<1.1Miokna.k fr lclne k meg..4. Ol,lSZl'>tiikri">zA'o; n<ctCD tu~. miS a l'M..........uiJ ~ forga.tA..
A G ti-roooport Il-ZOll"J,.IllPi. amclyckcl <'KY kriMUJyr""'" vA!tllMll.. rll!l ~ mnl"ll .. p k~1Ii
pontoloJ>Ort. a T (t : ) primitiv, "" \1(R) ll<'Ul primiuv tr~.IAri6k.u.pjAnl.oIOdIlU:
'"
J =
"I
~erdm{>IlY":
(::'.18.)
< 120' (1- 00)
::i.v. tAl,lilut. Baevailo-- rfl.n;ook, krilotA.lywn,!Io:u!'t'k';" kri:<t>i.ly""",tiJyok

Jd oli""'k: e R - egy nfugU ror!l:a,;1..:ng,'ly kiiriili fOr(t"w, DR - diM....a 'oport, T. - 1.t'tr~port.
O. - okt"cd" f(2!IOpoft , 5. fUfgAAi tiikri'>:7...... n- r'lR\" forJtflsi-t.iikr<i:t.6<i hikkal
I lU;":,;lipllI<
T (t" + f..); 'V T( l.) Ol/'I"',rtA,'m inverse a T

hd ywktmra ml6 al kahll~A.,a .... -t...H:
T (f.. Jr_
r+ t..
"(f..J _ T( - f..J d" Ill,
~ ~~I AlYWIl ,-qA'r
1\ r l!<Wyoo<:i;t"-ly
IHvl<*d ria)
I.
. A
t ......." ""
tiv tl'>Ul.-aIK>Ir. ~irlPjli aJkIllrIlM.Asalo6l4lInak. T1ymodon O'Iluolrh t~kff ka(>hall1uk. ""Jo';" oIya.u
tiiJr.rOz,f,.rlwt.AITlf'1y<'!r pgI' ...'kr .......... tUlr.~1 .... a otkkAI p4rblWLUll-Oo tr"II~z1JwoiOt, il1.Pt.... o<avarilfl<>.
kat, 2" n ~l tOrtrnO fo'V'~,bot ma n tr"rw.lA.-i6Iu.1 1Ntalmu 1m 0= 1.2. . . . n - I. i
A I.l'rcooport neutrAl;" ..!Pm.. {"IOJ. abo! " '" P n...,trAlill,,1m1f.t jPli>Ii. A~ {e.t:} prinuliv trlW>CZlaciOt.
az {Rj{I} prdig forgawt VIOg)' tii kriivi-m j..Ii>L Ax {n t: ) noopnrt.<"lrmn.. k v. i b<-Iyw-ktolTa va16 aIkaI-
"",l>f'7.An ""...
!lo..,zv;.a.,m,",.j
,'~
a) 11,
t-C
(;;.114)
c )K
atba
d)
~-'ll n
(i"i.1113)
If 0= -r, f : bcI.~kt.or) forgata..i "I.....Atot.-. Pi-kl.Wl . rar-trllkt '!r4IlU o.ak 1.2.J A vagy ti f~rlli
fnrga..t..'W'I)!del meg_ o",.,.~l>cn 3'2 krioo1:tAllog4filli P pontoooport 1ke7.ik.
.hr&.
j...clout alkolnAk nlfW"l'lmiU ..1t0i. bolty ut ..wI '''''''I. Yl\ItY
objoo
aIko
t: E L
Itt R.-gy ~ (R E 50(3) ~.,.,;yrwm ~ R ... JFr E 0(3), Fr E 50(3). I : inVl'fl.op<"riltol".
"lill<
Mlj,
Szimme tria md veletek kri!l ta ly rAc ....t r llktu rakbBn
Azok wd>u " szimm..tria ml1\"f'lrt<-k koHiitt. Il.m.. lyrk a I{naooot ..kvivalens lwlyut.... vi"<Zik ..I, \'lUIUM J-'Ollt.........pon mUVl'ktf'k. mint. f"rgatA:.ok. fOfJt:tW hlkrirdlw-k fo< tl1krii7.......k ~ikr" -!':Y poutokr...
T"fllle.cz..t"""n n~m IlUllJo-n ponH,..-,port alkol .. krWtAll~ """'Wpo"tjAl>OI porll,""oportot. :\7. a
kiivctdmi-ny. h~ .. n;oport<-k'lI.ll'kIlPk "&y
r....... kton.. valOa1kA1rnazA>;;1. cgy t~ E L (L .. rflcspon10k ;;"""-""""b"') r.\c!;wktort ......d m.. uY""a<ll .. m"'S.. ng<'tktt p l""lltalOpOftOlu<t.. PeR) oooportrlClll"kre
korlilr.ozza:
Eg}' T{f..) '''''pmtd,'mu,'k a1. f

(i"i, I~ :l)
2. Br a vai....rnc"' .k
H" ligy,'I"lLlh,' ",,,,,,,,,iik "",, ii, hA"i.v,'ktnrok relatlv h' "" ullJak, a pflw ukr lll, kii-Milk I{'vil 0, 1'1, l' ""ii""kll,'k
(kii!illlo...'ll" 90 (", 1'20 M1;~"'r t"' k~k) 1,'h,t ",,&'''' k" mhi,,"':iuit. ak kol' " "'''l; f"j d ,; ra"""kh"" ';' k ;H iiH I ~ ',.ri
li p" . 'l pr imit!v elemi ...,11" ", I{" lik (U>U"V,u"" ril""" k, 1"-..-1 fLl', 5.1 9 . ah rat "" "" 5.5, tflhh'>1.nt"t ). Ez 1\
r~"d"",pr tovllhhi 7 nrUl l'ri'uili v r"'"m f,'jl..'ztlw Hi tovilhh. ahol "" .. I..mi cdlak S"imllll'triiljr",.. k n,,'l\
triklin
C,
CI,C,
mouoklin
C"
C2.C~,C2h
ro mbikn
trig"u',I;"
D"
D"
DM
D..
k~ka
O.
t .. t.ra gollflli.
11<'XI\i-\VIl All~
Cj " , D~ , D2h
C4,54,C..., D... C..". J),J,4, D<,!o
('~,
C1J>. C llh , D~ , Ce."
C), ,'>6. D J , C30., D:w

T, T..,hO.
O~
J)'jJ" J)6h
5.:1. KltL.~nk "" "JIJ"bm, "tnat",.ak
316
4.
K ri!lU.lyrt'ndn e rek (liol oKl ria )
,I." 32 P = {R}
Kim ut athetc. hOlO''' 14 &rv!l.j,o..rAn,I..
k,;".~tall"RrAfiai poutn'"porth<'ll ""'" Il"WlLl'\f~
df"tt V ( R) nem pnmufv tflu_1AdokbOlc--..'n 230 G ,. (RI \"(R) + t~ } ti>r<"'lpurt ""ATkno:<t"..tO."

pontOlOporwkn..Jo: 32 ktilotAlr--tAly fdel mpg. A 32 poutOlOj>Ortbol7 ""'-'port ""Ill n'w"""'I",rtJiloi II"'"
POlltCllOpurinak. 11JO'IllIakkor tacWlll.U rf"'lo""""'POrtki'nt to""hhi p<>nt~purtokat. E:z " 7 I'0nt....""ort
mindi kriAiJyrend.'W'rt (hol......IriAt) Illkol. A 7 holoOOria ,.;MmmctriAit ru.ogW&lj"k" .. BARVAIS.r"'''
~iJlLlIJrlriai lWWu. A 32 kri:<tAIy.-lAly ftol.-l..w. a 1 ktis\alynooo"7.f'r kO:Wu..... j ..IO\,o,.lllo<lj"k ~.6.
tabla.:zatban VIW
~",lvA.
l\.1 ~lO' '"''' : A C ti>tnooI:>Qrt u. "'i",,~ ril<.." edmm..tri",.,..,portja. A ~ krisWy ('lO' All ..~, hogy
uwghAtArozott 1I....,,><>ll ""Y innok mint m,.tAly ppitOkOVl"k llZCr.."..!n.. k " kri:<l.&lylK"l)..,b-n. mikilzt"'ll
"~lIk t!TJ Nljat IlZimmo1.rW mula!. ,,1""1 PZPrta Gil.wmlllf'trianloport &ltalAban ki....hh mo'rti'k,l
l<7.Unlllf'tri.l\t mut&t mint G (G :l G.).
5.3 .4 .5. A kvant ummechanika saimmctela csopor tj a i
.bok a Ii~ k.-dinal.a tr"lI"dnnn4ci6k.llmd~kM"C" kww.tlllllIllCChanikai l'PD<w"'r fi ll "'NILTOS

operitma \..uto?At1allul bacY ~ olYIIIl ,...;inlll>rtrill DIOpOTtot i<"IPnfffiO'k. am..lynek 9 ..1Pu...1" Ii opt'"
ratorral kommlltAllllLk:
[g. Jil=gH-Hg=O.
gE G_
(5 .1ll6)
.0\ge.li fd.2In.... 1~&IUl:vit~Jr.llt. ~ II g"" H eJr.ll>C"ldx51 a1lwt<>tt 'TJ ~- &l1apoth&n a1Jc..1mazolt

opnilt.cH"
aor7.IItoIc......u.n q """,,,tor mllwlc-t..1F: .. 1,,~!'OITf'Ildi<" teot.<oz6kg.,..;
gf,H..,.) '"' H {go') .
Ebb6I JW...tkt-rik. hocYba o'a (u _ 1.2 .

jat&llapo\ok. vaYi-'"
(5. 181/
n) az n"""........., C'lfa.j'110 ""jatc'rtekbrz tartoz6 H _
H o'F- '" 0'''''' (Q = 1.2.

.n).
p.I )
&kkcll'"" tnulllZfurmilt g.;o. A1i&po>k ~~az liajAtiorti'kbez tIu'tozO ... jawlapotol< "...wek:
g H.;.> =. H go't, - go'';. .
A trlUVlZfunnAlt g .;6<O A1l&potok .. ,;etl. ....jatlU!.. p'0t..k lilleu;" k... nbinAric\jak~' irw..t.c'J<'
go'&.
=.
...L,
('..JS'J)
(::', I'JO)
D",,(g)";E'.
wI. sz"orU,t lI";w _jli.tAl lllpotok lIZ n-dim ..nziollllJ.ilo.l.. k"p<."Zffli ti>r bazi.""t allcotjAk. A H"'MILTON.
opc.ratorok G !l7.immMria Nool",rtjli.uak " ( D,,;'f(g)) I..k(!-"".rhi rnatrixukkal tortkn6 D(G) l..kip.-If>or
o'ljli.b6I. Am..nnyil>C'n nillO' ....I<l.llgnlt" lCZilllln..trill akkor ("Z" I..k"~ iITf'du,ibilis. R~it h ..!<'i.I.OlQ'
egy k",.utlllllu"..IaniluU I"f'ndll7...r "ll..rgia ,.,.jal.li.ll.. Il" ta.i .. HAMILTON -G!-'CrAtor ~~immM ri .........por IJIi..
n..k irr...-llldbili>< 1"k~I'('~ fltjli.n ....7tli.ly<>zhllllillk.
Cooportok I..k"p'z~.ill<k ,lud,I",.. ''lI.Y kVlUlt\lmmR'hllniklo.i rendszer lly..n srtuk tlml.it ill<\Al OlYllll lLli
n"""'gi nlPgli.1I"l'itMc.,k.l.t tn<l! ]o-llC't.w". am..lyPk pg).... IUl alln..k bt-bo ..... kiil,..') ezimm..trili,it.. V<,Rt],,~
tOPk ViS.~7""_ A l"f"ll.l,..,,r ""i llul,,trili.jAt Ulf'gtiirc'l ZIlVIIf hat~.. clfajzou en..rgie szintek fd",.tl\.>.a. ""
"'l. energia ""jli.tli.1I..put.ok k<>/A,tti nuitrix..l..m..k kival....~t""" "RY",,,,,t aI.<Ju I..kpl"'......k vi-,,,,,,aJaU,t"'l
kii""tk.. zn..k. ..mdyck ",.(rint " 117.<">1"'11 forgo hllllp"tok b< ul""Morok" """porlm,1wl," ..k ...lftm !-rausz
fOrll,li.1od".u:,
A csopon..hll(ol"t kVllut 'llun"",ha lliklli ..lkalmaz......t "" iroJ "J..", ro"sd..tl'Sf'n til.rgyaljC\. p'ldr"ll I:>, II I.
1:>,13].1:>,21].1:>221 .1.5,2:11
5.3.4.6. Reszccskcfiaikal alkalmaz..a sok
317
1. A z SU(2 ) speciaJis unite r C!IOport

.
Egy ~k" ~l'ill 6 izofol'ill fiiAA""""..i .. kH<linlC'nzl6ol (n r 2) SU(n) ~I""'~i.,< "nit~ """port Ifmlucihili.'< I,'k~! ....." {",,,i ""... rill! trau....,fonllli.]i>cln.u:. lUIwlyl...k d " I/':" hAro~n "...Jot' .l""~l<'t..rr..ll..hc:t
jclwIllO"Zni. .-\ hoz:tio.talto:ri> s..(2) L IE-alg..tml.t hAmm mii ullhunAllJl g('Jlf'Jalor f,-.wl' 1.1:
A, =
-~i"'J
(j = 1.2.3).
(S.191&)
Az &lItihl'nnitik,"' .... ;tPnL~ lIyom" mAtrix..,,",t:

" 1=
(~~).
(~~i)
" 1 '"
"".,
(~~)
1:> 19 1h)
P"'t:U-matrixokn"k llf'YI'7ziik. A kiiVl'tko-W f..looM+lftIi r..lAriOk """ionyn.ck:

'A,. A1:= Aj. [A j , A .] = A I . IA,. ArI= A l.
A kvantllmmrcl>anikai spin- ""lP' UD<pu.uprr"tornIw. az a1lI.bbi kif<'~ IIt\jak:
;= ( ~ , . .i:l.~j). .'J =iliA,.
m.. i = {i,. i1. iJ ) .
.. IUPgf..1Pl6 f...lac..r..l00 ....lArii>k kaI:
I';,.h=il'/.&. r.'l.~jl=il''''I ......\ =i/l-tJ. ill..
s, 1:1 =
II.
hi,1] =
II,.
'i, i, =
iJ=iA,
(:'. 192)
(j= 1.2.3)
ilJ
(:>.I93a)
(5.19Jb)
Az A , infinithimJi.li.~~DC'J'itorok lIZ(oj 19"1) ,.,...nUl IlC'11l k"lUU",tAInak~, llUll{21 Lu;II!g..n,.a.

.
1
I
1
IIIlIItiJo.I = 1 (HI = 2',," j 1 = "2""" EJ =. "2"")).
Az 5(;(2) irTf'cl"cibili.~ kk."....d...it is~"'n......un =
l'\" (.\' = 0, I. ...) b&t.Vozza
InPg.
A szon-..e-
0.... ~'ilyok k.-.tonWg..l; .. kkfJM"Zi-ll<lim<'tlmja 2.. I. ...uyai -,..... +3

~ l~gyre.: Az ~1l( 21 LIE-&1gl:oh ra A} (j = 1.2.3) 1>k/.ilOtkmci kOzOtli (:>. 19'2) !PIn'......)(.,.; l'l"laciOk
ulf"gf..I..rn..k lIZ .m(2) L IE-~IJI.. geu..riltorai ki'wilili (5.151) fc-Jno,'IfJ<'>Ii r..laciOklllllr. igy .. ki>t a.\g..m..
&Z01lOll ~lnTktiIDl Al1a.v.cIOk .......... hm iwmorl. Ezh1: lIZ SOP) .. 8U( 2) nooportok a n..utrAli., ..lem kOrny<"ZMfhl'n IokAliAAn i7.omoria.Jr. lUIli a (l:1"lwili>< '"""J>Of1<>krllllf'lll trljn<,il.
.~ 3.. (2) h so( 2) kOzi>tti iw morli.. nyil""uvaJ(wi t<'HZi. cuifrt "' 11l'l "C" ~ ~pinjet _jat forglW im1",tz""kl'llt inll'Ipr<'tli.lni. Min<l..n R E 50(3) f,q..tNchaz lIZ 5U(2)-I>C'u poUlol<&1 I..., :\1" :\12 = - ]\II
mAtrix tartozik. EzP rt 5U(2)-t A7. SO(3} I..f..-.M o'()I'''rtjAruUr i. llC'VC'Zik; 5U(2) k~n'>leu fOOi I.. lIZ
SO(3)~.
2. Spin m"ltiplt'ttt'k
ERr' = 1/2 epin k"""tlllT\l<7.ilmmlll biro
k.. "l'infiigsvMlyo'i lIZ SU(2) aJO ptUt. [j. 1/21 1..1<i'p<-"""'"
""...rint t ram<zfunuaJ6dlll\k . A lPgn"lO"'hh .{Ily m. '" , s::: + 1/ 2 . Enn..k lllPgf..!..lO<-n" lck<:,pezi'si ti>ruck
o.ak a7. " ' . = -1 /2 ~i1I~hoz 1.Arto'J"i> Iw.i.... Il..I..,l.. INni k, igy lIZ i ri'A:7Rfl<k.. sp llln.. k .. kV/l!ltAl6 I<'n-
' ' 1.<.....
~pjn lI"g)",Asht 111. ,.,.(2)

~h = .j3Ji".
I:dyre a<ak kM I...io.llio.si l..h.. I.<'iooc'g" v" n, " =
~ 'I.
LIE-a.lR,[,r.. C ASIMIR-
.. p"''''t"rli.n"k ""jAtkrtfw """"bj" \1"'11: ' 151 z

A.~ I, 2 spin """t" n kH r""7.......k.. "l,infiil:!\"I-ny.... [j.l/JI@[j.l/2) "'l...r....rl.,k"l'.."' s" ,riul.l.rans;.:formaIbd ik. A negydhu.." zi6t; S7.<>rf-"W:r!wll alk"lmilll hA7i~trcul ...d urmAc-i(",al ,., .. I,ker
k"t ir,"",l "dhili~
I" k..!'.... r...........ik ~.;'t. C\mdyw'k ~1,illi.;,.,...IRg' S .. 1, 0:

V ll lJ) g D 0 /1 1 = D I I ) e D IOI .
(:>.19-1)
Egy spintripl.. tt S = I, M s O. l {>,... gy "l'i llsl.illgl"tt S .. n , M I 0 IL<I!J..-.lik,

3. Iz""pin Illllltipl..ttek
A llukl"ouu"k t =. 1/2 iza 'pill j.. """ . KHf"l " l lilt .....i A1lal'"tbcul IH '"l.i k. a7. iW"l'i" k"lt"" 13 = + 1/ 2
{prot on} .... IJ = -1 /2 (n " \ll.ronj" llukl''''Il" k i7""' l' in fii,IIJI;Vr' IlY"i 1ll'.Y"n,-.k "". 8U( 2) n 11f J) irn,.J udbili~
'"
l"k"p'''''''''''Rrint trlWll'dunllliJ6dik. A (ii.I 94) ~'lA'rint rgy kPi 1lIa,kloonool"lIi> n'ncl'<7...r illOU",ltil .IMtkMlt
V"IQ' T .= 1 (triplett T1 = n. I ) V"fO' T ""' 0 ("",illjl;lctt T3 = 0) \0'1'''''' fel.
4. Bario nok " ffiPZonok osztillyuxA...."
1. Kvark~zln ltlla pot o k " .. M (5.1 73)!"'lla:l; ...(2) LtlHugehrabaa CARTA:"! W EYL I,.v~~ H j . Hl
g<'Tl<'ratorlloit lIZ olAhbiU:""...rint h..lytoltt'>litjiik:
T, = H,
. '
JiH,
} ' .=
tOIti-11 Q T,- Y 2) j<-Imti. Iflllkora "Ulyokfl' (.:il '';}ll.Z SU(J) DtLOI >UAp lrk"~t bpjnk:
l ll
G,D
m(2).= (
O<T< -I).'I<). - T -:5 TJ -:5 T;

-
-~.
m!l) '" (0,
-D
- 'l
-J().-p)-).SY-:53(A-p)-I-"
>-199)
""1",.1%),w,~ ...m in lu,I.tkPZli multi"I.tlPkn"" kOvr-tIu-dilu."llly.'rjiik,
pu.. T. = ~.I.~.o.
(:;.1%)
aT, .... r _j"tlort..kkrl. "boI r, .. T izooopiu h&nnAtlik kompont'IL-.i1.. Y pniig .. hipPl'1olti",t (vitl/UllOlO
Ep;y ...A.I<..rtfkkd jellemz...t t irll...JU('ihi1i~ lPk,;!,,""" "",tiII" kUvelkdi T izoo<l'iu"'" I' hil""rtolu-.. Prt....
kek 1i>p/lPk f..I,
Y=LO.-l.-:2,
.u. 5,2 1. abran tizc!< llIulti!.1<"ltj.. l- 3

,io.lyu AlJapotot W1'TCZ<."Il!,;iJj...
(.j.l~)
I.~.O,
(8' : T.
1' = 1. 0, - 1.
(5.200)
:2 Spill ,....,1..11' YIL1t fplt,inlPtVf'_ A j, ~~ r.'zonandaa l<>gnagynbh
A fizilm.. iro<Wom. D(O.I) 1c~"131 jdol""tif; tuu.l.uaJ.ja. mintb<v""~ SU(J) hArom /Wis&11ApottAI biro mult ipIM.t<-t ""m"U'ntAl...o\IUlAk "rclekiobPn. ~ .. hadronokra (mr'IODl>k i ... I>ari<>ntHc)
~ .-tAlywa,.t kApjWlk. f'Y>kf"t lIZ l11&polokat .. hArom !F: .."d:-""in .illAl"'ltAi AUtOOt;itjuk q = II. d. ~
(A bb .5.20.a).
.. II>C7DtI
b'
.j
5.20. a.brll.
A q = ii. J.i ILlItikVlU-kokrll. iu..t~ .. buub.l>\rtoW antirk.""",k"krt' au

lk-nti>l.... hip<'rtOlti~..J,(...
az izof<pin .. ll..nti>t.... TJ kolllJ>"lI"luoi'vrl jrlwlfl%f'tt 4Illl.potokaIln...k rio. ET k "l. &l1<qx,tok f...",(tik ki ""
SU(3) aooport kont rAgTad itI....it V>iJO' 131 (VARY ()..I<) = (0. 1) d liaIis wk"f>"'7A-it "l. ftlahhi ~l'dyoJckN,
-m(l=
, ('2'
') '
ml2l=
~f ezonok
S U ( 3 ) mult ipl..ttjt-i A DI<'Z<>UOIt <'flY kwvkhOl'" rgy IIlItikv>ri:OOI i>p,illlf'k f..1. f.ziort
Al\Apol:ok 1\ 9-diiuetWOtI (q.q) I<t.fX'&Ilt~rbrn hcl)'f"l'.u.:lIW'k ..1; A 13] 0 [3: 'o'8!D' (1.0) 0 (0. 1)
!<Ml'7.AtIPk~ >ru-rillt tl1UllOdonniUOdnak. alJ1f'lyrk 1\ CLEBSCH GORDAS-""r B:I<'1'int
310[3] "';8 oil II.
(::'. 201)
(vagy (1.0) 0 (0. 1) = (1.1) $ (0. O}) ....n..k ....k t .4z inVllriau.. ,.]t~k rgy okldt<.>l'" rgy l<Zinglcttct
II1knlnak. Az oklf>ltbrll kal>Olt AlJapotoklll T I" O;'!< ~ ~.. :u.'r<'>' A1lapotait T = 1"=0 "KY"'llrn "'-,[yrli..grammban fogbatjllk """".......mply "l. SU(3) lllllltivl'''lt iLIlapotaiIlll.k II t....mi'8:u.1:b<'n ~iillnlO
k"".. rt 8.llapotAi. gy lIZ aILapotok nonrttjrt b.pjuk.
Az 5 ,22. a b ra "Z I l spin....t.<khf7.l.Arto7.Ovrkt..rmrzonok no""l~"'t IllUt>!.tjll. A p' -lllczo n (T I .T,
1) II k'lI;"agyohh ~wyu aUapotot r"pr<'7...ntAlj... Annllk "" iZOI'V'llIlHo.lli"kUrlt'k I.........,. a UIl,lyh,..t I~ 1\
p- 1"'-LOn IT - I. T3 1) ,.. a ,l' mf"Wn (T _ I.TJ 0) lIU"t<nik. A fizilW </fl.,."..J- llJ=>lIok lIZ ("') okt.. u.
.... l\Z (<1") zinglPtt SU( 3t- (T Y _ OJ "1l"l)f)t...inak""',lI~irit'>i.
3.
2/3 s
('2' 3') .
;,rlJl",
( '3')
0-
(::d!J7)
ahol m(2) Illl>gll"lO'<>blo ~{L1" \1iIH<l 5.20,b Abr At). (A D( H.). D(1:;~) kulltragradim...it v"lO' "uiLlilll....
ki>~lt " 0 (11, ) - 0 0 (H 1) , O{E..) __ D (E.,, )T at m..n..t IHjli.n nyerjilk.]
2, A barionok SU (3 ) m ult ip lettjPi A kv.. rkmodell "",,-'rint a h.v ionok hAmm kVl\rkool 41 lM..k.
A harion 4l11\I"oto k (q'l<i) wb " t .. h 'ark Alh.potokl""l harn""lrcnd ,j tcnw rokat alkollUlk, IUIlf'ly.-k /1.7,
SU(3 ) ('J'OO~""lt a1,,1' 1.k"",/i"';'II,k di re kt ~ml"'l.olltll [3]0 [3] @ [3: (vag)' (1.0) 0 ( I. 0) 0 ( I. 0)) ""...rint
t ranszformAI6dnllk. A lIWrta Ui'r d ill"'lIzinja 33, 3 = 27 . E lO' m:lukrii," CL I>BSC II GOIlDAN ""I'I" yl.:
(IW 302. old.)
[3]0 [3J 0 !3] ... [lOj lh [lll ill 18] ill [II
(5,1!J1l)
(VI\gy (3. O) lh (I. 1) lh ( I, I) lh (0, OJ), ..hoi [I] (VII!{Y (0, OJ) "" id..ntik us I..k"l''"'''''''t 7:1 = I' = 0 (>rt{>kk..1
jdcllti. A 1" kt'lwlhi t,lr t..hAt ~zM. ....ik !"Il,h e 10,11.8 "" 1 dim..nziiill i nVIIriA I~~ Illto'!<'k dinkt O""1.<'W't<..
Ezzelmegkapjuk 'Il! 5U(3) "".In multiplettjeit . "10' ,k kal'l<'Itrt. ki>t oktctl ..t ;"' ..gy "ZlIll>;l..tl.M.. Az ill<'dllri hilu.l,ki'I-"~~'kl"' ll_'r"I'lt'I ~\ilyo k
hlltar. .aio k lll"l>; II harion ok l..h..t"" l>;.... r. Y k"a"tu" ...,.,.", ..it .
5.3.4 ,7, To vab bl fizikai al kalmaz A."i pl>lrlAk

A "p....i..lis folvton(llo; Cb<Jl'Ortok lizikai al lmlmw.MiLr1l itt 0Iflk rgy1l,... nl MllOrol"""'" adh atllnk pi'I<lakI\t.
IV""I.t"""h!, irodalolll: 15.111. pi.151.
U( I): Az ..l..ktrodinam ika mprtf ktr ..n""forrnA.-jbi.
SU(3): A ma,i1;lizika n"gyr{",z"""kf' proh l{>mAjll.
50(1): A hi,lrog.."",,,,ktr um d faj ,,I"',,,,,i.
SU (4): Az " tornul<l.ll;ok h."jmod ,>llji>h"ll ll "I.i,, (", il~lI<lli n """,h'I<lt.gfnkok ,gy .....it'""' hOl. ,,<1&16 W'GN ER ~zll p" rIllHlt ipl ..tt ; A kVI\Ikmorl..Uft" vor-luIlltil'l,tt j,',u,k l<'f r{"", ehurm ~I.1\b1uI><lt.gfok figyol..ml)f v.:-td'~
wI.
5U(6): A kvar kmod..l1lllivor "" "pin "",..ha<IN\jI;fnkainak k<>mbill"ei6j" (,tjAn ,IOAIlo m\lltip l..tt ; megtruktura modell..k.
320
3. F6idpal A Z mind.." id...Alja fOi,I..A1, ,-...-k ..,..ok "" lllt"lok.IlD,..IYf'k f'jQ'.. tl..u RYiiriicl"IlUllf'1 gen ...
rAlbatORk E zp kf1. az m l '" {mq ls E I} ..11Lk1"," irjuk. fto (m)- mpl jf'lntjf,k.
U(n ):.'\~ "tom ... mllgfizikR hi>jmo<kllj,j.

SU {n ), SO(n ): A magfiziJu,. wl,l'r/'><'l.f'<1llw l'roh\i>mAi.
SU(2) is U( I): A 1tY"1'W' villiunOll kok"Ollhat.... ~tau<!&rd mo<l..llje.
SU(5) :l 5U (3) @5U (2) @U(I ): :\ :u lAl'....1.6 kOl.....onh"tA.-ok ~it(w .
5.3.5.3. H om o m o rflzmusok. izotnoj-Hzrnusok, homomorfia tetel
5.3 .5 . Gytlrtlk es tcstck

Eh .... n
II.
f..,;.-z.-tboon I",:;t hilWVo m,'",lrtt..1him Algo-brai st rukt (m, kat wR)'aJllnk.
5.3.5.1.
Dcfi nlci6k
1. Gyllrilk
A - "'" bilwv. mih'rlrtt<'1 him R hal"...... t lO'uril nr k lll"W7.iink (j<-1OIi-oP: (R. -.- . )). h..
(R. + ) ABEL-ooo(>Ol't .
(R . ) frIoooport fp,
dW.tributivitMi ......l'w\.Iy"k ~'''"'Y<'''' 'k:
a . {I10 ... ...j '" (a . 110) + (III ' c). (b ..- r )o a = {lIooli)- (r o a ) .
(:;. 202)
Ammnyihru (R. .) iullllllll14tiv illrt w- WUl llf"Iltrlli>< ...l<-llll"akkor "'" (R. -<-. ) m rn Illllt.'l.liv illrt w "C"
~\f'rIIf'lI lY;lrll.
2 . Tt"5t..k
T...tD<'& "...... z.-mil:
olyAn &)'l1rdt. Illlld:yhru ( R \ ( Ol_ . ) AoEl.;soport. Ilym6doD min<lrll
lnot <"10'
~ ~..J.omo. korruUlItAtJV 1P'fui'l.
3.
Te5tb6vlt ~k
~k
(1\. " + ) 0),0 ( E . . +) ~to'k_ AIDPnn~;hfon K C; E . ..klwr (E . , -.-). ( K . -.-) 1<'0<1 bOviu-..r,
P"ldAk K)'ilnlkw,,", io<wkrr:
A : A l. Q. R ho (' IGIunlWtllIlZ<">k az ioooznw;u.....aJ."' .. ,.,.."...~ ~J<.rIJ('!I kommu\.ati"' lO"1 rl1t
ILlkotMk; A Q. R fT, C rMdMlIl t.Mt.. k ill_ A p4rno< ~ 1uW,,_a.. ~,..;.g..lpmIIdk,ili !O',W,...!Ig4l\.at pi-Idat , A C 1""'- IV: 11 ""'" hkdl..... .
B : A....u.:. .......nok fcktti ....w.m.-.nnyi """,lr",,d11 millrix Uf'm komuu,It,ali... gy 'lri1. "" ~ mAtrilt
staI mint '1O"""'spIPmTnPI.
C: A -1600 poIioomokp(.r) "" a~.c~ +~_,.r~ - l + -- +a,r+ ao hahnaza ..... k;;,..On...;.g.... ~w.rA
....!'IWrWrA VQlIAlkua':t.lut IO"1rl1t. IV: HI.c) polinomgytlnillLlkotja. .4.ltalacu''''AhhAn 11:/. R f'~'-lli ]>olinom~Uril hel)'<--tl bN-nldy '1O'....... [.,m.... k"mlllll\.ati... !!yiin1lf>l<-tti J>OlinomlQ'linit i-rt..lm"",.l...t'iuk.
D : V"'p;.... IO"n1k .... I""l<'la It Z", mod,,10 m lll...-...-li-koooztAly g)"lini: Zoo ,.,., "Cm ""Amok 107.<," !..!..
OfOZtAlvAOOI All. All,..Iy..k "" on ~lIlm,.J .-tVll. ugyl\luszt .. 1l1<LC...-!i!wt a<\jilk (la;.. Ill; a '1ti~ ",./un ,,1 tallIl<l:llIltii.r07.0tt..kviVl.J..nd AOfOZIAly .. ':',2,4.1"'11 ,""'""LeU'lr ..... R r..IAf:;ora von..tkm' .. t .... ). Ekk<>r Z..
lO',inilwn A $ M< 0 gyilril mrlv..lptck.'l......... -tiiuk],..:
[a].. '!t lbloo '" [a ...bJ.. .... l"l.. 0 [bJ.. = !a . bJ..

Am..nnyiben ez m ({'I'Il,i.,.,,,",,,,, 'u'IIlI,rim.lLkk"r (l... . /fl . 0) t ...., is.
('; ,203)
5.3.5 .2. R cszKYtl rtl k , idf'alok

R~ z gy (l nl 1.<'10" '11 ( R. +. ~) " 10' l/,Y\ln1. i.... U ~ U a
""" . rnliv..lct..h .. ninl<'-n ''g.V SYllnl, F.kk",
(U,+.~) .... R RYilril ri"".!Q'ilrilj., AI. (R. +,~) gyilril ..gy U nem ;irPS rhl:lhahu"'l'" "kkol' l'i"",.gy,lnlj.
R-nl'k. !La mind"l1 a, b E U ...... IJ'll 'I + (_h) "" II ~ h "~int"n U elemel (ri-<zgyilrilkri lil'illlll).
I.
R""",,
Id ea l EIol" '! ri".q.1O'1l1'1I akkor ideAl, b" ..."li"n"flflyi r E

E / ",,''''hen mind r- II """ " r
d"m"i I Ill'k. E",k .. "1""'iAli" m.~IQ"'lrilk kipM'.ik a,. alarjAt fak torgy,inlk k iala klt Mil na k (1"",1 ':'.3.4"
2.
':'.3,':'.3, ).
A>: IU} /'!<
jn,~ril<. r~"lgytinrk "ziut,"n
R id..fllj"i T""' ,,kn..k """ k trivifU i" i,lpMjai IN..-",,,,k.
I . Gyurilhomomorlizmus ~ g"v,lrllizo mor fi>:m u"

_ ,_
.
.
Gyiirllhomomorlizmu.: A..z (R, .... * ) ,.. ( H1 . +., ~ o ) gylln1k kiiziin <>r..v It: H, - R11,k.~gyiI
rliholJl()morfizm,~~. 1...""- IL1a.bbiak ""'-""Y-'k:
h(a~b) =It (a )-. It (b ) ..,. h(" . b)= h( a) It(l _
\" ,2(4)
:\ lag : ..I, h J..k<'pe-~ fI'I-ll,fjat llUlk 117. H,-bl'li eWTnPklLlkoljAk. AllJ<'lyclu wk Irk.:"..."""" ~ (R2. ) "..lll.a.!j,;
..I..".... (0). Jdo~ ker h:
k"rh - {aER, i h (a) -U}
(5.2O.J)
A kerh idMIja lIZ HI JQ'lmU><"k.
G yilrllizomorlizmus: .-\mm.nyil-...n" It 1ekf>J><"'h l'"J:f'tl t1Willn&.lI hijo.-kliv i.~. a1rknr It "....... u.omorfizIllll". k A:Z R, .... Hz K,,1lnil< ~ m"""""" DOIfKlrfalr.
Fllkt orgyiiriik: Le,o= I CO (R . .... . . ) lY,lrli id..A1jA. rkkor "" R gy Unl (R. - J add il iv oooportj;\han
/lZ {II ~ I
II E H} rur lJi-kot<ztAlp u na& hAlulllZA (lMoi ::'.3.3 .. I.) A2. aLi.b bi muvekt..kko-I ~ g)"lll1il
lllkot :
(a+ I)+.(b ... I ) _ (a+b ) ... ! ~ (a+I) (h" !)=(a ~ h)t !,
(':>.206)
"lO' a ,;y>'irUt az R -o..k I.......-inti r..ktorgy ,irllj<'1 k rnoodjuk . los It I-vd 1<'lOljiik,
.0\ l (m) f<'ii.h1jai mint fAkt<qyl1rlik ~n .. Zoo .. Z 'O) lnAI"..... k~Un1ko-t oczoiaJ\.aljAk (IA...... a
J{.VUn1kw ~ \<'>-to'rn VOIlAI kozl> f<'flli f"'klAt ) .
2. A gy iir iikn" "onatkow homomorll.. t ,ph1 lIa .. """'(><lI'UIra WlllAlkoroO bomomorfia ti't<>lhf.n
a nnnn4l<vozt6t i<W.JW h<>IY"" t"";tji ik. a1rk.... nwgka pj llk A~iln1k bomomorfia tt'-LeWt. Egy h: R , - R J
~lIri1 botno morfizmu-, H, "'C' ~.I'" hAtkOUA ~. ""Vf'7A"t..-rl .. Juor h = {a E R, 1 h(o) = O}
ioWJ.t. .0\..>: R , k...-h fAktorfitY1ln1 ~,ruor r ..... hi R, ) ::z {h( a) I a E R I} homomnrf k."........,- FordilV1l
miml..n R I i<i..aJ.ja ' 'I{\' natF R 1 - RJI! h(>mu.norllt- V J'Q'''' t hatAroz n~. Itt ruil / fo ) = a .... I . Aml"1}'
I..k<'-p<.-zhrt t<"rmm...-tN; hornornom"muj; IlAk lW\.,.zlIuk ,
5 .3.6 . Vcktortcrck '

5.3.6.1. Definici6
EIO' I\" t_1 f..leni _ktortM- (I\".....k torti'r ) ",'..kt"ltlk~ Mdit ivnai Irk intrlT V = ( \'. -0- ) ABEL-o<oportjIlh6l
kalArok 1\ = (Jol...... ~ ) 1,...,."MlVlliAminl ~K.V k ,i~ 117...,.........h6l J.,' " \! - \. All.,,,mly utohhi
minoo\ nd..,....1t (k . ,.) (Wh07. (k E Jol "'",. E \ ') ~ h E V ..... ktort ....",]d. Itt .. kiivd k.w lIZ"hlIlyok
( \" 1)
k:
( " + v) +
(V 2)
Li.-I,lzik ''KY ""klor 0 E \ .. ",,,itp l'
(V 3)
!olind..n I' .....ktorh.rzVI\lI l'Rr "l",,,u - v wkt"l'. "mir.
.... .....lI}
II'
= ,,
( ..
+ ",) mimwn U.l'. u E \ '
+n - v
(':" 10 . )
(':'.208)
",ind.." t E \ '
t'
+ (-
t) "" O.
(".2O'J)
('\ ' 4.) t, + " , = u, +t' minden v,"'E\ ' .
(':',210)
(V5 )
I v ", v mimi."
(':'.211)
(V6)
r{ .,,} -" (rs )v minden r.s E K ''''Illind..u t' E \ ' .
(';. 212)
(V7)
(,' + .oj" '" rr + .it miml "n r, s E K &< tuindeu v E \ ' .
(':'.213)
(V 8)
r(t!
L'
E \'. 1 j..loli Il. "",t ''lO'"''j(,,[''ruH ,
+ w) = rv + ru: miml..n r E K "'" mirllll'll II, '" E V.
AlTl""nyil"'n K = [\ akkn. valOoi ",k'Ol""'rr~1 Mz...liink.
C~ ,214)
5 ..~. KI,~,~z,i".., 1I1'Jel>n1l "lrukllinik
322
323
P~ld;\k vektcrterekre:
A : Az (", I) ill ..tv(' (I, fl) mrl't'tfi mAtrix"k .. matrix e-,......oa.~ .... o>gy vaY..< "",""",A! v..lO kiilloo'l ~"r
~.......t egy v..J6lo n ~ wkl.on...rP1: A!kotll3k (t-" ~ ....uopwktorok ill'("'''lo'v,kl."rok ""kton...rP, kL ~.1.3.).
B : V"UUlI"""yi (m . II) "'''rt'!.li .-..Ii", mAtrix ",,10.. .....k tort"rM alkol.
C: Egy !4 , bj inlptv,.lhulloll folyt"uOll Vfl.168 fii.p;v"l1)..k "" a!ahhil..finialt wI1.....kkkre "Ollll.lko7iwul:
(f -+ 9)(Z) = fir) + !liz) i~ (1f )(r ) = k f(z)
(.>.21::;)
-u". ..... ktortpl't't Alkotllu. A rtiltltvPnytO'rPk A funk"iorW &na1izi~""n fontOll "UreV'-"- jAlw.AI.u,
Illn ni.u1l.k vag}' drJrtt,~".ll...k n..... v,ziik. " m"lrix AltAlm''l(!t''t......''''tt bu ..AIi" l..k"J><"7i""rf' a1ka1mazva a
.limf'Uzibli-t .. lt. azt ki,!,juk h"SY
$.3.6.2. Lincaris fii~('is(>g
110'
v,.
d ~ n _ r.
(5, 219)
IIhoI d" matrix u.,f..k tm,a. n l\ rrndN....ll... r .. r...JgjA.

u.'g}...n C alti" l'l. l ' ..... ktolt..... h<-"c.. t,'ki,,"'lik Cr-....o (kiiwul,,-..w):ltollj"',n~.t ..hAt...-.-U ':= {v+ II
U} ,.ffin ",ka.~oknak "" F lu..tmll2it.t. DrtimlolJllk Fr,.
(t'
U) >?(I'J+C.i)_('I+t':1)"'C
.....
<I:/. ~ ' .......A.... lio:.t
... " ;::> "Wl'7Jl,.l
Jgy:
A-:-(. ... l/)=At_U
F Vf'krol'ttrJio ,.,;Jik "RV"""""1l \.nit f"Io'n, mint I ' . F ullllrlrm<' C. I::::t.cn F-ct I " Vl'ktort.i-r (".1\1....[1
,*,,"inti faktorto"!+rlPk I>P\o=;.-tk;.,.. \ ' lliVAl j<Ji;lJuk. EI..n><"i ''It''''-''Ilf'It,, ", R '':1 =c <'I - ''/: E l.. l"kn..vnciArP\iI.riOrkvi....LcnciN...:U1,,.;-.l. A t _ .' l..' ho'rKllUortimlll,.\ -hOl liV-h... ""'I trm"'''''''...t<.,.
bomomoriizm'L~nak hi,juk..' .~zii>ti-trl {,rtrl ..... t...11 dim , . dim U _ dim(Vli}.
~" l' ~ Jo.""rkt..rt.......,

'-'2 .. t'.. E \ . wkt<>roblt lin.wu...n fi"IAArtl.."""k mouiljuk. hA 1..'111
tA1AIhAti>AJlolya.n 10 1, k 2. "' k .. E Jo." 'If''lU mind uuUAvaI><7itlD08eWmek.h"lQ"O = klt'l +k l, 2-' ... k .....
ig"" ~rll. Ellrnkn6 .-tf-. f"V'k .. V'l'"ktorok li~ fiiggt-lll"k~. V..ktorok blJ<"Ar1>' r,'AA6'"'v azt i>o ,;clcnti. boKY "It" ...ktw .. I"bhid< ""lti~ ..lON.lith..tO.
AJnf':llUyi bPu a \/ ...ktora.i kOzlil maxirnAliNui" li . ~ nlggo"tIPlI.....k tor l.aWhAt6, Akkor l' .. din,,'n7.iOoI ti' r. Ez 3Z 1I..wn AdilJM'tlZiO..... rc+rtrlmiim TnPghAtiuurthal.6. Bam...ly 11 li ....iI.ri.__, fiiQ..tlcu
_ktor a \/ Iktbrn hbi.rt alkol, .'wmnvlbro i1\"f'IJ mui.wAJi",..u.m nnn WAlru..tO, ,uk"r "
>+gto+n dimrw.i6j.t A fml rllPp<loIt "':k~ rPn.\rp 11. m n'" vi-gt .. Jn. dimrn:Q()jilAk.
Az R~ vpktortk n vPktonl oak;" ...kor linMOMn n'IQ.l5. M a:< Y<"ktoroblt """iopok "")'lIOrok torn....
jAbow tartalrn.u6 mAtrix do.-knlU lW-O.
~ 1"1.1'1.
,r~} AI 1I-dimr~ K -.... ktortknPk~ bazi_ ..kbx- miurioon. E V "",, t..r~
t<.-lm....." rlMliitbAt6 l' _ klt'l ... 1:1"2 .... " _ k.. tr~ formaban, aboIl:" l:,
. k" E K
Fy VPktort..... blWN-iNuJ r.-ruf'tIP" wkt<lt..u...k halll\A7A
~itbctlil'ZMJ .... ktott-k ~v&.
A llll.IIok kdrkiohrn. bogy .u-tr,ut "",kl.o(1.('I"rkl...,1 AZ oIYA1l f,,almab.1 milll I" ...... ~. ~ w
.........Imt-zni (.toljuk ""\-e>Rtjiik "" e"klio-Ioozi. ....,ktot:t"...,ioM.
1, Euklideszi , ...ktorten-k J..t.gyrD I' "llY """"" ....ktort..... Amr.tl-ll) ,I>m .;:: ,- " \. - n (.;:(v ...)
hPlyt'u " . Il' irhAti Ick;,........... ""'&"1 1.1Q; A kovPtk.-a6 frlthP\..k".. k IlJinob "', Il' E \" ... r E n
""ok"..-t"
$.3.6 .$, Euklidesai vektorterek. cuklidcsai norma
t.,
_i>hm:
(;. 2'10)
(5 1)
r r =tl!v,
( 5 2)
(.
5.3,6,3. Lin e.Ari!> lek epezesek
(53 )
r(l' ...) = ("-') Il' _ t' ('--').
A V'l'"ktortto"" ~trllktlIlAjAVfl.1 ~t<'!.hnI5lek.,......:-krt li~ IPk"l....u..-k ... k l\I'\Il:D.ik. A~ f:

\ ; - \'J IPk~ liupAri><, l... Vl\lamPnllyi v. v E \ '1'--'" i E A" CI'cthI ill:""f(u ... 1') = f(u) ... f(.) .... f(1-1I) = k f(u)
(::;.216)
(54)
1'-1'
:U R " ti>rb151 ~ U.. terbe tOrt"'~ f IPk"J>f"7Jo-kPt 1"0"''' n uX-I1.'lu A rnalrix""git.....'gPvrlaz f{t')
formAhAn lrw..ljuk k-,
1. Alte-r L.,otrn " cg)' Vf>ktort..... ,.. L" .. \ . wr rftI7.1Ja1m<IM. Atw-,w y il" ," L" .. \ . ti-ren i'rtrllfl<"UlI
1I11i ""'k-trk.... nhVf' m""lII i>' VTkl uru rM 311<01. akkor U .. \' ti'r ..It<.-.....
A \ . "l!Y nem ii""" U ri,.,..ha1UlN~ ...kk,1t A!lh. h" UAtlllcly 11\. nl E U "" 1 E h' ...... ten 'II - U1 i .. kill IU
U ..I.. m .. (A! t..... kriti'r iulU), Al1cr niT.t iv AI/\khAn: minden tel. "'2 E U "'"1:1. k 2 E h" .....--t.." 4'1" 1... 401", E ('
2. ~Iagt"r, kl-pt4-r ~'II,'k l ; .... \ ~ \"..k t<>rt ..r..k 1lg}... II&ZO" tco<t f"lrtl . U:-lQ"<'n tovAhhA I: VI _ \;
''\0' li"..iI.riII k-ko'pf'O".........kkor " 1Il..g,,"1 (j,-.]ol;-,;,. K<-r f) P" kr v tk r (jelol';';" 1m f) all"tI'kd IV, ,,1.\bhi..Jr.
f<Zf't'in l d..fi"iAljHk:
I\ ..r f "" It' E l ; I f ( ~ ) = O~.}.

(::;.2)1,,)
Im f " {J(~) Iv E \'i } '"' 1'-'2 E 1': J 3.', E \ ; , hogy f(vl) = es}.
(".21 7h)
P Ntilllll ' 'lO' bOll1U~" U li r,,~,rill "!tY,~ulo',""ll<I."~",r AX == .Q. n"'l':oldAAAin"k hahu""... I\Z A v,.j ddilli"lt
li"..il ris lpkrl'''''''''' m"~, '''' .
3, DimPllzi6t"lpl A dim Kcr f ,... dunlm f . vagy i" a ["lll d ,'filliAlt ,.jt " nk d im"llzi6i k07.oU '" " Iiohbi
O"'",<'fiigg..... All fenn:
dim Kpr f + dim Im f "" dun VI,
(;;. 2 H1)
- Iu) l'kvivall'''" """JlI,
<.,
(~.221)
e-.
(::;.2"l'l)
l,,-223)
kor,M"fU.
>Oll.kkor ....
Rltk<>r .;: JrkP~ A l ' V<'k!."rtl',I.. 'Il ~lUIJ..\ri,. OW>nAt.

.'mrnnyil><'1l" " ti>rhm fortrllD<'7rtt A .Ju.liI.riIo _'17.lI1. akkor" ("tlklKt-.ci wktort<'r.
A T'
5.3.6,.1 . A lterek , d illll' lIzi6tl>tcl
l\lllfly<.t. di"" 'n z;,il ':/m", k htvunk . I\..r f
.) Il'
hogy az f lin,'Ari" h'k; TH'1"'" inj ,'ktlv.

H" \-', = V2 = \-' {... V v,1'I,.. oli lllPl\', i,.... ..kko, llUf '" \-' <==> Ker f = {O}, s=kr", rlimlmf-..t / nUlII:'
ja nak i>I hivni. lI .. f k_lratiku. mAHix ... kkur nl1,],..dunan ak PS ranp;jallM kiiliillhN<'Jl:N a llllt.t.rix ""I
2. Euklides zi n orma A ."1 '" ~ kifr,;....ti... "

t"r I' ;.." ,.. wlrtorai ko,..otti .. 1<Ziift<'l ..
rnl;a =
...
l'
""\0101' ,."klj,I... zi. normajAt (h""""....t ) jl'lOli. A \ .

(::;.224.)
II'
1,,1 . H"'I
fOrllllllot ~lgAl I .. tj"--- Ha u-
11.' '"
0 Ilkkot ....... ,,' ..... kt<>"'kul "r"If;"I"ij~"".k ''''V1,,:tiik.
Trigonometriai fiiggv"ny.. k orlogom, lila- A FOURIER...'IOkk..i<-a:fiigg':""l*n (lii....l , A ,I.I.)

viz>lg,.ljllk " sin kr .... COfi t'r a!ak,', fiiAA""lly..k.t. A Ci", b] fij~\"'-'Ilyti>tlll'll definieljnnk " !O' ~ka1Ari~
>IZOrultot:
I 9
A~
= [
( 3.2'13)
f(:r)g(r) dr.
..lr,hbiak koV<'!.k"z t " b" n :
l~'~il\h ' ~in IJ dr= o (~'fl),
/.
(3.22li)
l) (U<h . ~Oti lrdr ----,o
(if-I) , (5.2:l7)
,.
"inh " OII IJ d.' = O
(3.221l)
a "in lor ;.., rnl; kr fiiAAvP "y<'k ",ind,'" 10.1 E r; ,,,,,'I"'U pion,"k",,! ''RYIllMxaI "rt.ogulla lisak. A .,rig OllO,,,t ria i fiiAAV""y"k ort~ol1"li~t" h"f1110nik'l" ,,11,,111.;" a F'OURIER" ' gy ilt t l,,, t ok "zAmitii."'nAl (IMd
324
i.U.I.) kihlll<'nAlj...
(T R 10) Az "Ib "'" cjd ip;"" ""Iuhol kov,1.k"",ik ..q bd

(T R lI ) 1I" " lb .... "lrigaz.akknr a l(: ,b+ z1 r)hAnuilye'1l
5.3.6.6. Lin carls o peratorok ve ktorterekbe n

Ket lineilri ~ op..r'tor o..~z .. g..
A'iiII ..... II linf'''n.. "I"'riito o.."q".!:." '1\Y (""1....r Alor:
(T R I 2)
1.
(I + II - ('
Egy " fuuv~lLyr" v..I6l1lkNnll......kot><'>I....-lOo.lO"'"
(.. ~/.I) ~! "' c " = .. l ... lI t"
H" Q .... II hrrmitiklll'. akknr Ill! II ... II ''''''''.#"It ~~ t" 'fltlitikll"_
2. Kiot linf:"ilris op<'r at or norzata, fpk-llf'r+lhet&eg
.-\z II .... II lili<-..ui~ ol"....'I<>roll:!QOTZI\1" .. kii..... tJu...;:
Egy
(';.22'-"')
(:;,229 0)
.. /} - c
ffiAAy..llyrr""UO ..JIuUIDIWiNI.:
(aIIo)v = ... .. = .. (bl!')
(';. 2JOB.)
<;
(S.:lJOb)
Ket Of"'1"Ator l<iIOI'7JLta AltA1AI""ll1lol'1ll kl'lIum,tAliv. YlI)'il< N~:
.. /l - 60G - :0. 'I ,. 0
(5,231..\
Az Ill. bJ '" II II - II. kikr~i,.t k"mnmutl>rDU. ttr\'1"'ZZfik.."-mn1n}it.>na>: II "" b OfM'rAtorolr. IJ<'W {.'!no<-ro'lbeto..Jr.. alloc '10' ff>Q;\+IlVTf' \'IUO al~uk,..."" ,-~ni b-U .. ""I'T1"IIdre:
.. (h) ~. ( ....).
(,j ,2J l b)
-\ f..Icro..... J~ AkkorilIl ("IW. ha
a.b!=ab-bd -O
P_ 2J Ic)
5.4. Elem i szamelmelct

Az ""'lIli "zi"uX'!III"'I<ot "" <'fl/-I<:I. ......m ok OI<ZlllItw...\gi 1,,1AjJon.~aival fOfl:Wkmak.
5.4 .1.
O!<zthatO!;Ag
5.4 . 1. 1. O!'izthat6s..'\1l; {os a lapnli'i OS7.t hatOs.'lgi szabalyok

I . o..lto EIO'II l rgp"z ~1.AlI\ &kkOf ","zt!ut.tiIaz" "f:i'M1.lIZiunlIlJl.lmar,"""k llHk iil. t...""" oIYIUI 'I
'"1':00 lI1.i1rn. AlIM'lyr<> IlZ ,.Jiihl>i fdli1A t,.]j<"ii!:
.#_
'I" = b
Ekkor IlZ
(:i.2J 2)
.-...ztOj.. b< q kOl1lpwll""l.~ OfI7.tOja .. b lI1Amn&k; b """ WI,I..
..wro..c. A. ~" ....tOj.... III<ZA.tIllLAk """"'OX 1,,!y'1.laz " Ill j("loli-sl is alkalmll7.h"tjuk A" ~a un"._t<',j..
.. II "".iulllL.. k~ jclOlhM.<i .. Jb-_L .'1.1. '1f(1.llllct<'...<gi 1<,;'p<""I",t" l hallJla7.on ("l!::' hinari~ "'!"o'" 1I,... mlo
medon <I"fiuiNh"tQ"" '-"'1.tllI"~ "" U'ml""'z<l....sumok halr"""",,-,.
2 . A la pvl'tci 05zth..to..Agi s za hA lyo k
( T R I) Miml"n a E l "~.AlTlr.. Ila. a l" n. "10
(:'.23.1)
,c.iimok Z haJma1.Al..m
Ill': "
(T R 2)
II.. alb iR",,-. ..kkor ( - a l lb <... ,*-b)
( T It3)
Az alb"" bla ill"". ltoltAI>(,1 kiiv('tlav"ik a = II _gy" =
(T R 4 )
II " all
(T R S)
H.. alb n. b I- O. "kkm 1<11'$ 1"'1
(T R6)
A-, al'" ill'''. voltAI,,',1 k<>v,tk,vlik " I:b miud"(j z E l
(:i.2:~)
(T R 7)
.'1.1. <lIb iRI\Z ,,,,It,,I,,',1 ki;V<-tk,,.ik llzll>z ,,,iud"ll : E l
(:i.23!J)
(T R 8)
II"
(T R 9)
A" "Ib ..... ~(' ilt""- v"jtAh.:,1 ki;v'1.k....ik air.
is''''' "kkor"
a:I"': iR"Z N
(:i,234)
~h
(3 ,:n :-, )
(:i.236}
(:i.2J 7)
Jllind"n z E Z
(:'-Z ~I))
(:i.2 ~ 1)
5. --1. 1.2.
lIaalbh. a (b + r) igaz ,aklwr iga>:
ale
( :i. 2~2)
l l . Z1E
Z.
( :i , 2~3)
(3.2H)
P r tmszam ok
1. Ot>llnkii>"'" a prilll.~zamok tul..jdomoag a i F~ p > I Irrnw-.nn..s".Amot "riIlL"""'llJl>l,k llO"W"-...i nk, h.. " 1<>nn .<1.." """,-rnok r.; ha llll"".AhIu,.-k IlZ I ~ .. P ~t"'jA A""kat a t<"rm',..,....l'" ~'lllOkal .
.."wlye'k ""Ill prinl. Alllok OwczM.cU """'m"klla k mOTld j ll k.
t:.gy ~ lIZiunMk ieKki..... b". "" I ..--ziunt,..lk iil,i llt....,.J1 ....>:tojA prill1-","",u . Vi-Rt,Ic'1l >ok J.'~n IPt.-Uk.
Egy P > I t<"rm<-szck'>; ooza.rn akkor pri """""Ill. h.. ",t.'VJ\I~ a.II ~.t<.,., """"",ok ct<d.i-Il; .. P1( ah)
~ voItAb01. V"fO' PIa ~ p\b ~ ki....Mkcillt .
2. Erathoszt",nes" u it a ja. f ..." t hofg;t<"lIi_ ..r.ililja ""ltit.~, .....1m intlfon ..10....""'I':adou n \l"nn6w~
l""'.'I7.Nnn>U. kNbb su.m prim mltA lIJ~lbatil.
a) lrink f("1 valau...nnyi 2 ..... n kiiozOtti ~ lWi.tuot .
b) JrlOljilk ""'lI: a 2..--....\wol;. p,. .. 2 -untO! k..-..dw h't7;llunk ki lUUl'io'D n....-.o<lik 1<ZA.tno1.
c) H A P 1lZ.. 1sO l><"ID kihiW>lt ..... Ilf'lD IfM"ll.irIOltllSiinl. Rkkot ,..Ji>lj ,",kUIt'l!: "p "1Amol .... a p lI1AmtO! k.r-z<hoc.
b....z llnk k.i IlIinch ~ik ~ l
d ) A c ) IPpio>.t v<,:,=,-LIr. ("I ~n)'i p '$ ,;;; IlZAmr .. ", f'U,I,l f("F'"",ik l... az Ngorilm'l.~t.
VaIamc-nnyi II><"RidOIt vagyi~ nem kih"1Z01t..zAm l>rhJllllliwl. E.Dt'Illlilldrn n-n;'1 nrm ~bpriInl<lil-
IUllt ~lunk.
Az~""'!<lAmok halzwoz.I\.t"'Il
A prim7.li.moIa.t .... rllc-Ilh-t"'i\to-t primor"'lliI"lu...k D1'veaiik_

3 . lkerprtmszemok K"t olran prirnn.lUn amrlyuo.k ,.tA~a~ 2 ikrrprilDlQiomokataJkot.
(3. fa). \5. i ). ( I I. 13). (17. 19).1 29. 31). (41. 43) (W. 61 ). (i l. i3 ). (101. 1(3) ikf'I'PriIDilZAmolr.
4. Primscimharmasok r~hArrn-.k.roJ ~i1'lllk. ha ~ qQ'lnAla. k6Vf'to pli.rat1lUl,.,..Am
kazw hAmm prim.o;uirn.
(5. , II ). rr. 11. 13). (11.13. Ii ), (13. 1, . 19). (17, 19.231. (31.4 1. -UJ t.rilll8Z.irnharma.....k.
5, Prim~z.a.mn~ ......k Ot'ltVllwl kiM..t!> pAi-RtllUl "".iIrn prim" zAnm<''R.vc.,.,t ad. ha &l <"1005 k.. ltO p".
"" ,,1.0],,0 k,ottO i1I ikrrprim""Arn.
(5. t. II. 13). ( I I , 13, rr . 19). not. IOJ.lOi, 109). 1191. I!TJ.191,199) prilll>J.iIrn~k.
F4J' nW!,: 11.'''' bcbizonyieott ,...jt...... hogy .+,;t.. lrn .....k ,lr.c-r"dl1NAIu.l,rirn,qJulLhAnna.~"'" prim.....Ii.mu,:,
f!:Y'N' lrt..~ik .
6. A" el e mi szamel m..\..t alapt "t",l.. !.li",kn .. > It,rllIhv-! .,.~".Am <;IMllithl\to prini.><ZAmok
""",..."",tak""1. U "" ..kWlitii.~ .. wn",.,...ik ""m'Il,lj,'!i)\ .It<'kinl"" ..g,.....rt<lnl'l. UK)' m",,,ljuk. hnto' """
.....umIak n<..k pgy<'tl.. n l'rimli-uvr'M" ..IaIr.j" '">\11.
. 300 _ 2 2 2 3 . 3 . :' = 2 ' . 31 . 5 .
~f ..gjegy1.es: Hailolll6 llJl>clUll 1"1,,'1 (" -1.0 "" I ki,(t,lp,.-[) i\1. ,~oo !<"'Aull"k"t .. v-n)'f'?iik d,ijd,'w! ,,.
,.,-,rr.. ndj"U;I ..ltRkintU' I'rillldcUlI'k >W.rf,lt.t"k(.nt "ll""lIit.;'lli.
7. K anon ik u s p riInte n)'",,,6s elOilllit A~ Swk.....'" ''ltV1"11"("""'1'''' "".;'m'l''-;lllt';lL~ ..!tWlit"""kur
.. primti-nyf"/iikr'l nagy""", ""..'ri"t. '~lL<](~Jli, (". "" "".<>un,t t~nY'1.6k'1 hat,,{..,y r"nulij"ban i;...~,...f"gni . Hil
a primV-fly """'" f"lhonl""h"" ""m "'''-'1"<'1'10 i....."'" prilrl",.f'lllh'YI... 0 kitt'v"t Hu.I..ljiik, ak kor milldrn
t('n""""..t,,,, szalll" pr imt'fl...." .... dl'illit.,;,. ki t,,,,oi,,rk ""rm.l'Itliv,,1 "!tvc"-rt,lmf!'1l llwghatan>Zott.
Az 1,,,133 12 = 2' . 3~ . 11'1 s'liun!Loz a (7.2. O. U. :I, o. n. .) ki1.<'vil "'>I'rt,a' tart<,zik.
~ f1 t .. rm(',;"...I'''' """,,,mall l'ironk(ll1. knlulll,rrl.t:l alAhhiak szerint irhati> frl :
(3 ,24:>")
326
,) ,01 , EI, ,,,i,;ui,,, ~I,,,':I~f
Q" = 1!i9 + 456 _

2.
abol ,...Lmwnnf i p .,rilU""...un _11""""t"l k,'11 k"ppzui. n."..Cn) I-lig a p ><du..u mint n OllZtOj"",,k tontojPlputi. E~ vt-R"" _1(7.1\1, Uli ut hogy ""'" ~.,. "" k "pCn) kiovO i'rti-k.. k'iliinhOzilr. 111111,,161,
,.,.~H
P o zitlv on t6k: H.. .-gy n ~ I lerlUt......t.... llZiul, .. Lwollikus prillltt'1lye-IAit< f"lhouu.""Vlll",I"n. ,.]cleor
.. mind..u vozitiv t .-t<'>j.. "" mhhi frormAha hozho,to;
.-,TI p.. "' .
Molr. e (O, 1.2.
r(n) .. TI ln. + 1)
(5.246b)
~,
P(pq) = plf'. /lTll<'llUYltMocl p"" kk k.ilOOb0:iK6 pri~.

Az n !lZAm ~ pozitlv ..........jionAk n( n I ~,.:
1'1\-3: 9n> 9 IQ , (n ) .
(5.24.'4'")
1'1\.4:
1I1Q'.,{Il)
(~. 24ll<1)
TK-5:
(~.24&-)
TK-6: 3 71" ... 3 7IQl(n)
{:>. 24Sf)
TKS: 21n .. 2ja".
(~. 24Shl
13 n _1 31Q'1(n ) .
<'>
S (a.
I>f"1ll
A 1Pr;nagyobh Jr.Ori:", Ol'IZtO
al
4, =
(5.241h)
ilIP1. V<'
A7 III
kii-z.Ol<
2.
Q',(II)'" au - ul + a1- + ... -+ (- I)'a.

A ma...odf"kl, ":<"mj"lOr-,,,-,& Hk t~," lllA>oo<lf"kl'l al tfTlIAlii "7.Amj<'gyo..'7.Pg:
+ (""",)]1, + ("!<I.ho +.
iIl~t'"""
~ ( 'l ) = (aJ"<Iho - (ala2}1U -+ ('''_<l.h" - +
+ (",,"<" :,h" + (a,,,,,, .),,, 1
(5 .2H!")
(5.241<1)
(.; . 241n)
N:
.4" ki":>zlo< ~tOin.alr. balmou.&krniJA ...,ztOjAnAk llPW'ZZl;k .... ~:
"1,02
~b
M..-k "J><V.It;v knm..-tOJw vi7_<.g-'ljuk_ LP-
krw."w"" l>rimlilly<ov. (..l1lml",""", Ekko.-
,4" ~ a
.11.. ) =
np
{
lll,iU [v...{a,) }
(5, 2 4%)
15-100
z3 . 51 1 11..., "" 11:1 75
"""wj" Inko( lI1. "2. ~ )
: 3'5$ 1,113 _ 31S5tJ
= 25 27 1l """..moll. J''l; llagyohh
= S1 . 7 "" I i !'> ,
Euklides:ti algoritmu..
Az a fs b t<mLkzrt<:.. """",,,ok ,, Jc,;ll"fO'.>hh k<miifo ....ztnj41 "", Mlkli,I"" ,i ~ll:"I"itmll"""'8it-""8ivrl .. prim tku Y" dis fdbonw "elk;;1h"tany,.h" tjllk m(~ , Enn"k ...'"'lnk...l ....n ~ ~,a,bi
""...nnt rnIU"M ,;k"" """'tli.~
sorozarct k,11 v,>greh"j tlUlllUk. H.. a > b akk"r h'!1.Y''11 au = a I'Ol <lJ = b, ..... a t-OVlihbiakhan,
""n".
ao"" q'''' +''2,

" , == Q7<1 ,+ " 1,
() < " 1 < " I ,

0< "3<a1,
(5.25Oa)
(5.241f)
illd~,
q ,(II ) = (a 2a'''"h " - ("(,1'<"1),0 + (a.a'lIfI)1O - +
I'Zlimolt
(::'.249>1.)
Tovilhhli 1\ llllnnndf"l"i ",AIlLJ" lo(yiiollq"l/: illPl. V<' h....,LJlII<lf"k(1 nltnrnilJo 8Uluj"lO'o....,,,'8:
Q:,(u) = ("1" I"<Ihu
.....
Eklro!- ~" lIZiuu .-I.oo5f" k1, ",.Nnj"lQ'o-a~,. Lllo-l ~"I\It,-miLl6 l<l.Oimro~:
Q~ ( II) ... ("I''<:Iho
4",. l:~korllllPlIl<KtllllUObHt<-I,
n ~" l
Inko(lIl,a2,
10 + lie.
+ a.
a,. a2'
Ill<."gha~a ~..tld6.
Lo,o"f'll n .. d'~'iuuiJi~ h..lymJ.ke.. n'ml__rhPn Ahrnzolt l.crmm.. t<>:o szAlu;
("II{" ) -110 -+ (ll -+ "2 + ...
(~. 24~k)
, .... ~!!ZAmok ..-t......n
mind 0 Crti'1r.,i a""1.
A II, a2,.
. a 2a ' ClG h o = a . lo" _ a._I Ul"-I -.- ' " -.- a111r +
)..
(~. 24~JI
<".
B : <7lP)=p +l,happriJIll'XAnl_
5.4.1 .3 . Oszt hat6!<agi krit eriumok

n ... (a .a._I
.........
1.... _2
III.. ~
(5.2+>11,)
TK-10: i' jll ... :t'1l._la.l._~ allle),.,
(;;.24~;)
SI<>o .
~b ><.<&mot a>:
Inko("l. a2. ..4,,).
(:'_2~1)
<'>
TK-ll : 5 1'1
~6=360.
3IQ,(.. )
twJ a
u{n)= T I '
"" pr. I
Jt"IOI~k
TK2 : 71n ~ 11Q'1(n),
<'>
5..1.1..1. Legnegyobb kOM oszto. Icgkisc bb kozOs tobbszorOs

1. IRgnalO'Ohh koro..05 zt6
B : P(P') = P'.luopp..-iIru<7.am.
c:
1.
(~ .241'l,,)
TK-l: 3in
B: 9 16 19 <If<7.\h.wi 11-1("'1. mPrt <11(9 16 19 ) "" Z2J.a 1112'2

C: 9'9994 0'.16 B<Ztbnto 2"-n..l. IUPrt 2"1-1096
PIn) - f1f,.j
a A : u (I:20) ,., ,, (2' . 3 ! _ 15
kritprilllllok hvplly<"'iek,
A : .. = 1234S6 ;S 9 1r.ilrnnTI. -t Mto , m;,,,,,IQI(.. j = 45""'9

mintba,;y <13(,, ) = 156 "'" 'i 14S6.
A : 'r{5(40) =1' cr ' 3 z .S7) H+ I)12 --- 1)(1 - IX l+I) =60.

8 : " l.Pr.P2 ' " p.) - 2' . tu.PI.P:.
.J'. l.oAronk"ut k-lIOObOrW [>rirn-lkook.
.-\z n 1OZ&U <iIoIuo< f><>l!itiv ~i>jAn>U; P I n ) ~t;\Z Al;;.hhj kif..~ adjA moo,;:
.. p.....
456 -+ I XI '" 4~.

P/.6'>o<,(tJu"tt'lAA&i
TK7: 10111'1 > 1011<1,(n). (5.2",,';'g)
_ ' iS9 -
o,.ztbat6s<igi krit"riumok A kiivMk<
TK-9: Sin
A: P(20)=::.orY_I3lXIO.
123 = 136&"" ql
327
(;,,2-I7,lt)
" "_I == qMa"

Az .....,.t"" i n1p;oritmn,. ,"e.g""...-.k
"" t""
A 1234;,(; 7!:l!l , ,,.ilmllak .. kiiVf't k"7r;",.A.r"j('RYi.\w.;z(~ni vannak: Q, = 9 +8 + 7 -+ 6+5+4+ 3+2+ I _ 45,
l~f"'>-hf. n hn f,jn' ....lik. hi!l1...n IlZ"1, a3,.

"'m rt.ai te rllli..
"za..llok
...~ i~or(",n m OHotonon ookk..",i !IOl'07."t", A 1.'glU..g y"h), 1hll,tl>! !r.il]n nho-tJl mar",l~k a" l<",z a:t: "-4 + 3 -2 + I ,.. !:>,Q1 '" ~9 + 67 +45+ 2:l+ 1 = 225 , C1:I_ 1l9_G7 +45_ 2:l+ 1 _ 15
...c illlok 1"!;;naRYohb k07.o.. ""zt6j.. .
328
.'\lllko(~.IO:;)
I w.lyt"IU.,hi><t<'lIlU5 = 238+29: 38 "'" 1-29+9 ; 29 "'" 39+2: 9 = 42+.,:2 = 21.
:\>. Pllklicl""Zi ,.Jg"ntm'", l><lll'1.,lt Il.IkalmJ\;f-"MVlu" > 2 wcm;:.,..,.M.... "".amrll i>. m,ghauuu:t)",I<'"
nagyohb kiW.riI< 01'17,10... k!ivt'lko"Ml tl~lllkri"" "7....hiUy ..nu..JmadIN\..J.:
Inko("1.<l2. .. t1~ ) '" lllko(luko(lll '''1:.

,....~1 ) ,a,, ) .
lnkll(l;;Ll. IOCi. ,-16) Inkn(lnk,,(t:;U, 10Ct}.::(6) Inko(lS. .:>6)
["'It "
( ~_ :l:;Oh)
I.
K o't niun "'gllllgyo hh ~ "",,'''jan,", ki!z&,Ut.&W1l "" .."kli<l...
"",j a1goritmu" kfuoni.'-ooou ...k ><M.ini11lN "',.....t igeuyt"1. II", a lI7.iLlnok
11.
fr80:'iACC1ooorozath.'1I _i'<Jn,; pJo.nwk, Eo I"'lrlAt Tllf"ll<'kp]'-Illk.

~it"H hAny... I"..,k ktt'k.. milldil!: I.
I . Az e uklidesai algori t m ....c hol kapc50IOdo tel ..1 A ~ .. PsII. Q >
b > 0 ~ ....N'K>k1'1l ~ll A(a . iI) "" .."kli.t......i A1goritllJl""lww
",,'-ik>oior UlAI...j;.lwto ._I....k ~ ,,(II) p<'"1ig a II lIZiLm helyhti'kP>.
~.io'gyPlt Atlja dn-illlAliJ; ,c,.Amr<"lldll7.rrl...u. Elk""
ahol a
55
13-1.21
~=1 5 ~3
:2
+I
I.
Fi bon acci-soroZRt .-'.1. ( F~) ",", ,, ""T"OZ'\tot. &hol
F. = F, - I ....f"'~ l = F. - F.~I
F" 9 0S ACCI-fOOr<n3 t ll>\lt n"Vf'ZZiik . .-'. ""l"W/'I1
(::'.z.::.:.)
II:<
..I4h1>1 ..... m.. kk..l k.-zdMik: I , I . 2. 3, 5. 8. 13. 2 1 , ~ . 55.
21 _1 13 +8
13=1 8 ... 5
3 = 1 2
2= I I
1_ I I
5.4.1.5. F ihonac::ci-Sl amo k
"19.1 44,233.377, .
E mll'k a llOrozatw a w;:t>'l':.w.tAr" II:< 1202I,"'ll Fr80~ACCI altAi f..\....tf>lt kPrdn< """.rth"td vi..........:
l lany "Y'tlp&.- '<lNUla:Lik lIZ PV \+gi'ig "RYMWn uy 'iII'ArWl. ba minn..n IW mindffi oon"l' ' '''gpn "'lO'
'ijabl> pUt hoz Ik........ .,zo,k lIZ lltOOpAr"k ,<k-t,",k u....lik lt6aApjat1>1 knilYl" !<UIpOrodnak? A v&UI."'"lIi
Fa = 377.
3-1 _ \21 ... 13
,,"= I 3
tRY " Ikkt( II. b) AZ " "" b s:r....mokr" ..J"' ,hll""-,,tt .."kli,I'''<l':i,.JR!.rit'"l1s ..-gitllPgi'.....\ ........mo k primti>n)",,~.&<
fdlxmtMallak i.~m..r,,'" nrlkii! i.~ m"!,:h,,l.Arw.hAu'> .
2. A Fi bonacci- szamok explic it kire jPzke A F IBO SACC1-lOzAlTlo\mak a TPkurzi" omniriOn kj,iil
lPtl"/lik ..xpiicit clOOIlitA.... ;,.:
.\(... II):s: S "(h ).

3.
A Ifognagyobb kOzOeoedl'> mi n t
.0\ F'IBOs AccH.zATllok IJiobAny fOllu" _;"tMfliIJ. a kiiwrt~""'n 1t>PR"lllliljiik:

mindtu m. n K ~ ig>tz,
l i n~arkombin8ciO
.U ~llkli<1r.oW~Jritmu"hhl knYl"tkt-l<ik, boKy
+.= F..._,F. '" F F_ ,
( 1) F...
111 = "'-'1,111 = .---4oa 1 '

113
= III -
'l:rQ::z '" <'l a.
+ d ill"
(m > l) ,
(::'.2::'j "j
(3) lIalnku(m.n) =dakkorlnku( F..., F.)= F4 . (::'.2::.j c)
( 2) F...fF_.
\.J.2::.Thl
( 4) luko( F . F. .. , ) = I.
(5.2" j d)
p .2S2lo)
a.. =
a.._l -
9-,"-, = ('.. - :1'1<1 - d,,~:<l '
ahoI <'.. _, .... d..-2 I'II:~~ .

~ komhinN-iOjILk..nt:
&
( 6)
Inka( ao.Ql ) .. ltWlithAti> Ill! Ge
'os II, ",,",-,.. ok <-':'- "R'riitthAt....
1nk0(1Io.", } = c,,_2<Je'" d,, -:<l l
. a,,) ill ..IMilitw.ti> ~ II, 111.
Inko(lI, .II,.
lnk0(1::.o. 105.:.6)
Inko(lI1o ",. .
I = I !>
n ...
(5 .2::'2h)
, II ....Jimok
. Q. ) .. Inkn(lllko(lIl .1I1... ..
a,,~Il.a.. ) = ('
(I.-.o.
I'j.,..... z
"I . ...,..... 11. l"ltkiso-hh kiizOl< t"hl...wri;".h",k 11t'\,.....z;ik. jcloln.e: lkkt(III' "2.'
Ib ",Iott&k " 70 "1."2. . . , II. ""....m ok l\;"lOlIikll" primt""y.-,..,.. fdbollta."<l.i, akkor
11.1.1(111. 111, .. .. ".) _
,II.).
J lU lU: 111"(";)11
[l pl '
Az " I = 154/1O = 2" . 51 . 7 11 "2 = 7875 = 32 5" 7.11" = 3850 = 2.5 2.7 1 1 ' 1'>\.lIIok ll\ i";1\1" j,,,1l.Y
Ik kt( .." II,. "") = 2'1. 3~' 5'7 I t - G9:1I)1WI
5.
(5 2::.:J )
6,,"u,fiigg.... R l..g ll RlO'o h b kozo.. o~ z t6 .... II \" g ki_hb 1.070& tobb~zo ro.. kO>l,iH
T..tszo'i\"g"" ""i>w. s'l.aml,kr" ill'\Z:
labl =
Inko(a.h) lkkt(ll,b).
.-,
(" .25j f)
(5.25j h)
(5. 2::'71)
105,...
~lIok l>O"ativ ki"~iio< Uihl='O........in"k hll.lmazAhol" I..gki,,'hh ";l.I\lll,,l
lI.Z
1 .-..klmr F",F. IF_.
lnkn(QI. II, .. . . a..-d... da,. . (::'.2::'2..)
luko(luko( l.JO. ]f1:;).::.6)

Inko (I::'.::.6) I. aboll"
( 2) 1:>1 ) +:J
(- -1) .S6, f.<'1"" lnk..
Ill.:., =..6) (- 30) 15tl-r4.) 105 T ( - I) ;;().
"I.",. .a.
lin..Aris komhiMriOjakmt:
4. u-gk isebb kozO!o tObrn. 1'oro~

A n" m 1hll"
(7) H" Inko(m. n )
L F? = F. F. _
-,
(S,2::'7k)
5 .4.2.
Lin eaels D lophantoszi egyenlet ek
1. Diophlllltos>li egyenletek
F.gy f{Il' Il,'" .;c.) = b c!'S,'nl,'t<'t D10 PHANT o s z i ''lO'''UI''I,,,,k hivlIllk. I", f(r" >12
r .) elO'
polinom. "mclyn" k cKYiitthaw i "" " ";" "" """,mo l. Z hah ll>t:fAllllk d ,md. b.1')' .g..... z kOru;tiLllS
ki1A16[ap:
>tZ f'g.... z m''g"ld...""kat kPr. -iik. A . mor- u oerosz-r' m,gj,,!i>I"''' 2;;(1 kiinl 1 "It Dr orH A~TOSZ goriig
mflt" mal.ikllstl"'m]('kpzt,, t. A gyakorl"tllllO J)i0l'hlln ti k \l ~ l'ltY"nlr't~ k ak kor Ii-p""k fd. h" ,larahs7.Amra
vonat kO"lI>0AA1...fiigg{""'k,,t akarunk I..lrni.
Alt,al",,"" m..gold"-~ IlllrulNld ig r",~k ki-",,,It'm',,, rn""",l fokt"1 DrOl'lIArn n s1. i '1rr~nl"l."kN' ismn"t"".
lIt"~"",,hh f"hl DIOPIiASTOSz. i "1O"IlI,' I."kr" O!tIk ~l',~:i;,li" ''''''1.<-1.1"," "''II iSlu"rt m"l':oltlA~ ,
2. 1l_,lIlto7.o " lill"Ari s Diop hant oe a l egyenle t ek
A:t II'vil\ tO'i'il linearis DIOPIIA~TOSz. i ,I'tY'llkt r"ru"'j" .. k,>V,t k,....';,
" lL, + "~Il + . . u"x. = b (fl, E Z, be Z).

..Jlnllll! egPwl i-rf.;.kii m.gul<lil>ookat k'n....iik.
( ~ . 2:xl)
33U
.\ ,
~.
I.
M.-gold iuoi r..lt"I ",1

Fd t;' tr lf"'l."". hoI'S n"lII11Hu<~'n ... <1:.yiitthato d'r'L~ a liIlCari~ DIOPHANTOSZ j '''IlV<'ILI<>tll''k 1'''111"",,,,
ak kOT VIUl m''R"ldA..... I... " h,I>("I.<12.
. a.. ) osztoja a b S'l.amnak.
J.
ll ~r'"
3 1:'51 "" 3 mrgnl<lh..ti>,
milltalllnko(l l ~ _
315) = 3 .
~ I.-gokl li...i mM~I""
n = 2 ""'""'0
e.-".,
{~. 2:;9a}
a,r, ;-II,J. =b (lIl.Ul); (O,D)
~ lloegoidbAwliDf'ill1o DIO PHA:"iTOSz.i ~t. vagyi><lnlw(a,.<l2) b. A~"C"'nlM "8Y ~p<'riAli:o I~'

oIow..w..u. ~ -.:loa d "'" egy<'IlJctM lnko(a,.a2) "'..wk.......I. EkkuI- U "",,,11lwoy ..
+
ItA .- II It..... luko("'.o;l -
;r;
Aw ml at.l ::'.4.1., 3 .b...u I...irtuk. ~lju.lr. aluko(a;. a;) ~b kl.roo OO<ollot lIZ,uk!i<l.'><Z1 ~<>til'
mUrl..-,;l~i-vl:'I. ~ ~.,..~Im<'Uybo.llllZ 1 o'rtrlu,t er;y a~ i's 0; Lin<-arilolu'llIhinanoj.al""nllllO'(tluLpj"k
A kiinolulMi ~ktl ... -J6 l...bo-I~tr>lil'" utj.4u meggyOzOdllf'tiink &nUl. ho,.v
aT.
~,
IIXAII>ok
3.
(t1", ....:zb') rr1ltlr-uott pAii-"ll..,Jott D IOPHAS TOSZ- i ~ ~
.~
ll h ... 315. = 6. Mmt ho,.v 3 A Irgl~ rozo..oor.<tO 3 ", lnko( I 14.315) ._Wd. J.-1IUI1. Ehl ~
38,r .. lOS, = 2;., JIo 17 ~ 105 (- 17) = 1 (Ia.od S.U .. 3. ). Tebiot .(41 2,{- 11) 2 ) = (94. -34)
~~t ~ ~"DIO.. H..."'TOSZ-i "C"tlJ,rt.-gy ~p<'C'iAIi.~ ~
ill
A
";.4 - t a;)It E l )
A lib + 315y .. 6 ~1I1rl ~ halmaza: {t 9-l- 3 151. -34 - 1I 4/)lt E l }

5. R....J ukci6e E'ljilrb n > 2 ......1.1:...0
Anon..,.v n.."'..l<lhRt... liI....v1l' Dl oPHAsrosz- i ..,;y<'nkt:
",rl + Ol~"'J + .. ... ....r ~ Il
(~2f&l
Abo! {Oll. "~.
, ....)". (0.0,. ,0) ..... llIko{al. ""2 . , ) = 1 . All.l,nnyil" lI l",ko(a ,. 0l 2, . . ....) 1- I .
akkor lIS Pg)"I'nlMl't .. I k",11 MTt.Jullln k Inko(" I, "~.
.
) l-Ttt'k.......l. .4", "'''hhi aw"kflb llt""
llII,+a~IJ++""'_IT~_I_b_
...... r.
(;i.2lJJh)
4.
A
Az ai3hbi fdt11-<,1
II .
lk
5.
T.
5.4.3. Ko ngruc nciak h; m ara dc koszt alyok

I. K un grue ociilk
--r..,o"ll m pgy U'nni=l.\ .... "ZAlll. m > I. HIl kt"t .. k; b ~""x !fliuuuak az m ~nIAi valO OI<ltioNi
""">o<\i>b!. 1l7.OIlOI'. akkoc azt rnon<tjllk, hoio' ...... b Wnn1rl1l' modulo m. F~ c =: I> rood m. ,~.
C =: b(m)
. 3 = 13 mod:i. as es 13 lIIud~, 3= -2 mod~.
~1"1tipgyz""': :\ yih"'",uo.. bogy ..
I> mod '" Ilkk<.r ipl.. b.a m """wj. "" <I - b killOD1~k_ A
J<nngru<"'" mod m~ .... ~sz ..vunok bNmaziln r&.v .kwwwOliA l'P"lAriO (lAood ,';,2.-1.. I. ). ~I\nis ""
al&bbi allita..:.!< windf'Il C, b,r E l ~i'tl hrIytAllOak
(~. 2~9b)
..... ,r. vAllwi.t '''Riw. h ti'kl1 k" l\>Iw \>o,w k,FL.djiik. i", igy t"gy n - I v"h,.".;;" lin riLrUo [)IOI'H"' NTOSz-i
"'RY"nl.t'.'t MI>1ll1k, Nudy ek k or olJh"tO m.'I:. he luko(c" a~, ... . a~_l) OI<z1.i>j" " I> - a~,r. kif"jc-yhlwk
r - l y = - 3 '" 31
\:i.261<:)
mUld.'tl1 E Z .... t .. u mf'Roldlmto [)IO.. H.-\STOSZ i '1(\'Pulrt m~,la..i 1""""LIW\t IwlllIlf'gk..rrsniink, AI.
rgyf'ltk nlf'gOldhatO. hL"Z<'lllnko( I. 2} = 1 (-].,.:It) .I~ I{ - I )+2 1 '" 1 ~inl 1(3 - lt J + 2(-3:iI) = -3 ~3t . A IIM.'goltlMi bNmaz {((3-3t)-:.h. (-3 ...31)-jJ)l~ E Z) . EbMI ~.ont,r = (3-31) ...1".-...
y_ ( -3-lt)-" . vagyi.~""'1O"'"nloot JIl<'lI:'}icINot b..1JnMA (~.2fj l,,) {(3-31",2J!. -3...lt- .. 3- 2/1~. LE ll
Az ~TlIIrl n""R~nak ~<'l" ko-."M.l-Wki1lpm bpjuk: Legyen (~, 4) wolamilr.n".....will

II><W*IM. Aln<"1~t..ur "rOIq..u..okkal w. mc-gtaWhatll.lll. allor" w~ok halll>"~;
(t,r~ - , .
(:i.26 1b)
illor oldhit\o m"", !L" Ink0(2. -I) " 3 - 3: rrt;'kh",k .-I<ijll. .4. rnrrJ.aLuttr.w DI OPHA:"lTOSZ-i
"'&.Vf'lll.. t 21 _ 3: = 3 m"l':0ltlA.~i halm......, {( -3'" 31,3 - 2t)11 E Z) EI>M I ki>vf'tkl"7.ik , !toilS: = 3 - 2/ .
.....l1IO!'otmAr,, 2,r -Iy- 3 - 3( 3 - 21 ) i l ~'t " ..
I.
";~"'a;4,,,I,
2,r -Iy = 3 _ 3;
o<aki>;
Ha <'gy n-vll.lt07.... (n > I I Dlo l 'H A ST o s z j <'gy<'1l1"Ir><' k "a:l m<l:oklli.."", N< Z .. vAlt",",k IJU"lomilnv...
akkor "Z <'gyl'nl""-I\f'k y~t ..l"ll ..nk mpgol<liw't. VAll . A m<'goklilsok halrn.a>''''lWl11 ilyt'tlkor n - I "",toad
~lkl't I.AWhAli>. A Z r....zlIlYllllWl.ir.. lIZ<>Ilhsm l'l! IIf'm bfolyUlli>.
4.
Az ''l(V<'nkt lIl<'gOl<llmtil, hi~7AJlll1kl)( 2. -I. 3) """ti,jit J-ll>Jt.

'-\7. ,r i.,. 11 vfrltuzi>kra vonat k07'Ai DI O"JlA ~TOS1.. i "'ltV<"ul..\
2.
 =:CDlO<!m =- llECluutlm
(~. 2(;-:!c)
Szamila ,.i s7.abillyok
a =bmodmAc =:dmo<!"'=-ll
(:i.2(;3;".)
ii!b-dmodm.
a =:bmod",Ac =dlllonm=-a .. =:bdm."I ....
(:i.263I
"C =:Il .. mo.-l",A lnko(c,m)-I'" a=l>wodm.
(:i.2ti:k)
a, =:b<modmA
clU=-
c=bm,,,1
"
I"ko(c. m
(5 .2G.ld.)
(5.261Ir')
3. !\larad"kosztalyuk , marad(>koszt1>ly gy llr ll k

~l iHt hogy " .koug:ruru~ nll."I"I" m- " Z halm.....hAA rgy ..kvivll1rll"ia It!;i,cio. <'2" ~Iocii>" Z haiIW\I,l,
,,,,,-t.Alyokr .. oontj ll. n ..v iik m oo ul" m 1IlIlrarli'k,_IIJ}~lk:
akkor t.<>lj....iil. hll ll>lP'ln"k olY"1I !:'!:.. "'1I:"'z ...;.a m o k , 1l11lc1......kre

lnko( c " al, ... , a~_I)' 1:+ a~!:.. ,. h
( ~ . 2lj{k1)
\gal'.. E . "10' ko'tv Altmi >o; li u',ui>. OJO PIlA~Tosz - i f'g}...n!pt.llm..ly t :;.4.2" 4 . IlIapjal1111<'gtuflunk 01
Az "a ",,,dulo ",- mllf"d{'k",,",,I."lv ulind"" oMt ..... ~Mo1. ""....m"kat tarl.a1l/lItZZI\. " m..ly,k npk i\Z ' " s.am Illal val" os1.tAAak", UgylUlltZ ItZ .:"zl.""i lllan"U,k.. nlll,t
. ,.al/lu" k, A1. [..]... pon t",;"n " k kor
n"ni. U" ..." IllJ " 'II:"lolJV, i~Ul" l<'t''''. "kko r mar csak "!0' n c- I v;i.l t07h1li IlP"ri~ DhWI l,\NTosz i f'1\.V<'nlf't.pt
i~az . h"a = b modm
IlIko(a"a~, .... a._1 )11> - ... ,r.
k..l1 mrgolfl" ' LIl n k ,

A f"uti tNlllkdh t." vAhh f"lyt itth"tb,cl\i"''''1l ",ldig. mig <'gy k"' valt o.&.lin.. ';'ri~ DhW H...NTOSz i "I\)',' u
1.. 1,,",, lIt'lll kepuuk. ItIu,'lyll.'k !lw!ln ldk<Ar" mar VILlI l'ljarfrsullk ,
A k<it.hcli n"'g<,!,l"tt ki'tv"'t""I."'.linf'Ari~ Dro r-H...ros z-t rgyrl11"t r k 1II1'II;"I.I""i lritl'llitd,],,,1k"ll m"ll'
hit t !i.nrl.lllluk" kiim],,!""; ,!tY" lllrt 1I1f'Rol<t""i h"lnl....." t.
Oldjnk 1U"l\"1. itlAhhi Dro r-tt ...xrosz-t f'gyf'nlf'tt:
2,r + 4y + 3: .. 3
(5,26lit)
( ~. 2(;4)
[cl.. -{,r! ,r E lA7=: .. m,,,l m }
Itl."
W..
Az f11l1lu<llllushoz po nl"" "'l m !Ili\rl\< l~ k""',l.al y la rt.o,.ik. all",ly n<"k ",..,h"ly~z!T(llpirAAAr" a lo>gki",'bh
11" m n,'I',"l.iv Wjll 'rzl'nt.An""t itllulh naz1,ul::
[O].n' [ll.., .. , [m - 11..

A modlllo m maradi,k,,,,,,t.frlyok Z.. h"liua,.i>han a', "I"h hi
(:i.W :i)
[<1lm e [h! ..
:=
[a + hi... ,
(" ,M)
[<11 .. 0 [b: ..
:=
[<1' h1..
(:i.267)
II
332
5.4. E.I~"" ~z<i",eI",il"f
333
maradck(lfl2;UJy "-'..." 'IMl iIlNv"lll>ll"",l"~~taJy~t "rtelllL,,"~~iik.

A maradfk,.,.ztA!y muv..lt'td" ",pwtcntAnN>k V&aI<I,t4AAt61 fiiggetl"[)('k, v"flYiI< [al... c:: [a') h< [b] ... =
[Ill... Cllrti>n:
[al $lbJ.. = [u1 iii [601...""

fa) 01bJ", .:: [a1 0 (601...
(.:..2t>l!)
..\ modulo m rn.arac"''''-l.<\Iyok /l rll"C ... "'koAztaly <ioR:1...""Ima iliPlve .. rnarNio'kO!'Zti.ly or;wnA,.rA VI>natkoztAtYllegy egy~l,>",", gyurilt (1Nod 5.4.3_. I . ) '"kotnak... rnOO,,1o rn ,narAfl"k.-tAIy l)"lrtK
AlTlf'IUlyilx-lI P prillCl.lVn. akkor 11 Innnulo p lIl'U"Nl"koo<.ztAly gyUni egybeu t<-!>t ;,.. (liwocl ,)..U . I. ).
4. Prim maradeko..ztal yo k
Egy [0:... lIlIlradf.koor..tAlyt. ba luko(a, m) = L modulo ... prim maraodfokoatNYfl'Ik I...rezziik. Alllf'nnyitwn p prw-Am. u.kor ..[0), !tivrtf>lo.." .l....wnmnvi I1.......a.>lwornaIy modulo p prim 1nM..o;.!u:..-..tAly_
A rnod ulo m prUn ~~UJyok II nmr..o.>lwo.ztaly!lZOr~Atx-l-aooportot a1kotnalt... mo.lulo
m prim ~Jc.o.,,;tAIynouponrtot. Euno-k II nooportn>lkII rmdjoo .,:>( m ~ Ahoi ..;: Itt EUU;:R-fr~kty_ (Litoo:I
m =m,
m~
m,.a,
=;;;-.112=
m
ffloJ"
m
. . . . .
(::;.27211)
m,
boY lUI ar'J
,).4.4., 1.).
tw-bPlyr-tta;iu... utan VlOJII,.,u:uk "" r , plf'rr,..k.-t oIym<'><iorl,
A : ;r~. [J;. lSl.!7' u.ind lllOtluio S prlo'llIlll"wkuoati.lyok.

B: [1]s,[2l&.13js.[4 s mndulo':' prim _atku-tAlyok.
t"IlriiLkat u...}Pgit.... k...kkor

l', = a,r, ... 02"'~ ... . . ,
C: fgy ..i 8) = ...

i3) = 4.
f'I"l"<iM;i rt"n4l:zf'Tf"lIJo'ik ~ TnVli.bI... a u~ lD"'iulo '" ",,)6~~<"Im'iPnmrgokIblLm.

as
r H>f"1lM-t azok "" s".vuooI< """1~ta1jak a t<Mit.hhi ~t. IWl<'IY'"kTf" r" == r{m).
a m.-go\d;uIOO rt"l}f\,q;pr r ;;; 1(2), l' S 2(3), r;;; -1($). Itt 2.3.$ rW0llkPnt ",Jallv
primek. 19y m 0= 30.0, '" 15, a2 '" 10. OJ = 6. " 15.z, ;;; 1 (2 ). 100J -= 2 (3). W:I es -I (5) Ol'."""
riiLJj,; ~"-1 = 1. r~ = 2. r:l = ~ . AI adott ",II'~ ~lIJo JO e,r;)'l"r1.dnul megokiaM.
S.
Prim it fv maradpkOQt.lyok
F.,;y I"'.. prim DlMAdioko.r.t:Ulyt primitiv lJIlfLJadCko<niJ.ynai. llf"Yf'Z'ini<. Ita a modulo m prim InILnMk'~yoq>ort wOOj<' ..i rn).
A : !2'~ "lY mod"lo S priuutiv nw-adr~Uly.miypJ (21~)2 = ;.r 5 {[2..s)3 = :3J~. (12~)t _ IIJ~.
B: Mod ulo S ptimiU\' w..c ... W-~Uly rs-m \(ot..Lik. mintbogy [t:~ ",udjr 1. r.. [3:".S .
lu"t.io'a
primillv ltW"adfn-tAly aoopnrtlwi 2
)' I~zes: Ponl~, &kknr ~ mn<Iulo rn primitiv lll.aI">I.di>kobrta.Iy. b.a. ... = 2. m _ ~. m = ,.
YaKY m = 2". &hoi, "lY I.an.t llui pr[ulG4m. ~. pniig l!C tcrIno'>l:7...tftI~ .
Amf'!lnyib.-a "'t..zik wodulo m pumitiv mllnO<li-J-Uly. akkor a modulo m primitiv m...-... W-knoozLoi.ly
aooport riklilm.. oooport.
I':'
6.
L in....r i... ko ngru.ndltk
1.
o..fi nfci6 ~k".~i"Ilm > Oeg","",""Alnok.ekkoraz

a.r:;
(<>.269)
b(m)
k if~j<-~I ("" r valtwiora Yon.tk<nrJ lin..JLri>< kongrut"uciiLnak Il{'\""""iik .
l\-Ieg olda.'OOk Az ulyM r O'"ll.~ "".Am, amely a:1. ot m..g ...wjnk "<lui, ak kor pl.-gendii 1I7.<>kl'It a p&ronk"nt nr-m kongnwll" motl'llu
m ~ l17.Amokl'lt uI<1\"<l" "nk, lU n..ly..k f""ll .. kon gn l<"lI<ill.tki<"IPgitik.
A konj.;ruffiri lL akk"r ol.-thaW lll'lI, ha Inko(o, m) />.u<"k"""toja. A 1ll..-goldfL""k mudulo mllZli.llU, ilyrokur
n Inko(a. m).
Ha ~pt'ciAIi"'<J1 luko(a , m )."" I. aJc kor .. kcug ruencia "'001110 m i'rt..lc",h<>n egyi'rtd",il..Ulll"Roldh atl>,
2.
:;
IL IwIIgm.....-iiLnILk.
.... ,,<...,
:: bJ(mJ ) j = I 2.. t wngt"lI'
(S.27'21,
~~
r :; 15 1 - 102
+ 6 ~ (30), \'fO'u. l'
;;;
29(30)
), 1"RieCzes: Srimllitan h...wu. wDgrIwnriA T1"tl<""'...... k fdb-ul&lhlltMk IllT>L. bou Dt'w.1ine&ri!l ~

dulom wngyuencilJ<>ol vi._""-"k olylUlbm~lCtloCi4k ~ ... ahoIa ~ulllllpnJn><Z4m bIIt.
vMYIl. (IW:>.H.. 9. ).
8 . Kvadr at ik us ko ngru.. nc iilk
1. Kvedratikus ruarad e kok modulo m
.
Va1amPllu)'i a..r-2 _ los + (':; 0("1) kougt"U<'flria ~uldh .. t6, ~yihton V/IlAmPnnYl.? -: arm) kong
nl..n<iJ\.t m~ tudjuk oldani. ug}"'\UiOl
<U~ + lor ... r == O(m) ~ (18..- + b)~::'; - -lac(m).
(S.273)
~"h-..dratiku... IIULr..u'kQMt 1D"'i1l1o m tnw;uk VWogilllLt tArgylivA: LPgynI '" E l\ , m > 1 ;.,.
a E Z, IIIku(o. m) = I. Az <I!<l3rnot kYllotlrlltiku.. mAC. . \;-k llIotl'llomnpk np""'->:" k. ha VIluolyiUl r E Z.
IIInply Illdl",t r1 ss o{m).

f1" ...-Iott m I'rlmu 'IlYldiIc fdl~",tlwt., vagyi..
x
rrl =
IT,:'.
(:'.274)
"'w.
'x,
akko" lIZ r abhan a:1 .-th" 11 I....z kv...-lratik".. manul,'k modulu m. 1111 r k,",,,lra tiklL" marad{'k motillio
p;" al'. i 1,2,3, ... """t"n.
3 . M.goldA...i mlxl"z..n-k ti' ''' ''''i" k" IJ.grllt'nri a mpgold"",,-rlltiihbf,;l" In<'><1>w'r IN"",ik. AT...J"k lt hat.
[nk J-><'ldaul ...., o. ;;; 10(",) kongru"udAt pgy u;c + my = 10 .uah 'linpftril< DIOPIIASTOS1r i "!O"'lll,'dw,
majd "" ,,'. + m' y = b' DI OPIlA NTOS1At'g,v t',d"t, lIh,,1 a' = a/ln ko(a.m),m' = "'/lnko(a .m).b'bllllko(o , m ), ..gy ~1>< ...i"liIo (r', 1/) lll..gol<l......t hatil rozluk II!!'I: (Iii..'ld ;;.4.2.).
Az a'r :: b'(m') kUllgru"ndll lnku{o' , m'j = I 1l1utlulu m' pgycrtdm,'pn lIlcl';ol.-t ha tO:
H" az <l kv...-ln'tikn~ lIliLTad"k mooulo aI' prlulN.i.m "'Pl"illt, aJck" r POlt rovid..n
r:: . o(m' ) .
Az o. :: b(mj kUllgru' I...i"nak {'PI"'n Inko(a, m ) mo dule m megoldasa van :
l' 0, ;Cu + m,ru
+ 2m "
, ".0
+ (lnkn(a, mj _ l )m .
(,j. 27U,,)
(,j.27Uh)
nem
2.
kv...-lr1ttikll~ maradek modulo p. a kkor (~)
= - 1 fOl'lll&l"'-'l lrlll, tjllk
(~)
I fUrlllli.hall, hlL
( Lf.G ~;N ORE-",,"imb"llllll) .
Az 1.4,1 "'J\iuok kVlldrlll.ik ,,~ llIaradi'kuk [])'l< lnlo!J.
Kvadretikua kon gruenciak tulajdol1 sAgai
( E I)
H" prah b; U = b(p}, "kkorG) = (~) '
(::;. 27",,)
,
5. Alg,tm. ;.. d~,zk,~j ",,,t..,,,,,tWI
334
5. ~ ,
( E 2)
(D -I
(:' .273h)
( El)
(~I) - H)9
(;" t'i)
(i!) m
( E5)
(')p = ( - I)""
( 6)
A In...lrat ik.... l1..-ipro.-itA..i _MI)/'. ha p h<., kpt pBcatian prUD.'l:I.B.m.
tovAhha.
("n - m
(;:>-27:;'1)
(;j.n ::..-)
(n (- I)~ ty!
(:,) . (~J (:,) . (~') (~:).
(i)_27~
(;)
1"_1
m(M
H,"f' (~)
(~) -
- (-1 ) -- . 1
Alta la n.....n ig u : f.cy

011;0
Ii
o(2" l .luko(a.2)
'=
I ~oldMt6 weg. ha "
l {-I ) "" 0 = 2.-t brn.

: . 1 nolo'Jl"KY. Q _ 2
-=: 1/8) AU' 2: 3 ...1.lwn . Am<'Ull~ih..n f"U'k a nqkou-k taj""lllX"k. akkor (I
ki-t, mig (I 2: 3 .-ti>n IIl'7;y l......nIdIwo

Az AltAlAuooo aIalui konsn~l)Ci.ikr.
.....-I....
V>w
uooOulo 2".
rEIl(rn ) ,m =2"pj 'p.,... . . . ,r,. luko(a, m) = l

a ~ha~ lV, ..tAhhWr. .'I~ r..ltfld,ci,
aEI (4 )hao s2 .
o . l (gjh,,0 2:J .
(~)=l. (~) =1.
"' (;):,
(:i.27Gh)
(5.277,,)
(5 .2170)
( ~ . 277d
:r,
t2
5.4 .-1 , Fermat . Euler ~ Wilson ti-II"II"

1.
AI. E uk-r -fiiggvion)'
~tind.-b m
T ~ m. A ..'
~te- szambaz .,:'( m ) 11:1 m !l2AmhoJ. l'lI'bltl v pri m r ..-k drn>l. IUf)f'lwk", I ::;
fiiu;vkJyt El"LERffigvrnyDf'k rwuuk.,' ..-{m) fiiQ:Wnykti'k" prim ~kor<ztil1yuk
rn.-..-hIlo m!IZAmAl Nt;.. (1A...-I ~A .3 .. 4. )
F..iA kft).;,. ,, (1 ) = 1. ..-(2) _ I. ,, (3) 1... .1) 2. "Ia} ~ . ,.i 6) - 2. ..i i) - 6 . ..i s) = ~ ~th.
~Iindt-u P I-'rim'<LRmn!. .;(p ) _ P - 1. &; ..'(YO) _ yo - yo
nuOO"l1p'" 1,,1rn.1w,a.uyra. E4o- tet.~".,.
m t~,,",cim.....-trhPn ..-{m) " k" ......llr.o..wk.,'I.. IL~l h...li>,
> 0
,1 m l- m
.-rr (I-D
(5.279A)
1Ihnl" "'"'lV\tot l'I2. m VN.l.Il1' '1,n yi P l"illl<_ liljar" kril krJ><"'ni.

..1 360 ) = ..1 2"' . 3" 5)-360'(1- i) ( l-!) (I-i)=96.
.-
L ..-{d)",- m.
(5.279b)
H" luko{m. n) = I . akkor ...imn) = ...i m) ,,<,,).

; (360) "" .;(zl . 31 . 5) - ..i Z") ,, (J1) i5) _ ~ . (j . ~ = 96 .
2.
Fermat
e. Euler tPtel..
A Ft:RMAT-Euu:ll.-wt..l ~ elemi lIZAT!1"!rI""kt .,..'Vlk

. l"l:fonl.<......hh 11'1.<'].,. ~n ..k" .... HI ........tiv prim
tf'm,i'I<Z<ot",. ""Amok. pkkor
,, ~{ ..I ss l (m ) .
,,,,,,th,,,,o,,
U{p ) .
(.) ,2' Bb)
Eo,.n tll1rncn6en
!!!
' fK- (rvII.r =.r2 + ,ill, t kApjllk. H"t Arrrr..m k ll"",t m'~11
r?
- 2 n.kkur
Mol Pl.P: . .. . PI ptfm..k. II"'~O['[~ ill v iM7...v,..",-t!r,t6 11:< J (r } :: O(p" ) kongrnenriek /lJ'-,.;"J<lAAAr".
ezek vi"".onl;v. J (r ) O(p) .. p I'rilllh7Am Ill"dulu.~ 1ll.,]I<tt:
a ) Az J(.r) O(p") m",.;o1<l"""i ki<'1{'Jl:itik I\.Z J (r) :: O(p) kon gnl<'llciilt is.
h) At J(xl :: O{p) vallUu"l1l1yi.r :iiIi .r,(p) rn"I':"ld""" 11:<7-1\1 a f..ltetelk-l. h"l'J' I'(rd I",,,
I'
~tl\J"lJ1I\1. m",.;h,,1.Arm ..gy," I,u 1lU',.;ol,IMt mud "I" p~:
Legy..n J(.rd iii Ofp), II..ly,t t,,,,itiink ,0.;< .r 1l<'ly"\""~.r '"
+ pt, kif<.j.>d-!ol, "" h"tArnl,zuk IH<'l("
modulo p .'gy{rt dnHll', rn..llo lrl.......t ItZ nll,hhi lin..Arih kUlli\TU,-ncifm"k
J(r, ) + I'(r,)t ,
+ pt,
335
kOllgruenri" mo<..lulo
"l(\'''rt.. lll''i'11 1~''W1l\t.\.r.,mtt. .m,g" I<I~I: k .. kkor 12. = 1'2 ... pt a ~f"j ....ri"'~
.r =.r2 ~ plI2 -be, irva .r =.ra ~ PJt~ rUt f,-nll..-U <'IJKI'M r"lyla~ """ v...J mpgkaPJuk II.Z J (.r) = O(p" )
konp;ru<'ucia ~t.
Okljuk JI>l"K&Z J (.r ) = .... + ' r-.t := 0 (27) konlCJ1.lI-n.iAl.. A~ f (.r) _.r' ...7.r ... .t "" 0 (3) o...z..ti-lgg..... hOl
r'=' 1 (3) ,vagyi>. r = 1 ~ 3t, ~I mt oo,:, f'(r) = t rl ~ ,r..JJJ'(I )"IO->r ",, / (l)/3 - r (1) t l sa
~ ~ Ill , ss OIJ ) kon!'ru('nm Ilwgol rlA...... t k"""""ik t ,
1 (3) _lIl'.Il7. t., '" I 311 "".r - ~ - .91'2 . .
A ttwAhhiAkb>m tckintjUk II J(.t) 9 + n .t) 12 ~ 0 (3 ) kon,;rU<"tlCJ4t , lUlU"" ill<'gokl..i~kctlt Io.PJulr.;
12 sa 2 (3 }. >IZaZ 17 _ 2 - 313 ..... r '" 2Z _ 27/ 3 . T.-hA1 22 Il modulo 2, ~;'-t('lm,wn ~taro-.r.ott
n~ >Id.iI.oa II x' - lr - ~ .a 0 (27) kon lV')fI1<'UlllM:.
(.i.27tiA)
H.. vab.mo.ll.lIyi r..lti-t..[t.. ljfolill. Akkora ll'lf"goW.il.ook .w.rnAn = O. eo; a :. I ......tPho-u '1........
2''' 1, ",,iii,. ?: 3 ...... I"'n 2"'.
9. P o lin oro ko n grllt- udak
~"'n<'k m,. m,.
. "', I.....onkent rdativ I'r inlf'k. ,.kkor "'" alAbhi kongrllNK"iA
f (x ) E a" .c~ .,. .... _I ""~ 1 + ... + an ~ O(In ,nt1 ' " m.)
"kvivawflll" kowtko.oo h"'Itl'l,,,nrj,, n uw."'r....l:
f (x ):: O{mLl. J (x ) ;;; O(n>,). ., J (x):: O(m, ).
J " liilj.. I., II.Z J (x) ~ 0("', ) m"KOI,V-illak ..,.AmAt j '" 1.2.. . t .ekkor 1.,1. 2 " , I., ""
f {x } =: O(m,I11:" - n.. ) m<"go1<liwUl1ak !Il'AmAt IIdjll. A kiiwtk..w kungTul'IIciAk
f(x )=O{p~ 'I7... p~' ).
ptj kif..jezi's! .r - .r ,
J~7) + l'( x2)17 == O(p)
( E4)
akkoc
A I , '" 1',
Elmu ':Gme/meld
(5.27Sa )
(:J.z....o)
III\t An n z uk m(',.; a 9'" ""Am <I..... imAli~ ..IakjA.I1"k ul.<,bi> [..<rum ""./uuj"IC)i't. Ez('k "~.crint azt "" X
,duuot kf',...,..~(jk. m<'lyrP r .a 9"" (1000) '''' () .r 9'J'J, Miv"[;( JutlO) = 400. h;" Ft:llMAT E uu:I\ l.it<-lhOl ",16<1&", 9'''' sa I (1000). Ig~ t<>vilhllA. h<'llY 9~ _ (BU+ I )'. (1 i i ((~ll:!O" 14 +
SO ' 13) .9 _
(I + 1 B(1) . 9
- 79 9 E 89(.100).
El>h6[ k('l\'('th"~ik . hO!' 9"" Eo 9.... = ( 10 _
a: (';;") IOu. (_ 1)"9 + (";') JO' . (-I)"" + (~l u P . ( ~ 1 )~7 "'-
:s :s
=-
- J .. 89,10 - 3916 100
el
n'"
=- -I -
110 + 400 '- Zl:l9( llKKI) . A !lo' rl. ~:imilliR >'IlllkjllwMt 2l:l9re v,-gwdik ,
l\1.. gjegyzes: A Ionti ti,td m = p '''''!l-,... itvio!,Y'''' (om lli.j" . V>'K,vi ..,(1') = P - 1 F ERMAT 'H.'<.lminy".
lIZ ri.lt"IIIll"" elek E VlERt ol ercd . Ez a Vt.J k{-l"'zi ,-It)' k<'>c1nIMi eljArlul IIl"l'jAt (lfI!<d 5 ,4.5. ). A tHel
h'rm""zl't"'" ~~AII1 I,dm voltilrll U{"lV<' ,.z(ik""1l'''' (,[Ht,-lt j"I"lIt: HII " rrlmhwm . IIkknr"
1(1')
",ill<!Pl1 olya" a S7.Amr" allwlyn'" 1<1
"p-' =-
'w
336
J.
WiI!IOnt #oI..I..
Egy
mA.~ik
prflllllduu (.-[tn,-]t ....,olg41r"t W ILSOS li-tdc,

~Iioo,.n p prilll....u.ll1n, iRM (p - 1)1 lIE -1{P).
t""..
A
1 m<>gfordit.A.q ioo lKU Mlit4>o:
...p l<1.Arn <-k Akkor "rim. h.. (p - I )! ~ -l(p l.
5.4.5. Kod ok
1.
RSA-kOd
. u EliLER-FEfUdAT t"telAilopjAu R.
RIVEST. A. SH"\IlR ~ L. ADLEMA:-i (lAAd iI.I5.2Sll kiclolg"o:I..k

egy Uzen<-t<'k Iltlu...itAw.. owlglU6 kUJoIa,oi .. 1jArl\..t. Illllf'lyf'\ & ~.wk D"""""k kc:Wtih..t,lit f..lL-;o-
naI",. RSA-titkOOlitMl d}AriNlAk nrw'Zl"If'k EzzPlo-z..fl~bc.-n k,o;,;.hink llyilYli.1lOfI k"I..,"; kMokrOl.
mi....l .. Mk{)doIA,.bwlOll~ kllJnok pgy rht:u- nyilviwoo..o.n kCarcadhati>~lklll.

~Y""drllwllk.
Ax RSA-<'IjAra..nat. B f~1i> kk. Mgy
h-ilgAt
hoY "" '-17~ uri. tit-
vau...zt.
p;'" q ~
ki-pezi "" m = P9_JR/O,tol'" kr .....
egy oIYN1 r !OZ&IIIut. mrly ....u.liv prim I'>; ..1 m) _ (p - 1)( q - 1) mo'k"," "'" 1 < r < ~ m ) Az m
r
...AmoI<At B DyilvN~. hoaA. miYPI.-;v1r.;"IlM."IMen, a kOdoIa..naJ IIZlik..""'1t van.
HAQ A kii1d6. B r"",,16aAk ~ tilk<.. ~ l kJv.i.n tovabbit&ni. uk<>< az fl7JrIM't ""...."'t!n "S)'formA
b<-z,",.!lZilznAI. ~1,h./<'lO"rl ~.\" hlokkA alaJr.itja at. uut.&n A kisu\.wltja "'" So hal.viuly
R lJlA1MioJW; moolulum:
S' :: R(m)
(;J.2S 11O )
.0\ k;,ld<'5"" R aAmot tav'bhitja" B r~ ~nyi az f'l'f'<i<>ti WVl:"gb61lPtl1'j.:'tt .\" ,q.Am.

bIokhL A fo,;...i6 kPJ-,u R iUrnctrt dc.-k6dolni.ha i!<mMi az TS =: 1 (,..
-{m)) Iin..Ario ~1MlC"'~
IIlCll:oI<IAAAt. Az.\' "1:)01'016 n- lUi Tn o<tA!uma!.-n.,. bpott rtlAfadPkkal:
A;o
R"
E (."''' )'
e S 'o>\- ) =: X (X'~"))' a S(m).
( .j . 2~ l b)
lIhoI. "" Et:U:R F'ERMATt/>vltIwoznlUluk c..l. arnt'Iy _rillt .\.",..) ;;; l (rn) ~ \ ';';"IIJ,,!<7.Anuoot<>zatot v~II""l<I'.iJ'.""Ui'.
A fogoooJO lIZ .0\ kiilcl6~ litkno< iir,mM<"t v.v. kiviiNlUp.. a- p = 29 .... II = 37 prim~mob.t (gya.
karlAti f..lh3o<l.I..ua..u.u .,..k I,il kinoi ..,...;.rnnk). kiolzAmolja A "''017.... tot m = 29 . 37 = 1073 (' ..hill
...-(1073) = ..-(29) ...-(37) = 10(8) "" ~..-d m,;zlti a.:.< ,.- = 5 h-t"k"" (Inko(5.1008) = I I }. A B r....
gad6 kOzli lIZ A killcl<1vrl.l1flll:Y m z= 1073 T = 5.
Az A II<: ,\" '" I:l tilk.... lWII'1.o'! kiildi B-1I.k. AW..JyM "" S' = go :E 5oil( 1073) a.1Apjft.n Wol. "".Al'.
R = 57!!.", ..lkiildi BlI.. k Alto R = 571:l iju,ul'tM.. A U fORa-do megoklja "'l: 5 . :E I (1008) kougrn.. n..iilt.
....u 8 - GUS birtok.\l>A/l m~lll.till"zza az R' = 5is-'" =: 8 = .\' (1073) "?.......I..t
M ~zk: Az IlSAk6d hi;d'-"~" /IttOllt.:l. i<l6t01 niM;. a-m..ly a.IMt <'RY j~..c"l"tla.n Il? m ""Am
primf..IIl(>IL~1 nl<'f': tu .ljA WAlni. A IlUli ~nit.6jl;"'p ... ~pk mpnpu "" RSA-k601 a.IkAlmlU"iljADIlk
kd l<-ga.IJJ,b 100 roll p "" " l,rimllT.4mra. VIUI O?:;jkoiogp, hogy a.jogOl'llllatlannAk minlRlO' 7~ htill, ""rtO .1...
k6dnlMi .clVrfLf..rclil""t 01-"':1.011. Az IIIka.lm"".oIla.k llgyiUlakkor "?AmitilM..dJnikA;l~ lhl~"~'''''ll ki.. ,hh
rLUordita..1 jd"uI "'KY" ;(1-'</) = (p - 1)(" - 1) !l?Amhoz rdatlv prim ~zilmot talJ\.lnia,
2. N em zplk ozi Konyvnll m()zA.~; Sz abvllny (ISB N )
A ""alii ke'"gtll<'"c-i" ,'ltl'ik ''RYMWn1 "'kJ"lm""........ " N~m7...t kozi K onyv",.ilmo?A~i S7.atWl\.ny. ISBN PlI..,,05rdi k6djllillak kicl<>!w'7......., A kilnyv"klw""lQ' 10 j,,!O",; "" nz a lahhi alah. H:7Am komhinkii>t n1l<I<'Iiiuk:
IS [):" a - bn J. - " f.ql, j - p
(5,2~2,,)
L-'g)'I'll 11 " '''''r..,,-t.o<1AIll (I..ldll"l <l = 3 iL:l.t j"!"llt;, h~y a konyv N"'m~tor"",AghOl. A l1~" t ri,;.r,,\ 1 VlIIl;Y
SvAjcbOl!Il'Arruazik). bed" ki"dl>""Ama. v('Kiil "f qlli II. s7.ohan fOCR" kiacl6 q.~y HlC'Rbatillcywt. t kiillYv{ot
jdoli. Ellc' u6r w kUclk"'UI III' "dUlL"t r..,..../~tv" f"li.u"r!,,,tjiik a t<'v.", kijnyvr"n.k U"",k<'t . i", ilO' ilZ ':7.1.<'1
kApe""lll.l""tijlohl,>tki",I"""kat llliuim"li:dt,lnit".ljuk , A p "ll,wk ""ko.l az a l,~ki",hh ,...'" ,...""Uv '70"'"
anwl y a.:>, II.lilhhi kOllgnl" nd At ki,'I~giti:
l Oa +!lb+ &, + 7d + 61, + Sf + ~fI + 3h + 2. + p= 0(11).
(:1.21:121
A \0 a.Ika.lillazilsa. hplyett" oem nlllll"rikll' X jo'lM.1!o IU"'LllAijAlr. pllrllOr,w k"dkem (IN,oI " .4. ::'.. 4 .). 19y
mimiPn llIegkiilJOlt ISB:"-,.,..ilJnut ..IJo>norizni l.-h.t, hogy II. m<"gIUluu dl.,wrV'l k6rl " lll"r...Iek ~?.am
!F:oml>iuArl(wa./ pl6allitott "llpnOrW kUckWm"S'g)/"'tilt-<. Ec.Y _tl'1':.... .,[tire,; l>iwnyClllafl '-"KY hibe, ko""tkP7.menyo'. Az ISO:" elkll6rzO .....Afn djiu:iIoI a koW'lk"w hib>Ua.t mindig fdfc-d'-Li:
Egy S7.l\mj<'RY t ......". iT';'",, Ki't "?liJnm fd~r"'~ (~}(WJ"1.vc. I"bt').
Statilatikai vizsgalarok szerint ~I" m6d"""'r'1 a hill4lr. tobt. mint 90%--& f"lf~pzhf'tiI_ A tObbi llIE'gfiIC"'lt hibatipll""k rclartv lO'a.kori.""''' 1% "jatt I'M. AI ~k loo~h..n k''! ><L8.m t.......,. IraMl. illdve
h.l;.... ""'O"Uffi blokkok fd~l" It'iTt kMolN<i ..I........ kidt-r1ti .
3. K8z pont i gyOgysz..,."l am
;\ p"uillban AIO-o,;y~k AZOIICJO;itMila.egy h-m16 dk-uc'inO kMtla.I m,1kDd6 ~lld,,:~...rt "'kalmaznak. ~lindPn ~r pgy bCtjo-g)'(l ke-nponti ~'I"l<d.mol kAp:
olK:tk}p
(5.~)
Az u,obO-un II. p "u..uOrW koollZ II. J.,r;bo.-lo!> DO'IIl lW'ptiv lIZ&tn. 1lP...ly lUl ......hbi ko~t kif'lio.~ti .
2a -<- 31> - -k -<- 5d.,. 6t: -.- 7} ;;; P(II)
(5.2ll3b)
Ezz<ol q. '''It-oonO kOd pljAr""""'-pgy IUlnjcgy .. lirAM.;' kk ..wn r.. ~ool..oooo rorg&tLi hihA
mind;'; wli~In"n'idik..
4 . Egy lloE'g.... s uimlasuim "-"lId,z..-r ( E K O :'liS)
.42 EKO!i S III ~ ~ CO'IJd...,vor mvltiftr-. A11lO!lyrt bankok ;.,. tAlwui-kr..:nzt&r&k "'ka.!ll1&<I1ak. ;\"zAmok t..,jpljo'hh 10 .iol;ytkk (u ,izk-ti ~ lI"Y"'d-tOI ftigg6Pn). Az d..,(j ~jpgy<'k
(kgf.-ljehh ~) " "".Am'" 0I<Zt&l~ -..IgAinak..-\ rObh, 6 m AdjA a tulAjdookPppPni ....ambmlmot
hPk+rt .... "" pl1t-n6nO kOdol. is. >UllPly IlZ ntobO hrly.n .\II. A killOnl.ow lvutkok:.w f.. t&k.viokpkJzrara.l<na1 dti-ro "lk-n6rt.6 kOdpljArlL"Ili: !<ZOkMoMk. pi-lclAut
a ) A 1I:t.oitn~""""t jobbrOl Juoz<l_ f..lvalt..,. "IUO""lllIet.... k.'!rov..-l ~rm:zllk. C"Ltknck a .zona.tokuakliZ o....z..g..b"" ap ..UPliirzij k<'><lllljAn" J,-gkrn-...lchhi 10.",I-.:that6lfZAmmilt.,;OOitjiik ki \-agyis a.z
ahni " } gIll P st.NnIA.o,;ziImTA II. P kOd..-Mmma.ll-iWup'" Alto "Jal>bi kongn...nria.:
2, + h +29 +} -.-2e+d+2c-/l-.-2a _p;c 0(10) .
(5.211-4)
h ) Az a ) djar.....bAn a korli.bbiakl.61 "l!i'!tit-u nem a 1'<ZOI'1.AlOk. tu.new - fd~. bogy" RZor7.... t credmen~1' kkjPgy11
a !<lOl7.... rok k..rcl'l<~ krriil A1\r.Al1ll1WWl\
.-\za ) vari<i.ns .....,u.h..n k,'! ..-I.O'IL........-d"" ~dullj.1!Y r.. k-t/ol"""" VAi&fl,..nllyi ""'-"Il>m, l'lIY ~ro HrA-""'1 r-lig maj<l minolpn<'!<Mb.-n f..ldmtj'ik.
A b) VlUi"IVO """et...n vi,.zont "lIY I<?Am ..lirR...Ah61 fUll> bil"" mindig. ki'l """m,.,.""I.... ~dulljegy fe-...........1<-....hOl!<?liJIlla.zO hioo.tlK'<-!ig majdnem minolip; fplt.<mprjl1k. Ko't nem IlWm1lZM~ ~?Amj.-gy f..b-riolbPMI.
ill.'! ..... kk ..-Lamm clirMaool "l1't!o hiha\ka.t gy"kr&fl uem tucijllk fo-l~mt'Ttli.
NMIl matPllll\ti kai okai V>\ll1uUr. aflw..k. bogy n..m "jkn1m.v.nak A II lIoo ulwoon "j"pulo hatekonyabb
,,1l,uo17.o k<'><l ....n ch<r.crt . to- {A I(}-..,. pllpnor?.li ko.llwlyd l (IlW 11,4.::'. 2. )) nem nllm" riklls X jPl "'ka.llll~ " tal<.<tlIt'Ha ki~tit....-r igionyli. l JItY", mk ke,r 1\ 10.....d l"IlOrWk<'><ltW pU"rott 1<l.Am1...""Amr61
vall> j"[JlOlldM "" l'gy",-',gt", mlll l1'n <!nn....tOrti-no,;,1 tkr ....kor It.:l. "",!tk }t'1"nUi8!W\.milhlw.nt'Ill pngNln"
Ill,,!: It.:l. ,-d.ti s>:iiml~ll"k kiPg,'"zll"""'.
5. Eu ropa; fl.ruciklr.szamoza~ ( E A N)
Az EA!'i ,,1. Eur6pai Arnrikh?.Amo1.... riivicllt.....all,,ly.t ll&gyonllOk Ar\lrik k~n v~ vOllalk6tl. Vag)' 13
ill.tv!' 8 j..gy'l ~zill1lj,1\Y lIOrO?.at form,;,jilt"lllI"IAhllLk. EIO' ""k"'lll ..r ....git""'gPVPIa ~1.amitOF;;'p,,,, kass>:iik
a "u"alkotlol I,.. t l1t1jilk oh'I/;"i.
A 13 j"gy,i "".Am """teh"n "z ..I"" kH j"KY ilZ .-IN,lIit""i OCllU!!:ot adjll. meg. !",l.-l" "r ~O, 41, ~2 . ~J'", 44
N{>mpl<)T!lzllgot jelenti. A kiivdk!'zo 5 ",",,,,njc'l'S I\>: Aru "IOAIHtojftt atlja m..g, "" ..gy tnv"hhi, "'I-inti,,, :1
",:lillllj,!O""t l"rtalm"1;' """ por t h"t,;,rozza 1n"1-( " ""b1l<\f1 r"q~o t'rlll{>k,t. Az Ilto l"'" jPgy It. P ..1I" no./))
kUcl.
lh dlMlol?1i k6tlot m'>gkapjllk. l1"a7... 1><6 12 "".Amj..gy,t vo\.lt"ko:l.v,,"W'..I'" hArommals:r.orozzuk, ."' "
..
338
J.J. KnI, I"/';",,,
33 9
laOn.atok ~ll <:-;<I1I;';t .. p .. lIonordl ki,,[ h<>zzA".lAAav.u" legkiYl..bbi \i:r.M'1 oszthat6 ''''''''"ell ''ll:'-.ltjiik
kl.1,;y az all ~ 1.'1 h,A",,, p Aflllu:.t1n... p ..II<'ll<'1rz6 ko.ldal f"lIn,;.]!:
a .... 3b+c+ 3<1+ ,.... 3/ + 9.31. +, _3k ... TIl ->- 3.. -"- P == 0(10).
(~,,2'l':;)
alkOl. A litk""i! - ; ....,J(i~,"'r fuglllmAt ...klmr h....mAlj"k. h..... I ["ki']>'~""", lIwll..tt a k"[""hllh"",, ~trnk
t(m'j....... T"'f{t.,...;ga is .i<II'lTI~d hie. ,1,,1, S italm"",l. w..'IO' tltkoooitA,;; lI'ud"".. rJ...." tartm.o k"I,.,..,k
halmaz<il kll[n,tCrll('k mon.-lj'lk. H.. " '" '" "" .-1- lJ. a.kknr a>\ A f.. ~tti tltko,.;ta..; ",1Id"" .. r:
w.e!
T. - {Ir .-Ift ~ .-I~I< E: S}

(:,,2N
FJo' AA f..""li Ts tilkoo;it""i re "'l..,.""t t. fnlytm".-; ",'"hill"'" mondnuk. h>t. " - 1; .. ll..ukrz<'> .....-tl..-n t.
lwnmw k'"I ...ljAr""-l1l<l EA~ rf'n,l'-I"'rlx'lI 'l:Y jpgy "lira..abOl ..zarma7.ohil",t mi",Ii!\, I.;.,
f,~u.,.;.I>6I ~IllA7l>I rw"1i,:"" "",,,,..I. tOO~cf:w.J1 fcl~.m..rjiik_ A 11"[11 v",,",.-,h/oo<
SZiLffiJ'f"KW'k fpl"""'rC~hM ......I,lfOCK"lAAt hlh4t. Ill.,! vc kt't lt7.amffl ..lir ......kiivM kPztM>f'1I ..liWMhih.\t
It7. ..
ro
a n-nd"","" gyUrall,...m
i~ll,,"n (d.
1.""'"
""'OV""
5.5. Kriptologia
5.5.1.
hloklt kM()IA~{l.
g,v .-IAr..I..ui litko,.il.ii..~ir<'11'~ tre litk""itilloi fiiAAVf.ll.....i trll'1.llrg......u !x-""l." .....,.-]"'i ~<'g.. k k6<lo!fl.<A1
,.jviogt k. EhbOl" .....I MI '"
eet .. 1\<:o;.""(I""'8U hlnkkokt.. "n"tjllk 1'..
fiiggvklyt mmo..n hIokkn
..,;ymi~ >L!kalIwt.nnk. "liIUiIlzona[tA!" "7.oY..ghn <'g)l"'>tl"knl k,.11 h07-7i<fll:m'-mk IIIlnak erd..keben.
hop;y" ~<'l!:'<'1 " -00 OIC"tb.. ro t>.---r;,. Jrn,t';""!IA'ik. E7 "I"'>tlo'k "" ""","'ti w.m"l'g o'rt..lm"'1 Tlf'Ill UOVKj'
hKljA"""l!.kiilOOhOztctiink ki.rny... wtfiig;..twn .... k<-ornY""""-fliu(j k6<~1 Ae ..'1>J5 """d",n .. ki:odo[l ~
blultkja <'-"llla lll<'gfd..l05 ..ff"<!M;.i hlokk """ kub li'!u\,mVf' .. mitw><l,k n<M.brn .. kMolI .'7.i>wg~ ii",
llt'l lIl.li.> bIokkjalt61 i~ fiigg. l.hl
'tho>n .. kOdoll """'" min<lf'n ""t,lJ" fiillJl;:'" .. r<"drtt ~ p,. ...
kuJn. miDdf'rJ M'iJi!lfil. IlYl'nk"r
...-...-J<"ti -;..~ ""ll.Y" kiln kio v.. ltwtataMi I1aR'-rni'rt.ekbton~vli.lluztJIotJiIk" ki><lol' ""~f (laviUAh"t..... J
A kripto16gia fdadata
.~ kriptolOgiA >c a tll.jnInAny. /lIlIl'lv ".!ntnk traJ~ 7l0nnAci0ja.,')tjAu infomwiOk titko...il.wrll !<UlIIl;N.
Az" golKluat. bogy ado.lok.,t ill<-t.. kt""11 oI......oktn[ lI'll"gVi...Jjiink rnM ri'gi. A hil'tolOp;ia mint onAlIll
tndoollWy ~'lDk 70-......"-,,,,,,"... nyil\'lluoll kul..,ll'j titkt.itMi rrnd'<7.f'wk b<-wzM.".."W>I jPWrlt II"";.
\fA mAra Imptol6pli v~lok floWtat.u, kQdo tart. .ik "" adatok illf.t.>k'.....n b<~ ""&y llJo-
Uoklp,", IIJIT;\'llIt~'>I""""~"''''''"';''
:\ ..kI.-ik",' bolODlU alkalllUlZA80k 1UC1J"lt <\7. mf~ k__10 "lilla!k,,,,,,,,,,k ~I "ftV1I' ",..
gyohb jd,,"~.k. NIcW:krt f'fnlftJ ,k lU .... 1W\i1 lLtjlw Ji'l<'Nk'1! ah"iI.. 1bW.o"",~a....k .. ~.
1;"";"1. "" ..wktromk'''' ,....lI:;dnl'Jl; IIlIlt(hoult' hAnkmg.l ..... "" EC UrtyAk P I\" ko<l.il\it,
.-\ ml'l.oIqr;iA fop!lI... ..a..11 IIlIl nlAl lIundkk r""rItfliInct,,, kriptografiilt i", kripl.oNww..1 "K)"ijllo.,..-'t1
k-tjUlr.. A kript~l\fia krwu-bo-n olYlt.ll lltk,"I;itAAi Tf'tl<!.~k krniJn..k kido~ r.. , <u'>clwknrll krlJ>'
~a1 ~"~,f'f f.. ltiriib<-" lOZii~~ hiptoowalitibi mOd._~k alapjan Irhrt IYIf'l{itl%bll.
5 .5...1. Tttkosrt asl reudszcrck bizt onsaga

A ml'ln .llaltl.lsbm olvan 111<'"I,...,......k kl~ II ......mrl.....k
.I..PgkPI" k<'><\<.lt ~hOI .. knl<-~
_[('I
lkUl &Z ~"'ti '<Zo!-"""gl';iIII1IDii l.i>hb iuf,>nnA.-iOt nworbrtiink. A KERCKHOFF ><U'rint.-..:.v
tilkoo<iliN R"n..Lczn baIOlt.......,..~"'I,il klll, ... I>OLIt.....bl""'I .. o:lrItodoIIwo.i filAA'+uY ~ ue~<'tiil ml':l':. :\ hl7to~ Jlf'T\,..uq. >I t lllllftlUuU:" ,...",i--mrlllitu. k.-z"olf.>,ffi.
rt'Il<"l""'"'
5 .5.2. TitkosftA.... i rendszcrck

F.gy abotrut titkosit-W "'u'W,f'f" k<lIvt!u.-.......l nttrkbOlliJ.l: IlZ J[ iU.l-nrtfioo"... C k<'><loh ~ lo"tt',"
K i.,. KIm.....,..."'k. ~iil AX .: D. f,-~vt",",k,
f.Ky m E .\l ohrl,.., .. t "!y E E E I<VI-'-" .. k E l\' kukTsAl~'("E C lWo-lolt ~... kMolJuk. ,....
..,;'0' inf~ nw<I<>rtIAIl ko.....'I'il iltviNaik. A fOl:..oo a (" ""~hOl "1-'I'O<lukalni t,,<lj.. .v. m iiwI"~
tet. 8mCll.nyihrn ",n<lrlb-",k .. D D wii'I"~ kaf>"">10<10 II E l\~ "uK...<al.
K"'f& tit"""itAAi "'l1.!><urt kfIJnlll"nll"l ,ill" 11"-':':
I . Szimmt't rik 'L~ t it kOOlitui ",n<I.~Zt'r .. k A kJ-,k""szimnlt'lrikw; titko..iti~<.i ",OO'0'lIkt,,'IIlR.V".llIlZt .. I' kuoot .. [kalnuoullk N: ii'''I1O'I- k"d~1I., ,... a kOOolt ~~ dd,,"'lolilMJ....
A kl"""".i1,,~~ tit"""i' '" 1.lL<w..... k ki,I..Igo......
"IWm""Ai ~j&ra"r"""th.,tif,..ul.I'i.J.";'J"1 ... kU<lol"" "" d..k6<Jol.... Il7 uh.....llul"lu!..hrt I,il k"'Hl'lik.i.ll. 1.!IlHwn<'S<'I[(' ... I.""tu. at vitd /l ki'! ImlmlluLUJu:.lo
r.....rtIlI'I k07.i>lt ..1.. ng.~IlI'ldkll.
..awu""
2. A sz imm",tri kWl titkO!<ltui o lIds"t'r .. k At<Zilllm"trik'L~ titkOf'ita/;i J"<'llo"""l"f'k ''''''1.;1 ..." (Ilvwl
(~or(,,", titk<:Jo;at) .... "ltY nyil""i"Of; kllk,..,1. A !lvil-
342. oM.) ki-t k"I .......I a1kaluUt.:l:uuk, "ltY I'rivAt
"I.
vill1<.... k,,[
t "g,'lo'/lnll7'<'11 "'" i'loll vilwtjiik
mill! a kO<lolt ...,,,i"'ry;,,t. A kommnnikN-io hi;<I""""!\K! u.t
/Ill 'Igyl" ; tt "llyirilnyi, fiiAA'''''lLY''k (1.....13n. oM.) hi:f.to><itjiik. amdy.k I,h.."tl,,nnf. t<'ll7.IK. I"JRv"
hozUf, r.. jogo.,I!.. t.l.... ,I.[u"... U,k /l k",lo[t """''''"KI"i! "'" ..rm.ti S>'.ov.~,t kinyom.-Y;7.il.k.
5. 5.3. Matcmarikai m eg fognlma zas

Egy 11 = {,...."I,' ,"~ 1} ... I(llhi-t".-gy vi-g.... I,..m ;ir.'". t.-ij,.....,,," " d " ,,,l t lralmll.Z,allw[yu,k '.. d.m,,;t
o.-.t'1kl,,k """.'u;i k, A7. a1fllhi'u, h''''''''.. IA[. Egy "Iyan II E l'i l" "" ;< l'''''-Rl' ". ~ "',a~ '''~ jd""w",l..
am..ly?<l A alf"ho'l/ll", t11ih,i! All.'v. ..l lllr;\1>"I,1If.j" lti n 1"""~""Mg(1 01.0. Jdiilj" A' a;< A fddli" h'lI<><l.t"l
AAgU.
!o/llmll""'! . Lo'IO'Pll ... '" E N ",,],uniul. A l'S B IIlf"br-tAk v.\:ii1 S "gy '"w''' [,..h "M.,
EI:Y t itk".. itA.~i fiiW"' uy " IolV I. A~ x S
B'" !,'ki'f'<'''('S...hoI" I,. A" ~ Bm mi",I"1l '. S irllkl"<
iuj-kttv. kk"r 1\ I, iIl..t,"" t; I kkr'I"",{"'II\ k",l"li, ilIdw' d ..k<i.lo1<i fiiW'f.ny l...k lJ,'w,/. .. iik. 'uilt ". E A"
ill.,!."" I.(tl') E B'" II'. 'r,~I,ti ilkt"," Il k<"I"lt "1,0"'"1:.
""'''',.k
Egy titko<it""i fiiAAVi'nytt..kiut V't' .. l t.l~s .gyl ...' .. lll..t"'.... [.kcp"",;"""r..!'\"!':y T, litk""itA..i 1'",1,1",,,1
fy tllkoooitaool
balOll.<oAgilt...k ~l;.)""'" k"lOnbon.t.'i _ml'..nt.. k "t<-LII,k:
I . Teljesen biat os titkostt a s l re ndsze re k: C~l\l>al' q:yrtl':11 aboct",!',t hvl... titm..ita~i n-n<t'<7.... ~nn
"OOf'-lilllf"-lAl'" l"f'Dd-oz<'l". E.zl u!fonnAri<'",h"i\<-tl""uOZIikkd SH.... ~SOS bw>u~,totta hr.
2. A n a lit ik usan butos titkuo;it a..i ""nd uen-k : ;O>1l..-tl oJy"," "!JM"'" a1 .....Uyt'iPZ. tit k.""itj.,.,j reed>J:Jrf ,w",;tttlT.I<lik1l';;w fdw.-hctO...\",..aIr: 1,,;wllntM.... bo,;y lly.- n dj.i.: .... IIMI\ Ji.1~k a rirk6doli>f1tggYi'ny
ki.<t.iw.Uthalal~ ~
(,lj.w lo:'I.<-t>i~",.
3 . Komplexitas elm"letiJex biz t .,. tilk... it a~i I'Pnr:l,..... l'Pk : \"in.'1lI'T\ olYIlIl aJsorilm,,~, alllE'iy alit.
ko..itAAi rcn.-Lw:rt (..
l>otorc<{~"," vOnlltkmtat.. tt) pnhn.. m i<101...n f<>l tuoja ti>mi-1. G yakorlatilag bizt
ti tkOllit.. .. i rt'nr:l,.~t'l'Pk: !','m iNn ..,...to"s olyllll ..ljl\rit.>;.... mdy alitko<it..a><1""..,...kM (.. t..1Iik ~ """'-"- gyak..risi<{,....

l"tlIzkof'). A 1,.lj"" k..""""'''' II P rilha -{>,.- Hll",- M",\,..,,rt u",Jl,'!.t elk,'pZ<'U..to .. 1,lk"Nt,:";i rt,,,i""...r struktllrllliR 1IlI,,[i:r.i,...;'" (<'gyt'nl.-.t ....n.-l,.,.. .wk m~ol.l"""l.
A tilmitiL"; rMl,l,zrr"k f..Jold"""',k<>r 1I,..~kil;f. lh'I)l '1iIY"" IO"'knri t itk."'jt....; hihil.k k;h;,.,maJa,>;a. i!)...-.
tJIk .. szl,......)tipik,t~ f..gal"'........' ..IkalUIlV~"""'
kr....""" 1ll.,.,'Villt'YLlJ\wtt..,....-]..t; "7ii\lf"R"k k,il.I ...... a
""'I<'I''''''tl''n. d',rdatlJ",to k"l<",vilJ,..,':r.tK.~ i
kll<;ll)I j"kk alk...luut.:dl.<;.l\.
5.5 .4.1.
A kl asszikus kr ip to l6gi a ml..lszerei
A titkOf;ita,~i fi;I~J!:vi'ny"k a1kaln"v.A/;,~Tl
kiviiJ 1..IU't~ Vllll""'. "r<'.-!.I,i R.;;""g utk....ilil.~i k'Klokkal vlll,"

titk""it;'L"Ara (k6d"li1>l). ,. alan ""' .'I/l1f"I." I/l f..ld,ti ",.,v"k A' n'. .,.to"ln,a,Jt."",k ..gy It. B fd.,tti",,,,,,,,..k B'
n",,,h..Imaz'lTa val" hijpkti\" l"k,;I",d.....-t ;"tjiik. '\7. ,...~I,li-k ..'P pArok hahn ....i t.t k&lkonyv ... k ul'V't'wik.
ma,,,,t..
ho lnap,"",l"
O~I::;
1113
Enu"k dOlly,. I"'!Q h,,",w\', ,-r...l..ti ~,,iiv"l\,'k,l. 1';;vi.1 iil.l"l",!,kkd hd~"'ll,'Sitiiuk, "u"'I.'l"'",I",,, hM,rimy.
hOlt)',vo",.o; "[e<I"ti ",i;v"ll;n,,"",,'k I17AlUOK k,'"\,,lt ""i;v"llr i,l,,'k j". uU'lu",k fit. {.,.b,,~y a ,,.,,k r,,,;z1>,,,, kompromitt>\lt k&lkonyv..l. na~y k;;l!,.{'AA,!t<>lj'''''lI ki k"J1 nwrNlIi,
A tovabbi..kban ....... ki~ til.k,~itA.o<i fiiRKvi"""kk,1 tH"lI;v..I'o;it"tt k&lo! .....,k"t vi""I;;\.!lluk , E,...kfI ..k 111, "
3<0
S.S. Kriptol,;yi"
341
jAnMkot< f'lOllyiik. h"gv /I, ki.-rl-l"I"M ;V.t'II,uk tMtnlmAt 11"'1.....n nines lIZiik~ ""mmif"I., "lm.. tfo1<
n..-gAll>ll""liw....
K11L'OlZikwo kriVlom/l...' +t"k " h..ly"It...[I'''' "' .. Irall""padriO. A IrM><Zpozki6k .. kriptnlngiAhNl ",_
~. lIeQlIwtriAi IlhrAknn .!..fi"iAlt l'''nuut;i,ciOk. A Ul'i8.hhiAkhou, .. hdy<'u""itn<t r~ ..t<>IoPb!>f'n ht.
mlJ1.J\tjulr.. M~ ;:i lU llho:. t.l i ill k ffi()lKWL1r..h':1.ik'L~"'" pnlia1f.. i>o'tik~l" h...lycl1.ctli1flo<>kM N<I..nnt. bogy "IY
""flY lobI, alfal>rl<U ~nAhmk .. kMolt ~ZOV<,i: kiAW!:iti..w" ..\ IWio.ba.u ,lIOIlOlI.!fahi-tik'L" h..ly..tto""
tiwUl ~J[illk .bb.w lU\ .-tOrn ill. h.. .--It ~'KY a1f..h.'t.il.t hAA'l.lla..Inuk. oJ.. "'" <"Iro.1.i "".ov..g jr~i" ..k
kOdow.... .. j<'hl<'k Rw.ow,.;lwn ..Ifoglllit pwi.'iOjilti>1 i.o< fiigg.
WIl kivill ;,.~"" mOfll\l\lfllhkiku..h polialfal";tilm" hPIy..uP.<it';"',..,. vaJO f..k-tWo. A~ ..I.ocl..-tho-n
'10'"' ~i.icwkM h"!\T'U"",(I,illk." 1I......." hkhan r<ig7jlptt pgyni'lllaftVObh h.-,,{,SligI, jooL'OroaAtoknt.
",.m-tok VAnna!< hozzAre nrlf'I...... Eroo",f llyiillk S (7, 4, 17) T = ( 18 1. 110. 4li) T .... S ( 1.18.19) T =
(:215. 1 36 . ~ )~ . A modulo 2ti,....,'nul ,Ivi~tt .....l llkdo >lIAn Mp"~t il"k:lU',,'~t,~.k (ZOi,ti,20)':~ ~7.6.6.1.
iKY A n..kik megf..I..lo h<'111'''''Ol&l\t"k ZGU L!I"IV>' HGG. E~..k ""-'"n,,t "" ......II'lL ."""""'K HERDS 1 ..." """.
nllk kUdo11 o-Ul"" ZGL'HGG.
5.5.4.2. Cserevcl vegaeu. t itkositAs

~D A = fa.. 0, ..... 4" d hM/lk0':41..1........ E fO.1. .. " - I} ahoI.lnko(k. JI) = 1 ,Ilkkor Ilrt"'~
5.5 .5.1. Sta t iszt iku s anallzis
prmlutliciOt alurly mmdm a, hrt,lhi'o1" ~(a,) '" .... ~. IPkpf>"2'"ot n'ndI"li .,...,... tit k...itA!<n.. k n..waiik.
Az A fWoJ..u n ..i n) k'-OOubiiW .-n"t,t"knooiw Io"tPZii.
,'~hif't.dbo j" nrwtitk<:otiw Ir - I .....th<'.",,,, ~ = 3 ~ kY';'0r<'" ..hift..!Pst milT Jt.:Ut'S CAESAR
!i.e_ llJO.tOI. 44-~) it; aJkAllDl\ZtA. l'ZIrt CAESAR- k6d a IW"W'.
5.5.5. A k lassalkus kriptoanaHzis m odszc rei

A kriptOlUlAlitikaivir-ogalawk ~ljA Ahi""l, All. h"ltY A ko.-Inll "".bw-t!;IKlI .. klll..., i>.n",r.. tc nflkiillU ..redrti ~ .....nalkOZ,OO.UUllnfl ti.\hb iurorm/w"iOt lIYf'Yjilnk. F.l'..k" ~Al...lOk n..m.--lr "~lllatlAo
t4rnNIl> .7Am&r>t. himalr ;"i<'utt'i<oi-ggPl. hAnPm "" aJludtnazOk IW'ml'ofLtjAbOI A t,tkOl'l.A."; rcu.lK<cr bINto~ ,~tPl""" tl'ltilltct~J('1l Po.
Mioo..n ~l"" nYf'lv", wt<>zIk "" l"lO""ii l>Millul<'k. brt,llWokualr. """,vak....Jr ~..Iw~ doocz
u.-. r/>ld4111 a npmf'l n""lvool ax E
~..knnhh
hrtl1.
Gyakori~k
27.111"
3US"
D.H.U.L.C.G.~1.0.lI,W,F.K.Z 36.~2'
5.5.4 .3. A Vigt>nt>rl'-k6d

.0\ VIGESF:Rf...k od<W -1<', titb-iiNo ~ hMilil-...n pNunkrnt
kiilOnhiail kuk--.o po'riOthk.... ..tW1~ ~k.
.0\ L. CAROLL AltAI ki<io1soa>tt val"- " ~a j.,; <iPlF:6-
doUoIol'll"lP' 'I8Y _ I t htt WtIlrIr.<!t) VIGf:SI;Rt;~t

"'-"oM..o\mmnritw-" IU "",,,"'Ii..wvo-,: j<'J.. "'" ,.ik ....rt>An. a ko.
doIa.,i;..1 a J' ik ....Jopl>l\l' ,;JI. ulwr .. ki>ol<,lt J"lPt a tAblkt.at loan
.......k k......,."tn.&iNoPb..n Q!v-l",tjllk ki. A .... kM->IA>< ..u.-llt.etftl
V.u-ukk1,lo.".,J.; ... Hut" 1OWl'
E S WAR E
kllinoc
IIUT HUT
k'>du\l.w",~;
L MP H L X
"n~ll'li~:
ABCDF
P.Y.J.Y.X.Q
1.!l2"
K...J16r.u oo-.w kOdolI ....w eg.w.pjan A gy>lk....--iMgi ..1oIo7.1U kih>w.n4JA..,;;.VA1 mOd ''''''' rn<>noA1fahM.ik,,,,.
ABCDEF
IIlOI><lgl'MkllS I...lyrtl""i~k
B
C
BCDEFG
CDEFGH
DEFGHI
EFGH/J
FGHIJlI:
D
E
F
1IOIT1'J)<l.....lllortfniJr..
8f't;,lk
E.:-;
I. S. R. A. T
r..I1~.
5.5.5.2. A K asi skj- Fr iedm a n-p rc b a

K~SISKI ~
FRiEDMAS koml>inAlt ~ \<otw-l.~ .... " \"IG["ERP...kod ff'\ti>rfooop. Itt 1Ort .. ko.-.llhoto' r:t: .. titkut<iliu<j rlj4rA:. .. lruJa-i>t {W'Iiorlikll-.....rl ..IkA1In.ftzza 11ymOOon ..
kOdolt """,~l*I' oIylt.1l i."nk!Odti rPooz...-.ro>"Atok VMtWr. Mt...I~...k /lZOIlOAPl"f'<k-ti "7.m.~kM amnokMolt ~...kilf' forrlltanak. Az ilyPf' "'' >00'< kPtumPI ~>h "'-"'i>.ag1' rP.o7l')f07.Aloir tavol..w.g"" kuloo<-a>~ tOb,-",""""" HlIloohi.~mkl<\dllkMoIt ~ u14hwk. Akkor.. 1nI"""",,,
" ' - .. lti),ztfik li>vo IA~ktWr ~h ~ O!<Zt.OjA E:n II ~""lolA:.1 1\ AS1SKH<:'ilVl'gllf'k
n..-LiJr.. F~\Pmhf. kPli am"hAn ""fl"; art .. J,.I...,<Ww't ito. hotlv ilYf'n ~ .....k>tkoru<1RTiwn ...
..l6ftJIhalJuUr..lWli. lIZ .. l'f'dn><'llyt m<'ghAluu.itjA.
M~ " K ASI5KI-s";;....-.,;II k1l1..,.,..,.i>hoI<r<J:t.--le "to' QV.IO Inht-.orii"d,flll "",,1~tJltj.., AFR IEDMA, pmh..
lll'1:""j.. Aklll..,....'Ob.-7.l~n<ljl't i~. ElO' VIGt:,__ F.IU:_ko.lolt lIi'llW't np'lvil ..t'l'<iPti "".0...'1\ I kill.....
><Wh..-=~'fO' n h("""", (loMll~vi.III) ki><loll ...lIt;...... A1AI,j,,"
rnfnyt huznAl.jak ki.
I x MAL
H U T HU
P H F II F
FonoMiNu> a VrGf.SF:RF...k o.l"t .. ko"''tkt-~I>kf''p''n irhAtjllk!P: Legy.:oo a, az ..rffirli ",,'o-sj..I.., "J

.. kOOolNololt 1...10] a. ..t1Ol, ...) = A-
1'.~hK
5.5.4.4. Matrix Iwl ye Ut>slt i-sf>k

l<-gy<'n.-l = {""."" .. . a~_.} "IQ' ..tf"hfl.<l, S "" (S'J) , >'J E (o.r.
0,0377..
1_
- I }, oly"" In" m,.,.

n..m "",iOglllAri~ matrix. 1Lll",lyw IlIko(d..t5.1I)'" I Az a tilkositAst 'm ly "'" ",I'<\"li"w""Jt mind .."
<Ie!l" <ltl~)'
. a'l"') hl"kkj;J"", Ill( "IAh!>i lnd..x
rrendd..J hiro kOdolt "lIffi'Pghlukkol "'mldi (" !VAmlu..t module n k,\1 ,I....!l'-"ni) II rt Lk,"'ln..k n zziik;
(':',Zs&t.)
(n 1)I C O,038~,,'" O,Oi62

It I Ie" kOrlnlt ""~ koin..i,I""l";" i",l ..x,...n ...I~,ot II ko.l,.lt MU;"'1I:l,,'u "'" a, (i E {O,I , .... 2:J}) hrt,;n..k n, "".amAh"l hatiuut-halll"k nll'l(:
En,(n, -I)
I C = ,.,
(:>.2l:\7)
&. 1."I"jdonkpl'l"n "lO'
S =
'''''ll,~.jf"I><'likllM
(I:~~ ) :""
matrix h..ly<'u ....il.h.
alf"h<"I.." 1"'h1i 1'1:Y''''''k "0'"
.4,al '"
B,
32 1
,q.ov<'g!l<k" HERBST I'fd,t... kknr AHER k RST
l,..til"'-'I":.<aI..()khO'~"
."21> _ Z. VAI"""""k
~r,..j..ti
(7. 4.17) illl'l..v" ('l I.Il:!. I!J) in,I.,x-
.,("
(0i .2&lh)
1)
A knl,...."" kill,Von"YI)i.."'", z n 1"_~'IMg'L kiKlolt "'''<'V''K,t I ",.zl"l'h" (rjnk. EI"g""d" Ita ","ZIOIK",\r('llt
1l1f'J/;lJ\IAljnk l\7. _E" t...t ii nwgf"I,j,ij(,t. miVl'l" VIGEN EREkl"Il"," "'~ oH:<!0I'0 k ~hi ftd(.. lltjall """,mk
k6dol"ll . u'!'J'<'n [>flo,;.,,1 ,:V-' " 1"AA,vlLk"rihh l..t.il v..taIlwly "...1.1"1'1",,,. "kkol" VIGENERE-t"bl,,,,...t hall
"
It .. V
lllegts\li<ltllk" klll=<'> R Iwt,lji't.
(0i.2Slle)
s.s.
Am.>nnyib<>n .. VIGE'''~:Rt: k'.IIlIIl{Y<>1l h.....uu It"l"",,! (.....t,tA"l,= "rNl"tj ~ h.->'AV'" ;........Alllf.rh,~
tuq, akkor" !foirl lUi"btI,rr"M UO"W VM'A"-Ilpk ",... hU'llVT". A~t a:t.o"baI, fd IlHlj"k imll<'nLi. h.'I!.Y l'\l.
tilk...
lJl<)U".. If"twtlkll~. ki>ol',"n"dus" J>0Ii.J!"hM.ikll~ Vl\gy ~. p<'ri&l'Ih'"' polialflll>f.llk"..._
i'''''
... tUtl
5.5.6. Gne-T ime-Ta pe

A on<>-tim ... ''']'' Al. "IO...,I'-n, !u,,;)rli!o-g },i;a"" kodt>lAA. A lit!uJo,itAs itt .. \IGENERt.~k<'><lnN ...Ilo..Im....
KIlt e1Vf'k.w.pjAn tOrti-nik .......u11lUl kuk.,.ki'ull",tlik oIylW vi-Ictl"n ""'IU'l.al.<ll A1WmllUllk. alu..lyn ...k
az ..n-u..1.i 14'.0-. l~vaIll1~."Zi.k,
oc-:.....
SwM." __riI11" on ... tilDl''"'''''' kn<lot hiuMj,. \"IGI::.'ERE--kook;'nt implo'mcIlWjAk "l' .. rroti ~ (.,.
"kIll<,. dlla)if;lIZiI.rnokJu'"t """,.".,Iu..k. '''' 11I/><11110 2 ~iik a.litkoo.~ ~ bellIj<-. 11)11'11 (..I'''ld..),;
w<'!k't\ .. kOdol... iuvol'l<'rik,lIO, vMjt),,,, .. !llke.. i'.... ujahh alkAllIlll:t.li.._;lZ ..1'P<1tti ~.. I AIlitj .. d.i,
:\ biuar;,. \'IGt:"<ERE-ki><t t:<..-hmk>UlIu~ 1"""~hift~tl-rkal~kklllturt<'ll1k. Ez"J".,! oIv""
~lmt for1fuUr.. amrlw'k lUt'I:._dnu ...,.,.l>il.lvok "~..... nt U"'" I ;illapnt"l f"wnni kPr- lUtu.W~1t-
ndhOl. ~ kAJ"",,*,khOl YOUlnM: '--..-&ilit\""-
5.5.7 .2. Eg)'irimy u fllggve uye k

A nyilvA" ... kul"",j eljiu-"""klwmalk..II1l""."tt tirkno<iUt><1 f'LAA""IIY"kl,,'k J""'I""'j liJ.....r ..lIfltotl. t>gyiranY'1f,-IggYi-lIyeklll'k kdl "'""i,ik. C....."""jtt'z &1"tt in <'lO' titko .. li>bhJplinf",nniVi<'tt ktiiuk.
Ellv injckti" 1: X - }' filAA"fn\'t <>WIJ..... jtimtl ..ll.itott I'JQ'lr,i,u)"i fiiAAvPnynrk mondnnk. hIl a kOw1kn.6II: tt'lj<..,-w,..k:
r'
I. Uo-tnik A:< 1 "" A:<

kis;wnitaMr.. hati>kony .. ljiu-""
2 . :\z 1- 1 ki....unitAsM.. S7.OII':AIO hAt..kony rljAr.....l /U 1 fiil';gV<'nyU61llt"tIt "'bt-t litk"" lobbk-tinf{)f'fll;\<jO
nPlkiil A1kaImazui.
:\zt n<'TII Jphrt hizom"-tan;, ~ W1n.tlPk pg,VlrAnyli. ffigvffiyrk. d.. - . I I...... oIYIlll fiiuvPny.-k 1lJflf'!..... k
mint kAndi<t-'u"",k rgyirtOnyil fUggWuykpllt -:.1... jUI...h",k.
5.5.7.3. RSA cljaras
JOlk-bM. .. kri[>I",ll'lt" k""-ik'l' rljlU_ .. InIlI. ""';'mitiL<rl:t'<'huikA ""'Rit.""'gVP! hIll.-konv,," u~

oilha.tOA.k.'" kn..l<lali ....."...1<; lkt< .. ktAlAkit-.v.. ,-.k "lQ'f'IJoou kub ""iiL~,,,,,. "'IQ' ~ Mlriumy..J
wndrlk.-rik
,'liIW tM hiZt<>II~ f'ltVt"lI,,] .. k,Uoo lltl<;". volt...... ml'l!ik.
A k"oot" kOl1UlllmlMriO .. \OIt t'll' kt-lk'><-n hi:z10l1.~ C'latorn.3.n lri b-II O'M'Ii-hU; 'ItOIl!.lin kootUIIII'
uikBri<'>r.. n1n<:<o ...ht>tt.",..,.
Tov.v.M"SY hNm..likloU "",wbt1l u"rn Jphf" kimutatni. ~ E'g)' adon Jro1ldt5l."lO' A<lotl ii~"'I<"t<'t
r1kiildOlt....WI)' "W.
:,
A nyilri.tw- k"k",., .. ljAI"&.ok k<>I1<"'YiOj>.! 19ifi-han DIFFIE;:'; llELLMAS doI~tA ki. ~hoo..l1 rt-t
r..
bozllJlk..... "lO' pri, t kill< <....I (W.iRoril1lU tilkuo- ,a.mrly.-,..,.ki~ .. ~ fore<'> """"lwvO ~n.u
1IH',...1__ A;t ilyt"n ..IJ,v
okat wII1l1.. tnk,... 1,llwo.Jwi djAl"a..oknakItf'WZ7-Uk (m...1 J3Io.. 01,1 ).
.......n rmtlelkrzik "&'I' nyilv,"",,,,,, kuk-",...,j. "11",1)'0'" rgy iIltA1anot<an bo7:zal'iot'bt1u w.titlwtn ,,'l!v>l.i
Az iik """,Ivrvt'i nyU'>U kuk"" t...r>U,,,,_ mrg IlZ E, titko..JtA'tI,,]N-I Ill .. kcivd.!<r7.of..It<'t<!<k<1 boll t.. Ije.;iWw:
m"..
l. A 0, 0 , I.-k"I.. ~i", i<lmtikll.

2 . Az E, (.". 0, !Pgy<III",I'knlly>U' 'lK'f.:V><1Ot<ilhAul.
3 . A K 5, [>ri\...t kill", I'" .. 'fCI...." a r<'1l<ldk,-~;"'rr
k"l""b"I ..lMllillo.. li>.
"'Ilo """,kii7.okk..1hd"r hato iM AIAI\ ..
uyih1\noo. ,.,. P,
4. !lli nt hog y E, 0 D, i,kulik,,~ 1"kI'I"-'''''', "".iik..,;g v>U, a llyilv;illoo; kulo, . .cgil.>,,;givd "K,\-' Mzignall'otA ..lj"'
r""TA. A ""iguatLm, djilr"" IlZii"',wt kii!,llIj"n"k 1,I"w,{ l"",-,i. hogy II.lll'gy ""Ill harnisilhllwaLtlir.v.....J
..IIA.
343
AJ! iiz""..tMJ B fdism.. ri. hogy II kiildo A volt."" ~A'k lIt....' II D ,..~'O\'~t A nvilvAno!<k"INofIvaJ o...kttd<>lhatj.. , E.~(d) = E,,(D,,(m)) "" ....
5 .5. i. :'\ )' il" a ulJs kul csu elj arnsok
5 .5 .i. I . DiffiC' es 11('1111 1" 1) Im nce pcillj a
KriploWg'"
~1rni-k1.
f..j<--",Iht-u k-irt (.....1 J3(j. old) "-"'.\ ...1)........ II ~'lbbll.qjmmrtriklL.. t,tk<>-ilf!...,j
djar;,.,
l. Elo r..ltk..l.. k: \'~mk kiot ""Y P "" 'I 1.r1m!<ZAmot hi ~n n - P'l (a gyakurlAtb...n ilV<"nJw.1Q2DI1. A
primrk mint tiPrimit!ilo107.amok kiilimhi'oz:zrno-kmind br-zukhlw mind ~..-am
jcRvnk .... n' apes., kO>-ntti klilOn~ 1t:/lOlthA.t1 Dr ~'"' 1,,Illlt)'. 'I ma M....p - I
I tart...uma:zzon
nagy prlmICnyn.Okrt.lllU'>UUIkkor p - I ... ., - I ~b ko..o..('o'Iz1.ojllldtctOl..g kir.<i~. \ ft.
I-u.ukqyolyan" > I .....arnot, 1Ul... ly A (p - I) '1- I) ~ ","Iiv prim. n. """"'--nit,,"nk ki "l'\Y
d 1OZIWtot. 1lIDf"1yn- d .. = I modulo (p - I ('I - II F.kk.... n ..... ~k a uyil"""'" kuhok. ,m,; d It
[>rivil kuJu.,
2. K6do lisi mave lt't :
p"".,
P'l '>
b..,-
II lnotlulo n.
(:'.259..)
D:{O.I . . . n -l} -(o'l. .. n-I} O(.r)

r"mn<hil<>n,
Ekkor hlinnil}'l"n III iiz<on<:olr.. i"az D( E(rnl) = E(D(m = ."
\".2~lhJ
Ec{O.L
,n-Jl-{O,1.
.n-I}
E(r
3, o..k6dolisi m u,t'I<'t:
A titko.;iUt."l"1I alkalma:l.oH fiiAA"-I>ny n - P'l > I~ .....I..I... u Iuw<.!.idalu...... II '-";'I.oo.jt'-l\lt..! dlil.toll

..,yirMy-D lliAAvi'n}T\Pk. A jiIrllli>k"" itlf"rlllN'iO <'Z ,.".tl..-n n prllllUll).......io. aiakjflnak i~m..1'f'I.,. E7R1l
info"",""", hiAn}'Ahan gyAk<>rlAtilAg lehrteth-n a
d f' = I lllooulo(p - J )(q - I) kongru..n<'i6.r lll"K"kll<lli.
Az RSA-eljilra.~ gJakorlatilalt 1ll.........m~nO"n hi,.t<"'.....,"'lUtk ti'kinlht't6. s,.mennyil ...n <LI'llll",n hAtriuly"" "1M)',<>lIyl"lt nagy k"lN-II<WIZ"..-i.g. i>;; lI.Z A knril1m"".''
hoFJ' stZ RSA ~ .....tVf' <I DES Ut<'"I""'A'rn'l kl.dill"'liilIOflO. .....<'I' I_hh
5. 5 .8. DES algor-it.m u s [Datu En crfpt .ion Sta n d ard)
'fH ..I zuk fl'!. h0ll.Y .4 "l'J' '" ii~"Hd'" ..Jo.r ki"I"I"i. "'" AZt B -w'k dkiild"lli, Ekkor A A1iJ;t>,1,,'>! kik<'L,.,.i
a B cmtv<'v<5"" Pit n~il\"'u, .. ku!c";'t. '-wI,iig,itj 'IZ Ell titk,",it';'~i m~"''''llvt "'" ki"I"lj" ..... iiz"lld,t;
EH(m) _ Co
E""tfln A a k"lIolt (. ~,;"'-...g,t a u)li l""'"'' ho\hu'l"" O-" ..k "Ikiilrli. 'Iluit B" /';S/J priv;,t kuk"" "'Io\il.
....!':iypl (Altlf'ly" D II ,J"kb,l"l,', fiil:l:"vhl)lt r<'ig-dti) "'I. li",,,1. ,",rl..ti sz(iw,.;it uWl\l"cltlfozm; f),,(c)
DIJU';n(rn}) - ''' .
..\ hAmis ii"'lld,,.k nl<'!,:"la"laly'wi...., ",'ljAhfll ..t "!\Y szi"natllTA f'ljArA.'<Sa.I" nyilvAuotl k"la< ""f(it ....l\iV!.1
"B-nf' k .zolo m ii~.",t., ! a k,ivdk"z,;ki'l'l'f'n M~.ign"ll"'tja, A az f'r<"tdi '" szov"I\"'" ""j"l pr iv"1. kill""".
v;u ko<!"ljA DA(m) = d." .~;iV<'gl...,Io"z~MiI'Ii ""jAt .. .4" a lair"-""t. "" "'" "IMrt, d SZOVPjI;"t.
"yiIVl'"''''
k"l"''''v>t! k,i<1"ljA' E n( OA("') A~)
EII(d .. X'} = f'. A. ahi.irt s~.oVf'""t A dklil,li B u,k.
A B r'=twvOA .ziiv"8,t p!ivi,r, k"k"iw,,1 ,j,k.." lolja.'...-.dm...uy', 0 11(,,) = D n ( F.IJ(d ... A")} = (d .. A~).
A DES ,ljar a._t ,.,.. a rn..rikai ;";prn'Rti S,al"'''uyilgyi 1I1\'IIt...) i97ti--hallllZ Bg,y,,,,iilt Analllok hi_tal""
tillu....it'w w.ah"illty;i.n ak nyilvflnilol1fl.. A ..lg"!ilu,",,, ",iuUI"ttik,,,, t;lkoo;it,\.o;i "Ijar;", (~",I3:J.tj. "lrl.)
'''' a kril'tolo!'(ia.i djara.'l<>k kf>7.ott U1i'~ lila i>< n"",kiHiinI0,tl'l "\t jd,uw...-,!,,1. UI'Y"wtkk<>r n~m a1kalll1"'~
llajQ' l it k< O<iig 'l iuform;''''i'''k kbd " lfI.""rA. mivol "7. ,,1,,>1010 n",I,lk,z","r" "no 1"dUlil",j I"l",w",'!',<' k a V;>llllll~llnyi knles ki r ro b A\;......, ",tj'm I,ort"'",> tA."'ArlMt mar l"'lll 7.ArhaljAk ki.
A D ES algoritmnsban l'..rm"tAci6k .- ur-m h"~,,,i" I,,l.v,\.t,.. iti....k " IO' I" ""t kiiwttkn kf'riil""k a11ffi.1 ",A7,""r". A? algor itrnus p~' 56 hit h z,,""'I: ,1 klll"""r, 1"", zn Al. I",ul"_hl",n,, k " I,,,, ti4 h itt".. d,' ~hh<';l
......k.)(J hi l vAll1.'<>: thAto tt-Lw.ol,l';''''''u. a "'A""Ii'k t! hit a pAra tlal!
7 hi\.(", .H,k,1 ''gc:;ziti ki.
,,,,,,iI,,,,,,,
At ~)edf'li "zi:ivPg,t ti4 hit,,,, Iolokk"kha k..l1 "'1jt""~.t..,,i. A IH :S " ti4 hit .... <')...-I,.! i hlokkot
lith.. ulokkba \;"ti';'1.
l~.v
64 bit ,,,,
344
Az PT'f'<I<>ti I.lolr.k"kl.t rl&7i>r "sy l'>P""""oti p,'rumt.'Ici6naJc wr,jiik.uA, ...m ely 16 k"l,.,.f;;AAO mf',,..tl .. ,u
tilk""it. Ehhlll .. 0:+11>1>1 .. ti4 kul..,.hltM! 16
K,. K 2 _ K i l m.,.;k"I...... ,~ k;.I....~ijllk. 1LIIl"lyrk<'l ..hlMon Al'I/)lTt'lldb..'1l ..Jkalm""""k ""i "'lO''''' 11"'I,,-t..k
.... n a titk""'itM ...m\.n.
Ezt kOW!.O<'1l h""",,,Aljnk f..1A 1"IIl'"U.>t; 1",'nnutMw inw'n rwrmu1a..,iOjAt. c.. fRY liJliljuk .. ~) "" ~r<'tldi
blokkhoa t>vl...w ",...Iolt Wokkot.
A rltok<'>doilu< J<.D~"","' u&)'lU_n lIZ l'lwn ti>rtfnik. ""mil kl11Ou~...I. boKY" rmknJoook,ot K'I.
K U... K 1 fordimtl 1I01W1\<1I.. -n k..U ..lkatmMui.
Enno-k .. tillwNr.Mi..lj...."'~nq ~ fOJrj<o "'" "'RY"" ,trrilrio'o ...~kl...ll alkalnlKl.olt l..ki'J>"'I"!oPk kowotrllk
ciOj"ball van. M"llJllltatbAtl>. 1,"'10' Il k{Mioh ~ mimwn bitya Itar.tAtan.ozoff1'd,"-i ~ "" II
1",10' mi~ lutyViI fliAA.

JOUrlwt nliOl.A .. DES ~titu"lII r. .1P... i1'wn llyil~ra I<f'rij]t miig _ill iN, .......t .... oh".m k-hf't&;,''S
.......1'1' II kl><lolJ". (.[wrn...-t ....u.n...nnyi Z.. kuk.,. vt~ilt prl>haL\...... n..lkwwq:'*lanA.
5.5 .9 . ID E A- A IJ1;o ri t m us
[ Inter na t io na l D ata Encryption Algorithm)
Az IDEA ~ilw'Jl;1 1991-~ --'_Wl'l1Al:laU.a LAI No "IASSAY. A DES ..Jgorilm'L.J>o..luuoonl/lAilltt
I<ZimIDl'trikUl< htkuo<iUW ..lj.viNi>l ""n,.y,; Az IDEA IlOtt"nrWilI utMjA .. DES ..ljadNlAk, Az Alp
ritmw; a.z ....mAiJo.k t,tk<.itMAr.. ~ rGr (pmty Good Pri .....:y) io<wPr1. .....,{t'....-OOOIII"lt ...........k..ut
~, S7'IJ\ u .. DES ..lj.oi.r........u Itt IlPfl.......u: lIZ. aIgoritm\L~. hanem a tf'O~ 1l!aj..I....k if; nyily,.
~.. k~,-ut ..k , ,+llrbM.<'IIr~""" lDiI_ktd<~..... (mo<luk> 2~. mo<l',10 2"
if;
~.moduIo2"I~).
Az IDEA ..ljArA.--:/ 64 h,,,,, <T<'<irti b1oltk"kat \itkuo<ithatunk A ~Jruloook bililotl .->rrrOObrntOr\ion6~Uw;val ,lrkbrinln..tunk. TitkoooitA..kor 'ui,><Irn 64 bit ~ti blokk noVqyrnk"ul HibiU'oo
rmbk>kkb.. va.u fdo:.uh.... Az IDE." 12l:! bitft, kulooot A1kalmM. AllId.ybOl.;;2 "lO""'Ilw"l 16 hit.... rAeknk"'Ol ~tAt .... " kodol..w.; 1U<l1cth..u min<lill. (j ...-..dub llZ~.",; A fMlnmar"""'.( ......-duJnont
<'gy kim" .."'i tn.,ll<1.fnn".... iOnlll uiu _-"Tfl:hlokkal ~b&I>NOOi .... O"gy 64 hit.... k600h hlokkA lOgjuk
......
.U IDEA milll'1O' ki>t.l<z<ot oI)'AII J;YUP' uuut. A DF_~ ..ljAr..... do- h..cUwwn ""be-....h1...n impl"llWutAlh>..t.o.
Hi""tAJo.,;U1
fl<'IJI
'Il\JIAk WI....lttJo ~ IDEA ..IjAr.... pllo-ni sib'reo; taru.a.tJ.a..ok.
5.6. Univerzalis algc bra

Ec Klg"hrA <'RY .w.pMlTlU&Zhol ;... '''JtlI htdn...... Ptt rmlvol..u-kJ,.i! alL ~.,."....,t pi'lohk erre A ;;.J.2.,
;;.J.J. Pi! [,.J.;;. "'JL"Z<"\."kt...n tli.rr;y...J1 fIln,ol><>rtok. nooportok. gyiinlk i", 1.<.,,1,,1(.
.4.z ,mi_ro\l... (whlouyiw ti'hl..I""Jl1 v"K)'it- lObh al"l,ba.lma:r.zaJ hiro) algPl>rwl kiiJou..... n I&Z ,Im'"Irti infoml1ltikA viZt<!llilj... AJ,..,..rrAkt ",t","ll"",,,k AIApj",,1 No (alg"hr";) sp<'rifikiolA.~uk n;lj ..,,1 I"""hOA
kifpjPZi'lt .....-rf>11l f<,,'wA rr-k IllkAlm"".AAiu... ],,,,,,,"A!jak.
5.6.1. D cfin fci6
5.6.2. Kongruencia relaciok. faktorn lgebrak

Millt "'" .. OIOpOrtok ,.". lO"uriilc """Ifl"," tOItflll. ,.... uniwrt.io!i>< ,.)gphrAhsw ;,. fakt"rstrnkt(mi.k kWakit""",.. vlUl ~z'lksfg. Illdyh<.'Z ....git.WF;rt "y"jl A k""III1lf'nd" ",IAdo fog...Jm"- ,\ ko"gnwncia,."l/o.ri6
egy. a .tnlktimiv-..J koml"'tihili:<..kviv,.)"nclAr..IAc...., ~n (A. {..:"f,... E nl) o-gy nA1g..brll;'" R o-gy
AZ A M1ma>'.oD ntelm..... .tt ckvivalPJlf"lA re 1AciO. A~ R AI. A bAh""",ll/Ul \u>ugnLl'locia wlAciO. ha o,Rb;
(0,. b. E .-t i = I. .... n)......u-ll mind.." _. E 11" (n E 1' ) milwl<-tro-:
_"(al" .. 0, .) R _.A(&t .... ~)
(5.290)
.4. hallllaZllAk.-gy !rongru....ria rela..-iiJr.. "owotku:lo6 "kvi""kl..iA ...... tAlya.i (falttorhalmazai) a h"ly<"SPll
"'P"",""nt0U6 ,.,.-.a.mitiljl:fp l<ZiuuAr.. .wnt.fn ll.l>rt\l ...Jknl lU<k: ~I"I' A = (A. {....A!-, E O}) "KY 11.algebrA Co; R '-"IIY a:< A luWwu.zon ... tdll....t..tt wlttoO. A~ AI R u.ktor~k (lMl 5.2,\.) .... a1Ahbi
_.A/ft (_. E
n E f\ ) muvd"t<-k,.. YUDAlkoW.n AIR n-aJ~btiLt alkotllAk'
n..
...... R([adft... . [a.:R) _ ;WA{a, .... .... )!R.
C"'l",rtoIr. e.lO'un1k k o ~ rd4eiOit kioofl~ rr-truktUtAk. norruaJo..zt6.k (I;W\ ;;.J,J.2. 2 .)

illd...., id<.-AIok ""KitsC,i:h'd irhAtj".k Ie. Alr.aIAnooo .....tl""".I"'ldiul ffloq>ortok ~n" konKfurnria
.....lAciOk ily<'lllcir>i._ Il<'Ill J..hM...o-g."..
5.6.3. H o m om or flzm u so k
Millt Akw-ikn... A1goohrAi stn,IrH,rio.kn&iA homnmorfiA, .....PI. IllZrrillt o'lMrfr~ All f.."nA bomorfiun,,
d k; kollKfU"nc1a,...1aci6lr kOziltl.
J..exynwk A i'>; B ll-AiI\..hrAk. F-.' h: A _ B 1..k<'J><"'Z'kt hornomorfizlI1l1snair. Df'W'Z'1nk. hA mindrn
_' E n. Coo mind.... al.
E A .-ti>bPn hPlytAllO:
h(_A(a". .. ....)) = 8(h(a').
. h{....
\:i.292l
H.. h wl-g bi",.ktiv i..~. akkor h izom"rfu.m'L" t<>IoJ,l~ A h; B "IQ't!Wooo...J irnntorf aigPhrAk. Egy U--AigPhra
h(A) horuomorlk."., AB fIre-..lRP'brAjAIr-. A h holnomor!itn"l!'......"m At A AfflDO!O ki,>Pt AdO,.Je.
rue.kwWr-t.eoo f"kJ&u- egy lwllJtfl><""'lA wl4ciOt jrlrnt. "''''~vM h ""'R.iAnA1r. llf"VM:iink:
kPrh = ((o.! E A x .-4lh(a) = h(!>)}
(5.293)
5.6A . H omom o rfla tetel
.':r; A e- B n~brio.k kowlt h: .4 _
B ~ hOIDOm.-'" IPkPj>P"1.lll!ll. A h hollLOlD<>rfu.m'l'I AZ A fel.-u egy

ket h kOUg:rUCllcia ",1.i<:Krt ""-tAroz IILI'K. Az AI k..,. h fAktorAig..br" iwlUOrf.. "rA) hmllolllorfkcl'pei.
FomitVRminden R kongruenoi.. n'w'w <10' 'l<lfR: A - AIR h"",olll"" kH'p<"";1'st h.ataro-,. lIlCK. Ah.oI
nIItR(a) = [a]R. Az 5.23. Abra .. oomolllom" t.ft<-llQ"IIlI<lt.,;..,.,..... ~w4:A1.
fI o,,,,n,wTllZimhi,hLlll"k oly"n MmIll'A. I\.II-...Iy pArouk..nt O~~tjllllkt f!" (liE N) ri-m11l..hllA'

zokr.. ,,,,ik "".ft. A,. Ito h...JlILILXI",u" k"lI"t",,,,;,,k. II > 0 ......' ..n az 11.. b.. hnazben az 1I-01'''nu,,lns(, "1""
nitolli7.imh6lumok ,.,.........I,,IIL<k, A7. (H..)..u' """lNlot tipll"nak Vag:\' "",iguatllr"u"k u~"'''7.iik. H" A "K)'
h"h",,,, ,.,. mi",I.." "-Ol,,tt\ll<l,,~,., -..J E fI.. "1..ri.to....7.i"'holllmh"" t," r1ozik pgy ,,7. A bnlm"z,," 't1,'llll'~
e-u Il-o]><'rlUl<h",l"1 ..,A ""tv,l,t. "kk", (.4. {",'~I,,"' E 111) "gy U-nlgphr" (11 ti""",', Vag)' S'l.igll,,1"-lrl\.jlj
nlgphrll).
AmeunyibcuI] vi'''''''' (0 = {WI,'" Wl} ). "kkol' "'" (A ...,:.
,"':1 iriLmod i" h,.,.7.uAlhllt6. Anwullyi""'n "1\.)' K,V'llIit (1......1 ;;.:1,;;,) {l"lll,brliu"k t" killtiiu k, /lkkor H "7Rtt",ik 110 = {,,-,t!.!I, = {"':IIi'"
11'1 == {~',l ....'~I I';".,.k n ', "],,,1
"':I.
"1"IAton'7.imhOlllmok rpmh" " 0 k"",;t""s,,,,k. t\t ,,,Idi
tlv illVPr7. ,l<k ill..tv" to.:.! i"~/""d""'lI"k '''' II"1.""iLn"k f.I.h",k Illeg.
u'gy"lIpk A No lJ lhollo\"ht"k. Ekkor 0 a1. A lIr<-s7.a.Ig..l>nij". h" 0 ~ A ;". ""..," ",",,<'I.,,k I.... ~,,\
(_' E H) 111l1v..I..tpkll"lc" B 1"", ...hto.llU..:Gl'!' i'rW'''.y.... korlAto1..t.tja.i.
L.o:-~ll
,w."', . "'":I. w,
(;;.291)
az A luoJ.JU.B:I.Ilak "'" R~rinti !ak~>r'jAL.
--''----"(,)
h
Ial.... ~ /
"" DDD
DDD
DDD
Ml k" h
A /ker h
. h(A )
5 .6.5 . Va r i("t aso k

A~
(jall:"I>I'Ak <'RY ",,"zti.lyaakkor \' varit'll\>;. h"

" 1'(.,. II:,I>'-"k HI'' '"....:..., hOlllom"rf It-ki'pP-...."".......di kl _',"'-"'1". V/LKY;" '-l"Ulllliv..I"t<k "Plll
W'1Rln..k ki .. V .-.tAIyhol. ht" .linkl ';?-:o!7.ILl OP'
!i"kiojIL" kilv..tkP7<'1:
A7. ll-"l.il;,!>rft.k a.Iaphahn""...ill"k direkt SW',.at"ullZ
r~,,,. fj"o!l:"hrAkfl"kl!L"l\fpl"lo m,1v.-.I.-.I,kpt kemp....
""II""llk,"lIlh"jtjuk V".iI;tP, ekkor "JI:)' {I-alg"hni,t kaI'ILlIk. lIwlY" l '''. allotl'hrAk <lin'kl "wr'l.ata""k f1"VP-attnk. I3lRKIlOFF (lA...-I ;;1'-. 5.6.6.) oly"n {I-,.)A"hr..
OIOZtlr.lyk~lltj,lklllzi" v{J.I,y,-atokat. "m"l)'Pk "RY""1..t<kk,'1 <\..fiuWhI<tOOk ,
~It
346
A.
tit
'e",
hi
A
"
1 ;1
J.
s.
..
~
oc
5.6.6 . Kijclr-utesalgebrak , szabad algebf-ak

IRgy.>n PfO' (H..)...." ~ilt:n .. tlIl"";" X '1!Y mry;''l.it.mLalhatO haln",;! ..-ti X f..IMI, 11'!''TlIl''k Tn(S) luo.l
m""" IlZ..u.hhiAk l!'M'rlnl VIUI i"'!lIkti"p <\"fjlli:o.!va:
l. X U I ~ o;;; 1i,( X ) .
~ 1 "Rie R}'zes : A mav.."'t.-I<I1,k f( BOOLE"I",hra""'" ..Jkalmlll',oU jo.]oleM> n,'rn "zouo. "",uk"clIki'l-'p<'ll

"'" il"~llr.alkuhl><nAl "".onOll vi.'<WIl)latot kif..j<-",~ m.1w]""..k joolii.......iv,.[.
2. Am<'nnyilwn /1.
.1" E TiI(S) /.,. _" E H... aklmr _'j,
t a E Tn(X).
Az 'l;y rl..finiAll '1;,( X) luoIll""': '"KY U..lgrhr" aI.. pbalm..,..... "" X r..l..ni U tip''''''' 1;,(.\') kij,,\.-ut......u
Vhrll "" a1Ahbi n"h",~I<kkd:!I .. II.
,f.. E 7i,( X) ..... _' E P_. akkOl ~,T,,(.l i>rtRlm<.,.';"'" "Iu-",,tktm:
5 .i.2 . A. dualitesi elv

1. DuAlis kep t ....: Egy accte.c..hr" f..uli
~.ToI.X (tl. ... f ..)

_II' I..
(::",2'..14)
\""llllllf"Tlnvi !l-~hr .. "",,1.JI.Iv It"""il .. t<'"nlll\lg.. hV.k jpgMtAliLnoMbh ~brAk." ki;"Irn~""r41",,,
....mmiffol.. ~nlrt II<'tlI kv;'I1",..'" .v. i1y<"D algphrAkat qa,had all:"'brAlu..o.k Dl'"VPE.l;ik.
EY~"f'Illrtq.tl<
r. vAltnlli,ld"'ll .... f!-I<rIll..kE1.Y IWY. (,,{z).
z ..).lzl .
. r .. E~y ..t
H-atg..l>rllD'!oi:it ~ Ily<>n "tt"ffilPtt1, ha min,lr"
E A......1.." r.."nAlL
$'(0\.
.a,,) = ,A{al
.....).
(::'.N",)
Az nft1,.. hrAk"lO""nloot..kkrl ""'iniAlt OKttAlya ~ olyen nalgphra lII<>:fa.h, an...ly C"ll:.wnl,ot..k ~' ",\<In
b..l1na:At kil'~ll.
Birk holf tpl .. k-: A vahOlMlnk PJ>pMl A2 ~kkpi ","linWt .--,Nyo!r;.
\&11.<_1 V"Io1i"'l valalI>P1loyi frlnonport OKttAlya. ,..wDPllDyI.....-.port '-'-"'Y"- vNAlUPltuyi ABEl.
~ OO<lIAlp. ft; vaJamPllnvt t:;\tlrii ...-t.BI.ya. ~I~I pI1ftlpofldal"'ul ",,-g"nuiIJ -ik. "'-'lO' riklikll"
c""I>ortok rlirPkl _,nal.>l1lo"111 nkJ.ikll" ,..,.>p<.rt ~ 1....' ..k di...kt 1<ZOr~ Dr:tu 1...1. I'7i-rt " riklik,... 0.:.0purtok .... a tnItr1l. Df'm a1kutuu ,-i!talaIOl.;'" IIPm dPtinWhAtOaIr. ~'1d. 'lljilfl.
M
<I,.
....
A~ :>22,. 3. r..jrIi<tI"'1Ia bab:u",-"'"""'- ....... itiWlkalkulu.~ (;:>.1.1.. 6. , a1a1_AhiJvlU (......uuitNo.l ""-"'M.

lyto.il kO.otl' l"Uullrtl N~ n"'" m'lIPffillUkai objd<IUllIDkkal ~I m(lvrlcl"k ...w,"""", 4&I.t.l)>u
kwiltt j,. r..II<'I', Az t1yo.u "Amila..i lWUN\lyok v~ta '-cz<.1 a Boou;-a1~hra fuw<Jm...h....
5.i.1.
Deflnrcio
"'tt.-l'"
A hiuiu"i>< 11 (..konjunkric'>~) "'" U (.J.li,ajullk(iO~ ) valamint a:7. .-gvv.U\.o:r.o.. (u<~i6~) m(l....

ki I
kilUlIWt.. 1t Ok I .. lrmn...ll>iri>D h"""l\21 B Boou:-algplmluak n<'VCZziik (8.:;. Un. 1). "11"'1>11)'
1"'11 prWlly__k a ki\ltfot ~ .>:>l.h...I)"I<:
(1) A ss zocia l ivit lL.
(.. nb)n r
an (h r"l r )
(a Ub)LH'
(".?J,'!)
aUb _bua
I" 2'J'J)
(;'.:JlXlj
" u (a n b) - a
i"30 I)
(a n b) U" _ (a U c) n (bu ")
(:,,:1113)
a U (bu r).
(:;.2'J7)
(;'.29li)
(2 ) Komm<lttlti vitAs
anb_bna.
(3 ) Ahszorpd 6 11 11;\Oll.... "all:olt
"n("ubj_ a.
( 4) Di llztri h" tl vit A!I

("ubln"
(5)
("ncju(bn,), (". :J02)
I,
(,,;,:.lIN)
e u u _ a.
(:,,:111:;)
ano=o,
(;,.:lOti)
aU I = I
(:,.:J07j
(5.301
aUa= 1
(;'.:lm)
ar u=
11'l1l"
U.
JUi<'>l1l.uI"",~"l<ii....tk<'7,O dllaliL.i.sok i>.......-hctOck fd: II..

<'RY AXil>nu\.han "'" '1 m'i.....1M:l j ..",~ a U joU"I;"'" () io.Il>u"V.l a:t 1 aII""oo...,.] M"....n.ljiik. ill"r rni~
llliO""nnak" IIOrtlllk <'gY ma.lIik ILXi6nui.j"'l ""-I'J"k. AzI rncmdjuk. but1;y.,,;y """ axi6n1il.i "K..v.......... d,tiili:..a.i
is ".<:1 .. b..IY"tI<-,;i~;"'i f"ly""1l&wt d'ui.li>< k..r............. k I....
A ,hui.li>< k",..""" UljN'" nOOl.E~alp;rora
"U illit&;Ah,JI. f',uwk duiJi.... &llil.......l ""1,II""J"k ~,
',,=iil<.
2. Book-aigebrak d ual il asi elve : EY lJo\Qh1IIt&... rlllAh"AlhtJuu...:y nOOl. !:.hni.......,!<Zinti'n \,1::"".

vagyi.... bitnnely 4I.litAA hW>nyiT.w.IcorP.&,V1iual .... '..ue ,ltui.llfi ill[l..... t Pi IIt"""lJuk.
3. Tu lajdo nsigok : .'\2. axiOmAlthOll""ltt""',, BOOLE~.. ai4hbi l ulajdo~ai Irovetl<l"Zll<'k:
( E l) Id e mpoc eoc ia
a~a -a.
(E 2) A tt..
(:>.310)
(".311)
(:>,312)
(".313)
~ lorgan-<uon~gok
an6 =al,..b.
(3) t"fO' tova bbi rulajdonsag
d _ a
In iI. f'kg.. n<l61<.Z egymAA 1Tlf"1"'1T AIit'> jrll1Ali.) AlIitJuw>k
5.7. Boolc-algebrek es kapcsolasi algcbrak
."Hi
Egy o!Yllll stn,kt(m"it. llIll..l~l>f'nllZ ""''''UHii<liv.lullllll1ul->Ltlv'''' ..h.lwrpt'i6t< !<'t.IIhlllyok prvPny""" k hit.IOn"k nr-vezfink. II" "'''''Il l,limmr"'I1Ill,>g a rli1l7.trih\ltivilA..i ,q.....bAly ill ig8.Z. akkor disetribntfv bAloro!
.......zPlunl< E,,,,,k "Z..rint a BO<.lLE-a1K..hm egy "l.....iAli. <li><l,tributiv ball>.
~ikpt
(".3141
igazolllllUk. mig" Jw-madi.k AlliLill 00
,~ d..aJ.j8.
5.1.3. Veges Boole-algcbrak

\'alam<>nn); IlOOl.E-a1ll:chr" ..i7.ornorliAt6F dkkml .... ~kn ",Ilut.til lllf"lI: l..<'g)o,""""k B, ~ B,.
BCM1LE.a1l'!:chrAk..... 1o,r;yt'Il I: B I - B~ '10" bijo ktiv k'kl'I""p" AJ I IrkrJM'?i'" izomorfixm'''' emennyi-
"",
I(a nb)
l{aJ n I(b).
1(0. ub) = I(a} U I(b)
"' 1(11) = 1(0.),
(:>.31t.)
~l in<l..n ,.~ Boor.a-alg..hr" izomorf PlY v~", itaim...: hAtvlmyhalu ltl:tAn ktf-llllf'"lA"tt Boor.e-ejge bra"",. ~lllltk'll vfgPl< BooLE;..a1g,hra c!,rnc'iu..k ~11ll '1" .... IL:t: lLZOl1OO Clo~,~.,zftlll(' nool. E-al~hr""
iwmorfa.k .
-rtf
.4. t ova hhiakl"", .. {O.I} d ..llIclu1 1&1...1",,,,,6 D D{)O LE-~tI>rI"t vi""ll:"'ljllk. I.mc'y".. k m,h~lt't<.i"
kovrtk..V>1t:
no \
U O I
000
00
O}
1 0 1
I 1
I 0
Am('llnyih<'n f'Ul1" k rI - "7,<'"", DESCARTEs . tm ,.>l.tl.t kcl" -Uo 'ik Ir = {O. I } x x
I} ...... m,;w]Pl.. k,,1
(n .u.) k()mpoll"""t'n k~ 1J1 "r1.<lm",.ziik. " kknr B~ ... 0 = {O, .... O} .... 1 = (I,. , I) ..IPn,..kk..1 i"m Pt
[loOl.Ealg('h ra, A B~ n"V("" B tl'!W' n'" ,lin kt . ""I tHt>l.. Milll h,,!:y lJ" ,k",ei".. k " "7.Am" 2~ ..-a d "
1lJ'.llIltrn..l .."larnennyi vfR.... BOOLE-.uwbra i"' '' Il"dli1.I{~ ..It,killtve d""l1ill1ato.
In.
348
5. 1. 4.
Bo ot e-algebra mint rendezes
5.24. ibnL
P EIRCE.
="OR
(':'.3 16)
(f ugX60) "'- 1 (60) u g(60) .
...
I(b) -b. S~
1(60)=~,
\::'.320)
TlI u~ /(b) ::> I. KOlitrAdikci6 1(60) ""- o.
B : AI: .. -= 2.....t ....n.lIIIlikor 11..1.11 ... 60 Boone-v&1tozOnkV>\ll I6kiilOnbtlzii lJoo lE--fiiggYt'uy Wol.rxik.
alIlel,...k ki>7-iil II fOllt..-I.lJAknAlt kiilOn ll<'\'Uk 6< kiUiHll<Zimh6lumuk v>w. & ...k"t AZ S. 7. t ' bla uot ban
fogla1tuk<-zoo.
Id,.,ntitj,r,
2. BooI....k ire jeu-k A BooLE-kif,.ic'W-lwt indllkliv o1on driiniaIjllk: Lr,;y..n X = {s .,. z, .. . }

DooU;-vNtozOk ~1A1Mt" helm:-.a (l\Dl"IY"' k ooaka 0 "" I i>rti'lwt ..... h..ti k f<.l);
1. A kul",tA.tu;nk (0 ", I ) _wllint I\Z X BoolE-VNtaJ.6i BOOLEkif..~k.
(':'.321)
2 . HII S .... T BOO LE-kir.'j.~ti.....k. Akkor BoolE-kif..~k a ku.....tk,'ZOk iIt:
T,(SnT)k(Su T).
(;>.322 )
Ha rgy BOOl E kif"j"l-k l-Al"tallllN".7'" I\Z Il,"" I . v3Jto:r.okat . Akkor ~ logy ,. .."Itt.,.;". Ir BOOl Efiiggv'tIyt .....1'rPZ<'ntAl.
r.".gy.n 60 I\Z ZJ, ... , s. BOOLE-vAlt"'li>k pgy h..h,,!:ye tt it....... vagyi>; b =-' (b,. .. , b_) E lJ".
Az illuukti v rI..finkiot figy<'!'ml.., ..<' ..... A T kif"j",,,,-""'k" ~ az alAbhiak ><U,rillt .....lludiill k BOo LE-fiiAAv(>" y...k..t:
IIAT cO , akkor fr =Jo ; HI\T = I ,akkor h =h
Anti\u Dria.
m.
XOR
(S,323A)
2 . HA T s.r" "k k" r fr(60) = 1>,; H.. T = ~, akkor fr(b) = I s(b)

{5,321h)
3. HAT sR n S , l\kkor h (b) = /J /(b) n h (b)
(;> ,32:1<")
4. lI AT = R u S , akkol' h(b} = /J/(b) u h( b)
(S,a2a.!)
Fordltvll minrl"," I BOOLE-fiiAAvi'ny rIMllith"t,o I\Z T Boou:- kif jlz!:'"s"\ (liWi 0.7.. ,~ . 7 . 6. ) .
3 . E rt ekazon.... Bool... kir.j...:tpI'I'-'k A ~ S {.,. T Ooo LE-- kir..j , kd h ti'k"zolloo<,,,tk monrljllk. Ill,
Ug)'I\nRZt A 9(){J L r.fii~~~nyt r'I>1'..'....ntAljAk. DOOLE-kif..jrzi1>.Pk
ki>< Akkol I\7.01l0AAk. hAA ROOf.E
U vivaI..nciA
ImvlikaciO
.,
K,1!onh,rdi
..,.,illlh"']' llIlOk
""
, I
"..
.
:"." '''0 (a, b)
,"
~OR
" ,b
+
,..s
a XORb
,-. ..
Q
ifb:-.- ab
0.3 17)
] (60) -= 1(60 ) ,
(5.3 IS)
lI.boI. 60" D -= (0. 1. bAllWl.l1 ('kmf'il ...k F1.......-i. is All ~ ..I<"k jobb olda1An iillO Ull1....l.wkM A B bAImaron kt.-IIn<"-Af'tc..-k. A ltiIUIlt<-t.-tt 0 ilif't_ 1.....lli<'kr...k 1ll'i I. ilJ<otw Il f11QW'n)"f'k fddnd! ""'I:
Mil) -= 0 , h (II) '" I minrlo-n II E tr .
(::'.3 19)
A : AI; " = 1 f'IW'tiosI, vagyiloll.tlllm nud. cgyrtJ<.n II ucocs- ..aJtozOnk \I'ILII n<'gy DouoIo--fflQ\'fonY
I.
irAAlII6<k>k
ill.
Book--fiiggveny.ok J~ B pqnPt mint Illl 5.7., 5. 7.3. f{-';".r.ctbcn " kpt ..kml1.llooU:.~"rl'l .
Egy I " ..allari BooLE-fiiQ....ny "KY B"-ro'il. D~rP V>IJ6 "~. Pon~ z7" "~"NtOl108 BOOLEfiigg.. kly ko:-uk. V~lUlyi F1-..;Jto,-h Fa BOOLE-fiiggWny B halnuu>t.az...w..bi. m,h...Joot..kkfol BOOLE.bri.l a1kot;
liP''''
~A~D
1.
K iil(lllhiY,~;
SC HE FFER.
.lihr. wut.4tja
-= 1(60) n g(60)
A fiiggvi-ny
ill.
5. 7.5. Boole-fi.iggven yek . Boolc-kitej ezesck
(/" g )(60)
.,
>
Mino.." B BO()LE.Ill~..hr&hoz"KY rendeaeei r..Jar;ot nd..n,,'1iluk: Akkor tekinrjiik A1: a ~ /l r"I",:i6t igazllak. h.... nb = a (vagy .,.~~ I <'gyf'n"rt;ki' n a U" '" /I),
l1ym<':wlon tniuden BOOLEa.l~hrA pgy HASSE-d iagr..mmel A" .olh.. !/) lJ4,.,1
:>.2.4. 4. ).
8 tu.lU\.ll;ol" 30 lOAAm OI<ZtOit tartA/mllZU: B = [ L.2. 3. 5. 6,10. 15.3fl). A kHILl"I'1Ult'lItlIn,,'1 mil_lP1.<'k a ~h kOzOs08:l.w illM:"" .. 1<-gki>;<,hh kiiziioo tOh\'.
oo:zi'lriio, .... >U cr;)'l\I'glm".llluwu ' n 'i .....1f1" kOlUp lf'lIK'n tAlN<. A kitiiutrt<'1t U illf>tVl'
J ..J..IU<!w,.)" Nl I "JO"""uI fdd 1Uf1l- A ho:a.al.artad> HASSEtliafl,:JIu nllt A:il 5.24.
, -
11 == b
,i
=8- =D=8- =W=EJ- ::B=8-=&-
Erti-kti.hLUat
(:) =(:) , (:) , (:), (:)

I,
I.
I.
I,
O.
0,
0,
I.
I.
0,
0,
I.
I,
0,
~ ~nal< m+~ "tAWl;ftAook ""&ft.~ ~ 4t ..iht-tOck.

BOOlE-kife~k "LalakitMakor k<'t ,.".,mpunt bos-fll ..lr.lkbf.:
. , kh..tti L..g..,;y"""",'hh kifrjt'1""""'* VIl!O 4tNAklIM (\NorI ':'.7. 5.7.7 .J.
_'.;om lAlfomWA- '<UO iltalAkiw.
5. 7.6. Normalformak
1.
~"ll (D, n , u , " , 0. 1) rgy DOOLE-.u!':..bra"" Icgy.-n

~fill .j,. n Oly"'l koujUllk..i6 ilk't6l'"RdiszjunkciO, arnclybcn
k,:frljrhh '1O'~'r fordul ('1<1 (~ I I.. ,X a "AltO"""'k kiY~iil) ..I...mi
EI...m i ko nj unkcio, ...Ie mi d iszj un kci 6
{I" _.. , I.} Booi.g-val toeok ~ lW lllllZA.
mlndeu ,-Blto:r.6 '-ag)' llilfl>\k Jl<1!.Altj"

konjunkcie il1...t6l"l: dl'ull di"",junkr.i6.
HI' T (I J. . . . ,I.) L'I:J DOOLE-kif...,;.."'''' akkor 1\1 ..!rmi konjllnkrink "f;Y D di..zjllnkdojAt. abo! D == T
aT bnoniklll< u;"'~junkt iv IlOmlAlform"jM".k (KDNF) ""....,.iink. A1... I...mi di!t1:jU llkrillk r: 1<onjunk",
ojilt. ailol r: '" T aT kanoniku" konjunk Uv nor mlliform iljA(KKNF),
1. Rhz: Mind...n I BOOl E-fiiggv<'n:v..lMllithllt-n BOOLE-kif,.j....,......... 1. Enllr k bizonyitil..w " a ~d
I<'k.lt t"hli1.7.atlmn m..r:adott I f,'U..... nyno m'1Q'7.... rkf"l'l7.tjiik M nAkKD!'\F f" ml " jill. A ~ I BOOL ~-fi'AA
"ony KDXF fnrmaja a ko......tk....,.<1 ..I..mi 1<onjullkdnkMI All: "1 n 'U n z , r nv n e X n y n 's .
Ezok ~ "!"llli knnjnnk<'i 6k .. b VliJtO"..ona k I\hhm; " ki"rt"kcl"""ll<~ ktl:tO'~
nAk, "Il,..lyek az I fiil',g\'<'"y _<'t...n I\Z 1 rtkk..t V("",ik fd . Ha b-ben V
vAl to'/1> >rtik.. I. Akk<>r I' ..llPnkPZll ,.,.dl ,..n Ii v<'tt'l ik fi!':Y"I"lHL. az ..t"IIJ'"
0 0 0
o 0 I
konjl1llkd"kIIltJ l.
o 1 0
2. R""z: A f,,"ti l"' lrll\ (I.v.-t 1,llhz ) KDNF alakjlt:
o 1 I
(;>.324)
{"1n y n z) U (r nyn z)U (I nyny) .
1 0 0
A
KDNF
.In';'
l
ja"
KKN
F;
""
rI"lUi
ui~"tj u u k" iok " valtozok olyan b a hd u,.
1 0 I
ly..tt ....a .......hl'"Z tArt'>'I.nilk. ,..1 ,,,1 f(b) = O. A"l"nnyiL.1l />-bo.'lll'KY t' vaItmlti
1 I 0
o frt..k,1 , " kk"t """1"<"",1 Ill. ,.[,'mi k"nj llkn<'ibkhlul, d l'llk.dl ,,,,,,j; l,..ll U sY'I 1 I
"'1"'1.
5,1:1. Gr<ij.lm,:wh nJ9"ntmu"ok
35 0
Eu'k
~7A"rint l'
n yito tt kapcsolc
KKZ"F "Lu:
(.e U y U :)n l ruyu: ) n (.cu y UY ) n(J'u yU ~ ) n (J' uYU"I).

(':'.32':')
Egy f f(;w+ny KD~F "'" KK:\r a1akja .. It.. kiul ve .. valt....k;,;,,, kii-rtt'kcl......k "","",udji'\o] "K.'o'Mt.,.Imuel1 m.,.;hatArozott. P ,r.lJi, ul .. ki.. rt .. \t..I......kM h-tln< '""P'\ !lZ3u>oknak trkinthf't jiik .... I~ ""..nnl
I""Jld("IhMJiik.
(jt'1..:
- ""--- )
S.,
K an o n ik.." norm 61foma k
IT
kapcscla s
,
~L_ )
b
S : an b
parhUZilI1"lt.:l5 kapcsctas
eo-
T BOOLE-kif<'p.... kanonikU>l nonnAlfr>rmA.jll "'"It .. hozzAtarBOOLE-tiiWkly kAnolllklUl nom41fonnajAt ..rtjiik.

Ko't BoouAiiI\KV.....y "&Y"'u;'rtik~lf'k .. lj,.,~ gyakrAllll problema atal.u:it.........,.] ~ ..~ziik ..t .
.4. Iwlonikllll nonnAlformAk kur llalO' ""Itil,.,;.g.-t jdcut"n..k: It...! BOOLE-kilcj"""'" kor .... ooaIF: ..Jckor
ion"kaa>ooo<. ba alw.ailjnk tIIor\OlW L'lC....rtclm''\fon 111t"f!:halArozott kanonikwo nOJlllAlform.Akhf.t'lrOlI....
IlIff' ~...a...k .
2.
toz{)
MHO.I
(iele:
351
.." -OJ- ,
b
S= Li b
3 . IUs:, A mAc w~ll!t piol.UIwl (LUol I. "'" 2. rfo,oz )" (yn z ) U (I n y n "I}o:,o..
{.rU ((yu ej n (Ju ;) n (jU "I))) n (7 u ((yU z) n (yu z))) kif".i<"zi'-k ~ frti-k..w...".,.J,; . mi....l
rnindJu.ttdj,ikllf'k -..,_ .. ,blOl':junktlv (i1k t ..., Iumjllnkliv ) normAIforrniIjuk.
tr.lnszformac:iO
C :J-
(modelk>Us)
5.2". ibr..
""-p.>oo!Mi. ~IIY LIlrt<Jzik. A DOOLE--~hno . la1aIr.ltNli ..-b&ly.,j

S = (bn {a-u {o n c)))u (on (bu .... )J
5. 7.7_ Kapcsolasok algcbraje

A BooLE-alg..hra "C l,piku" A1kl\lnuwV.i tt-rUkk .. l;OfOIlparhU7.am<>ll katx",-,l6I.ok "l!Y"'U'rlWlIw(SP K) . Ebl>6l .. c"IMI 'ogy 1IOr<.... 'JArh'IZAlll(jO; kapooolMhoz l"lO' DOO LE-kif..j,-:d t rcndcliink (tr>ol_
fonnftciO). E...t .. kif...it"1'ht .. DOOLE-II1,t..hrlO Ar...Wr.ita..i ~yai """,rint Jgy" r\1t;itjiik~ \";.g..z..tiil
ffilwz IIklf"J""Mn "8YftOl"' .... 'WhIl1-"rT\OI'I Ju.ll(",-,wt rrnn..hlnk (,~"",.atran",fUll1""iO ) . \",:,g..n'<lm'uy.
h<>n pgy olYlIn "1O"'7",riboil.-U
rhU1AJlIOl< kaJ>C>OOIa.~t kapunk. ,uu..lyn..k .. kiinulll......i IaoI'N..lii........I
azon.... kal.nool""i In]",j,I.,,~1Ii VIUIMk (5. 25. Abra).
....,roo-"..
A ""l"Ol'--parhll"",""" kap<1OOl....."k a1"I'.. I..m..kh6J. v..noak iWI7....allilv.. (rllllllluo.i'S nyllgv<'>i>Jilltmfikl,(,J),

IOm..l)"'kmk kf1 A1t....pnlA V/ul (llyitou h. *tJ. A szirnholikAt f(nu,.,...n " kO.....lkC7fik..I'I..u k..ll"rt..l.
ml'Zni:H" a v,-d'rrlt 1ao[>O'Olo i"'f' nJ. "~hoI k"'- J-olu.paooljllk. II 1lIIUlk..Criutk..w k ",Amilk. IInyu!,\vQi>rint
kC7.ok nyitnu. A v,..lInlt k/lp<"lOOll> 1><r<Il,)<-t.....k hilltk.,.wihn BOOLE-valtm'okat l..n<l..liink. A Iaop"",Ii> ........nd...d ...Jti~ ilI..t"" ..J-o~ A11"I'0tll fdd m..g 10 Doou :-vAltoz<'>kOilldV<' I i-rt<'kfn..k. EI\..Yl...r..nd,.
zi...t ""'1'"",,16 i>riutl"wkn"k .. 1,..r.uu,"tUo lloo l.Evo\.ltowjll 1"",. a >lZimb6IuUlII, ER)'""J'O'O-lwhllMllll"
""'pnool"" Ju.p."",I""i h-t l-k.. 0 ill,tvo: I. "'''..rint bogy II Imp"""IA.~ vill..m"""n v..z<'1o ilMVI' ,wm "">,,.t,~
illlapothall VIla, A Iut.pn.,I""i {-z-t"k 1\.1. I-rintk..dik Allasanak 5 fii!l,b'Vi,,,Y" (lut.l><",,,l""i fii"""ny). 5 " l(y
[JoOl.E-fuggv{ny, IW'ly NlAk .. lut.p,."oU> IWt"<nn.,z{"....kJ,l'z ..endeh v"lt,w.oki.Ol fugg. Az 5 .26. Ah rAn ..z
cri"tk"".ok ... Ju.p.....,I'V'Ok, ,, ~1.irnl,(,hun"k k enek ik m('l\fd, lo BOOLEkif,-j..., .....k l"thllt.<"",k.
A 'm"'" l"'rh"z,un"" 1o'1".....,I"""k lo'I'""ol""i fiigg"(" yl'il r"pWlO"lltal6 [JOOLEkif"j,,/.,""'kn..k liZ IIMjA.
t.ool'l\gnk.l wK)' '' rWllkio rAAk villto'tbkr.. ( 1I~1IJ r.:..../.kifej"" h cj ',rt"h""".],d o ,
Az 5.27. fib ra "o... ... pArhn'AlUUII MJ" ,lAMI k"11 'I\Y~z \isit"J1iillk, Ehh"". " kap,.....,!.....l"'/. 'lit
S "" (if" b) U (u nbm') U (an (bu e ))
( ~..:J:ltj )
for d ltott
transdOl'lJ\ki6
(b n(OL C))U(iin(bUr))
(0'1 b) U (b n C) u (iinc)
!IU"l"int
adOdik:
- (i'Ul b 'lc) U (1F 1 II ' <') U (b '1 1") U (0 n bnl') u t n c) U (ifn i)nc)
= (ii'le)u(b n ?).
(;;.32,)
lit anc kif,p..n. II. ta '1 bn e}U (ime) U (ii n li n c}-hull1 b n r I....l~ ... (ii n bn c) U (li n e)U (a n b n i"!) -1>61
all ",k'i, t~ lut.pjuk 1U~'ll: ILZ 5.28 . ilb rAn l,..rrHlI..t<>Il '1O""'...riI~it,",1 """"'"lwh,I7Am..... ""'f""""lli"" ,
Ez a pi-In.. i>lsz,mli-ltMi. hogy .. J<>g~w"""bh BOOLE-kif~jl'7;""" Vf"Z<'M aWAkitAAolaot nem minnill:
kouny,j nl<'gtlllal"i. :\7. irodalom ..1j<Ua..oJra< m"t"t PTTf"" n'lra.
5.8. Orafclmeleti a lgorit musok

A dUo"kn't m"t"m"tika r"""I('riil,.t<-i k""iil " ,R;rAfdmrlct I\'/. infnnnlltikAhan kiiliino..j..le"tOIotogrr tdt
""RTI. pi'l<liml a<i"tstruktur"k Ahruol.......lIA1, vt,.(,.. l\uWllllOtAlrruU ,.,. kommnnilcicio.. hAlo-=tokIlio.l.ll~
vt-",-t"""kn"l f"HIlAlis "V<'I V<'kn.,lI ~th . Ee-u klviil!H,,.,..,,,k ..llut.llll~ II fizilritJlII". k(m iAhan. ,l,k!
rot..dUlikAban. biolORiAhan "" 1"'1.i..-l",I(,gi..l",u. T"vAM... f,'llll'!'tuH.lhll.ttl lu\.1<r~.II ti ~M"k folyamlliuAI.
"1"-'roci6 k"t"ta.' nal (.,. komhin..to rik"s ,.ptiUlalizAl';"nA!.
5.8.1.
Alapfogalmak es jclfilesck
Ira ny it a t la " es irlill yitott g rilfn k

E~ G grM " l's,k""k ,,"' (v..rtex] hlllIll,,,,ilhM ".,.1\1. /ol,k (,~ lj!,") tralml\7.Ahtll All. Az E ..gy 'nridrne;II
j"'/,q,";uynpk n"w',p tt I..k"pe,; .,.. am..ly E llliu.I,u. 'I"llliol wl. V nu<l'~/,{'u. va~ n"m re ud ...';.. '.t (n..m !lZiik><lW"'pl'..n kiilollIXfI.<; ) "1..rneinck I,i"j"t n", l,!i. H.. E nlilld"ll<'hlll,'h,,,,. H"1ll ....nrl...,RU pflrt ....n rl..liinlr.
IIkkorG ,n'..yitllt/lln gr.ij (5.29. lib ra ). Hit. vis:wnl, mi",l ,u .hdi ,I'mh,",. 'w r..ntlC7Rt! pAr lilrtozik .
l.
aHor irAnyitott~MrotI.. ...v,liillk (~ . 30, Abra), C8 E ..l..meit iy..kllt'k vagy m'nY'ttltl "k l:n" k " " V<'7.ziik.
~l,"rlf'n 11IM grid n.'..... wK........ KTM.
A gr .. fiku" 4hrkr..lAslmn .. /1,rM ,,,,i lf'Nli mint p<>utok , "" irlUJyltott C1"k mint nyilek. "'" ira"yil at [,.n ..l.. k
mint irlitlyil.l!.tlan vollAlllil_'"'''f'lllf'k .
?:F
v,
"
e;'
t';'
"
.
~r
0"
t';'
V ~.
e;
-v,
5.29. Abr l\.
0"
;
.V,
5.30 . Ab rA-
e.
ov,
et'
,- ' , v,
"~;:
,, ~
y.
~
e,
K"
'
5.32 . Mm.
Co'
6 . G rilfok a.b rbolA.....

Vil;..,. gnlfoka t ilJ{\'..... rllirl tfotl >f'"!.iink . ~ m;II<1"1I 0I(1I~ a ~ik '"lO' ",,"t jilt t>'llrlPljiik hozza. i'S kel
ponl.t>t.--k akkor kol ullk (io"q,p f'g)' iranyil-olt Vl\IO" it Allyltallau ~hkrl. llJl .. grAf .. tnf'gfdrlO .. It lartAl",-",=,. Az 5 .3-1.-5.31. ilb r ilk "rrt" m"talnU pfl<lftbt .-\1 ~ .37 . ilbra .. Pf:TF.RSI'S -R'"MoI; mutaljA.
llfTlf"ly arr61 IK"Vl""J:(........ bogy "",k lev.... grAfPlmHMi ,..jti... ,....-to>bc!n bizt.ll1yolt Tllf"gff'1riii ..1I..n;Wldanak.
'"~
lei . t'2. e:J, rt, r~ . ".,"d
5.31
A ; A C ~Afr.. ea ~.3 1. l b rli n ;g..z: V ::: {"I, ' '2, f'J, "t, es}. E =
f l(" .) = {t'''l'!}. f l("' ) .. {t't t'l:l, !l(t'.) .. (t'2. '-'3), f l(r, ) = (r" tic) . f, ees) _ (t']. "t)
!l (~ ) = (t'. l'!), !l {~ l - (~.I>I)
B ; A C grl\tr.. q ~.30. librl n il;1lt: \. = {t'hl'!, l'],
t'.} , F: = {~.e;.~. ~J
h{~l ::: (l'J.l;), /1(4) = (t'c.!'J), /1(l". ) ::: ("t. t>z), h{~ ) '" ("'5.Oi)
C; A C /1,I"Afnt.az ~. 29. lib rln ~ \ . s {"I, "z, 1>], v" es}, c- = f..;', ~.";,~}.
!J(..;') = (l'J!'J t. !J{..;') = {v" l'3}. !J(..;') = {v" t'z), !J (?') = {"'5, vs}.
"t.
2. IIIes:lklffie..
H.. [e. Ill) E E kor.. r-......... I1IM7.1u..iik VJlY i>' l<l.OllIlIddos all' ooca<al. A .,,,,,,ioo..(t', Ill) M kiioo 'llMi
pontjA. a II'
Ip<mtja. tovilhls4 t ' ,.. .. W;~polltj.. a (.,. r) i-tn..k. E"llf'k IDf'f!..Jo:oI6rn o..finiltljuk az
illo:m..,J,;".t irMylWlalllVAfokMll. ,.,. .. vlitpnntnkMr ita.uyiwlan ..... JrnioI.
3. Egy u .. riI grlfok
H.. lObb i-lbM: ""y Ivlwz ' !,Olltl.IU' .. r<'ft<l.-.t<-n V")' I...m l'f'oopzeUU'Ua1 par tart07.ik.llkkor 1.<J1.I-wo.,
oioIdu-.'i.J t>.-i>lilnk. At;1 alii-it vagy l.....t.Ill1 ..lyuck vi-gpnntja.i-.llOO<Itk, IIl. rotnak mo ncljllk. A hHrknk....l,
illf't..... ~ "1f'k,1. V"fO' l.....k..1 U"U1 tIlrtAIltlA7.o IttAfo 1 "9Y-'z""'; Y'if"knai< mondjuk .
4. C~"ClKIk foku lmll
Egy ......ilOl-.1.kn <ta(t) Il.....'"... rok~lJlj ..lOli.. v "",i'-'OWll. ;neicl"tL, "1o-k vag)' iV{'k !WUnAt, A h"rkokAt
ki-t.'<7-""",",,,u !Wi.moJjok, H,, "iY OIUO< roloW\.lIlaO.llkkor uoUill c......... n"k ruondjuk. EK)' irlUJyltotl G ~J
mincl"n v O'iIoJuiAll"'"l'\killiiul';~to'liillk kimcn6- tI;;(I ') "" hemen,; d(;(v ) fok~t:
( ~ , 32
d(;(v ) = I{wl(u'. v) EO E }I .
5.3-'". ilhr...
1.
n'
TovAhhi ~1..,ciNi~ p;rMOfiztillyok" IIlkj:\rAfok, a ["k ..,." I",loz"ti grMok. F.7.. k tlllllj,)OH~ .. it t<""ln'"
kovetkl"w f.'j"''''!.f'ki><on t4r&Y"'ink.
S.37. &bea.
Gr.ifok izomorfi;ija
= ( \'1. E l ) graf i7.. morf "10' C 2 = (\2' E2) &tAtfllJ. M k't.-uk '"lO' .; a VI-rOl " \ i-.-.. "" egy
V ax E l-rOi az Ern- tOrt<'oo ilI""",kmn.tarto bij<'kli\' l"k<'1~. Ez """,)"it ;"k>nt, bo,;y ha u C8 t rgy
.'1 v<-,;pontjai i11<"tOJ.-g II.-gy Iv kl'Zd0I",ntja N. r ..... lpo lllj ... llkkor ,,(u) i'S ,>(r) vi>gpontja.i <'RY .. In,..k
il~ ,.-.(u) i'f' ..."'(tI) kf'zdO~ r+lp....Illjaegy Ivr...k, .... ,; It-k~ abol "il ) = <l, ..-(2) = b , ...i3 ) "=
e, ..-i~ ) = d izo rnorti " . TllllljdonkPPJ>('"n mind..n lIZ {1.2.3.4}.ro1llZ {a ,b.e,d}-.... ti'ortkn<'i bij..ktiv
If'k~ izomorfia. mi .....l .. gtiUok !.f'1j<.,. ~rl\Iok 11I'~'-zO" ..,.u.'~'u\.l:nnll"'.
Az 5.38. i'S 5.39. i1brak kH ''gyl.w-l uUlllurf !trillot ti;ulrlllt"k f..t,
f4J. G l
M '
,l6J,
(5.3W h)
5. GrAfnk s pt"<: ialis O!<ztA lYll.l

A v"'g<.'tlKfMokllll.k vi-p;,.,.",>k Dlu,_l.,. v{'ll"" .. ,k {olt, vall. EII"nm.6""""tlwll v"'gtol.'n gr>il"kr<,l h",,,;;liink
Az r [ok"",,,,",'l 1'f'g'11,4rilo grid mimk-n ' ''('' ',J \lla k fo\u<i.AJIl" r.
Egy '10'~7.<T11 irA.nylt"tlou, ~lM"t l ' "n'INlII"ItIl""..."j tdl~" grcifnak monduuk . Ira l' 1.a.-1ll"ly kl>t "",k""
l<Wull<...:~I,Jfi. Egy n-,.,,,ktn'l t.'lj",.!Cr>l.f j.. lii!kt,: K~.
Am" nnyih" Il " gy in\llyit.athm "~~1.. G !Crill ''''',,-.it a1. X ....Y ","ztalyl", i,!,:y tlHljllk f<'!""dalli. h"f;Y
G mincl..n "J.. "lO' XI,,li.... "gy Y-I'><' li "0'"...,1 Itol 0.-... akkor G pa..,-", grM ,
Egy par"" grlifot tdJu ,,,im., IJrtf/lI..k lU'v<~;illk, Ira X minden ,,~ilcsflt Y 1ll;,,<i"11 "~(I"""VlI.I (,l koti iioo<1_',
Ha X h"lm"" n-ck-mrl. Y .,,,,lill: m-"]l'lll(\, ..kk",,, t.-Ij.... p"rOM KrM jdol"",,: K. m'
Az ~.32. fib ril "1l.Y :> ''''(IOII''HlI,il l."lj.", KI'I',fot mutat.
'
Az ~.33. ilbr .. "IlV l<'!j.". pr,roro ltrMot mntat, "hoi X N1llo<hlllllla:t: 2 d"rull Y J)(,oilt:1 "I"lln1.
5.36. ihra
.&.
:>30. Ahrll.
:>.3tl. Ahr...
8.
Iu"zg rMok , faktorok
=(\',
u'gy<'n G
E) ''l'Y Ittat' , ekkor G' {k". J:.Y )!\TAr G rk7.~rAfja, ha 1/ ' : V .... F: 0:;; E.
Amf'lI11yib,,,, E' pont""",,, "".oMt ilZ E Io,,1i ~l,'k.,t tart/lIr'''\ZZ/l, 1It1l..ly..k Ie" ..,.ito-ait kottk oo.~7", IIkkor
G' .. G I/;rMnak II \/' alt,,1 f""zlt"tt ri.,.~grMj".
ElO' C grM F filktora .. lilt!. G olyeu r..gll1Ari~ rn.zllrAfjAt "rtjiik. .. mely G velamennyi N1,kAAt t"rt.IlIlHazz...
354
9. m"!IZkedki matrix
Viog"" grMokai "" "I""''''i,,k -zeriut m;'llix<lkW i><lPirMljllk: u.ogyrIl G = (V. E) pgy grM.lLhnl \. _
{VI. 1':1.
. v..} "" E '" [cr. fl'
.e.. }. Jdi,lj" m(r,. I'J) " l'. nouo>bOl a v)
Vf'7~i>l ..k ....AmAt.
IrAnyit..tlallgrM"kn.iJ" h"rkokRl tlnp\&u. ir!uyiloU l':rMnknaJ pl'<IigcgJos>lt.......n """""itj"k, ,\7. n >( fl""
.-I "" (m(t';. VI)) m"trix R7. ,ll."zko..\<'"i matrix. Am..nnyi.....ll a grM .,./,("I1 t(,Imrn6f'II "@Y"ZPnlgrit!."kkor
"'" iUo-WNoi mAtrix a1...kj",
...,.,,,,,,Im
{I.
A~I,,)
~ 'IZ
w..(t"!/)EE,
I", (I' .l/) f E
U,
;;,32'J
A uL6trix iik ""rAnAk )ik ooozIol"'I""'ll p<lntlll<nn ..kkor NI l. ba .. v, ..,..il<2OOOI nwr;y ~I
A ")
o,,'k~ha.
lranyitatlAn "Mok .....-t .. n ~ ilko<u,..li'OI, matrix ll:1imlJK1.rik",.,

A : Az $..10. Ahra lIId~'lt A C, ini.nyiU>ltpM.-t C,) ill<-..zk...-lP;.i milrilU\ lio.th"tiI.
B: A G J ir~yit.At1N1 ~1m'T11 gM In<''lIo'u .4(G 2 ) iI""-zk~i w;.\trix3tlathAtjuk.
v:
Al =
uooo
("100)
UI 0 3
0100
v,
"
v,
..1 1 =
(0""0')
IUIUIO
o 1 0 101
lUI010
o I 0 101
10 10 I 0
;;,-tl. .\hr...
I ncid.. nd a m Atrix
Egy irAnyiWllw G = (\' E) gilth.. [t"
{t .'':1.
inridr-I1("u.. matrixol tpt"l ..hink II.Z alAht.iotk """riIlI:
10.
".. } No E = {"1'''2.
."..}) ~ 1 "'" "'ao
1. v,Or-r''>LIIOlYf'f)'VI'll-..'',IIPmhurok''l.
2. t, r--... Y>\II O!\,.. r/vrl k."J pgy hurok....
Ir""yitoll grftfok ......1..1.." <iii: IUd'!<-"';1I m..trix .. kOY<'tk..,.iik alApjim Mluu:
O. !,llI11<.-,<lM;"l.<'k."'l......).vel
I=(b;)=
1. l',~ ...Jk<'Z<I,;I>Ol'tjll ... ,,n<'fIIh"mk....
(;;.3.10)
11 .
1=(11;/)=
-I.
\ -0.
!',A;\e,v(!:l'olltJ"("",u,mhnmk"l
t', <-..... v,," ki,I.... ,,,J ......1..... I pg)' hllrok(>J.
(".J31)
II. Sulyo zott graftlk

Am('nnvihrn ...loti A G = ( II, E) 1ll"01O>. 'ogy oly,," J Irk"I""';"". am ..ly mindenelhez Pg)' v,.]"" ><Utll"t
[<'lId..l. "klmr" (V. E, f) <V ~,,ly.-,wtt I':rAf. i.", f(") az ~"1 ~,ily" vag)' h.-,......
Sok "lkRlmA7,i1: nAlaz "kk ~,,ly.u k<ilt",,!:,'k.,tjdrUI.rn.. k... melyek I\Z &<><l<'ki.ittdr""('l'it'",,''Vd. f'lIl1t...rlA""val ""lO' 1t""l.lIAl"t"v',j k>'IOOtOI"tO>tltlt.
5.8.2. Ira nylt a rlan grMok hejara.'ia

5,8.2.1. Elsorozntok
1.
E lsoro7.lItok
"no
1l<~{'''''K'"t !Art rl""ro>'~,t.
{{2,3}. {3. 5}. {5. 2}. {2.1}) (OIlY iol"'mYI.AI. mii\ F.

(3A) cgJo' (,t .... F5 = ({ I. 2), p. S]. {s, I}) '10' ..I"mi ki'r .
2. 6ss1...ru ggO grMok. kompon.. m k
1]
({ J.2). {2, a}.
A C ~Mol m,'~'fi-'g<J6rwk Illondjllk. II
G hilnn..ly kr'! l't1l1tja ki)zj;u \~ll'7.ik

'""l<,fijggo, akknr G k<>lllJlOnen
,~;,. maxinW......... w6jx>llt~nIl"'" hi..... ~-fiiu6 r....zgrJ\.
,',t...mely .. k"t ('<lDwl i.iM7...kOti. H"

",-kree;ik
fnkl"A.
"""t.
tt<'lIl
,A,
.~L
A Il'gl'Ovid.. bb ut p rohlem aja

Lq,wn C = tv E.n. abo!. va1N~lDyi ~ E. f;-", /leJ > U''lYlt6/yt>Wtt~i ~oJ:. A G ki'\ kli1OO-00z0 t';'" r:<oom<ip<>nlja ki'ni;tti ~i<\<ohh "tAt k",.-frk.
A e- MI .... be vn.r.tO "tal.. amrIyff'
&:I iolPk ~ ivrk s',I~aru..k ~P mim1l1A1i.~
wn prohlku.. ~a DASTZlC w.lrkony A11t'>t11t1ul!'t .,.J..otl.IUur!yP1 irAoyiU>t1 It'"Mokra fogal
mazou lllf'g. rl<o iot1.....:m...z.."lcn iriwyil>ttlAn I{I"Afnlo:r" ... A1bl1U&tbali> (\N;d ::i_So."'.).
~t1l1drt1sUlyozntl~1 G = (\', E f)".-Mr... abol \' = It'l' "J,
t;,} llll"f:hat.iuuzllRtilaz 0 x n.......
D tirvobagi rMlri.x:
D (d,)) abo! d J = 6(r" t'1}
(I J
I. 2.
n)
(::i.3:f2)
.o\bh"I1 a ~pt'<"ilili.~ ..-thPn. ''IT\ik.-.. N: i-Wk ,.",I~" 1. w.gv~~ A' 1-.. .... ki'oli>n; ti.~.,,;ycnIO _m ;.j,'k
~vaI. tLlllf'ly<'kf'l "" k<'ll jAmllIlk. "'*:0' "".->ll'1>11.1l" to ..,...>!Dt'IJ>nnltill" ... """OO'tollt.... k,,-iiIjiillk.
akkor kiol ornmOponl ti.~1 I\Z il!rsW"j(-,<j mAlrixl>o'>1 kilrzAmithatjllk: ~lI('k C n<oIoopootjAi
V,.,'! .... 1::,.. klOljr UlVAhhi C ilJ...oz1..-Inaoro-ai (lAAd 4.1--1.. a.I ..w..llft.otl hAtV",Uy"!l ",-dig A" - \<1,';) mEr;
A v, OIOmOpolllb61. .. t) (i t J) .....--.rnOponth....k1M- \WA1. 'k h,,_"""." legTOvi<l<'hh
1m
varcY'" __
',t.
1.1lI11."'ii.oom-kolYf'r, ...,.j.
({l. 2}, (2, 3). {3. s}. {5. 21, {2. -I}) '10' ;; h._zil
4.
v.
",I. lihr&.
3. K iot CSOmOpont t.avo l..aga

Egy 'rWi.vitat!lln I:l'&fb&n at'
aoomOponl ,Jet! ..-j tA~,. A t';'" .'oon<ni>puntvt mitlimAIi>eiol><BAmumI._ki>tO ,"<1 boMaa. .\n nnyJl",n ilyrn i,1 ... W Jlo~k. uknr i(t! .) = ex.
"
, ~.-.
AI. $.42 . ",bran F I
..;gi, tl\'itoU ..L"",roU,I.

FJ - ({ J.2). {2.31 {a. .II. {.U}. {2 1}) "RY "
Irallyltl\t l,u, grMokm\lmiu.l<'lI IU f,' rl ..m,'ihol

F - ({VI, ~}, {ea, ":1} , , .. , {v. t' ,,) ""rn7....tol ,.
h",'~lli.,,,i9ri ~/J."rol"ln"k 'lI'wdink, II" ", = " , "kkor I.I.rt Cl""rm..atrul ""i\Y ki>uliJ ,'!I,'"k,"".';r""tl",u
I1v;l,oH "1""r<Y/",tr(,1t""'l,,!iink, Eilv F ;,J...JI'O'/.m (,t !In",. "2"
. t, rmrollki>nt kiilonhozil .,.,,,,,,,!,,,,,I,,k.
A z.il.rt ilt u......... l.. m; k';r,
a~!O
&.
a:)=O
(~=1.2
Ax 5.4 3 . .abran ft"ltiint<'lrtt ~,'I1~y.wtt gnu m..lk-lt

lath"ti> a
tAvoL~
matrixa.
Az $.44. abra grafj"m,I

\..tl """""J'<'I az ilJ<'I<Zk,..I''''';
matrix....... on = 2. illdY<'
2
J
01 = 3,.,."t..",,,,,.-t ',,, A
matrix ift.
F>333}
.l-_I)
( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~)
5 3 2
tJ
10'0\)
6131000
0<:
a
'6
(X""e ex. ;-w;: ....,
Iv. I r", J, ,.., I i", -t, "" J /.,.:;, .. 2 ....6. a:l "'" ,I. a 3 ,,,. 5
v"lallliut" 4 "";. ,.,.,-,m"pon1.<>kRt.. Ugy"nnkkor hAmu, h'_~"'I"';'g{1 J<ol:f{}v i<!,'hh itl,van ,,~ 1 kG. a 3 "" G
ill..t ....... 4 "" (; ,,.H[J<>pontok kr..-.ott,
Krtt<'i h~i'AAg'l l"gri'ivi,j,.],h "t"k ki>tik """7<'
356
'~3
010000)
(
111 110
OIOUOU
010000
010001
(' 1I1iO)
1 ~ l l 1 1
,A -
OOOO\U
1 11 11 0
111110
111120
,A =
010001
(15 11 11)
59&56 .
151 111
151 111
161112
111120
".44. iLb.a.
::'.::.tl.
::'..19. Abr"'-
.w.-A.
5.8.2.2. Euler-uta k
1. E uler-ura k, Eul..r-grMok
A:E oIy.w ..lilt, anwIy" rulU \...wu,uuyi rIM lao/'tJ,bllAallo" G gr.\f nyJtott ""'ttv wI EULER-"tjA
lu oIYIUI _ _fiig6 gir.f 1W,,ly 1.Nt EUU:R'll,"t (EUlER-kiirt) ~ El:lERg:rM.
minimAl;". A I'robl(>ma. f'l~ Kl:AS IUJlAI 1IIJl,tetl... tilr.tt~rA uW. Alti ..1<'ioa&- ~n...x..>u .,.""d a
pr<>hlrmil.v;Il. A 1lll"g01.W<rW k"'t _'1M k..\l nl<'ltlr.'ili>u~l,(>I.u'-ulir.:
b ra G, vft!j.<s..... IlI..-11 EnER,ulj&. Az SA6. .. bra G,grafj&wl.kVlUl '1gy11.n~ EULER.

utj... dr DPm EelZRf:)' ..... A.;r; 5 .46. "'hra G, gr&f)'lnak VlUl Ilgyl\ll egy;tNt Euu:fl.-t>tj.. (Et.:LER-kOrr'),
~ El'LEIl ~_ ~ S.411. ' h r a C,gar.... tULR-gn\f.
2 . G p-iIfua.k nines EULER-lr..,",. ,=oM; a:z.-lfM'k A ru.~ol<lMAJA EDMONDS h<. JO"SSON do\gozott ki
A.;r; S .45. '
G,
8@
5."". Mra.
2.
G,
G,
:'.Hi.1lhm.
G.
1. G El'LER -grnf... lr.lr.or rniu,,,"u EliLEnkor optimAl....

btklr.onyalgoritm'J>4 (1iL..J [.i.3'1).
5.8.2.3. Hami lto n-kordk

I.
Eu ...rHi....holaer-tete l
Egy gal" 1Lklw.- N. nwU: Akkor EULER-ltfilI. h4 n....:.-.rfijggc'l .... rn.i.n<kn CIOIIt6pontjilnall rok-UllA {'O'!itlv
pilcot< ~u.ru..
3. Eulfor-kor "znk."I:1 ......

Legy.n G f'lQ' EUl.I':RgrM.VlLl-tlllk .. G grAfIww ~ \.M>I~t, e><omOp<>lltot ..... !oflrkl'ftll:l:iillk .. G
grail".., 'l\Y F , "hltl\t mUl<l"dJig, iUll~A:<t nw nem t,~lj"k fol y tat ni . Allll'nnyibrn F, "",n tlutAlm_
G va1arn<-nnyi ..!Pt. ukor k"pc-aiiuk az F, Mw
",jt,tt. tl.. az F ,- lX'n n..m ""....(>16 (11d if. "rintk,-.w
t':l . x >tn<" po n t hOl l"JO' f;" "'I"t,,' l1lill.I"" I, li~ unig aT.t folyt ...tni nw I~"" tmljuk. A kM FI (." F2 ..Iutat
"!O' Wt <"hit"'" vonjuk ~ o]ylll<'''\ou. h<JtIY "I-bill kiin<hilwlol\Z F, utj"t kuV{'tjiik .-p;........11 l"2~. m .. j<.I
hf.futJlIk aI. F1 ut./lot. vl-p;iil aT. FI ,',t IU''X fd nem h.....,..nAlt ........sn At [unmk ..I .. ~I ' ''''''1I<'' I'0 nt l", . Enn.. k
l\Z .. lj<i.r.... llu fo ly t ...tAM v"s.... Ii'p'''' "toUl '10' EULfo:K -kiirt .. redmenyea.
"t"'"
4. Nyitott E ule r-ute k

Egy G grAfl.oNlllok kor v"" uyitntt E l~ L ER,lt. l", pOllto.,ao ki't olyan ..,..-,mopont ""ll.lUl",lyn.. k fnk~n"lo
pf<r"tlllll. A t 5.49. libra nly"n grM"t IIIIlt.at. "'''''IY'L<'k niJlNl Eu i.en-k ore. <I,> Villi lIyit,oH EC LEIH,tj",
At <'l<-k..t .. !Q' E ULF. IHl t nH"UU'1I hll]''''\'''' ,..dllll"".t"k. Az 5.50. ilb r iln '.ogy Eut. t n-k ort t(illt<'t tiink M.
5. A k inai p OOItiul probll> mflja
Azt .. pro! ,j(o"'''t. hogy '10' [,..",1,1\.:< khl",.ut'",kor kOI"\'A"1....n..k 11t.c" it kg al,,;,!> "gy_z..r h,'j",j" . k iind"IMi
hdY"r<' viAA7.at<"rj..". Nc"ki>"l"'ll" kh"t,~ l",;r{;vi,h'h h IIt"t fll""" Ix., grM..lm<"l..ti !,'g .. klivd k"z"k<"PP"1l
fog"III",t.l ",tJnk 1m'!!: 1,,'l'S" " G = (V,E./) ('/0" . (!lym.ott gref 111101 f(e) 2:: 0 valatnonny i c ',Ir...
Egy olyan a:I: u...",,,, (It t'lorlalnu\.7IlI>J,,,uu,,,,t,,1. Iu... "iink, a m.. lyr~
(::',334)
wret. AIlJ("ly
vaiAlIlf'llnyi ~JI,t<>t f!nnt. HAJ.IILTO...b>mPk fM'WZZlik.
A1: 5.51. ibrin ... ~to1t VM1AWt "C HAMllTONJr."," Aikntn><\r..

Egy nlyan jAti>k g<lndolata.. ~ '1(\' l><"t'~ do<Ir1w'<iM1. AbrUoIO ,;liJl....... HAUILTOS korokrt 1aWj"nk >lir W HAldll-TO Sboz "wittik.
:\ 1f1&'gyv-s: CrMok H Ald ILTO, !r.oirOk k..l ,..., J<'lI.-uw~ ...k kh<l...... AZ f'gyik kla.....,..ikUl< .'\P-1<:"Ije>.
"roblPm.v-.._L & i>rt HAldILl'O S kOrOk ....,.Jr.r-t......\l'f'f.. ll.. br~ll .. m 1Pt"",lr. hatkkony ~'w..,..
2.
".4~. AM".
H amilto n- kOr
f). G griU oIy>Ul ek-mi
Dirac t"tele
HI\.<'gy kgalAhh hirow <"'01OO!>OlIti, G "SJ"l#T11 srAf mind, n n,olUol>out.iaHl. ~KZ. bogy dc( t) :;:: IV1/2
akkor" G Rl'Mtartalma:< HAMILTQ N-ku rt &. I\. IIANllTON.!r.i>r Ii-tt-~" ItOlUl.tlr.o2i> elo-g<"Doo f..\'(>1<:"1
aI.onban llPW ""'Gk....~ . Az
A1wll.noo.ito1t {pJt.ivkht .. m1it6 t"'''\<'!r. ...........1<'l!:M>&'i fdtft.. lt
A<h..u: ... HAMILTOs !r.or Irl~.
..wmi
Ae 5.52. ibra olyan grAmt mUlat, AIII.-ly -""11 tdj""iti O RE a1Ahhi t ....
tel<"u,!r. f<'!t"uol..it .
3. Ore tH<:"1e
HApgy I.-p;aLi.hb hAro!U O'Otrl0I"'l\tW hln'> '1O,.,....r/llttMrll iJt.u, bulO' lw
tn.. ly k"'t l' ..... ,".fOlI~ llP!U .....oU~I"".....,Ill.'lmntj"Cll<I,:(t)-+<I,;(w) 2::
11'1,Ilokkor a G gril.fnak v..n HAJ>IILTON-k or<'.
4. P osa t e t .. l..
u"RY"n G '" (I'. E) ..gy l"ll.alAhh hMom ,x'"ll'I",,,,tta! hiro ' 'IO"''''-<:''rll (l:rAf.
it.. "'" alabhi f..ltfte\..k t .. lj""iiln..k a ll:rAf t,,,Wllla./; HAMII-TON kOrt:
::'.;;2. Ahra .
l. v lOPll ilt;.l ::; k < (111 - 1)/2 r rtrk ..kre. h"ItV 'v"u ''''''lIL<''I''>Iltok ...l iw", lIIlJelyek foknama l<>gfl'ij..hh k a k ~cilllnit.l k ilo<hb.
2. H.. IVI par atlan. ak k"r llWlI l""lIl,"I~JIlt ok ,.,.Jun" "m,ly.. knok {nJt"dllna lq:fdj"hh (1\-'1 - 1)/2 nem
l..h..1. nagyohh mi nt (IVI- 1)/ 2 .
5.8.3. Fnk {os Iavazak

5.8.3.1. FAk
.-\1. iuor<l..r btjar""lr.Ol' n..llJ v"llozik r",'K II ""IT~,,,I a kiiu.htlN<h,u k,,I_t. A po"ztor<l..r I...,jli.t"-"k<>r ariMo {r.....mod,,1 po.ajU )~It1/r'~''''k vagy
I"n'l'l~l nola c itinak TlPWZ'l.iik. H...",nl"Ir.'\'I,,n kal>i01k "rmr.kr b'JAr;""
kor .. pTt'llx jplOlp,;t. \"ftgy for.-litott !.-nllY'1 UQt .....;ot.
F ilk impl<'menlii,\fwlnii.I ki h,a..:;mAlhato"" .. tiny. hogy II prpfix i>A p,,,,,,t.
fix ki(,j"""""'lr. .. fat pgyo'rtPlm,1pn IJl<'lI:hatil.t<>laAk
AI. 5.56. abran ax e- (b - ,,) -d kifp jr7,kt tflllu'li f,I a grM. A~ merrln Ix-jar;i~ru\.l <l (b- c) - d " pr...->rdpm{>1 ... a - b...J "'Xill .. J>OIIZlor,lf"t
bej ........naJ abc - -d-. f'ff'dmi>nyt kapunk.
c
j ..)..I, Atrrll..
5.8.3.2. Feszito fa
I.
....
I
I
gyere k..lr.
~U ,
5.:':;.
dtMuooUlr.
Ah,.
5..:.6. Ahra..
F.... ~it6 filk
Ha a G ~ grit tartalmaz kurt. "kkor a G r;rafhOI cltavolftjuk a kOrnelt <'gy eWot. A"
dMllO G, r;rJ\!
2. G yok... rt>s fil k
ec
Ey ki~u <1llOIDOI>Olltt.a! biro rat gy04~,... frinak

""'"""'Ink. a ki~tt NoOmOpoul 1.mIR ~Itlor. EY
RYO~ fa ilbri.j&na.la gy<ikP...... Mill brlyraiik..t. ~ G
'11""'1 .. COkCrtOl t,,~ lI"ioDybaD k-tfolIJH"Q1ik INorI
5 .55. io b ra) . .-\!O~ fak hiPrardlllr.,,,,struktllri.k.p6i.
<lAId '12'.PII>f"lr.1",n a1.Vt>ndf.lt...,.>gi vN:O.ll\"Ok......Mma~... flUe
~ ~i<llllll ..tikai strukt"ru AbrU<.>l.i".Ma-.lRA!nAIt.
Al 5.55. abra <'gy ""'lJNJ ~.Iwpoutj.. van. a ffihhi NlOlltOpoul fok!<l..am... I ""8:,'0' J ..... kor
f"l:t alii.l. ,..,.u.;:n.. 6m...... frill.... r..
.f,k.
E&,v Il.--,;l,wi.,. hinArill fa DIlJIIlOI.. "'lj ,...Jt!lZAn... pN-IIt1>w. Il" a TPglIIRri.~ fa o;<>m6pontjainaklCl.>i.lIl.'l II.
illur (II .... 1)/2 C'lOUlbl'ulIt fowArna lo-><~ 1. Eto ......"m'>IKl!lt "'lilltj"" Il.<OSOIllOIKln' gyok'..-tol \'310l.Ii.....,l
s6ga. .-\ k-,;n"K"Ohh ""Uif,mlllll, lCI.i"t<l a fllllJag~na!< hi,juk. .-\ 'l,&uIari~ hin;Ui~ gyQk."", fUnflk
kiilonhW-.o ,.Jkalm..u..... kl,,I1M~.,j V>UlIl"k. 1...ltI""llIZ informatikAh>w.
4. R ..nd ..z.. tt hiniorill filk
Rt-n.l..-""U hi,wu. f"knlll <'gy J f"b".';'mll I'"m ltY0k{>rtlll 1"",1,,1,1, ,...:; sWlllwM"i kOwtl 1I1f!'\kiili;n.
!>iizt,tii,,1r. l...l. illrlw johl> 01,11<\,1 AritllldiAAi kifpjP7j.,.k.t tm'!'"'\t hi"",;" f"kkall,1..1 It:wlilr."",",u
"",Mfll"'l r.,tui. Ekkor IIM""""'okh07..... II VlIJtl1li'kho..: \ fok"".am(, No<'ITJOp.,utok>o.t wlld,.]'i"k. 1\ m'iv,I.t~k.
n..k (+. -,' ) "10'11<'1 ul\RYObh fu k'07.ltJlII" '''''''''''''I""'',,k f..lPlnpk mt>g. '" a joh!>. ill,t.v, hal ol.I.. [i ri."da
.......1..0 ...... lIl"",-"bk "I"" lIud,,,,t wl,r'"'A'nl Alja.\llli Altai"""" ,.,.,.,thf'n w.irttPn kif,'j<"l.i",.
A I"f'n<l"-'RU bill>\rit< f"k>o.t h"",m t<'k"l"~iv,'u ki,hatb kiilonoo7ii llton [arhatjuk I,, (Jr""IIII'og IV. 5.56.
flhrM ):
In()f"(l~r ""Jrir"~:
1\ gyokf.r b,.J oldaii ,-(.",.f,\.jan"k (in"rd..r) ""ii'll""'.
1\ gyi,k"r l,,j"ra-.
1\ gynkh j"hh "ld"li r<'!o',f"jii.n"k [inord-r] " ..ja ll.....
~.
Prrom," '''J'''.'''':
"1lYi>k{>t l,..jfl'{lI<ll,
IIllYi>k"'r hili oldali ri",zf"jii.n"k (I,r..-,,<I"r) hpjar;""",
il gyi>k"tj<>"" "Idali r{"..J.fajan",k [preorder] I)('j,\.ra-,
""..l"',/~" 11<')';"''-':
"gyi>k"'r 1,111 ol,llIli r'''''l f"jf",a k (p<lI.Ionl,t) f,..jflr""',.
a gyiik"r ju"h "l<lalir{'S'l.fajanak (l""'zt<>r<l<'r) l",j>ilr........
IIltYok"r l,,j"-rii.......
"'lint.... """".cliili\Ko.... C, Jr.Ori>n.k. fpl,"" ho,;y il}""l """

tnlk. ~ N6tek dtAmlitA.......woI f!\P' <-ufft~o G J &IJul
&llithatunlr.dUo Hog"'"""k .."....,. utAn C ~ f,nltO f"JAt
kaj,juk.
I~
2k>,-3
.b 5.5-8. abra az 5 .57 . IIb ra n t....nulJotott G Kriol ~

hzit6 fajat tiwt"'ti f~l.
.-\s olv.o.n fAt.lLlllf'lr~ ir;\n~'itllt1u,G ~ ti1lZgt"Afjll .... C 0 . - pnntjAt t.vtA1maz:t.&. C f~"",ltifajiwJ<.

lJ~fik. ~lindPn o..-fiW:6 V"ll."" G Itt'ilf 1Nt-...li1LlLl- <'&V H ftnft6 fat M- ,.)"bhlak alaj,j".n:
2. Cayley tHe'"
!.lind...nn > 1 esoroopoee j,tf>1';""lVAfnak l""'l....ul lIA - 2 r,-.wt6 fa;.. ....n.
3. ~I"trix-fa-t"'tel
Lrg)"I'Il G = (\' E ) "'KJ' r;rif. ..ooI \"
{t'l> '''J.
".} (II > 0'''' E =
<'2 e,.} A V -.= (d,~)
k1:{>krkkr\ tktiniiLlunk..,;r .. " 'I-<'>' Il1l\trixut. am.. l..... t MV......... '""13 fahwrn .rWn:JIlalr. fl("\'ezillllr.,
tel.
_ {
'J -
0 ba I t- J.
dc(i) haj- J-
P_33--:oa)
A val..nci;uu;i,trixcs .... ilb:t.k<"l'",i wli.trix kiiliml""'w' /l G 1V4f L Mmituucia mAlrixa:

L =- V - A..
(j.33:ib)
AI. L mitrixheJl az jik I'OI i... al. jik OlIZlfJl' tiirl;;,w......1kal'jllk >\I. 1., ",Atrixot. Euu..k ,kt...tminAn.. .. m"!':Ill!ja. /l G gr4f r""",itO f"'na!< .. ~dlJn3t.
A" 5.57. iibra gtAfjAnllk ill"""k...liosi f"kw....u ,... ", ltuittt.ucia t",'lrilla /l k<>VPt kP7ii:
A= (HH).
D_ (~~~~ )
L= (=~~~=~j)
00 10
0001
0 0 -1 1
Io.liutb "ItYdd L] = " .. grMlmk j f"j " VaU.
4. Minimillis feszft6 fair.
ItKY'u G = (V, E , f) "10' i;",;",fiil\l\6 ~lily""" tt grM..~ G I(rM H f,,,,.,..lto fajAI """i""i1"'lJ"k m..,~:t;Ziik .
Ila /IoZ f( H) """" b Oi<."ZII millinll'Ii~. abol
f( H) =
L f{e)
(5.:$:i(j)
oW
M i n i mii.li~ f"",zitO fAAAt Ju.,....iinlr., 1'",1.1",,1 "k kor, h" lIZ "'I.-k ~",Iy"i kit""f(pk<>t r"I'rl"'Antr,l"itlr.. ,,,,. miIJ'
kPt " minimAli"OOt;'l kolt",!,\ ",.1,",1. A llli niTlliui~ f''''zitil flO nllf(hlll,A.t.Y,f........ra "7.011;:,,16 ['Ijar;"" K Rl'SK.-\L
5.~.
360
alguritm""",
a) VAJ->:llnk ''llY lIlil1ilU;;,Iil<~liIYI\ (o]t.
b) C.....t1fr,.kozt......""k,, mAr kivAllOl<ttott "k-khPz pgy o]y,,"ld,ctO J~ki""hb ~(I1Y{1 i'lt, 1\I,...ly" nlAc k,Yl\)"""t<ltt "l..kk..lllf'1ll Alk"t kiirt.
A h) ],."""tl<"ll "mllt<'tl I1lf"ltPlll':f'(lott"l kivl.1>w1tA,u\1/lZ aLWhi jrlOu-.i algoritwu.. mrp;kO'lIIyitbti:

A VAl ..,.."......>Ol1tjAit Iwnllki'llt kiilOnhi'tmlu'I'p"I1jrlOljiik.
.\lindffi Ip"""hrn CN\k~ aIY'''1l "!o.k.,\ f,lzh"liink .. ,;.Mhoz. anlf'lyrk kiik""d><izOkrpp.'I1 j<>li,]t ,.....,u......
POlltokat kOtn..k ~'.
EI':Y "llIouilfti:t<'>o< 'Il"",, n"fP"Ohh iort':'kkrlj<-lOIt vPwou1ot a ki'i ~ ki..,I,hiki-vrl ';'tjrliiljiik.
a.8.4 . PArosltA.o;ok
t . P a rositklok
A G ,;rif "lo-illf'k .\1 hab.luv..\t pQrn...td.ouak lIw>ndjllk, M .\1 D<"IIl tarWlIlI\Z Ll1Jk~.;'" "" .\1 hAnnoolv
Ie" fJ<.nrk niIJnl ki.izOo, v"KI"'lItjll.
.
A G griLf "lO' JI' p.olroo<itI\Ml '~lrlmllC'k lIlondjllk. ha II G"~ niD<'>' "iyAn .\1 pAroo.itA.~ l\I1l<lylr
.\1" c .\1.
A G grN"lO' Mo' p!\roo~ DllW'uilllO. hu G gr&(naJr. nillnlol)"MJ.\I pI\roI';ita....... 1l1lll'lyt'f' 1.\11 > I,\/j
5.8.5, Slkgrafok
Ehlx-n Il kje-....1.(;"n lIZirAnyitatJ.w yl\fokra korl3l.o:u;uk v~taiuk><t. uri",1 ec ininvitougniI "'I"'U
akk.....sfkbeli, hA" neki mq:fddo ir4nyft.lltllw ....
Sikbf-li grafok . ~ ikgrarok
Egy gnU olyrnildon rajzolhat6 f..J.ogy ..ikhow. ho,;y ... "J..k ~iII .........m6poutokb.m 'Il{'!I<i<ik "KY'''''''t.
fy ~IKhcli gallal izomorf !tl"ar"t ~agmfllAk lIlOIvllInk. Az 5. 60. Abril e,;y C I foikbch grarot mut>\t.
mig ... 5.6 1. abra "lO' G Lgraff,,] izotnorf G J grAfot tiilllf1. f..l. Altl<"ly Dl"IIl l'lKhPli. <!<' Il G 1 grifbo:z VR1i>
immorf kapnrolata rh"n ~ikltl"&f.
1.
2. N':'ID .ikgrAfo k
:\ fls t..1;.... grAl Nil Ku "'-'lin pAre'" &tar Ilf!1Il "Ik~.
3.
G vAl J/ ~ ~ iAz. b<..v G Vll!amffinyi ""OrnOpontja. iocidf',l.'o lIZ.'I J>lVoI'itM

Yl\lo.m..lyik "'1o'wI......kor A.oVnoQtAA trip,
AW""IWyibm ..
,L->'<J;
:;.59.
2.
"tn-...
F.. IOIJ.IitMok
!::to' G J(laf frJc-toll,j&!. liY kapbatjuk. oo,.v ~ &1-u hoW;

fobdn,,'l "",m.'.pou!Ob1 lM,n;il'-mk. ~Imdrn graf i">nnuog", f<-I.
OMtottjlwak t<-kmthrt.6. ,u 5 .6 2. n. 5 .63. a b r ako n A fl, (.,
. u 5 .59.
ibra G ;riU,ahan "" .\11 = H2. 3}. {5.6}1t..1l1'1' loA"",i""". ,u!g JI I = H1.2). {3. -I}, {5_6}} maximfW,.,'.........it..... IUT><"!y
361
''10' ol ....1Ul javit6 alknuao utat. 1I11J,.]y Il V ....->mbpoilloll k..~.<I~hk.

c) Am",myihl'n l"te:r..ik ilyen (,t. akkur lIJ> im"nt I..ltt 00f'fI'Ji;..j dj"ra..,'lO" .\1' Iw"",itil.s!loz v("L.{':.IlIII,lyn:
Pl'j > 1.\1"1. AmcIlm'ih"n ilY"" "I uurce-u. Akkor tnV.. ht~lLk d .. G ItIMh61a t' C1.'"'.... poUl.ot"'" lKraA
f":MtlakoW .+kl't ..... i.'m,;teljiik mrg a hI 1"1'....1.
EDMO~DS Itt j,. a maxiJ,u\.li.~ par",,;t"" m~a1.wu...u-a~w4l6 houyolult .,Jgoritllll1~t. (las.i lii.J(1).
;g...
""- --r(
Grrifplm<,/pt, alg"nhnu..,,,k
K u gAiuk
ii.60."I>no..
f~tottjAit tiiut.-ttiik
M.
.-gtittAltdjno j,.
....
~I PJtiPgyU8: P;\fAt!M pon~mi grafoklw.n nlilOlO"ll tdJ<'" 1..v..J-
Tott':' tetele
EY G
= (V, E) iVAfnak Akkor \'lUI ' ..Ij... p4ruolt.a\8a. bAWl p;\lOl< .... Af>l()(ll<)polilok minOrIl 5 r1NM1InAU.rA q(G - 5) ~ )51. Itt G - S ~, A gUm jeJ..nli. lUIW'!y A G grAiJ".1 "" S noomc'>I">lLtok", A
hozzAjnk.......Ilakozll ""'k ..IUvolltJu,4hOl k,I..,h."ilr.. A q(G - 5) A G - 5 "'.of] komf>Ollf'1l>OIil"1r. J<1.Arr"'1
jek-lIli. 1UIlf'1~...klJi>la nooIlInpolltolt f<7Juu-"]"'ratlan.
TcI,in< ]""""'iu-...I hin...lt r<'1<I4ulll7.ok" Idj'", Io:l'Iuolt."ITt..I~kncIr.C!OOmOpont.'<ZiII.'JI\ 1>Mot;.1l K~.~ t<>t,;....
IW<.:o<I'\TMok. I<>V&hh... """.10:. Il rc"lC'll4ri~ 1>Aroo< gr,;Jolo:.. Ilhol" I"f'glLlsu-ilas foka r > O.
3. A lt.. rnA16 u t a k
~n lI<\ou <'!tV G KtM .\f 1>An..it""" A G grM ..gy \\. utj", aIt!'TTIciWnak neveazfik, I", 1\ W ,i\.on
minclf'n p E .'1 {ill.. tJil'1!: p i .\lj "It ''10' r'
.\1 (illPl,M"g e E M) cl kovct.
EIQ' nyitott ,,1t<-ruAll:> t"n j"",!", 'LI. hll ''K,vik "'c'gpontj.. "'-"I" "ri"tlu~~ik "",.\1 p;\f""ftA.~h"". tIll1,rf.i, "11..1.
4. Berge t H e l..
A G grM .If 1",,,,,,ltA,,,, ekkcr ULllXimalj,.. hll uiun. Il G f:lflf'hau altcrnaJi> javfti> 'H.
Legyen If" a G I\l""n",n <>gy alt.'rlllilo jllvltll "11, ,.,. ItZ all.ua hl'flltott dl'k hahnl'lVl (11"). Ekkor ;,,;<,
.\f' = (M \ ( W)) u ((11') \ .\1) a G grM olya" I""u;it;\."" 1<=,. am.. lyre 1.\/'1 = IMI + I . Ew'!
~'fiiAA'''''h''1l CIOI',"I'.,.i ,'ljAra..,r<">!I""'l':"liink,
A7. 5.59 . ii.hr'l grAfj ... hall ({ 1, 2}, {2, :l}, {:.I, 4}) ,h "7..H , [>ArOl<ita.~HI ""wltk<Y/.tllt_jIlVit" 1l1t"lHhlo
'Lt. A ..,...riol;.,.i ,'lj"l'o\.~t ,,11o,lrll~_ nY" rjiik ,bbol ,'" M J parUloit.......t.
5.
MaximAli~ plll'rnirtA~ u .. r k ..utlls.. .
Lc'g....CIL IIIlou 1'10' G Kr;,.f"" M plLmlt"""".

Il) K,.,.d t><iillk Ill' .If l'.4roI<lt""'ho/. '"ltV M " fw\.r,,,,itN<t., Ulplyrf' M 0;;; M" .
h ) V"'I_/.unk" G l!;TAfuan.'&.v olY"ll """"mol"'nt"t,lIJnplyik,\f " eleivel neur hintk.",ik, "" k"r,_nnk
:;.62 ...btll.
a-t..
4. K u r a t owsk i
l..
Egy grAf pontocsn akkor ecru
~ikgM,
11ft a K u 1..1jr>< l>ilrooo geM VllfO' '" K. tf'lj.... griiJ
""""=
5.8.6. P fLl ya.k ir a.nyftott grafokban
r..!0s7.tonjat
1. tv""NYLlltok
Ett,v ir4nyiloU grafhan "'" '", k F = ('"1.('1'
,1'.) ""rW./ltAt. J.""~"""fluJ"ncllak lLl'w"auk ha F Pgy
I....t ...m tartaillIltZ kH",,~'r, i", at. c, !wkrc i = 2. 3,. - Il~, holO N: " RY lk v, ~POllt "" t, _) In, I
"IllAAik J-lig aZ 1"+1 h 'v.,1 ki;~.o.. ,
Egy ifill " a kkor [>Alya , j", va lamo'lIlLy; tv ,,,,,,J.{' II ,,,;<. i ". 1, 2" " " - 1 iv "':'Illolltja "" 1" +1 IV k,vM\(;IKll!t.
javal"l\..yhl'ffi;k.
A grM _llI.ml'lIllyi """mol"mtj"t !l'.:a1"t.h "gy,q."f I...f,,',o IA.u""k ilI" tv .. l'A1yAk a~ .,l"llli hi"co k il\"tVl'
d"hlli pAlyftk.
A 7Art lane ILPW' eikln". Al. olynll7.i1rl [>Aly.., ah"lmillc!"n """",i>l">nt I"" llt.--n ko'tIv v"I'\I",,,,tjll. kOt .
360
..I,.
)'
b) ,
'Ab
362
5.
,\ 19~hrn
..
' 'I
I.
AG
kk
A<
............
.\1'
AG
5.8, 7. Szallitisi h ftl67.a t o k
IOnlKm'l IV",>fI"",tokl.l rolli 'll I"" .

.. r~ n
2. o,."" ..fi:igg6
OM"..fiigg6 grAfok
EY irfluyit<>n ltfit.f"t ii ..,~-
I. Sd,lIIt .....i halO7-a l

F..gy <'iooo<zcfiigg6 ini.nyitott gIluot .<:41lilw.. htiJo,,,tn..Jt ""wziink, h" V'UI f",uU<' k"l kitiint"t<"tt 0I01IJUp<>nl a Q fomi... (>s Il.Z 5 n:,..,IO. tocihl", nl: alit.hhi tlllaj<l"n""RnkbtJ l"u.Mk.-.t.ik:
a ) Utcri k oIyan
iv, ... ""I:v 5-001 a Q.I... mut"t,;'" "I
"lP""'Wn oIyatl iv ... ,1<ly "" 5 (>'<'Illol>onthol
indul ki, ho pgyo>tlrn aIll.I:--tl..k a Q ....."''''ponl " ....IJ>Otltj .
b) )"I ind.. n Ill: "I inol kiili:illh071i 'I, ivh.'lI <1O'...uo.. ...d ull c-(...) ~ 0 It;/. iv kallaC'....... \.;w huzziu.. n<if>I.....
mig "'" "I iv kaf"'cita- :x; :\~T ...... f,iAA\"nyt. NTWly" G 1;rJ llli".! .. n ".... h..., <'RY valO.. """""'t Tf"ndool.
/oi,.."",..k !If'wzz.-Jk. hogy mi",I"n OlOIu6!-,oOutr.. forW'n;.-'
/iifJlJ<;I"'k lDOwhmk.l... G l"'nudv

lr.H ........mopoutj.. 1Al,.....,J
........kUt ..... u<'looru ~'f~ "'"
a gr>.f. a.Il"~Y .. G grJ hanudy
r p,. .' """m6pulltjAt jJiJ,-.. kot;
....,
b X
~
Li~
venal
3. Dantzig a lgmoitmuMl
...,..., G
(\' E./) "'R.V "10'."I....."n irAnyitntt g.o.f.
~
_,1
AboI J(I!1 > o min<lo>n .. Iv.....

A ~b-i.6 ~Im'."" G grM
"V hi3OIIY"'" .., noomI>pohljAhOl
...,1.... ~yi
,/
,/
clemi
l'1('fT\i
Li~
.~ I
-. -.
yd
ciklus
kcr
oouUJ6vou
Il,
2.
EY
hol.
b=
,.....
Tel';'
=...
Iort<'kkrl.
H.... G 1;rM. ooornl>pontj.. I>PttI k-u n~IOI_. Air:kor nin..,." "I CJlOmOl"OlIt hOI .. t ""'>1'''>1><.11111", ",-."deli
paiVA.
A ~nri~ VII1Am.. nnyi tv ..'ily" 1. 1Ikkor I\Z illPlll'lk...-l""i matri x ~t.""W\'cl (1.iN1 ;j.~.2, 1. -I.) tJoWl",l.
juk mer;.... a.o\IJ ....pollth61 .. 11.' 'llOllI6poutb.. Vl"Zf't6if>grOvi<if>hh pal"", oOll..ii.t.
V.
" " e jeliiw.... I( j. kor t(t.) <'fO' il)"'n pAly" 1>-"'4
A 1'1 c>owul-"-'l1tbol .. V ' ><l>lllOpo nl l", \l'z,ot-
"'"
,.
'"
AG
"'''
M'
<-.
.....
JK
b) V
VI 1'1 .
I', ''1<
1'1'-'9:
1'lt'1:
1, I'lt
"11';:
1'1 era
8
8
VI t '4
"1 VI:! .
III
vr vu:
6.
v,
2
5.
viud,1>piUyat" ValaJllf>llllyi llI''!ti.-!ol! ,"",'mi'lK>Iltnt

"" ivct m"~I"",, fOf!;la.lO
a><JllloJ,<>ulr>< v<>U"Ikoro tIlvol-.agi f" 1.i\rw,'1<l-aA.
Az 5.65. ab r " ~rafjan" " ,,Rid.:)lt i""k .u kotJil.k
a t'l OIOmOpontr.. voll"tkod, tIlv<>lIWi+Ii f"t. A 1''1:1'0vid,,!>!> paI).... k h<NI......
7
',', "3:
2 ",,~ .
r... "'"
min.
V l0 :
M eg] ..gyz"": An a ,.,.. "",'tn' ami kol' G u..g"ti"
Ita a C grnf min<h
... Ivh-..~~O:-::; .,,(1I,)'$:r(II,).
j<-J7io,;t kap_ LPgyPn 5, = {or.}

b ) ~ .. ~Ji,lt """'ll1O(>ollltolc bAlmA7.a. S ..
c ) "m<>nnyihoon LT. = {f',*, = (I" t'J) EO E. t', E S... t'J E S .. } = it, f..j<'7:l:;ik boo ftZ~lm'. t
d ) ~hk<'f\t ~ll1k.-gy" " = (T',lll iw-t.Amf'IYT""t{r"j - J(... ) minimAlioo. JMt'iljllk n..-,;.v.,,.ot
... , ' ~t. ~ 1(11") '"' I(TO) ---/kO) ....5.... , = S... u h al..... il<mnclj,-Ur.IIM1t .. h)li-[>h;t m
1
~ a foly.un ....~. ~ T' folVAlll .... k"r t'1l.VO"!tPI!lPt6_ .. bj.M ita..olr.kN.,
\.at ..:zoIp.Itatja. .. 1'1 aoomi'I'<>1l1tOl
3.
(~.337"1
L ~' ~
':>.64. abrIL
L . i. t-. lt)
(...",0
(Q.>lOG
mrn l.A~'...J 'lO'iitt:
I~
'Till, 1:) =
.~~o
a ) A t I n->mI>f>onl t(t d = 0
363
A1. 5.64. Abra p,'ldak"'ut kii-
~,
I"'"
5. 11. C.-ti/plmil..li algonl,,,,,,,,,k
f . du~ATd ,,,,,,..,,,,,I.!,,
h"""" ''-'''''gl', iv"k" ,
Sl..ii.Iliw.i lWOzatok Wod J63. ok!.

2. Ford k Fulk..rson maximalis fo lyam algorit m u!Oa
" m>Utinuili~ fulyam ~oritm"" "'lti~vd ~Jt.Jlat'ithatO.llOlP' qy..dol:t ;: folv ....lI ma.xim.ili!.-c.....,;:,
~m.
~ G ~llZoliJli""'i bA1ir>-...e. ""':" kat-;il.iiookkal ~l<"tb<'td t'l ''f~o. fotyam.. o\ z ~orit
In""" aoomOsOOlltok rnegjooli>lnW-n- a ~ lrp<-kPl 1.IlTl.dn-. AI-llf'l:,,",k ~ajtlWl.t k~

kol....Ju.t.6, bogy .. ki....u.-tott
,..K;I{"., 1t1.....-k fiiu-+nyfot><'n uUlY'tl utftti-kbm uiM'lhMo meg .. fo-
lYAmI"l~
a ) Jd oljiik meg .. Q a;ornoltOIltot ..... k-,;}"'n c(Q) _ :x;

b) ATtlf'llnyibm lo'to-zik oIyan e. = (x .1/) fv. ahol r IlW ~1i.iI~, e..11tnIog Df'@.TWm jelOlt ~mu"o(]t,
b. .,;'("') < <'(f'.), akk or jelOljiilr.lll<?;"" r .....>m<'>pontot, "'" Jt.JliLoo-uk I... liZ fIr)
min{c{x) c(... ) - ...i u,lI
,,""kM. mAjcI il<mCt..ljiilr. mcg .. b) Wl......t. ~.. !>ko'nt foly~uk .. c)lil.e.-l
c) A(]lf'(] nyibrn.n lM=ik oIylW e. = (r,y) iv."hoI r nilloom y 1,,~llX tll"," Ill''; "1UI)<'liilW'. Y .,>{u,) > 0 ....
It, 'F "I , akkor jdolj.-tk nl<1\ ''''' I ,:o><>1ll6j>Olltot ;... 1\7. (r, y) 1....1. iI.lH!><uk b. nl: !:(r) - min{ 1:(, . ..-.(u;)}
ht(kt't. rnajd ha lchcw':g",d"'Jl>Iuk
h) f"pJ.<t.
~"bkh,t f..jl-:t.Z;ik Ix- l\Z aig<>ritmll"t.
Alll" W,yihc-ll " G f:riU S uyd6J>OlltjJt.T m"ll.i"liiltiik.
u,
akkor " C grM <,,(5) folY>WI" j ..vjlh"ti,. H" I\l'; S
ny.MJ..-"""t nem j ..lOl tiik m<'f: " rUlYl<J.ll lll'Ulll";'hl\,
F.
Szio.llit"" i hM67.at: E:gy "MI"I", p l.rrn"kpk.,t
i\lUt ..16: F F2 . Fp A f''K.,',..~d,:,k ,~..ii.ln" q:
v,
\<;, l'; .. , ~~" . M''lIMott i.-lli " la U ;,t F, ",lllalat
", t('rmpk, t gym. "g)'" ""kkor a \ ~ fullY"'~'t."" I,
''10''''g..1. igi>uy<' L
5
A "",garlott irlii ,,1,,1.1 <",j <"I':.l-'~ s,.i.Jlitil.. t/ > ~ [-~
t.'rmdiitiil " l j fOKY"""toh oz. Ki,.J' git l", t "-"'k -p f'Z
v,
"i,,1.1 "" id6 "lau "" i!-\"IlY"k ? Az 'lLl t< k uW'Ifpf"l,;
F c;
grMot ltlut"tj" " z 5.66. abea.
.'J.( j( j , a!>,a ,
"<'lI;Tf""
v.
"'
( ~'.
E . /)
i~ t"ltnhll'" " I,'gr;"'i
d..hh pMy" IJj" K"Z<,l k,,,.zl '.....n 1ll,,,I,,,dtotl

mils ,.;wIgal (1"-,,:I!JIl.
,.J~urit.
MaximAli, folya",: "" 5 .6 7. " brim it f:r"O,,,,, fdti;"t, ttiik II', {>I..k " Ilya j az N" k kapac iU",{,t jdi>Jik.
Az 5.61:l. "bra stllyoz"l.t gnUj "b,ul ' K" 1:.1 <"I",,,,",'gll . "z"kk.-l" k;' I""jti,,,okk..1 iit<Hw. g,)....t \-ethl'to f" IY"llI
van f,>ltiint"tVt) . E~ "'", ""IoU <"",11",,, n,,,ximi\li. f" fy"m.
".9. FlIzzylogika
364
(T 2) Az A f""zy halmaz tartOjll (" ugolnl: "" " purt) _.n I .. 1"In..kM/ AU . nwlY"k A-b.m p<Yutiv I.llg>I;l\.gi
':'rti>kkd"'''''''1'l"""k. , ..hAt 1ll..1 ~,k,..,:
~nl)p{A ) = {r E S lp ., ("') > OJ
(:>.340)
(T 3j At. S alaphalmaa f.wlt ':ttf'!m..zMt .-1 ;.,. 8 f,,:u.y b,.JlTW< ""..,1
..... h&.. '~ fligg>+ny..ik meg-
13
s
Q
I
;',(;7 . Atm .
''KY''Znt'k;
A. _ B . ha 1.'-1 ("') = 1-11:1("') t..lpiil ",iwj"IU E X -'-"n.

(T 4) Di.>!Zkrit ahrA:>.oa.. vagy " rtikp., ....i.brAzo!ko: nS......1..lM7.4mi, X aJ;.1luU.t,taz. """"
I
I
= {z , rl. '" .7~} .....-t<'.p o'l"".enl a fuzzy IWlllAi<Ok ~

liIggwny"t tahlilza.tha foglalni. A..z .-I fuu; y IWll1ilZt ta bl.W.t ...
fi>rTll'ihan az 5.8. tiibl;iLa t muta ljlL
z,.t>/-. ,u,rIL
Dilo>:Jm>, fUrly balnuoaokllt "" a1Abbi..w.kb.. u
5.9. Fuzzy logika

5.9 .1.
.-I :-/lA( r ,) I. +..
tablazat.
EY fu 7.ly IWmaz ~toe<

R.br.uotAAa
~
~
id ...ljll k,
L I',,(I ,)/ r .
(:> .342\
h! .. tiirt.ie'""k b;" SZ UIllillllj,.j ,""upii.n "".imbolik'L~hvlmi\rk: "'" ..1& bi "", lOdotl ..kt, ... ht{>jqW~
t.olrtoUIoAt . "'" urobbi. ~ "'>!1 "'Wllbuli.r.li.lj.... hor" poVoIt ~ batNo:u.II. ~ lIZ .-I fuzzy lIIl1--
5.9 .1.1. A fuzzy halmazok errelmczese

w
Az ~ .!'lZZY trW jdml"'" rnju.. ~ bizouyta.lan >'aRY inkahh bomAIyao.. 11..... 11 l'lIlArmui k
'" feZ! u.,w. ..I~_ A boaw~ ko't t ip 'lAA.t lr: ioollbOztctjiik lIl<.'l':; .. hotrimZ4tlofJ.O<igut n. . ...
_~. M..t.-matikai ,.rtdf,mlwn kk ..1mfok1. iUll"ZC."k ~t ; '" fuxq bal~lmo'k:t"'''fUD V
IllIkt<'kdmHct. A kOw-tkt':ll6l(Vunrlllti ~11 '" tObbiTti>kiIlogikA ""lti~;'Yf'lI,,"Il11~ b-riilnek '" ~~~ U\at<'lual ibi ~ k l t..fu.ruert - fuzzy balmazok bl bj........1M<.. f~Dak .
1lDi'lrtt-k.
1. A kl "" ik..,. hll.lmu #of! a f uny habnaz

A ~Ul> baltuufu>Uom" kM.~11. kJ-ikWl BooLE-algt-bran alap1u.lUIK"lv i7nmorf.. k..t<>rti>ll il
it(>~Wlr.ll.l.........u. Dann..!y X at..pblliltlJ\l'- f..!-Mti A halml\l!bo:l. wegadhal.O"-Z
flo: X - {O,I} .
(:;,338a)
alalt,i komtt"nsztih.oj.''JfJ',i-n,. /Uf>f'Iy mill'''''' I E X ekmn' 'lli'll:adja.IIOfO";u.-t w.Jm.,,:,d lOll tNt<Mik ..

""&y n"m:
/,, {x ) =l _.eA i~ / .. (;I")= O _ r '1 "

(;J,3Jl:lh)
A t1u..zy hahnN.<>k ..lmJowl.. lV.otl lIZ ..lkfl'....l.....n alalm!. hORY vala.rrwly ..1Pm aJaph"llll>lZl...li r...,.,~t
oIyll."A1litMnllk !.f'kintjiik, m..lYll..k ig~';'l "RY [0. II int..rv..llum....li ......un j<-1\f"llWZ. El:Y A rU7'>:Y M I
ill"" mat<-matiluU moo..lI..,.hPhpz olylUl fiiggvinyr.. VIUI sziikseg. m..ly" {0.1} h"lfllAZ il..ly..tt "1o.1 J
int<-rv...JI"mn... k~r-. al'.az :
J' ,,: X -
p~(.r~ .... ~
5.~
(5.34 1)
"
A fuzz)' IOKikaalapja
lJI<'I<bwo",k
365
]0, J] .
(5.J:Y.l)
T..hli.t minden rEX ..1'IJII...~ h"ak'uddlut1i"lQ' 10. 11lntervallumbeli i',,{r ) "rt'k. Ill,.]Y IIZt Tnllt"tj....
h~ ..... r ..lem mi/Y"um'rlikl,..u tartO'/.ik .'i-boz. A I',,(I ) Ipk{>l"'?h n"Vf' t"y~agi fugg"~"y (Ill ..... no'''''"
h"nlit"rt"ui.." 'gg,,"ny). A~ J: h..ly..n fdv "tt 1',,(.1:) hti-k """" tag.'fig."rt"k. ~fiVf'l ...tng,.{,lo\i fiil\.Kv(ny
pgy{>rt"lnIlT..n mer;l,..t"rozza.,.;,: ..Ita/a <[,.finiAlt fnt.t.y lmllllil:'.t....,....rt barmely fllu y "..tlllat. ,,,. t'''''''''~i
fijro,""'llyl'kijol.ijtt bijcktrv r,l"('j(, VlUl (,.,.ht .. j..!ol... iikl'f'ba."znAltsximbolumok f..k"",'1I...t6k j.
A,. X f..I"Ui f1l7.7.Y hllhnllwlcatll7. X a lllpbalm,.;tf"zzy rooilallnll.tainak i~ ",""z"i 'k. Az X hlll",1'IZ f..I,.Iti
fuzzy blL/ma,,ok c-z......... golt. "'.I\l< X /tIZzy hlll,i"yJ",I",,,,,,H.t T (X )' S'I,d j ..loljiik.
2. Fuzzy halmazok tul"jd"1I8l1.~.. i

A ddinkib uyilvl\nv..u, kii",>tk'"/.Illpny..i II knvptk<'7)1 tlllllj<lnn>l!lgok:
(T t ) A kl_ziku~ b,.Jm...wk fd f,,~llat"'k
1 tiIll:AAgi {>rt{>k,l fn,.:>:y halm""..,kki-"t.
""
-,
(T 5) l:ltr" flll:y IW""",,*: n1Yl1.n llury IWIn&WW. wr-I.....k ~

I.e map i~ "BY I1IU)' hIllrn=..
ZADEH "tAn u1lm ~7<f!Y .......odj,.}fi fnzry lo4Ima:nak biv)' Ik.
3 . F'uuy n~.. lwZ<'t
AlDPDnyibPn "BY~ n.....I\; f~.,tAbl . ,>1 . ..alN"".,.,.", ~- V>LC..rnag""M, ,llO<lo-lk-:dl..tj'lk
fn"".,. balma:M>kW. Ekkor " IIY"'lvi kift-p t " fuxzv h...tmu d ndlij{>nf'k. nyin f'",,}i-nr k ........z z"k."
fuzzy balmaz crt ..l.....,.;.,..; tart ornAny" 1K"<l~ II nvrln P<i1lnuf. nlf'IY""Tl '" balm"" nlf'g"' lltati>pi-lAAUI "lO'
IJlf"I'>bAtAm7.0tt tartl>jo. gmfikon nlli (:>.9.1.2.). A 111>:"", h.al~ ltZMnll (jPIPn_bI'n 1Wom) f<>l...-l"tfii~.
a.9.1.2.-bcn a n~...lvi \~Io7.i>t r jelOli. Pi-\<IA" l r jPlPnlilf'1M nofflo{>klt-t",-. nyomlist. halIs..mt. fn>k .....n..;,li.t..
...ho-"g,>t. fi-n~. kort . ......7.IlA.lodott..,ftgi fokot ~! " 0.. "'bPI nrv<>l'Ii. .....kt rnm<Jl\. k"IllW. okol6giAi
tb. vaJww is.
A I,,,( r) ~ fiiggv{>n~' ""f;ft...,(>gi>vf'1 ~Aco d ... to rgy konktk m;.ku e k ",,1Jun<.>1.,. hW>IlytJUan.
(f u:a y) hahn..... bd i ~~Anak m"rti-Iw. f--tO" m..nnyi.~ fuzzy h...tman.a! vaJ<', Tl"IO<i<'IIn......... t. lf'gyf'n <'Z '"
""'1Ulyi>l{>g l\ bomi-,."..,kIM _Ii>brn Il .JllAll:",," ,,~".. lvi " rt" k. Irap"'" .. lako. tagAAgi f'-tggV{>nyt ff'!ti>t.. !<'7:v..
(5. 6 9. "bra) a kOvMk....iiki>1'p"n,-egI'7.hetjiik: J..liilje r '" Mm{>rw'kIPt vli.lu-qAjR.t ~ WgyPn n rgy konkri1 Mm{>noCkl,>ti i-rtfk. Ekkor o -WLk Il ..l1"'1\"'''' f1l7.z.Vh..bu ..... t...., '" I~ {>n{>k.. ;J.
..
5.9.1 .2. TagS:l.Ki fiiggvPIl)-t'k

A llvlLkotl..t ban it. tag.'iiigifiiggvi>ny..k..t 0 '''' 1 kil7.o1 Ii o'rtkk,t f,.[Vi'V<'l fiigg .....ny..kkel mcdellezfk (Mr ..I
",i-l..til.-g mCRarlhati> lila... bOvpl>b .rtikki""I!.t(l t.IlK~i fiil:l:v(uy ill). S,'l';il.l<i1i:iikktIl..l,c1 ' 'lilY halllllUhoz
00'" Iart.tr.......lIl{>rt{>k~1 iibrli.>-.olni.
1. Trapt'oz alaku tagsfigi ruggv':-n)~'k
A fO'akorJ"toou" tr.. ,*~ ;u"h, t""""p;i f;i",lI;vh,yt'k 1\ 1,lo\r]t..rjr<!..rhl....k. GyakrlUl talaJ kozba tlln k e ~,.a
kAAz pi-Id';'ilmll ily"" tip"", ,z,wlI<wnki'nt f"lytullu",,,, dilft-n'll";"lhati> t~"",,; m~"",".,.,.k keJ "" ~I....,i
aJi_,....t,ivP!. a hArll"lII7.og alah, t.. p;~i fiilo\!,:v/nnyl'/. S"kllltJ"illlAhh ,rt.Jlll(,,,.,.f;iAAv{ny,khC"~jllt,,nk.
h .. f"lytow:"'. i!JetV<' '~aka.~Z<Jllk"ut fol.,.l.<.>u"" fi\AAvi'uy"!'! hll>;;l.ll;tJulik t'jO'",A.. ",tJ ka!.e""l"tb" hw..ando
fuzay {rt"k,l llll'llllyi""-"g"k "bnl:<I"I....;ijl"~.
A: Tr"1'h,u"hl fii!':p;v<'u.,. (5.69. Aora ) (5.34:J) "l"pjAu. An""llllyih," a2 "" a, = a ..... "1 < a < at>
"kkot a balm."" !l:rafikullj" hArou",zOjl; "llIk,'. Al. " l. ' ". "4 ~r .."k,k lll"~V"';",zt""" al"pjan kapba tllnk
_ziIHm..trfkus vagy ...., zimlnrtrik\L' "tal"". iU"IV<' hArllm~Y.i~ IL/".ko. fiigg .....ny<, k,' (02 "" a" = " .....
366
5.9. Hmylog,h1
la - ad = 1/10 - al ",,~ mm ..lrikU>l Iw<>nl>lZi; a, = 0;1 = II"'"

h"rom!lZOg).
B : v ..u.k,', tI\g!'Agi fiiggvi'lIy (5. 70.lIhra ) ( ~ , J.l I ) AllI.pjlW:
0
I-d,
(5 .7 2. abra) kiilOnt>07/i"'...1.........1:(1 !\Zinllllf'lnku" Il:ful......-rt'll:i~l ...~ jU'\luk. Ez.k k;r~;il" k = 10 prt"kh""

tAltozik a l~l-bh. II k = 0.1 prt<\kh.... III~k<'><koIIY'hb gOfl", .
IJ. ,(x
~ al .
<l1<:r<:a,Z .
<I, - "1
PA(r ) =
10 - a,l
367
<l,$r:5a, .
-,
0,5
(5.:kJ)
G:I<.r<a. .
... -Gl
r 2:....
'. ,
a,a a:
~_69_
A...,.illlItlPtrik'LO ~fUggv"n}1. O. II..." UJO' UI.W.tllllk. ha pI. P(I ) = .r(l - 1 )(2 - I }-fl Vl\g,Y p(x ) =
x(1 ~ I)(r + l}-fl (5. 7 3. a b r a) v,u,.",;t juk>. nwgt..lo-16~ . .4.z l'bO polinoru (2 - I ) t"nyniij<a f~v maxiwlIllll\.l halra tolja. lR." kap"nk "!y balra ffol'diilo'i _inunttrik.... giKbe t. H l\IlOnIDan. a
uWoo<lik poIiDom (r _ 1) u'n}-..z6j<- jOOOra frnliilo'i _imlnf'trik\l>l ~bk "ll"(llI"'ny..~.
"hra.
1 Il. (x)
PAIr ) =
-,
OJ -01
0
,-
..
... -OJ
:s
II, (X
(II .
O~
GI<r<02 .
",,:S;SSIiS .
(5.344)
b.
<I,<r< ...
5.r 2. ;;'brA.
... :5 x
00
O~
:i. 73. ii.hrA.
. 8 : A ~ fiiW"'ny<>k ll>i-K t.at;ahh .-tAlylLt kApjuk. Nllf'Illlyi""n [G.I>]-u 1I
.j.il). Ahr...
[ f (t( u)) d u
r:S
/)z(r - al)
<I, -
(~
I',.(r) =
QI
1I1
-,J
I: )(r
-,
.~
.. -.
~)(Ilo -.r)
bs("<l - x)
"" - ar,
0
<r c
+~
J.I .(x
<12 ,
""I :s
(::'.34<.)
It
4.<1:< ....,
b,
b,'l-L-:.-'--'-c""-..
o
a,
<I,
a, a, a,
a. x
,).il . AI>n. _
l.hl~....d ; vAl"";;UlMval PA(X)
.
A "'''''''''hk 1<'gC!'S"7Rrilbb I'oli"o",. am.. lyik I'<' n,l..lk<~ik .. f" nt i t nLfljolotL..aKOkkal .. t(x)
,.".2 + (1 - })I. "hoi c E
-'3r..r"' +
[- 6. 31>\.Iu..llol6 . A m.. ximAli" giirhii!,.til '1{xl = V _ 611 of- 3x polinomot
"I' ". -6o'rt"k vM""ztAAa\'al ",,"pjnk. LA 'IlYNl '10"'" i.l"nti tAs fiilUl;"'nft. t " hAt 'Io(I) = I. Ekko r 'I SO'j,riL"'ll:Pvd r .. ku rzi\' m;,don 'I. = '10 q,_l. i E N ';"'''~'fiiAA(_1 to"llllhi l.oJiuomokat "zRmitba1tmk ki.
"" :s r.
2 . H e rangulek n tl'lg!lllgi fiigg vlonyek

A: A hailll!W'l..!r.il, di lf..n'ndAlhl\!.<'> fiil(.gvi'uy"k "KY067.tAlyAt 1I.1kotjak (5,3-16) IIlnk,', niMvi'IlY'k. h..
P(Il..! alW tn......1I V1U..ntjuk m.. g: A p(r) _ k(r - a)(b - T) "'" pl. k = t o. l = I. ill. ~, = 0,1 {",
""' 1/ /( <l ; b) normAlo
f (t (u ))du
formula ;\}apjan ..1\""KpuUk .. I t,-,.n.7.formN-Kol. al..,1 f (:i.346)-Offi p(x) = (r - .. )(1) - r}-,..,...J won
"'''K"lh..... H... " t tnm>;zf"rrn3ciO ~im.. [<>.1>1 u
lU.ll.7. I ""guol..n ...Io<wr tlifI,.Ct'n,.iAlw.u> ""...n int"r ."II1hulIon
akkor f ~illl~ROOI km,<,tknik F, ~jllwu\fl:a. Am..nnytben t ><inUV<iLp:a m..lIctt ill"';kOv.-t"ljiik. bogy nO\,.. kv6 ""KY ookk..no Io>g)"n. akkor a tn""",fnnnAril> k-hrt6vf teor.<.lill"rnoltl.t IllkAh""""I1ak 'nw"zforn.aci6Hut. Az
la.b: = [O.lJ intervalluruon II w!':dt<rjMt .. hh puliU"lll M i'WILl it"" I(x) = x.
aJSr$o3.
(I, < r<<I.,
b-J %b. = l
(b4
F,(' J ~ [.
oJ) .
f{ r)ll(a ; b) l'Kyml .. t ,1 tilg""W fiiRjt"pn y<-k
H" (:i.3H) _ball " megfr-l..1,1 '10. ql." polillO Ulokllt bcly.. U....Itjiik .. t tl,ul"",f"rnw;t> lidf"!;", a kkor a
F.." Fq,. F." . (5. 74. libra) ~i lll" mAA\,pny"'-r.'glll'~jutunk, n,,'ly.-k t"g></Il:i fiii\K\,pnyk pnt "rtdJlJl.~.
hd6k. Ek ko r f .... '10' .. !tv(,,,',,,l,,"~ '"rt. EKY t,r"[>i'z "I"k"l t~~; fiiAAw llyt liZ F", . illrt "" " ti ikorkpp...
V"I"UU llt " I':)' vfz><~mt"" .KY..n.... ""gf""I:"""II..I",t k""..lft<ui ( 15 .7 5 . 4 brll) .
O~qZ"rOll;lalas: Pontetlan infoTllLad"kII, fu,.zy h"IIlI..,.....k klllldllt Idrni. m..ly..k..t t.<Ig><i\gi fiiAAvi>ny..k!wll.-h"t m..gaolni . NY'].,i 8.llit';'...-,lu!.t HA AKKOIt M"tl,hft.ly<>k ....It!l'/"I:"vd prtrkPlb ..t6 k ki,
5.9. Fuz zy logJ.a
368
1oI ...(X)
2.
Karakterizaci6s t H ,,1
X fdl>{ti A fuz:<y halm=lW'l pgy~rt#'lm,1rn houllr<'ll<l~lI... tO o.vAgataiuak (.,. sz;guru o-vegaLainak (A")"",(o.l) i>s ( A:><,,~[<I.1) ,~Ijll. ,h ovAgatok "" II "",igor'l .._vag"tok mint rC,;zl1lwnawk
IT\ouutou haJmaz<.,.,.]il.<kJt alko tnalt. l\UZ
0< J =:> A" 2..-\ ' "" "\""';;' A > ~
(5.35 1a)
~l illrlrn
o~
0.25 0.,5
0,75
t..l';""lli. Fordil"". ha "'" X halIll~ f<>l..tt ..oot t.u:..,.. (U..)"", 11.'1' illctw ( \:.),,~IU II rc.ahaln...wll:b61 AlIO
lllOlloton haln, .....NIaia<lok. akkor pvk "8J'''rt"lmt1<-n mrgh,,~~ aoI X rd.. tti P. ill. \ - f"""y h..ln....
l'J" ka.1 Ugy. hoRY c" = ri" .... \'>0> = \ ;. tl'lj""t.J. tl.""htlk
j<U(r) = sup{aE [O.I).cEU,,}.
~I(Z)= ~"I,{oE(O.llrE \ ;.}
(5.351h)
1 x
5 .9.1.3. Fu zzy halnrazok

1. Orell", uni ve rz"' lill fu u y haI~
.) Gn"l! fu zzy halrwu:: E,y X fo-lMti .0\ IWTnJIIZ ........ hA ~_.(r) = 0 '; r X ", tcljnJfl1.
b ) L"n i...... ni li5 fuzzy h a lmu : ElD' Mlu...z aklwr .,..""....
..Gli.. ha ,..(.e) _ I 'i.e E X tp lAl,..,.iil.
2. Fu zzy reuhalma,
.~rncnnyi""" ,.,,(.1') :5 "'-tlz) VI E X. &ltknr a 8 az Anak ftu.."'J' riulWmo.:oo (jo-kij;,. B ~ AJ.
3 . f uu y halma" rnagja
~ A kom"'lt f,uozy hA1~ X r.....tt. ..kkox
("()Tf'(A) = la."l - {r E X lJl. (.c) ~ I ) (a. b kon.-<tanl<. .. :s: b)
(;:'.34~1
into'n...ullmjrlOli ... A fllU,y h>t.l1llJU: ""'9jJ1t. lHA ..I llI'm konvl"X.JLkkora IIJAlI: TIl'1ZI "7.ijk~'\Pn.-
'""'"
A : A~ 5 .69 . ' brilD '2.3 "m-.g,

B : "1 = 43 = ,,-VII ( 5.69. ilhra) <"0 1'~"IAk,j~fiig,Wnvlwlo1k..,.,k_ ..I, .......
zat.artozO lil7.zy tu.ltJ1AZf1.l\k TnaRia "&y "~'mI1_ Ha 4, = .. = .... akkoc "R'"ctk-n konkrM m<-krt bl"lIlk
(m..J~ <"g,)",k-m,1ltJ.-ziklll' hAllTUU'.ltPnt j,. f,,1f<>gM.lil). IUf'lyPl 5::1ngktmmak lWV<oziink. EY "";n~IM.<Jh
fm:zy hAlmaz mAgj.oI ....tMt1>j .. "8,YlLf.4.1l1 '10"'1'"11101.
4. Folyt OIl08 etI d isz krH fu u y h ahnazok egy mA!lba val6 Ata lakitasa
I.Aogyt>n MI..,. "lIY fo l)'tonoIo f,u:zy h..Jn.,u" tftgAAgi fiiggv.. n..........L 1111. <'7.t di."",krrtiuiljuk ..kkot l<7.in.l!;lf.tono k halIJl10Zftt Ialpjllk. Fonllt YIl. ..gy r1i.-lkt+t hlllm",,001 intf'flX'liIciOvIIi jutMtllnk fol}1oIKJl' hllln..wx>:t.
5 . No r ma li..e..nuu no rma liJ; fuuy halmazok
A ~ X f,,!Ptti A fuzzy h,.JlIl~
H (A ) :'* IU I'{~ A(.r).r E XI
(.'i.34!l1
kif~j"",",l h tjllk . Normdl.d1l1.zy h..Jm""r<>1 h' ''''1i'llln k, lui. H (.4.1 = 1. kioolllJ('u ,., ,,bnormdl~,ml .
A Ix-mlltatott fOft..Jma k ..... lIl"'I~J";('I1 k . mr lyrk normali~ fu n y h..Jma 1.okr" \'<>luot kOl'nak. konnVf'1Ikit ..r
j<=thct,irk !Q.llhn()rIllAh~ flluy hal m""A,kr" u..
"""'''''''g''''
6.
Fuzzy hll.lmll.l'lok n ;n t h" lm"z,,1
ERY A fUJ'-7.YI",hll":' (> W' l lll'llI ki",'hh. ill,'ty, ~,.i~"niall nagyobb t~ hti> k,i d~",rinrk o,.,..,!_'I:"t
(>tlgflt nllk ""ltY n -_: ... t,n,k (jd';l'''' : A" ). ill..t", 0:' 9oni n """gar nak '"...~. ,':.go n' n .: ", tn ,' k (jrl<>I.....:
A>" ) hfvjuk. E Z<'!L f''!lalllL,w,,1 ..
A" ={r EX IJ' A(r) ;:?;u ) .
A>" = {r E X II' A(X
'l } .
ep.n.
fo rm" l" k ,Mlnialj"k.
369
Tulejdonsagok
a ) A f\l-"~y hllhJl>ll'Mk Il:G lut lu.lm..."ai ku.,.,.~ik"s ern-lemben v"U halm;v",k ,

b ) A sOlpp (A} l3lm " 10' ~1 ,,~ ' i.<J i~ ,, vAWII, !l;"Z"Il sllpp (A ) = A>(I
c ) A,. l -s."inth..Jrn aol..m n"., II "''''I~"l: A' "" {r E XI~. ( x ) = I}.
(.'i.J-j(J)
T. A es B Cuuy halm;u;ok hasonl6saga

1. A ~ ... ~8 X - lO, I] I~ n1W+n},.kkrl "Wll",lott A. B rUZl<Y blmazok fuzzy ertelembeu
h->niOAk. haruiutlcno E (0.1]-1"1' lM<>Ziko,. M,"y k~tilOll(} < a, ~ I(i:- I. 2 ) ~leW!o!:g('\.
"" Al'l alAhbiak tdj<'!lUlnrlt:
~lIw(OI~")" 0;; ~UPP(~8)..
""PI>(01~8l" 0;; "UPI>(~"),,'
(:>.3::.2)
2. TMel, A P".~8: X _ 0. 1. ~oiRl!vhl~,.kkrlm''IIl..dott.t Bruz:l.y~kfuz:zyen.:-J,emlwon
*,nlt'vIl. b IDAgjnk mo'@..-gw-rik:
su!>PlJ<.. h "" SUw(~Il),.
(:'.r..3a)
mi......1a mag ~""lik ... Cld:Z~' bllilna>l I ll~-.igl" o"'""ljl->....I:
~ll!>PlJ<Ah = {r E X ~A(r) = l}
(5.3530)
3. A 1'4."8
~
X _ :0. 1'
tiiUV,,")"'kk,,1
n~ltt
..l. B DIZZy haJrnuok fuuy i>rtrkom......
haIooniOAk. ha nl&ftiuk", tart<'>jllk""....,.,..:
~llw<~ A ) ' = SUW(J!8),.
(:'.-1..)
"'I'P(PA). = IIul'PV<Il)..
(5.354b)
5.9.2. Fuzzy halmazmdvelerck

FLU2 Y halma;wkra voualkoW m'i....J<.ll'k o'7.Z)' hAlmArok r.-kA~ kombinAliLw.. ..JWma'-"Ii:. Sziunool "'~ ~<Ula ~n .......,,,,i6 ("!Y""'itftl). II><'t>IU'I k II komp~ balmazm,h.."'t" k
fuzzy balmazokra ti>rti>nI5 AlWAno8it-AAAra.
5.9.2.1. Altalanos fuzz)' halmazmdvek-tek

A hov;v'Omany"" llni<iffi nWt<el"l r,,~a1m"lu1yan mo.lnn ftIl..J4noo<iljllk.bogy a7. ..lu B . ilL Ail B halrna:wk
l..-t""~ X E X elemen ..k tAgMgi ~rt(ko ovo.k ,.;e A "" B fu""'y hairn.uok ~ .. {:r) .... ~8(r) tags;lgi
fiiy;vi'nyMOl f;i ggjOn. Az
p .;:;)
,s. t : !O.l) x !O.I]_ [O.I . .

fii,q;,...." Y'k "'-Wt....c,;;..".l ,t..fin iAlj uk k"t fl' 7.."y halmll7. unil\j4t k m<'t-'<ZPtM:
~.4v8(.r) :=
S (~ .. (x). pll(X))
(5.356)
~,tn8(X) :=
I (I-'A.(.c), 1-'8(X))
(Ci .J;ji)
A I
~ mggvi'n~'l'k clIll'V'"'''''' t- Ilor mll .... l.-konormll. lIZ 1l1..,l>hi!. normen ek i~ hfvj ak. (A t -n Orlll"
,I" ..v
>lIT " utal . hngy n ....n liiggv"nyrk IIximnati kll" tllh,j,l,,,,,,,,gai lutt i!l..t Ul, g megogyeanek a "al6SZiIliisfRl mertekck <'KY ('rrll'k"" g<'llll1<'triai intl' rp... t,f.,.iflj" lIl"I>jlY' ny,-.rh..tl i m llv..letekkel, molveke t a
hAroln"Wg --<'IO'('nlOtlc,,",'8:trlj"";il...... miatt tril\fl~II"ri~ Ilnrm Aknllk. rovi,l..n t 'llormaknak llev~a1l'k).
F.rlel.....ze s, A pAulJ..... I-'A"R tl\t-,"""xi fiiK!r'('nypk II~A(r} "" /-'l, (r ) t 'W"'gi Inggvenyek ko mbin .....ifljAhOl
aoIMn..k.
At-norma definici6j", A t nOIIll.. r IO' hin hri~ I,k(l...."... jO. Ij-en:
I: [0, I)
[0, 1) _ [O.IJ.
(5.358)
A t-norma k'!vl.Jt0'7.o... "ZiJllllll'trik,,~, """7od"Uv. mnno!."" novo "I','r"l.or. ,,,,11,,]"1110''' O. 'J\.\'sCgrlcIllr

p...-J ig az 1. ;E. y.:. u. u E [0, I J tagAA.<l;i "'rl."k~kr ~ t,l'lj....ii1u,k II k<iVltk'-lO t lll..jtlOIMg"k:
(T l) Kommutativita~,
t { X, II ) '" 1(11. x ) .
370
(T 2) A S!lZUCillt ivitfl!l'
J.I(>< j
I(r. tlY,:)) _ 1(/(r..'I} :)
(T 3) P e remf..ltl t ..l..k (ka l'cliOla t II" ..&Y.... g.. l..mm..1 k a Dulle lclDmel ):
t{.r.l)=xp,..(Tl)mii,lt; t{I,.r)-r t(.c.O)=t(O . .c) =O
(T 4) M unotoni t b : HII r
:s; t'i", II :S u'.
A 1' s-norm a dt'finicioja : 1\1. .... 1K>ffl'>l
"'l{V
,l.ldUlr f{I.II)
:s; t(l",,,,').
(::'.J.j!Jrl)
oilu.n.. k-ki-p"'....... :0. 1!-ffi:
s:iO I x 0.1 -,0. 1,
p.3W)
anwly II koV1'tkrW l,u..j<~..kk..ll'f'n.wtk...cik:

( 5 1) Komm utat j,,.jta.~ : .(J. !I ) - .(y.rl
( S Z)
A""zoc iati ~ il A.. : ~(r.8h',:
II" r
:s
_ ,,(.(.r ,) z)
'""II:S;
..Jr.kor
(5.36111)
.:..;-:. ;\bra.
,i.7b. "brll.
(::'.J6lh)
( 5 3) Perf'mf..lt"t ..l.. k (kapcM>1a1 U pg)'"pgf'l.. mmd

_<r.O)
8(0.S) r 3"(r.1 -.(1..1")
I
(Sol) '- lollotuo;I. :
J..><j
(5.Ja9<:)
l(><.v)
e.. .. nullelemm..I):
(5.361..-
.(r.y):S: .(t' .../
[j.J6I<i)
A {.. "t; Iw..~t kio>l~t.6 t nonuak. i11M~... ...-normAk hAlfRllZli.t To"", ilIct VI;" S..!jcloh.... Irlj<-_, -t1Dek .. n..~-t1=o5 All liuook:
min{r.,. 2: t(r.,)" rET 'II II E '0. 1
1:;J6 I~)
IIWI:{.c.,l
s .(.e. 'I't" e S
(.'i.;jtj IO
'Is II E 0. 1:
5.9 .2.2. A gynkorlatban ha....enalt fuzzy halmazmdvclctek

Kk f uu y hal ma" I neU;tf>'f>
.... ",,,(x) t~ fiiw"n}...klu-I ~t1 A. "' n fu=I. halIIUl7JOk .-l n n ..... t ,<1M
O(.IrtMorral_ a1Bhhi mMnn rlo-finiAijuk:
C'",Ann"""dx):- min("'-4(.r).",,,(.r1l VrE X
I.
"'~(I)
(
mwa.
')
{a.hll.a:::;b.
b.tur.a>b
111111
(:>,.161h)
rs
A m"tszrt of>"l"Ari<'> m<'Sf~"'1 A VI ~..Mi f;~n:v lo,;ikai

m,i v"'" tt ,,1 VAli> ~1.......,~".11
(5. j 6 . Ahra)..... I'<"(r) ""-4(r);'" "R(r) ht/k,k IuinimuIIlA2. Ket Iuay hahna~ IIni l>ja (fOgy. il PM-)
A "-4(.r) i'S I'II(r) lagAAgi f'iuv<'nyt>kkd Ul<w-tloU :t ""
fID".z~ halma:wk A. U
IInuijlit (..".._il':.;'I)
a tllaX ol'(r;,IOTTI\I",. a1a.hhi 1lK><lou .l..fiuiAljuk:
C'= AuB' /-I('{r).

m~(" .)._
, .
lllllX(I'-4(I),1-'8(r))
{a.b. h"
h...a <!: b.
" tinkiOja:
C := A. n ft<j.Ir( r).'" ~q(.r) 1'1I(.r)
(:>.Jl.iJA)
(- """1)
....""" >
A7. rgv<"'it{". op<'r;\<'io m"f:f.kl ... kH t"I:"AW fiiW';'uy 1"8ik".i VAGI' rmiv..ld kl ".10 ,,,,,,,-,1<,;'1,,,,,,1""';'
""II., A7. 5.77. ilbr/m IAlh lll<">. ho KY I-'<"(r) a '" l(r) (", /--</;-(;,-) (rtk k"k maxlulUl ua,
A t(r.y) - min {r , y t l -u" "ulI' kH fu,,,,y h.u u" "'. rtJ'l.J<~,('tCt (5.j8. abra ) . ;v. ~( r ..y) ,. Iluujr,y}
....nOlmllll7.0k IlniojAt ( 5.79. 6.hra ) j,kuli.
3. To vabbl 1t"lwt &,{'I;I'k Il Illf>h7.f't .... uuio Im i v.. l.. t .. kr..
A k"r/,j,,,,, kiilii" b.,'q. 1\7. fll,/ d ,"" .,,>r.J/II. v.. t..min t 1\ drrl.'lltik'L; m"f..Zd. i ll~l\"(' .. lmi,if"" (", ,uy , I" ",
ii",z '1j. ""l"mint .. ,j" zl.lk" ,. """'" l no rmAk, itl..lv,' l.-konormak tlllaj.-lOtlAAgaill"k ,'I,-.g"t \.,' vo TfJvft.hhi
fuzzy u",t""Pl,.k, illd v,' fll~.1.Y \lnii,k <I"hniAlAAAra nn lta t pi' 1.-l M ( Ias d 5.9. tabli",:"t) .
P"I <l " IlI I\~ a lll,lu'"i ""." '1\ d..fiuid{'J":
C:- A ... D i.,. J'r(r): 1' ,4 (.1' ) ' I' H(.f ) - /' ,1(.1' ) I'H(.f) ",ind.." rE X
(a.:I(i~lI)
To vAh h i t n"rllLilkat ;"lu,,,!<tiiuk "" 5 .9. tAb]{.lat ko~i' P""i .lS7. I0I',;'.han,
(.'>.3b-lh)
--.lot...I"",-
5 .9.2.3. Agg regac ios vagy kompcnaalo operatorok

E-t"tl'llki'lll -ziik>i>g k-hM " t - ;..,. ,.,...... nom..ur. ki,d'."..'i mt<.T-oulIlL. k..,......m ol"'rAtorokra (w..-J <0.9.
t abh\zat 1l~1; f'Zf'kt-t ~uM ""ltV l-m..,...."'-i ",..,Btoml-ua.Ir. hivj"k. P;.ldak"pp,n em-
\itjuk .. lamhda- ...... gamTfl'W)J><Tllwrt.

1. Lambda-operator
a ho l
mindm z .\"
"lo.-ahb i ,;.-" on:nAb t i..;uwrtM",ink"" 5 .9. t ahli..:.. t jnhh .... Wi
1-'-4>.H{x) "'.\
=
.\ =
2.
0
I
!I-'..(r)/--<u(r)
... [I - .\) j 'l(r)
"'tI(T) -1-' ..(r)l-'lI{r)].
Gamrna-operAtor
1-',4~lI(r) = lP.. (r)l-'tI(.C),1 'il - (1 - 1-'-4("') (I -1-'1,(x))I'
, =
l' =
...hoi .\ : :0. 1.. (c..;j(,(i)
1: A7. (;:'.366) "K,'j"('nl,j,.,{-g >IZ a1g<'hrl<i i-..'l!:'"'- Nljll (<0 .9 . tAblA.zat . H lonnak).
t: ,1,7. (;;.366) "IO"'IlI<~ "" alh,,,lm.i .",,,=l,,t Nlja \ 5 .9 . UhlA.z.aL t -nor rru\k).
"!l"I, E 10.11
(".Jti7)
1 ..,...1: az alg.. hr",i o,.,.,~!-\(t "d ju,
..,...
t: lIZ
a lgO'l'ruj "",'>I'7",tol, ",Ij""
A l':amm",--op<'r At.orh"" 1.uA!"ta t .. l""ol.. g'" ~'."ml1 fl1 T.:t.y 10" 111\",, '....ttll:
,'I') ~ [I],,(f ' [1-
n(]-,',I.]'
(5 .:Jti8)
,'.,. lI ~ya ,w, 8, ~(lly,w'.,,-.....I:

I'(.r) = [ gl-';(.r)" ] H
[1 _
g i l _ II'(I))"] '. "hu!
r : X .
~ 8; -
I. ")' E Ill. I] .
(" .369)
372
5.9.2.4. K it crjes xt esl saab aly

59 t4hl,vAt I- '"
5?RTW
t'll"rmA
ZADEH
lIlf'\lQrt:
L CK ASTEV.1CZ
IUW{.r,,}
1{.t,II)
S.(I,y)
a4\..tn-... !W>I'7.At
Il1g<-b.-ai ~
1.{I,ul
.,.(r..'11
'=
.til
EI:-STEIS
~,
,I
.-
f,fI.,1
+ I
I -II
hIl.1- 1
""CII- l
"
<'
(p>O.p;i l)
"':fl . {P" - I)(p' -1) 1
YAGER
f.. (r.,)
(p
(p > 0 )
. -z. \ .
""""
'"
".(I,,)
;r < II
(K3 ) lo"oluti"itils:
r(c(r)) _ r
( K4) Folytonos...ag:
r(;r) folyttll
y-"
I)-III'
"I
p)"
1(1+[(' ~ 'r + ('
.m
lllax (O, (I + p)
Wf:fIER
1. (T II )
-(r + 1/- 1) - pry)
Dueors
t",,(r. y ) =
m" ll:(r.y. p)
<-i,).
(5.3 ' ObJ
(;;.3iOr.)
uu nden r e .0. 11
(:>.J iOd)
A : A "-T.lo-akrahhan ~I kon'pIMl
r'lAAV.. uy lmulIli" drliukiO) foirtODOfl "" in"""uti,,:
c(;r): = 1 - r
(:>.37ll
B: TO\'Ahbi foh-to".... Pi! involuti\\u>tlll>&t-tuoon.. ..k;
SUGE"o-1t>mpl.........., c~ I) : = (I - ;r)( 1 - AI _I .hod). e {-I. "").
yAG~_R-/;""'plrmn-.' r,.l I ) := { l - L I b..lpE 0 xl
~,
~,
(pl_.
I
:; 10 t3hw.at A uooi,e- i " futtY loRiklo. ....IapUlo1....lMPiIl...k '-:trba.oonhtiL.......

l )(p l -.
1)1
operAtor
BOOLE~kIo.
flw:y~kIo.
(1-' ....#8
0. 1))
rs
C_AAO
VAGY
C= A.v D
.......H
~EM
c=
I't.; = 1 - # ... (,./; kumpJoom<-ll>'<' "4">Ur.)
~.-\
"~"
mil'l(#""~8)
= mllX(,. .... I-'R)
<.(.r,y) = 1m ax (0. (1
' . (1" . , ) =
r(;r) ~
(I
rr + ( I _ ,rlll,,)
UI&)(O.... - .
( K 2) ~1()l\Otonitas:
' ..(I.,) _ w in ll,(r' _ JI")l ~)
(p> -1 )
(0 0)
DOMa!
A r '0. 1: _ [0. i; fuz,.., Um,pi"","",fiUIgr ~n,. ha .... ..I4hl.l tu1&j<i~k;,t ",iudE'll -T. II E iO_I: ctOl'ti-u
k.i..~li:
( K l ) Pere-mf..ltetelek:
t:{ll) = I ""ci l) = II
(;;.J iUoo)
"
.... I -
-I
t. (r . , ) '"
~,
...(..._, )=
.....
.1111-
' / (.r. , )
(1. 1-
<
...{.c.y)
,,~
F RASK
m in
5.9. 2.5. Fu zzy komplemensfilggveny
nnn{Lr ~ III
dr......liku... un""
~,
'_(r.,l
f.,.,..-ri m ,,4> . F {X t - F (Y )
kk~" (I-'I.' .. /la) E F (.\ ) l"ll"'~ fiiy,x'..ny..kl....-A (;rl.. r.) 1I<'1}...kl'll fd"..tt 4' (1-'1. _ ./la)
i!rto'kI'it ....nrlf'li.
'wu.{ ....s}
kudiltot< o-,.~
> 0)
SCH'WEIZER
unio: s(r,y)
korJaIOlO kiW'ub"i'll.
'.(.1,,) ..
(p >0)
fiiggv';nyPrlt'k~trt'1l<l.. Ji ~ modvu " tiilt..,h,"'i' fuzzy hl\lmamkn"
1.(1.,) = mllX{O.r + y -I}
a Wllr
(p
A tm'llhhiakb"n art "iz.~gl\ljllk. hOKl'"nl,'!w' kit ..tj'~/.t<-ui a kl"""",ikll" hai llutY'hn<'l..ti al " l' m,;V<:'I.wket
fuzzy halm""",krll.. A 01> : X~ _ t l..k,;",ozi"'. m..ly '10' (;rl.
.r~) E X ponthoe a 01> (r 1. , r.)
pER
. ~~
'IrW<ltik'~ {: ~~.t
HA MACHE R
~nonlliik
1f " -+ ( I
1I)-P
I)-If.
r: [(~: J (GlTl-'
~
s.,(;r . 1,1) - rnin{l ,r
+y -
pry)
~",,( I Y)
L + 1/ - Iy - min (I , y. (I - p ))
m" I rt 1 -
Megj .. gy't"~: A t llhIAM t.h<'1I fd","'u!t t {",...-uorlllak "rt<'kf'i I\. kiiwthw rd""iiihnn Allllak 'l!.Ylul_aJ:
tdp.$ t~ .$ t .$ I .$ !4 .$ f .$ ~ .$ ~ Io .$ ~. S ~. S ~ .. S .0,s"
((;.JW)
5.9.3. Fu zzy re lAci6k

5.9.3. 1. Fuzzy rclaciok fol alma
l.
Fu zzy r",laci6k m od.. n..z.........
Fn~-"y II'l"'iok . m int p<'l<!all l " .J",gyJ"I.()1 <"gY<'nl,-; {I...lt!,;.ukh&n 1\ tm.",hhWtb"ll Rd. Ji-nyc~est'n n"K:\-"'hh" (R,) vagy _1<'ny...~""' l1 kilo<h h" ~th .. j...l..n!," """'I<'''''! j"'A1.><l,a k .. RY.. kor ]",li I\lkal m"""""'khal'l.
Az R, rd""io mo <!<,UI'7;"';h," indnljll nk ki "'" ._ ~ ,1lI'<'ul....... g hal1;YOlllii llYOO< (''''m fllzzy ) rew:iO a kii--
.....tk,/.Q tldinfri.-ijaMI'
A ={ (T. y)EU1jL= y}
iUni a ",,160< ><ZiIlIlsikoll "'" 7 = Y ..gyNI....t h"t......rt,z.. u',,&,
(5.3 72)
~ .R, ,,ll"gyja ool ~~y~nlr,. [('IAr.iam" , ld lp/.;" ,"",;tPlW'n RY kJ",, ","i k\l"1~l\lmli1 ha.t ';"-;ihm,.l!'hct igazftalli
(Jr!... n"""tlwn"" R , A1tal"nO"<glmn IH~ !Ig,V. n 'gy' n

A t."I,r;ul'lav " I),gy nhll('Ul'tl haJllliI.zl, "h"l
Ii t"gAAgi Iiigg...<'ny ~ ~l,;il't modou (lin"r.ri",uI "agy k vn,l r" l.ikllAAll ) O-hoz tart. A Iin...Ari' atm!'lll't "'"
a1Ahhi ak
"z~rint
v" l&;it!l"t{, meg :
I'H,( L, Y} ~ lllitX{O . l-'<Ir-VI}, ah o l ae l l. n> U,

U...i..,IK,1 ,.... ],.",.1'., kiiudulni. A hm.z" tart O'd ' i-rt<'khalmaz:
A1 R. 1'..1;'1';0 lIlodcll~d";; lw" ..
((;.3 7:J)
:s ....
{ (;r.y) E Fl21L ~ s}
(5. 3i 4)
374
5.9. FuuylOtJika
az r = !I "'lO"'"'''' f"[,,lti fi'L~ik"t frj.. l.-. A JinVt'g"I","~ t'rm....if't.... llv"lvi rnMu-it6P07i>t .. kif"j<'d,.l,..n
UK)' 1Il001.-u.-niik.IK>JQ" " r;'!><lk ,J.,ui kp,;k"ny Imil..t m(-g bizony"'" m.rti-khcn" cd"";<'>I>".,. 1Art!>a<H'.
.-\7; RJ m.x\<>llj<- <W'k "II'pjAn:
JJ.".
(o. l - a lr - YI) IlII

hayy:::r
<.rj . .......
_"_I c
(I.y 1 -_ { mAX
I
0 >0 .
(-,,_ J 7-)
.J
AlIlPIJllyib<'n az rgyik vAil""" Iorti-ki'"l ~~jljl1k . po'ld"ll!

= p>. akkor (':>.J 75) 'wtiniriOhOl 2 " Inaelk VliltoWnlo mcU\tktYlil 6W>h,I..L", halnrkp"t iutcrl'n'talh..ol.t6. A bizoll}~.a.llW Wo.wok fOIlI'", ."'....1... 1
jat><za1lAk TIlAt.>llIAtilUli ki>7.. li16"IJJi.r4*>k <>pIUURI~. minWgi aciat..lrrn7;.,.hPni..... nlilllaIpl ~~
~n"l"" -<>II"<lWyodwonJ\l.
.0\ I'mli po\1<l.. Allot lI11ltlltjll.. hoK,y II. fu~y Tt"lariOk tOhh ohYhum kOziitti biu>nyt.alan kaVO'l'lOlalot ImIlk
Ie. A tooiAhbiaklww .. binAri>< fll.!l\Y........ iOut ~juk. tdui.t olyan r..-Iaciok>ol. rudydl. mphAlulllU
hal"""" OESCAR1"ES-!'ZOnAt.L
2. Din-Itt 5ZOru.t
k"!
~no:-k X .... }" flrzzy
A ",lild6miltrix ertelm<-ozese: A ,...1""inmJt.trix ,I.,,,,r,t /l.:.Illl;.h],i ,.za1J<i.lyokkai fOf:&tna:t.hatj"k 1l1.-.g:

.HA '" RYiimo[r,; zold, AKKO H "'rP1l<-Il~:,.HA ... gyiimi)],,. ~a, AKKO~l_filht1.C::JiA a RY~lloIC>lI'I'
rtlto. AKKO Il o\rctC. A zilklhOz rKYi-rt..lmqon lIZ h.--tIPll, ...AArgAh"z ... ft'lhf'tt. a IHl"OI'hoz "". ~t '"lUI
ho-.=<r..nd..IVf'_ Amrullyilwll pgy 7.6101 ],iowuy..... ~;'kW trkinth.. t6 f"I"rrltlwk. J\ tAhlAut a kowtk....
wkiVl'f'n tni>doo<ul:
A ...,1iM",omatrur.. alJol. I'R E [0. 1:
U.S.
J-l,,(wld ....... I]pn)
= 1.0. I'R (w id. fNrrott)
... kii.....1kP1il:
0.2" .
J-lR (ziil<l. rnlt)
= 41.0 . J-lH (sarg... "r..tlPn )
O.Z'> ,
1.0 0.50.0)
J-lR (Mrga..f"lhe~t l =1.0. PR (....."'11.. ;'r<'lIPn )
R
0.25 1,0 025
(i"i.379)
0.5 ,
PR (I,in ... " ..... tlen]
= 0.0. PR 11'iru>. fi'l"ro-tt)
( 0.0 0.5 1.0
J-lR (pirog.k=tt}
= l.0 .
5. SzarnitAsi ezabaly
fuzzy halnu..wk .............bpnoolasr... nkziik ...1.-l..I,h,t II kiilOt,loi>zo'llllapltAlfJlll:zll 1',
) . _ 10. 1. halma:wk mill OVO-'ratofTlU tiirtiw
o..-bl ~t:
es
I'R(Z . ,) = uUll(J-l I(Z) . J-l~')) '"ll.lIY 1J-l1 )( P2 l(z _r) = D1ill (I' I(Z }, J-l2( y))
'"""tu.lInAZOk. X x )" jl-1OIi a G di ... lt 3;:or:otnboc "'" aIApMITMaOlI:
,E q
:' .Jiti )
A kla.-r.iltlJ" bN.lUAU'im,l.WotIl.-k lUrftf.....1o.Wu vaJamoolv C'n ".vlmo'uu fUl':ly hAlrTJ1l,Z ",,"v fuzzJ ...11i< '"
"'=. mivelll:Z ll1AplwlllA7. .....lUp'lJlllt tArWm"","",. Az 8 fuzzy mario C ....n. h"" anIlAll fltu ;y rioIzhAl
.....,. ( 8 E F (C )), ..hoIF(C ) "" X )( }' ............balnuv.onktclmez.Ptt fuzzy hAtV1Ulyballll~. 8~ "'lO'
P irCZ.II ) ~ ffiq;Wnnyo.ol k-1.., Ir(mi. lUllf'ly DUDdrn (.c. wI E C .....~ houA...oo..l io.1.M! "IY
G= X x)' _ {(r ,) rE X
I'R!.z.,liort"kPl .
3 . Fuzzy rt'1hci6k tu lAjclom''"'K"i
(T I) ~livcl a fn~' Tf'lN-iOk ~I ....-w i.~ f~y hAillUlZ<)k. ~ a fltzzy halma7.okra ulIon,lo!t A111Uoook
.........Im- iI< mrn,..-wk.
(TI) ~lilld..u fnzzy IWIliJU'.oli:ta ddiuialt rnthofiet alk.a.I nla7.M W
sziul-o.'n Iitxzy 1"f'1Acif>~.
fUlZ)'
tt'I.icio5tra .... .... AZ ,,"dwrny
(T 3) Az fl-VA,: ..t fn,tAllnllli uzy "l4cihkra III n.tiiltMhfot1j_
I' ,)(I'z:G - [O.I ). .... G-:oX><)'
abo!
~O. I]
.... 1',
l ;'o~)
Az e-z.,~ <.'Il."<imo.'ll)'l' o:gy R fuzzy rPi4ril> ... C diro.okt IQOfUlloll. abo! (x. , ) E C . .~nnyil>PD
X&.)' ,~cs<fu<W:M ha.lmazok.&......aItAi I' ,{Z}. I' l (r ) Ylktork"nt aJ~ , illor fr-nnau:
"1)( J-l2 = J-lJ 0 4
....
"0
riorilMIJ.
"It
(z. ,)
I' RI,.z)
"( r.y) E C
p.JtlI )
~u!npc..oou. opnUtOTnrm ... ~ D1"tr~ hdyMt ioJ.!.ltl .......I7Alu,lZist a mill OJ"~

az e-zcad.it..~ a max opedcim'>l.l "';":..,o;xflk .
.OU R- I iu.....r ...rrUciO ~~ ....u-kr (r.lI}-.-m 1II<1l<'lQ'<"7.tk ..z R ~ iTtt'ki'.....1 (y, z \---t>n .
.U azoutJfj l<l.f>rL.>lthalmazon drfini.Alt Ii =y l"f'1Arink ~bpn,o/AMr '" ~_k<rZO !<ZAm;tA~i "7AhA1.yok "
kOYl"tkn6w6donadhat<Wt l1X1:: R I . R: : X x }" - O. I. ki-t h w.ir... fll,"y r..Iaciilc. (r. W) E C kw<'ll....
u rs o-..ebpaoolMl II miu opcr~.-iu ~i~ ""jlJuk v~
adottak..
(T 4 ) Az 8 E F (C ) flt7.ry" Tf'1Ac')'" t.u1nja (_

O-va,:ata.l ~ C fo.-Ictti (hagyo llL~Il~} ""\M-iO.
(T S) p~z. yl jrlO/i "" (z . WllW t ....~ ht;'vt, u-hit.t amw a fokat. hogy .. vArr" "" 8 w1a.:i6 mil.....u
(T 6) l..-gy..n R E F (C ) "K.V fll,"y re Win. ..lr.kor R inVM7R. S

/'s(z., } - I' /t(II.Z ) Illiu<ku (z. lI) E C re.
5. 9.3.2. Fuzzy szorz a rrelac jc R 0 S
(':'.J&J)
J-lR,ulI,(Z.,) = max ("R, (r. ').J-lR, (Z.,))
mrrti-klwn igKZ.
R- . a Io....tkt>Zfikipl'.n rldillWhatl>;
(::' .377)
(;'0 _31'01.)
J-llt,...Ro (z.,) = min (PR , (r. , }.",..lz.,))

A "AGY iiRs7,r~"m;u: OJ)('nOciOval Vll.ll>r<ithl\!oltl~
:=
375
Az R;;I illV4'n rrJ.N,iO j ..Io'uli....: .jPI,nt<'iAPll ki....l>h~ (1W ':'.9.3 .1 .. I. ); "" R,~I tOrW,,,'i ''KY'' it<;";,.
1. Fu zzy r e-lilci o k kOIll!-,<>zicioja

Amf'Tluvihf'rJ R E F (X )(
S E FP' >< Z ). Il.kknr I"7<'n IiI13.y ,...1;V)i,k X )( Z >Q'Aln.athalm"".on
hWlm.:....U ROTs S kompozin.-ijillaz ...IAI,hi mOdoIlIl.<lh...t jllk 1Ilf'lt:
4 . n-SZl'N'lI direkt Ilz<.>r z" t

n aIKph"hml.zb61 WIrr.rll. nF.SC"RTE~~wru.t a f'~llivtllIl<'l:rgyt'?.o..n n Iilny halm"". d"...kl . :nrVlt....
what rgy n .W-i>< fuzzy ,...IA.-i".
I'Ro-nos{r,: ):= S .. d T(J-lR(r.r).J-l.~{,. 2 ))} "'( .c. : ) E X )( Z .

(:> .3-"-1)
ehol S. ilk-tV<' T . t PT..,.ill<,&"" l'--norm3t. ill..t .... t-normAt jf'lol. V/>g'''' A1ll.phll.1mll.1.<">kon. (i"i..1i9)-hoz ha
...",1""" rnatrix';'hr"".ola.~talkalmazva. /lon S knrn]K>1"kii' a kiivtt k...,lIk"pP'n a<lhatii nll'K: 1"R}"'11 ..,lott
X = {z"
. r~},)' = {YI, ... _y.. }. Z = ( :" . ,zd foIJ Ii E ,F( X )(
~. E FO' )( Z). 1.0\,,],1..,;. R
'<"Snilltrixa1l1.kj aI'lZ R= (r ,, ) .... S = (3J")forrlll'llKll.l1.h,,lt '" 1. . . . 11;) = 1. ... "';~. = I, .. ,I.
R I U R;;I." ..,jd.mt<'io<rn ki,.,.hl, ""10' nagyj~M1 <1tV<'nlO jrlrm"'-l hir.
K6~ptk .. zt<.,t",: A1. ...J.-lip; t"'Il"llllJ'.nV07.ott f"z~y hallll;l.l'.ok "ID:o'rT.~k'l fuuy H!i.e)"k. a:1. P!"IlIl ""alb;;,
llylh"''' giirhtk "" al"ph"lmll.7. f.ku. Ez ~...IIIl'.... nal6gi';v,,1"RY hiUil.riS fuxsy roli",;" " G ... lal,lmlllla1. fr
IMti f..liil..tn..k t"kinthpt<'I. F:g.v biuAris f,,~.~.y fllaci6 V''ll:'''' .-li""kl"o't al"phalmau)fl ;>rt.h","h"'); j"UIJ
.....Iriri...r nal'ukint .
5z1n ;'rptt " gi ruk rdr.,.in; A jt"JH.lll<'rt ,w,/.pfii)J.g{.,.t II gyiimiiks "zin" (.r) {.,. az "rdL,i"i f,,1ta (y) 1..
~.iitt Pgy hiliAris ld... i"mAtriJ(s"'" """Illli!t.'jiik. "bol X = {zol.-l, wg". pinlfl} "" Y _ i Iordl"n, (,'li,l:
o\rpU, o'l"f'tt } fll~~Y lmhlll':<ok",I"u"k. A nlllriiu"ALrixot az (::'.37tl) tAhl"""t al... pjAn ", lj"k nI "/l:;
hd l,.n f<"],"f(tt {flt!.
y.old
\
o
u
R '= 0i uI "0 ) .
(5.:171;1 )
sA'ga
U
\
U
( 00 \
1""'"
n ...
n.
ill.tv,
r;, = "R(;e,.y,)
(.,.
"JOe
= I'~(Y], zo)
(j.3-'<j)
A T = R 0 S matrixalekjar..."d"dik:
t,. - S, T{r" . s,d
(5.:~)
Az r;J Pss Jo jdol""",,!, ill,twal (5.Jtl~1 \IO"I!I.-!.t.j"'l R I illv"rl wl;<,..i6111At.rixl<1"kj;<t. megkR"hat.juk

JIl'. (r;,) tra"."z ponAltjak~nt U- l -:0 (r,;) T,
Inte rpr .. tac:i"': Legy..n R Pgy ",I""io X M I y -)", '"" S rIO' rdA-rio }-...,I Z\,,. xk kor a tohl"'k k';''' t. a
kOVPT. kP7l1 kompozkioltat .-IMi"iAlh"tj"k:
5.9 .
376
a ) H"
1\7.
R "" S R 0 S
k"fllIMY~i<'iOjllhAn Alii"" >rllormal, illc\Vf''' min {n"rm"l hltlUni.Jjllk. MkoT AZ
S relariOt mIl.r-"'''' .t"'''p''n....l.dn..k ,..._iik

I'Ho_ _ S(Z.:) := 1~1lf {min (pu(r. Y) .IlSb,. z))} 't' (r . : ) E X )( Z .
t5.:J.'l7)
H" ll(,1ll lM""ik .. mI\JtimuUL.Il.kIr."r h']yMt .... lip "V<'n'tor1 alkaJ.ma="k. HIIrwmokoo fHr"'-rtbt, ..kknr
.. kolllpozlri6 mt1wwt illd"ll"~ "U~jllk_ F.z" Ipgph..rjt..lt ..bb kOlllpozicio .. gyll!tormlbal1.
b ) H" t -norJll/lk~nl" ><Wt7.>\I<lt "llCl\lnuu,zllk (IIJgn h>l.i ICZOmd)...kkor II "uu ~;wn"" .tm"p"zi,,"it kAl>juk_
e ) A max -'tlall; o.-..kapnooI~ .. .P~ln'.N.t

2. :\hJvpl..l ; szabalyok
~rti-k"""'Jl.itii..-.J.lwlY"t1""itjijk_
(5_ ~
(TI)
Di.~ztributi \l it u
Ro(S uT) = (R oS) u (R oD

(T 3) D isztri bu t i\l i t A.~ 10-"""" alakja metupt!r."Pzi's es'1e-n:
(<>.3" ':1)
Ro(SnT)t;;;{Ros) n (RoT) .
(T 4)
"(P;V\
,.
1
0'
p nvoees
10
hi
.)
::'.3'JO I
(lr1rl = R
.....
{Rn "W ' = Jr'n s- 1
w'r l = (R-'(
1
(:>.J9 1)
1/
(:;.;m)
0'
i~Ton~ToS.
\~T
Il-.!.n
(T 6) M onotonit ..:
R~S".RoT~S oT
100
50
T hlirrotrsoeklet
In ~rzk.pz"":
(ROS)-I=S- loJr I
( n u S )- I "' R-lu S-'
(T 5) K o mpl.. m..n,.. " in n rz k"p,, ' :
{:;.3'J3]
311
r;.
uniO _,Ion:
1"9"'<1
Az .u:tua1is
r', .. ..r'~ erti'k ,.,.,.tCn.r, E X , (i ... I. 2.
n) 11 E Yr" a f"uti """"Nily ll.:I. ..JAb"i
"rrd11l"'nyt OIdja.:
1-'11'(,1) "--- I-'n(r;. r;.. I~.Y) : lIIin(l-'l(r;). 1-'2(r;1... Ji.(r~)."Il(II)).
(:;.395\,)
~I~ ..gyzk: A mill(/ll{r',). ~(.r'7)'
/l~(.r'_) j..l..nti" _hAly tl'ult'~. t'rlrHt 6.a
{1-',(r'I)' 1-'2(:.-'7)'
. J-l,,{r~)} 1II.nn)i.~,k j,.J"lltik .. "Iny ""tn"ll..tl ;rtik..k.-t.
Az R. S. T E F (G) f'lDy rclN:ink kowl'0a..,iOjal.... kiMotkP7i1 RZahalyuk &vi-n)"""'k:

(T I) A $Il'loc iati" it a.:
(R o .'>1 o T_ Ro(So D
F".u ~
lO p
'/
lOp
d)
<)
Az 'lJli6., Wct1<zrt- "' kOllll'ltomt'U!'ki'\rLh kapnoolAta lIZ n-vagatokkal: {.4 U il)"'" = A~ u tr ,

(A nB)" _ A~nlr, (A....). - tt"'l- = II E X J'A{r) :-::: I -. }. Ha:mJO~a:t:I<7.iRoril n-v~"lvkr"
5.MO.">Ia.
'3",
K 5,.,..tk..-zt .. t k ll fu:u.y IoJl;ikU"m

HA- AKKOR ""..MIyok...u..l,jA/l ~'II kOwtkf"ZI ..' .... ""kh."l .. ~ '" 1-'1 0 R~M.I'<"'~ \;oh.-,""Kt". A 1'1 fu=y M.lmAl,,.Jja 1I1t"ll:"vlwoll kii.... 'kf'7ti't....t , 1Wli k."lct..kk..l kif"'j""",,:
1-'1(11) = tnllX (min (/lilT) , IlH{;e.
~t.\
y))).
AholyE)'. 1-'1: X -- [0. 11 . J',:}...... [0.11.
(:;,3')1)
n: G -
jO.1J6; G
J1t(p.T)t
ll.(p ,T)
X x)'
5.9.4. Fuzzy ko\"("tkt"ltt>t<l rendszcrck

f"Il""~llUil"",,\',,-1 Jro::y 1.:6l!d J:,.zt.-t6 fl' .... I~:.. TI'~ ,t (ZADICII "I'prw:;imllt' I'<'a,<oning al al'jfm) has7nAlllnk (la.....-l :;.9.6.3.). E hlw n >l.1:
~ffJAA,:~lx lllll ..>ntlltlllll i"fnHlIl.-iO11<"111 hiwlly l.a1anAgot jd"'n!..
1. Fuzzy uabAlyok
A f .uzy uabrilyM...., HA AKKOJ{ N:"b<iI~"H><'>1 AIL A ~zal"ily HA r'''7A' a l'N'mi.,,"za (v"lO' 'wlt'(""d l
.:.. " fdtH..!t fop;,.]mlll',7'" ru'I/;. AI. AKKOR r.....1." kiivf"tkt.-I.tt'!':.,. (m"" new" ~" ":" '"". ... ). A kii-rI(k,I.....
/l2 "" /-I , 0 R (.,. (5 ,394) ""p;lt"'g.......} t",t.:uik.
Ponte tleu iuforlllkiok ......' ''n flluy IUlo:ik<o.i kii""lk,-;tt'li'SN' 1'117.7.)' Tf"!""iok
2.
Fuzzy lIzahAlyok ki..rtlok..l....a
A HA A, ES A 7E SA 3 . ESA.. A KKO ll lJ.m.hAlyt."hol A,: /-I,' X . "'" 10,1] (i'" 1. 2, ......).,.. ,..
konzckvcn t.;w-I'l'Oi fiiAAV"nyt' D: /" )' - [0, II ,oz (n + I) valtO'I."'" rdac i" irja If':
R: .\, >< X l >< , X" >< }' - [0. 1].
(:;,:l~~)
lOp
lOp
h)
5,I.'ll . 4hr" .
A .,\I;o-IRp". nyomas .... ",..m ag;"," I"im"n,,ikl,t lIl'llIlyi.-o'Io:,'k kiru>tti ;;"",,,,fii~""fllzzy n !""iu v..1 tOrt "nil Abrhz"l""" (5. !'IO. libra ) : i'1(P. T ) = /l1{P) 'I T E X2 "hoi",: XI ..... [0, 1] a ,.kii1R\" ",, nyo lll"" f1l7,7.y
ha!ma" ",, k ( 5.80 .a libra ) he" g"",. t, Irrjruh'... ( 5 .80,c lib ra) , H....."ul"",'1J7(p. T ) = 1'7(n Ii p E X , .
.u'O!/-11: X l ~ [0. 1] .. mag.... hUl1l'r>oiklt.t r""7.y h"lllla:t. ( IU _O.b libra ) h"" gf"r.-..kilf"rjf"s1.t""" (S.I:lO.d
Abra ). ..1101 i', .iJ2: G = X , >< X 2 -[0. 1].
5.!}. Hu.zy logika
37~
37'
.,s,z 5. 81.8 il b r a " funy r<'lArilok k'1",,,,,,,,,,,,'k,,,,..-lm..,,yft muta tj" gT"fik' L"' Ill; A"l5 .81.b IIhrll" kiw 'l"'"
nyomi...
Ill~"" 1>0u":'I''''kl''l min "'p'."'joval 1,,,1,.,,1 ~ka.I)(:I;Ou....uu..k ...... l"''-ny''\ I'/l(P T )
min(I'I(p), 1'1(TH at.....m lj... (.,.. (5.1l 1.b flbra ) rnlllatja a Y.\GY kal>Ol<>ii)d"'~ ..r...lmi'ny'' .. mllx nl'"
r>'\nrr,u/JR{p.
1ll1lX(1J1(p).l'l(T)).
ss ..
Fu~y kowt kf'71Mt'l r<'udavr..k ki'.....tkooztptlllllgocituHL"'!l fnTJ.) " hahu,.;tt M1f'IT<l.turnyii!. EJI;.V k"ukr;'t
( Tlf'n I fuuy) kinwn<'t; "'I"k ki>w\rnilMailOllll kapou Iuzzy baJmaz k;<'rlfh-li.i-r .. (.I,fllZZyfikHJAl<&rllj
YlI.ll 1l7.;,k...;.g.....1 ,wu,t.iIJ;IJOW II ~h,'rjt..ltehh ~A,r..h"\ i.~lJl<'Tt<'tjiik.
I. ~ Iaximum krite riu m mM""er VAJ.a.,...;zllnk ki l"g)" tpt~~ 'I E r ktikrt ..lohOl" ~
rwLnyOOl. mrIylwn" IJ~"';. fllzry hAlula:< a maxill1.ili.~ ~ "rt"kr~ ...."ozj frl.
2. ~lax i mli mAtlag m Od"",r (:\ IA :\I) A kiIllffi6 h'li'kM.. Illl\XirMl;'" t~'1gi iorti'k..k kt..u,>kI i>
lwArnaAIIlf'Il::
""Mp~...)
{y E Y !,..
~_(,) ~
/'., . (.V) "'II '
Az }' hAlmax <"&y i.ut.-rMUllm. lI.u..-lv
(:;.397)
(:;.3%)
11"111"...... no (:;. :t!I6 )
irja 10.'. lumhl'il(5J971 k'ivrt~i.k

3.
Su l )"Jxmt m bJu.. r ( S)
kowtko....li ttv'-D->""""Iu'l aiWulll'l'uk:
u.'l;.vt'u j",lik ,.,.... llf\ly r"kt,;,ll]:
rs
R ' HA ..
'
e ..::..' AKK OH Ii /.,
(5.403)
ahol ..... bib.<. fo a hit....v.ulo:f.l\,;A .......... ...-..-Imi-nv {>rtikh...k 'filJtozMII ("pm fuzzv frti-k'l). Ezeu lIIl"IlV'
"yi~"k u hozziIjuk (,artlY,tO<'rt<'lm"",",i IMtOlMllyotl (E, !1f: ho U j NIottak. A-tdj<.... {>rtdn...re.i W.
t.<>mAnV J<ogy.-n E x "::"E x C F..ztll iorlf'\(nf'7n. tNWllllOny ffol..u nlXT.)1ikalj" k" hiba..,. hi ha.aJtozA>;
nlMl n~;....t. IWlZ nY"'lvi IMr......k>t.t ,,1k..JffiIIZ..... fuuy hA1.lJl&lIOk ~t~l moJdleaiik Oh-t.
2. Fuzzyfildolasi a1goritID us Alt..JAbau....: e tuhA.... ,,"naII:;' Vli!t"","""D<'W fuzzy .-rt.i-kol.-k. t"!ht
n)'f"lvi ,"rA.>kkoJ n.,;n.-fikNni k..u AWbI. &"'u ruay htiok..k w..an..k lI......waJyb&zi.. IIA- AKKOR ~
lwijyainall: ""t~ns hAhnauai I p"'milfw.... ~. A.. ...Iott konkrPt Tnf"gngyrli-.<tOl fii,;p;. boto"....: e,:y<" "-U1.
Mlyok milyt"Il , tilly"" w"""",k n'ot;zt "'~ kOvrlkc:t!.rln. M6'lht.Whlm..-\ palitiv ~"dlyal rn:uldJu..di
!<I.ahil~...k...l a#;lir '''10' tiizrI6, :aOOl,..4W<k lIf"'nzllk,
3. Ko.... t kfOZt..ti-si a lgoritmWl A kiilOnha.-il ~(llY(1 aktiv _balyokbOl. v8lamilym komporicib .....
gfl~l'Yl"l ~j\lk e:lf'.11 ~b,ilyuk Iu-.....-tkmpt;."..jt. majd.v. ic bpou kti-b-ket YIIUunilVi"ll 1kooonwo "'"ltil,.;.g....... {iIJtA1abn.u II maxllwtn},ioAlj"k, A~ ..""hui-uyre A1.kal""""",uk & kikti-k.-~ (.if".-
N.gor1tmnt .
K )iort.. kPlios A nlZZ) ir.w~i!.NI,,, .....llA!tA1Ah.ut"'Y knnkri't klUll"l><'tii-rti-k", ...... lfZiik..Pgi:ink. & <'rt
/I nlUY ,~ovctk.,." tct""r<:' '' ki<'rti-k..J<i,;.i op<"rilorit'" AlbJm>Wluk. ~ iY f'Q Ill"m r,,~y k-tiokiiIDPlIn)iso'get
ny..r,-",k . f..7. a lD<'IIDyi....,.;&t1 r"jPzi ki.lK.v /I "'I~ milVf'lll>rtf1crr kf,U &llitAui.lioKY /I "ZIIhNyokt<'>l
lIllIb ..lti'..... ......ki-l) lf'ItV'<"!J .
-\ fm,,,} mwyil3>< IlZI jPI.-nti. h..gy 1. 1<51 .. .-ig ;"mkPlui k"U IIlq......hot. 1Ilui& /I w,gki>ol'hh .. "'lIlb&Iyri--
(:;.J9'J)
tfo..... ! ....
", ,,,,,k ~
plt ~t
Pi ''''1Il hjlik
5.9.6.2 . A Sugeno-modszcr
A 5tGt:;so-mOd",,..,.S7.inthl <'gI' n'zzy ir... ,yiWil f"!\"'UAt '1I<"gt6I1I.-z<'fo{>", !fZf>Ig>iJ. A ~I AM()A""I- r..lfo
~IOI a >i:i.abalyl.a:...i..j"llg"l...n """ kimrncti f"rt<'k U1"r.:J."tAr~ modj.a..ut kiilOnhOzik A mOc\.
!<U'r a kOvctk.....t.6 I",,.,....khl\l",11:
Alllf'IInvil><"!l a Il&lanlfot ........~,llyl'(lnl nl<'><l>w:-r") kiu-vojCt

II ff1ggv;'ny,;,,,k t<killtjfik. ~1 ..;1 ",U,,:iik (5.400) . Az AS
lIL6t\l<7...r II I'S nL6<lt<7,rr lLIt.&1iLl,...itk<a. Aldwr l"w:niIJjllk.
Iia ~{II}- nalc '1tV Vtill fiiKltIl K'llyt"""nmk anni.
Subalybazis
.. .
4. P lI.ramfot...r es s u lypont m Od Z4"r (PS)

.00z ..Jam mO<w..rt A" E U 1"'larni-t<"!T'<'1 .ut.aliwoooitV>l.
a J>N"AIIli'Wrn< K,i]yvoul 1IlMv...rt kld>o;u'[ & fllD)' ~ k mini ~,'O,,"'Iri>Li

..u.kuI.tDAk &Z X &lAvL.allll&l!f'\ Y'<'t.it.-It. nortnAlt ~(,jYVOlll'
jiot hal.iu'<:ou.A ~.
5.9.6.1. A Mamdani-modszer
ERr r"""y iriul)itr<"." f"I)"" ",t r" II
5.9 .5 . K icrtl'-kt!ki (dt fll1.ZyfikAci6s) modszcrek
II
Iwt fnr.l.ytikAlj uk. """'n fllay "'Tl~kpk,t "",...1>li.!yhAlt.i>l ""Kil..og{>v,,1 ki"1"ulu-Ijiik. " kiilOnl>Oz6 ,.zahNyok
ilIt"" IIlf"ghatar"'H.ltt pl't"<h""'lly,.Jtpr korl1hinaiJllk, "",j,! v"",,,-, nily..n <l<'f,,~~y61W.-io.. U1~r -egit>;<'>g;.V<'1
ko>n kn't prt'<.l",cnyT kal'uuk.
I . SiUlhaly baz i!l: A l<ZIfohilJylW.il< kOVl'!kf'Zll
Fr. HA I l
6 , Terfil..t f.. lt> t ....f"S mM"7A'r (1'1")

t:llv u "r<!inAtlll"lll;"IlY"! I",rh llMlU'" .-gyN'.... hely ""tM
('IP' !IMInitj"k ki. lu'lO' It. 1...J k II. j"hh ol<l...IAn II. tll."...agi
t'iiW;'JlY el..u i wriil"t llj!,)'II.u..xkor...[, '1; )'<.'11.
7. Pnrllmt-I..r.... t .. rUl,1r..l..zl>!w's mlxlsz t'f (PTF )
1".,'~'
1i(II)dll~,
Ii(Y)~ <11/
r.
=
li{y)dll
1-.....,..
1' ( II )~
d)J ,(r .-!(rl)
il. A I"gnllgyohh fdill.t mM~zer. (L .) Az "I\';"Z 1".lm...zho l kivill"",ztj"k .. ~zi)l:llifikAn" rN<z!. ,....
",",t" jul ismert ",,,,I~,." l<'klo 'L 1'{>I' !" 1l1" "'llypll"t - (5) va&y" tcr;i k tf"I"'li _ ''' '"I" ,..n, ] (T F). kii'lti',
kdjilk
5.9.6. Tudasalapu fuzzy rendszerek

A t<>hhfrt i' k""(~ "''Kh,.....Kiv<'! " 10. il i" l'orvall"mrll {'pia i; fuzzy logiAA ~f1mO!! "lk"hlll<>\'.....1 1,h ,'I,,",,,,~,1
rcjt m""!lh"l1llLin<lln'l~,,aki, lUiu<l til.... alko,l",az/Lqi t" riil,!,k..n. .'h "I,,]>..lv "". I,,"RY " h' m"n~l i "'rT.(k,
A.;~:S
f..s rl;
r"rn"' j'l "-/.I.blLlyo""!
UU1a1rrw::
A ~ AI\K OH u. = pU + p~ I I "' P;,I, + , + p~ rl;
(5 .4Q.i)
Jl<i!ios;
A, : t><.gAAg\ fiip,gvionnypi jclJ.-.Ill,,~hMo fuu y l,,,lu,,,zt.k;
r ,: k<>nkrk h<-mt'llMi <'rt<)k,k.nri"t p<-Jd ;" ,] {I;t(' hi1"' ..... i hiJ>,.vA!t.,.......1Undy,k" r""d"",r Jiuarnikii.jM
"djAk:
P~: A.7 r J U
1.2 . .. k)l",r",,,i"I,,,(,ly,.j;
",: az i-,Ek "whalyhro. tart.,.d, kim",wt i i-ruk (i
1. 2... n) .
2. F!uiyfikft"""i al go ritmll s: Mitl< l..n
"7....hAlyh,1f. " ",~i",I.Atnz u uk ''K'' Ii. E [0. I) {>rt'kd .
3. Kio'rtekdes: A f"zz~fi.kAI'",hol ",,,irIllIlZr"o 'l,-V<'! "' llyow l l ... k all..gl<1,'lI7. " nem n lzzy r'rt..k,i kim....
"Pli irti>k:
rr
(" )-'
"
" =LI-';I},
L it;
(5 .40 :; )
(in" k""krft ;"Uk,t JI'!<>I).
,_1
'_1
A MAMOASI-m,,,l"7.Pr ki....l..kd .."'i ..tj.......... itt ""'" hl\lfZuilli",ti> , ,\ ,,; sl,IYI>arnmfotf'r..k mf'gh"tA[lYdll<"t
w;g....hdjiik g{>pi tl<1ll,lAs i cljftr,,,,,,,,l ("iI, I",,1 "/0' lrl""tt r ~.'" n"llrlUi" lr!Ilozat .....git"" g{>v..1gl'llf'rAlv"
'"""n paraJl1<'tf'r~k r'rt'kct). ",,,i ];'nY''lI'",,n"1O'"7Arl1 hhi t' zi " r.TVl"I'i....\ """'"",,,'1.1.
5.9. Fuzzy Iogw.
5. 9 .6.3. Alkalmazluii peldak

A fuzzy kOwtkt-zt..t,r.",i I't'n.ko:.!r",k "1k>lJmAZAMrllt..kintlliik" fordi tott inga. MAMDAS I-mi.. I""..rnol oor ti-oo (5,8 2, a b ra) irllnyiliiou\t. A:t ir4nyltluo",ljllC'JQ' ~int"' t .. ng.. ll)"'l riigzil.f>tt rlid fiiAA"lI~.... le-lyze tben vaUl t.art.Noa. m .. lyf'l. a t.m~dyt tlu1.6 kooU vi;ulzintf'fl iranyu UKI'~taAAval pr'-lllk cI ("""" II fiill;;~t61 vaJO ..wg..lti-""' .... a ~~ lY...,lit&>n 7krUII ~n). A mo<t..l\t ..,;y Plllt... ri ~rt6
""8l~htl-1 batArmru.tj"k 1I1t"g. A lI'Mkl>rt6 II. tll<.l~t nYf'Jvi ~yokban ~"JTl'lAUa 0""', A nyoolvi
~yok i1t.a1ab1uJ "SY pl't'm~h61 (_
a lIl.,nuv~k beru..neti i-rto'lwihlll) r.. egy kOvrtlw>lt..u.
bill (ami "10' aJk>lJWM kil1ll"lwti Iotti-k ) Allnak.
A menn~k X I. X 2,... ,
.u.pMlmuain'" "" Y kimplWti Illapbalmaxon A ~yukban IIX'Tf'I'I6
fogalmaJuw: nwoP..I..1611)"'lvikifp,;..u-Iu-t (&:l.Q fuuy halnUlZOkat) dPfiniAhwk; vi. ...nagyj.Ux'.olxior...,
,.kill pozitiv stb. 110' " ..na)'jabOl ~. ktf..~ k'ljnw.-n mAli jfoIPntM ldwt a Zl lIlf'nny~,'
YIIlLAtknzoa.u. miut z1-1't' \/OfVltk~, w..un nW iW.ptu.lnta;wl'l nWl .. nekhatiLruk kiJzOtt IPIJPtDl'k in:.
~""'=.
'1' "
~
PI'
pk
,"
1'1'
pk 1"
u.
pk
"" ""
nn
'I' 1'1'
1'1' 1"
"I'
"I' PI'
IlIL
"
~~R' I (II)
l::;y 5: -L
(5.406)
4::;,::;5 ,
5'
2-
I'k
,k
I ~"
O:S:~S:l.
"
PI' 1'''
""
,k
"I'
,k 'I'
381
k,-oonlx-n.
'I'
2
:5'
R2 : H.. fJ pozitiv hY..... ~ (pic)", 8 ""IP'jMOl7kru>- (0):), .. kkor F pcrzitiv kiiu....p '" (p l.).
A :wo.bftI.v tiw-w..i forti'lw : (\' =
= min f,.(11(8);,.l7l8} = min{U.6. u.S} ,. 06,
-I
"
H :5J1S4 .
4:5 11:56 .
A forditott in ga pl>ldija
1. Mod,..lI.-u.. VAl-unlt.u X, (1IIZllc erukci) hallMZhoz bi-t u}...lvi kifp~t ; lqAliv ""lO" (uu),
DelI:ativ k;m.p... In k). Df'Iativ pta [np], nagyjaOOl:tiTwl (m) , pozillv piel (1'1'), pozitiv kiWI ..... (p k) ~
pozitjy nag (po) ~ f'Itlll'k ~fr""l&n Il:lI X 2 (1<li>p-"'-'1: hto'kei) l'D<"llItyi~ io..
A... (5.-W') ~teli IWmAz R l -be:I haHonlO..D

...J6dik (5.S4.f ilb ra).
A mat..matibi ~ milldPn nyPIvi kiff'je'.r.kb..-:. PRY lilZZY ba1m&:.<t

tartozik (5. 81. abra ). tlW'l)"'k ~kll"~.u 5.9.4. pontban iNn<-rte\tUk. A2. ktfkhAtArolt mrtt:Al1apl:t.a..-:
3. Km' et k-.zt ,.-tk i lligoritmus Iu H I ulAly korPrkwnNot u lJ.M .Il-c ilb ran 1A1hJ,.t6 mi>don ..
min opnio.ciiJva.l ~uk~. Ax Il2 _bAly 1I1<'llf 16 k~kPlft;;ot lIIZ 5.84.d-f . b r ll mlltat~ A
fuz:<y kim..ncti balm.ubOl (5. 84.g a b ra) rc.V t,~ ki<'TtJ.llPl<'toi tn<'..v.:u.m-I b pj"k ~ a v~
1.
S~k,8(-9O"'<'<9O") : X 1 := 1- 9O", 9O"'].
F , (- 10:\ :::; F:::; 10:-;') : Y := [- 1O ~ . 1O~] .

A2. Xl loll X J bPltll"fM."ti lI,""n~k loft. Y kim<.-urti mPl'lnyilorg f~~t a
forditott ~u (5.83, abrll) mutatja.. A luozMprti'kPlt iUtll1&ban aktuA.!is
mi'rt ktfko-k. po'ldiud 6 = 36" , iJ "" -2.25'.-1
m"" IIZl'1int:
Jl.~ y .....
~,
~~
[O, t 1
. . , .....
'$O~~.(z.)
Jl.".~)} }
,
..ll(z.J
... ) {min { Jl.,.
l11ItX
~l l
b) A kimt'ncti fu=y halI1ll1ZOk o'rt.f kkt- "rnAxiDlumkipzeo.utlW (:>.409) adOdik .

c) .-\ tiihbi I7l!1Z1\b,ily tiixPl<'okpt !<WlgiUw. bNlrm '"R.V
fuzzy halmazt. Ez /lZt j<-knti. IlOlO' a nl<id.......r
minden (r " . . . , r ,,-!..E Xl X Xl" ... " X~h-
IRk n ....re Y C'JQ'
n17.7.}" balll1lll'.ii.t ...lJA
credmenyul.
~"
OA ,
$O~!2":lS(') =
45
pn
h)
a
<)
(::iAOl')
""
""
0 $ 11
""
4$y$6,
I,
1$11$3.5 .
2
5 , -1 , lUI 3.5$,$4.
0.6,
2
3- " ha
$0.,:";'.
7.5.
a ) A bpott fuzzy IutJIJIAZOk It'. ..k..w.- (lUoi tnIl.l<min knml >ndri637ti. okI.) A ItOwtk~>L1gorit
~kPk
pk pn
k<f.....
Sz.Ostod""'g~kpk :;(-45-.-':::;; :::; ...... .-1):

X 2 := [- 45-,,- ', 45" -'I,
(5..107)
6:::; 11
e.
(;;;.409)
e ~ 1I:S r.s.
h. kiilonh<'n .
A kih-t<'kol.... pgy konkret kiUl~U"tj h-t{\to,! ..d ll1''K

A "'ilyponl- ffi" mllXimulU krit cr i um m6<OO-.cr 117. F = 3 ,95, ill , F = 5,0 o"rtNwkpt ILCljAk.
5.9 .6.-1. Tuda salapu in terpolf\rilJ!l rend szer

2. A z a k nv sztlbil lYllk k ivAlll!Oztll!l1l. A kowtk(-~,6 t" hlfu</lt a]a pjan 1I1d,,'t.<;('l':'''' 49 ",,,,,hAly (7 )( 1)
koziil 19 ", gya kurl"tblltl if< ... rv...ny..... E,...k kiy~iillLZ Rl "" R2 R:'.a halyoka t vil.l'galjllk.
R l : H", O !><1titiv pid (PPl hi iJ nagyjAh<'>1z~ru~ (HZ), "k kor F I'"w.itiv pici [pp}. A Ilzllhlt.ly tiiz,j(.,.i hVk~:
<> "" min {J,lll(8); ,.(L)(9)} ,. min{ O,4: (I,I<} = 0,4, Az (5.406) kimf'n" t,,,lih"lmut "10' ""Pillk, b"lQ' 1\
poz itiv pid (pp) kimpnpti fuuy hll.lmli>l ".vaI(IltAt kt'pp?1.uk (\' = 0 ,4 rn""ilAAAgban 5 .84 .c li b r a
I.
In t e rpola ci6s me<;banixm",,,,k
A fll~~y logika ""git.>i'g"wl fpl{'pfth"l.~ I\:l in',"rpol~iOo< ms...h""ixm 'ulok. A fllXty rendszerek poutetlan
informt,,:iok fpldol~m.AAilrl\ "lk"lmAA ",'"dll1.<'frk, Uldyrk f< Ihltlll<n'\'l hatOk Fiil\b'VPllypk "pproximfl.Ifl"fl.1'3
,;" intl'rpolfliAsara, A lrgr'gy><7.('r,1 fm.zy fpnds'1A'T ".",t~h"l1 (...Su ca;No .~,,,hAlymo) "l<'b'Vu.><galt3k
jr'llpm~.okpt. E WndS7Rl'llpk ulI,.am(, h"""'Il'; V"lt' MOjll \">'11 ii,

i~
",.ahAlyok'""l'jAul\Z y kimr""ti valtm'o ",ti'k.'l, A """llI\Iyok ...lllokja:
R, : HAi l
A\')"" ... i"'i~A~ ).AK KOR1J ""f, ({lo
.,,{.)
""
,'z.'"
nU1lh"tAnytza lIZ R " ... , It"
(i= I, 2,
,n).
(::'.410)
382
5.9 Ftm'llogika
.~
1,0
jJ.(9l
O~
0,'
IT
f\
22,536
pozitfv pki
1,0
2.5
1.0. lL(9 )
1\
l.or(f)
~ JI(e)
us
0.6
/
36 45
pozitiv pid
,)
b)
-)
2 . Megszor itils all egy<lim..n z i6s ~tr ..

C....Ie pgy r = {] 1,.,lllcllcU,,] !"<'m!,lluw fll7.1.y r..,,,f,wrt'k ,,,..ti'ulUa.knm hao<znM"",k haroms:r-OR a!ak"
f\lz:tY hlllmlLWkat, arn..l:v.. k~, ugy ....I~~p~no:"k ..I, h"lO' I\;( .. gymAA mell..ti hlllm"".ok mt'tszf>ti>n..k maga.,,:
""gAO.5 (ily..n partkiilk LathAwklIZ 5.83. llb r/m ,ft). At ilyen fuzzy hlllm~ok kK-IPgitik lIZ alAhbl
hilrom Mteu-IL
1. ~lindM:t It, s;uohNyh0:7. VlUl oIYll.ll T, hPmf'nl'l. Illt'lyre.--lt <'C ......baly tcl.in<ii1. Ene Ill< "'; hemeIlet",
h'Cl'.Affiitjllk lIZ !. kiJIlt"n..tet. kv A fllZZy rt'n.t-:r kil'lel ...t" .\' <B7.tilpontnn (rl .
z ,-) ''''II riig7.itVf'.
E:<t u,;y ioI mondhatjllk. ~ A rllZZY ... n.w.rr illt.."",Wj_ >olI "'I.
. '''- ....diipontokat. Az a. r..Jth..l.
~. >s:tr; OI01.ti>pontokon.-l ><;l It, IPgypno<n+nyt.. "lO' 11011"- in~il>hoz ..~. d.. neru :;rzUk
IIPgCOl Ktt R, "" R, _bAIyra.""'f'l~..,.fe](';',,-I: "'("'1) = "l(ZI) = O.f'1,rgyhPn I. fp[t';I..II ..ljffli~t
...;"WIIIi.
2 . Kk ~m""t kOvctOOl<Ztopol.t kiUOtt J..,;klj<-hh 2lWOh4IyJoohrt Ilktlv HA r,;'" r, kk il)"I'tlOOZIOllOIIt
iIOZ R, .... R~ "6lIoltaly<:>kkaI...k1wc uTE r . z, bcll"''!ll't.-k,c N; JI kim..nrt A
(F)
I.l
min-mu velet
3 !:l3
y=
Jnin.m uvelet
Q,/,+o,.h'- l
"I +~
j -t" 9
(I 2 -
z,
II
1
(5.-1 12)
01 -;'0,
All u,to"rpolilciOti gOrlK-t ... Z, ""

kiDi>n" 9 fii8l!""'ny..ljA IDPI.AlIliI p-~lliCDctnck DCVt"'.ciink. CW
lIZ 0" .... 0, t"rt<'-kckt61 fi"IAA. Am<'1~...k A P,,' .... P" .' ~ fiiByfll:w-k Z helY"" fdvrtt <'-rtfkri. A7.Al:
.2.25
kb. nulla
pozitiv kezepes
dl
= P 1 (r) "" 02 = p" ,,(r). ""y riYvid..n " I Pl(r ) "" '" = P2(.c ). A go..hPmrT\I'1 rsa.k A ~
p'!P1 kapaola.W61 frlgg.
3. A t~ filggWlI:w-k l>OZith-.u:. fgy AZ!, Jr.ollkliwok lton.... x komhinMinjA
kinM-1lE't. Ezkt tel
joooIiit
0"
' ,I)
~:w-k
pozitt v knzepes
Jm=un-'let
'1
min(ftJ, ) :"011:"0 lWiJC.(ft .h ).

'11M.... II.Z .iltAiAnoo< 1"!l<t1X'II
1,0 jJ.(F)
fuu~'
'-Z'
,~~n,!."'::II:"O _~,I.
kimeneti
(:i.413)
(5.4U)
KOf\l'l!:AIl!I kou..kliIzink ......tion All 1, ...... 12 kifep.....k .-It ..1!()1Wi'ul n. lly,'ljtN.k{ont MlnaJr. & 9 gOrbclllcnetff". Anl<:'t1Ilyibcn a. konkhiziOk fi"lAAII.k" 1w'lJJt'hI'ti VliJtoti>I<l6I..... kor A ~iirlwomrDf't ft kiilOnbOW
"'Imu
~kon kiilOnbOW ..u..kll m. I/O' '10' rn"-~ik kimpll<'ti ~}-t kapha.tnnk.

Ha...... r ho-nl<.llctwllil\f'~ filAA\'> loonkU,Uf:,Ju,.t .... Jwu,.tAUII ""-'gt1 ~ fiiggYfllych1. hN<zn.illlnk,
1lkkor _ kimPIlPt y = c
o,I,(r). Alwi fl. r1-& fiigg ~ c kolllll-&I>o. II':}' int.-rpoLviiwo fiig,g>+n~'kellt
ml"'odfok,; polinomokal bLpunk. E:u:-kct" polinomokat fplll>lUlAlhAtjllk "'IQ' mAAodfokllpolwolllOkkal
2::;':.,
gl
vslo u,t<'rpOlilciO>l djAr,,-~ mpgko)I~'tr\lalJV;Mo:r..

Alt&lAn~b"n a.konkhiri6k n,~1 f"hl polinomk<'llt val6 n,,~.tkA pgy n+ I..,j fok.. Ult..q",,,",'K.o
polinolt\()t {'H~lm"nyP7.. E~ klJd a !V.okvM1y.... intf'rpol""iOoodjiu.....,k. mf'l}...k luk3lislu, puliuulIlukW

intprpolAlnak (p"ldAlll "I'lilll~uk). II fuzzy rt'nd~r<'kh'llI' '!>''ll;...t b"tllk.
$.14. a.brll_
Az A~ll, ... , A~~I fllZZy h"jlll~_l"'l"k ...... X, ....-meneti halmezckat vartkioIlAljrJ,;. A lIVlhhlyuk Mta.!
generalt !.({" ... ,~~) k"nkhi"'i<'>k flZinglPtonok. luelyt'k fiiAAh,~n ..k a {, ... ,{~ I""ll<"",ti villtroIJkti>t.
A ki6-t<'hl..... "gy ~7....(lnl""\jIl, Ill' liZ Y kinwl,,-t; erfek..t srilyozott Ool.~z''gk';lJt II'Junoljllk.
A oaoo!y""J; m;lI<!<'n H.,-,.. " kiiliilll,ow b'-lI lt'uet; {,rtik"k t~ "rVkCbiJl "10' t- no rm Ava l killzAmoljll
az 0, t ii""U",i "rt';k" t, CIIlIl"8ll1,tAnrallII kiult'lltt i ;'rti>k"t:
,--
2:;',0,
(5.411)
3'4
6. Differencialszamitas
Hal ee jobb old>l li d .. riVll.lt HlI ILl' r = a h..lyen a (6.2j dOue m l"tPZik h"tA"'rU'k, ,k YAn hAl ol.laIi Cs jouu ultl..J.i
haw..rt"k. ekkor f"tf'kr l hal. illrt .....johh oldell derivaltaknak nCV<"k~lik . J" KOrhe megf..I..Ul pontjAhOllt.--.....k k<'t ol.-lalml h,1:<hati> crint6.
4.
ira." ~7""iut
6.1. Egyvaltozos filggvenyek differencialasa
1.
Diffprt"nci41hanyadoe . ffiggv.ny do;oriv lltja
s, D1J. :
F (;r;) . Df{r ) ~
dft).
Az 11 =
f er) ruggvo"lly d...-iVNtj""M .i<'1Ol"-: y,
Jdoljuk r':... .11 vli.!tor..w;.t .ir-"7.I"I . illpt ..... ..l v-na l. A do'tiv Alt..c
W..gkal.juk, hAtil ~ hAuy...I....Il..k _ilk " hat.!LJirt<'kct. >UIlikor.ir _ 0:
( (z ) = lim f (r " .:l.r ) - J( I)

~
y.
2. A d ..ririlt geomerrtal jf.-I...n te- II.. Il fiiy;vPTiyt ..

DESCARTES-frio- koordinA~1x.-n Abrkooljuk ... 1IZ.c - ft< If"
~IY"' IlgyanAkkora~'glt vt's..." ink ~1 (6. 1. !bra ).
nx) =
tlto
akkoc
(li.21
A1 r -t.l"l>go'ly"..k ~ .. g<iorhf' Iou pou tj,w ')l; h '=ott mnt<'inrk
A - - . por.itiv. b.a. pn&itjv r V1lgclyt _ Or-lWllltatl.a jNWwoJ PiJoontkno irA"yha rlforgatVJl. jll tupk Alo .... illtOlm. .u .. ~ 'LX
kint6 .niR,.~k llM"l'OI:l'iik.
3 . DiffprE>llc iAlhatbsag Az f (.c) n\ggWny dmriltja lIZ r ...a.

tm/lnak ,.r un h1.l'lu-irc lo"tczlk. amely.-krt' a (td) olillp",u.-iAlbio-
ny.....x.. ve,......
6.1 . AI-.
H.. pgy r pontl>lUllW'm 1M:f'1ik .liff('f"IciA1Ji&uy...x... A1ckor PTlllf'k kk UM it-bo1.: ""KY "",..dou p<ml Mn
IIf'm h(.ma.t6hint6, WID az "'1Ilt611><'~ "" IU'~YI'l' Ebben az utobbi ....,11...0 " kh.1nu< (;.2)
ba~k ...~ . ltI "" f (I ) - +00 , ill . f'(I ) = - cc ~t h>L'<UlI\Ijllk.
y.
1'{-4l) = 1 .... I'{+O} =
y.
:=
?!L: I'(x) =
':"'>M, 1'(0) =
'"' 0 brlyt'll ~k ( 6. 2 .c 'bra).
A~ l'inni fiiggWnyi'k AT. k1..11I>f'ZP8i tArtomAnyuk pomyut..n A1Utlihan tliff~k. Ez aIOl aak
"KY"' I'0mok ..Jkotnak kil"i-trlt, nt IAthatjuk lIZ6 ,2. ' b r a n ill,
."'" ..1l'nri rugg.,+nyck dcri,-it.ltjait .. 6.1. tahlazatban tAWhlItjllk~. TO'VlOhhi .. lemi fiiW-.'>nvo>k df...
nwtjAit a bataroza.t1An int"'lV.ooItAt tArtai.nAZO 11.1 . t'bl4ul ...-latAih61 viMzIlki)w>tk*"Ztf'~ ha lA-
rozhatjuk 1Ilt"p;.
~1"1ti<'!O'7ks: A lO"'kurlati f..laW.t.uk megoldAMknr "",-,..1 a fli~ny <kririlMll ..lOn a fl-lgg'o-.'n}'1.
"lnt"nnyil'l' ~ 1l'hf,t.~. ~ fonnajahM fdimi. Em ...k k<"'kiollO'Tl 1An'>io'k-k<'t hon lha.tllnk M (1aIod
II. oM. ), .. tOrt.. k~ n~7i-t .. ,-oon~thatj"k (I....d 14 nkI .). .....hrtjiik .. kif..~ iogMitmuAAt (Ia.<d
9.01tl. ),><th.
rz
.r=
z
1
2-3vr -.-4vr---r
2
-= - - 3r 2
r
r
t 4.r
2
-3+
Y"'lnJ~
"' 1 =~ ln{? +1 ) - !2 ln{r2 -1 ) ,
Yr - 1 2
3;;
dll
3 -- 8 - = _2 ..- 2 + _ r 2 - r 3 ... 1
' dz
2
3
.
Z"
dy
rU
::!(
" )_,(--"'
--) =_ ~.
2
r
r2+ 1
2_ 1
r-l
6. 1.2.2. A ditlcrencl a las a la pszahAlyai

Az x fiiggpt"'n vAlto"wli1gj,.-vCoy<'it ILl u. to, u' ko /I tlt"tt1kk..1j..loljli k. ",,'kll<'k II Iilggveny..kn ..k "" .1:..,.....
rioti derho\Jtjai l. pffiig la a', e, tv' ... " ~7.imt."hlln"kkaJ. A dilf""1'I1ciA]ok ,;..101......: du. dt" dtl, "'" dy.
(1.....1398. oltl.). A rliff"l'l'nri,;,w, OU!Ih/uyait ILl ..u..l>bi..lr.IHUllsm..rt<'tjii k, E7.ckpt a ""AhAlyokat aU" kinth,ot" fUHl"'l.""" " 6.2. t Abl a l'a t tartalmaua .. J'JO. old"J"".
A tovflhhillk l.""n fclt"""" iik. hogy Il"j; II. W, Yfiigg v"'uY"k ""Lull"/myi,',,<Iilf'r<'nriAlhati>ko l.t,ahol hiva l -
(;.2.
A: I(x)
o. iKY a~ bcaz r
i- O. / (0 ) _ 0:
.-\.:.< r = 0 bf'I.:n--n (6 1)
1 "
tl...-; Altj4. ..... Vl\Il haI- roo johb oItlaJi ImWiTtCR
6. 1.2. 1. El emi fiiw'i-nlek df'rivala.c;a
A : II =
bl
IUTlt'!'
6.1.2. Egyvaltozos fiiu..i-nyt>krt' vo natkozo difft'N"ndaJAsi

szabAlyok
B:
<crlllt
(1
baj~hA~!IlO'1:llZirinw~'-'Ft
(1Iwwl22i oIct. )
c : 1(.1: ) = :--T .ha r
6.3. Ahra.
(6 ,1)
~,
de 1Ill\giLhc>-a "'" (a. 1(1ll ) POllthm " .. In.

{ (a - 0 ) = tgo " { (a'" OJ '" tga l
(6.3)
G""JIl,-triAi~ ~Al .... " .. kcl dcrivAlt jelzi azl, l>OfO''' gOrht-llt"k
ILl'I = III h..lyt"I1 tiiI+otr VIUl (6 .2 .<: Abra . 6.3. abee} .
Il/
6. 1. 1. D lffe renclalha nyados
Ahrll,
."">0. Az
r '" 0 hdYCll a cl,>rivltJt " "'''gt<>l.. nhez tll.ll, t"ha t a
3'1 r '
di!f"n'll" i"lhiulyaclr.itt ll<'lll"rt,.]ull'zlwlo. ru-m kt,, ik. A,."ri ntO p..dig m,>rillq1;"" '" r- t" "l>;dyl" (6.2.'1
ebre}.
. I
B: I(x) = rblll- , /(0) "" 0, Al r
0 ),,ly(,11 az I(L) fiiAAv"nyn..k niu,,,. ,Ii!f,>r,,"rilllh"nya,I,,"a, a
k" n U"" ". hatAn'rto'k n,'''' hl,dll,..-,h..rll (6 .2.b Abra) .
t"
k'y;.]llIk rajnk.
I. Konstans <Ie ri va ltja

A r knllstalls ti<>riv al t j l\ nulla.
c' =
2.
()
(6.4)
Kon ~t anssal szor:l;ott fiiggvlmy derivAltja
A c kOllstan" . 7,Owt kivi he t j iik
(ru)' = ru',
1\
diff......"rili.l,..,.imhOI1l111 ..1(>:
d(ru) = cd ..
(6.5)
386
3 . D"n ..g rl .. ri vAltja

T ilhh l1iAAv';,,)" ~"ll f'k <iMivft.ltjll. pgyl"ulo '...11 fii~o'nye k " ..ri,-iUtj>Linak <-7"'8""'-'1. (Kiili;III_''K
~-t';11 kki.llthf'tjHk ,'IllY_ hOf\..V II kivOlUlU,16 m~vrllY (-1)--"7."""""" .....",..,ziik ~",lllll,loll ...k.)
(II-.-t
-u..)'
d(u -.- v
= ,,' +,,' -w',
-.1 =
(tilift)
lti.6b)
dll .. d,- - du'
.a.
6. 1. tilblaM.t. EIPmi fiigKYffi)'l'k ,kfiviltj-.i ulv"Il imO"l"Wlllumokon ahollf1,,"ulI'k'" aJ">I,, u....... f. O.

F iiggvfony
O..ri vaJl
(ltoru<tAn.~)
'"
-,
,
-
(n E R )
-;2
u=,
- - -
arctg r
In E R.
""'O.r>O)
~ (he H)
(u > 0)
a... (6e R, .. >O)
..
r > 0)
(rl< I)
,'"
,,"lila
du
~hr
!la-Ina
'6,
1
,h l r
..Ih . (x i- 0)
- -,,~h r
llTl'hr
(T> 1)
blll r
'x",,.
arlhr
(Ixl
{0(Ifi .r
-8m.
~.
c-t g T ( J' ih , ~' EZ )
E Z)
"''''~ r = ......, J'

- I
,
=r: ""
sin .r
arcth r
-l''''''-~'
J'
r:
= ;;;;;'
(Ixl
> 1)
..
Illt"g.
~t""""'&r.f.III
(6. 8)
1.2
c:-os~r_.,jnJr
1U-~ J'
-
f'OI'r)(,.;nr'-(t<iu.l}t..... r)'
,-
('Ol<l
<I,
--;r;
=
('()62
"
dud"
(v)r{r) = <It';;;'
ill "'" II '" u{v) k a
I'
(6.9)
u(r) <Iitf"WIK'iNl... ti1 ('IQ',pu)"'k.l'ZI"k 1U'K'mlCl,lmna il' koh-...JuaW. Aa u(l')
fiiW'o'nyt k,ll.,.';. "t-(r} fiiAA""'Uyl br\.<oti f;igR''''n)'""k """,-aiik.
d,
,
,
~
1-
""'Ir"'" lV.. ri" t halArurullk
6. ()"szet ptt fii !'tKvl'ny d ",r iv Altj :ll (1/mcsr....b aly )

Az, = u(t--(J')) ki'a ....IMt fllggvo'n... (I.r-I 60, okI.} drrLvallJa:
d,
r~
-;r=-j
[f(x))n (" E Il )
"[J{x)I~-1 J'(J')
lu f fT ) (/(.1') > 0)
liB!
d.
Lt... -d ,. a
bil... oi Jiiggt....., d,....OOlt}<1 ~
""ti fU9<p,.:", dPriMl.,J" _
n ""'Hllu.w. jii.runk PI. ha a Jilnr~ tOto!>. <'g},u.....ha irt fiiWfnyt./'ll ~ll IRY I"' l,la lll a:t. y - u(t'(w'(J')))
fii!l.R"rny d''I'ivNtja;
du dt' du'
~ - - ,I. du' dJ' '
2
d("SIIl J')
.- 2
'
dy =
d(sm r) d(slllr)
dr
d(sill~r) d (Mn.r )
dr
y-u{l'(u-(r))),
';1 + x 2
< l)
ins.
d (~) _ ,..Iu - ad,'
vt"
I'll' -
"mr,
, = tgr
-11::'-""
- ,,
r ../?
sh z-
1
.Ina
0.4313
..,.
r
,
r
II
, =rc'COI>T, y-J:.r,.'roo;f r'...-t.... r-r...
( ~e ) ' =
r..;;r=l
nV'z"' I
Ig r (r > O)
I (2.. + 1)2'
- '0"1 _ ...:1
-~
an;hr
t g r (r
B:
Hau)'adoo; deriy aJ tja

Kt" ft'AA"my hauy~k adm,'&Itj"t all. ..u.hhi
a f<oltk..lld. bog:.- I r) i 0_
T!
';1 -
t/_VNIf'r_r..u,r.
5.
- Ios:.e .. - -
log" r ((I> O. a ~ I .
-1--r'
~,
,
-
ln r
< I)
aITt'lgI
2,1:
c) n IPny"zOs szon.at .....,ten:
A : y -r'<XI6J'
>in'
an,..,,,r (Ij
..r.~'
'"
.;;
a#
cosec.e
.,,1..
(6_,<0)
'"'
=',
-=,
~,
n.r~-I
II'"
Derh ld l
Fii ggv"ny
4, Szorzat deeivaltja
F'l gg...fuy<'kl.>Ol Alii> h 1., 1mrom. ilL" th'Y'""!>,il AlIi> _ ...... t <lcriv.. l......r...... kiiwtkM>1i ",.almIyok \'QIlat
Iroz.nak
a ) Ket tl'n)'ezOs szoraee es ete n:
(u..)' - U't' ...
ti{u!'} = ,'d,,'"
b ) H"rom tl'nyezOs szorzat ~tion :
(b.1h)
(ut Ill)' = ut 11" ... u ,,'v: ... "'.'Il', d(uv"') = u"dlt, ... uwd., ... t' It'du
A ' y; r ~in~r
(6 ,10)
y'
= .,~illlJ'2hiur ......r .
tg
B : y = etK.fi, dy _ d (e .;T) d{tg.;T) ,l{';:;) _ ,.Ill: .fi_ '_ _,_
dr - d{tg.;T) ,1(';;)
b
('06 1 ,fi 2 Ji '
7 , Logaritmikus diff" r"ncial" s
Iia Y(J') > n, akkor az y' ,]"ri...Alt ,nf'gh" ti"m""",l " tt kiillll" lhat "ll k Il:I. In y(r} f;i~.'vrny b';l . A Ii"" '~ta
hAly rrtd mo\ll<'n:
d{lUY(J'l)
,l.f'
I
=
y(r)y .
(ld I )
'"
Az a t-s.. b Idteng..IY"klwl ... n"..
,
( ) d(lnl/)
!I ""'IF~ .
(ti.1 2)
1. M"'ltiegyz....: A I<JKI'I'itmik"" <Iilf.l"O'llril\.l.... "'-wt~i'vfol ook r..ladAt<,t );ony.,,;......n "IQ'I<1.<'r11h\-".n .oUt

"KY""'k pt.--k [gy UUlllllk ~nk"U1i . Ez kv,,"Y""" kovd\uoW a.I><k,j fiWrll)"'kre:
!I "" u(z )" (r ) ...hoI u(...)
>0
=.
II d (~u.) = !I d("~") "" " .
(,/11111'" ':,) .
y= (2r + I )3"" , In ,."Jrlll(2r + I ).
,,=
{6. 1")
3r_
2 .
-" =3ln(2c +1 )+ _
II
2r ,. t
3 (2r -o-I):b (11I(2r "'1 ) ... ~)
~II
'H'
(.!
~2.r
+4
. 0: ' = 11".
;,. djuthatunk
c: 9' =!
-0-
bl ' ='2{3In z+u +hll'uu),
co.
x) ,
Slnz
r'
-,' .;r.... 5ins (~+

. +ctgr).
lD, =lllU +bll' ,
"'.!.u'+ ! " ' .EbhOlko-tkl"Zilr.:y': (1I11y= rn/ ..... ,1
!
"
II
leY
t"
-.>nAt drriv~!lMtw\.lyAboz i6.1.. ).
In, = In II
y'
IIIV.
t'
_~/2Y
!.,. = .!.,,' - ! ,,'

U
Ebb6I.kiWctlwUk: ,-
"
" ,f - ut"
--,.- - ,lgy;,. m~k..ptllk /I, hAll},..d",. o:Irriv~ ""...hAlyAt(6J\).
8. Ill ve n: ffiggvf. ny dnivil ltja

Ha, = ...-(r ) IOZ m ..i<-ti, = I (z ) fllW+ny ill............. illor ;';"" az. 00,;.,' az y '" J (x )", az r = -.'(1/)
AllLkok "'8Y",Ilrtikt'lok. Ii" f<.[1Jouok-?:7.iik . boo "..J(, ) I- 0", I(r ) rliff..... nciAlh"'U..lLkkor az / fiiggvi>uy
rl,.nv,;,]tj.. "' .... <; in\..-nfiilUl;Vl'nyfoll.k ."..n..k .. d,rivAltj.. kOzi>Itaz aLibbi kafK"'Ola~ &II f..nn :
,
1
d!l
I
((i.15)
/(r ) '" ....(!I)" ill . dr = dx '
a'
fil
j{t)
~iu2y
"..:..,. Tu rljuk. Logy "'-1l/ 2 <

vl-.
v<
of
OF ' -0
ox+iJyY-,
ill.
y =
F,
-y '
Ill'''lmyil,..n az F. 1""ciA-lis<J"ri"A-lt ""11I""11,,.
(6,H.;)
y dl'ri.,."lw a
(6m
Polarkoordinatakkal &<lou fii ggv"ny d .. r ivi1t ja H.. t'ItY fiigvkly r = .-(,;) polIukoordiwi.w
alaltban ..oott (Wd 191. oKl.). allcH- f'&I"~ Ai<"
x'" r (,:-)ca;.; . JI = r( ..-) 8i.n .;
(6. 1t'i)
Itt a . ; " q . ~ . A KUru.- m.utlijfolll'k II 1D<'I"rdt-~ (1Md m . '*I. vagy 38--1. okI. ) (6. 17)
........-int ha~ j"k ffi"8:
J = rsi.n ..- -rcoti.;
(6. 19 )
r coo;,:- .-"m.;
Megje-gyrewk:
1. j- .... Ii..dja a KOrbe (x( l). y(t) pontj Ahoo: tN\alI.O ..nnlA5.....ktor kompollf"MPit .
2. GylLkr.... cl6nycilorn ha.<zniolhat6 '" kOlllp!f'x II7.lUnokr.. vollatJqQ aJi,hhi ~y:
x (t ) oj- ; y(t) '" : (1). iit ) .... i li(t) = t{t),
(6 .20)
Kormozgas: : (t ) '" ~t (.- = ",_t) ,
hMy.....ktort 1l/2 faziMf>lto~""'K..10zi.
:(t) .. n.:.~t
r... i (..:t~i) .Azhint..i ""ktor ..
11. Grafl.kUll d iff(!'l? ne iilAs

Ha >lZ y ,., / (x ) dilf<rt'I",iAIhaU. m~y r gOrbPji>t '" DES(".ARTES--fl-1('
koordiw\.tll.r'f>nd,..,rrbrn adolt
a < z < b int ..rv..J]Umon o\br1V~,ljuk. akkor kiiz..litl5 m6dllUITI'I ffi"K"Z('\" '
lu_th"'j(ik .. drrivAltjAn..k r'-n..k .. gii,bfj<\t ill. A fti;rbc l'g)' ....-lott pontj....
hoz !<,f~nLlll"rt"k ..,....rint bfl7...tl friutli Ill\lQ"<'" r........ u1 sikt-riilhf't. tl a "".on
IMwismerjiik "1,"ri,,t6.\1 X itA-nyAt (6 .4. ibra). akkor az A "rintki lOOl.Ltot
Mgyobb l-"'nu-4AA..J tudjuk m('r;;hatArozni.
a ) All er intt'i " rintni pontjAllak m ..g hatfl. rozasa
Az Print/; ",loti ,\{ ,\' irAny,,"'"' l,i.rhuzaJll"",,-,'111O' hnznuk m.. g ki>t "".dot.
"Jr.N1 t-s xr;Rz. b"lO' /\tAlk "'lIor!>l>t k"l koz"li ]>ontlmn m""""k. A ",wlok
f"lw.opolltj,un k"no'ztiH IlIl'!th'I1.Znk" PQ "gy"u""t. f'7. 1Il/:0roct,.,.. A pont-
71" / 2 intcrv..I.
9. Implic.:i t fiigg"o'lly d " ri vil tj a

Az y = /(x) f(iggvl'uy~ ,..Ij" 1lI<1t implicit ..1'l.klmll H.l F (x , y ) = 0 <)I;Y(' nkt . A tOhhVli ltod ", fii!'J0'f " y.. k
<li lf"J"('llciHJMi "t... l"ilyl\illllk (liVod 3!JIl. Cll<l.) n"'gfl'1"I&:'n, r s7.<'ri" t <ler i,"" I,"" nY"rjiik:
_~=.
2y
e,. z(t)
d,
Vi
-I O.
A ( -1 < r 01 kOVl'tluozik. hogy
(ar'-,;inx)' = _.'_ . _ '_ _
(Slll!ll'
(~"'Y
I"mon (")I< II -; O.
1 = 0 Naklmn. AI ..lli~.u. (x. y ) pontj/thoz hilwtt ".i,,16 ir"'nytaiLgf'fI.'Ii>t (6 .16)
10 . Paramete"", a lakba u adutt fiiggv"ny d .. r iva ltja

H.. az If '" J (x ) fiiggvfllY az z = x (t ) . , ""' , ttl fW""'mi't-l'J.... aWllMw ....-loH. akkor az
ki)...-.th-z6formula s.-gft.~l hatarmhatjllk 1Df'I:
d'J
yo
;I; = f( ~) =-;
Mol W) =
2 . ~I~z,",: A Iopritmik"" ,wr,~ Akkor a. Y'"lmm hN<znA.ljuk. ba 1l1Mvt-u)..... IlZOl'7.At'"

Mll diffCl1'DciAlnunk.
A: ,=,;r~wu .
~+~-
I ''IO'''nl..l.. f..lirbati>,.,..
""mnt h1lo1 Annha!j uk IDl'K:
(6. 1J)
En....k" f'-~nYllll'k"~lUiunik,lI'<Iilf..ro-ndal......a kiivptl<o-7.o1""I'p"'1l tOrt " uik (6 .12):
II
F(x . y) '"
lk..-,~;dljl"'7.U. ~ + ~ =
6 .4 . 0\[,r3.
1>1\11 nll't"'i. 1'7. "" frinti>:t. s7.f'llit011WIlI nagy 1.,;,.,." I"*II. r" ..1O' IU'l'llll"lik S"1.,.]6l, IIlLZ\1uk. A raj .... pOllIO><. bllll PQ
''K.yc u<.... l.t .. Ol',f'li'it II f,'I"-w I' Ulltj >il ,,," nll't.1.i ,
h ) D"r ivalt fiiggve ny gorbej"n..k m e Ku " r k..ut......
1. L.m('n1.<'>1 nH".llY irnny: I,. h .. . . /.., ''''''k l\:t II '" J(x) It;;rlw v;"-"ttHJl iutl'rv"lhlluft1>lIl1 WI. "rinti'ik
390
F iiggvfony
A clpr ivAIt alakja
KOl1I'tNl,
" _ 0
KOl~~!.AI.......J
rr~ny
'l'u 'n.., 11
F~rnY"k
o...~r
Ko>t nW PllY
~~
"tuU"foll)'
~~
lk...-..lo&ly
hNtJlll fi"lUY'"nYrI'
("1"2
F~""y
(e kon..tJ
(~)'=~
tlu dr
,, ~-d. dJ
u(l,";r))) ;
"
. ..... 0'
(~)' - - ;i"
1.....
J{llly(r ))
dJ
i<-,l'lCltlU
.'!!
, -nl'
IV} ... - '-
IUl I ,li~ i t
f(ij;gv" ny
r ..n.mI-I,'l'N' l\.I"kl~1l1
...-lou fiig,gvi'Uy
r 0IArk< ,ut
OJ
Y _ fi r) -<==>- r
Az if = f'(I) ffiggvPnY dl'rlv'hj&t,
dy
VKgy
r
Y
= r(:,.'j,u; 'r"
= rC"j sin 'r"
"sin", + HOI<:,.'
..'.~"' :,.' - r
eiu,
y-
W\ltY ..
1(:~)
fiiggv;'lIy!."" 11 = / (I ) ffiAAV"'ny
~7. y
A rua,o;a"" h b l'<'nchl cl.. rivAitaka t i>o !'_>lI1O medon .kfmiiLljnk..
r( r)
I(r) fiiggv" n.v
n....'<ii k clc-rivaitjAnAk j ..!oIi_ i:
F.I- O)
1~Il".. m"t<>r )
(r= ~.
rPd,
!(,xl.
(r'l'
Ic.O'""~kt.oo .wmhi>lllmnk ..gyikp",,1 j..lolj;ik: !I'. y. ~~.
mN;odn-",l ii d..rivAlt jilll"k nC'W'ZZuk
d;
(F.= ~~, f~= ~~;

r
hAl IU:
= ,.>(y)
F.+F. !I _O w.gy
_!
u,rg{.-I<>IO [" 1i>I1....... ilJ<o,aW ....k .
6.;;. "br...
<ly
=
~. n~ ..rt
(6 .5 . abra) .. mht<'kn..k
6.1 .3 .1 . A magnsabb renda d eri\',Ut d f'fln kibja
"')
th
.D.. pt>utok
D" rh.
6.1.3. Magasahh ronda dcrlvahak
r'lnu+ ----;-
&l\! fij~y ill\ll"rlA.',,:.....A7

[n~"C'l'?f~i1IY
gnrl>i>;".
.C.. pontok
I- 0)
'"
,Irorivith -fii~
.a....... C,.C.z ,_
ortIinAtAiI :."", kdl !I2Vro"L1mm. Ail.
_!" -=- r' _ /Iln y )
( Il~)
~I"""
1,.12. . .. ill. I" iranyokkal
DY'rt iI;Orl..... kr-rnw-tt

H. U<'tU f!Z. IUI: .....-l.
<lu
dv:
<It' <111' dr
(aE R . a-l-O)
(n
lU
",-..-u..
(.... 0)
.'
.- = u(t'(r )) .
...
.-: ... v"
"
...)' = E: Ul
lllC'll
l'athm:"m"" "8Y"1_kM.. IllI"IY"k .. P alari'0lllh.>1

kiir"l lll.... az rrtl.'nRf'lyt a 8,. B,. "' ill. B. POll'
tokn.u, ntMX4ilc.
4 . M<y;t..j7.<>Ijulc. .. B,C, . 8,G,.. . B. C. viuWntc>o
C'f\Y"n-~I" 8,.8,.. , B" [><lIlto kwla
C ,.C,. .C. ponwkil!;. IW\Z az A ,.A.z
-t..
.~ hlill"u fii~kIa-1 valO IfII"t.Qk<pontjllki,;.
~,
KiMtai k ....... "8Y ~Orht- vonalWval ..
C,.G'.
.C. pontokat. At. iY D)""r1
A;I II C1f'( I ) flogWnynrlc r.. lel rn<>g. Aa IU: II
~t ,~ ...u-:.tottllk. ~ ;u\mr>L mint IU:
~ t<o~ly<'ft frlvrtt beo-..~~. akkor az. igy
(1I1't -'- .It + In '
(
I IAtYAnyfii&gYi'u~'
3. IlAj1.oIjl1k
( u vl' = ,,' rI
hAnY"'l<(Jannw.hft1YI
kon"t )
(<1..j'=nI
Ko>tfii~y
o-..-t.-tt f;igv""Y
irann w,ak f..leln..k me,,;( 6, 5. Abr,,). I'TllC'Tjiik .. 1"......7...jlllc. t>utOllO At . -ta.. , . , A ~ <'rint;"'; pon to kat ...h
hilltok m<'g"'7N'k""" t"",-, rd..,.lf>g....,
2. A ne,,;at i\' .r-teng..ly<>n vau....ztunk <'lIS ,w.pponlJ.,I... p I",utol. "RY. hOjlJ"" PO = a,.,.Aka/<z """AI
~h !"IO'"l. mini>llal""""hh .. gilr.....
~n
,rl = <1"y = /(~)(r) '"

dr
d" I(r)
dL"
(/I '"
0.1.
((i l l)
6. 1.3.2. Egyszcnlbb fiiggviouyt'k lIlaJ;asnbh rend rl d oeivaltjai

A 6 .3 . tliblliz..tban taJitlj llk "-Z '1C''''''''ll1hb fiiAAv!'lIY" k n-dik d.rl\4Itj,.jt.
6. 1.:!.3. A Leibniz-formu lu
(ao 'i' "wg !';tr;l.InN....r)
(i ~ ded')
KPt. f;iggv('n~' ""017.atau,,k n-.-hk ,I..r ivftllj ftt .. LEIDN1Z-fUllllu)a "'Rit....~~vpl hat';'l'o'l.hatjuk Ull'g:
D~(l< 1!) =
DAr
+ ~ Du D"-'v +
I
"(Il - I) D1u D"- l" + ...
"(n- I) ... (n- ", ,. I) D" DO "
m'
"
. t' t+
D"
u,'
(6.22)
6. DtJJr"""r1riL.~""I,'"
E nllf'k .llZ" fdt.tele. hogy I(t) I- o.

6 . 1.3.5. Invc rz fiigp;venyck magasabb rc ndu dcrivaltjai
6.3. tlOhl.u..t. :-;l>hAuy ch-mi fiiggviony lI"'1l;ai.abb O'n<lil .wriva.ltj..

F uggvl'-ny
n-ffiik d erivalt
I)(m -2) ... (m
m(m
"
(ila m f'!l:""WVJl.lllk n
,.,
(-0-- 1 (n
.....
.'
(Ina)~a~
~,
coo;(r +
)
2
.,
Nnh
k" hiu(1:.r + "2)
~h
1"'cu;(h - ~)
p4rnII. ch.r h& n
IDOIlOWDnm-..krdOfiigvkly.
{(II :$ 0 .
IIIOIlOtoD
parn.tJan
(lMd 12. old.):
.t (:)D..uU-.....
........,.
A : (? """(1.,1")(501: A l' = r 2. " = CO&a..r hdyrtt....it'-e! kal'j uk .. I~) = a~ ......(QJ
( UI-)(50)
ra 50
CQIj
lAjl;
B : (r'..
(lIJ + SOt) + ~ . 2ra" CtJO; (ar + ~9~ ) + ~ . 2a

1 2
~)(J = (~) 'f.' + (~) . 3J2~. + (~) . 6u ' +
6. 1. 3.4.
+ I.-t) . if = Zr.
G)
l....
(= + ~~)
=
2
d.F
"'It)
dt . II
<PIJ
J;J
,fly..
dii
'r=
Iii - iii
-y-
h'
I .
I '
.I
Jllj
~.;,
,;(1) ao
int..rvAl!uIllIlak valamc!y hcl<oli
0
b}
c,
B
6 .7. Ah rll..
I\1,y = [ (r ) riigv "'"y ...r te-lme-z..... van ....... enn..k ll.l.

= r hr lyrn a fiiAAV"nynck maximu m" vag)' miuimuma van (6 . 7.
libra) , 1\1-"7. . 10"'"D' n int.. rvallu m m ind r" p""t.jAra fton nAIl
[-) > fi x)
...... a fuggveny
j' (c) =
tI
u.
vI\KY
(6 .27,,)
h dyr" .-If'n vlllh,, t 0. tlkkol' itt
It
[(c) < f {r ) ,
( 6,211,)
'!" li v,ut h t/ k, ,... J. nulla Id 1<' L
(6 ,21c)
FERMAT IktdcIlCk a" a IIf'Otnf't ria.i j..!f'nl,...... ho lCY hit " KY HiW pny a t e te l f..lt't.f'I..it kid(giti. akk<>r"
gOrbCj" "" k tI kcrtl('hCII("mthan (lflMl a 6.7 . Abra A l.,.B puutjitt ) Jt1. .r-teng.. llyr l pArh llMlTlO<'I M-in t<'ij,
x2i,i- 3.i"iij + .1Yi 2 - xiii

?
'
.o
1\,
HIl ''KY o-r,rfiiAAo halmazon (a:1A:1. in l"fVl\Uumon)
d f 2 .t ,II. l' ''l'lllllrtr r "7.f'nntl' en vA t a "",t Jr entt:
drJ ""
...
-'
6 .1.4.2 . Ferma t tetele
6eZ
lIZ .. lAh h i (" !'UlIlIAk IIlapjAu hatafly/.hat juk meg , aIL"l y(l)
,f l.,r
6 .6 ...lora.
P aramete res a la kban adot t fiiggvenyck magasa h b rendd d erl val t jnl
= ;c(I). Y = y(t) PNII.llJCU"", aJakjM isrnerjuk, IIkkor m~aN\hh n'u,111
(s". y'" ~th,)
.j
HII "l.Z Y = fI r) t1iKgv'>ny ;f

d r ri vlilt jllit
,.
kiv{>t..l"v.-! Il whbi <iHf<7 ...-l/Ul"'.. prti ko nulla. 19y
I
= ,,"[(2450 - ,,2.?) CUl IU - lllOaninar).
,.
(6.23)
r" = 2."" = t.(4) = ... = O. A7. ..)..,'5 h"rom
(6.2I.ibl
v..w-
(6 .26A)
<1!iOkkco6 ff~y_
nullA. Ez .. ftolt.ncl D<"ID ldjnoilla 6.6.b 'br. 7Jt!~.

A monntonitAAi fpIti>tf'1gf'OID"trWlII Art yIoonti. hoc II. mnonton nnv...k...-\6 ffiggWny gi'irbiojP
hAlrOl
jobhr",];, ha1AdVA
....hoI. ....m "iill,....-l.ltUtZ ""CY PW"IWik. ""CY vtmPn":'Wn luWod (6 .6 . i h r.). EnIlf'I. llIPgf",1Mt'Im .. gi>rhf' ~_ ponlj~hiu.ott kinUl ""CY ~ W to.. " pozitiv I ln1gl"1Iycl.
""Igy
p&l"huzalllQ'l. HfL....nbln tArgyalhAljuk " mnootoP ookJt..OOft"og.....ny ..k.'1 ~ (6. 6.b lib r.). Ha
II. f,1w+nY 117.ignrt'"", monoton, IIkknr "" hintll..,.,.k ~ pnntnkhlln 1o-lwt lIZrtf'ngf'1lyri parh1JZ3lllO'-.
mini p<'ldiudII. 6.6.... abr... A pontjAhM., de nem f"K)' PS.... ~tp.--uUUlOU.mini a 6 .6.b abra 1Jl'
[]It;' = t: tM-1}'l1.l.el<itn<t ..I~. 01)1'''''' funn,,1AhoI: jutunk,

IlIf"g
rtz) 2':O:
lKMAII
p;.m.. tJl shan. pAeatllw
amdYI><'k aWtj .... billomWil< tl-tt-I NAkjAv&l ~ik
(6. 25)
" " I\V.Id""njuk. bogy .. t('AA""uy~""'" monoUlCl nOw-kr<lOvaY aoiikknw'i~. &kkor hat:t.a k..ll
tmniink Art II. ftolti-tf'lt. bogy &Z ['( r) <kri...... t II. fmti illl.<-o'>Ulum ~kn riolzllilftv.ll.1J."mab",n ... w ;u:;o-
0'... "" .. no. "
3'.;M(y)JI - ....( ,)....... (1/)

i.. . . (y)j~
lWJ8.
7)
""
5b.r. hAn
ch.r. M. n,
<1'y
d.;r3 =
Ha..gy e-zffiiggo hAlnllWlll (""-"'il int".-vNl"moo) ftl! f (z) fi'iUV"nY nlind,rnutt iorWlIIlf"ZV"valI N folyto-vaialniut eeen intervallum mi~nlwlo6por1tjAhM. drri...uh"tii. akknr " fiiU"""nY lllOllOtonita""wt.k
""iib'gno ...... ~ r",ltiot..w-:
(klnata h
oh,
d>,
,p,
d,'
6. 1.4 . A d ifferencials7.amltAs lcgfoutosebb retelei

6.1.4.1. Mouoronirasi fdti-t elek
'"
sin(r ..
<-
rellniill:
I )! '"
..!...
IIl11Z
Ahol IY~l = dr' II..
n-edik tl..riva.lt 0)
32.
In.
."
."
D"{Ul') =
ak kor
Ha y '" ..'(.r) a.z ..I"f'd..t i y '" 1(I) fiWPllY in...... rL (liwcuy<'. allor il!lIZ >l.L. bogy lIZ 1/ = f{r) .... 1\7.
r '" ..i y) aW<ok "kvivN.. ru...k. Alll'-llllyihrn f.-lli-t.k-aUk, bogy ./(IJ) I- 0 illor ItZ f rijggv t-ny;"' .;
illvt'rVnf'k" drrivaltjai kmou fruwill a (6.15) ,-"f,IAA"~ ~t""",,hb rt'll,lii d,rivf\l.Wr.raly" , y'" "th.)
+ 1)r"'--A
{-W-'(n-l)! ..!...
' .. r
> m,
TO
(6,24)
VIll).
=
39:
394
[).> roo/II ml,!; nrm k"wtk,,.ik 1'1 I<'WIIl"'!/Jorrlit>i.."",. Az, hOKY a fii~vi'llY""k "I\)' <luu l"lIlI l"'l' vLco<:M.nr,,,,
PrinlojrV>ul,.--k lUT'Inl'u. onlO' itt kl.<'t ""kL"""rti'kc, Jl ...~ ucmhil:t"". A 6 .6.a ab rim ]';'tl",IJHk.I,,'ltY
~ .-t ponlt...." !,(r) = n. 1\1, I>ri"to vi1><~.int ..... m"g ~in"" "".i,L""'..-tfk. ~tMl"""'t. ''lQ' fiill.l;V;llYIlt'k Irot>t
&t'L",'M"rt"k,"ly"n .... 1)f"11 i~. "h.. l re-m difJPTf'nriAlMw. :\ 6.8.d ilbra E ponljAh..:, nt>m h,',zl",tl>',ill'o.
itt" t'iiggv<'ny n..m dmvAlhaw. mPgi>; m/\Ximum VAIl.
6.1..1 .3. Ho lle tetele

Ha"", - I(r) fiw"'ny" 7.Art '0. b] inl""",,UllrnhAn fol)"toT>Ol' Ps lrgalAhh "" (a. b) nyflt ;llto'rV>llhuOOIl
,1mvl\JMIl>. Vl\I/VJl;nl "" in!<'t'Vl\llllm ItaUrnin" nulIa. t'rti>kf't """"i f..l. RZaJ; f..nlWl
J(a) = O. I(b) = 0 (ll < b)
t6.2M}
ILkkm AZ 1I", b k1i>li>tt hi;<luoAt, V>\ll k,:aliLbh~' olyall c hdy. hoto'
f'k) = 0 (0 < c < b)
(6,2-'1.}
RoLLE t,,-\..u-l,..k ~1l",,"1"lILt jd,'u""'" .uriut. ba '-"l'[\' r
I(.r) ffiAAvh.IY #KIM'.!" 1\2 .r.t'llj:dyl VI
pontban..... ,.'",,, D l'0ulhoLu n...""'4l (.", h.. """.iltaluk ~tt wwrwUl"mu..ll f..lyl.Of.....,'''' 11I;1l,Io'n
....1..0 pont!ww Io'~;k hrtll ffi~,.,. mnlojr.llkkor "".-I .... a B IIO"l ki5Wtt 'lUI 1<-.:""'1.1.<'10' .. lvau C
ponl.llIlIf'ly ....IY"" .prJ-,.. killtli;.. .-..uhllMmnl\AZ r-If'llg<'l1)..... (6. 8.01 abra) A7. ;n~l"ml"", li,l.l>
y'
}'
htt'kct. ha. :: !rekitett kt..k.....l'\ 1'''
l(if)1
hmk? If(::) 0.000 M5.

O.~
3.1~-Yd-uI""
- _I
s 0.m:.3 ,0.0016-
:s O.~
- O.()lJ()l)I (6.31)
1(1 :2)211"
iKY
- 0
()()()()S5:s
1-,,1
Oi~
.)
0 A c
.b x
<)
b)
6.S. ,;,lmL
y.
C
/)
A
I
.(
,
0,
6.9, ,;,hra..
ilyen IlOut ito leh..l. 1'''ldAn]" C. D p." I\Z E pout ...6.8.b abran l';'n)'''1':'''' f..ltRl<>1
hops" fiiw"'ny
~ intervallum mill n l'"nlj..u>l<l1 fnlyU>T>OI' .... rlilfe!"f'nriAlhAlo l<>IDpu. f'3.1athAlh 6.8 .c i b rin. ill 'r.:<
'.I' = d h..l.v'-n ... fiilQtv n"'n.ktozAkad...... VAl,. i'r< uin .... j,,; vfz.zillt...... rintd. A 6 .8.,-1 IIbrlln ...." IAthAtjuk.
hug)' ~ .I' _ .. hdY'Il"fiilU:v,'uy '"'Ill ,lilf'l1"Il,ooh.o.w.lu ~ill.,.ulY'\Il C pont. 11ll'1)'l1" 1'(.1') '" O...,..,...n)_
Ha ~ II 1(.1') fiiW'i'lIy I\Z Ill. b] ~"'r1 ;1l'.. r~"'I"II1'-'n f,-,lrt"noo .......7. iur.. ",a1lum l",t.o..jl-""" m;n,I<'I,iitt
,1..rh'iLIh"w. "kk"r 1l3." {.,. b ko1.iitt v....II"@a1 ...h h"g)lol"'an"h..)y. hog", fplll"..Il .. ki>""lk,~;;io<><:.fii~{.,.:
(Il
< C < b).
(ti,:./',I,,)
"
H.. ,>l vij(,~~i i k .. b = .. + 11 b,.J"',tt.."i',.....' '''' Aval Holiink Pgy 0 .... J kiizi>tt II-vo "Am"!.. ..kk"r ...,..., ..It,
""
m....kent i. f..Hrh"tjllk:
I(a + h) '" 1(1I) + 11 1'(" + Rh}
(0 < R < 1)
(6.2!!h)
1. G"on"'trill ijl'1"ut,..... A tNd 1:"(Jlll<'ll'iaila!\ ,,,,,tjd,,"ti. hogy ,v, ol}'lm!l - 1(.1:) fiiAA\'('Il.l'I:i>r1~'ll"k,
I\llldyik "" A,'", D I"mtuk k,;",iu folytou ..... (6 .9 . abra )'''' lJlilJ<l'lll~)fltj,.,b"z h(lI.lll\lo 1l<'llIf;jAA!\I"I\"~
{-rintu. V""I "K..!Ahh"R.,v ()IY~J1 C poutj... Il.ln"lvl,,-;. h","'>t ~ "r inlo l",rlHI~"'lnoo 1\1. AD hiIH"!. Adr.-Ihl\!.
t.ohh il.""n punt. ;~ (6 .8.b abra ) lIogy " f,-,Iyl.on..-flg .... " .-I..r;vfllh"to...'lK f..jt"',I.. U"'"l1V;'" fm't......
IiIth"tjuk" 6 .S .c ,d AhrAn
21
_~ fl~-ll(o)
... h- f (0 ... HIl)

(6.32)
(n - I )!
n'
ahoI 0 < e < I. A h "rt.fkc icbM. p<Mitlv V"ftV Il~ ...t iv. A tl;If....... I~it.All koz,"p;.nrktRtde (6.2900.)
.. I'A...LOR-formulasp<'Cillli."......' .. ,han = I
H.. k"\ fi"tggvf.llYII = I(r);"" .. - ..i r) IlJtV""""",n"" :G. b!:tArt. inU'rV>IJhlmon folytollO/l ....az Wl"I'Va.lJ.wu
hoobof"jt'bM>. min.-lf"niitt .-If"rivillMW....l..miul ... /(.) IlZ iUlt'f"VILIlum!ww ....hol ""m u'lnik ..1. Akkor Io'\f':tik
"" intf"rvaIlmnnak legalAhh <'g,\' oI)"Il.n bd,.:; C' punlj... ;IIO'.IK>lO' IU oWI,bbi e-z..fiigg.... tdj.....ii1:
I(b) - I(G)
J'(r)
,.,(b) ,;(a)
.../(r} (u <.c < b),
(6.33)
hYp""",!:,,,
6.1.4..1 . A ditflr!ncifil"zamit;\... koz<'pCrli-ktetele
I(b) - I(a) ... J'(f")
h'
-ria) +
6.1 .,1.6. A ditferenctalszamnas kozept"rtHtelelt'- nek Alta lfinositasa
6. 1
<1,'[
I ~".2
I'
Io-~u,,.
-,
_ '_
I(a - h) "" lill) --- - 1'(0 ) -
am
(fI"
mRR.....
H...... " _ I(r) r~~, AZ ~a, .. ... h, illl..rv..Jhullun r... y"-- ......-hIM'll. Loirt. inkn'>illumlww ~k
.. ""'W"'Ilbb rmdtidcri,'iIItjai i..~. IlZ(n _ l likig 1><2&l~. """"ninl IlZ(1I...... 11) nyut intcrval1umbAn
Ik~lilt lIZn..."w-en<1il tkrivilll."-""'" folyt<>I
lIIo:.bx rrlirhalJuk a TAYLOR-furmuliLt va,:y TAYLOR--tOOrt:
y.
_.
Ht'k l!IZAmoo; ~yakorlati a1ka1maziosa ~ m .. rtt ....,

A : A hihalt nag)'sagal m"Rh...,.illIl ..ljiik .. kOv.. tktw5 ,.... ,Ual-'jiw.:
I/{b} - 1(0)1 < Klb - 01.
(6,:10)
in I\' -\'Ill .i<'loll,-lk az ~a. b: illtf>rv.illUlll u..~ S ilt'lyo'l...-;. ~~u,
toft 11'(.1')1 t'"t'k..k feb.:> h..w,,-, B: r..:,;dj<-ob lIl..kkor"l>OOl~aI ... lk.tjult 11"'1 1(") =
6 .1 .,1 .5. Az egyvaltozos fllggvenyekre vonatkozb Taylor-tetcl
y.
"'"
2. Alkalmazasok A ditf..rt,,,,;,ij,.zAmitJuo kmkp';rt.fktrt.,.]'-'"
A~ illtalfln.-... kOUv<-,rtiohi>t..J R""mMrilli jrl<'nt...... ll"'Kf..l..l"

kird,..:rt.fhkcl Rl"OIllctriai.i<"Irtl"""'mk. Induljullk ki pcl.-l';'llill. kiivltkrWkMI. Ha ...6.9. a b rli " Iho gorl ..., I\J: .I' = ..it), II = 1ft)
1'1lralH>-1......... alaI<han ...-ljllk n ...g.... holsz A .... D POlllok a I '" u, ill. , = b t'rt ik..kll"k f..]..I"..k m<'g.
...kkor" C pont.ra igaz. hogy
I(b) - I(a)
J'{C)
tga=
= - (6.34)
,,(b) ,;(a)
'.-"'(r}
Au",nllyibm ,,(.r) = r. ;'g)-' az iIIl.. lano~ k<Y1kIMrt...ktk"l" ki'Q;;n~... kifdIM'rj.{ktd,.,lI", n",RY fit.
6.1.5. A szi'lso ertckc k es lntl exl os pontok meghatnrozasa

6. 1.5. 1. Maximum es m in imum
Egy fiil\l,'Vt'ny lokaIi" (he1yi) IIlllx inmmAt. Vf\RY I"Uh.. (helyt] lIlinimlllutlt Ulv.-~~iik k<YI.iiF; nt'wn loktil;,.
.....gy h..lyi ,zt'L,';"rtiknd. A1. I(x) fiil\llvi'ny "mn J(To} l'rli'k,'it n"v"~~;ik /"ktil.... mtlI",,,,,,,n al< (AI). ill.
lokrih, ",i"im",nn"k (m) m,wly..kw "" alft.],],; ..jO"lll';I\..'l....\I(,k tdjo,>;iihlf"k:
f(ro + h} < I(Lo) (maximum vIm}.
(6.J5a}
a
396
J(zo + h) > /(zo) (minimum Vl\ll)

(6.3:">1
Itt h VJlIamily..n k .u-o!ut "rt"kd j.>O'at!v Y1Ig,)' nrg",tiv ozarn leher. de iigy. bORY IlZ .1'0 + h h..ly i.~ A fiil\&"
\'fny htf.lm...,.;.,q tArtom&llyaban 1"KY"'1l. LoUlis maximum ~"nf\Z }(x.) IlafO'Ohb. mint "''''''''lIIl<7AI""
fllggVPny<"rtiokPk. minirnurn ftIM1'lI I.. ~lig ki>w-hb nAluk. A~ adott int.crvallumon f..JV<'tt loognllgyOhl., ill.
1<'g!<iM>hh ftlgWuyi'rUokl't az Ildon lntcrvallumr.. YOT\AtkozQ olM.oltil lI<UJJ glo6allll m4r1m,,,,,IlAk. ill.
abluolrit ""fl' gioMlu man"'. ...""... llM't!lIlI:iik.
6 .1.5.2. LokAlis sziols6i>r te k le te zesenek sz iikseges fettetele
FolytoooA fUgrIonYllf'k aoal: dyan pontjain41lffi<ot lIllJol8&'.wk.ahoI. .. <kriVlilt WIjQ' .. ltllnik. ""y t-gyaltalAn niI>f>l ofort.,ollllf"ZVO'. 1 &:1:1 jr"'llti. bottY ... fI~yphoo IoMfuo >IZOi-ofrt<-1wi1wz tILrtmo6 pontjaillllll
II.Z erint6 Y1Ig,)' pilThm&/llOll az stl>ugclly.-I ( 6 . 10. 'bra) . vagy paebUZ&lIlOfl AZ y-t.-nKPll}"'1 (6. 10.b
&1
i b ra). V"IlYf'lYiltAlAn no-rn Ik.<ozik (6. 10 .<;" ' br.). wit a f..Jtk~k ,-""upan oa~k. do- lJf'ffi ..w.g
..rg-k. AllIint rzt AZ 6.11 4br4ll u A. B .C pontolm41 rftOn ~bctjiik. wlt,",l .. p<llltoknAI ..
fi.nti klUotdPk trljooooUlllf'k. ~ NDa ,gi!1MSmPk.
y.
;f\
"
_.JL
6.10. libra.
:
/
"
"
6 . 1.5.3. Differencialhato . y = f (x ) exp licit alakban adot t fiigg"eny lo kelis szi'lsOi-rtekei
\
l(
u.u. Ahrll.
IlIIumllUll een. M !,,(r,) > O. akkor itt lolea-\180. ha !,,(x, ) = O. Akknr r ,ot lIZ 1""(.1') harmadrendo1 <kfiv&ltba brlyrttnlitjiik. Ha itt
/""(-1,) -I O. adMik.AkkorAZ r = r. hrIyrn ninao~k.lINl.-rni~poDt V&Il.
lilt. minimum
Sz.. ls6ert~k .. kn. .... inll ex K. pont o kra vonatkow ff>ltPt ek>k HA &l r = x, bd)'ffi a.;o ..l..o cl
tUnt'l d.-rivAlt wndjto I..v.:.. t<ZAm. Akkoraz /(r ) fiigrfrlyn<'k.-zrD a hf'1}""D lokAlio ~kt' Y>W:
am.-nnvibo-n ee AZ kYok lJ<"g>l.tiv. aklinr JokAIi,o nuWm'lm.M pom.liv. akkor l.-.k4.lill minimum. Amikor u
..w..1 ~m tunG dmv4.lt rt'lldjP pUlltlan -am, Akkoc..,-"11 a b.-IyPn ninca ~rti'k (harlf' m inll.-.xiOt<
pollt VlUl). H" a:z coo dt-rivalt ~ik olot. abo! a rr~YnMr infl<-xil-I"'lltja van. Akkor ~"hf'I)"f"II
az ..oodrrivaltnak s:ti-~k.- VlUl. Az infl<.xi60. poutok brlyk. ~ba.tjnk.ha IIM"gk..........'ll ,.,.,l<a.t
a b..1Yt"kct ..boI &>: "b6 d..rivaltnak ..... bo6rtti-kf' VNl.
M~gyzioll Az .. lOjtolv~D>Od.ozen luwz.nalbalj,ik akkor.. ha Ilf'm lo'-u7.ik diff,,",ncialMn}"'do!o.
mint "" a 6 .IO.b.c ", a 6 .1.5.2. a b cako n IathatO.
6 .1.5A . A bszol et {globa lis} szels6i>rtlokE'k me gha t a ro zasa
Ha ec' folyt.otJw fUw+ny""k lokiIilI lIllJolo6ku"ko-i YlUlnU.. akkm a tnaximum- no minim',m}"oJy.-k "to'mMt viltjak~.~ ket ~ nuWm'lmhf'ly kOzOtt mindig V&Ilegy minimlwJ1x.ly.... fonilt"",.
-,
I,
I>t"m
bl
&)
0 i
bl
::
. ,
rT-t
,
.
-I.
~,
A
,: .\
,.
1. Sze~rt"kh ...ly...k m e gha U.roz.iula Mi...d a ",,"'1..orrti'khf'l)'f'k..n az !,(x) = 0 ,.zUk>oi:go,. f,Iti-WI. Al

I'(x) d..ri...iIIt ml'"gMt&roza..a uI-M ""' j'(x) = 0 <'gYl'tIlrt SI,x2.. x, ..... x.. val60l gyiikf'il k..U me~niink.
Ezck mindejorikPt. pl. r, -t "" .,JAhbi mh<W.......k 'vilu'
alapjan vi:rJlp;;;'jll k m..p;.
2 . A il e l6je l...inga la t medszere Ha a d..riV>\.lt folytnnos. mind..n x, -11"1 ...a lemi...e1 ki.>o<hb r _ Iwlyhez. ill"t"" a rll. la .... .I"mi.....1 uagyohh r + h..I}h<>7. m..gh/ltAronuk l\Z I'(r) d"ri...; ilt duj..li-t.
T..rm~tc!Ol.-n I\Z l'(x)rJ(k ncm I,'!l" t ""' -1, k x _, ilL r. k0:7iitt tovahhi y.nl~hely Ha aL j'(x_) hdyn'il
3Z I'(x... ) h"Iyf<' ....10AUn"lll'tnN Il3. I'(r) ,,16jel.. "+" r61 " -"ra ...iIItozik ...kko r
f(.r) fiiltll"'nyn..k
.... r = x, hdy"nluki\li/o meximnma VIlli. (6.1 2.a a b r a ) . Ha a vAltozA.<l "n"n ke-/.o ill'nyu.
d"rivAl t
m'l':"tl ...r611>o7.itlvr"...Alt, "kkor itt lokAli~ minimum V/Ill (6. 1 2. b abre }. All", n nyib" I1 " <1'Ti"'''lt "l<'ljel"
""'" vft,ll.o7.ik (6.1 2.c,d abra) . ekkor a 1l.6rh"""k lIZ r = z, helyeu mnce -zd...i hlfk". h"""lTl illA"xi,'leI
pontja VIUI. Az "hh"" a l>o nt ho 7. 11Ii u ,t t rrinM pArh"Z/lillO< f\Z .r-ee ngellyel.
3. M alt""abb ren uu dl' r ivaltak mM~".. rE> Hl\ a fiiggvo'nyn..k I\Z I = x; h"ly"nlIl"l'O ......hl> f<'n<hl
tkriv;;.ltj>u i/o IH'"M",k, akkor mindr-n .r, ltY0kot I'lZ r(x) rnAAodren,h1 d"rivAltloa i~ l...h,lydt<",itii"k,
IV."""
A fiigg.-tlm vilt0z6 ~ interv>oJl",nllt oIyan r+oa:intf't'VlL1lnmoulI bontjuk. anJf'1)'f"kb.-na ll-JUY"nY

dmVliJhlltO. Az abow:>IiII .......1aOi-rtt'kPkM A rfonint.-n'..Illlmnk ~rt<'kci r.. A rioWnt.f'!'v.lJhllIlok hAt.Vpontjll.in fdvett fiiggvrny.h1kk"k kOz'll kell ki~u.
P,'!d it k a H:tels6erte k.. k meghatarozAsAra :
A : II = .._z' inTl"fvallum [- I , +1], ma.ximum All r .. 0 hf'lyrn. (6. 13.a a b r a).
r-
B : II '"
r 2 int.,..wlum [- I. + 21, nuWmum az x
jobb hAUrpontj"n).
C : II =
~.
int<-rvallum (- 3. +31, TnAximum Il7. r
I .,.. e.
+2 bdy.-u. (6. t 3 . b 'bra. "" intf'..r_UUlTl
= 0 IK-Iy.-o. m.-gAllitI"0d.... t'rtel,,"'-ben iU:
1I = 1 (6 .13 .c abra).
D : II = 2 -
xi . intf'rvallum [-
1. + 1). maximum 1l7..r .. U 1l<'ly"n(6 .1 3 .d ab ra ) .
6. 1.5 .5. Implici t alakban a dott filggveny szeIsOi>rtcke ine k meghararozasa

AlIlcnnyih"n" fiiggvt'ny F{x. II) = 0 i"'l,licit "IRkjAt ilt.m"rjiik. loll In..glll\'. F fiiggvCIlY iN '''' Fz . F. I'arcifl.!i. d~TivfI.l tj/li;" fo lyt onOl'l<k. It "'1...I.o6t;rl(.kt!u-t" kiiv,'tkt-wkt'I'I''''' hllt4rozhlltjuk 1Il"g:
1. l\I ..goldjuk az "lO'eDletr<'t1d8z~rt: F(r.lI) = 0 , F.( r, II) = o. Az 19y nyert (rl' lid, {r2. !/"J}.
(.r,. !I,)... 'lO'0kokd "7. F. -ha (." Fn b,Ilt'I}",tl,,,,ltjiik,
2. E Mjt"lv izHll.a la t az (:1'" y , ) pont ban f.. I...... tt F r ~8 F:r:r e rtekek r .. Kii]o llhii,ii eloj dek """,t(>n az
II = f(x) Figgvenyuck "7. r, hdy"nlTlinimllm" van, hllM F. H Fzz dt"ijd, m"!:"lO""'i k. akkor" fiigg -
x,
v"nynek ""
helyeu maximuuia "'1U1. A"'''"11yil'''1l F. V"KY F u
akkor" to .... bhi vi"",!:alat honyolultahb.
I\Z
(:r,. Y.) behely"tt,.. iU.....koc d hillik,
398
y--
.. '
)'= 2-)0;,
"
/l~
-t
-,
.j
".
'"
+--J-----h
,
hI
d}
6.2. T obbvaltozos fiiggv euyek diffcrencialasa
6.U. abra.
6. 2. 1. P arcialls d eeivalrak
F ii ~\' {>n)'
6. 2.1.1.
Az 11 -=c ! (ZI.
..
Z2 ..
li
Z..
1.
. , r ~) filqvkly
/(Z l.l,. .
r , "ZI"rinti J>"l'ciiili.~dc>rivahja i\Z Il1Abbi dif!""nl....w hAnyAcho

. z, + ~.. oz.) - j(Zl.Z,... _.r,.
.r,, )
or, = .u:~~.
((i.3ti)
Az 11 ~oY" vil1.C86ja w.il pl-lotiiulkl...... MZ J:,-t vil.oooa:tottnk. A;o; ~ tOb!>;'1 - I vAI~t

koIct.llmnalr. ....k.LDtj,ik: u~ jArlmk ..I. miniM a friggWny <:M..k lIZ r , rilt07i> f1~ki)'O' Inll}<' , A I""r-
' e'L__ ()u

,
es r.
CI&l'" ....n.'....... Jf'''_:
lh:' u lJr'
--' ,,-
~_--,_~,. _L
au au
derivilljal k'p.",lwtjlik: . - II
Xl
. 11 : -
'-'l'1 .... v... tozi,
_'- __ L _'- ~_ __
~ _ .1
~y....,." UiII..., ~~1<l ,11'"""";"1>'
fi
,.
iJu
iJu
. ..,,-- . . . , -.- . A I""ci!I'" derivilltAk ~ ~ lIg)'lWIW>n
vJ"~
sz.ah.iIyok ""..not Uirti>nik. mint alllt'ly.. kri
ry
z'
,._.
Dr .
az ~107.o.. fiiggvrnY"kn"llllf'gismertIUlk .
2zy
z
iJu
:1 '
dlif~"klltf'llct I az
d,
3.
tgB.
iJy '" t g,'. .
aIAhhi ll2iOn:atot'
( (xl dr.
((j.:k'h)
A diff.. ,...nciaJ gam>etr ia i j ..J.."t...... "I.r.boljuk" fiiu\+ny ~.ik II DESCARTES-flo!.. koor-
c..
tlinAU!.~bcn
bU73.llk lflf'g llZ r abo<t<i-7.Ajil ponl
jrlrnti llZ ioriut6 onlinAtajAruU< mrgvtIJto'z..1\Mt .
kint6jk . Ha r megv;\Jt0z.3.'<a dr. ..kkor dy
6.2 .1.4 . A differcncial fdb b t u lajdon s.i.p;ai
((j ,37..)
r..""iLll
.u ",~...ki.."iuy IIlt'llUyiM!g, ..kkor dy j,..H.

y(z) ;,. l.ct..wl"l{.... ki.-smv . d", .'kviV>Ll'W1Il~Wr..1WI.Z lim Joy
.
.p-o dy
Na~"g"-"ndi vi ,,;zon y H..
= I . E7Rrt k,l -
lOnl...:,.';;k j" vi-gtclPII ki.-si. nlt'g IMg......hh I"Pndho-n . milll dr. dill.", ilr (ki\+Vf'. h.. dy = 0 ). A kOVPlk,. y;
e-z...fi~""",lOOilr.:
ut
.7;ijl; IUllL.l6gir.j.u-1I ,ldin iAJ h.. tjuk II {I ..,..ng.-I.. Ek kor
lim .lll = I
':"-0
.ly "" dy ... f' (r )dJ
dy
((j..J)
o-/.tmgg"" t.t>s;,;i l"h.'lo...;" hogy f'gy f;i~"''''lIY kill l.utll:ti.t1t rliff"wll"ilLlj.. s<'l:it~"'VI'I jdll'IIl"'~
zunk. A ko-""litO "",iLlIlit"""'kIlA.l gyllkrllll rzl 1\:1. dj".I'Mt kiiv<-tjiik (IMrl 3'J5. ultl. Cs 8 19. old. ).
&. ax
6.2. 1.5 . Parcialis diff..rencial

((j,37 h)
E~v ;wJol t ir"l1Y.7~ri nti d<'TivAJ tr61( irtl" vo".."ti drn''''lt), ilL f'gy tt>rfogat szerintirdl (thf"9alo r/rm'tilt)
.. Vekl"rIUIILl ll.i. f('j(/~'th<'l1 (1.....1673, o ld.) l,,,"z ." ,.
6.2.1.3. A dlfferunclnl fognlma
x"
2.
(6.31 \
'<Rrinti lo.-wi<iI k-hM .
Az pgyvaltoz6ol II = f (z ) ii1Ut"I/ony d iff.. ,...nciirol jauak lIP\It'ZZiilr adott x i-rti-lr .... rgy lldotl dr
~ t<1.-.rh;
.lJl = y( x + .lz ) -
A.z II = !(z .11) fii.1;xvCll),t mint f<-hllptpt A.brkr,nljllk " DESCA RTES-f(oJc koordinlatA-n-n<l""...rben. A P
fcliik-ti J>Olll.onlU .... r, u-.lkkIU pA.rhIl7.N110'u!kot &Ililwu. (6 .14. a bc,, ). A ... k ...... f"liil<>t kOzOo.IKllltjl\i
"10" mrl,".M~bm h"Iy".Wn"k .. I. H,I7.Z 11 nk I/oril1l"'ld'},,~ llgiirbChcz II P pontMn. Az,. .7.0,; .. nn"k IlZ
II~~,-t IlZr-t<'ugdyt<3l"" 6r<llmll.lllujAl1\rw\v..J
hiut<3llt'k "1107~U" r-tcnR"ly irA.nyA."'" IIf'7Nt .rog.,.
cllcntMn< irianyhM A7. I-rintdig ml-rjiik. tgy" t .. kiutel. .. lJ'O'~iliv y-t<'n!,,,,Jy fel'" iriany"!. Ekkur f"lIItA11
Az
III
2.
6.2.1.2. Ocomer rteijelentes ki-t \la.ltozO esere n
...ar ;:
...
Uk ~ r ~ uOvo.-kmfnyft:
1. lnvaria neia FiiAAMlffiiil "1Io\. bUflY z fiiAAMIm vaJ t.ozlH" V"'lQ" "RY un-iLhhi I ,aJlmO 1lJgg\i'n~.
f.nnAll. bogy
dy = f (r )dz .
((j.39)
r -iJu =-ry
- =- -iJII =z
iJ:
8u
or
A x X iigg..-t kon viilt oz o diff...... " c iAl jAnAk ...._

h=~
pare ialis d er'ival tja
Min d .."
r2, '" vILIt<,1i>h01. kl-po>?:h"t.iink ..gy dr,. dr2 . . , dx" .. , dXn tlilf"l'f'n"iiLll , A <!"lillklO ...7....
rint kiilonhmo , hOllY rgy fiiAA"tl"n vIL1!.<l7A':>nak vagy "gy fiigj,""',ny lll'k .. tl iff"I"PnriAljru-Ol V"I1-" ~.,j"
Az " = f(:1. y, . ) tohbviLItow.. fiiAAV"'ny ""lllllwlyik vAltt'd,j" """,rinti, pi'ldA,,1 az

difff'r""ciiLIjAt .. kovel.k<7iiki'PIWUdcfiniiLljnk:
."
d,u = d.1 = Or dr
sz,'rinti parciiLli.
'
(GA l)
400
6. [J,J!"""ntW.ztl,,""tti..
6.2.2. Teljcs differencial los magasabb rend n dlffe renclal ok

6.2.2.1. Tdbbvaltozos filggveny teljes differencialjanak fogalma
1. Difft'n'nciltolhat6sag
A;t tl = f(xi . ,1"2
, r,. ., X.) lOt,h.utmM fiiggvpny lIZ .\lO(.c"' .I
J' ;q , .. , z ..) pontllM nif
frn-nciR!w.tI>, bA "8Y .-;t,lmL-":h M (I lI' -+ dJ "r'lO""
, X .... b . . . . ,roJl dr..) pont"" vN6
"tt"*'kor ~1l.'g..... lll,,.i d.r1,dr,. ., d.z:.. mellett a f~I1Y nOvlkm"nyfnrk ..
.11 : f (r l' '''' dr l.r.,. + dIl ... _, x..... dr, .
,;r.. .... dr.)
-/(II. .r
, . r ..)
(6.42l1.)
Crtflmrk a V>L1Am..nnyi parciA!Pl.lilff'tf'I1ciAlb61 k"r-u~ ..........a
.u,....
......
(.-
...
,ul .... - dr1 +
I I ' c2
frtioktOl. valOe1um.-
XT;Jl =
r.
dr..l. __ . .2..
~ I w - n k__ bb .
Jdzi "" dJi . .
(6.-I2'b)
5. Alka.lmazits" hibaszamitilsnAl
Ad" t .. lj"" differen..iaI ~tIoi>K .....d" ,},u hibA! (I/wod (6.4211.)) IK...iiUl<"tjiik m.-g (lAAd pl. 816. old.). A
TAYL.OR-formuIAbOI (Wod 424. old. ) ko""tk"zik. hos;y
l,},ljl = Idu .... RII ~ Idul + IRII "" Idul,
(6 .45)
&ZlI2.1.:l"1"blrzollit hihat "Wi kOzclit&.bt.nldulva.! h"lyrttl'lOflhPtjiik. llO' d" linearis ki'tzt-lite.e ,},,,nAk.
6 .2.2.2. Magasabb rendl1 d eriva lt e k
ih1'
~ ~ ~
Ebhf'n A mA...ooik_
a.r~.r l , ....
(J.r,OZJ axiJ.r, .
mint "'"
. . dP" .
(6.42<)
{os differenciAlok
1. Masod...ndiI pardalis df'ri valt

.U u = f (.r,. Z2. . ,z; .... .r.) ~ny IIJ.Mo<1rmdiI ~ d.. riv~tjAt k"p""'..Iwtjiik ugyallazon
;flu it'll
vAltozh IW"'tint mint lIZ ..bo6t. igy
&;1 " . do- ~jiik qy ma..ik vf1Itozi> --nnt ioo.. ~
z2
v&ItazOba vonatkoz6an
~
oz,as
J
.... n WVft' dPrivaJ.t&kroI. bnrUI.iink. Adott
X,
a.
~ . 1J7A7. Akk W"lO"'l' dtridJt frtku rug:rlle-n Adf'rivAl"'~
ih-lJr-,
tiI~.
llOITendjet61. ha a ~ dmvilt _ ki-~ ponthan folytonoB (SCH.....ARZ-fd~ fek~ wJ). A
Egy folytooGo tObbvilIt.oJaI rflgWny P1J' J>OlIlbau dilL.-rn>riAlhaW. ha ~'" drri rilt j.oli min t tOOt..
viltoza. fiigvi-D~kfolyto/lllNUl ..h.... n .. poutbau ...."llIX"k"'jJODtnak "RY kOn:J~ . f.. ~.
<W IWm lI&(j~ Ml.k.o-l. c..1p4n a P"Jri'Ii!O do.-riYilltAIt ~ <nCB nnn kiiovrtJt..rt..dK'tiink .. fiig "
IMflA.W>b r"f\,hi pan:Wi.. derivAltaMt ~ loooon d<-fmiiljuk. Pi'Id4l1l: or"
vPnyfol~A.
2. T..U- diff,,",nci.lll
Ha to diJffT1'ftciAlhAt611-1ggW'11y. ""'-" a (6.42b) iiMzegrt A f'-JUVi'ny
......
liu = .-liz l
... - . 4r2
~ 'SJ
"" f..lirjuk
Q.
aW>hi k
[Vadu= (
XI
...
ul~lI doff~1U.
+ .. ... .,.....-dr~ .
nt'Yf'U;ik.
(6.4J,oo)
X~
_ktort:
()g ... , ....
X2
.r.
)T
(6.4:k)
II.kkor II. t.P\j<'>I. diffom'lK"ialt a kH ""kIm Hka!&riII !I7.<ll7AtAki'nt i... Mirhatjnk:

dU=KfMudr
(G,43.-1)
A (6.43hrlMon A (iTJ ol<Woll\i'v05 .. fiig,'1.I!'fI vAlt07,i...,."thc d"finiAit lI;I...-ii"""n51 ,.,.., IUA
3. Oec m.. triai j~l~nt"'
A1. u = 1(.r.I/) ki1~t<w"'" fiiggv<'n~t a DESCARTES-fi-!e koordinAlAl"f'nd'<Zl'r.....n mint fdiil,1.M. "I ..
rarolhatjuk (6. 15. 'bra). A fiiggvfny du tl"ljo... difT,'rl'lIciAija t1O'"nlo >\Z i-rinlt>.lik (A ki,td';""" IKmlt..
ill""zWo..w. fr-lli!M) m<>gf,1,,16 (>OntjluL>Lk 1Il'~(,1lldlu.'(IC.<t'-...,L 1m dI {", dlJal'. X h IlZ lJ l1o.....ku,,;n)"'.
A ketvAltudlto (iiAAVi'ny..krr- vnnAtkn1.... TAYWRfonnlll" (IAlI<1424. old.) " kiN,,", k''71i:
Of
f(x.l/) = /(.ro, Yo) + o;(so. Yo)(x - TO) + iJy (.ro.1,lo)(1/ - I/O) + R,
Of
,,=f(.ro.Yo) + fh(.ro.I/O)(X -TO) + Oy{xo,Yo)(Y -1.Kl)
iPu
{flu
iJl..
dJu = d(d u) = o~tJi2 .... 2ariJydrdI,lT iJyJdJl,
il1f"tve ..-rimboliku"l'll1
(6.4611.)
.)' u.
<P,,= ardI~iJydll
4.
(6.46h)
KH vAltozOs fllggveny n-ed rendiI t f'ljoot, d ilff're ndalj_
.)"
rru= si": iJI,Id y
(6.47)
...
(6.48)
(6,4411)
6.2.3. Tobbvaltozos fllggvenyek dlffe rencialar..i ~7~ha.lya i
H" /LZ R , m.. ,..di'kt"l'\ot ..\h"lO'jllk.ll.kknr
8f
iflll
a.rEJY '
2. Egyvaltozt'.o8 ffiggvf,Dy masodre ndiI diff.....Dd ftlja

A.. y = I (.r) "'R)-v;\ltoz6o, n>v,gVftJy tMooodrcndll ddf".-..uci.i.ljU (jdok w <P'I/ , <P f (x Ugy kofop<=Uk
mint lIZ el.6 diff<=ncial diff......-ncWjat: <P'I/ = 4(4, ) '"' r (z ).tr . Euk _ ~~k mi~ ... a<ak
akkor alkalmazhatOk. ha X fiiggctJ<.n viltwil. n. octII koLct arko.1. alb..!",,,''"i. h. X p&WLI Z = : (r)
a1akban "dott. ~faga><&bb...oo(ld d f ~baloonIO m6don<kfuUalunk..o\mO'nnyiben lIZ Ii. h
z... .. x~ ,",ltoWk maguk ill fUgv"nyt'k, aldwr buuyolll1tabb ronnulU. adOdnak (laad 403. okIl
3. ~lasodrt'ndiI t~1j<'s diff......n d lll
A.z u = f (x .1,1 ) fiiggv.,nyrc tcljcs.il. ho,o-
(ti Un)
lir = (d XI, U 2. . . . . d.s.)T.
8f
iPu
(6,44b)
l\Z" = f(s .11) fiiggv~nY'll'k lll"p;f"\d6 Miik! Po(.co, 1.ll. '-41) I'ulltja.h,yf. t .. rltrd, prilll.,;"ik ""-,,(', 11"1<,,
4. A te lj.... d ilferl'nciAllf'gfiShh tu lAjdon sAgA
A t.Plj<oll dilf"l"f'n..iAl (OSl\mlnJlm/LZ"KYv"-ltO'd", fiiggvi'nyek diff('ft'nciaIjahw. (6.39) Im.. ll>F; ",<'><l"n ,\<>fi
nialt invl\ rilUlriAt (>rtjiik. A n"'KC,,\,'!6 vall<rd>krl\ vtll",tko-f.talva.
6.2.3. 1. Osszt'tctt fdggve nyck diffcre ncialasa

1. Egy ffigg.. tle n va ltoz6 kozvetett mggvi'nye
U"'f(Xl.;c2, ... ,Z~), rl "''f'({). z~ sW{{), . .
011
au dZ I
iJf.
Ox,
au dXl
- ~--+--+
dE.
iJrl
dE.
au d.r ~
... + - - .
f)r~ ,i(
;(~S\({)
(6 .4911.)
(6.4%)
402
2.
A"
Tohb rngg.-t].. n vAhoz a k&:vptett fiifI:Kv"ny..
Ii'
z" mAl<o<lik <I"riwul"lu.t luvoonU, m,,.j,,n h"tAr""hAtj"k lIwg (ti.;>3I difl"n,,,,;al"""...a1, figyl'-
km"" ,;..... y' "" z' "nok,k..t.

t.l
-t. Ugyanazon J fiiggetlpn valto;tonak n ffigg"' f>lIyo.'l ..... ,Vl - f (r ),Y'2 = .,,(r )... . y,. = v( ..r)
= f (XhrZ"
,.l"~).
I l = ..-(f rj.
r }.
Ll ::: V ({ . 7/
filgg..... uy<'k,.t .... a1"bbi n "fCo"'nktIx'iJ Rllu Il'll<l~'r hlltfuTY17A lllt'g'

F (r.y,.I/2 .. . . y. ) = 0 , 4>{r.Y I .I/2.
. y,.) O.
, oJr( r, YI. !n . . . y,. ) = 0
fuk <litf'HnriaIa.-a 1llQ"LllC:<nlt. (6.49 h)
j"l1 linti-Hik
. . r ), .
..u.s,
(6 ,.j()bj
au
Ur
iJu {)rl
i)q Orl
Ur
aIz Ur
aX I
&u
{)r~
r.,y, - r:..iz --- .. + t:.. ~ ::= O

}
4>'.,y, -
or. -.-
Egy- ~ tObbvalt<JfJ6lo, fiiAAVt'n)'Pk in,pliril tnOOou a Ir.'n...-tuw fonrui.ban

l. H. U "'ltYd1tm.... " = I (z ) (ijgvo:'uy
IOnllIlh "tTULk ~:
U"'II::
1"(.1'" .", ...) = 0 ....
F(r., ) 2 0
(6 .<01"1
implicit A1AkjAt iIIlJlool'Jiik. Akk<I. {6." }.) riigvmyt (6..,\!)b) a1Il.pjAli r ..... .nut diff,"""","iAh"'uY""J,ik '
r.+r~'=o
",.,'rF ~iJuii..r _a:ih

,,' =O'}
...ror
M> i# Ou i ih
fu -Ou.+~fu =O ,
(6 .:; l c)
(6.;Jl b)
r:..
-0-
ZF"
~ ... F; (,')1 ... ~'
(6.51<1)
O.
... (6..;ilh) ~fi"1UM filo'<'lrinbt' vi.... ""tluoj.juk. bogy
r" = 2F;F;F; - (Iff!';. -
VII. .
r:... + 3r."'~y' ... 3F:;.(y?
... r.;.(r' )3 ...3F;.Y' -.- 3F;.Ii,, -
6.
(fi S l )
'"'-'l':itlo'l\fv<,1 h"IAr.n~llk mpg:
au .. _F;.
1":' ,. ' or ~
(ti.52h)
p.
A m"l! .......hh wn o,l pl'l"riAIi. d"riv;"!t"lu.t is ilVl'u mudoll aIlitju k ..Iii.

3. H a ugyenezon ;t fiiAAPtl"n vldto:<6nak k"t fUAAvenyH, az II
f (z ) es
~ ::
",,(x ) fiiAA'
ll.:t
4I, +1>~I1
... 4>:z' - O.
, .. f;4>'r - f ; 4>'.
f~<t>;.
P."".
&u
m..
. .
a, ' ~ rrwgoldN-ai szol
n darab m-valtuzOs fiigg.-Ionyt n "IO.. nl .. tlKil
alll> r-..nd"z.. r hataroz mell: Az "L..o- ""
IWO'
6.2.4. Valtozok helyt"ttt"l"iti-st~ diffeTenciAlkifC'jelPsekben (os

koord inatat eanszformaciok nAI
6,2.4,1, Egyvaltozos fiiggvi'uy
Am"lluyiUt'11 ""Iuu ~ fii8g,,~ny"" "I'\.\' .>1.",." fiw"nyM(>Cl"'>I"I. anwly II. fiiAACllc" "aIt07A a fii~gv"IlY
"" annak d"rivaltjai kirdiU All f,,"n:
y=f(x).
(L.:xih)
(L.36a)
II. ...ftll-071>k 1",IVI't !,.,.l, ' ''''',,,,,1 II. kiiwt,kP1J1.. ljArMok "Yni"l hltl.u-ozhatJn k mcg :
t.a ...... t: A" or vah07.i>t '" r v[l!t-" d,vltll",Iy<,u,,,,ltj'"lk. h",,, kn'l.tiik Ii,v,; kapcllUl",t:
r = .,{t}
(!.i.57,,)
akkur" d"rivftltakAt
=:
1"(x , y, z ) = O ..... 4>(r . y. z) - O.

(ti.::.Ji<)
Cf;yl'nJ,' t n' Il<!!I:I.,r hlll./mYI.1.J\ nI 'I/;. ak kor <Iiff"H"Il"iAIAAllk a (ti.49h) for mu la a1al'jall v(>g.. zh"l.o .. I,
f: +I-; y' +f> ' ,.O .
.... l"16z6..,..., ..kbo.-nmrglllllUlllllk
r,,."= 0
f {LI,I]. , r" .. ....) fiiggv"nyt ""

F{xJ,Iz .... .r" . . , x... u ) =O
(1;';:'2aj
implicit ..w..kilolUl i~m"rj;jk. "kkor a l'arcifIJi.~ ,lcrivRll.alo<l az ..IOz{w>kh..,. hasonlO mOOon. ,It " (tj.t.olo)
P,. , Jr~
0. .
p;.....wh w",hi ,......iali. <!f'ri,'lillak lnf"JI:ru.t&ndM"lO'tllIBWn ....m" .......illt tOrtCnik. mint bogy,," i<7.t
Tobbva.ltoz6ol ffiqv,,"ny H" al\ u
ar,
~.
.~Ou~
...
0
~~~ = .
.... {6.55h) I'1'lld!vRrh61 ",1600 a; ' iJ..r m<'&01dkook. VIl1IInnul" (ti.,-"",,' re-nn..z..r
"""
Ezt az....,;y.'1,IM.ct 11"-re n-nrlt-.r.hrtjiik,
~ .. _F;, Or. = _~
(h.
i'2.
~ _:
~ ~~: =o. } (..e.se_)
M>;;: <)4>;):,
(ti.. b)
gAltatj.u: IlZl'oorem1l'1 parriAli.~ .-\f'rivilltJtbt. A lUAft......hh rend a .J..rivilltAb.t is ilyr n m6don haW-o:allk
(r.)2F;
(1';)'
H-..olO ..ljAr.o-lu}Y'rj'lk .. kii_k"",c'I fnrmlll"'t:
+\r ., .. r)= O
E-k.1. a (6.;;oh) fonnula ,w,I'JAn r .... ' ""rrint diff.Tt"nnAl",. nVf'rjiik :
fiiuvhtyt JJ-,n16 m6dun ,hff<'Tt"nriAIva nY"'f:iiik:
A (6.;; l h )
4>'. . iz ... <V.. !f.. = 0

_ : +_ 0
"~y, - w;'iz . + ",.. y.. - 0

F.nIlol"k Ill! ~lMrMl<bzt'TlI..k" lnf"JI:oIdNw. -.l:,:iIltAtjA 1l7. '; . iz,
mtbc.-tjiik a ~b n'fId.l dm\lllltAkAt.
S. A k.... t v.ltoz.e", u :: f ez . II). t' :: ..p(z , II) fiigg" .n).. k.. t u..w.hi ~tcPlJd...... or hatillm:7.a
{Jr. Ur
6 .2.3.2. Im p lici t fiiggv{>nyek difff'renciAIa....a
venyeket
-+-+
+ : ...
- . - - + - - ....... - -
2.
F;
fI,
Illa),,',- I'kkor f"nnH.ll:

dy _ _ I _dy
(ti.5:Jh)
dr - ,,:'(t) dr'
(6 .S:!.. }
~~ =
[".-.,1;1)1:'
J'!I _ _1_ 1'('I,fl y _

dr~ - [....J(IW ,"
,If'
{ [/(tW~~
'"N('I'!!)
".-
dl
(ti.em.)
- 3 .,;'(t} .;"(,)~~ + [3 :",N(t)l~ - <p'(t) Y",{I)I~}.
(6.57~)
40.
l. b .... en H.. " vAllo:rlJk kiY.I:tl Ml'n,olllt n"llI n;l'li"it . han..m_
4>(r .1) ~ 0
(G. :>!')
i.mpli"it alakhAn io-lIIf'rt ..kk"r ..
~ . ~ . ~ <kT'ivAlta k>o.t UKYaJl<'Z7A 1\ f" rIllt\]{lVIu ru.tAr<=nk lll"!t.
d"
II. ","'(t ).,;"(t ). "'-(t) rlc-rivAltAMl,,.. imphcit fiiAAv('nyckl"l' VOIl<Itko:t.O !lZahalyok _rillt krll krP"'Zni.
EWwn "Z "",,tt...l1 d llfon hd ha t, bogy ... (6, .:;ob) o-..... lil~'""bm "",.z vA!tm6 ~~ "Zt'tl'f><'l. Ert .. ((j,511)
O""U-fiiQ... fdh.....-.nAlMA"'ll ,.ziintt-t h..tji ik IlK'll::.
, =-.'(u)
kj<>zi ki A lki"A1tabt a kOv.-tkt0z.6 f<>nnlllAk """rillt hAt4rozhatjWr. ""'8'
.fly _ _'I )iP u _ ._( )

.u~
11 d,rJ
... U
- ..
i},p
lUI
d.z
(6.:>9<-)
..u..hbi
fOrlUlllU:
-"pj&n v~.".lwtjljk..I:
2.(adAdl
BJ
A .. iN- + iNd..
itt
&udt '
dl
ih
dt
<Jt
(6.Wo:)
I\lI p]"O
dll
(6.Wd)
()-
J;
(6tiOfJ
iP..;
(6 .ij.,j,.)
x = pcu.,;
l)..; .
iJ" = iJr co;;,;~
iJy sm,; ,
au + a; &v
{ 6.~1
II
= psin ,;
{6.w b)
iP.
0.-.
sin ..: o~
<XJo;';ap - - p- iJ,; '
",cos
-!!...(<"Ob
'o" ap
0. '
a,., .
/)..;
iJ,; = - iJr P hln,; - "",pcu.,; .
iJ.
0, =
U,.; OOII ...- l)..;

><Ul '; {Jp --P-o.; '
~ _ ~in.;iJ..J)
p 8,;
.,;'ap
_ Kin,;.!!-(<.U./..J
p ().;
AruU6g medon haw07.z"k Ill,,!!:
ap
_ lIin .; ~)_
p a,;
r?+2p"l-pfl'
dx 1 = ((I<XJ6'; psi"",)J '
11'"
a.v- -I. #0< Igy
I if... 10. '

iJ,J + () (}.,r + PiJp .
iP.I
(6.61d
6.2.4. 2. Ketvnltoz os fuggvenyek

Tegyuk f,'I, ", j"tt "KY fiiggv('uy ' >l " lI.)' nlynn f;i.ggv',uykapnlOlnt, ..melybeu ~ f'"'gg"tlpn vAlt,n(,k. 1\ fiiAA'
v(ony"" ..nne k p"rc'iAli~ .-I..rivil.ltj"i ""'"'I',.]n..k:
"" = J(X, II) ,
iP~
-+ ay '
o..;l)..;
.\.oJ
Al lrJ.No<"li k cirrivA!lAt ~ ki;v..t kP7....k..f'I...u irh~tjuk fel;
<Py
V<.
aA.&"" oBD..:)
+B ( A &r.&tr + B (h.l + dv
:loll tOrtfnik.
(6 .6 1..)
(ti.ti )b)
iPoN
J-d"
B= ~+ ....': itt
iJu dt
(ti ,(jO,.)
lI =p.in.,
p'sin;,? + pr'flll'o"
= {lCQfJ'i' p8111;,?
""
UQVl.'
1)..:
()r =
A DESCARTESf;.l.. koorcliu';'I.Almak polArk rdiu3tAkk8J vali> ';'talakil.<Wl.kor
ala.pjiuI
a,
A ..wniti.< tllf'IM'tc:
lit
_AdO)
dJ
~ hacml,dik ,l<'ti.vA!t ki,.,....mi""""- NIAlng m

X =pl"Of.'; ,
1)..,'
fP..;
or
abol
D..:
iL
!!...("")
= !!.-(A~'" B ' ) = A (A~~ ... B~;:', + a>-A~. ... ,:!,::.)
ilr ar
iir
iJu
Ut!
vu
vu vu
vu
.l...,, "' ar 2
iP_, =
(6.60b)
i)t
Ddf
iA.lJ,; + I)..:&.
1)..: ~ ~&-.,;' + iA.I &tc
(6.6Jb)
au iJy iJu ' iJI.' lh: iJt: {)y &I.'
rg)"f"lIiM.~ud>lznb61. ha bevezPtjiik..,. ,'Ij II ... l ' v61toli>k ff'WPu}'ril, A:I. A. B.C ~ D fiiggvh>y<"kel:
a,.
iA.I
1)..,.
/)..;
a,. .D1)..:
(6 "'_)
_= 4_
.~
ax . iJu + B_iJr: . -=CiJy
ih
A rn&oo<Irw<hi parri.iJis. <lPrivAlt.aluo.t llflYlI-ll"ZZ'l " f"rmllli>va1 ><tAwithatjuk. <If' itt azobl D<'m ,.;.no..
&...,.
... maga.-bb ..,0011 parciAlill dtorivAitaMt ugy6l"""'-p" rond"n or;ohwilhatjuk.

A LArUCE-opertltor (!Nod Gi.'O. old .) poLarkoordill4t.U:kIII (1Md 190. old. ) VJIli> kif.-pi'sr:
dll
~ ~ (~) ~ [i:i;]
~+l~~
~ [E:i~]
.
au
au
au
.!.~ (~)
Akwr"", rkoOr<'1ld,j P"'"..wi~ ,WtivAilAklo.t m"ltha~hAt juk ..
(lj OOa)
7it+itudl
viUtoz<'>kW hcl)"'IIA".jtjiik.1lho1
brlyt1tft<itjiik. kiizOttiik az. aliLh bi kapnooIAt v",n:
d,
8';;
t,
lI=r(u.v),
ha.r>M:n IlllI>Ak pacciiili.~ dniviLltjair.., .. - " , a .,.... drnvll..ltAkralllWlnAX:<uk. PI.
-+tJu,
d,
J; =
r =.;(", " )'
ih.~
t"" II vAltozOkbl
A derivAltak ~
H...x .... II viUtoz6k>,.t "'" IIj .. ;.,..
(6.62b)
au
(~) '
.P,
, Jlu
du Jl u
(")'
drl .. '; (1I);t;i + 3.; (II) dr dr1 ... ,I"'{II) ttl
3. esen M r no, villtolli>k.t ll

:r=..-ir.u). r =tr(t, u).
a. 8. 11'" 11'.- 11'. )

( X.II.";;); , iJy ' ih1 ' J.riJy 01/' .....
iJu '" iJ.r
2 . e!H't: A2.1I Nggvtonyt II.:< .. fiiu;v<'lIn)'f'l hf'l)'t'ttooitjiik. ~tukat
dy = "( ) du
d.r ... 11 d.r '
H '" F
(6.Wr)
~fe&i"'gyzes: H" fiiggv"n),<,k('1 whh vAll.nti>-J !wI!h..Iyf'1'I""itrniillk. h"""n16IU'IYf'u....ith<iformuliWl.t

Vf"7Rl.hcliink I...
6.2.5. T ob bvelt o zos fiiggvenyek szfls6Crtckci

6.2 .5. 1. Dc fin ici6
Az " '" J(701. 7O~, ... .r; ,. , E,,) fiil\l,"V{,nyrl"k ~ PQ(XIO .r:lO," " r"" . . r...,) pOllthJLIl Ink")i._ ~ ...k],..x'f
ti>k.. vall, ha m..gJL<\hat6 "RY I'"t-itiv (Mam {,gy, h"IIY az
_10-( U1-nz7J'k .......z,'n l.atl.ulIlf..ny hAI"/Il..ly pnllt)Ara (a Pn po ut k'VCtd ......I)
maxiusum __ten
(6.Wa)
406
.... minimu", """,-;'n
II.Z
f (r " rl . . . .r ~ ) > ! (r ,O.r:.,

. r",,)
(6 ,lhh)
L'l{WTlIOII..n>o.'g,;.l1 f.'nn . A t,'iI>l"li"lI'ui-o t.for fn~l\IlIl{lll.ak (IA...-l IX.!. old. ) mf>gf..k-I<;"ll It, 1okAli>< lLUlX imumpoutlJWI .. fiilUl;Wlly{>rti>k n"'!lJ'0 hh , mln tnnnu ...-trn, kbebh. mint .. pont tonal nl<'J!:h.. Il\.r..,......,u
kiirnyw...ti>hol1.
u
but"n ll"'l:oIdjllk 1\ r.. nti "llY'""I..tro>nd""...rt . M.~"MAA pI. .\I (Sln. Sa .

. y"o). A m.........ln'l,d,i
~, . EzntAn ..... pgy'll"'tr,.,."I""Ar "lO' I1J'~.
d.-rivaltakhOl matrix"t k""~jtijlJk. A mAtrix ..l" nwi: 'J
,,1<.lAMt ....kbe az .. 1..m..klX'h..ly<'l1""itjiik. m"fth"wm",uk...,; ((Ul d. (aJ.Jll2,1 - <lu <v.!.d ; .) hal fcoo
aIolt'U'nlliu.i\n...m ..lOj.. ](~. A kilvMbWi.-.t<'k Id"t_~,,,,,,,k
I. Az A!d<-t.-rminaw,,,k ..lOje I{>,wk ",,",.,.,dj..:, .', .,.
,kk,1I' itt maximum VOLn.
2. A1. Ald<-t<-rminiw.""k ..16jl-!{>rwk ",,"",oIj<>:
du.o.- ill mininnun VBn.
3. A~ al<lo>~""k kO:t.Olt 0 irtf.k ,1 i.~ \'OUI ..... Il ,..-111 uullA &!,In""niruW.."k ~Jnj<>lPi mrgf.."'lll"k ..
f<"fl1i ....."""....k Vl'l.Imrlyikl[>f'k. akkor I'Z('IJ Il ht-1y.-lJ l<>bc~ ,w.~k.
~. l fa II. Df'1n llu llA aldncrwinAll.""k ~lOj"lpj re-m f<.1r!lU'k IIl<1!: "KYlk fmti "'>fOZI\tn&k -em. Ilkkor "illf':'
~k_
H"
./.~o---1--_
oj
,.
lIZ
~l6bblek a1apjiw uem
tU.-lllllk OOnt.... i. &kko"Illu.u. ddO"t......l...z.
~ s ,.,. Sa ..
boY .. (6.69)
,r .. ~ ~kbd~'" Ya!O' ....IIl, II. f;~YDf'k <U S IO. Xa,

kiruli bN~..,keu fdn-tt ert"kMt k..11 IDI'g\-'i,.,.,A1mmk .
).
6.2.5 .5.
bJ
"Y"fIl<'tn-n.-l. s .. bN~lK-z
Feladatok kozf'lito megoldese
:\ tOhlmU!oz6 fiiuv....~ff. ~-a"bo5o'rt"k ..n<'k ""'8tw~ "'-~i~ vrl tOhb ..pproxinwiil!< f..ladatot
oIdh..tllllk lllcg. ERk ilL<.::f" " 1~J.uln1ok~ "igyvlu kOu'p IrUtMIl>4 nkfon is~k.
6.16 . Abu..
~1.,;oldando feladatok :
6.2 .5.2 . Gcom("triaij('(<'lltk
E,;y kf,tVl\lt..... nlAA'+tlyl .. DFSCAR'TES-f"'" ko"rdirut.la-~t...n mint ",-,- f<.hilf.tf'l li.lorw.oJh.

t~k (1A.l 122 .d.). A foiuvfny IokAIL........!N>fTt;.k,. ablww A:l .4 pontban nUl. Alnt'lyn"k _ II 01)'''''
kOrnY""'JPU'. bottY ahtw..ll " I'(Jnlok N konrdlUAu.ja MgyObb (ki>of.bb) . mint "" A-hul tart....... P UIII ..
koor<liniLtilja (6. 16. ' b ra)
H.. " fd'-drlI>f'k .. 1oUIi:I< ,.u.t....... wk ' k.,JViNolo'l P J>OlIl bAn Prinw.-ikjA VA(I , nllw. #."7. " ",11. l.....huM.n<'"
..... T~!f""iklu.l (6. Hi.a.b 'bra). Ez r.-Jli"!.. I..rnlt~. dP I"Il"m .. ~"" >When.~. " P ' '''!lIMn
lIlUlIIllllll VRgy tmnnnum ~'''11_ A (6, 16,(' ' b ran) " r..lfik't, ...k" P pontbeu V17l'17.int"" <TLlllo".fkja
van. tic .. tliggvionyu.'kin mT'u'" """~U'Io- ..... llV<'1>'gJ>Oflt.
6.2 .5 .3 . Ki-t"l'i.lto 7-Os fii~\ '(ony !'i;I;plsOt'>rt c keiut>k m cgha tAroza.sa
6.2.5.6. Ff'l ti' l f'lf'S s7.iolstwrti>k meg hataroaasa

TpgGk f..1. bogy llZ U '" f(I" r2. .. x. l n v,o\J t<m'w< fiiPJ(Vo'ny ~rt-<'k..it Ju..-.....~ iik. 0... ill .. ",o\Jt"vi>k
r.
."-<!ott .. - / (r., ) l"fOMi'n III

= o. I; = U '1lVCulrlr<'udw:-rt kcll m..gol<J"Ilunk. A7.lgy
(r 2. l/2). . . . ,;rti-lqwirokKt hd ......ll_flj;lk It:.\ ""'hhi kif".i<"><i-..,kbc
&1
..I = Qr '
&1
D = iJriJy '
&1
C = iJyjl
&II1"n ~ a1AI,"i kif..jr7J.M vi~AIAI.lll'l<i f~lvilAlo:U"itA.<tt
~ = I~
llwrt (Tl . , d ,
n<'flI
(ti.v7)
A,Z
II filggv"lIy """'I,.o,;.rti'k,'ir6!:
g1= AC - lP - vu: - U;. )l ]m, .....
FOl'R1ER-~ijt1Mlok IfW'ChIl~ (I/uwi 42.~ IT. 949. old.),

KOu-litiill>ggVPnyo'k I>rno;Jlt ..,;.'oiitth&tOiualr. lIl<'ltb&l.~ (i':-d 942. okt.);
TlilhA1Arowtt lin<'Aris l'fI:Y"lllM~ kiJviit61~>IdN- (IUd 91ti. oM.).
~lego1dasok; .-\ mo>gol<lA.i miKl:o<r......k ~".,k"""'" r-l~:
GAUSS-{"'lr hibano',Q7.MnoOdw.<-r (pl. la.od 9U old.),
A ~ki.....bb ~7oct<'k mOd'<Z('~
Kiior.i-p'lI.ppr0xiIDi<M6 (folyton' lIi.... di..... krfot )(pl . 'l.l2 okl .).
IlJ..,.ztki f..1adatok (lAoo.-l 9-l2. oId .)"- ~,jo (.....1 soc.. ,*1)
{(j, t;.s)
llJggf'll..n",k egymA.~I<'>I . han.. m II.
..; r"s2 .... . r. ) =0 . '( Xl. r 2.

. 2' ~ l =ll .
\ (LI .S~ .. . . L.) = O
((i_7Oa)
10 ><ZiUllil f..Iti't<:'l &1Apjlw ~fiigg<'l}f'k "lIYmAloMI (ah<,l 10 < II). HA" (dtd.li rlQ'f-'n!l'thOl 10 i...m.....tl..nt
ki tllt!juk f..j,aLi .. tobbiv.. l. Pi< <'1.1 I\Z ..,-...-JMi '1O"uwth.. ,"""JlJ,dY'w...l tjiik, akkor n - Ir valto:f,(,,;
....i-b!&'rtPk-prohwlIl.3t kapnnk. A nWik mM .. LAGIlANGE-f,;l.. m,tltil,liki.tor-llJo.oo.er. Bt-"f'7J'tiink k
.-l"""h hl\W0'7Atlan mulliplll,al<>rt....k l<-gy",wk: .\, /, . . . . , '"'. Feltrjnk A I,AGRANGE-fU9gt't'J,yL. "l': (n +
k ) i!<m..... tl ..nt (II, r~, ... . L.,.\. /'.
. "1 tllrt-llltnl\7.t> row"nyt:
l. Ha It:.\ (r" s.) M1{>kl"i,rrA ~ > 0 Ilkkor '-",'n e h..lyeu "" /(r, y) ruwfulyn.. k "7.{>!..wrl...k., Vall, 1tLo'>Kl"~
<Jig. ha J:~ -c 0, Akkor mllximumll, II.. I;. > 0 I'Ikkor lllillilllUma (d{>M"" f..It"'I,,!).
2, Ha ~ < 0 Ilkkor 1"1."11 .. h..IY'n I\:t I(r, y) fiiggvf.uyul'k nin.... ..-d'l"""'rtekl'.
<J> (Sl' Xl .. .. I .\, 1'. . ... "j
I(I" .T~..
, x~ )
+ .\ "'(:1'1. 2'2 .. .. .r. ) + jl ~" (:I'I .T2 , .T~ ) + .

+''\(2'I.S2 . . . . r ~ ) ,
3. A",..nnyil"'n j. = 0 toyAh!> kd! folyll\tui .. vW<K"lat"t. <1.. PZ m ..p;ld'l't6"'1l bonyol"l t ik l<'lll'l.
A <J> fiiggvi'uy "7.d"""'rt"'k~Il,k ~7.iik",,~, ... fpl tM...I~1. All
6. 2,5.4. SzclsMrf.l> k llll"gha f. Aro zas a n-valtozos fUgg veny cseten
rnl\.Z<'> (11
A llllak. boRY "lQ' " ". f(rl, .T2 . . . . ,rn) fiiKl\v"nyn" k " 10' adou (:rl, r~, ... , L~) h, 'IY"n "7.N......rl.ik" I,~
gy ..n (dl'riViUhato fiiggvi'lly"k ,.,;o t/ n ). "ziik...:'!!:,,,,. d .. n.-lll d(~~l'S r.. ItH.,)". hogy ..,,~u a hdY"1l vall"
m..nuyi pan:illlif; d..ri",o\!t . '!t 'l ujiiIL
/;, =0.1;,=0... .1;. =1l
(ti.W)
(ti.;Oh)
, sn' .\ . II, . .. , " ;"meretl",,,,kd t.art.. l-
+ k) .-gy"n!,tlW!",:no "1G"nl, tro",lI<1~r ((j.W) o<.:<>lw'!t"tja:
;; =0.1." =0 . . . . .\ =0, 1>~ \ =0. 1>'. .
-1",. .f2, '
0, . .. , 1>~ . ... O
(ti.;Ck)
fuggvenyn..k ak kor 1,-.lwl ~~{>l"""''rl.{>k,-. (~~;ik",'~,,, fdtH,.J), ita a~ .fLU .(:1" '" . r .....\... jlv. . "'0
<-r1...kr.. n'J.ozpr a Ienti egyenh-tr..nd,.,....rt ki"ll>Kfti.
A~ II = I{ r. y) fiiggv,onynpk A ":(F. y) = () fdlH..! m,'ll,ui ","',I",o;"rt,;kl1. a~ alhhhi harom "gy<>nIpthO!
Az

40'
409
T, Vegtelen sorok
-"JIO egy<'nIMO'n<t-r lIlt'goldJ"..;,v..J IllUAlw.hatjukm"K:
"'(7,,) : 0, oz l/(r .lI)
AJ. igy kapott r, y.),
+ A.-ir,yl] = 0 , dylf(.r.II) + A,;(x.lIl]
Jnllt"tj" Dl<"II:.
hngy hoi J..h"t
I\Z
= 0
U fiiAAvffiyn..k ><tkJs6i.rti>ke.
(6.11)
; ,1. Szemsorozatok
7,1 .1 . Szamsoroaetok t ulajdonsagai
7.1 .1 .1 . Szarnsoroaatok. a lapfogalmak

A IIiglrkn .lIi.n.oorozat ~tarul.OU .....,."'lCI........ n<ll'7il'tt. vrgt.elcn o<>k >OZ4rnOOl.ill:
Q,.a2 . . . . a,... . . Y"Y rovJdm { } .. hoI Ie '" 1.2. . .
(7.1)
.-\ ~ban Iho mmolr." .:<imzat!4<DOl. A ~ kOWtt It-lwlTlf'k ~nI6k i.~. Egy ~
rozatot akkor tpkintiink ado!.tw. ba il>1Df't"jiik" lipzhl ':uJIloilIl. i&l!lO'ly ......-rill!/I llOJ'OP,t ~ ......rillt;
laftial r..l tudjuk lmi. Ikndt<zcrint Il<l a.. A1lAIAnoo. ~ Nakj4t ..tjuk mq.
P~ldak a n .amsoroUitokra:
A : ..... = n; 1. 2. 3. 4.::',.
B : .....= -4 + 3(0 - 1); .... 7.10.13.16....
3 3 3 3
: 3' - "2 ' 4 ' - 8 ' 16 '
,) ..- 1
a C : a,.. = 3 ( -2
0 : <1.. =(-1,"1:1.-1.1.-1,1.
1137311
. E : .... :3 -:z-- 1 : 1. 2. 2 } . 2:i. 2S
(2'4 =-:11
1 I
~
I 2
..
F : ..... :3-- ~lO- l.ba .. piValLw.... Go, ==3-+- iO-pl,ba ..
3 3
3 3
n: 3, -4. 3.3: 3,4: 3.33: 3.34: 3.333: 3.33-1:
1 1 1 1
G : Go, "';' 1. 2' 3'~'
I: a... = -
s. .
J>'n-.
H : Go, = (_I)"'ln: I. -2.3. -4. a.~.
..
+1
.
- , - ha .. '*"'tlAn.... a.. = 0, ba,,~, -I. O. -2.0, -3.0. _4. 0..
1
J : Go, = 3 - ~ . h.... [WU".. tlAn......... = 13-~, ba .. pUnt., I. 11. 2. 12. 2-,' 12-,' 2-.12-.
22-2
22
44
7,1 .1.2 . Moncton szarnsorozatok

A-.: aI, a1.'" ........ lIOnnat ,tl.QftOton ,,;;,...hJO. hA
al:5a2:"Oa,:"O ... :"O .... :"O

A
OOI'07...t
(7.2)
"",naton cw!h-n6. ernennyiben
al ~a2~ aJ?:'" ?:a.. 2:...

(7.31
A sorozat szigoni"n monnton no,,,,kJ<j ."rout, ill. ~"'9"n;1I11 m".."t"n c.,ol:kr"'; ~o",rot. ha lIZ '1!.. f'II'
1&.Pg"'g (7.2)-ben. ill. (7.3) -han ninC!' Illf'W"!l!\''' !v,',
P"ldflk monoton 3l:funsorozatokra:

A : Az A -J IIOrozatok kOziil A , B , E ~ziI'>Or(u~lllll()noton IIOvfk...-lll.
D: A G " , , = t w.<igor""" monoton (,..cikk"ull.
7. 1.1.3. Ko r-la t os sorozatok

Egy oorOO/l,t I:orlrito.. ha ",in.-lf'll t"!tiar...f""IU\Jl
la..1< K,
ahol K > O. Ha nem \"tl"l.ik i\Yf'n K
~dull
(korlrit) ...k kor II Mn",... t
,,,m kDrlato.."rout.
(7.4)

408
Aa A J ""l'OZJ\tok kiy~,iJ k"dAt,,,,,, C ,...TU"H.t (K = ~ l." D ,;ofO'""t (11: =:1), >\<l t.:",no"...t (1\
F knrl!t.tj" hb.. t K
5, .. G ,..""""to' K = 2 .... " J M>IU..... tf K _ 13.
3).
Il<:
7.2 .1 . Altalfmos kon\crgPllcia.t etcltk

7.2 .1.1. Vegteleu sorok kom..ergcn claja {oj;; d ivcrgcnciAja
7.1.2. Sza mscroza t hatAri-rti> ke

Sza nUKJrou t hat'rerl ~ke
F.J ~ ..Irn ",.a.m"'l'oz..1 (71) Il.t!tlin<rlih m
"Zi>V1Illim"z~ 3.l:
"'" a" - ,., kl1Jnn~al_~>l,.,t Pnt'k.. tpt""O]pg
n kinliny l..!wt. Pontol<iLbMnfOttalmAZVil: h"lwmiJp'n
1.
1.
kimllv pontiv f ,q.Amho/l: talAl.I...
t" pgy "0() itl<Wx
fig)'. bogy
A. "zAm.h.. no....k..... lOn in'lPx n... lJPl.\
(j.:')
ill.
a" ~
.-t
(7.t.;)
.u ~lIl<WoI, ,.....,.10 A J >OtOZ>lotokki>z{.J. konvng........k: C . haUn'-rti'kr.-t

A _ 3:.~ t'. it! A = 3j,...u.uuiut G . itt A. = O.
3.
'" 0; E 1u.t4rhti'k..
Iw &llO('OZAt-oPt,lUUf"]yo-khrk a t~ "y l>izonyno; n-t& Uozdve ..kiu-miIY"'U 1"." MaAl1WAI ~

(ill_ AIWmilyoou kioo .aliuwAl ki>orl>b<-k). A.... ilyt"II di~ ,.,ruzatok haJ.ilri.rti-kr ~U'\r1l (ill. will"""
~""""1.EIIII.. k,..~
~I~
lun .... = -x
.... _ x .ilk-t.....
('.')
T"~II vAlIIIAk oIv&II diVl"lgf"'~~ "'lIUZatOk i>. ./UlIdwlwtk ...nu.u.il.....11 kt.-!olIIl""t, ..II..... bAl..or"rti-Juo. Egy ,..",q,.d ktJll""'~I\I',!L.. V1W vi-g"" hatilrhli'ko.-. .
.
PI-MJok div.. r goon" n a mlK)l'OUllokra:
A : Az dObhjo1dalo1l .......r<'1'1II A J
lemben
~t)
IlAtAr"rVkiik
ki'oziilaz A h B o.livt'I'gf"l< lOlXmIlt"k. (Ulwohh (-,1("-
_~.
-..,
~-><
a~
+ lim II" , (i.g)

~-,.
lim a~
....
lill1-=~
Jim b~
(a~b~)
,;,. ",/:y,t!"'11 b~ ....m uull e.
"_0< II"
h ) H" J~~
lim
~-""
tWo7.tgr'ket. risllrt.i...z~J;n('k morvljuk. u..-k" ~IM."-~.kito II()f"(JZI\lot lllkotnak.
2.
Ko n ve rgens es dlvergens lIOrok
KMlt>t~ wmil. (i.12) allor belzPliink. ba"
I\l.
Juu;iffrlil"'I"""C li ...e,.o! lWW'U:iik " !lOr ,i ..u"""..k ...... /lj,.1 I...... ~" IQI" rih.J,i_ t4g]<in.oo.k. Ha i1ynJ
""'r hat<i.ri'rt<'k U<"w Jiotpzjkli.U). akkot,,!O<X dlt .. .,..... ......_I::bbo-n l\Z .....l.hoPo" ~('k rni.o-
rim hataroo till n&veke<l!lf'tn..k. '""to' .--i!Whall

A ~lru
yj,w....l'O'Zrthrt6r {lA...f hoW.)
I
I
I
I
I -- ~-. -~-" --""
248
2"
kon_rg.."".
ten"
oow-rvnriajAnak h'r~ ig}'
(i.I;;)
B : A hnrmoni.l-u.<. "0'-
(7. 16).
"
1+1+1++1+
tsl\Z
= (lim a,,)( lim

~-><
~-""
II~).
(7.!J)
3.
(r. 10)
A (7.16) ....... (i. Ii} ""r"kll..u ~u_~ S~ - OC." ('. 18)!IOf ..\t'rua!o see.
Sor rnaradekt "Ria
Az S -
L a. konverg..ns "",r m"rnd"b.. vI\llv m"mdiktn.gj" j,-wllti

.-,
''''''''' 'Rl.l..k
1\
II.Z
S Cio.o<:t.eg..,lI'k .... a7, S~ r....zl.. t-
kiilonho.'gt;t:
a.="~"J+<I~ .. 2+
F 19)
l-z~+J
(ill)
c) MOII"ton k"r!iLt,.. ",,,,,,...I.,,,,k millOlig Vall vi-g'''' hll.tAJ-i'rti-k... H" "7. a, :5 a2 :5 ".J:5
m"""!.",,
lliiV<'k,~115 ",,1''''....1. f,.]ii lr,~1 k" rl",!',,".
Juind.." n-r" f..nuA1L hogy 1I~ :5 h"l' ill..I.V... h" "sY TIln!l"t"lI
OOkk..,,<'1 ""'rou.t "h,lrhl knr1At.,,~. "M7. mind..n n-r<'''~ ;:: J.."~ 'tRV >I ,.of(YI,I. t "IYl\n hat.lI.r(-rl.{ k l,, ~ I..nrl.
ami lI~m nagyohh, mint" h"1 FL,,, k",ld', ilI..lvp nom ki""hh . mint" h"l al.,6 k",/dt. ~lnnot"l.I n;;w k.dl5
k"rLAtot< "nr,,~...t b"tMi-rti-k,- >I 1"lO\k",,-hb f~L.o:; korlal., llloooton ""ikk..o ""1'0>.1\1. hat"rirti-k." 1"lO\lII~"bb
aJ..o korl"t.
(i. Ii)
(i Ill)
1-1-1 -- .+(_1)..... 1+ ..
""1' wVlTg..ns.
R... =S-S~=
==
( i.I-I)
~,
"
iA. h"RV
~1~~r~"A
IS,,} ~~k ...OZ&ta koo..... rg..1)S.. Az
.. L '"
5 = 2~~S =
.... = J!..;J~ I,~ .. A f..",,411"'1f'galll.hh "" III imlf'rtlil k,wi ", ' "'illdij\ iW,,I,,'IO' a" :5 -, :5 I>~,
I\kkm f"lIl1l1.l1
(i.13)
~,
-+ - -
4. SzJornMlNnalok hat ar?rt.. k ...... vona lkozo t"tele k

a) H.. {a~1 k {b..} konWrgrll" ""rr>Zl\I.,k.llkkor igSl7Ak az ..,JAhhi l i-t..l.. \r.
lim (.... + b~) = lim
(7. 12)
5,= .. , . .5,; =<lI0""l . . S~= L".
B : A ""ruutok k&ii1 .. D . H . I , J di\"'rg"l~~ >lOlO7.3tol",ak .-gy.iltaliu. ni,,, ... w.wrrti-kt'.
~-><
es &szeogp
formAlil< ~t k..l"'"Z.hf'tjiik..... czt ~i9t~kn . ...-uak ~'ik ......
SLAmsunnat d iv PrJI;..n c iija
A nomI kon""rll"'tl!'~.t,,,",",",_ A ,li~-.orozal.ok kUaOt\ IlM'f; lu-U kiilOohOztt-!DiWk...,..
SOl'
<l1+-.-a.+ - La.
<II
2. Szalll80nna t ko n.......g .. nciija

Ax {....} 117.Arn.",M7... t .bJ.".'nyt"..... htt. ... l j.::i }l'g)'t'UlOt!o>U."1;M ki"u"ti. ;". lmtatmt'l- A (' gy "" moudMtjllk .............., Ahm konW'rgAi. Ahoi< Urt. J<oJOUo-,
Wl1 a" = A.
V " gtplpn
Az {<I.} rJigt.rkn ~zU.n.'QJ..,mt (1A....14W. old.) ... ~bOIl\Z
mindPn n > "cI """"n llolinAlL
Ie- --4i < I.
7.2 . Konstans tagu sorok
7.2.1.2. Sorok konvergc nciajare von a t koz6 tCtclek

I . Sor kon vergl'nciajan ak szijk~i>gP!l f"ltl't"h' Egy ""I' kllllvPrgf'nriAjAntt.k s7.iik"'W" fdl.~td" az .
lJ"IlV a "..,1" l.alU"inak n >IOr07....t" lJ..h,YI. tl\l'tI",:
~l~~,,~
=;
Ez .z>iJ..b/t,., <1.. lIt'lll .1r9<~<J"" jdtdrt
(i.20)

1.:. Km...la,... tagri .-orol: 413
A h...-monik\l~ "" rna! (7.16)" ..lim
__ .:I..
::
0 , tt'lj""ijl, d.. Illiw." alim

_ x S~ '" 00 .
han ..... bi7.0IlVO!' n-
2. V"g" uilm u t ag ..lha gyAsa, ho n Alrilsa \'>lgy csereje H" "KY "',00\ ~ ""allll"l tagot I!l hagyunk. vagy ~ ..:rA"ni t>w>t b~nmk. wWullinl h.. ""r 'iZ.l\ruu tagot "lO'1I~ frlnw'r(-liillk
P.ZZf'1 nem riltmtatj"k mpg ~I. hngy "OOT konVt'TKln....... WIg}' e-m. ( Trrm~"""" "" u....:r..-g lnII&
megv&lt<T.<hat. )
A ~ &sus t ag nOMll Ua H" "ltV kon_rvn.< llOT nund<>n ~"t ugy~ a c oz4lIlJl....lll~
rozzuk. akkor......... konWfSt'l)CiA j,,"~UlAI""". II.Z "-"a."K"" c ti>n~1 """nOdik.
4 . Tag onklonti r-.Rad48 Vllgy k ivon a.. KonVl'I'gffi-'< ooroka.ttagonkent ~""'lllllk YJIgy kivun.
3.
ba~unk .
Az
III + 112 '" ... +4" _
Lo. =5
-,
1 ( . 21 .. )
~ +bz + + b...+ - :
L b. =s,
-,
bll + (Of />:)
(4" b..) + .. = 5 ,
s, .
tm kC"~dv ... mind..n ~

....
hAlly"''''' ku..-bh mint ''RY q < 1 ttZIun. a.lclmr
lIOr
konvcfgf'll.'<:
...,
I
(' _2.:)h)
- - <q < .
Ha.I""lA."k.... hanv..dollOk cp;y hizouY"" n-tOl krzdvr n.agyoblwok. mint "8Y Q > 1 >U8.m. akkor A_ diIWT~llIt. Ebb6I k&vetkezik.
.-
hoto' ..m<'1\Ily>I....,
lim ~ =p.
.A
(7.2::.<: )
I
2
3
--..-+-.- ... ... -n + .
' 2 ~
2'i
2"E>< a.oor koDVPf'grns. m....-t
I
(7.2 1.:)
n"' l n)
p =.~ ( ? , :z:;
7.2 .2. P ozi tiv t agiJ. sorok ea vonaiko zc konvergencia-kriteeiumok
.~
""kor /I. oor P < 1 -wn lwnVPTgr.Jlll . P > 1 (W'Uon pt'dig <Ii~lIl-
(j.2I h )
fIOr'Ok konvoervnciijAh6I kf". tknik .... o!Il4hhi VIr kon"..,.~j.. ",~:

{lll
1.2.2.1. 6ssze hasonlito krite r ium
. 1+;;
(' .26b )
=~-2- =2
(t ,nA)
B:
....... ..n..wm.zzuk A
lIl+IIt2+ +a,,+
(7.22&)
e..""'+b:z - +o.. + = Lb"
-,
( 7.22h)
P --Inn
"_o<
a...k ~tiv ~bl tartalmu (0" > 0 , b... > OJ,PA ha bizon y<JII n-t61 k..z.h~ .... ~ b". ukor .. {7.na)
..". kon....rvllciaj6L61 kOv.-tb-zilt .. (7.22b) ..". kon~lK"iaj ... Fonli t-. A (7.m) ..". di....l"l"'flri&jal>61
kOv.-tko-zill .. (7.22a) ..,.. .-liwt"g.-uriaja..
A : HA"
I ...
.l
... .l +...... ..!..+
...
:z2 33
n~
(7 23a)
(~
"l .
(n + 1)1 ''~)
'I~
""kor f!Wlf'k a.la.pjar> nrm dOntbrtj,ik 1"1.
-n~ < -2"-1

- (.. ->2 ).
(7.231
+ ' + . . . ....... + . ..
( 7.~)
-,
.....,... fMUJ.8J.J.. ho,;y rgy hjzollY"" n-tOI kM-~Iv.. Illilldm ~ ta4nll'A trljn<ii!""' . bolo
vr.r.; <q -c I .
(U Sb)
I
I
/::>-
Il3-
v'2 + "i3+ "'+"0i +
(7.2& )
llOr tllgjail A (7.16 ) hArmoni k'~~!lOr l"lotiaivaJ iWJRh-..nlitjuk. m...glillapitbAtjnk. bogy" (7.2h) ""r
.-liV<'rg"Il~. UgyalliK. h.. fI > I a.lc kor .. ( ' . 2~ ..) .or t~ai nagyobbakmint,. ( .16) rliVl'rJlTnIO""r l..gjAi.
v"
=2: ....
IIkkor A sor konvrrgm". Fordltva. W. '"KY hi"M>uyuo ,, t61 kfJ.d.... lI,ill, lrll ~!<ZAm1'Afennall. hoKY
RYOhl>. mint ""flY Q """'n. Mol Q > I . akkur a ecr OIV<'I'R''18. VPZi'fl!riik ...... kiWrtk<'T.o j<'1olt'st:
B : Haaz
1+
hoto- ...... kon~rus ""y wVl:'rVfl'l.
"",
!IOC tagjait ~Iuuoonlitjlllt..

VPTgf"ltI<.
(7.27b )
7.2.2.3 . A Cauchy-fele gyokk riteri u m
01
(7.15) 1t...... mM.riai IWlr t"KiNVAl. !IK'8~lApjtw.tjuk.!lOftY .. (' .23A) llOI" IconUIO'MUo. hAn ~ 2 .. (' .23a) ~ kiAPl>kk. miut .. ( r.15) kon_l"gf'I",,..,,-lAjQILi:
biLn~tiori ,lIDOt
(to>l)
Ha.p < I, ..klmr AllOr k"llvrr~ll". hft p > I, .. kkor<liv"rg"l1ll. H/I. P

...-r61, hogy"
kOll\f'rg<Ill'-'\ll<K.V ""Ill.
"'>r
(7.211
1.2.2.2 . d'Alcmber-t-fel e hanyadoskrtter-lum
(7.2'Ja)
Ez """I koIlV<'rgens. m..rt
Ha llZ
al+a~+"'+""+"' ''' L a~
-,
= 1, ..klmr nem mou<l hltlLmk ..mmit
{7.2:;"j
, " hm"
ft -o<
(_n)" " lim (---"-r)". ~ < l

Tl+l
n-oo
1+n
(7.291
1.2.
414
7.2 .2.4 . C a uc hy- fete illt t'grAlkriti'riulIl
3 . S:l:Orzas
1. Kon v..rge nc ia At lI" = !(n) A1WAllOOll>lf{U IlOI" knnVf'rg"n~.1ut. "" I(z) monoton ..,.;;kk'I1'; fii..
vpny .... 1l.l:
Aht<zol ill konvergens ""rokat. milll

IIlt' nv j.'<mH milLl SOl irh"tO fd. VI.;
K(m~t", ... 1"9';
.,omk
415
kOz(;I\.... p;.... 1><,IiIl<>llIokat .-gym~ lWr.... "",.orozMIWlk. A7. rr...l-
+a~ -)(b,.+b:!+ +b..+ .. )

"" a,b, _ a,b, ~ a,b:!"" ,,~bt + a,b, .,. a,l>: +
-(01,+011 +'
(1iutt1461 old.)
(7.;jl))
impropriae int<,r;riJ konVf'l'!"lll'.

2 . D iv....g.. nc u. "li lI" _ It") 41uUAnnt< toogU "Or diVM"II:""',
(7.30) wtl"I';roiJ ,1i""rJ{mII.
;.;oh&.. c ll!...o ill~acKw. h"lAr u-w..... 'W"riIlti. ~ "u kPli megvoi.la.r.i.t.,,,"i. ho,or AZ f(.) f,-lggY('uy ..
c < r < :x;. iot"n'a1IUIl>on mLlldrniiu kt.-lm"..... loT;Y<'n .... ""hoi ,..l~ ,"'..bd.......
w.. ..
A Flia}
IIl>f
dj~. rTlf"I't
HI
[. .-HI
,- u _ [w.r- -rI]"
r
r
!(z)= - ,- .
-...--._ a"b, -+- a" ,b:!'"
Ha .....rok o..o-gH
L ....
(Ull
=;x;.
7.2 .3. Abszolet f.t; fel t etcles ko n\"er~f' llCia

7. 2. 3. 1. D efinlcio
A (T.12) IlOI" Uiai killOnbin.t'5 ..I&j<ol.""k ...bt1.uM<. min t po'IdAuJ AT, a.]t"'fIl6lO !OOrok tftRjAi. VixIoll:A1b.ootjuk
s. e. L b.. :: s.1rt1>k..kPt i>;nlC'rjiik, ""'" f..llrhatjuk a sorok wnr=ta.bOl
llY'-"rl"'>I"~I:
1'3::ihJ
5.S..
lIa kH !lOI" . llZ a J -.- a~-
<
(i.3,),.)
.
a,b", + ...
+=L:.l ....""ab, ... ~+. +lI,,+

::L:~J""""rkon.....-,;Ml..,
e.. kijz(j\iik I<'ga.Iabb "'" egyik .. b<w!ilt konVf"f~..llt< akkoc .. kptl~ lIZOr'7At&ool n~Trt oor ioI konVf"f'gf'fl". Or
""' ....m r..lli1i<'n,11 at-.ol"t kon,,"~.
+ ....
7.2 .3 .3 . A lr erualo sorok

1.
Leibniz-fele kom'''rxendakritl'riuID ( Leih niz- IPt .. IP. )
.'u
(1' -"' '''''3-'
jail '1'- !all + ..... 10.1 ...... =
L l4~t
(7.31)
:1: .... '1".

ha .... ~itiv!tZAm .." A1t1rn.U6 _
...,..AlI..rnidU
lim
=0
(lJ >0.,
><13> ... >
F36a)
koIlwtX<"uo. ba ..... alahhi ko't &-It..,..1 tdjcsiil:
>
(7.36b)
lOOI'Ob.t ;". ..."..kn..k tAgjAit A (i. 12) IIOC" ~aiua.k .u-ol'lt ..rti>ke alkotja.
A (7-34) SOl" korl....-rgf'Tll'. mf'rt "lll..k a kH frhi-ul
II.... (7.32) ...,.. konwrg..llA. Akkor .. (712) flOI" ill konVf'~. E blx-n az ~ho-n " (1. 12) ....r ..... wloil
.ton.....,..n.o . H" .. (1.32) IlOI" divrrl{<'nll. akknr II F-11) lOOC w-bt-t. di..... rg<"D.~ V"lO' kon.....' ll:""" A~ ut.6hhi
.....-tbrn tnoll<ljuk IlZt. bo&,y .. (7. 12) IlOI" fr-Itit..k _ kon''''FJ<'''''-'_
~in <1
sin 2a
sin no
A : Tdcint,nl k & wvrlkrz6""rt - ,-'"
~
(i.JJ.)
Az alt r milo soe m aradl'ktagjana k lwa l~

rg.. WI altt-rilO ""rnaI CNU. liZ cl...s 11 ~ _iik figyE-1mlb.-l'lkknr M R.. maradi-ktag dOjd.. ~ik llZ...1.o6 ..I~u ....., tag .. 16;..""".,1. &. az
,.}>o<t.olut htfh- ki....bh. mint Ia..-+ll:
--zr- ... . .
In
~lW:'rinti 1Il1AndO. Ez ..._
-.-
",hoozolut kollV<"fgl"llI>. wive!
. B A7.
II.. ~ koo
sign
n..
R.. :: s.ign(a".. d
1- '2 +'3- '4 (i.33o)

(i.3-&)
+(_ l)"- l .!.+.
2.
ahol
n.. _ 5 -
5..
(7.:Ji..)
IS -
S.I <
Ia...JI
(i.3Th)
tagokhOl AUOIOOI" ir.lwll.....r-
$; ~.
I _~ +~ _ ...
t..,.".
al ~inZ"na I
g.l.... ErrUl D~.o.Jh ..ll1nk. hAII (7.1::i) !If'(lllJo-triai 'IOmo.l wajoraIjllk:
IMI;.nol
k ..~
"
"" . konvr rg..n~ (7.360). d.. rAAk f..lu-ttI.....-u kou \I'I rgt'lli<. llJ.. rt 1a,,1
= ;;
(w.. l (i. 16) IlI!ormoll ik,,~ "" rl.
7.2 .3 .2 . Abs7.0 lilt kouvergcus soro k t u lajdo nsagai
;;'f"
""'" m1lnlo<1" ktagjiwl. f.."nall. bogy
R..
= 1/112 - S.l
'"'
(7.J,S,.)
(7.;~"bl
< -"+I
7.2.4 . ;'\'ehany spccialis so r

7.2.4. 1. N chfmy konsta ns tagiJ so r fiss zcge
I
1+- 11 + 2f+Ji + . .. + ;;j" + ... =",
1. lBgok f.. k ........I,."..

a ) Az " m...olut kOIl""'~"I'" ""T t"ltilli ..gyml\.AAal t<' t~ ~u rillt fdCM'rHheWk: a )lor'....Ml':" ,",,,,ltAl tW ill
vfo.ltoz ik.
b ) H.. ~'KY fdt.:wl'')IIlL kollv"rgt'nllll'" ta~&ifmk f..I."...r+I/>!li>t (,gy vegezzuk ,,1, hogy eb b" .... r,t l",ly..zr",t,,
td~-t6I"'~'''''''Il .uk t"!lul vonunk I,,, "kk or " 7Jilt"1 ,, ""T OAA7.<'g .. m..gveltozhat. RIEM ANN kId.. "7.print
ilyen mO<\" II..1erb.t~ , h,'KY ..lrArmily"u tt'I"",;k~,,,, ", Iot t ""Jim I"gs en a oor """'l<~'"
I - - + - - -+ ... -'f
11 21 31
n!
p
1 I I
1
1 - 2+3 ~ 4 + " ' ;; 'F" . ::111 2,
(7041)
O""z""da" ea k ivo nA..

Aoo.oI(,t kOllv..rg.. n~ ""rolaot.
I
I
I
I
1 +2+4+8 +- " ' +~ + = 2,
(7. 42)
2.
t"lt ,," k~nt
,....zr... lh" t unk
vag)"
kivouh " tunk .
(i.:l9)
(7AO)
7.2. Kim<t",.,. l"gU wrol;
41 6
J-!+ !_! +... ..!... .
2482"3 '
(7.43)
7.2.4 .2. Bernoulli- es Euler-fcle sz/u llo k

A Bernoullj..(..le s .,.am o k el'ld d .. f1nk i6 ja A 8. I3ERSOl'LU(i>].. ,ualllok bizonyos filggWnyrk
kor fonlulnak ..10. Ilyen fiiAA"""nydL 1>1. .. I'; r , el g .!. ~ r IriK'>llOlnctrikUllfiiw""'~ L hiperbolik'L~ fiiAAVIllyo:k. A 8. I3EItNOULLI-fi>I.. l<&i.rllokat a2. IllAhhw
";.niut o:I..fiuiAlha tj uk:
t.
If
"' '4'
(7.44)
I
I
I
I
-\2 + -2 3 + 3- 4 + " - + -n(,,- +I
- ) + -- 1
(7.4::;)
1
I
1
-+ + - + ... +
1 3 ]5 5 -7
(lrI
(1.46)
1-"3 +5 -7+9 - " '2,,_1'f
1
I
...... - 1)(271 + 1)
-2 "
I
I
1
+- ++ ... +
) -3 2 ,4
3 5
In
I
+
I l{n-+-l )
I
I
1
-3 5 + -1 9 + -1113
I
) 2 3
2 3 '4
-- + - I
- -+
) 2 ... 1
I
+ ......
+ ... +
I
2 3 .. (1 + 1)
1
n(n+ I )(n + 2)
1-:p +ji-4i + " ';;2'"

III
12"']i'" 52 '"... ...

I
2"
41
,,'
I
Z'
:r
I)
+.
I
(I
1)(1
I )! '
(7..j2)
.-1
1+ - +-4 +- + + - + ",
'8
1
- +. 4 3'
3'
I
+5'
1 + 'P" '" 3:11<
+ ... +
+
4211 '" . +
I
n:ll
:I"
.1
- - =- I + 11,"z'- I
I'
3617
51 0
mil
II
sse
~51 3
136
""I'
79S
~~
?"
2'
(2.. )'
" Bf.R."IOl' LLl-f...1P sMmokat AZ
<1.11 < 2.. ).
-.- 11;- + .. + D;;;-- +...
~ = (11 +1 )'+ 1
....
(211 + 1)4
"
691
10
)j4611
(7.62)
kv AX aJabbi rekun:i6ol fonnlllAhozjut"nk :
00 '
+ ... = -
os'
(,1;= 1. 2.3.
,),
1763)
It! " billOruWi.< ti1.<-lt (1&...1 12. old .) alJu.llJU\l\..... lI1i"d.,,,",ll .. 11' kif..j<"lht 11~ . vaJ. boll helyf'l:l.ffiitMri,
_
" kite..-oh61 ind"", ]<':C'Q;. A7."1>IO "".iunok .. kovPIkr7fik:
no '
,
7
5
66
so
2. A IWrnoulli-fel..- su.mo k m.Modik df'f1nid 6 ja.
(7.':;:))
I--+-- .. - = I
,
,
I
30
8.
N4bhi ~""ll1.!lp}aDbA~k m<"C'
7~
1
"4
(V ,o)
"= 12'
(1.4 9)
-4 '
(H'l)
"' = 2 - ;-
(7.5 1)
n .r' .j. (-I

) ' ' ' . --x
".
_.1_ = 1 _ r_ + 8 1.?
__ u:t_
(H i l)
(III < h ) .
r- - I
2
2'
4'
~( 2n)!
A 8. sdunoUt &:I: r hatvAllyai r.. vonal.ltolW l'IQ"iitthathk Olwo7.P~nUl.Asa ",-ogi~ .....l hauirmhaljllk
1D'l: ' ."7. i,;y n~"'rt iortcl<..kPl " 7. t. U.bI AJ.atban tAWhatj u k ~.
..2
(2n ... 1)2 '" . . . =
6 "
'I"
hatv ..nv,..,rba-f..jl
llvek. ". th z. cth r
(j.47 )
...... --
I
n ... (n .... 1
1+ - + - +- + . ,, + - + .. ::
12 3' 4'
1
3
- - ,, '
1
'"',......,;;.,--~
(4" 1){4n -+-l )
+ ... +
417
(7.;;(;)
11;" =
lr21 ~-1
11; =
+"'= ~ B .
1T;; = - ~ll:,
(7.:iI:I)
- 2' n; '- 6' 1T. = -ii' 17; 12

1
s
691
7
- 30 7T,; = 66' 11,; - - 2730 ' ~ = 6'
B;
(H >4)
= 11; =< 11; "" .. ... 0,
F'OllllitJl"" IllAhhi i"_",fiiw,":,..:

B~ =; (- I )O+''B;
(k,", 1, 2, 3 .. .).
(7.w)
A z Eulee-fel .. szA m ok el..o d ..f1n ld6jll. A~. E~ -vll1 jdiilt E ULER-fi'l" """''''ok biwlly08 ~peciAli"
fiiggvclly..k h"tv"Tl},,.-,.ha f~jl"""n"l ""...r~p ..ln"k. I,L II .. ~ . .1 lind ",~'h .r fiiAAV'Ily<'klla. Az E. E ULER
fpl" l<Zarnolu>t lIZ "l"hbi"k .Z"rjllt d..finill.lhllljllk:
3.
(H 'll )
B .. e I:IlS0 l'LLI- r~l . Mllmok,.,. jrlf,li

'E ... E l' LEa [j." .....,.,koot .io'~m
scc r =- I
h
?
~
+ ,+ E~+ ... + t: -r - + . ..
2'
4!
" (21l)!
(1.11 < _,~ )
(7 ,66)
Az r h"tva.lly"ira vonatkozc ,-gyiitt l",lo k ~,'h""","HIWvlIllI.Z E ,AUHlk meglJlltArnzhatok Az igy

JI)"'rt
prta<"k" 7. 2. l;i hIAz"tb" n wiiJl",!."k.
4. Ail Eu l..rfH e n a m<lk mli!lO<:lik d",f1n kioja Az ElrLF.fl -"'I~ .zamoi: llu-gb"IAr~">ll (i.bJ)
lUuJOjI;il\jfu-.. ~ a1AbbL
{r ... l)l+(r_ l) .. O
(1,-=1.2,3, ...)
(7.6i)
7.2.5.2. A lt er na ]6 ko nvergeus so rok

..\ z o[yan konverg.....' 3l1..malo ""roku&. am.. lyrknrl a t~,k .. 1.......,1,,, "rt~kp lfLon"to.n l<trt.. nnllahoz.
l"g)""",rtl"" bff,o[ilb..t6 A mlln"I"ktajt; (1iw<o.1 41~. old.):
__
IR.. =15 -S_1<1a..I
w!r.urli.... rormlll" .. r,.pjAn~' rljuth"lnnk, Itt Uo" hinomiAli. t"I",lt allcilin""va. miml~lliitl a ~ j..lol""l
T; -vel krllt...l}'f'Itrl!iI,'I'i. Ail ,.1>0.. I17Amolt" kiWf'tk..wlr.:

!'; = -I. I'; - 5. 1; = -61. r; - IJh5.
~ = -50521. T;2 = 2702765. 1:;; = -I!l!lJ6098I,
l7; = 19391512145.
Ti = l'; = l'; - _ O.
WilY""'''' a!Abhi ~ffi~:
E. =(-ltr;
(,I, = 1.2.3. ).
(i,(jX)
~ <'b.l\ny ~1 .....iAl;"...-.rn3l. mint pI. .. TAYLoR ..,roknAl.lIlf'ghat.uowtl fonnulAk <.Pgi,-".'):~,~'lImJ:Aroz

tvltJuk lJI"lt a rn.vM<'ktagot (1&..l42'2, al<L).
t .3. Fiiggvenysorok
(i,WI
i .3. 1. De6nici6k
1.
,
,
,
,
E,
,,
"
2
J
5.
(i.i4\
E,
,,
'-0521
2702i65
isssecss,
2.
A il Eul..rfolo"' ''' B.. rnoulJif" J<, 8umo!r. !r.owtt i Oesilt' fii ggk
aI..pjan:
(b" 1 2.. .)
(770)
7.2.5. A maradakrag beeslese

7.2 .5.1. Becsles majorans segftM'-gewl
>I;/, ..
--<"dlk
.-....z1M~1t ...
1 f: 0,1 s f: 10,1
(7.711
l_+1
_~l
lall lMJI' [-.ul\'t ul<'lth..,-,;iilh..tjijk, tvI gP<lm"'tri-.i sorrel mejoreljuk. M..jorAI.....13h-rlU''lVAt.<",,U
.- ~I
.,
m.... ol:van!'lOTt i~ vI\l_th.. tunk ..mdyw'k <-:M'!t.. k[mn~"'11 m<'ghatilrm:ball> Vag)' m'l\I"""'iilh..to.
Az",
=~
L.. n!
lOUr llLlU....I~ktll.ltil\.nak 1"""'1........ FJ.II """ konvergens.ru..rt kH '1~ymAAra ko""Ik ...tA lag
.~
hfulya.-lOflAra. hll m
m!
" ......,
-a..,- " --. - < - - "" q < 1. RY""R"

(m"' l)!
m+ 1 - ,1 + 2
m"n"l~kt"K"t
--+- - + -(.....
- -3)1
+
(.. +1)t
(.. +2)1
I
;+2 i.,."I. "1,,,,;
-1--".
n+ I, 110'
R < _"_ " __l__ ~ < .!. ~ = _'_

-
'
mlljnrl\lh.. tjtlk .\",z,,1 a g'~>II"'trilti ""rnt] (7.15), m,.]yn.'k ha.ny"d"".. q -
t"'Kilt" =
l - q
(n+I)! .. +1
fl(a) - Ma) + .....
.-,..
lJORlI
f..(a)
(i.76)
L f.{a) = S(a).
(i.77)
--.. ... 1
4. A 80r Os..<;reg.. ii.74) lIl"W' a>.: 5(.1') fiW"ny. A1:I- mondJuk. boftt.. A toOl Il.7. SIx) fiiggvrn)'lu'Z
konVf'rgAl.
5 . ~Iarad"ktl'lg (R,,(r)) j<-Irnt; .-...l1llIt..ly k"n.... rgt'n~ nl~lIy!OOT SIx) ~"n..k'" S..(r) .........k~tn ..k .. kiilOnt-..Pgrt
(7.7~)
R,,(x) = 5(2') - 5_(.1') = f~.l(z)'" f~.2(z) + ... + f ..~ ..(z) +
7.3.2. Egyenletes konvergcncie

7.3.2. 1. D cfinfoio . \Ve je r!il ra.o;; l<-fN e kritioriulIl
A "".Am""ro,."'t h"tAr{>n~kPnpk ,jdil1kiujl\va! 0.....14 W . ~ 411
old.) o...zluUJllhan a (i. 74) lOO' ''llY adott

taIlomAnyon kOllVf'rg<'n~, ha wWi", "il\(riuti ki,""iuy c > (l !<1JUtLh,,~ Widh.. ti> egy .\' <'gOOs:dwl UIitY.
hogy ha" > S. aklmr IS(.r) _ S.(xll < c. A fiiggv"ll:>"",>l',,knl\l itt kd
1. tudunk m,~kiiloLlbi)z'-"'lIi,
1. Egy.. nl ..t ...... n konverg.. n!l!lOr Talit.lh"t,; ,!tvolYIIII .\' !l?Jlln, IUlL.. jy" (7.74) ""r .;rtdILl.,z....i tartomAnyfmak mindpll .r.e'ti'k~T<' ,>gyarl\nl, hv~n~.... , llyeukor II.Zt mondjllk. boJO' a vi'l-""a1t tartomanycn
.. sor rg!l",Jrt ..,'rn kom'f'ry"",. ,_or,
2. Nem "gyenl..t ",se n konv..rK" n" "or !"\O"Il I,alA\hal,<'> "lynn /\. ""'ULl. iLmdy ik II.Z {>rt.. \m.. ,.kIoi t"r
to ma uy mind ,.n x ....r t.. kil'" '' l'V"Llv,.. l"uu,'. AzlV. '" "o r k"uvt'rlo:,'ucia-l;u'tomAuyAIill v.. n l.. p;alAhh "R.V
ol ya n .r ""';'m . amdyikre a IS(;,-}':' S~{ .r)1 > 1,..lj""m. {iiAA.'t!"uiil II lU"gvAl,.,."tA.'<iIlo!. Ell l,..n "" ",..,t l,..n
1\ '''If nrm "qy~nl"t"""" l,-olll"'''lr"" ,or.
.I'
.1'1
z
A , Az I+-+-+ ...... -~
(7.7'Ja)
,.,...t..
:2: n + 1. f",mAII:
I
.... am<"lyrt' a kOll.>'4n-_
lim S~(a) = lim
II" azl: IIkMjuk Ulf'@:br..,.iihu.lllilyrllp<mt<wIAQ:a1 k;;,....lili lIlf'g a ""r o...:;.-.-gPt

IIIN'arlPklAl nagyoA.pl 1"..1I1l><'1':1""""lllliink_
IS - S.I " 1n.1
R~ zk-tosszeg Ill'k ~lk .. (i.i4}lIUf 0'L0i'5 n '-"SiAnak~ J.IOW- S~(:r).
5.(..-) = 11("-) - h("-) + ...... I~("-)

(i_ i::')
3. Konvel'X'-"ndatan oman)'
A l7.74) ~ly",>r 1r.oIl""~'ll<~OlnAnyal alkotja a:< ~
<>IyAn.r = a i-rt<'k. amcly l....~ik """""..,nll)l f ..(r) ffLQ,tnv <'rtelm....ti-.i ~yanak k~
IJ.s:.
T; =4:11<1
- - ( 'K --' ) " "
2,1, + 1
4
F iiggn'nysor nak lreW'ZZiik "" olylW "UTI. mrlYD<'k ~ '"&Y .... Ilgyana:t.On Z ,.,;jlo:ti>nalt" nlg&-
wn....i.
(... 3)
i .2 .5.3. Specialis sorok
n!n 2+2t1
nn!
(7,n)
11
2'
n'
1..9. F;i.gIJ" ~"Y'()T(,k
!!Or,m.. lynpk ~,.,. ,.z jJ.....t lOH , ,,1,1. J kOllv,'r/:n.9 uund..n ~ kti>k,..,.. T~tl<r;'" """'rinti \.<'11;.... i'rt,'I/lI'~
,..;,.; tlutolJu'Lny
>It'. '1O"'n]d_'" k"n ....rg..us. A"'c n ny il><>n 1..1'1 < a. alkalUlIU:V" .\t ACI.Al'RI~
IllI\J...lrkt..p;rll vnIl"tknw furlUu1Ajkt (lNwl 42J, old.), .. ...,.-ra vooal korof'gy<>lllUtk,"':'g 1\1. ...I"bhi,
"""t"II"
I ,""rr"I ,""1)'''< (" ...
5(r) - S.(I)I < In ...
7.3. 3 . Hatvanysorok
7.3 .3.1 . D efinici 6 , konvergcncia
1.
(0 < H < I ) .
"cI
+ alr+ alr1 + .. - + ......,.
-+ ..
f1t'' ' '
kon~ria.. n....1 bAnnilpou lUIYr" ill v41alr1t j nk . tnimlig taJa.llmt6 olyan.r ltZAm. bug)' 1< nSH
"''''1
+ I).
..
limIG~.ll_ll_.rI< "
"-
{'.tlOb)
:\ kou""'VttriII.....,nhan 1l<'1Tl ~tn.. nu....l

5(z) - S.(I) = r ( I - .:)".... (1- r)l ... . .] '" {l - z) ...'.
(j,lolOl'j
B<-liLtluo.tO. boI.Y itl bannilym nagy n ....tln b. lIlindi,; tAlilbAti> oIYM kinoiny z, 1UIW1yno (1 _ r)"l
..nnniry:'n kiirIPIlrobrt 1br1, ilO' llf'fll kioot-bb. mint!. E,;yrn1O't"""'fl kooW't"gt"nn !IOC.1uo. AZ" ~ r ~ I
in~lllmoo ~ki.oljiik 1U:ZAl ... fo-lUOt..!IfoI, hoIt.v < .. < I.
3. " t"ifl'st r ass egyf'n k-tl"ll kon~rgt' ndara vo n a t kow kritfflUII1a Adott wtomAuyun AZ
!I{z) + hlr) - .. + I.(r) .....
(H I,,)
'"'lI" ~'DJ.v-n konVtTgf'lIa. ha ""ll oIYIOU kon>rt...nA ugU
", + f"2'" .. ... c..... . .
(7.Slh)
kOD~ __ i>o,;y fflnrk II tarWmauynAk lIlindfon r--<'rt<'kpl'1"&Z
A imz~
p = .lim
~
s ...
(7.11lr)
""
""'"
L ... (r - r,,).
.
I
p""lim--
(7.83],)
3.
r -
(h4)
"- v'i'J
.w.pJilo t...tAro<hAtQ mr,;. "IUlunyil...u ezrk II ~kpk Ii-~k, H" ilvm b>t.~ wuc>o ...kkor II. kQz,O~ l i _
(urn) bo-l)"I'I.t" I....,. !...,........... t (liiii) krn wllllwlk (I&od 1.1(1) A
kooV<'~int.-rval.l"m 1lAlAr]><>ntjlliu .. >Of kOl1~. v;ogy d ,\'<'ft.,.,\lO ~. \"""1 Ezrk Il hAtArpontok" {1.1Oa) oomllI r = + p ""
r = -p ...... (1..'lJ],1 ~ r "" r. + p .... r = r" - p{Wod 1.1011.
"
7.1. &bra.
E lQ"enl..t("!l konvergenc ia A hRtvAnyMr konW'l'Jt"Tl"iR-taftool'lnv.w..k rnintk'll

r.1 ~ 1'9 lllumJur "&""'nlrt....... kor,vrlJ!:''U>' (ABEL titd.,).
I:? + ... +
.n. .. . c.. hA ""'n Il tArtonllOllYOIi "" Il( r) -+ h(r) + ... + I.lor) -+ . '''If egy<'llirtnorn konV1"rl\.r.... Akkor
","O'n" lattomAnyon " !lOr S(z) ,~,. rulyto llOl'fii,;gvf'ny. H" pg}' scr Y'Ai1\lll'.'ly ~a< tartrnnAuYVll ncm
CRY"nlt'tc!w' n kOllV1"J"g<'Ir., ...kkor k'h,'~""'. hogy S(r) e-z,.ge a !.&rt()m.w y .-gy,,,, h'.'l~...ill n<'mrulyl."II()l(.
A: A ( .1:10>o) !OIl. o........'K, ,,<'m fulyt<>ll<ll' u r = 0 h..lyt'Il, S {r ) "" O. 1m r "" 0 .... SIr) "" 1. tm r > O.
B : A ( 7. ~) .. or i...,...!t" fnlyttlll()l( f(lggvi'ny, A "". u<'m ~nl<,t<'!lcn konw rg<'fUl. <It' ("-" Ill'llI ''10'
vi-g.... lattomAIlYr... l"u"'IlI " t .. lj.....IIl'. aIllpgyt'lltM.... vOlI"t k""t.at .... ;RISZ.
2. Egyenletee .. n k"nvl'!rgf' n ~ sorok int..grlliasa b deri vaJ<isa A>. [n. b] zAn iUI<'lvlllhrmon"RY"IL_
1,,1._ 'n lullJV<'rx"Il~ ~"rt t"l\(m k(>nt int''I\IAlIu<tunk . U/O"YlI.nigy <If'rivAlhll.to t i<gollki'lLl ,1Q' konW'II("I'" lOll
ls. h" Il;t igy k,[.--tk""At!!IOr "lQ"'nl'!.foIO'1l kOIlV ''I>:"Il~. Enn"k prl...lmph <,n:
.... ~l
<"lQ"'nlOt"'1ll'Ii'g 41~1i1. E k knr F.I'!I ..) MI1 Il (7.Sla) "". IIlIljo.im....mak mon<lj'lk.
1.
I~I
lmnv~tartomany
lJ.(r)1
(783a.l
or
I\Z'"
412. old.) "",rint:
haO<rSI(ha.z =OAkkorS""O).
..lAb!>; " lak lvul rulott halo";",.......,!.:
Itt .. kif"jti>s h<>ly<'1 jdolO r' ....

qo-iitlhatOk koo..ta!\lO !<Ziunok.
2 . A!:>szolut konvergencta .... ko n ver g .. nc ialougllr Egy h.. IVMy.nr kon'"l'f~~. ba vagy r -'" zoo
v..gyha. r ~"'" vag)' 1i>lM:ik "l!J"ly>Wp > U -'ro .... k"n~UJI:&r. hoc " .....].r - ill !,it kou",~ "" Ir - rol > p."..-ti'D ,livt't"K"n.. (7. 1. a bra).
B : AI AW>bhi lIOr kUlI'o'<"!W'IlIl. '0, II zArt iuto-fVllllum mindo-u r ""Iyen.

x+:I"(I-z)+z(l-r)'+ " -r(l-zt+
(J""
I\Z
.... ~ a,(.., - r,,) "'al(r - r,,)! + ...... a..('" - ro)- ..... =
llaKYObh. mint fOg)' t~""'n Nt<,tt t.
f....d
.
L ..
DefiniciO A Wgfont.<.....bh fiiAAV(ouy ....rnk
(7. 791
MiVf'1 (n + 1)' iO'O""'hlWUl oo-kozik mint /luI"" "lU"nlOt]pnsi'gjobb ,,1da1<. lIl<'gfddo fl.I\lO' II """""n
.1".101 fiiggctlcniiJ ki....hh. mint E -U
1I:IAl~ volUltlwzOO.n 111M I>f'Ill }Pllf't,,;.g.... "C'.,,J.'\.a<
U!O"d.lWO" O''-\LUtBERTmlrn.. m
421
12
r"
n
"+ 1
+ ... ...-ra - = lim - - = I . _

p
fN'I""
..
_>O"
(7.821
= I
(7.s.
I < z < +1
"""""'h',t knllVt't'W'U", II.. ;r "" - I ...kk"r ff'IVt..J..,.,pn kon.....rg..Il" (w..I
l7.J-,l1 "". " 414 . oldalou) .... h" r "" I. Rkkor <livr'lt'''11< 0....1" (. Hi) hArmonik'lII!OO1''' 411. okWcm).
A BEL U'tclfo _Tint PZ Il ""r minden oly"" (-PI, +PI] intervallumon. aboI Pr 4tI<tIlJ..g.... 0 (os 1 k:07.i' ......
"".full. rgyrnlct........ kou\l'. g',ILS.
; .3 .3. 2. Mnvolctek hat vanysorokkal

1 . O sszeg es szorzat KOliverg<'wo l'l\t viln)'!'Oro k...t ... kn,-& kn nvr ll!:..n...ia-tartom3J,)ukon ""Iiil t."l.g 011
ki-ut o...7.<'adhll.t1lnk, c KYm"""'" Ooc>ol-A_"OLh"lll uk h< !.tw..,. ""..riuti kon.~tiull< "".momal,w,w>.h"t uu k.
K N ha t vAlly!lO' S7.or,... ta;
(~ a~;r.) (~ b.r.)
"
'",bo + {a"b, + " rb,,)r + (aob:! + a rb) + a~bo)r~
+(a"b3 + lll~ j . alb, + a,bu).c + .

lIat vany sorok ne h any hat vany a
S = a + h,c + '"3"1 + dr,1 + er( + f.c~ +
8 1 = a1 + 2nb:r + (tl + 2ac)r~ + 2(ad + bt').r~ + (t.1 + 2= + 2bd )r '
J
(7.821\)
2.
+2(/11 + iN' + rd)r" +.
(7 .S6)
(7.87)
(7.1:l8)
422
1. E gy va lt0z6s ffiggv"ny"k T lIy lo r- ,..,rll

.
..
.
Azolyan folytollot,f(x J li;AAV"U). ,"ll"lyik "".I _ il h..l.....ll VIogt<'I!'11 ""k!<z<>rudJ,'[{udalh1l.t<lA r AYLO RforllLulA(la..d aex>. old. ) ""I':itl<i'l;"'.....l gyAlmw b"l.v';'lIY"'-'! o-z.-,;..kl-llt (r b" t " fd.
(7,~9)
a ) A f..lira... "IsO alakj ll.;
l (xJ = 1(0) +
F-Wl
----rr- { (il ) + -I x --,,-,, )~1 (a}-r

X -
(z - il t
_II
+ - n-,-I
oJ ...
"
I; .g;.;.)
A (; .9"",) ... rbafl-jtP.-t AZOkr.. "" r-<'rt"k"k ... vl-x~h('tjiik ..1. AlII.. Iy,-k"" AI! fl.. = f (r )- S. ,nar",li'ktl\g
"" n _ X .....-lion n"il.aho:I; tArt. Itt iilO'<'lniink k.-llll.IT". bogy" mAT,..lrk~ fOll;.um" ... 419. oldaloD
''lO'''''....s en a ni'ven bev<."".l.<'tett fogalommAi <-.Ir.akkoc -..uoo<, ba .. (j .9;.h ) fonnllla itt;" Ai~bati>,
... ..,. II Dull"hoz tart.

A lll.llT1ldi'ktagot kkf..1emOOon Irhatjllk f<ol:
R., = (z - 0)"' / >H o ({)

(n + 1)1
F_91 )
-1
S'
CI
+
3.
<), (be
-a [ 1 - 2-, r .. (~
"'Q
3--2-
_5 _,
(6~
r- ... 3~
oJ
,,1
r+
a2 a . i '
2:' - 1211'" ... ::.~) s' .. . .J

a
at
R., =
d 4~
~),
(j--2-r:
(7,92)
4'
L tv "
~"'"
R" =
",-h - .Js - .i,3 ... ",011
23,.h lr
H ah ll.ny ".,r ;nvf'ne A<lml
r "" f(s) '"
"'Jr.
lU ...
/r-
(il
at
f: '" ~(6all>l '" 3<1 2, .:1 ...

F =
I
_(2b1 _ tue) .
a~
l -lb' _ al ,.
'I!
2. J
0'
D = ";'(5abc o'
(HIGh )
(; .9Gc)
(h - / )"1'" ' 1(<1 - t )dt
2. :l.lacLauri n-sor
A M ACL Al' R.!'i-. ora T"VWR""'"~.....1.<'. lUnik..... lUI / (x l fij,l~.r. ;\'i>nyt;u 0 = 0 belyen fejtj'-lk
IIOTI",.1gy
~ 1'(0 )"':: rIO) _

It
..,
~
~ I(X
2'
...
x- r l (Ol + .
n'
1797..)
I) .
(7.9;h )
-I-
A u ....8ll..ktago
n. ~ _'
__ I"'+11(8:r )
(n + 1)1
A_w .. 0111 ... ell ... D,/ ... Ell + F!I .... . .
h
B =--.
,.
(0< *"< 1)
/ (x) = 1(0)'"
0)
Az '1',Yiitthawk RZ"j"hbi"k _-rill! ndildllak:
I
A =-.
a
(7.9:>b)
N'
11,,-1 ... d ... cU' ... eI'

A,z imTI71-n..,.. .uAhlu ""rt ,'rt j iik :
r = .;(y) '"
(Lagrllllgoo- fpIe A1ll.lr:),
(7.'JJ)
U! .. formulA, 'ig,l' Q~JIUc.IIOlO''' h&i'V...J."'t f..lltj"k U.wl C; hatanuatlan P&.viiTtI....wld".1 hlro ""I"l .
majd ~"I a r,...-"7J5brn Il-vll ""ITailIlt~",",llk_ A7. igy k.-k-t~1.l ""r .,,;yiitthlllilit a !<&NnWOhM lIov6
""'" pgyiittb..o.t.6i\ll\l ..,... h......,nlit .... h..tlin/.hAtjnk 1W'g" r, "lO',itlhatOkal.
4.
< 0)
+ -1 " (0)'"
~.
h
n. __
r ' l{a .8/,)
(n
l ]!
~r2+
+ (fr~ - oJJ, -
ZI
A marNli-ktag fclirhati>:
... 1~"'lr",o2r ...
6;1 +.-f ,s
(z <
(i.9:"x:)
b ) A f.,lira.. rnasodik a1akj ..;

,
h'
1(0 - h) = / (a) - ,na) ... ~r (a ) +
V"fO'
-Itp' ttl ott

J{z
1.
Ket ha tvA ny!OOr hilllyad.....
L
ll"Z~4
..!..
n,
< xl
(0 < (
il
d - 51?),
:lIable),
"
(7,9'k)
~(711~b<' ''' 7ll"" l + I'i ';"b]" _ at! _ 211u'b 2d _ 2&,1~ - ';2b~)_

o
AT. ;""1""'-""1' konwrW'l",iAjM mir"l<'u l"'I,j{Ill,,1 kiilo" kdl m"p;vi7_~galni.
7,3.3 .3 , Tn)'!or-sorr('jtl>s, M ecl.aurln-sor

A f" "t"",,bb ,,1"1ll; fiiW"'lIy,'k lJ"tv(l.l Iy""rl", r" jt"tt alakjM" 21.3. U.bl.izll t (1......0 104 2 ,,1.1.) tllrt"j
Ill""""". E7A'lwt II TAYLlm"",I", v"l<', f,~ti... ..z"hit.lvll.i ""..rint hlltAc()'~tak m"p;.
(0 <
e<
(7.\l7e)
tiK/1. ...II(t ) dt
n..
A TAYUlR- "" ).,1 .. c LAL: RIN""r k,,"v'rgenl"ift.jAnllk 1O<'I'\it.ll"'l'itAAAhoz ""g"v IlZ

m.. r",lcktagot k" !1
m l)jf;Vi:r",gAlnlln k , v...gy II k"nwrlol"llriAAllgArat (1"",1 42] 01<1.) k,lIull&l'lItft.r<>zllllnk. F..\Ih"n " mAsoo:lik
,....,then ,l6 f" " lul h 1l.t , hogy " -or Ilg)'A" k"nWrll."I"', d,- <'IlIwk S{:r) i.... ,~-g" n,m<,g"v..,,)o II. ""rhaf"jtdt
f(:r) fiiggvi-nnyel.
3. K"tvAltoz"s fii~v"'ny"k Taylor-sore
a) Az ..IOAlllta.. ..IsO alakja;
iJ/(:r.rI)1
!(:r,y)=f(CI.b)+--'
a:r
(z .,)_ (d l
iJ!(:r ,l/) 1
(:r-a)+-fJy
(y-b)
1' "l-l.O)
7.
\'''~r/rn
.omk
tiirti'nh.t pl. intcrpoll\ciOva1. ki,~v"l1lftO l'olillQlDI>IllutJ ""8Y ~J>lin,~fii~i'lIy.kh1. E Zf'k n'>l .. (1~ .6.) "'"
(19. 7.) r..je1,Pwkbt.uWsz ,..~.o.
(HI.'lI!.)
Itt
ttl, Ill...... !wly,"hoi IlllOrW..jlf>< wrthlik. Ii.. .. m........-I..kt.<lg. E1<'ifOllluL hoKr pI. 8f(z. y)
Iwly..u"
0'or(. .. lJII)
iJr
:0
I (d ) +
~{
(I I.
a)
,~
vI
+ {JI- til
~t.'""'g~ U-h"lj,lk
2'
1,{
'-3 .
.
A~
( 1"( _,-)
a,l"
,;inr"'r
"mr,,=,.r -
tJ/{I., )1 ..)001_") ... .. + ~{

. . Jo/(Iy)1
fl.
:I
ilL ..
.l,.._.
. ..
(7.% 1,)
~ diff......nciiLIoprt-aton>k IlAtYiLnyAiI .. bieo-
(0 ayi
0) /(:1".,)+1' (0ar'l - a,k
0)' ,I
0)' l (r "I+-;,-1 (0arh "'o,k
0)" f(r.,) +R. .
+y1 (0
orh+{)ylt:
,+kl=/(I. , l+TI1 OIh +
I{ r
...,.I"=' 1
r
<.'O>I"='\- t g I "" r +
4.
(0o;h+ 0 )""' f(r+~h,,+ak)

iJl/
z-
- 1- "=' ,- - ;;;
."
.... vAIt0x68 fiiKK "e ny Tay lur-lOOra
A dilfpl'<'Tl<"Wop<'fll.torokW {,.Jirt ~ "lIiiUliti8" kOVf'tkl"'Zl5:
f(r + h. y + k.. . . ,1 + I) ,." I(:r,y..... I)
e" se 1 ... r
.. 1) + R,.
,1+&1)
(O<A
<
(1.!)'J"J
(7.\/'Jh)
I)
7.3.4 . Kozclft6 fornm lfLk

A TAYLOR-,.orhll v" lo f,jt..... ""glt""Ill>v.-], hI' II""rfc-jt,-", hdy<'n"k korlit.t O'l.<>t talJ llll'g f.. !d u ki.l< ki;rll}'Mt<>t
vt........,ik ligyd ,'ml.... lOOk f;;AAvf>uyh"z sy"k"rl"til<\Kjo kiiz"!ito formlllit.k Allitlll\t.ok "M. :-;"'],,;,uyfiiAAv<'nyh".." tllrtm.o iIY"1l f"rULlIJ" ,. j",'1 t"l{j,\;" 1 .3 . t AhlAzllthan 1...I"lh"I."k. A IKlnt.......Afl;r.. v"natko""" ",i..l. ,k
" ",,,rM~kt"ll: h.-oM".- " 1"I,jAIl h "tA rtlz!l"tok m'1l:- FiiAAVpnYl,k k;;',~,Iit6 fOl m " Ia.iIl>lk lll''jI;h"tAnrI.AAA
In{I +I) ,,=,r
....
0.245
14.0"
s.e-
9,11"
0 .519
29.1"
-o.sss
O;it\6
-ig
0,71S6
2.6"
2.6"
0.386
0.30S6
22.1 -
22.1'
0.""
3.1 "
-0.2'93
16.8"
3. 1"
0.2'93
0.~19
ie.s-
29.7-
_ 0.0.."-5<1 7
0.0930 7
_0.2~ ;aJ
O.32baJ
_0.6(J1a 2
1.5-l-5a2
_0.05Ia 2
0 .0~2.l2
_0. 151a2 0.1600 2
-o.4As<:l
0.53O<I J
-0.031..
O.03la
-0.U99a
O,099G
-O.3Ola
0.301..
-0.lM5
0.045
-0,134
0. 148
-O,3 1~
0.502
-0.002
e.ooa
- 0,020
0.020
- 0. 176
0.230
r
- ,
3r
-.-ba~
r
"
+"
2
r
+-
4.4"
332-
33.2-
0-""
noe
-<J.05-I
15
,Jal_I ""a -~
.~
I ,,"
r'
~ -,
= ~ (p al : I)
1
0.580
2 >
Jal _I""a +~
(7.9";<1)
(O SO
A lIlArado'ktag:
R.= (rl+1 I)!
.-
r'
....
.~
r'
ll:r "='I
....
1%
0.245
-14.1)"
-1.005
-51.60
0.141
8.10 .662
-31,9"
0.171
-'-24
0.1%
0,071
l-ldl
I ><Z!UnAr..... Iou int<'n'>llluw.lUllt"IUlyil>f.n .. hilla.
-0.017
4.4"
.-r
r'
mWi~ tkd ~ utAn lOa I(I , II) ruuWny.... vonAlkmlO magN-Ilbl, wod,l drri...w....-IoMrAMnAk
t-P!tintj'-lk. A difkwncWhany...to->blt AZ (a. II) htly<'D kell IDl!lI:~llnk.
b ) A z e lMllilh ma..od ik a lakja:
/ (r-h,
"'r'"
"Urki.llIhrtQv{.:
~.}/(I'J)I (~.. J-(o ")
iJy
E.: a ...imbolilnJ.<; ~1iiU.i rn6<i ~ jrkutl, b<,,;'o' ..
Ki.i.....tk..w
}("""littrl
VII
_).{ {I - ..l ~ '" (JI- b)~}J/{I, JlI[
rnvid.. bbj.,J"IAomMot tuw.uAljuk. A (7.9&)-han ""E'Tf'plO n~,b ll'l"h1 pacci-
lilis drriY4JtAbt tArtA!lJU\7.... tlLg<>k MirWI oprTalorok
I (I.JI)
73 tAhl""....t .."(>bAnv gyAkrAl1 hAIWIAlt fiiggv~ny km-Aitll.. lakj ..
57,60.141
8.1"
45.0"
1.632
-93.5"
OAI5
-25,0"
0662
1036
31.9"
59.3"
0.511
-29.6'
1000
0.17'2
51.3"
45.0"
1.632
.,
!J3 - .
OAI"
25.S"
1.036
59,"
0.5 Ii
29.6'
0.895
51.3"
7.3.5 . A S1.imptotikus ha t vany sorok

A 1l"I!tKV"ny<'k h<-Iy<'ttcf<iti';oi crt"kclJ" k lI,,'gh..t.u,,~hn'1, diwrg"ll" ""rok ;"I""'~ll<>o<ak Id",l.n,';' .-\ ki>vrth-wkl", n
vu",.tkuw .....ximl'tnl.iku. h"tWlnY!"'r "'Wt"'')!.I'v<'! b"tAru~~ uk m('g ,,"bAny fiigl(v(>ny
1.,,10' II I -h...,; ta rtm .o h..lyf'!.t....a ""j (>rt.. kPt.
t'r<>
7.3 ,5.1. Aszimptotikus egyen ldseg

A" /(x) "" 9{:I'" ) fiiggv{>ny..k h t ..lmrz"" i t .. rtomAny.. .ru < r <
."",t{ll
a,uiml't"hkt~' lln "9~fnJi;k.
lim /(I) = 1
z _ ,",
9(I)
00. Akkur llIo",ljuk , hogy .r -
<Xl .
h...f..nnall
(7 100,,)
ill.
/(I) = I/(r)
+ 0(9(:1'"))
amikor
r .... <Xl
(7.1001,)
Itt U D(g(.!"}) '''It f,,]jrAAAkor /I 0 (..A:"lDAl',.zimhOhl,lllot ,nagy ordo",t h....""nAltllk (1Iuo<l 37. ol,t.). H..
(1. 1000) t.>]jo.,.iil. akkor "'tt igy j..!i'ljiik: f(r) ..... g{.r).
B : .. ~ _I
A: .;;::r:J _r.
In
C:
~r+2
+x +2-
3
4r J
i.4. L Trigonomet rikus osszcg es Four-icr-sor
r ..1,1.1.
Alapfogalmak
I. Periodiku~ fii gg ...p ny~k Fo u ri .,r-...lM lII tA.~ .. [Fou r i..r-a n .. liz ~ )
GyakrlUl ,dik,..'og<"". ""KY dOily"" "'" Il<JIY "10' ,,<Iou T l",riO<lIl..,j /(.r) ,,,,rioJik'lII fii~""yt cwt
ki)zpljUl mi><lon trigollOm"uik,,,, fiW\vh!)"'k i'Jooq,,~,k"nt Aij)t><'mk <'16:
7.3 .5.2 . Asa lmptot.lkus harvanysorok

I.
";A . Fouricr-sorok
A il .. ~z i m ptotik\l" M>r foglllm.lll
.. ~(r)
..
= 2~aIC()l';...:;r.,.a2('(l112..: r
+blsin~'r _
(1.101)
". - f2
mit
b-niUtuk. llaa (7.101)
~~ frnn&lL Akkor /(r}'"
b)
2.
Anim p tot ik UllhlllvilllY90rok tulajdonsAgai
f:. ::.
.-
.w.khan iIofdlrhaU>.
.,
"
A"
A : Al.
e-: "" L
-- olyll.ll.vzi,ul'lIotik,,,. ...'r. <'lI!lplyik minden
_"!.r'"
hA Ixl :> .fa (r,
> 0).
B : I"", i-t.. lt J'lN"Wilo inU'jr;r~ IV. fix) =
1'"
o
.1"'",
dt (r :> 0) J"'T1UIl<-t<-ref<
in~A1t.
(.. mi
I
R,,(;r) _ 0(-,) (....a,<>!
,"
J'
(7.104a)
i!(.l') --'-/(-;r) ..... k...:.rdr.
.... T
-f Jf(r)>>inl;...-r dr - -f J /(r)Mllk~'rdr
-f J lJ (;r) - /( -r)l ~ill k_'.r dr . .
(7. 104b)
2. Fou r!...r- sor

Ha hi7m,ym;.r &l.Ck<>kr", .. ~ X' ...... I..II,.z .0 .. (.1'\ fii~ILY '10' nll~tArozotl ~(r) hatilri>ru'kh",z tart.
l\kkor,.z ariOIt f,-lgg"pnYll",k <7... kr, "" I (rt ik,k r<' k"''''..ryr.... FOURIER.or" vall. Ez fe lirh.. ax
~(r)
..
t'"
'" "2 -;-- a l,:or;...:;r + 112 cos '2-';r +
+ .... n ......;;r+
+b ls ill ...;r +!>:.tsin2...';r+ +b~~ill".....r+
~(x) = ~
'"'
1"
(7. 102)
A (7. 102) "",~.illll't"tiktl~ hlltvAuy .,r diVl'lJt:" ". mino"ll
- H'.
Vgy anUo
1lZ
(II
(7 .1o;>a)
h"""nAlh"tju H, lIlY pI. r .. HI ''''''t''n

~ " - '"
1
"
Ill<
S~( iO) "'" S~( 1 0) r<'s,.l<>to....'''''K,'H ..Kil .....K"vrl frUrh"tjuk ,,~
- - dt < O.0916 .J
I +I
+ A,.in(...;r+ ,,;'1) + A ~ ,;in( 2..i ,1 ... .-'2) +.,. + A.~iu(....,.r + ; ..) + .
(7.] o;.h)
alakban io< , Ehl>l'll "" llluhhi .....t1WlI '
tl:;"= ~'
A. : J ak2-;-- h2 .
+ l)-.,li k (.. ,,- ,~lik t,,1t hA
ny" ri""" - . - . ~""p:l" ~I Il d iVl'Tltp ns R<'I rt lI.r-j( ;r) fiiggvi>ny h")ypth...it ""i l-, tiokM'nrk h<'OltMlo'hn i<'Jj
<
Ii.. T '" 2'l'."kkor...:
alak.....IL. [)p f..1irh"t6
-rJl"' ~(- W - ,
1+ /
L..
rHl
"l Ahhi h"",,)... t: n ,09 U
l\w..-lit<5 UK"Ji:oI.<1a..t taIa1hat'llIk .. Ioamwmk .... "nnli:>_ ... tid.u-n'lwk (J,<..d 949. o ltt ) !iP'gi~.r.l.
", 1'"
n+ 1
2'
3~
(n-I)!
-.i' - -;r' .. + (_l}~-l .r- + R,,(.~) .w.kl"",
" I 1~
,dr . .\f i\"el IR.. (.l) $ ....:.
r-" dr ~ -"I- ~
; r o ( l+t"T
;r"u
;ru'
r-rl
ra
ra
I
I'
r :> 0 ,-'li'll kon....rli\'II>lj, "" /(x) _ - - - +
~
;rJ
"~~)
lrl",tj"k rd.1.,,1 R~ ( r ) ,. (-l)~"":'
"
1.
'J" /(r),,",.. k;,.JrJ.r
f(;r)COtik~,JdJ '" f2
l'
&. '"
konwrgf'Tl.~.
n
e-
J'
T
2
a ) EltYl1ortelllll.l ~: Ii.. <'Q /(z) ~'llynt"kIftezik """imptotik.... hatviwY"'JOl. akkot (" rgy"rttolUlll.
.~ _i.m "tut,k,1>O b>o,tvlOlIy"'-'l" azoulw&u l)l'm luI.l.anr4a IIll"l': ~lru,'it'lIl1 fllW'lIyt.
b) Ko n.....rg~nda: All ~iml'l<:Jtiku.. ha.tviw.".,..,mak....m la-L1 kon\"<"Tl:"'l1I<IlPk Irlmic.
A,
(7.103)
2.
Ax /(x) ~b k6zrlitNoM. .. .J.2~. "kWon kO-...olwk I'rt ciwIoh..1H>ly>Ul s.(.r) kOz,-lil6-fiiggv"ny"'1l;:it...,:g.;..

..) '1l.Yiiuhathb.tllll .. k.u fi"avt'ny FOIjRIER -~it
,...I .. rjilkpJaholltZ .... "'1ta- (I; = 0.1.2.
...w...ztjllk. FJ.... k ponto!<i'rt<'ki" ,.z Etl~:R!~k !on"rJ4l f..~vtd batArozhAtjllk.....,.;:
uUlld"ll n _ 0.1. 2,
~,
+""COIin..:.r
6,.m2.:,J + ... + b.. IliIL ...,;r
F,;r:t ltZ ..ljAr""t ForRI ER-,WfjrJf".""k 11<'.... =ilk.lu" kOrfl'f'k~~' =
f(r)
VlIgy
3.
(7.1Ox)
A Fo ur! ..r- sor kompl..x alakj ..
S" k .,....t lWll <'I'; u)"" " a komplf'x " I"k :
~(;r) =
L ..I<e.....
k _ _ o<-
(7. 10Ga)
7. Wgtr ln. 5".....1;
428
1_ ~.
r
""'=f!/CZ}<!-""'U,.,
I
{tao
1(a.-ibo)
113k>0.
i (G- o + ib_. )
lIa.l:<O.
(7.1061
7.4 .1. 2 . A Fouricr-sorok legfo n tosabb rula jdousagai

1.
KV>td rlltikua ko-zlophiba
L a.ra; ,\:-'I + L b.llillk_'z

bl
a. "" O. ba-
(7.1071
kwwlratill.l. (~) kW"pbiba (1M<! 942. old. k 950. old.) Il.kknl" II~bb. ha "" ... h '" ~rti-krkrl
azMott ~ F01JIUER~ijttMti>ikkll (7.1().,&a..b) halArnzzuk mq:.
2. K~rt "k twn vak> konv.. rgpncill. PIln<.', ...t-gy..nUilM'g
." r Ol;RIER-.r k~khrDUIrtCIl lotI fiiuv"ny",""._ ft:-nwill:
3.
ha
" _')C.
0"'_>1 =
,J"
[J(r)j
dr =1!,+L (Q. 2
+ 1:>..:).
2. ,
J{r)C'Oh(24 + 1)7d.r
b:a+, "" T
G:vr .. 0
(7. 111&)
7 u
4. uimme-tria H.. lIZ I(r) fiiAAVfny

abra ). ILkkor az <'lO"itlbatilk
(1. IOtIb)
~=b:vr""O,
D iri chk-t- ffol.. f..lt" t lf>l..k

H&/IZ fer) ffiAA\-/-ny rnt-gf..l..1/l DIRICHLETr..1P fp]ti-td..klllk, a:rAZ. h"
II) a k~ int.<'tVllllum viog.... ....k olY>l.1l ri'fl:ointO'rvallumra bonthatil, "lllel)'f'ldX'11 "" f(r) fiW"uy
F_l1lb)
!(Tls.in(2k -ll 2"
~.
b:vr+l = rS
3.
fW""lan /.,.
l'7... nll.iv;il .. ~ tnI:l. A
J'.-
2"
J(.f) u(2k..!l7dr
("=0, 1.2,_._)
U:Ik+1 ""
TS
J".
J(z)n~2k+
2., dr
1)7
(7. lI3/
(1;=-0. 1.2.. ..).
4 . A Four ier-egy ilttha to k a,.zimptot ik .... vise lkedese

HI\ az f Ir } pt,rilldi klll' fiillJlV1'ny kl .k rivRltjai i>l...g..........n a k-... hl'Ildiiki" folyWllOMk. llkkllt " _ 00
_ '1"u "" u ft " k+ l No b"n..f ki f..J...""....k 11 llllMO'~ tIIrtJ\nllk.
(X)
7.4 .2 . Szimmetrikus Iliggvenyek cgyiit t ha t 6 in a k mcghataroeasa

7.4 .2.1. KiilOnhoz6 sztmmc t rtak
1. s aimmetr la ll n f(oE) pan'" fiigp;vf.llY. I\ZIIZ hll J(r) = f ( -x} (1. 2. a b ra), akkor 11:7. " gyiiUl1,,\ I,k:
(k=0, 1, 2, ... ).
(7_112)
b) lIZ f(I) mindffi r wAlwlkoi Iwly.:u.... f(r -+- 0) kl J(r - 0) "rtclm<>Z\'" VILIlIIU .
u kor A FO CRIER-1lUf koll.....rp;41..hh.,z II fiiAAv""yh<'1. _A IOOl" iJt<,.c"''g<'' ott.llbol fir) folytonooo. <'g.wnM
J(r O)+J(r+O)
f( x)""....l. A A RXAlw:lkoi h<-1 Y"k"!l" "or .-:I'.-g"
2
"" = 0
3. I<rimructri&nak ( 7. 5 .a
Hall>: f(r) fiiggv{,uy ~ ....f'Zf'ukiviillll<."g,kl .. 3. K"l.i1l1luMriilnlLk ( 7 .5 .b ' bra ). lIkkor "" <'gylittha-tilk:
fulytollOll", IDoII<lWn. ""
'"f(r)C"OIIkyd.r.
2"
u. = T,J
(i.1I0)
=- - f(II ( 7. 4 . 'bra ). ukor lIJ. "'&Y'ltthatilk
'J'"
(1. 10l'la)
ha II fUQ;vfny korlAtofl h a 0 < z < T intl'f"Wl1lllIDOtl k,:..Libb ""AkAAwnkent folytorKJol. A kOzeI>lTWklx:-n vaIb kon..... rvnciA~ill kiJ'Yf'tkPT.mfony.... P ARSEVAL-!"k "'WnJii.~
J'
+ T/2)
(I; -0.1.2 .).
f2
'"f(r)wn"
- 2:u
r'J
ydr
o
ui.mm.. tria II.. I(x
t-
flJ(r) - 5~(rW .u - o
= - f( -x) ( 7. 3. ibra) , akkol-"" "C,It!
2. ,.xim m .. tria Hll f(r) pAf""w.. rnAA'""lIy, uaz ba I(x)

hAtilk:
hI
j: f [j(r) - ..~(r) : iU
7 A _&hrA_
1.3_ Ahr ...
7.1_ Mr....
(,, 10;11)
trigD~rik'Il\~"1.m/ul ~Q FOVRIER-o....uggoo! k......litjiik. 'Igy lIZ
F=
Ha az f(z) f,-iggWnyt ""
.~(r) :: ~ +
429
.)
(Xli
11.. ,1;- =0:
F".. ri ....-.w rok
.)
(1.1(1.))
")
7.5. Abril.,
f(x)
crti>kH tllojnk mt'ghatiirmni. Itt" m",';';j ,n...lllLiIly<'k kji-rt;'kPlfo,M,wll'l. ""';\" !!U.Jull><g,von Il"lQ' I..IIM.
f(x) ....
fix) ....
nV<'nkur II n""',rib.... h,,",lOIloJ.-.... "n"Ji:,. (IAA<! !14!I. oJ.I.) IIlt"><W.crti]...~ 1...11 fordulnunk.
,
!
7'.4 .-1 . Fourter-sor es Fo u r-ier-Int eg ral
:1
21
':Cx)
I. Fourier-int eg r al
Ha "" I(r ) fiiggvi>ny egy t ..t"wl.-g<'" vPg"" int.. rmll"rull<U' ..1<1:.1. t,.,.z: II. DIR I(' HLE1'-f;.lr f..lto'wkkllf"k
(Wd 42:l. 01<1. )..... ..,...nkiviil ""
1.6. Ak a.
7.7 . &hra.
42ll. old. ) Moog"t tftoz. ~ 10; U1t~]U1l1Oll.u alAhhi formuWr. >0"'rinl lwnV<"r~/IOl'Ok"" f..jl lwtd:
Gel
2>rr
2J"s
2r.s
Gl C O l I - <11COlI 2 -
211"s
211".1
+ ... -
.~,Wu -,-+/Ioz1oi1l2 -,-+

A~
!J (r) fiigv"ny prrihl'L_ T = I ;" 0
a.co<n.
- b"SIlI n- ,-- ...
(7 11"")
< .I < 1 inu,n.,.]Jumoo/, (.r ) "'".00<0< AZ 1 (.1) 111Q;",""l1yrl ( 7. 6.
lOr:w.lllU: F .104a.b ) ""l\i~"\'('I. = 2,11" ktfkFf' bon mrghat&roa.n.i_

...
'1<.r
1I"S
'1<Z
Il(z)="2+ol(UlT +02cn.2T+ . + .... cosnT -.-
(1 1140)
bIz) Nggvi'oy prri6du- T "" 2J; Q 0
... ftZ.OIlOfl
2~ Te... d..: 1/(I~-""'dt ='; ] J.-. Tl it )eoA..:(t - s)dt
A!aAk>wIA.ci bdydren:
I
2~ (r
FIl......)
(7.11:>1,)
- 0 ) -.- 1(.1' - 0
2. N..mperiodilm!l fiilUtVo,ny . mint ha t.ar.....t

A F .I I:"") formulal. klf~j"k~. DLUlI "" I (s ) ....mprriodlk.... fii~y trigollOlIK"trikWl llOrf..j t ....
",,",,11: "ltV ""'~. Az int.. rvalluw fcIroJll,baw utiut ( - ' .,.1), abol.l .... 'X.
A. F OURIER-ll'k ....&jt<-cl .. T prriOd,,,,it I (s) V"noo:!ik",,!iiuW'llY _'. = n
2".
(Ahol n
1.2_ -l frrk-
wnMAjil .....-l.. ;ornpliti><li>J'" hArmonlku ~k '-'~khlt 4IlithAtiif'\O. J,;z A7. cl&i.Ilita.< iKY Ju,:;l;ri,
:s: r :s: I in!.l"rv.ollumban az Ir(r ) n'gR\'<'-ny J. :ozimnlf'ln&J'I.

l (s )._1 ( 7.7 . 'b ra) . Az h (z ) fiiK!tVt-llY ....-kjtisi cgyiinhatOil Q I. ""imnwln... l'7...n nl
lw.arozzuk Illt"g. do- T = 2J.
A~
I (s ) =
I (r )
2"..r
'bra). A ~ h<-r,."km 1 (.1 ) "" ~ I(r - 0)..,.. I (z ...-O)J. A foOrl..jtisi 'lO"iitth>t.tOU.l lU: E ULERfi>1r
I/( z)l dz imp....prill" inrrp;r,", konwrx"'''' (1Md -l6L 010.).... kkor
dMi ithati> .. FOIRl ERllilpgr>i.l ""Kit.sC,;r.....l:
7.4.2.2 . A Fouriee-sorfejt es formulAi

~lioo..l1 1 (.1) nlgV{>ny. AlIlO'lyik AI 0 :s: .r :s: I illtcrvallum<>n ... D IRJCIILET[o.Y f...lt.:\.<.kwk (......1
!J(s ) = -
j"
,'It.I
.
1fZ
.
'ltr
h (r)=~tWII T+b<,b1ll2T"' +b..S'-llflT"
(7. 11ok)
phoenci&.pd:t"....,., aJ"Pf'Zik,
Et t61 ..Jti'r6<-oA FOURlt:R-int.-gr-"J IlZ I(s ) nrmprriodikll" fii~yt. mint viogtf'1fon !OOk foI}wI>OI'Ilfl .;i.\.
toM~ fnokYPnriAjil hermonikus P'Zfl.... ~i>t 41litjA046.1Q a ForRIERint.-gr4lAZ I (r ) IUW"'nynrk
'lO" folrtontM fn'.h>M&c""'p"i:trwmIwl...JO c..jt~ ...-Ij"- It t II.Z ..: frf'kVf'nria.II. "P"'ktnlm "'lnl""ghwk Md
.....'
(7 II':": )
h(r) prri6<!ll.... T = 21;""0 < r kAt A 2 "7.immP'tria sseriut ha.t.awQ;,!k I"'",. li,it..... I...mhr
''''Vf'. bogy itt T 'S 2J.
A~
a ) I (z ) =
...,,
b)
I I
2
1(.1' ) =
~
~
.
f
j I{t) sin dt .
(7.1160)
:t
A7. I(.r) = c- I I par"" fiiAAV" ny ''''''';'u f,.Jlr h" tjuk II frrkwlld""l",ktrllm "'i rtt....1\i1. 6< " fii~':'l1Y
"!,WlitAAAt:
its+ ,.
"" e _1' 1_
_ _
7.9, AhrA.
7.11. li1>r".
(7. 1Hia)
"
sin".J.rd..,
TX
j ro6,,:Zd..,. j l(t)C1Jti.tdt.
1<
7.4. 3. A z egy iit t hat6k llu' Khal.a rozasa numerikus m odszorekkel
7.4.5 . U tmu tat6 a Four-icr-so r fcj tesok tah lAzatahoz
HII "" 1(.1') I' ..rio<likll~ fiiAAV"ny houy<>llllt. VIIllY II 0 'S
A 21.4. tablaaatban nehany
o. I. 2, .... S - 1)
d i~~krN
Iwly,'k"ll Va"
"rl"h","~v,.
.I
< T int .. rvallnmoll "" r.
~ ~J
("iLo] k
alkor " FOl' RlER,gJut !l,,,t"kll,,k ,.,.,.)(
k';~..litll
- - ,_
;.12
1
(7 ,l1Th )
"gy"~",l1 fiigKvi'uy FO URIER-""!'", "~,r'I ...L E,,,.k "RY m..g ha t Arowtt ill-
t " r v",Humr...VOHlItro/.nak. ezcu tull"'ri"di k"""o folyl ilt od uilk. A *,r! >;,(cjt d t fii~i",y"k gorbcit I:I" .
fikllSl\fl fl.hrkwltn k.
432
1. A koo rd in.A ta- t ra n u fo rm ild6 a lka h naz asa

Sok '1lY"""'l"llhb ''''lioohkllll fiiJl;gV#onyt yisl<zl!.Ye'LCth..tiink ...21 .4. tab lflzatban Ix-mutAtotl fiiggvo'ny..k.
rt'.llIJIf'nnyiht"," koominAtalA'III:f'lydwll li-V<'I mP"i>l(~~ mcgvillt<w.tatjllk vag}" lIZor~ r1t<>ljuk .
Az f( II = I ( - .c) fiiggvfulyt lUI: AL\hbi frl~tt")..I. hat.&rozzak mpg::
2
y=
haO <r <.!: .

T
~
ba -, <r <2
(7. 11
(7.9. ilb ra), Ezt a fiiMWn yt II. 21 .4. tAb l4zat 5. AWi:jAraho:<.batjuk.ha."" .. =
ZlIle,-UWlllltN Y = ' - I .... ""' .\: -
Illf'lyMto.",ib"'t cl ~
,(211'r
If )
T +} (IJYl\Jtmi>wboowzctjiik. M"....
Jsill(z"..... l j T + 2' =
2'u
.. .
h<-1)'f"t tMil ~ "lI
5. ".,.-Mn. 1lZ ..lMllitan<lO (1.l t &.) fiiAAWnY"' ''
I<iMoI kPZ6 kikjcznot bpj"k:
~ (rot;
2;r _~
co>3
;.r + ~ ro& 52;r _.. -)
so
1... :+ ... 2 +
(1'1 -c 11
,-,. II , I
Mi~l
(7. 120)
,,~ .... k.".."",~
Wt .. ~
IltAn IIZt
nlCgforditaAAt F knt i. mIg a <I.ilfpl'f'ndAIM lOOriln a;t adou J (~ ) fiiggv"uyh.-z a <I.pnv"!tjAt. lIZ J'(~ )
fiiggvfnyt kpllll1E'ghal.3ro:1.n'Ulk. az intfogrll.1MnAl,v. Moll J' (~) drnvAltboz kdl tnegkeresmink oly1U1
fiiggv"nyt. All,dyDPka tlerivalt j.. a:t...Jott J' (r ). Az pljAr"" p""" mPnY'" nem '1O'o'rtdIl111. wrt Iw",pzik
Wtim~ ..tban mlegrtilnak.
2. H a t arozoU in t eg r al A" intq{r,u'lZiwl.it.ao.szcmJioI........ r,...... latilhOl indnlunk ki. .\lrg k..11 h.ataro:.-nunk
= J(L ) go..lw a.lal t i t....ul"tet . Ez tOrtfnhd pI. ilKY. boo ~"'I(,pn ki>< ~hl ti>gWapok
~.-..I kOzo.-litUnk " n-ruc..cs tf'n-tlf'th<-z (tt l. lI br.) _It.... '-tt m.inJ,.u haLVon tw fioomitjuk.
uk", az ily<"n WogIAn~ ~kP .. !l.alarnzolt i ..t~
at.,
A hatarozatla n
eo. h a t ArozoU
int E'grill ka paol...t .
A ket inu-grllJtil'u,,,k<rzotti o-"m-lAA"'"
.. 'NJ~- i.. ml~. w.mit4. JoInt'll' (1Md 44S. <lIt1.) "'-'&i~...-I M l'hatjuk Ul<"g
8.1. 1. P rlmlttv filggveny vagy intt1l:ral (a n l id e rivalt)

Defl n id6 .~ ... . bj u.n intf'rvallumotl Prto>llllf"af'l~ , = J(z ) fiigvo'-u)- primitiv ~AZ IU:
F (z ) nlgYPny. aJTlPlyik '>g}'lUlIU:Oll az intrrv>l.lhunoo difJ..... nci.i.lbat6. ls -&mf'lYDl'k dPrivllJtja f Ir):
r (z ) = f(r ) .
it'l)
.'.I i_l deri~ .. k<>n~tIlW< ~ Pltllnik. ~ "SY....-Ioll J(z ) n-~yh"" vCg\d<-n oolr. pri
mitiv fUgr;Wny lJ<rWzik. AIDf'Iluyibm ilyo'tl Jiotl"'l.ik. K"t prlnutlv fiigWony k'oon~ AI\anOO. Igy egy
Atiot~ r'-'W"'nybo-z tIlrtozi> Fl (~) . F,(z ). _ . F_(z ) ptimi tfv fUgWn~k ~rbk ..k"W li~ha.ti>k pgy 1"""uku1&ri!< primitiv n'AA"ffi}' gO"beji>....k IU ordinAtft.t.Pn&,.jy tIlf'Iltkl VAIO pNblWUllOl' ..ltalA.~va1 (8.2 .
1.
libr a ) .
kapjuk.lKJKY
I -Groll';
.. oin,; + ..2sin2,; + .-. + ..~ flin n,; + ..
Int e gra b ziunit b 0'3 hatarozat Ian int.. gr il! A~ inu-grll1 .. <Iitf'''M'';,w.,. kUVf'tkP1Ji"rtf>!pmh<>n
8 .1. Ha t a roza t la n integral

(7.11"1,)
2. Kompk.", ffiggvf.ny"k IlOr ba r..jt"'nek e L6nye

Komp.... ri.ltozi>jl'l fiigw+lI:v--k ,"t~ Ill6 r..-j~ .. 21 .4. t"MoUat form"1ft.i kiiotl'illOOk ..IM]lithatO. Ell .. tAblku.t a fllQY"n)"f'k t~rilm,,"";'1 tartAlm>LZl'A
F"JUllk hAIYiwy.urb. "'" ...w.bi kowpn liJuWnyt:
_
1_
1-:
1.
.....I t
3.
2"
(- 1)"a.(2n ..... 1)1" " VI01taHik
, = I+
8. Int egralszamit as
..i
(7.121)
o ,-
~1
,
Ix
,.,
P..
8. 1...hrIL
o
ILl . ..In...
a.a. " hr".
E Jl:zisztencia Ha az J(.) fiig.gv"ny "l!Y ",loU inl."rvalhlluoll(olyl<lllOll. akkor ...~"na,. inl..rvalJllUlon

li-t.,.~ik pnnuttv fiiggveuyc. Am.. nnyih<>n IIZ"k;ulAAi Iwly,k vlUl/lllk. at iUlcrv "lluIllol Diy"" n"tlzintcrval-
2.
lumokra n.mtjuk, amely...kcn Il:t. J(,,) fiiAAV~ny fnlyton<>"_ (8.3. Ah ra ) . At I\<lott y = J{x) [uggv,'ny """hr.. frl.ti re..,kn, "" y = F (x ) I'cimitiv [iiAA"rny 1lZ.w.o r;.,.u.n WAlh .. t".
8 .1.1 .1. HatArozatlan integral [antide r tva lt]
S I IAhw.IIt. Alal.int<w"lok (E I" lUi ftiK8""lIVf'k int ..ltnu j",)
Egy lLdott f( r ) fiiggV;1'y Il.lltMm...tltUl int.ogrAlja (IIllt i<lo>rivalt ja) :
Ellpon'm ei :l.l is ffiggvpn)'ek
H a t v a ny o k
F (r ) +C= I /(r )dr

Ax
intcgrAlj<-l "tan AIie'> / (z ) fiiw"t,y n...... mltgmnd..... r ""
.........". dl/.. ndci. SwlWonoo j<>1i'>['\'<. tnhhnyi""" 6z ikilh"l1. bogy"

miif;P.I\UOZII.<l/(z).1l- brlyt"'lik.
8 .1.1 .2. Elemi filgg ven yek

1.
( 1'l,2)
dr
mt~ oiltnw. C
r-dr= -r -
illt P~rii.lja
Alapint ~ri lok
ginI d.z '" -
('Ofi
Hi.,..rbnliku., n-.Ia/;",'uyt"k
l.
b rdI
1 chId..r = .hI
j tr,Idr =-ln (Ul rt
j r
t h dr _In ch .r]
IlthIdz zln ghr l
~in z
1~
= tbI
d"
1~
=-, =tg X
J~
=-(1.Kr
srn ,
Ax inl..,;rl.lf..u.&lnk ~ 1~i>JTrIJ;ik "'" Adott frIarL..tot &1':<+..,.; N. ~rW AlAill. "'" in~ lOZAhiLlyok a1b.IJuaz'Mv.u alApin~ .... ~ni. Az Jl1t~.w..
suoIWy",,- rimll frj.7Mht-n (1IuwI 43-1, old.) Adott in~iJA.;,i wt'.. kt.n..J, "'ltit,.;.,;rwl "" r1rm, primitiv fl~nwl nondo-l~ rftgWlI)"t"k inlt-,;rA1l.M.lr.oonvnl. c~rzbct.O. Ax in~ rr...imktyril
a 21 .5. t AbLbat (H..w.-l!Au ult.tviLlok ) fodalja a...ze. A 1Oibw~t hN.zn1Waahmll kO'o...t :Ii TIlf'R'
joogp"'-l<.. t ~ik fi&yoolrml...;
a) Az inl.(ogrftcil:ao &ILoudot tiil.l.uylr.. d~t"k .lr.iviovto "'It}- oIyan intqualokAt . am<'lvrk ki,lOnl'>i'JM
IIWdlM kiilOnhollll t<~, ... liJl..tltk>k ....,;it1OtW' 1.ulith1l.t6k dO.
b ) HII a prtrnitf... fiigX'.....uY".11l\l< III / (r ) kif..p
forrlul ..10.. klmr .........n mindi,; lu Ifjz)! i..-trnM.
c) II .. "I'rimitlv IilW"t1yt halWt.n)"tOrIIJlllj"..l6. akkor II fii.u'.+ny ..komi ru6doo U<'IlI iU!'l\rMh"tO.
(R';'"d ..~hho...:,....Alllt.A:.t tA1Alh"'"nk ..nll"lr. a knikonYV!I()fl'lZl'Ilnak 1~ . 11 .~ 1S.Jj t".hIaz.tt"k.. t t.arW.
10"".6 rn,lw-ihf'n.)
d"
1 rno;Id..r = sin r
1 cr."r dr_ 1n
1&ki~.
.'
a'dr =lna
TrigODOm.'"tri"'L~fi"JAAv"u)"I"k
2. A lt a Ja n os eee r
j~
= - ct h z
""
J ..- u ,.
Irrlll'ionAliA fi"lAA,f1ly.. k
Racion.II.li~ tOrtf,iAA~-.'-uyt"k
J.u
J .u -~~hOa -'-ln l~1
vat:
a-I
<
J.u-a
a 1'>-a)1 JJr" .'
I
,
- -- _ -arctga:l _.?
~ =art~lIl-
- 20
a" -xl -a
(bit
~ '" - -I " '"I"l.h -" _ -
2a
i.l.... , (d"'>Iolt iu1<1lr,;,[ok ltZ 6 .1. tiI.blazat (E lr m i f;iAA....n.....k <I..ri v Mtj ";)
fonm..ahh tlilf,,['I-urAl........ f, .ruu'.m"k IwF:rortli~...,.] ,;,Jlit hawk do. A C inlql;Ja.:-it'", Allawlb lliuO' j..t.-.'"~""
6gllz.. g, ill. kiilU nbsPg int t>jl;r al iula

ki"diinw'f; iut"ll:r.1.lANi.l .. lvi~ ...,h..tj;ik \.ajmk'uli illtt-grAI""""-l. h.. "z illtl'gralokal kiilon kiilon i~m ..rj;i k (0._<4"9' i" I.'"!i'nilj a ).:
2.
lh-,pg. ill.
8.1. 2. Intl:'g r:ilii..... i sznbalyok

Trt.~7Rs """,,rinl; ..l..mi mAAV;uy,.khl'i1 K.ll<".- i"l"v;ra",h", "rimiti fiiAA""nY")ll"k (aut L,l' ri ...a lljilJ".k j
hittAr07.i1."""''' Mt",lli.nOfO """,hAly ro-m "tlh"lo. GYlI.korl~l
int.. gr,;JA.~han bil.Ollyo<" kj.,.,.t<i"!tl'''
''''"!t.
1(Il +v -'l' )d.r = I"dr + I "dr- 1,,,lr .
kiwI
!<fA"t 1<'""i , Mit 1Il1lr &It..J"I"\n ~r"'mlt1>g;'l'rt. hAAznAlnak lIZ int<ogrAl kis1"'mi l.M.<hm.
A hltt".." ,...t,lJu,illt"l!:r"II"/(f<>nt,,,,,\hh~r.ahAlyai t " ki;\"f't kl'71i!lOrokhan i~m..rt"l.j;ik, hAk,,1.o,.,.z,.fogl.. l"'it
It 8. 2 . tAblA zlllban (llittArtl1.atlltn intpgrAlrlt vonatkmii fdbb int.Pgrft.!"-"i szabalyok) tl\lalhatjuk lIll'g.
1.
I ..' dr= .- .z
(u/- - I)
I~ == lIl l.c1
pr<lig "" ,ntCS'
diff....m cialt 1l.<Y..:....llrnlil "'" in1owaJj<-1
Ekm.i fi"'AA""ny..k intoos:rAlA.... llUB!it,k.... r<>rmAllAlI AiapintfW;iIok ....-m:a.w.. VP1.M;.... td ..u-.... F3.I'krt
"'" AlApintqrAlob.t kim...t J..uti! az io-,lIt-rt drmi fiiuWuY"k dmWltjaih61 nY"iwtJ,ik. h;-'n "" I lr )
fi"lQWnY MtArozatlAn ,ul~iIija "'" F{r ) pnmltiv fiiU"""ny mrgh..tArozA.....t jclPnti.
A 8.1. t ibJAu.tban ~jLoIt IUt'Wik>k Ill! .J]rmi fliggvPnyr'k rim~'l\Itja.{ d mt1 6 . 1. ta.hIAUlt.
ban """t'pIO foo~ .hlf~i lIZAMI)'I'tk ~.".ht.l.Mb6I adOdwUr....... C int.egr.n.:.. MllultlOk
nint'><eUt'k f<:"ltiin""_.
3.
'
n -l
A z int .. gran <l l1~
kon ~I. IlIl ~
!t1.n . zot t a rt.alma z
Az int .>grall<ln_hall"7" 'r" I' I,~ kl1l1_tall~ .zorz<".-l kiemdh"tjiik az illl.t"grlUjd d" (k"".,t 'Ul",zmm ",kynilJ"):
Az
nf(z)dr =n I/(r)<ir
(~.J)
3.
tl.l' . W vAltol~')k lIZ
J .
(r .... 3)(r 2
...
(8,4)
r fiigg..."ny,.i,
1)dr -
J'
(:r~ +6:r'tlOr 2 ....
r ' +2"
:J.- +'3
1O', t3.r :z +9.1+ C .
6r +9)".r =1\
Az integf;\n<l u'l ata lllkit ils ;\
V"lm",.]y ],ollyoJoltahh int.. ~r,,"d"~t, ,",k.'7Alr ..JK,bnu vi<W l rilt<>"<ltll ..triai a talakltii.><><al ''ID'IV.ef11hl...n
int''j!;rlUlmtO..Jakea hozhittOllk.
+"
1/.1. H"l arou,t/"" ",[,,,nil
siu 2,r".", rd:r ..
4.
J~ (~iIl 3r
..
~ill r) dr.
8.
f(Flu "" F(x ) iNIll'rrt..... 1'1. "KY l"t,~i.ltJih~tool. k
Akkoc:
Nemelemi integr;i1ok
f.lclIli n-J.ggVt-ll)"'k inl<'Kn,Jj" ""Ill mi ll.lig "I,'llli fiiggv~"y. llyr n mt,v41ukat whbnyir, II kiivrtk.,...r.6h....
rom mOtt..1.t'I" ,...,;itsi-g,'.vel olrilllllt 1Df'g. Itt " l"illlltlV fii8jtwnyt ",lull I><>ntoflt,;\AAaI k6zPlitv.. hatiuuLZllk
Lin ..Aris tran szrormAdo a z a rgu m ..n l u m ban
HI' /
f(ru)d.r:: ; F(<u) + c.
az arp;umpntnffi.r
liIt<:""ril' fiiAAV"nY".
f(x -.- /.I)d.r = F (... + II) + C
Ill~.
I . trt "ktAblilzatok A,J. 01Y"" iUl.lW lilok. m"lyrk "lm{I.. til"ll ""lO' IlvakorllltilAg fontot;.ak . ri~ ..1"mi
tiiggv""vckh'l nem fl"jcz.h ..t 6 k ki. hWltl.>ihlAurt ""I!;it.loil:i'Ve! ha~halolt IIll'g. In ,.,..;ntt-graI Ill"'" ha w ..AZ, ami lIZ in t<>grAcic),.; 1to11,1JulI,1 lI....th..wo:tZll.. T'{U1i.,qo 't~n .. UbW.athal1 "1:J I'" rt ik nw ib f,-Igg.....ny hti-It.;.>lZf'l"l'p<'ln"k. Ilyen ~p<"<"iA1. fiiggv""y.-Itrt kiiJ,-,u llkwl .... j,.Jk! Iit.tIl>\k f'\. P o'liliwl:
A: fnt...p-tiI/ngdntm..... (Wori 468. 01.-1.):
J(a.r .... ", dr = ; F(4.l'+ /) ... C
f oill fU U=-;N1f< a.r . . C B : lr:.. =

;.. .-. . - c ,
A:
c,
5.
I +
int ~ralb
f'1' ) 1 ' /1' )

1 fir) dr:: fir) = In I/(rll ... C
(.'1, 6)
2<-'
r +3.c_Sdz"'lnl~"'3.r-SI"C
H ..I)"..ttesite.i mOdsur
fill. I '" ..(x) i n_lIZ r -itl fiin;vPnYlM"k. akkor .. ",,"vAlN<lIft1lIK"f1:i.~IIM"rt IArl<'1liZAb41yt blQ'O'k-ml...
6.
Vf'~IgAZ. ~
I f(r) dI = I Jr.,)(t)~'(t) JI
.1.. .
- 1
OOllt.oV< utAn
Il7.t
";;+J
- 1dr =
. 8:
;;+j dz. At r = IIIt, (I > Uj .... "
A.
VIIY
1 /(r1d.r =1 t:'(.itj)
/( ,,:>(1)) lit
tU
di
7.
(!!I,ll
. C : H.... ~'"
(t'.1 2)
,, _r'
= erf(:r)_
';'
2 . Int .. graJAs eo rfej t .........1 Az inl.l'fP'alldu.<ot ..orl ... f,.JtJiik. ,\mmnyilx-u l"Z a !OfII' ~Irt""-"II kon
VPtJ:Pn... 1.ap;UlIki'nt inu,r;raJhatj".k.
3. Grafilm" integrAIAs F.:z "KV luu-u..<ilk k.......lltJI m60:w...-r. alllf'IyPt A 4;,:). .tWon i/;,trlf'rtrtiinlt.
S.1.3 . Raciomilis fiigg\"en)"t"k intC'gralAl;.a

R;w-ionaIiI< fi"~'kl)'f'k in t<."ll;T&ljat mindig kir,,~jiik ...).-Ill; nlum,).kkd.
na.ioIt&lis f'llP.sz fiiAAvl'-u).k..t tAgonk~lIt iuu'fP'&IhAtllnk .
..
I- .... -1 .....
M.l 'juk . hulr;y:
1'-1" I( i71 - 't

t+ 17=
IrU
l + r2
2rd,r
I+";i =
RarionaIis l iirt ffoggvi'ny in l,t'gn\ljA /
= /~
= ! ln(l + .rll + C
2t:l
2I 1" ( 1 + r 2 ) + c.,
(S,!!I)
PIlrciA li8 intt'Krfllfl8

(1:I.!l)
l~ = "z. d ,ho1u' =
I ,-...'
J>iltdlt. li~ iut ' 'I'r il.!'iAAal hat>u-o~h"tjllk m"g. ha (IKY v....~ziik. hUll,.)' ' I
=~. {"'fRY: /
re z dr
~ U Z-
/ eZd.r = [z _Ijo,z + C
(8, 13)
~::~ dr
,..W ",t Itl P(:r) kQ(:r) I'0 IiI..'lJlok.ulI'l yt'k ll" k fok><zAm"
m. ill. n. F..:rRk a.z int.-gr>i.lok ,uK"br"; "wl'itj!.Alookkal knn n yr n llIu1!:rlt.llrato "1,,hIm h"l.h..w k. A kOVl't.
kn.ll ..IjAras IljAnlou:
1 . A t ort eg"v5Zerusft ...... m;lI.iNltlig 1U" ill" P( ...) ,...Q(.!) I'"liuo m.,knll.k " ....... ni,,,,, ki'o:1.i,.; t:l'1.tOjuk.
2. Az "gP5Z resz levAlllSztas>I. h" '" ~ " . ily"nknl" P{:r) 1'"liIlOIlIOl ~IOflztjll k Q (r ) polinornmal. AI.
int''gTalAAra iRVm aradt ''l!.Y polinolTl ,,. "10' v,uMi tiirt.
3 . A Q(z) n"V<'zo r" lbontA>I<l 1i1l~Ar;~ fot< k Vlld r" t ikll" tinyr1.lik !l"lAlrMt.A'1I (L\.>o.I 4J . old. ):
Q(r ) = a,,(r _ n )~ ( :T _ ,1)1 .. . (..-2 + W
Itt .,ziik....II''''.I",KY "" ..(,r) (.,. l'(X) (;iAAv{'lJy~k ,1t'ivAlt ja i folyto ll~k I"K-wn,'k.
A,. / r r dr iu tql;tl, lt
8 .1.3.2. Racioualis tortfilggvenyek intf'gralasr..
' ) dt=2In(e"+ I)-:r+C
/ lI(x )l:(r )dr = ..(,r)v(r) - / ./(r)l'(x)dr.
(S. li)
8.1 .3.1 . Racionalis egese fugg"f.Il)' t"k (p olinomok ) illte-gralja
A 111<'80],1..., DlMilt ", "'Ij" p!.:
(S,10)
= Li(.r).
1"'!Y"'ltnlitP,;,t plv o'gPzvl' . pan-i"li.. tOrt.<-krr wUO
Ilr+d.r2
.HdY'1.t.<-,;.i!h:l + rl = , .~
=2r :
.1"
dr
2I
lux
,r)(1
IIoPW'Z<'i ~Im ,....uw ..t-o!ut t'rtiokkPl:
8 : Dhpln. mttynil. rioti f"pJ (UwotI4-W. okl.):
HlI lIZ inkWlW<h~~ 01)",," tOrt ..hoI ,,_ozAinWO. ~ dmvAitja. akkor ,'m", k int"YNja "KY'"'l16 a
/.' '''
[ ' V'(1 '"
2_/.'. at
(~+ a)~ = an1s(r + oj + C.
Loga ritmik us
431
ehol
,;
"4 -
,/ < 0 .
p"
4" -q' l szorz6 ki"m.. l""'" .,. in t ,'grlt.lj.'I .. U.,

5. Parcialis tortekn- vaI6 hontn: Az flO' ny" rt, va lOtIitii rt ,t,,,mi t ovfihh mAr n"[)l"gy~Z<:'nisith~t6.~
438
8,j.
~ .2, tAhl.v.a~,
= .{ tn lr - o l .
j~
, -a
A ll i ntt'grillas rormul>ija
j f (r J,Lr ": F (r) + C
I =j (2r +3 )d.r,
r" -r
dF
r (r ) = d.c - f ir )
jl,,(r)
r( r).u =
j ,,(rh'(I)dr -
_ _ ~,.
(tt AllandO)
j.
III( x) d.c
u(r )v(r ) -
I~
(.r)dr
f (x )d.c -
" 1t'KY'M1
F (I ) =-
il l.
(C,. C1
..bol
. 1=
kon~l)
8. 1.3. 3 . A parcialis I.(;rl('krc valo h o nlAs negy csctc
3)2 ._2 ~ -6'.
II '"' PUI)
(M,l :;"')
2) t CI =In
_~(,'( _l)~J3.. .
r-
x -21"
(~ . 16.. )
A,
A,
A.,
-- - - - -(;1' _- 0)1
- +
+(x---o~
-
(;I' ~ Q'
8-J
fl .
(8.16b)
(x -1).+
jA.~d.r
__
X-Q
r + 1
. r"->-I
A
B,
Th.
fl.
. .. .
x(x 1)'rU . r (I 1 j3=; +;-:-j" + ( r_I)2 ~ (r_ I)J A kOll~tAI'''''k k'''7AlIlltaN!.llhll''
A , 4T = .4, ln (I _ n l
(x - o) '
A.
(.I:_ I)(.r
(1:> 1).
(1S.l oc)
0 )" I
j[_!
+ _'_ + __'_+ - - ' - ] dr "" -lnr+2In(x - l } - - ' - - -- ' - +C =

x-I
(r_ I)2 (x - l)3
x -I
(r _ lll
(x _ 1)2
X
.
_
= I n - -- - - - - - C
x
(r ~l )2
;I
P Ix ) = (r ~ n) '(r - d)~
(K I;,],)
P(-I.)
ii .;'
ahol
Q'(tJ) , . . ,L = Q'(-I.)'
2.c
l.r: + 2r
.. .(r + .1!'!. + q)(.r1 + p'r + q' )
"
(M.lx)
b ) Az A. fl. C, .. . . L "dUllO!ut.t, II h"tAl'oz"tl"n t>gyiitt!tatok IlJ6<I~zpre "'"pjAn ;,. ki.~ZNnfl,hl\tjllk (l...... l

l!j.nld.).
A,
A1
-- ~-- + --- +
Q(r)
P(r )
r ~o
(S.l ia)
(K J7l
~<q.
al A felholllil.~ alakja,
IIh,,] A '" P(n)
Cl(o) ,
2I+3
3.r 2
3. Eset: A ne vezi'i n" h Any lO'0 k.. ,-gysz.. r fOS knmp l.. x
1. Es... : A n.. vf>Z6 mind.. n RYnk.. t'!tYsz""rts .... vAl""
+ 7'='1
Q' (O}
t-.Vo:r.atla.uegyutl h" til k ~a1apj""l or1i'njk , Alt kAJ.jllk.IwKY:.4 - H, "" 1. - 3.4 - 2lJ, - B2 = o.
I . fh,=2.AI.il1~m,n'I .. "
kt,vrtlU""w:
~"",k..1 k"uuyell'Ill.<~r41hAtjllk.
Pix )
A
lJ
Q(r) = ;-:-;; + r _ ,I + ..
2r ...
x ~2 '
3A-lJ, -Th. +lh =O . -A =I : .4 =-1 . B , =2 fl1

1-
Q(x ) "'" (r -n)(x - d ) (x - -I.)

..) A fdloouw a1.. kj..,
C= (
B,
~1~Il('k ll<vezJlj.. !." w"hh l>f"IlIJUl,l]",ti> I"ny..vlk ,.zorutaool all, pania.li.~ tOrt ..k o';K".,'rki'nlli.llitjllk
rIO (Wod Ii>. okI. ).
r- I
b ) .u: .{,. .42. . . {~ . B I-Th. .

. B... kon.~la.luoubt " 1vo1JLJw..R11an "C'-,tthat i>ll: ~ A!apjan ha
tMoz:<uk IDl1t (1i.<od 16. old.).
c) AI. inkpaw. az alAhhi ~yok _rint t<>rt"'nik :
F (,,(r )) -+- C ,
'(I )d.c + C 1
- (x- J )+ \.r- .-1 )"+
u,""'"'.... ~ll<"k:
J)2 r_'
2r ...
+ 2r
I ~I
P{.r )
j ..../(.(1))
&
("( /))
j "( r)dr _ nI(x) -
Jr'l
-!!- +"A =P(O )=(
j (-~r _-.L + x+2

~1 )d.r~ -~ ln.t t ~lll(r-l) _ ~In(r
QI.r )
in~>uld"""k
f,iKgY"'nv..k
iutrp;TlUA.....
.
= (
A
r
2J-;j
l){x t2)
Q(.r) = (I - o t (r - 13)--
K~n<aW:l\
IlIYnz
lJ
2.cr(I
al A fdbontAs aW<ja;
r '"' u (/ 1 b",w, t
>'( r);
" k r imTru'I'QmN<Mk:
(1S,1.'><1)
2. Es4't : A n ..yezO mindMl g.v ok.. V>l1ll!l.d e ~'an nak kOzOttii k tobbsllOrO!! gyo ko k is .
j "( x).,\ xl lIz
j f(x)dr = j f( ..O)).'(I) &,
43 9
l\l"pjAn tOrti-oik .
(C aIlandO)
j .. f (r ) d.c - ... j f (r ) d.c
ml~gTlil
c) A" illt..-grft.!a..
H" tAr.,." "t l><n inU>grAlra vonatltrd. font"'" f<ZAh&yok
Szabilly
H"ttimw tian
(r~,.)2
+ Cr +D
x 2 +pr+'1
.40
Bl
Ih
. . + ;:::--::"'il"
+ -r-d
- + -(r_J)l
- - +
(.r- ,, )
Er+F
.r'+jlr+'I'
......
11_1. J/lll afUz" tI,m inl "!Jrnl
44 0
b) A kOIl~t lU",,,k kiI<zAmft........ .. h" ta.lTI'l.AtlAJ, .1tYiitth"ti>k llI00u0'r" alapjAu l.Ortfnik (1.AAo:1 l li . 1l].I. ).
Cr+D
c) A _,
kif,'j w.A< inlo-grALW.
.c-+px+q
Cp
(C .l + D )d.r
C
D--:;.c-::j
1
= - In(r 2 + PI+'l)+ g
. arrtg - - --r +pz .q
2
r--;r
\Iq -~
q-"4
..lapjAn ti>rt.i>nik
1.dr
c,
( ~ _ 17<1)
~ 1(1.r -
+) J.s
!.In(~ ~
=. hI s
4
2
~"nyt l.>LrtaI.uuuO ~ nw r1UlN",Il ,
.l
-0-
...
4 ) .,.lnC, '"
h.t~.
n,no'!
v .ri _-t
f<olAdootll:.J. az
Q (.r )
l
A: - ......
- A-+
-,1"-<)
{x _a) 2
C l s+ D1
Xl ... pr + q ..
~r_~
t - D-I . - Ih
- - ... ..
t.c -dr
r-;j
CJr +D,
{r ... p.r'" q}2'" ..
C..r
-+
ArMAn
(tl l &o.)
HI
(r 2 -.- p r+q'J-
=~"' (2.T +P) +(D .. _ C; P)
( l:! l lSb)
C... (2r+p )dx

C...
1
2 (x1+px+q )"' ::-2(m_I)(x1+px+Q )'" "
(tl_Il!c I)
kowtk,"w I'Iku..~i"'" formul.. "'I\il.lo<',t.<'-v..l
(xl + T""
+ q)'"
x+
(P')
"4 (x
. 1=1
2(", - I) q -
2m -3
2(m-I)(q -7)
Ax
R (x. ,JQJf + bI
~ r)dr integriltaw..'MJg46bkomfonna~ikrwtludjllk~int<--,;rAl.
UgyAIlis &t
kiOOllbooege.
,r)dr .
or _ b.r ... r
(1:.' _1910)
R (x . ,;;r=(i!)dr .
(K I9b)
(S_I 9c)
mNoodfok{1 v"lioom lD.lndia f"lIth"t" mint k<'-t nfgyzct~. ~. mint
G)'] =
++ml
H (n j)' - (-;Sf " l - (-;Sf =,. j
: :
" ;
: : :
I = h
c: _ r 2 ... 2r =
3n
1 - x 2 + 2r _ 1 = 12 - (x - 1)2 .. )2 -
.hill"
ri. lIhol X l = X -
I.
8. 104.2 . Az integral AtalakitAsa I rt gonomet.rikus cs h iperholikus filggvenyek

racionalis klfej ezescinck in t('graljava
8 .1.4.3. Binomialis integrandus illtcli;rala.sa
+ px + q)"'- '
r'" 1
'l
A1 8. 4. tfr,b l.iz" t ban ..Jon IJ.-lvett....it..... kk..l OIYM r..... innAliM Iuf('j..-d-k inl.-griLljAlwI- jutuuJs.. ahol
trigt'lJ<>I"..trikus vagy hil"'rbolik\l>O filjl.g"<'-ny,,k vII.nnM (lAAtI 444. ;... H(i, old.).
""
. - -~
= - -1x-- + _l
aJctg x . lgy wog,i1 az " ",~ ,_
2(x + 1) 2
A,.r.16",, ~.(rHnhn - + . 21"
(1) A k<'-~ il1ttw~l k"" llIg ~~i'"' bontjuk. wk kfu:ii! lIZ ..I..ot ","Dnna.! tl"ljllk illU'grAllli'
dx
~ irracionaIi. fllgg"""Y int"W~.i"t . Al. CKYSVll1bb-u-klJ<'u ~...betUnk lflf'gf..w1O Iv-1)'f'I U'lOiu -kl't. millt ~Nlf'\lt .. 8.1. 4. 1. tablbat wutatja. n)'f'D mO<lon "'" intq::rliJ. "'-"~"1'Utbf'tf"ll "" > I .. kov<1k..ro ~klX'n inU'graljuk;
"'1' ) A mA.'OOdik ,_...t...nrlot. kou"tAll" "Itv'ltth"tO ll<'-lkl1l.

hatAl"O'7.llll.tjuk 11"'1';'
x - + -1 - d.r
= -2(x 2+1 ) 2
x~ +
1 In (r- 2f
hmgx_ C .
dr
( x2 + 1) ~
~ = -4.
IIT~ fiiu\+n)'f'k int<'grAljll noII.k bimllyot< .-tkhf.n ..I<'mi fl~y . A 21.5. t abLiza t taruIl
~.r_~
+
= -3.
8.1.4. Irraciomi.lis fllggvenyek in tl'li;rAla..'l3

8.1.4. 1. Raclonelis fUAAveny intcgralWra vtssza ve zetd hc lyettesn es
(.c-tJ'I
D...
a ) lit.oolAldtjuk .. "~mlaJ,')t ,
!wi> 1IIl1krl1 bmni:
C.r ... D..
C...X+D"'
,\ (8 1l!c) ,;zerint
'Ir-i'+"':pI:'-.",",)'=-
~r +~
+r 2.p'r+q' + (r 2 + p'r _ ( )2
~pz
fC~2 - ;:21- (:: :tl~) tU .
D 1 = -2 . C j
InlIZZlI
b) .4. kowol.AD!lok>ol" hat~lAn "'llYiittl..o.l.6k miict-rr alapjAn hMAroz:tuk lD<"lI;.
c] A ( r_'
1=
= I . C, "" -1
r""ion&lio fiJggvffi)"f'k int<w~
4. Eso.-t: A nevez6 nIohany cob tobbsw rOs kompi.. x

P (r )= (:r-a t (r - Il' .( ;r J. p.r _ 9)"'(r+p'z _ q')~.
a) A f<olhonu" aIa.k"",
Per)
- =
A -2D 1 -2D 1 = 13 . "bbiil w""lkf'Zik A
2(r + I )
I '"
rJ ... -l.c :
-l.c ::: -; + r1 -t . A batAmvl.Uow<"I{Ylitthmitk~ .. ,w"pjAn djar""
aztkapjuk,boQ:A. +C =O . D = o , 4.4 =4 ~\ = I , C=-I D~ O .
r .,.
.-\ + C, ",0 . -2e, + D l = 0 . 2A.+CI -2DI +C2 = 2 , -Xl + D, -2C2+!J.J = 2 .
mkly:1 =
44 1
Dinominl.. i" '~gm,,,J,.,.nl\k 1l"VfOZziik "" II.1Ahhi kif,j,",...t:
,u
(r+px+q)'~
(~. I ~J
i '
1+2x+13
2r +2.: + 13 dr :
2r
= ~ + C, r + D t + C2.r + D~
(r 2)(x~+ 1)2
(r 2)(r J+ I)2 r-2
r~ +1
(JJ+I)~
A h"tArw...t)..n '1O'iittl",t,,,k m("J.'''''I'',,,,k ''''It.(I.,..:lt.,v..I,, kov"tk...,,lj "KVl",I..t"'Il.I"",,"rh.'Zjutllllk:
.r"'(a + b.c~Y'
ahol
II ""
~ t .. I."'7."" ~?-eriuti v"l1",.:tAm "" m, n.l' 1.,-1",./", '~~'l'illti 1><Y~ itly
C~ t:BISEV lit~l~
ezerint
VAgy
(8.20)
n"l:"Uv ra<:iou[,li. """m ,
al<
f I"(a~bL~)~dx
illl.~!/;I"il.l
c"""k Il ko""tk....,lj bilrolll t ....tb,,11 f..j..... hpt,<~ ki r)rmi fiilUtvo'nyrk II<wwgiy..l:
(8.21)
''0
d, I, H"tlin ,za1l" n ;nt egrliJ
'"
h) J
<I'
In t pgr a l"
J+ VVaz
J+
I
H ely ettes tt ee
+1.) dz
cr ..
f-
or
i/
b
+ ..
"J + f'
U
+ ,
17+"
""-1
J ';X vJ;.u=
1~
V
A:
JR(.r .Vi.v ~b.r H).Lr
J .
"'"
1 '1
cr . .
lIZ
m....
><Wnok l~-nh
tOh~
A hiu'om EULER
fil../o.lvrtfr .,lr, .-gvik..
...r.J?-'-br ...... =t-"w
2.H" r >O
W ... Iu+ ('_rl'
,fi
,jfUl + b.r ("
t (z - o j
. ..' I R IClmholum" ~.i"It'"' li-vl'ikif,,;.-z<-k nvi<>n<Il~.~,.._ AI n. m .
IIZAmoIF: ~k .
H" II < 0 "" /lZ
br ... .. poIil>Olllll.l'\k kom]>lex!Q'i>kci VlW"..... ,.~ IOZ illl<'!t"
nw<11l.:Jl _ .."nil}..." r~.i,;;l:"" ~hllf'lfW'. igy /lZ ,j~ + br'" c 1IZ.r1I,iudl'1I v.....
;rti-~ kf1~ ifta..
runn-kulIllf' az intt.gralnU..
.',u
~ l+.ri
'"
r1 (I -t-Xl ) ~ I'
/ R (.c. ..lo.il +b.r2 ... ...c ..... j d.r.
J
JJ(I
J
v (1
ola
dt
k 1t J j
(1)(1
I :ornl
r =nsilll
"ag.v
"'"
r '" ..
t'!I.. t:
lit =
+ P 'l\i...1. "".....u, alkOl a
(S,21) inl<-gn,lll t ""
tiirt " '' ...,ilj,. r""iu "Al;" fiilUl;vi'llV int ''lI:rflljarll v<"J,ct h"t6 vi""".II,
t2J( 1
Ff l )
J.
-t
10."....,
n
l'I<-rni f'-luvc'ny.
R {.c. Jor'+/lr1+1'72+n+/)d.z:
m+ l
lJ
(8.22)
(0< 1,< 1),
(l'l.Zla)
(u c e e t ) ,
(e.23b)
(0 < I, < I) ,
(8.23c)
(..],.{ifllju
F 'iIl 2 -;
/
v,-~~tl,,tjiik vi",,'~'"
",+ 1
m+1
p o: --, ' - - . -, ' - - -t-p = -"
halok,
r=,..,,,,,,'
H" m + I <.!\'.... ~ ".dUll. II (/l,21) iut "!:I'Mt r""iou:J i, fiiI:P;Vfny int"Rril!,w,rll
3 . ...... t: HII -.-,-
(f -I ) dt =
A t = sill'; (0 < ..; < } ) lwl~t..,qu......I" ( ~ , 2.:M) \ ~ . 2Jc) iuteKriLlok a lEGESORE:-jc'U, Blak,." II. -
l (!;/
r :o ...""
va + b:r""hdy,U' ...ftl... (lIho] r III' tort n..ww'j ..) k..n,,!v';g"l.lliill k.
J"
dx = 12
Az " pac~ VODl'l-I k'l'liwon kiilOnfl>].. ......-t<'k vi~la aziik><o'1i:t'>' (1AAd II 4.11)
J I - l;2s in .;d.;
1 .......t : " " P'R.....? s1.4m. "kk,.r "'" (,,+hr~)" kif<.jf"',j.,.l" binomialis 1"' ..\ ",,"'rillt kif'j lojiikJllv" ,A,(,jd"k
f"Ux>IIt""", "tl\" I\l\ illtpsr"n<l,," c,r!' ..J"h, ' ..gok i""'~ ..g.. I""l, "" Igy kiinllY"Ll iuw"r,;Jl",t6,
2.
dt
( 1 --- "tZ )J\1
H ..I},.. tt .... it ....
"'"
,fi
J~
(2. "d):
llf"IIl fcjc-...hMiiit ki ..komi fi"~IY"kkPl. AIlll'I1nYl])('11 <':< ~ IIl'hPt.>lPg"". illo,. p.u"""'Uiptlh..<IlAk ~iik 6kM. Az ..l~ OllWW~ . ~ i1yn1 til" (i inu-graJ alkol- tlint
fri cl<iortix-. amikOl'"" ..llipllZi.~ u,.,-rJptc't !lZI\mltotlAll ki (1Aood 4;;t;. old.). Az clhl'lik"" in~Nok inV<'fV"i
"""elliptfkus fiiggvi'nY'-"k (Ia.d TJO. old.). A tl'l.22) ln~k. IJI<l'I)""k I'\rrni mOdoo nem wtegfalhAtOk
~lJ\Ia.kitMok ~ !IOl'avai viMowo....-u-tbctOk ..1'"101 ruggvi>nV<'k"' ..... kOvctket.6 harom tfp""" intc.-g:rliJ
~Jtmo (1AAd 121.11.121.21. 121 .fjj j:
<)A
x =ohht
,, = 3.
~1
'3'I -m "'" 2 ,
1. Ha t i nuatlan ~lIi ptikus int",gral

Ellil'tik,ll'lint"VaIok az alAhhi ,,1111,,', il1~ :
{1 _K2t2)dl
f2jl1
k2f2J
JII(.R=) ,u
JII (r , R=) d,
JR (' ~) d'
... = J.
~livd a IIArnm f" ltctd cgyik......m tcl,;....iil..... inl<'lU&I urm
b ) .-'\
A h_
p=
8.1. 4.4 . Elliptikus int lC'grAI
a.r _
l nt pg ral
I
-2>
n - '4I '
Alt.&Iiha.n PZf'k
... liz ... r roli.uowna.k
kliionhOzt'l ~ RY0kri~:
..r+/lr ...c a(r-,, )(.c- J)
~t'(4r3 -7) +C.
B,
I.H" .. o u '
3. H.. AJ ...?
_) A
rz + e
ahol r
kilzOo<
II'
.c-IP(1 + .c1/1)
d.c.m =
h..ly..tu.,.'il.';":1 = ~ .c = (fl _ I )', dr = 12t'{f"_l)3dt;
--.,
rjf;ff
\./_
-H'
-.,
},
443
d.
(1 + nsin 2 ,oj J I
2.
1;2 'i ll
l.;
f'11i ptik u~
integr Al ) ,
(m bod fa j u elllptlkus integ,.M ) ,
(!'l.241
(ha ,.m a d f. j u .. lIiptik u~ integ,.AI) .
(1l.2ok)
Ha t a rceot t elliptikus ineegre]
A f..nti hat Ar<YJ.III]an intf'grfl]okho~ t artmiJ h" t ilr<rm U illt<'~rill(Jk III..... h" t Ara Hulla, jd ol;";iik " kiiv" t,
k,-f.o,
JU+bJ;"
----;,;-- h'!ydl "" IU.....d . ,.11<>1 rill'
(8. 24..)
I.
(O < /.:< I),
(8.2:-"")
/},J, Hiltlimz/ltwn ,ntegrOJ
'"
II .
V1-P8ill' l'd.v -C(k . .; )
'( O < k 0-)
2. esrl :
2' 1\y ~ I ...
' 2
b) n = 2m.
a)"
b)
= 2m -<--
2dt
dJ = 1 + / 2
"
.
sm.c
= I +12 '
'
1 - tJ
co;x = - - .
1 + fJ
n ""
J ( ")'
H - -2 - - 2
l+t
l+t
2t
IJ(
,)dt =-
. R:
Ili(I+<:ol<2.rI)"' tl.r =z!.. , /
abot ! ""binr .
(1l.J2b)
(I + CUl t)'-dt.
llbol
t=2.r
(Il.J 2c)
(8.3Ja.)
J v'O;rdr= -J.!!!..,Ii. . . .
hol
sill.r
b) A,u""Ilyit....llmino "l'. m
~i1l2r
! =COIlr .
..... mind II.Z n .......m pAroo<: vi"""'.>lv"-f.M.hpUl", J, vSIlO' 4 . .-tl'<' ''' h atvil:lyki t ..vo
"in 2
"1Il ,e<n;r =_,_ '
I)
r
1
t + 2+ - dl=-+f+-lnt+C _
.=
1-".. 2.r
2
rngonometriai mQZ<'fi;ggi""'k f" HlI,,;~n Rl!\AAv>,L
1
J.
,)~ r,lr =
biu r ...
I
I
.r
+ t g- +- llI t g- + C
" &ArO~~k frlol<LlM llt.\D ~"nt itMgri\lhlttlink.
2m, pAro!;:
r.l,>,,;"';wl c.. ..
l + t2 1 + 1 + t2
2
l ll .J I<:)
a ) AII....nuyilx'-D az m .... az n ....Amok '1O'ikr pIu-"d-ILn , (,10' .. f<'!""lAt vu-.a.~....LctIl('t6 "" l. ~ .. 2.

......t"'.
A : IbiIl 2 r eo' r dJ = lsinl r (I _Nnl.r)~ OOlIrd.r = I t 2( I _ t 2)2dt . ...hol ! =Rin.r.
aJa.k" int .. ~A1 r ionRlilo fiilQl:Vl" UY illt'~rRljAr ...W7 th..,& vistcuo.. Itt R racionali~ fiiggvfny.. Il7. rg umeutuman k. Egyt"lI l..kbeu "I'O'IIl'A'T,'hh h..lyt'u""it 1 j,. ,i-It hh..tiink. H..." (!:I.2!:1) inl..RTll.lld lmlllV.
Kin z COfi I fiiggv"nyr klwk "lll\k ''K'''''''' kit..vt'lj" h tVll.llylli _ T(p'.lnck. akkor t = tg.r ],,Iy<U, iti.....1
l..nyeg n .. gy~own1bl,,1L ju~llnk rl\donRli~ fiiAAvpny iut.-gr"ljahoz.
1= ze.
sill- .r ",,,," .r d.r .
(l'I .~)
R (sin.c . collI ) d.r
,'
Ig '2
abo!
(!:I.27)
siu rf l e oos r]
';'''1/ (\ - cno l)" d1,
A ImtVAlIykitev6t ito' nll'Jifcbt,ilr:. A Wi>H..1r: f<'k>1<1W llt4n !.lW>uIr:o'ut l<-h<-t iutl.,.;r4Ini.

5. ."..,t :
EUlK'k ...-gi~{'V.. 11Iio\
d.r.=.
I. IWstlan:
I CfJti- r d.r=
Az alrald,...... ,...I~r, .." ,it".:
[:i(1 - COilE)"'
Jca;-Id.r = / (I-liin2r l"WbrdI = 1 (1- 12 )" dI.
8. 1.5. 1. H clyertesues
d.r
(Ii.J l h)
<no-.rdI .
8.1 .5 . Trjgonometrikus filggvenyck intcgralasa
2
1 )" dl ,
kov.-tkPzik.1q;y U = w(0 .74 ) = 44(0 '" ....) = .. . L33a = 7.98 A (3.30 7c) kim- litO fonnu,,"
AlApjan 3 kapott mJok j.93.
1 + Rin.r
/(1 -
.s.......t :
,,=
....-
= /
19y ~Lfijk .. hatvauykilP'lot.
K ... E) VOQAtkoz.O ~rti.J,; tAl .w... tok.

AJ. pllipoqito ke~.k m<'g1W..VtwJw.a "C' m&oodIaju tdjrg ill~. min t .... t! lluJTl<"fiI.,... I"X <:f'lItrlcitA8~Y"i>f'll_ (lMd .&.'i6. old.). H",a = 1.5;
I. akkor e = 0.74. Mi ....\ p = k '" U.7~
o
a 21. 7.3 Ub lhatb6l J.oIwuoh&tlI: &in a :z 0,74. _ . a = 47" e.. E(k. '2 ) = (0.74)
1.33 . EhMl
{1l.JO)
paro.:
I,in-.rdI
(8.261,)
A..z 2 1. 7.1 . 2 , 3 U.blAu tokban W41hAtbk A lIf"IIlI M~'" t.d.p ..lliptiklll< illt.Pgrl\Jokr. (F. E, Vll1Am illt
t =tItZ '
('0" 2 .r)" Nu .r d.r = -
sin " .r d.r =
=E(k,~) = j J I - J:J.,m2..dl> .
= _dt
(S.J 1.. \
a 1n = 2m ~ l. par-..tlAn:
IS "'"
kJ~inj,, '
~ inr d.r
3 ....... t :
II Illt<w41 trIJt'.A ,,1l<pti!1u Inl~ P7A'k jfoliil" 3 ko.....tk..m:
K=F(,~) .J Vi d.
II.
t _ COI'I.r,
R {ca;.r) l'ill .r d.r
F.......lwt ~ illtfograk.kat .. h06-. mNood- .... hArlllJldf...ji, n~m t~IJu ~lIlptihu inlqniloluuU: htvjuk . Aml"uy-
I.
(8.29)
R (bin.r )COS .r d.r .
d.
(1+ .. ~iIl1 1')Jl
nyikn.,: =
Egy !i1-eriisi tf'tt modszerek
1. ...w l :
'
J
44 5
= -I
.'t
bltl
j(binreoflr)2,u,2 ;I'd" =
~ 2.ccos2.cd.r+1
16
(8,33b)
Kiu 22r(1 + lx.o; 2.r)d.r =
(1-':QfI4.c)d r " - I Kin "

41l
I - ;;;~lU4.r
I,
r+-r
+
16
.....
C.
/J. 2. Hatri m zoH inteqr-al
'"
6 . ......t:
j t it" rdr = jt
g ,, 2 .r(!K'C2.r _ I ) rl.r =
IC,,- II
jt
g,,- 2 .r (l g .c)' rb: _
8 .1.6.4. Transzcendcns fii~vcnyck int f'~ral a..a

.0\21 .5. tablfu.at ~ll"" t f>Hl,,",. .,ndelU> fiW"'ny inl'"ltf~jAt tArW'1llIZZa-
jt
g ,,- 2,r dJ
8 .2. Hatarozot.t integral
tg " 2 rd.r .
"-I
8.2 .1 . Alapfogalmak , szab al yo k es t etelck
10:1"" ..IjAr NiT i>omo'u-I.... '''',kkrntjiik" kitrv6t "" Vl'Kiil J*oI;, ilL parat1&un CliMm
iu
Jd.s=r.
j t/f, r d.r = - ln ca; ,r
8. 2 .1.1. A ha t a ro zot t integral fogahlla
aJodik._
1.
A hatArozott intf'll:raJ d e finid oja

J (:xl korlAtOI' fiiAAvfn~'nrk"", a . /.>':<Artint ''f - l!u IUOIl Vl'1t hal.l\ral.utl intl-gralj .. pgyl'7.Am. am<"I~ .-,;y '""-"'ll hat<'Lrfrt"k"kk!t ,MiniAlllnk, Itt..kAr a b IB _ t ) k>heL..-'KCfi,.o\;I
inU'rV>\llUlllzArt.""Rlwaklll<"gkOvPt..w-...- aT.!. ;d"ll~i. b<.'C' AZ in"""",,htlllTl>lk i>o kor\iLtnomak boil Icnni.. .
A hatArozott intpgril (Wd 400. 01<1-) rgy hl!Nano!<itli. U1"!'"f1~ ol~"7UI f~~kM: ' . am<'lycl< tMl<W~ 1iR<?Pfl-lAA" !aItol:nIulyon wmnak i'fWIIlIl'Z , D)"'n tartnmirty vI. <10' nyit.oTt \'alP' fMig nyi
tot l int .. rvallum. a fNtn1Kdy. ~
~ ..kArolyan UU'tuulAnv. ami e-k !OU<ka.'<Wnki-nt
o-u.-r~ . OW.A7. Yi-g<-s IIZIi.mll hdy lriYk..I.....,.1 mil"l.-uiiu OMztoff~. ,.Iu il.,..,..,. t,I>'" u in'U'gl<ilok az Imp~ i~okbo>: tartozna.lc (1iwo<l4W. 01.-1.).
2 . Hataroz.ott intf'l/;t"a1 m int Ossz<"g h llt a rlorl eke
An /I haJ~. ami /I ~t1 in~A1 ro".lpu".... ~. /I kOviotkncS mOdon i:~-u:: (8.1.
A~ II _
7.f"!!orl :
el g" xU
(1j.J.::.)
A ~ a 6. CliMJx.z ~IO mOdou Wrti'tl,.

8 . " 1~'z": It. 2 1 . ~ . t 'blAzat trit;ouowctrik... f;iuvf'nyt'k intl'gralj;lnU<'@:m"""'ltlll"t.lt.hlUOZZ&-
8. 1.6. Tovabbi rranszeendcns ffiggyellyek int egra lasa

8 .1. 6 .1. Exponencialis fiiggv(>uyt rartalmazo intcgralok
Expon<'nciAli.. ff'U""ny..!u-t lArta1wa:tO in~k I\kko.- alWthat.6k racioMli;. filw+uyt'k illw,;rAl
j;ivil.. lui.
/ R {e-. e
OO6
,
, ,"'j dJ
(!l 3tiR)
II1akUak. abo!. rn. n.p. . racinn41i!l.tunok . Ehht-z."'M. b<-I'!rttn<i~ """ lIZiik..oeg:

1. A l = r .... I~t.ooo<ito\ol a kiiwtkP2A'5 illkg:rAlbolJ. \I'I."Zf"t :
/
447
~ R {t .. . r....
. . r' )dt
Tlf'Y l'"D:ijo'~
' bra)'
1. If-pk: Az (I.b< intPn'lillumot n -1 ~... ORrinti r l.rl. . r ~_ tl""l'ltaln ekm Ilt.......llum.r..
bout)"i:. A ponlokat (I&Y viLJAs,;tjuk WCIt. botr;y az aIaLobL~k ~bo u.l,jeoUl;oo:
<l =r.<rl<x, <- <r. < < s. l<r~_ .
( A .....-tj nY
(8.37a)
a =s.>rl >r1 > . . . > x, > .. .
(1l.J6I,)
2 . It. .r = if/1...lyo-ll.<...i1ao norionAlillfllggWny int.-griJjAhoz vezrl.ltt,. a.z HI n . . . . p t.Ort.<ok

r...k legb.>hb kou.. ti>~.
u..,......,.
> r~_l
>
r~:1t
( B~)
t oll .3Th)
2. lipk; Amint "'" a 8.4. Ab r a n IAthatf>. min.-l.--n "'10"'" .. k-wi IUkTvNlUlll bd"",j"hPn \~. a hawau
v&l/llllZtllnk pgy {. !IZAmo1:
r._ IS{.Sr. (A .....-th..., )
""lO'
r ._I"2::{,"2::x. (B ..... ~hPn ) .
(8.3i ..)
8 .1.6 .2 . Hiperholikus fUgg"i-u)"ck intcgralja

A hiJ>PTholikll" tliggWnyt'k lut..,;ralja """ iuu-,;r>UKi,18haf, sh.r . ch r th r 0. L1.h r lliAA""nyPkoot wW
wk'" Ugy ilL~fL1juk. h<'lQ''' hillt'l"holikw' IYI,Q;\"'nY"kpta llll'gfdd"expon<'"IIriAli..l'iiggv+nyo'kko1
TlUQ..
bPl.,...ttl...itjilk. A k'lUO'..kuril>t>.-t.rkhPn
.. TIK'ghatAm7....... a tngonoru..l r ik U><
f ~h~ f e - f "h~
r dr .
filll.RV hi Y" kih< ~
rds .
:reb'" sdr fontul ,.Ill. Ez...kll,k
lwoonlOmodszerrel tOrtfllik (llWI 4H , old, ).
8.1.6.3. A parciAli!l int('~rAlas alkalmazasa

Ha a;t intl"Jl;f.ndll" IogMitmll"ukAt. invpr7. trig.mom,triklll' fiiAA"('nyekct (ILln~. filAAV(ny,k'l ). inver7.
hip"rholiku" {aITa) fiill.RV"nyrkM. VIIgY s'" k< Ins."" . sinar va,;y COba.c "".oJ7.Atiit t.m1.a.lmM'.....akkur
a pareiiih.. inwgr"llv< .-g)'1'7... ri ""gy ti,hl""""ri alkalma:t.AIl.valjuthatunk m<>go J<lMhm;,
Eg:y<>:I< ......1... kJt..n I\l, i..mrl..lt pardAlill iutcgriJAl< ismN &Z ,'rroet i int cgrfLlhm vt'~<>t. Ek kur "" int<'l(TfLlt
algebrai egycnld m..gnklA!<akrnt hat"ruzhlltju k lJ"'~ , I ~ l<"/.am itha.tju k ki k"''''' .., .... parei"l'" int ''lIrA
la--I VI. a ko""t k(""dI illt.griilnkB,t:
f "N
NIfO
brdr.
" oz ..in bs ds.
A~ tI tf'IlY(""/~;"" k min dk"t ......tl",,"
ug)'IlUa:wll UV""(L fiiAA"" uyt k"lI villl\ll'/.l,anunk. ,,1. pxponpnciAl;" vl\gy" t ri l'OIlOHld riku. fiiW'Pl1 yl..
P",."iiili.. int"l'Ofwh><t " Ika.lllLll1.ulLk a kowtkl'?Jl intpgr Alok mpglu,u'T'OzAAiU"ni.,
/ P (X}<'N dr
f P (X) ~ill hx dr .
8,4. Ahra.
f (xl fiipJI;v cnyne k e ,...klwlL 3 kiv fth... dnU IKllLtokb.!oll Vt.1.t f ({,) h..lyetl.psit<'si o'rtf kft
a !><Mzatartm<'> Ar. _L = r, - r' _l kill(;llh...~,l.ll:I,ILl\" rl.,.zillt,rvallulll hO'<SlJ1va]. A,. A
_tlx'llM:t J)()"~itiv.1l B ......thf'n ne8 ativ dllj.,lId kdl w-uuunk. 110' ll.Z A e,...tbcIl 1l8 . 1. abrim I"vo k"!,
3 . li' p<'9; A~
lIL'-W'"l.Oro?~ uk
kdNh'~ik ,
1. l"pes; Az igy lly("rt ii~tA" f ((,) .l.r' _l """'''tn tnt ......to"'ljuk.

5 . lepes: A kd<>tk,~"tt t{'gliiny i;""v"g (j"l.-ynilkiiz"Ii/lf;;..."g):
/ P(r)..,,;b.rdr. ahol P(r) eo pOlillOIll. Ha " t ;'ny<vl.l';n.k II polio
IlOllJOt vALa.<:r. tj uk . akkor em "'k a fuk",Jlma .....'Ij"h!> (\rriAli.. illl.PgtAIi<s ....,n\n milldig eOO'd ""';;kk..n.
L ! (( ,) "-'H
,~t
(::l.:j;j)
s.e.
448
h"tA~rti>kM. krll"/O'<;ik mrs 1Ll'T/\ "'IS ' .... In., h.. nUTH1.." ~.r, _ l elemi ink ..-vall"m h..--"", n"llAh.... tart. ~
19:," "" .,l.. mi Lnt<'.valhulJok ovJun/\ ::.0 -h...~ t"l1.. (,;""'11 az AiApon IDOntlh"tjuk. ho,;y .:J..c._l infini tP7.imlrt.liAA(I ki..... i.
Ha lL .. h"tMfrtrk lkM;ik h ~ r, AI" {, hrl.Vf'k lIlf'gviU&<ztWtOI rrlAArtl.,.,.lLkk"," f"l.t
..
J..I<-,Jn,r,
f((, ) ~.- I '

j / (Z) dr = ....lim-,- '
~
,.,
(S.J"J)
x):>O, ac b
.-~
"'<>}"lil
A hAt&rmotl in~ rOllu-hb 1111a~1 .. kOvrtlcnoi:ben ~jiik. El.rkrt ~VJo"
8.5 . tAblhat tArtAIazz.a.

1. AI in t.-g:r'lnAm itu alapt~t .. ~
.... , m~"r M_ ..IapI,.t~lr. a :'\ EWTON L E1B"-l z-t " ' <'l: Ha lU f(z) intq;nwdll"/OZ :o.b lntprv".I1,,
lDOIl rolytoooo.
tV primlliv fiiKgw'u)"" IOZ F(z ) filggYPny. Akkm"
f(z)d..r:
fF"(r)dz= F{r)~:F(b)- F(o).
(t1.W)
flx)<{l, a b
~)
b)
Il. ~.
3.
8.2.1.2 . A hatArozott in t .-gral j e llf'UlZlii
f{x)>O, a >b
t..,...u....
k< intl'O'>lllllm k"t vfo,;po.ntj>. u ,..

~ Mttirvt; n.<'k r<l,;zitik az mttgrti.-uh .. .t(".""JI..... "t. AI. 0
az mttynll tal.." ..." ......
/rb"f /I",ttim. .r lU. ""..,..-SnO~ ...:.It,,.w. / (.r) lIZ ...""ft""dlL'o.
A hat 'rozott int f'ltr AI e gz isz tendAja

A ~ la.ll] :uirt i1lt<"n'alillmoll fol)'100<M ffiAAvtuyMtAromtt integnilja mindig "rt<'lu.. "Zhrt~. AZ.a7. .. (S.;j'J)
1Iata.ckt"1r. wiud~ krzik ... fiigg.-t1ffi IQ z, n. eo ~ riW<ztA-.M01. A Iu.tarorr.ott illtrwlOl n--finiAlh616 oIyan kor-JAtao l1tQ'+ny __to"'1l .. ..."",IYlklIZ ,o.6j Wt intenallumon <=k ~ .... -"u,i bool...-u
Dl'Dl ful~. Art a liigWllyt.lLUldyikn<-k Ariott intf'1'WUlUlOOll Mtirorwu ir.! q.4.lja.lrt~k ....... u ~
Intnvlll.luIllOO mt..,.uA411l ~'lI<'k urvn:z;ik_
d)
'1mL
(01)'. inwgrAi z '" 0-101 r = 2.. }-ig = - COh It' =
sinrdz
-COli
2" + COhO = O.
Int.-g:ral ...al toW f.. l..o h atarral
I. Part ikularis in t f'gl"il H" _ inttwAi fcltoo:i bAtAr"llf'lII ~t<'1.t, banfom v&1tozi> (8 .6 . ab r a . ABe D
t<.'1ii1M.). A1<kor II term.. t ~ intrgrAl f..wi MWIlna!t II fiiggvklY"'. \' iltozil trriilf'ti"ni-lwk miatt tcr1-.Jct;.
fU~ bet<dolilnk_ EllDf'k aWcj",
S(r)
f(l)dt = F{r) - F(o)
(0
< II n. f(z)
~ O.
lUl1f'Ilnyilwn
A ha.t.&rnr.ott intl'gAi k~uo- v_w.-JA-0thrt6 .. moogfPJoo16 MtAr0:7AtIan inu-grAl Wf'tP,h..I~...
2. lnt f'gl"iL1 ft'1sO bat a.. 8U'r int i d..r ivid tjll V"ltozOMlI6hAtArT'" hirbhaWozott
hA"'" l<,wzik. akko.- ..." &Z r fd"" h..tAcMlr. folylollOl' fiigvol1lywo: F(r),""
vfn)"'. I KY. ha f( r) fol}1.ontl lIZ lao bl iuINV..J.huliOll. k r E (a, b). Akknr
f(r)d..r+C
(!.I41)
!l.t"lli"g)"zk : VlUlnAk ill~ltJ. h..tMiilOtVmyrk.llIf'ly<"kOfJt niTlNl primiliv fiigg-.+lIyiik. De I"lni ~1Lk,

II.. ~ fUggv"ny foly1<>OOI<. Akknr V>U1 primiUv fijggvPn)"' _
2. Geom .. t r ia i in t ..rp l"f't Ad 6 " ..16 j.. Jsr.abAly
I . G a r bo.- a la t t i t ....iil ..t Az [a,b] 11ltlrwilll uUOll~" f (r) ~ 0" Ekko r .. (Il_:>") o--"S .. l i'gW"I",k
l.criiletf,,<,k <-?o"gPt 1'1..nti. "lIllv,.] "" II '" I{z) gorb<' ..laui t.,.iilf't 1\l'IID''''''ga TTWfI,kwRlitt,,tA (6. 1.
'bra ) Ezk-t ...Ij.. (,nTl<'k lU ~RgII ..k" h..t"rfrt .'lw..... lgy .. hat..iro?.ott 11l1"K!"AI ..... A t('rii!<'t n"lO'AA,ltIlI.
"'illak .. 1<'riil<"Il<,k. m..lyf't az y :: I (r) ROTl.... IlZ r-t" nl':l'ly..... az y-1<'1lgt'"1ly<"1 l'"rlluziurn", r = a ....
I = b l'RY<"'.....,.,..ak....1,Ok h.. t<\rulll...k:
A = j f (Z) d.c = F (bl - F {o )
(ol pmitiv
...-agy lJ<'gatlv ( 8 .5. Ab ra ) , ..kkor '" 1.illt('grll !ok" megf..lel6 r....zhrtervellumckon. (.,..llO' >I r(.,..,.kri ild.k
i" ]><.Ytitlv v''ICY lJ<'R"Uvi-!t{'kdwt v w ..k f.'1. A l <'1 j....ineervallumcn w it inl<,!!;n,l " t priild,'k kii!i;nt""Kil.
,,"wlgfl.ltatjl\.
A kiiv..tk..,t; 6 .5 ... .h ,c ,d 'brA n .. !.<'l'iik t,'k plojdvi.?.onylLillak npjQ" l('h('tIll>j;..,. .....t,':'1 lAth..tjuk,
.
A:
!',~
Hinrdr
(nlv.iut"ttrH.lr",U-t61 r""1f-ilt) =-l'Ub. lo "'-COti1f+,U<O=2
r ~ 0).
(843)
Itt AZ illt~ ,-AltozOt ' w l j<-lDIjiik. bo,ty nc Iet-'n ~ I.. ni AZ intt>grAci6ll hatirt jEoi016 r
v41UQiM\!_
z
az.az .. primitiv fi"igVpny (owli<lrrivAlt) ~k""""",,,,",:
F(r):
449
lQ, Jt;t 1ri 1tf
k'.d/-,.". fiiAA"
wnyn.. k "'" ..don intnv><lhunra vtlllAtkO'd> RJu I AN'l r" l.. hatAroUlU iUkgr31jfulJlk lI<'VPZziik.
Hatliw , ,,tt ",I"gr'"
int<>gniJ.l
IOZ int<..,;r>lllduo;
f(t)dt,
pruuiuv fUgg-
,
F"(z)
~ f f(t)dt
/(z)
= f{z).
(8.44)
Enn('k " ti1.. lnek .. g<"Olllf't rilLi jekllt,!,w> M. hogy <'!O' A(z ) 1<'rm.t-fiigjtY<'ny d..rivAltj .. ('&yl'nl,; az X M
7.An\or<linAUvaJ (8. 9 . Abra) _Az or<linA.Ullm hll/OOnlOan" kriilctt1. il l ~ lIZ e16.i<'brzahAlynak mq;f('lelo
('lOj..n..1k.,I1 .,]],;,ln i ( 8 .5 . abra ).
4.
A~
Az intel/;r;,,,ibs int ..nra llum
r.,I"..ztMIl
la_bj intl.'!troci""
intervallumoe rhl,.in t..rvallll mukr.. huu th"tjuk. A h..tarozoU intpgro\.lna k az "gc..~

interv..lI11mr" vullat kozult {'rli'k..:
/ (.c) d.c ",
J
<
f {z )dJ: +
f(x)llr .
(8,45)
Ezt lIZiisKw fiigght i" t..n lOl/" ",..."Mlyll..k i~ llll' UJjlik. H" "" iut"gr,," <l llsn..k vPg.... R7.A!n" ,..,.... kA<I.....i
helye "" n. akkor l\:t: int prva llllmot olylUl r{".." illl..rVflllHmokr " k..11 !>unt..ni. hogy )\;!okhlLll a fi,!':lt"cny
folytolltll egyen. A~ ('1':","" intL'!trAlI .. r{~illt ..rv"n"mokon ny,rt illt..gro\.lokhOll('het Ow;?Rallitani.
450
1J,2. H"tri.rn zoff mtNjrtiI
8. IntryniLlllfml1ti1o
451
8.2 .1.3. Az int egra.ci6s h a rarokea vonatkoz6 tova b bi tetelek

1. Az int egraci 6s ha U,rokra vona tkozo fiigge t lenseg
A h..t,v.,..wu int<-gr,;J l>rVk" fiigg"ll..n "" int..grAc;o.. valt07.o m<'f';Vala.wtiI..<Atill:
f {r)dz =
J(u)d .. -
J(t )Jt
(IlAli)
A:J. intcgr.il.~7Oimiw .w.ptMrl r
kibni7.-fonmll.. )
Az int eg rac iOs haUrok mf'g('.M"rlou-.

Az.ouor, Iusl&ok
Az inwtuilcio'M hAtArok 1JloI'lI:~ Iltr'II:.ftltol'.tAtja/lZ int~ ktioken.-k az clOj..IH ( M~In<i_
bBJ.,):
/ j (r)h
=-
A~
f {r )dz
int<>n>illllmfdhullt&w.
4. K W po'Tte kt 40t el
I . Ko-~rt ekt k ..l H" u f(I ) fliggVPny lIZ '0, "1 inV1'VlllIUlllblw fulytonot.. allor I\Z intl'rnLlhnn Jx.1"",""n VNl ~b~ u1)'JU'( hrly. bogy ~n)'i""na <
b..&kkor
Ar- inwgrior'iOl< v>i.ltaW1.61.

VAlO ftIJWtk-n.~
I (r)h,.. (b - a )/(O
ha a
A f..},oO haw
(l:I _ 4~)
-c ( < b.
_rinli
d<-rivAlA.~
Ae inl ..gnU''-7.Am;tA.~
kWpf<rtfkti>tfol ..
Ai.... .
1l.7...bra.
m=-I- J[l x)dx
(8.:>0)
2. A kozi>piorli>kt i>t.. 1a lta lAIlOl'l ft ltsa AUJ<'llllyibm ..z [(x) e.. ,:{x ) folytom"",k az [a, b] "Mt intervallumben b II io'(r) fiiggvl'uy nom v{.J.t d<ljd,t "hl,..1l <Ie, int"rvallulllhan. ak kor igllz " kilw tk'71i tH,.]:
[( r).;(.)dr = [(0
",(r)d,r
j(r)dr_C. ill. F'(.r) =j(r )
J / 1')'"
J
J
.
~J
.
J / 1')'"
= -
[ {.r)dJ =O
[( .r)d.r -
j (x ),u -
J.
J
[ (r)u +
/I ..) lIu -
J,
J.
j (r Jdr
j (r )dr
j (x )1lr '" j (.r)
[ (r )dJ - (b -a )/(O (a< {Ulut 4:t I (x) fiiggv"lly lIZ [a, 1>: intm-allllm""-u
f.,h~.,.,.. Ju I(r ) fiiggVl'llyll('k erre lIZint .. rvRilllmr" \"<'>III\tkr>l'.o I",Ww.otl illhogr&J.j"!relll ki.....bb, millt
m(b _ a).'-:" ll(,lIl,~vob". mint J/(b - a). Itt (h-Il ) Ill\ ill!.<rvllum h,-.H.t jdOli, Ekkor
m(b ~a}$:
Enn..k " trt..ln..k " ~lnMri"i j ..["nt...... 1l.Z, bogy I\Z a "" b pont kOzi'itt k.-.ll lenni.. olylUl ( pontuak.
1Lffi..1yn- f\1. A Be D Ill"h"t t.. nil .."",'"lD"'nM l'L7. A B'e'D lkgWap tRrijlet{~..1( l'l.7. irob r a)
A7. [a . b) int .. rvallumon" !.o, ft '''rli k VILlO' at /(x) fii9'l"';"Y anl",etihl.i k'>Z~I"' :
b -,
~(X) _
>hoI
~u.j .
[ (x )dJ = F(r )C = F(b) - F(a ),
A hAtArok f~1f,owo
J(z )dz=O
Fo nnu la
t.\"..1 rton
2. A&OROe integrad 6!l ha t a rok

A bl't:4rozutt iJ1~i1 fu1i'kr nlllk hAou int~ hatArok ..wnOMk:
3.
TPt el
(a -c (< b).
(I:!.(,I}
j(.r )drS.\l{b-a)
(8.;' 2)
8. 2. 1.4. A hat aro zot t int t"Kr al k isza mltA...a

1.
A I" ggya kr a h han has zmilt m ,,,ls zl' r
Hat ar<l7.ott inte" , m ki" "'mit"" " t l''l\ll.Y" kl'lIl.l'''ll M . illl.'l\rAl><,AmltAA 1I1"l'tNd,' "<'1\(1""/,;,',,,1 \'i'/,;"zzi ik
d. '''''''' lJIc"hattu Ol.'lllk .. 1", tArm.>t.I]"n illl"ll:rAlt {Iill"l 4o!1( old.), pl. " 2 1. 5. t<'lh!Azat ",,,,iL"" gi,vd. Itt
ana kd l iigyduiill k. bogy a ba lar<>k bdrAAAkor n, kd,tk,"",,,uek ilHl'rnl'riul< int,wiI!"k.
Mil mAr :.J"al<iJlOAAIl compnteralgobrai ...."k;;.,.<,k"t h""zllahll'k a b"tAr<YI."tlm,I... h"t<iJ<Ywtt illt"gnuok
ki.7AmltA.<lit.boz (1:......-\ 20.1. H.-z,>t).
In\,ogrAl"'-'C F {J) - F (O) =
t "'l
ts.-
~11(1 + 1)'
0 t ... I
_ lu( 1 + 1) . F.rffim{>ny: I = F (I ) _ ln 2
4. In tE'gratas ~ur{{'j t .......... l

U.. AX f( r) intf'gJan"'L~lUI
hi int....-valhu""u "&.""nl.. t .....1l kt'Uvt'gl'IL~ . .orl>o\ f..jthptii. ""'".,..
;a.
......
y.
-----
akknr az illt.-gTAl
\'=f(x)
... / ..~(x) d.r
O ~Ial<ll<ll<l
s.s. AbrIL
)(1/
e.u. ;)".
/ f(r)dr
~ J12 ~z
~_IO.
J ~"\ (x) dr
... / ..' 2(r)dr + ....
J,;~(x) dr
."Inf'n I1~;,,",- " ,;.(r ) .ll-~v..k kouuY"'lI wtf'ITAlha.tI>k.miul
al>m.
!O.Ifha r..jrIwUl. "",..lyi k "'" a. ": wt ..mollllmoD "lO...u!rt.....'lI
2. A h"ta rozo U int ~ral it"lakitlL'll

A hatAro.ott u,I<yUoblt .....k _ \)Ph nq f<-k-lObclyrtU'><it"'-"l ~ a
A : A ....1)'O'tt... it""'i
I~-rt ..JbIJMnluk lIZ 1 =
u,w,;r.IUM ~
1=
.f(~n ~. ~i O) = 0 , v(.. )
..
2......
C 'alV'
liZ /."
I = - ll jUf - '1
4
B: A
l// lcoo.t dt = ,,"
_I
v,;,]tozOhrI~..-tt ..,.;t ....:
.. 2 .
=.:
~,
_
:="'(1) = 21.
: .
COI\ :dz =- "'- [~lll ZJ;
44
l......,w~~int<grH.l.... ul..~l":
COI!ltdt =.,l
..i:)"'
fto]
/.'
1.c,a.r
- (I .. COII 2I) dr.
/1"f"J.:
igy:
lwoYo:rgo!'II".
i-:
-1
1
e'dI
= " - (.. -
"Ot
l".l
dr
I-
~- ~-
~
+ ~~ 7
~ 9
.) ILIlf<"lln.
=!2 (,- --'--.

--'- _--'-- + - -'- 2' 1' 3 Z< ~ S 2' 3' 7 2" 4 '9
' x'
...)
A f<'l""u.'{>rtdulflJ..nllZ in_I .......

ha.tar~OOOOI
.. ~ ...
' J .'"
5.
Grafiku~
J.
I),
F(I) = f . A
ln r
"
+I
e- i' dx = 0.4613.
integritlas
A grAfiku" int<"l{fal,v, ( 8. 10 . abra ) olylUl ........ d. .t ...... rlj""..... ntplVllrk ""tJoiogpvd a:I. AD ~Or""v..l
...JoHy : f (r } fiiggvpny int<'l':rioljat.""-",,IIZ [ f{r )dr int.-gr4It.
"lU;,,,,,.\!,,ADSt<-rillrtnaRY..aw. t
",Ij.. ~ grafikll1'JU\ tllojllk "hr""",lni.

1. A~ .\f"S szalw<tt ,."
. ,.c~- h r 0- 1/'1
p'-'ntokk.~12" "I':Y"n16t''''u. ,...etjuk..-'\~ '' ....lIni ny "luuill'''nt"",.l,b. mill ..l tiiloh I\Z ""7.I.0rontok
2.
(8,;;7,,)
S'/.a",,, ,
A~
x)f'l. r317,""
-1
-dj: F{O) =
oInT
'.'!. [r -,]d'~J."""'d'-J."'''' [_I,,.,]'

" J.
(8,;)-1. IlIka1lJLa>:~llk F (I) ....': of F
J.'1'l ~-J1
(1-....::.. ... ~ 1' 3 ~ S
2 2 .
(11.:>3)
"lnL
=.r
I"" - (1 - 0.08J33 + 0.00625 - 0.000(17 ) = - 0.922:.5: 0.46127
I): I
-'1/1' c,. r J,t'l. "2.
1l<'vPldjiik .. t l",r!\lui'l,pIt: F{I) =
f (.c)dr int<'gri\ll
pon~ ko>\l ..\hniink.I!O' LEIBSIl.-ll,k al. Alt.-n>Nn ....." 'kr" VOllJl,tlw-w!i-ttJ..",U'tiut (lMo<l .Jl :J. old. )
old.]:
J.' ~ J:I'
Ill': [
ek'Kl"tId6" *.>rW..ju.. ..1sO ni,Q' tagjill kild.luilani:
"" int.<'gI'ftl {>rt<'kiot. 1.1, t.JI.I1mn",k "knmplf'X vAI1"Y.wju. {iiAAvfny.-k intpgrAljlli (1li..od .. 7'lL "1<1.. 1<,,, {...
1\ 7'l1 7'24. ol<Won ]('vlll",I<lAkAt J. i,l.. wunik "!O' iut'!i7R.1nak <'g)' para.mfwr llUrinti d<'livlLli..... {I
l
I :
d.r
.j.
3. Bonyolultabb int el!:rAk.k kill7.Amitios imak mOt.lszerei

AmMlnyihffi "lO' lILtf'l(ral ""1dl>\t.4rtl7AAA I1HogyOIl bOllyolull, ""KY "" ..lemi ll-lggVpnwkkd nem 1..lwl
m"Ro1ru..ni...kkor kiili;n{{J, mM,.'....nk (lIloh" mil\'''''zi fogiLllok ) ~tso:'-g"W'l m"gi~ m~ I.. hpt h.. tH..iu/.ni
4(;6
kon,~. akkor
e-u0.0001 pon~ ~lArnzn"llk. Az ..- .' =
=!2 (I _..!..
)
12 ...!...
160 ~ -'aess _-':.5296 -
'1
0( ':)
2 = "-
:</J2
pI. Iia az. f (.c) fiigg\'{>nyol)'an II.l'hauy-
""r Ahd ti-....I r (Ja,.,-l 4 21. <Md.) fortrl mr'l",u l.>&rwrly ~ me..moll" m han t1lwtJl<,t.<....-n
Ebb61kOvt-tkl'2ik: I =
J.!'
0
~( O)= U .
A ~t
.,-r" d.r illtt-gr alf
'1
..
';..l_rI b =
1"7
-3' + "4!-
IIllqtraJ
kapjllk.!'Iogy:
."-~ 1=
"
2 - .c0u
IIN'Sh..I~~_
LA vAltmll bclyM I ...,jt~: r = ~it ) = a Mll t. t = 1 (r)
l~;;(jl
-.-
U'tars .....,riu ti pon~Al 1IKl: Idxt ~i .

~
tudj llk """SM tiLro&ILi.
(8.::.5)
a1Aklwl lrhAtO M. I1y"D mOclon ......tiLro:wt l i.ll1A'lll',;.]t kom...~ <WtuL""rkc.ll1 al lit h...t j u k .. \0:
"1m
(8.:>.t)
i.~
/ f (r )dr= / .,; ,(r)dr+ / ..'1(.r)dr -.-
!;A A
0
f(.r) : .,; , (r ) _ '; 2(r ) ..... + .,; ~ (r) +.
X~ -lrl
(8.Z,7h)
OI'ztbp"ul-okbim fiiggol ..g"" "ID'''n"""krt "m"Hink lI,itiirh('wl v../b lJl<,t~""J>"ntig, E 'l.pkpt 1\ mM,.-,...... I'o ntokat kiwtitjiik a't urdiuAt,..t"lLl\p!yn'. Igy k.. I.l.k..,.Il..k ~ (A I. A J A . } I'.-mt.-.k.
3. A ""Kaliv x-t<,ugdy"n frlv......rink Plf;Y P [>Outot. A~ OP MZ;,kao<z 1"'!O'AAgII tPtw...... """'ri"ti. "'a jd a
p puntot <-~('kotjiik "'" A " A 1 . . . . A ~ l'0utuklool.
454
s . 1"IrqryW,zRmitn..
4. A~ .\lu 1.""too "l PA, ~A1IMrhII7JUllllOlt hu.zunk "'" x , Of<ztopollth= Lartmj, ,mlin" tAig. Itt
w..z ftZ ,\I, I>'Jllt. EhhOlll poutlw',l.. PA r vd hi,znnk j>IiJInlnW,a;ta:z X2 oe<ZtOJ.><,uth= hi,wtt orrIin"WlI:
EhhOl IlJ. .\1, !,'",lhOI folyt..ljllk IlJ. ,.Jj>\.r""1 l\lIlig II:t IJI.oL.... ordinatJm "7. M~ pouti.g rl n..m .. runk.
A ko,.",..tt inl<'gl"A1PT\.i'ko'<'RY,nl<'l 1\7. op,.,. S ,\I~ ~""ka...mk ho,."q,anak """'.......I{"'...I.
1/ (x )dr - Op S.\I~
(!l.~)
A ......""'1011 vAW<ztott OP ~ IUl'lI:bM,aTmo'A II TlljZ Illhctcit. ~lirWJ JO,w>hh

miTM r-, lUlnAlllllllY""'bt.r.. krIl
, \I~
.\18 , .\/ .\12 .
MOP~~I vtUa.oztAni. HIl O P
II
raj~
= I.akkor [ / (r )dr
ll"";"'Ifl...-llwM
SJ/~ , Q,
II;<
po!ifil<>hV,lMJ ffiO"&kcYlA'iit i az / Ir ) <'gyik priwitiv fi"'WfTl)m..k IlgOrbo,j<I, ......... "'"
b ) ~lindMll', t" rf"ll;" t{, C>'/loka,;;i,lliI oly"n j " t"'rf"gntl~ h"""hhllill<'lydt....itiiuk.

g~u, ...... arn .. lyn..k a:t. a1aph'riil.,t..... """nkllg{lla f...llllap_trriilt'I'vl'\ "KymM.
f"llntu.k kii]i'>nho;i>g.. m"lt"""bb '''ll''lwn kir!<i. mint
II)
Mivrl S, 5 =
int~arok
NtaJ...duU , = J(z) fi'M""'I~' batAru:wu inl"PAlj.luIIk a IDl1':batAr07AWIl i.-<. Sl .....-ililil< " lan imk<-... k
All
mt~/ok ... }'
lUI adolt II =
I'
' fir h>u...m A:l 1 y dr ..... 1 !/. dr

/ It )oIt prwlltiv
inu-grMolr. ID<"Jl,ba~r ll ....
fii~ sOr b"F1><'k lIllW"~ ..nuw......~ii7i>k. M
7. :"OlIm...nku! int '-'l;TIllu

Ha<'1'O' hAtArmotl in,."filI1i,I ill'<WlIll<llI"" MY',n oonyolnlt, ha nem "'lwt ""'n1l mOdon inl"lQ'Alni. ~
ha.-k di><zk"'l fiiQ;vt'llyi'r-t<'kPk A11114k tpndl-Ikt-zf,;n-, min, pl. <'gy iorti'kUb1Rul1 . ..Jc.kor ,.,.. '\Jo'1lf"-
.u.
II
!Iumri.... u"'1.<"l1Atikll""" mOd-,-,'ihe:r; Ju-.U folvll.lnO<lni (1Il.o:1
1.
/ (x )dz ""
S"'IK: D =
1. A lllf"ghM"ru.....Il""m..nnyi..rg.1 f,'lho",tj"k Il.I'fO' .:t..i.n-".... ~.. ndO<>n kiOli,,,,,,",,,, infimt.."imAli_.k,,-..i
"
..\ -Il' +"l + +a"

(11 .::.9)
2. Mind..n ily<'lL illfll,i!.<"timAl i~<I, m..nllyiflo'g.t helV<'tte.<lklll k.,.UL'!D'olyan ii, IlK'1lnyi""M,>J.l\lIli c, ,101
<'lOIIk kH{-' tlor..t 1.. nmin..k .. ""'Ktll,tAr,.""""';"Itlt'rt forItlula "",'rint "hd.""!\"'" Itt m<'g AS >tiiklll',l......
hogy IlZ fl, os a, - ii, hi)", .I,-h,.., ..... <l,-h,.z k"r""'l k-g..Jilblo'1O' 1lll.gyMgrt'lldddki....l>h 1'1(\''''''
3. A~ ii, m"l111y~",'1:" t <'It)' jill lllf'jI;VAIl'l.'ll"I,," r vAlt0z6..... '10' liz) fiiggvi'ny "1\j~fv..1 {1!1,.)- k<-ll
d t1.i.l litJI.ni, bogy ii, (.'lirlt"t{, I,",~y,'", min t /(r,) .1r ,.
4, A k..r......u m"ullyi""l1 k"'''''''milt".t/). rrunt az IIIAhhi i:iAA7.<>g hatfll",Orti-k,':
,_l
'-
,.,
/ (r ) ,J;r ,
1,
g(,)dl/ =
,=
J"
(8.61b)
I (I )y'(t )&.
3. Gorbesrektor tertilet.. (8 . 12 .c ahra ) A! lI_ktnrt",'-iIM....nit a j.,' ~ L ponlok kOziitt a (p '"

P(.;) , ,:", :5 ,:" :5 ~ ) poIarkoor<liwitltkkal """tt filggv"ny gnr"";.. hlltAmt II ko....1k......6,
m""ny~It['1':
L ii, = ~lim
, ...... /(r,) .1.r, = j
~_O<
_""
(8.6 Ia)
r(t)..-'(t) dt
"
8.2,2.1. A hatarozot t illtf"Kral alkalmaziisiinak altalanos l"1\'C
A = lim
1"
2. A Cka H pontok kowtti Korb..vunall al h atAtolt Irll.... & t .. rUl.. t .. (8. 12.b i b ra) Explicit
1Ii1llt""" (.r = g(,1J und a :5 , :5 J ).ill. 1>lIl&luk<'..... a1akb&u (:r = z( t).
r{rJ. 1,:5 t:5 '2)adott
phr~ti>'.
...I,
SUCH'"
8.2.2. A hetarozott illt~J;ral alkalmazasa
iIhrIl-
I. Sikidomok t..ruWt..
I . A B .... a C pontok korotti gOr b..vo1lll11aJ hatAtoIt trapPa t.. ruwt.. (8 . 12 ... ibra). E" l' ocit
ll\akhan (y = / Ir ) .... a :5 I :5 0). ill.l-"'flWl"t-rrft< Il1aIr:hM (I = I (I ), , = y(1). II :5 I :5 Il ) ......U
921. okt .).
o/ft .lh.
cOrhr~l:
/ (z ) "1QVf'fly ~1chrjt' ....""I'M.... (1Aood lJ9.36J ).
\"I'ZPtt k-cln.ttlr.fur-rnAltb<:. ~
e, '"
8.2.2.2. Ceomer rtai alkalmazasok
plonu"':',,,,. Wt ~ikcOrtw1t kT'-I..~1t rJW.dl..liu-uz&.acIl..-..ol~...,.zkowk, 19y aJltallDll/Ollk .. ROfho"J"
aIkaimaNU< lI'I'llI<"'oIIk All 1
1(1, ubatjuk,
c)
h]
"
Planimiot...... k "
h~
d ) Ekkor "" ~'K b.ooWCrt-fh-:
/ Ir) fir MlAru&atIan illl"lUftit .
6.
1:, .
c) Az v, tftf,~l.t>t ;', '" S, ~, aIakbA irjllk al. abol h, j..loti

a r...$jlap114k II ~(Il>t nnk,..;,tOl VlUt't t.A~"1 (S,II.c ) ;\'bra,
b6
1Il11,'ly 1II\YlUlolYfIll lUa(8 , l l. b itbra ). " t"r-
Son =
IIIlnl mill.l"ll j . ..., iK'.~r",k kdll"lllli~, 1",10' .1..-, ~ O. A~ ;I: hatm-At "hi h jdiili.
S " lap to,iildt1,... /I IlInfil""""-K'" g,',I>1 lhfoglll,,-"ak ki,~"miUIAA (8.II.a-c flbra);
a) A ll,,'g1.IIIMo-l.I\IUI<'> V t.<rfOjl;IItot ,rk"u,t,..t,"l,,kkd lapa;"hh ,,,,mkap;!ilAk t"rf~at"ill..Jc ..... M~('I .. I",lIt
ju k ( S.1 \.>l Ab r ll) \/ = t' , t ''I + , . . + l'~
IIl.Gle)
Id,: .
,,'!
BonyohrltabbalakZllwk to'riiI.. Vt.'lllliillt'''ltraJuk (1"",147$.oltt .) VIIg)' kpttM int<'gl"AIok (la."" 479. 01".)
!It'jlj1-''''f.''V<'1 hatArozhatjuk '''''K.
/
2. Sikgorbek tvhossaa
1. Gorh.. k"t pontja k0700tti ivh"""70,'".i11t (I ) A70 A "'" 0 po"t k,m>uu l'lieit "lakhan is = / (r).
ill. r = q{y)) vaRY p"'amM,.. r.... ..Iak!...n (. = r(t), !I = y( l)) ... Iott fii~...('ny gor bt'ji'U<'k lvb'_za
(l'l,13.a abra) :
J.v'1+[/'(XWdr - 1 v'lq'(~W ...
"
(I'm)
.,
L ;W =
ld!l =
J[:r'(t)]2 +[!I(I)P<lf
(8 .62,,)
'
E1, "" ivh""."'u.ag diff<'n:rl<'ialjav..ldll .'] kif<.j.-tv..:
L= /<l1
" hoi
dl ,.,<irl+-dl.
(11.621,)
45'
s. J"t.ynil.~i",iln..
y
(tl )
.j
dy
(, )
d.
y
(t.)
hj
1P1~
oj
dO
'1.-('. t
o
,..
o
hj
1112. ilhr",-
.u ..Ui",@. ",,"illo~ 1l:!b2..I --nll c II.! ~
""
zIt ) = .. !'in t. !I = y(l ) = bC(ll;t bl'iy.,H~u.-kb-1
Dy<.'Tjiik;
L~
"-- [ v a l _(a 2
-b'l)~il,1ld1
,J"jlltdt.aboI. ..
IIK'riku" ..,X<"I'tIloot-'-.
Az ..1000 ~Ir .. _ko&<'> int"P"'-w.- b.uArokMl:', = a. 11 = 0 ~
.oR
I,
;,n.plqWt>knU.
E(l. '2) i-rti-lcrt
~..lIoll\"n L;;,
1\
- G[' JI
= -&0
"
1"'"2 v'l
~.u,2 t tlt
21.1. tabl6RlbOi .)/V>wobstjuk Ici (1Md 1\
= a E (l.
CfJ
"" ..Ih~nll"
= 0. _ II, ill.
~), ..001 I,
a.,
sto-,,,..
S = 2,..
Jr(I 1VI-.. (Z) .u
(~.6JA)
= p.. .-\.1 LDl.<-KTAl
kOEi>!;, "'- (p
'" p(,: polArmurdm.
= J~\Ip'.(d')'d'
d"
(1l.62t-)
BonyolultAbh kslt'k f..!sI:ini'l(k lll..,tb..t.An~>z 1i-l ... .Kf'tth< inl.-grliJok Il1Wm"".AAIl~ dro,l wF
t..-t (4&4, old.).;'" "'" ~l. til-'U><'i fpIii!<ti llltl'griLf" oml1 f..jr7..-!M 14M. okl.) A k<'tu>o inUWalW t.Orti-oo
ft-b"dl1>lZNnil...... alw.wo,. fonn,tl.~t. .. .J\f1 to.. iut..-grAloIt ...JUllll.v.AAll~ dnlll tUi. t.ablazatban waIj"k.
4.
1.
L -
,dJ = 2"
oklalon Io'vo I"'IdAt)
2. Garbe kpt pontj. kOwu i Iv "'" z ( II) A c ...... D pont

tiLkka.llldott rr~y pboPjiollt'k h'l.<- ( ~. 1 3. b ' bra):
L_
~a
forga..test palastjimak r..bzine ( Ibd m i-g Guldin .. 1.o6 t#-t .. lpt . -160. old.)
1. Az, = J (z ) nllQl;\Y-nY Rixb"jf.,..k ""
Iy kOr11li fnrgMAAAknr kPirotltP7.<'tt ~t tI'niIc.v
(S. 14 .a ' b r a):
~
i
1
3.
(M2<l)
dl
Terfogatok ( Ia.~ a 2. Guldin ti>tplt is. 460. old.)

Forgiw'l'zimmctrikul\l.<'st. Wtf"&1\t.Il1\7. rown,;..ly kiiriili fOf'lt""knr ( 8 .14 .a .bra):
l ' "",.-
yldr_
(S,W,,)
2. ForgA."'ZimmPt.rik' L~ 'psI '''rfngata ..... y-t..ng..ly korfl1i f"I"fl,Mkor ( 8. 14. 1> Abra ):
So
a
dy
dy
d.
o (Il, IP~
b x
h)
S.13. "hra ,
: dl
C
l' =r.
3 . DIy.."
W;.!
r~V"llY tulja
l' =
7dy.
teerog..t... lll,.]yu<k az r-t...,,!\.. lyre ,u..r61,>s"" hfffl7.I,U,..t",.M h",k 11.t..riil..ti- t ..gy S

( 8 .15. Abra ) :
I{x)d:r
I(r)
(.... w)
Tohhs"iiriit< i"t"W'"l1aj tortpu6 t"rf<Jtl;at~?.I\l n it"" A1t"II'\lI"" f" rlllHlAi t a ..K..tt&o ;nt"l'.rfl!ok "lltallll"".......,"
d",,1 8.8. U .bl a za t ban . a -I1\-1. "ld"lou. (", .. .J I"J..ow"",,,". intl'l(l'A1ok "lko,lmad""," ch illi 8.10. t a b lAznt ban. 11..189. oldaJon t alA1ha tj\lk.
lj, ! .
45<
0/
/
: ~I;~vtx l /
y
.~. I::;_
~.
A.
E (l
2.
"'"
Tehetet lensegi nyomatek

Iv ~iakas z tehet.. tle n.wgi nyom a t e ka A:l' 1I = f{ .r) fiiMv<" "y all.."tlo e ~t1~'i. homOR.....
~rJ:,;;j ..u..k az y-t.. ngO'I~Tl vollatko:d> tl'h..tetlfo~ nyom"trb. II;< [(I 1>1 inttrvaJlumon (8 . 17 .a ibra):
< e / ~ di =
I.
!! / .r1Jl
,.
Abr&.
I . Egy pont il lt.! m f>gt Ptt ilt

f.y pont I.Itaia to ll\6ponttOla T iOOpouti Illf'gtMt ,,1 &l. ;ootOl. fiiw'i
t" -
/(t) ....~ 0...1Io-tl:

0
ki'PM-thrn "",,",plO.JuW\rj,. -.n:Il.1 miIolt fiIg .... itN')-t6I._ H.. u ~

Alhwr\l> "" ir llnyuk ~t-ik. ak lm.- lUI .r-~..lyt fd"..t...tjiik All rrt'l ... rlll_AlulN<
Erot"""-' tlJ<"Iq,O 1....1 lIltmk4)A ..
ir4o,.,.
..... ..IUlflZ"I,,1M
iran\AbM. H..
r.l.f'l1JI.rly
II " =
poutho.'>l
AZ
f(z)dr
m.mkA. wcly A t-tnrk ....

r = b pont"" val6 ..ltolaWloz o>;iiiL~n; .. kOYMkPdl:
(l!.67)
All.a1Arloo. """,-1><'11... milto' M ..r6 .... "" ..[mown["" i.-iwy......111 "";1< .."yu... Jl.Ir.kOT" mllllk"t lIIu" j,.n i
po nt .....n II.Z ...!un ,illl,plItfn A:\"rO(.,. ..!tn/nAul"'" ~kaJ.iu-n. 'IZOnAtiLn.u vou.Nint.-grAljlll",t.arozzllk ",,~
(Wd 477. 01<1. (lq32) r"rrolll,,).
3.
I. =
p. = ep h.
(x
"
.r[ltMl - Yl(.r)d.c.
( S , 6 ~1)
dx
{S.n}
{1&oJ mi-g 8.8. tiblaxat (KO'l t"'" iUI.-graJ. A1kalrrw.AM.) (.0s4. 01<1..). Ahhan Il7. ......-tbMt. It... a ~Un~ a
hdy1.Ol j,< fiir-g. akkuc a ill.gfpMo NlIlJitlb.i klf('JPlkt i>l t...!tell Yolllli Il7. inu-grAlA.~ha
,.
~ ".,.\
,-'
y,
0
-)
'c
b ,
"
y.
B
~ ...I,~"'l
a
'c
b ,
d)
h)
Wi !
ahol 9" gr"vit lw i(", llY"'""IIM.

2. Oldulnyumas A ". o]dalIlY"IlIM. I'!. ' 'KY folya<l"k t a rt O-NUuy "hlal"n lfvl'i kifnly<', ~M"'I,,]>jr.fIl
hl\l.f> Ilyom..... hi - h) m(ly...!tkiil,i nh""gf'llMk n ( 8. 16 . libra):
f-
e ~1Id.r .
es
or
h)
N yomb
A (! ~1'J11~ lIyult" ln mhan IMdS foly"dp kha.n k~tfi'I"Il)ulll';'~ I." fd : "Iudm..z/"Iu,,,, ..y""Hi,;"'1<1' nU<Jl
"Y"ma.. A~ uIM.hil .. r"I,..",I"k '"ltV... fiiAA61('~,.,..u 1>('I~m('r'-i16I"'lJ',z oI<lali\1l Htl ki ~lilltlkii. IlYl>IU"-~
.. mrly"''AA''] "8Yiilt Iliivd~-ik ,
I . Hi d l"rni1.tat ilwi 1I) 'om iul A p~ h.itlrot<ltati kai nyom "" Il~VAAg"" ""I.\'''''ghfon:
I'. =
2. Silddom t e hetet... n ....gi nyo mat f ka A e ~ bomotfn lIiItidnmnAlt a;I;)'-~ .. IYT" 't'OII>ll.
nlAtott tehctet lffi,..ogi IlY"'ll"'tiokA (itt II"'" y- 1~1I)'1 piLrh\WllllOll met.<Z1l"t IJoo.oooza ( 8 .17 .b ibra):
Frn'I ~.. vlUt07h. a:r.a.z "'1 = Hz). alkOl'"..... W
lUt'lltJoll A7, r
1\
dl
.)
2. )' Iunka
8.2.2 .3. Mecha nika i k fizikai alkalmazasok
J,,,,
"
(8.;0)
raJ.a..ba..
0=
+ (lI')ld.r
Am('rlllyihoon a ~'ir'iso'g ll('m3lWIOO. haI,,IU.r fiW"'ny.-.l'tgy a ('(.r) k.ife,it'Zkt is hi- k..ll vonni a;I; int<'g-
~.H;.
'''Ta.
459
4.
1.
..
Haliim zott ", tcg"'U
s.rs. Aim.
::;. Sulypont , Guldin- t et...lek
l. tvszak=z lIuly p ontja A? y = f (.r) h"II "'l:iIl .!I~gi;rh,,,&y L ho.../.\)!<Ag" ivsz" ka.q?.fmak C ",l1ypontj" az [a . h) illwrvalhlluh.m (8.18.a lIbTl' ) lIl"!l:..<lh.. t.... (8 ,62..) fiRY,'If'ml,,'v<'tl l<'vd(lAMl 4""'. 01<1.):
/ r Jl+1j2d:r
L
yJ\7i1i d:r
yc=
(!j.72)
"
11.11. Hallimlott mt"'lf" Bl
'60
2. Zirort ga rbe s u ly pont ja Az lI';;

Az Yl :: /J (I) lU aI.o6. "' Y2 = h( r) a
f Ir)
...art R"rl ... ~(II)'YP911tjat kdl lllCKMtArozni (l'l.ltl.b 'b ra ),

-.!l<J....,dl1<Ag L. [gy :
row Ri>rI"'fm pgyffil..te. az i......
J r( ~ + ~) dr
Ie =
L ,({.)g{~. ) - g(I._I )J
f(yl ~-.- Y2 ~) dr
"'~
(11.73)
(8.78 )
...
461
H.. pnllrk "'" iioAA7.cgnrk li>t.,."ik hatArfrtfkc lUra az """,""" snnkcr az f'lp~i ;~tf'TV'llI':"lOk h068Z3 nllllAh.... tart fiiQ:f"ll..niil at. I, b. {, pontok vfo.la,oztAAiltOl. akkor l'1Ot a halAri'ru-krt h"lrirowU STIf: LT Jf:S... toynil~ IK'V1'7>ZUk (ta..<lII:!.I61.lfl.l" l). A S TIELT J t;gint.-,;rltlrgy mrgIPpd~kaJnwo-""""'ald.12 . ~A.l _-
HIl .q(r ) '" r. a\tkor .. STt ELTJES-int.-,;r&l RIJ,IA~S-int<'RTAlM 'negy at.

3.
u-lwsgue- integrlll
."" int.....AIfogalomcgy to\"'llhbi ki~rjl'OlZu..,. A tuCr't(>krlWll'ttl'] (L\oId &06. old. ) kApnooJ..~.~ bn....
Zf'IM nvnt fOgy halmaz mUteR. a ,uert i>klh . a m,'rbet6 fiigWnyrk fogalm&.."- ftln~hrn
a LB ~l:f:-integra1l 1lA...t 659. old. ) ezook""k" fcaIwaknak a owgit8iRrn-1definiAljllk (lA.<d 18.121).
t:gy Al~tast pnt pI. A R lnIA ~ ..-inl,,,AlW IlUmbPn lIZ . boc lIZ in~ tanomAny Irh.-t
"" n~ ~ ~ ...mi t m&brt6 rt'oozJIaJrna7.Oltr.. kdl bontani.
"'I
Ie = ~ .
k'=
(1:l-7:'j
AmiD '" tr"f"l'z ~ S .IIZ .48 ~ ~ ~ ~11 = / (:r).

S. Tl:"ts m l urint i sik ido m l uly pontja A,z S fr.Iain.l U't.~ .-rinti l'l1<idorn (tl. HI.d ' bra ) C
oWypoojM ~hat&ro:r.lut.lj"k .. foolUl .... alul ~ phPk .. ,. f l{r), ill. Y2 = Mrl "'lY'"lUo:-li-n<-Jc
int...,;rAlfoplom A1tala.nOtlitNoilnak j.-Jli.oori DrW ~k. (Iiwod II:! HiI)
8.2 .3.2 . Vegtelen integnl.cibs hatArokkal rf'udl'lke:ro Integralok

1. Deflnid ok
A) Ha u iD~ tartomli.ny &L 'g ..... ;x;) f..It"llll:dy. ftJ ha u ;D~.dllll fiiav61yt"Zl"ll miDdf"niitt
frnolmPzw. ....... ILklm." dmni.-io ktl'lmioht-o
..
~",",;
"
J(;r)b
.
j
Lim j J(;r)ds .
(8.79)
"- ,
AlII" ,m yibcn ez .. ha.tan'rtfk it'1':"7.ik. 'igy ton"".,...... ImpmpnlU 'nl..,.-tilrQlbf'Kdoliink. H......hatirhti'k

letezik. akkot- di...."... .... ",propn.... ...toynilrOl ~hillk (8.79).
b ) AnalOg m6don drfiniahmk allor. ha a fiiggv/ony fort<>Lm!"Thi tartomAaY" A ( - x, bJ fel~cly VAg,)"
n<'m
azegi-.~n",,:
J J(r)d:r =.,!!.~,.. J.,
/ (I)dr ,
(l!.1l0 b)
(8.1'<&\
c) A (8.!lOb) __tb<>n II.Z A ... B lI7/lmok ..,;)-rnN<tol fiiAAttkuiil tartll.lUlk lI. v~Jpnhf"7:_ H",a hatiLrfrtik
(8.SObl "".print nem 1i"'".Lik. de leteaik A
.,
8.2.3. Imp ro pr tus in te gr alok , Stiehjes- losLebesgue- intcgrelok
.-...
A hatArowtt LUh-g ri\.l f"R,.]mAt (lMrI 447 . old.) millt RI EMAN"I-intpgraJt (IAAd 447, old) v,-...ttiik I,."
fl'" ltH'!l."l VC ('10' k" rllltOll /(x) fiigg Vfonyt P" <1:Y ...w-t [a.b] intc TVal lnmot. Ez a kH f.llitell,-lt Ito kiinouIOpontjll 11 RI EMANN fr lr illlA"ltI"Alfng...lorn Alt,,.,!>\nOt<itWn ak , A kOv{'tk ,...,lik hf'1li. mprt..t flnk llN"'nyllt.
1.
Improprill ~
in tog r Alo k
Kit"fjt:"",t jiik Illl inl,rl\rAlfogl\lm",t n'>fJ1.k<lrlAtOtl fiil:/o,'V' uy" k,..,&; ll" mkorlfltoA iuu,grw-i<ito illl"I Vl,lImn"k fa. Ez"krtll .. kowtk.,./JI f..j...~ "t ..kh..1l \.... z ~z6: W"I~ln, ;nlegr,u,i6. hatamkkal n'nd~lkrl6 i" I",!,ril" k.
;mpropri... i" t.."r<ll"k"" N ..mkfJrltlt". onl"9" m dll.... ;nlegrtilok.
2. ElO'vllltoz(", fiiAAvl>nyf>k St if>ltj es- illtegrfllja
Ki>t .....gPll fiiggv'uy b61. >\;o! f{~) I", q(.l") fiiAAWny..kh Oi illd ulullk ki . lllt'l yek liZ [a.bl vl'W'" ;nt,'rv"l1l1mon ereelmeeve VlllllllLk , Ah ogy"'l a:<t" RI(,;MANN ;ntt'g rltlnAl. itt i>! f..losztjuk "'z inIPrv"lhu",,1 ..I.,,,,;
(8.80<:)
lim j J (r )dr ,
8.2.3.1 . Az intcgralfogalom Altalfmositflsai
b...tAr"'rt.::k.akknr" (8 ,8Oc) h" tJu-f rt,'kcl az
ur"","'''''''' m lrgnll !6rrtrlrrn" k ll"vrzziik,
2 . Im p rop ri ull integ rAl geometrrai jf'lpllt~f>

A (8.79) . (8,80",)"" (l'L 8Ob) intrp;n, Lok ,\wkna k " z "L" h ",l.okn",k" t '-riil,tft adjak. a",dyt.kd az 8.19.
Ab rflll IM,hat unk.
A:
B:
E,J,
1" ,
1
-:- '" lim

~
:r2
fI -""
lim
jj_x
1"'"
1""
l
:r
'" lim In B = 00 (,liwrp;ru").

1J_0<
-:- = Lim
.r~
1I
(I2BI) 21(knn....
_ - _
"" -
rgene}.
H.
462
Int ",."u~:tt Integrti/
46 3
ill~M lPte.ik . ..kkor \"t<-zik .. ( ~. 7(1) int<"ll;rN i:o. A (1:1.79) illt.ry:ralr61 ily,,"kor azt mondjuk, bogy ab-.wlut
az I (z ) fiigg....;ny "buuloil ",tryrtiihnlti lI:t [e . "'00 ) ff!t..ngelyen.
"""""'9. . .,""
2,
0
y
,..
.
0
(8.84b)
~
-.
- -
ff{l(}d >;
- ...oc
f (.r)d.r
intpgTAI konvcrgmciajar,,~. FooIit.... " (I:I$ -k) dlvo,~jAMI kiM>tkrzto.1.hrt oinlr. az (~ . Mh) in tf1tr al
rli~j"""is.
3. kritprium: Ha a
""irJ _
ff()()(h
(~ 14.!l1
int "Cf illha .." .... lyf....
(~ .s.:oa)
h'ti'b-t irunk be, Co; fiKy..hnl,... ~lU.. hos.J.' a ( S . :.;.~h) in~ilI Q > 1 .....-ti-n atJon h&tivf:rti>klwz mn-
"""".
0)
b)
(~ _ .'!-Ial
lIZ
"
..
Ilkkur
bO x
",(x ) fii~':'uY"'k,,' f<'nnILIl,

l(x ):S .."Ix ) h.. a:S.r < +00 ,
krit e rjum: Ha llOl I (z )

f(x) > 0 ...ix) > 0
b.. <1.
. C:
1..
.u = lim
----;:i
:=:=
_"- I...
I' .u
-
A l +r
:s
= lim r..n~~8 -MCtgAl "" .: -(_.:.)

:::: '
3. A kon ~'''rgt''ncia " ~glOP~ ft"lt PIf'It"i

,J" mennyiben .. (1l.19 J. ( 8 ~) k (t1.hOb) b.alarert"'~ ..k Illf"gh/lt.aroz.il;a ",,1w7...n DlPROldhati,. \"&}' hA'''''1pAn &Z kdrk..l hPnnlinlwt, bogy,~ im[.ropri,uo inl.-griU WllWlg<'I\._ v:agy diV<"TK"'I\.~. akknr h-.t;l .....tu.1Juk a ki"M-tIwz6 ..~ !u ili'riulIlok .-gyikk. ItllIlOl<t oW<" (8.79) inu'l';rillt vin-gAljuk. A (8 l'Ooo)
iut<.-gralt (8.19) tip"'''ir'' AlUithatjuk 4t, h,,1l7. r h.-Iyflx- -r <-rti>kpt hl"lyct!<"l<ih'ink:
.
J*
),u .
..J
-. I (-).u
A (IUlOh) tfpu",j inl"!/;fAlt kJo, [n'''SfAl '-"''$\'' ki>nt frh..tjuk f,,1. l'K}' (8.7'J ) t1pUII"
mtegrAl """"Rg,-k/'ut:
TnX)d,r=j J(l')d.r+ Tf(;T}d.l,

""01 c ..gy t .. t,.z'''' .",',iutl "1oAm.
1. krithi um: Ha
ffiI
f(cr) fiiAAv"'ny ml>jdll"u' llli,,,I"u iit t Iolyton......., b az
(!'l .l'l l)
(0"
<.'lO' (B.Ili),,) Up""'1
(lU ll)
mig hA <>
I _ ti' n divergens. Akkor It 2. kun_rgo'OI"iAltri1hium b61 t<n"4hhi kiiw-tkPZtptf.;.,kM voohAllmk \0>:
H.. "" f (x ) fiiWkty nz Q r < oc illl.<'rv"lhuuOll\"Uitiv, b 11.. \'llll olylUl (t > 1 ,.zAm, hogy ...Io'g ""ltV
x mdk-n
:s
f (r ).r < K < oc

[""n;\ll. ELkkor & (1:1 .79) i"I"K'"'" konw~PTll'. Am .. nnyio..n
:s I !<Z3.tll, bogy
hizol1yooilwIytOl k<"'Ol....
(8.8-5d )
f(x )x" > r: > 0
f..nnell. ..kkor a:7. inl,pgr41 diwrg"lJ~ ( ~ .79 ),
+'" ? /2 dx
I
-1 _ ? ' Legyen (l - -, ekkor - - 2 1'1/2 = -1--' --- I. Az int.-grAl divergens.

+r1+1'
+r
/.n
4 . A z im p rop r-ius in t .. g r alok toll" vpg t .. l.. n lIOro k k ozou i bpn ol"t
AlIWHllyil"", x" T,. .. .r~ ... . t<-t.~d... ",wrillti . l"'lll kol'lAt,." 1Il01l0tou niivt'k,..I6 veg !<l..u ....roaet, azAZ
Ill' f"nnAlI. hogy
r /2
<1<
<
< ... <
<
r...
(8.1:Itia)
lim .eft = 00,
ft_+""
",,!La "" fIx) fiigg vr' ny I}(y~ itiv ",", a
7 < 00 int"rv>\ lhnu"n , a kkoT a" in t.'ItT';'l kOllWT.o;<'lIciaja n llk
k" rd ""'" (1:1.79) vi""~",,,zdb,,to II" alAhhi ""r kOIlW'rKl'lIdil jAr,,:
.
71
72
T~
:s
.~
IJ(.c)ldr
l".s:><:l
f Ix) pro:itiv .... li1.. .~ik olyau <>
If(X)d.r+ ]f(X)d.r+ ... +

z,
f(.r)d.r+
' ._ '
(1l.86h)
8.2. Hatrirowlt
'"
tiorinmobot az int~r~k kon....rRrnriAj4rll VOMtknro vi7.llgNatokmil j,. .. lloW""".Mtjllk. A ~kr" Vt>uatkozbinl.<'1;r&llr.ritmllmnAI (IMet 414. old .) furditot! .. bdy-U't. impro!'ri'Lo intpgrAi kOIlVO"J'g1'llriAjAb61
kOv1>tmt..th,lunk a IIOf kOIlV'Prg,nriajol.nl.
0,
8. 2.3. 3. N emkorla t os riiAA"t'>ny intcgrit.lja
bx
0 ,
0 a
oP fi n k iOk
1.
1. A d..fl.nkiOjobbrol ny it o tt , vagy J:art int..rvallu m ra vonatkoaik AJ: j {z ) fiwrnY [<I, b)

jobbrOl nyitoH intcrv..I..hWlra Yt>wo,tkrrU> imprnpri"" inl.tV"aIjiwak a dcfici<-iOja
mint RZ [a,'>'
zirt intf'l"V1l1lumra VOII . ..tlwlli> , &hb.ul N: fW'thPn. h.. "b poothan lim,__ f (~) eo Xl. A <lmn>riii miookk
'IfO'''''''''.
b) laood (M il)
Il20. iLhm.
......tlwon:
/ J(r )u
~.
f(;r) u.
z;!~
(~,~7)
B:
H" ra .. bat~ ..Ir.It1.ez.ik. >lkknr ~ik . ill. kon''''rvm az (S.i9) in~ it' ;.,.. 1;-"" . '"'YO'.... "",.,.,po....
mt'?"'ilroll.-uliWk. H.. " h.t.Ari-rtJ'k nPm ~ .Ilkkor a:l: inteyN lK"U1 Jrwli k. ill. ncmlwnWl'l:f'J""
AJ; illt.PgriJ..... alloc do,"","", .."pntl'".... 1n,...,...ur61 t>eoz;.hluk,
2 . o..fillic it'lbalml nyitott . wgy Urt in ten'all umra A~ f (z ) fUggv"ny improl,ri,... u,~raljau..k
df"iinlrihjA ~ ha IlZ (0. bi mu-rv..llum'" vnn>ltkozik. mint ha ,0 . II] ~ int<-rvallumra v~o\IlIAnk
Ilkkor. b.a IlZ a polllblln wu.-.. f (z ) = "., ...\ (S.S7) aMlOgiajira;
f (x )4z '"
f (x )dz
(1.1 ,
3. A d.. ftniciO kk. egyma-1 hint]..~c'i. f"lig ny itott inten.,.lIu mra vo na lko;< ik A~ f (T)
fiiggo...-ny impropriUl\ illhogrAljaw.k dmnki6ja g [a. &' cirt, int<>n<>llumrn.. "RY"Ilm Iwl106 (" po'll k,\-(..
tf'Jiow.I (a < c < & l. azu olyan f(z ) fll[P,.1;YffiY!""'. anwlyik k"t "".om""iod"" f<'!;g nyitott " . r) ..... {r.hI
intf'rvallumuo VAl\ i'rtdlD<"%W'. do-. ("1><'lIlltwul Ahal.Vl'rt"kP lim~......- f (x ) = X . a ko..l"tk..w:
~
f( Z) tU = lim j f (Zl dZ + lim j
.-0
(S, ~)
f(r Jdr.
'-(I
Itt K2. "'"' 61'gyw ....UiI fii,Ir,K..tk-n. H..
~ { T f (Z' dz +
11\!.!'J h)
"kkor A ( S . ~U) h"tWir lik",. "" ""Pro"",,,,, ",tegrriI f 6m 'k.' n<>k ""ID' C AUCHYF le /6"rtib.. k 11"\'<'7.'
7.ii k.
2 . Ceometelai jel.. nt ho
A ""m folyto n"" fiiW"l ly..k inugrll.lj4n",k (mint pl. (1l .1l7), (Il./ltl) ..... ( Il . S~,,")) a.z" g<'<ltHf'hi...i jeleut 'g",
hogy v<>liik olyan a1..h"I,ok I,..(il"t<'t i" m..g t Ildju k h""t{\IlY~ "i . " lllclY('k ('gy f(igg,; I' 'gl",,,,,,.ilHl'' '''1.' \ n IIt{1l
"vi'gtf'lf'nlw ny,i lo.. k ( 8. 20. flhrll )
A: [ dZ .
" ..ji '
"(Il,/ltl)_'t ..zlllg11lflri")lont:z "'O.
[~ = .-<>
lim(2Vb [ u v~r -= lim
.--(I ."';J:
19 z 4z =
..
C:
limJ.~
, --(I
'2_.
tgz d.z = lim [In('()ll 0 .~
r .u li......m j~_, ~ _
,"'U .
j' -a--v
j'
_~
lim [
'L
.u
,..... l?fr
(konwlgen'l).
= lun ~(2" _ I )'" lim ~(-t _ pl3) = ~

.~2
1-02
2
.........--:"
" I I = lim
t: t:
lim
-s
Iim
ikon.....-rgrn~).
r - I
....... _ ~
:::
101 ,.-e I +~
= .li--(1
m ln(il - I )L i - ... = .lim
n ll (l + 2+ ~ - I) - ln JI ...
_
-1
3.
(di .......-g<"'DS)_
,, (,<l.89A )~tILing1IJ&ri,opont:r=::I:I .
r - 1
= x
(<li W'I"F;f'll.~).
A d iff..r..n cial- <'s i ntt'grA I"7Am(tlL~ Il.laptMe lpn..k a lkalmll.zMa
I . F igy.. lmezt .. t .... (!l.ll<Ja) tfl""'" ;rnpmpl1uI' in tt'l!:riLlok IllO"ghalJ\rn7.AM a
r. ..hoi
F' (r ) ~ f(z)
(1l.\lO)
formula (lasd 447. old.) llK"hallik'l><"lkalll~kor. h.. g laoIIJ illt<:fYallulllballl""o"7.ing\lIiLri.~ ponto-Jc..t ftgy'-']m..n kiVlll h"lO'juk d u tVlI hilw\kat okoahet.
E, '-so' WIn <'!,!;" D p<'ldanAl, h.. ",. a1" l'u-k lt ......k fOflnllliAAn II1kA1mav."k :
j ' r2Idz
_I
- , --
- I
In{r' - I)L. = lu J-ln J
-= 0 ,
Mig a Vl\IOMgh.~n l'Z "'" lllt "gTnl div,rl'\' Il".

2. Altalilnos szahaly A d itf,.rf'IldAI. "" iut ",,;ni.[,q.Am!tllll ,.]"l' t"t~l<'t (8.89;,.) ' '''ak ,"' kor IIUII:>Il.rl hfL"'.tlMui. h" iL7, f (I) prhuitlv fiiAAVi'nyl1, .. MiUl\:ulflru< hf'ly ~n f"l yl.<'nOf'Mli, I,-.h..t t " " " i,
F: A D pHdaf>an "" In(r 2 - I ) fiiAAvo"nywk "lI z '"' :t I h~IY"n ,.uIIw!AAA VlIIl. (gy" f"nti fdtet<>1nem
t<:lj"'s(iL Ezz..l "ulIlbpn 1\ C 1'(>I,lflbfln "z y =
2JE) = 2Vb
~lcoo; (.:2 - f)] = x
,.~ ; " (Il. ~Jal......t . .w~ront;I = O .
l ., ~J:
L,~
D:
a (,'l.~7l......t ......ingu\Ario.pont :z "' ~.
f(z)d.c = [F( r )
(8.S9IO) hatAn'r1"k nem wtezik. <:II.' lIZ AlAhhi ig..n
f( ZlrLr } ,
[I' tl';zrLr.
J..~ ~
.~
465
HI' '' (M.86h) ""r kO/lWrg<'lllI, ekkor .. (1'1 .19 ) inlgrAi ill kon .....rg..ns """ a (tl.l;6b) eor ~h'o'l ''IO''',,]I'i.
Ha .. (8.861 rli.....rg..n.. Akko! .. ( ~ . 7!;l) illl<'ltrAi ill rlivPTgpl\." 19y a sorokre von.atluT...., Ium""rl(f"wi"kri-
", t~rril
~ z ' /:l fiiggvtuy.lI./ui "Z 1". 0) "" (0, bj intf'TV"Un lllOk" " ~
primulv fiiW'pny<> "'" X = 0 lJ..lYPll f"lyhlllOf'Mli, t.. h..16 ""hot" C p,;].la " J('g"l<lA.""kor alkaimll.Zhatjl1k
IU !. Hal4ro : oH "'Irgni/
<6,
a7.
/."
a1apti'tRlt,
~e~.I"2131
Vi
/ _I
-I
M .. gj.. gyzetl: A I,rillliliv l\1,II,gvo'ny <It-tinirj<'>j4hAA .....nIlO' volt. hogy win,\"uiitt dilf....."',wl"'to. Itt ..
primiliv mggv~ny..k .-...z..kapaooLi:<arol van ><d>.
Improprius int",g ral kon v.. rgpnd AjAnak
f' 1"g~ges
f("!tHeI"" ha az in t eJ{/"andu!I
~.)
1/(r)1 dr inl~" Jiou-:<ik. Akknr IrtPTik AZ [ /(r) fix integral i><. Ebl,,'u a;t, ...... tl ... o ..iMwl"t
kon"",.,...... Inttynilr6ll-.riiiuk, i... Its) ......wlrit mt~ fU9<ptin, a kl-tdi.,.... inl.crVlU.llllllon.
f'-lggV~ny &I: .... b) illl<'!'V>lJhunnn pozitlv. "" ha 1M.e.ci.k oI~'1W <I < 1"""",. i"'lO' .. b-Iw.c
k..-b r-....v b-krr r..nn41J. hngy
f(.c)(b-x)'" < X
(i'l_911.)
Akkor az llltqtr&l koD~"'" C~""J,,}. Ha 1....I.i lI.Z /(.1") fiiuvi'n~' "'" ,G.b) ;W'rvNlnmon pozitjv.
~ l'1J <r > I aAm lisr. boo .. b-b<. ~ k"""h r-hti'k..kre r..nnNl:
/(I)
!(r)(lIo-z)'">r>O.
Mkoraz
"hi"""
Mil ""ltoW fiIgg....nve, " lI ul

117....,.... ffigg....hPu parlUlll'leruck Df'wzfwk. Sok . "" otl.... , "" F(,)
fflggWtly mAr l"'lll ('1<-1111 fliAAvOuy. A l!!~2) integra.! lPlIf't kOzOn.""'g.... '''fO' unpropri I>< ml'~.ol. ""
/ (r.,,) int<'gl"llIId.... J,.J..ot koIl<i.l.uo. V"#:j n<'In IInrIAtofl. P" rlllll" u-rtO! f,-lggO impropnus iJ.'l.<WA1uk Ium
.....rg<'IlciAjAra VOI",tlu.al> .lmi1t Ii m.1tg.. llt'InlA....,k t..t.iJ.w.I<,>k pI. 11l,41btu.
hll Y > 0).
(K!13)
'I
<Iy
y """';'n f" lII'''IL
/(r,y) <i.r=
iU .. ::;
.r
:5
1>. c -;;
"961
.r"u] dy =
J.' [[.. . tI..r

/.1 ~ - ~
dy]
in 1 1" I> jOObra:

I+a
r..I00....lho:-t6.
A hAl oItWon an kapjllk _ bo,u:
d.r A b"tiLroZlltlM inr..,;r4lt
ln r
kif..~ni_ A hatarozott illl.t'gn\l i.Il..m..
D: Int..,;rAljuk ;oo: / (r . y) =
i-ttrlll",h"l1
ItO ft% .... ",11I1"l1y:
/.
IIf'1tl
' ~-~
(~~;l)Z fii~"'ny~"OS r
1<'''''t..I..mi fii~yt'kkrl
1+1>
-1--" - In -1 u.r
t ..
:5 1.0:511:51
(0 < " < 1.
~"J>oo. AfltggW-ny
a (0.0) ponthM niIl<"> .. rt .. lmf'7.' ... iltV a ( ll~) f'>I1T111la nem alklUmao:h"to . A p rOM. ('T("(lmt'nyt.:
fi -;rl
_,
o (r 2 --.- !i' j2d.r = 1"2+11 1... "" l + y Z ;

' ll-r
v "I
I
/.o (r2 +1I)2 dY=r'+!fI~=-r+l;
/.l
0
dy
,"
l + tjJ ""Mt'IIIII. = '4;
d.r
.. r2+ 1
/. '
llITl
I'"
l: rl, = - '4 -
8.2.5. In tegr alas sorfcjtesscl , specialis nom cloud fiiggv(>nyek
1. TM..I Hil " ( ~.U'l) fiil\ll""uy i'!1<'!tn'.,.'.... ""n >\Z c. ::; y :5 e int,rv..Jlulll{ln '" /(J',y) f" ly!.<)w.. 1U
" ::; r :5 b. r :5 y :5 .. lil\I"j" lltm ... ""n y ~7....nnu ImI'(" i,u i>< d''Tiv ,u tjlt. "kkor It [c. e' i" t.rr-v"lhu"l",n
/(.r ,r) fI-tq\'kly
!li /1")"] i [i",,).,]"
/.
8.2.4.2. Ditfert>llcifl.IA... az intcgraljcl mogott
t "t.. ,.;'" ,..,....rinti
""1\ "" ....
r..nMlt
'F
G ",mmaffigg" {>ny ""It" EULER- fpl.. m A!oottfaj u intt"gl'aJ ("""1 469, old.):
(lull,""rgrn~,
(1l.!N)
..j,l
~pou fol)"torlOfl. llkkor
a 1 -'-31
j(z.,)dz = F(y)
;r'-'e-' d.r
dr ... J(y)!{tl(Y).N) - 'l'(Y} /(o(y) .lIl .
H", a (0.92) ruw"'nya [c. e] int<ornt.llmnon i>rtt-1lIlt'""""
31 -;; e
te. '"
eo /
J"'.1 8/~.Yl
8 .2..t. 3. Integrftlil.<; az lntegealjck-n bcliil
[{J.'
8.2.4.1 . A parameteres integral ddinici6ja

.u alahbi hat.aroxott int..,;rAl
r (y)
= '2 lnl -.- !l
Eh....n az <'Sdbcn ",t~yi..n bPliil nll'f"il<i.roIl....w-1iiuk.

A : Inu-w aljuk az / (r , r ) = ;rlfltgWnytaO:::: r:::: l.a:5,:5 I> ~_Al';rfl1Q'Tn}
... .r = O. , = 0 hd.)'t:'ll Dines rrt ..hIM'TVt'. "" .. > 0 akkor folytt."'.... 19y .... intf'grAlit..~ o;orroondjr
8.2 .... Parameteres int egral
....,l
(!:I.9th)
inhvil.di~(8,~1.
/(r"lu
:31 /
1. l la A:>: [
All'
1 1 ")1"
llI"ctgy+'2yln l+,r
A" Y - 0, ..kwr a fn lyt orlf-"lti f..lti-WI n... lll.dj.'$ul. 40' itt nil"'" rlrrivAlt.
AltalilllosiU..~ paramet.. rt6 1 ffi gg6 int.. g racin.. h atA ro k ......t en A (K 94) fortlllllAt AltalAnoIIithlltjnk. hI' "" a(y) ffi " 3(y) fi"tgg....I1Y'k '1Jl.Y1UU\Zl>n frltkrlrk uielleu , mint IUn..l"..kt>t (8.94)-nrl
lI\<'lI;kivintunk "" Ie. "I int ..r ,.a1I"rnhall ,1..finiAl"" 'IUI""k. fnlytt>ll<ltWLk ,... tliff,r"...,i8.lhllwk. rs M ""
r;o at,). r = J(y)~lx'k"", .. ::;; r::; 1>, c::;; JI:5 "t"gWajK>l.IIt'l1l1laK.VjlU<"':
npm korLIltOll
2. Ha
" '(
2.
~intcrvaJ.l"llIokon V<>tt
4.
11
Pt-nba: ~ ar<: lg-;d.r ="ITtgY+ '2yl" I+JI;dll
_!(8ln_ IJI)",,~
467
1 0/
lq- -) "
- .
~
" ..nl mindip; I..h..~ IU inl"Kr,u t .I,'mi fiiW";lIVt"kkd klf'J<'"M'i. lIIi'lll<kk"r ...111. h" lU. int..p;r"" rlU" d" mi
fiiggvt'ny. Sok """then I\Z ily<'ll "'./11 ,./,,"', ;nl"'1',i/" l' ."r,'j li_l "dh"l<'>k lUCK, H" lIZ iu u-gr,,[)<lus az
[a. b] inlRf"l\Uu mhan "I';y..n !'-t<:....u kUll""rs. '[)~ ""rl... f,j t l...t ll. "kk", . 1>1>6 1 t,,!,:ullkt'nti illt(,!\fil! a."",,1 hallOulo kt' p l",n" hat arow tt in t'v;r" luk l'I~y..n l.-t' ''''' lJ k"" ...... IW" t~ "ocht llY"rjiik
t "Kni.lr".
1.
lntegrtilszinusz (l xl
< 00 ), ( I{",.j
,
Si (.r) =
sill!
1r
-,-dt=
'2
-
723. o ld . i,,)
I _,_d
'iut '
II:.<
,
f fill dt
hatarozott in -
.
H.t. H ,,/.IirmMt mt"9rm
468
j.'rf (l ldt = uri (x) +

2.
In t l"gJ"Alkos zinu sz (0
< Z < 00 )
~ (",-"
(1'\ 102<1)
-1) .
,' ..rf(.r)
2_-"
---;;- = .fi"
469
(8.102<')
Gammaffiggve ny ..... ftlktoriAli~

l. D<-finkiO :\ g(Jm"",jiig'l""n,. a mNoorlf"j(, El'LERf~le lntrgr41 (8.931. k'hetOv,'
a faktoria.fu<
fog.,J1YI.iUuo.k kitpt"jP.ozl~ tl'td~ seerinr.i r lV.Autulr.r... rnt'g knml'''''X lIZAmra iIo. a n'1l .. tiv~"",," ""......lIok
kivitd,;,....l. Kiot fi>"" modol1 definiAlhAtjllk:
6.
. lv
-,-dl '" C ... lnx -
Ci (r) _
= C + lll r -
r' ..r'
- -' - -
3.
4.
2'2'
4.,f'
j'I-~'
- -, - "
LI (z ) ",
j -.u
<r <
- _
c _ _ J "-' I.11 I Jt = o.5ml~

In t pgrAlioga r it m l1.8 (0
,,,,,,,,i
I , b. 1
Ill'
i 1:' I03b)
(E ULER-f"'" lwlJ..~tano.)
1;),
.C ... lu lluzl +hu .. -(hul'

- _
2' ~
luI
"kkor Cauchy-fe....foertEok )
.-- ( In .l")~
Int ~'1fo " pon .. nd'lis ffigJP".ny (-00 < :z < O . ha 0

C auchy-few fMrt..k )
<I <
00. akkor
~cit-C+lnlrl+r+~'22,"nn~"
Ei{T) _ j' t
( ~ l oo..)
Ei (llir)=Li (z )
(1.'.1001,)
(n - 0. 1 2.
rll_ I):n'
~- 7
=u
,,!P"
5. Gau_ fN.. hibainh'gral " hihafilgg vi-ny
j' " .It .
-'. -
rm ~ 2]" ' '' ~ v''
r (n ~ ) (2n )l.fi
2
r (-0 -<- ~) (- l)"n''P'' ."fi
?
A G Al;SS.fi,lP hitWLintfoSrAl ....t<-IIlIt':ti'lli tarwlu&:nva:
( ~ . l o-ta)
r(.r+ 1) =,rr(.r ).
( ~ .9'J)
nn'
A gammafiigK'o'eny tulllj<lon""'it"-i
r(.r ) r(l - .r) =
I
<l> (r ) _.j2;
l~ IU3a.)
(.r :> 0) .
r(I ) = / .. -'t Z-' dl
Ixl <
x . Ekkor
(IS.I OI,,)
}~I,;. 4>(r ) - I .
(!l.IUI!
(ll . lOk)
(2r,)!
(:r / O. 1. 2.
J/.-"
dt '"' U'o(r.j2) ,
(8.10:2,,)
}~~"rf ( x } =l.
(n - 0.1.2.
(8. 102h)
(!'. IU2<')
.).
(0 = 0 . 1.1. . . .).
(8.10-k
\l:U(l.If)
fiiAAV" "~' ",'gf1-<iogfov..l ki l..h.. t \ <rj.",zt.. ni trt .'I7fi1rll"" Vl\IOoo ""'lUokra. trvpnY"""k" kov<'lkczO<N<7.I:,f'; Il
g<.....k;
(K ItK>b)
.r! - I 23 .r.
Pw.itiv '1\""'" I """"mokra:
5
)
2 (
r'I
.r
( 1)"x 2M+ 1
Nf( X) ' ".;;
' - I---'---+"'+
+. .
1! 3 21.5
tl'.(2n+ l }
(I: UO-k)
(8.10-1d)
III '" 1'( 1) '" 1
(!:U O&<-)
oo.
(8.10.:><1)
.r'
.)
H_ .nli> j ..\O)f,..-k i-. ..i-n)'t"""k kompl ..x lU'R' ,m..nlull"""tA'u i/o .I" z kompkx ,..,.li.I.11ra l-..... k R<'(z) :> O.
3. A fakto rtalls foga lmana!< a lla llmOllilha .\1. "ddi", o,;Jr, I'0:r.iti~ f1l,....... ~7.Amolrra i'rtd.lllPZRtt
jlJitoflliJ.... f"llalmat (la..-l 12. old. ) ""
.r! : r(r -1 )
(lU 05>l)
cr f (.c) =
(:l.l (l.lb)
.],
I
1I1I.r:-2'
G)' -rm ~-;
(8 .10,*)
(-;),=rG) =v"
(!:UOt,!")
470
(H.lo.>g)
T<>t.~7"'" l'Zl'rillti I"'lO' "';"001:
(> 10 ) f..kt.uriA!i.... t, I'>rt JI "".Amok.. ! ill. ki'Jl.t>li1.h,
.. )
(IU~i)
In.n;
.-\ r (r ) "" lI"{Z) fill1;gWnyo-k KOcbht ~ 8 .21. ' bra mutatj....-\ 21.8. tablazatban " ~""kPk ___
..."..l"d,.
7. Elliptik ll" illtegralok
A 11"\;'" ..Uiptik, .. intrKrAlok ... (\aIod443. old .) " kilV1"tlwW .....rf...j~
K .
[-'I""::';"".,."
}
Psul ll:2~ [,.
~k:
(!.2)"._(~)' "
2..
(~ .l (l(il
24 6
3 . A v;\lMztott pontban Cd"""t
!-/I """'.,,. ~ [,_ (!)' ~ _(!.2)' ~ _(1 .3.')' ~_ 1
2 -1
2 -16
t.
ahuI.
! U,.",) f,i QVI-mi-.-u-ko-t
m~llir. a
(b. I07)
5.
~1~tAroz~llk AZ alAhhi
iiIoI<t.q!; Mtar-;r1"ki-t '
e<1
{S. I09ol)
8.3. Vonal int eg ral

Az inlcg&lf~ kiil'->n~ irinyyok'WUI.u~Iha.tO ..'mig a. ~ h"\.lIcozou int.-,;r1U in
t<>grNi6lo IA[1.om"lly>o II ~ ~ ~illl .. rwillllilla. II vonalinl~. mA~ ph....l (giirlor." .... h ontrgnil ) ill~u tRrtoInAnY"~' lIikhrli "lI&Y '-V tfrgOrlx- CfO" <!arabja. F:z A7t jelceni. hc'l(Y oIv>UI
........<>gf'k w..tirl'rti'k'1. krmw<lik. IUnrll'f'knpk lIZ~ooi <'KY !,:orbM.6l.. "'" int"Wlwi6oo ,'l Ui, ! fllAA....
""k. Hil A (l:&rb<-. ftZIOZ lIZilLl<Wl\06oo "I 1J\.rt ...k kor Il vonll1i.tII.-gr&l II,","" .wnnttynil ~1..p.ijK'lIl>ozl<-tiilLk
I. tip'l><u. 2. tfp'l><il No41Ial411"" ~'nn1dinl"Sr4.1l.
8.3.1. 1. t tp usn vo nalintegr-al

8.3. 1. 1. Deft nrctok
t,p...... ,,,,nalmlr'J'Yil ""lO'
..J,
lI.lTa ""' ......In. ha mindPn.-g:...... .1._, 1 .. k-mi iv,w"b b<- uu\U.hoz lIlrt. #OS fgy >1 IArt" :xc -bez.
Ha (8,109a) w.t.a.-enkk.. 1o:>t1"Li1r. f1< f,iKgrtlm az -t, a. ""' M, poulok 1Il~.w...zt..Wlti>1."kkor a nn't' 1.
11"puni ......lIlinlctlnil no "jdOl"""":
! (x.JI)ds =
1..~ t!({.",),l_,
.-~
( K}
(1:\.1091,)
' KI
Az ! (x , JI) fiiAA'-6I~'r61 ilY"Ill<ur lOl.t lllouJjuk. bogy .. K ",nrht- 1llf'IlIi'n iult-grlUhalO.

URYIU,f&y J ..firWiljuk" lmc<>mV>i.Il<-q..... It = ! (I. ~ . z) fiiWII.v 1. til'"",'1 vu,uol'uUW.4Jjil.t. MA:I'. inUWA-riOtc ill ''KY li-r!i>rbc ivdar..hj",
i, "" .:,,-,<ig<m "../1 , .. ''V'dlnak nevezzuk at.
(IU ~)
/(r.JI )d..
l",tArowU int"l(T.4J I. "hoi"
"""I. .-t,
.I . Az fRy nyt'rt >1 <lara!> !U,. ", ).1" ,_1 ><Wn:Atl>t r - . -Ijuk_
Az I'lliptiku~ in~al"kno V<>t\IllkmitI07JunIlda.toI"r.t a:< 21 .7. tablilzal ~
1.
portitivnai<
.1, _ liv~.
E.
8.22. il.hra.
8.21- Aim ...
!(r.!I) ''lO' ii,",...fiiAAo l....-wm~y"l1 ;'rt<'l""'ldt kitvillt",.t..< fiigp;v'lI.v.
Az int<-I':rli.l....t 'W . 1I7. ..gypnl 'll'v,l m"w"l"tt M!kJ:;orlw K sa .4.8 iv{'u v{g<wliik .. 1. A k,;rd""'... fvdlll'I\h
ll!O'I\uahl",,, II ""rl.omAnyl",,, van r... " 11<'... inle'lnici,;"- ,it, Az l. tip"'''; vonaliut''grAJ .d,rni-rt.i-kl>l "
kovet kr-zd lll"d"l1 hal....uI<I.uk ll"'jl (8. 2 2. fihrll )'
~
1. Az AlJ Iv,J"r"hol, fd, ...ztjllk" <Iamb ck-mi fwlarllhkli.rl\ 1..1"Z{.,. ",'>riut v"lI"".I"U .-II, A" ... , A~. I ,
l'0lltokka1. k..zdvp "z A iii! A" k,'",llll-'<Jllttal 'w""''nllz llt"j"" H A~ poutig.
=-
2. MillJ,'!O'ik A _lA, pl"lIli Iv 1...l.",jM,,n vagy ..

"IllJ<'k k"o"liuAtAi: {, r...,~.
lm"'n"" kivli.l"",.l.llnk 'm' td,,"'" ""...rhui
M, ]"'lll.ot,
(I\,]o<k)
8.3.1.2. Egaisete nc iatctcl
r... .. (8.1O!k) 1. tiPll~(1 v"nl\lillt,grll1IM.. ~ik, ll/1l\i.!(x.y), ill.
A:I'.!(r,y,=) fiiW,;t(v" K
,,,. "1':,irb"Il<'k utt r"lylo ll"""" vJ\.llm.... o'rinUljP V"". !Il,,,,ki'llt fov;a1Illa:lva ;
..ho,.ll "" .."etlwn Il khdi
h"t"'i'rtik<k lH<"f.I ...k ,'", fiiRgPtl,, k M A, ....a Jr, pont m"""'J.""zt"""\i,1.
Az !(x, y, z) fiil'\gvi'llyrGI iIY"n k"r llZt 1l1l>lldjllk. hOllY" 1, gi'.rh n"'lllh, iul"Rril.lh"I.',.
A (8,10%)
{v~ulut.-<z m,'nto'n
fulyton'
8.3.1.3. 1. t1p ns{l vo nalinu-gralok k isz{u n ltA.;fl
Ii.~
I.
Ha
VonaJi"t "gn il
473
A z int eg r aci6!l ilt elO'f'nlf' te parami-ter- a lak ban is u:>e rt

f'gy ~ik"di
1>ll1l1llli>tp..,. 'It '1t\'f"nlo-t.-i J
f(.r.JI)d., -
I/()
.r(t) f,; y
y(I). a kkor:
J[.r(t).y(I)JJ r(t)J2 + [y'(t) 2dt.
(11110.)
=.r(t) 11 =11(1) eo. ~ =
~(I) ..kkor
r-
f(.r.,z)d.,,,.
l/(l
fi.r( t).JI(t),:(t) J .r'(t) 2 -.- 'y'(llj1-.- :z'(t)?dt.
L-
d.
1....1
tl'n:
f(z.,)d.t= I I .r . Y(.r)JJ I
lKl
y(r)2dr.
A II: inhonloOgo'n#>rlx..wab tOnlf'g<'
.\ f = I
SUlypont. koor<linatAk
'c
,.,
(tLIII...'
f(r.,.
~)d.t =
SikgorlM' t .. hrtMlnL~ n~mAti'ka lIZ
z." ~Y"krP vonat komow

TkgiXhr u>bf'U>tJen.~
uynm.Mloka II. koordinaU\-tp~\'f'kno
te.un
""
.
II b IlZ A ..... B poDtok
t, =
..J"",.
Sik~b.- ""
.r.y--",1;han
8.3.1.4 . Az 1. tiPlIS(1 vonalint egral alkalmazasa
I, - I
{~ ~lpd.t
gill
f (r. lI) dr
.... )
H ..-gill l>e
rnt.qr-rU (I\Z L-. y- \"'lO'
(111 12,..)
~- teng..ly ....)
1.
.... )
illkgtAI;;,,; ,,1. ,j{....lll" t {wl ,,<Iot t ~ik ""gy tl-rgi;rb,'''RY K =AB """k3.s7';;'lla k "'" z., V- VIIRY Z-lf'lll': ,IYr<v.... 11l v.. tiil.t.~n tOrtiulk. A ~ illt" ~r""i"'" fit ngylU,....bhllllll t."rl.om{\llyball vnn. A 2. til'''~{1 vouahllt' !-:nu t.
lIZ . til'''~'lh,,~ h,",<>ul6a u k"pjllk. ,,1.1.11-111 kiiliinW gg<'1, ho!O' " hammdik l"I"".n ~la1. /({"'I,), ill. nt,
~
filggvi'llyi~t<"k, 1
I. = I (,r2 .,.. Z2)pd8
b.-]y..-tl....it..tu.
:Ill
+ W(.r)J'dT
...
J()(~) + [If(<;)Pd;
d.
J!r(t)12 + [y'{t)Fdt
...
J[.t'(tl]J + {y'(tlP'" [z'(t)]2dl
V,-,tite.. az x-t,-,n ge1y re:
(1.1.1 121
ahul f( .r. y), ill . f (L. y.:) ''lIY"""". fillQ>;lI t./u t <>"U\llYOl1 (r!<lrn'-/..:-t! kft-. ill. harom vA!t.ut.u.. fi;AAV""Y. ,\ ..
uem 1\1. elemi R;irl""'za.ka.'<'l b,-","uval (.-t;_I A,) vpl, hall"'" p" " pk ~ "KY ik
koor<li"ilt"t..ng.. lyrt' val6 Vl'tiil,ti-vd M7A>rml.. uk. (S. 23. a b ra. Ja,;d 476. old.).
I ({" '/;. (,)
Par """-wr...."]MIlit&~ d.....kll7.i'igl1

koor dinat-likkAl r - zlti.y - y(;i. Z
(/(\
"" ..In........, ;..........alAh!.i lu.t4-
1(.r.II,:)d.r.
Vag)'
Pi,,)
h"
,.,J"....
... vi
Pa.ran..:>t~'Il'o; ,lMI.liLM d......lo<v3gt1

koor dinaU kkaJ ;r = zitI. II =
8 .3 .2 . 2. tiPlIS(1 vonalintogr-al
,~""If.,..
" 1 ","-,-;k."1 k<-ll
(! _
y(r) <iP....kw.Ogt1 koor<iilw..ak
'-'
PolarkoordinAt.Ak .;. p
A 8.7. t ilblitzat ban taWbatbk .. vouaiiut <.W,u ki>CZOUllitiwilioz "",iik";.g",, i..... l."....k kiili'llIhi'n-.6 k<>or d i
nat..--Il'l..w~ ....kb..n.
J,=
(r .,. :J)pt...
,.,
zc=
,~
I. - I
Homogf n giirbo!'k .....lhllI- fpnti fonnulio1r.b.o
aboI No
1Ii~. Itt if; t.PIj.....-uuiPbon lIZ II titi'fOlku.r minrlm pontMk lIZ .rt,,ug..ly.-n pontoMn '"&Y pont f..JooI
wcg.1LZIlZ "l/;.V .u...,.K--"potlt '1Q'o'rtdtll,'Wn m<'ghat.Vm7A a gOrboo~' pontj3t..-\mMlII)..-iben <"'l rwm t..1pm.. A7. i\"lWahot tOhh rNU ult' rvlli.hunrll-lU'lI honuwi iig)'. bogy PU"k lIlin<k-g:.-iIr... ""1V"J..ljl'h ... f" ut i
w"...wllllo'-nyn..k. A.~ Iv~.. vouatkozi> VOll&!i"uowAl ..kkor ~...nlO],."z .. n-in\.f'rYallumolcTlI"Oll&lkozi> vonaiintcylUok r-z..g""..I.
1. D..finlci6k
t . lip...... w ....i"'t'"9ttil VI'\fI.Y
rosen iUkgr lllok nak
.r~. lk=I ly~
I I
... (8. 11Ob) t.Pri>ooli ..-lM'u
fl.r. r(r). :(r) Vi + lr'(rf2 - ;z'(.r) J2 dr .
(e _/(;r.,,:) ~iirl'W-gfijAA"i-ny)
,~
(!d~
(IUIUI.)
..
ahoI. ,;..lenti a t paramo"tI-r htJoko't a:;cA VOlithAu..... T j<-lPIIti a I ~ nti-kilt o'rto'kk a B ponthAu.
."-'< A (,; a B pont.obt {'Y ~I ~al-ztani. hnY a t. < T f..lti-t<.-I wljrsiiljOn.
2 . A z int pgrk ..... ilt "'KYf'II"'t" f'x plicit ala kban is m '-'r t t = r hf'ly..-tt<'8it........1 (tl. llo..) .,fk .........
A K g(irb...-larah hos.w.a
..
T lorlM'li int....gr ...:iUI< ,it "",\<;n. ha.r
(1l. U :J)
t",
J
J
I(.r ,y) dx
".li!:'-o t
(K)
I(x ,y,:)d.:r =
( K)
. -~
4}.i!~..... t
.- ~
(8.114)
f U." 'h)l:t.L,_, .
,.,
l ({,.Th.(.) l:t.;r.
(8.1Hb)
15.:t.
1.
H.
2.
!
J
/ (r . /J ) dy =
1 ~)
re
"""
'"'
A L ,;Jtalit.z_ tipw"j vowo.Iilltegni.1 J"IPnti Pp;)' ll:0rbn<u.Jg"q IUllit"'lI Idl~t.I<o W'" 2 tip.""j VOl:Itilint<>grl\!j4-
,}~?..... i: t.. tj,.{; ).1;;_ 1
1 (1' p )d: - .
.- ~
J!(r.,ldI - /
(!'l _ I1::"') ~n:
A8.
f (x ,y)dll =
("'J
'"'~
(S. 114h) .." diu;
l (qp )dJ =
I /(I
(tU l~h) "",'I"'lI:
(l'. l1ti), ... ,tfll:
integ
va l,', .
tu:
kO<Jr<
flI (t ),y(t ), :{t )]r'(t )dl
.~
It.
( K)
K )
lIt.1t.lano-lip.....u w:>DIIiint..-grl\! v..kt......... hPltI\,....tiwJlnl. Jt.1unintrgy A1kA1It1"7AMnl" morlut.nikahan
X .. ktoranal.!:;;'" W~kl n ll..I ff'J"Zo"1.I >f'fl (lNod (,,"2. oM.) kPnil AOr.
A z altalanos t ip Utiu vonalillt~al tlllajdoll~ai
j (Pdr -QdY) = j(PdJ-Qd/J ) -t- j(P dr + Qd/J) .

All
(!:U 21)
A~
Cit
,tC
int.. graci6s u t m ..g(ordit ......
It.>:
inl.-grAlp!lij..lI>lI"k
m.-gvit.lt<>1~
\'<'Zt't.
(,-,l .I 22)
[ (PdJ-Qd Yl = - j (Pdr +Q dY)
(1'.1I 1lo:- )
4J
3.
Al uUol va l6 fiigg6slog AhJL1AMll/\ V<lull.liul'WAI ht'k. ""J>lIl('1/Y flly,g" k....dt'i--"' ""m",nttill

mt<waciu.. uuol ( 8 .25 . abr/\ ):
11<, ItUllt " "
to
sen
(8.11&1)
10
Ill. to. ill. T l'i t IIl\f"mr t<'T {'rt{'kd ..... lvdara!> .4 k'-LdoPOlltjiihllll , ill." [] V"KllOutj"IJl'ill. lu ,""'. I, 111' 1l~(1
vOll"!illl"ll:rAlt"l ,,lI,'ulHh.,u ,...m All r" nll a to < T kiivetdllll'UY
l\.1..-gj.. gy~#o~: A1. int..Io:I'...jO" '\1 IlIl's:!ordftAMkor. a7.az az A .... B polltuk 1lll'jl,(";!W'rH!-,;,'k"I' "" inh'!!:)',,1
,,)<;j..t..t. Vitt I.,
( Kl
(8 111'1.)
j J( . y,:)dz= j flr( t),y(t) .z{t )]z'(t)dt

1/()
(~. I2Ob)
j (P tlr - Qdy ... Rd: ) = j Pdr j Qd, .... j Rd:
Al< illt~raci"" ut f..los"tha toiirti-nhrt qtV C ~ll ..-.:i~.....1. amdyik ~ "

gnrht'n> "" AB giirbPs:r.>t.kaRzon kivlil i!< ( 8. 2 4. l b ra). &:t...1 1U' lIl~it.lt kk. rt"szin~" bontoUuk;
(1<.12OA)
, K~
Ti-r gorbe'
K )
2.
,
j f( ' ,y, : )dy = j fl.(t),y(t),z(tl ]y'(t)dt
Uq
2.
f f ~rll).y{t))y'(t)dl .
KI
l.
f1.r(t ),,(tlfx'(I)dt
f.,
j (Pdr +Qd,l= j Pdr", j Qd,

, /Ii
2.
t"
(11'1
11:7. 1 .
~t. Ha I\Z l'I<lou fl gOrt><-AkN'7. m.. nt';n ki1. P(s . " l.:'" Q( s ,) ki-tv&It<n.<io< fUggvmv V>t.g,).
hamill P(I, y. z ). Q (r , y. z) '" R (r "z) hAromVl\lt, ....... . fI~ny -.,t!rfillWYB., boa rnoegk-klO2. lip,,",u
vo.wilintet;r&1ok io'l<"'Zl}Pk, akkoc rgy ~ik , ill lrt-xiirl>l-l'f' a:t ...J.abbl fnnnu)Ako'rwliY"""-"k;
1. Sikgilrbe,
nak az
Episzt..nc illt etel
A ts.n .....). \ b. I1::.a). t il_t U b ). ( IU I~) W. (.s.lI ti) 2. tipw;i" ~&1 ~i1r.. M.u f (r . , ), ill.
f Ir ., . z). vaJ,unwt II I\" ivdarab rno-nlk! A ~rb.- folytollOf<. valamint foI~~ II.l>r h.- IUggvPny/'urlr.
drrivillt,iai i/..
3. 2. tipusu "on"linle-gnU kinimit:ba.
A 2. tipu'''; vonalillK1tTAI Ir.WAmililooa vMAVf'2rtb<-l.O . luu<inw:>tt inuogr&l ki1oz4mit.lu<ilc...
1. AI: int~kK. itt ~t'nkt"n.. 1r. param.. t ........ alakja ism,,"
AI; in~ lit pArllll'li't.l'...... .-g)'f'nlf'ttoi:
r=r(t ), ' = 1<' ) i", (atkgOrhr.., j := : (t )
(l'I .ll T)
(IU 14..) ...,..u.1I:
/I.llOl
(tI.116 )
,.1
Aa.w.bbi formulAlc ",IOo\nM;:
8.3.
o,..fink;o
1.
I K)
2.
y-y(r ).
iilf'lVf'
y_y( .).z=z(s-)
(8.119)
.-\z A "' " B pont abt;zci~",,';u " ,~ b. III ""' '' r.. I\Z. ".....,..n-~.A Iwriil
8.3.3. Altalinos ttpusu vonalintt-grAlok
V.. tit es II : -tf'llg.. lyre:
.k
2.
8.3.
(1'. 11;;"')
...1
f (:r.y : )Jy
3.
tPn:
AL iut.-gr.... i.... (It t>gyP1l]t>tf'i "k-, ill. th~)rb., """lion:
~ / ({,.'lo ).j.Y,-1.
....lim
-I-- ~
. - ...
475
Az lutegracios ilt pg)'pnlt't E" .."plicit alakh,m ad oU
2.
V('titk az !,/-tt'llg..lyre:
r<...aJ",t~9T(U
(1:\.123)
{PdI+Qd.Q)f-j (P <ls + Q dy ) '
A: I '"
,IJIJ
(rydr + yz dy + zId:) , ,ulOl r: """,Wl'il"v"lll'il ''RY "w{wt<., r = a <n, I. y
= II Hill t.
Z = bl
(1(1
"
1
-=-=-=~,.,.......,~
{_II"Hin J t m .<f + "JI>tHin t('Oljt
(!>"'" 242, " kl.), /o-t61 T-iR = 2:r: J =
"
'.
+ ab2tC06t}dt = - ~ .
2
s.s. V""alint"ynil
411
....v...nyb<-nlpg:."lI. IUIn"k ....l uk""g.... i.,.. .'I.'Pt'1I"" r..ltk...I.., ht'lQ' lH'''aA'n ~ oIyan kHvil.ltoz6o;; l/(x. y)
fiiw"ny. amf'!yll"k ""lj... tlilf,....n "iaIj .... von"JintrgrAlllll"ll;TlUulll"":
Pd.r-rQdy=dlJ
""Aol
(S.I 2S11)
{JU
P=a; .
{JU
Q:< i}y'
(8.12l:lb)
.)
ll~,
>:,
Az U(r,,) rugg..ofny t .. ba t" (S,12Sa) l.rljfoll rlilf.....nr-iill plimitiv fiiAAV"U)'"'. A fuikihlln lIZ l/{r . y) plimitiv ftiggvi'Ilyt mint <"g}' v.-ktonncW pol<'lltitWj"t t'rt<>llIlt'auk (1Md &1,-,_ old,).
2. ..\ primiti v fii ggvi'n y IH.. T.. .....

A pn.....fir~' lo't~lU'k
PdJ + Qd, kif..jo-7h int,..mJJu.tltWiglin<.tk s:<iik.q",;
r..ll';'1<"I<>. bogy II ~ dPrivaltak <lO"'"IJ6k Irgyrno>k:
b)
i)P
11.23...bra.
..,
B: I "" /
,,"",c
3.
Ii
rU + (ry - ".2) dyJ , AhoI II: .....
1 = [ [ ,,, +
9
(~9 - ~)]
81
II ""
9". parahol>l. Ive lIZ .4(0. 0 ) ..... B( I , 3 ) f>OlItiA
( K)
(ph - Qdr) -+ Rdz.
"r so
s:
Egy Rikbo:-li .. lab a t terUlptpn.. k a kill zAmitkul upik..... I"'''" .. kOrintq!;raJ ..JblmAZA.Wll ax
.,
8Q
lh
an an
8y'
n-a;.
8P
8z'
(Jr
8P
8y:<
(8131b)
8Q
(8.131c)
as'
M (x , v )
l r- -- - - - ,
vOlllllint<'!,:rill"rtrk" n<nk 1\7, A kf'?.rllll'0nt11:>1 ,.,. B Vt-g;><Jlltt61 fiil\Kiou. i.", n.. a;<, okf't r...~l.. k';tll iUh'ltrfl<:i<'",
llu,ol, "".aI, tdll',i... ,.;<A'I'inti A hi B .... t .. ,,~ ....;I.. g.... ACo. ill. A DD ( 8.25. li bra)
(Pd.r +Qdy)
""''''''I
M(>:. y.z)
A(Jlo, YO'.zo>
i
L
____Ji
u.
(lU'll;)
Azt a fdtClrlt. h"KY" vonl\lintesr&1 fiigg .t) .. u 1"llJ"'1J az intrgriici6f; {,ttol a tdl~' d,U..........Bl ",1.. gniJ
haw"tiga neven emhrik.
1. K Md im pn zi6s ...... t
P( r. y) .... Q(;r,!I) ..gy <"gy"Zl'r.....-1I O""'....fURJl::o tnrtomAuyou prtf'lm ....,M1 kPtvilhm6!< [OI}tullUO' fiiw:v';lIY.
AhhlY'-. h"KV II
j IP (I'. y). dT + Q(X, y)dv]
t:
8.3.4. A vonalint egrnlnak az integra.cibs u tto l va lb fllg getlensege
AlJlI
fJ(,'
Q:<i)y'
(8.125)
ahol K .. NklK'li "Wo:at hAliLrgfuhfoj ... Az intl"gr&o:-i600 UI.'rt pceiuvnek ttokiutjiik. ha .... OfllJlI" U. W jAra
!lAval "llcntiot... itiuw,t
,<C1l
sc
(8.13 1.. )
Az illt~ha.tiJAAg ft>!u>tt'!<' "hb..u Al _bm hArom. f'JO'i."'jille:8lTl"gOldandi> <'gy"TI\t'1 .. parciil.li!< do--riVliJIU: kowu. rnel~...klltk fol}'tol>Ol<lllOk ill k..Illrnllilik:
Alftbbi a1&kb&u:
S =~f (Id!J-rdr ),
(8 ,1:1)
PdI + Qd, + Rdz "'- dl/
( ")
j (Pd.l+Qdy)=
YOIWintpgril.l fflQ<"t1rn k,ort-n ... wU>gra.:ih< 'lItO! (1;.27. 'bra) 1woon1O. mint a kd.<lime1W6t;e;etben:
SZl1k""1l-rJ <"g)-' U(S'. y_z) primitlv ff~"'llY 1M..t-~. 1llPt'1Y'"' ft-nnil.ll
(t'I _124)
Alt.a16hana kOrin!A'gAlnullAt6l kiilOab0a6. Ennek ..lI.-nercIrbrt nullAi.~. hAa 477. o!<WonjdulI f<.1ti-1P1
olpul. ~ h.r. as il1t<'grilNo ~tJy ~ tOrtntik (L;.. .,j &4. old.: A konnt.-grl\l dtlil"-.
614. okl. ).
2.
kivanni azt ill. bogy fol.yt<>t>olOtlk JrKy.Ut'k .
j[P(.x.".z)dI-Q(S'.,.z)dy + R (x" z) dz
A korint .. gril fog llim a ." lOnnkqr,","lO' 1\ 7Art in~ uto:o lIZ&rnitott vnnalinl"'(p"AJ.ltl .....
A kczd6poot",,, 0 ~t "O'-ik. Jdo~
""Y
(8.129 )
3. Haromdim..m,iOs
Annak II fr-hi>t..k>, 00,;,.. ..
1.
(ph"t- Qdr )
'"
i),
Ea-ln61 TfI"lt krll
d, = 61-
Korint~'1
OQ
eo. ..l~
A{lloo-
yo>
8.26.
r.!lTl\.
8.27. abr",
D<>fillkio ~7Rri"t" II' ",u"k;, (1A>ic1 4Z08. old.) I\<: F(r) (rll ..... "" i lit ~kal"ri~ ........,""'t... KOlrl"" V"tlv
1\ HlllUka (>lak fI.Z f dlJl<Y~dllh...t(,1 fiil\lt.l.. 11l'1Il fiiKll" V"'.,1".....:,,"61. H" F "" Pe..+ Qi~ +Re.. :<
grilll~' ...... ds = dxc~ + dye. + dzc,.lIkkur '-~'.wl .. V(f) JX,t"lIdAlrll\{lj....iil (8.131a). (8,131b), i.,.. (8 ,131,,)
f..lUU"!!. Fiigg..tl,uiiJ" g '''' P~ ki;'lI,i <'ltt61l\<:t M[ljllk. hugy'
l"'-I.i'''''"
(1'.127)
II' =
jr.'" F (i') . a j",l'> [pds- + Qdy + R,lz] _ V(1')) -
V(Pd
(8.132)
4.
8 ..1. Tobbszoros integralok
A primiUv fii /Utve ny m f' gh ll.t Aroz a....
K e tdim.. n zi Os ..-t Amt'1lI1yil,.,u II. (8.129) intl"gT,ijhat~ifdtftd t..ly.,.iil. .. kkor II (IU2'J) for''''nY"'''''si tArtomAnyAn b..lm '"10" tt"""~""'" "~...nnu inlpgrlViOoI "ton (1UJl<'lyik <>gy t .. I~;I'go_n ro"l.ilrtt
A( ro. ~) pontot .. vl\!t<Yd> JI (;r.y) lM>nulli iWl7..-knt (8. 26. a b ra). az V (;r. y) pruuirlv (rlAA..... ny "lQ"PnM
II vo.wmt<>grAlI,.J:
1.
:\1: integt"iJfogalomll kiU,OIl>l(,g'''' int"ll:rAlI>m. (.,... Vt,tl/,.]illt''lp".lh'Yl ko'l"""t I.t.vill>!> OOvithct6, 1m a.z integrill:iu. ,artolll"nvt !-ovA!>!> Ilowljiik. Ha II>< inlt>RrN''';''", tartolll"IlY '-'lCI "ik f..ltlIPidarah. akkor tcrillcti
in~alri>l. h"..gy t,;r""li f..liill'tClarAA. ..klmy f.-.liiJrh ",t.-.-9frilro!. am.. nnyiht-n <>gy to'rrm, aklwr tirfog<>t. mugnilr,,1 b<=kliink. Ezell tUl" k'ilonoowllikaJrnw"w !.l'!"iikl..ktllkiilOnb0z6inlpgral....lrwvM"..;,.-k
bNoznMaI...u.
li ", I(Pu-t-QdY)
(.'I.I3J )
.'N
A gyakormti ><ZiwI.it-aoulmai ki-n.....ll\lf"IO. ha" kooctliuat-au-ngdy<>kk..! piIlhlWUDul< wl.<"grar;e.,. lltAt vft
lasztunk, _
lIZ AK.H VlIgy AL." utak t~kM., ha PO; nffll k..liiIll (1l,12'9) crvfn~ tl\ftOruilUyAn
kiviilre. 110' &Z U(;r,,) primittv fii.Q;vfuy .... 1I. Pdz ~ Qdy tt.J.i<.'ti difff'n'ncW ki.~7.AmltA""'h<t~ k,".t kl,.~,t
~.
{.' '" [ 1(;r. ,JJrt)
j ... j
lX'
c+j
z.,
J'{J1
p({.,.)d{ ... j Q(;rl.'l)d'l.

lit
H ' rom d im t' n zK>e eM' t ( 8. 2 1. i h rll.)
vi-nyt lIZ AK .\1
.'~nnyibt'n
l~, 13--11
j f(z.y }dS
If
f.-lijlP!rtIoo7...n VPtt kPltn. irot<waljAn.akjdO""""
J(r.y )d.,u
1i.IJ6}
E.o tlllaljdonko'pl""'l' r " -<t.Arni-rtCk. amit .. ki'wtk.0z6 rnt'>Oo->IL hAl.vOO'.hAlunk "'t~ (8. 28. abra ):
1. ."-zS r.. hllM:ri'!t>.1 t,-r-.m "".<Tint ft.k-~J"k 'I d .. uu h. r..lfLlt!1:iWzrP.
2. ~Iintk-Il eIet.ni f..11Jp,""r!: .... L....ji>n vagy .. bAt.van vA1aoc.<tllm t"KY .\I,(r" Jt;J pontol
3 . .-\1; t"ZI"lIl1 potlton f.-..l ..... I .,
/(z,.Jt; ) tliwnymo'kPi ~ u k .. Illl't':fd.. lO eiPmi tPl"lilPlrfs;r.
~S, ~,-al.
a (.-I.131c) f...1tn..,! U'ljo--'ilt. a prilllitiv ffiAA-
5 . "pgW.I~llk
II.
j +j +j
'"
o.-finid 6
4 . Aa I&YD}""" ,qr>ro\loMt '""'""'......-ljuk.J(z.. ,, )~S,.
in~ 'lIOn II.
~ UI'. ".~)+
1.
.",z It = f(r .y) ko'tv>iJtozt),; tl-ll!W;'u)l ... k I\Z S
"
[",U(z.,. )-t- j-t- j ",c-t-jQ(r','1)d., ... jP({.)d{,

::n:lV
I/tI
....
2.
Ke t tos iutcgral
8 ..-1 .1.1. A ket t Ss integral fogal m a
8 A .1.
',"
(8,13; 11.)
Dl
(~. I35)
'" j P((."".:o)d{+ jQ(z . .,.:o)M,+ j R(z,y.{)d{ -C

Zl
:0
1/1)
O"'....<"JI: hawi.ri>ni>ko't arrll;\7. .-11'1". IOfmkor nUlI'H-n ~ S". ~lPln\flz nul1&hoir: 1Nt, ""~. a ><ZAmuk ('I)
tArt It ,~J.:nhrz. Ki>zbt>n arra is kell fig)... lni. hogy n..tn ..i<vJ:..1O pusztiulaz .. f..hpt.. I, hngy ~S nul1AL"'l' 1.art..... n. An i~ rOgT.fl..ni kPII. hoc.Y Il.Z ..leeni I"rul,-t~ k"l. t!&Yrna..hm, iPgti...ol......hi pontjiLMk
t-A'.....~a. """" "'-' drm. 'rriJll"tr"= ,iI,ru'roy lllll1-"ll<>Z 1Art."'-'ll. t:"1tY.... til< egy lig!lllap l.<'I"UJpt.. >tkkor is
nulla kobo'i. ha..,;yiko1da1a null ....d.. 1\Z "Im"";j<' rem. flO'II. \IftI.luoiill.olt 1>Olltok t-AVt.>! k-hM.n..k ..gynlA.~ti>1.
fonnulAV>Ll. hatAror.hll.tjllk ll1oI'&. OIYlI.n IIZIIiwowkr&. alIlO"l,wk II kuortlina1.at""p:d.....kk..(I .....h,,~.IUn<>Mk

tm .. l>l>i (it J..hM<Ws ......n Itt int"&l"iIcit'>o- Iii r... ,'Zt"krt' tt.>viWl"i ot formula kt.....il !wIn.
yd.r
;rdy
[JP
&Q
.; _ r2
A : Pdr .... Qdy _ - _. + " " + ..2' A (S ,13tr) f..ltktpl wlj",,'-il: ..
-
:r II
:r y
vy
[Jr
(r+V')2'
Alkalm.v.z"k .. (8,1341 fonntl!at"" r.. ::: 0, .Il> - 1 hdyl'tt.e><itht (lIZ ro = O. Yo - 0 1 lv.. u ....lti'l<t npm rilN17.thlltjllk, mh-... la P .... Q ffiAAvi-Il~..k II (0.0) pontl"," m'm fo l}t<>l IOf<ak ). 19y t kaJ.jnk:
u=
l'
f"
Od,/
-yd{
r
v
;;r-:-"'!+
~, +U(O.I) =-ILrt'tg-+C=arctg-+C1
I 1,.'1"
0 ( ' +yY
r
(-4:: -....,...L...)
+ (~.1=. A (~.lJ1c') Ielr+:- d.J: + ~dy

...y
:r +c
ry
li-tt-l..k t dj''''llJIl..k . A (S.13::i) AAlltllimll7.Ma .... ro == t. 1,l:, = 1 Zo' = I hdypll... i\i..., ut"n "Y"rjiik:
B : Pdr
U=
+ Qdy + Hdz '" z ry
1..)
[,(~- 2.)d(+C",arctg':_~+-c
i,I: . ; ilrij'd',+ io
r + < ry
r
:ry
5_ A korintcKr al
c J t a ll'~e
A k'irint"l';rfll PI'S 7.art p:(ir!... nw"l.{>n. "",II:< ""
tplj""ijl, i.,. h"":u'rt g<;l-Jw"'/ll",liil .. P, Q.

..... foly!-onOAAk,
P dr + Q dy
von"lint"l~rfLlj" IlH!],i.val '-'gy<'IlIIl.
It"
(~. I2!l)
ttl(; k fJj} Iilggvenyek miuol"11 pOntl"," i-rt.-.lrn',""v,' v"nllal.
8.28 ...I>r".
S.!'J. "hra.
Ha M", a hatflrprto'k li,t..zik {.,. fiiAAdl .." ,I:< S tprii!ptr{w.u,k..lemi h'rii1..tri.,.~.-.kl"f'vali> f.-.!OIIzUi."'ti>] ......'
l"'uint az M;(r " y;} pOll\.ok l"q~v{il"I(;<U",,"l.i>l. " kk"L "1. " h"tAlo'rto'k az u '"' f(r. y) fiigg v"nyn.-.k 7. S
wrUldr':",,,rl" , az illl.qo;rari.... 1.,,,rtm,,{ul,Vrn. "ull"tku1i.)r.dtlloo illt"~r>l.!ja:
j f ix , V) dS
-'"
= "'>;
lim
__
"-~
L.. f(x"y;) i::l.S
,"I
(8. 13Th)

<80
2. Egzi llZl.e llci a tH el

" (1l .137b) 1-'1.1610 illt<'gl1l.lli-1P1.ik. ha ILZ ! (r , y) f(iggv~I1Y ILl~'K""'" intryo;raci6ol taTtomAnyon . tHol..... rtw ..
hAtMflt P<, fnlytul.... U IIfdli-tpl pJ~.... . . jp eem "zllk..eg.....
3.
l (z.y)dS
G f'Om.. tri"j jel"ll l"
A kMt&! int..grftl gl'Olllt'tria..ij""'llt~ ut:\U',."J,; ax, boRy"1Y fpJii!<>t ~'" If>bf>1 Yo.k- ki>w\.lllit.lll,
w.n..m ILZ ill, bogy k-lwt.6vlo troW "lI:Y oIYIW tAo! tfflogat>\n"k .. nwghII.ta.rmi!Mt.all1..Jyrt lLl r.!I~ik l","
r..-kvol S t .... iiIOl'trm. ~ hr~.'rlHiilrt . wdYllf'k alk"tOi a : -u-ngpU)'f'1paebUZ>lllX-M..'''' IU II - f(z . ' l

Mii ...! f'g)' rNzoo h&taro!JlAk ( 8.29. 'bra ). A (1l.13Th) a...z,.g mioo..nt'gyt... f (.r, .JI; ) ~S, t"lti" 'ltV olp Ui
..komi haM'-ertl tftIt ti>rfOfl:..t4.llolOk fr]pllllf'8 . 1llIlf'lyllE'k az alapleriilM.e .olS, "" .. IIIAR~" I (r,.,,).
,h o...:ztiorlogat ..1OJ<'1c ,",o:utiv, ill. 1~lItjv _A'rint . hoY az " '" f(x.lI ) fdlilrtD<'k a k..ro.o.-..,.,.,.", Il.>I
s , ,.tIik fOIUtt v-y ..Jatl. hrl)'f'llkMik-e d . Ha IlM't:Izi a SJ'kol. akkoc a t"'foglU. .. rmtPrt"ogatok ~rAl
v~
f'Zf'k &Z Ill-
I . Sdlmitu dmksWgl1lwordirnU a kka l

A" i ll~ taltoma.I1y\. alll;! tmitM-rfw.nr.k f~k fd.. f..1o&tuuk a ~~I,..kkd. pMhuzalll'''' ..hi infini~ ~>kl''' ( 8. 3O.a ""bra)_ Ea'lt.iJI \Wwotl"ozil &l ii-A... l (z . ,)45 ,lif
foofoonri4l ~ kPzdW' mLlldm ~. miOOffi ~ ~ IIIcrIlkn. IIZUt.UI lIl'OOrn
v&8ziIltftl ... l\ Ulf'11ti':!1. A,; .....wllbi aWt" kOw1;krW (" " Fl:BI:"Hi-u.'1 ~"'> ""~) :
' r ~"
/(z .,)dS
] =!.L
= ~L I (r .,)d,
dz
Jzy'J <IS. Rhol 5
pN'AhoUo", 11>\ 1/
= 2r '~'n<'>! k&t; Il",.w,.t ( 8. 3 1. 'bra ) A =
- ]" = _1 /.' (ilz l _ zT)dz = -J2 vau

/.' j," z';dydx = /" z.u [V'
G
o?
3~3
;[1" '1I'd'd,"/.' ,'d, [:'.]" ; '[V' (. -~) d," ',' .

G
.~
2.,,
2 ..
"
S dunlt as polarkoordimitakltal
Az int~ tartomau~t ." tcn-Iktct m"o<liMtavowUakbJ illfiniu"1iJnAli,. tniiletn--.-kwOI<Zlj"k fd .

mindr-nkor kM konOMltril" L' korh' jo,o Ir:'"t. AI....h...., "tha!a<ln ~ hat.. roIj .. (8 .3 2. abra ).
Az in~lJ" powkooolinAtAkkai kifp ,;.-:......, .' = I(p. ,;). A t;ril,t,km poI.irtorml"wGi!~;
f'T... kPt
p dpd,; = dS.
, S.139>o)
o.-...:l"JZiink MOteziir mindl"n I,,' o _ ktoc l...Lorjt'l... n . "'lutkl nrindrn ......ktoron:
(IU :kiA)
I (z .,)dlldz
""', _
.-., no
JJ
.>, "
1 (P.,;)dS=
. ~,.,
(!I.I J&)
f( z. yJ dz d,
... (.1
.... =
Z.
A knt60. iJIteKrAl kilaAmitiWll kl1. intt-erlh.... qo-miw< utam m.ilmitN<A;rA Yl"~, ~. ,It
~t lwor<liru\1arf-ndoIzo>or -nil! kioonl.owal.ookUalr..
~( .)
JJ
.........
8.4 .1.2. A ke tt& intt>grAI kiszamit asa
11
(8 .139 b)
l (p .."Jpdp d.; .
~,
ItI, = >'2(r ) .... II = ,:, (z ).'L7. 5 t"l'fl1e1darAl>ol r..lillhl alul hata.roiO (AB) lrliil&. (.4.B)aIoII ~'->rI)O'I .....kl...k
lIZ egyt"nlr1:l". Az a . ill, b knru t.anlor>k jPlZlk a tN.lra, ill. jobbralt'gu\.Y<.>lahb lev<l poIltn k " t"""u-.i.jal. A
tl"riil<-u.-1Mn d...+\uozOs11 kootdiuAtAk .....>ti'n:
dS '" dzdll.
(t(. IJ..'l h)
y'
)
a
0
o)
d.
0
b}
!I.JU. alor....
2
831 Ahr....
A7. f'i,..'! illt."grAl""knl' T kO Il"t"IlJ'1l1lok t"killt"lld,', A (8.1 38a) alaklmn
0
II.J2 Ahn.
V"kOJ't:
~t.
.
x
(3, 0)
1j
,"
.,
"
lev,' ~,.iitl;1f't,,~ ''''rojf'1<'kf't r<'Il<l,.,.;,
rillt l"lh"KYjuk. M "SA Il"l"', IM ~~(' rilll .. I...l,..'l ;ut ''gn\.lt IIIH.'1""int,grac ;o.. v-.l.!t""ohoz nllddjiik. IIkiil,.ol
a mAAo<\ik hf'ly<'lI AUo int''8ri..-j600 v.4.1 tuzbhm:. (1l,13Su}-b"n " dz &. dy d iff"n'Jlci;"ujl'l,'k
>\J. iul.<'KrlllUJ,c,
vfgi'll iLlh"ur:. lI""" n l">k~PI ",n ~mkM "'I."k.! IIj..l"k..t kO'lwt1..niilllZ int...gn\lj,>llIlOgi>. II fi i AA"'~IlY "1~ h,'
Iy....~ni.
=U,
!:I.3J . Ahnl.
11.34, .. 1m.,
~.35.
"hra.
Ii .l. Tobb.>zoro.
'"
3. 52-a.m it As tf't sz61"JI;""" U " v lI:,iirb..vo n a l{1 koordinat~kkal
:\ koott.lilU't.Ab~""
Z-=<'(U,II). '-/l(u.v)
(SilO)
O"W...fiigg......k IJJ,.IAr..-...w\.k 11"'1\ (w..1244. oldl A IPTiilMrmt ftZ 1I konsi. ;.,..\, k011><1 IuJor,hui,t... "R,)'t"""""kiwi intinitnirwiJj,. '-[.'mi 1<'rI-lkhi",~.<'kn' .-tjuk ( 8 .34. a b ra) "" a:li intpgri\ll<lll~t II..... I'-V'-\ r,'jo-,aiik
Iri. ElOw.Or ..gy koor,linAtanlik lll"uli'u ~.,.,,\w.k, 1'1. .. t' '" con.~t lII<'TIwn. TIlJ\jd mind..n ~ikr,,;
f( . v)dS ..
In t"
l...tri,
"I
J(u,vIIDldlJu
re'" d.. d""
la;ar a;1
ih
D = D(l'.')
D(a.r)
ha1.VaLu.i.
A : .~A ..
"' '"I
I""
""
",ian
.,
1 j(r
rIdS illt<'VAlt Ill'TlI.AZ"""""ft'k<>IllDell:luo.l~ni.lW.J.ikm 5.., .-trol.~f, bW,,,' (1Il.o<1
106.oId.) ..hoI r" llC'uh. r = Bsin l , ( !S.3 5 . l\b r a). E Jlio;oWr bew-_ _ jiik~r - IH.... V. r - "WI'
giX-bc...o naI.i,lworrlinatwt.O"Zl"k, ...k V - CI kocrdin....ti<YO,.....tIli;,z l' = C, 001'1 1 boll = C '10" "&)"'111.1.0]
IuwoonIO Al<Zlroi.ook "Slow. ""f"S,'1 AIl1tjilk ..10.., V - <) koordinAlAmna1Ak , '" lor t'b.""Il],Il[ ~lI~l'Il...lr..
tgo' "l. 110" oUl kaj.j"k. bogy:

~v
- ,ae.....
2t.~illlI,
D- "
,2
"'JU>ol1l
ahol k =
"[J.:lo
A.VOOO; V.
u s ill I'CUb I'

B : YaJ"" illll.ropri,u; illl.<.,;rAluk ki><r.AmitAAilra i.~
11I11 t
'2
51
j{r(u.I}.y(II.v,3usllL
.-ex", ~dld..
limR_", l (R ). " Itrt II:<
d') ([.-.'dY)
illl]>t()V'I"~ LlL'Kr41
1
I
" I
--;:; dl" < -, .... "'''gijl ~ - , ...jog.... (1<1. (!,!, "(;1->)) .
rII
L- fl
..,
El5wiir fog1>.lkm.7.llnk p( n)-ffl:
P( R) ( [ ,,-.,
8m .,
"1"<J6'f
I'"
Irl '"
r, t...tU\t.
I\Z
' Ij
int.~r"nd""
tf' - "
,,-
&
<[(R)<'2
[T e]"o
"
~ (l_"-Il') -c l l {R ) < ~
(I _.. -OR')
n - ce-re
.,F
<l= lim l (R ) < .,;'::: .
']R_x
-']
/WtihOl
1_["
z'dr=
.,;7
'-.
8..1 .1.3 . Kettos integralok a lkalmazA.o;a

Kf't l l.6ll illtpWAlok lI..hany alJu.lmlWi..... a tU; . t ilhlb lltb>l n ta.iAlhAt1>.
A "7.iik,..>g.... l.. rf,wt.. lPm<'-ket cl..,.fksw,;.'l r... 1",LuIu",rdiIlAtAkkal .. !S.9 . t a bl Aza I tart."h.ll..ua..
8.4 .2. Har-rnass in tegral

A luin",,,, inkgnil a.:& Int<>grAlfnp;lI.km",,,k ' '10' hMolwlim',lOf:w.. iUlcgn'.-i6t< IArtnmAn}'T1I. .,, .1,, kit<:'rj<..,.zt<-. M(Il,djAk Ilrj"gafi ", t'g,..,ih",k I".
ro~allll a
1. D ..fi nic io
A hll.romvAt.,.l6fl l(r.lI . z) fiigg\'t'ny" ... k '10' hArom,!im "u'I;" t" rWlll""yo" . l'!. " gy \-' l."rr""" ...11 v.. U hArmAS illl," graljil.l h""",nI6ki'PP" " d,' !illii.Jjuk. mint" k{- l v" lt m,l ", fiiggv"ny k~ l t"'" illl ''gr aJjAt. J ..liill...."
1O ,'~ ro,l~
- r "10":
[T e]"
8.4.2. 1. A he r mes in te gral
II .-'..'d,dY
Mot<l alk<.hll,.u"k .. l't/IArk<>"rd in MAA intpb'TII.!lran"zformAd Ot; l" =
.1 ~ '"
2"
~".dik.
r..lhaKt"alhaljuk a lRnil..li inl.-grll.l....,..
L"- . ~" dr -' 1'"'!......." I( R) "" 1:'.. "dr . ..kkor I -
1
h
IM...-"ik (... "'<'1:<..); ,,-,' < - , . (h.. r > 1'0) PA l.
r
~
",""''':1 ,;..ul~1
(:-.H2l.)
IDldrdu "'" dS
:\ (S. IJ9b formulallp<'riAlj,o. _ " (K.141) fnnnlll4ruU:. f"'lW"konrdilW.ilkno; I _ Pr06 ..-. , _ p. In.A fUgg\+ny"~I('I"IlW..w..ilt D _ p.
A pb.-v.,.."hi koonlilW..uu. t {lID' ...u-tjllk.~" b-I 41) inl~ k-t.'ki-t '"F;Y!<U'f1iru kobo......'11 n..,e.
drd..- < l2(R) PonAl,i koordmAtAkbJ (.,j l udj uk Irtu a k-liilru-rm t..,-iik>ti't:
L"J." r~-"
J." J."
II I(,)~,)"'de (f I(J)"') (I.' ,(,)d+
"l{u). ill. ~ = l>J(") &Z 5 lI'nlkt ".t..,). ill. kiil...o .4",0 "" .-'nB hatArolO iv.-in..k IU~
k '"2 ....t.Vou.4k ITM"8 AZ 5 knlk1. k'1. kiil..o hatMvoruUanak koonlinit.tAit. ID -wi joo!i>ljiik ..
~pktnm.ruirlJI
Jf....
'"l!Y,l.,.z1 tekintjfik a:t .. I,..'; "ikn "KY",lI,, ,,,,.'I. R ~"~",,,'I lIflO',.. lkOrl"l",t. ",""Iylk rN'" l( R) i.lltcyiiciu..
tMtomA.r";\.n,,k. tdll't "" "b;o,1 "ikll'g}'...ll...H. o-r" tAII.-.lk",t!o R ol,IaI,\ ""w.... Illf'k: mAArkzt tckintjuk
" (p('ldAni) 2R ~ugar1' ""RY",lkOrl"lJ<.>I. em..lyik IIAl.. h6v"',h.
Wk.-II illtpgralva:
(S.I.H)
.,
41$3
F..lhAAz.nAh....
.....hl
",j~'l' ,ilfll:
.. ..... .,. II
t."" .. Az (,j
= r,ill"" ... kkor
inIP~fw"io.. t.l\rt.t/m Anv I\Z
(r, "")-,,ikonll"lIl ''lO'~IAr'l . ,,"ul (1jQ' hiolalll"l unk at, I,,'S'.Y rd h""l.lw jllk az int<')l;mnt!"" pm.it i...il ''''''t ,
"'" " Zl . hogy vall>jAI"' ll nPIlI l (R )-t al'm'j\l k ki>l:t.&lIollli.IJll.Il<'1Il cAAk ,,1i1ll"'1i-t.. E d t l " lulr,,1 "" f"hi lrol i"
n...-"iil" i fogjllk ,igr. h,'llV mi ",t kiot IM~.,.li.,. R _ oc 'ostt"llllgy",,, ,,l,, tert-on ("<'II,lOr"I...). A lwt"'l....h,1.
I,
l(;r,lI ,z)dl-" =
III
,
j(l",lj,z)dz dI/ ,I.r.
(8 ,143)
A V t t'r foga to l (8 .36. ahra ) d,'m l t prfol':"t,......7... k,,. t" lf" t!:" t<'! "lU" k,'" hOlllj"k. ,-~,'kk ..I..:o
j(x" 1j" z,)6 l, ~'lm'l...lo kat kt'pf'7.:'.iik. AI. M ,(l",.11.. z,) pu ut " lO' ,l'IUI t ('rfOI:"Irt'sZ h~I""j"hen vagy II.
h" tArall 1"/"'1 . A hArm...~ illl .. graJ "" " .....-" ... iIY"lI ......... ' I'U.1 i;""-IA'K"'lO'k " h" t,v('rl ,' k,' akkor , ha minden
'"
.,
Koordimitilk
AltalanOll ..I..k
1. Sikidom
Polarkoordinatilk
o.-r;;k.~Wgil koonhnAtAk.E . II
dS "" drdll
pol.vkoorooJi<tak p. r
.IS .. pdpd.;
T..~cs ~rloevOllAl", kDonlinAtak u.v
dS = IDI Ju d,'
t .. rUl.. t .. :
II dyd'
Terlil.. t .. l..mpk
(0 :
lilgg'''Pny<l<'tt''mli~)
2, Febz in :
..k-rn..i ~ t"rf0R3ta "ul1\h~ tart , .... lfOo -'.l" uk A x.- ~. In i>., uunt II b-ltO!l l.llt ~itJruil. '1g)'t"1n..i k.U
&ml. bngy "" ......rni thfngll' ....... ';'l ll.crojc n'.IUAhnr. t..rt>oun. 1>f'U!<WLk lIZ"'&)'i.k kit Mj ... lk<-.
dS
50 ~I
--
\7 =
~,
/:as
s
(:;.1441
I=
2.
II'dyd'
Egziszteociatet .. l
A h&nnaI< inr.q,-alra ,uuatkoW<'gr;iI<z:l.rDciaIivl pontelMl1 '~&I>lU. miJ..ot A kf'tt& illt ~aIra vuuatkozO.
"
5 . Sfkidom t .. h.. t .. t k-lI..Pj;;i lIyomat" ka , o r igora :
-j.x, y)
v
0
10 = / ';115
d,
6. Sikidom tiim.-g... (/ "\1 rol.~m l(gv(o,, n)' .. I:
M",
ft!dS
b
=
II ""dpd.
dy
7. HomogPII .,ikiclOlO 1I(, ly po u t jfllla k koonlin;l.tai
l'dS = If'd"'"
JJ dyd,
.rc. : -' - S-
/ yd8
y,. =-'-S
!!ydydr
JJ <lyd,
l =. I(X, y )
tI.J6 "'hrA.
8.'1.2.2.
s.az. Abnt..
A hermes intl'grit.1 kiszamltasa
A harm"" iUlegraJ. kiszamit[lNt \'i.""",.>w("U'th,'I,r; hArnm. ''lO'm;'''' ut1l11i iut"grill kis,.iunitii..Ara. ,w'k
Il.!kalmazott kO<)rdilJ{'!4'lr,,"ds'~'r ,z"rinl. kii!iiul,o,JlI",k IfIt.!lMlllUt,
1.
a:l
Szamitas deriJkszog li koordinat ...k ka l
Az integrecios tartnmimvt ...mit it.t minI. V ti'rf"!\"t,,t f<>p;h.o.t\lnk fd, kOllHli",\t"f"liil..tek k..l, .."",k " I>t"'ll1t3. """th"" sikok, illh n it ,'-, im ;\.!i.. l'"rlllck]>jl"~I"Tl,,kr/l Oflztjuk {"I (8.3 7. flbra ). Itt llgyau "gy. millt
.. k('U6s int,,!\r,ullal iigyf'lniink k,,!l UUR, hogy 1\ 11l"IirAtnwlwlni>l a" d('lll; n'k",,? ..k il.tmf.r6j .. n n1h\.ho7.
t"rt"OIl. A
utan kiiW'tk,-~ik at. i.....M'f' f (r , y , : )<IV Mwr~,t i.....t .. ""\iI........, k"z<l", ",i"d"ll paral..l"l,ip'..lonnitJ Pia fiiAAOkp;,,,, OIIZlop 1I1"III.,"n. """,", .v. iioo<~..'p;. .d"'l e -Il' wgf'llV1'. "
. 'mlar, folytatjllk az
rel"""t,\/;
486
I!.~, Tiih6llzj;ro" m tr'lTfiJo(
o-tlW"';.,.t min,J,," fiiI\Ki']''I'I'''' ri>lrg o:z'>riut I/-Tn. Cs ""gii l Z -re, A;l lUl.lIolitikl L~ mpgl"Jll:.ulllal.ii.l<,
JII",,,,I'" - j {~j~)Tr~'"T"II"
'Id']
d') j T7"/II'' 'ld'' dI 1"''''''

.u -
",(..... (.1
Itt z = IVI{X .11) (.,. z = "'(.1.,) II V l"'rf"~"'1 atoll ....[..WI MiiJ.,'I..ill"k "ID...nh-tei a C ~orl>i'tOl kiilldll.l"".
(.4. C gor.....II \ . ti-rfoRllt r, y-~fkr. """" ...,lijIMPn<"k 1\ hatArvonaIlI (tl.37. abra ).)
n,.n:'k~tllwordill"lakkAllI t "'rrogal.. lem : drdyd: . ..u.!/ = ,; d .f ) .... II - ,..'l(z) nlWl>nY"k II C
~i>f'.v.6 ..... 1iJl",:jh.......k ~rUo't,.j IU! r = (l loA r
b w.tarpo.l1okW. Az illl~ tMtomAlLyr" .......
nal koz6lull\:t alAt.!>i k'-"T1dlll"'lI~"k A1Iwo.lr. fenn. it.Z';: ..1') 6< ';1("' ) fiiggWlI~...k az a "5 r :::; b inlf'tVh!]ll'
moo ~n ..k kt<lma:..... ~,..k (.4ytUllu,<"k. k t~nt'k ..kw't a ,; II r ) "5 ......(r) 'lO"nlOtlm.~J\f'k_
.\ ~l(r ,) b ~2(.c.lI') fii"u~wll""k ~'lIdt a<l :5 r "5 b . ...1 or}
II :s; ." r) tartollllWVOn rrtrlm..zw,
~ k Itt folyl.onoMll: ", 1"&)"-ll<k ,k~.t.. l{r,):S; ~ 1 .r.y) <'gy"nlOd.>,c"';';nrk.IR)" min.wn oIY'''1I
(z. ,.:) JI">lII brtlDr \"1\1, V.t>o>" ..m..lyik ft:l. alA!>!>, fph . kk-knck ..1Pg..t t""",
_~,
-r lr- [t
+d') "
e'
- (3" - oil.
~I(r):$Y:$,;,(r).
H~lIk mrr;
~
... r -;- /I
Ie' 1
1
1_
IQ;
J(i
1 -
~ (r.,):$: :$t'2{r.,)
II
pd:dpd... -
/(1'. <,:.:) ... l. u inu.grAl <'gYNl161l
"I
,,._h_
~ .
'.U:.h}
~J)J\' int"&l"al f.rt.Ckt't oIyan gtilAc1l. &wdwt
/..;;q
~ l i vd
"I
:s
.. :$r:$h,
rr
,,
",', = O. ","':I
p, =O.(/';I -"<n< ...":
487
koorclinJt.tAlIOwk i...
= I i'ik .w.T<,IUAk:
!'_~_. ~ ~
I
30
:J}J:d,dr
3. Szimitas gombkoordi nit.lik kal

Az ill~ \.aI't.OlnArtyt AI:" = kon..l , .' = k..,I1' t . d koao.l konrdm"'lAf<'liilot<-kkd illfinil.r%irnal~,
rlrrui re~m OIIZtjllk (1;..10 . lib ra ). A Ih1"'J'l1~I~m ,..mU.,..,..".n4t..:a.... :
d\'
= r-'~in"drd"d~-
\8.14,,,)
Miutli.n HZ /(r. .;. II) int.Pgr..oolll<t I{Ombkoonlulli.tAlr.han f..l!rtuk. fplirlWjuk .... illt..,;ralt:
J/(..
y
.....(.. l~ ...l
.,;. d) dl =
\.
SWllit,,,k ki
JJ / /(~."."lr3
J~
....ull"'J" ....
(1'.1-171
", ',l.")<,I .. J
l'\Z
='
II dl" i"t"WAlt nlyM k"I''''. ILIIll'lyll"k" .....,k.;ft A kuordinalan'n<!l<zo:.r
KJIl ... hi'"
"'igojabAn ''an .....m<'lyik"..k" :-t'"!lfl:dy 1\ ..-.t.illlllll'triftt.. uS"lyo'. A n1'lCMI>'ii,: 2< a k,,1' maga>;.""'g" h
h
(8 .4 1. lib ..a ). Tm ,u, I>iI.: rl "" O.r. _ - -,, ; d1 = 0.112 - ,,; 91 = 0. .."':1 = 2tr.
1.l.J'J. "hn.
Szamjt A.~ h.. ng.. rkoordillAtAkkal

Az int<'grhci6t; ""' roman}1 .. p
koust . "," = kon"I . z - kou.,t. koo ldin{.til.-fdiiIM." kk" l illfi"jl" ,.illl,.)if,
eiemi Ji.,.",k ll hOlltjn k (M. 31;.lI b ra) . ,\ ""/"'161 ..1,"" h''''l''rli<J<,rdi""t<iJ;ba,,:
2.
oil' "" pd:dp d'r"

At /(p ..;,:) inlry;n",d"" kijlliil,..... utlln "" inl''gTlll .. k' ,\<tk, 'w ,"ilk,>:
-n ... l ~l
/ (p. .; , : ) dV '"
S7.1i.mitsllk ki
II~ 1
x .%-"ik. il7. x" + y2
'u
"I.,~l
ff J
J
,
~,
I'
(I',l llift)
/(P,"',:)fld:dp<li'.
(ll. l " ij],)
1=[ "[[ - 'oo;.d. 2~ill d drdrJ;:-';_ [
+ 11
+ 1 2 - ". gi;m h hati.wln.. k 1, = tl , : . _ Val _
r'
y'
J..]
Szamitas tetszoleg .... u, v, 1l' gorb"von"lu koordinlltAkkal

A koo rd iniltit.k<'t az " I" bhi u...~zo fiigg"""k h"tMIl1.1i1k nll'l{:
~ = x(u . " ": ) '
y=y(u.t'.,,).
:=:{ ",".'l')
(8.U R)
(1"""'1244. <>ld.). Az int"!'(T""io.. tartorni",yt '''' u = k"nst., ,... k"n st .. fl ' "" kOl,,;t . kOOl'dinatafcliil.tckk..J
infinitcairnalis. , ..t,<:01"'},'., koon{i ",ilriA-hd ,,,J,,1t 1"'!'''l<llt-IF" ,,'kfl' c;?tj uk fd'
i]I {h
<IV ir,t"'grM t "Iyllll l"sl n' (8 .3 9 . abra ), melyn-k l{rfo,.; atr.t "", r,y-sill, "t
[[<VO' old} d",' = 2r.h (1- n lOiu )
4.
.,1 .. ) "(P. ,")
h" Il~"r ""' 1\1. r I
" { [ .... ,I,i" iI
;) r
lJUzr,:u;;:
<11-' '" IDl dudtdu'.
,,!Jol
D=
g: ~ {j;f.
&,
n ill.
(f,j ~ iJr;.
'
( ~ , 14!J,,)
s.s.
'"
OeriokszOgol
koord inatak
Altalan"" alak
(~_ 14%)
Fdiilrt, mtrgrtiJ
489
Gombkoordimitio k
Il pn g e r koor clim\ t 4k
1. Test terfogata
:\leJti"IO" I/>!I: Az (1:'.l46h) .. (I.l.H7h) formulA a (/'l14~h) frn-mula bp"':iiLlj" """"
H<'tlIt"rkooniinAtakr.. D
p. KQwhkoordmAIAkr" D - ,.l 'lin lJ.
~td h.NoxnAlnAk oIran ROfbrvoUA!(, koordinA.tAk>Lt, lllf'IY"'m A:t i.u1.ql;rli.lll:'.149b) ern-kr,,' k ..
kiK&&rui~ \oot...~
"IY">'A'I11.
III d,d,.u
'01"-0
,
2 . T....t
A biuln.M i.utt,r;riUuk uo'hAny A1bJll1o'l7.Wl a lJ.!O. t AbLizat fogW,ja. e:-z...

A S7:iik~ Mii"'t ..looulf'k.:t kiilOul.D.6 koot-dinAIAkkal kil""rLW a 8.9. t.iblau.l tArtJllUlftZUl.
~ .1 1.
t Ab lb at
""~
A WOOl lr.ilIO.ohOaO vnaAlillt.. ~ni.lbn<r. ~16ow 11M:l470. old.) ITlf"gkiilOnbOztMiilllr.l . 2 "' AltA1Anolo
tip''''':' fcliilrti i.llt<'ftrl"1
8.5 .1. I. Upu!'ti fclfllet i illtf"KrAI

A jdib-tI utf..,.w ~ .., 1<'''''1, fr1tiJr'rhzrn tItlUl tnltynil a kMt& illtfttrAi "l!Y A1t.W.noooitA>.At .1.....
haIooniMn mint AZ I. ti"t":' Vt>n.hn~r41 (14M! 470. old.) a ~ hAtAro&otl int~ I'IY 41~
llOf"itNta.
8.5 .1.1. I . tl pu sil Iclt ilcti inlf"gl"AI fogalma

I. DeliniciO
Egy o....v.fi"tAAii tartomlutynn Iorl.. lmn,("n, bArolllvft.lt.......... u
trgni!ja az ..u.hhi integrAl
//1,d'd,,,
JJf d'd,,,
lffF
If d,d,.u
lc-~=
j{.c.II:)dS.
(l.'-l.j())
III,d,d,.u
,1'''xc = - - ,- ;
j(:r y. =) fiiq;wny /. ti,. .......j~lw.-h .h
J,
d'dYd'
I'JI 111'
Ilf d,d,.u
Z(:=~=
emit " f..nti tartomA.uytlu ''ltV 5
rdii1rt~1l
kovetkn'o lltOtlou hllw.",h"tiJ lllf'g:
( ~, 4 2 .
"'I'.Amitlink..-\2 1.
Ab ril)
liJ."~"'
~1ll3 rJdrddd.,;
III",d,dpd.
iff ~.nnrJdrdiJd.,;
4 . " o mag" n test sUln >ont j ana k koord iniltil i
,4\'
fff
J . Test lomeg... {/ slinlsi!gruKlt~ elln)' ..1
'\' ' '1(><1\'

=
{
8.5 . Feliilct i integral
III,'.i" ""'dud>
nyomalpb z-t..n g..ly re
/.01';'0 III(,'-,'Id,d,a, III';d,dpd.

,
8... .2.3. A harmas int C'grAlok alkalmazasa
A -'rnitkohm lV;.ik.""li:.... Imopl..l<-mrk<'t lrtilOnhnz6 koordinalJikkal kifrj<-Tvoo a
t .. h.. t .. t1.. n~gi
III pd,dpd.
ll! ';~.d,d.d, /If rp~iD2dD'J!'.;drddd,;

ill
Ilf",in"" "d.
If
If
pJpd.,;d:
..3~illJ ,hi"
p>Nn",d"d~'d:
(If
III"d,'>d,
Ilf ,d,d.d'
frjr
pdpd.,;d:
f"liil"ti int<>g:rli.l ><liom'lltke a
;:drddd.;
1 ' iu .M r dd d";
1ff
Ilr' ,i"
r..iIll1CO!llidrddd.,;
dd, " "
I. At S f,'lii~tri_t U't"l'lIlPjl;......n f..I""ttjuk n d"mi f..liil"tr{"",.....

2. Mill.kll "R)..... d"llIi frliil"t~ t...kjiI..'n Vag)''' ItaWim tds,,"'" ~;rNint kivA-
[,w:IUllk ''10' .\/,(~ .. w" :.) pontot.

3. A,.107."n &'}"'ly"u rdv"tt f(~" y,,;) fiil(gV"nY"rt<'ket megszorozauk lll.'!':f...
lrlt'l"l"rni f..liil.,tri zl",z t".r!OZO :::"5 ,-\',,).
4, Adjuk iiIIsu Il.Z ; "'... 11\)' nyerl j(~;, y" :,):::"5, szorzetot.
S, S"allllb"k ki ''''.
..,
L
I:lA 2 Mm.
j {:r. v; z.) :::" S;
h..t.Ar"rj,{k/'t "u" a/, ''''''h''. 1111 minden "kmi :::"S, f..Hil"tri"'t IluUf.htrz tart. (!'O' II ""JlIllHk 1\ VI'llt"l ..nh"", tMt. Itt ;lImH filtv,'lui kl'll "rn,. hOJOf M. .. lenrl ri'><z li.tm.'rr;j" i, Il"l!,t!t,YZ tl\l1>l<m, "" O<Itk 1\,.
o...~'Rg
T i' r f''R" t.I" ,,,,k
K oo rd imi t iik
D..rfk-zi.ig1'l k()(}r<linatAk:r, y, z
Jt' = J:rJyllz
Hen""rkoo rJ inat iik p. 'if, z
III' "" iI,lplf.;Jz
Giimhk<>ord inilt Ak r, ,I,'of'
liV ~. r~ ~in 11 lir ,Md"
T"l sZli ],'g "" gorb,:""u,.]'l k"onlillillilk ",
t",
U'
.W = IDIJIIJ",/u' (D; (;iggV"H.'" let..rllljIla1J~)
Ii.S. FdiUd. j"trgnu
490
It t I
.. 1\:Z S Mii!"trffill ..I..m; ""-,k",, mil> f..I......(l.>i.,.,;.t6Ii>p!",u l'lgy. IIJiut "'" M,(r. IJ,. z,) pontok llI<"gvillMztA.'iiltOI. akkor f"Lt .. hatAro'rtfht " .-",.,I.:iik ""l
II = f(r, 1/.:1 fiWi'Ly S fdiiktr(""""'" \'<'tt I . til" 1-~ '" M;iwti llJlpgrll.ljilnllk. Ese 19y frjnk:
\.~ /(;r,. y' . :; ) :J.S, .
~-
...
8 .4
Ah
8.5.1.2. ,\ 1. l . t fp usil re-Hilet i int f"Kra l kiszamitasA
fJh
I(T".:)45
Ah
11
Ii' -
rl dI dy ,
.,. .. J .r(... v),,{,.

8,43. aim\.
l(r.p)dS""
11 lv-s.
;(r.y)
a:
fu"
a:
iJy Itt
f<.!IIoI..M-tuilr.
~~
(~ liiJb)
F=pq.
y'-y
no rm Ali,. iriulvII.", II. ;\l'ng..ly Altai ......Art ""i>(I;rc feu ufJ.l, 00h"r =
int.,.;rlll ,.7.AmilAAi<km
<'1'it "1'
"";<-1 mindiR
blXVC""~('k
G&rb.- f..liil etek fel lil...t .. J..m .. i
K oord inat ;ik
. 'e IiiJEot...lem<'k
Dt.-r-i-kszOg,j koonlinAtak.r".: '" ;(T. v)
0odS - \ 1... (a;)l +la/dIdll
Hlngprl..lul<>t R (1r.ou...1<W><"U8M).
as _ R d; d:
GOmbfr'hjlM R (ltol~'l"I\.' ~1LKMJ.
Z-z
J I+p2+q2
l\Z
/I
TM><W1'1:"" gnrt><:'vo",.}f, k<,..nlil",tri.k It. t

(E. F. G 1\7. h di tfe..."'-iitJj.. i (lMt 246. "Io-I.)}
. At. I. lip'"". fd ii!t-t j
""",,,iik. 19)' ",indig: ('O!I1'
A f..liilE't p aramfot.. r .... eIMIl;t""" is m ..r t .'\.onlun~il>.-n

.=r(u, l),
1,I=",('I.t').
;=;{ Il,rj
dS _
~"U1"doJd,:
ss
v EG
f1 du d.'
> 0,
S iWl'lidt<- (hllrk"l l aI"krn.n) ""

(!l,lj.j,,)
''SY''nlew k IllI,,1P"'""IIl" '"'''''' "IU rn.ll ...-lotl (8. 4 3 . abra ) . akkor
8.5 . 1.3. A z 1. tipusil fe ltllct! int egr a l alkalma1.Asai

1.
1/
,
(Q p ) d5
1f
lIU;;':;)
G- I+.r
Koord i nit.tit.k oJ,.,.'
C/O'IUI;" II. (8.152) r"hilrti "'>n,<iL!p.,uw "" "K.\lWC\e - - : - - : - - (1N1 24::'. olJ,).1t;Y
P
II
- I
E_I_jI
Koor dinal.&k ...',:
.,
X - r
(8.I 54J)
c..
&:II
2.
r =,.
11 _.1,
5 f..hilPt mioo--n pontj;\n.oJl:All r .lJ"."lKon k~n ~o'rW-lmi\m f<.1d tnI'fl. >UC t'5 W1. .lMi
pon tJ&. "" S' potlt. EJ.""I jPlmti. ~... f..liiiPti polItot a koonIilliitii <1Q"l!rtdnu'lrn n"'llJ>at~
Ha ...: I>PlIlIIO' YM. Aklr.nra2. S f..HUM"""'t f..J,o.,ztjulr. nthany 1r.i>d>b {dii!ctr"'''''''' U,gy. bc'ltvf'Z" {,.Jti'l.,J
miD<irYilr.oo trl,....ii1jC>lI. A~ ~ S ~n =!i.w.itott int.egr&l l"lr.korII. r..k-:t,;..".,.J k..J..tkl"Zl"l l
rlowRk..n VPtl inl'1trAlnk a1tl:"hr,.j~. A (!.1.153a) ~nk'!rt nw.alakhAn ill Mirw.tjnk:
bo,;v
1l),Z(Il.l)J.
II, " '
(" I:iJII)
..hoi S "'" 5 Yt"\lik-tr lOS T .lJ"l'!u..... P'" II p&rCiAlit< dt-riviltalr: p

~t.
.l
":I ... II ~ Iwo<t k<)ordwat...v~k kOz'-u" qk.iibOk.IUIlf'!)"'k

IOZ S fplf,l.. ln-t k~jAk ( Il.O. _bra) . Il = .(..)
v 0= ~.) "'" 5
fdfu..tr t k""'~o .-\mB .....-\..0 lI:Olbi-k ~Jpl<'i_
Itt
3.
I,T.,.:(T.l/),Jl
<t(u.v)v't:G- f'Jd.. du,
0' ..,
(.~.I::':Z)
fr~"'IIY jrll..nw. u~
11
:\ I~zi>s: A (8 .153a) formulA "f'<'OAlil' ....'1.... (". I34b) fonuuiAnU, lIJIliltor
A r..liiJo.t..t .. x plic it ffiggveny irja'" AlI)I'nnyil><>n "'" 5 fPliilrtM lUi

: = :(r.lI)
rxpbnt
til"
8.5
1"'(u ,t') d5
Az I. tiVUB'i fr],llrli iuto..ogril ~t.a.<;\t viM<L.aV<"M'lbetjiik a krttiif; int.egnWllOk "V !Ilk lllrtOmflllYOll
-JO kil<zAlnit.-va (Ifwool ~ T!J '*:1.).
I.
8.!
.., ..t..)
.... I
2. Egzi ..zto-nda tiolt>l

Az I. til""'" fp[i,ll'ti inl"UlU If>'f''Lik, h,,1Ui I(L. II. z) fiigg ny a vi7.ga.lt tartomAnynn folYlol><"'~ "",.. le
nak" fii~nY'kl...k.IUT...I\'..k " r..hl\rt ..k ...,;y<'nlM:f;n"l "" ..."..In..k." d<-r;\,;,ItjAi iI' folytnn<ll'.l\k .....n"
tArtomAPyon
H~
.l jell'uti "'" " "" t i'l l<'ln~ t'I.TluurlluyAt. ,-\~ lnl~al ki...ulllitA...ah..,.~
I'<'",i.... v""" !<7Rrillt kTlllni:
(~_l:'lbl
/ (r . IJ , Z) dS = ....
lim__ L...
/s
Me
49 1
Go rb.. feliil.. tr"sz t .. riilete
-I
\ 8 .1<>6)
!lr(II.II}, y{u, tr). ; (n. I'lJv'EG
f'2d udv ,
(!U54h)
E. F ,.... G fii~vi'uY" k ull'l!JlIl.tAr","""''' 246, " Id"}" " t"lall", to. A 1"" mnO......' "llIkl",,. (Id"lt
..h" l ""
jo/ij/,trl ,,,,:
v~'"
EG f'ld"d"
2.
I n horn o gen 8 go rlJllt lt a l hatlt r<>1t r.. liil..trhoz ti.; II", g..
A ko""li"at ilkt" l f iiggo i! = 1(1:. y.;) , i1Il' ''''AA''l:
u, =
.IS.
!.'dS
(8. 151)
8, Int~~d","ttU
IU;. Frliilrh ",teynil
8.5.2. 2. tlpusti fcliileti integral

A 2. t..pu.... f~/;iJ~h IfIt~. mluo IIMTU I1ttiild~n irt~lmurtl mtegrtll. eppea
Miilpti illt..-gral a kf,tt6lo lnl"8r&l fOKalmAl\.u l\ItalAlloota..a.
UKY. lIlint "'" 1 tip'l>Ill
8.5.2.1. A 2. ttpusu fch1kti intpl/:r",1 fogahna

1. A" ir'nyitott f..liikot foglilma
fy r..liilO'tTlf'k a1taW>.w ket ol<l..u.. vall. """,ItfOgyik;'t i>nko'llyo......n kiil06olcllll nMjl-lOIjiik. H" mar 1I kii106
okWt ki><\IMz1.<>UlLk. "..,j"ri!nft/,/Ul..tri'lJ I-7Joliink. In n,'m fOll:Wkozllrnr. olyan f..liilf>tf>kk"l. A.luclwknC:I. Il<"III l~<'t It.., oIt1a.lrOl t-:xi>Ini. (lNod [1:!. 14J).
.
2. Ira ny lto tt r..lii"'t~ koordin 't,,-~Ikon val'" vet;;'''!''
H.. .-gy iranyitott f..hllet ..llw.Unlt 5 I"foIzk <'KY koordina.tAAikr.. V<.1.itjiik. pl. >LZ x.V-~ikr... ..kkor .. hhn
.. f'T"" S _iiJ..t~ A koW't~"PP<'n I'PfIdfolhdUnk elOj<'k-t ( 8 .44. abra) :
49 3
int~A1. lIlJl{'lyt'l AA u!tY>Ula:1.on" ku'tomlmyoll ,l,!iui&lt.: ir~vltolt rdiil,"tr<- ~.'y-~ikOll ~6 ~tiile~ll

ht.. lm..~tiink. Az int eg rAl AAaIllPrti>kM "1O""Ug,y lLy<'rJllk. nuut iii< 1. tlpUllUf..lul"11 lllU'gTli.In3J, bve.....
'" hattnA<hk I.. po:",t. amikor "" f (x, . y;, :;) fiiAAVflly"rt<'Jc,.t UMn '" .15, Mii!cld""llJ"l, hanem ..nn .. k az
x.y-~ikra .....U w!,-tl..lh'<'i. Pr.... .1 5, -....1k<>l1-.rrn:ui. IllY att kApjuk. b"lO'
~~:- ~ J(.I",. ".:;) pr6l' .1s,
f (x,y.z )dxdy=
(8. 159A)
s
EbhPo: haIoonl6a.n >aAmilj uk ki cgy fllgg'+nYIJ"k '" 2. til'U>9b)
... ,
(8.1::;9c)
4. A 2. t,pus" kli:il f'ti int~"lr. vo natkoW egz isU f'ndat"tf'1

A ,:s.I59A.b.c 2. tip..."', fpIiiktiiul..,;r-ilok Jo:,tP1.l",k . bAazJ(x . , . :) fiiu,<fuy. Vl\lamint'" fpjijlf-t.. k<'g,1o.......
IM.pjnf'l< fiiAAvtU}"; folyt<H>oo<a.k .... folyt..,...- drriv1lltakka.l r<'U<Irlk.-Lwk.
8 .5.2 .2. 2. upusu fcltilcri integraJok kis7..AmltAsa

A
~hh
1.
1I"ll'><Is:7...,. a krtto.. ill~Nra valU v-.._I.....
A fe-liik-t e gy e nleee f'x p licit a lakha n ism f'rt
H", AZ S fe!.-l1<>tf't a
~
(l'U OO)
= .>(x.,)
rxplicit..Iakli fiiggvi-uy aIlitja ..M.lllr.kor '" (8 1::;9<-) illt~t IV
l (r . y.z )dIdy =
.~
~Ll-t
I (r. y.: )dyd: '"
A 8.44.d abra mlll lltjall<l 5 Miil,t,""",? S k Sr' wtiil" !i,t, lllt'ly ..k k&zill II.Z <'l\:yikl't 1I,It"UVIl"k, a
lUa..i kat p<r1.itiVlllI.k k.. ll venmlnk.
EI'Q' ,.art irallyltott f..liil.t V<,tiil..t" nulla .
3. 2. t1pusi.L ff'liilf't i int f'grAI koordi ..lIt..... lkra valO vettllete nek definicioja
Q.,. zdiiAAO (artomallYOIl Iort",l m'-."'.'u h,"'fomv,i.lt<>?""" fix, 1/, z) fii~v':,ny 2. Up",,! j,,/'i/,," ;"t ..gniljn 'v.
ez
( I:I , I ~ )
1 [(>(y.:) . y. : )dS., .
(8.1610)
"' .
ahoi x = ""(y. :) lIZ S f..lrilet '"l!.Y"nl..ti>ll..k X'J'f' J'f'lld..,At alllkjll., .... Ill' 5 = Pr 5 hrly..tt.<",ite..l is ..1
h1l "fKn.ll!.
libra ),
f(x,y,z)drdy
(8 .16 1.. )
"'.. 5
ilhra.
H" .. wkintrt .. : l.Png..ly pmitiv o],WAmlll.Z T.v-~ik fdi' iranyul Cs kiYd>co "'" .<; f..1iil(',~ I'<>l':itfv vi.
dalM Ialj", "kkor II. ProyS ""1(11,1. l>Ollitiv ..1<'Ij.. ]f>t kap. ell "nk{"m l"!'I'tlw n lI"8"tj"ll.t (8 .4 4 .8 . b ab ra )
b ) Ha a f..liilootd/lfah ,igy f"iorli k, h"lO' rkl?hf.n .. bt-I><O ,,,, rCszhf.n a kijL.o old"j a lM szik. ekkor Pr .... 5"j.
gd>rai O'-C"'........on""-'k v" tiil " ti' lldc, IIm..ly<'k pgy""...r a lJeWi. majd " k"II'k'ioldll.l r6lIAt"'7.11.lIak (tl.44 .c
J[x,y. ...
-(x. l/)] dS.,.
form ,t1" _riut szamoljuk . ..hoi: S.,. = Pc 6l'S, A: j (x. y.:) ffiuV;IlYII..k a m.....i k koonlinata.'ti'kok ra
val" vM,IIM..in vali> 2. tipllSl' f<"l,lwti int<wAJjll.it iI< A1~ lllildon l<'I.liJuitjuk ki;
d)
f (J".y,z )dzdr=
J[r. \( z ,x), zjdS" .
(8. 16 Ic)
PruS
itt Y = X{z, x ). Ez II.Z S f..liil'" "1'j'.'uld i'I,, 'k y-I'" r<'1tr!n..U ..1"kjll.. PI< HI' = Pc.. .'I. Amennyiben " f..liil.. t
irAIl)"itii.xa ruegvaltozik . 1\Z1>'. h.... kill,..) i..... 1",1,,:; ol,lallt,..gf>,<'r~IMik. ekkor lIZ int..grli.l '" w ti il..t .. n
..Iojd..t valt .
2.
H"
A feliil.. t egyunt..te paremeteree alekban ..d o tt

.'I fdiil..td az
lIZ
x =
x(tl,~.).
y = y(n.v ).
: = :(n, t')
(8 .1 f.i2)
494
pgyt'TIpwk !"'Tam"'pu,,, lIIakllOlJl hatarm7Ak mpg. ak kor a (M.J59a.b.c) inWgrAlokat ~ ,.Jabbj funnlllAk
!<1A'Tint itMmlthatjllk Iti:
j I(r.p)drdy:; j /lr(tI. v),y{u. "). :(1.1. t')j ~i:::>udV.

s
,
1,
I(r.,. :)drd: -
,I
1, [
Or, ., )
1 r{u, V),,{u.V),:(II. v) j -O - - d.. dr.
D(,.:)
/ [r (u. I1 ), , (U, II ). : (u. v)]O{D(Z,r)

e. r)
D(:.r)
. .
ass
"
dudr.
I- j {P dlld: + Q d: d.r ... Rd.rdy).

(!:\.ItiJc:)
'..
...fa e. e-re ~ ,. .1 /U; S f..hllfotrf-,oz II fo. t' valt0z6janak az "ru-11Ilf"ZM tartomiwya.
!I
k~
iltalMao. formula
~ ~ I az
(tI.l64)
.'1
.iJ.t&1&nooI fdUlcti integJ.\lt
k ~ kMt<ioo
i.lItC'jU.\lra
tudjuk vft<&a.\"f"1JI'tni:
I,
( P dy dz + Qdrdz + RdIdy) = 1 [pDIY' :)

D(tI.r)
_rn-
QD(:.r) + R Dir.,)] dud..

D(u ...)
D(..... )
(t'lw)
D(z,y) D(,,:) D(:.r)".

,
"
hh ._.,
-0 {
) l"~ kio ... . ..nt .. nKl;
tF..'-nt<'Hw>1'-"
in......
- - -0 {
O(u.t)
11.1')
U.t'
:\ 1t'Kiegyz...., A ~ .\ltalAnolot ll' lll'll f..liilPli invgral f'\m"l ..tioll("k ....ktorotc a1&k1lAll tOrt .. n<'! ....lIIulAtNo/l(i>!
;\ .vP ktoranllllzilo kio tio ro'lmfolfot~ .-:- llllll f..jof'zo"l... n van..ro (Iasd 685. old .).
_LI
4.
A f..liil.. t i int .. gr' l t ulajdon"'gai
1 . He ea in4ogrfu:iOtWlDIIlAllyt,lVAl'a;I; S fd iilct m..zt VIIlamilYl.'lllllOOouazS"", S~ t"lW~kr~Ol<Ztj\lk.

ak kor
j (P dy dr + Qd:dr + R drdy ) = j ( Pd1J d r -..- Qdrdx + Rdrdy)

s
.'
+ j (P dy d: + Qdrdr + R dr d1J ) .
"
2.
A f~liil~t ki j[,.tjI'M I,..[,.tj..,1,j,. j,'f1" k fd n 'lrf}f........d. ,,,,-,,,,, 1\
..av..:J m,-gvflltozik "'I illt',!!:nU "16jd ,':
f~liil~t
In S
j Q d: U- j Rdrd,
S
11.4;>. Ahra.
F-IQ' 7Art S ft-liilctt.c. h...tArolt t<~1 \. t<>rfogatM millt fdii"'tlilltcgr&lt baWozhl\l.jllk
a IIlindnI vrt,llovn ~ ~ t 2 tlpUl<ll fdilki int<v'lok .......pg..l::
+ Qd:tlt + Rdrdy> = j P d, d:
8 .5.2 .3. A fcltller i inl f."R!'ft.1 t"lO' alkalma zAsa
3. A lt a lanO!ltipu!Ju whi lf'ti int.-gri\

Ha ~ '::'-'-ffigg6 t.aI1oOWtyoa ktilrnezw V1W bArOlll <1M,,}, hMomi~Tllf'f1"t~ I1lggYi-ny: P(r " z],
Q(r, II, :). R(r, r.:) "'<"\tV S ir4nyftou fPl.ilktr~ illrn- ilI~ tlPlt~'-1 fPl.fUe-t1 in~ n..vru;iik
j lP dlld:
s,
(1l. 1611)
~~
......................
.,
ltt )' -Dr )' -0{ ) klf..~k.fiiuvfnydPt.mllnllDM.lafiiggvCuYi-"""knak,r ,,:-hPk

V
11.11
Or".11
w..
j (P dlld: _ Qd:d:r" Rdxdy)
(1'1(;.110)
( ... t)
/(~, r. :)d:dr '" 1
D(~.y)
{1l163a)
s-
Mol S ....
egy "" UK.VI\Ila:t.on fdiil.. tn~k 1\ j~l,>I(",," U<aIr. ..ll..nkPz<'l iranvitott...agg"l.
3:
Altal,,""n a (pIiil.tj int"1':raJ (.pI'Ugy
az S fdiik'tl ~t
\.I\rn1O gurl-.i>t6l. mint IwogAt<'>i .. fl'liil..n & . E7krt No 5, ,... S, MiiJ,.t...n
wit intcgr.iJ.ok "lO' .... U!O'lIIlaz,m C hrotArolO gOr'boo _'-"n III A1talAlwl
kiiiOfll>OzUk (8,4 5. abra) :
(iU (j(i)
irli.nyitoU""&"""k tlLl'gv"lt<rtt " tf..
j (P d1J d: + Q J: dr + RJrJy) = - j {P dyd Z + Q dzd.r + R dr d1J ).

s
.-
(11. Hi7)
j j {z dYd: + yd:dI'" :udy)

,
irAnyitot~
oI.yan, II ,. f<,IiiI~1 kUM old.liot ~,ik pozitivnak.
tn<"g:
(S.I69)
496
9. Differen ciaIegycnlctck
Diff...... n cj lil .. gy.. nl .. t n..k ILev'-"Uiikl\;\oly"ll''lO'''nIMM, anwlylwn '10' (vagy ti)hb) fiigg"t],u VN'
toW... ~ (vagy ..~kl ..,k) vaL.m,il}'f'1L ~IP-!l fugg~nye (VlSgy fiiggvo'uY" ij ...... 'm',k .. fil"..;vinyllf'k
(WLgy filgg'+uyekl1<'k) II fii!\l1:..tlrn v41t<R'.6 (VlIgy Vl\.ltorok) "Z .. rinli kOzi:irn.eg...,.. (""KY "'\ITWi><) ,k-,-iv4Jtj..
vag)' deriVl\.ltjai __",,,cluck. A Yilf''!"f'"dAJ''&.Vf'nl..t tendj.... benne seereplO Iegruag",...." " """ill <i<'riV>iJt
I.
rendje.
2.
Kozo~ "
pard . li5 d itf" A'oci a wc "t"nle tek: ha .. difI"l1"lIciiW.-gyrulcl.1...n """""1,16 f;w-
wi.
VPny t"gyviltozi:wo.... rnnrk A ffi~..tl.-n v41t<>ZI> .w-rillti. Un. kOzOn.~ tk-riVl\.ltjai ll-pnrk
Akkor It
difI..rc~nJo:.!.rt kim">~ <IilfPf'f'r..-Wt'S)TUktn..trIK"WZZiik; ba cz a fi;,gvrny VI ~ tOhtMiJ,lWk.. frljtgrllrn v4hmAk ..,....rinti llolU'rilUi.~ ckrivaltjai ryuck d .urn;....diff~1rlrt
parciali. dilI'T<'ncialr,;ym.IM.,..k _ u k .
tozOoo."'...
(d.)' ,.d,
A:
dz
-r
h-Wll,=O; . B : .I'.p,.u _ dy( dr)1 ", ~{d!l)' .
e c.
{p.
dz iJ'
ih;'-.I"IIZiha;
pgyt"I1lOtlrn...:-g. abol teh4t S n" m fiixg "'m r-t6l. ....m 1.'1.161. ""111 1"..Jig Vl-IOI. Ha tl'lj<'1liil .. Lif"lChit :<-foollet...l ..kkor (9,2)'Il<'lc "10" az Yo k~ti foolVI ..lt<'i1 foJyt <>llOlll!LU fUl{KolllegoldMa ",,". A LlI"SCHITZy}-nl'k .. G tNtornAnyblln lcorlAtOll iJflUy I"'I"ciA\i:l d<:riVNtja VIIll_ A 9 1.1.4.
Mt,.t,.1 f.. nllall. ha
ponth.. " olyan di ffcn'lIciAl<,orc,ll<tdll'\ vw.gAlllnk, "m..lyt'k nern "Jr,r;itik ki .. C AUCHytM f" lti't..lrit.
t'.
3. I r Bn y m <>:<o
tJ = /(r.y) dilfl'n'nMlogy<'nl.-t y .,:>(r) mo-soldWnak jp"afikonja kc""""tiilhAlad ax .\I(r. y)

po nton. Akmr .. gi>rl,c,.\1{I. y) punt Iwli hint6~TlPk dyjd.r m........ lc~c kOzwtknw a di ff..""OONpgyoon1M. Altai Adott. 19y" viz."S31t tarlomany llI.intlffi ponljAban Il <lilf"l"PnriAl..g,..,"I,-t lIll'ghat.vo-aall ",.-g.
oI.w.gOrl,c,crintojfn"k iriUIy;U. EzckIX'kail iriWyoknakaz~pgy 'rQnymuot alkol (9 ,1, abra).
H.. ""
A pontot Il boluArf'1l.J,.[t irannyal '-'!O",iu a:.I ir"'"ymnO vona1folf'mpTlPk 1If'\'<'7.z,ik.
110' iI;""znct~
f'l'J
~ndil diffPn'~lt-tint.-gralhM az ir....,y'ue:di .. "'I1lf'i1~k m1~11,c, vooJ6 Pgy<'l'i t~ j<>Imti. oly modem. hOftV az in~hP mindPD ponlj4h.u, lIZ fortn1-6 irany.. ~ i k AZ iriLnynlf"7A'l
a:wu pon1h<>li w ktor.. iran)'aval_
9.1. Kozonsegcs differencialegyenletek

Alla limos . Iakti n.-i reD.h l kfuO~ diff......nc ia l..gy.. n... t
/",pb.nt talahillAll ~iiIr. .. kOvrtv,.6 "IY"'fl1rtM.:
1.
F [r , r( ,r), ' (z ), .. .r)(z)] =0.
(9,1)
Ha ..bMl AZ "'IY"n~b61 rl-l(z) kir..p.hrI.6, .u.~ ~I alnhi JH'd n-n<lli k<'ior.On.""'s.... <liff......nMAJ..
brfq;h'iuk.
<'Y"n~nfl
2. D iff......n c iA1PgyP n k-t m egoldu.. ( in t egr llj ..)

A difflTPIl~1.-t m.-goIdAM will,ltu oIyau... ~ ""1)." ~"'n a :5 r .,; It intro...lJUlII'>IL fortl"1rncr.M t fiiggWnY.lL1II p ty IlZOnOOWllI ki.-l/Vti IlL~Wt-tM. AJtal&noo. Illl"gol<liI<n..k (V>\I?:Y N~ ill\.<1tI"NIlllk) . - i i k AZt Il ~t. IUlJIly lJOlll-ololln II tl"~"". <-gyDJ;\,.t6l fi"~..tJ..n <'l......, . . r ..
.ilL..n<lot {J!'IlI"Ilffif'I-Prt) tArt"bnaz. Ha lLZ iLltaiao<.oI ~u....I>IWSW",,,IO('I.C:Z"
,r" iLIla",I<>k....k ""1lh..tArozott fort/>k..k.-t Adllnk. akkor !"'rtikulMi~ megoldAAOM.t (V&gy l'..rtiklll.v~~ illtegriU<ok..l) Ml,,,uk,
9 .1- AbrIL
4.
F ii ggol<>gl'S iranyok
Ha egy diJI......nciaI"R'"f'nJct.1 n..m ki-pt..ttpl. hlUl,.m ir4ny~l...tunk l!lf1:. ~ AZ ir~ fiigI61cgOl iranyok;" "'A'I"Pp<'ITlPk, Akkor Il fiigg6 k Il fiiget]pl1 "&!toW lOZt"tl"pe fe-\a,,(-rel6dik. e; ..
1
-<II
-tiy
/(r.y)
- II sin r
A
(' "" 0
9,2. &bra.
+ 1ICQ!1 r '" I ,liff'T<'U<-W',r;y..ultt a1ta1lu...... ll1egolJ.<-..,. Y = OOO;r + ""ll r fiiRKV"nv.

~II az ~"IM. lNU"tikumn.. IIlf'RoId""""" 1I = COo r fi"'-KK"""Y.
.
19. 4)
difft'"I"Pn.. W"X.... nt..tct "" IIo<1ott (9 .2) "llY",,],.u... ], kvlwUoll/<,wk to-killt.jlik. Itt / (x , y)
9 .1. 1. Elslircnd,l d iffert'nciAlegyenletek
>\Z
irMymez6 nwg-
"I':'IlIOf'. ha "" irMy fiilUl0t..R..... akkor J(:,y) '"' O.
fd d ii ...ktor';'nl'lk irnnyt....
9.1.1.1. Mcgoldasck lHezke, ir auymezc5

5.
Alt"laIlrnl int.. grfll

A7. in tpgr&1gijrl';, k L"K)" ;,"( r . C) "KYIWlramMf'\"f'II ~irl .. .",.1"Pll1't Illkot nAk. Iln",ly Pgy 117.Aha<lon val,,,,,,tha ti>
aJlnn<l<'>t t~Wrllaz, ,'I'ct,"lJlkl,c,n aC J>IIr"m"t.prt. A hhm . hogy Itll Yo = .,:>(ro) fplt;; t ..11 k i..J<'git01.' = ....(x)
!"",tlkul';'". lJll' b'H'lt II. (9 ,6,,) a1t." I" n"" illl "1(I'4lhOl m,~lo.r>j"k. Al'.
1.
l\Iegoldasok Ilotn .foMo

A C AUCHY f..l" pgzifl7.t..nri,.. I"I ..1 " [1.. h"" I..". ha K:t J( r, y) f" AA\'{'ny f"l yton.... ...: (ro, Yo)
Ir - rol < .. ""Ill - Yol nciiIJ"!twIl1"tU,k J{1.,,,,.ik 11;\ .cITt tn.rt ' UUl",d l f" llt i in t"rva.llllUlon ol y" n m l'gol<lAAA.nmdv "" Z = .co
t"'IY~Il "" Yo (rt/k,t w !<I.i (,.1. MiI>to<Ii,,">\1 " h hn n " tartomAny ban, l\ll1l'lylwn II. ('J,2) V"SY II '(9.4) <lifff'o
rP~CliIJ"RYCIlJdn' f.' ur"l.IlwJl IV- "Jl:I.Ur/.t " lHi>\ tMcl f,ltM,I" i. m ind"n M{xo. Yo) pont"'l k""""I.I,iil h"l"tl
At lIltcgI'Al~ijrl... (9.2 . Abra) .
2.
Lip s chit a-felte tel
Ad lll"ll<ljnk . holO' G-twII t"l j,,,,iil >\ LU'SCHIT Z-/dtnrl

(z. 1.'l) ('II (r.!tj) ]lOlltTll t,,'lj...ii! II:'
1/(r. y.)-/(r.,Y2)1
s: ,Vi,lI -!hI
fl7.
N Lipochit7.-Allnnd oWll. h a mimll'n G-tw li
Yo- .;(xu.C) = 0 ,
'"l>Ycn ll'thOl m,,1': k,.n il"t.{IHY/.ll1111k .. C " 1l1Ul<lt"J t .
9 .1.1.2. E lcmi uton iutegralhato dlffe rencialegyenletek

1. SzptvAl1l5zthat6 v 4 lt o z6 j il differ.. nciAI.. gy .. nl .. t .. k
H.. Pgy t1i!In<'nri31l'RYPuld "I.
.\f (;r ).V(1.'}d.r + P{x )Q (y )tly = 0
(9.611)
n1nkra Il<Yl.ha lo. akkO I fdir h"to fl7.

(~J.J)
R (;r)d.c + S(y)dy
= 0
(9.6b)
a1akl"""
u.. E:z kOlllly<'1l h.,[Ath,,10. ha" (tl_IM} egyml..1.M: P(x)S(y}nfli Ol'Iztjllk; lO:lIlitirl\..~ ""krt; .. llinyiit<,
-.I .
Int e gra l'" t i'ny ..-z6
men"", Z. ilkt"" Ill. 1/ YRlt,ni>.-Ie '10"'1:"'0 IJIIl:han 8l',PI"f'p"1. A1. Altai"""" int<>grAl A1akj.... kovrtm.li:
lnt.-grlilti t~"Y"zoll .. k u"V..aiik .. p{r, y) fiiAAv"uyt, hK" (~9.. J.
(9.7)
.\!(I ),u + j Q(l/)dll = C
j P(x )
Sly)
ILlllf'lyMl" kiin~Al""'"k lltAu "'''''('l'IIO'i.,......It..o II kif,jrzhd6. Ha valam..ly z =:r ""RY II _ Y .... ol.i",
P(z) V"fO' ."(JI) nulla kti'ket '..-.0: fr io akk"r I = 7' vagy 113. Pffilitpt l ,iI.I~vPl y = Ii !<lint<'-" "
dilJ('rt'OCi&Ie&Yt'nlM inl.<"Jt;r4Jja. ''lM1. m..gnl<l"""-
(9.10a)
.\fdr + Sdy = 0
rv;yt'nk td p(x. y).nal-=rozva ~t <Iilf. ....ll.iAl.-gyrnkt.1 ksl'uuk . .-\1 int.-grolJo t<;n)...m kielCt>;i~i "'"
. ,'=~1J . lWaiL
O"/<:E R:
xd,+,.u=O,
J ~.v + f ~
= C:
Inlyl+lnlrl =C=ln\r.l ;
IIz=",
y= ~ (z#-O).
~kIY"k
(Ia.od 126. okl.). akkor..z..
IIlx III
;"lIKT<.'tkn fi~y ~ AZ
AI(:r.,)cU+ ....(z.'..,lI=O.
.\I(r.,) -S(r .)fI=O
(tl ..'\)
- y = O. Al.~'" NJI = "'.elz brlydtft>itOioodaz (1 -
Ebh6I .. vRitmOk "l.i'lv&MtA.......-J &;<1 bl'juk bcllO'

~D..JI_A1tAJanoo,ill~j ..
I : .. d,. = - /
lll lrl ... lll l"I-" = C "" Inc ,
.. )11' ->-.!
u.z = ~
3. Egulkt diff",",od al .-gy.. nJ.. t

Egz.att d.1fn....ci4J~h ...k I"",,,,"iik ~
M(r.y)dr + S(x.lI')dr '" 0, ill . .v(x.,ly' .. Jl (.c. , ) = 0
_ 0 ...u.kr.. buda.o.t.
~ .1gymIlf"killM.v....z PrMc-tl
II =
""'" t"djllk kif..pni. Mint..hoc',.;t u- 1.-M! V. k'l,lnik (... vAh.a7.ok vRtviLla.'<'T.tA.

~,1 ~ a. in~~r"",jP ~ ir"uylTl"Z&wk
..
&y
a.\f
as
ily -
,c 0#.. O; .. M>6I,.1
-.19;. old ) Ill':.c = 0
(9.lOb)
or
OldjUI mq: lIZ (.?
(~ ~ lila:"
8111
= 0 dilf'Tl'lKW"lO"'nlf"1:p\. AI: illt~ ti'1ly<W" - .c arP -
+ ,Jdr - rd,
= 2 '''R.wnWt
u~, ,..!.i,1 f'lKK',tl<-n intrgTUl> ti'nY'M"'ibOz jutunk 8Z r a~:"
"ItY"lll.el. nqoldi....{m.1. I\lll<"lyb61 ",;kW.tI.
""Aa
viltul6i lIZi'tval-tllJ\li>k.
.I"(r-,rI
alnl'
II.Z
d,lfer<0nriAlcKYrn\f't. "",e\)-nek v~"llt t..lJIz01"",,, 11"'"1<1

wt"Pill<lthl)'f"Z<'l_ Snk .....-then a p(~. y)
lllt'f;l"W li'ny.-zO 8JX"CiAlis ...W uj: p(r). 1'(')' I.(I,). ill. p{r
y).
2. Homcgen diff~",nci4kgyll:'lll..te k
HlI. M(I.') .... S(r.,) ,~y&/l foI!:d bomoVn
.alnp
.\--a;- -.\1
t .. hilt
alkOl" an Jc..pJuk. 1>0,;,\. (I +
L)d.r -
.'
a1~lnt<yitJ"kowtlu.-:r.6ala.k.u:
= -2
H... "'" ..dou diff..l'f"JIf'i~nlM I'-W'I '<l".OrtUl<uk.
!dy = o. l,;y (9.9,;1 ) Iili.pjAn I\Z ro = 1. )11 = G-nak ""?;felrl6

r
"'(r.JlI _
~) d{ - [ <bj - C -y x -;: = C.
fI (1
~.
E I..on-oo li lin..aris diff......u cial..gy.. nlrl

ElWrmJ" li ....on> dlD....,;h<'Uil.>JYNll"'nPk ~iik.u
"
p (x ,
Q(.c)
(!U I ...1
~nlMM. IfM'rt" k..",....1t fiiAA""o'-nyurk ,...... eloo6 .Joorj\itltjAt tart...h,llW'Jl.,. u .....1mit. y-ban (,; lIben ~~
hrtMril<"'" ~uk ncm ~ IJPm.... EUIlPk .. c'litf,"""nri~I<'tl)Pk..,;y mtq:nllO tem""""',jP
(9 .111
(~.~,,)
iWLk" _nkowt
h... a.\l
_ as \f .... \' "rUln.....r..i t.artoniIlnv..
w .. t.sz<oWn
.~
~-~.
.
'11Oll1"""l.hAn ..nn.k ,.;tOil
rf.IozhalnuozAn. Mlit M upli<"il "j.bOl ...16o.16 S f 0 ('""ftV .\1 i O. el.. Akkor.c = x(lI) .. 1..,...,.-.11
fiiggvo'-ny) f..ltftrI h.. tArm Ulrg. H.. "flY "fl:YlW:'n_u o...:...cliiggu tartolUauyhAu /IX M(r-.JI) ... X(r, y)
fiiw"'ny.,k ...wunint ~udil parciA!i>o ,\<orivAltj";lr. fo ly loDol<ak. Ilkkor IlZ
M(r.,)d.r + N(r.y)dy;: d4>{r.lI)

(9.91
eg}"'nlMM ki..lf-gilll 4>(.c. y) f;ilQtviuy....."'" ha (99.1.) ba.l ol.Wa II.Z 4>(I.II) fiiggw;ny l<>ljf'!o rlilf'wnriAlj..
(lA.o<l-WO. old.). (9,9..) iI.ltalAII<; iUlrgrAljill"
4>(.r. y) >= C ,
implicit ki-pwt t.--I acljll. 1U1irlyhOI
4>(.r , y) =
JM (~ ~).u; J
..
"
fIKll'ot inU>n...lImnoJl
abo! P .... q irtPlll..-~llft6; Iuuoon\6 m'1U"'gyz.... t<"<'nc\ii minden
k.-....m.l>i ..... tbcn is.
H" l<lI im(onti fommliih&n .. hat.ii.r07....tlan illl.<~l ,;J"ko.l.ru' ti>\ .c-i8Irrjt'<l,l hRtAI"tYI.<>tt inl<>gritlnkkal\"'\ Y<'Il.p"itjuk. akkrn- Y(X9) = C (lAAd 44~, "Id.). 11K 'I, .. ,lilf'-l<-Il~iaI'1l~' ..ul..t vaJ...n,"'ly J"'rIiknlari" lDt'guld........
akknr"" iJtIl1lur"" Ill<"l':uldfll't 3Z
miml"", olylUl -
(99<)
~:'n' lI' '''''",
Y = 1/, + C ..xp ( -
,....tl><o II kifej,'~hd.u. 4> Il
(9. lIc)
X (Xo. ,,) d"
(~Wd)
int." riil1..1 vagy. h.. 1I.Z (.ro.l/O) - (ro, y} _ [z , y} tii rottvonal nines he nne .. ta rtunu'uyl",u...kkor KI,
('''.!AI) ,.,.Il l. (r. y) p"llt<>kat o.../..,kiit<'l hArllWly mk. 1\ t .. rt om ilny han ha lacl6 ..gy~M'r(l , Hktiflk.i.lh "t,,
g;;r!>i'" vel t voI",liut.-" rlill..\ lillitlll't.6 .1<'1 . Khnl .co "'" 1A> tf't,,,/'ol.. ~ ..\('n vii],.,;,.lhall> ( ,.~ fPl"] I"'-V; C 1.,'1..
I<t<~leg<'" valllMl! tA,o...../lKk). SIlk .....Il"'n o IIlf-gkKphKt6.
i'Cldakluol K ki...6hhi.kl,,-u ("gbolk"muk ,
JPd.r)
(9. 11,1)
f"nuulahOl ko.l'juk, A lin..l\riAAn Disgel1ell YI(.1)""In(.r) I'","liklllaru< lJIrgnl.lo\suk (1"-"<1 ;;()'J . nld.) j,;m,~
"'l~I"'1l "" AltK!"n"" m egol<lk int..grii.l"'" n"lkiil i" In''ll,lu'l'lollt6:
(!J. 1I<,)
Y=YI +C(Y'.!-y,).
Oldjuk nwl'; a kiiv..tk..,,6 k,.7.del.ih tik p ru h li-rlll'll ;

",x l' (
-1~ tg r d~)
y - -1co;I
l'
0
II -
ytg.c
cos z, (9.11<') Kl"l'jiin "'Il.,,,,,1"k;
SlUI
.-.:os 2.cd..- = -1- [Sill.rl-ot;.c+Ij - - , - r- .
rot< . r : : l
2
::1<'01< I
('0lI.r, Yo
O. "'live!
6 . B.,rn oulli-f" l.. dilf.. r.. ncjli l.. gy. ml e t

BERSOIiLLI-!"lr d'1frJ'P'"".<il~r,Jrfll,kIwv,,,,.ziik az
1/ + P(x)y = Q(r}y"
(n I 0." ~ I)
(9.1'l)
"lO"cllicttl...uwly y"-n..1 \'Il1O 0I<ltA>tt.al. majd a z = y-"'" (Ij vAitoW Jx.\...-~w...;vd lUI""",, <lilfprt'nci
aJ."!'Jo'"nwh.. .....,."". 1LlI,.. lyct a-n- IIll~"ld\'ll'"~hb61 y.t kif..j.-z.....lW:-gkal'juk (9.12) m<>goldA."'I.it.
OJ<ljuk I1W8""
y _.!!
, - x./y ,liff'-r<nciilJpgy<>nJPTf't. ~tivd n =
z '" ./y ilj vill1o'1.O l>Pv...-...trJovt'! ~ d: dr
AlII<'lyn..k
'It'"''rUM
7.
~
=
r
.: <>gyt'n],.IMkapjuk. Ez "l'S hll"ari.~di!f""'~"'I"t.

2
~dA..a up(f p.u ) = ~ mil.u l
~ , ..hAly
r'
(~hl r
If'!. ,ji-nal....IO ~u.-.I. lIIAj<I ..
c)
[j ~~tLc + c]
r~ [~ ln r
... C) .
A~ <'t1'<IMi
.. = P{r)~
19.1JI\}
~nlM.rt. Allll1Anooo
boon ~ .. di!f"I~1rt llf'III okihaw!lll1: kvaolratlinlval........... a ~
nrm w..t"nlld""t() m"l vfog'" """"nu UI'-"':;r..u,..t fla IWlaMn ;"'rnerMeo; <'lO'
lJllTliku1Arilt tJ>oT>kI...~.
ftkk.,.. IL7.
'1
,. '" 11', + -
(9.13h)
bdydtm,.-.l .. z(x}-t1" vtlIlIltkoz() inholll,>t;t"ulinc.-Arilt diff<'11'~ ..nlM~~jllt"nk.IUII"lyn .. k nM'8'

oIWV".ib61 vu-...-AmoIvro. "'''IkAI'Juk IlZ "nJcti ~Irt tObhi ~-...it. Ha!b. "lO' m.v.ik PArtikuliIrilI lllqt;oMW<;" iNnfort. akkot-
(9 .13<- )
lI'l-YI
.. :(r)- ... von .. twhf..nti !inm!>' "C,Y<'nk'\ ''10" j'MtilmIAcil<lDf'KOldA._. ami <"gy'<V'f1boiti "nu"k "'" rgyt'Ulctnrk "" ~ I , Mivrl Mnot-Iy 4 ~Iiuc ).,1.w..vi>.:t.Onyban van. ""i>rt h.. Mroiu IVtikulArilt
m<"KoIdA.~. Ifl. lI'l (oo,lfJ i~IDf'rt. ftkk"r a TtICCATl-ffok diff"","ciAl..,,,ymlct ilJI..u."..... ll1~01.""'" ").""....
ni .. nMMik:
%, '" - -
!.:...!:.
(9.IM)
P '" 0 ..... P"
I<"t"".ik. aklmr a
QP+P
lj
y- P(I) -
d,
2P1'
+ R,(:r)
~....
= 0 .hff"r..ndAl"ll:y..nl('I.t! [,,'10"-"" Y -
-<- (1(;). ckkor
It ..
l>oil
~r~
'<.
alakban kf'rC!!O'iik'.:r _ X v~tilool.,r;yb61 mlllAto. hOS)' c = 0. Brlll"lyl'ltt'bil....... 1lIZt kapjnk. bogy

-'
3
S
1
1 2
_ ~ "- = _ ~ ""'-"" k"t partik1J]It.,;,.IT1<1\OJd.... t Mllllnk: "I - ;;:. U2 = -., _. -,\z, '" - - " = - .. .. - 2''''
2'
.
..........
%
z r
brIv.-U""'-tn.>d z'
5: = I. A : = __'_ = -::. partikullt.ri> ~ldNot id.. h...hclY"ltalit .....a
-
If'l-!l1
I
, .
_
1
I
2L.rI .. 2
'" CJ-"~ - - a1talAna< Illl'W'ldAo<t blp)uk. ,,-",lhov' .. whhl ulf'OklNt If = - .. -, = -L - '
t"
- -PI- ,-j,.
(9, 13g)
hdyI'I"'''!t.f,s",,[ (9,13.. }-h"'l"
tv" - (P' + PQ}I" + P2R, = 0

mModr.. nrl" homng"n (1......1 (tl,3(J)) 1i"";"li" ,liff'f(lJ('ilt.kKY('nlrtr.. jlltllllk (1ii.'I<\ ,,\(;, 01.1).
implicit <lilfm,ncialcF;ycru...l. Egy

r...llkt,.] t .. ljP.<iil:
r"-r
(9.14)
.\1\ ~ ,.. pontoo I"'ut"""" II inlppilJl{"bc 4alad6t.. ha IlZ aW>hi ket
a ) Az F(x. ",.p) = 0 "RY"u1..tuek II OOk.. , ...." p,. . .p".

b ) .,~ F(x. y.p) fiiAA'-m}' ....w.rnu,t ~ drririltjai fnIy~ ll1' .\/(x. It.p,) pofltokban n.l'Zclr.l>l"n
.. poolllkh..n ilF/iJp *- 0
H.. IIZ adon <>gyt'nlMb6I."
,,-&tt'U
fiigw-m'kk1t kif,.~. akkol- n !<liImu ..xplicit diff<Tf'ncifliqo....w..tIE' <'Slk ~\. 1lIDf'1}",k lD<"ltoMu....t,-..l II lI,t~bf.t ka;Il111k. Arnnul~i""" e&,V egYPIllM ~ =
"ill'.r') V"C" = ~'.:r.y') ..Ia.kl',. Mknr """ P JlATamMf't" t...hrly,,\tmtOCvet eo. ,. ilt.:r !t7.<"l1nt,
d.iffl'n"u~ dpld'j-r... ill. dp tirr.. ....natkozil ~n\Pt"" Ieapt",k. >tl1l<'lyhrn y' k.ivan f(J"Z'''e. M"l"kI,&,uk .. kiinrlllJa.~ pgy<"ll1M {9.H} nK"gOldAAA..."J <'gYlltt fQn~Ur.tJ"" par>tlni'tI........ mo:-goldft,;L
-+ y" <li!fCIf'l1'-~''1"''tM' ~ r' = p... kkol-:r = P!I ... y. y.~inti
drl
.
I
dpdyPll
rliff",""",iilJMWfs a - - - bcly,U.,q'lbMolazl kap)uk. hulty - - p+{r+ 2p)-d ...,. -d - - ,
~ =
dy
P
P
Y
P-y
P
I ~pl Enllt'k. "'" y.h..n h""Arifl"IO'lllctu.k .. lJ>t!goldMa r = -p c
. H3!"Xt a kiinrllllMi
Oldjuk lDt'l! ~ L = " "
<'g)"-'nwthrn y hdyt'hc irjuk. &kkor p"rlLll''''''"'''' a1akl>Otll.

""'" t':lIl1.h...n lhh6l.uw !It i~ ki turljllk f('}<-lni.
Legran g....f .. l.. d iff.. r t' nd li.l ..gye n l.. t
LAGflA."GE-Flr di!frrt'nCiOl"!I!I,.,Jdn"k lI<"WZ7.iik
y-v<1
kif..jt"Zt'u ,,,~lrlAAh07. jntnnk; "",I("n
(tl13h)
Ill.
a(y)x + IJ(Y)1f + <iy') = 0

(9,14..)
CK......" I'td. E~ lIZ l'llY'-,ul,.t 3 f..nt i.~m"rt"'''U m6<lull lIIill<lig: inl ..g:rillh"ti> kv..o",t(m'kkal. HI' P = Pc
(9.130
kanonikll" "l"kr" h",h.. t IIIII"1yl",u a kn"",tt fiiAA\'<"ny n"gy:u,tJolwk pgyiittllatoj.. '" I ,..."I..oh..!\"Any" mAr Uf'm ~'l"'I"I"'L M (It"l1."~
Y=
;If -
2.
(\1,13<')
kOUllY"" inwrtA1h.. t() hrlyru....it........l a RICCATI fH.. diff,nU<,iaI.-gytukt ..
d,
,
- "" u
Y .j -
L ~tt"goldas param"tues alak hRn

AOOl;t..,;y F hAr-omvillt0z60s ruggw-nll}.... "'"
F(.:r.,..y') = 0
n{" iIilegyelllet
o4l.r-gynkfll.-k I.......,.,.iik "'"
Q{r),'" RI.:r}.
.If" -1/". = C-~.

Y -Yl !t.l- V,
fla 01)'1LlI interv.. llumou k','.",....Ik a 1ll<'Il:old";',t. abol
ml'g I\Z
9.1.1.3 . Im p lici t diff('re ncia.It'K~..e n le t ek
R iccati-f"l .. diff
RICCATI-jRr d.!fr
Olrljuk
hatvllnvanak <;:y,-,lthatojAc.. 2,1 + I/r ..dUo.llk. "m.. ly 11(:r) = -1/2r ,_I"n ..Itilnik. 110''' kow\k,,zO
"
IS.
.
a
b
'~~l"t"l "",,'uk: ,,' - ,,1 + _ _ U. A part,klllAr!>' Illt-g,>I.l&oukat U = - , .. - + c pro .....uggv..ny-
a{p)
+ b(p)p =
O.
{9.14h)
ftkkor
(9.14.-)
"lG' ""ingnIMi, intrp;rilJ. n"v'"'rt~ ,.It)' Po JlJ"n~l,.k.ry;(l "lO"'l)"".
3.
C lairaut_ fe le d iffprpnciill.. gy,, " l,t
CLAlRAUT-fdr d'iJ,.",,,ciri.I"yyml.'h,,k Jllv,"Z~iik .. LAGRAI'C .;-f,"k diff"feIldalq~y,,"Id k6.....tk....11
,'iali" I',.d,;\:
a(p} + b(P)p
O.
"1'''-
(9 ,1:;"')
"mely i\Z
y=y'r+j(y')
(9 ,151.)
502
a.I"kr" bozbatA EJ"",k l\!tll1An<.., " f"ul; !'j1.t'\.'ml><'11 J"lTam.'ter'l.{tt mcgoJoAAII:

yeoC;c ....f(C).
(9.1;x,)
Az itJt>l!AnClll rnegul,l"" ",.-11..11. Vl'IJ' '11'11: IICLAIRAIITf"l.. <l.iff"Il',,<:i&..,..;yrnlo>tn..k "ltv !WnJ.;"I....iIl illt"ll:'
au,ply.,,,,, C lilla",lonq ""
Talj.. ill,
!/-Cs+JIC)
(\:1.15<1)
.... "CfO'H'l"ilititl .. riv ...IA""~.,.jlldOt.lo
O=:r
J'(C)
\9.1:;")
egyenl.. tbO! V><!,i kiku..u;ihu,"",woI k.../'llllk 1Ut... A S7.ill'llA.ris i.llt,waJ. ''It.al3hfLn ~s V""lI...tria.il~ ""m
mas, mint Il:1. iUWallo m"~f>l<l"" 4!U.lllwg!uot'llOZOl! ~""reg (9. 3. abra) hllrkol6 giirbi-Jr (lNvl
'1W'nl""h6J. k.ll kiiJ."illluunk. "'" p-t 1w1l kikiw,iihi)[lIiink (p _ ,r/l. HOI I\Z igy nyert iihsz"fiiAA"'" "'" ",1011
t!it!<-","eiaI.'KY""I"t "8Y inug:ril.lj.... akkm "" ItW >v.iUl:llWU. illt.<>g:rAl. A7. int"8rAlt m"!l:h"tarozo ''KY''1lIf't<'l..10...;,. oIvan alakra k<'11 hoeni. 1Utl"ly n"lll t"rtwula.t toUh"rli'kll fiiW"ny..k"t, f01"1~ n('m .",lik8-loka.t, abol ko~plf'X fii.AAi'lly':..-\-ik<kPt ill fi&Y"IM"I,.. k,'Il"lll' .....uni.
A mdl.i:tilok olpn kifej",;A"."k, 1U".,]y .. k Ilig..lmu '1O'.'ul.,l,rk''IO'u.....l:... ~aJo h..I}'t,It_jt.......ko. fordulnak
..\<'i (1N.d 61. old.). H" i,'rrwrt lIZ inlcgri<Jg';rt-....rrg ..gy<'Tl!<-t." Il>'.a:.! lI.>: .... Iott ,liff"."ncW<'gY"nlM: AltaIiuI<l<l inlef:t1\!j.. , ekkor a gm-h......r"l': uurkol6illAk (lI7.injtllwillml<'jtrftljain<Jo.) ~lArozAA:t,difff'f("""
~rnctria.i ,....zkOzi>kkf'1 tOrti>nlwt. (u-I 1J7. 01<1.)
2:J7- oI.q.
01<ljuk IIlf"l ~ Y - nj g'l r1ilf"",lK~'!lIeU't1 AluW\.llOo intqi';ralja: , = C:r .... ("2 . .wnj{llli"i"
inu,;ritJjAt (IllY MpJuk lUtlt. b<'lQ' l\Z r ... 2C _ 0 <'U"nkbOl kikliszObOlj,ik a C A1~\ zJ + ~II = 0,
ut IIZf'fIllo'lto:-tl" 9.3. "bra,
A : Oldjuk IDf'gIlZ I
b)z-,
9.3. Iilm.
9 .1.1 .4.
Szin~ularis
= 0
~p .... ~I = o. p kikWrWhol~W'1 ~t a) r -, =
~w..t
mM1Cszl
r...JiK
~"""RYik burkol6gOrl*jP.:h ..)""
~krt
II.
V~Aljuk az ,r/-In Ix! - Od,lIf'tp,,"~nlrt"t' ~~ =
h)
9..1. 'bra __ruW-h"li.
I- 0 mUttt lliJKlIZingt,i.l\ri.<.lnUwAlja.
(..... -ilr:jO)
Ewx-II a (O,O) pnnt uottiJt ~:nngtol<irv punt ..... uuvool m'" "uQSl,l4ri>I pontja a f..lu;lelek mian nillO'f'tl.
Az ar _ 0, = O<'g)'l'.-.n kiVlilmind''1IlIlf''gold/llt.pk, koordinit.ta!iiAAv6'ye in.......-t&lhAti>., .....i.,-t z mint
y ~Y" kiPJ<ogiti ..
integralok es szingu laris pontok
tU
(9.16<0)
diff<'WlK"i.u..gy..nkkll kivill mi-K"
iJV
B:
oJ,ff....<'II~n\rtl'l! A ho=& tar1o:<O (9.Hid)
=~ ,&boI .. )tlf'm~,h)p...Jijt.wll~ulArilo~f"1:utOObi""'b,-C)~ = (z_C)J
T{t) _ cr{t) - t>J(t)
wm
OF
~P~ + ~pJ _
4 . Diffen>nc iaWgye n let szi ngulA r i.. pon ljai

E,y," m-lt wk!on'rt,;kii ~uy g,.diP""",'" nh\... rxpbnt Jiff...... ~nlet~llZinR',Li--
Iil; pootjADal< ~ik azt .. poutul. amelyt.." .. phh oldalak .-ltiluUf'k. Eo. .. tu1a~ jOIu.thati> a
~km alak'i, diff.. ~tnndKz,.,- ..... Vhoon:
I.
r'(t) = ar(t) - "rtt)
(9,17)
9.... ahra.
1. Szin gulAr is ..
:\z (r . ~. J4) I>'Ilnrutt b4rn_t" r1itf"",IJri~l-nk1~",ngalnn.. di-.....n..k eev....ai"u.. hAIl7.
F(;c y, y) = 0
y_
megoltLisaY>tl an kapjllk. bogy -
41taw-
=-'-'1/
{!Hlll
d,""ar -br
"RY"nl<'tct; lw<onlO .. hclyzt't .. C7 ...."Y "" 0 "l(V<'1.......1I kiviil. fort!itoll __,.., ......... t.A!;:ooaj.
(9.161.)
A "".iuKuIAru. pont kOmVl"Zl""'X'U a;z inlf'grAlRi'Th<'k ~I"'-.'"

>.2 _ (II + c)>. _ hr - ..e = 0
(~WI)
<'gy"nwl .. t ill ki<)('Kiti.
tanJ.t"'"--'.:tik...., ""/YOIkt ltvOkpinf'k fiiw+ny<-. HAruIll ......t kiilOnhOzWtbPt6 1ll<'K:
2. Szingulilris int ..g r'l
1 . ..,;d. Ha a gyokok ,aIOt.ak b IIWn....."lojPh1"k, 1Lkk<,r a >lZilll:lllAJi.~ I'Ontl>t c"''''Opt",tnak lK'....~z(jk.

Ha nMn "lIY""fj('k U"'I'.. .. kkor cgy kivi>t"\io\'t'l a7. """"..... m."K"l<l.....gi'>rhe a szinglllArj,; l>o:m t b<m;'nntl ''@:Y'
m.....e H" a gyiikokTll"l\''l'LV<'zu.k..kkor v"l!..v Il7. int<'jtTA.lK"rl"kn<k a flZiu!,:ulAri~ ponthan kOziiI< hint.6jiik
vau, vagy .. SZitJgIllilrif< ponthOl miu<!,'u irflny1>ll.l1 pon!.<lovl.ll " I',)' iut"ll:raJl'.orhc indul ki.
S,.in!l:1l1Ari.~ ..lemok ,I,.j 11,'1 k,,<>tdin;'fAil><,>1. lUint p,,"tokl><'>1 iI.Il6 int..-graJgorh't &zi'lgwaTVI ",'rgmJ.
9",--w""k n"w-ziink. h.. igy.'!l:Y oly..n ,liff,wn.-iall",l,j Y fii~nyt bpunk. /l.lu..t)I'< (I. Y(I). y'(.}) lLlin
,1"1! rrr ,.,.,iUK',lAril< elem.
~ziuK',lA"" inl<~r"lg"rI,,'
EY
.." (I.y} = 0
(91oc)
"lO'('nlrti>t l",di!l:<tin9,dan.. ",t'y"iJuak u,v'~.l'.iik. Az int~ril4,"'rb<'k hllrkolOi ""inK'dA,;~ int'gril.l,,;;tI,;.k (9.3, abre ] :
ill ~ziul';ul""'M ,'I" m<' kk,,1 IDf1l..d"tt l"",tokhol \.(,'foon"k 0..,,7.('.
to. "lliu!l:"l"ri" int"'!l:rii]w,rl,,' ,,~yik l"llI ljl\.W.ll ""!rl hizt"",tott" m<'gol<ifL. "KI'i>rtl'llll\l",'~" (lANl"l: "S'
liIo"t"n('i"t{,wlt; 4~1lj. 01.1.).
,.,A
3.
~zing"IAr ill
[)p = 0
dI
A, = 1, >.~ = 1. :\z inWgrAlp;;;rl"'k 'KY,ul.",,: y - Cr 2 (9 .5. ' h ra). Az z = 0 .It....ll...

,,1;-/)i/< "rint(i
_ ,.zillti>n d"me "" Alt al"n"" llJ<'l:01d''-_l'rgIl,,k, "n",I~' M? = Gly ..l..kbol is IAth",t".
y . . ,"l"KY"IlI"t w akto 'uk

" - 2'A+ 1 = 0 ,""'yn"
I
k gyok
B: A -dy =;r;-+
_ (hff"n,nn
_"tl ",~"WllI
.. I.":A
"',
d,
,
A, = A2 = I Az in T",gr"l!0r],{,k''g,V<''n l''I'''!I = rlnl;!'1 + ('I (9.6. M,ra ) , A ~?inp;"l;\.ri" l'ont"t ",.,,,,,,-;.
po"t " al< n <,v("/.7. iik
lntegrnlok m ..g hllt ArozAlla
Alt"lan"" _-t l"'ua ""iUKUI;;,;" illt ('!l:fl<i u,'lIl k"pilato meg az altal"n"" intl'!,:r,Jhol {,&y, hogy .. t" b /,i}I,",,,, kOIl. t MI"U..k kuukrN ht"k,\.Mllnk. EKY (9, 16a) "I"hl diffp1'f'll('iAlpgy"u!<t "zi,,!,:nla,;" inl."Kr;;lj,..
in"k llll'gh.. t " " yz';""'ih,,z Il
aF
A : A dll = 2y di ff"r"m:iiI!.'It""n!P1, karJl.kt"rw/.tikllfl''RY'nktt', >.2 _ 3,1, + 2 = O. mclynek ,fj'iik<'i:
(9.16<1)
C: A dy
'"
rli!f"f(',,,,i,'iI"gy"I,I"1 M.r.. kt<',i",.likllfl ''RY'nkt,: ,\,2 _ 1A
A, "" ,\,~ = 1. Az int .. grAlp;<irhfk " KY." I.. l.": 11 '"
ex ( lJ,7. '
+1
= O.
",dyr",k !tv'-,k"i:
h ra) A ..., inl:"I"';" pont ifllU~1. ('fl(,mOI"mt
'0'
2.
(.in. dlknllk".. rJlOrnop" " t).

2. eset. HI> " &.v\ikiik .....u-,k b kiili\n~ ..Mj..Jii.k, akkor a ""ingllliLri.~ ponlot ,.~, "'YP<'''II...k 1l<"Vt',(-
"uk. A "zillglllAri>lp<>u....m ...u: ki'l. int..gr4lgilrht- JIll'K.V
"t.
Az
V(t) ;- P(I(t). y(t ))
(9.17a)
r (t ) '" Q(7 (t ). y(t ))
Alt..w:."""hh rlitJ..,...nriAl"KY'",I"t ,....illgltlAri.~ I'0ntjll.inll!< "!Y"'nl ..I";
P{r, II) = Q(r.lI) =0.
(9.171
amrl)"TIf'k !O'gy<.>u (r".JA)) f'gy nK"Rol.-li.No.. H" P (,-. Q rolyh>Ullll oIYRll f,,!ytoll"" fii~i-ny{'k. aIfl{'1)"'k
parciAlil. dl"rivAlIja.i i>< rolytoflOAAk, akkor (9.1ia} "
dll
a(I - I ,,)+ b{II- l/ll)-P,(z.lI )

I ll)- t>{11 J/II) + (.!J(I,)
(9.l ie)
J; "' c(I
alakba irbatO. Ha a.z (I , II) pont ..:t ( Ill.~) ""1l~ulArilo PQlltoo,; tArt. akJwr P 1(r. II) voWuuinl Q I(I. 51 )
"""""bll<'n tartanak nullahoz. mint az PI(I. II) IM.lltUA!t lUl (ru, J/II) ""JUlI:lltaris poultol ....Ii> tAvolAAglL.
zen(dtCt<.-kk mdlt-tt .... adull diff......nci.Alcg,yo.'t,j,t ..lot I .w~1!I pu1l1J';""'" jdlcg.. (kivfve a:z ..w.bi
ht~) UKY"""". minl"" ..tw IiizrJilh "fJ"""'Io'nek ..... u,~ JAri". p<,"tjAo'. lU'K'IYl-1. PI ~ Q l l'1hAgyA"'va! kapll.ll.li: to; ./WIO'ly mar >oZdUhh wgyal\ aWr.u.
i!/; ~
9.':;'.
Abra.
~ fIj'
9.11abIL
9 ,t;. abr....
D, A
),1_1
A !rivk..k-< _tf>k" a ) Ha 1lZ .. h06 ki'molitOoo ~""tkl<-k lOIi,,,tlAno pntltjA ""ltnlm. akkor" kiindll!A.i
ponlj,. VllKY fi>k. - ""lO' ....nll'Um,
9.7 libra.
~lll:Iill"\iLrio
~, =- _! difJ"l't'fiC~1f"Tkal'MT.t'riIlzlill..... Cl(VI"IIIoot..
"' ,
= 0 , IUf'IYllO"klO.;w,;; Al =
---1 .1. 1 = -I .'\z int~rAlpho'k

=- C (9. 8. abra ). C = O-u'n .. k"l prhklllAri"
b ) H.t. "" - be = O. ~
~,
'"
!, V-.o''' = r = O. ill . a = = o. akkor ,.1IZin~ J>OlItjel1"ll:.......k
~~-an.,. IJIAfllWtbhl"ffi<lil
t.w>bl '" figyoolmIh.. b-U W1Ini.
~:.c,
w~41r= O . r =O .
9.1.1.5. Elsoreudu djfferencialegyeuletek kozt>litt'i
3. f'St't . Ha.. ~ knmplexkoojugalt&k (dr nnn IwtAn ki1-t8r'k ), akkOI" ......, inglilam pontot jfiQu.zwoJr. ~Ik. ~ in~
1.
r_,
.c- ,
r~o.-I"'k a.w~llari..~
d,
E: A T
ur
pont Wn,I ~ 001< fomliiAtut l.-urk.
= - - dilf",<,nc:iiJpgyPnw-\ kacakt...n...llklll' ~h
modszerei
.<.
y{ru l
1M<> .1.1 - 2.1. ~ '1= O. IDf'IYIJI~'k gyOlu"i: Al =- I -i- i . .1.1 = I - i A"

inl.-grAlgO,l...k po!;\rkoordiniltAkkaJ.: r "" Ce- ( 9. 9. 'bra).
m~oldasi
A picard-r';'le rokozatO!l koz.. lit ki m6dsur

(9.1
" =
/ (I,,, ).
=)It
kof"7.dof'ti..rtPk-probl(>ma. minrlk"l oI<W4nAk inl~va! "'" bpjlLk. ~
11 =110+
.
J
(9.l lllo)
/ (X. II) d.r.
Ha (9,ISh ) jobb olrlalAn y hof'iyiot... <>gy m+""11Mon \~totl y, (r ) fiiggwn}t h..ly<"tffi(tiink. akkor
olYIW !h{x ) !i.lggWnyt kApunk. lUn.. ly akkor kiiliinl'>Olo;ii. III(r)-tOl. ha "l (r ) rn(og n{'m lIl<'l':0ld......
(9.1lS4t-lll.'k . Ha (9.Hlb) jobb oldAlAn II ht-lyi'b.. 112(r)' l h..ly<'1t8lItiuli.. akkor lLZ l/:l{:C) fiiggvo'nyhM:jutunk. HII I",lj0:'8 Unl'k az c~;""'!<'nria-t"td f"llkt .. j,i. Akkor li;t dj,u-"" folytatil.o<>lkont nYlrt ",. !h. l/Jfiiggv "nysorozat egy hiwll)'O<l. ll.Z r,,-at l"I'I"luLllW intcrvalhuuone k,.."""l fi;!:ltvi'nyhez konV<;IO<\iJ.
(IW 496. old.).
A P ICARD-file SZuk""SSzl" approri""icw,'lO' 'IW"il... it,......."i& ,,,oo..:,r (1)....1907. old. ).
Oldjuk ru{'ga kovd k,w') k(~d('l.ih!"kr,.Ja<I"t<.t :
y2 ;'-0 "" 0, lAJ '" O! l ul"grAlj uk mindket
olrlall., lH",jda1kalmlLzzuk '" szl1lu~-.<lv "1>1"UXillUi.d6 mi.d!<UI{\ ,,~. 1Jo "" 0 k,"~d6m~""1llIyd. E kk" r
~
v- ,., -
o ..
9.9. Aim..
ll ,lO. ft.),m ,
!U L ,\1'.1\,
4. eset. Hli II lO',ik,;k ti"zt"n k'Jl~.,t<'" kUlIjllg>\ltak. akkor 1\ ~zillglliari.~ pont.o ! ff nlnmllll'k (i;.'t!""~.
pontnak) n"v'.f.ziik , A1. illt 'F;rfllgiirl...k ulYllu ~-Art i/:'irhf.k, SUUdyl'k kiiriilf"~iAk " .zingll lft.ri.'I'0nl,ot..
F: A dy
k,'i,AI =i.
= -i Az inl."!9"Alll'irhik "j{V<'IlI.'!.<,
1'1
+'; '" C (9 . 10 , Ahrll) .
'" k~,...,."tt
fiiggw uy"" r<Yt.nt (W Ht t-agj,,: 1/1
31"_~fl'_I_ ~
r.. ' dI
In
l"
1,
!tJ _
r [eO - (e' - Ill] dr '"
J"
2.
I nt eg ralas sorok s..gitseg...v ..1

Egy diff", ,,nciAl"!\ycnlcl. m,'!/;olrl"""fUlk (U",,1 423. ul<l.) TAYLOR""r" ""
Y=lAJ+(.r-IO}Yu
(I _ r )l
"
+ - - 2 -u lAI + ...
(I - .r") ~ I~)
!.Io
nl
+.
(9.19)
50
("
2.
xii
llI"ld"'lrhato. halO 1U,~"I<l"" ",,'. !10 M lo'll~l .... dl'riVliltjaiiMlU'rt,'k iU.cO ]>uutk,u. b . 'k.'1 ...cliff,""" .
ciAl"KY"IlWt """kr.--.;iv ,lilf"I""IKiA!AAAv..L majd " k'-ld"ti r.-lte!.<'I"k bd"'lydto",jt<;";'wllu'l'h"tjult n"'l:.
H.. " d,f[el""ll"iA!''lIY''II!t-t dlf['rtlldAl
~td"ll ,..,k.'<Wr dvry;l"L1l<10. "ldu>I"'" iI'S llVN1, ""1 FO ''10' 1,,kOruY"""'li'h"ult"IiV1'rll:"L E;o; mod..,,..tT AZ n-<..-ln'n.hi diff"n'nriAl<1lWlll"trkrr il" llIk",JTlIa;eI.....lo .
Cyakran eklnyiiM. I...... " 1II.~ul<l1u<t h taw.-....t!an "lQ'iitthato..,..,r alakjAhar> k..........iik, ..11,,1 ILl: l"!,Yul t h".
tokat 1iK)' h"w<1Uuk 1lIr,t. II<'KY "",,1'1. hfohrly.-tt....itjiik" diffl'"n'llriAl<>gWTIWt},...
A : K __ iik"l'rnli 1/ "" pi -II .re = O.!IO = O<li IWTf'TlciA\<ogyPnl..t n~t""'lI- II,r.j.~ i' _
~
II.Z + .. .nr .w.kjAhAn. IIr lY"t tn<;t"ii k h.. .. ,.,rt l\7. "KY"'"IMhfo. mAjn wgyiik 1110""1"1111...
,,(j.S6)_:
"'''')'UII
r'
3 ->-- (lIz2 --- 2a,a3)Z~ ......J - 1 + Z ... - + - ...

2Il
'G2S
2
6
I
I
1m"',, "'" "lQ'iiuhat6k <1lwnlo'lv{o thP.......I, II, = 1 Za, = 1 3<1 3 - a,2 - 2.
2a1a2
6: ~ll>. Illv"
III + 2Il;:.r ... 3tJ 3z ] .........
~U
[tI,] fl -
II11PJU ...."L\ld>Alt: , =
.c-2 - _
r +_
"4
r
.w.. ...
..
:2
6
24
D: UlO"ftIl1':1" kr2<"'tikt{ok-f..wia.t" kOvf'lkn.l'l m6<ion j,.. lIlf'gOIdhatii: hrl)'l'tt...,.jlJ, I1JIs
uj>j"k. boY ..' = I TovAhboi. ~ = r - 2..", ..21/' - 2W.III'" = - 1. ~.l "" r - 61/11- 2",," PttOl = -". tho Ig,)' " n.vwR-fonnulA.w.p,oOn
.c-2
"-r l
diff..reuc~lrtl ..._..kkor ~t
r -
o-"t"
I . V-
r
,=r+Z;--Ji- 7+
3.
graJiluu iD1"ltI"aIba.
Diff.... ~."m".~k STlo.likl... llltov,ua",. &t irit.u)~,dj fOflaltniw..Japul (w.1 49j_ ukl.. .-\L IlItry41pbM mrp;kO:zt.hti AI! .. lOirt kP7.d.....p nllthOl kiind,,10 tOrbttV<>DA1 (9. 11. ahra ). u rovid ~ M 1
All. .,. mi.,rlrn IIllAbuIz kl"1Mpontjal-uut. ftITli pgy},..n IlZ e10zi5 ~ ~,o"tjA. IIlUII!f'-o'Ir. 'ilr. trNI)"
"lO'........ ik"'" irio.nynll"1.l'\Yrl.
4. Dilf......ncial..gyoonl.-t.. k nUl1lf'rikus int e gralAa
Di lf<TnJ("~nlMrknn lTlf'rik 'lll illtI'gl"AlaM.V>l1& 19.4. fcjcr.ctb<-n rfs d<v...., r()~Wk<nllnlr. kl. m. old ).
AltA1A1ww akkon....' 1UT1"'l'iii~. hnt1;y ""''' = I(r.,,) cg:vt"nktctnuw.-rik'l>\IlIlololjllk m~. ha n"m w'
to:r;ik "'" Pdrlig ..mlil('1t lipll,..,k YlU"Il1..lyila'lM' ""flv ha/(r'lI) t ~ houyol"ll N>.kll. U kiHon<-1l
..kkor fordul ..16, ha I(r.,) o..m lin....m.. y-hAn.
9.1 .2 . Magasab h Nnd ti difft' n-ncililt"JDenletek.

di ffC'T('n cililC'g)'cnlC"t-rends1,t'Tt'k
1.
A m ..goltlA& Ii-Ie .re.w .... "KYerl .. l", o1seg e
1.
A z .lotvit .. li f'lv Mind""
I (r, s. lI',
. lIl~-'))
n-...-lrcmhl <'X plir it dilf"n'nri"lpgy,nl..t
dy
J;=Yl
,
""
dll'
d7
"" 1.{r.Yt,)': ..
1.{I,II"YJ,.JI
(9.:n...)
rgyenl6tk-nsege~k . ahoI or . Y, ftI y.... ,),1/0 a k..w..ti kto'k..k f'g,)'
hizony<M kOrn)'f'7A'ti-hOI -10k (1NwI

496. old. ). Ebb6I (9.2Oa"-rllAz \rirYrtk.-zik. bogy b Aa I(r, ... y, ... ,r ~-l) fi"~y foly\ooo:wo.ftI teljt-..w raa LIPSCHrrz--f..lti-t<.-1 (9 .2'2&). 8kk<x "'"
V~I =
f (z".,', . . .. Y~-II)
(9.22b)
1/11."
q)Tru..t....1r. po ntolwt '1lY oIY"ll ~ol<iAM VlUt, amt"ly s = s . -vn kiPU1:fti ""', =
= Ill',. . ..
IilIt. -I) kI"l'APti f<'lthPlN<I't. ... "'" (n - 1)-M ik ~ hrz4mlAg CnIyto""" <kiri.ltakkal rendel-
,...-1. ""
k.-zik,
2.
1.
Altalinoa megokiU
A (9 . 22b} ditJ~t AltalADl..~la n
~ 4IlwtdOt
tartaImaz:
'h, ...
dY~_ l :
-rir
I
()
X.Y,Y I . . .. y~~,
,y")
(I _ 1. 2.... ,11)
(9 ~)
2. GeomM.riai !<U"mpontbOl az (9,23..) ~IM ~ n- ~ inU>grAlgOr~<'t .rfiniAl.

U-eu in~ROrhfk lIlin<I.,o-ikk. azau uwd"..1r16 pN1.lkul4rilo IUf'lI:nldMok STafikDnjita C" 2 C..
Al1>wd6knak megf"k16 CrtfkckM
bpha.tjuk uq . AlIl"Iltlyib<-n" partikulAri5lIll"gOidM k>eqiti a
(Pm lOOll:...lott ta.zdcti Mwwwkt't,akk<xaC hC2... , C~ kti'krkrt " kOw1Uz6~kb61 bpha.t-
""va
j"k~
r( I . C" .... C. ) '" 1ilII.
[1.r(r,c,.....c.)L_ ""
.
[::~I r(r.clo .... -i; '" I/O(~-'l
I/O'.
............
(9.231
..
(9.241\)
(9.:.1010)
"' I(.c, lI , . . . y~ ) = C lo 'l'2(I.lI" ... , y,,) = C f , , ';. {I , lIl. ... , Y~ ) = C~

(9.24bJ fflI'tJ>i>I"n min<lpn
(9.241.)
( ~J. 2(k)
,:';(x,y" ... lI..) = C;
(~J.2.k )
..Jakil OAAz..fiiRg,," a (9.21",) f('"rl""..r , L. ,; intrgr,uj". Az rlllillnteRrlt.lt "z "ltaI"",,,, illt~~r61tol fii&gctl,,"iil
a (!J.24c) tipllfi(' ii...../.diigg h< ddi"ilt.lj", Itt "hhOl mdnlunk ki, hogy h/\ lIlo 11:1 , . . . , y" h..lyel... egy ",lott
rcn&..",,. valamely parti kulftril; m~ll;ol<lWt hrlyo,ttrllitjiik ... h,y~,.,Atl\rt.nzoC; fdllo..utl6kkal. akkor (9.24<')
A m .. gol dAs ...."'I" zf'r l{>t .. zo'ose Az (!J,W.-) ni'l "It al" ll"""hh n "llv'>nl..tM I ,4,l1o
~~
:s r.: (IA"I'" lJ. 1I21 + ... + IAy,,1l
lI' " F,(r,C," ... .C..), 1/2 '" F2 (z.C1 . . . . ,C..), . . , y. _ F. (s,C" .... C..)
Vl'I.g)"]"'dig kif"jl"7,ziik .. tM.,.....lc!,;,,, AlI"lIdokat:
dilf"r<n"iri.1P!IY'ol,t r" ''1~tl ,, M vi..... ~".

2.
+ ,),l/l. 1I2 .j. A Y'l, .... y" + ~y" J
(9.2Oa)
",",
.~ I = y', 1I2 = yU, . . y~-l = lIl~-l)

va ll,mi>k hry,..~rt"",", l ",,1 ><61"1\<111
4.
1/;( r' lI'
Ha O"gy hiwllY"Jll tal"tomany'...n I'Zl"k az ~'ll]..trk ellent mou<iNolak, akkor tll"m I>n<:d-Ilwlilnk ..hhr., /\
l.artomanyhai:! AltA1Jul"" mrgoldAsrol ,lWU. II tl-tw.61<'ll:1'lI AllamlOk uem ..d,1lJ\ti>k meg cgymilsti>1 fllggMIm"l.
3. A (9.2h.) r..nw-r mpgol<lAAA.;"'" fi1ggI'tI"1l A1IMrl6t t&rtaImaz. Ez az 1Llt..Jai10fl mPgOlda.s kMfe.l"
mbdon kaphl'l.tO m.-g. Vagy kir..jl"Uiik az wn.. retlen fiiggvi-nyd'l't:
9.1 .2 .1. Alapvet () rOJ;allllak
"
lllI"goldMr.-n<kure. ha"'"./,( r , lIl>1I2.. , 1I~) fiw{on)'f'k rol~ .... kidcgitlk IlL ..u..bhi LIPSCHITZf..lte telt.
3 . Lipsch itzrelt"tel A>: I. fiill:S"f"y.-lu...k I"gy klttiilo J( li.11And6val.,leg.-t krll t<'llniillr "'"
, = y(r.Cl. C 2 . ,c~).
Dilferencia~en1etek
y{~)
d if['"llri li.1..gyt'nle-t-rl'llcl~"Rnl<'k"'l y, (z o) " y, 0 (i = I. 2.... , n) Iu-JAi"ti frlti-t ..i..k m..llPtt WIll. miogl"""
dig po ntoo<an cgy. az.co - h < r < %0 + h int.-rvaU'llI11>U fnlylQU"," fiiggWll)"'khil1411o
(9.21h)
y,,,y, (% ) (i = l. 2.. .. ,n) .
(~ .21")
1\L<J1I""""~
vl\.lik.
Ha vallldlldy (9.24c) 1IJak'1"Wi iUll'grlU ismort, "kkor" ,"",(r , y" ... !1ft ) fiiggv';ny ki..1Pgitia kii"" t k..-w
508
JI'l'1'ciiUiII diffrT('nc:iAk'fQ'ffil..tfot :
a.,.,.
fJ.,."
{).,;,
iJr + /I(r, I/I,' " "') Oyl + .. , + /.(r. Yh' ., l/a)Oy. = 0
(9.24<1)
f omih';\ j,. iglU : A (9.24d) diff('uuciAI"lP"'nl..t llli"d<'n .,.,;(.r. !II. . . , y,,) rneguld..w. A (9 .1 111) nll<w...r
'10" .. 1100 i,."lt'"MjAt ...-ijA (9 24<:) AWchAA. A (9 21&) I1."nth"""T aJtaJ~ int<'gr&ljat a (9.2IA) n u,jq,.r "
clIl6 int<'JI:riljAhOl uphatjuk ..hol a I~f..lfolt"i ,;, (r . '1 .. . y,,) (i = I. 2. . n) filAAvimy..k lin.oftri."llil
fiiggrtJrnpk (IN,,1 ::.09. old .),
...
/(r.II." . .ylI) =O
(9 "lS)
FH.'drmdli difffT~nkot wlt'f:rA14AAnAk Tlik ltogfontot<abb ~ A Vl\It036knAk oIyan ho-1Vf'1

taoitiw. IUIWI)'tM'k r+v#on f"IIO'SI''f1'1bb <IiH~nIr""kct kApunk. kUlOOiitol-n Akkor. hA A~...
tilton ~ k a1aowxly abl. I"<'I1<hl..k. HMom f'<OfVt kiilQnbOrtM;Unk mec.
t".. )). z
1 = I h/. II.... .
1 (, .,... .,'.)) = 0
dz
!I/, bdyl'tt....itboM-l" .u
= -'JlI'-Jil
-If-- aWera hceauk.
(9 .29a)
.o\z lI\.111lmoo lllf"goi<lJ\."t ,..",.rri i n ~ kapjuk:

(r - r ",)-I
(r - r . ),,-2
I
+ <'2 I
' I' ... +C.. _l (z-r. )+ c.. + ~z).
c,
I ).
(n
~(r) '"
n.
1r't: .1'
(9.b )
~~
iOO
(9.29b )
,
I (r ) {dz)" = _ 1_ 11(1)/z
(n - I)!
l)" - Idt
(9.291:)
""hat"", n-1W.'rCI< in~ kiw;..u...t6 "IY'""1m int~ .
d,
d; -
.PII
p.
;L:i =
dp
PJ;
(9.2(;1.)
bf'I )'"'t~u..cl a diH~ukot
I1."ntljt't n-rQ (n _ l )-re oollintbctjiik.

~ aoDItlc...J al'f'nd,q JIII-,'2 ,. 0 dtfr~~. ba az" = p.pdp/d,l "" t"
hf'I)"I'1.4sitM a1ka!ma=uk. AIllih6l.,plp/d, = 0 ~ ,dp/dlJ - p = 0 majd p = ell = dr/.u.
, '" CI~i ko\'Mkoozik. A p-_l ~ ~UAi~ flf'fll vo=tiink IDPgOIdiw, ''Yal .... P = OolYAlI
~ anwty..1
C 1 1I~ ~ C = 0 eo.eto"n tArtalIllllZ.
,q , .
I "" f{z. 11.. 1/(.. 1).

/ (r.' ....,yl) ) '" O.
1/ n..m Wop r.. l ..xplic it mOdon:

(9.27,,)
A difl"l'11'II~nl..t Il'lldjiot u
rI '" P
(9.2i b)
bf'Iycttnli""-l nr61 (" - ll-re noiikbntlll'tjUk.lla a kiill<llllNJi ~bt.-n az roo Krlf.rivAltAt

ma7,{, tlIfl; hiAnyUk. ..kkoI" kOv,tb-W Jw-lY"'t~it<"!;, k..U Alkalwazni:
, (hI )
tart>IJ.
(9 .27r)
= p.
A:ty"- nj" 4-(,-)3 '" Odiff......n ciAlrunwt ....n<lji-tllll tJ' = phc1ycttn<itt-look krllthrtjiik.llO' '"ltV
P- r
~ + (Z) 3 '" 0 CLAlRAUTf"l.. <liff"ff'llrilUegy<-nktrtff' [utunk. aIDf'lynrk&Il.aOOlOll m..~I.-!AAA:
p = Clr-C I' . Ebht"illllltkKl,jllk, 1,,'lO' II =
2~
C~~ _ cI~r + C 2x +C,. A Cu,IRAUT-f"l.. diffl'T1'ori41r-
wn l"t p '"
r'/2 !li\illWllhrilo mrgoldWb61"", rn..l,ti .-!ifl"Pf..ncielegy..nl..t II =
l<Zinj(ul4rift mrgol<lWt kRpjuk.
3.
[klux eoo-d ookk",n .... diff"ff'lIl"iAl"lP'f'nWt n::lItlj", Ebht"il ..rt upjuk. bogy z = C , lIlIliOOl lu, =
= elr + C, ~ IJ '" Cee" ko"""k""ik. AboIlnC .. C,.
4 . 1 = I (z, II. if.... y (" ) .b6l y (n l ki r..jezh..t6 egyood iil x ffi"veny..kpnt:
npmlE-pf..lf'xplicitmOdon:
2.
yl") = I (x )
9.1.2 .2. A eendszam csOkkt'nlese
1.
h"lyM:t<'!Iit'-"l,:si>klu>othM:jiik.
:
.
..
A
-!I 0 diff,rl"1ln,;,)'1O"1l1..t.>t" : =
~:; r
1 f2
+ CI.r + C2
(x. Y. 1.1' , , y (n l ) ho mogfoll mggvlmy ( IHsd 126. old.] 1.1, 1.1'. 1.1" ,. y (n Lb.. lI :
/(r,Y.I/' .... ,I/()) =0.
(9. 2X>l)
A <liffrrf'Il Ci"I"gyrll1..t Tf'lldji't"
: =!..
_
y
l/ _t J ...
9 .1.2.3. n -edrendu linear-is d ifferenci al e gyenle t ek

1. Oszt.\l)"WAs
n--nir"ll<hlliIll'"iLris diff~Drk l\f'Vl":lI::<;ik az
rl)... o l r - I l.,. a,yl"- ' ) +
.. ..,. a._I" + a", = F
(9.30)
a!lU;l\. ~kt. Az F fiiggwllyrt"iI ~ AS a, "llY;;ttlW.6kr6l fp(~'Lk . ~. A VWo,:,;,)t int<'rv>llhuDon
r f\igtrtkn vilto7i> folytonoro r.-lggvPu)"'i_ An}M:InyihPn a l. a:..... .... knwctAns l'iigg-.+n)"'k. Ilklwt
6llnndO rgpitltaWJt' tbJJ~"4JfflkIr6l. OOozt<llink. H.... F .: O. altkor Iumu>gifl '~ru tbJJ~
ftnnoklr61. ba F '1 O. Akkor I~ ~ htwJ,];ink .
2 . Alap"-,odszer
FY iIomoW'nlillf'Arill dilf..~ulct III./h.. .. . ,.. ffil'ROldA-in&k. <'I!:Y ... ~ alaprend$urtlI"k
_""uk. hA.",..k A fi-'ggveny"k li,...<irU4" figg"W--k. ~ qy CIW! + C,!h + ... ..,. C.y" linrAriA
knlllbirui.ciOjuk o<I<k C, '" C, '" ... '" C. = 0 -u-n tllna eI &lOUOMIl ax ovIott intf'l'Vl\lIumblln. FY
homogl'u Iw.,ar;.. ditr"Wllcialegyf'tliri 'I . ~. .. . 11.. ffif!gOldNo&i pontoMri akkor Alkotnu: .. Iap~.
JIZ
h. .
1\' =
"yL'
. . . y,,'
= W {z )
(9. 3 1)
III (A ~ l l !h( A-I ) . , 1I~1. -1 )
W RO~ SK I dd~rmi "ti .... ulll1AtI>l Hlliinh&.w. lO' horu~"'n lin..NiIo <liH.. r"'lIciaJ."'ltY"nl",~ mil"!.,,, nlt'g01<lAArf'ud..uri't(';';= '" LIOUVIl,Lf:-lon",,/a;
W (I l =W (xo) exp
(-l U'(X1dr).
(9.32)
(9. 32)-hOl kovctkl"7.i k. I,,'!Q' '" WRONSKI<l,t...rmill&llM 0 CIIllk (IRY whf't . ha 1l3.o,,~n :<ems. Ez", lIDvetk..z61. j ..l'lIti: cgy hOlUog"lI li,,,Atift ditfrr,,"dAI'gypnl,t 1110 Jh., .. , !J~ m..go l<lAAai IlOutO'' ''" lIkkor
lin..AriAAn t'iRs""riiI\Kt"ik. ha I<:': ...-lot ~ illt"rvallillfl cRY"tl"n ro pontjlt.lmn ill W (.rol = O. Ha ar.onl>fl.ll a:t
Yl,!h.... , /J" megold,,-...,k ,Japrrnd""...rt Alkotnl\k, ,",k"T" hom'>g/>n lin..Arilo difl""n'lIcial" KYenlct altai ...
n.... megoldase, (9 .30):

(!).2ijh )
/J = GIy!
+ C2!h + ... + C..y".
(9.33)
'"
i!'l =.c. EVn A hom og"n l'gyen lrt lI.It..JN:lOlIL nl<~(}ld"""" j(x) '" Cle'" + C~.c. Ax inhomogpn egyt>nkt
ko.-rew'tt y( ...) megoWa..ar.. u I\Ill\J>rli>k vacw.:...AWLill:l;t bpjuk. bogy
A rendszam aOkk ent h.Eo

Ha. ismert "y ho!IU>K"'n rliffp",ndAl"lD"'nJoot III pRItikulArito m"K01da>w.. akkor ""
3.
II = Y1(r)w(.:)
(9.J.I)
hdycttftl.ite.-l ookkenthrll5a<lI'lO"'IlI<-t rrudj<>'" minden tovhbhi lJlf'gOld&~t.egy lIZ u'(.rrhtLn n - Icdrcndfi hOlllogfu linrarioodiJJ""L'IIt"i4kV'll]db6! kaphAtnnk lfll'g_
4. A !Izuperpodd6 eh'e
It a 1l'l no Ih az (9.30) d iffrwnciAlrp;)'"'nlM pgy."O IDPgOldAAa. ahoI a joblo oId..Iak Fl. ill. F1 akkor
II = III'" Y'l ~k 1lgyaruwnAkA diHt'ff~llletIK"ka lIK"gUi<Woa. ahoI ...jobb okW F = PI /01, .
Ebb6l km..-tkl'Zik, hoc'rgy inoomosfon <Iiff..~nIet. aIt.a1auofI IDCKoI<IaMn.U ~tAroooJW.boz
dcgend6. ha a bonqrn f1O""Illrt A1t..-lAnaoo ~dM&hca. bo=Mdjuk .... inl>omoW'n'1O"'olrt V>L1AmPIy
partikman. ~t.
~ . A r..lbonlui t!He l
H& II. (9.30) inbornoVn f'C"l'llo-t f'g)'IittluotOi Yak-......amok ... a. jobb okW F "" F , .... iFz aWtu. ahoI
F1 r.. Fz -1601 fi"~y. AItkor AI: , Z III ... iY:z ~ ill koropiPl: fi"1ggV<"nY_ E.okllf'k a komploox
fUuvkl~knrkavable.~~klo t. FI"'FzjobbokWli.(9.30)~Ddiff~
II ftoY'l vall:. ~
6. A (9.30) inhom~lIliPP4tU diff~nci&legyeD"'t megoldasa kvadraturakbl

H. imlI'rt a nwocfe io:ol6 bomoc"ll ddJ<',,"IC~ {",J alaprcndsz"...,. akkor az......IM; inhomoVn
~ II1<'!'F1dWca" kOvolotkPa05 kt't ~ &II ~
1. .u alla nd6k varii lasanak roMs l,," lrjllk "'I. k~t ~ t lIZ
, = e,y! ... c,,, ......... C...".
(9.J.M.)
aWr.1ww.. A CI,G" ... ,C. f'&Y11tthAt6bt Dml. tozAmoknak. hant-m z fiiggvklyrird \c'kintjlik, EPlI.An
G, fiigvlonyt"k drrivilltjait. kOW'tk.0f.6 ~~b61 &llitbaljuk dO:
Gl'rl + C;'~ + . + C:". = 0,
C/'I' ... C2'y/ + ... + C.'1Jw,' : 0,
(9.3.:ih)
CI"I,-21 + C2'~(-t) + ... + C:"",l.-tJ :: 0
Cl'yll..... ) + C2'~(-\1 + .. + G.'....\.... ll .. F .
(9.r;",)
ILllIit u~ bptunk. hosY .. f'8YDlAAutAni df'tiYiUtjllit kiszAmolj uk. de......k a:t.Crt. boKY "KY-<'&Y---!<1.l'1'k<"Zf'til r,,"-zlImmArOl toYflhbi kikc'ithkPnl pj6jrjllk. bogy a:7.ODOt<IUl 0 ~u, 110' a (9.3.:ia)-UAk
(9.JO)ba tOrtJooo h..h..I)'I'ttNitJooohorl adOdO .......wi rgy<'nWt hal oldala i.. hAAonlO. .,-gy_ri1 OQ..,.......
"",ur'. mint"" el&&k,., llU'f'I a k",!<'tb..lI meg oH wvcl n "Ziun'llOZlImm.. fOOrlwui "IY"nlil (9,30)1...J
olda1&n&k Yl. U1
"'" , 1lf'Iyi'he tOrt-i-n6 hchd )'l'ttelj~l 0oo frtCJ."d. a:r.ll.Z a-WLi. Igy (9,3.:i1l)
W (x )(c" ,q
,c,,) .. (O. O, ... , F) alakban j,. fdirhaM. arnelybOl (Cj.C;.....
W- I(X)(O. O
, F ) ("'(2') n lOOll a 0 '# W RONS KI~rminilll...oo~ 1.Mto'..... rnAtrixot j<'lOli). H.. <"7.1
IIlCKokljllk, m<'Kkn.l'jllk a C.', G,' ... , C..' fiiq,w nyek,t , &Inely..k int<>gTwjai .. k"lU'<'H C.,C1.... C.
c:) -
fiiAAYCn)'<'k.
x _I
1
y + j"':"';y - 1 - xU r - I .
= 0 homogcn cl\:\'I' ul,-I.<t oldju k meg. A~ "lO'ik partikllIaris lll'-"!\Oldas: 'PI : r . A ...':1 = ru( x) hcly..t
tes.item.cl (khAt llIOlII r>\>l.dfllollia mAw"lrNI.h1 ''10'cnl..t ketduneuzioe mel\old""halmaza mfwoi k bA7,;'"
lllegoldMat iI' /U ut" megold......,Hll Allalld6jAllak variA!At<llval h",tarozzuk meg] U' (T) .. !I("') .....t(>n"
diffcfl'udAlcRY"lIlt'tct kal' juk. EmICk Il differencialegyr-nietnek egy In ''l.,.. ,I,IMll:
v(z) : (1 - x)f' {.,. (10' u(r ) :II
UI(Xji"
+ u,(.c)x.
ul'(r)C + U2'(X)X = 0,
UI'(X)C + ",,'( 2') =
... - 1 .
"1'(,1') = u-, U2'(Z) = -I,
lWI>l
UI(X) = -(1
+ .c)e-' + Gl ,
Ut{"') = -x + C2
Igy ft2 inbomogi-n <Iiff~1rt Alta1Anolo ~

r{x} = - ( I-+- x) -<-- CIt:' ... (C2 - x)z" -( 1 + r) + CLOt:' + Ct Ox.
2.
Cauchy
m ~....
A (9.:JJ)-boz tart<-'> bomogk> "C"'ulet
''''' e.Yl + C2 Y'l + ... + C,.,..

(9.36&)
Al1..'LlAoo8 mcgoIdaMban Il2: {) ~ viWvv.thatO panunMrrt6l fiiltclqyuttbatOkal ~ hataroz:mk
lIl<'K.lqy fennAlljanalr: az ,In) = 0, ;(a) = 0... ".-2>(a) = O. "-"(a) '" F (a ) fcltkdck. Ita
.>(x.a) a bomogfuegyenJ..t ~ bpott ~a.u., akknr
r{z) =
.
J..
(9,3611)
i .r,a)da
A (9.:JJ) inbomogm diff~1<otol)'All pwtikul&rj" mq,okiAsa. amrly r = Irban (n ~ l~

~ ~ IllindonJ. dmvAitjAvN l'C'iitt e1tilnik.
Az 1. pOIltban AZ iJland6k VAriAl4MYlOl nqoldott di~l.-t.....vna bowogen noI'then
Ii = CIt:' +C~, ami abbOlaOOdik, lqy r{n) = Cl~ + C,n = 0, ;(n) = Clf!" -+- C~ = a -1"'ezzd,
.,;>(z.a) = a e ---<O t:' -.r, teh&te\(n) :oe---<O,rz(a) = - l.tffiMAZinho~dilI~y(r)
l"'lta'.w;,.lI>f'gokiA..... AZ y{ ) = V(.r.) "" 0 f..ltlotelfi&yf-J..rnb,. vk.dkd;
)'(.r) = {(Q---<OC_.r)do '" (

)'(x) = C, 't:'
+ C2
0 ...
+ I)C-.. +{r.-I)r-r'-I.lnllf'llazinbonlOtndiffeff~
(r + 1) A1taliu-K lI>ql,oIdAooM jo, ~batjllk.
9.1 .2.4 . AlIand6 egyu t t ha t6j u lin earts differencialegyenletek megoldAsa

t . A z operetor-reesmed
A (9.30) rlilfere nrialegy<'ll1etet !lZimholiktllll\.l, A
P. (D )y =: (D" + a ID~ - + ~rr-2 + ... + a.._ 1D
"' ak"" irha tjl1k. ab ol D egy differenriAloJ":"rlUor:
+ a. ) Ii" F
dy
r!'y
Dy= ;r;' ... . Uy = ,uJ<'
At x > I. ill. "" r < I int" rvldhllllokou 1L:t'l/.Yiiltb aMk folywlIOIlILk , E16l<.wr A:t rI' + -I --r V- -V ,
I -.c
,' + (1 + _1 -1_)
!I = 0
,
y(x)
!I(.c) dr
(I - x )f'- ' ttl = xP-' . Ekkor" Jlu\, ""hk lIwgol<1....:
(9.37a)
(9.37h)
H" I\Z a; "KYiitthat6 k l17.Amok, "kkor P. (D ),. D 0l"'rAtor f'gy n-...-I ren<l" polinomj".
2. A bomogen egyenlet
Az F = 0 johh OltlaU, (9.37..) hOIll<JRrll diff"wnriAl"lO"'nl"t , 1U'.al\
PM(D )y = 0
Jll~oldWi"r~ !tliik..rg ""1111
P. (r ) = r M + a lr ~- l + "2r~- ~
(9.3&.)
+ ... + a~ _ l r + a" = O.
(9.381,)
wakt,,,,iI<zt ikllllegyenlet (Li....J 278. old.) Tl, T2 , " . T ~ lO'ok,'in<'k m''l':hlltAr07.AAf1r". Mind en T, RYok.......U ll e'; ' 8Z P~ (D )y = 0 eK,Y"nlet "KY nltgoM......., H/I 'ogy r, gyiik multipliritAAA. k, ..kkor ",," ~, ;C2{,.,z,
512
... , zk - 1e'" .wntkllJ1<'ll'lJdilloo]r;. ~kll ..k .. lI~ol<liutokl\J\k a IineAris kom binilciOj ll II. homogMl <lilf...
rellciAl"KY"JlM
II = GIl"" + C~,. .. ~ + ...
+ e'" (C. +- C.+,I'" ... + C....~_ l Ik - l ) +
(9.3Sc)
Alta!Mao lJIf'goldAooal. II<lj.., >WIi ug)'>U1flO' tovAbb b6v,ll. ha II. wbbi gyo k multiplieilivwl.;" "lQ'n.r.[ IUlp;)'<>bb. Ha lnilKh a, VlliOlIlIZAm. akkor a wakt.,;"ztik'\lI<'gy<'niPtIl(' K p&-OIl,.zam{" konjllfl;All pArokhol
lIllO kOlllI>~xgyij kc Va.". Ekkor , hA pI.r\ =- tl W .... 1) '" .. -it:!. akkor a2. 8J.taI.we.lU<"JI;oIdiuI ~16
t"Riaiban ~I' .......... twI~b<" tp' Oll'Jr- t
f!'U!lin Jr-4"t kell irni. Elko l C, COti,fx + C 211indr aWr;,j
W..~ket DJmnk, Ame-Iy.-k A ..-u.(;:lr ... ",) .w.kha ill irhatOk. ahoI. A n.", lwru<tAn.ook.
Az y.) + V4l - v" - 11 = 0 <Iilf~llin brlLktf'rintiku ~~: r' .... ,.A _ rl _ I = o.
lIK'!yllf'k gyi>b-i:
rl
= I ."3 = - I ru
= i . ..-
, = elf'" + C2f'-' + (C, + Ccr)rou
= -i. Ax iIItl\laooo; ID<'gOkW kM..w.kban i>o ~Iirbat<'>:
(C.... C~)sinr.
, = C 1........ C~- ...."" cw(.I '" ",\) ... r A.2<nr ... .."Jl
3. Hurwitz tk,,)e
GyalorlAti a1b.lIllUA.ookDil.j. " ~ f'ImfWIx-n.II"C' jf'~1bir az All..lldbr,;,vtiUl.....
tOju bomog.en diff~Wt ~ IWaimptotikajAnAk viz"fl~~ auz pl. IWlLA1l. ....Iimtl-,;r.
bo:Y a ~ r - +00: _tIon ~ koa~..._Ez lltObbi akkor ill fenn. ba ....
lie + IIIZ +
-t- + a.z" = 0 (ae > 0)
(9.:n.)
~ik""~ulPt wwd rn r;y<.kpllf'k .....Ji rM.c negativ. Ez viaoot a HUfM rI'Z -UI#l ....rinl
pontoMn AkkO( ipz, ba a kOW'tkra6 <l<-trnnin4rook pozitivAk
G-Jr
0,'1a,"'' 1
Gt
4.
(Abo! G ..
'"
>" """"ion).
(9.J'Jb)
Az inhornogi'u qy<"Illrtet n~ol<lMVa az ...-Mig PlDIiu-tt nundlllirow Il><'x!>czo:,r ..tbllIlNl: a CAUC HY

m61i>rr.Pr. az OJ...n.t ucao6o:w.rr (!Nod :>42, 0/<1.) vagy lIZ &IlNJd6k ~ak mo.'-"re. Ita (9.30) johh
ol<W>t. ~iAfu, a!a.k,',. akkor I'm. pro l...f'JgV"nylL1akbw.t ixen konnyl; l""1'iklllArU< nwgoklf,.o. m.og}u.tit.-
1. a lak: F (z ):= Ae-,
B : Az II -t- " + Y '" r' sin r <!ifJp!1'n..w"SY"nl"t ......ti'n lU opo:TJi,tol""RY"nlct" kovctkc:W:

.,11.. ,).0"'(n.. r . i.inz)
(IJ2 ..-D +l)y = .,II . Enfl<'k y = (I + ill + (1 ... i) + I 2 + 3i
~lM"giL..eg<>",,1
bopjllk a ditf"rmci&lcgyml<>tYI '"
~(2sill Z -
3tU1z) l>ertikuJario mesoldNo4t; itt,. Y kPpzo.-te!I
moze.
F (z ) = Q ..(z)e- , Q .. (z) n-l fok u polin olD.

(9.>1 1)
H", .., '" kac~ilmJ; ~ m---ra ltVUR, R(r) ~ z--mcl qorwr.t J'H,,jfokii polinom. akkor
.. partikllWio ~ldast mindifit ~Jiik, = R(z)"- II1akbau. H.. rzm. iNnP~lPn "?J'iitd~..1Oju
R(z) poIinomot .... 1)"'lt<....:tji.Jr.. djtfcrCl1~k"', aldwr u iloInm.1.kn ~ii.HhatbIr. cgy Jineiui,.
"C"'II1et~...-giL..,;g,;\"f'\ ""-'gMt&n:abAt6k.
En a rno'>tk1,ert kii~ ahl>all1l7. -""bm Iuuv.nAIJuk. M F(z ) = Qft(z) (0 ~ OJ ""
F(z) = Q.(zyo ..... _z '''&Y ba. F(r~ = Qft(r)f-"lIin _'z (tl = r i..J). Eklr.or a ~t ""
'''' .........-r.Hft(Z)COb_Z
ft(r) ..ll ...z .w.khM ~i.Jr..
2. aIak:
}uJl~\ ... 211"""y" ~ 6.r :Usinzdiff..~kotkacUt<>riIzlik"""K}...nWnH:gyOkooi:kl = kl =

O. k, -; k. '" -I. A ""'Ip"rpoziriOelv.. milltt{!Nod :-'10.01tl.)u illhr>m<>gkl<litf~p;vt.ik,,
IAri;. ~..,.jt Ugy kIlphlltjllk ftM'&. hosY 1"'lKf.... a jOOholdAl ~ ta&iail _iik tigyP1fomlw. Ha ""
Pbol\ tagot - U k ligyf-lPm
= ,rl( .... + I~ bo-Iyrtlft>itiink .. 120 ... 2b ... 6o.r "= 6:z johhokWhA.
akkor an kapjllk. ~ a = I I>'" -6. Ha a rnNrndik ~ _iik ~ un llg.\~ Il7.
"'~AJ:"" = (cr + d) ~in z + (Jr+ g} .... r f,lpWonybPSjullmk ..4.z~tthatOb1~_an
kIlpjuk. boKY (2g - 2/ -6r - 2/ z ) l'ib z - (2r -t- 2d + 6/ + 2a) oou = 2zsmr, tcbale .. O.d = - 3 .
/ .. 1. !1.. -I . lgy uAltaJiwut,tnl"lI:oIo-lM;, _ el "'C';zr-~ +
("lJ'+C-lje-' -311in z+(r-I )OOIIZ.
'I
P..(a ) "# O.
(9 .40..)
A.
M"
II '" Pft(ct) .
(HOh)
diff<'l"f'ncit\lPgy'Pnl..t a
cr -t- d = d
1,,lyl1 tetiit........l lillando "lO"-,uhatl>j,'1 lin"Ari~ <liff....... nriAll'gYf'nlM Yf'"uthf't6 ~
..\I rl>j - 5ry' + 8y '" .1:1 differe ncilllegy<'IIItt al. EliLER-fCl lifJt",rIcial{'g~"'llk"
= 2). M. z
= e' hdY"tt.... iti
(9.40d
Ar "'....
akkor y = - , -, - Imrt iklllAriM 1lI.!:" I,l..... E,~'krt " formll],,!v\t a fclhonl.""i 1...1.,,1 ",,&i l.""~';,"Cl rdl li"'~~
Pft .. (0 )
nAllrntjll k, h..
F (r ) .. ApY' COfI,,",. V"!O" A," sill ",,;r ,
(!J..wd )
A ll1lgf,1dt'lI... rti kIlIAri~ n"R\,l<l>l.Aok llK,YIUI_1ll diff.>relcial"KYl,"I..t mq,old""""..k val......, ill . k ~p1.rl:""
rt"'~'i lJol t,,,,t'ld ,,,,k ~'" .. hoi .. juhl>ul<!.. l ur-m m..... minI.
('J.4o.-)
1"" A 1",,1,1,,1-'11 (513. old.] viZl<flt
(9.42hl
pg).
speciAl;'"
~~ - 6:~ .... 8y = e~
djtf"'"C'lCiaI'1Q'Cnl<1 lin"Ari.~ ditferc'lCi,;.)<"1'S<'ILI" t.... ",,",...thM vi.~ 19y lIZ iLltal4nffi m.'!:olda..:
CI'~ -t- C::e" - ~..~ = CI?
H" ct " kll.rMttl'ri"".tiku" elO"rnlO't m-sY'rclllO"0k... ""...'t h..

Pft(O) =Pft'(O) ....... Pft(...-ll(fl) = 0, d" Pft(" )(o ) ! O,
~~
El' L"f1-f~Jp
aorle (n
fiiggv';lly lNU'tiklllMis m..goldilr<.
F{x ) = Ae" (COII ;,.lz + isi n ;o,tr ) = A..(.....~l.
3 . Az Euler-fele d iffereociilk-gye n ll"t :
"
E ~~ "' Qr = n ~
Ai- i Ua n d 6 egyiltthat6e inho!11OV'n egy.. nl.. t
"'"""'"
,""
1/=--,-
r+
A : Az II _ 6y' -r- by ....'lJ di tf,'r ..llciA!eKY<u],.t __ lAob<on ll.Z 01_4to r-po linom a koY<'t k<'"lA'i : P(Dl =
lfl- 6D + 8, P(2l "" 0, eunek <l.'ri~A1tj"" P(D) "" 2D - 6, P'(2) = 22 - 6 = -2, igy a mrgolda..:
+ C7 r 4
~ In r ,
1/ '"
9. 1,2.5, Allando egyiitthal.oj(1 limMis diffe renciAlcgycnlet.rendszerek

I . Normal a la k
,Io,'" m uiJ alakl'nak nevezzfik II kij""tk,",.o l'1""'n>lI.h1, 1\1I11wl6 .'!O'iiU h" t i>j' l
n'ndsz ert;
y,' '" allY , + al l!h + .

!h' "" a~I!I \
+ a-n Y'l +
.+o,",.'
'. ~ r: }
. +a....Yft.
lillefLri~
d iffe....n ciAI"l\:Yt'nlet-
(9.43n)
514
Gll-
r a,l
2. EI!l6nmdiI bomogen re nds ze rek

Az ilyPIl rendscer..k A1talAIlO!I alAkj",
tl l ..
<111
<l2'l-r Q1oo
'1,,1
: 0
(9 ,"\3h)
.... 1
kArutcriBztik,,,, ~ mO'gOldAoo>l. w,e.dt,.pg... . Az ~nlet mindrn. 1 multipliciWn'1 r, &Y<ik"I~ lNUtik ulAn.. D~ O'g)'
111 : .4,,,r. ..
J/:I '" A~' ... '"' =
I'f'IldIruno talta&ik. AboI Q
L <I.>II: +L b,d1k = O (i= I. 2.... '1) .
a--r
A......'" .
(9" 3c)
A.. (i ,. I. 2..... n ) t'DutthatOk &:I;
(C1,, - r,)A1+ 1111Al+ + 4, ..A.. .. 0 ,

.....I A, + /J,4A 1 + ... + (~ -
(!I..J3d1
".).4. = 0
AlllP.nnyihPn .. rlrtenuimUllll1<'m t.l llik ..1. IWU

det la.. I1'O .
(9.4Ah}
Akkor a (9 .4..1...) rcn.u.z..r ... (9 .431\) oonllAl'Ilakra ho&hati>; <kt (.... ) == O.-t<'u lu110u viz,.;iLlat.... van
....'Lbo;g (1Md 19.26Il.
A nqoldV >iJta!an08 alakja ugyanaz:uoIa m6t~ lrhati> frl. minr IlIUit a uonn.iI ...WmiLIkPU I\IkI\I.
IIloIIoZUi. Eklwr ...kanl.k1.<'ri1rl;tik.1lI f'lO""lIlct . ~ aWti,:
det (ll,j,r + b.J. ) = O .
(9.-l-k)
A (9,43c) megokWban fdJi.p6 . "'" r l K)'iikOklWk tDrKFlrl6 A, ~itthat6k phlM'll a:z.....-thPn.
IJntnoVn
1itrirUo . 0 do-w~ "KY"l\f1.ff'oo-t ~ Mi,...1ezzool a ~ .......k IOZ A.

~tthatOk ....inyAit ~ IDl"lI:hal.4lnmi jUwod tri~ lUf'goldA... ffi ~l.."..r 113. old.), <7ht "'"
i&Y D)Trt partikulArito ~ mindrn r, .....-tfll q,y parAlllO"kr\~. H.. a w..ktrl'llo;tik.. ~ ~ pironkem k'llOn~k.akkorn<"I'" p&rtilmlArj,o. ~1Molr. n paramet t tArW
IJlAZllAk
boca a ~oo:t.oz.i.I~ ~ Ad,jJL Ha VA1luDeIy", . lClUUtm.oztik, ~
Uc.
m-~
gyW, akkar ..ht- a OOkh<:.
~iku\AriA
IrIf"gOl<tMok ~
" = ,4, (r)o:' .
J/:I - A1 (r )r ' " , ... , ... = A,,(z)e .

(9 .4Je)
wto&iJr.. &hoi A ](r ).... A,,(r ) ""ttfdjoobb m - l.ffoku polinomok. Ez.-kPt AZ ~1Pn
.~y..i tthatOjq ~)Uf1. a diff~-~ bPlylottesitjiilr.. majd .-t,mll ...... -_I. ..
~;l r 1nf'&!.,Joo16 IwvMyaiMk a hill,. ajobbokWonlkO f'g)'1itthatOit ~ ta.ziilr.. I,;y "0 Iinean..~ kapunk ft:C .~ka rgyiittMtollra.lIlDel)'{"k kia;w m..w-loo ~MtO.
a tiJbbi..-k ....ptM'lhocll'rjf'zhrt6 ki. Uirt .. ~kiM m BZaJ-lon ~ t pacarnko:-rt tartalmu.
H.. J'i'.klAl1l .. (9.-I3lI.) I'l"t>dMff fIZi.l:nmdrik..... &2a%, bA ..... ;: <lin ..u:kor~. b& lIZ A,(z ) pulinollK>lu.t
koost.&lll<DAk tcl:intj'ik, H.... kAtlLlr;~tik,. ~lf'tll<'k knmplfox gyOkpj VILllDlUr.. &klwr "'" A1t&JAno..
IIlf'goldM mcgf.. lr lll ~Ai "'PPl1gy vaI6& ..u.ua b<xr.hatOk. mint &bogyart .. kont&wl "SY'itth&tt':>j,'LdifF...
T1'nriill'gyl"'nIM. --Vt.m t.ArJ:yl\ltuk (1AIod ::'11.old .).
Az .vI' ;: 21/1 + 2J/;1-I/S , 1/'/ = -2111 + -11/;1 + I/S. fl' ;: -31/1 ~ 81/;1 "- 2Y3 rcn,J.,;u;or wlLlr; tn ~lik ,,,,
L (.....r, +"").-4 =0
-,
+ 4 - 2r - 1
1r+8
Az r l = 6~ ..... multiplicitA."i It)'Ok _Jon II.2:t kR.pjuk. bogy -4A,
2"h + At
= 0 , -3A'I
+ 2A. -
+ 8A2 - 4A.1 .. O. Ebh611U': koVPtk<'7.ik. hogy A,
= 0, A.
0 , -2A , I
= 2"Al = C I ,
YI ;: O. 1/;1 = CI ~' YJ = '2CL ~' Az r2 = I tiih""7.or<'lll m1Lltiplicita.~ii gyok......ti>n lU:l k><l'juk. hogy
111 = (P,r + Q l)r.!h = (P2r + Q2)f"' , l/:I _ (P3,r + Ql )~' HplY"t1e'<jt.~ijnk hP "" "&)'l'1IlpthP:
P,r + (PI
+ QL) "" (2P1 + 2P:z -
P.r + (P.
+ Q1) " (-2PI + 4P. + Pa)x + (-2QI + 4Q. + Q3).
PJ.t + (Pl + Ql) = (-3Pl
PJ)z + (2Ql
+ 2Q. -
Ql).
+ 8P:z + 2PI)r + (-3QI + SQ. + 2QJ).
c.. ,
amihUl lIZ kovMk..t.ik. hogy P L .. &C., p. '"

1\ = 7C.. , Q, ;: 5Ca - GCa . Q ... C,. Q" =
7C a -lIC. 'IHu,t "t AltI\lAn,,,. mt'w.ld"": III .. (SC1" + 5CJ - 6C'.)",',!h = C,~ + (C,X + CJ)t-z,
l/:l = 2C L",' " -T (7C 2" + 7Ca - HC2j....
rl =l .
r, = -2
L <I.>!Il-' +L> ..II. =F,(I ) (i= I.L .. ,n) .

.... 1
A ss u perpos jclc elve t H"I/, (I) .... 11,(2) U = 1.2.... n) oIYAQ iu.... ,llOI:'n nU<.........rek megoldA.o;ai.
lUuclyek 0Iak lIZ Fo" ). ill. F;121 johh OkWllkhM. killOnl>O%llf"k l'jIJ'm""t"'l. akkor II, = y,l' ) + IIPI U ",
1.2. .. .. n ) i.. weguldM... n,nd-.,rrn-kho] .. jololo oldala.kr.. F,(x) ,. F,OI(z ) -T F;(' )(r ) td.i<"'iil. &.i>rt
M illhomoghl rendsz...r iLItA1Anu' m..gol<l......lIl'1k ll""ll:hawoz""'Ahoz d.-g~ndl'i. lui Il.:l illholllOSPn rcndsz<.t
<'gy povtikulAn.. mpgoldAAAt"m.-p;f..l..lr; homop;rn t'<"n<l,.",PT iLItJ,.14nOOll rn"l!0I<lAAA1>o7.lI.C\jnk.
2. Az a lla nd 6k variAIAsa Illotlt iIo Iuwo:lllAUuM., I", I.L "" inhom"lifll di!f'r..ncial'1O"ul"twn'!>r;<,Pr
egy p;u-tikul....iIo megoldAAAt "",,["(lll'!llk llI'l\w.tAnw,ni Ehh,~ .. homog61 r"'lcWn iJtala.tlOOllll.-golda..at Il7. ;nhomog{n rrnd",...rl... k,'11 hdy.-u,,,iwni.A C,. Ct . . . . .C. 41l1UI<I,.,k><t C L(;r),C2(z) ... C. (r)
fiWCuy,kn..k tckintjiik. Az II.' d..riV>i.lt..uu.ltart..lm",,1> tllgokiO/UI'" C.(r) fiiggvpuy<1k d..riwUtjai i~
f<'Upl'll('k, Az ...Iott r..ndS>"A'thP ""I'" h..ly,t,t",uU--1 C>IIlk ...."..k "l3gok mar",lu>u: meg, mert a tilhl,j('k
"iQ'mMt ki:iIOK>llOtK,n kicjtik. "lO'ani~ a fdtH..I,k Pl7Rrint VL.!h... 11ft 1\ homogen tf'n<l,,?Rr mpgol<lll""L.
19y" C"(.r).krc l'gy inhomog{,llliH......i~ ..gy"nl ..tr..n<l~1,,r!lmpllnk ...mit n"'g k~1I ol<l.. ni. 'lkI..,r,'I' inI."KTal"" nUm a kowtkw,o fiiggveny..k,>t kapjnk: CI(x) .C2(1). .. . C.(r). HI!. '~l<'kd "filggV{'lly"ket "
homo~{'l1 n,ntl...I,,'r m.."oldAAA.ihan. " konkl.MIIOk h..ly.lhf' hdy..ttl'<oitjiik. akkor Il7. inhcmogen Ipn,lkto:'!
k"",,"tt p....l.ikulari~ mcgold""'''t kapjnk.
Az 5Yl' + 4111 - 2!t.t' - 112 = e~' ...... "" YL' + 8YI - 3112 '"" 5<'- ' "IO"nl..thlll all'" inhomo#n diff"""n';
A1"lO""n1ct-rcndl"l.<,r homogcn wf(,Iw.cri'lI"k alt"I""'" 111+'1101<1....... (U....15 IS, 01<1. ): II' = CI~ + C.",~"" ,
I.
-..1 1_ _(r_6 )(r_I)2 ;:0 .
1;: 2r2 _ 2r _ 4 = O'
3. E ls6 l?ndiI inhomogen re ndszerek

Aa i1~ ~ alt&JAno.. AlakjA;
h I
-I:'r
8 2-r
-3
Az .4 1 .... "" .42 egyJitthatOt", ", 1 -'-Jon. 9..1 1 - 3A J = 0 , 9A l - 3..1 2 = O. ill. az A, == 3.4'1 = 3C L
l'gyl"'lIwk mPgolda..... va1 hatAroduotj llk nws."2 = -2.-tJon hNooolO&u: A. == 2A L = 2('2 . Igy II.Z
&ltalinoo> megoldM;" == C, ~ + C~~~ , 1/'2 '" 3CL'r' .,. 2('",, -1>
"R)"MI"'~ :
-3
(9.+ld)
(i ", 1.2, ... n)
b~ ~dsz.,er wegoMia..ai; "o" hlu'ut ug)'tlLlUt ... ~ ~rt keU a1blmazni. mint
IlOI'1M1funn.. ~.
A~ 5,,' ~ -11/1 - 21/;1' - l/'J == O. s,' + !:Ir t - 3lh ,. 0 difI" '",~.",nd!rI.et- br..... teriIo:l:tik"..
ep;yo'Ulrte;
1 2~2r
(9.44..)
.... 1
516
!h = 3C,t" + :lC~-' II.. I...h..l.,...tt"",itiluk ~ ...-loti pg)'f'nl~tb<>. maj.d C, -<'t'" OJt z fiiKgWnyfo/l"k tf!..
kintjiik.lLkkor ftZt knpjuk. h"lI;Y 5C,' + 5(:"2',-1> - 6C,'r _ 4C1'e- 2 = e-' . Cl'e" ..-C;..-2. _ 5.0-'
""lO' C 2',,-2. - CL'e-' = .'-'. G ,' + C 2'e-1> = ~-. EbbOl az kiiv<>tkpzik. h"llY 2C I '.... _ .f<o-'.
C, = _,,-:b+knn!<tI\n~.2C;e h =
= 3e"'+WlllI!.aW<. MiW'l part ik u!fLri,. m'ogfll,l....t k....
......,-ink. miml,'ll knTll<llltlII nulL.In<~. ,.miMl a2t Iatpjuk. ho,;y!ll = :k-'./h = :y.-', Igy "'" iUt..tlmot<
lIlCJl:oIdAl<: lI'l = 2. -, + Cll" + C7' 2.r. In - ;Y-' + 3C[e" .. 2C'2"'-:b.
-'.e,
3. A hatAroutlan egyiitt hllt6 k mbdszere (prolWliggv"ny-moo..z..r) kiili>OOooo:-nukor ,,1bt.lTI1.A>lhAt<'> mn:M-'n. hA.. j oI>h ,,"Won ~1",('iAli>o .w.k"" mggWnyt'k. nIinl pI. Q~(.rV" 4l1n..J.., I<ot: n'fflJ1'nnl1
dirf~'Illct .,.ot<'hm "'lrtlllhoa h->nlivln kll"lldj&rni (la.....l Eol3- okl.). Ha ll ~t IN"Ill zArt
a1II.klwln. hAffl,m fl~ll~ A1....jilhl.l, kApJlIk 1JIf'll. Akkor ..1&zOr""I kplI ..llPnO.-i:.r.ui,!>OKY konVPrp;Al....
1IlZ..dot! int<>.....,.jI'lnlOIl YalQ' All adott pout va1amPfy knm~tCben .......tAM I .. ~n ""I is. !JoKy
tinvlPp; ~".
<'gyf'nlM;.lIholllllU'f1'[lIO .,(.r). p(.r). q(x) i'ft F(x) fi~V+llr<'k [lOlinomuk Y>tRY oIyall fiiAAYfny..k. /III"'"
Iy<'k pgy hizonyotl Utrtomiulyo..n (.r - .ra) Jmt~allylli "1~rlllti ""rb.. fl"jthP1.Ok. a.hol ~(I\I) I- O. Ekk",
f'fllll"k /I Uifl"l"r,,"ciak"gyl"IU<Il,..k 1\ mpgoldWi ninth, (.r _ .r.) IUttWlylli l'7.l,.inti !<Orlwt f..jth"wk. /IIl'l"Iyrk ug,ya.nahhAn a tArIolllanyb.w konVf'Tll:A1nak, A h"t.V07.1\tlllJl ..gyijtth>tti>k mod""............1a Illf'l!:ol<lftl<l
~
If = ....... <l1(I - Io) -.-<lJ(.r - .r.)2 +..

(9.~h)
MlvAnY""f Il1a..kjwn I-""",,;k. majd m IlZ aiIlkot. Il (9.4 ) rlitf<'I't'nriA!Plo'pnlrt"" bplyrtwsiljiik ....
(r - r.) IIZOllOII hatviuly,,;ua& egy,;tthAtoit ~,l<h+ e-iik.
Ol<ljulr lDl"fI: az Ji + r = 0 <~fI"PWn<iilIegy<'llJo.lf'I! ~, II = lit .... 0lr ~ oJr -.- QJr - . -'.
'" 01 -I- 2aJ.r ... 3a~ ...... nI Ji = 201", 60$1' 1" Ekknr IlZI kapJuk. ho,cv 2a J = O.
.
lit
"I
00] - lit = O.... Ezeknek az pgyo'nJpt.,kIlf'k Il m.w.I.-IAlIIli: "1 = O. OJ = -N <l< = -N. O~ = O.
4. ~1a.'OOd l't."nd iI n-"d" zPrf' k

Az PddilIIllW>wrer1 ~",k ~hwndlllincaris ditf~- ...nd'<7A"Tf'kreill.it~i1lcl<Jl.
.,
~ l\%........-iPti diffl"J'1'Il<'i~ ...nIM ftJtALU"",~: ,
_ 00 (I _
L Clol. Jl"+ L b.. y... L . . . lIl =0

...,
,
1
(I"" 1.2.
,n)
(9.46)
9 .1.2 .6 . l\1a.<;<KJrt>ndit linea-is diff('rcnciAlegyt>nlt>tek

A diff"c.... riAl.,o"..nkt..Jw..krhhn >I.ZOO<l.tlOl.y.u.c. .,k. a gyakorwl.oan i.~ "-=A!al(l'l ~ l"bbrn a f"j<>zM-
b<-n ~.,.JI ~l""wu. ..we'l <hffPl'f'll('~kttArtozik. ~D Wd ~J.261.

1. Altal ilD<M tnt'>ds.wr k
1. A z
,. - p{r)y q(r), = F(.r)
(947a]
~nlpt.
'''' Gllll C1 !h .
(9.Hh)
Abol y, bo!h .. n""k "" "lO"IJo:1.ll<'k kM.linpiLriM.u fIJ.ggetll"u I'ovtikuLiris IJl<'gOI,LiNt (1Iwl ~). 01<1.). IIIl
LsWtr1. "'" Ifl t 0 ",,"ikllJAri,. IU"Knl<IM.llkkur t..u-w..ly i1ycu intcn....Jlnmnn 110' t"v"bhi 112 llJt1tt>ldMt
h&1a",zh/ltnnk m'l: 1\ LIOlVILLF.-f<>nnlllll (9.31f kn....,kPZmo'nytk.'"n1 MOdO
VI(r) = A.V'
j .'XI' (-y,fpdr) d.r
~ j F({j,,,,-I' (f I~Odf.)!YJ(.r)Yl(~) -
, - r'(lIt + Q,.r --- oJ.?'" ...),

(,,",i r -t6l flJgg6Pn hAlviln)..... ~
megha.w-ro.o m.u:r~t:
r(r _ 1)--- p{O)r _ '1(0) = O.
li~mfl'<ll") ..hoI .... r
(949b)
plM nrrn fdtctlPniu l"lt,inii kiWvot
(94.'lr)
Hll <"llIlt'k lIZ ~k1:lI("k k{>1 k'-tlouh<')z6 gyoJu. VIllI b 1\ (O'6knk k,;IilI,~ DI"lII f'gk1. Wn. WOl" ~
~kiikkPI (9.49>1.) kct lineNi"llll fiiAA'-"tWD 1Il.'KU!tJN.,;.1 k.q>juk. EIIt'Ukc"a6-.1. b..n a ~ '-"KYutt-
L b,....... alakhan
.-,
nw Pi6<i.llltlll\tO '-"KY Ullu-Iik llM'l':ok""'. Ha p<'dig lIZ inth...
(\I.4i<l)
fonnllia "'jI;lt..rl\,'wl kAl'h.. tjuk JIl,fit, .. hoi III e..!h II uwgf,'ldo homogeu diff"n'll~ia]"wull't ki'l ]>lU'tiknlflri. "I<!,:"ld'''''''
3. Az i"hnm<>#'1J <!i!J'J'(",ilil..gyf'IlI"1' ....r lik"I"";" m..gol.-lA><it1 >tZ 31lalld6k ,""ri3lWu"k !ll'"1'1.<'ri,,,.] i.
= .\1,(.. ) In.r +
Il hAtinn.ll.tlan l"K}'l-,ttbatOk ~""I

K\"-",u..tlll"k llincr< ,-..lOt; gyiikl" ..llor (9A9n)wUr, ni"." (9.4!lb) ,.],.kiJ. ""lto\d,o;.".a.
A - (9.4900.) ~poriiJi:.. ......Wk;.llt ...1OdU - (9.:;(l..) [l1'_'lSEL-f;.w ditf<'Tl"t",~Il"t .....l.,:.t"'u" bALi-
rozal.1an '-"R)'iilthatOkm<..w....,.,<wlll kr;""lk.w /I.htJui 1Il<'!t"ltl....1 lutl'juk: 1/1 ---'

IIJlwly"1J konstan"
fQJ:>rzO
t,,~&hbi 'lll"~ld"",," >tZ
Y1: ; A.ql
y,(.r)l/2(()jd{
""'Khati;rozhlltj"k (1......1510. 01<1.).

2. Az
.(.r)y~ + P{.r)y + q(.rly'" f'(.r)
.rp(r}y + q(z), = 0
(9,4900)
tniut (9.4&) ,[><'<iAIi>< __ 1"1 Il w.w.l'ZIItUm ")'l-,Ulwi,k ~w1 oklMljuk fIlf"g.
hB ,(.1')-0"1. ... q(r)-<-t:r hIlt~4nyai ..-nnli kul,.....t p'.... hAIVMY'!""Wh.o \.-1Jp, f..jlf'lli_ A mPgoklA.>k
(lAir)
<"R-Vl'nll"tb61. ILl".1 A Irt"".lik-R......n ~8.l""",II".t6; .. 2 ink'gl"acic.. '11 ..L;O haw.. pgy-"K)' wll<r'O]pg,.... I"-'IlI.
/I f,'1Iot'i h/l'Ar"ik .r->CIpl "1\Y"nlOk.
2. Az inhomos'u ''llY'IlI.t"ltY jllUtiklll.ui>; m,,!:oldAAAt IlZ
II =
r,..
Az
hAlnk mOO.'<U'........1a<ak '-"g)' lIM'KoktMt Ds"U ..... pu fIl( .. }-b051 M(:r)
1. A Tllf'gf",ld05lwll>Ol'\m rlitfpl1"n~"nlM: (F(r) ::; 0) Alt.ol1anot< ~dAAa:
,) +
ol(r-t4+3./6. i - }
3.
l1"D<L--r ~n" ..t,,.... .w.J,;il ",,"ik,11Ario I1~kLW>k j,. ~h&li>k. Ehh0-7. >I.Z
dct(....,--1 ...".. ... -<;1,) - 0 Jw-ut..-ri..~lik""~th& .... -t. mAjd a ~"IM6IiI)l'"",, "K)""nktl"Tl<ilo7A"!'bOI.4..-t krll ~t.V-ocni,
s:
_ zS _
23 2356
l"rt'.i(ifit lllt.ll"KY'1.ik
J~(r)IIt'1
L O.J'"~2I.
-f
((9.:'11l}). Ml~d exp ( -
Pd.r)
L'gy('ull"tll"k II (!lAic) fOl'lllUlll ""'-I'j.ul fpUrt ti'i&b'Vl'uy:
dx
j L:;:'.., ....
:I= A'II
j .r'T:!R{L
:O.:rJ).r
~~.l
:r'"
d.r=lJy,lu:r+ ..
C.... i= 0).
I
r
-"'"
"R '~
;;:" d. ;r. 2. .
.,(j
Itt mAr nem konny,;" c..... d. ''KYiittbl\t6lvtl 1t7. a. " lO'iit t!lllu',k ",'gl,so'grvPI rneghatarozni. Az utobbi
kif,j,-/.,,,,"'wlst'gPvp!llZOnMn JUo'gi~ lphpt.......... '1 V"" IIrr", hogy II. h..tl\rolollilan pgyiiUb"tok m6tl",...r{>vPI
mrgkal'juk a m..gol.-lii.><t.. NyilvAllv..J.6n-n .,~ nom 1llA.. mint Yn(x) b.. l,vAlly"on.. (!l..'>lc).
2. A B..ssel.f"le d iffe re n ci Ale gypn l..t
:r 2 y" + xy' + {:r J _ fll)y = n
(9,;;o"j
1. Alt lndexegyenlet .1>1><'[1 \l.l , .... ,11>"",, ki;vo-lk.zo:

(!lo4M)
r(r - 1) + r - n J
:;;; r J _
n'
= (}
(9.JlJh)
hull"' .... kovrtkf7~k,

1I: l"~ (""
IlOfO' r
'"' n . H..
+ a l:r + .. )-t
(9..iOr)
a {f'lIti <'gymlf'lbc h,IY"ttrooitjiik. AkkOf l"~ ". f"gylitthatOjara .. kowtlocW f'tlJif'nlMt>t loo'l.juk:
k(2n ~ k)a. + "._2 :or O.
+ l )a l = 0 (a_I' 1I_3 iort ..k.. 1PgyP1I 0). Ekkor
(9.5Oe1)
k = I ......t .... (2n
a::- ..l=O (m= I. 2.
E>: a !i'iAAVi""Y I>l"IIl " '

z2>/ + zy' _ (z l
a2 '"'-2(2n~2) '
.).
millt az
n l )lI = 0
(9.;;21.)
difflTl"~t ~d""'" Em wk az ~1lJ,'tll.. k <'to" mANik lD<'gOitl...... a \I ACD O:"iALDfIi9.,.,.m"
K..(z) =
2.
s--J.
~ hoollgf'rliiggv~n)"f'k
A (9.:iOa) BESSEL-f..k> diff,,""~,,1f't -..u pou-tikulJori,.
I ,,(x ) - I~ (.r ) .
(9.;;2<- )
"'-11 nr
"" n '-"V ~!<ZIUuhoz kou....rpl. Akkor K . (z)-Ilf"k YalI batArkt,kt-.

~ I~ ( .c) "' ;az K,,(z ) ffiggvfou~'1 ,nOJ.o,.,t"t/. BE:SSEL-~~QI'k" nno=iik.
.-\. I,", lIZ II fiiggv<"ny uafikonjAll:ll 9.1 4. AhrIln. .. 1\', ",,, 1\'1 ~"'yf pMig_ 9 .15 . ihn\n lAtham.
A .4(z). J, (r ). }. (.;l") . }l (r ). fe(:r). Mz) , I\', (z ) . I\".(.c) f1~Y"k kti"k.... t tArtalmaz:r.a a:z 21.9.
tiU.>1AMt
.y
.4 .... J 1 ff~Y"k If'lIiknn j.. a
9 .1 2 . "hran IAtlw6.
H... n 11O'tU..-w-, &kiwi- a B.%EL-f..... ddJ",~ 1Uwann. ~
, = CIJ~ {Z) ...C3J _ (zl.
li
O~
J...(z} OOIO mlr - L ...(z )
I
. '
9.:i1c)
Mtlmlr
rnModf ..jU BESSEL-fflgV"' uyt hdy<-u.....iljl1k. "'.... I...... t 1IZOk.... WE BER /Uggno'n~u ..k wogy .'>; EUMANN.
f'-i9~n,I"'k i>o .. ewzui. Y. {.c) hat v,,"YlIOlal1~hatO pI. 19,2(ij. A. )'i h<az}"j !iiKgVfony gr.. likonjA
' . r '" ...-.

rm
0 *,"'--o,.'>.'>t"-~'Y""'+~
to
1 2 3 x
..001 L~ (z }....-A' J~(z ) 1OOCib6l1\gy kap juk. boKY n bcl.~ -rH"t trunk {a f"nmllA .. L -v,.J kif"j..,..t'
alaIr.b&n ..kkor i>o forttohtll'll. ha n JII'IU "K~) ; ~ n......-t-t'.. p<'dig: J_. (z ) = ( - It J~ {z ) . Mi....I ....l...u
Il:>; .-tl..", J~ &. L~ lii><'iuiMn <-,<fUAA. ,ozion.. (9.:i1h) iUtaUwo.. m"RoIdA.~tM.l> J_. {z } brlyM ><"..z
VI )
I~
- ;/
(9.:' l b)
P,
P,
0,5 1.0
1.5 2.0
o~
II
9.1~.Al>rl"
9.14. "hI"&.-
,
1,0
9. 16...hr....
a:>: 9 .1 3 . "Im",lit.th..t<'>k.
4.
A J ..(z ) Bessel-ftlggv.. ny.. k .... vOllat kozO rormu l" k

J~ _ I (Z)
+ J~ ..I(Z) "=
2"
-; J~ ( r ) .
dJ.(z)
"
~ .. -;J~(r )
I ).
+ J._1.c
HAAOnlo formulAk vooatkozllllk" m<',d".dt.,U BESSEL-f,lAAV"U}"krc:

l.~ l ( r ) - 1~ ..I(z)
r.: ~
-1"
..l(X) -
2n l..{z)
= - ,- ,
.
2nK~ ( z )
/\ .._I( Z) = - - - ,
x
dl;)"..c l =
I~_ I (r) _ ;
I.(r) ,
(~I. :>Jh)
dK~( T) .. -1<:._I{r) _ ~ Kn{ r).

dr
:r
Ha n "' O,I . 2.... akkor
9,13. ah ra.
Jz~( r): ~
f."cos{x ~in"')<n\2rH"'d"",
"
(9.5.:i<1)
,l
J:loo+l(:r)~ ;
o;i n(r "ill ;) M

in{2n + l).; u.,;
(!l,5.1c)
(9..>3f)
(2 sinr
V;;
(9 .\ 4,,)
)_ 1/7 (.1" )
l ,.(z )-;
{T COII.T
V;;
JP~ (x)
(r - I)~
~(t+oG)]
\~,,-~ [1 + 0
K . (r ) =
G) J
_"0"
(2.. )! [J~
'2"(n! )2
n (n - 1) E,,-2 _ n(n - I )(n - 21(n - 3) E~"'" _

2(2ft
I)
2-4(:b1 1)( 1.. 3)
(9.t.6a)
{O
~m/n .
hA m = n .
-'_
2n ... I
(9..i7d)
L
P~(.r),...-
(9.;:;,(")
fiiw'''l1}"t hatvan)'l'Ori>a f"jtjUlr..
Az PW;f"j "1 LEG E~DRE-polinoul<JkroI. t<>vabhi i1Jormac i6 taWhatO: "-l 121.11.

3 ~ndn"-fii.ggv':'n",k V>l.g,v ma....dfajli &ombmggV"Dy~k A U,l{. .IKin--f..kdiff........ n~D
' .
-l~oll
IPt pgy nW;ik, P~ (r)-t61lill".Ari>.au fiigg..tiPn. n<'1D polinomiAfu< Q,,(r ) mpg.MAAiiI Jr.,'lpjuk II. _~>< b..;r~
",,"<'jt.t-..l. H"
Q ~ I)
.r
Ixl > 1:
2~{n!f ~ 1~"I )F(n+l ,,+2 ~ .!..)
(2n ... I)!.r
- , - , - ,- ,
(9.::.M)
' 1'1
1.1"1 < l ..... t<'nQ. (z) J>l'dig:
(lEI <(0) ,
I-r)
d" (r-I)"
, - - 2~1
n!
tU~
(9,:;& ')
..bol F .. "ipcrll;<'<>uwlrik,.....,rt jdoli (lAH<1522. oM.). AL..1""nyolc polillollJot vi...onylllg k,;rmy,t r,.llrui
(1""'llWJ.olri.):
Po{x) =l, (9,5r,ri}PI(.r) ""J'",
PG{E) =
:7.~~""
';1 J..-.r ... ,.-2
(9.;;(;1
P~ (x ) =F ,, +1 , - .. ,1. -
Pl(E) =
.....
...]
- P~ _I (.r ) .
e ) .'" ..b6fllj;1 LECE~DR&-rolinomoluot Ii~ ;'" ~"j llk . botr;y "'"

I
l ~ rW)' + ,,(n + l)y = O_
(n ;:: I ) .
d ) Zkushrl}'<'Ie: P~ ( z }-Dd.. .. ~Ok .. 'o'IW.'"M'k wiuri ....1Oooak fo!,l ~k. ~ II (- I 1) inUTvll.ilmnba

(9."-id)
1. Legend......p olinornok vagy el~flljfl gombfiil;gvenyek JI = 0.1.2.

LEGESDREf{wdiffprt'urii.lo:,o?llkot l><UtiklllAri>< lI~t ~d""f">linomolmak VlOgJo- ..I..Ofllj il gOmh(iigv(on.,...b...k rw...."""iik. AlIlr'ly..k M'vRuYIlUr a1II.kjA .. ~tlan egylitthAwk l~n'woIlWUnlt"".. Ie;;..
....tlwro:
= n ~.rP,,(.r )
f.P~(x)P_(x)dr
(9.a.'Jb)
A BESSL-fl-lCl""ny..Itr6] w.,"hbi infonu.it: in WAltw.6: IMd 121 ,ll-bAn_

3. A Legt.-nd"",f#ole dilff'N'n d AIeto'pnlf't
:-':emllf'glloUV ~~ n 60 vale'. r nodion" LEGESDREf;,M- diff<T<'n<"~n1M "INja II 1ID,..t~
P Ix ) =
1 )~~ 1
c)~ita....:
Itt 0 (.;) " LASDAt'-tWlIlh6Illm . UiIod :'i. okl,
(l - rz )y"' - Zr;+ n(n ... l)y=O vac
d.
.,..,,/l"
~lindl,,'t "Mjd mindkt't '-'1O"Cukiooi-glwlJ ~t ..... crti-IeN "'Ij....
_I
If[... (r - "; -~) ,om] 1' ""1
(z a ..
(n + l lP~ol(.r ) = (2n ... 1 ).rP~ (.r)- nP_ I(.r)
Az (9..>J&)-(9..i30 f1'lr.umo.. forw'iWl "'&.YmMutAni an.:..Inu.:r.iwi'nl.! 'l':~ n """ti-n 1... , "l(Z)- 1" 'o'QWlt .
IwW ""'-'IUAA"-bot IrlllOlunk (,01. N"lQ'r PrU'krlmo igazak .. Iffiw.tv...o"""imptolil".. formuWi::
J.lr)~ IfHr-"; -~) -oml ,I'",)
1/'
r-r-r-r
(J'" CQI< .'V .r -l ) ~d.; =;
b ) fu-kum.)" formulaJr.:
A J~ + 1 12(r) filAAv"uyook kif,-J<"l.ho-t~ d"IlIL fiiggYl-lly<'k '"'1,ftigfw,1. pl.:
>;(x ) ;
1/"
P~(E}=;
0)
(-i)" /
J.(E) = - . - .... - " C< ll ; d'"
J 1f7 (r) =
A P~ (x) (n = 1. 2 .... , 7) fiiggWny"k lI;Tllfikouj>u IlZ 9.16. AhrAu J,\,llut.tnk. A1: "lW'" h"ly<>ttf'Siti>!li "rtiok<>k"t Z/O("bz arno!6geppd ""lO' tAhl""...t '"-'Kit",,!:/,,,,,] kouny..n m"KkAphatJuk.
2. Ax elsOfaj", Legendre-poliuomok tulajdo"""gai
~(J5El -
(~I.[,("') P2(F)= ~ (3E2 _ 1 ) ,
31lE 2 + 3),
~(23I.1"G -
(9.56") P5(E) =
2
31ST' + 1Il5x
5), (9,56j ) A(E) =
(9.5t;1)
~(63;]'"5 -
P3(,:r)=~(5TJ_3E),
(9,56ll)
2"(n.!)2 [ - l"OI)
Q~ (x) "' {2n +I)! r
...
(n ... I )(n + 2) _( ~.3)

2(2n+3 ) r
+ (n +l )(n+:'!)(,,+;j)("+4).r _(~"') + . . ].
(9.51\1,)
2 4 (2n + 3)(2n + 5)
Az ..IsO- ~ m""orlf"'j;' gi>mbfiiKgvi-nY<'kd ,.... xW<'Hilt LEGEN DRE-/U9'1""nytklwk iJ; lJpwz?, iik (11,,,,.1
'-';:;2. old. iI<).
4.
A hipE'rgeometriku9 diffE'rp"ciAlpgy*,n]f't
dijJt"""ritilf,gytnldlJ<'k u<,v<'?,ziik 117,
H'p"ryw",dnkt~.
70x 3 + 15x) ,
~(4Z9ET _ 693x' + 315;]'"3 _ J.'J.r),
(9.56i)
(9.5611.)
.rt~
+hdx
+ i3 + l)J]ddY
- orJy = n,
(9 ,59,,)
x
rRY<'lJl..t .. t. A" a, f3 i", l' all,,"d"'kt61 iiAA60'Il" k;;V<' lk,..~() MI"~'iAljM .""",!pkd kiilolJhO:zt"tjiik Ill"~'
.r(l-
(0
Il ) H" 0 '" n + I. {3 = -n , "I = I ..... .r = I ;
akk<>l" LEG ENDRE[i'l.'diJf.'"'u<,wegy,,,,],..t,'1 kl<l'jnk
520
b ) H" l'
# O....m nrm I~tiv ~<- ""Am. Ilkkor .. fm t ; JiffClTIlcial"lO"'lIwt egy (lArtikulAri.. U,,'ltOI,lNul
Ahil'O'tK,,,,,,,,,ttikll""'>r: ;
'
)
F (0 .........., 1' _ 1
n ' j1
a) Hermit ... polinomok
0(0+1)8(0 ...- 1),
+ -.-" 2 (
I) r+
',.
.",. ,. +
H~~{x)
0 (,,+1 ) .. (a+ n) d (j + l ) . .. {B+n)_+I

+
r
I 2 ... (n + I ) ih + I ) . .. t1 -.- n)
+. .
(9..j!Jh)
a"){'ly Izl < 1 _'l.<'1I .. 1-.l(1~ Wu"'-TK'"'''' r "" l eooctkn.. hip"'rgcomctrikllll>,or koIlvrl'JO'JI("j,;,ja fi"llQta
d
-0' -8ktJokt6l. r _ I ~ koovrrJ!:""'" had > O,di\"Crgl"Ilb, ba d S O. r '" - 1 ......tJoll'U-Oliit
kon~ha6 > U. MIiVlt-'lI lwuV<"lJ:f'll'I, llA -I < 6 S OiKrliV<'rg<......ha.l S-1.
e ) H.. 2 - '} " O... m IW'fII Il<l':>ltiv f'lI:~ 1l7iI.m. ><kknr"fPIlI; <IifJf'f1'llciiLIPgyPnk-t (MrtiklllArilo tll<W'1<LiM
=..,
Az (9
kccWi
,"' rl-~ F(o + 1 -l.J ... J- "'r.2- "1. .r)
r::-; '
= In( 1 +r ) ,
Iu D
A
....cmllo
I
1. L
[Pk- di
....
u:,!",k",
~
A Lag ut!l'n'-r,.,l..
(9.6l:l4)
a.
F (-no 8. -z) = ( I ... .It
(tl EN) .
= r i'lt" ?: 1 Cf'M.kI igMAlr. .. kov.-lk0-t.6 ....kllni6.,fonnlIWt :

= r H.....(l') - nH~__I( r).
(9 .620:)
Jf~ l ( r )
H". ~ l (r)
.0\2; H...-mite- poIino mo k az f' -,.' /2
(9.6 2.1)
M11l)"f;igg""nnyrl [ e-oc. ec }-n l ortogon"'IU."k :

(9.62c)
H~(l') = (- W "'" :;. (..." )
(9 .tiOb)
(9.6Ck)
(9. 60<1)
Hc~(Z)=T".!H~(h)
(9,00e)
9. 1.3 . P eremert e k-fel ada t ok
d iff"l"O'~i.l..gy ..nWl:
:'''''If\~lv..gOoq" ~ yaJ(w,
...un a LAGUERRE-I"lt dtfJ~~aWtja .. kOw'1.Us6:
ry" + (o-l-l-r)'+nl/ =O .
(g.61..)
A diff~nlrt poLrtikulAril< m.-goldAMi lIZ
L~"l{z) '" ~~ (~~6r"" ) =

n!
dr'
?: I ......tho
t (" +.)(-l' )~ .
~ ..
n-l-
(9.6 I h)
k!
iglU:" kii.....tlwW T1'klll'7.i6oI formula.:
(n + l }L~"J I (l' ) = ( - r + Zn +" -I- l)L~" l{z) - (t1 + O }L~"!I (l' ) .
(9.61r)
~"l (r) .l.
(9 .6h l)
" > _ I ......vn
Ll"l",I+Q-z.
lU: .,- 6r" "'llyfiiggv"nnyd (0, :>c}-t'n f.'nnAll" kovrt lt...,.<l ortogollluitAr<i rrll" w;
! f'-"X"L!:l(r)L~"I(;l)d.c""
{O
ham""'".
be e
(":")r(l +o) m n.
(9.61 ..)
p,,(r )
6. A~ H..nnit""f"l.. dltf"rpndlr.l egy..nl ",t

A ~~...kln"l.,Jollll""ll rumck az '1O"'0 I..to ..k kH al<t.kja talAlhato m..g:
H(r)
(9.62f)
(fiE f\ ) .
(9.62g)
(nE N).
9 .1.3. 1. A p roblema m egfo galmazasa

~.
LAGUElt. RE""'~ n
....IF
(1AA<11
A kk fPlr HUUd ITE-polinum k<Girtti ~iig'" '" ki>Vf"tk....s:
F {I.1 .2.-.r)
B~
C)r- ~ 1 . 3C)r.-4 - I 3 ~(~)l'''-'
(9.:;9<:)
l ;(,
{- l)~f'; ::;. (,,~..;)
= r- -
H.,.(r) '" I.
alak ......te n:
b) H eemue- polinomo k a rnModik .lak elIO'ten:
F(I , p. J . r ) ". F(n . I,a , z ) =
3.
a:I: .. ls6
ffiuW'nYd ) ;-.I"'hAny ..-tho-n" hil''''TJlf'OIIlf''triklll' ""T~" ''''lO' \'a1AmPIyJl< P"'"ftl""teI" __rillt i IiInt'Rlt'..,,"mi
",",,",yoPI.:
J~(r)
A H..rmile---f&l.. tlilfPrPIlci"l<.gy..nlM ImrtiklllAri~ m"ll,,]<lfuWI HI:: IIMITE-prWfflO"..kllale. n""""",,,iik (az coo
a1ak .....Icll He~ (x ). II. rnA......lik alaIe. .,idell H..(x).
,,) 1. alalt:
yff_ r ll' +t1y =O
('1 =0,1.2. . .. ) .
b) 2. alak:
yff_2ry'+'1Y .O ('1= 0. 1.2, .. .) .
(!J.62/1)
(9 ,62h)
).
A .... reJller1ek-f..ladat foga lma
Snk ....-tht-n. 1'1. a lIUltNuatikai frt.ibblloll (u.,.,l :;..aJ. old.). IIf'Ul "1;)"!lZt"n1Pn diff..~1PtPt . ill
k<-t.df'tiertpkf..!Nlatnt. hIL1tPm 111l. pr...,.,t'rt"ilr~t krU lf~. Itt.,..;y...!ott diff.'ren~
loot olYIW mpgolM.<iAt Iwll kPr-u;ink . Ilffi<'ly bi;wuVOI< f,ltiVlckur.k tC!IZ ~.ot <V adolt intervallum
~i-gpollljAibM_ Enn..k ~r--W;"'""",,, ,, 1i!lt"Arir< p"'....mf'T1Jok.rrWiAt .lLlnikor lincari.~ diffrrE'nciAlI"gyPnIcl IlPk Iw""""iik liue&cil< peremf..ltMrltkn..k ..I<-grt t<'Vt'l uwgokl4Mt . A ki)vrtlw7.okb.-naoa.k ma..odnmlll
liuPAf"i" ..... lill<'iuiB jJ't'remfdti-tchl diff,'t1'II..iAl"Wu\f't.-kkpj foglAlkmllnk.
2. O nadj n ngio lt differenciAl..gy.. nl..t ..k

6,uul)'",giilt d.fJNY'nn<il"9!1"nlctnrk """""u.iik",, kovt'ilu!di 1I......a.rt'llJ,1,liff.....l lCwcgy.. uwl.f1,
1>Y1' - qy +),!!y =
(9 ,6310)
u"&Y"n.. k M"lt>ur." kOv..tk<"Zli homogfn linpfuiI, p"'tf'm(.ltit<-I.. k:
.""y (a) ... Boy'(o) = O. A1y(b) -I- Hl/l(b) = O.

(9.631
A p(r }. P'(z ), q(l' ), p(r ) e.. a:l I (r ) fiiggvilIy..k folyto l1Of<llk a:t 4 :5 r :5 b inl"rvallulllOu. ~ ..m korlll.I.<MiUh'rv.ulullI""""Wlllcnyt.g......lIl11""
Imt>ny<>k..t k..punk {1AAtl19.61l. E1~'lI k;viil me!':kovtt..ljiik IllPg
olyan Po Pi; (10 I"t..-d....,t. "",,'Iyl'kn, tdj
ho~v p(r ) > po > O. ('(r ) > /.'tI > 0. A ), "'"!fk .. diff.~
T1'1"i"I.gyt'nl..t..gy kOIll't"lI~ l'>lrlUuit' , H.. / "" O.llkkot f01. ....-lou inhm""9"n JI",.,.m~'t.'t-/dadatbm.
t"rt,r,,6 hom"9~n '''' ..''''Im~l;/rl'''lalr(,] I"..-,.cliillk.
AlII"lIuyihen [n,b].n A", n, a kkor mi",l pli
Ayff + fly' + C y -I- >' Ry = F
(9.63.-)
mliioodr"Il(!I1 diff"rpnriAl"K""n!M piAval vall> wmr...........I (9.63 1\)
olladjunll'"lt diff"r"",:iii1l:ltr"11l,'up vitEk"
m.
"""'<Ii
pn
' 0A
(!),63d )
hel}'"tt....iu..ek Aibt.lmll7........v.\.
2.
A.
.4011(" ) + Boi (..) = CO, A1V(b) + D1Jl(b) = C1
Wu:.w- )
inhomog,lon f..lu.wl.,krl ki.. lIogit6 m..goIJA,;t llgy kilphatjllk mrg, ha" jobb okWon lIZ iN".....tl..n {i1I1g'
wny bool)'''''''' II = Z + .1-1 booly..ttnlitiiuk .... lIZ "t)'l'n1..tct megoldjuk u-ra &. y-ra ioI, U olylllll.. u.wIo'KO....
k~1&<'r diffrn-nnAlhalll f~IlY. Ilrn.. ly kido',r;iti lIZ inhomogfn pcrcmf..ltPt ..l..k...t . DJ.i,It Z oly"" "'J 1><1Il''mlt-n f~ny.lUJW'ly IIIl"liJ..io-ilI hornos<'n ]>l"... rur..lu;tI' l..k"~ I.=~ ..Irgl"l: (c.o '" = OJ.
c,
3. A St u nn-Lio ll v ill O:'- r",lada t

Riigzitl'tt A.....u-" '" lujvt1:ktoM ki't .....t "br~....;
1. T~ J (1: ) _'\ion lIZ in~l\ ~rm"rt"kM...latnak pontOMD "RY mpgoldivw. V/UI . mig a
~16 h<.tq lon rcla&tnu 0lAk II. triviAl .. (= 0 ) ruegolda..a. van;
2 . A megf..1d6 t-novn (~rmk V/UlMk IIl"mtriviA.lis.lWl.Z Ill'1II min<k-nhol... lt linli lIlt"g<)ldfttuli . EkJwr"" ~ f...... l6t Df"IJl mioo..n jobb okW ~ oldhatil mpg; ha ~ V>\lI ~IM. u r...m
Fo urler-so rfej t es
Mind.. n.
"""rinti
AZ
1e. bj-n
t'>rtclm.,."",1t 9(Z ) fiiAAVruyh"", h.-y~rc"d"]hctjiilt a J><nllleWk-f,!adat ""jaterto'-kri
g(z )- Lc".,;. (z ) ,
c,, '" !g(r),,;. (z ) e(l')d.r
(9.6:ih)
FOLRlER -sor;\.t . amennyibcn a (!l.6.'>hJ-borli intcKtlUulr. ~t<"LI"'Ir..
3.
A sorbaf",jthet&egn. vo natkozO ttltel

Ita g(l' ) folytOllOlllW. ,ioorivAlhatil "'" II fIlI"I!..J..l/5 p<'n>tnoIrt;.kfplNiAt ~ol.\At;II.. akkor" FOl'R1ER-liOr
aJ-o!llt rs ..,;y~ kOIlW'l"gA1 h "-'8" " g( l' ) fiiw"ny.
4. A PaneV3.l-egy"n~
H" ... bal '*laIon In.,'; in~ li-tczik. akkor ~ .. 1Ww-t1uo'lO l'lO"'nJ&q:
~lmu.
A w.a..odik .-thPn. _
1Illlikor " ht>tnoVu probJiomAnak vanMk Ilf'mtri.. iiIi8~. II A I"".
mk<.Tt a ~rrtlJ:.-JtlaJot ..,)'ltlrt;J:.w!. "" .-mIitl'lI ... wtrivi.ili< ~ prdic a """I,,,"/ok.
fp1adat ..}fit~I...IID':'V'l'ZZiik. A (9. ti3a) diff~ Mj.atiorU-kri;'" ... .iat"~yri moog_
~ \'OQIltkozo fl"b.datot Sn'RM L10t'Vll.L~;J..lodotMk Il.M'O'2Zllk.
9.1.3.2 . A sajatl-rtl>kt>k es saj.itfiiAA\en)'ek f6bb t u lajdonsagai
1 . A ,,",,"mo'JV-k~I ...jAtktfkri "SY
>-, <A l <
< ... < A. < ...
(!)(iM)
monoton 00.-.5 ~
alltntluUF: . am.-I y .. v~Joonh,oz tart.

2 . A)", Il&~khntArto56 ....J.. t~n)'Dl'k lIZ a < 1: ,bdyr
3 . Ha ,(1:) "' z(1: ) ki-l, 'lC'allIl2Ol1), _j&tiol1"kbPz lAl"tCJW ....jatl'iiggvffiy. allor CKYik .. n....k ko!llO-
'-"4 . Ha ~ 111 (1:) a A, .... fh(l' ) a A2 _jAti-~kbPz tArtmil ....jAtfiiAAvPn~. akkOl" ort",.,...uL''''''
! III(l' )fh(l')t'(".r)d.r - O.
(9.64 1
itt II ~1:~t !iWJfV.ggvinr kaxvt1:lPnill (9 .t>Ja} bo l !fZ&nIlll.:l:ik.

5 . Ha (9 .63Il} ""n a p(1: ) f.. , (l') "8Ylltthatllk h,.lyPIl" " ji(l' ) ~ p(1:) f.. /I. q(I) ~ q(z ) fiiggvo'ny.. ke-t
hclycttesitjllk. akknr" ""jiltiorti-kPk nern ookkt'llu,.k. l'IZ&Z lIZ ereddi. valllmint a m6<lol<itott .-gyrnl..t
A.
jtW'Ttt'k,.;rl' ~~ ~ )", n >= O. 1.2, ... HII IIl,on han IIl?(Z ) brlyi>br "8Y ("l') ~ p(.r) .. lli..ly..u.....
",.i.. .....
"Ulmk. akkor II .....jAttll1{>ke,k 11<>111 n"n..k, /IZIU.: ~~ ::; A. Min d..n n-r<' az n-edik ""jAt"rt"k "" 'ltY"nld
'-1Q'iitthatOinak olyl.oll<" fiiAA'+nYf' .uAZ &.:l. egyiitthatilk llcg,ndOPn kinoi me,;valtouV<1lkor 11.7. n-.~l i k
Il&jAtkr-to'k j,. r-lt k icsit ..aIt<nik mpg.
6. Eu.-1l<7A:'mbrn AZ
bJinu-rvellum ~1.,lkitlw'MlnPlll ko ""tk.,.lik a .....jAtI'l1..kek OOkkrfl......
la,
5 . Szingularitasok
Az ..Jmi'lPti fizibi frWlatok FOlRI.lRmf:wi",-A'f11"1 tilrtkKllt'l<"S"klWnAJ ~nw tftlAlkozhlI.tlmk haaonIO p<'"I1'lllPrti-k-Madatokkal.au.al .. kJiliinWwI . bogy ott lIZ la. bj irrt..nrallulll v{>gpoutjaih!llladiff~lPtllf'k~ngu1llritilMiIPlwtllf'k : pl>IliAlll p( l' ) ..ltllnik . Ilyen ~ ponwkban nqkO....." 'Ij,.k" ~ \IOnatkoW hizonyoo. fpl!Ptl'io-k tl'l;-l~: folytnr....ag. vagy ltorlMoMr.ig.-t1eg
~t T'l"Ildni'l IlPill gyoI"'lbh nOw-~ Az UY'"l\ fp]t~k jil~ [JlOI<I. a ~n ~mfrltMd.. k
(lAArl <.46. okl. ) ~. Ezellkh,-l1 lIZ ill ..16fordlllhat. bo&Y ""Indy pm.-llIi'rtl-k- frladatnA.l olyan bomog"n pPn"tIlff'Iu'tf'iI"kl"l: k..ll kif'legiwni. 1I.lII.. IY'k a m~IdN.~"),,.knck. ill. dPriVli.ltjainak az in
tl-orallum ki-t V<'gpontjaban r..l w-tt k-ti-k<"i ltOzOtt Ii-tt.-iwl"'lr. ltal)(llOlatllt. F.U'k "f..ltru>lPk gyuran a
ki:>vrth'7.6Aiak"'"k,
y(a) = y(b). p(t1)y'(t1} = P(b)y' (b).
(9.ti6}
1IIll..lyPk p(o.) '" P(b) ""'-""n ~rio.-liritA..,jf,.[u-",io-Jr.,.tj.Itnl.<"u..k. M UY"l\til',......pcrt,ni-rtCkfellldatokrll
",""",nYt"" mindf'u oodig ,,-tt kijcltuli",lillk. ki........ " 9.1.3.2. 3. A1litMAt. A problo'-lllII. """,lr-tcst-hb l.anul
lllMyout...a <+l.jabOl!9.6].no Idvjuk M a2. Olv_', figydm"t.
9.2. P arcialis diffcrencialcgycnlctck

9 .2 .1. ElsOrendii parcialis diffcrcn ci.ilcgycnlct ck
9.2.1.1 . Elsdrendd Iincaris parcialis dlfferen clal cgyenletek
9. 1.3 .3. A sajAt fiiggvc nYf>k sxe r-i n t.i so rfcjtes
1.
1. A ..ajAtfilgg"{> lIy n.. r mAIA~a

Min den A.h= olYIlll .;.(.r) fijg.:vruyt ..AI""".tllnk. !Logy f"l1w\Jljo n 1\7.
:\1.
a:
I1}'f'nkOf """,,,ill . t1}titfii99,"<nyrlll bt...z(liink.
lJz
a~
= }'
aI, + ... + X. ~
iJT~
X, -,- + X 2 aXI
!1'P.(l')J~P(.r) dl' .. I
l'KY'"n~.
Lind.ris .... k..a ziJin eari.. pardalis d itf..renclalegyenlet ..k
(9.G7,,)
cKYcn l"wt ds6rrndu Iin~tiri"ll(1n':i<ili. d,jfe ...."ridir'1yrn/ett,,k u.'V.~aiik.ltt RZ i~m "r<'tl ..n Z1\7. XI.
,I~
v,ulo~ok fUggv~lLY'-" X l>' ., Xft. Y l"~liK '"~" II r, -k ",1,,1t fiiggv"u)'d . 11;1. X1.... X . ,y m'1/; z -t61 iR
fiiggllld,. ak kor kOO"iline" ..... I"m ;i,iJi. dilfel~ .. r"iie'1'1e"/etr6II>l.,,z{liiuk. II... 1)(~liJl:
t ss O.
(9.67h)
52.
akkur lIZ ~1tY<'IlI..t M!n<>fl;PlI.
2 . Egy ho mog#on li"..lrill pan:iAlis ditf..r.. ndli. lfogy~Dlet intexraJ.a.~"

A hornogl-Il 1illl'An.. parriAli>odifl""flnriJiJplO""nlM. illtegralaM mindm .-tIMon ..kvivakJ1l< "'I Ilgyu....wA! I
cU,
d.r
dr~
_ = _2 = a _
Xl
l!J_~)
X.
.':2
iuruUnv:d.n.. ..,.,..uurinl..graJAMwJ. A bu-ut....u.rtiktlll n"ud&<.-rt knIfk- mOOon l..h.. t lI.. 'W>I.I".ui;

1. Ha X. 'i o.Akkorl<'kinllliik ..c,t fiilUl:M:]rn v4lti>Z6nak;ekkor a frnti r<'nd"Zf'T" ko""tb-m..we" In:
~_ X,
_
(j "" 1. .. . 1'1).
tLr~ - X~
rI
{ 9 _{i.~:)
1' .. (11./, .
, I. _I) = ~(t "ll . , l.._I) _ (9.7l e)
Ki't viltazi1.....-t<'n. kladat olylUl intrp;rlUft-hilrt~"' ~ilt. amrly adol! gnrhi>", i\lo>szkOOilt. Ha "1llll"I a giirUf,ll<'k folytoooo. killtd';" van ~ tlf'lIl kint l.rUllllil}'<'n kalaklfrilztikat ......milyo.-ll pontban. a.kkor. CAl'C Hyf..u..latnak ('7;rft ~,,<' haonp kiirn)~ll ponto8an pgy Illf'gOId.Wt. van. Ekkor a ~1dAJ..Iiik'1 .... <-00 olyanlcaraktl'riloztiJa. habna:<&, a.mcly met,.z.i az..dolt giirb<,t. ACACCHYf"latlat mq;oIdaMnak~ .. VOI>&lk<.h t""r1 ~t 1I~Ott:a1lIlA7A'<a rnegtaWhAt6
:\ (9.lK'a) n-D<Wrr milJd<.n.. L006 intqu&lj" .. (9.67h) bolUOl:"'" lir>c.-iam palciAI~ diff..t"l'D<:iikKYm1M ll><"g'
~ Entx-k a lDrl!Jomit-'- ill iga.a:: (9.67b) mindfon ~ (9.6&1.) eloOinU'griJ,ia (a-...I :;07. 01<1.).
H.. iu&lIn- 1
. n_1)
n - I integral ffigctlm (liuod ;,oo. oM. ), alr.kor
:=4>(,::.. ; ....1).
a,:: . af'Sl,lIM'tJtumok t~ !iiuvo'n.,..., AlPf'ly (9.6ib) a1ta1&Doll ~
3 . In oomog+n lin eAn. e. kvizilin..aris parcialis d ifl'n eoc L31egyt'nk-t..k
",.{..."
_,.1".) _0
(._ 1.2 .
(961'<1)
inbomoVn lirwkills kv&tiliue&riaparciili>odiff,,",,~in~ """",,ill. /l Z

V(r\ .. ,.r... z) '" C 1lIlpli.-.it M..khfut. A \ " fUggvfny
x..
X,.
8\'
8 1'
&l;
81'
8 \/
X l -:;- +
+ .. +
+ }"."..
"" 0
VII
cr~
I.
oz
" + I iIlm.-rrllrn ffigp;Wnyt WtAlll'lMll hornot:"n Ii"e&ri~ 'l:.'en!<-t m"Kokl......."""'lylK'k
cLr,
dz.
d:
4 1
X l ::: X~
. . . = X. = Y
kac~ik \U1 ",n~ .
4,
A
XI '" l' k
Xl .... -
V!lt.o7.ojiJ dilfCf1'ncia1<>ro"<'nkt mind..n
(9.691.0 )
re"d~7,cr"
( :; .
~,-
~l--_1_ kalak
ikaina.k
.u..t<>i kiMotJt,ooz&
d,
dz
E
= ;;;-::-j; '" 1,1 _ m I ' D
nrk .. ...,nd.'<Il('ftK"1t az intfog:rAljai: II + m, + nz "" C 1 ,xl + ' ... ZZ = Cz . A kacaktt'ris:rtil"," giirUf,k
kOrolt.amf'1)'f'k k07ioppontjai o/yAn_ ax <.>n<'>D IOtl1l<'lIo ~ vann.U, amf'1)'f'k ir~ykOllrim..-i
I. m. n-n..l ar~y<JM.k. A nwgokl"" f..liilrnok l'Zf'1l ~ k Illiut ~....,lyek kDrfili forg;We1iilet..k.
8:
8:
B , HatAroz;,;uI meg a
+ a, = z ~11. lineiv-ill in~ diff,,~nJct""I azt a
~"'llA1
\(>nI<zt
<'lOT.
dz
: ~
aI
~okl.W'dUk-ti-t.
am<:'ly tartAlrna=ll.
J"
= O. z = ..i
,)
pbk.., kacaktcri!<7.tilcik
. ha1N:iO leMak tr-r1JQ.tl

' .1t.U: :,=z
poIItonM
~:
-ro-+-~,z =v - "'.
A J<r-r-"!I m<'gOldA.~felfllo>t vacamkenllO alakja r o "" O... = .;<",,) hf'hPlyPtU"lliu- utNi:, '" z -+- JJD.
z '" '"...iJJD)' ~ kikiiMWool<'.oo'_1 ka"j"k. ho"y , ... ",.,(/I-.r).
9.2 .1.2 . EIs6rendll nemlinearis percialie dilf('r('nciftlplO'enletek

1.
Az E'1s6rendIi parcialia d iffenonci lil.-gyenlpt Iiltal8nOfl a1akj a
. ,::.)=0
(9.70..)
='" / (z. /I) lll"K',ldAM
a harom ol im...nziOoo ti'rbo'n.'lQ' (o.l iik t n.k lAkillt hpt6 . am ely...t II differencielegyenk-t i"t'''J,",U/rliild l-nr k,
ill . mrg"ldli./r Uilrt "l wk nrv<~iink . A (9. 7Oa) IIZl jrlpnti, hogy II. z = / (r,y ) llll.'g"l.--llu<re]ii!rt minden
po" tjAn...n II.
n,l ~; .;. (JIJ" -lz) ~ = ly - mr (I, m. n .knno<tanM>k) dMrPnrlij Ii"",,"" inhomog<>n
( Io,~.Zo )
}dr =d"
} "' 7d::\z
"
kAr.kteri.~ztikai
ih
8:
P(z . y , z)a; + Q(r . y ,z )&y = R{r ... , z)
ki't fiiggcll..n
(9,69ft.)
(!1.67.) rrrtkl' tgYMlkt ,f;;"rnA:I",""ztio\;..., rrndo ...n"....k n",,"'ink.
GeomE'triai e l6a llltu los . nondllZE'r
~""Ixm
.~ (mz -
A:
. "'
ill~i.laa.
~a
Ja.punk:
,;'I l (I " t1 .. . .. t.. _ll .ll(tl ./,... .. I._I} .. .
difft._
ahol.
A (9.6 7.)
.1,.
(9.l.>t!bl
2. KhI)"'lm-bh, ba a lWnlfl>O'tri4 rllf'gtArtiuoa lDr'Iktt rgy 'ij t valt0z6t n-.fA'tiink lMo.lilioI
d', ::.,.J'
dt
tartozik. A 506. oldalo u ~ren'vI6 .-gxi!<7.trn..iAtf-1A>1 f<oltPtf,l..i mpllptt a U'r mind pn pont jan " kac&kt...
rWtik'llI rend"".<'I" pgy illlq;nilW:>rhi>i<' ha1ad. whAt IU\ intrgrl\lfplilk>tpkkaraktt'riJ<><tilcikb61 aIlna k.
S. A Cauchy-feladat
LPgyPn arlot!" I" I, . . . ,1.._ , n - 1 fiiggM.wn vAllO'1il JI fiiggvl-lI)'f"
r, "" rl(/" I". _. f._ I) ' J", = rz (ll. f, . . , . t.~,) , . . . . X.. = x.(t l . Iz... . 1._,).
(9.71,,)
A (9.67a ) diffl"rellcWPg)'f'IIwtn'votlAtkozO CAl'CHYf..IMI"t "rto>lmi'hf'n a rliffp~nkt olyan
z = ...-{r"zl._ ,.1".)
(9.71b)
lIK'II:o!daMt k.r......mk."UK'lyhf' (9, ita) fU!Ol'-+n)"'it l... h<'IY''1u...it....~<'I6"' 1llCll:..dott ",(1 1
,1.._ 1)-
I) uornmh...,ktor n'''r 61<'g'''' a m...gfel...Ul (P, Q, R ) ..... ktorr" . Ekkor " (9 ,(i!Jh)
kovpt k..:U\ alllk(l:

dz
dll
d:
(!1.70h)
P(I , y, =) Q(z , II, =)
R(x ,y, =)"
Ebl>6l "", kiiv<-tlw7.ik, hogy (11wI U71. old.) II. ....."dltzel' i"legmJgorbii, IImply"k...t II ...."ds u,,- h""kl r..-i.. z
t""liinak iIl lJ(.....~ii llk . At m..nn..k " (P, Q , R ) pontokcn. EY'rt minden olya" karnJcwri>cztikll. "lI",ly nrk
II z = / (z . II) U"KOld"'fdiilPtlA'l l..gllIAhh.-.gy k1'>ziifo poutj a va" . td jC!l cg!-st1,hrn" ll,,g<)I.I""ff'\ill,tl...~
(9.i la)
illll-'li"it egy('ulet.
1. Teljes integd.lok Tely.,. inll'grl\ln ..k n.._nii k a>: n <I""" b 4" ... , a. J'Ilt'amet.,rt61fiiAAO
'=.;("'I ... ,"'.;al .... , ....).

lJl('goldast, ahol (I1i.Ml 126. old.) .. ~7.ohlljiiv6 rl>
r"'I1"" "..mnt nik ..I:
8( ...".,
,.,. .,1.) 10
a(a"
a~ )
.
2. A karakterisztikus Say
A (9 ,12,,) diff('n 'n<:ia1('gyml" t intpgrAliLl<.4l 11
dIl
v; ':":
d.r..
dl
P" :Pl P,+",+p~ P.
(9.72b)
. , r z ;'rl.;.k..krr" .,::-ho'il lti-V"",tt fii~Vl' llY d.'u>rllli
(9.72.-)
(9.72d)
kH.r>Llc~tik\1lI
Tt'll,brin inl<'jtTiUAlI4rIl Vf'Z<'tjiik
of
lJF
iJ:
v~..hol
iJF
X, = -"_' p, "" " . Po = ;~ (i: 1.. .. ,11).

v:
v.c,
vr,
vr
A klorftkt,orin tikll" O"nWq,f'f mint\Pn clyen m.,,;ol.lWt. lI.Iudy....
Z=
(9.7:b!)
'7} .
F(r]. .. ,Z",:,Ph""P,,)=O,
(9.72f)
A (9 ."",,)n'nd'lZ("l"
.b1mktrn..aa.l:1U ..."MIt I_ilk.
2. Diff",rencialEo~n "'t ..k kanon ikus r..ndsze rei

SPha ..l6nyOooebbolyan.llff..... llriAJ<ogy.onl<1ln..-goidli...awu fogWlmzni.1\ffif'ly DemtarWllL.V3.a" z iN"..
rrtll'Il fiiggW nyt explki l mOOon. Az I'ffAjlA fiiAAn'u)"l'kw
81~ l'RY t<Mi.bl>i r .. 1 = z fii~
vtleu vill.oz6t ~ I!!Y V(rj, .. , :r". .(... 1) p,rllf'Tf'tJoon fUggvfuyt Yl-'7diink boo. Esen "',hOI .. krl'l"l'Ml
-so
:(ZI . ..., ... ,

~ ( I h
}t"
,r :)=C
_
~w.-tb61.lo,hct ~~.
0:
E ......1001 (9.72<I.}-lwul -
ar,
~1Y"'re '"'-
&\'j -.W-....
iII,
(9.w..)
&1
n-'U""'nyt lwl)'Pt-
u-eitjUk (i = l. .. nl. Ezt kOvM6l'n ... {9. i"2A) dilfm"~tM a.tirjllk \" J'aR'i&1;,. dl-riv41 ljair...
A 1Dl"gf..1M6 ff~lm riltollOt AnJanMli-k 'illItozOk mrr;f..wIOAL~ uUon r-...... Jf'lOI.jiik. new
(9.7'2a) ~-..llirl ... JciM.tko-t<l..w.... 1noz,
p ... H(r " .... z ... r.plo .
,w
. p.,)=O. p= -;>.
or
sv
p,= "VI,
(i= I, . . ,n)
(!I,73h)
."'diff('~ktbn.k~tik",,~ilY'"
...
<iL,
iJH dp,
JH
-;; = iJp, ' dr=-lJz,
(1=1 .... ,")
/l.
H =_,I(J1 T(I)_
HIr, MILTos -ffigRVeny
dr
J(l
(9.7:lb)
~....tMvel.
d,
P="dt. q="dt.
v&ltoz6knt.vonat kad:>
dr
aH ti,
di = iJp' tit
:r.,
(9. 7'""')
aH
tip
8q
dt '"
tlOlTtIoiJ~~ ~~
rJH
-a;
.uak.1I. Ekkor ..
dq",_oH
(9.75d)
()y
dt
d.iJJ... ~. IOVl!tkcW a1&kir:
~ j[GJ-(~)'l k~o
., p, .,; polMkooolinAUk "'"~. (9.7"",)
fc-llWll"lynek az a. 6,c p"'~",kkfo,l
(9. 7;')
n1)"1ll aWl"
diff,,",~1PtkiontirhAtO
:= -at -o..--.-e -[ ,j';'-."':"'-.';"d".
(9.730:)
(9.'SI)
a ~ A (9. 5d) t('JKkr...... iLlwano.. ~LWt "kOv,1.1tni! <'RY"nlM...kh61 luq>juk:
on
dl"
lJH
- = PI+ " -+~- - H.
(9 7Jo-1)
dr
{}PI
(}p..
f'lO"'n\oot~ rboo 1Ilt'pJ' 4t. (9.7J<,) "l!Y 2n k~ diff..... nciaJeR:,...-rUrtb6l ...J.lo n-rnl"''''r. aholll '"'
H (r l, .... r., r.PI ... ,p,,) "l!Y I.<'l.IG&"K"" 2.. -+ 1 vltltad>jir fiiu--('ny. E.zt .. k~ .... .-Jiff..,..,..j,.,iJ
<'lO"'n\ootr.-~ brn.,."h. ""y
rm&u d.ff~rnrcW~t-~UTJl"'kI><"WZZuk,
n Y"'lI ..u.k,' I"f"l"t-,m' w~ " D,nd
w.,'"" "'" d ...... k,ti fi:t.ika llOkldad"'l& A (9, ,3b) egyo'lll"1
V = "(:rl .... , z., Z, "10 , ) +"
(9.7:k'1
u-ljo-oo inttwAljluut.k ;,.m..r.-ti' l..... m.-.ghIllArozhA,ti>" (9.,30:) ..onnalis ",od""...,. Mta]Aw.", l""Kokllwt..
ugylUW. a lJ" = 11;, a-;: = Po (i = 1. 2. . .. II ) <>gy<'nl.-tck (ahol a; 6< b, 21-, t.('u<,ut"p;"" p"J"II.lUi-l.-r)
va;
(h,
" (9.73c) oonn,ui!< tl'nru..A't"l!Y 21l-I>IV..mt't....res rnpgoltlli,Mt hntiLr0z7...Ut m"R.
3. A C la ira ut-pgy...nltot
Ha a dilfpt(' udM''lO'''ul,t ..
&,
z=.r 'PI+z~P:l+,,+z.p.+ /(PIP:l.,P.), P' = o x;
(i = I, .. "n)
a1ak r.. ho"l.llllt6. .. kk" r C LAlRAUT-f{>I,' .-Jiffpn'llci Alpgrnl..t riil beszehink. Ebb"I1
tegrel mpgh"tAlI.YI""'" il'\l'u "RY~1 n'i. IIlO'fUl i~
"~
(9.74..)
......t l..n a t.lj, .. ln-
Z = " lofl + "~.f ~ + ... + a

+ I(al, a'J,'" . a.).
(9. 7lh)
u-ljNI intt'p;rAl , ..hoI "I, ,,~ .... ,,~
"",1"" vAl....zth"t6 j>IIIIII"i.t"r"k.
A kettellt-prob lema " a H a m ilto n-ftlgg ve ny A :-iEwTo N-ti,,,'elly sacrint "z "KYlllAAt kolt-",..
nOe<.'n .....n w kH IluY"lli ponl AlilUlrln.m""RY rOg7iitp.., ..Ikban moaog. E:ti'rt h""" ll..... h.. lIZ " l'\Yik IK>Ilwt
v:
iii '" -~ ,
4.
oz
iJ6 '" - ~. .
(9.7;,g)
K"t fllggetlen vAltow t tartalmaro ..I""',...nd tl d iff..., ...ndAJegy..n le t.. k
= z, Zl = II. PI
= p, P2 = q ctOCl.<"n. ka.-ak1.<'Tilozt ik'llI MV (1aIort....NllClyu.k mindm (1', y.:) J>"ntj4han I~kp( -z)+q(,,-y) = (- zhint6t<ilr.ja.
EzaJ.ta.l az ... C"IXHY- felada~. amdy","o ax
z,
I (.r.JI,Z. :;. ~) '"
{9.'6)
nm'ogh...tarozui, .. kovctke:W f.,.!adatr" vez<.,th..t6

vi"""",: hUzzuok a k......tl..-ti gort...l'outj...l1 lu-n....., tiilolylUl kl\r"kl-Pri"zliklllJ Mvokat. l\II,dY"khez tarlO'll>
~ik ezt a giiructcrint i. A kw.tlt'ti gort... J>"ntj...iIlo,[lltp{'" qi-rt"k<'kf't ax F(x, y. z.P. q) = 0 ..... pd..r + qdy =
dz OtKt.<-fiigj,""",kbOl ""phRtjllk m"@:.lllIlf'ly..k,,,,kl\! !.A!AI,,,n,nf'mlin<'ArlA rlilf"l"<"lId&lpgyenletf'k tw"t..t...n
tOhh m<'goldAAlik van.
f{, lIQ' .. C AUCHYf,'lad.. toak ImntoAA.n ..gy mpg<.>ltlii.."" 1''!\Y''n, " krr~I" t i gorh.. ment en ko'tolyen folytonos
pi.. q fiiggvpnyt hoi! mpgatlnHnk , e m...ly ki,U'K!ti llIill< lkH f,'lwt"lt,
A CAUCHY-M ad",tr. , 'Ooa t.k01.1> ...gzi,.zt"nri,,fdtMt'! 11l,~j,'ll h .. tO" kov..t k...t.6 konyvbcc: [9,261.
A : A pq '" I />llJri fl,li. di lf,'r"llcifl1'K}"<'1I1d/.. li Z II = :r', z '" 2.r1 knd.,tigiirbe ,,,,,,j;('hen Ipgyen l' = .r
~ q "" l/r . Ekkor a kara kter iHZti kH-" T<'ntl"""" .. kowt.k....m ..],.kit :
"lO-...nlrt ...don gorht't t.vt.aIll"'W lIL<'f'l'JJdN<r<'HiI<'tk k...
d.r
dy
dz
dp
dq
dt''''q, dt "' P , dt = 2pq. dt _0, di
O.
A t ", O-hoz tl\ rtmo rn. Yo . z". AI i.. <{o k<'7.d<'t i frtf k" kk..l rl..finiAlt luuakt"riMzti k' L~ AAV kielPKiti az
Zo + <{ot, 11 = Yo +Alt. z '" ZAI<{ot + z."p = ,... q '" I/O "gy~nl ,'h ket.p" =zn,<{o = 1/:ro ......lCn ...
r '"
530
klol&ktl'fj,oztik,,~
MVhm tAi'ttrdl,,, k.-",I"ti Wir"" (J."o,~. ZG) pontja" atmcllo giirb<, "10'""],,,.,,:
.
t
r=J."o+ - ,
AJO" (.p." t J>I'r'UIli-tf'l'I'k kikiiNWbOi!ntf.....1~t kA.pjuk. hogy ;:2 = -tr y . A k..t<l."li gOt"' m"nt"" IlIf'R1ldott P-Ilf'k "" q-Wlu.iloi frtrkcir<' lniuo Illf"llnlrlAA ...Won volna.
E,,;y ClC'parami~ m"llokl.NoMiilrl-...-rt'X ImrlwMja ~zi"ti'n llIf'golda<f"liil.. t. EY'1l kOriill1"'11Y filo't'lcmh,:-v'-tl'li_l. CAUCHYfrlaol"l n...go!t1hatO. u-li<'>' intpgrAl ""8i~L Ehh<>z t"gy oIyan <VIram'!<.Tn< lnrKO~t k!TO'llUnk. lllurly .....0""1 II. ~iko""t <'rillti. lWIl'iY"k.t a Iup,~kti !I"->Tbr pouljai
hat.MoznAk ffif'8 . Ekkor II.... <'llll<'k 1\ ..... ~lIf'k 1\ hurknK>jilt !leU m~t.aror<ni.
B : A z - pr - 'll' + pq :: 0 CUIRAlITf"l.. dilfPrt"n('~nlrl.....-t<'brn hatArouuk mrg "lit 1\
JrM.'gokWfPliilrtt-t. II.1II.. ly WtNlWW'.JlI\Z ' :: r , :: = .? gOrbrt. A dilJ~I~1I1M tol,..,. i1l~a1 jl\

z =0 ar + tJ, - lib. ~hvd a kr7Alrli ~rh.. l1....'lPn p = 'l = J.". "'" a = "f<.'1t,'td -gil""'!i'-I~
u..<k IIX"'l':" lOZlik~.... "IYl_....III"L!.""" ~f..lUkt-.....-egct. J.liuUn" hurknK>t IlIPgMlir.roztuk. II.:<t

.
I
"'p111k. 00p;y: = ~ (r ... , )2
T elj.... dilfer'PndAlo kat t artalmazl> .. t.6r'PndtlliDe~ pard Alis
diffel"t'nc iA1"CY"nk-tek
A7. il)"'lI ti[H1"iI ~Irtrk .. k8vf'lkPZ6 al&Ir:u..k:
dz = hdJ."1 -12'Uz + .. . + I~dz. .
(9 ,n a )
ahoI. h. b .. ... /~ lIZ r l. r2'
. T~ : vtItori>k ... lon ~nvci. Tdjr_..... ,nt.,ml/lttl'o "'JJ~rtJrf'fI.
trtrOl hroozfolUnk. hit. z,. r:.
. z ~ .... z kOziltt poI,IOM.lf <1:Y olyan iH<7Rfoigg.... ad.hlt.ti> mrg. AIllf'ly..,;y
!lZaharlon "-""thlt.L!'IlUlAOOI>t ~e.alU<'ly. (9.T711.) '1O"'nk>tI'l'~. Ekkor (9.Ti",)-nak 1>0111.<.>MD~ ~VIlIl': :::: : (r l. of:,
. T~), l\.IUf'ly", fiiggptk-n valtozilk b,wrtiz\'. . .z~ rrtrkrirr
IIdott ~ kti-kPI. , ...... fpJ. Ekkor n _ 2. Zl = Z. Z2 = , -u-n '" t.k Illindr!l poutjM poul.ooww "IQ" n~
nIdiuoreliiIPI. MlNi AI.
A (9.T7..) diff,.l'I'r.. ~lIkl .... Vhrn ,">ntnlWl akknr 1..-elht1.Unk tdT'~ ",'~(i'''9r61. bot M
n(n -1) dar....
S.
81.
iJr.
I. aI, _ al. + I
8.
{Jof,
iJf"
{J:
{9 .77 b )
(i . .I: = I. .... n)
1l7.I'''''''''''' u-Iy,.1l1.
'" o.
I.(~/. _~) +1,
(9 .77r )
iJr,
{Jr.
(IJ/,
_ih,
Jr,
.... tkru>1I; mondhati>ll::
1. hipnbolikU!l tiPlL~: vNU,. kar alr.~t1kiU1. kH II! r<"I" ~.

2 . P"'fIlholikn...tip",,: a "aJ.a., karaku-ril'lztillinAk.-k 'V ...~. ~.
3 . cl1ilotik,,,, lipu:-:
lPt.rzu<k
kar"""",,,,tikiUo:,
4 . A (9.7 ) diff~h61 koonl,nIota-lr~f.-.rm4riOvll.l ad.OdO .-liff<Tftl~ bnolr:t...
t'iRtikii , ~ . mint'" (9.7 ) .-lifff"l'l'nriIUPg,t.....,l<'I:Jo,
S. II",'" karaktrri....Ltik3k ~ <'KY1....m II koordiMl>IV<JU>l1.olIt ~..........kkor {9 .7&').1""" IWW)-Lik ~
ismeretlen f'-rgg'''''nynpk" nwgfrlrlO tiigg..tlm ,Altar/> "",,"uti mNoo<hk l>arciiUisdo.-rivaltj;\t tartalrna:1....
1&. rfll'ahoIiklL~ di!f,,",nriAl~ ...nlrtn"l ~ .. W'fP""l' d<>rivAltaklLt tArtII.IlrW'.otIOg is hw.)-uk.
""'u
3. Normi.1- . iIIE't "" kanonikus a la k

(9 .7. )-nAk kanonik'L~ alakra ,-..10 hozAMca .. kiJv<>tlu-JA k'I,,~.-k kilLiLIkOll'.nak:
1. Norma la lakra valO hoZ M A (9.7~1.liff"rPhrw..,.y..n1M '"
,,(z., ) ......
.,,(a
i.i- k
ll
iJr,
ind"xrk mind"" komhin....ioj...r.. r.""Mljon :
~/,)
i}x J
&11
iJf.l -
(!I,n l)
= 0.
I).. r...m~tl'f"" kiiWr.,..r.g, ... diff"I"ndAl"~'nl," int"gn\IAAAr,. Vf>ZM:hptJi vi"",....
iflu.
&[,2 +
9.2.2. Masodrcnd n linearis p arr-ialis differencialcgycnletek

9.2 .2.1. Ke t fiiggctl cn valtoz6j ll m asodrendd diffcrencialeg yenlctck
osztalyozAsa Cs tulajdonsagai
A ltalan Otl a lak
Az x .11 k"t fiiKwtlrn vft.lt'y'....T,,.,., """kll"k " vlut,y/.bknak rgy ismeretlen u fiiggvi'lly<'t
""1
illl
AJ.;i + 2B ih l)y +C iJYl +u Or + bOy + n. = I.
.:flu
arr + .. = O.
11'.
arr + ... = O.
fil"
mf
+ .. = O.
6 < O.
hil"'rholik"... U[nll<;
(9.t'Ob)
6 = 0,
I"""boliku" Uplll';
(9.1:,IOc)
6 > II.
,'llil'tik,,,,, tlllll".
(9 ,I>:Od)
I\Z
;",n"'r<'t!<-n flijlJl;Vrny r!O',,,I"ll m{II,,,<!,,,,,<!ii Imrci,ui~
<!(',iv,utjat ...m ",...talma:a1t.k.
t .. rl,al",a'/.o
inA
",)(!r<",hllin"Aru. f>"I"Ci"'li~ <Ii!f"r<'ndAk!Q"'ulrt ..lakja .. kovpt k"z,'i:

.:flu.
(9.1jo..)
Itt .. ..tal jeloltiik a7.<>kat a t",,;ok;,t. "",dY"k
1.
.:fI"
'I = \:-(r.,)
nomoAlalakpgyik"n- hal.hatO:
H" u-Ij....iil II. wljPo< inu'l:rAJh,M~ fdtN...le. ",kkol ... (!I.77,.) ditf"rpnciaJ'"RY"nkt !n,'!\"ld...." <'lI,.V t, - 1-
fil1l
v.w..
(,j mAArtlcn vAlt0z6k hPvezrtbh..I" (9.7I\h) .-lu...krimin/o.nA "ll'ijrlru"k m<>gfrlrkiPn a kovctkczi5lw<l1lI
ekkor II. IAj.... illh.,;rMh..l<~ frlt"'...I.. .u 11-1.. hUllY fI1.

iJI . )
4y _ DR
(9 .79)
Ad'" - 2Ddzd, + cd.? = 0 ""fO''' dz
A
.-l,tfp~nIrt in~bnt . AI '"!tY"'" up..,.,k __ tAl<'1l" kar..ktni!lzti1lil1ua Io'OIIII.:koWow a kG-
~ =
iiM7..,f,igg.... 1lZ r) ,r1.. .. Z~,: vlUtf'll'i>khan

H.. '" dilJ"rc.llci"k'!O"'nlrllO>:imm.-trikl~~ ""&kll.:
Itdrl + ... + I~d.r.
..hullLZ A. B. C. a. b. (" rp;yiitthaU,k .... I Al: r N.u II "'m.. rt fiil(gVk'Y"'i.

A dilf..,...urWegy<>nl<'l: mrg"l<I"""uM Up",." "BY... Iolt t...-tomAnyl....n "
i9.7i.!b)
fJ= AC-Y?
dlll.l:knm.....,..... lOj<ii-tOl mAA. A kowtlu'Zt'i tip'llIOkMt kiiliinhOzl..tjiik mpg:
l. fJ < 0: blperbolikus tip(l~:
2. fJ = 0: parabolik'L~ tip"~:
3. fJ > 0: ~mpti.kUll til""':
4. 6 viltAkoW"J./ijrhi: ""8Y"" tip'''''.
.0\ 6 dj,qkrimini\n.~rgyik fontof< t"I..j<lorWo,;",,,,,. bo,;y in"'lriArl>l" fiiKI:rtl<-1l v3.lt"""'k t.<-1....oolrtt..,. tr"~
fortnAcii>j;\vaJ l<ZPIlIhPn (1'1. ha "" r . y-!<l'khan 'ij Itoonlinal<\kiot v..-..rtiink hr). IllY II. diffrr<'nci~11't
tiJlW'" j" in~~ '" fiJgI't"'D viUtozi>k ~tN.A""" .....,hPn.
2. Karakteri~ztikak
A ma..odrrn.-lii li....ari!< parriAlilI difff'l'M}("iiUr,;)....,,1M bru:tf'l"ila:tikAiuak I><"VrZZt-<k a:<
(9.1&)
2. A (9 .80b ) n o r m Ala la k a hip.. r bo likus ...... then H.. " hilw,holikll" ,,,,,tl,,u .. ~. 'lj (\1),10,,) koor<lillA"'"..,nd"wrlwn a MI'"kt'l'i",.l.ikAk "'['(SM. vAlAA'/.I.jllk II. koor<lin>\.l...vonajak ""r.-g"n"k, 11-1"" ha a
~I '" ;(r, y), 1/1 = ':'(;r, y) ka",kt('Ti",tikH."'l!,,;,' k "g,y' llld"il"'l1 <'!v<'1r;,>/.,iik " ,, (r , 1/) = alla,,<!6.
W(x, y) = {,Jland6 hPlyru .....itc..t , aklu,r (!J,7/j<,) 11 ki>\"('tk,-,.IS .l!"kli [,""':
11'.
~lih])
+ ...
= O.
532
F.... t
.. h,f"'rllt>Ilk,~ 1'U~ ", nruiJ~1J'J,.raJpl """,,.wJ,~IiIl.o.k
io.n......-miik.lum"' ..
a;t
(fl,.~Of)
{=('+'ll .
'1-(1-'11
h..lyf'tl....i u-.-I .. (~_l.llJb) lIoTlll4Wurlljllttlnk.
3. A (9.8Oc) no nnAI.. lak II parabolik us f"Ilf't tM-n EhI,.." "'" I'S<'thf.n ~tk-n k.v..kt....i""IlkA-...~
van. anwl)..-t .....( '" A1L".ll,lil>l<'~nrk vill..., .:mmk,..hoI '/
tf't.<0';\~ oI.y.." fi~ny e. 'l.llLdy netn
fugghrt (-to1.
z"'''
A ( 9. 8Od) nonnAlalak IlZ t' lIip t ik lUl esetben "" az A( .... II). B(r. ,). C(.c. y) an ..litik..... fiigg.
....nyf'k (lMd 695. okl.). Akkor.. b.rut4"rW;li~ ~nlrt .. "" elliptikllO' __ tl>l'1l kirt komplrx konJ~t.
..i .e,,) = illandO, ~(z.,) alIa.ruli> Kon-~t w.t4roz mpg_ A (=.; - "'. '1 = i(,,; - IV) ~1Y"1t<~
".tm.l .... <1t\..-nIrt .. (9.i:IOd)lIOCulAWl\kl'l\ bmhaW.
4.
4 . Alt a 'a llOlli t u

Ax """tAIymiw1no "' .. 1lf>,malAWm, vaIO bozMr.. YOfIAtkn'lillIlin<k-n kijooJoont';".ia>; warad "" Alt..tAoo.-
""'"
au au)
iJ'.
iJ'.
8'.
(
A(r")a;i+2B{r"){).ro,+C(r.,lar+ F Z,JI.... fu.iJl/
=0,
_: L
u =_2
b~ r~
l'<~
Mol a au a (9.82hJ-bcli b., .1O'iiuh.. t6j .......
&..
a;t
~ mindpn Oi, -;. I~ra tortpnik. Ily nJ6<lon rnindeu
AliAndi> '1O"ittbAtOju.,IIiI,tikll,' "'" hi".. r"olik,.~ .lilf...... nciiJo'lQ"'UW1. ~ Aiakr.. hu:zh..ti>:

a ) e llipt ikus .......t bt'n: At + l-v = 9
(9.112<1)
b ) h ipe-rbolik us esetben:
iJ'.
--~""'h=9
ih'
(9. S2f)
(lU ll )
~....vt_;,., IllDf'Iy~u II "u",",,1fon fi"lg\'fu'i"'iJu /Or ....o./&r pan-w;..<krivAltjAi (9.1

"" ..lleutctb<-n mAr IW'IQ mak liutiu"iMn
fpI.
w,m.-k
plMn'n,hi derivAltak... u.. Aw n ..lIo6....nd([ .1'riVl\it.ab>t wWlll>'<Ii> tagok. lI.lLl.-IY'kbtn "; '" 0 \-itJtozO..
kikii...wbOlll<'l<ik. Ebh.." I.'lt.... 'u
hplY',tt.t",i~1
).
9.2. 2.3. Masodrcndn Iincaris p orcialis diffo rencialegyenle te k

mcgoldaeanek m odszer ei
9.2.2 .2. Tdbb. m in t kN ffiggetJen vAltoz6t tartalm az6 masod ro ndn

d iffert' nciAlcg l enlet e k osztAllozasa k t u lajdonsagai
Sok. "liZikliliB.n eJOfonlulO dilf"~nlrt 0.-..... n. . . .Wt Df'fh mind;l! tlldjuk ~i-. hPlY"'t-
I. A ll iltalallOll a laX
f..y il)'f"D ditJ,........ ~liIrt .. koYt'1.kra6 .Wnl:
tnoItiO<""l(i~I~. vi-..,t ld.. '14oo"'l! va.llll~ olyan~Do"k 1IM'&h~.&IlM"

lyt"k ~~ vala&tott \>'U'alIl>'Irn-kto5l f'-IAA"urk. LiuMril<. kiilOu<:N-n ll1N<ndn-ndii dilfPrt"oci.!ik-~k.....-tChcn I(V8.knw riolr.. _ t .. ltOvrtJr.,';; bt:-1yt'tt<'>Iiw..:
iF.
L a,~ aa +
,.~
:1", :I"~
=0,
1.
(9.112a)
a.. a fiiMMlo-n "*!t.oz6k ...k>f.t r'-iu;vPnY"'; k
.. (9.tc2".j.beli kipooWTnlt ~ olyll.lJ. 1aItokat t.IUt.Ai.

I>ollll'n'lirn fiigg'oony m~ll.'I"hi drriV>i.ltjAi nem fonllllzut.k do.
AI~hana (9.152a) ,liff,nz",UiJ.-,;yrnlrt DPm !lo-du<tOa !'iiAAMI.... ,iIJtoWk trl'LlJ.Sdunwi,r,iOj/m.J "RY__ rl'l
nonnAWakr... Van lIWul>an "lD' fnu""" OIlZtN)'OZIUo.. Am<"ly ru-m1O" 9.2_2.1.bMt ~lt OI'I7.tAlvm..u..
boz jlA.od 19.61J.
.
IlhoI
l1IaZ. 1llII .. IY"'kh.-n AZ
2 . A lla nd6 egy iitthat6jU mw.<>dn'nd.llinei rill parc iaJis di ff..rencialegyenl..l..k

H" .. {9.82>1)-1..li .... ..,r;ylitl!Jl\li>k kuuo;wlAO-k, A1tkor fUggt-tl..n V>i.lt.o-d,k egy homog"'lllill<',vil' tr"l1lCfonnacioj"wu...r: ''lO'''IlLM "
L, . . Or,1
&u +.
,. U
(9.1121
I'gylli'Rriibh normAl"I"kr" h",~h"t<,. enol Oi, l Wlgy 0 l.,het. Az Nabbi .'SM.-h-t kiilollhm:t-rlj\ik 111<'1'::
1. Elliptiku~ difft'nnciAI..gyt' nl.. t Millr!"l1 '" .'gyiitth"t6 llullii.t<'>! killon!:>Ozo i .. /tWn....Mj..liI. Eh.
!>I'll "" ......t,lwn rllir,'il;, ... d'ff"",,"n41rgyrllldn)J l""''l.... hin k.
2. Hi perbollk us H ultra hi l't'r bu lik ull di fff'rt"llciillf'lQ"t'nlet Milld..11 l'<, rgyiitthaw Illlllilt,Ol kiil," IL'
oozo, de ..gynck "" ,'!<:ij,'le l\1. '''''''1...... tiihbii,t61 kiiliilll>&/.o. Ehl...n IlJ: _t l-><>n h1r,..,-/>f" ik,<o d'ff,>' .." citil,.
9y.,urtrol J,,"'l'j-lii llk. Ii" van h,;..l"'!>h k"t.t<,l,l"" diffp,.."nril ,yy m lrlr.i! l" ..../.i>l i ink.
3. Pa rllholikus ditft'r f'udAle gy.. nlf't A Oi. "IO'iit thnt<'> k egyik.. w r w<. It tiiohi ""IIMol kii1iilll>i't1.o ",
"".0""" eMjehl Ehl,..u "" __tl...n """"& ,10"",, ,jilT~ ,.." ritilp" lrnldm l ""'~,i'li il1k,
4. Az f'gysz..r tl.,,, m ..gol dhlll 6 .,s.'t EIO' vi>r1~'nyll\g{gy ...""ril"" mep;old hat.o ctlf'u pl Mluu k"''''mhpll,
h...nPlHL.....k "" i~lII"rptl.,lI f\igKv('uy l"R11\I\JI:aAA.hh rpn,h; dprivAl tja nak <wiitth"U>i kOIl~t""""k. han"ID
A va l torok sziotv:\.la.o.zti."imak
.(Xl . . _.r~) = ':1(Xlh:'](.rl)
m6d~z",",
,:~(r~)
(9.83 )
Miw-I IIZ " ....lunk. hog1.... ",,,(r ,,) fi"'M"""'lIY"kM kii1&tkiilOn, /U.U ~""RY oh'an k ~ dilf"rt'Dci~ ~pnt ....-ljnk 1Tlf'l(. amrlv mAr.-lt M r . t lA.r1-Al1TIA"'I' (9 .83 ) ......ti>hPn " RiltoWl:
.u'I...u....W:i>r<inai m6<l-:k....rOI ~hillk.. Sok ~h.-n .. Mlt"z,i,l- .u't..-J ~ " m6d.umt """"
akkor hAAuJAlhatjuk. ita lIZ .-.dott dilf......llriAlrp;yrnlM II1fW'JdW!" (9.83) "J"khan k~ik . Ha itt ll7.
.......wtj r1ifff'l'1"nrial~"'ItJ<otlnt'gok\.iw.ll.inAlt hizor,)'Of< nOl''''tpn I'f'T"'!llf,,!tiot..J<okllf'k ).,-,n pleg.-t tenni'-,k..
J<kkor.,legendO. ha a '; I (r ,) , ..""1(Xl),
, ,:.(r~) ni~knckO<Ak <'RY """", telo7. e~M a ~vaJa,;z
wool adOdO (,j p".... mf..ltk"l..knck.
Az IRV mCKhatacm-ntt m"XOld"""kOOl e-,~1. .Iiff......, ...i.w-..l
Ult"l':rA1aM<aJ. {,j rnego1d"'""kat
kapunk. A P"'""mo't.Pr<'kM J"'dig {'lIT k..11 m"g'oiIJNC>:l."ni.I"~,, l1li<!"JOtl k k<-LOMi- .... j}('f'('lllf,ltktekk i~
t<>ljNiilj-cnpk (If,.<;<\: I""ldak). Vfgoil m;"; ""t iI< liltWl,'ml.., k<'11 vt'uni, h,'IO' az ..,..1.<'1 .. 1116d"7,f'IT('1 nvc,1
1llO'g01dl\.>.. legyen az ""I' v"l!Y imprOJ>rill~ int.w-Al. /"rm4li.. mrq"lddA. t:,. ll.1.l. jel,,"ti. h"gy ...lIenori,."i
kpll. bogy a ml'golri"'~lIhk van-e lir.ilutij"l"lIt"""'. IVN. pI.. h,'lU a "nr kUll"('rgl'T>S-". h~ a;t ...,.,..;pti riilf,"
tl'llr iit.lt"gyt'nl.-.t.pt ... Jlf'T"mfe!to'teleit kiel0'0!tlti-.., h"ItV 1,..,.nlL k"'" t dilf''f''wiAJhtiH-... hog,y IItnrt.omilny
Imtlira!Jozko-.relitw if' IH, -Li.k-e iioIq"'!:e.
Az "hi M'" a f'1C".rel.l"1lwgy"lt pi'!d"-kl>t.n a ""l'<>k ko I\Z illlprlJl'riuM illtcgrAiok knuv"rspm;<' k, aIm'uy,
"yil,..n .. k.-",Idi fd tHd"kM 1ll~'ghi\tAr<YIJ> fiiAAV"lIy..k hi7.onyoll ll1..g,q~>rftA.oo knnk f'J<get I.....ZII"k: a:t d ..o
kl,t l"' ldah"ll ilycn fdtHd 1'1 ." folyI.Oll....,..;g.
A: A r"1.go h Lir f'gy e nlete A r..,.I\'; hur ' 'lO'' 'IlI.-t(u,k 1l<-v..l.ziik..
,jI"
2& "
iJl l = a iJx~
((J.S4,,)
m;""Kln-uthi li",,'m.. hil'"ronlikllM]lltrd,.1iM .lilIpr.-Jl(iii!"IO"'llkt"t , EUUI'k ilZ "RY,'"l.-I.Jl"k a ...#I.,I'g;'Vf'1

" r~z i tetl. hur Ill<Y"ga..at Id let ld rui. A f,'uti ' gy" l1 k t."t. I<.Z
-l.. .
= / (X} ,
:1,.. .
="'(:1).
u!z-a=(J. ulz.. = ll
(9..s~ hJ
534
k(>...lMi .... p"O'm!dti-t.lf.k m,,[l..n IIdl Ulf'llOldJ,.JlUlLk ,

KcITl't'iik .. ..-.:g6 1I",r '1O"'nlrt"uf'k m'"R.>I<lJW\.t l\Z
aIlnlu h<>ly"lw a
X (z )T(t )
aWtban. &-helyettuoitvp A (~,l:4 .. ) <\ilf.r<"lK'iAl''KY'U]ct .... A kOwlkC'".t.O <-V-fiigg'.. t lu.pjuk:
1'"
X..
a2T = T '
II '"
kpr
: =u- T
(9.l).k)
uj ilm"' l'f'tl"n fiiggvi>nyt Irjnk. Ekkur " di lft-rt'llC~ illholl>ug"" '""':

(fl:
(!:UW,J)
A viltmi>lao.t OIZi-tvA!aw.tott"k. rulU.tt" f"ILli ~I lvlI oM,,!.. IWIIllilgg I-tol. AZlU: r .... n .11..lId....
M'Rrt .. johbokW i/o A11anrlO koU bnRv ~II; bMonlNl.n.IlLi"tan ajohh oldN t-t61 fiiwtloPT. ,-d'rt" t...J
oHlll1 iIo ,;J1Am1O. Wrt "Iwo.! .... "jnhh oI<Wkow.. _), 1 4.lla.ndOvaJ. ~...nJO.lWl.itllCf{aliVJl.Ak Vau...totttlnk.
i1t 2 '"
r+a 2),2T = o .
(9.84f)
A pPn'wf<.ltrlfol..khc1l kiWrtnik. bo,;y StU) = X(l) '" O. U tb&10. bogy X(r) a 5TURlol L10t'VILLEfeJo:. I...~k-r..t...w. <10' ...jll.tf'Wlmlyt' hi ),2 .. b<rz:,.a.tuU&O SIlj/lti>rti'k (la.od '>24. okI.). A (9.1<....)
~nlet ....k .. [><'l'PIUf.. ]li-t .. lrkM iIo ~'1Il,", _6 ~
X (z ) = C sin Ar
AlIOl
otin'v:O.
lI:tA:I'
),=T
(" =1.2....)
(!l~&J
Min<len qy'I'!"), j.ali-tti'k,... in1orgrAl.." .. (9l'4f) f'D'l"nktn .. (9.~) crnJrti diff.fl"~J..t~.

f.-iclo'i J>Mliklllari. ~ ......., ~'J"k:
~-
...
"""
..... ,, )
-,-t IlinT~'
(G,,~""' -,-I-I>.NU
(9.14h)
H.. 1JI.'~kO"t"I .. ljiik.~ r :: 0,....1..11
.
u= :L...
~ az ~
Ir.i. Ui:rt ..
'f.
= -
I~
11"'"
f(r)Nll -,
-dJ,
1>.:: - 2
f.
,1I"r .
.-i r ) sm-,-dJ
1\4"0
lra2ptl
= ~.
diH"","ocilllo'-tt""nl<-lrt VR1uIu.nt
,
if'.
;;;r =a
,if'"
{9.1'-,jl)
bd>clvctklritj,ilr., alr.1r...- AZ A llOfldaho:c tw.>nlOM (533. old.),

~diH~klI.ptmk:
,~
I I' ).
!'IZi-t"""""'tott riltozillr.nt. kO-
=!:-= _>.2
X
a2T
Ha intl"grftlj ulr. a balolda1i~-nlrlet. majd fiJtv'<'k-IulHo \'f'MOllUk~ X'(O) = X '(I )
aItIr.nr a AAjl\1:fUggvffiYf'k a kOYMkezOk:
=
= 0p"relI,r..l~leJr...t,
.n
(:OI! ; -,-
(9.l'-.'ikj
a meg{dd6 ....ja1('rtik..k pedi(
>.,.
n "J
=7
(n = 0. 1.2
UlO'a.llazzai a mOd><-arrel. mint
(9,l'-.'i1)
).
A pl-klAlJAlI (S33 old.) vrgtu .....t kapjll.lr.. bogy
lra pt2 kp~

n
~(
amrl
b.. ,,,,..I)
""
= - - + - - ... ao + - bvt .;. '- a"n", - -.;. - ~m-,- ~ -,-.
2J
21
1_,
in
2
Abol a" .... b~ (11 = O. 1. 2.
l'pr :
,),.,.. f(r) - - , - #.I\Z -,.,jr) fUggvf-n.....
(9.1'-,jrn)
kF OURIER-"""""......gylltt,,,,1Ol
. _1 .
..
L.. "
,, (0,1) iut..-rvall uruou (!Mol ~27. okl.).

C: A rezgo membran .. gy..nl..t .. Egy kiir A11lk1"l, A [>f'rf'lll<'u kif'""'l il<'tt m..mhrfln ....... Io\,....il)"'"~a1juk.
( ~,~)
8.1'
"!O"'nl"td, ''lO'''=n luwt .. ti f"lt "'ld , ,I" 1Il..... itlhomug{ou !-",IT'm fdtktd rndlptt :
.1
t.o~ lu-ukti- ... ~dti'U'...ket ..If.giti
Ha . di ff..~J..th.. A
B: A rt'zg 6 r u d E"g)-f" n l.. t(" ,\ l'l'/.g<l "i.-l ..gyE>nl,,'....l<'k Il<'vpuiik azt a m"'''l>dr''u<!iI Iin....... jo. bip,-r-
~~.
.JAhhi bnmog"n .-liff"WIl<CiAlP-
~' = X (~ )T(I )
(9.~j)
holikll~ J"'ITiaiv. d ilf..t<"ndAl"lO""nkt<-t, 4Il1f'1Y!lf'k ..-git""'w'vel" rud oo...zi riln)'li mg'.....;t I..h<'t IPlru i.
& .. k a l?Zg..... ,k Ill< rgy ik '~"n "'..1.....1 n'lIlt""l "hreJllpk. amelynck riig-/.it<'tT. ' '''gi'1"f" a Iu"l.d"ti ido'il"'lll.
ban ilJ.la", lop .. r6 hat. UI\Y"""",1 a di lf''f'lwi>i.I''ll.V<'lll''lA't Iwll tllf'Jo\oldani. min t az A 1""ld,;,J,,"1 (S33. 01<1.),
IIa
(9.!',.jh)
-.natot
- 1:::..
JI><'g~ f(r)-""..,j ....

1'" Ill~k .-i r >-1. akkor " !<Zillll"ZOO< fOVR T [R,..,.;..Jt<~ .......
git.<oi>g<"'e! (lluod 427. old.) Ml ""I,jllk, hot:Y
a"
IV
.r,
(9.t4l)
-,
(9.8.'>R)
,I,,.. = f(r) - kp~,

a%1
'" ..i r)
2
81 ...
'1lQ'lUli~ "Z U(.c. t) = 0 ttiviAli>< n~*1M "'" "KY''twn Ilf'mJlO"g;\tiv m~.lgy .. kOw-tkPZii ki-t li"",m"
(~,~I
a2kp
-.- - , -
Az "Y"'nlPt rneguld&>.al a : = I' _ . ' ~ aiRkjA1':wl ~i ik. In v

lD'"lJ..tpt valaruint al-z<lrli .... peremf..lti>t<>)Plwt .. I~t.i ki:
dilf..n.llCi~nlrtM Upjuke
X .... ),2X =0.
2{fl:
a or 2
( 9. ~Sh)
A ~ ""to t t c\iffpr..ncialegyenl..' lin.......i~. f>IlITiAliJo l. hirwrholikll~, c\..r"hrog" illetvc polArkoorc\inAtAklJAll

{IN.<! 209 . olc\.j" ko-tk ...,Ji Illllk u'
iP" {flu
1 {fl u
oIl + 8>ji = ;;2 Ji1'
(9,1'.",,)
(9. tI6.. )
(9.tI6h)
A k,-tdd i {.,. a l''' ....mf..lli>t,..l..k Il ki;""lk ",d Ik :
(!.l,&:o.l)
"1'-0 =
f(p , 'P},
(9.86<-)
1)."1
,
,~
"" F (p, ",j, (~,I:\ti<l)
(9.86<:)
H. .
tl
= U (p )4>(<;)T(I )
(9 ,860
536
t1iff<'ll'nri""'c.V<'u!o-t I",wke><.rdillaw .w..kjah... j,Ply..tt.... jtjflk, ..kkor IL>;t knpjllk. hotly

(I'
<f!'
I t:
- + - + - = - - = _ ). 1
(~ -t!6gJ
U
pV
';4' Q 1 T
EhMl. ~ A (5.13. ol<l.};.,. a B 1"'ldAkhm: Iuvoonl6lw. (53-1 old.) a kovrikt-....:5 cliff"I'filC~""'II\fot.krt
kapjuk:
!lZOTV\t,,( ..
[ I
T' +a ')?T -O .
ill.
4>- +
v# = O.
W ~J)
A '1>(0) = <l(2~ 1 . "" (0 ) ::< 4o'j2 ...j ptTin<lidtN<.i r.!teU>wkMl

1 (,; ) -'" 0,, 000' 11'; - b-"in ll,;'. .? "'" 11 2 (n = 0.1.2
{'ot {". A-I
",
-l.! =
(pUj -
II.
_),lpt.. l
n. .... iI(H ) =
ko\l'e'tk.,zik. bogy
)
,..or~ullk.
D : A Dir-ichlet -feladat (1aMI ti92, ulol.)

pllipt iku"
.lu '" 0
0 "l(Vl"nlru-kMI baWoz.hatj llk
lllO'g.
A P = O....-t<'n
~ F (p) = J. { : ) = J . (J.I~)
Ahol,. J~ .<"k .. BESSElrnw;vruy..k (Iivooi ;:;1~ _ oId_).), =
X
rX '" -y- '" -
(9.~I )
R ~ J. (J.I )
0 H.. _
1~ (-i)
X ",CsinAr ,
~+nY"'H'UVlt lUI o.u...IJUI~t STURN LI UUVILU;-probk-rua ...jatfUggYo'Dyt"inrk t .. ljft< l'Pfl<_W;

......,k .........i&lffiAAWn~ ]"'rut,b'nt nno,;-onAlu...k .. p ",ilyfrlgg\+ny Illf'1\f'tl.
..... f<.Wbr.t
~JdWI ~
t f. [(owroo; . . .
_
U =
__ I
+ b... "in ".,.,) coo
a~'] J.. (~~)
k..uli!o sor ..u.kjAhan koon-iik. A kr7~Wti fdti'tf'J..kh61 t = 0 ,... 1.,,"
I (p,.,,) '"
f t (.. . .
11,.., hinfl.,, )J..
C<JlH',., ...
.. ... bool
ll7,
(9 .87e)
A,
(9 .8 7.-lj
A'" :r
(11= 1.2.
(9 .117..)
nlr} ", O
.'
A1talhnooo ~ llZ
11'1Ill"
)" '" ....sh - (II - r) -+ b".J. - r
alakbAu 1.".....,.;;1.. Ekkor &:I: u(O. III '" uta. III = (} P""'flIfro!ti1..w-k mdle tt a (9 .1l7a) "lQ' partiknJari,.
m<'goldMa a kiMotkPZ6 fortIJ.iW& ..... r
II~ ]"'
" ll" -II)+II.. .J. -g
(!H !ib)
u,, = [.... sh-(II
sill-r
A hiu-madik ~ llZ ;\Jlaliuloo ~t ..
..
Q7t
+(,.....005 ..... ... d..J.!<in ~)t>iu
(9 8 7b)
diff~\Pt
(~l.~m)
(ol- = 1.2... )
(9 ,87..)
A nWtudik ~ ax
.. J. (: ) ~y
J:adik pmitiv~. Alr.k<.....

(i. (p ) =
a . (} ::; /I ::; 11 ti>gllllapta ( 9. 17. tobr a ) . Az
..hoi. lIZ A --e &-iNlatokbAn rmlitl"t~khr-z b->,U<'lIU' A....j"'-'"""k (aJ3, okI .) ( ~. ul<l.). Mivd X (O) '"
X (o ) '" 0... Juon-tt partik,llArill nwpIdNo:
} -c :
Z ::;
u(O.g) '" .", (g ). uta . g) '" ,,"':l(g) , "' lIZ u(z . 0) = It'l( r) , u(r . lI) - ~(z)
j.>Cn-mf..Jti'Ifi...k rndJ..tt .
A fd...-latot .. I&mr a ; ,(g ) = ,:"1(,) = (} l...rrt nf..ltkPJpkkr-1 ol.-ljuk In<"g. A vAlInWk
u '" X (z )Y(g)
>lZCtv~va1 kapott diff"",~nJpI a koVf't1u-J.6:
bpjuk. bogy
:1U- ... :U' _ (: ' - ,,' )U ,",0.
0 ::;
LAPLACE--<.'K)"'nJrt !l(z . ..,) lI"'-"Kukl<i.Mt lu,n......i k ""
(9 .l'6 k)
p
U{p)-ra >UDIltka.O D~ ~6d6 Ill<'lI:R"riw fiY""'wlx-WU'~I",.. ),p = ~ b<-1ypt.l<'!Oit,-" A1.1
u= Lu"
(9.t!6nl
IfOC
(9 _t' 7i)
aJ..kjalww ker<'t'l<l,k
",lIJ. bogy 1/ -
0", g = 11 ......1<'11
WvMkt""ik. hogy
(II-"'~),
F (p,,:) =
L
. . . L. a~ (' -.... (n; n,, + d"",~mn.,,)J.. (JlnIr~)
(9,Kti I' )
~ ,
/Ullil,ol
21'"1"
b." '" R<E () 1" I
Unk '"
If
R~E ( )
.. -
1 I'",,,
If
n '" 0
.. -I
I'~~"
d'i'
<I,.,
"
f(p,,.,)m.m.pJ..
,.,..,wn .. ,..,JI."lAloh"ll I/'v0'5 2 Iwly(,IH'
n,.~h""s"k.
"'I: fl ...
f(l'iP)s mn,:.J.
(lj.,}, ~R)
P pdp.
(P)
II-"'-R pdp.
(9t16<j)
(9, i!(ir)
IM k,'U Irni. Hogy a eN '''' '' d"" ..gyiitthatoJu..t m..,.;h..t ....
n
-r" N; a ',... . ,.. vuu.. t k(OI'-<':> funnnlAk""n f(p, <;) hdyf.ff' F(p. ,.,)t lcuu k. lll..jd - --v..l
'1/....
E : A hove zetes egyen lete A vPgt.-]'u h'_zi" '1Q'ik irauyb...n vPgl..l.."J>.. uyule. " ",,,,,ik Vl'g<;"
aJ.l/UuJo bOlllen<f>kl..t .. n tartott ( "J""II J..jilt,..,Mo h,';w',wl""'-i f"IYlLlll"t"t "lQ'
au
2(f1u
(9,8&.)
(}f '" a ()cr2 '
pll.l"bolikill' mkludr"ll,hllinearis p/Ul'iMis diff"I"l'lldM"lQ'('IlI<'! fr I... Il.llJdy ,,0 ::;

tereornanyban I\Z
"1,,,.(1
= f(r),
ul.""I =
J'
< +x.
<:: 0
(9.&! b)
' 36
'"
2.
M,
A hiperbolikus dlffeeencialegyenl..tr.. vo na t kozo

Cauchy-reladat m ..goldasan a k Riemenn-fel.. m6r:l"zp",
au
(flu
i),
(9.89A)
. ...... +o,,+b-:ii:':+cu=F
or
VII
EohOl
,Jr~1I
kapjll
M(~'lJ
ill
,,,,
A #(0
1. Riemanc-fliggveny ""I. IWV"aiik.,zt .. ,,(r.y; (. 'I) ffL~"nyt, abo! ( .... 'I

ll1f1:oIdaM." [9.893) 31it.hhi adjnngalt oomogpn .1iff...-..ndAlo>lQ'Pnlrti-ll"k
{ilr:
iJ(<Iv)
arOy - i i I
p""'.. mt-t..........
8(/)tl)
---;;y
... ct: = 0,
amely
(9 ..s9b)
"" ~ t.c>Iz..
Ct eo.
9.17. abJI\.
9. 19. iohr....
9.1'" ilhl""-
U(P}-I
kolpjul
I ""'" .
k-ailik
~i. ~ JWn'mf..llh.....knrli:t ...... <irwt- ~ a vCgt.<-k-nbm.b<Jmk,oPklo-t <M'n... No ttviik frI. bo,;y

1OZ~~k-n
.. = X{.1')T{t)
rlO'lJItriviA!a.. ~v.u-toU
t:
;iT =
T '" -A
~ a.-ho!'l)'E'tt6l.iI~
(9_
H ... Q
(9.~)
i_f'~""1
"'='
_ko
Af..w
\u.pjuk . ..ooI" A ~ j<o~ l'lO"iWaZ. mint .... A -D (,)J;J ~i. oM,) J>i'1<W:1vuI.
Ekknl" T(trl'" Art kArjuk. h<>e
T(I) E C~ ..-~"'.
X(xr "' "",X(O) = 0 I""l'\"mfr]ti-uollllf'l1<-tt!OZ, kapjuk. bogy
(9,~f)
X (r ) = C llUI,u
..tv.l),
.... i,;y
Ul",Cl,,-l''''Hin.h,
.w..w. Ezfrt Ii formam llIf"gold;,,; alakja .. koYMk...w:

[Cp~_l.'~ill).zd)'_
,e
- [uut' + ~ (!,~ - ~ :)] dW + ff F<-d.cdy.
(9
t.>~..... VIlIi..
u(.... I)
II:
A III... = I(r) h2tl"li

f(r) =
1"'"
(9.
It)
fo-['kl.l']MIII7.
C(),)o;inAzd.l..
<'gy'I'II1&ofog kov<'t k<"7.ik...hoi
IU.ni),1i1
n"'O
(9.!'>/>j)
J(")~illA,,d_,
(liIM 42i. old.). !<t,,!y''lu.. itw (9.lIth)'... "l'.t b pjnk . hogy
"(J, t)
=;:[
V - .,}'
,,{r,I)= J.""f(')~ e-~ -f'- ~

2ay1r1
(UlI)" -
(tl.gxk)
f (lnw-"~;)
~
d.
(9.!Y!1)
dr -
(U10l' +t,~)
dy
ff F~' dx dy
(9.b%)
I'MQ
qe
Tel..grMegyenlet. n" k n" vl"l. ziik I\Z
li"
&u
[fl ..
" iJt2 + 2ba; + cu eo 1J:r2
(, + .')' ]
~. Ekkor .. R If,MA"Is-form,,11l. <-g,v m""ik
a1akjAt. hAAZ nAlj'lk'
u((. 'I )
u (10< e-l'."Sin A. sillA:rd.l.) d.. .
'" h.... ",.illiliW.TirRll:vfny"k ""Mw..... t"t k<o<ll inlls7Jllggv;'ny,'k kiiliinh,wKPv..J lll,ly.tt ....itji ik ((2. 1J7), l:l"l. 01<1.),
akkor " Hll'lj . old . (21.27) f" UUlllll lll"pjluJ vi'giil ,w,t AA[)juk. hogy
.-\. siulAr g(irloo'n"k (9.18 . a b r a) liMn"'lwtn{'lr. a koortliwUa-t<'Ilgl'ly"klu-1pArbuZNllO; hintOi.....AZIlf'ffi

''rinl bPt lvu-akt<'ri><tikaluot. A f"nti fon"'l1IOl....ll'I6fordlilO VOWLliuUWAI kiK&Alnillmt6" lIgJani." II. fiigg.
""nv'"'k {,;. a !,:orhriv ffi"nti-n wit t><"In....int6 irany', .1''I"ivhltjaiIllLk htikcil>61 Ul.-gluo.tNuzb..til mind ki-t
1>IUl"i&lj,; tl"rivaIt i'rtkk.
A C AlTCHy-f..ladatbIl.Il KYlI.knu'''ll;Orbo.' m":nti nor mal;" ill' uy i! d'ri,-A.!t lI"lY"ll az i.~lI"'I"f'tl ..n fii~'IIY
.'!tYik I-'M{'ihlil<,wrivAltja.uak " rt {>kPi Vl\llIU'<k m..R....lVl\, pl.
J."
Cp.)=-2
\9-s<Jf)
eu.
(9 .YOa)
hip<'r bo lik,,/\mAAodrpnrl,l par<:[ali" diff"rpndal' RY'lll.\"t.. "hol a > 0, be.. r :.Jll1.11dok ......" meIy "" d.'h
1'0"''''' ar alll tt " j...-l........t.irj a I" v,.;",t.61,..n. LZ l'lI ''IO', nl.,. " TP"l.go'l bur ' '10"""t,t{>n<k ''10" a1~al/l,I "",itiL.......
540
H/\ IOZ u(.c, f) ;"m"l"I'tl"n fiig,l;vi'uyrr lUI " '" u -()I.~ hrlyM.l""ite.. t alka1nuL:<~llk. alkor W- ~)" ki..... 1; .
kPZlialak u:
:: '" m2::'~ ..
U
"l~t a
"'l: <'gy'
(m2",, ;. 112 = tl ~2 He)
&G + &G _ &(aG ) _ &(bG )

(1r 2
fJx
f.Jy
(9.90b)
ffil'\llMWn vAltoWk
~(mt + .r).
{ =
n2l
1. A G(:I:, y: !. 'I) fiigKv':'lly ..z ~m tl\rtomAnyon. kivo\vfo"I "'!, y = 'I I""ntoAAt,,, kOVf"tkez6 hOlnogfon
IOdjungaIt ditfpl"f'nciaI"&.v""l"" nJl'gOlda....:
, =~ (mt - .1')
(~. 900::)
a..r
If',
,
- - = 0
(9.9O<t)
"'u,
kanonikus ala.lr.l1I. badlA' .... -.mrly nem mAoo. mint ~ hi l""fboliklL~ lilW"\ri~ parci&lio<<iitf"",Tl<"w,'lO"'nlM
(lNod 5JL ok!.). Ennrk A<tilJ..ro-nc~nk-t uck ~ a rr({ . '1;{Ch 'Jill RIUIA~'-fll&r{lIY. am..ly
'"'?> t'Wli'n lUI I PrtJ'kct ..-i rpl. H" .. = / (_}-lJf"n." hd yp t...
U ln !+
, ~'
tPJ
Jf
(!:Im
~1o-tllf''' pgy.uf{O) '" I ~tirrlt&-ltkj,.~t6~A 1l1
I df
~+;;do
= Q 2 bO"iyr u ,,',IIt"'-'l
A (9.90&)errocti
,I...
(99(JKl
{o)('1
'/hI]
'1)1.
(9.91d)
=..!..
JU(X.,)~
G (I , y,! ,'1)d" - 1.. ff f( x"lG(x,'; {. '1)d:rdr.
2...
ur'
2... 11
,
D
(9.9 1..)
~y halMa. :.. p...-lig".-.-. bf'1Jo6 D<:lI'tDAIN u-aoyi1an W'tt dmvaIt.
tulajdonsag rnindiR "" ",Iott f<.la<t..t n!W"'nY'" Hit. pl. lIZ IIdott tartnmilny ~ DMD 112. w-.
mit... fi"IIZ""n), i'rti-kc adott,luwnn" ~ '" irAnyli r\Priv41tj... akkot" m#!: art ill ki kPU kOtDi. bogy a
""""'"
= / ("'),
~
<If I."
I
u(! ,'1)=-2;
I ((
&GtU-~11 IGudl/.
(9 .9 Ig)
4.
= g(z )
(9.9Oi)
1.("lm"'('-'I') _ 1(" )'dI,("/m'"

m
, . , . . . (.
m
;/,.,..2t2
t&
'1') ] ~ ~.
....
( !:l.~)
XJ2
A ket Illgget loon vlllt o z6j u ..lliptikuH p ..r e me rte k -f.. ladatok rnl'goldasanak
Gree n-fel.. mOd ~z .. rP
Ez .. moo"".. r ""k h-"lI l~t 11l1ll.At "hilworboliknK dilfl'l"f'nriak-gyelllctckr" VOIIl\tkO'1.o CMJCllY.f,'].
lIl\",t lIlc!,:oldlWln",k RrEMANNfo'l,' m....\"".'r"vt-l.
H" " {d ",ll\t o]y",n It(r , y) fiiggv{'lIy lIlf'/th"'tArozN.>I, "m"ly pgy edott tartom[mylmn ..
3.
{)2"
ii"
{1"
- + - +a+b+ ' -u= I
ih 2 IJy2
0...
f.Jy
..
..
+ "ay + C
+eu =1
{9.92a)
fh
t1ifl..rt,,><:ialrgyrn]Pt mpgo1<llWlnak 112. ",lou ti>tbdi I.3rtoInAIlY r"'r<'mi'n ...tou prti'k<'t k..ll f..l....nnic.
A mc~oleW< ('16a.Uita.""hO'1. p]&q.or" GREESfligg vi'lIyt k",,,,lruAljuk Ili<'l\. "7.l'...t '" kiilonl""'AAcl. bogy
lIlOt't mAc hAmm P"l"":tlpt.'l'1lnk VIUI.; ~.I/ ~ (. Az ",ljulIl\,;.]1 ,hfl''Tf'nd AlI''JQ'ffi1<'t , "rr",lyllPk" GR EES
fiiggvl-ny lIl<'l';oldaM " kilVf"tkP7ilIl.1",k'i:
:1G _ &(GG ) _ &(bG ) _ &(,0) +
0
o.r
i)y
O~
G(r, Y, z:~, 1/,() 2. t\llajd<>n.~" ..1>1,..ul\1, ~l,..n '" ki;Vf'lk...,lI ..kviVl'lI"uK alnkot j,,1<,nt i:
",1",1 .. = J{.r
(9.92c)
~)2 + {y _ 1/)2 + (z -
<V.
(9.921
(9.!12d)
Ekkor 1\ ppl"f'lll"rt{'kf('J,,,j,,,t m.-.gold""" l\ ku....tk,-di:

(!I,~J1I\)
('lliptikllK In8>oox!"'",1,1linpAriK [>Ard hlillt1i!l""'ndAlpgy('nl..tl,,,k .. l ar t "mAn y b"'tArfln nW!\"'lntt ('rlA',k....
kct f..lVf>Vli m''golda-, Akk"r ,IM1.or '" I,Mtmul!.nyG{r,

parl\mPt..r], A GREES-fliltJl;Vl-ny 1, 1l1"jtlo,,~ai:
a.
ec""
,-~
{)2lJ.
A bArom ffiggf't lf'D viltoroju p"',...mert.. k-ff>ladat o k mE'goldis.inak

Oreen-tele mooszl're
Tl'gy'lk fE'1. bogy a
~ u ... a&r
z(z.t) = i !f (r - ml) + I(r + ml)1

g(&)
Ja.
s
'J-[
(9.91f)
trljnlUljOo, ..boI 0 b. j a nonualiIookna.k" kuordi nit.I.!t'~IY"'k1U'1 hPzIlrt ~it jf'IOli. Ekkor a dill...
~J<ot lllf'golt\AAA" k~u,.w ..weli.,
dilf~nkt
kP7Mi r..IUto:-J..km kirl"'slt6 IDf1:Ol'!.iMt UlQ' kaphAtjuk lIlf'g. bogy a V- re kapott <"rtCket t...bf>l}'<'ttftlitj rllr.
! }2"' {r
A 3.
(9.90h )
" RIEMA sNfonn"lAhft.. majd AllirUu".u ..I"f"<!foti v&ltozi>n\;
+-I
;/(x
On - (GC05o+bC05 J )G = O
-1 =0 .
1. [v'U
P ..
8G
millaJn-ndlI Ro--I-fo'Wo difJ~ ..nkt km (!Nod ':'11. old. ). eti-rt 1IH'g.-w.a1OkovctlwW ..wu':
t'
Ilhol
(9.9 1..)
abo! S az adott D
mbOl llZ ~bo5I .
.PI
u(! , I/)
(9.900.J
..~ +dtv-'iJ K O
(9.9 Ib)
.... /\hol U Il2 .r = !. Y = 1/ pontban "" 1 hti-kM ........a fd , lOVAbb4"" U loA" V li.l~y rnf\....,.jreodil
<lPriv.iltj ai kkal ~Ia,; folytooolll.
3. A G(I , r: {, 'I) fiiggvPny az adol:t ta.rtomAnyon kiVlll ziTl ....
Ez' It4n a ~k-prohlffiut. ~ '" GRN ~kl.y "'l:i~]" kOvrtkrz6:
( = {e ", h->nk'wul "
." = ( - ~)( " - '1I}-t

Inmk .akkox J(1l') "
O.
2. A G(x, Y'f 'I) fii,IOl;vfuly fdirl",tl>" kOVPlkooziI.w.kbt.u
hf'1)""ttfo!li~11l.
+ -c =
v.e. 'I) CREEN-/ ugg,":" yPi: k"""",iik m"l\ (! (.,. 'I
U{{.'l,() =
4~
II II~
s
ds -
4~
111v ,GdrdYdz,
(9 92e)
A RI I:: MASN i>fla G R EEsJIlUtlK7~'lb"llaz It kiYI.o.., hogy p]&rWr a ditf"r..nd4legy.."h,t ''flY sl"'<'iAiis lut1l
ol<lAAflt k..r"""iik meg, Itmdyll<'k ""gI~i'"..ll, ..t>o-/j'j"'II'''' k..z.d..ti_, ill perernf..lt(,tRlt kidl'gftll mpgoldAA
54 2
..IMlHIrn.tO. A ItIF.MA ~ ~ """ GR EF.S-fiiAA'""ny kii-..otti cgyik kiiloobool'll ""'. hog "mig "'" d&.o cW
,,<lilf"""TI<'iill''!lY'-'Ill<-t I>Il.I ol<1..u.t61
mAAik me,; llZ ... lott lartom3.nytol". A GIl EEN.ftiAAv{>llyt
m-g "blllOl' AZ nw-.thrn ill Vi><;wllY~ Il"hk lTl<'gh..t....O"~ni. amikor It'te:thoc biztol<ilott. "Zi'rt .. GR U:N.
nL6dMcrt iIltalAM.n ..lmi>k-ti I'ruhl"'mAlt mpgo1<lJ1..W.. ha:<znAlj.Ak.
A : KOlL~l miLlj uk mrg .. GREE ~-fiiggv;'ny1 ..
mlU:."
.j,u '"
(\.1.934)
LAPLACl'r<'gy<'lll<tn, V<JllAtkmi> DIRICHLET-rrlad.t ~ki (J&;d 692. okl.). Mol "" ..dott tMtomAuy
kar (9.1 9. 'bra).
Ekkor" GR EE!'i" rrlQW' ny .. kOo.?t,*,-'lIIi alakii:
I
rlt
G(z./I:{.Ij)=ln;:~ln7i'
(9.Wb)
Mol r '" TfP. f = 'JJl. rl - JT;1' n. R .u ..don kOr !Ulgar& ( 9. 19 ...bra ). AI },/ '" .\1 1 f>01ltok ..
kOn'fo nh~ ~nW< in,,",",,". ~;>;t 6Iwt ~Olii ~ kOrk 6-6 m..,. .. kiinM'k .. u....r<ijc......
'lJJl-trUl = fil
(9.9Jc)
A DIRICHLETf..tadatra lllfW'1<lN.4r..... k>u (~,9h) r....mulaaJapjiw " G RLEN-fiiggv"ny uormJi.l;,. irAnyti
ril'riviLltjanak brhrlwtt"";t"'-'vrl'" nrMny 41.w.ljw...al a2
1
U .Ij)" 2 "
[~ fll ... r? ~;t'~1'
,;)M("')"'"
(9.93d)
POiSSON int.rKrilt bpjl.lk. A ;.1Ohrlt uylUlJIU)k. mint frot. "(T) jl'kti ..oak "kar f><'T"nlfoll rrlvr1.l
erti-Iu.it. AI M({ . .,) poul~: { = f('('ll;(I ., = fhin"
B: Koru<t ru.iljuk m<'ll: " GR EDl.I'Ug\+n}t
.j,..
= 0,
(9.94.>1)
LAPLAC&--<'gy'I'ulctrr Y<>IW.kosO DIRICH LET-Marlat .... tkl (Ii>d 692. o\<l.).AboI az adott t"rt<>JIlMy
R "'Igard Pib. Ekw a G RU:S-filgvt'ny .. k""""'k<'Z6 a1aku:
I
R
G(z",z;{ . .,.()",(9.9--llo)
"KY
rlt
fi2 ... ('"
ahoI f = ,/(i +
({.Ij. () pnntMk A gOmb kO:t.i-ppontjati>!. tl'Mt mn<t Il7. origol-OI mrrt tlivol""e, r lIZ (z, ,,~);.,. az U. .,.() pon l tAv~ r,1\Z (r.,. z) Cs U. .,.() Kombn"mnlltkoW inwn<'.II7A1.
. Rrj.
( RI,.
e e
R()
tAvoLoAg.... ,u
e
"({..,. ():: ~~ Ii
5.
A I"'l<l.oo.hrli j..li'>l<Wklwl ([;33. old.) a POiSSOS-int<w Al AkOvMk.w:
W -;.,i
R
u iU.
(9.9-k)
A z op.. r Ato r m hrisze r
Epp iigy. mint k,"'>II1l1il....<lilf"Cf'lldAl'1O"'nku'k _ i'n. Il parciAl i~ <lilff'l"f'n";';'l<-gy<'n l"'...k 111"1\01<1........11.

j,. ~ik.,rrd a lkAlmMh"lo'l .u ol>I<Jli.tol'm6<wn. (IAAd 737. old. ). A mOd."".,r l"'l1YL'l:l" I\Z. 1,,'10''' k... r"",U
fii~('nyr61 4ttfriink " lIIuo.lr. Il'll!lMfor mAltjArIl (IM<.1 735. 01<1.). A k..,....."tt fiiggVi'llyt ",", ...gyik fiiAA"l kn
vAltO'.w fiW-fllyf-n..k t" killtj iik..... 1\ t;;h lt; vAllo?i>t i"UIIJDct.crki'nt k..,..<' lj,ik, A kl........tt fi.iggv"uy [__
pen .. k n"Khllt"-ro?.AMr" 19y ''llY oly>lU dilf,....nriAlpgy{'nl...t<tnY"riink. amely "00'..1k" v''''-'h h fiiggdl(' 11
vAl toz" t tart >L!mllZ. mint li Z " n~ktj "lO"..nh-t. HII I"'ldf",l az "'OII...ti ..gy..nlet bcn ket fii!:K't l,'n vAltmfJ
"~RT..p..lt . ak ko, ki;1~;n-"lt ....,tilff'r..u.-iAl"KY'ulet,t kapnnk . Ha "z flO" n} .. rt tlilfer..nriM,'gy,nldhr>1 m")l;
tudju k h.. l1vozni II k,'""", u fiiW''''ny ['pH, nkkor m ag.. " fi.i~vl,ny a tr"n~zfnrlllAll-ak liIhUi:r...t Ahl>1
kik..r""hd.6. v" lO' ILZ illVt' l7. io.. f"clUlll" ajl\l,jAn klll'l li1wm,'g.
6. K ozellt~ m 6 moo"~,,,r ..kf'\: . Kiilou l....!':d kdl t..nni fllUllit ik"" I'll n",nerikll~ modszer ek ko--.rott .
I . Az a ualit ikus modsaerek IlZ ;"nU'rMIm fiigKVi'llyt ki~l'Ii ll5lUmlitik,,,, kif..j"".......k lTlf'gMtAr0:7ii.AAr tese ik I<'lwtiivf.
2. A n umerik us moosz..re k ,,(iigg..rll'n vAltOlWk ... Ion forU>[u>i""A rllf'gf..l<'16fiiggvo'nyht<'lwkf't kij..
zplitii prtckd u1.l'ZO!g41tatWL!<. w k Ak&v..rk"""'k (JA,od ~33. old.):
a) A veg- d iffe renci ak m ods aer... roeideu d'lfrT?JIl"1tJ1rultU.Z": A diff"",n('WIu\n~belyo:-tt di!
f<o!'f'Tl<'iahAnyada<t viz>ogill,mk Ugy.loOllY a k~"ti no p'""uri'rtek<olat.latol. a1,l:tbrai."lO"'n1Mtealakitjuk.
19y" lill<'arls kw...n-. ill. P"ll'rnCrn-kf..!ad&thOlllllrArioo"lO'rsUrt"'uthrar k.....
b ) A \I~ I .. m~m6d,,;ter (\"EM).Allll'llyo:-l p<'T.. mi'rVkf.,J... latokat k!>rt mcgoldani: a p".... mi'rti-kf...
wlathoz.-gy ~ prohlPmAt ren....lunk hou4. A k...--.tt Iltf'IIIId....t epJ' ~pli__ alll'ruxin.aciO""l':it -
~I kOulitjiik, miutAn a p"~"k- r..ladat i-ItI'lu~ tartouui.ayat 1ILabilI,... r""'-tartoman}'okra

oo<Ztotluk <01. .-\ ~pliJw-"pproximM:iO"IY'ittM.tOil "IY ~rtJ>kf<"ladatm~~nt kapjuk tlKll
c ) P f',...mi nt .-gral _m oos z..rek ~periAli.. J>""'Tll"rll>k f<.L...-I"t"k """"n: a f><'T"1l1k'tPk felatlatol~ ""Ir
f'li:viV>LlMu<, a t.artomany p<'WIIlhi ~lrnrzMt int~~lMr"aWritjuk. Eh!l<"l A Vf'kt~ in
ugr.Uliot..k-it.pl. a GR EEN-formulAkAr hN<znAIjuk f.,l, A ~rwJOp""~tIlint~kAlalkalnrr... hadraJ,'mu: ~t.~ nuIDl'rilm"Ill' okijuk m<"&3 . Numerikus m <'go lda......k : diIJ..... tl<"iAqy.lllrtt-k DlIJUl"rik"" ~l kUoi-rlcti uton is ~
t4r0dw.tjuk.ln A:l.t a ti'Uyt IwwWjukfcl. bo,;y ~ kiilOnl>0a6lizikai,;.....ll>oi'gf'kf't ugyllllOlya.n <'gy"llIrtt.-k ,.,..,;it.~ l..brt lrimi. E16Rr.i>r Pg)' mo,MIt lIIlil,mk ff'i. M"lf'ly ""Kft.>li'gPvl'l1\Z adolt probIkna
j6l .wmuWhatOCs H<hlet.i mC~kI't WogP1h..t'ink. lIlf'l)"'k ..,....-Jrnk,)'<"koffil az islIlI"""tleu fUggvi'uy i'l'
t<'krit kapjuk. ~Iivri ~ A ~ ... kf't J17.4n<l"k.--.ul l\t;Y !rontltru6lj1llr. bor;y mindl"nf-n.. Ieh..t.~
I'4"N'Irl<rt tartaImaxnak. w...~ 'nllI amt- ~ a ~lrll VllItorWk iw:"u nAfO' paramMcr-..i ~
it. ~au.-..nk ditf..... nriAkogyl'nl<'U>k..t.
9.2.3 . A ter meszcr- es nnl szakl tudo manyok differenclalcgyenlctci

9.2.3 .1. A problema Iclveecsc {os a pcremfelt et ele k
I. A problt'ma rel~'et~..
A kt->:ikl'" ..1mi'l<'li fizikah'''11 k'"
trukllll.w.tlll.u '""lO' l('l."Z<'iIeg_ll ki>o
IrihaV>LIlMrhati> kiiZPg.k. ]>"kl';'lIl,
I , t<\'''./,II folya.<\Pkok \-alarnint llZiWdtf'StI'k (\'It.@:Y A k\A.~k'l fi:cikAIur" Tl
, '('Ill'" hIli ti7jka.i ';"I"l~....".k u""ll'1llo1\1ikai
mo.-It l1P7"-I><UTiaJj~ diff"l! ",id.!'1tW"n].-l...
" ]>1 A hHI1Am..Ito''rlo-~ (1a..I ;:"lA. okl) '''10' A
!lm."".f'\:""i ",!o-.. ,u.1.(li.. 1.-..at.. 01,1.). A ...." kta. Ik L" ti~ikM-wo.n iro. miul 1'1. "kO:to'l':"k,;" lli,wk U('lU (01.'0"
tonoo j<olk-gi>,,,k f..lisnl
n NalllllO k\"lll'lnul"...Iw,ilW""" Iwtnj.-ijn. dilf,nII(~nl.--t..kk...1 tro.kil.
lto>:unk. A kvautUlllllll"t"h.aniluo. ......U-hrn """" S<.:l-IROOISGER-f'K)'Iu],.1 K ,ili)lli""~ I I!;Y,.jmo.n taIA1 k"",uik
OIYAH mAsooir..ud<1 linciri..l"'fri"lilI <liff('l"f'IK:i41<'g,Wnl<[('kkd.IlIu<~y,'k,...k A lllO<l..ru lli'-"",.a.lri h II. U'!"ru......... tlu<!ouw:rvokhnn nagy j<ol..nl&oPg>ik VIllI.
2. K f'?<I..n- es pere mfelt..te l..k
Fizik>t.i. ml1szJo.ki .... wrmm.cttmlomimy"" I'l'obl"mM " " '1':01<1"""'"", aL'p""t.6<'n kN dol~ telj... iil.....
"",ihoPg :
I . A 1ll IJa.;I"'k n('mCSllk " diff......n..iAI..KY..lll,tl,t kcll kid (>gitl'ni<', t"""'m m"'l': k('z,I("i ..'" r....remf"ltPt..I..kpt i. Itt e].-jfo"lull", tmo.k OIYRll f"I", I"tok. "hoi """k k<>Zdf'ti r,ltit"I,k \I"+'Y.--k perem felt et...
l..k Vag)' \..-gyt'S<'U: 1u",I'1.i ""' ,,,,...mf..lti>t...l..k i" "'1I"1'"..k. A ,lilf......Il(iJlJ,RY"nl" tmk Il.Z ",Iolt kezd..ti","vagy l"'r<'mf..ltetelck ulllleU l><mWI>aJ' 'lIY m,,~lda- I ..hpt.
2. A lIll'goldiu;nak roly wu"",w k,'ll (;;AA,'ni" "1. ",lnt"kt./'I ("t"hililk<), a:t"" a k,~,kti ' '''' Vag)' pe r""l'
f..lI.M..l,k t,tK'/.5lpg.".. d" d" 1I: ki,,,inv m...gvAltO"l........n"k (pr n""wloj'''lI\k) .. m,'!:old,,,,,,,o.k ",.nk ki"" iuy
1ll<'l\valt'YLA"",""t s7.1\h...-1,l" id"'' 'li". Ekkll' ,,~t monfljll k. hogy" f..lad"t kOIn kt kit,ld'S,i .
CAAk akko l' allithatjuk, hogy .. ma t..m..l.ikai luotl" ll lt.ll "flot l v,,\(... jd'IL....p; ldl''''''..... a1ka1miL~, h.. "7",k
" f..ltft ..l..k t ..lj iihl"k.
A CAU CHYf..l <I"t 1'1. k01T!'kt kit,17."",l ezon hipf'rl><>Ukw. di!f,n' II,i,,j"IO...,,1,1,...k l'S<-trh"ll, ..mely..k folytOll.... kiYl"b",kl",,, leja tlvMo T<'7.p;....i foly" m" t"luo.t (mak I... Ez = 1 j"l,uti . h,'KY 'lIY k...;..-!ct i ""~"ll .
>';',Ill\ '10' gorh"u v ag)' r..liiI...t"n "" i"m"r<'tl,'u fiiAA""uy v,o.If1milit n..u,l-riut6. ... hzor norm"'i~ i,aIlyu d,,
'"
riVl\.ltj""':nllk ~l"U'k" ... I"t~. ElIil,tikll" <Iife,,,"ciAl'"!O"'ld.. tfok ..... t .. hPn. lUuciY<'k folytOl>Ol' kW"'8"khPn
Irjiltlo7.ix16 ~tAtiku". ilL l'I!:Y"lP<'il:vi fnIYIUIU!.t<>kat u-ruo.Ir.l.., kom' kt kit11zi>,o,l fplNlatrf,]I..-flhrtiink .
3. l nho rn og e n f.,ltete].. k h inhomOK#on diffe renc lalegye nlet ek
Homogt'- n. ill. inhomog"n lin..Aria P"!""jAliA ol ilfprf'nr iAlPgy..nlcl..ku(k inholllORPIl k....M i .... p'.. <,u,f"lVwlrk", ki..1Pgit6 ~old.ao.a viowu.........-thrtc'i olylUlt"KY''t,I..-t rn"JlOWMiIno.. Ilffif'lylIZ..rn-letit.o5l M.t"""6o>n
lIZj,.IJl('rrtlf'fl fiiggWnyt lulu Il"m wtaJll1IW.OliIll.II.l-I taghan k'-donbi'rzik.aronlvw IIlNo ho'U1"lt,;n fl'il'''t....
lekk..\. EhbPz ..legpndO. hAM iIolJ\f"l"f'tlrn fiiUvfuyt belyt>ttn.itjiik Mjat lIlf1gll. ~ <10' ~.01~ k~r
diJf..renci&lhatO ......uy kiilOn~. """Iy kUlOnhooPg i\Z IIdon inholJlOK<'u f..ltetlkket kj,.~li.
AItaiat-. fcnu-.n1l.1jnk lV.t & t./>uyt, bogy Mtott inhOOOtl:"'n k...<dMi- ..... p<'Tf'IDf..ttiotdo-k m..!kt mi'....."
~ linMriIo ~ c1llf,,",nr:~ ~ fPlirbatOlIZ inhornog.'nf"lO'MlWt pou-tik'llA"" ~ ko ...~n
Alt.&liwa< lW'lI:oldA."I;inAk ~.-k""t.
...
"IO'"I'*"
iJ'.
ar J
a ) n = 3 (Kirchhoff-formula) :
(9.9&)
ahoI.... 5..
in~IAnomiinr"KYgOmhMfilpt .am ..I)"'l- (ol _.e , )2 ... (0 2 - r,f + (OJ -.r3)2 = (121 2
<kfiniAI.
b ) n = 2 ( P o isson-fonnula):
~tl l ... ,
-Lfu] = g{i . l)
(0,
(9_XlA)
)dn ,daJ
(Q, -
;1'\ )"
...
r,)l
inhornogton IinoWiol ~~ dilff"t>"~ukt bomogPn
.1
= 0,
'..
iJul _u
/Jf ...
~if..lw..IclID..,jlMti~ .. nq{r""M'l~diffPI'f'~nlm.-""'oN.k0z6CAUCH''
(PladAt~.. aJw-juk
tni, J dwr "" ~Illf'f'f'tiPn fUw'e-nyt az
vu-...._....
u '"
(9.98h)
(9.% 1,)
J..
(9.95<")
-L[u] =O
(9.95d)
i i.t ;T )d1"
..hoi K .. a.z in~ t1lrtom"IlY I:'g)" kuc1"l. IW>cl,....l (01 - rl)'''' ("2 - r 2)'
c ) n = 1 (d'A I.. mbert-formul. ):
:5 11 f t'
dPfinial.
.u..kbao ~"ik.ltt ..i i . I ; T) .

iJ'.
ar'
2 . A, iobomogen f..ladat H" Q(x. t )

tagok bo=Mdan06k:
dilf"l1'llci~nlctu('k ""
_I
= 0.
~I
U<
p"l""l.ur.. IU1.cI('kr\
,..
(!l.9j(,)
= g(i.T )
kirli,t1~ Illf'8Old....... L[v] ..
i O. .u.kor .. (9 .9!la. b .c) formlllAk johb o1da1Aboz.... alabbi.
a ) II '= 3 (R.. tardalt pot..nciiLI): {A K tartoIw>nyt c "" JUI - r d" + {u

d.-filliitlj.&):
r2l" - (6
;I'3)"
~ at
.ler ivitJtat tartalm....o WltoJu-V< dilfr ....o<iiolol><'rlllnrt
jdOl.. arnd)' Ilf'm tartalm..w..t t ..--rillti Ill"ll::......hb Trod,; deriv&ltakat.
9.2.3.2. A hull amegyenler

HomOfl;:pn kOz,'!tCkl"'!1hulllurna...nl<n tM"jP<t6 ~kf't rr 1f';L
~~
_ (llj,1I .. Q( i.t)
(9.!lliII.)
h ,JUi."'<'f!l~rJd, "mrlyn"k Q( i.
kp"dlm6d on <H ini"lju k:
6 " ",
<PII
[jill
tJJoh" old"l.. " ,;tIl""...t hat.a.stjrloli. A j. LAPLACE-op" r';'tu rt " ki>v<t _

lY u
--+
- -+ ... + -f).e~2a.e ,~
iJ.e,~
(!.I.96h)
A hullAUlcgy<nk-t 11 m,w,ldWt h"lilfmfiiggv~,.ytJ(k Jl(Yr"~"iik. A (().96.'l.) di!f" ...." 'i..)..g)"<'nl..t hil',rl><>lik ,,~
ti pU8U.
1. A bcm oge n r" llIdat A fNIH.
"I
.-0
= ",(i} ,
':1
v t ,..,
"" \b(i )
(9.!j7)
kC'Ldd i ft'itM.t'il1 hom~"n proO!"',,,,, (Q{ x.t) = 0) m..goldA.'lii.t "KY. kt't tO. ill. h"rom dirn.. n7.ioh"u ..
kowtkl'"L6 iutcllrAl<,k "''!tll.ll(>gfowllrh..t JU"Il" .. tfu'<y~ni.
b) II
'=
2:
,:./// 7';.-""~~~...-..x,}l .
Q ({ , . {l . T)d{ ld6dT
T)2 ({, _ .e,)J - (6 -
(9.!I9h)
(K)
ahol K a {,. 6. T ba ron"lilll" llZi6tl to;r "10" oly,," t art o mAn}'... "1'1"1)'..., 0
({l - .ed ~ + (6 - F2)2 ~ u 2(t - Tf tdj....iil.
c) II = 1:
~ JJ Q({.")d{dT,
' T)
~ T
:5
t,
(9.9'Jc)
546
Mol T "'10' olyan h!Lrom",,""'. Awdyr.. U :5 T ~ t . I{ -.Ttl

( ~ ~)- /)l:'li a .. Q hull/un t.. r;...I....; ....m-::'lI:i't jl'wllt i.
:5 a ll - rl tcljcl<iiL
A fmti forumWcl...z,..
pot<,nrial megt.alRlhatO .. 69J. oldelon.

Ha (!;: O.l\kkor .. LAPLACf: "9lI..nt~M Iulpjnk (1.... 1 v92. oM.):
j, ~ "" O .
9.2 .3.3. A hdvezetes e gy e n lot e es a diffll1:i6s egyenlct ho mogen kiizl"gbc n

1.
A h<'ivez .. tesegyenlete hArom d imen;<iOban
A hO~t hollJOlili'f, k~I><'fl"
9 .2.3.5. A Schrodinger-egyenler es a kva nt um meehanika ala pjai
&u
at -a2,
..... = Q (x.. t )
(9, 100..)
mNoodr..n<l11 p>LrIlholikwo lill""'"" lwuriAlis diff~l'Qt'lilctl .. l IPIw:t k-im i. Mo l ~ a llU\XilluiJ.iNu,

n = 3 di~ LAPLACE-0p.1'4tnr .....lQ: i bdyv<'ktorral is].. whpt Iru i. HI' '' hMrl\ln....lt IFIn forr"-i
""Ill ",..!Oi nin<-..udr.. akkor Q(x. t ) - 0 wiatt II. jnhOOI<IN.f'lt llnik.
A CAUCHy-r.-ladat a kOvt1.~p<'ll fogaln""'Mlo lllf"g: OIyll.ll. t :> 0 noct<-l1 kormtal ..( i. t) IIlf"ltOIdNtt ~ilnlr..NIX'Iyrt'.(i . O ) """ ...... / {i } If'1~'J.L A Iw.-la~IIK.'ld<""..-tf'lC!o<>rgylw-n .. ~
}.
... ...iv;i!tjat~
i A:
hiztoldtjA.
A bo::Jmogm. (Q( i. t ) = 0 ) dilf~\M. ~....... kin"ctI...w hulltlmf'Mfgrno,
....
(J'l - a tl ' + ( .1'2
<.11 )1 + (zJ - 0])1)
(9. 100b)
.w wtlT;rall
Az inhomoVn (Ql.:i. l) ,. 0) <Iilf""'~II.'OI<'"tClx-lI (9 .100b) johb~ .. kO..... k
Q(o ,. , . ,)
j' [_.."j j"j"_ '-"J:r(l
- 1" )I ~
cxp
(r l-O l )2 + (r2- a2 )2 + (r 3 _aJ )J)",,,,>_j

44l {t 1")
, 2"'-'3 d1"
(9.1' K'-)
"",.
H1I. u(x.O ) lIIdutt.altkar f < O.....-ti-tP (9 loo,.,) 11l;Y lI.. moltlhatom"K a1tJLJano-n. . m..rt .. Idmn. C Ar CHYffo!AdR1. l><"rn Iwrrekt kitlh.h"1.
Mi_la bOm('nofkIM ~"f'n, .....n arllnyoo. II 1,o"ItnlIYu.tu.-I.. "'" 11 "" T( f. t ) (a homc".;.klPT h..lyi r rtiki-l
rrwgtodOJ<bJ4ru"'di) "'4 2 .. D.. (htiYM'A1"" i pgyiittlu<tb) O"'Z"fUgg.....k ...-g'i1.";-g.>wl "",t lut.p ju k. IIIJl(.V
iff
_
ii/- D.. .J.T .= Qw {r.l ) .
(9 1UOtll
2. A hAromdi m.. nzi 6oldi ffrlzi 6ll t>gy.. n l.. t
A hO....,OZlml...... 11I..~m l6M II C knnN>ntnvi<'> t .. rj('f:lh,it homo!':i'" kOZ<'(I;llPn U~f\.IlllZ /I (9 .10lM.). ill . ..
(9.100r1) linciui>o pou-riAli~ diff.-rf'udlJ.'!O""I,t lrjal,...hol~ h..lycb.-II. Dc h<i,.",,,,h,,wnzW. ,/,J/liz.6.
t'YJ,"itfhatOt krlllmi. Ekkor .. d'ff"mJ. "'J~ ..nltt a kiivt,t k,cI1J:
iJC
_
&i"-Da:~C :Qc{ r.!)
(9.101)
9.2.3.4 . A P o isson-cgyenlet
I'OISS0N-"!1y.." I,t l",k V1\1O' 1~11 .."n,i1'~ly,"If'tn("k (IAAdl.i93. old.) n"v,v~z;ik "
- 41f"
(9.l rob)
""hlJuijI rUSCK oWAn<t<'>. i .. kPpztoI~.-,;y~ .... 'I;' .. nahIao-
po'ri.tor. Egy m tOmPg11""...t-t ~ P impuixl_ "'" (>WY.,;l bu\l8wkk.lt l ~ bn Usmlvwua kiDOu ..

m...tk..w .........n~&Ilf....n : ~ = /t Ip .
2 . Sp<'Ci>ili'O jf'1I.. mzol<
A kV/llillunD1Pdla.nikibAn m indffi nWr~6 IDPfIny~k.-,;y "P"1*tor f..""1 JnPg_ A l<:J-zi"k".. ffif"dwliklli ~l'f'k HAIoULTO.. -fijW..."vPDI'k J17R"1>P1 At .....wi (9.1W&)-hAn
(9.I03b)--hAn f,.\IPpO ff (~ HlJmdlmua,t) IIUIILTON -oJ",rll.tu t (1Noo:1:'211. ,*L) jPk-nu'or 11. wn<l>rJ ~ja. am.+.
a lDO"q,>isi'" a l>OIl1('1><V.li- PllPrPa ~.<W'.
a nIModik a potl'nciali._ .. nn-gW'
fI
tWtinic iOj1lhlul1lZ ..1<;(; UIf!
(9.102,,)
mozgAAi PDl'rP opprMont..
A ~Pl1J'.,.;;g .. SCHRl'JDlSGER-.-gy''fu..t],,nPXI,li,it w6J0ajPkuik mrg. Ezi-rt a hulLi.lnrUf',K\-....

nY""k komplrx h1 ...kfi ff'W""nyd,. A 1~lh,;-I.<; U"'lIUY~clt rrl<:'k<'in<-k ~t.aNWtx." "'~ l)-,.- il,.Ill.
""Ii min<lki>tmgg""nyt1'!t7-iik""s Vf\.Il. T<M\hhif,.[ti-tPlrk ""","I~""k /I hllllAmf'-lf,gW"Y IlJ'f ~-.r.Mi-rt".
1Il1l<"ly .. ~klollf'k /I vw.gMt wlomAny t..l...wl"'S"", dV 1k-~t..l..mo'I>f>11 valO duo~kocliL.';:...uo.
!LZllllt""gPtlrj" le.
~lintkn ~pt'("j,u;,. 1l"'h..,J,Ia.. " j>ot,uci>.lo11 !dv.-t1 n~ fugg It.Z ..dot 1 pruhl"m" krz<!Pti "'"p<'l"f'mfdtCt..-I..i ki>WttiloOlcJ.onhatO ..r6t01. i>o. AltalAl,.llI,uUooJ,,u<!.1 1Il,..&r;"I"Wll,.rtkkf.lad"trul ""11 "7.0. II.ffi('I\lu..k
m'ogoltl..........w /I ""jat,,,ti'k"k ,.....l(>I"'1I hln",k f!zikllij..l"nt'--'I. ..\ J,.I,,t.><i-(I;,... rupgo!<lA.<oka.t az t(illltti
ki. botr;y II.bI<zoltlt crtfkiik n&gy""lt nUlltl"nilt t "lO/ttl'l",,1. r<"gulari>ook i7. " viogt..l.. nben ..ll,I""..k.
A h,dlam-r~"'=-Jit~ t..11,;~~.y"I""j{m az d 'lUi 1{"",~ k{'kl1,k .'K\'....... 1"f'V.l.Jlll.u hnll,uu- '" ,"",,7.<'n<k,~
tulajdOlL...:.g..;k iii .......:,,\ "SCHROOISCER-"ltY""ul,'! 0 1:.44. old. ) .. DE BROGLlE-f"\P ""ylLlt;huliAmok
In,lIiuHt'K\'('uk'1<:-.
A ll.. mrel..tivie..tikll~ l'whl"m"krll. ",,1<,> knrlA.tmi"IM l\7.t j.l.."ti. hogy a " r....7",..,.k,."..~ "oklutl
r..ny...l"." ......g (. <: r).
ki,..hh. mint .. "
2. A nemsteclonarius , id6fiiKKo Schrodinger-.gy.. nl .. t

A7. m ti>m"K'; ,wmr..l" tiv;,."'''ikllfl fll,illlll"Ul.<" J'<",z,~.,.k, AII",,,,t"t, th- i,,, idOf(;AA'; U(x !> r l
I} pot.,,
riAl .........." az irlofiig,g0 SC HllI'JOISGE R''ltVl'Il],ot frj.. I" (9 .103.. ). Az 1.. [,.u llw!,:f"KII..hnawU. a h"IUull-
.c,.
mMotII "ll.h1li"..r.ril< ' .... rdAlj" diff,or""d"l,ogy.,,,l,t..l , .. mdy",'k m<'golrlilAA." valu.. "rtp kil ,,(x) pull'llf'i-
fiiAAV""yr.. vonatk07,o ~1 .... ,iNi~ [dtPl"I..k .. kiivPtk,v~;;k;
IJf(lggvCfly; .J. m'Wnt .. LAP LACE-up,rAtor. A "'.'K"ltI,..., """" "" M(xj,
a ) A I!<-fiiAAV"'ny folytol100' "" korlAtt:.L.
rl,
/I
A SCHRODINGER""KY"nldr6l I<1VAhhi 1{"7.1"t,,, llldlliv.u"'k tlliA/III,l,lk ..h"il,t; fizikai tAuk!>nyv<'kl>f>1l

(IAAdI'1. 19.G].19.8j .19.ll.i]. 122. 171). E],I,,n .. f,j,.... tI"'n l1"'h"ny ..I/lI'Vl'16 pildava! foglalknZlluk.
A n",!,:"ld""t u&.vII.I1\,lo' lut.pjllk. mint ... (9. iOnh) loA" (9 lOCk) hullemegy..nle t."",td"Jl .
,a,.. .=
,.
tla ,do~
-&all
(9. 103a)
p=-~!!..
=- ~'I;'
i {If
1
ahol .l /l LAPLACE~1<>r. h '" -
b-U boaMrlni.:
"' - ~ .ltJ ~ U(I,.I~.r3. t)v- ff~
if .,-U( f . t ) .
ff sa 2m
(2,.j:i)~ j"j"'j"'/(Ol.Ol .03) '

- ".
A SchrOdinger-t"g}'enlet
Ax egyenlet felallitasa .\ ScHROOI:olCEfl-""l!Y"'nlM mntuffiTllHh"nikai 1"f'D<J,.voff'kM ir \f>. AZIlZ

~toktn 1ajdol~ai.lIakll,,~t t.."zi khf'tL'lv,\ lIwgol<liwli .. It' lIullrim.fbf9n'.. ,..k.
Olyan pareWi>c diIf,.... "..~wllll.'1.l\IllPly .. h,dlk nfiiggv/oolly t~nti mNw>o.k.
r3 l pollllwli " 101(. 1. Xl. r .ll
...s
b) A W/fJrl. wliJIt
c) A
.... w/iJ.r~
I.. f int''gr&J.llI.tIl. """""
f/f,
Il>(r[.r2.1" . tWd\'
I",r<"il\!j._ ,lrriVll.ltak folytol108l\k.
2.
< 'X
(\l.1044)
A lIorm&J.1uoi r..ltM.olrk""k rrlf'ld.....liIrll ll\.l1llak I\. V71hu.inii""ge. bator" ~k "ftZ..don WtomAuyb...1l

VI\lI. EhiJr'Z Pkgo'lld6 (9. 104A).
M inl.<1tTAI i-rti'u & t;.' elOtti a1kallIW! Iwm;tan.. flU;wrraJ I -W ,s
tph<-t6.
",,rt
A>; ioiOfI~ SC HRODl "GER-<'1Q""tt]f-t~" koVPtttzo a1&k,j,
'(z,.r2.zJ,f) '"" i" (z [ . l"t .lJ)r-ift
A m:u"Cl'k.- All>t.j>OlAt <10' lIZ idovli.!t<W.'>!wul _" -
"" az..oou A1u.llOtb&n" .........k, ~j11 Al1Audi>, ..u:kor IK"ID fiigg AZ
..,;.g.,. ho,;,v II. ~ .. d" lJorf,'ltAt<-k-mhPn tA1alhat6:
idOtOI...uWi: II. d., ~,,_
d_1t1 d\." -= n ' ciV

Ekkor ""I lDoD<ljuk. ~ ~ till..,.,tiJ ........" ""'o.....
I!UOCwoI
" ~kr P!X"I'JI:ui.j... A <lilffT<'ll(i<i.I'"IQ'"lwtct b.-li-gitd '" tmll.irnruw"'n)'f'Jc &DUM Ao)'ifmil",;..."..k

o<ak hi7A>DY'JO' "~ryotJ-m"ull: I'tl<"U'n 1k.....lK'k, """,I)"I"kl\Z aUolt prob\hnA ~brn Il ~J>f'<"ifik"" (>f',.,.rn&-lti'l.. kok!>dl ..d"clTLllk.., ,, f'I~"k<-k ~ ,..jjll" ~k<- ........ ryt<I-'1""ltnunAl. H.. U~
vt-g.... mPlY""gIi pot.mn4lYiigy. lUudy Il ~pIPl\h,..n dt,inik. ak kor .. m.'g1ltiv ""j.\ti'rtd"k dL.:Jm:t .prlt.
romot "Jkotn..u:.
H.. "" ....l olt tArt<.>""~.uv .... ~ li-r..... kur k-Iwl~.... 1",.,.mf..lwU'1, boK.v 'iJ LEBESGU E-i'rt<>1<'lI1I",n Ill':
rg ..... tf f<'II n"gyz<1.<","" illl~1Jh,.to O""'l ... -.!l. oltl. "' lK l lj. ol<l). Ha a>\ adott t&rtomiLny k"r J,;.tu<. "I .
~llb ""KY h"ngo'T. nlr.knr al'...1,..'l1"",uti'Ttfkf..l",h,f l"h.1 pI. az. !logy tjf = o.
= 0 ~r--i41;" .....1hf.n .. HELMHOLTZ-I"I" dlff......-ncW~MWt ..t kapjllk

(9. 1Utift,)
-11:/'1..
~;. =
-l.,1!1'.
~~. '" -1</ '1,.
(9.10.."<:)
11:/ ... I- 2 _ 1r. 2 ;- B. (9. 101ltl) amib,;1 az k<::ovr-tb,w,. bolo'

.."
M-.goldisok A (9.10&) e,;.wnIMtk
n"w>I<u..i.
h ( l 2 ..-ly l ..- 11:. 2-J. ( 9. I(Jlwj

2m
kO~1.k-'5li~ydl::
9.1w.r.1
" . =A. , sinll:. x. !/I. = A. "m k. lI !/I.=A .....u k,:.
Oha.x
""
0.,
= O~
&hnI A. A,. A. al1and6k. IR.' 'I kidl,dti ... r.....tb-~ ~dU-to>k-k.-t:'I
z = O. H"lY 'I = 0 x = G. II = b ....: = c ,...-tio II' t..tjrl<,ilJlOD. krIl boo
t9.1O'Jh)
~iD Ir. = sin".b = t<ink.c = 0
U'ljoooriiljOn. ftZAZ
l.= -" '-, l;= -"'....

-. 11:.=-nI,
(9. loc.h)
A _1;-.2. _ l;2. _ 1;-. 2 >0"~itllltndOk kaWtt .. kiWPtk<'1Jl<-fii~&Il fr,m;
_1.",",
E"L.
2m
-'gU( i)
'iJ. dy
j,"' + ~';' ( - F}'''''= O .

IIf'lI1rrWivUoztlku.~
01'. d.r
3.
SCHROOI NGEIl~h61 (!1 10M) 11.(9. 1().I1o~~ _bPt6 ""
EJ>b,'u a ""intion
= _ ~ '" -8
(9.1081
'iJ. d:2
h2
A b..J. olda.Illlindharom t~ 0'IItk "ltwtlo-n
m"m""
vitltmi>t6II1IAA. W,: ~.~.", ~. y ..... z
.....1 m ~ a...k ..kkor Io-ht"t. -8 AlJandOv>o.l ~16._~ mmd e harom ~ k,iIOn-k,oollll" Al~.
Ebl..... ..z """,hoon .. pIVl:iAlis tliff"""rK'~1M hNnm ~ difl'c""lK'~nIM.,.,.....ik ,..""t.
.LrP'iJ, .... ..:. rP'iJ ... ...!.. rP'iJ.
(9. l00k)
3. A ~tadonArius. id6ffigf'tkon SchrOdingel"-e!O'en"'t

H" ilOl { " poWnciAI nfflI fflUa>' iMt&. _
C' '" V(r,. rt. L3)' &klmr JIZ iUlIr.potok JpIrft.~.~>d6A:1
;,ootOl fiiggootk-t, SC HR60l"GBJH~llM .. t k~t6 "'(r,. rl. Xl} lrullamlllgg\'fny. A lM'm>otAo:-ioD4ri""
(!.l. ICl!l.<t)
"' (r , /I.:) '" lJ'.(r) 'iJ. (y) "'.(:)

t:kkor (9 .107.. )-k h"']Y"'It,~itVf' 117.1 kApjlLk. hogy
(9.104h)
EI" kDrfr,.k...,.ncia - n l l t p"'riodikUl< fiigxvffiy irja 1<-.
A megoldaai m odsze r K..........,ik" m<"ll" I<I""t " kiivl1.!-.di ozt1.vAhvoztott..IaklWL:
2m
....bul .. ""'jl\.t"rti k ,\ = ---,;2
(~.I{)(jh)
Eb ben ..... ......tll('U " r"'N'mr..lti1 ,] ~akr,," ...... hogy 'iJ = 0 .... peremen. KuriMOfI tIl.rt<>UUilW .... 1 ...U
(9.106&) ....-tott t.f>Jt.di k<>rlAt<ozA~ll>Jt iYavdttt aku ozlikai H"~.pkT<' vona tkoao kiindlll""i ('gyPnl"t.
4. DtJbozh.. tArt Mztor.llk....r6m ' lIt"s m m:gits a
1. A problema f.. lv..t/>sto T,fityiik fpl. hOl'Y "RY m rPKlf'Oll-"rOlll"ntN< DlO'/'I;Ml wgp'z " RY Ath..tolhlltll.tbm fa.hi. u, b. " f ht . tf~l .. lt...t ..I"k,\ ,1"I"y/,I,,r....j".....n ugy, h,lfO'cps OIYlll L1'1Itl'ndftJ ~.ar""f1y I."rtia.
I"""". I\lllPly ,, 1.'<. miudharorn irAnyM"'lI Ji.thal.olh"t " t lIllLN'iKa miatl. v"gtd"lI mag "-,."u vnn . 1<:'.>11;" 1'(',
"7" "",k... tartm kotlA.. i" vII!fllq,lnfl,.{g'-. " 'J! hulJAm fiiggvh Ln}"'l ..gyutt II.Iuhom n kiviil ,!lflllik. Ekk"r ..
SCHllODIJI<GEII-r RYrnl",. (", .. 1" r<mf, I!.d,],k .. kiiwl.k,-wlc
ha
.11 "" b .
: = ".
E ... .. "2
~m[("')'
(")'
o
b
(~)']
r
(n ....... n. = 1.2...).
(9.109d)
arniM11IZ kiM1.kl"Zik. bogy .. ~k"twk" kOtn}...,,,,,o'vl"1 y"Jb P1~j<oTlf'm folytorloAAn. hAIl"m

N1&gok.h.u1 (kvanuunokboul) tOrtfonik. Az ..n....f{i.It o.a]'ilm"kPi'- ~ n . n...... n. IU.iunokat .m.nIIlIM...,j" ",1wak llf'~,-Lk.
A.
A A
( A
,
}2 j'J"f'j sin2 ~
sin2 lI'">oll sin2 ITn,: drdlldz
a
b
r
...
(91l1-,",)
"" muil ...., jrltt<t d I>6 l kOIlU)'{'l1ll1"Rkal' ]lIlt..... kull~ta.wo A4.A. "'.<>rt.llt.lIJ1lE'lyMlllJAr IIl!oon'tk a hJi.rom
kVlllltum..,.,yuul j<oll{,lIlw Ji.1I"l'ot"k1.<1.;.... '''J,illii'YJ'';n!/f'i:
(8 . lTn , r . Itn.y . ITn.:

'iJn ........ = V~"m-"- 5L11-.- " " - ,-
(9. 10'Jf)
A d"l ",z oldal,"n d t ,in""k " "" jJi.tfiiggv(uY' k. 1Il,rt "r<>;ilLl\lll\fii~vhl)'t'k V"lllllLl]yike ziont~. E~ " f" lak on
klvii! U. ill:.<tZ. h",
r
= -n<l. .
(tl.107b)
Z
2"
(fl. - I )"
".
".
". n.
"
2,'
n,
".
"
Y= -
s _".
01' '" 0
..hoi n...... ~ n, pg""" .,.-VnoIi:.

Ek knr AZ oWo7l'J1<'Tgia
=- ,
2b
(II. - l )b
"
(II, -
l )r
- -- - ,
n,
(~ .I O'Jg)
9.!!, P"rci,ui.. dilI~ rt "csai~qycnl..t('4
550
V(Jl) E(ll)
IKY". - 1. ~ - I. ill. n, - I ..,.; r-, y-. ill. zt,'n~'Jyr .. meroWgCII sikunk VlI.Il,IUUdy.,kcDl/f eltl1nik. E:t<'lu t
IIIIIkukKt ,,,,,mO. J1M-",,k nf'vP7.7,flk.
4. E gy ~p<'Ci.l i5 (e lfa j u lt ) "",'I : a kocka .'\;t.:l = b = C. IOZ&Z k.....k>L e>of'tkn 1\ ~Iu> All"llOtAt
oIylW. kii]oll1'>O:7Ji linrAn-n ffilOt"t]"1I Mjat(ii,uv('nyrk 'rjit.k I." lWICIY"k""k 11gyllJl>\l. "'" ellcr~jllk_
'fIll)
Et
""""d.ul f"lln.lJA~ n.) +n,.' + n,' i'wo:7..-g kijlOflhOzOAllapotokbnn uK,\'lUUl.Zt ... cnklu1. \rt-i f.1. Eklwr
dftJpJl di/npt>tokr61 ,-"lfmk; M I .11l.f1lh A:tOllOll rnergiaj" a1lapotwl.k V>I.lI ..klwr I-n.. ",,_ df<l]Uhl.,.AJ
VlUI.
'I..... " '
(.!. . . .!. + .r2!.)
Ee = 2m
~ .. ~
- 'I"-,,"",fPrl'4>-'
.Julgllnk.
n, k-PtuffilllZAlnok null" kiv"U'li-vPI mindrn tf/,ist. ~t f"h",bctm'k. H. a 1Iulla ....u,ktot

;,. fr-1Yf'b<>tni'k. Akkor Az IW jl>lPnt<"tli'. ~ .. bu!1iLn,f,-lJ',KVcny AZOIlOtINI ""m... tWIZ a ri_~. DO"UI
k'bel~ 11('001 adoho& .... w..-j..o.-n. F'.zi'rt .. ~"",,,k kf,Il. hogy kogy.-n rnrrgiAj.. a;< "h';20o]('1 nulJ... r"k
~kor. Enncl: a :rn..pon'. fm....:Mno.. ..... l"7"inak az erwb' a korb~"n:
.b
-~-Fh'=,'-3
.,,
-....loc'::>"++=O+- 2
(9.HOb)
9.21. ..hra.
:>. R ....z...",k.. m oz lI;ilsa n-nt r'lui mffif"lrikUll ""'Ot .. rbeo
(Ii.d 66.'>. old.)
A p robl#om a f..lw!P!of. T"S)'11k fool, ~ "'ltY """'.....,.k.. "'ltY mindnJ ~lIgiLr 1IM"tlti-n '.,;v>m<>lr>U',
... VIr) potl'OCW MI.AM.JAt l 1Jl<lImlI:. Ex "modrll a:z ..1rktronnak .. poo<itlv t<)Jt.;.o,1
UWt ..Ifokt....-..rtatik,'" trr+ho>n t<'irtkl<'I rnnBf!:ilMl irjll lI'_ Ali_I .. prohlkna IlOm'-immO"lrik..... ri--...m1
1.
N'1ll.r~mID"trik"
hl~ adodik.
... z2.
_,_-,-dr (,, _'drR_), + 2m [E _\ ' (r ) _ Ill . . I)"'] = 0
r""r..w"~.;.
';"'Ilfflg!.
z=rtuod.
da
2 i)j
= 7);i ...
I 'y-r;
; 7); ... ;i /JVl
2.
(9, 110..)
II
lb. (9.111 .. H lwlwry.,ttn<itji,k (9.1 11c)-b... alrJmr MI. DJ,juk. bo,;y
"ill" {_fh i'_-'n d dd
LAPLACE-<lpf'I'3IO!"
I
iJ' .t/t
2mlE- l'(r)] t/t=0r2,.jn2da...
;J ..,.
Hsindd"
('J. lltk)
ll'(r.II.",) = R,(r)j"'{II..;)
(9. 111 .. )
..:J...k hlln hol n. <'SIlk ,..Ull fii.Q.. '" t;"'(d. ",)....,.k ..."".ilj!:<,kt61fiiAA6 hllllamfiil'J';V"l1y. (9. t 1 1.. }-t (9.1 10<')1><. hd) t ft,,<' "",I. IuII,jl1k. h,>IO'
..!..
iJ (r~iJn.) );'" + ~1 [E - \ '(..)IR,);'"
r~ iJr
iJr
h
=_{_'_~
("ill;iar;"')RI
+
r~ ~in (J {N
iJtI
rn.uu.
1
EflYt' R1j
..J "in!!,} ;).,.-2
,"
I{,
- - (, ~ -d n.) + -2",r~
.- [E - l (")1 "" -"'7""
<1..
1,1
r,'"
I &t;'" j .
U ( Ml1 d-.01'1"') + -", - iJr)

sin d J..pJ
- . - .,.-.,.
"mdiN
(9 ,111,,)
A (9. 111<') .. gypnl I",, '" vlllt,m'.k,,:1 ol<lilJr'" "'~"'r""rAIt ", k. whAt ""-"lk ..kkor olrllll1ti> !t1<, !': . h"" kH 0101...1
"10'.."'....on 81111nd6 1''R)'<"'I.ik ltlf'll. Ekkor "lllUd8Ii~ rlitf..,...nciiilf'!O'<' nkth<51 ki't kiYf-O""""O'''' di tf,...."d
in. pnbi...."...,u-t
(9. 11Ig)
2d " 0 .
sind dv
onrnutliJi.'l ~nlt-t,
".
'?
(9.lIIh)
+m 4' = 0
~ti.tl<lkil t'gy"lllct fiigp;<,t l<'Il " 1>o....""i&ltIll. t"h"t
minden '~'llt ..\J...z iuur...lrikll/; 1>o1.uriit..l ..... t .. l>crJ. tdjl~
~lilll ..k.
A (9. 1111<) lIlc"00l<liIsokkai k." I><""L..tIHuI I"'rom d,,~,,~ ki,,,,-tdiink 1lK'lt' r _ etC ......... " tl\r\.>la.ll",k ll-hoz.
.. giiml> f,lli!.ti"I<'!t.v,!ltk "K}...rtl'lrUli<'k. .... kgy'lI<k 11,,.yv..t<...u illl,ogr;l.1hll.tok.
3.
H,) ;"'- mpl "",10 """t""""l. lt1l\jd rJt..1 R1.OrmV", "I-giil '" kii""t k,..,.1r16 iLl1llnd6t ...l......,.,l m~ "npk vh1Nrztani. <'kkor
('QI d iN1 iJ2t/1

... ~ Mn" i),1 ..,. ~!>in}" o....:J
A megold ill m iJdj a K<,n _ iik .. 1n<1t' . ld
lOU-l. vlUa.<ztjuk,
rj-{II.,;) = 8 (11)4>( .; ).
polirkoonliu.iLiwo AW:.;.. 1Ww11u'ti-1.. -u .. ~uocioniui.,,,, SC H R()D1 S G ER~nlet .. kiWPtkf'z6 ..w,;",
, d;
u ( r'iJr
"") +~
;i
~.;rno'l
(9. l11d)
2m~
f,J
A ,;zOgt6I fiigg6 risl:t
no.;" ",,-;lk.. b< IlZ r-k'I\l:dy ~... E idem
iP'"
.j,tj
n.~
r=r!<iu"I."""'.
"_arrt'UI>:,
Ha " fent l'UlIitrlt an..lldol{l + I). aklwr ~...-k r-1OI '"" \ '(,.~td1 ~<5 'm. ruJiGb._
~tctbpunk,
lif>wl,ikoordiniltAllr.. atti'mlink (9. 20. ihra):
..-=,jr2 +Y
551
A radialis egyenlet megoldasa A (9. 1 11<1) r... liAlj,. ' 'RY''u],'!
I<
\'(r) p<>wm,iill mellet t rI'lcR ""
/(1+1) aJlall<l6t. i~ tartalllla:r. ~", . Mivl'l "" l>j(r) fii~i'llY Ui'RY~A 'l-<' " ""':tt~,.k{,,,'k Il:l r (", r+dr!?ollll>hi-j"k
ki'rl.iitl i IUl(rJ!2 dr '" 114{rWrdr t..rt<Y/. k<"JMj vll.lo...:11ll1"'Kl-t ...Ijll. Itll'l(, 1,'lO't'u
Itj{ ..-) = r R,(r )
(9. 112.. )
Ez?,..11\h"!yptt..,lt&",...l " ko",tk,w "IO',lim"llzi{II< SCtrnOD1NGER-" I(Y"ll 1t't" t Iu.vjuk,
-,1,,/(..)
- + -2m
dr~
Ii~
E -V(r ) -
A~ <'jIJl.. "I,t1"'n m..gt a.lAlhati> 1\

~.~
"" V(r)
+ l'i(l ) .
1(1 + l)f'Z
] "1(r) .. O.
2m..z
(9.11:1h)
kr.t r.....zh61All...
(9.112,,)
..
:>52
PIf.. kti" pmr""j3l. ,\
\' III _ 1(1 + ! jll l

~
h~
( . l l ~ l)
rorg....i ''....r,ll;ili.t ' ,,"lrif\l~j,.
I""- ..n(iAIl1.. k n<"\"l'ZZiik.

.I" z I p4llJ'l j"'p..tn..."y<>m"';.l:.h.....I""'..zri'" liziluli j ..l..lltf.:sfo" f,,~ ~kr kl.lwo:<.ikll_
..... _ ~8..;2
(H.J)2 _ [1 _
2H
28
[2
ZrrtT1
forg ....-.i PllrrpAjA.llAk mintAjlu-a 1U1<Xllk. llho1/;} ""
iml"lttI:,,,,nYOIDllti-k:
[1", lei ....
I)'? .
EhM llJlf"gkapjuk a
p= ( _l)l .
(9 112to)
jJr t..h.-I''llrn..,j>gi nynml\tiok (". r ""
rl- . . v'i(T+'ij.
9':: A pIi.Iy...
(!U I2f)
A .pol~n ~t mf'goldba .-\z 1(1+ I ) "'"' Q .., ' iilland6t tart.almJlW a(9.1I 1,lJ) ~lrtf'llV
LEGE.'iDIU:..f~k- <lJtf<'t;"~'tllrt (9.,jt,a). A 8;'(") 1llCR~1 .. !JAtVftny,,,,.."" f{'jt.o\o ~I
~~tAro'UIl. \ /of(.... '-'J..vh1:..!w,ln. fl)lyt.ol:no ~Ast bpllnk 1(/. 1) '" 0.2.6. 12.
_ ro.
-I.
1=0.1.2.
Iml:::;l
~. no ~ (21
(9, 1IJ.. )
t I) ht<krt whl:1. ,i-l;
-/.(-/.1).(-1 ... 2). . . 0,.
(/- 2).(/_ 1),/.
Az l i"' (d , ,; ) fftggv"n y..k a:t. ," RYn"W7.ctt 9i>mbfii99"~''''k.

1111. lI.Z f rAdiu",zv..ktort tii krozzii k "'" OOI\Ora (f - - ri. akknr vh<lI" - d ~ .".hOl .; + 1I" l",,"~, ami };"'
..l6j"li't lllegyaIto:t.t&thl\t.ia:
Yj"(lI" - d. -;: 11') = (- I{Yi",(tJ...).
(9.II:;h)
(!U IJb)
A nqMPk5 LEGEl'iDRE-I><>Iiunmnbt '" '" 0 oortion bpjuk.",,, ko.....tk.wki>ppeb drllniAljuk 6kfo(;

(-1)1Ij"" d''''-(~''-lt
f;(co;d)=2ijt( 1_0000
(atn;dy' .
.
(9. 1130:")
_~zl = 0 .. m = ... ('011 = r~I"..,.wj"tw1.I>f'flriMOr"jli LEGENDRE-pol inomot h -WI 19.:.6<:) (" 20 ~,~ I
:\~ azt kApjUI. ~
-Y'
..
. .......
kint.-tt hlillam fiiggvl-nv 1"'"t<iJo"'t:
(9.116a)
parita.. A pan'"" llZ II. nl!ajdon'OAR...mrIy" hulJalll~YviowolkNI~ jru.-Illzi IlZ r ---4 - f tirtUoh-nz"'kor i1Mi 268. old.). E~t a P in~. mN< ni-w'n .. l....-itMopo-rlltnrT'" jrllm>rzh.-tj;ik: P ,,(r.,) ,, ( - I", t). J P\Oljiik crm<'k &01: op<'ri.tomaI< a _jA1h1"kH P -... 1. ....knr P ki't>Iu>ri a1kaJ~val. >WlZ
pp"'(i .t )..... azt kapj uk. boc P P+(i. l ) = ",( r.t). AZUu"rt"tkti bllllJunfij~nyt. Illll<'n az ko'M.-tb-zik. bogy
p2 =- I , p ", I
(9.1l6h)
...n lJl<lQ<!juk. boK.v ~ hulIi<mf<-lqvi'ny p4n>JJ. ha thtii.~I Ilf'm dlto:t.t..t,ia ..16.icl"t. ill. p<inJlln...
ha thtijk~1 dOjt:"'t vAit.
7.
6. LiniMris bannonik Ull ORKil""lor

1. A problema f... ~.... t""" Ha.........a... ...-If''...-k krkolb-:tll<"k.M ~ otaiILir..chan" Vi""""'liorito.,ro
F = -.h al"l",i (HOO KE-tOI'vkly). fit. ~ ft ..k_ll.-iAjAc....ltOrin-k_nnAj....";,.. Apot..ocWi~ "llf'rgiara
~a kiivrlirIDo...z..rugpk:
~=
1
2 ..
/f;,.
(9. 1Ha)
. ' '"
If.
E... =
(9,1l7b)
~k~ =
.; r
2
.
(9 .117.,)
(9. IUtia}-o.. vaM> br}..,.lyrttelQt<->-!a SCtfIlODl~G f.R-~uln a ko-.kf'll6aWui:
~ .. ~[E _"':mr2] \J'=0,
(9.11
21+ I(/-m)!
- , - (f
+ m) ! . P,"'(rout) "" ..~t P,"'(OOIIitJ)
(9. 113d)
5 : AJ: az im~t.li. "lO"'nlpt m~1dha Mi_ l a ,"",-,,",Ie V (r ) I>otenriiI.I a.!tal m<'giuolILroaoU

gasA,akkor L~ fi1llltrtlPll a:t: uimutAiioo ~l. h"a tiT f'g)' hv.onyoo> iranya ki """ tiilltrtw. pl. ha llhn ;:;
lIZ ltlUlYlw.n m...gu........ ti'"''' MJ ..,J M. ..,.;'rt II. 4' '" 0"'- ~ 8<:-''' . iLItaJimooo lI",&oIdiw;t a
4'",(10" ) = A ~ "'I ", ,, ,
(9. 114.00)
alakl"'-ll kr.-.-,1k. hogy 11lI.. lt fiiAAl'l"'n 1.'IQ'f'1I ","'Ull. Az LK....;rUk~OOI ...16d6
4>..(.., ... 2lr) _ 4>..(..,)
(9 ,l l4 h)
mi"u on <NLk a O. I. 2.. "rti kokot wh,ti f..l.
A,
J14>1
d", = I '"
IAI2
1.
d.;
= 2lriAIt
.,.
(\1.11&1)
dy'J +(>. -1')'1' = 0.
...... .. WEBER-fi-Ie diff"wll,:w...,;.wn wt

2. A megoldas m .. nete K''f <.....iik .. W EBER-fi'l" <'hdycttffiitll nk .. (\U 1&1) SCHRl'lDJNGER"'SYpn lpth... a kknr I!.zt k>tl'i uk. bogy
(9.114<1)
A" til k""ntum~7.AIll"t n"i!J"~u~ h'",otl",.. ., i"' nll-k uevezzu k.

6. A s zogt61 fUgg6 fTH'KokiAsok (!J,Ill,') ht,lmPl",,, a polar- "" az a:lirnntali'l ''l\Y''nl''l('k,'' n....;.~.
kdl !I7.on,.l.m:
l j"' (v, ..,) = A{,1)4>{:,;
.PO
..Iakbwl. Diff.....nciM"""'" azt Ml'juk , h"llJ'
f"IVt ..1mi..tt:
I
4>",(:,; = J!!!"""I"'" {til '" 0, 1, 2.".).
lJormA!k;i
(9. 111'<)
t...Iyf'tU'SitiwlPL ahoI >. mol parami-wr. nem a hnllAtn~, (9. 11&0) ~A"'l"'lhb a1aknI.bozh..ui:
!lily) = e--,',7 H(y)
10
>' =,~
-.
(9.11I:\h)
(9. 1 1~)
en
dH
djjf -2 y
+p-I )H =ll.
(9,1191
(!J.ll~ )
dy
K,'n_iik H t Illitv&nyllOr ..laklWU1:
v-
lJ = ~ a; y .
......
I
am iM
JJII
dlJ
.-1
T
"" ~
~ "" 'V ' dyr y
,~l
..,
L
,., i(i -
l )a,y' - 2.
(9.12Oa.)
>
'M
,ff,
r"""O<k' a (x. rot dI) intpl"Vl'lil'lmhl'ln tI\rt(y~ko.-lik. Ell" vNlwdulWg"J.l"kPn II pontokon kiviil i.~ kiilon-
L i(i -
."'0'
l)a,y,-2 -
L 2,Il,Y' + L itA -1)Il,Y'

1
, .~
(9.12Ot,)
z __.... =
(j+2)(j+I}o,., - 12j- (A-1l]a,
V=O.L2.. . .)
(9.12Uc )
JI J>IUn' kilf'voil'W'k
~;ilthAti>it .. 1If'gi~ev.-l. pamtlan hatvAn~An.. k <'C',nhAtl>it III ~~I
Wt<-t kif~ni .....okt a., ",ll l lO?AttNlnn vl\laP.thAt6..
3. F i~ikai ~oldUok )\rr.-Uk ~ ..don ~ tart6o<kodNci vaI6tozinii"''1e:i-t /U; ... Iott ,u"">')tok ....... Eukrt..z AllApntnlllot "ltY lisilW~rru-ITll"".ftza.l oonnAlhatil., nAgY .. rtfk,.;" DlIllAoo. tart"
....jil.tf,-~ny ... "ltY ~n in~jJhato 'Ir(:I: ) hulJAmfiiggvo'ny gil..,!og l lrjuk \P.
-\. (~U l!M)l...li <'Xp(
/ 2) "l(~ fila'."k,y bi2\O<iljA. bogy , - x , U>u f l, ) 1I111W><rt tart.
-,r
<.
L,
I.-h
Eo
~.
ba H(, ) "IY polioow. EuTt .. (9.l2ORl-bo.-li IIJ ~utthatOk ~ biwnyoo n inc"oxtOl b-L<I.... r!lt'itu.. ok.
tu.J > n. ukur 4" # o......., _ "'~2 = ....~3 = . . = O. j = .. ......-tfn InOf<t .. (9.1'2Or1 wkurzi/wl
formulA.. kiiowtk<-:WaIak",
2n- (A-1)
lI~.J = (n ... ZI{" .. I)"~
(9 .121.. )
I<ZlIZ
EnIMok lI" ;. O. a....2 _ 0 .-It'll o<Ak..t.kor V>W rnegoIdAAa. ba
2n-(.A-I) ", o .
.":"0
A ~
(9.12I h)
Igy u.-gfdl"l<5 ~ .-t.~'-u ..lt1llwrk "'" a...,. a....4. "R)'iittbatOl, Ho,:y "'" "-..I. a...J .
f'(YiinMti>lr. if;
cltolnjrDrk. u-l.i-llu"' .....U a.._l _ O-nak.
a.. = 2". a.._ 1 = 0 ftO<'"lt.u IIER~UTE,oonomobt kapunk (1Md :>220 o1o:l. ). All ..1.... hAt p"linnm 4
kOv.-\Jtt,z&
(9.121<:)
n '"' a: H~ '" 1201/- IGW' + 32,J

Azn ":gf. , lmnl''''... ui'JI ....wn a 01' (11) ~da.. .. koW'tk"".o:
.;~ = .\'" l"-~!!H" {y ) .
(9.122Il)
ahoI ,V. IIOnnA1A.'<i AIland6lwd,...l ,"" / .;.! dy = 1 norn.aw.i fdlkt.-lh61 ka[,hatllllk m"K:
v ' -- _l_~"
..1101
-~
f'
(9.12'21,)
..;;; = .
'; =. "
"k '
(9.122t')
(n =O.l.2, ...).
A.
6.
k"]!
j;li II kl.....;.ik".. ,,,qA:illAt,,r for<lIlIIlI"'tJljllit jdiilik. alllplyll"k IImplitlld6jll" =
v,
= ~"1,.I21l1. A uw.,.
(3/2 )~ _tr-n dl<:.,. =- 2!'~-Ju' ds , m..lylWk maxiIllUIllh..I~
;. = V;;;::
r;;-.
(9.122<1 )
v~
UgytllIf'Z >I mcgfddo klaAAzik"!l hArmmlikl... ar.ocillAtor __,,"'""':
r~.w =
a =
J:::~
~.
(9.122e)
:>.agy .. kV>UlI'Im......amok""",Uon .. lrwwt.lImmfY-hallikai~Iot.~ 1I kIN-.ikWl kiYu-p&t.Ckhcz JIDu..

lit.
9.2..1.. Xemlinearis parcialis diffcrcncialegyenletek. szolitonok

9,2..1..1 . A problema elmCleti fizikai megkozcluesc
I . A HzolitoD fogalma
.-\uoht<>otolr: - VlIgy......lith hullawok fizikar.1as f'&"t nmllinoWls kl.rK WIC nlO'Z6 ~ mOdon
1obIiz.BJ.1 u.\'lY&i; II lDf"'gftolr16 ..~ valame-Iy tartomAn)Tl'I Y>lll koDcrotrilV>l.. Ez aje1etWg ..k>ford,li:
.wliud teeekben. pl. anbarmimilruu-=-:.kbAo. JOSEPHSO:'<l-#rinT.kn6kh..n. ii~-. ill. kv~<li
k>lyadi-koIr:bao fd~i
VIIgy
8I'inhullli.mokkl'llt.
rlAzmiIthan LASGMl'IR-OGO!it.-lkkPnt.
litlf"ki>; moiPkulAkb..n.
II kllllil'lZikUII kYllntumter-..lmflclh..n.
., n1itoook l'f'nd<-lkPz....k mind~ . mind fl"dill hull4mtulajdoaMgokkat mindfon idOponthan
Ioka1izAlMtOk. P!l az a tartomli.uy illPt~ lIZ' IIpont. ahoI II h'lllimot lobIiWt&k. lilY mozog. mint "10'
IIlAhNI. ~k .., ..ot nyugalomhan iIo Jo-bpl . A qoJiton mint h,dl4m p'1'UlIIIl<'D!> aWtbJ rendelJuoDk: a
nml linNrit&.< eo II<lilIzp"'n:>n kiiozOtti ~ ""'I,jAn tw'tJl vAltonllljll formAjAt. n.~.
M...trmlltikailag " "ZOlitonok bizonyu< Ut'Uliineim ....,-riAJiIo r1ifff'TPll..~lctt-k ru~ldil.oo:lU. IIlIW'lyek
.. frt.Ikfthau. II ml18zaki tliOOmAn}-olr:han "" az alkNnaaJu lllAUomalikAhan k.-rill....k dO. K~
giikrt miJ,dffifa jta diloRl:ipli.ci6 hiiw,.,.", "'" adj", bogy .. Il"mlin..Jil"iII tJIltokAt lK'UI kbM. po'rturltAciOo.
rnM"'Zt'r<'kkl"1 keaeln!.
A iPgfonto8oLblo ilyen '"!tVf'nJptpk:
(9 .123 )
u,+6uu,+uur =O,
a ) a Ko rt..... eg de Vri es-(KdV)-eg)-...nl .. t
c) a
szi n us~--Gordon-( S G}-t-~n l .. t
.!.,., V-;;;
fiE {~"lwrgiAja
.. 11i'(.W,I. formnla adjll1\rmllk kvantummce-hanikei V,.]6Ir~illl1,..>g<t, hogy ",,",V
iu,
U" -
+ .... 21ul 2u = 0,
U. r
+ ..in u = 0
(9.124)
(9.12:
ill. t mint ind..x lJl()I;t parciAli~ tl.'rivAlt.vu..t j<oliil.l'l. " = {j!" foxl.
E",kh.'1l 1lZ egyenl..t<>klwn 117. "I!Ytli1nt'laii", """"t<>1 fORl>1lkozIlUk. Ill""''' >::: utE. t} uhol :r 1\ h..tykoordin!l.ta.... t a:7. idokoordim't... Az I"gyt"nl..I.kPl <lim"uziMllUlitoU'lk, RZII.Z E "" t dilTlO"nzill ni'lk,ili menynyi. gt,k. A gyakorlatlmn ."""kd meg k..l1 Rl'.orozni.v. ",Inu [Jr<,IMm""akuwgfl'I..ladim..nziOvalcllfttott
ro to mennyi..r-!,:ckk..l. n ""'lfll6 illllZ 1\ .... 1 ~ ill mint !W\.rmll.:lt...tottllU'Jlnyi,;{>gl....
2. Szolitonok kolcsOnhatba
HII k(>( kiilonOOzO ",00AAt'g11 ..wlitoll tniAlkmlk, ekkor II kiil,,'iinhatfl>; utAlI (II:)' vi"dkcdn"k. minth e
lithatoltllk volua cgy m,,,,,," , 11:'''''' mintll'gyik Mmliton fnrlllij" {~,,'I..-->x' ""zimpl.otiku><IIll m..gma...u:I:
f..Ui]> vi"wnt ..gy fAziski""'. K H .Wlitull 1l.I1"lkiil i. kiil.-fliinhlll,Altha 1r-1'1..'l cgym"".,..,.], hogy ..gym""t
n"1~" ':mmi"it ..nck. Ekkur cla.'ztikll>l kiiklliillhlltMr61IK""'....llink. Az ut.6bhi ekvival..n...gy J\'-s'l.Olitonn\l'gol<l{~'<AA.l . ahol;V "szu!itonuk ~/..ftma, A k..-,.,wtii-Tto<k_f.,Ja<!IlIUll'!:"ltlMAlJAllAthllto. hogy "KY adoU
k"1.d.t i impulzWl saolitonokra homlik. "lUdY"k !!dI.lIl<l 1"'111 '<'. iJllpulzOia formAjfl.t61, hancm fcliilt-u'-t6l
I.
Az I'Il"rgillAllilp"'tok "kvidi><:ttlUllI M[Mktrulllmal r<nd..J kcm"k. A 1.arojellMm II + 1/2...1 ~Il ""t jrl .uti.
bogy .. k V"'UtUlllll" ~'luUJiAAi uflzdllAtornllk...11<'Ilti-tl...n II klll....""ik,,~ "",,cillatorrlLi, llll'& IIll'glLi""""ny"hl.
n "" 0 ,'u"rgi""ll"po d", u i_ V,," 'u'rlliAjll. 'W
;' II zfn~'poJlta "'9"'" .. n""!i';1L
A 9.21, Ahtll l\z ,'kvi<liMztl\llll 'lllJ'lli,.:J.l"[M,tokat, a ""Weldli 0/10." .,
hlllJA",fiiAAvl'nY"k"t V"I'Ulliut
1\ (9.117r) [",t"lwiitJ iM "Il"I,!-(i"fiillllvi'llyt "'A'nMlteti. A f",t"llciflli. l'lIl'rgiAt "''''JlI1';lwT.~ Jmm)'olll p"n t-
nor
1, a.>.aZ E =
b ) a n..mlin..ar~ SchrOOing.. r- (NLS}-.. gy .. nl.,t
2"n' If'
A n"&gi"1 "u<'I"!tin ....jAth"tr-!uj mint b,,,nt<iJti.i f~lJt'td..J.: II. kowf k""iiI<:
ER=h....(n+D
~ ~br'D.
2
ft.., = 2n+ l .
"=0 : Hu=l : n =l : H 1 = 2rJ; " =2: H! o= -2+-4y'.

"=3 : HJ =-1211+lf>o/; " =4 HI = 12 - 4S? +- Wyl ;
s.
,,,
I.....ik I1ullatOl.lgy pI. ..
v' "'lQ'iitth"tt'linAk OIooQ;plwonnlit4AAVIIl NIi><Iik a koVf'tkf'Zd I"I'knniOoo formulA:
a,
'0'
inll
....
fttgg.
..
&
556
3.
Ne m limi1ris e vohki68 egy.. nl.. t .. k
E,>oI,<cio~ '"9Y",dr fl,,k npvfOUilk lIZ "[yllil '1O"'nl,.td. emely valamply fizik"i m""llyil<i-g idOl,,li ,,1...JellMM! frjl\ "'. Evo!okio.. "ltVf:'ldl'l f>"1<l"n]" hllllWuegYl"nlrt (1m; .'>44, oM.)." bllv.,.....'t.No; "'lQ'f'ult't (1.....1
fH6. old. ) hi ... SCHHOOINGER-egyt'nkt (l4>orl :>4i. oJo. ). .h rvohki(,,; l'gyt'nlPhok In<'gol'l.v.n.it ,.,.~ )lu;,;
roolliew,
" ', ~ 6( .... }2 + U.a
fr~gr;ny ..kn..k i>o ll" ......I.11i.
A Lin""",, rvol,j, i6f, rgyt'llkt.kkPl ..lI"IlIi't!>f'Tl" (9 .123 ). (9 .12-1)&. a (9 .12:') rtf'flllill.Ari!<~)lu,;o,...gy"l1uihl/ur. l"'l ~u. ilL sui u.
'"
(9. IJOA)
-.
k1 tacWID>lUlI" ki>vt-tk..w 1,,mliJl<>ArUol.&jtnW,
11lnilirtf'ArilI cvolu",n" "llY"rn..t"..k " II' =
9.2A .2.
oj
A Kort ew eg do Vrif'S-cgypu !("t
E lofordu lAs
A Kd\"-<"lt"f'T!Wttfol. knW1k.-w 1,rnhU-mAk matPIMlikai tArgyalAAakor taIiUkozhal lllU::
~ik vizf..hi l",," , ul<-tkPZl'l f"!iiIM I hull&mok.
1.
F{I .I) = 1 .. e'"
() =
F.JI''-'<.-1
F
'''--'
-../U(I - I f - , ;)
(9 1JOb)
......ten qy ..rolit<.>n~YOW ...
k' _"2)2 G ' - , )

F(I.j ) =I ~ ~' - ~ ~ ( ",+~ t!-
j
(!I.IJOc
J><>mlinl"ftri8 rioook &Im..rwoniku" f~.
b)
piAzIJlAfWkai pmblkllak "'
Ilf'mlineNilo l'Wkt rotnB.
..-kt [tf'diK "&y k"t --HitolllDt'gokl&M. A 2..-, = II brlyrt~~ (9. 13t.lIl;~htIl. ~ (9.126 ) ~~
k..pjllk. A (9.129) <-'K.""Wct ~ a (9. 1 30.} ht'5I I1~ .... ...ti>o16 ka!, '~ p"ltw.: nPI1lh~""'"~L
H.. (9 .126l-hAn II. +6uu. ~It ~611" . ""," brI)'<'ttI'Ntj'lk, Akkur(9.127) jobh okWAl Inf'lI: Jaoll ""","""IIi
( - Il-~. Ehhf.n a:l': .-tncn Gnh..t<JllnnokrOl j,. t"""';'hlnk.
A (9.129 ) "RY"lIl,t.a t ~ - 00
tl...n ~~1i~llt.oti.kll"i\lII"lt kl-t knlnoi>nw.t6!<ZOlitonl, lll..ly..k" .. ~
in' ~'l '" ~kf (.,. I'] "" ~~ t .. 1J iiJ:"KY ki>io;nnh"l""l r"lylUTlAt utAu I - .,. OO- rt" 1Il''g111t """.lmptot, k'L"\I1
k"'t uI!YlI.J\f}lvau "'-'1-:1':'1 neru knJoonru..to ",,~,ht"llh.. m""11I'k 4t.. A
hAll>satok.
uwgoldasa i
2. A z ..to...."I ..1 eo
A" II ~IUcillIO fiiuvi'uY"' YoIuotknai> K<l\'~W1. a kOvPtk0"Z6:
... - 6uu. ...u. n_ O
(9. 126)
En...-k ....,jjton . '""8"1dlII(Z. t ) :: 2m2
[,Jt(r"
".;)1
u(x,l /1
0,
1.
Wgy.ua.....w. taIalkoduo-
h w l : .
,",,--,,-.~.<:I II
>I.
.. ~ npti1cibal:i. lWIikuI" lIZ " ~utath ffi~ "" [ clrkt runlOK ":.r,,~~. :wn I . II.
KERR....flc!t.two.ahoIn( E ) = ... + '>lIEI2, ..... "2 '" A1landhkkr.
."
"'" oogtllvitalO __ k>tck hidrndiMmikAj..ho.n.llffii" pWttik""5pir4lbrok k-lJ-f\>,AtlP.<Zl ...lwtlivP.
F..~11 KdV-llZOlitotrt ~llUUrn~ . t (>

0) panomo>tf'f eo. t". A ( 9.:n, Ab rAn) to = I. EY til';'
kUfi lIemli~ rif..kt..-aJ ,uhm),; """'lnl...n. &mikor .. t
lIZOl.itonlw'~ d ...ri a lIWIil.Oll Alllphli.Jnj~ .... ~
2.
I'\,;t:
Az egyen le t
es rnt>gOldhai
..u U I'\'OIIiciOs fiiggvi-nyrc \'OWIot&uzO D<'wlirlf"an.. S<:htixliniPi"T-<'gy<'ltkt ~ owlitonlTlf'gOkiit...",; II. kOv.-t-6
-4
-2
~-'" l~
9.22. Mra.
A (9.12ti) '1tV"!l.oln<k \/lUlMk ,V--i'nuuM;:old"""-i is. ER)" ily.'lI S -",.oIiWUlllCl'i"ldAs .. t _
..'<ZiUlptolikll~......IIMn f..lirh"t" f'R)'flZt>!iU>llIlI<'gnldil.>o),; iio<!<-;,pg..kclIt:
,
" (I.t ) ... :L>
. (I . t )
-,
EI~ford ul.u
.0\ ~ 5dlJiidi~-<'lO"'1tlM.' ..I" kOwtkl"Jlll ~ UlAl-t'nuotiw
(9.121J
nagyobb&lnplil1ldojil "" k<.okeuyt"hh Kd V -..I.il.ouok

.Q'O"",hhlw l~. U1illt. kj",hh IUlIpliloooj'j .... ll&It.VOhh...e~k.A"tII'.<)lilQuf>Wlo"
a'...litoumui.mu.
mAnalt. helyu'ti>t irja '" t - 0 .""-n.
9.2A.3. Nemlinearis SchrfKliIlKt'r-eg)"cnle t
kPz6ll.W:(!Ak:
""2:t: r ..... I'-... lI-,J
i ... +u.. 2Iul' u = O,
:too
(9 1 2~ )
Itt mind..n U..(I , I) ""ohki<'", ffiW"uyl" \'" ... .--:'jI;;.", " ' ; ; fa.zu. j ..U"lIt<~. A kiiJ"";;ullMu'", ..ltittj -P..
k.. Z<.!cti fa,..iROk kUli'nhm.nck.. kiiJ""';;tt!l"liuo utAni .,.,: vi'jl;f'",.iROktOI. mig II. (.'" 1'1' .. _ , l'!......I,,,,.M,,;,k ,,"m
vNt<r"nak, ~ da,,,,tiku,, kiJlooi,uh" tfw '6J va n H1.6.
X "" 2 _a'lI (9.126) n,'k Vim k"II<WJilolllll<'goIJ""". :-;..m l'\I<ziptot ikus e,.dhcn nem {rh" ti> f..l"", dtlhhi
1
1
2'Jf..."" n . = 2'.,!ii;(I - I'"t ~ ;;ft) (n = 1, 2) jPliil"""kkcll'l kiivctk..-,Jj
alak,t:
1I.1l'1 khan. a lIlc!\o!dAlo .. k.. =
(9.l2'J)
(9. 131)
A 9 .2 3. lrobra (9.132) val"" ~ _mIi>Jl-foti. Mol, =
If (I.f ) ='blrh!21J(I +~t
,:Ilj'
(9.132)
-u. 'I '" 1/ 2 {.,.( = 2/5

ge u(x,t)
Itt U(I. t ) kompln ':'1lkktl li.lggv<'ny.., Ill'lIIlill"'riIi

5chrOOin~cr-,.,..olil-ollt .. kU~l'tkf'7Jj ""KY. dm"1l1.it',
nplkl11i JlIITlUllMl'r jdl" lIl~i; .,.{,., ... \ A tl1l11"'m

......m"l'l tmrkolo ja " - 4{ ...,l*"""gg,'l m,,,wK." hllr,
kolo hllJlAm fA:7.iAAcl..---'-gc
2('" A KdV' H"ulit Ollllai (9. 127) ,n..nt H hf'" ax (1/) "U1p- -b
lit'I<I{, .... " (E) ""h""""'g pgy1l1AAti>1 n;AAcll 'lI.
;\" kh!""" uhat i> "lOliton ......t ...hf' n p~"'kct ~ .\' ~,,,.I,, ..
<In,, va!AAZU,U l"",am i't cr jPll..m1i: ."., ( ... ,.:1ft, x ..
(f1 = 1. Z. . . ...... ). A""'lInyi l",n " ~MJJit"lIok kii-
eve.
lii"hiY!i; sth,"""'gU.' k.
l\Z
Ss""Jit"\lll,,'~nld"" at ....
:t Xl M1imptulik"i< ,,,,,,t, k l,,," .\' (9 .I:J2) II.I"h, ;udi,

V;<!U;\JiH "7.oEtuurl'l ""mEk.
9.23. Abr...
6
x-vt-e
55.
9.2 .4 .4 . A szin lls z- G o rd o n-egyPlIle t
7. Terben periodik us kink-rilles
1. EI6fol'l1"la..
A !<IimL"" wrdon-"C"'1l6t,'t /I, tfrl><'Tl inholllOg"n kVl\l1tummecluo.nikai Z 8'.o!ilJt<>I-rpn~r<k"t I"lei>
BWC H-.-gy<nlrth6l bpJu.ljuk. A kOvPtb-dl bu]wnjelcllliPgpkpt ml)(MI~i:
T1'WuAw.lh.orkO-.u.'Rrk nlt rlUOvioi impulzUMait (onindnkAlt tran.'lZP"f"'Ilcia),

nagyr..liilPt/! JOSEP HSON.fori ntko-zOk ~ foly;,mait . AZlIZ kpt !lZupraV1'7A"t6 kOzOui 1I1"jI;",I!uq>-
""""",."
lll!uprlLVnf'tilJ... hl>li'Uli (J Hp) ~pUiliull4mait.

A SG~lrt !l3OIitoDDM'gOld.rlooIlit "lO' U1gah61 hi "lO' n>gi>b61 allO mha.n.ikai ",~l IPll<'t lllOd<-Ileani. E,;y pont kOrnY"""~'az f'volUriOo filggw-ny foIytol108all atvill~ II. nulla ktikr6] "lO' ftI1AndO c
htiokff'. A:;r; lllIgol ..kink- .... lIyom4n IQ SG.,olIWnokat \Ohbnyin.- bn.!:.uoo'atonokMJr. I>f"Vl"I.ik. M..gforditva. be. IlZ......,jUcillll f'-~y.v. iUJauJO c htfhOI a nuo..."rtfkTf' " Nt, al<lror ~tt .... loon..!:.
colot<mokml ~IUnk, Az ilyt"ll ~ ....,;itsl-gfovl'l tartomA.nyfalak iIllrirhatOk.
u(r.t) =
,, '-~
<,' <
~ = 4K(k)k~.
k = I .-tion. 1l7.ll7.. w.), _
a ~ II. kOvrt~ llWtu:
u(I.l) = l arct g e, ( - otl .
(9.111c)
iNnPt (9.134) Ps (9.136) lr.inkantllr.ink-...>liton, ahnl.r... O.

:\ legjegyU1l: !ID r egy J /lCOB I-{,>J.. .. llipt,k .... ~ ..ny.llhoI .. modullwok "'" a
snr w sin ..i .r.k).
f -.";(',"~&.=='."21f"J
.,
(9.U 2b)
.(.) =
2. Ant ik ink -szoliton

It(I. t) = 4 atttge-.(r-r,-oti.
J ~..;r.i~>:::::~
(9. 13:
(9. 136)
(9.1-lZa)
(9.142<")
l<.'ljnlt"llip-
9.2.4.5. 'Iovabbi szoli t onmf'golda....-.al rendelkczd nemlinear'is evcluclos

egyenletek
(9.13-1)
+1
--;="=ch-,(I I.-vt'
p<'ri6olU>' K (Id. TJ1. old.):
A (9. U2bj ~ e t (14.97b)-hOI. 731. oId ... ";n I; .. 'I boolomto'sil""""! kaphatjnk ~ A
tllr.lL~ in~
jt...... a (8. 106), ~m. old.) <1:Y"aktt'" VIllI nwpi",-
1.
v,.
A mOdos itott KdV -..gy~Dk-t

... 6u' u. ~ zr=O
(9.1-'J)
A ~ ~~bb egyrnid a KOvrtkP:r.O:
... -.- .....,.
(9.1~-l1
~"._ =O,
nww>ld...... ""
-10
-5
10
(9. lol::')
9 .2 4 . Abr&.
Kink-ant lkink_u oliton 11'" 0 -U-p (9 .134. 9. 136)- hnl egy l<t.atikU!l kinlr.--.'Ultikink _ ,oliton kc-
Irtknllr.:
U(I, f) = 4 Rtttlle*('-"') .
(9. 13J) tov Ahhi 1U~~1d1wl.i;
4. Kink- lr.ink-kollizi6
U(I,f)
= 4 atttF;
,..wliton.
(9 .137)
[V~'~:]
llf
"(.r,t) = 4ll.f ct F; [ ! Il,h-r )
II
rh"I
~in",f
d lVI
) .
dulal v...
(9.1-16)
(9. 139)
N..mlln..Ari~ ..1..kt romOtl lu\l<Ytl'Itok 1..lrA.""oAI Vl'Ill "''''rrl''', "Illikor " tolth- f.-..zii!tsi'g ka ]lO'OlIltot kontinllllolloal kal.cllij iik .
4. Hirota-egyenlet
II, + i3<>lul' u. + Juzr + Lull,%> + 6Iul'" = f),
,t;J ... (16,
(9.U 8)
W 140j
",,' r
A (9. 140) <'gyf'nl.,t m..F;old........ "10' .t...-i" uAri'llIhll llAIU, umelynek Im r koloja ""' "" fr..kv,'uti"",oJ VlUl II\<JW
A sz in us zhi per bolik us z Gorrlon....gytonl.. t

u,,-It u + s h . , = O.
3. A Bou!l9inesq-egy.. nl.. t
Un - Ilu + (,,')zr + ".... =
Kett~ vaRY Breather-eeollton, mune ven kink-antikink dublett
u(z,t ) .. 4 arctg _~
2.
{lJ. I 3!l}
5. Kink-entikink-kolltaio
6.
(~nnb)
')C,
(9 1J3)
A 9. 24. Abrin .. ~. "" 1{2 htfokbl'l: t..rtoz6 (9.134)

kink~it.ou grafikonjA lathat6. .., kink-AZniitont kPt
dimem.i6mmtel par"rnH..r ,
I , hAt4roaA 1DqI;. A
III'~ DI'tIl fUM.u IVIlpbtooot6l. aJ)dO No bdy 1m'rint.i dmv,ijtalc
-.1Woo Ioka1izAlt
-mtonnll:
_
2,
3.
(9 .Ula)
...n..
Kink -nol it o n
..(z,f) = " an:tll: r"Pl ~-"- I ,
[~II (.~.A-)] + e ,
_.,>\ .i)
... - .... +llin.=O.

EnlW'k u. aIilhbiU. .. -.li~""""":
1lhoI1 = ~ f-. - I
arcsin
A ), hullAmh<Wi1: Ps '" k racs,'ill..",16 KOzi>U .. K;;.... t k..,il iilwr...f11AA"'" &II renn;
2. AI egy.nlrt eo. rmogoldUai

Az .. rvohJciOo fi"lg\+Dy", l'OQA:.k086 SG~1oot az..ubhi:
1.
5.
O.
(9.147)
Burgers-e gy..nl ..t

Il, _
Uu
+ "it.
(9. 149)
'1\Irhl1l" I'" j..l..n.,.>gek moodl<:"d ....llfol jAt~zik "",pr.,wt. A H OI'F CO L F~traD1l7.f()rmAcio ",-g:itllfg"vd t1iff,.,zi..... l'j(V~nIM bc . azaz Iin ..li.ris dlff..rf'nciill''lO'''lll,otl", megy At.
561
6.
10. Variacioszamttas
K lI.domze v-P.-d vi aswili....gye n l.. t
A,
(Ut --- (j""k +
UUk )k
= ....
(9 ,150...)
pgyt'lI1M lIIf'lI:ol<li.M ~
lI(x .y.t) = 2
iP In [ p+
I
].r +iky_3k1t I2]
ar
.-.Iitol1. A (9. 1;;0".) l~lllpt po'lol/l ti>bbvftltozilol "Z.. litoIM~"'lIlo-lCl" (kM IiorvllJtUli<O
10.1. A feladat kit.rlzese

1. Fu nkcional ~"eooerteke
(9. 1;;00)
wp fpl h,,' lIte).
A <liIfPT,,"riAW.amiliwo"!Yik k-gfolllt:o<ahb 1Il/lI,r..wtalA azokuak lOX

.r-miJu..kn..lI.lI.lDf"gha.u\ny~. &D",IY"'k"" f'IQ' II.dolt v( .l') fiiMvPny mboOt..-t..krt _
M. 1I......ruoan.
II. ~t.a>.bol.lI oIYIL1l fiiAAvfuY"'kpt koor"";illk.II.mcly<'kro,.,;y II. f'-i~..fll~tOi. illetve 1L1Inai:: d....-ivAlt jAili>1 fiigg/l ink'grNwll"" h"tiuumll i.ut<WRJ __ ~fkr1 """ll r..1; /l f,.lNialhoz bo=\tNtozik a
,w.j~k ~I .... k di><zk,......."'.ia ... T.. hilt II VRriMihozilmitAMh'l!l oIyan g( .r) fiiggvfuy\ k..resunk
ullt'lY"'n II.Z
/ JI.
( 1O.1)
F (.r. y(.r ).y'(:r ),
f,mk.-.onalllZd.-...'>oi'rti-kn.....,.,.. rd . ..hoI y(:rl ~ bpo, wo Ol. j6ltlcliW&lt furn~tAly """"" EJOk>nI,ubat. bogy.u fI(:r) fiiggvPny ~ drri..altjai
t..M\hbi f,.[tk&lul . oJyt....-J'Jt'lt ~ .... ",..IWi/..ltil.-ki<.'t ;,. kdI. bogy '<'IpitM-lM."lr..
2. Funkcionalok ( 1O. 1}hm lOZ :r fiV , lft! villtnlllO hrlyo1.l tObb .. ,u,om .. rIOfnnlulhat. Ekk~ a
m.,r;fdd 6 J,.';viJ t3k pan-i.ilioook.a.a ( 10 .11 b..li io~b61 till:)~ int",&rA1 J<-. A ."..-~IA.~
alapvnOm a kiivPtlwW flln~ r.kmik :
mra
r,~ =
J31'l .lt2. s: y" , =
J y] =
/ u] =
( 10.2)
F(:r. y(:r),y'( .l')) d.r .
I
II
F(.l' .,, (z ).
F (.r, J( x}, y'(r),
, ,,,(z).r;(:r)..
,;"(r)) dz.
(10.3)
.v" (z dz
(10.5)
F(z.y.u.ur.U. )drdll.
u
AIlol .. = u(.r. y) "" i.'ultntlro fiigg
11,,1=
III,
F{r.y. : .... "
lly.1l p"~li!,\ ~ikJ,.li iUk'gTMiOo< \.IIrtOm.o.ny;
u. )drolyd: ,
( 10.6)
ahol u = u(r, y. z ) l\Z ismeretl..n fiiggvM1y. R l,,~li!\ t(orl,,-li illt,1:nvi.... lJ\rtOtrul.uy.

A vari ....i"" prohU"ua 1U.!\ol~\'ill AAIX"IlOI/lttmn t"va],],i 1"T!lllf.!ti-trl,'krt ,..'Ali<;:". m.gfog/llmazni.
alu('ly<'k az ll:Ydinllll/i..", ,~t],"'ll 1.gtobfJo".o, "" illt,"Jl:rM'i"" inl.r....Jllllll ki-t. ",,(>Ii'n: ,,blUl b< e-ben.
illd.." kN<lilll"ll/i"" "",.t1","l\Z n illt.-gr ....i<'no tnttonuilly h"tA rAn k,lIt"lj....iilniiik. E/ I'Il fdiilm"g kiili>llfi'!, mellekf..ltH",l, k",t l..h,>t "lOlmi" mrJl:oldi",m ""Il"tk,,"""'-".1'1. illt"!,\raJ-kifl'jl'li,,, vagy differenciiJ 'K"""!l't fl)rmAj"ll>\ll.
A/t lIl"lIrlj'l k.
"'KY vari ....i"" I'rohli'lIlll ,./..,;, ill..tv.' ''' '' 9" , ,,hb ....ndl1, ha a fuuk"inuhl int"'granrlIlAAhll.1l1hil F fdggveny a7. y fiigg " "llyn" k 0IIlk "'" Pi",;d"rivAltjAt. y-t, ill. maJl:""",hhn'll.hl yl~) .I, rlp,;valTjait
(" > 1) il< t.r.rtalmazZl\ .
3. P a r ame teres va ri ad"'" p r o b l"IIl " F:lMor<ttllhllt.
l_alU"1<'r"" varill.cii>!; prohlt'-mat kdl
llll'gold alli. I1y<'n kof pI. a:<. I = .e(f). y = !J(I) (n $ I $. ~ ) 1_'lllli...,.-.-..........,j ..liIilllitoU "ik!,\orhf..
nOV'
' ' RY
562
ktdmC".wtt inletUlil b.'wr....ti"", .. I. 10.21 [ullkr ionAlt .. kiivrtk.. ro ala.kuvillf'OlZi:
..Lan ( 10.2. flbra). :\ T e!IbIi ion! kifrjr"t.o illlPRt,,1 "'-'l9tloi'll:....... I .. prohlhn.& 11l1l1.<'matikai lIL<'f\fogalmaU- .. kOvr-tkn.6: Kr r""",l nk oIy..n "IO',.,wr fol)1.oIu....n <Iiff~r ..nriA1b.. tO II = 11(.1) fiiggvo\nyt. am..lYT"
l [z' 'vI ''
F(r(t j, y(t ), x (t>-'V(l j) dt
(10 .7)
Tly] =
J
zo
v~
( lO.9)
y)
J ;2g{I,Q
d.r = mm.
{Felfoghatj uk ('0 i>l. lnill! (10.3) 8/"..,jA!i.- ......tM. &hoi F llfKl.mPntumaikawtt

I ,.
v>l]tozO" koVabtM.
IWw:w: I .. ( ,
nem
"IIll"IJrn
.
lIW
I""t"I eti'....,u .r(o).y(n ", lLl j.c(P), y( d )} pontok TIl<-gao.Ja-. )
(ahol g .. nch~ RVOf"uW). i'IllUIlrly ki..lo',titi .. k" vptlu-z6 I"""'mfd tk..l..k"",
10.2. Kl as szikus felada t ok
,(0) =0.
lI<.r.)=~\""lIO"iik figy.-lf'Illb<-. bogy (1O.9)-bo-n r = z ... Iion ..ziu,u1ariIM Ii'p {d . _
-"1'" ..
""'-
(10. 10)
"" intf'gr llfld,,,, I e-loan llf'II\
10.3. Egydimenzics var iacios p roblemak

10.3 .1. A \-<U"ia ci Oszamit As Icgcgyszcrl1bb fe ladaittpusa.
extremalisok
" uornGntit.;<inul.... kgoogy-.~ f~LuWt;f'Wd1>A

llOI'IUl
diJI.....-ncWha.t6 .
IU:
tIU'tu&ik" kiM-tkn.6 prob16na: oIynn kct-......r fol~"U>

p(a) = ..... ,(110) = B l~f.,jti1...rkM. b-~til ,eE) lUy;gvPnyt ~Unk.
AIIl<"I)"Pll AZ
1,,-1=
"""am.,] y Jci,.~ti
Gwl =
..
JI + V"( x)d.r = I
I IItt] ~ I'J:.
(10.1\1.)
lU<'llfklPlt<Okolt. v..I..milll lIZ
y(a ) = r(/)) = 0
(10 .&)
peremfeltcteh.
(10. 11)
(10. 12)
..hoi it olYIllIk.:'\!1I::M't folytoOOlUUl <liffcr.1>ciAlh..ti :,fngS""n .... Rludy kiPli-,;iti .. f"""'Tllr..lti-t.t-l<-k..t . Az y(x) =
",( x) gorbo'-t ~mdi ...ruUr. llf'V'"D,-ik. ~ ..tu.. .. ~ultM EULERr..", <lillrn~ti'tlf'k
o...z"" lJlf'gOkW<at Df"V"ZZiik ..xtl"'mA!iI.uluWc:. fii~lrnm 11.1161. hog}'''' fullkrinnA I .......koOPrti>kbrlyri...
~
....m.
10.3 .2 . A variad6szamitAs Euler-rete d ifft"T<'ncialf"lQ'cnlete
y
Yo - - - -
Pg(l\o. yo>
/_,y(X)
y(x)
F (r.g(r ). y'{r ))4r
funkciooN szd.~kM vn<L M . Ax 4.110. A. B kldwluot lI1awint Ila F bAromYlUtoriJt, fiigg.......~1 ..dottJUlk I("kintjiik. A ( 10 .1 1) po'-Ida t"nkrionilr... hit. miudoon. "ltY biaoll)'Ol' fii~r-<tAIyba tartaro r( r)
fUMvklyhIoz ho:z:W.,.ndd egy ........ ..-.t.aulOt.
H.. pi'ld411111. ( l O.l l)-.... 1i l iy] flinkrionAllU ~(r) ffiWnyrn"'- fel mAXimllmAt.llkkor
A(a, 0)
B(b, o) x
10 .1. "hr...
...
10.2. "l>r3.
A vi.riariOw.amit8>< Wg'.SYKU"I"iihh fd..t1.. tUp"IIIu-....... ,lAIkou'>l<I:iik.~.... fdti-t..]t kal'1luk. M." {1O.l2)

hrli Yo(r) PrtP'IIlali>ookh<Y,- IJ,lO'IlPV""'...tt ,;,,,z..ha..mJ,lO .f.i99'",.. ,..,kn kon>ilru"hmk:
y{J") = Yo(r ) + ''1(z )

(10.13)
aIlol '/(:<) "" ,.,(a) = ,,(b) = 0 ~p,,<iAli>o I"'rr",f.-ltM,.!"k,oT. kiell-itil. k,~ folyt.onoo-an Ji!f"rendA!ru..t.O
t'iiggvcuy. {valo.; parlUlli>t.. rt jdoL (10,13)-u.k (10,11).1,,' v..JI> hdyeu ... iti'olot....1>\.7. f lY] h..lyd",1t:7. (-wi
fiiAAO
f(f ) :
F(:r,Yo + f'l./i, + fI/)dJ" .
(10.14)
fii~vi-ny 1..1': azt a kiiwlf'lm"nyt ]>..-lig. Tlli~lPrint I\:'; f ly] fll11k,.jnll;"u y(r)-nll """ j,.o;.rti>kct vcgy..n fd, ...
kiivf'tkl'l.6 fdtCtl"l vAltja fd:~. ,\.<">1 fiiggO I(t} fii~V"'llYll"k f = O-h...n I<ti'j..ort"k. v..ll. [gy a variilcio..
I'rohli>mRh61 olyll.Jl ~7k!s(..;rti>k-prnhJ(>1ll'" vAlik. enu-lynek hhrnlt'ly J nWllol,h'l.Waa
dI =Ohaf =O
.k
(10.15)
564
llZii~ r..h.rtpln..k l.f'!j.,.iiJuit k..ll.
HI' " hArOlnvNt,*,,-", F u,t"jI;TI."<!'1I< u.. ~fd"""'n ,->I'm r diHf'l'f'noAlw.1.O parri"li_l1. ..kkOT
(r, Yo(.f).~(I)) kOriili T An.oR ....rf..j'........1 (IW ~-.rl_ <lIt!.)""'I b.pjuk. hogy
,DF
, DF
"
~I [F
(r.Yo.J!o)+ iJl/(r,JlIhllo)'I'J+ ay(r.1Q.Yo}tlJ
I()
e -
+O(~) dr ,
(10,16)
A (10.15) ""ilk~..,. Mlptd ;'tltlmp!>.-"

.. P'W'lllPI""",, llJI('IVaJ (>al'anW1.<t '<Iront; <I..ti~iill",l.<iMgAr"
vonat!w:to, t.i-trlt
II ,"'nvlllAAr dv<,i:r7.hptjflk..-:z int.. ,;randll~ha.u _:
""""nAI""
d/l
DF
d...... rr-;:;; h
1 ,DF
(10.17)
f.JV d.r - ().
"
d (DF
)
if'
iJy' '(lI +if,),~ 6 .
(IO.:lJh)
;;
t"hAt y" = U.~. " poutokat """"'.. kot,~ k-xrt.ivi,l..bb ~I .. "'" pg)"ll'"".
B : II.. II. P, (Q. A) ..... " P2(b. B ) po nlot u..v~kot<'l y(r) ~i>l'll('ivpt lI",!,:forg"lj"k
lIZ
.r-teug..ly kon-u.
..lr.knrA2
1[g! =2". [ Y~dr .
(1O.2~..)
f..l!Wnu rorg&ll{pJii\etet kapjuk . ~Itly J(.c) ll,orh/>rP Jo.q "" .. f...tmn .. kbt-tt'llPgkisrhh? F - F(y. .v) =
2~~_ti-n (10_Zld-h6l llZt Mpjuk. holo' Y oE~y~y"l '"

Ez .. .ti lf,," ...ciak..~\:t"lI"' t
- l. ahol l) =
f,;
~ti> .. vAitwilk "-tv.u-~ ~n<v...t (w..-t:;JJ. old.), ~ ..

~ MIDnW<, mint a:iI ''K'nrvczo\t l.in~OrlIor (!Nod 100. 010:1.)'
, = <",cit
kiM'tkeill'...0\"., -.n6J,;,nM fnlyt.<"~"bOl""-"hl.>l" tionyhOl.. hoKY .. (IO_I~)b<-li 1Il~ mil>d..u

~ jOvii'If.r) "'Wfonyrr ..ltt'lnik.,ul bJ,j"k. boY 'a. "I-n ~ .. (YIUOjalNUl AZ ..xtt1"llJAli-U <WiWAltl
"Wnl> ..ltt'ln.ik:
:-- ~ (Z) -
O.
(I0.19)
A (10.19) '1Q"'I1Jo.t nru. JUNo. mint .. ~.vroiW _ _.a.fti4J4ttp r.ztrMJMI........ _tU>... .o.:oa.
-"':Y~ frll.r1rL lUll;! .. "" .........,;.zd... it..... EULER}"'.. J.D~tirll'Jt. Dl'W:<Un.k. A (10. )9).'...1i
dJff"""lJ("~"'nJ..t ~ (iMq,MAott fii&JtWuy do>riv&Uu.i .......bAlyftl: lip;ydcmlw.....""' ..
or
IJ'F
lP F
AW;~ irl>atO. fo~.,.
JF
:1.,
~~
=0
( 10.2 111.)
F (r . II. .v) '" F (y . y). IU'~ Ill'! r
2.
..... bb61
''''III
d
-
.u
(DF)
DF= 31Ian<li>
",0 !cMt -
a"
J >j
1\
,un;
1\
( lU.n!
F- 11,DF
lJrj
An"ull':'.
vllrilido..~.AmftA... l'1\" It}'wIA'r11hh f,.j"dllttip UAAIl\ vOlJIltkod, ~zflk""I\'"" f,,11"'.1'1 az F
EY-k 1Pn~ i2lop<'riInrtrikUl' prohlku4k (lMt.)62. old.). " ~ilM ~"'IO""D:"I1lhb fPlAdatl ip,,""' '''' (1Md 563. old.), kapoo:tlAthlut t<Jihbi. mPli<'kfr{li-tdt ~tunk:
.,II + Jfl,lr "" mill.
(1O. 2Z
G(z.,(r),y'(z)}dr = I,
.'1:
a.boI .. f"n!<cionAI(lU.ll) a1""-u. / ~ G pn-ligadon A11.,nd':', i1lM-W' ffil"~"+IlY

il~""ll prolMmak ~I
,uw.n..k rgyik tnt'>tko.'rt' L ,\ GRAJ'iC &-161 ....w-tnllZik (,.,.J>!I<6ioI1t!tt"k <'l!Y"'!<t...Ja.kjablon Moll illPll,;kfdtCwWtkPl). Lrgycll II. ( 10 .11t-I><'Il tCf.......,.,lo Ff<-l
H (r .,,(r), Y(.e),~) = F (..c,,,(r), Y(:I")
...J,ol
~ "ltY
I"'fIl.IlKt.f>r ..... ol<ljuk mf'l!, J\7.
!I'(.e).~) =
H (r . y{r),
-I-
~G(r, y(.e). y(r)) ,
<'Xtri'llIum!,
(l O.2tJ}
(1O.:l7)
( 10.22,,)
( 10.21,')
F(y. y')
A : Az .r. 1I-~ikj".1i P ,{ll. tI ) ~ 1'2(b,B) I'0ntokill. i__ "",kot<'l lpgl'ovid"h h " iir """'''' iglU. bogy
1[,,] = [
10 .3.3 . Variacibs problemak mellekfel re telc kke l
f"I...J" t.o t , mill t lll",n"kfdtH" ll lllftr m'm t...rt 1'1ll\7i1 ~1il",;'rtp kl'roIJI"'''!I.T. A mr I/J,ld6 E u LER-fil" diffrr~llriAl"K.V"lll .. t a ko",!k,,~u aillh i.:
,,,,,,,11<'11.
( 1O.2Ih)
kiiu<llllAAi
DF) _0,
< ( F - 'I' 01/

d.r
viz:sIt;.iW.olu-a VAll "",-tk-.-g.
_''''l'',1 ,-a!tmi>\("nt. 'l"cl< int.~iik 1\ ki;w,tk,,.,.liu..."M'fii~ ..... t.:
!..
(F_II,DF)
~D
F'+ DF, _y.D
F_II'!..
('JF) ~ II,(DFfJy _!..d.r!'tV
(DF)) .
fir
{)y'
l~y II "'/'
a >j
d.r a j
..k kor ( 10. 19) ",i"t l
hi,...,
(10.20)
.-\~ E ULER-""ko<l,ff..rt-I"'~llkot ~hb a.Wwt olt .. knv~tJ<..zO spPCiAIj" """".... h..n:

1. F(r. y. y) = F{y), _
F Pl',)'vAlt.w.Ol, r.tt'I] ..... y-ti>1 ""lOjAhau "..m fliAA. f.kkur . (10.19) hPI)"'lt
.. knv..t lu46 ki-t f..lt"t.f>]t M.l'juk:
( 10.2~hl
(rl . .., = AlIandO),
., '-"I
>illa.mlO az ,(Q) -=-- A .... Il:I: ,(r) _ B IW'I?Illfplti-tt'1 ~~i-vrI h"t.Voz!la.tolI><"g. Ehlwz
p<'<lig ~ DPmIincir1:. ~n\Plrr ... l.<rt (lNwl913. 001) kPUn~ol.I,," .. nk: II. ~tO<agboz w.rAhbi
&F
iJlIY - iiJllt/ = 0
i 0 ,-,-Jon ~ "C ~ u1AMKlrrn<ltl <lifJrren<.~ll't_
dy - (hOy' -
(~ +..,)
(DR)
aff _ .:!-= n.
(10.28)
Jy
'U &y'
.<\ f,,"ti .'!t.Vf'nl"t y = y ( .r.~ ) lllrl;"I.I.w. mi-ll; 1\ >. I'l\rl\Il\H" f1",k i~ fiiggvi-Ilv'. a melynek "rtl,$ '" y =
:= y(.!". >' )--nak .. ( 10.25) IllPllikf,'It.I,tAII", v
,ul> h..l), u, ""U....."',1 k"l'juk Ill..g.
(1O.2:J1$
A (10 .2.1.) izoperim..t rikll" prol,u. llll\
H { r, y (.c ) , y' (x ) .~ )
= y
+ ~.jl
-I-
'""'h,1\:1.1. kal,juk. h01tY
,( 1 _
( IO.2'J a)
566
MiV<'1H
.. 110
" dOff
'"
'wt IIP1)'Pt t
'"
k liMn
I' {ilAA .l t<11. ( 10 "l'2<')-nrk l"'-....
",wl,.;,."
K"
. 2Sj E"'"
~L
- ' P"
I prr ll......CK)"<'lI
" ov"t <'Zt"i, Iff.. reu..iAJ"SY'n lrlpt Ju"l'jllk:
JP = /
ill.
It
10.3.5. Tdhb fiiKRvenyre vonatkoz6 variaci6s problemak

Tegyuk fl'l, hogy ILZ ... loI.t v"ri~d"" problema a ko...... tlwdi aJalCl'1:
>.2_{CI _yj2
CI
I jYI.y,... ,I/o.] =
(10.2%)
,,., !It. 1/,.
F(I . YJ, !h .
.. y~ )d.r .
( IO.J,I)
..hoi az y,(s ). Y2(z )... I/o.(I) i:<IlIPrrtlrn fii.Jur;v;'ny<k.l '" a ho .1 = b 1'>ot1ku lll~ott Crtkkct V{,.;;w",k
[d. Ekkor n dar"h k<'tl<zcr folyt<.>ooo<an d ifff'l"f'nrwl... to<iooflzo>Jw;nnUtl>fiiuvf"yfUlk V>\lI:
,,( .1) = !M{s) + f. fJ; (r) (i= 1. 2, .n).
(10.L)
...holu fJ; (I ) fiiAAV",nyt'k 3 halArpontokhM dl tlUUf'k.
( IO.L ) fiwiPmhevwWvd (10.34) I (f l, f, . .. f~) a.iAICli~. I iort<'~ t3rtomAnyAruLk mor<t a
(0, 0.... 0) bPlsO pontja'" a tOObvAl~ lli AAV<'nY"'k ,..rJ.oMrtl>u u-r YOQat ko:W
l\Ia~asabbr('nrhl
10 .3A .
::1
variAci6s problernak
Kptf;'lrf~ltj".-J ~Illlk.
1.
= F ( z . y . II. y", :
= 0 (i= 1.2.
oa:ij~
A V1lCi4riI~ I'rohlPma .. ko...-tkrzo:
(1 0.361
(",Itet.-hok a kovMlu..w &Wwt OItik:
of _!..(&F) = 0
I JI - / f ' (S. lI ." ,' ) az
.n)
' ,,"
of _!..("F ) =0
aF _ !..(&F ) = 0 .
110_37)
d:r iJY,.
a". d.z av~

n d&r&h E t'LER-f8e diff..l1'~Ict . 31l.P1,..k YI( S).rJ(I),. ,,,(.1) ~ n4 az...-loll
0",
,'Xt rhrmm!
( IO.JOa)
et
q,;
d:r
baWff'ltiot..lrkct;,. ki uu. bogy
p~tIoCk.
10 .3 .6. Paramercrcs variAci6s probll-mAk

, 'ion>rly ~pmhk"ma......u-hrD (p1. lJAcOrho'kM ~ l rwm<+J-on1 "" rxll1'rnAfuookatJl = y(s)
PXpbri t..lakbaD IIlf'g"dni. ......... w~ :
.1 =:r(fl, y = ,(1) (t , $: I $: t 2 \
( IOJIlI
allol t , ...., 1 &Z (a. A) .... (b.B) POlltokIll\k ~1d6 ~k . Ekkor .. ~itil< ~ ..........
rlibb r..ladattipusa (1iL...t :J63. oId _). kOvo-tkl"l'.6ll1akot fihi:
I{I . y] =
ll.\l~ ""
L'
(yw2 - n y'l - JIl)d.l - ..xt rPIUl un! .
" bol ""b4t F = F(.\I.1I. .v") = .\111'2 -; "y'2 F,.. ~

..Jllkll:
2>/'.
y1
JI.
!r ( F,.) "" -2,,// . b ( F,..) -
+ oy
rJy =
( IO.J2>l.)
F.hb61 "" kOVltk<,>:ik.11OKY F, ~ - 211.\1 . F,. '"
211
) ...... "".
-2<.11,
EULER-fel,' diffprrllciaJ"8..\,pul..t " k&""tk"J.d
Ez l'gy MltUldll ..gyiittb"t" jlj 1"'gy<~ll"f'lI<h'[ IiIH'"",, diff"IPlicift.I"K)'''Il!d (l""d
(1O.32hJ
:;00.
old.).
!'
2..
= r t; II , v, ..,:' 11(")): E!,I,PlIlLZ Alt"IAm.lII.""'thPn, umikora variA<.i(", ft.1",I"th"li I [y]{lllIk.
..:.onM II.Z U<m"lptl"n y fiII\!:V{'IlY mltl:'''''lhhrt'lI,hl dl']ivil.ltjl'titOi {a<: fl-.~Iik (n > 1) WIl<li!': hP7N<',IJlg)
fiiK!':." ln P !ifpl..16 EULt:n jt'I" diD",.,."",ril.-gy.-HI"t a kovM, kf"lO aJakll
-
of
iJy -
d' (''')
d" ( iJF)
z:d(DF)
{}y' + d.l2 iJy" _ . .. + (- W ds~ iJyIn)
= O.
arudy m'1lu1dAAfLrJ"k (IO.JUh)h<"1. b_lIl!nan II - I mpnt'kf,,!t"tdt kdl kide!,:it~ni".
( 10.33 )
F (I(t ). y(t ),r(I ). Y(t)}dt = PXtr+m'lml,
( IO.39a)
ahol .. PM"l'lliMti-u-k-k .. koVPtIwzOk:

x{I, )= a . x (t 1)=b , y{tll"" A . y(11) =B .
(10.391,)
i .... r. mint II:Z AItalit.han a pN'~"", rrwg..,jN;uAl AOkNoolL. 10Z X DoYruuv"nynpk " 1 J>M1l.mt'>tfT. millt
lliAArtk-li ~to7i:> ><Y"rinti d"ri~tj3t jl'lr.\i.
A (10.391<) ""riario.. rrobli-miu.ak.-lt akkot .....l1 ertchue. ba l\Z int.-,;raJ {,-tfkP l\Z "rtll,u31i>ook par"'IlJi1.ert~M1l1",m fiigg. Ahboz . hogy" (lO .;r.1a)bdi inlfyAlPrti'k"I...u.. &Z (a. ,4,) '"" (b. B ) J>Ontokat
iWlzckotO gor!,..t61 {'lggjOn. rJ,-, .. v,w",ztoU ]lIU"IUII{
..,J6A.I lftil<tl>1 rWIll. F mk pmitiv (>bo6rPlldii 110'Ragen f..9'J'l't'r.~D"k k..lIl"nni, .. 3...... a 4. ~tm.{,j ban. ILZI\Z u.1,it"'ii!l1i.!u-U......
( IO,4U)
F(r.Y.l'i./-IfJ ) = I,F(I.yi".fJ ) (I' > 0)
Mti-t.lu"k.
~tivel a (10,39"') vari4cio.. l'whl';ma ( 10.34) ~1,,~ i.olJ i" .....t...lIrk t,'killlh"to. P7,Prt '" ml";{,.],,lo EULER.-fel"
difJ"rpndAI"gyI'lllctek a kov('tk.....li ...J1lk"t ;;ltik'
DF_:!,,(OF) = 0 .
8.1 dt JL
JF _~({JF) =O .
(10 041)
iJy dt &y
Ez" k II.Z egy"lIld.k nclIl fttggetlpllpk, ha",'lU liZ EUI.Mlf{>[I' ,lifJl'l'<"lldAkg}'.'nlctt'k ',gynp''<'7.,tt \ VEIERsTRAss-",lllkjavalckvival,u....}O;:
____
or iflF
, _+,If ( sy
'" -xy
-' j =
O.lBiJ
8xiJy
(10,42><)
56 8
st -
1 er
1 ffl ,..
iJi oi2
-~8r&j
Tt'gyllk ff'1. hogy "'" r. y,ikhlw ",loti .. G tartoll..my."" r ''''I''Il1''rt' Ir.i VIln f.....,,;tvt',~ ddonuill"t!>IJ'
u'MllhrAn. Ekkor II 1l1f'llIhnill illtallrf,..l"tt t.-.nil... ''K,.vhro...ik G kriiklt'~l:
1 ffl f'
-? lJY2
(lOA2h)
~ f"'lAll"'~'~n ,..J,:.tt 1t<;rhP R Iti>fhiil.-ti ~' ~ar." VOlJlotJro.J.il formula ,u...pjAn (J.i...<! :2"1':'. oM.) ( lOA2AH
tigw-I"mh. ...."" . "'" ~:J1 .nntJ....n4; = R(l ) g<>rbiil"h .otogo'mir.. ~l kapjllk. hogy
.rf
F~
F.
rr
( lO.n .,)
,(t) i{Od l '"
II\JUI .
Ahnl.
( IOAJA)
G I.... sl =
f' Ji +
2(t)
r (l)dl _ I ( lO.-lJh)
H . ~ H (r . ~. i, ~) : JlT + ), J j-l + II
~V("7~~ ....1. J...u.....w. q ,' H r .. tcl;....ill .. ( 10.40 ) f..!tftr!. AZal JJ pw.itiv .. IM5mntI'l 11<
V"lly. l ovAbhA.. lluVPI
m.....-
H .. = 0 ,
hoc R
1'1. Mi""l), a1Ian Ie'>
" _,
-L .
.'
. " lUI'l"hd' ""l'"
If;
!!
F (r . g. ,,(r.II). " .. u,,}drd,V _ Mttfl'rullm!
(10 .4-1 )
,,(r.g ) =0 IIrpf'tl"Il'u.
f ""'
(J
pl'Il'rnPn
meghatAr07.0tt Prti-kr1 k<'!l. ~
(1O,46)
or
~~~~~.-PI'
iJ
(Jr
(l0,47)
(iJF
) 0(OF)
au_ ih,~
VII
'/,O.....n'"il..!I.Y'nld.
(lO.4~)
: )dr d,.
,~
" cIrlortILAlt ~mhl"lVi l' ....teoci&li. ~

=
i II (u~ + ";)<hdll .
(10."9cl)
,~
ahoI. II (f 4l1anOO II m ..mbri.nhlln k..Irtk..w Niil~M jdoli. EbbOlllodMik lIZ ;'lO',""""""'1 DIIUCHLET
lIZ II :: u(z ,II) m~yt. IImdyrn iU
frie ......-uinoi. p-roIHima: b...tAroauk ID<'It alit
: )d.rdg
( I OA9l')
iflu
ur
& ..
p<'ll'Il!ffi
( l OAM
Ez.. kiotvA!lozOot fliAAVt'-llY"Jrn. YOfIf\lk07.... LAr'UC'E-"!O"'nkt (\Iuod lj!)2. oM.).
10.4 .2. Ahalanosebb va ri acios prohlemak

A v....i"':i.:iH:iAtuiwI<>g<-gy><J...nibb fd ,lId..ttip'L'lh1 kitf'ld:'''l'p..n {.."jllk itIWitn''''itani.
1.' F = F ( x . y , u ( x . V) . u.,. u ..' u .,... u ..,. u n )

..\ variilci6M prolMm..twli fllllk"i",,,i,J"'", ~~m" ....lj,-l1 " (r . gl fii~lLY llJ.l<g....... hhr.-.llcl,i [OMciAIi~ dcrivil.l tj.. innk fiiggv(>"Y". Eh!K,n "'" .,..tlwll. amik", lluUtcKlr"n,hlu{,!ll"'ll......hhnncl,i p;m'i,i,lj, ,!.-.ri""ll./Ik llf'lll
fomnlnak do. I'll', EULERfH" dilJ......ll..i"I.IO"lll,lll kiivrtkf"l'il a1,.Jwt hlti:
of
(OF ) - iJyiJ (OF

) iJ' (OF) iJ' (OF) iJ' (OF)
Vu, + 7)';'! 8u" + Oz{)y 0... . + iJY! ih,..- "" 0
2. F = F (Z \ ,Z2, .. . , x,,, U(Xl ' . ' . ,;r,, ). u z, .. . U.,~ )
- ()
+ or = 0
Vu - Or o.'z
(1-1"\.1,,
EhM I Vf'1."'-j,,.!<:; l,' IU
0;; -
kjtj,-lk .... rl..&rl"lIcl'l
h....mJ.(1O /Uggri-nfJf'k II kimtko.-w al""'" iiltik:
~ tIcl (r. yl-hm IU,,",>II"""Il')''Kf'n.lo.u ""k",,....! ,liff........nf'iaIhat-i>.' 1....1igl'arall\'1.,r. A" .. _ Il(r y) filltll,.
veny grfLfja '''?'IV. ,,,,(.r . ~) p;rAfja ..Ik"u.. [..!ii[,ot1<'1 ,.zo"",~';;'l, .... (10.45) miatt I I" II(() Ai"kr", I;.,..,., >Wl7,
.. ( ~O. H ) vl\ClI~.,iI"" prohl'luAI.oJ"!.vall ,,~J'[><O(rtik!,rnl,U'ma vAlik...m"lyn..k .. o--hdi ,.z,'.!"'..... rtfkb..lv{.tl'
Il kov.tk<'7)1 "1.,,k....g"" f.lt<'t..l volll,tk'>'lik:
.
dJ
<1 :
~/1(u~_
"fAYWIl. ... rh..
(>. . : ..
..(.r.y) = '-<0("" g) + ''1< r , , ).

( l OA,,)
N.,o! ,,,,(.r. gl II ( ~ 0044) varw~ proh!{,ma 11I<'II"11g...-l<'lt megoldase. '''hAt a.rnc!J II p"ff'lllO'll ..lOJrt (.rtf>k, 1u1. """"l [.. \. "''It .,(r.y)n. 'lt1LZ, hoJty
.
(10.4910)
funkrional w~kM (~. """,t IIUWJDUmol ) . . . - fcl, "" Nll!"ly II G Kikl>di l....-'lOIlIAny
..h ii llik..., nx,;.....10 EULER-fik- cliff~"lO" 'l,1rt II 1r.iWM.k..w AWc'i:
,al
10,3.2.h<oz hNoollk'wu, (.)(;3, okL) .....
olf'{om,,\l"<Iik. h"tlv ponejAina.k : -ir;.uyu kit"""", .. = .. (r. g).
,~
10.4. 1, A legcgyszerflbb va riaei6s pro b lema
U.
' 1""
I~ ..:=JI (u~~
A ~~V!<U:"riIhb tip'''''1 tiihl..liw<-m)n", ~ prublfm.... kiWrtk.-r..ii:
In a:1. ir<.n"'Il'tI';! .. ::- " (T . ,,) r\l~~'Y" G 1Il~()'naoy
"S)"
fOllDll1f\ ""git><oT;"""'! ><i.&mitjllk ki. II.. II ( lOAi1h)-hP li intO'JlrlW'!U111

t>ogig t......ilI"i>Iag. akkor lIZt kapjuk. bov;y
( l O.<&3d)
l OA. Tobbdimcnzios var-ia cio s problemak
f,.hTC"
l' = <7(11-1 , )
H ... = I
<-drt ( IOA:lc-)-M I .. giichiilrt i .uprr.. azt kapjuk.

~ ...urt..,.. ..xtr.. mA1",,", kiirh.... .
1',,1:
""
JJ Jr.I-+CC..~C.-.':d.rdJl
(10.4$)
.u : -IIHn = (F 11)3'1'
(10.4911)
,~
~26.!.::k ~~I<>kio'll" tIW'!lo'kfdt k ....... ~ pr ooli-mahOl ~:Wkf..!Ii-tP! oi'lk'-di v...-w;o..lm>bI
d.rdy .
em hst.tiLwa II lIlC'hn....
akkor fd...LiIli-t .....
1%
A ,....-.. nWtl'!'f'" i7.n~I\O't nk' ~'l'ru IM111J1 ( lO.&- tOl IO.& ig) (lfI....t ::;(i2. oltt) koVt1.krTil Aillk" j;
1 r'vI -
IJ
H" valamdy
1(~+';)~21~I Uli2+ lhl;:Z1
1,=
(10048)
mint a (1004-0 _l'iA<'i,,,, proh!"l1la m"g"ld""'lI"n vOllfltkuz" ""iik......W.,.
A,... lyan variA.-io.. pro hlim" .....tNwlI. ah"l'lJ. iutl'gr",,,h,,, .. f;i~I\,tl.'n r,. r2,' .,
"", F:UI.U\-f"!r c1iffrn 'llci{Ll"IO'"nlrt II kiiVl'tk,"'il ,Ll"k"t ;ill.i:
x~
(10.:;0 )
v"II.07....t tartalmaz.
510
10.5 . Variacios problemak numerikus megoldasa

Variliciao problhnAk ml'gol<lAAAra .. KYakorlatl....n ki-tfi.J..mM........rt hft.'l7.nAlnAk.
Az Eu l.!r-fe l.. diff..r..nd illf'gyt'nl .. t rnegolda."" .... a m eg oldasokn a k II
perem f..lte tf'hk he z VIII... ilI.,8Ztke
50k _ttwn... J"8pgy~rubl.cktOl dwkint ..... 11:1. EL LERfell- diff..renc~ll .. tct lWm k-hrt POliti>AAIl m~lUIi. f'7i.rt .. ~11>Ofr .... P"fciAlill ditf<'T1'r,.. W~k ..lw"IrlCI>t'tI IIl~"wrt ""mf"Tilt....
~Iu-t kPlI a!kahu.owU 1l1>Nf'Ini'rt"U..lAAAtok lIk"gOlda..a.rll. (11ulol9JJ. old . ill. 916. ol<1.).
1.
2. A V>lriilcionAm itb direkt mOdu.. rei

A tliwH lI .... ~k ki'>zV"'t!<>niij a VlLriac..... problCmaa ..t..pulWLk."'" "Ok ....... tb..' ll dJu'fillilr. "" EULERf..k dilJ<'ft't~t ~IAo.&L Az ~ \<ogJ+g " hi k; ~1tejNk'bbw6cw.er a RrrzrnOd.ozrr.
amdy .... u~t ~tikUA ~",k lew t I l t . wkf't .. ~krt ki)W,~... ,liff<"l'9"ll
~wk kiWlit6ru"ROl<Iil....r.. b-miljak (1Md 93LoId.. ilL 93.:>. old.). Y~juk .....1.. m"'d~
"" """,".
J.'
A,
,'\I(.c)dr =.-xu+h1um! (1O..:i2&)
aboI
M.-gjegyzes: A har dware" IlOn wa.rt>-f..jkoozl,H lMoi allAM md k tt a varii\ci6A I'roh lfotwi.k lIl<'goldAAahoz mind ..lI..k ..l6tt a uig I..m.mrid..z..,..d:M k..11 alkalml\Zni. Ezen ~r alapjait I\Z 936. old.
" di tfrr,,"ci~('t<'k llum..tik'l~ UlO"goI<l"""':"i.l tArgy>oljuk, Ott " <tiffrr"l,-~nl..tek ss A variAci68 pg)'f'n!Pt..k kWA'>tti olyan o....z".riiggfloo.,klwl f<llltWbnllnk, amel)"'k 1'1. (19.14SA.bt-- n..k wegfdE'~1I
EULER-f"!<' diff...... ncialt>gy<'nl<'t<>k vagy hilillMrirt fnrmAk alujab&n .i"1~mlf'k meg,
A n"rnIincirilI optimum,.zarnitNii rt"....lAtoknaJ (1M<t ll94. old,) tArgyalt qmd~.-U'....k i... jOI ha><.I:naJ""tOk v...-iac.'iOo< pmM"mAk " ,llI't'I"i1u.... m.-goI<tIuW....
10.6. Kiegeszttes
10.6.1. Elsd estruisodik variAcio
A.I EUU:R-f..J<> dilf~~1M ~nl-l &:I ~ t 6 fiiggvPn}"'k (JA,;d 563. oId.)lqit>ofo.~ az I (f } ....1i inU'graDd' 1II f-- nnti T AYWR-lIOIft.jtiW1 ooak A Iillf'an. taig viogt'zt.iik ..1. ahoI
I (f) =
l'
!I(I)dr
izuJ>f"rimetrikUlO prohlkMt krU UUlUt'fikUMll ~ni- 10-3-3.

kl1li ~ "rohlkM. It. ki>Yr1~:
l [r) = [
I ;.,.. J(O) z ,(1) '" 0
OO.S2h)
"""j&!l,, nono&IOilltqr;r4ll'rltM DH-
I,"(r)dr - Ay(rJ) = "xtrfmum!
r (r ."+Uj, 14 ... f7()d..
I(f ) - I{O) =
(10.52c)
f [:-(r.,..';'''' "J' [ii'F .,

"'""2
Z (r , lJI>.
"Pi')
er
dz
., ~ er
.,.
~(r.,..r.)'/ +2y,(z,., .. h./" ~(z, .., ...., - O(f ) dz
fir) = Glr(r - I) + G2r2(r - I)

(lO.::;Zd)
1) ~ r(r - I ) ruggvPny( k lineariroan fiigxMk-".-k," kio>lIogilik It. J>""'Illi'"I
..w:...... Juor-iik. A2. r(r -
(1
1)
2 1
2 1 Gj2 - -G la 2
I( a"GI) = -1
a ,2
"'" 2
-Gj + -Gl(l2 - A - a l ~ 3
15
3
30
105
30
_
lJf
1)1
alakot OIli, h It. = :E 0 ~"~ r... llt{('lt-lut II
(10.52<')
e., ..,
G-~)al+G-~)a2=O' G- :o) al + (~ -12~)(l2 = O

hUlJIl'l';fn lin..AriIo ~l ..lr..nd,,:a' r >IZOlgiLll>l.lp.. F:nn ~~
h" 3Ze,;yiinhl\t.6mAt rix o.I"f1uuu\i_ rlt,1nik. Eeere
Il.
(10.54.)
Ha az fiJI funkciooiJ.lJI els6 variAd6ja
iJJ '"
f [:
(:r.
5!),~)'I + ~(r ., JO)IJ']
( 1 0.~)
dz "-
P f m bod ik variacioja
( 10.::;Zf)
PI ",
f [~(r, . ",),r
+ 2 ~,(r' IfIl. ~)f7Il' +
~(r' Ilo ",),,>2l dr ,
(10 .:i6)
reudsaernek 1rl<."Zik ....mttiviAlilo m...goltl""".

akkor:
J-52A+
A
420=O, 1U'A7. AI= IO, A2= 41.
( 1O,:i2g)
A = Al = 10 """ Jon (1O,:i2f) m..goMliMi "I,,)\'('II=-.ok lJ:l = 0, (II t..t..wl..ges. igy " AI = Inl,,,, tlU"l<.Y.....,
norma lt lll' 'fI,>1dM:
11 ~ 5, 4 ~r (r - I).
(IO.53)
H" .. nWio<lrendiItagobt. ill fig,.."lrmlxo ~k. UP Art Dt ,j,lk. boo
Akwlit<5~u
UVk-kM. (10,::;2<:1) miAtt ( IO.S2r.) U
571
JI),6. K0Jf .u ilf..
10, V"",fr"i.'%1",,,I"~
(1O.:iZh)
"
l (f )-I{O)""f5I+"2 021
F.zrkn(,k "variaciOkn..k " ....gftsi."......l fogalmIl1.h"t6k nu'fl ""
optilllaliw i (dti>l<.>lpk (1A....-l 110,61).
(l0.57 )
flYl Iunkeionsl ra vonatkozo
kluonbozO
10.6,2. Fizikai alkalmazasok
O"";w b3lOOnlllN<k('I'I.... nlrju k fpI mo'g " (1O.:i2<) vlI.rlli,(ioo pro h!i>m,;,hm tartm" EULERfII" ,liff"l'!' ncift.
l"lO"'"I"td, Ekk" r 1I1",n'm"rt('k-f..IMI\! A kOw tkcm:
J!' + All'" 0 Mol y{O) '" yO) "" 0;
( IO,:;2i)
melynek ""j lit ('Tt<'kl'i: Al = k 2>r2 (k = 1,2 , ...) .'" 1I. 11....~fdd6Mj;itfii ggv"lly..k: y" '" (",, ~i ll brx . k
"",'lhI A, _ '11"2 ... 9,IH, t.d "it" norn",l t AAj,;,tfiiggvo'n~ " ko\'('tkcw:
HAMILTON-<,Im r l.. t egyik vari"",j"" ..lvl'l"i l "' -'A"tl",t,Olt Ip, OP a 7.1\l<.,m- CItkven tumfiaikaban is ""~ ~.".~
rep" V/Ill ll var i"',ioozAmitMn..k. Nyilviu,v,.]OvfI v"lt , hogy ~z iiMi'K!Il''''r<1 " kh.,...."j k,,~ matA'matikai fog,.]
lltak aIt a liutO'lit As a i>s tovflbbft"jl"""u...... E7J'rt kd!,tt " vl\l'i""'i<'l!01.4mitAAt lltotll'rlt m..temarikai di"",""i,,];
y. V2 sill 1rr,
( 1O.:>2j)
"mdyn..k p;rllfikonj A lo'll}"'Q/,I"'nll'''1Ikii]Ollho zik a (1Il :i2h) kfuRlUi ml'goldMAn..k gntfik"njAt"L
(10,61).
A vAri'",io..Ul1ut.3.8111lkdontO S7Rr"l'" "'''' IIfizikAbitn. A m...d lauika NEWTON-f"lp<'gY"nlrt<-i" JACOBI
n"k, mint 1'1. Iunkcionalanallais V"i!:f optim'm",.,.li.mltiuo ke.... tpj kiY/iitt tArlO'alnj, Az eddigi f..jM'"" ..khcn
ILIApjAha n v"ve n;i\k btt"kint....t adhatttlnk" vl\I"i"'i OmAmft.N< klllollM:<ik'IIl f,-'j<"l,deih (lAs<:! 110.31,110041,
11. Linearis integralegyenletek
11,2, Masodfaj iJ. Fredholm-fele integral egyenlctek
11.1. B cvezet es CS osztalyozas
HA..z ;nt~~nlrl K (x. y) magja vCgeo!<Ok. k"t fiiw'<ny lIWI"""",tAbhlAlIO tag ~_ Mol az egyik
ffi~l-ny mindig a.alo: x-tO!. a InMik p<'Clig NIllk ....t61 fiigg. akkor rlfdpU6 l>I"'9ml oo.u-hmk.
11.2. 1. El faju16 magi! in te gr ale gyelllli'te k

I.
Doofln lciOk
Intl"p;rill"8Y"'nJo:rn oJ!,," ~nlrtl't manl.. lWll"lyhPn egy IDf'ghat3ro7.an<lO filAA\+ny pgy int"Sl"iLl int<.-g:rADduMbM ... li-1JioI'_ Az mtfoJt:r~l..kk tArgy~ niucs ~ cljAr"'-_ A lDqf)kt"" tw..jdon.A&a eo. ~i az ih~nlM. ~j" AlakjAt61 fiiW""lr..
HIl.tl ~mlM.t fIlg\+Dy mind..n taghftn awol lillf'kiMn fcedul ('16.linNins ... t~tr61 h<wi-hlnk.
A bfll:"4tlll mt<'gl"~loot
g(r}<,.iz) = I(z)'"
1 . p robakifej eze... e lfaj u lc'> mag esetp n

.
A7. "lfajllll> t=p;U. lllAAoofaj'" F nSDHoLM f<1ow.in~nk-t liurw algphrAi ~1dAAa. vi>g.... lme..
Arj,I '-1t'"eru..tT'f'Tldszerre W7Rt. Tc k.in1.l<ll k a
,..i x) == f(r) + >.
&I141Anoot /UakJ&:
!,
..
K(r,'),;{1I1J,.
int~~IrtM.1iliol
K (r . , ),..i y)d,
K{x.,) =-01(X)3:I(y) + t2(r).~(y) +-.
s z:S d.
(11.1)
'l~lk d. ~
(t Ua)
+ n.(I)8..(,)
(l Ub)
ol(r).... o.(x) ..... 3,.(r), . . d,,(x) fiiggyi'llyrk ~ 1a:1I] intClYll.1l~ ~.nak

~Imrzve b< ott foIytoDOtoak. Tova blM. 1rgyPll<'.k ft:l. al(I),. .0.(.1') Uu;vf'llyek '"SO'Ill8.'>tOI.liIlf'allS'W
fUQet\PnPk. ami art jPlrnti. bogy ...
/lll
(11.<')
L ('l, O. (Z) ", 0
-,
= l'2 = .. = r... = ~ . .-tm tpljrooi.,1 mindfon [1II1f

ht-li .r-re. {Ha e:l 8. feltpt.-l Dt'fIl teljP".-u. akkOI" (I \.oIb)-bm ittkbPhwk llJ UgvklY"'"Ur.lLlDPly.-k mar
n'k-DPk. )
. \ (114") "" (I Ub) o.-... ru,.g""bo5I
.--..mgg"". ahol CI, kODl\tAnI< <'\O'iittMthk. ar.k ()
,..;(r) '" /(z) ....>.a,(r)
0= f(z)
-oj-
K(z.,M,)d,.
(11.2&)
o =-f(z) + >. / K(r." :-(y)dy.
(I Ue)
"ir) = I(r) ... A
,\ ft.-lli-1'6 lllU'g ralok mar
J
.
K{r , , )..i y) d", (l LIb)
,:>(r)=/{x) +), / K(r,')o?(,11a,. (112<1)
2. Kapceolat a diff"rt'nciill..gyenletekkel
~w.onylAg kf'V.....fi:t.i.kai ~ 1l1<....hIULikai r,-I",,"1 _ ...1; km:w-tlcniil intRgral''@Y''nl..tre. Gy.u:orihh u
Il~n prohl~mAk dl!f''fmnA]''lO'''ILIf'tf'kkrl v"''''l..ir''-. Az inr.. ~n'I'W"nl ...t<"kj..l..nu...>g"t '-""""",rhILlL",,,
IlodJl'l. bogy l17.Am,,", ,IJIf"tI"ncW..,;ypnlrt. bd,...rt"" .. wYaA tll.lt ()W p<'Tt'mi'rtf k- '" k"",d,.t i(>rt.' k. fdtJotd,..
k,.t , illtCKrlt.l<>gy'l'nldhf. irhllt6 At.
Az v(r) "" f(r, y). I/(ro) = Yo k..."'J,tiprto'kf.,!MlI.th61 r o-tO] .r-ig w rlt'llo iUhgnl.1.v-1 kApjllk:
J:.
/( (.y(())d{
(1 1.;1)
Itt " I.....-tt I/{I) fiiggvf>ny /lll "gy" IlItt bIl.l oklll.l"n (." lIZ integrandusban i5 Mlpp. A ( 11.3) illt.PR1'A1.
<'gy'..nl,'l II.kk<>r lu,,'Ari5. Jl<\ liz f((,y( ()) fiiRgVPlly f((. '1(0 ) == a(() y({) + b(() lIJ..ku . V1lfO' i5 hll ~
" I"plll "''''[II;AIO tl lifel"<'nd Al"lO"'Il ]r t ~?illt'-f1 HnrA"".
Mpgjegy7.e~: A jd"ll II f"j."tt -t h'-ll MlIIk FREDHOLM- b< VULTERRA-fplr d..o- (.,; mMotl fllj(1 illt."grAl,,gyruld.,k kd, VIlo]"llIint n,<hAllY 51.i n1l:1I1ArIll int''grAl''K.vcnlt>tt,,) foglalkm.llnk.
SI(,)...i,)"''''
~ fUwtrk
.. -+ >.a.(I)
z d1t.euOtOI. t.-bi.t-
3",(,h-illl"'1'
(1I6A.)
~ ",""uk. aD'Pl)oPkPt A.va1 ~
A.=l a. (, )I.:, y) dll
y(r) "" Yo +
liink:
k= I. .... n.
(11.Gb)
u-hAt lui. ( I
rnegoldhll.tl>. " kkor 8. ,;>( J') mf'gnl<lNoffiuvi'ny pmlwUiiggv"ny ~ban j,o. &Ilr hati>. mit
lIZ f(x) zavarofiiggvkIy (.., lIZo(x) fiiuv'-llyPk.-gy lill'-w knmhlJlAci6J8.n&k /lll .-zcgc:
.,(r ) = /(r) '" AA10 1(X) + >'A 2<l1(r) + ... + >'A.<l.(x).
(I U;r)
(.fA)
2 . A p ro bakifejezes egyiit tha t6in a k mpghat'rozA&a

All A I' .... A. pgyiitthathka~" kiivrtk,-wkrpp<'t1 lr ho"- n" oghII.t.Arn-t ni. A ( I I, Uc) f'gy"uletPt nlt.'gI<ZOr<Y~
7.11k "J.(z) fiiggv;;nnye!. majd Z """,int inl.q:rAlllnk d w l t.-ig,
rJ.(x) .,,(x)dr =
$.(x)f(r)d.I:
>.A ll {Il(r)nl(x)dr ....
+ >'A .. ih(x)a.(x) dr .(11.78.)
Ennek "'" '-gy<"nlptn<'ka bllJoldala (11.Gb) miatt A. Vll! .'tlY"nlo, A

b. =
i3.(z)f(x) <l:r
rOvi<litPst> kkd k '" I , ... , n
A.
(". e.j
iJ.(:r)oJ(r) dr
(11.7h)
,.,\d('u
Mpjuk:
b. + >'('l" A, + .kuA J + .. , + >"'h A~.
( l 1.7e)
'"
A ( 11.7,,) lin..Aril'<'gy.nlPtrelldl<:r..... >Llt A, . . .. , A ~ "' merct I""l' k U' vonatkow" egyffilrtMl wi:
(I - .k u lA,
-.1.('12 ttl -
-.\C'll A I +( 1 - A"Z!)A l-
-.1.C, .4.. = b,
_~ A . = ~,
(11.7<1)
4. 'Transzponalt int <"Kr a l.,gy"nle t

M'1t kdlrnlog viz>lg8.lni. hOfO''' D{>') = 0 _tl","
frltktt-lt"lve ( I I. 7d ) mf"KOJ,lhal.l>o.l\gllt """ i~mPrtn('k
tekiruve all.a1AbMi.. pgy hoIIlOl':l'll illtegrlo.Wgytonwt lIlf'g"I,l.Uhalmaz4t
mil)"'" {{'It'wl..k m..n"tt van
nll'!tolda...a. >I.Z iuhornogl'n integrAl"tO""llrt''''k P<. E ..-elhOl bo>W7A'1.jiik" (11.4..) inttyrril~nl~j tmn.upontiltjdt:
(.r) "" J(z) -'- A
(lUlol.)
K(y.,r}v{Y)dll.
amit (1IA h )-hc'il :r e.. y. what az n- k .... p.k ""..."1><'1lrrfji-vd lut.ptunk. Lrg,ym ), ....jAtht./'lr.. "" legyen ..i z )
,, {11.4&) inhomog"n integr~~Il"tllf'k"!Y ~d.AM- Ekkor Il>f'g I..h..t mlltntni, bogy),,, trenszpon.iJ.t ~tIW'k j,. !'ajil.thtCk<- (f'hlll"Zaoak "" kel!. hogy" .J.( z). J:(z )... , ij,,(.r) fii~yt"Ju..t il; r.-du
kid.juk fiiggf'tlm ~nf. N1llaz o,-k fii~~kllll'I~ nwogtdrt6). Szoro'l:I:llk lllf.'g"
(11.4&)~IM: mindki.-t ol<l. .I"t " tr!llJ.'QponAIt ootnogt'n w~nlM:n1Am<oly .r) ~vN..
o
rn.ajd ~jllnk a-tO!.
O(A ) =
",i z )r(r ) dI
b-~.r ~t:
f (r ),r)cLr+
i (~ i
( I L9h)
lI:(Z,,)c>(Z)Iiz ) .,..i,)d,
Ai. utOO.OinugrNhAnll:T; !... bjx ". bj ha.ln~ (tI.I3M)-t minr\kM. ~mOrionAlkaJmaz,,,,~~
in~<ook ....rwndji-t . ~Ii~ felt.-tliik . hogo (rDl"gwt z _
n'ltiik az
kApjukNl
[J(..
)t1Z) d.z =0
,)
~) = ~ [
K (... ,)(x) liz.
1IZ~.....,"'4 v..1O;;w..n('~~lmfonyt-
o--rfoK\a,I"", :\ ( I l. ....) inhomog"n intIW~.Jct .. ~ ....jAtk1i>k m<'llrtt IXIl'tooIW l'lkkOl" oIdhati>

~. IJA "" J ( I ) zavarofii,l',gvi-ny ortogmuIb.. A tTAI1lI>:I><>n4lt bouiosffi in"'Y~t ugy&DlIZOII ~-hal;
tAnO&i> '-""" ~ A . A u-rofiiw+nYn- VODAtku-Ui ortosonAlit4Ai ff'lti'k-I ~kii {I I .7d)
n~IJA~...J, de anuB! kouuyebben P1woorid>M.6, tovwbi n<"Ill knrlAtazOdik &Z ..u&ju16 ~
inU'gtAlrgyo-nJct...kn-, baw-w oi.l~h!lU.gl'l inl<1P"~tpk ......t"n ilI..kvi,.,u..n" f..t!kU'WA II>f'II:oIdhA~. t<-rwm.e~ A
A : .,..i...) '" s
- 1 +\ ...1y + ,j - ...y)",i r)dy.
-,
y, J.(y) '"
,1:z{,I } =
LUitjllk, ,.,(...)
j"tkto'k foK..:JrnAilAk ..mllt.-tl A1uUAnoiitAAAvaI .
o,(s) = Xl . (.~{z)
&
Z ,
113(Z) - - .... B,(y) = y.
II. Az O. (I ) fiiggWnY<'k lilll'4ritoAn o--Aiiggrlf'k. &.in"" iI,t.egriUPg)...ru..IPI!l.ta-
= z + 1 +11x111 + .1'('; -,1 ).<;(,1) dll. ETr<' II:' inlq.tJal"tYpnlPtr p: o-l(X) = x~ . 01(;r) --" X.
J,(y ) = II, il:I(lI) =
-,
y'- - II , '''' at.
(lj
O k lIIar ff'U..tlrn'k.
hogy A,r + .42 ", alakhan3l.lith"Ij, ..I~.
J1... lilI~ik..gy ,.,(x ) m<'goldt", skkor t ud juk .
('12 = 1+1I2dI =~,
CI1 = 1 +IIldX = O.
_1
-I
''11= " (...-r')d.r ="'

"
1- 1
'n '"
bl _1+1 .r2d.r=~.
1 " {i'_ r l )dx

_1
_1
'
:I
.!"l =
1" (.r
3_.r2
T,'hAt ID'. A , [>;, Al II1e!-:h" t{,f(...~ I'/I, Hwll\"l<'> pgyf'nl,tr'll'f,ro\('f'" kiiwt k,.zl'i: A, -[;aA1 +
( 1 + '3" ) A
B: ;;(x) = .c+,\
2
10
- 3".
11111<'11 A l "" 2i"
' A. =
1"
-72
&. ;;(...)
) d.r = __z .
_I
~ A2 = ~ ,
III 2 ~
= 21
x +
sin{"' +Y)""(II)dy .a:.uw.: K (x , y ) - Hi n(x+y) = Sill,fcot<y +cu;xsillll . ami Ph--
b<-naulaklw.n mAr..lf..juloho a dz ) ~in.c. Ul (Z ) = L'o.;('r ) fiigp;nlf'nek;,>(z) =
I+).
L-
&in l'C()fi 1I,.(y)+
COfI.c sin II .:bl) <ly

ell
CI~= LCOII1Z d:r=~ .
= l-sinzCOllz,u .. o.
l'21=
lf<in1zrtr =i,
f,;y
(I U d)
II.
<)7=
b,= [ICQlZ.u=-2 ,
Lco.Zsin.c.t.r =O.
~r"lI.Lra'r a ki.ivt'tkPzt'l a1akot ohio A I
"" =l"Uill.cd.r=
1>'1
.,::..(%) "" I (r ) + >.
'II'
->.-
'"
-).~2 I = I _ >.1 _
1
If ..
Ennck
" 0 . Ekkor
'"
..
....
>.- -2
11'(1_ .\ )
F 2 ' ). eem ....jAtkt..koo u m~&kgyPnk1.IH'k bl A l = ~ . Al = ---:?, " k ilrra
1 _).1_
1_>.2_
A-krauint~~nlf'trtW80ld4M ...i z) = s + ~ [ (At -2)..wz -;- I (I
- ),) CUoZ] A"
1_ ), 1_
~..-nkot ........t i'nl'u;)'1 =

E:.nnclfogva(k = 1.2 ) .....i .e) =
l"
,;', (z ) = I (r ) ~
....,(r) = 1(.1")'" >.
in-
",,~(z) '"'
"",jitertPlr. ,.... lWtt Al = A 1 k'hAl
~A ~ kapjllk azo.-.", lIq'*iN<t: ",,(.c) = A(sin. ~ C'Ofi.t ) HNIOUIOM .),1 = _!

~ A , = -...12 io.flemiAn ~... 8~ fo=.au ,:'2(z )" B (flin r -001< r ). M~krll nli'K
EUliatI >.,
f.oltncl, Ami l!<'W t<>Ij....ul;
>., _1ion 1~ x (lii-n x -
x )dr = 0 .. r..l tkcl N.1I.l: scm t<-1i-iiL I.d""t nf'lI
COti
~tCn 1~ r( siIu + oou)dr
GO
>'kr.. nin<'3 m~, "mi ""rnl<'lo:r.f'talcn "bbOl is lAtb"U. volt. hogy "'" A-lu .. vonatk0z6 iubomoll/'u
liu....,;.. Pgyt'nltotl'{'l1<ilw-1 o-""n >'kr.. ,ll"ntmond<'>.
Megjegyze.: Az. iNn..rtM,ott 1I1<'f1:oIdAAi 1I'IOd..,.-.rr lIl1gyOn "g)'><Zcni, n.. II.l: elfajulo InllftOk ._,en' kurlAt.o7.6clik. K07...Jlt611~'rkrotll. A7.nnl....l1 lIZ ..ljlir"" ftItal&lOAAbb mILK" intpgr8kgy<onlet<-kr" j,. Illlut.lllL";(hat<'>, ba.. TIUlgUt rlflljulO lllAgg,.] d(.g jl>l nlt'J\w...litbctjiik.
11.2.2. A soroxatos mt'gkozelltes [szukccssz fv epproximeclo)

m6dszt're , Neumann-so1.
1( %) - A
ban fck-rfolv.....z
K (z. , )
[f(,).. >.i
K (z ,,)!{, )dl/ +
K (" 'l )J('l ) dr,] d,
>.' /
..f
K {r. , )K {' .'l)/ ('l }d,dr, .
( ll.lle)
( I U ld)
K (z ,i )K,(i ., )d{ ;rJObt. tovibM .. l<ct t68 inU'gtal--
in~au..~jk ( fU BISI~U>"I) m, bd,...tt i-t. " Iwoly.-tt isn>k u ,-t
,;>t(z ) .. kOvetb-zOkPppcn irbaW:
...-,( z) "" I(z)
'1"
>. / K ,(%. , )/ {y ) dll + >.'
K,{z .l/ }! (y) d,
b.v.n&Iva.
(ll. th')
AllAlOg mOOoll,
&
1\". (x ,, ) ""
;r101........1kapjuk
f
/I
K (7.{)K .._1({ . , ) d<!:
(n= 2. 3,,,.)
,; . (z ) "...dik iu'rilt "IMlHtAMt:
.",,(-f) =/(7) +>'
f.
K,(J:II)/(lIl dll +
.. + x-
K. (.f.l/ )!(II)dy
( l 1.1 l)
(1l. lIg)
A K~ (r , y) lifl'jerest K (r , y) n-nld; ttmut mawallak ul'\'t"Uiik,

2. A N..umann-sor konverge nd Rja
.
A ",(x ) m.. gol<lfL. mt>ghatArm.luo;\bO"~ vi.....gAlni krll .. >. vAlto7AJ'\
Iterfiei68 e ljirorb
A kiT;'On....g' .. ditf"r<'ll"iAI"gy<'ul"t,'k ltl'1/;oldaAArll ""..olflil.l6 P ICARO.jil.. it "rri..i6" d.larri..boz h_'llll>M

(l;;...d :;05. old. ), mod""Nt k"n",iink Il FREOHO LM-rn.. ma..o.:lfajil illt,,!,:raJ"!lV>'Il!d 1l"'801,1"";;'u..k i"'I'"
tiv m..ghet....r07.AAA.r"'. E ....lh"l, kiilldllJV'" '"
;;(x ) = I(x) + >. / 1\"(" , y)",(y ) dy ,
vUBg/llni "" ort<.>KoMlitluOIl4I! ~i-n
1I~r!AMik iA ll~.
(l l.l lh)
Be-t_ .. K 1 (%. y) "" K (r . y) m KJ{z. , ) - [
egyMllPt "Ct-i k Co< fgy
>. / K (.I",,)J(II)dy .
A ~t i~ ..~.... .....nnt m.. kif,,~ (11.IO) jnhh oltJaJi"n hfo.lwll tw;1Y'-"t~~ ,i ! ) ";
lyPhf'. T~ ,.jbo.,'iJnoc cflj4bOl .. ( I I, tt b) ~l>PD /lZr.ft -V"am, llItfV"Ci6II\;jJtoai>~
~ra v.'Ito:r.w.juk. K"fljuk:
sin( r .... r};"i,) dr hom~ in~I.1IJPkVMnAk
= " ,billz + A 1 00> z ALU:1't . DmI trivWiA ~dMwU. A Al =
..'0(%) "" 1(.1" ))
(" = 1.2.
K (" . y)",,,_,(, ) dy
A ~ket riw.ll'tcz"" clOezOr j,.
! . .\2"" -! .
lI' .
Ai...!2 = -2. -Ai"', + ...11=
egyi>rtPlm/l ~ VlW minden oIylUl>'-r... MIK"lyO' 0(>.) =
toohM
cnl..tMl. r"kur~ivcJepb.r..d..finiA!tmk ..RY ""'(.I"}, .;', (l'), ",,(x),, . , . rii&gv"nY':~lxil all6 ....~tot . EI~
1(" ) fiiggvenrl. vaJ...<djuk. Minden lOVlt.hhl .".. (x) ...t .. kowtk"'dI ..161r..... &la.Pl8.l1
ki>p<"Zflllk,
~A1tnak .. ,,::,"x) =
1(7) +
t,>."fK~(x.y)/(y)dy ,
R_I
hatvAnysor, ""
( 11.10)
sn
(11.12}
'm. ;..l Et:MANN-l'Or kOllv"rg'nd"jAt. II.... K(l' , y) ho a 1(" ) fiiggvi'lly korlAto, ",",,,", fenu-
IK( x, y)1 c u
(a $:.1" $: II,
a S y Sb ) No
I/( z)1 < '" (a S x S b) ,
(11.13a )
11. 2.3 . Fredholm-fe te m egoldAsi m6dszer, Fred ho lm terclci

11.2.3 .1. Fredholm-fele megoldesi medszc r
..kkoraz
,\, L >.~ IM(b -o)r
(11.I 3b)
...,..II ( i 1.121h..h M~ m.. jor""...... Ell II!V'01lK"lIiai!lOr konVf"l"~. ha
l
I>.J < M (b
).
A
Kinellto JIIego ldas d iszkret iz.iIA.-...1
,.- (x)=/(x ) ... >, /
0)
(I Ll:
K (z , ').,;>(II)dy
(11.130')
.... <'gYmJ<.t-n kollw.-q::a1 mindAwn >. hWkrkre.IllJlf'I)"'kf'f' lfo\.

\ 11.130'). A :-':EUNA~N '>IOl tA!U.\.m.u: ;.'-hb ~ _l a kon~int.f>l'VllJhunot IDI'-K pon .
tollAbhAn Joollt"!. ~m .... VlI-IOjAlWllI boSw-hh . &z..-nnt A :\ECMA~~-'" ponloMn..kiml" kon ~ . ""
~If~ A:-lEU';4"'~S '- ilo ~ut
p l il
( II IJd)
FIlOHOU.lA& m&-tf",ji, intql;faJegyrnlPlfot ki'>z<oolitOirl CO 1int>AriIl~tnn.w,..ITf'I. Joohf>t mcgoIrlIUli. Tegyiilr. fel. bogy '" K (x . lI) a. az / (x ) l1,",,",ya S r S /l. 0 S r S "....,ten folytollU'o.
..... (11.15) ~ben ~ int'"l(JNt a h&l oI<Wi t<'lI~ ..rOl'mu1&"'" (IAMI m. old.) akarjuk 1lJ<"g'
kf.tz,oliu-ni. H~t nAnk ftZOohan a lI11IlWrik,,,, intql;fAl4. (iANl 92 l. old.) hAnn<-ly rna.. kfp JootPt j".
.- .
....
l/l- =a - (k-I )h
(k_ 1.2.
(11.1610.)
Il . h = - - I
f'k~
pontokW A
.,.,(.c) "" fIx) -'- >.h K(X .III )~-{II' ) ...
... h."(x . ",)<"-,{,,,,)l.
1l1.l6b)
kw n""'" Upjuk, H",I:<"It'tt,...jt.~l;k itt ~-(.c}-<-t "LV 7 (.1') ~)'It'1. /llDf"lv <'gZAkt ul kieloigitiA (11.16h)
~JooU't;
r (x .,;>.) =
;;(x) = / (x ) _ >.h !K(x. ,,);(.,.) -+
L
_. >. - 'I\. (x .,}
(11.1-101.)
(11.1&)
KjO = K (x, .!/Ir ) . -:. = ~xo ) . /. = /( x.)
,.-(x } = f (x ) .. >. / f (....,; >') / (,1} d/l
alakhlllt JclK-t ""MIlilAni.
A .,;>(x } = r ... >.
int.-grfJ<'lO"IlJ..t.... I\ ,(x. , ) .. r /l. 1\1{X. II) =
3:~' ;..,igy F (x ,II: >') = I II (~ ~)
t1 I. 141o)
I.'
l'
IJ/,.-(,1)d,l mi.<oodfajil
x{f}{d{ =
~"n
FREDHOLMf'I..
jX1l' KJ {x.,) == ~XII ..
.. 1\. (X.1I) ""
. A ( 11. 13,:) korLitra ......10t.. kintl."lt<lalOOr hiztoMu kon..... rttfJ.
h... I>.1 . ) =
XII
(I_~)
w...,l..... n~ a:1.onrn..n
! Mlly",I","',
3
g<"'" l<tru..i ....r, lUu.ly m<"s 1>'1 < 3 """wn i~ kon.....rgaJ., "r"h"t (11.14h) ,,1l\I,jM' kal,jllk;
{',,;
,
,::(I
x "'x+>'}" ---,-d/l =~ .
u
(1--)3
(lI. liA)
roviditt'>!w-k kd .....az egyoonJootrt"o<wn AIr.Owlla-7A aWthao lrhll.!h f,..:
+ K (q r..);"-(J-l] .
EIr.<D..Ilt6~k~t.a,;,])(ru l ,;k.' ;';';llk V>W 1o~r) fii~rny r . = a+( k- l)h aU.wont.:>khlllt

ffolWit kto'lu-ir<". Ha A (11.IOC) ~1Ml>m OVma.lltAn t'iviw'aiilr. ~ I = X l . r = I l . X = I .
hPIyrttNoiti-.olt'lwt.liIlf'ArUo <"IIJ""~ ""~ kRpJu,lr. ~ J1 'OZAmn krn....n ;'(Io) ni gg",'nyi-rtCm, "
1--3
(I -MK lI)":1
-MK'l""2->.hK n ~-, + (1- MKJ2)~'2 -
->.h K ., .; ,
- >.hK'l """ +( 1 - >.hK_ ).; . '"" / ...
A reedseer pgyl-,tthat6ibOl kep7.Mt ,ktcmllllAi1lo
(1 - >.hKll )
->.hK I2
->.hK 2, (1- >'hl\-n)
~(>')
II 212 1-"
(11.l Thl
(11.17c)
-.\IlK. ,
->.hK. 2
(I - .\hK_l
E d..t<'l"min""" ""..,,-kc-~.."t<, 'lgylUlaz, mint ~,.z egyiittlmti..d..U'mlinli.ww'. amdy lIZ ..Ifajulo magll illkwA1l'g)'l'n1l'tck tAcgyalAAH.nAllpp wI. A (11.11b) '1O"1l1,tr.u.wrn,'k miod"uvlyl'lll >'-ra l'tezik "IQ-...r
u'!mti m..gold""'" am"lyn' f..nnAll D.(>.) ;. u. & ... 1lI.~ul,lA-< a krN'lW'tt..,: (I) riiggwuyal"PP'>Iltokhan
("I...('u ("-uk,,,io..k k07"t'lit6.iMI All. A D.(>.) = Uf"lul,,,lt ki.Iigit"'>'OQ.l\lllnkll.1. int<waJ."gy<'IlI"t""j"Uru'k"i"..k ki".. lit""'i. A (11.17h) pl!Y"nld,f('lld""n I!l"Kul.l....... bAuy",t,,,,kl>ut IlIlithat6,,1O (lAArl CRAMER"""hAly. 274, nld.):
';0 = 0 ..(.\) """, (x. ),
M e&i<'gyz "" : H.. K(z, 11) r"lyto",,,, ml'lg{, '''' "10' konkret .\ra l'I (11.13.-1) fplti-td m-ru tl'!j,.,.;jJ ..kkur 1\
mag" I$I, II) '" I\l(r ..~) + K 1(x, y) k(,1'1"t .z"rint kH folyto",,,, mal,'Ya hOllt!laI.O Iel. ahcl h'I (Z.,1}
",If"jnlo mRg, 1\"1(Z, II)-",,,Iig oly",n ki....i. huKY rA filM f.<>lj... m (11.13<1). I!/;Y ~p<"'iAliAAn minde-n olyen
.\-1">1- Ill. 1U1lt'ly n"m ......JAthU,k, ''RY<'' rt.l'lmii tll.gold...... van (IA..,J ... Fredholm 3 t,,wIH
,JIll. old. ).
.
.. .
... , . " .
="12,
-)J, K,. ~.
-M I\", ..,:...
k -=-1.
. , 11.
Itt ~(>') ugy All d,i, hogy D.(.$ k -""lik~I"J>'" ,I('m,'il.ll.1./1 '
2. A rezol ... e lls m .. g hatArozAsa
H,.." tll.rt vlgtI."l..nhea, akkur ...D.(>') d.t<-rllliuit.n~lU\k "'1lI1
O{.\) = lim 0..(>.)
.-~
(lI. HI)
12, .. ., /.. I>rli>kl'kk('lhdyett-itjiik.

(11.1911-)
580
fulll~"". am"ly"f'k " 'Ril.loi1l:"""I ... F(r.lI: A) lM',l)IVPIl>llIlagol (Ia.'Id II 11.2.2. !<Zalca.'<1.t) ..
'- ,1I) =try-x'J.'I

"1{.r
- 0 4.rt-.r 2)( -1f y- 12 j ut
r( .r. ' A) '" D{x . y;,\ )

,.
D(A)
(II Wh)
>LW: bM If'~ ~IMllitani ..oo1 ~..\ 1 /.i!nIl<h ..Iy."i
""pcl! f (x ,II ;"\ ) vO/'L...u. ligyl\JWdror
0(..\ ) "" 0
tt...n II. Ill>mog"ll lntpgr6lq;yt-nWtrwk t;.~II.,.jt Il<'ID nllllll IDt'gOId,3M.j, .. ..\ ""j~kh..... t>Irtati> jiltffiggWuy..k.
A r(r.y: ..\) ~""llIO ...tIM'T"'t .. . h.. D{>') '! O .Ir~b-IIzi .. ~ldAAPXJ>licil clMllit.\Mt:
eg)'f'?Je.t yoke, I'0UtoIWJ /l (11.1...) mt~Al<1O"'ukt _jAI"rU-keivd az<>llO'Il'k_ Ebben
. .(. I)
=c
f{I l +
,,!
f (:r. r : Al/{y) dy = t (z ) +
1~ (4ry - ~) -
I.'
_I ) d:E =18'
1
K(x,I IK, (f, lI) dt = O. Enni>lfoR"" d.l K 1(7 , , ) '" mindt-ll tov;,},bi
II.
4.r1l-fl-
d", k 1\. (.1 ,1/) m.'tmyi.i>g nullaVlOl rgyffil6; r(Z , lI:'\)
[.r+~1I-5~-~III]..\
,.
),2
. A
I-A-<.- l'
0:>.)JD(z . It. A)/(, ) Ity .
K, (z,, ) =
2 J.'
4 2 - i4 I l/o d2 '" 1 01\ , X. .I:

l' t2.r 21I-'j.r
(11.19)
"
0(..\) = 1-,\ + Is = 0 egy<'lIlrtb61" k"t _ jAtprti-k AI.2 = 9 3,..17. HII..I. Df'IIl .....jil.tertfk. a Illf'gokia.~Ta
.
J.I
UpJuk: ...-(z) = z+ .I.. r(Z .II;.I.)f(r }dll
3.r( 2A - 3A.r ... 6 )

.1.2 rsx ., 18
11 .2 .3.2. Fredholm tetelcl
.,
...
--( z) = f (z ) + A
(11.2OIt.)
j K (z . ,
( 1I. 21a)
,) d,l
FREDHOLM.f"'" miLoodfa j1"1 in~n1rtb f'Z t.vtnII6lnw>pOllilt int"ll:J"~1rt \ lrt~eo; __

varMiggwnn)-d.)
d,. '"
~ lI"~_ I (I.r)dr.
K . (r ., ) = K (r.,) d,. -
JK(I.t)K~_I{t. ,)dt
(11.2Ib)
";{sl = !IlZ) - A j K (y .r)t." (, )d,.
(11-2Oh)
F..rre a ki>t in~n1rt .... h-vi-tI~k .. kilwtk<'215&1litNonk ( 11.2.1. 0IZA1CluoK).

1. FRI'.:DHOl.w-f..1e mkor>dfaju in~1rtllrk~ ~ KIll .....j&Ji'rt8u. ~<UI .....
.-.k ~ .. vf!gtpJenben torlOOhatnalr:. _
mindrn R Yak 1lZiunh<. c-.k ~ M>k oIyan A.....jil.tiorti'k
taIAIhMO. amPlyrptAl < n.
2.
A IJPm ",,-jAteItekP .. ( 11.21.. ) l-gyptllPtfWk.lI.kkor min<lkM. i~ in~nlt1. t<'t...w-
"a
\P.... j (.c). ill. g(z ) :r.a.....-OfiiggWnyIn<"llrU~ln"lrll ol< lhAt6 ~. n. II. bo:w\jnk tart.<Yw bomop;" n
in~~njpu>kIl('k l,.,.k
trivWiro ~uk
\'M.
Ha A II. ( 11.2 111.) p:gyrnlo1.Jl<>k ....jMhti-b-. akkor A II. ( 11.2 I b) UII.l_ roon.u t '-'XV'"nlrtnrk i>; fl.&jilthteke. Ekkor miadket h0rnow"ll iulegrAJrsy-mI"lIlf'k VII.Ilnak 1...lll Ilulla mpgoltl"-i. "" .. linearil<an fiig
getlen IUljAtfUggWnyPk ma:rilIliUi~ ><Wna" ke-t l-'gypnlMllilllll~'''R,Y'"Zik.
4.
.,~ inhom''R'''' inWgralrgvmld pontOllllJl akk"t ulf'gnl<lhAt6, 1\iIo" Zll.vAmfiil!J(V"ny orl.ogonAfu< ..
tnu"'""lX'nAlt hornotn iutegriJ<'lQ'<'lllct lIlin<l..n m"'lt" I,IAl<iLr" , IlM'/! I,," II.
3.
D:.(A) -
t .(r ) =.1.
j K(I,II )V(,I ldy
(l l. l'l a)
jj(.c)t'(r)d.c =O
{ll.Z2h)
Ew khOl" t<'-t,'I..khOI ko,.." k,.'"ik II FRHHtoLM pI.. "1r,"",.tt,,,,t,'/cI: VIIRY l\7. inh"''''lg''ll iut<'grall"lU"'nl,,!
Ill"~olrlh,,t6 t"U<t.61..gp!< j(x) 7."vllrMiigp;v<-uy lIl<"ll<-tt, vI\KY" !Il"l:fool"16iJoUlOI!;I'1l "I\.v"lll.tnpk li-Jn"" k
IlI'IIl triviAli~ lIll"gol<lA."Il.i.
50'
11.2.4 . N u mcrik us mOds7.ert'k a Fred ho lm- fete masodfaju
i nt egr-alegyenlete k IIwgoldA....'ira
j..lol"""klu.-l .. {I I .2z.c)
Gyahan ..!of"rdu.l, lu'BY'1O'
",ix) = /($) + A
ro'Il<],.~.cr
.. kiiV<>tk....'O .w.k()t vt"'lli f,I:
- ),hh"12 .,."l -
(I - >.h h"n),;'1
->.hK j .. .,;.. =
->'hK~;.
->.hK2, ":1 +( 1 - MK'l2Y"l) -
K(s.yJ...ill)dll
( 11.23)
- >.h K .
-),h K..:l ..-2
,;' 1
'
II
fl,
(11.2{ic)
+( 1 - ),hK_}<;. = I.
FR EDHOLtoI-fo'W mNon<lf",jLi int<>gt~J,ov-t a 11.2. 1. 11.2 .2. "" 11.2. 3. -oo.."Zhau kirt ..ljilrft>oo>k y,..
Y")' ......kua,c' rAfm-dit""""l k-bt.-~ cg;<alrtlll ~Iclani_ IIY"'D....-t ~Il
n"mrrinlfl kmrIit6 miKw..,..khfoz kd] fnlYlWwxlinmk. A w."ctkPZOkbo.ua (1 1.23) til"L~l" illt"'"l(T~"'
ict<-k DlImrrikwo ltIf'gok1i ..ljAlftMirmk bAroUl .-t8l.yat mUIATjuk Iw.
1'1 '"' n t a Tl'ndszcrt ........."tiik Ie " FREDHOLM fc'1f' IU'~1$oi lIl<'>d>u.t'f ~ i:uttt:aIata""".ia (m..J.:>19. old.).
Mi.....1a:wnban .. baJ. oklali. ~a!ap- furw,,1A IWIllfUOlO".'ll POlltool. az llltrgrliJ jO"Pl'roxiIrIa..i6jahO'~llafO"
;"'ArnUalappontol k.. na w:lllol.MbII l)('YODui. allli 1I~1iu ~-uktr"Ut1sz.cr rni'I:ctct ""' a ""';',lllolMi
idiit. FJ.iort ..jAnla.tot< ..Jlcalma..ahb kvadr.. t,irafonll"J.&b~ 1w<:alAlni.
11.2.4 .1. A z in t t'Kra l a p p roxi m a cioj a
2 . Ny strom-mooszcr
A ;'; y STlt OM-m.6d'<u-rni-1 ..,.. inttogrlll "pproxirnM:iOjM" .. G Auss-f..k k ....
.w.I ra tiunfonnuliLbt (u-I
923. old.) hu;wl!.ljllk reI- E>-Pk w-...t......rl>J,iAbOI ""kinw.lk u
Iam..lyiko'v,,", ""ltV "IY8I.c...lAn nem.
1. Sze m idisz kr+t p ro bl kn a

A (11.23) in~lrU't"~ I_Uk krrlb<.1o.+. hnr;y az intf'gr&lt mz..lito kif"ru-I ~Iyt.t~t.
jiik..b ilY"ll kO:.dlthwokrt bu'1"rl11i"/~1""'1M'W'ZZUlr.. A lAkj u k
/ J(s)d.r "" QIUI(f) -
L ~~J{r.J.
-,
(l1.2~)
(l1:l~)
A ~.I!I K(r .. )..; .j) h.drlll.,'1rAfonmlu. D~ fiiQ lIZ r vallo>lOt6I.. A fii~'..<'nY"I ~'fIWlltllrnil>lUl"
pont. &tt jrI7.i. ho,.y .. lrmtlrl\l'irAfnrmulM
fl1gniMr vl!.lt.ozi:><-a ..JkalfllllZtuk. ~I""" AltiortLDI ..
~z) = J(x) -t-
&t"
.
>. L
..:.K (z. IA ~ JI'. )
-,
~~nlMl?"'t ~x) .. .;(r)
Iq"
(ll.2.'}h)
''KMkt 1~I""nAk
pgy "1' lu"",imMiOjl. A ( I I. 2:ih) prohlhnA! .v",.d~,U:.

riJtm.6 lI'kiuu tihPn ,1i><t.kre l"rti-k..kl"J" tiTl,i Dk AI . Il:Il X vNt<u,O ... il<wnt u,i,(
n' h wk monclj"k. m<'J't

t<1.I<7.OIPg......u wu....:zt hato.
Ha "ItV ;o( x ) fI1AA\""nyr<' a ( 11,2:-'1 <'!tV"nlrt minde-n x E laobl pout nan I"lj,.,.ii l. >Lkkor l.. nJl""'~'W-Jl
t<'1y.,.,111'l:t x = Xl ,w"l'l",nt"ld",n i~,
;'(r. ) = I(r.) -+ >.
L ..,} K( r~, YI)~II}).

,.,
k "" I. 2, ... n
(1 1.2-"....)
Eo< n "SY"Il!,-tl><'l1 AIl6limAru. ~'''lIl'''-nf1<VrI. .. r aZ tl ",,11m', J;'! (x. ) i.~ l1l'Idl"n ,... . A u"'go ldful7-kr<'t I, ro!>i('ma mpg,,!<l;W\t , Ennok ,...,. ..lj"-rht<.Ul.k >L ]>,mt~ .. &o ""Jim,,]Mill'Il.Vf''' kv",h"tlmoJorm"Ja j~a tOl fiigg. Ha 1'1. " hal oldilli t{>III" I",>f" rmul"t &0 Il.Z y~ "" r. or (J + h(A - I) . I, = (b _ a)/". ( lo = 1.. .. , II) "hidj"",t """ "l"I']><>lIt,,!vt.t
hAAZluu j"k, t" hM
J
~
L " K{r, ,V.)~(y~) .

>.,
( 11.2futj
h"(.cl , y.j.
'" = f(.r~).
L L,,(z )/ (x ,,),
-,
(x
abol
L.(x)
(x"
"". = ;.'l"(r.)
(1I. W],)
A2.
x. a1appon.
Il l- 2m)
x,) .. {x-x. IHx-x ,}. (x-x.)

r d . {x .r~_l)(To r .. d .. (r. I~)
( 11,27..)
Az igy d<'finWt p(x) poIinomr.. f..nnAll

p(r ~) "" I(x~).
k = l.. ... fl .
At I(x) ir,~and""p{x) po!iuolJunaI......Jo bcly~tl.....iU- a kOwtkt-z6 kva<ln.tw-alonnuhU...-Ija:
J~ J t0-.-,J
I(x)dr
p{x) d.c =
I(I.)
L.(x )dr ,
(11.27d) aboItelutt _F
L. (r )dr . {l 1.27"j
A GAus s-f,'I" kvadrat ,"raformll!AknAl IlZ "lapp.,nt"k 1ll,~v4J-lo:t"""Ill'lll !.<1>.,li]<>R.... . h....",Ill ll.Z
r'. =-a+b
,_ +_b-a
, _ t.
-, ( I I. 28a )
I< = 1.2.... ,tl
,-l6ira.. 1I",..,rint tOrt<'ni k. A I. "".Amok ..
P~ {t)
2 .
n' d" [( /dt "

-
W]
(11. 2Shj
,-l..:lf"ju LEGE:'WRE-p()!in()m (1AA<l 520, ()l<l. ) tl1hll"h"Iy<j, F. ~.Prll~h ..IYfk min<la" llyinn " [- I, +11iu-
t<>rvallllIllban h ..ly.>1.k,,,lllt' k cl.
A~ _',
'1!Yiltth Kl.6 k KZ
X-I' .
b;
a It _ I,, ) iutegrelhelyett...iV--1
' / (I- t,) .. (I-t._,)(t- t.. ,) .. (t- I.) dt

.... ~ = / L.( x )d.c = (b-a }2" (I .-t,) .( I.-t._d(t.- !.. i] .. {lo l a)
-,
akkor a
K,~
p(r)
h"t.Arm.hatok mpg:
K (r , y );;"(y)dll "'"
(1l, 27a)
I(x)d.c
integrAlt . Hc lynU'Sitsiik a>: int..,;Jand""t "lO' p(x) ponlllJulIllai. _Iy A2. J(x) fiiu;Wnyt
toklwu:J inlA'l'pOWja:
~;". '"" U'l.<"KJllI t...Iyf'tt IlIi r ..u.,.,..,.,tMl'wou fdW't 1 k bizonyot' ..." -runokW ~"uY<->tt Iii.QWnyh~ ~ &II. Itt _ . wo~ta..-..IbJlnM (I-tO! lliggnlrn) m6don tOn.Pn.ik ..-\ (1 1,23) "lO"'nl<-t
pkkor mz...lit~. b'>wt~n irhali>:
h'
f.
; (b-a)A .
( 11 ,29)
'84
A 11. 1. tfl b lb.atba n a:t rbollf"j"l LF-GENDRE-pohnomok zi>l'\Ulh",l~i. valILlllint
A.
~l\1y<>k Y>l.Illl"k
f..ltiint<>t"" n "" 1" .. 6 _'!Jon ,
a
a
-O.S7j~
.'t l ,., 0.5
"
I, =
O,Sjj'~
.41 '" 0,5
I~
<,
0,71.;6
A,
/: = -0.538-1
0.2;;S
A,
AJ
0.11805
-
;"(x ) = f(r )'" A
A.. = 0.2393
~ = OJIIl5
.4 2 = O.4-lU
A, = 0.2778
-().8612
A l - 0.1739
It = -0.3.100
A, = 0.3261
A,
0. 326 1
t~ =
0.2386
A.. = 0.23-10
.4. "" 0 .1739
t~ =
0 .66 12
A , :O.I~
4 -
0.9324
At - O.1k-51
'3 =
t. =
0"'00
0.0612
Ka..-llt6lootl: rneco&daiMIOa
'\YSTR6M~ln
~-(r)
- co...... ... _. r
3 .... oti>u.
I, = 0,:;,
..., "" 0.1127,
Al = 0.2;;1:'.
AJ = 0,.1-44-4,
= O.l3Oll7,
t, = 0.96214.
K II
1\72 '"' 1.2M03.
.,
1.012111.
.r- ... "
2 (~'
- I ) ....
1'.. . .
D
A,
j [t
d,.;j,,(y }] "J{Y ) ""
t._
7\'(z,l/ ) =
d, i.( y)
L O/ (z)<l/ (V) .(11.31h)

I'"
a J{r}clJ(Y)]
,4
~,)dV
( 11.31,,)
in~1rtm<'golda..an...-a>IgAIOcljArlla. A;o; a.(r), .. a,, (x ). ill. Jo(, ), ... , 8..{,) fii~k m<>gv&la8ztAAAnAl gnndalni kPll IlITIl.. hos.Y /l ( 11.3 1....) o.-Aiigkl...n lW'rPpi6 dJ ""Amob.t konny>llPgypD
llW'glw.&romi . ~ bogy /l ( 11.3I c) tArgy..lWhoc lIZiik.~ \l:WflGli" mPnnyiMiI:" """"'ely mal"adjon_
2. Speciilill spl in ....probakif.. jPzh
~~ ~ IUaR-appr~a;tla.1ol = ;O. IJ iutrgrMP iukrYa1lUIUOll&Z
0.007
A. l =0.11104
A J = 0.23-10
a. (x )=.:J..-{r )=
".>(, )41/ inl<'lO"~loot"
I. = 0.&373,
.~
0, (1')
0.2393
A, = 0.284-4
tI..........[t
Enni'lfogvlllllkaJrn=ha.1O /l 11.2.1 .........k>-O"'-' n..mut.atott . ..If,,julO m!\gll
OJ7.u>
<,
0._
t, = 0.53M
11 = 0.9062
t
0,9324
/1 = -0.6612
t 3 = --tl.23b6
f~
n : 3 :
1\(x.y) =
<
"I, =
I, =
A,
a!aku tmu>r.'wnt<t,,,plm':mnand. ahoI"" oll(r) , . . /1..(E) . ill. &(V) . . , P"(y) fiiggven)"'k lin...fLri,;,.n
fiigg.-tlp"... k. E f;jggv"nyPk..t .. 1Uirjak.a dJ. ''KYiltthAtblrnt I.. ~lig m.-g lph... t 1"..tArmni IIg)'. hogy" k..t1&
>uumnu./l IIlllgOt biwnyoo ert..l..",l>cll;o! appro:cimAlj/l.. A ( I I .31/l ) .. If,,jul0 mag f1tsUakitA.""va1 kap juk:
I - . Ir - ~I
n
ba. k - I
n
( 11.32)
"fJ"'bk"nt
y&l-.<tAMai 8ii.nk. Az o. (z ) fiiggYmy csall a

kiilOn~k
< .< ~.
' .- -I . '.')
.(-
intefVll1.hlDlOD.1\Z "~t tarlOll
nullAtOi (1 1.1. Abra ).
o.ms.
/ .. = -0.652;'1,
K~ = 2.197'46 .
11:11 = XI I - 1.05191. K ,t = 1\'1 = 1.10517. 1\23 = K:r:z = 1.:>50838.
( 11 .3.1)
A ,.."1. .':I"''';>:' In<"Sha~IW.>I~ ( 11.2:>0:) ~1.lrrnd,.."",r" kowtk..w:

O.l1~-.'1 - 0..17016"" - 0 .JU7U2i':'J =
0.96214.
-0.29390.,:1 + O.42931'i1o'2 - 0 .43292 ..."'3 = 0.13087.
-0.30702,:'1 - 0.692:>4.;, + O.38%~ = -0.652~1
"I -
A n>"d"Z"r lU<W>!,I,,,,,,,
0.93651. .;, = - 0,00144. ..~l = -0.939.'",0. O-"'III.'....lllltNo,,1 ~ ..~kt
megokl.......,-u.k.. Ill': 1l1IlPI>OlI1{,kh"'ll: .,:>(XI ) = 0.93797 , .,:>(Z2 ) = O. ':(X3) = -0.931'97
{I 1.3-4)
11. 1. Ahr...._
11.2 .4 .2. M a g-a p proximnclc

A K( r. V) Ill"ll;ot h..ly<>t'-itj,lk <'RY 1\(r .y ) IlJl.ggal. 1UI\("lyrp 1\(x.V) ". fi{x.v) ~ ra :s: s
b WWII"'"yo n. F..:r.I " n~ot (lIlY Vl\1_tjllk " wg. hogy II kclctk(""~
7(.c) = f(1')
:s:
$; d .
+ A /"K(.l./J)7(Y),IY
(I LIO)
intpgral,'ltVl"lllpl.("I l("lI("t<'il("!l: k<>llllyiilpgy...n "",,,oldani.

1 . TenzoNzorZllt ...p proximacio
A mag lO'akrall ,.JlrnlmamH k;;z"[it"",,, 1\
L L d). ",(.c)ij~ (v )
j - .....
m~IrlAsa..
mint i.~nltr"tcll. ,I..wli~h"tO a
~x) '" fi r) + A.:.ao (.c) + ... + A ..n..{r)

(11.3S)
/ll"kl>&ll. III "" Aoan(x) + ... + A..a..(x) kif,j,/...... 8f'Omt'tnllil"8 '10' tiiriittvonal. lIllIdy "" x. '" kin
h.. ly..n lI7. A. "rti-k("t V<"II"l.i fcl. H.. ... ( 1I.311 :) '-1lY"IlI.'1. llw801<1Wr,, azt "" ..ljflrAAt 1I.Ik.... lmazzuk. a.r",~
!yr t az ..tfajnlo
i.~I",rtiill k llWg... kkor 1\7. Ao, ... , A.. !l'I.Amnkr" "8Y lin""rill ''KY''n!,1;","d"",,:rl
kapunk:
( I - A("<J(J) Ao
-Ac<lI A,-
m"""Ok,,m
- l.r.IOAo + ( I -
K ( . v) "" 7\'(.c, 1/) '"'
(11.3Ic)
( 1I. 31a)
ACnAd-
(Il.JG...)
586
'"
Ha l"'Vt"Zf'tjllk
In
IlZ
A_(""'(,:rd"
I" ..
.,;~~x,))
B ~
";1(r.) ... ;.(.r A )
=
A~
(~.~) /
oo(r)<>.(x}d.c+ ...
+ I,
(~.;)
intf'l(rAlokra a 1WW'1k..w ..d6dik;
"
I). '" / o,{.l')<,.(rjdr =
nwrixokat i>s"'"
{l L3l.ibl
a..(z)n.(r)tLr.
1'! =
ba. ) =O.k=Oiooj=n./r=J1,
;;;
ba i=k. l :$.j<n,
1
6n
bA J =t+ L j : k - 1.
~""'kmt.
(ll.h)
.>\.X
(lLJOd)
ko'-pIoot adjA mf'&. H..... l ll.~) .lau ~16 c.... IIZNnokat rgy C mMrixba." K (j/n. ,..jn) ktrk..koot
~ B miltrixhA.. IlZ
IorU'b-krt J>l"li rgy A tM.trixbll. fogIaljuk 0.-.,. ha t.ov&bbA II 0..
woi.h6l rgy .!l Mt.ot'\... lcPwfwo1t A... ,A" szAwokbOl pfflig rgy ! _ktort k4tzUnk. ..Jr.kor .. ( 11.36A)
rgyo'nl<-t"'~ I11.Atrix.. ir"modlwan liZ
(/ - .l.C)1l '" (l - .l.B A) 3 = !!
(I1.x",)
&Iakot Vl!'IZi fel. Ha ftZ (I - .l.B A) matrix ro-gulan... ak kor ..llIlt"k .. I'l'n<:!Neruek ifotnik ~tto>lnI11 ! =
."Id-
I,.
11.2.4 .3 . Kollokacies modszer

E1.........lVll. VM n IWUQU. ~ la.lJl inl..rvallumon lin<'iu-isIw fiiw"t len .:'1(X),
. .;.. (r) fiigWny. E ftw:.
vPlI)"l'kk..11I .;( J') IlWW'ldAAhQK rJO' ~(r) IJfobsl.fiiggvi'nyt k"J><'zii nk:
.;(x) ... ;(r) = al .,:'l(r) + Gh''''(.c) + ... + a .". (x ).
(l 1.37..)
A MNiat l\:t al . . a" ..gyiitillatl>k IIwgba.tlu-ozk<a. EKY ilye n m6<\0n riPhn iAlt ~(.c ) fiiAA"(-uy h..." !llta
!"hM l><'ln walJu.~ok al ... ,<1" fort fokpk fl&). hogy m<>gkapju.lr." ( 11.TJ) intpgrAlpwnlrl. .,.o(x) '" ~( x )
~t m..guld...../.t. W rt ftZ inl.f1lrArj(". intpn'a1lumban f{'lvetrllUlk >l 8ZAm1] X" . . X R ...u..I'poul,ot. k<
l"lI<f.tAn a:.!t I'rob.4.ljuk ..Iforn i. hngy Il (l 1.37a ) I'ri>baf;i~ny ez int<>grll.I"!O"'IlI,t'l ~..v."b ,..;..k\"'n Il
IKlntokhan ('](-gi \.l' ki:
~.rk) '" alP1(xk) + ... + <l.~","{rk)
illt.
1.
A,
j K (rk, 10') [al "'I(Y) + ... + o.,, ;'R(Y)] dy
N"llli l.t" l"kitM utAu.'"
l\Z
~lO'..nb-tr..n<l~1"r a
["'\(x.)- A K(X~' !I )"'I(Y)(IY]

= J(.r~)
(ll.JTh)
,\
(k_ l, ... ,n).
III
k,;vct k"w alakot olt i:
K(xJ"Y}<;.(V)dyllLlie)
J...
!! = J(..rJl . .. /(r R )
(11.37f)
a" ""....nok lIl~tAt,..,.Ma.I . ~"lgAlo "8)"Il],-tI<'lHl.Y'r mAtrixalakbow j,o
\11-3';'11:)
nllQtVl-nY"'k t ..
.o\IIlI'poutok: Xl = 0_
r, _O.$. rs = 1
B
=<
1.. ... n)
["'A(X~) - ,\ K(.r~' Y)'f"(Y)d:~]
( 11.:J7,,)
013<)
.o\z ~''IIk-t~ a kiiwtkM;(;,
<II
0- ~) a] 0-'7) ap (1 - v;)
a
a)
U.
~.
'7 11,
-'E;aJ
-'ja
2"
E rn><k7-"T~a = -0-",197. "'I _ I "'192. as = U, t.-lu\.l f..nnAlI

;"(r) = -O.~1!l7
+ 1.~l92x abo! 'XO o. -: 0,03) _ O.69'J';' -;J(l '" O.~!I". Q...,zt>ha.<onlitasul
A>; intow,u,.gy.. nl.-t -v..akl WPgolc1"''''' ...
ix) _
abol ~-(O) = O....-(O)'i} - n;;o,l. ...-(1) - 1
fbi. " peldAhan '" pon~'Olj.to.viU\ni ak."\IJuk." prt'>Mpohl1<'lllf<.Jluu.,i.,illi.t nO\",lnJ lK-'11l c.:-!,q...ni, rncrt"
m...,;..." ,hb fokll polinomok lIulIl<,nk,L""" il1>'t.at.ilL.....k. S.. kklU i"k,,;.hh ajiLllb"ti> kiilOnf{o]. ,plill""-prolii"R\"pn~.'kha.',maJata. pI. 1I""...M>ezot,kpnllin{'i\.til< ;r) (t,i',(r)+III ..."I(r)...... .+<I."n(r) I'ro~
vi-ny<-. ahol';k(r) =
,i;,
{ ! - n lx - ~
'1
hll~<r<~
r., - - n
aU.2A.2. mar ..",hl.dt fiigv(ll},.. k.
o
.~"hk"llt,
A .,-(x) m<'gOJdas ki'r;"li...-- ..blwn..,......'tI..ll "ID' -;'(.r) u;riiU\"oll"Il...1 ti'>rtpnik.
MeJti.. gy u.s: A kollokAci6t< m{Mlt..-...rnfo! "'" IllPIM>Ilwk h.. I...,-'" ,""..k ll"'l(\""I~tAAAr'" elvil,'~ nines korlA-
tou""". II...'CWllru...n i~m ..rd..... hogy egy ri>szillt"l'voIhllnh""1l m,,;:n]cliL,fiiAAV('lly er....... n inr:""k'lik. ",kkor
,""lwll
(k
1Lt.1Ol6
(P:) ~ (t tt) ~ (+)

r
(Ao .... A.,) ............
== / (r. ) +
/.1 v'Ii .,;{y) fly. Prolwii~"IlY:~.r) _ dlr _1Il,X -as. u-hat a line8ri>An fiigg<>twll
~ vau..u.ta.....,."j
bArom l>Olitouw ,.:dx) = r .... ,(x) == s . ~.., x) = I
.;; .;.
"./ f('{~K(~~).,(+"
"'"
11
<1"j.
a],
a:t
J,.
f..lirhllto:
( A - AD ) !! = !!
A f l l.36A) aWt ff'!U0p6 b" lIIa4rnnb.t"
A,
.IIl>
\~'ktorokat, aklror
Ilhol
ill
int..rvellumban az alappulltukat. ",1r>lht"'1lk,'11
dh"l~...,..ni.
11,3. Fredholm-fele elsdfa j u int.egralcgycn lctck

11 .3.1 . El fa jul6 magn int('l;rft.!tI-\Yl' lIlpl(k
1.
A f.. lada t megfu~alma:7.f....a Az dfaj\l16 "'''jI;fl
an
f(r)= j(UI(l.)Jl(1o')-<- .. +n.(r)Jn(y)),;(y)tly

(11.3 7<l)
kS;rS;d).
(as;yS;b)
(lIa-JiI)
588
fREDH OLMr'I" " l..ofll.jl\ iO'pgrAl<'&Y"lu. -t t .... IO'A1AAAhm. mint a 11.2. ~hI!.ll ill. ",.,...,...tjiik .....
A, =
J)(y).p{lIl dy
kon.~tan.'OOl\>I.t.
(j - 1.:1, .. " n)
( I L3'Jh)
..i z)-c,J,(s)+
+ ......,:i.fr)
{l IAOA}
proboWf~. &hoi"" .,. c.. il<w<=tk-n ~ltbatOlt ... (11.391 <'gy"Ilk-tll<!' YBlO ....bcl)"'ttNlt81 ut4u
G
f Af,IJ fI, _
I (, )
.--....t.-l8S~"' vnl't.
...c,
1,(,)d,,(, III,
1apoUMhoz .. K (r.,) lILagfiiggVt'ny~ bizoltyooo kikOtMlcM. k..11 tnIni (1iIot1 111.21. 111.101) Mindig ~
lOgjuk tekinteni. bogy '"'IL'k .. k~k tl"1;....ulof'lt. E-'ir no'Mny ~t isrn~iink.
2.
Negy-te5 integraJhatOeilg A1't moadj1lk. hoY. W:( y) ~y az (o. bj int/'!'Y1l.lhuDOIl MJJiu
l<>_mt~ba
(i = L 2._
.n)
( 11. 4Qb)
/ II7(, Wdg < oc .
( II A4)
s~ mindo-D. a.z \0. fJ] int.cn.,.]Jumoo fol.yto.- filgvI-ny ~n inuv&lhat6. .0\1. ~ a2
(Il.<4Oc)
. c... ~itlMtOk ~~ .. kav.-t1rez6 Jineiri,. ~k-tn-nd.'<7A'l" ...lO<lIk:
C1.
prnMkiIej.-zi-st ...,U"...z tjnk. abo! .. c, egy'itth>t.tltk 1t1'l'.dP11wn h>t.t4r<wLIlauok. A (~(y) fiiggvt'ny",od~ztWnAIgondolni kelllUT... bogy .. fiiggwDY"k " ~1tI"""k "lI:r- tcrct kif.. r.dtik. es bogy
& (", 'l:)'iitthatOkat alkahna... mOdon ict....en el&.llllAni.
Az l\ttckint~ er-dekH~o Q A1Ahbi lIW'Sfont.olaoouUl Cll&k vaI6to htl'kL1 ftiggWoy.. kre Wgf'7,2,-lk ..1.
d..lllind..r;yik lIJ.litA8 itvihet6 komplex kti'It,l fiigWnyrlt"' u.. A ~&It lUf1:'Oldasi. ~ ~
W't"
K" = / 3,(,)DJ bl'j dl/
je~l ..
( ll AJJ
,-,
Ekkur a (11.3'; ") ''lO'''nJr' M-
/( 1') = .4 101(1') ...

+ A ~ll ~ ( .r ) ,
(11.39<:)
alakhan frhatf>. nogyio.aa iul'ogr4lt'C"nktnpknoaJi: akkor van megoIdA..... hA II,Z IIdott I (l' ) 117. A,(r ).
n,,{r) fiiy;v"m.. k hlM'Arioo kotllhlllad6j4 II" PZ Il. ftolt<'td k"Ijmil.;,kkor t.Pn~n ... AI>
..4.
WmotanJook i..~lIM'rtf'k .
2. p r6baki r..jo-&H A
A., = c,
FREOHOLM-f"le elflOf"j", intf'gl"A1"8)'1'ulpt ....Jun.'" lIl''goldA.'Ii rnM ...."'rrn..1 .. .,;>(y) 'llCKold&;nak "lO"
(A.(y)) = {31(Y). ~(Y). .] fliJUrd'nyrenrlw.rne YUIl&tkozO fiiggWnYllOlkcllt valOd&a.llit.a..abOl imlllIwlit ki. V><g);'~ a megoldAAnl"
il1. fJ; intrn..Uumon ~ in~tO fiiuW'nyookMl aIl6li.-~ythjdr L2~.bl

3. Ortonormalis rendszer A ~ in~alIlAtO A('), ,i,{y)., E [0. bl ft-iggWnyekM. "KYm/IsnllJf\OgOD&li.~nak mondjllk.....
.. K ,.c. = AI .
Kllc,...
(11.40d )
(11,456)
3. ~1~oldA.'OOk Az ~t'h&tQ.uW.ri:c "W11.iri>I. M rpltt'OlSZiik.lqy a 3" (,,),. . :3.(,) tilggWn)'f'k

lineAriNw ruggMl...,..k (!Nod 12.1.3. ~) . A1\ igy megbatMozolt (11.4UlI) lIl<"KoI<t\o. AWI1han nem
az <"gyO',I..n uwgol<.lAM lIoZ iutq(J&lrgyPnk-tnpk. ~ dfajulo lnag'lJ mil..~f"j(1 int";filk1m-nIt1 tl:'1"I"o:ntktl><>n IlZ ,.J,06f,,,jli df"Jul6 m"g"l holl'lOgkl int.-grft.l<"lO"'nlct mindig Tllf'goklJu..Ui. H" .}(r)" homogrn
rgyo"nlMo"k Mrmdy nwgoJoi.w.~ >'(r ) " ( 11.39&) 'lO""'kt ~ly IDl'gOldAsl...1Lkkor -.ix) + .-..... (x) ...
rnego1dRM" ( I ] ,Y.la.) "'8Y"'nJ,1.lI..k.
HOlO' .. honmg(on "'&Y"'nl.-t ~ Ult-~~t meghA.t..Vmh......uk, tl"kintl<,ik a ( 1I. J 9<c) "lO"'ule\.<'t ,.;e
f(z ) = 0 noMlwn, f'~ltkw AI 0l (r)" . . ,/}~ (r) fiiggv<"n)"'k \iDeMll< fiimof.k~.1lZ pgyt'ulct J>outO!ohlI
akkrn- tdj<-s,iL
Ali LZla.b] tkrbez tarto:<O (8,.(, ) filggvt'IlY!'1'nru-n ononormtilt ,..nd.."......k llM'nZiik. hA tf'ljf'otiihwk
"fPJlt;"k "" ..lPmrik mi'g nonnAl.w.: i!<. t<-hAt
w..
AJ
f 8AY
)<;(Y) d Y - O
u = 1.2, ... ,,),
(11.41 )
/ fJ,(y)8,(y) dg =
!J~ ( y): L)~j iJj (Yl
integrAl,,!O"uldlllk.
fiiUVPIlY normAlt
Pr6bakif",j"zl-ll a mf'Ko ldfulrll Az
4.
(" $ r :5 d)
( 11.4",, )
,-,
11.3.2. Fogalmak, analfz lsbeli scgedcszkozok
f{r) '" / K(.f. yl'o--(Y) Jy
( I l.4Sb )
Toyo!.bbli. az ortonormA!t ",DeI""",r l<>Ij~ . b.. L 2 [a, fJj.I"'lluillCll oIy&U ~(y) '" 0 fllggvhly. amcly ll.lI. ortonorrnAlt I'I'IId>ozeT minden fiiggvfn~Ortogulll\.!i><. Egy ttoljrol ortonormllJ.t wn.v..."'r ~lll8.lb"t6B.n
!!Ok f\iggvi'oybOl all . .... f'7",k IlZ L [a. fJ] tfrl...n 6<iUot &Iltotllalt. A SC HMIDT{"t.. ortIlgonalit.AlMi .. ljAr.........u l'lO' (5,.(y)) fliggvenyrend'<Z"rMI ..gy (/t (y)) nrtullur mAitrtn,low:-rt Iebl"t d..finiAlni (110'. bogy az
n : 1. 2.... ertkkekr"e&YmM utAn nll'gh " t Aro-' .7.llk """kat" b~l, b~2. ' .. . b~~ egyiitthatilkat. IU1lclyck",
vagyll<milldm "'.....(y) fiiW~lIY.I,ul!'ly ortojr;ouAliIo "" 0....7..... rJi(Y) fii,o;p;vt'ny..ktt. Ulel/;ol<l....... " houwgiu
1.
g ~: :; ~.
(11.42)
es I< tJi{y), ... ,P'~_l(Y) fiigg v/>ny..k min<ll'gyikl'f"
ortul:0na!iIo.
Fo urier-sorok Legyen (iJ,,(yl) orton<>fTnAlt rolltIHzor. i'lIlt'Uo (y) E Uta. Ill. Ekkor a
L:
dAly) = ""(y)
,.,
(11.46&)
590
"'11. ilL", d, !<.tli.l"olo.~ ... ~ (Yl fiiAAV""V ( i.(y}) .." ",1......,.1'<' vonatkro.o FOV RIER ..,riull.k. ill. Fot'RIER'
l'gy'-lttlu. loiJuUc ,......,....,iik, ,.\ (II ,-l.'h) i'iN<ztofiiKl':'''' aj"l'jiU, a.!IOiI" <>gyii n batoira f",mall
tJ.' dJ
j.(y)Jt'(y}dy
J,
kor ;'rv.'uy.",,,
; 1\%1
"" .... )
"K " 1\12
11
'
1\-
11.3.3. Az int cg ralcgyeub- r vissza vozc rese linea -is

cgycnlet re ndszerre
..-.w.Pft..
ahnI
J".
~)f(r,dr
,
f. -
~I~"
11
JJ
n:\r .Mr)<,,(~) dll dr
-iU ,j",(')"'}
"i'
n...u ftIlf, k lf,j<-t.i
A Iaq>oooo< v\r<'ij..
.;(y) -
II
.JJ,
A',(,1 ) =
A(.r. y )o ,(r ) d.c
..hoi
( 1IATa
1ll'~'IJo:-t"1 "" <>, r fiiW'..
bpjuk (~nl nJO'C"""ri"I...'" t<1I:1aIapon
1\'1 =
113
..
107. ortonormAlI
..
,.
"m!l'
COb
('(IS
~ , dll
Az ,,1Ju.lmeg;"ra kn-1il6 te l
V<"IllI'.
A'
I
--=
, -
"r
It! IU lnlprnpnUlI 'lJl<1f:Cil C.\U CHyf.:-l.. fOi'rti'ki't
= \,
'nj, lJ = 1. 2.
/.1.'
<'OIlll
cos r
cu;
nr
I~
tLr} dJi (,.j _ 1. 2,
.).
COllI
A hE-bO llltpgriJ:
)d,
fiiRgVi'n~''';
.
L
,-,
i'
1. 2.
"
IUj1,)
('0(0
II
"""r
o """.II
/.
d.r= _",qnll/
sin,
,I
,""nrk Fot: RIER .. OOli"..., a
InIl<'TlK. - _ .:.
sinjysiulYdJ.. G
(1l.41'1
0
- I I...
(II ,-lillj ""-'rilll- f(~) Foe RlER"'lC,,-iitth,,t<,i:
A"J lJ(Y)
0
-1
(
( IlA7'1l
0U
Un .
~ - I 0
SY"'T" km,..t k",,.o,
.j It
lJ.. K" II, {Y) (t "I"i')) d,
'"
~
= r:. L I\')"l.j dAy)jil'{Y) dy (i 1.2.... )
f,
'
/.
"" koVt'l.k.'~ik. h,-'!O' -,7 _
-L,
flO = 0)
f(:r)<>,(r}d.r (,
K( ....y)f(J)d.r . a,,,,, .,."{.'I)
<'" kiiliinNn ni llO' ",.."oloM,
r !V)dr
JIltI't ...I;J.k (of< ""
",-'k "I~yiitlhatoi. Vi"z<,u! il\}' ( 1l ,-lTl) . h.-,l c, _
.:t(.c ) = [
f.'
~ Ju
"kkof\'''lllll<'!!;ol<l"-",,,haf,,_ 0 f(r)n,,(.r},I.r
,1,- .-hbOin..m
"")
O. I 2... ).:\:>: "R),,"l"l-n'll.l-
(~) (~;) ,\, .I~~,ol"" ",,,,.Iw,,.n,,,k,,o,k~
k.l
~ .,.
oct rlOClfIAIt...no:t.~
_...;..!.\, ~[/.,. sinyslnj' d~dy 0 U 1. 2. )

v""- ' .- 0 o ...... y ..... r
"'~.!.
"ill , ..I ll i,<'()O; i.r d.rdy '" ';/'"siU II" 11 'II { /."
",.
FOVIlIEU- .....!'OfI l'rOhakif" j.,~ ........ 1 klLl'jllk;
"'-
1,2.
::cuo.u 1_1. 2
,.
2. J JI
r
11.~;cl) IUapJ"ll" IDAglTlluri::r..........." '"1'10 ~ltlhH.IOk"kOVl>t~'
I. a..r =
n:(.r. y ).. ,(.r)J,(yjd.rdy.
t. =
..
r..rnlw..... lll<1f:\--a1N<Z1.AA3t<oI..
f (z ) - -I /.'
.11
1\"
~,
,.1 ... 1
r ""-Tint int"l'tTAlV>!. (",61 d'lJ:.
I"'~ <oorrmdj'1.
L (".J.(y)
ru.:.....I. lnA;d
1\ 11\<:- 1\%1
m;\tritil~ll"k .......,,,,,,,iik.. ~~ f <... A (I.j
Oly"ll liJririIo ~1o-t....ndloart1 aluu",mk f..wlilaui.. ..-.Iyhnl ki...a.w.ithatOk .. r " ~w.f

>+Dyn<'k'"RY ortooormAIl
v"ualkozO Fot RI"R,,~"ii'IhaWi..Ehhcz ki~"uk ~'J.. ,1 .
, E G. ~ trlport<>l... rmiLlt ""'_rt, H-.clOki-pI'<'fl ~ o.(r) trlj<....ortooorm.tiJ t ... n<t- r a tf
iotrrvallumno. A~
fiiW"'!,y (o.(r)) ....~ VOMtkrOO FOl'RIER .... r"
L f n, ~ )
FOl RIER-e,;y,il tL.alok w.-ghatiiro-
vi'g\llen .. >It ~u,,"tl><"il all<'> Illwaris rgy..nl<-t ....ncls"....... "I."'.
za..a.-a. .-\.z "KY'luw.wk
I'ARs"vAl.-.f'g:'o'ffiI~:
f(r)-
(1 l.47D
(i= 1 2.
.,
(l1,-lLhl
L !d,l l
11::(,1) JJy =
f,
'}~ 1\,, (",
f, -
JJ(IIP.(yld/J-d.
Ha a (;3.(,1)) ..r nd"ut ,.. Ij.....
A (II A"o) ortDnDrmalitAsi tll1aj d",,~ alal,jall ", kx lik lU
=.!.
O. EkknTf'J --!,() = 1. 2....).
II k k;i1i'nh.'>zore 1101. 1.......k "Y,,";nt.i kif,'jtt'--
L A"" f, (i "" l. ~, ...) ll "'~ , kllAt. v i,,-,~aki;V<'1 k'-'"lt "' Vt'

,.,
silty
".)u '~"'!I_'''''.x
f(~')d,J:< Ill"""'" /.- f(.r)d.r

0
= 0 (h iszrn
I1.:J. FTf',UwI",jtl u.nJnj,i lfItf'lJ1'ti1cgyf'nktd:
'"
11.3.4. Az els6fajit hcmogen in t egralegy cnlcr m egoldAsa
iww.'fiigg';" kpt.'lZf'ri alWmll.:l".AAa.,."J ...Ibdik K.{y) _ _
Ha ,;11,). ilL.;-'(y} IlZ
fez)
="
K(q')';(,11 dy ,
0=
(11.-191,)
K(z,y},...(,)dy,
inhomot!"n, ilL ~Cll in~~lPt tl"~""lIK1I:oI."""" akkor .. ""(y) + ,..A(, ) o..-g i. lIZ illIJornoVn ~ '"ltV ~ Wrt ..~ uq: keU l\ar.;\rmni a OOmog{-ll in~n1rl ~
~dMait. Ez" f..1arlAt AaOQI.llIIA
,-.
(. '" 1. 2....)
(11.50)
[infoftrio "IY"nJ,.t~
0.-..... Tl<'1ll triviAlu. ~..,.jna.< 1\ m~. Mi.v..!

mPgl'Uli... bocDoVu lIll"II:oolUo:* kiloMmitkWa .. kOvrtuw ..JjAra.~t A1kll1In>Wlatjuk.
Ha -., "lO'
}~(z))
l'Zt
ofha urI .....~
!din> ortorlonnAlt fP~tk. kepc.=i:k"
J.:,(,) =
K(z.,)o;(z)dr
(1=1.2,
.)
fiiggvklyPkM.. H.. "'....(,) .. bomos"n ~ ~ lI"'8"ldAsa.. A1.a:I fmuAll
I
V'!lZi. A bnmogpp pgyenlrt CfO"ooiili lIl<'&Olo.IAMi !chAt "'....(1/) = c~ ..
IlZ
f'l)'Pnloott-t
liZ
o,(z) fUggvi>rmy.-l. IlU\jd z
-nnt Ln~jJ_ p.l'juk:
J.. . .
(i = 1.2 ....).
( K~(II))
(lL,k)
",3,(1/) = / K(z,y)al(.)d.r,
VJ PJ{lI) "" / K(I,Y)OJ(x) dI -1'-,_,/1J ,(y)
y'(Y1K;(yldll""0.
(II.Sld)
Ha ll. (J';~(II)) O'ndlwrt ..MrW'lO' t<'lj.... <>rti>lI<>nn~t I"<"ll<t..z..n" r ge..zitjiik ki. akkor "".... (y) do krll, hugy
"-lljonpU"'ItAn II. hozuwu ttlw-"Ilyrk lin..Arill knmhinAciilj;O,.)(pnt. Ha ll. ( K~(,1)) UrtollUIIUAlt t1'n<l""A'r
mar t..ljl'll, II.kkor csak II. .;"(y) '" 0 tr iviA-lilIUl<'gnl<lAM li>t.n.ik
'!"" !j ......n h...sonlo mcdo n I<-I",t m.'jtlu\tAr01mi II. kiivl'tk...,..o, tmll"7.ponAit homogi-ll int'1-'Ti\.I'1O',ul,t.1ll"Rol<l"" rendloZt'ri't:
/ K (J\ y)liJ(.rj d. = O.
c, khat .1'(,.) '" AIlandO.
(IUh')
{l1.5211.)
ill.
fPnd.o:zo.rt /I. SCH~IIDT ...IjMMM.I '1tV OT~ononnilit ( 1\:(,)) ",nd~1 h..lyrtto.,.!t-
Juk. illor /l (It.S lc) jl.lu.t.>l" kOwtv.06!LW;ot alti:
t .. l~
Algo ri t m us
vagi>l " bol1>Oln ..gymlpt l.f'ta:Z6~ ......(,) nqoIdaM.orto@<millillkPllhogyJ<.gyPnmind<'DK,{y)"!U-
Ha "
iy
M<'gbatAnrzunk~. az (~(.) ~ wiudoon ffigvolonyPr-oo ort~ OI(Z) llOnIIAlt fiiu'.+nyt.

UtAna a j = 1.2 .... in<l<-x...k lllind.ciU", eeJomMutiul..lv~iikIl. kOw-tkrzO k~ 1e-pe<1, aIIlf'lyook
Mgy<>Il ha.oonlit>Lnak a ScHMIDT-ffk- ~iOI djA:ru. rnoop;f..Ifo16 w,.<-ilK'Z (az al~tm~
~nyfP.
CO(;
1. Az .. !jaras .. Iv; vadala

A 11.3.3. ~ban f"IAllitott vi>gtrlrn linoWtzo rgyt'nkt~ .iltAW>luln<'m CfO"lIZ<Tl.ibb megol,iII.ni. mint a:z ~i probli-rnA.t. Az (oa(z) eo. a (6..(, <KtoliOI"In6lt ~ II.1k11.lJDNI ~ta-
......".J a:t.OlIbanll K magmiltro:otolY"n ritkAVli.l..hrll.e1lw. ~ 1Q;q)'ffi1ieot~ kOnn~'ClI mcp;<>kIhati>ri riljon. Az aIabbi c1~ ddinialbatllnk kk olYM ~n.ilt reud!rn!rt, hoKY II ~~lkk'"
n)'f'rt rMgtD3trixban a K II 'lO'iittbaw o:-k I ., J eo. i = j ... I ~n nrm '1O"'fll6 nullaval..
A.z f'16r.6 ~ ~ri'vel..l&<mr lI1<ltbatar.:w;u!t a ltotnoVn iDt~1M. ill. a lnw!<lpollAlt
boInoKt'Dinkgr~egy--f"gy03:(,)),,11. (o-(zo~t~""-.td>a.tc kCt in
tqr~ mirIdm ~A..II. ..l6illithAt6a .t(,), ill. a-:(z) fiigp'nY"'k li~ kombinaci<'>jak<'-nt.
Ezckaz or1ooDnnlU.t reD<iltzero-k Df'm t..l;O-k. A kiivrlk-s .....itm .. ~Y""i:kIt_~ 0,( z)
3J {, ) (j '" L 2....) IUggv,;.nyook"'lY"'llkfonti bo=\W1.o-Io'vel,f'~k tdjo ortononnilt ~rekkC
l.A
(}tjK,{yjd!
f!.
Y;
egy SCHMIDT,f"" altalNJoRitott 0'n<W.f'ft kot...tr.lAluuk.1<1 11121):
0= / ......(.) / K(r.,)a,(z)drdy =
""""'.
(11.:>lb)
+ 1)y)
11.3.5 . Megadott maghoz ket spcci alis o r to no rmalt rend szer

meghatarozasa
2.
K(r.yl.,..)o{yldy=O.
l\kJwr mcp.orozva f'U
~Uly
L K.. ., cO
1)11 .- ,i,,(.
(i = 1, 2, ._). A (K,(y)) Imd""A>J' mar octonormAh. A K o(' ) = ~ fi~uy l"Zt .. reudszere
u.
(JIA9a)
f!..! ("in(i -
Y;2
593
(j
# 1),
( 11.;';2h)
<'gYf'nlrthOl kWAmitjuk a 8,(y) fiiKP;V"uyt (~ .. v, IlZAmut Ugy. hngy vJ mindig ki"oopUOzziok nullat.6l.
pontoM.bhan ,'!KY va.Ja.s",t.amlb, bogy Pl(Y) l..'rmalt 1"'IY"'Il. F.kkor /1J{Y) ortOKOniili>c a
((~(y)), ,11(y), .. , aj - 1(y)) ru.AA"fuY'k miu<l.ogyikp.....
2. A
1'-10j+l( X) = / K(I. y)IVy) dy - vl',(z)
(11.52")
'1I.Y'nlctoo! mpghatarozzuk 1\ normel t "';+I(I ) fiiAAVi'lIyt 1""1'-1 ";wuuL A"",,riut . hogy ajnhhnldall 0
va!O' = 0, kM <'fi<'t l.. h.. ~:
t-
a) I'-j 0: Az OJ+l (- ) fiiggyPny ortogoniJi. Il<\ (("~(I)), "1(.),' " 0J(I)) fligg\"pnY"k mind,,!O'ikh,>.
b) 1'-, = 0: Az 'lj+ l (. ) fijggvpny nine" "1lY"rt",hlli!"lI m"l!:h",tl'r<nvll. M" l!:int kH ......t i't kiilo nh intrliillk
meg:
b l ) Ae ((o~(:r)) . 'l,(x) ... . , (l , (x )) ["('n.u.7A'r !<.lj..... F.kkor " ((II.:(y)), 8, (y), .... 1~Ay)) rend""".', j,. telj"",
h. Illl "ljArA.. vi>gI'tPrt.
59 4
b:J 1 AI. ({,,~ (I)), 'll (r)

"J{.r)) r<'Il,L z,'r lI"W ~'JjI",. Ekkor vila.'<lmnk "IlV 1.. 1_~7iil,'g"'" '-"'II fiiAA~''''
UY"kn nrtoo;ou.uu.
~ l (1') f11IQl;Wllyt,
"J
..1.0\ plj.Ar...~.. ...-I.lig p<u;i\cljuk...mi~ M nrtou"rmA!t ....nd ....... t .. lj." u..m 1<.,,1.. EI6fonl"UI"t. h0ltV IV. nIgoritmll~ ""rAn pgy hU,'Il) .... I"pi...1.J! klwl\....... lilVilhhimo>g>o"'liunl&lJwOan v'wck'u ..nk 1<1";'" lit",,, "'m
k<)y,tke7.ik 1>0. a b) ~,t. II" a1 110' k>.pc>t . 1.J<eg'<ZAlllIAlhalr'ww. vi,.,ott]'ll ((o:(x)) o,(x). .J fiiW ...ny......
lUl.>I.l !Il'W tr!j('>l. akk".. "lIO' m;wl",#'n ffiggv<'ny.-kll" Oft<Jg<>naru. 0d...-) mAA\.....").. 1 A7. .. ljilc.... 1\jfl,indilhato.
3:(y) =
L ". JAy)
,-,
(n _ 1.2,
..JakhAn AIlilh"w ..16. ~1 ....1 r.'II,~'ik, hogy Il (II,~~-"') "KY' ulet r

vt~l..u -ork~nt irhaw fd:
AT. ..ljaca.. ""riulIlW1.h"l!Iroz<,lln J(..r j 1/) fiiilJt'''n) ..k..l .... II JJ} .zAmokat >slluW'W' rui><..loll "In''''' z,,
A1. Nl600 K ~tnx a 1ti....tk'-o\<'k;'I>P"1l fIlIAl'" f<>I:
0 0
OK'
K =
o
o
K'
o
o
~.
".
Ekk".. a c,. ~"'tlhaWkrll (11.;;.x1 uuaU f..nnAll
11 :;J)
f".
IIWltnxnk vio
k. hi! """ film..,. ...,ran ~......
, !An .... kOwt!w Ik
\~''''''n.. k. h.. Ill'
,u.li.ln..toan ~1.d..n !'Ok J J>I"' I'
0 A K
bow. ~wu.w..-.rok. ill. Dulw ~l ..>k <UlJA illt'f,k-l "" a~ z . ill. '.f,; II
'"' ....t.... """"'1'16
f'1Q"i'nyP!t ~.u.. I\UIi:iuo.rn
411 f'I6. boo. K " matrixok ooaIr..~ v, = v
""-"mm. tartAlWIWWlk. I..bat uUuo.Iru ~1" ..-nUn n , la-J "'8Y"'ll1O.
All.3.3",,~FIO"'-'
...,
kll~I~Ill"gOldA<a..f..h"""h.-.&Yn,J)E n:z .....~
A K "'I (m
(11.:';;fj
J~iy
L b" J.;(y oJ
, .
3:(, tty -
11.':;;;";
1. 2.
a p," _ O.-.t;
VII<l out
11:J6a
.,..,---01 -"
I"n f J
'"
0.... kow1,b-.w.
11:>4
~~)
11.3.6 . l ee eac los moo!<wr

A.
~ / K(z,,),.ir)d~
111
(rSrSd)
-~;.)
LUl<.wiLI"llJ'<'n!<'1 m"'ROIrl>i.-... ,.,'ljAMI kl-I',-u;iik /I
J.(y) -
JJo:(l".~)",,_,(r)dr
11.4 . Voltcrra-fele integralcgycnlctck
n.(r)
(11.:;"h)
Jl\ll".~) 1~(~ld~
.
J
A VOlTERRA-~1r mAAodfaj" iIll<."!7~'" n
ir)- f(l" -
f(zJ
L
-,
11 .,1.1 . Elmelet ialapok
II i { ~(.)J
Jh,)E
""'kjllll k"wtvl.o,
1\ z!J .olI)ay
"' ...-.-iik II ..i r) U1f'gokJ.iL, fiWi'","t. 1lIL1.I, ut'.k i>rt.-lUI""IA tllrtnlllAuVII "" J - <L b' ziirt, ill. a>: 1 =
<I. oc) f,lill: mi1t iUlt'rv>oI.huu. A VOln.ltRA-fl!<' 1I1...... lf.. " int''Krill'''ltV''nlrt IJK'l!Pl<lAN,ra "r'''''fJ~'''''''
kovMk....o iLIlitJ.s. Ha "" f{r) fiiW....\' Ion. II K{r.lI) ful:KV""Y l..~lig.u rEI. yEa. T: h"-mm"";it;:
tAT!omilnyon folytonOf'. Illl"r al w'''lVii.l''l(VM1I. In( k 1''''''05<1<1 "!1J. 1 n folyton"" ~il") ",,,!~ol.-l"-"" '"'II'.
Sol! ......thoPn " \. OlTERRA-M.. ,'b.ilf...jl, lII'l'RTii1"l!Y"",I"t< b'l "'..... "Ifaju iul .. grii.]"!twnl..t!><'!, h..' al vimn,
A nwgol.-lM ]f>u>I;.w.)"f' '" "lQ'(,rtdm ~"'l!"'rl' VI",,,t krrwAlIit.... ,k ,lyt'uk"r m'"l"",jt<., t "lllk!>;", .. rv"ny.......k.
.J
r . At alak itii "diff..r.. ndal{,ssal Hllfdu
ik,hogY>-iz),r.(z.y),-",-,( 1I"(z.y)f"lyw""".akk<"
u
.J
.JJ,
fiiggv;ny ..k.. t. abol (l(j{:r:) ~ fir) ,... n

riLIh"a, ,;(y) m"80I,li...... "kk", f"lIllaJl
",(y);qy)d)j =
1.2..
H" ... 11."",.) pg',v'nktn.'k li'1<"/.ik
"'-'~'y~,t.<""lL
,,,I<fix)
"'(1I1 K(r.)j}"._,(z).L-d,v
Jf(,r)lI~
l(z).JZ
(n
1.2 .... j
K(xY)r-(y)dll
.
J
(11,:;:;d)
A (11.;;'~h, ..) "ll1pjAn m.. gllltt"'wlAlu, fij~v('lly,.'",~/."n'k mtonon":.!''''''',,,.] "K'I' (ll~ir)) ". ''RY (d~(yll
ortoTlorrniilt. )"f'od""...,1. kapuuk. HII ''U'' II ""!I'n II SCHMlDT-fi'!" ortOKOIl"lid.J""i ,Ij...."-~' h""1.niilj"k.
j'(z) - K {x . .l)":(x) + / :r K(r, y)..i y}d'l

<'lI:wfll,"oo l..h.. t. ;\t" 'iu,,i, Ha mLllril'u.r E I 1"'!Y"l1 (,l1tU'UI\(T, r) i 0, Ilkk". a" "!\Y'-,,,],,t,,t ,'l"'/.lhlltjnk
a h"(:r. xl fiiU";'llllyd. miiill"] m""",lfnj,', iUI-<'!\rAI''l\Y'-lI)''[<'\ Ml'lInk.
596
2.
Atlllak iU... pKrcia li" in tf'grAIA... sa l Felli-vI', hogy ".,(.1'"). K (J , y ) ....
~K(;r.y)
folyfun''''.''
(11.~) pgy<>nl..th...n """....pM illl.t1V~1! I.... TiAliI. Llltegrlili>lsa..llrh..t hcimit>u.li. A2
hrlyrtt..,nt;-I krl.pjuk:
.,:>(11)4" '" l>(x)
/(z) '" iK(z.Y)I;>(,II:: lias E J f'lW'tffl K(z.s )
f(zl
i (~
(11.3910)
l'
[2(I - 3/1 2 + I],+,<yl dy =
K(z.))
~,)dy = K(z . .c}V(z)- j (~ K(I,,IJ) t'J{1I1 dr (11..'i9h )

(11.3900)
nWtodfaj" inUy~klr.. _ t , arno>lynd: t>(r) ~ 11. (ll.~l er;y<'nIct ..."II ~l

dilf..n.~ w.brt lD<1tbpni.
a .
a;h (.r,Jl"'" ..i I) foIyto-. todbbA A uWoodfJl.j" iD~ct.,..,.tfben bogy ,:(...) diff~
hlLti>...klux 6lI
/ (.1'")= / K(:r.,) ..i ,)d,.
ill.
{ll.tiOa}
.-ir)
/(r) +
AIl>Ima=k .
7\(,1' , ) _{K(Z.,)
'0
(11.6Ob)
(11.6Or)
...-(r)
(11.600:1)
K.'n "",,,t1o r E
[o,~) . . . .tfn I\Z
l' rotl{x -
211 )';(11 ) dy
z
K;'t..~ zo>r t1iff, nl1d"l"" x !I7,<'fint Mh<lik ",(r)collr

,fIr) CtJU -
_l
~r Sin .J:
(I} ''lO'''nl.\. r-(x)
sin(r - 2y )..,(y ) dy =
f'()I;
r k . mivel x E [0.
ball:SZ.
h..,>x
(1I.62a)
/(z)
+ L ),~
(II..),
i) e""tfn 'Xlfl x t O. kuwtk'1.ik
';(x) = I . t,!o';'t .;(x} = r + C.

A C k"l1" t.'lIl" rnql;l"'U,t<'1.......r"" (II,,) "1{V('ul"dw" r h" lyHw ullllAt h..lye ue-ftunk: ",{O) = n. Tdl';'!.
f.."n ';'!l C = u. "'" 19y (I) r"q~<>l<lAAA ,,(x) - z .
),I<>gjegy zes: H.... VOLT ERRAfpl. int.-grAl''KY''lI!e\. llJ.aR,j a p<>linom .lLkkor e dlfferer ...i/\l.... m&W....
",wi miudig "ik"riil"l ill'"'~rAl.'R..v..IlI..I,..t IineN'i" difff'r euciAl"IQ"enl<>th<' ';'tvin lli. H.. l\ lIll\lth.." frll"" <'1
(11.62c)
K . (I .3/)/(,1) d, .
K l(z , y ) = 1\(Z. II ) . K 2(r , II) =
m"~olcl"""
~ (6in r + rnJu)
(11.62h)
7\(7 . 3/)...--(' )"'3/,
.J
Aiako...n tWithat6do. A 1\"(.1\"2,. _. ,t..rnJt m"9"l;,.l .. lW....tk,,w .~ul<'l..k dt'finiAljH.k:
K . (x , y ) =
u C'Ui(r - 2y).,.,(y) l1y = ('Ol'r - 2rsin

z (lIb). Az llwhhi in!.<.>gfl'Lj n"'8''S..vw.ik I\Z (I) inI
tel':ral''KYf'ulf't tml ol.I,,!,;.v,.]. IUlLl' ll l (r ) ,~ ...r =
(11.6 1)
1\"(7.,)...-(,)d"
. ~I
= -1,5. Enlli-lf<>KVa lIZ (I')
fonnAIil< \citft",""t<""-. Ekkoc (11.61) nlf'VlY"'2ik '"
1\(7.,)..- (,)d"
ill.
az
2J :\ Ill'",). ill. [Il'b] "It""l>-
...--(r ) = f(I) - ),
r lJ"CarnftI"f -"nti diff,'r.-ocilLWoft.va/ kl>pjuk:
......(x) _ ...,(x) = 6 (I re).
A VOLTERRA r...... mAAodr"'j,. in~nkotDl<-~1 ...IEUNA~N-""Jn1 (vO. l 1. 2.3. ~ ) Icl><-l

Let;ym AI f'g)..-n1Pt
~lit&ni.
...--(r ) = f(x)"')'
f{Z)=/o.{7.rl"'-<.1'")+ j6 '"K(r.,1),.>(lIldll.
..-.(11) d,l - 6.r urb),
11..1,3. Volterr-a-fele mAsodfajit integralegyenletek megoldasa

Neumann-sorral
~...nlM
L'
hf-lyi'lw nllILU h<-I~"""it""': ,.,(0 ) = o. .1(0) = 0", Igy .4 = 0, D

J
in~nlct Illl"gU1c1&o<A ...--(x) = 2(1 - 00fi 2r) .
11 .4.2 . M cgoldas diffr N'nciAIAssa!

A \'OLTERIUfl>w int<v~~k.-gyN . .WyaiMl6ll ~.1'" p&r>llQI'l.-r _rinli diff<'t1'nciaw..;,vaI. 6lIlD~ kik;ilqooou...t6. ilL.tblm mMon bdyrlkll.ithnO. lIa f<.l~k. boltY K(s.,).
..-'(I)+"
......riu\. kal'juk:
E diff"I1."ociAlegyenlPt,;JWAno< rn<:"RoIdANr. .-'II) '" A !lin 2r ... 8~2r -
It1:l-...n
j'(..
ayh(r.,l) ~(r)dr,
~ (1'). HA.ru nv<zor diH"I?rlriAl"" I
3~ (11"1'),
.,..,(I)+" [(X-3/}";(II) dll =
#- O. Akknr" lI:(r,.1'") fUAAV""llyo'l ~ORZtM"
t?(r)= 1\(7,r) + K(z. .r)
k'Klrnog_bb .r-hawany fOM n. >lkkor r M"Z<'rint l" ~ l)-".ter ditl"r ..nciAl""..!'l6fllj" inl.f>grawgy,ulf'\. ,.......
teu nedwndl1, tn3>oodfllj(i int<>grAJ<ogy..nlM ......t rn (" + I ),,.1J.'u,!lldiHm"nriAJ<'gJ"nt..t..t kal'"llk , EW" 'k
!lOrAn f.,[teaoziik. bogy ..-ix) eo. f{I) lD<'gf,I..JO,.n ...,kAAl" ,liff''T<'uci,ijhat.i>.
1\{I, IJ)1\{IJ.y)d'l "
.
J, K(;r, '1)K~~ I (IJ y) <I'1
A1. iler All magokr " ill ff'n nf.Jl, hol':Y K J{x , y} == 0 hll Y
li>tl";.ik mego l']""'" akk or a .\IEUM ANN II{Of (,!I'nt",twn"
l\"(x.,,)I\"('1, lI)d'l ..
( 1 1.62<')
> r (j =
1. 2....). II" a (1 1.61) '1{)'.. nletnek

integral"l{Y<'ul,t,,,,,,Uvel) !.f.t-
FR t; Plto LM-fN,
,qJ'iI..g"' ), pararndcr md lcU .. " "I,,old.....I"', k{juvPrl':Al.
.;(x) = I
+ ),
l'
"z-.,(y}dy K ,(x . y ) :: K(r,y) - ..' - W, Jo.:{r , y) = /.' ..'-'c'-Wdr/=
"' ....- W(I _ y ) .... , K~ (r , .'1) = I:~-lidx-yt-l
(11.62d)
'"'
Volterra-fete masodfaju int('gn'i.lcgyC'ulctck
numerikus targ..valAsa
1104.5.
..uaJi.dik.lIOR.V .o{r) - 1
l'
.~.
-j-.r.AI--! ............nl....lill;,;(
" " " " . . . . ,f
A....- 1
dy
-1'..
-t"'110 dy, i..
~I>''''i.iJNv1)'
-,
J-A(I~MJhn.).
-sr VOLTERRA
flok- lI1t,')(r.w.".""""'t
, )_{Ior-,)
r.y
'J'"
I",
<"
0-S
(II.~)
>IIAlr.",akkor ""
dy
~
IMn-,
}r
lltjJh
F(p .qk.r
k'i AAd741 oklo Il1Aj'J"-llAtl'll
I=
jk{S -
ill.
of>(p) - F p
j,,"{P)4>(P
11641.)
..uuo.I ki""I!t;."7. k. ""'!P"

4>{p ~
F p)
Aly)
,U
II W<
v~_rorn..wu....J m~Ju.I'Juk
nl<'g"ld~ LAI'LAC&-trl\l
4>{p _
f(p
}- I-KIP
F p)
""
'I,~k1.ll'l'Oblf.lJlA
4>(p
FIP)
"'"(P
= 1-
~""'I.
11(04<1
A ~ ,,1f"J1I inl"ll;r~
fonufthJ"t ..
A(p
..
1- h"W f(p
11.64<-
mo<!<>u "t.JW.k11 "" '" f, ]ti-,.... iln(ty A

II 1.6H}
kif,oj.d." ''!tV h(,,-) f,iAAw'nv Irllll",f"luu\ltJ"- kal'Juk a
rir) - f(T)'"
1.(r -
,..'(T)
f(r)+
l,r, r-.;(y}dy:
f'JIII",!,,,,,,,,j"'\<xlik .;(x).
kapjOlk ,,<;(r);c f(1)
fi]"""ld""
JI)f(y)d~
e
..li'<\.lht."""t A h(J' - .~) f;iW> ny
II.ti6Il.
K(T II ';(,l)d,l "" Q si(h" .c).;.)1
J(.cl-
q,
h"(.c.. )i;'"')
(1].1).1 ,}
'l1.fi6h
Wf'l.,.>I<I"....k
110-,.. 1;'....... A kvw!rM"rnformubo ,w,,!'I>OIrtjaiHalr...vuna ..... bP!y7.Pt""lQ .c",>!. /Un, rr<~, 1w,lAtoI'iUI Ul<~~llMt H... { .. q,.. K.c -;
k-u.t.nr.. valNno-Iy alappot>tj&. Akkor 11: .c { ~{ I .... po.~ ~:: { j"IDft'l k..u bogy~. E~
IIlWllloI.n ~kl__ teli 11.00> joOb okWBnAlr. ............. _ kiolMmil.lW\l. ..... .c _ ~ bdrm. N.U1 ~ az ~ f
intl'ro1lJ.hlIlJOll ,~t k'.., .<irat"f........ f.Jo.I ~ bUII",t.t a ... . - ..11._'11 h...J",]t GAt:ss-fH<- k-dr"turab-muliU: aJkaImaz&_ """" ...twt~.
.-\ f..la<mt. ~'3 nOIjAh01 f,>/".......iink Otzo"'" a ".c
r
alb.!",,",, IS. " Q "k"...I....1 ueform ,lAbt
fi~.""rt..lu-kJ"('''~"l
.c.
". - 0 I 1
<
< .c. < .. .w.vlJ'Olltobil. e.
<
aIAl'l">ntokW. A.l.a1a.ppontokl"", f,.J"..u

rimrli .....n ~ ''''~Jl-t.k Ix- ".,; ......
kapJIIlr.
im
,,:i. 11.3.1,
.,." -f(.c)-f(a),
(11.lIG<-
e..ifo.,;
f{rt.)-Q
(1\".c,.:;O)
Itt Q~( alappolltjai.cO .... .c,. lo-lLAt Makj..

Q!---r, (K{:r].-};'() "" ... ,K(.clo.cO ,... .,.. n!.c, .cl)..'
"hnl ....... "-' JI.lkAlm"~ .-gyritthat.ok. A7. ..]jilt""t. fo]""t,,t_. /os r..lhNQ.II4J"""
,;\ "" f(T.) ~ Q
K(p)
1 _ K(P) = Hlp)
.
f
,<I.bj imervalhuuben. \Iindi" ll111l'lf'l'ik,.." lll"'ll:ki<clili-s ,Japja. hOK.Y ""
A~.c fii~ .. {l16.:ij ~.!
hlP L"rLACE Inl.ll"".fon:na.J.ta.k Ji.t<"UIPk.....k"c .. k"U\n1Hnot<

11.6-1"
K(TY ,..-{y dy
,-..lami]y.." kV"..Jr..tunuocwLlJlw>d I", .lltJ ,k
-;i .c
."dy
f"rmAl' fplNlat"k" kOvrtkt.-z6k:
l\'lp}4>I,p = r(p
100f
"z =/r -
ill
.
f
A:l inl~AIA.~ mlPT\.,.llnm". h< 1,;)'" k_I.-.., ir&l<>rIIl'.... 1u1lg.c-t61 Ezt" kliriilmklY' "q,....
llY~ a. .c: index .. jUIULlja kifl'J"'7."t'l'<' ,\ (11,6.') "lQ"" ,Url ki",dMa1ak.I"JU'llt kapjuk: .
~....-".LArt. Arttli'll .~)rt"N"'tu",jdOl..L-.AJ:lUtlPbMfpJ ~.H"""C{r
- . ,. .Clf r}
'"~
mt~ '
t... 0:511::5
, .c) - J(:I:) +
"lIJ...nIM JIW'K"Jda,;;,.t"" I _
ILIA . KonHl!lkib t tpusu Vohf'rra(i-Ie integralcgj..c ulctek

II..
,-ik"
K..r..",
.z
QI..... I(K(.c._.)~.) -
L
II ,.11:(1',
,.,
11.w..)
~. '" L 2.3.
(K(T., .)::-(.)).
a1tala.tu< ,"",,,~~{t.i~''''t. '10'11";''' uta., lU'1l.II"I.armh.. ljulr." -.'l """k..k, t ,

a1akja .. ki,vM1=<.0:
1l,ti6cH
(11 (;t,f)
.-\
Q.
lr."a<lrnt.'trafnnulIliJ<
:r )"'J
11.(;(jg)
l " h" t ( 1 1tj(if) igy irtmto:

I\Z
1111 'l\ril!ej{V<'ul..1 I'l-W!WllS m'lItia.
</'(p)
~li","] Il(,,}
F(p)
-'-of>{I'). m'=of>(p} _ p - I Fip)

1'-1
1'-2
- - ' - . azh1 h(.c) _
,-2
r ,l\z .IJ(y}d~ ]11(I\"!<I:..

}"
,,t.
~l,
n'''Y..l\tra[)s~.
A (11 ,1).111:) <'gy"tll,,! "Iapi'''' 1"',&'
.:'. = f(.cd
L w,.K(.r. .t,}>"
(II Hih)
,~
A !,-g'R,,"zenihh k"atlrM t't.raf"mmj"" 1>011 ,.,1d"li 1'!lllllllr1",~,,,,I,, (\AAti ~22. ,,1.1.). En,," ]
u',._rj +I_r,
h"J<~'
,,,. ll'H_O
(lUi6i)
Ily t""dou" ki,w t k,v",i rendH7.er! Ie,pink:
"'0 '" f(")

';1
,..-2
= f(rd
= f(.c2)
+ (1',- -"o)K(-"]J")<,.',,,
--I--
(.r, -ro}h"(L1 . .cu)",,, - (,r2 -r\ )1.'(.(2, J'I )<;]
(lUia)
11.5. Szmg"la.":" i" ttgnilegy"" lt td :
600
A UlOZg{! [lOnt ",~" gOrh<' VRWudy polltjaban
.-,
.:. = / (To) + L (rJ ~ 1 - r ,) Jo:( r .l', }.:, .
~= ~
dt
( l Ui7b)
Int.ogr~
,~
Az int<1':niJ ""hllni.....1PC>nIOMAbb ..pproxilllilrinjAt lIdjtt. a tmp<iz/on7llw. (IN.<! 9'n . old .) znrly -nnt
h.a a.z .w.ppontoli: a7. "1IY"""rf1:,i>g ko.... \v,...rt f'kvi<l illZ\.JI.Il>IAk . &l.8Z z. = a + kh . k '" O. 1. 2 "' aldu:,..
!g(.l"ldr""'2 g{.r. ) +2~g(rJ ) ... g(.r. )
U~ a
h [
.- ,
~ [Ktr.r. )""
K (n .
r. ~. + 2 1::
K(.I:..l"J}o,;J]
,.,
(11,61..)
In .. mindoonkori kNArnitalotJO..yo IDI'Iln)~ .. ,..,bb oIdaIou ill f..IJiop. Ax~.k .......bAn kOn~n
a k.or-tt ~yirti'krk-nut.
~I~ze,,: Az iRmrrv-Mt ~ rwmlinNrito intq:r~nio>uok kiiBPlitO ~a io a11uo1.
IDlOfI. EhMn Q _~D. M a.,;. kti'kPk 1Df'g~."tra.pi'7.fonn,wu;lJ&cm&Ij'Ut. w.ioo~ ~~
nn:nl.iIM"Aril< rg)....w.-t.-t ken ~I . Ezt u&y lebrt ..lkenilni. bogy .. trapc'!donnulat CMk as [a. Z._I '
inl#1"Vlllluml'llaIkalnJIIDuk. u lS I_ I, r. ] into.-r-JlUllIot. J-iiK II. bAI '*iaIi tkglalap-formulRWlI u.z..lj,ik,
Ha. h .. ~ b:xl. _kat P'l.. k"""r"tllfahibft eesn I\.Ilf(VOll befolyMol.j.a a ~
A1~
K....-.ldU.
formuIA~ ...
%)=2+
/" (r-w :(.. ) d, ~~ ~lit6 ~ . l...J oI<Wi ~
(1UMj ..16irilll<U'rinl . ~ ftZalappoatoka:.... kvid~,.. =. " 0.1 ktChk. what
h =0 I.
-, = 2.I (.:r d..,.. hK(IL. .<l ).....

" ..-U.l U.I 2 = 2.02.
",
T(.J/O) =
. . . . .t
~alap-formuL..
traphJorm,,1.oI
0.2
0"
2.0401
2.1621
2.3109
2.6H9
J.(1K62
2.()602
'" 2
'" /(r~ ) -.- h(K(r2 .r. ),.,...- K (rl ,.r l );d
= 2..- 0.1(0,22 + 0.1 2,(12)= 2.0002
2.2030
2.43-12
2.1629
3.2Q2;
2.t14UI
2.162Q
2.J106
~tb.
o.e
U.,
'-0
2.b14J
3.1)1.':;2
II)
~tArm08t ~ lebM. llOl:t a~.
.-.I~-II
j~, ...D!L dy
(11.l&)
""9
/ (tI) alakhaw allitjuk. ,,16.
(lUi% j
bosY moop:i<>tt..w..i iM ITl"Ileu miI~ In<z a ~br a1akj" Ml
fiiWfonyfficn. A
v'29 .T (,.l '" F{/ol:l )

bd}-dta<it"-'1. ha
F (z ) '"
jZ
nq
"""""'"
...
&ill"
f (r) = ,">(r )
(11.3)
v&lt.<xOt atfM'vt"Zltiilt r lJPk. l1li:
,..-(y ) dll
( 11.4)
integr~l<"td
VOLTERRA f& ..l><Ofaju
/ (r ) =
r
n.a. Mill-(1I G1"')
j(I.) .,.
{I I-tiS}
y)
Ha....-t II fiigvklyrkklt, ""l'JiB ""..

Rkltor a k6vrtkP1J6 atJOdik:
(11.611')
.:. = f(o).
= ';2g(/ol:l
Inf'glu.pjuk llZ.w..i i<lot ~ fiiggvcny(hcn:
T(JIo ) " [';21}{:
(11.(>61) <-fii&gtwr ..JIWII_ ...l6<Iik;
; . =.
601
jZ ..i y)
(x - ,)"
dr
kap juk.. A tovllbbi ~ IIOrin IlZ~l VllJami.,...j Alta-
aboI. 0 < tl
t fonn.ilisaD {.IK"k, u r v&I\A.n.6l. , -naJ,; Dewouiik at. F..zu-I elhjiilt. bogy a rnrgoIdas a
,; '" .,:o(r) alakban ...JOdik . A (I 1.10) '1Q"'II1..t minoiki... ul<lal "'t 1I~V>l.1lZ (r
1
, jl----.o ffiggYPnTlY"I.
m"jd, seerint intcgril.1"", Q-t61 r-ig .lWvetkl.6qo't'ul_ kapjuk:
A tAbl.Wo.tban o...cz...lu.." ,mllw l'{>lj"h61 fd viUlllak tuntdvr az ~....kt m"Kolda.~ .... M oM,.,]i ~I"
rormul"VRi ka[lOtt IfIf'gOldM .... a pont"""hh Irll.l'hfonnul"v,.,] kapott m ..~old"" Iorti'kf'i. A ~nolNo ...
( ll .il a)
h '" OJ "'I""'h.-uo.l tO~'nl,
11.5. Szin gularis integrnlegycnletek

A>. int ..grAIpgyt'ul,td n in9" I4ri.tn" k mOlllljuk, hI' ILZ clO'cn]rwt meghatarozo ilJ\A.ogrM intrgrilcilloo IJU_
\A.)J"""y" nem kOlliltOll. V"lO' hI' " ",ag n,.J. ILZ illtl'l:r"" i6tl tart<>lluiuyban 8ziul';tlMU.....i vannek. Fd
~;lk. hogy " f..lU,i"'l intrRTAlnk 11-1'-"11<'1. mint improp!;"" illt<'I'; r>i1o k V"'l{Y C"UCIIYfi'l.. fMttl-k..k
(IrIS<! ~60. 0],1,). A "zingulJu'i>o illtrgrAlpgy"ukt"k tlll"j,l"'lAARaikhallCt< HJ('>,'OldfLAAik vi>of'lk(~li""'hen em""n kiilonhii-"l",k" ..Jr.[Y'':)llMIl''''~ inlrgrAl"KY"llkt"kt6l. A kOVl'tk...d i S'l.aka.~7.0khall e-k nt'l",ny sl'<-eirJiIo
ki'rd';" vi'.sgAhlllk nn-g. Atf"",,!>!> tArl'O'al""t 1......1 lrod, 111.21, 111 ,91 ,
11.5.1 . Abel-fet e ln tegrnlegyenlet

Az int ..gr*l..gy.. nht,k "KYik d!lll a1kIlIIlU\'l-AAA a fizilut.l'rohlt'lllaira ABELtOl s'.Arma,.ik. M" w !ti" 1l t'gy
to"'''RPont''KY fiiAA6l..g.... sikh"ll valamilyt'll gorl... m..nten, kitAro!>lg a nch"'Ngi
hilI,""" "Iatt, a
Po{.ro.!/II) ponUol" PI (0. 0 ) I'""tig ( 11 .2 . lib ra ).
.'n'
m.tn,
A h..l06 int egralt ILZ II =!
.
J,
(x
y)l~~(y
+ (x
<E)" =
- {)" hdyeu.....rt.:_1 ki 1<'Ill't ~dlJuitlUli:
.J
u"( 1
~"u)I-O = sin;tl1f)
(l U ll')
A ny.-rt kif"j<r~.&.t hch"lyrlt""itjGka (11.1 I h) ORrrt,<'fiiAA....I.... A k......... tt :;(x ) fiiggv;;nyt..."IltAn r S7,<'rinti
//.5. S ..nvuU",.
602
"
,ir
I'
~dfl .
(.1
d,
fly)
r/)l-"
J,
( 11.1Id)
g(x l..i x) dx = O.
4>(:)=...!...,/ ..i 1J ) d y .
11.5. 2. Szlugu laris inlC'gralf"J;}t'Tlletl'k C a uc hy- t tp us u mugokkal

11. 5 .2 .1. A fdadat
Ad'VJl.\'lOII""
u(.1);(.1)'" - I
11"1
In
atr
~I,
""
I ""I
,.
f~
r.y
II-r
-- ~.
2ll"1
11.,1)
J.r
Jlld,
(H ,;)(r)
Im~Irt_lu r ..k<""I'''' .Jk V<."lt"" ""k ..u-.1a-1w..!J"XIl nelkiili.....VI r, i.il:b.',r'hM 1LIit'J !>",,"-t.
1IoIllf'1:v ~<--fl""""llJ>"nl"Il.aJt.iJIIl..u..,> hrloo6tartUIIIAn}~ valamw\ q;.~ S k"Wl t.-..rt<>UlIlI yl
hat.inu. "1CIt. r POlUtfV it"lIyu I J.t.f.....w.r S a balokl..Ira"",k. Szabszouko'n' "nUl nYU, "''It' untsnr
hf.kMl au.:. .... udAnt-kr6\1No<1 1: 1.111 2J Egy
ffi~'Ii-n r" r ~~ 0'n'tI II l"l LDRj olJ'nl'''
hAt.<>t...w~.rl. SJ E r P'U"I'JO r"mAlI
llxil-lI(r! < 11.'.1,-.11
O<J"5. 1
1\ > 0 .
II ;'"J )
r ..l~ilk. hoItv 4 z). J(rl "" ..'>{r) H<"ILDERfoIytollOl' " J, kil...mwl. K ( s . rl ~ min<lki'\ .1lI.
UCOjarll n<-.tw HOW f.Rfnl)'w n,,,, ,, ~ > .Ji ki""vOI"1- A K (.r, 1I1 .. - ...)_1 ~ r = , nrt''ll
rn\o< ""illlt"lantA.... VIW. M. IIIt.egfAl mfogis lM.,.,.ilr. mint CAI' Clf'ff;.k foPrtfk. A K(::r.r) "" 6{r ....
k I.,) = ( K{z. ,) _ K(r. rH/(1I - r) jeJnU--J ( ll. n) a. kw..M kezUaWl.hI.n ad6<lik:
-<,l'
..i ,l) d,l +
(.;)(r)=" r) ..i r)..- I1(I) I

"L
.v-r
~ I k(I . .v ...--(,I)dy -
J(I
rl
.'70 (.;)( r} klfrj,.,i", lU' LU~1l1<-gyPn1rthal ohl.RlAt irj" lr-rii,idi t.-tt "),,klllUl. AI o{"'tnt'll .q.rJJ.r 11AriF.
.-\ k{r ,) m~fiiW'kly ,-I< )'<'"'l8"n ....jn~~, Ko....;ik ki l'otl&Ag "" ,,(r)2 - j,(r)" 'I- n. r E r
llolm"htuL l.-lt""",,lt . .\1(.c.,.;)(r) - B(r),:(.c) + b(r)
1I"L
,".
fun
11
I ...
y) dy - J( I) .
II- r
( II 74hl
.r E r
<"l:''~ll<'t .. (11,74",) ........... fiiAA... lwz w "d..}t .l:Brnkt'"""ztol..... ~!1!t"nI~L A. ,Cq oprrAI," ""
rak tl't"i""t iklll<t'_, A (11.74,, ) iuh'!:l1\lpgy<>nl.. t t nmZponAltja
(T !,!)(y) _ (I(II}l;-'(Y) _ b(y)
A,
1f1
l;'(r)d.c -+1"-y
1tl
....
tOll
I ( k(X.
y) _
"1r) - "1Y )
r
O ..--I"tor
\Ia.
e {r) dr
11
k"r<
11.
A,
torr,
(1l.7k)
Pol;
Az (.c",)(r)
I(r) "IO"'u!etu "k p""t""",, akkor IN'"/.ik ,;>{x ) mq;o!d ii><a.!ta
]lOlt.-.tt h,, " j('Jo\" 1l <'"y"uk, miwhu t'(y)
td j,,,,iiJ "'"
""'I1,,"""u;,'m,
<1y - Il
: EC
(1l.7fM.)
=...!...,I ..i ,)
2~L
l/- r
dy
r Er .
(1I .7t,;h)
CA\JCHy-fiolt- fOPrti"krt Cr1sWr.. .-\ 4>(:) CAUCHYm~ S rOl, ill . S-r61 foI~ kit<"'rJ-tbf'tO
r . rL .' : pontMlr au E r J>ODtho&~k~.......c.kla hAt.Vl!rtt'k ~"' (I ) .ii1. "' - {r ). .kkor
rr-v<-n~a
I
"' +(r) = 2"--( 1" ) -"- (H .. )(r).
( 1I.76c)
rU:MEW SWHOCKlIfpJ,o kt'pk-tck .
11,5,2.4 . Hi lbe rt-fet e p e re me rt e k-felada t

1. Ka J>C50la t
., HiLBERT-f""" p"I1."ltlo>rtik-f"lN:lat """,..-...aI. ~fiittlt .. kMakt.. rillztik"" iJ l~nlrt tIK"lI;oI.dWwrJ.. H.. ,.,{r).. (I 1.74hl pgy<>nlrtUf'k {"fO' t~ . akk nc {I 1.i bn) b<*noorf f'---'ggw ny S -on ... S--on.
ta\-Ahh4. f"mwl4>{x: ) = O. A (l 1.76<-) rlEMElJ SZOHOCl(uf"J" vl'iMrk !CI'...nnt
';(E) = + (r )-"'-(r ) .
2(H'; )(I ) =4>+(r ) +4>- ( r ), E E r
G
al E) - j,(r)
,(r ) = a(r) _ b(r)
.
f(r l
,.,. 9(z) = a (r ) + j,(r)
jt-loU-I" karllkt<Til<zlikll>. inU'gr~nlf"t .. ki'>vrt1->-A:

,r(r ) = G(.r)"'- (r ) + g(r ) ,
.r E r .
(11.771
( 1I .i7c)
2. Hilbert- fele peremertek- felad "t

K..r..,..,ndo<'KY S 'Ull e. S - -Ull holofllorf... V<'ogtf'IPllh.-n ..11t1no <1>(: ) fiiggvpuy. lUn.. lyre r m..ntfn ldjf'_;il" ( I I ,77c) "'"'luf,.Jt<'1..1. A HILBERTf" l.. r..l",h.t "'(I ) m,,!\oItlAl<ai .. (11.7()I\) al..k1lM it.llithawkt']o.
(11.77a) rl...5 "RYcul..te szerint t"l",k 11l,~h",t.Ar0'U,Ak a lca.r.. kt.<ri>o~.tiklL" inlfogrftll'f.Y,,"l<>t .;(r ) m"l-,"Olda.
11.5. 2 .5 . A Hllbert-fel c p e remertek -fcl a da t Ilif"KoldAsa

1.
11,5 .2 .2. A 1lH'J;ol d As I i>t f-'l i>se
J, fC~)l;'(y)
y- :
Mit.
( lfL~
~"
,.
fi"LgJ{\'i'nyt r lI\<'ntkl W'U CAUCHY-ml..,.-.il Mlt nMo'n7.11k. H.. : 'I r . l\lt int"ll:ril li1.eZik a ki'0iJroi'gP.o
ert<-Joomhf'n .... bo1ornorffiiggvPn)"t .ilJ.it ..16 (1No( oc ) = O. fu : = r E r. altkur "
(1 1. 7tia) Wl"nuyi:!ot'gMl a
Ill('g:ro~il.hna:u\.sa
1ft:
( 1J.7,'}h}
11.5.2.3 . A Cauchy-fell" integral t u laj donsegai
.!.~
! -'-d!l = ':JI
.
If d.r o,j'"i"=i
".
..i r)
' - /.'
o ".1-11
603
o1t<>tI:OIooiw i f..lt{>t..1. U~ylUli)l,y..z ( T I/I)(Y) = q(y) tr""-"""I"",M.,lt ''lQ''~II.tIl<'k l"'nu:o..w akkur li-t....;,ik
tII"lt:oIda-. hllaz ( ,;)(r) ~ 0 homogon "lO" nk-t mind..n .....(. r ) m',,;uldNW.. frnn >l.ll
di!J,r..,....i,;JA."""'ll"'tlUul-h.. 'J"k m,'lI.:

____
~m(,,"')
d
"'tr:qf'(ilt9g~..utd,
i\I.
(.c 4')(y) -
(I
t n"'~1.
(I I 7,'" ,)
Ho m ogen pere mfeltete lek

<ji+(.r) = G(x)<ji - (x) ,
x E
(I l.7S)
A log G(x) fiiggvfny iortioh a r, gorlw ''lly,"Zl'ri l,.,j,it....., allotlmaval" 2". iAI ;rtfkkd vliltozik meg, ..hoI
>'1 ..I(.... z "7.1mr, Az ..g<'= r gorht'[{'",l,t"r "JO'"~pri h"jar""" ''''''~ll log G(r) "l'tk kvliltoz ......
L:> ". i ~= 2". i " .
'",
(11.79><)
604
11.5. Szmy"birU i"l~g.,-,jjcgycnlrt~i:
L ;" ~ I<fiunot" IlILB-"=RT/<,I.. j.lrul"t ",dt'un..k n("VPZZiik. K"l"czziik"
A" =
Go(x ) - [z - llQ )--n(r }G(r )

fiiuv" uyl. &hoI
( 11 791
.( .1 - ....).1.,
lovAbbB ... s+. t.. ... (I = I . . , n) t rt><Wl"R......n ~ tMt pon t II lxL...,jr ll<'n. Ha
;OOt giirb<- (n = 0), Akkor rlt-ftnk iO-.-rilll nCr) = I. A7-
( 1 1. ~)
n {.c) = (.c- o d "' (r - a, )k:
211"1
( I I.~)
.. - .:
;.-K>k'Me1 a ~ HILBERTff'J.dal kOv..tk..m ~1"--riMi.'" alapfTK'"gOldil.~nU. '" l...wzM.t.

bpjuk,
X (Z) ={n - 1(l )CXP1(: )
'"
(:- aGY ~ ('Jlp l(:)hA
Vrgiil" (11.&><:) kifPj..........,krt" (11.856) o..--fr~i",h.o h.oh~lY"'tt,.,qtw"" figyt>lPtnt....v,ov"" (ll. i 6h) ...
/I g(I ) = f (I)! (o(x) ~ b(I) <-ztfi~t... m.~ol<l""r .. ...u.dik:
'I,J(
r = r u ,~nl
1(: ) := 2."j Io,;Go(V) dy
:ES
,r(x ) + X - (x ) f (I)
- 2(0(I ) + b(L))X +(I )
+ (X +(r) - X- (x )
(11.1>3) !t7JI!rint K <
lIZ 0
..--(x)
I (z)
r
rgyvATll Wt p ..... t<-hAt
vegt.l+Dlx-n d tQD05 ~ YlUl.
G. = G = 0 -110 _1(: )
a+1.
IIlf'g'*""
I D hom~n p"'... m r.. It .I .. I..k
II.. "
()
= _'_
2~i
j X+{,)(,-z
g(,IdJ
)
(1<= 0. 1.
.- ,, - 1)
(11.1IJ)
kikOtOoo:-knd" i3.
11.5.2 .6 . A karakt er-lsatlkus int cgralegyenlet m cgoldesa

1. Hom og en karakteri>iZtiku~ int pgralelO',,"I..t
H.... b~lt bumogl>u HILBERTfrlaAAt Illt,jtoliliba 4>~(z), Ilkkor .. (11.77..) o...z.,fiiAA""hOI ki"'... t
keslk. bogy a holl~1L inl.<'f(TAl<-gyoonlM. m.-golrlAAA."
,:~ (x ) =4>Z (x) -4>; (x ) ,
Ier
(1I. M ..)
alaklHu, AllltbatO ~16. II" .... ~ O.ekkor n<l\k .. ",~ (x) = 0 trivisdis m<1\olJ& lM.c-lik. Hl! " :> 0, " kkur ILZ
AltMan"" 1ll'1l0lrliuo
( 11.1;40)
;,,(x) = [,\'"'(x } - X - (T) IP~ _,(I)
ahol p~ _, l<>gfpljl!bh" - !...tfoki, Jlolinum.
2. l nhom o ge n ke rekt ..ti u t ik Ull i ntegrA legy..nl ..t
Hl! 1LZ inhomogen H1LBERTf<oI",t"t ''It,.jAnOfl Ill,'golrlii...... <P(z) . akkor az jnholll()g~Jl j"t'1lr"I"gy<"llld
u\t'gulua..al (1I ,77..) ,,1,,1'jrll' ld,,t n"1thatAwlui;
( 11.l'.'....)
;(x) "" 4>+(x) - ""- (x }
(lUI,,1
= X +(x )R+(x ) - X - (x )W (r ) + q'jt (x ) - q'ji: (L) -' L E r
A (II. i 6c ) PLI::M HJ Sl.OllL./CKIJ-kl>I'!,",'k R{l)''''' v.. 16..tk"lm"zt......val kapjuk:
R>I x 1"" 2X
' gl'+(xl ) + (~g)
1
R- I:r1=
X + x) ,
1,1,1 + (~g)
11
;p :r
- Z X +(x )
r.
{:=:.
,-z {10:::.
=k'lI 0-110,_,1 j _ I - dll =

0+
l:"I
0.
z E S' ,
l E S-
S:.
re
lWIZ
X '" : : : . X- = I
I,
zE S .
Miwl " = 0.11. HILBERTfPI<o br>mogf-n J'f'T"'1Itk1.i!kr..lAdat~ ... ~"'nIx-n..J1i1n6 IIK"JtOkiioM.
4>~ ( z ) = O. A Itlf"gOIdAs (11.1:'6) ..l6ftllftluta IIlapjlln kavt-tknik. bosY
X (l ) =
< 0 . lLkkor a Ull!IoIdAo.lttn./....hr:I: ewnfrhil tf'ljoooliilniiik boll ""

, ", 0
j '*9ill}d
.P t, )
r
=
(n = 0) . A (II .TIb) .--.....n~00I kin-rt a -I.
f (x )
b-zik. bogy G = - - "" g{I ) = - - . MiW'l G]wo,.t.wlo. wht .. _ O. EnnflfO(Vl'l D(x ) = I",
a _I.
0 ... 110
ko-tk..m:
4>(: ) = X { : )R (z) + "' , ( I )
(1 1.86)
)
dy=O
(k= O. I, . . , - .... - 1) .
(11.87)
jr (0(') -.-!l/(y
b(, JlX +(, )
,,<Iva van
+ ~ j .;<,) dy =
kNllkU'riltztikll" intt.,;rliJ<ogyPnlrt. Ahol a .... I. kon.~taDIl
,-x
~riitthalO_ ~Il
inbomosfn tlILBERT f..lad.t ~ a
b(,;)~~)'(')('
11"1
ru
Az
(o (y ) +
o......tin a mcgoItlM Jrt.-4hti'hrz pOtlo1a trl.i-'Uniiik una kiivrlkPz6 ''''It<"~knck:
A bomogo'n HILBERTfrlaoill' ~A1t..Llulooabb .11 v.:-,;tdornl>f'n ..Lnem tl1n6 ~" > 0 l:IiMhI
#~ ( : ) = X (: )P~_ I ( : ) '
1" E C
"4J )
abo! P__1 ( : ) ~ ~jf-bb (" - i )...Ilokit poIiDOm. HAK. ~ O.aklwraoalF: ..., {: ) = 0 ttivWiI<
1kezi.k. tLr." > O. akkor Il ~ HILBERT-feladamak" Itllilmii IioMrisan ~Im. "
2.
2~ i /
moosoIdiI.....t
(11.1'1r.)
: ES-
605
_ X++X - / 1' 1+ X + -X - 1..j f(' )d =-"-/I'I- -'- -'- j.&1.o

..-ix ) - 2(0 + IIo)X +
2(a+IIo )X+II'i
, - I II
42_~
02_~1I"i , - I ve
606
12. Funkcionalnnaltzis
1. A funkcionAll\nalizi " akkor 1u!o-tlu..... tt.>UUikor 1\ lWlU'lIlJ\tikl~",>k t"'ji;tu,k.I,,'lO''' kiilO"o'->z6tunomAllywriil..l"krn. [>1. tl'ruN""""'" &. mil,,~Aki t,,<ioIOAnyokhall. kii7.g..:l:d~'t<wI"", fdll,,:rii16 ........ rn<lto
problf.mAnak kiU.o..I<UTk<-~...h VhII. E,ty",,!:,,,, fu~kl1uvilAgot r..j \f.,.ztpttpk ki i.,. iU~ l-r"""yl1 .. lV1'krt f...l""wk f..1.&1Jl<'Iyt'k .-..ki'>tOtI"k .. u...tt'uli>tikai 'l.IIa.lizio,t.linc"",, alg.. hrl\.t. g'''lJlrtru.t. Y>\huninl
"ma!rmati.... ~h AgAit.
2. "fogtl"len dim"'ll~i6ju t ~",k Soli: fr,ww~ &/lIf"lyDt'llIlAl.<'war.ika.i ~"Il:a1ma;Wuo vfgt..wll ""k
t~I.pgyt"w..I' "".Y~1~'1t"'I""'KTf'IldIo7.Pr"". diff.. rrociiL! V>IfO' int.cgriW"lI;Y<"I,lrtrc. apl'rm<im/lrii... _nac~ v...,;y o~.lllwo.liMlNolllth. pwbl;'rnA.r" ...,....-T. ....d-tf""",jt; " vi>g"" dilTlf'llT.iOj" Uor H;iillk kl"rt!.oit. ;.,.
tc~~ ~Y"".I'f" valamilyt'n vOoJ(l.-kn dinu'nzihl tk. 1WlE'lybt>n ...feladatot rmd..M"lint ",><'Tit<><Ok ko.:tl ~,gzp"..k ...giI>Ot'ogmo/ 1t1...... ll~foga.lmllZni. tanullllAnymni;"; lIll"!tOldalli.
3. Li ~arill es Ilt"mlin ..a risopt' filtorok ~tiK. fUllkcion.w.na.!w.. ~ ..ti i~ 1"'ft.Vjill>41
a 20. ~"J:6 ~~ho-n
/l t.\In~1 lincAri.< ""RY lino"llri7A1t probio'lIIak.. linciu-Vo
1-
<>I,.,."torolF: ..
rnel",tcDl"k r"Jl6o.Ioo'ooo'1. ...romkl)'P.llto'k,IUl<lig ~ ulObbi. ';vlr-iPkbf.n fOki-ut " ~ u.orJ..ti .ukal~)k

~1mi-n)Ti,mu.tl
" fuult .. ioI..u-NfU,< pilJAn>,.tnyi A1lApotat o>gyf" inkP.bb.. ~ j<-I<-""''w'k
';'".......,knck a j61ltido1Ruwu lilN'Anro mOt~rkkd -Jo ktoz.-Ih<-ta.eg.. ba.Un:rzzM ~. &Wi .. l><'lnlilM'an.'< Of"'Tat.~ ~lmo1olt-t",,"k k,",pit~ _ .... t .. tt. Az .ukallllAZlUook !l7A'IDponty.h61. pgyr<' fon~,hNc
a ,hlfe~nlM<-k. A1lIllJl<l'nkll11 t~k. IU: opl~ !<tb., am; Am..mOkiiII; .... II.... .ubllIlA7i>k ~A n"lkti\io;h<-trtlPnnol- t..,.j a rw~ ~ndollrorlat<mO<ljiulAll; for. m6<bortt-iurk
1billC1l.'td.
r..
4 . A lap"trukl u r ak Ebben a jr-s.rtbrn....,J,; az AiApoItmktlmUIAt for. o.Ak v>WAtowI. IlIdjuk l>MulIWw; .. ~ ba<.w4lt u'rtip...... luot'" f'ZI"ll "I""'fAtorNw\k neh&ny .......tAl.vlLl. Az. "'-rrAirt bplo-~,.ilAgot oIyew pfkWr.b.I ~"k ~JiitAni. Amf"l:yf-ket ma... f~'''''kbrn;'' (o-I,..n iiI""'Jo..n)
~RY.utllnk,d..Amt'I)"<k"..kA~ok!ha~tV"lS lllCItoldit..<uk~-cr-tRlm'-L~koIt.--lt kijrlO!b""Unk -y pgy<'<ii _<'kbf.n ~1""'j.,;J1>o mOtw..,-..llil igazolluk. UlIli fogjuk, 110,;,' ilv.... ,... miu<~
frlt....w .:k """th1 Af'mkciocJAlAu,.l~, .u-trall ni-L6poutjAwiJ foRva. "It..... ""'" A1ulano.. o.-...fiiu""'l
mutat ki lIlAtf'mAI,1uoi IM~H-k r"ollilJilhAn. ""10'1)"-1< konkri-t r..1&datok U1.. g~_, "'l:ilik .... AikN-
""'
""""
12.1.
12 .1.1.
Vekto r t crek
A vektorter fogalma
..... uNn un'O; \' halu"",t ....kt"'t~rll<k ""lO' 1m"';"" ,.ornpk llPV<'ZZiik" 1\
minilig Iwmmlltil.tfv 1n<1
f,leU. ba 'rtdnl<"Z.... van Ilk. 11I,1...1<1.
..1<lI...i <--I""" "" plpmei "".017""""- 1\ -!>P1i ...amokkAi (KkNArokkal) - Akiivrtk<Wik{>Y'lwn:
1. BaIl,,,,I)' kH r.y E V "I"mn' "rl<IIlIM'AU " z "" r + 1/ E V elem: x ..... y ii.uNJ".
2. harmrly X E \' plprun'", hilrnjlly (} E 1\ ~kaJArra ,;rtrl",{'zctt . '!t.V ox E Y "I"m; ILZ x pl.-"' .... /l>;
Il sbtlAr .wr:<,t" (""10' h<-ly......I,!>Pll: /lZ r ..le-m n-M?.oTOM). ('g)'. hOltv .. kiwdk,pw ,.. .\:t",t"r-arl<.rntik
leljPo<uln<.'k tPlsz6l..g.. r, 1/.: E \' ..I..u,..kr... kl n. fJ E 1\ skalarokm:
(12.1)
( V I)
r+(1/+z)=(r+1/)+z
(12,2)
( V 2)
r+y,,"y+r.
(V 3)
A~ O""'M"'lfI><"'.k V"II .'l(y....~,I,.UI.. tdu;'t Will olyan 0 E \' ..leta, "ul111d"m.
(12,3)
vngy lIullv,-ktur.l\IIlt'!yr.. r + 0 ... z,
(12,4)
(V 4)
Mindl'l' I' e V-h..~ 1'<1.''7.ik "gy _ll_wljploll. elem.. v -nek. hogy V + (-t) = 0 .
(12.;')
(V 5)
.. (llT) = (nd)r.
(\'6)
I r = x.
(12 6)
(127)
( V 7)
n(r + y) = "x + "1/
( 12,.':1)
(\'8)
(0 + t3)r "" or + f3r
( Vl)-(V 4 ) eRYiiU kif".i<'Ult'tn "lIS u.. 1,,'lO' , . IV- ONr1.<-... lJw<rA kOllllUIl",.tlv OIOpnrt. ~t.'gj~Y7"'n<I,; t<>Yli.bhA. h"lO' .. ,k>lZOl" upm k',lo"h<-",I,tik nl''!;'' 1'....1 {.,." tt't nulkl'1UN. W{rt A1l.J\lAhan " ..,..i;"-<'K~
fii~ Ai"l'jAn konnyu rcli~lIIcrui. hOjQ' n...lyikn'll Y1U1 >!;fA
A kk k-gfnntoo<ahh .....-th<n a ,. 1<'"1. -k.o<. ill. knmp!,x ...,ktorUoru<k l~;ik altOl fiiAAQen. hogy 1\
.. vaI60I "z&lliok R. ill. .. lmmpl.. x ..Mruok C t, .. t". 1\ ""s.... 1.....1 j,. 1<-1,..t; a kolllhinalorilcihau uj .. bLo..n
,,&-Vl"f' fnuwe.al>hak"", ilyeu. '''8''''rlim,,"ZK. (Id. 12.1.3.) v"kl<,rtrrrk. Minden r.o.t v"ktoru't ""jal n~a
..lpu .. WKtbrli ~'la1 PI< ""~ mint ..,.kturul,1v.-l.. "'kkPl, &... tn.t O-j<\vall.JJ.il1t 1\ ....ktort'T
"UUWktorAV-..J. ,- eleruelr ponloknAk ""10". " lin"full' .ug..
!<1I>h..... nAiAtaYlll ....kt"rr>o\-nak hlvjuk. <k
" lllllkrioruWw.alizisbell I<Z i vagy L j<-lnl&.tM, ..11<ki"t!l<lunk &I'''lklil, ~ .~ I\Z ;rth,l[",,'g v><gy /l>;
An..kindl<'tiio.<'g kilricA lPtmp.
.0\ V Yf"ktoet.frl>cn ( V 4 ) ;'rt.. lm>'hPu miml..n -s E , ..."'rnb<-z lAiA!Jw<'> ~dlmku ",,-ogh.atar-mott
_r E ,. "1I,,ult'tt ..k"lIlP1 ~,ltlAi -r = (-I)x kI"],,.I ... rn<"S...-I}A- bAlwa .... t(,-cu OOrw(ly Itel
1.1/ E V Yf"ktor r - 1/ k'tlnn~ if; h-wln",~""I1i. tl<'YPV'l"""'ll r - II = r ~ (-Il). EhhOi kii....lkPZik
"".1 + !II = ="KY"uirl ..gyi'rtplm,1 nN'f':<Md~ biLll1lO'ly II ..... =_Il'U. A 1I>CJ\"JJa", r - z - y ......
('\' 1) (\' 8) >Ui6milkhOl ..J6dllAk" kOvMk..,.1\ tnl..p""""ok:
nulln"ku..- ~hU1lr-l, In<"g VIOII bAtAmo:Y>l.
h."
"
Or", Ourind<'nTE V-....
ha"r =JI(-,.S 1 O.akkofn = J.

baol=o1/i'sa-jO.Akkorr=lI.
-(ol) =a( -r).
12.1.2. Linear-is es affin altorek

I. Lin.. aris alt e r
..... , . Y<"!rtort<Tllf'm Ii"", v. mozhalnrazAl L.nni"-" aJl~rnt"k. vagy trn..mu daotignak nr\'l"ZZ.lk. bA hArmply kk
E V, .....m ... "' IMnndy ket" J E t\ ,kaJIU-nO I\Z nr'" .1, linearno konrhin3<:'iO i.~ Vo-bar.
tActOZi.k. tmAl V, 7M a m,;Yl"letcu... ,', ll~ io ....-ktort-..... t<'Ml kiPlPgfti A ( \'1)-('\'8) axiOmftbL
Ait<'!" A!lhat "'llvrdiil Annll...kl<'rh6l ...;.~ N: ""ltYik lrivW"..dti-r." mAsik
th. Ez 1<"'1 w ........- t.-n lLZl is jPlPnti. bogy" omn"!t""n iI' ....kl<"t.'r ~ly I..., f<olt-tt.
2. Affin ah'"
A " Yf"ktorti'r l>arm..ly
fro - Il l , E v.} = roT V.
(12_9)
AiAln; .......haIl11AZ1\t...hoi Xo E , . r\ift:1.it.<.," elem. V, ]><"dill hnpAriA ><1""1. dtoll ..tt.'rrtl"k. "ffin ..tt"rn<k
Y"Y "Jfin~nak ncv.=iik....ru..ly (x, f
"""'''n) "lO' IU: oriKOt A1t1JAhlUJ. uem tArtalruaW
)\2. ''''40' R 3-.... Ii ,~..,n... ''ll.!O' R 3.1... 1i _fk A1lAiA!>ol<itWnsUc trkilllll<'w.
r.,
A",
1t.Z"'' ' ' ,.
3. Lin"ari" bncok
Y 1<1.-...wJ~,.zAm(,lill ..Ari.~alt"''''n..k Ill.. I,.,,,,\.<' Uomi>t Iimli.ril' alt .... ElIn"lfogva minOru n"m iif,os E c Y
ri=luJuw.zhoz 1'I.-.zik <>g)' fil. tArtalm""i> /' .. {) vlIfO'lE] I.'\!.,dikrhh linpiITi" all"" \' -.... n. u,,'<'Z<'t~u
a:-. E l...huazt tovtIJUlKZOi'-7A",!imiLri. alt.... k m..tv",tr. A li'I(E) l...hultZl Eli"",.....b"riulMk h'vjnk.
Ez nll ....-gy...zik i\Z Os.~_ ol)'"n

"1-sI-.-a~r2 + ... + " ftI ft
(12.10)
(v"R''') li"earis k"lllhinil<~6k luJll<azAval, ,," ...hpk 1"I"~/IiI'"l!:'"
]"2 .. rft E E "I"llI"khOl .... '-' I '~.
. <'ft 1\ ,skaliLrokh61 k"IWI.I",tOk. H.. lin(E) ." V...kk"l f;-I V ~"I ...rAton<tl,l~zt'I'u"k hivjuk, t:"t
1l1C\' '" lllon.-lJllk. bogy W"1<'IAljll V.1.
4. Peldak socozatokb61 aHo vf'ktort"r..kroo
A : K n ve kl o rt er : L.''IO'' u " vala'm'ly li;I\~.rI. ..tt 1"rlll/'>lIA'I,'l'l _,Jun, /'>lI,'lQ''''' V "" 0s>;;.:Cl; 1l,I"m(l
{({, ..... {ft) I {, E 1\ . i"" I, . . . n} .Ull<""l'm,lll.ok h"lllll<:'.>I. IA'!!S'lwk a llli'l""i,I<k kOIl1pon..n-onk(nl. htdm,'Zvc. "".al: h" r = ({". .. {n) ("" Y '" ('11' ... '1ft) 1\ V 10'. ko'l. t"tII~olo 'I\'''' "i"",,, '''' o K
t "!sl:ol"I\<'S skalil ak kor 1"1CV"11
(12,111.)
.{~+T-"'),
(12.11 ..)
r,.
12.1. Vr.kIOTtenk
608
Tpnub0:t.ft;f>n0 = (0. 0. . , 0) "' mlndeu k""6hbi po'ldab>uI i.~ PTIn..k u-rmOO.rt<'l< lIl<l'Jpl..Mj.. " lIull
.....kto r.
lly lIlodon kaj,j"k ", 1\- ....ktort<-rM . t<-IIAt ~V*""iiI1i-u n = 1 Pf'<'ti>n" K = R Vl'fO' ,, 1\ = C lin..Ari~ b>rf'!. .
Ez a ~l.u.. ki>tfo\l.. lUt"lllpouthOl ill A1tal/ulo.ithati> (ld ... B. C pioldAkl.t):
B: Az ......:,,,,,,, . d.nwolVLa t o k II vektortt'N": Az r = {{,.}:'..I' {. 1\ ~Irn ""rotAto" a
(12.111l), ( I Z.llb) lIV'rint tltgonkklt htdlll....a lt miiYf']pt..kko-l ~ ~II>lOro'J'.....tok II v.-ktort<'ri't Nkotja.k.
C: Az Osszes veg"" n8.llJ$Oronatok 'i> (vagy COo) ve ktortere: ~ V AZ r..uti . tkr-.n

f'km<-inckM1lIlA7.11.. II.Ill<'I,...kllf'k <Wok """,",..-.k taRia kiOOnw.ik nul1UOl.tt>nur-.ot<"u" 11llllAtOI kl1
IOnbOzO tasok ~ alla!i.bM...lrmoonkklt miuI b. ""'" kobet. Az igy kPletkezO - Il..-gint" ~OIlkrnt
dmnWt mt1~Mot<-kkd ('llMnI:t
wktort.rrt ."..wl VlIgy COolal ~lolj'-.Jr. ~ lIZ """"..... """'8 ~
tok~k~iik.
0 : A ll &uee korli tOllllOn>Ultok m vektort...re: Az I = {{.}:'l !IOlOZAt polIl.oM.D..aur lar

toIEik m-bee . hA 3C6 > Omdy .... ~. I S C6 , 'rIn '" 1. 2.
Ene II. Vf'kt<:>rtkno r;ywau hNwlAIjAk lIZ
l"" jfo~ iIo.
[ , All ae.._ konftfg.. noo lIOroz.atok C ",ktortne; or = ({.}:'.. l E c pootuuw akkoI-.1uo""...

rout koo~. MAl! ~ ...ik,,!. E 1\ lIQrn.IIIlIPiyn-1llindnl E: > O-ra lort.Pzjk ~ no = "0 () iDd.'x
6gy. bor;y mindni" > ....no.l<.'!p.iil ~. - (01 -c c (kl. -11 0 . cld.].
F: Az o.."Z" nullllOrOzatok c.v~ktortPTe: A.z o..u.. null"OR>Z&tok Co _ktort,,",A C ti'rn"- ~
AZ alton. IWJCly lIZ <-u.. nu1lAbl.lArtb ({o = 0) ""f'OPtokh61. JUl.
G : A z I" ~ktortn: .... -1 (1 :s; "< :le) jriOljiik llZ<lII r = H:.}:" """",",,tok wktort...+t , AQ>f'I)'<'m A
1(.1" 100I" kon~
..\z trivi&li..... hoY l'Z A bAlmaz a~ vAlOIIZ<>nAf<nl t<'nyleg W1; lIZ hup;y ke1 I~br-1i IIOI'OZI't '"-'c"
iNni-t ...lwli IIOI"OZat. va;yir." koor-diMWikklti ~ k Ahta.oIut ,-,.,.y.kfn<.k ".roik MtYllnyaihOl ftlkl
110I".u-o!'lt konYerJlt<Ul." M ISK OY''' SKI ~IlI6t ~1.5l (Id. 32. oId.) km....tknik.
E:.,
kOW< " _th,
P.legjegyzes: Az. A G pi'ktAkINUlbeW'zrtctt. ~kOOl.uJOV<'~",

... k .. ~ k.,-w tartAlzna7.luoi rrIMi6k:
, CI~ Cr Cc. Cc Cm C I .
abol l :S; p < 'l <=
~'y<'
(12. 12)
5. P H d ' k fiiggvenyekb61 ' 116 vt'ktortt'nom

A : A I .F(T )Vt'ktortl>r : L<-gyt-u \ . A T halffiA:l.oD irt.rIInf'V'U 0..-... """"'" VIllY komplex ''!1i'kil
lrorl&tu.< mggvenyt'k haltnIWL. abo! .. filKK""'llYCkw A wuY'l'iru,kP!: pontonkmt "rU>IUlf'ZZiik. VIOfO'IIO b..
r = .c(t ) ... , = t'l: t) a \' haJ.~ ko:'t t<-t~ .. 1m., .... a E 1\ U>t.~,.JW4r. akkot- az X +
a . .c ('lrmM .. ko Wl km k/opp.' u do-filliAljllk:
(.c+,)(t) =r(l) +,(t) '1tET .
(l2,I3a)
,n.
(a.c)(t)= n r(tj '1tE T

Az 19y knpo tt vpktortrff't .1"(T) vd jdoljiik.
Mpg&I..I<l T......vn .. v('ktortkr al tN...i tilht... k ko-/,ott
02.1:.110)
lIZ "J...h hi p;;ldil kh<\n "7Rff'plO WTIk,

B : A B (T ) vagy M (N ) vt'kturter: A B(T ) u'r w. iWv
a T halmiLI.on kud " toII fiiW"nY"klKl]
All. E zt .. w kt urkrd gyM.ra n M (T )-vpl i.~ j.lolik. A T = N
t \won "" ..!tho ~7"'ka....,. D p"!,I"jIt.lJII,ll
KZetf'plo M (N ) = III triM: knpjll k.
C: A C([a, bl) vf'ktortol-r: Cna. ltD I\Z 01oo-"""'. "z [e. til intervallumo n foly toll<'" fijfo:KVl'lly~k (Ill.
58. old.} hlllm""A. a hu l T "'A'r"p" lm""I [a. ltJ jlt.t.I<I<t.a.
D : A C (!a ,blJ v.. k t o rt l> r: U 'KY"11 kE N. Az """''''''. az [a,bl int"rv"lIll mu n k-" 7.<>r folytoU"""'1l
difl"('r"n"iAJlmtO fiiW"'nyek (1.1. 31:14 JlfJ, old.} C"([a , bl) hal m1\7.a v"kturtrr. He II V"!tV b v;;g..... ak kur
az [a , bl int<orv"Jlllm a PfI b v"'~ ">utjlt.l,,,u a d"rivfUtn k johh- . ill. halolrlali rl~ri vAllnak I>rt,.. n.M k.
"te&i..lO'z",,", A jel ..n ",,,,kMz A D 1"'ldAih ll.u r"I...,rolt ""kturrer..kre a T = [e. 1>], a, I> v;;g'''' ,.,..,tl,,u ..
koVt,tk, "tt'l t>\ttalmw....o k "rv""~k:
(12,14)
C ([a. bj) C C~ ([a . b)) C C([a. ltD C B(!a, 1>]) C .1"( [G, b]). 11.1,01 I > k:
609
H" II '""lO' b viogt.. l..n. V""lO' 1,'lt"Ilt.hh~1O'ik vl>Kpuntja ll'>1Il Lal'to7.ik a T int"rval!llInlW"L. ukur llgyan ....... k
ig..,..ak B( [Il. b') elhagyilAAvAl.
E : A C(T ) vt'ktorter: Trt.><WI<w""'ll ri'>gzllrH to E T ..,..tiu IlL {I C(T) 1.r(ItI) - O} halrnaz
liu...m.. alter az .1"(Tl Vorh<'n;'" T = [... b) ""to' (a, b) VA(O' a.b) V8i:J (G. b] ...." ffi Mr-mdyik f.. nei
wkwrW.-ben. ha AIlIlak df'finiriojAt ki<,l;nwtjiik .. .r(to) = 0 wlt<'t<>lId.
12. 1.3.
Lln car tsan riiggetlenelcmck
1. Lia ..aris fiigg.. tle......eg

A , . Vl'irtort.......Ian ly,~ ""@Yvo'gtPlmr<'o<z.t...wn..zat 1"...4......... frMJ'Itll....nd<. IIIondjuk.!PI annAk
hllmwly v~ {.r,
r ..} ri'1<7.t..,hrULZArA
all' , -+- + a~x. _ 0 .,..,t"n mindig kiJVPtkrx.ik. boRY
0 , "" . = o ~ = O.
OZ, IS)
ElJrnk.....6 ..,..,tben azt mondjuk. bogy a l'bozhalm":L ,..... ti.... " .. ij'lf'!ifg6. It" " , - a,. O. ~
. r .. \ - m~.........ktonU. illor a ....ktort...,. axiOmAi --nnt a ,x l -J.- -- - " .. l'. tnviAli..
m6don \' mill"",hnri,."ai egyml6_ Az
r~ wkWt:ok lin..aN. fi-'ggrt~ azt j<.-Irllti. bogy a nullW'ktor 0 = all't -.- ... + o~x. d&\.ll.ii.AM Cl"II.k a tnvi41~ Q, _
- n. "" 0 .""""""'~ Icbrl+r.
Ezt II. foot .... fog>I.irnat" IincftriI< &lp-hrM>Ol jOll"'n....Jiik (Id. m. old.). ~ mAr fdb-uWtult a bomogen
diff,,~IM<'k ~"61 A.ll6 a1a(>l'<'oo.wff'k drfiuiAIM#.ra (k1.509. old.).
Ha. c~-vaI. jclOl.jiilr._t II. ~ . ..... "",,,Iyt><'k 1atU..i a k-adik kiYk~ miud o-vai. ~~. l---A<I.ik
ta&I'"f>"'di J, akkor ..~ bean.. V.'- ..; t bm. trbal. u,indPn f"lIt doofiniAlt ....r=att.. rb<>D . . {"t. "2 .. t
halma.:;! ..;-- brn. trbat IlliDd<-;wklwn .. t
kb..n lill<'N~ fficFtl<-1I. A C( O.:f" ) tl-r bm pl. "li
I,.
I,. .
"10
{ l. li.in nt . CQlintt (n "" 1.2.3.. )

fijy:vPnvr=~ 1ineilrNu:, ~Im. vW.oIrt /U; I . wo. 2t . ~ t flIg\'kIr" Ii~ """"",ruggnel: (k1.
2.92 .'\1. oM.).
2.
Vt"ktonh bUi.......... dim.. n xi6ja
"lI:e....: \. trff't l!I""l"1""'Ja.. ~.;" &mdyno

l .n( B} = Y. A \ . .... kturti'r (Blg,,"n ll) loin.odnak ""lO' ha B ~""n HAloIEt.-M.U<inak n<~ (I.l
mold. ). TcluU B = {r( I ( E 1) p<>nt.of;all Akkor hk.. \',,,k. ha mindPn I E V "",ktor oMiIIlithAti>
.c "" ~o "(If alakl...... ahoI ftZ o( "to"iittluo.tOlc .-r;ykt.dw....u ""'ll V>Ulnak hatArozn. .... kW:iillik 0I.Ilk
vPgP!I (r -tO! fiiggo)
kiiloul>ii&ik nllU"tOl. ~lilld<-ll. Au ullvek toru&l Mw-hh \ ......ktorthno.k VlI.ll iFa1Abh"l'oY a1p:mrai 1M.:t:i......."" , . berm..ly lin..Mi.....u riiAA<-t.\en E"'-ha.llYlAU kil.a.jtbrtO V-oek 'L1gehrai
".!W'k "RY lil)('AriM.n fi"lgg.'tlctl B rf':o;zhAlIDll7.io.t . lUnt'ly AZ
..Mm',
baziAAv&.
.0\ \' vektore..ret m -d.m ....zrO&nak lIlondjuk. 10.>. Vllll m !OZl\.m(l wktorhOl ft1IO boWM. :10; "".t j<'k'llti. bogv
\' .bi-II ULI"'twil m ,.,..Am'l Iin('iLriNuI fii!:Wtl.'n veklar."" h4ml<'ly '" + I vc'ktorb'" "'lIil n-n<haRr lin....
riMn ~fiigg. Mind..n t....t '1P",lim..n7.i<'... wktorti'r onm"8" ffolf't t .
A V<'hurtt'I1'~ ,.,:'gkl~n d.m .........j"nM. V"lO' ''''rlr'' J.."..nnoionakmonrlj,a. h""iuUi Wg"" ba:.:i.... ..,.,az
ha mind"ll m term
t .... lIZIi.lIIra t&l,.o.Ih..t6 \ ' -uek m mOll" lill"fo.riAA.l, fiiAA"ll~'1l v..kwra .
A K- ter kivctdhel rnelyn.. k rlim ..n7.ii>jft .. - 1...1''!!Y''1I1o'I... 1.... ld fo.khA.o JIl'Rl'<'plo o-t.ct. tObhi vc-ktortrr<'k
~<'-KU'k'll dilllt'lizi"""'i<. A lin( {I. t. tlJ) C CCa.I>j) "lI"r l"'romdin...nzi<'"" H-"llioan a Wp:.... d.lln,'n7j""
....'th..l. vi>jr;tf'l.. n dim('nzi"" \ . w-ktorterben i.o lwl1I..ly kM b",z~"I"o.k "lO'lU'l\Z a ..,.Am~a (iuu"<lina!ita-); ""t'a ",.Am.-.-a~,t dim( V)-vd j,'liiljiik. A dim~lLzi'" !.<lIftl II. ~.'ktort<'t<'t j.. ll..mzi "" ueUl Itlgg
t\Z algl'hrai l"""it< kun krd 1Il.-gvl\.!" .ztfwi.t<':>!. w.1\7. iUVI,ril\.1... all "KYik bAzi~r"'l a mA..ikra val" atti'~l
""..m""'n . ,,\ l\ f..!"tti K" krlllOOf't<>!o hfLzi"" ,,1. {<:'}~.l hallll"" .... bole; = (0, 0.. . 0, ~ . 0..... 0). Tet-
""6Iq,~,,,,. "kilr ....gl'SF tt,,!rl' ito:F", t... h"t II.:', .1"-1", 1\ n 1""""ZII"ilg{t""rLY""t"k balma,J\a n;,h-dd.,k knurd i
nill"'n k"nt i i'rtelm"","";vd .."k t " ,-t,"r , nn-lynek a fl'u ti {"'}:'.l lutllll"" blt.:.l.i."", ",uit ekk o r i~ l<'r m;""'IA ,'lI
bkli..uak blvnn k: I itt F eKYht<'lllll"l multiplilu..t!v, 0 IH,lilt all a,ldi t lv l'KY""b...1pm... Ha n wgtelrn ~,.a.
1ll.-it.1t, " kkm is ""ktmt"fl't k.~Jlll"k ,vl.<'....I ... k,,".truk.-iilval, ",;t k"tt6 t ""'l"'rillt. hogy rnegkovet ..1jiik-e,
h"S(y" t('kinktt !I<lrozatok o;.ak vl'g'''' ""k hplyl'o tnrt,o.Illlll.'l.zanak ()..tOl klilo"I>ii:W"I..met. vagy "z 0-,,('",'1 t ,'k intj iik, ,1,,1. ('15hhi ''''dlH'lJ aZ ,ogy..tl .." h('ly<'u 1"'1, .. t,ihhi hdt'll O-t tarWmazO!IOT07Atuk """ist
12. 1. h k lo,t,""k
610
elkomak. Ilol. " tObh; ......t lwn ,.....I( <'KY lilw"ri-n l'iigRt't!l'n
h..lm~t.
12 .1. 4 . K on ve x ri>sz halmazok es kcnvex buro k

12 .1. 4 .1. Konvex halmaaok
(0,1)
C K f.I.ttL \ "..... ktort ..rC r.....ili>Jlu"" t l:""n,,.znrk mondjuk. ha 1"""",,1J"II:"" .r.y e C Vl'kt..rJ>Nr>
..... 0..-.,. Ar -+ (I - A)g. 0 S A ~ I .w.kil k!.orn j" C-ho-z t<LrtozluU<. Ma-.""i>VRI .. C hAllWO:/: kOIlV1>x.
hA lwmrl.v kp! r,' "1"uli'v,,J 'llvijlT .r
{A.r... (1-),j,IOS>.S I}.
(12.10)
o.-.t-kOtO ~ t.eljoorn tJU1..JmUZll (1l 2j,..li kn.nV<!l[ hallllAAfll. pi-Id.... 12 .5 . ' b rim lit.IMtO A ....
E- j(Jl" y) I y ..e'. ~ 0\
. l,.z F
k,
8 joohl hAllWlZ).
TM><7Jr.r "um', 1I1"..... X bAlmaz Il~"'-_t, ~~l ko,ll....X Wtru", (..... lrlwt "" iim- bAJmA:,: il-. do .. ,k'li
nnohtdw.!...... 1l7. ill lron....x). Euui'J f'>ftY" min<lt-u E C \' rm.halmazbrnllal.uwo.t6egy -1 wt...JllI_'
~akcbhknnvrxM1n~. lIl"vrv-tnoM, V ~ kr."....xr,. -1 tartal.llIIld>ri~n>I.k .. ll>rtR.M,
u t az bahr..... 1on...... 6-M..... UAk W\'juk"" m(}vdjNOl.j'->k. A ro(E) kn.n....x l>lImlt w,~."..k ax
clnnMMI. k;,-tt~ Lm~.. linfo"",, kOl.uLiwOciOlr. ha1ma7.oi.vaI. ~ru. ro(E}" )".1""
+ >.~za
alakli clnn<-.lr.b61 iill. abol !.
Z_ Ill! E hAln>llZ !<'l-~ ..
>., E 0, 1\ --.ook ~tlk ..
A, ...
- ),_ = 1 ~_ A 1iur-,,",,~IU:..Hin ll.!~ tnintliK konwx.. k
.
kmo>i"""
12.1.4 .2 . Kupok
A ,.,.)0,; V .....l.or1h 11"11. rll1'" K ...."hAllnAz.iOl (u..-z) ohipnak~ilk. tu. l..!j.",rl1ri ni. II kowtPt.5
r.-lt.<>\.p\rok:
1. K Iwn....x baL..t.....
2 . H" r EK k A <;: O. llkkor A...- E K .
3.
Ha r E K ~ - :r EK . "kkor :r _O .
A k(lpo!o:" 3. f.-lti'trl k llZ .u,hhl fdt.i'tl'l ~ult<.w-l '" jclI.-m<':I:bct.OIo::

:r.yE lI' "' >"'''2:0 ..... \i.!l
A 0 miDdt-:D k(11'h..n l...nmo VIUI.
l....-+I'!JEK
(12,17)
A : A.: <-...... nf'Illllf"lt"Uv kOlllpo"..n",l:r = (~I ... ~.) "" kl.orok R ':. h.alm1L7....kilp n- -h<-".
B : Az. """"'"' 1lom1llf'PtjV kti'ktl. lllI' !4. III intl"l'ValluDlOll [oIytnIJO!< fiiggYi.. ,Vt'k c. tu.lmlllA hll' A
C(!a."l) tho..n.
C : A.: 0.-."11<'11.11><1\"11,, tAgli {{.}:.. , ><UIJll>;fX"OZ&l.ok halrn..ua hl l' slx-n. Ull'""llY h,p"k ...-lM
nAk" C G p"'lriAk w-kt..,l1-<'t<'ih<-n (Wi. oltl.). ha C!<IUI. "'lll'l1ll,cg..ti" ""n>Ultuk tu.lUIA:1A1I.ki.lltjil k.
D: A C e I~ (I :5: p < cc] belmea. I\lnrl y vnIlUJ....y fix a > 0-1''''''''' """'......
..,
(12. 18)
bj
.j
611
,)
12L ..hr...
1PIr.,....,....... ""flY mA.~"".i>va1n!-"'r"t,,r
"1'"tt"~. ha T cgy..... tIl' inj.>ktivr.. ~iir,.ktlv.:\ D hlUlM%t '" T

m~zi.i lorlom.in,.m,.k llO"...o;;tiik fto
l VlI.IO' D(T)-\...J jf'-liwjiHt. I\Z
..
Dr
Dr-....
AllX"lyIl." T (.c) "" y}

Im(T}vdj..IOIjiik.
~U...zAt
12 .1.5 .2 . H o m o m o rfizmus
(os
Y hAlul'IZ b E Y t 3J E
\_Iig" T <>f>"'l'''tor mit.lh:lrtr'lWk hlvjnk'-'" R {T}...I ""Y
e n do m o rfla m us
~ Xk Y k~ ....ktort....-,'lO~ K t,"'t f lMt,k<\<ogyPn DIiIlf'Ano.ll.!u"" Xllf'k. Egy T : D l'

IN::~t lmmri.o I..Uprzi."'-k.I"..-.;..... Im....z! ....arwnp,k, lmm"" ~tm-nAA.~ u..,..;n-, "'-
Up-:i'1lf'1r '-agy homomorfi......u- .w ,..........:ullk.I'" t<-t~ :r,r E D ....k tnrnkn,f>so. J E K ,.kaI,;.lOkI.. fc,mAII
T(o.c - h) = BT(;r) ... .iT(,)
(12.211
Ee .. k..-abl ..... rwV t.VxYNt IDli.tnx A!tlAi_it........ DI"rt .. t~~
~t f.-IMti (n. m)---<'o. mil.trix a
K'" ...,ktnrti..-hOI .. K~ .....\rtnrti>r~ hAlO lill"ftri.~ OJ"'I""tnr .. m"-trixn'"
V..Ir,Of";"" -Ii> ~ t
..IkaI.lUIlliI.~val.
l.ioMrio< opt"tatorolmL a lincArit< rr~hIY'Ir.~ 1t--,n1i>"I1... T;r jPk'iIf". ,~j ...h
tovAhhiakhan.
hA oW< I..bct. <"7.1. bNwulljuk. AlWA'-1 ' .." n<".....kr.. VINOl,I .. T(;r) jP1iiIP>c 1wczuiWt., ,. A~ .\'(1") =
{;r E X! T:r = O} = T- ' \Od l..wualr:t .. T <lI"'r"toe nuillmurk ""AY mqtn"iri Df'Vf"ZZulr; Ker T.....1 v..,;y t\ P!'(T }-,...ljeIOljiik, A:A. X ,...lrtorti-rullll,.l... vNO linr&r ...k-k'~il X nuIomm-jU--t" "unak
nrvt'ZZl'k. tI .. T injclr.tiv Iinc&rio< lo'ki1 "~, Kktr..>r 37. R.iTJ h..lmllZn,,1U:
y o----z.AboIT.c ~,.'ER.(T)
(122'2)
kpl' lt1.td ,l... liniaIt T -" R.{T) X lr'k"I"'d", i>o Iillf'iuilo; PZI.. lokil"'7.""" T
k hfvjuk. Ha l '
.. K w-ktortk". akknr &;t f: X J\ IinpAri>o l.-.ke['f"',......k,"- I"'hi..... jt",h-if>fUilnkruJ< ~ l"'...."" /"r""a n"'" ll......a iik. Ha D = \ '. n.lr.1r."r u X _ Y liu..fui,o{'p...-ilwrnk hAlm..zM Hom (X . l ' }-nal j.-.lUljiik.
E:t 1l"'VI i.~ ,,,,ktorti'r I{ [...!ctt .. I..],,,.[ d ....k p<>lll.uuki..,ti ~IWval "" ~ka1Arral ,.,.)0 ""~H"""""vaI.
Ami""k ~ a7.()J"""" 0 [,'ko1""';'" A "nll ktor...
In""",,,,,..
12 .1.5.3. Izomorf ve ktorterek
t1l1.. jdcm.'llOg(1 "' ,I1"'.... t"k .." 1All

mint "lO' ...Jott 'K>rU1I\ (Id. (12.94<1)) I<'w tillti I lIlh
k,," Vf'x h...:JlIlA:l.
1~- ,*1I.
2, .... 3.lI.Xi6m"IK'1II l.<'1j""ii!<.... miatt nyilv"n vnl<'>an n"'m h ll"
E : R 2. h..li 1"'1<I"k, lkoll 12.1. "bra : A) knn..... x halm az , <1... nem hlp. h) nem ko"""x hll-lm"".. dill<
d6hhi ko" ....x hurAA.
A hij.,lrtl" T : X _ Y liu..Ari>< l..k,'I....,.......,k,' Iv. .'( .... Y 1\1.o1lOl1 t,~t f.,IMti ,..lrtort ,.. ck azm n".,.ji z" ",
.ai"ak n"...,.~ziik. AliI ruondjuk. hos." kH Ii.. um"'rf. h" van izomorfizmusuk E~ ..k.. ival,,"~ a;Q''''1. hog)'
'IKl'''''lIUlllyi 1\ dinlt'lIZlojuk (llgyall>\Z 1\ ,q."ll''''~\lk).
12 .1 .5. Linearis operatoro k i-s fun kcionAlok

12 .1. 5.1. Lekepezesek
Mind"n _[0- V ""ktort '>r..t ki l"h,'t hOvft,pni \ . kmnp l,'x "" kl."rt''I!"t'. EIlUlk .,I""",i l",urio<:ltik"AAlllo.:f.
;r + ill ""i",ho[nm ok {r , y E V), "l1"'ly,, ht, ''IO'"'''rH' t.-killl.i;nk "" ktorokullk '''' k",,,!,!,,x "l.... mokl1Rk:
,'hl"; l i;"""~,a<IAAn k No. koml' lt-x """ mok ""l vlIl<,> ~ml"'l"", "k ,ldiukii>j.. k"uuy"u a<lodik. Fom", Ii""" '"
h"!llIAZ i\Z (;r. y) pAro k!>o! fill. " ho!;r,.'J E V . \ '-I". n Il-l'. i"'z,'",!i",t i'. 11 + ib E C lwm]>I,'x ""mum,,1 v"l"
,.,.OIz/I._t 1\ ko""t k"l.ok~I'I "'n {'rl pl" ",,.iik:
(12.23a.)
(:rl.yd + (T 2.1h) = ( ...- \ + "'-2.111 + Y'~).
tI, "
A~t moudjllk.lJO!O'"
..
inl~ktil,.
..
~zUry,' kt "",
D C X h"'hul\:lll"k "" Y l>"lJllliZM vll-lo T : D --. Y l"k(.p,"d",,,
ha
T(;r)= T(1J)~;r= !I,
"'IIE Y
(12.19)
b..
......Vn IN'"'k " IY... 1 ;rE D.
bOlQ'T(;r) = y ,
12.1 .6. Valos ve ktor tere k komple xl flk al a sa
( 12.20)
(a + ib)(:r.II) = (ar - ir)J.II...-
+ tty)
(12.2:.11.)
I:!. 1. V"kt"rt .....,k
EIl"n<'lrizh<'f<'l, hogy" 12.1 I. h.,1i ( V I )- ( V g) uiomilk

l'M'tko'nl \' = Il-ho'il (gy v ('~I u,I'J"k.
~liv ..1 ~1'.'("iAIL'WJ f.-nnAiI
\'-1"1' L~ l"lj.",U1.l,,,k. A" iI< lathato, h"lQ' ~r-iAlu<
(x.y) _ (x. O} ... (0, II) ~ i(~. O} - (0 + il)(y. 0 ) = (0 II- I . O. l y - O Oi - (0. II)
I\Ol
(x. JI) 1"1\1 IwlY"'1I (x, 0 ) "" r
II Vo =
lWm..... itAMv..J
\12.2~)
r _ iy i.~ lrl..at6. l~ & -;;.Illl.1I1la;< kompl"J; Vl'ktorIPr. ,.,. \'
Hx, 0 ) , rEV. -;;'hcli li"rAriloAitJ>mollU'.nIlO!<ilhkw, tehat x mint (x. 0 ) vagy A fpmi "Ur""h.oo.t,
r~I OfoghAltHrl""' O\=( O\ Ov ).

A" ;"IJW'rIf'~tt ..ljl\1';"t. \' vo-ktortk iomplPnfiLiUo<itmk 11.... -=i..k. Ha"lOllll.1rnax liJl<'1u-iAAn filgg,'!l.-n
\.hPn. ekkor .. {"nl; lIl<.'drk-lt.-to'ow1 n..ki nll"gf..I..l<'llWlIlaz li~n fiigg..tl<>n ';'.!Ln. "'''''01110 AIlil.
';'-vo'nyal \ . fI"l'T"l~i"" ~P''''~l ~r... amibOl kovrtke:r.ik. hoto" dim(\') = dim( ").
12.1.7. Rendezett vektor-rerek

12.1. .1. Knpok es reszbcnrendeU'''!i
Ha ......J6Io \' _ktorVfl""n rOpitvr VllfI '10' 11: k"p. Akkor bi7.0ny06 \.-1...Ii \...ktorpI\rokr" F'l'...u~r~. F'l'
t.iciOl k-bn ~n1 illY. bog,v luo .r., E \. "" .r - , E 11:, illor '-1!Jo1OZlTlicn IlZ x 2: II vagy II
.r
ua..moool a1JaUm&Ullk......IlZI1IlOU<IJuk.~ x ~ ""9t "Y1I"UO mini y. ill. y ki!orhh ""y ~11l6
mini .r. nY"nko" \. tr"'!. l>OJIto~ """''''''' (\'. 11.") piu1 11: kuppal...,ndrzrt, ""II.Y ......~""n F'l'n
butl ..utorl"rnf'k n....-..auk. Al:.r .,],,ulf"t Jl"'ZllirnAk mnn.-Ijllk, b.II.r 2: 0 ""lQ. Ami ,~. x E 11:
.\'iLl "" R : ..1.0<'1 ~ikllf'lY"'<\o:W IIJWt 1\ kC'l'p.o.I f'I"ll~l n 2 .....ktorth pi-1cIAj.;in ;"l.atb.llti>IlZ"I1"ndf'2l<'l\
..,klol1......kb<>n tip,k,,,,~. IlU>l"lyrt' ,,~ho-n" jI-b.6 j,; uta!. ~ Ii. k,;t ~.... wktonoalo:
l>Cm r"lti'!wniil k,.jJ ~lw.wu..k lenn" Az T '" (I. - I ) e,. J _ (O.2) _ktorb61 b"puott Itii~.k. ' ......" ,,"'" x - J
(I. -3j "'" 11 -.r = (-1,3) VPktor~..wo.h..nn.. n;.tw.n. 1~lQ'bo(y
....111 r 2: " ..-rn T :5: 11 uo.m td)..... ill. A
ktorVTlwn In~p altAI hfo~t.eu ~ trW a;Ak J"'lriAlio.
:s
,~~.
M"tI: "'h<'f mutM.w. bufo"" 2: rt'lAciOnak" kOwtk..w lul"jdo~ai vannak:

10 1)
.r2:T"xE \ .
(0 2)
H..
.r 2: Y
11 2::.
Ukn.. r 2::
(0 3)
H"
.r2:JI
02:0,
akkor
(0 4)
Ha
.r, 2:"
A _11_
T2
2: !h.
(t1"fl<'JtivitA.~).
{12.2.j)
(trll.llZ.itivit.&.-<).
(12.2ti)
ll.r2:ay
Ukn..
Xl -.I.- X2 2: 111 -!h
(12.l7)
(12.2"1)
wnkiviil 2: nem
V1'!o:.to>f]Wokn.UIl'l(l<loOritV.. II11ti......illllllctrikus. ~1"()r<\ltv".I","RY \. v..ktorti'n-n i-rt.. lm<'"l:..... V"ll <10' 2:1.,1I>i.l;'" ,.. !A<:;O.I\II)t,IYIC Idj.t.,.ii1""kII.:< ( 0 1)--( 0 4) aJtiOilIAk. a1tkorh..v..-,...tv,
v, '" {x E v J x 2: o}
(12.29)
jf'lolil, 1lJ"'lI: lehet mutatni, bUllY II\'+ J,,,buaz k"I' (llmi a1lhat "",-otkog csak a>: ii""" WUII""hOl) A
\'-1><>n IIIOi"t \. ~ wvi'u 1l.....,,.t)",t6 2:\'. ,.'n,I.-d.,. II."WIl'''''' kiindul""i 2: rr",I<'7"""""I; <"TIniolrog...... II. ki-l
emltt..U m'..-l~'r. "",<'Ily..! ""kt"rt{rl"'l1 "'n<l<d".ll..hrt he .......!.['t"i. ,kvival['[l.~.
A n; c X klip<>t !f', ....."iM/l1Ik llIowl)"k. hOI luind"n x E X ,'k ", ,'loollithat6 r = " - ,. "I>.khan...h,,1
". t' E h". Ezl .. kiiriih""lIyl l\I. X = h" h' irA.~m60:I<l,L1 '" kif..jczh.-tjii k.
A: Az S 1{oJ1,,'1J (1.1. GO/( ul,I.) "'Ild<",ht 1''''1.-l411111
K = (x = {{~.~"II {.. 2: 0 'l'n}
(12.:10)
k(IJlI"L1 (1,1. 12.1.4, M.ilOO", C po\ldll) v,u,tlll'tiila h... A tohhi ""fO",.aIIPrben(Id, 12, 12 "7~.kll.""') II. tnm""'7.'t['~, koofllillli.tA"k"llt; I"'wkzi", t kkilltjiik, l"hAt:I' 2: y, ha ez fenuell miuo:ll'll koonlinM41"Ul, 1":"
allnak a hL]>llllk II. ""l\lt""g{'wl ...li\dik, 1I111<'ly 11: (101. (12.:Kl)) "'" iL7. ilJ..t6 l.{,r " ll't~" ,t,(' (hIp,,,, IIlth
md".""I,[' k{, I')' IRY mino:l'YIA'1l rl"d",.<'It wktottcr"kb"",, nemn "g"tiv tagu 'lorw.iltuk 1'''''',1",k .. l'..~itiv
"j"lH,'k. /T.lall:".tf.l fort['t<'i<-tik. h"ItYP'1... kh~n" t .. n'klx'Jl m3s k,lpol",t. "" <'7iiltal" !<rnl"",..-t"" r"""l",urt,u
dl'd",t6l "It"", )l'u,I,',;""'ht U< l..h,I, I.. kinteni (Id. 11'2.2OJ,lI 2.221).
613
B: Ae .1'(11 , B(T) , C(T) . C;~)(I ... bll ...... I,'o fiilQl:W>lIyt..tf'k......n (101. ti01l. 01,1.) II. f..nti..khf>?; hll.....n16a>111 trrm..........t.... .....,o:l""kt C'IO' dclimAljuk,I,,'K)' k't fiiAAv;'ny, T;'" YkOT.litt IIkkor All f"nn x 2: y, 1m
T(t) 2: y(l) "r/ 1 E T . ill. 'I' t E [ll. b!; I' r.. nol..,;.,. ,.,..'ri"t.r 2: 0 l>UlllU!'>lUl ""t j..lt-Ilti, hogy .r" T halmazon
milltlt'Ilii.lt nClHlltl\"tiv. A m<>gf""'M kilpok j<>lo!ft;to '17"~ m6tloll ism,-t f~(T), 8 ... (T) "th. T..I"'I
po:\lolatLl frmuUI C... = C... (I) = F ... (T)nc(n. AIt...JAhan u.~ \...... ktorth 1>O"~itiv rlcmciuck IIaIina:do.t
"""kM \ -.... s:lI1 jdiilni.
12. 1.7.2. Hendezesre nezve ko r tatos halmaz ok

~
E . \'
1'E'1l<1~l
.....lrt()rter
tl'tJoz<'i~. rlIPTlf ii",",
hAlll1U'1. .\hnd"l1
E \' d"lJl('l,
am<,!yn-
.r :5: z. v s E E . IlZ E h&!m&.l frW b>rlntJliIlAlt lII"Wltunk. Az E hAlma:< ..1..., lnrlJitJfJ minO<'n oIYAII
II E \ ' f'ioom. &llll"1~ ... 1I:5:.r. "r/ x E E.
.r.y E V
&hoi x:5: J. "'"
[T.,l'" {e E Vlr:S I':S s l
(I2:n)
baJm,.rt ,",tlui.'; inlnT<Jllll7ltmk ""10' (O)_uol..,....JI..mll"k 1lf"W'ZZ,ik.
Syilv.....vaIO. bo,;y r, ill. , 112 'r. III ha.JiUAZIlAlt Al...... III, ffol.o<'l korlAt)". k ........ ;,. t.artaulAk a. hAlmalM.
A:r. E C \' hAlrruul " ....wkzi"... ..<':to<' korl.-it"'IlAIt V"lQ' ~ n (0). karloito,MIr mondjuk. ha E
<'g)' ~ i inlC'rva1lUIIl m..halmaza a:uo:c bA ~k Itl'! U,: E \ ........... iigy. hntrJ ..
x
z, 'I' x E E
""KY. ami o=ri .. rn""""",. E c
fey lWulAZ IrIW61. ill. .IoJrnl korl.il"". b.II r.U1 f..Wi. ill .
kntI>\tj" V ~hf'n.
""t
".11>I1".
:s :s
t".:oJ
.u..o
12.1.;.3. Pozitiv operarorok

Art [D.mdjuk.OOgyflZ X ", ( X. X~) ~t ....~~klUl
T X _ Y Iincari.~ operator" (Id. 11221.112.2Ol}
ba
T(X-.-l c Y... . ""Yi>' r 2: OJ; ......ten r, 2: 0,
,.,nt'' .
= (\' r~) I""nd<-.o.dl....,kt.<>rtk-hd"'th

(12.32)
12.1.7.4. v ek tor nalck

I. V..ktorhAlO
A vaJ,6p;....wnok H I .....kl<Jr\l'riob<>n II. Ill"ntUieK"tlv!lZAmok ki,pjblll definWt I'E'~ --nnti (O}-k....1iI.~""'II. (hAfO'u,nan)'UO' htt'wmhC'D Vlolt I kor~ fo8l\ll1\l\ rgy'-ik, hw.PI1" In",ppAI dclinwi
~"RY""""ik"fI'K"ZOkottAl.I,qI>f"l1"I..... hosY vU6ool'lMmnk h;\rmo>l}' f..liilrOl korlatoo:< ~
lMN:ik f{"1.o<'I bar.an... RZ&Z k,;VI.;"'--b!, f,1M.'i korlAtJA. Al~hh ....,ktor\f'r1"kb<>n " f..Wi .... al"" haW
~ Alt.aJaban meg vi1;es rMlWm.uokra ....1I1 J..h........ hi7.onyiIAlfi. hAnem AXiOma. f<>TflliljAhan ko:-ll
TIIf'ltkovrt.-lni. A trn<WJAolt \ ......kt.ortrrl't ""l;;lorMl.-'l...kvllfO'1..."in.5 hoil6M1r T>f"'eozz,ik (A7.lIlll':oIny.-lvu
irooilli<>mhlln a. RIESz -t",", azOf'(f[OlZ ny.-lvilb..nA /I,"_I... ~dl rlllCV...u... i>o IU....ZllaJa.too:<).llll h&nn..ly ki't T. 11 E
\" ~IPIllhPz talAlhati> <>gy Z E \' ..I..n;, /Wlf'lrnrk " kii\"'lko:,;di tulajololl"'w;,,; '<UlwUr.:
I. J:5:z ..... y:5:z
2. hapg:." E V r l"lIlre trlj.t",m. r :5: "("'II:S ... llkkUl:":S"
ut II. z ekm"l. WJl<'ly 2. miatt <>gyf-rtA'lmL1"1l mr~ \...lIllil.lI\.r=..... az xVII jo-lI,lj,liiljiik.{.,....z r, y .. l'''Jl(k.
pulllOolahhan:llZ r -hOl.... v-OOI A1l6 halllllL7.l"gk.. r~~frI8,j.t<.rltitl<ilU.klll....""iik. \""ktorlu\JOhan harmdy
kd r, IId..m ~~b al.., Iwrltitl" .... lrt""ik.l"1:t IL7..r"y jdldj,lOljiik,'" (r\.i'k, -{( -x)v( -y)). EhhOi
mAt in<!llkciovlIl kO\"#'l k..,.ik. bOli'S v['kto,r1uil',I""IIlii.ru",ly v,........ luLlulJ\;{.111a;,. V>w!..gki....hh Moo,,,, Irg
nagyohh At"'" korliltja (a kft A'I['ml1 halnllL7.ra kiIW'l"lou ddlllkio ('rtel"111~""r1' moo..... it.AAA.val) . \ .o'~!o'l'll
halma>: .......ti' n II val6ll ...,Amok '-""'-'t"IH-~ I"".,m!{""'l'l(yik knrlll.t I"l",~"""'b<'>\ AhlllAhan nem kov['t k..."ik"
ma..ik kod At !o',.,.,& {"'''RYik",' !(to"ik mil"I,'" ,,,,,,tb.u.
n... X ~ Y v['ktorl",lok ,'", T: X - \ -' pmiliv "I,,'r/itor. "kk"l
T(XjVX:T2)=Tr,V yTx, ,,.,. T{Xl/1XX2)
TX1,,\Tr2.
(12 .J;l)
V..kt.urllli.lok p<:r~itiv "1",rAl",..ina k "11u.hu"/i,,,,urb]]A.1'l!.Y,'I,,k kiiw tt: 112.31.
A : Az F (T ) v..J6I< wkt"rl{r .. Il<' LJ U",g" Uv fiiWblly,'k kllJ>jAv..J ,j,'/iniA!t wlld,,,;,,;,;..1 V<'ktorhil16,
allUl (Id. 601l, old.) ht f(;~v{n:v. X '''' ylrgki,,'hh f..lll<'l korlli.tjAt l'"nt"n k~nt. az
(x V y)(t) = max{.c{t). y(t)}
(12 ,34)
kioplf'ltel ~7.amitlmtjHk ki.
"4
J1.2. Mdrit"" tr,..1:
6 15
12 .2. Met.rikus tcrck

[0.11. r(t) "" I ~ ~t
H.. T
{rVy)(tj=- {
l - !t
~~:
1/(1) =,1 (12.2. Ahr~) . .u:k"r
hll
M
0<1<1
1~t~ I'
" cell,b!) ;";II 8 ( la. &') t"r
B:
Min.
i-;.
vi!0>1,1 II
(10.
00-; ,
( 1'1,3:.)
<1M.) ,..,illti>n ""kIm
12 .2.1 . A met ri kus tfor fogal m a

.0\:1; X MlUl>0ln mindr" r. 1/ E X r l"l1lpio.l b" " 1c1Q"'u b</j(r.u,;,.l .....pgy p(r. y) """"' !!:'.Am {'fj". b.>K.Y
t.-t...wlt-g"" r. y.: E X ..l..m.. kr. ttI,it""i1./<'I",k. Ul,'~rlkll" t" r llXiOmiU.
ktlVrt k{'7.otlllajdOl~~uk:
,,")"u. ..
(tllt.a.1I ) .. f.."ti renel..."'.,....,1 ",'rn vrklorlu<\"', llU'tl
kk. "llY""'t f"lytonoo<an<! ..rivillh>t.c6fii,q;vfny minimnlLlIl' Il....xin\lllTlA AIta1&boui olvlUl !l~. MleI.y ll<'w kNl. bogy :".b]lwu....Q poutj.w..u akAr ~ dif!".., ..nciaJhatt> 1Pgyo-n. >Wlil jOI Ilmt>ll
.. wllti ki1. fiiQW7Iv. IlJt"lvlI..k,., miuim.lIJl.&,.... IWUJmll"'". ' ..bAt
"'-Y,lt korl>i.tj4_ t1iH.....-nciAIMui

~uIOok).
p ...n (a f,;W.Wi o..rivillWr.llf'lll
lnorha\ObR. vaIO T X _ , - Im..,on..

.l.tnrilnl6-lw omorfi:rn"-'w I)<> ...o.,k. tu. I I 12
Az X ...kt. lllUi>n..k ..... Y

"f"'T"t<>f';,t
12.2. At.......
X .... lin f.-nniLll (I 2.33).
p(....y} 2:: 0 .... p(",.y} =- 0 l>oltllu.".nakkur.h.. :r = II
(M 2)
p(r.,)
(!-o13)
p(",.!!):S p(r.:) ~ p(:.g)
(f\I"mnrgativitA~l.
(t 2.39)
(... illlmMria).
(12.40)
n~--o.'lO"'-nl6tlr~
( 12.41)
= p(y . .r)
llml.
"Y p
X " X - R ~ {Ugf;viony!...lJlf"ly I""'TKIt-Ik<'7.ik...r: (!-oil ) (!-o t 3 ) t llajdoIL~. &z X ~n

,...,tnMna.k ~ ltirol..,agU><k. "" X - \ X. p) pArt l-ti~ mdnh... tn-n" k IK"'o....""-Lk ..\Z X = ( X. p)
ffi<~nku.~ t .... boirnK-Iy V ~w..ut (ilIWlO) mMrik'lf< tJoni' \f'hM tt>nnh<.~ .... mi"lou vAltozt.atui i.....,.
hog:o.... X tCr P mctrikajal. az \ . ba1mAu" qur\tj"k""'lt. AMI:.--It .... V " \ . halwazon tt-kiutjiik. .\z
(\' ,p) Uor1'I. a2 X mrtrikll" tfr ,"t"'-':lWk ue."..giik.
W'tt
2.
( M l)
A : ..\1
n" Ps a c:-
hAima:r. mM:rik'lf< t.... pi-I.-lalll"
p oz itiv e. n..gativ rH..! .. 1 _10:. .boiou>l6t Prtfke ( mod ulusa )
~ r """''''' IIZ
v O r :(-r).., O k
" \ "....hod
z~"'
(12, 42)
lrls:..r..
r ~
(12.36)
r ponli...... ,,~[)f"k. n.gal' rr~zi[)f"k i..... I...;:ollil o'rli/;;t'r..-k hivjllk. [U.rn ""'y rEV fW1i'l1
NMrwt l'f'11<1
.......n r ... r _.!rl ..J,.m..k pmitlv..k. i~ f."nllN.lMIc II kovrtk<ozo.....,....n~k:
v s .....
r:5lzt.
~lrt
(r-r).. Sr ..
""
tovabl>ft
rS .
lut
(.. r) ..
+._
..lr.kor
r=r
(r.,.,)_:5 r
r+~ ...
n f"klli a "'.J!:"'>rT.....
.. r ...
-r~.
r _Ar_= O.
Irl=rV(-r). ( 12.37.. )
~.-
112,:17h)
~._
(nr)_="...
farl =arJ.
(12.37.1)
12.3. ,;,hra..
lIZ
Inrnm';"""g, U l
p(r.,,)
... = ({I.
. {",)
('l1.' ,,,,,) kk !unT
C' h..:IfWlZMn '1tV r k1"kmr (~_ktorbx)T1"l>do-l~ iJl f'gy kii:r.<'1it6
i '" ({"" .... {.... l .....ktor ....kor fontOfl \f'bM "" E'!I.......... ~ II. 1~.1.a - {"I
n" vagy
oIrto'k. mon<ljuk lIZ
(12.37,,)
1"t..<Un~'" to ~ 0 ~~Am'"
Vf'><l.i fic't'\f'mhfo a
max
I~.
I.a -
r (t) _ { r (t ). hI' x(t) ~ n.

X
(12.:PJh)
Ir l(t ) = lx(t li V tE[a.b].
(123/lr)
".1.
E: A ko nv....!'....n " L::", I{R lp '''If''-~~~11 "" r<rL" t"k l" (I

t'rm....""'h ....Tl t" kinthrtjiik a kovrtk,oo !Jl('t l'iki<t:
(12,44)
s: r < X I bAim a"A'in II d..Ji"ki6h',1,..,jOdoo Tl
..,
(12.Jlj.. J
O. h.. ,r(t)<O,
(t) _ {
O. II" x{t) > 0,
- r( t). h.. xtl) S (J,
(12.43)
mMrika. M iOOa 112.42). miud .. (1 2.HlltM'lriuu It = I "lIM.1"-'llJ17. r -It I ~luth-f;o"'tNtp." valO8.

ilL kowpl..x ll'dunok n '" R I (.,. C haJfIlA7.An "' 1&>' min.llult6 1I.UlJ< AltalJ.n<.o;il........ t.ol>l>diltM'nrif,o,
_reoTOVAhbit. czck a fOllu"u.It a ~"" hftU< h<olyM:1 h4nn..lv ro.. l........ t<7.....-iuti kuordinatikkal
ill mct rikal. dMinWnak.
C ; A vi-g....() 1 sot07Atoka l .. mih-rn pL ll lOi", 0 10 110 "k{.,.v.....Irni'I..thPn'""ml-~ h.i~jAk .
H.. ltlf'g!'1.Amoljuk .v.ok:u " h..lr.. kt-t. Il",..]yo-ktn ki-t "Kr forn ... ~,'1 (n b'....'<llillJlgli) ",.6 k,i loliboWl .
It"MI r '" ({I... . ~. ) . Y --;- ('.h. . " ",,). t.,. IJl, E {fl. 1}. e(r .11) '" I\;ooll I: E {I. .. n } i>ru'ktk oz,;,TtlA
....lldY'kr" &- # 'I akkQr az 0-_ n h<-"l~i ,.,....Vlo.k hlli",,,,,.all "~ nJ<trik"t kapull k... II AMMI:"Gt..ivol..a!\ot; pI. P(( ll lO), (0100)) = 2.
..
0 ; .'-z m IWmllZOn i.'f! ..nnok c Ps CO rmhlli"".,..an (1.1. (12.12)) lu d r ik iLt. ,Jr.filliAlhlLtlJllk " ki;"" tk ...,..o
p{r.lI) = sup ~" ( [t1 . bi) .... " C([a.b]) wkturMlbl>llll " !O' r(t) fii~>,.v"ny [Kll.itiv .... n,,!\ativ r""~H. ""lallliut "n..W](lt
"" t{'k"t" kiiwlk..d\ k'l,httk ,..-ljilk lll"g (12.3. Aura ) ;
~I
ki'I, I<"I t.. l:
:\1. F
..
<,;, -
ndI""'~'" m~tnl:th..J. ..ooJ.
B : ""
F : A C(!a. bJ) halmezon tAinth.. tjiik Il (12,44) ..It.. I''n,...(I,AAAkf.,, '
p(.... y) '" max Ir( t) - y(t)1

'~"'.6i
(12 .45)
i17,
Il1Ahhi m,tri k';'t ,
(l 2Ati)
61 6
J2.2. M d ' -j},;..... In d ,
p(z.,l = P
"p-
(I 2.~,;)
Iz(l) - y{t) pd/A
f12A6) nlf'trik.oo U: uWObiform"lll .. lrgaltAlfUlO....bo..,..-th.-n. tooM,t a .F(n

wktorthe.u ~ mrtnkA
~ bMvo-U.. T Il1oqIha.Jmazud ...... n.'f!l mindig k-tt-:ro If\AX ""1)'1ot1 ~UP-I..u; itt
az irrtpgrilW ddlllWt (1241.' ) rn..-lTIlf'tl.... ui- II- vAlik. 1D<'rt T-n ninn<-.ernmilyt"TI ~tnJktl\r,,\'~U1 ....".... bogy lIZ nnlilPlt mo1nk'lII UTPk ~vuttal ....ktortt-....k ;....... miDllrgyik lIW'trikA.-Jr. ..
kUlOn...;.gv..ktortUI. pon~bAu auuU: (" ~lnI ~ --.illti lwonliMt-'i. ~~'_~I.
pouwnkklti) abor.whj,t htrk..it61 tla. !.RY uohAr m.indc.-cii. _ktorterbc1,
"': = S - V jrJ.>U-.l
p(.c. , I - p(:, 0 1. oOt.. w-klof "n-.I(,thti-kioIlf'k fmtidrfuUriOjav.Up( lzl. 0 ). \'~itA7, 1lIit!:....:. ~ mindPna 1\- v..J p( o : . O) _ 1011'<:.0) (Id . 12_J_I_1.).Ahol .. ~W>iOYl'hort<-wkrDaz~p( : 1.O)tnetErm..
-c I i _
riMkbJ. "lO'-<'lQ' lIOI'm4l fnttun"~. A ~ X haInuw>n ~t P, .....PI mrtriJdUo:bU

,I ~ y ' 1Ilf"\.rika.. ...u. ( X,. PI), ( X:.P1)
. (X..p,, ) wctnIn", k'nlr. D [SCAIlTf:S.~1l% X, X Xl X x X~ alaphalmau p(rl..l":.. . r.) (" . J;z. . , """H=
<\rt.. lwt-J..-tl p(r. W) - P I(Z.,) -+ 1'1(7,
\l tp,{r,.,,)2QJf'tnk.oval.Enl>f'k"l~_
(12A2)"" X, =
_.
X2
"" .
-==
x. = R ~ C ", ,,
PI(ZY) '" P:z (..-.,) =

= p.,(.c 1/) -I.e -,1,~w-J.. i X"p!l'" ( ~ . P:z) izometrik'~"VIlu-..J,
1m IMnik ~ Xl - X2 mil.. lvi lroVJyh&n tA..,JMgIovtb bijo-kciO, amit ..kk"r i:wc...rriiuuLk hivunk.
12.2 .1.] . GombOk k k oru) 'ezPl f>k
Az X - (X . p) mMnk,lf' tl'rtoMl, /llll("lytwk "Wlllf'il rontoknak

rOgzi,"'t..c. I",ntt/l"
j,;
nf'VE"LZlik. wt-..mlf'g... r > 0 ,'IlI6OO
~u.ra",
B(re;r)={rE XIP(r . .ce)<r .
(12.49)
..... 1J(..co;r) = {X E XIp( r . r o) Sr.
( l 2.:iO)
h.ull1l\7.Okat r ~Ul!:al"It r o kOzioI'I"'U'''' nVOlt. ilL ulrl ,..'",bllck hivjllk .

A (12,421. in. ( 12.43 ) m"'tikAvllJrllatutt n l ,...kt<'Itt.'rl>cllllZ"- o '" 0 .... r = 1 vAI"""tA'<hoz tArt<Ydl:Uu1.
giimb a 12.4.a, b abrAko n fr!tijut rl<'tt h"lmll:'.
y (0,1)
y (0.1)
U>;, yHU+ylS II
-1'---+--+"''',0''')"
a]
1(>;, y) I ma>;I >;,y IS l j

(1,0)
617
l!:,;mook ...,.. nf"hil (12.41) miatt h;"m,'!y po utjuk,,1lk ki\ruyo.,-.ukl. Az,..co poutol az A C X ;~m.->z "'l,';
ptlntJ"nak ll"v..aiik. h.. .cu .... ''10' kiimy<>V'!<' Ah 'T~ t,\ItO"~lk. ~ k\t:L.ik ..cr"ak olr~ .(_ ki\~~~I{' .
h"gy -To E lJ CA. A. bcl..o poutjNll"k ~i>I A.lwloooJ",u:k hlVJuk ,... lllt (A.)v..I JdOlJuk. \ <'g,il egy
lllt'triku" to'r valamdv rfszhallluwat nllo1tn>Jr, lllOlldJuk. M rmnd,,,, l'0nl)" I>cl...5 1"'111)1\.
T"I..mif'g"" mMrik'L~1fr (a>: ",i<ligio'kbo-ll ouolr, ,,111""""-"" """rint) nvllt ,plllh j"".~I"''''ifili".,u,R." - _ .D~lt,
iutervallumai. a nyilt halrna...o k prototfpu7llli. &nn"ly nwtnk,,,, U'rb""" uyill hahrut:t.ok ~"'"
l-<'l.i"".ilflf'k " I<iJv.,tkt-zO tuJajdowoiLgok ....uu:I)"Ck <>gyi;t!<'llr fop.!'", ..mIni I a t1l<'triku.~ tCr altalAnOf'i\.l\AAoak . .u 1m. ~. Ih-nck (.. 1IOl"vi""'rll' k'>:I"il /lZ ~tk) AXii>r~.....:
.
Ha a<lott <'KY I ll"~ "" " G" halmaz.ok '1o E f"t"f' nyfltAk, akkor .... U""I G" 1W1lII\Z L~ uyilt.
.G.. v<',i;.... !OO1r.. I-c~, ... uyllt halmtU!...kkor /In;'' l G. hAlrfIAZ iI< uyHt.
" Ha G I .G2
A it ilrf';< halmAZ<lf'finkiO ..... rillt ny(Jt.
EY Itlf"I:rik..s t<"r.4 ~I 1<>rlof'mflAk mo",ljuk. ha hi"",,)UI"-' "J..mI1 (aw?ynt'k ncm felli-I 1o-n.l1 boU A-boz tartawia) ~ hiwn_ R > 0 ><T.Amta ~ .4 Mlm.u a D (r~, R) I\OlIlbbo-n btol"""r.<Iii: PI mil<..ror..J. ha p( r . Lo) < R' ('f' r E .4). T...-rn"'-'t.-n. ha f'Z -Jam,.ly r . -ra fnmitJl, akko-r
nWo ..wml'P i.~, rrW .... rna.. R'I1'l "I
"" ~. bor;y ..,...n dclinici6b.ul nYl1t \""R'f Met
s6mhOr lIZ"IPp"Itf'tunk. Egy l X. II) Ilrlrik ti'rbrn kPl .-..zh..Ima:r. .4 No 8 tA~"'t a d(.4., Dj
inf{d(a.lI) I a E A.II E B} kiopl"It.-1 dMinWjuk.
flIinck
12.2.1.2. Sorozatok konvergcnciaj a m e trtkus terbc n
~ X = (x . p) mrt.rik.... !.iT. .co E X valamrly poIll ..... (.c"):" l'.c.. E X"" X th ..Io>rno-in<>k egy
An moDdjuk, bo,;).' "'" {.c.. }:"r """'-"Z/l1 !.drl tion...,ol )..a.c, polI!~ 1m miudcu U (r. ) kOm)'f"Zo"'tbr7.
tA1Alha1i> oI.~"iI.D no ~ ..1['). hoto' "" > no lndo-x.... ffonnAJl r .. E t Ezt I1'l\lb<.orrint "'"
.r . _
r o (11 - x l
""Y
~ r .. = r
( J2.~ I)
r.
ir.....n.M<W fl'jf'Zz,ik ki, "" az ro POlito! all: {.c.. }:'t "'1O[O7./l1 /w.r<fthtr.l:i""k tlf'~lk. ~_ hat..\rh.
ti>kP
ha lkezik - ~lw.u..b u...... VNI hAtAcm;\'a , A:l.
p<>r>1 t<~o;. (ill taLiuoolj kUrn)'<"Zl'l.
hrIYf'1:I~, ha 1.<'tt.Olcgnoru kiao,u.\' ~'1pJ"U uyllt 1t000hOk"" lIOIOI"ilknl'unk , UlO'bol1:Y (12.51) Ck,.,vMUS
a kowlkcz6vcl: 'f' C > ZAmhoz (Ill mmdj&rt .. B (r, t) nyilt ~"" lI:l'uJoI.'lllkl ~o <>Iyan
fl40 = fl4o(f) . ho,;y 'I 11 > .... iud~XI1' t<>l';""iil A p(.r ... r. ) < c "lQ't'nl6tI<-~. T" ll. l ( 1 2.5 1l l>Oll~ AZI
je1Pnti. bogy p(z..,..-, ) _ O.
A ~t fOl':alrnak lch~ teszik. hoc.v lumkrk mM.riklll't<-'rrkhm m<'II:adj~ Il.k i>':'.ut ~~t
"' vU.Agaljuk pontltorovAtok lcnuVCllt"uciAjAt,lO.Iwtlf'k 1,1. nmtlf'nklltl n~knd vagy fngg\"'"'f"kllf'~
lll.,;ha.tAnm>1t <M:7.ti.lyhA tArtozO fiiAAWnycllil ,'lI01O apl'nWlI.iw:iOj.w#J (1<1. pl. 939. 01.<1.) van j<leuto-
~i~"
i>s it C" thll<'n .. m"81\1lott mrl.--ikak hAllll"lyik..... ,,1df-'finiAlt konv"'g<'n<i;\n'>l b,,!atw.t<'l. bogy
lWm"ly bazll; eseteu llZOt".. /l koorrlinJt.tAllkh,ti k<>tl....Ilt,uc!Av.u.
. .
..
-:
A BOa. bi) .... 1\ C(ja,b]) ti>rlwn 1\ (12,45) u",trik.<val ,ldillWI !wllV"l"K'>Uf'l" "pl*n a nlUV"'I,V'O'ro7..a1
''KYl'ul,1t-,;wnverg"!Kiilj" AZ [a,b] inwrvallll1non (1<1. 7.3.2.).
.
,
Az L~(n) U'rl,.,n a (u<'l:Y"'-'I"") ki\zi>pl-M'n val6 kon"'r~md... I\I1I>dik, V"KYllI r. - ro ..kvl\...JclL~ a:t.zal.
h""
j 1r.. - .roI2 dl-' _
O h"
"_:xl .
(12."~)
b)
12,4. film .
Az X = ( X. p) tlLdr ikllh t(or U r'.,..~h,.JlI"",.>,.t I\Z ro po u, korn yr u l,;tl..k lwv""zziik. ha .ro "&y "1','""" I'-Yilt
l',i'>tlLt,l,d ''lO'iitt Uh<y~ toulm:ik... ~""" 3r > (I, am..lyre B (r ,,;r ) C U, A" .c I'ou t U kiiruy,,,,..th ,, /lz
U{r) j,lul""t i~ h....,I.nAljuk. i'yilvAllVl!.16, hogy ",in<l"n gomb Mjat km"ppOlllj{u". k ki'>rllY""" "'; " uyllt
12 .2.1.3. Zart halmazok es lezaras

1. Zflrt halma...
A?I mondjnk , hogy I\Z X m..t rikus to'r F r'.,.zh,.Jm""" ~1ir1, h" X \ F llyllt ~,alll1"". \1"tri~tl~ ~"r m in d e n
><Arl gilmbj ". -,p..,ialiAAn H unnd..n fa , bj, tov,,],],f\ [a, C(l),,,. (-:xl, a] UI"'~lll1Jt.,:rvalhlm1< l~ 7:"rt h~l m:",,,
A 12.2, l.Iobeli nyt1th"lm/l7.-I\xiomakIuoIJuali. m(lIlon. 1\1.1<>1 .. wkh61 k<>vptk" /,()f'I I"gy n,..t r,k 'L' tcr ""It
I"JIl""""iu" k Ooi:....,;;.g.." kOw l k..,.o t"laj<i""....Kokkni "n<lplk...,~k:
610
Eo
....
12.2.
61 6
H.. ~ F" h,.Jul'\l,f,k 'I., lill,t<,JC ."",Ii-" w\.rtAk. "kkor Il:>; fl..EJ Fa balmll;l j~ dut ,
, F. " ~'" "" k. t"! >I7J1]"Ii;'''' w\.rt hahnaz , akkOT" Lr.TI F. hallI"'" ill WI .
11/1 F 1,
..
it fm
A ";" I\Z X 11I,lm/\)( ~,q"'1Tf' nyfl! ;'" 7.lU1 . .\ z X meITik"" 1& I Op<Jllljal "" A. C X h.ullllv. inh llor:<' ..
(12.:.3)
II.. ,".to-" M,11 .. WI>!."",l ... llllIU]V<'1l U(z,,}-m IW'ff1 N1ak All: f'gr<'tlffi.T, puntlJ61 A1L ,.J,;kor l';:r. IJ'UlIlo, u
.4. hahuaz t<>rl6d<io l P<"'1}'inak 1l."''f''l:'!,lk. AI: olyan PrintkP:lhi pcctoe, ILWt'ly DeW torli>datol p01l1 (t"hAt
w. mo'Jti>. V>UI i1yru U(r o) kiirn yr...... t ). ~tiJI ptmtMk hlvjnk.
wit - - nil! A tnclO<iJW I"'l',tyunalr. IWIll r..ltJ-lwn,-iI kl-ll A-no>< l.aI"t<u.lli.uk. IWlln' vrl<l" .... a 1"",1 "'"
... '" (a.bI hAlnlAZrA '''llBlkoz'lAlI. VMaOlll "" i7.0Wt ponl.ok '<T.1ik~kr1>I...n ~tart<It'.Mk "" A b...
IUA7.b<R. mf'I1 A1WAt""1laz mutkrU...i 1>Ollwl< OO:aatArta<nak. hioor...n z VIz) ll,illO<-Il kom}'>"lf"tl'f'.
.... """,toMn..J,;koJ %rinlknki poutjA A-uak. M tAliIhatilolyall.lIZ A. AA1IDA:l: r .. ..... lfJI'ihOl AUO {r..I:' 1
oorl4At. Nllf'ly ..r.. botI WI; ~I r, ].>Ollt fW'tpn a;j; r .. '" r e . ~ n 2': Jle (lclw t .Mltl ilyo'llllOl",_t.
2. Ledoru
.oV. X llIMril" ... tk h4nnr1)' A rfolIzh...Jr.- !!)i1v.wV>llO&n 00rne V>I.lI &Z X Rut hallW1l<t-.. ~lincli,; \knik
~..gy !rwozl1k"'M,;&N1 MlrMO&.N1I1ly t.vtalJDAZZAalI.-t ba1nuI.J.t. ll<~ X o.-n.. "'" A hA1mN;t
tJI,rt,ojn..,w u.rt hall1\AX1W...k n .. ~. En a Mlm .....t .-t vir1 burLiILlik ,"",-y 1~.;ti .... "nU l..-.x;dik i'A
&It.aWJoW ~A M iilv<>uN-l". _
::1......:1 jrlOljiik. A Dl"'Ill rufL". miul .-t ~ ttilItk...~ I'ollt,ainak a
~ _ .4 haln>a:4IJt'>l il~ kIopjllk Dlt'g. bngy .-t POllt~ ~veooiik A t .....lOolBN l>'>ntj>Ut. A
ziu1lJ,Wn.aznk"vpcll-.k RZ A IWman>k. AlIIf'iY"'krfo.-t = A. Euni'lfora":>!VUotnk,bJ iIO joillrll) "zh.~,
" kiivrl krzilk"'P"ll: A. pnn~ -.kknr 7Art, II>< A-hrli ~nrk e&Y t<-~.,. { x~ I :'1 --..t.U-..
>1olnrly..z X tlTi..-n "C .r. (e X) PlrnlhPP. tart. PP'D X. ~k ill .H>O'.II.&ctozik.
12 .2 .1 A . Su r u reszhalmazok es sze para b ilis metrikus t erek
Xc e
A. mrlyw p{r. r. 1< c.
A WEIEHSTRASs-fJoI""I'I,roximlu-i6ootJottolocrerint min<kn. almrJatooi'l< Wt. [a. "! inwrmlllllnOll 'oly

t<>noto fiiggvmyt II C([o.. /I]) tk lIl.. lnkAj.w.w.lWLZ ~k-t.<'>;cn. t:.Pt.!<I61rg.... p<>Il~...J lflPK"
ko.
"'hrt
.....litMIl polinOlllokkAl. ~t" tk-rlt m ' m4r .. kO\...t!<r:u;k<'pprn ... m..gfog"lmAZhAtjuk: Az ja. "! iutoorvall'UllOIl tookintrtt p"Hnom"k halUl
minclrnollt ",1n1 C( [a. bJ)-hrn.
A1. n thl,..!! uuu<!'lIiitt .t1n1 IWUlI\Zral"'I,!a"'" 0-....... ra.cioru\Jift ""Amok Q halllUW<, ""wlIinl ....:
i........... irr....iollAli~ ""I.flm"k Iutllli<1Z'l.
,'~ X m..trikn~ t"rr!. .~q.,,,,ihJ~'I k JUOI"ljllk, h.. X be n lett-zik m,-g.~tiu.llUo.lhato. mind"niHt ~,ll ,ll~'
balm",-. Pr'l<I-i\lll n "1..1' ..... <-,< r...iou;w" kOlll!-"'U..,u;\1 vektorok hiLl"""... ''lO' 11I''A"".ilml''lhat,,.mill'
d..nuu .,lrt1 rf,,-thalllll\Z. Az I _ Ii tho I<'hlt.t, >w. "l"",..,lut konverg..ns "",,",,,,,,'..g,l ,'al"'" ",'l"<fM.lnk t .. rr"
(12.45) n1<trik>i,,0.1 i>;~'''I><uAbil~~.I''IlI'' ''f.)' l1l(W"~"lllit.lhatQ("milu!<'lliitt ~ilrt1 ri.,.zhahllIlol: I'd.lfllli M
~ (rj, rl . . . , rl<'.O.n, .. ,) a1;,k'I..I<m,k hahn""". ahol r; nuiollitli>< ,.,..ilmok ,.., X td.,..ll,,!t,.. -rn,.....
"""1,,, "".ilJU.
Ezzcl ~7"'lJll""na korlM,110 "',rovl.",l"k m t .. rp 1\(12.44) met rikaval ru-m .7Rp'm\.hili~. mort '"lot A1l.>1IAI"'ll
i~ ki,iu-j" h" VlI.ll" lkrbrn m"g>l1.AmIAlh""6nfll tiibb, peronkeut <!iszjllllktI\Olllb. ami! visWlltbi,.to.<it. h"
valamdy t > lJ-r" IMnik m"1;~~flmIAlhMonAItohl>. ['Aronkeut ]''l'"h,I,), E !.iIvol-agr" ,,,,,ll,,,ut. 1ll1H'1l
"dd",,1 ilyrll,'k ,,1. I'l ill<l<'xh"lm..... iiAA;<..", r....~h"lllll\1....lJ"k k....rak1<'ri~ztikll. fiiAA\"i'IlYl'i t = 1'l1,Yd,
A~
12 .2 .2. Teljt.. s motrtkus tcrck

12.2 .2 .1 . Cauchy-sorozatok
gO]
u-",y pn X = ( X, p) ", .. I" ik" . tl'r. Az {.l.)::' l
U(
dll",~"ttil ... ~"rozilinak v~
ahol m inden I~ E X CAUCIl Y,.",mlltllM. I....

,wmz"tllak n"vC'l.ziik. h" ve > {) "7Amhm W4lhatn
"'>lO"I."tot.
;;",,,,,,,,,1>,,,, L>n","'Y~" "
u..
"lQ'CnJotlPJu;i>g. ~linden C AUCHY'llOrozIIt korlAtoo< h...Jm....:. TovabbA igaz lIZ

bogy mind,n konvergens
...rm.at CAUCHY,""rm.at . A lII<"lifordit.... AIt.alAha:n "rm ig....:, lUllint.... a1Abbi ~lcIII mtltlltja..
Tckintsiik
lIZ 11
terrt..z
v8.rIYl\l61ln IIllPz 1.artozi> r
III
(" )
tn (12.44) llwt riM ja v"J, Yll.lIullint a minden n = 1.2 ... eru1tJ1' nyil-
(1)),. ..:.o. 0..) ~"'mmt ...kkor lIZ{x l )t:.,....-o:&lIot ebben a

, 3
"
thbrn CAUC HY--lIOI"OI'At. Ha u {r~l) IIOI"OZAt b>ll w rg..ll" YO!n&. Akkorknordinatanko'nt ;., kon....,~
.
kl'lknc. mi'gpftlig
II)
lIZ I
(I , -,-.
I1
23
, - , - - .. . .
"'1"'1
~~.
L_ {-. I
Ez lUI ..... m ~WiU1 L.- - = -t-x

_In
uUat.~ (1cI. -111. old . harmonik'U1IlO1")IlO'ffi tartozik 11. br2.
12.2.2 .2. Teljes m eo-lkus t er
EY metrikw; trwt tdJf".nck mot><lWlk, ba h..nne min<" CAUCHY......--l konVl'Tgf'lllL A tdjel; mrlriklJ>l l<"...k tffiAt iopp<'n AZOk......... Y"'kbrn ok-\oPn.,.... a...uo. GAruokuAI rnrr;i.<olIlPrt CAUC HY-I"'.. komort-~ : Eo "OJ'OZ1\1 pontoNw illur Iwn~PIll". hit. CAUCHY-toorOZlI.t , Teljfo< JDPtrikUll th Wt a1u,",
(0n4U0 rnrtril"", ","",II: f..lfogv)" kIp. Bitony<Mkt#lo-mbPn igu '" lllClI:r..... dftM: H1\t'gy (nem Sl:uk~pp trip ) X metrikus ti>r r Aitoon" trl)a<. aklwr lIZ Y halmu Wt X-ben .
T..lp IIlf'trilru.~ trn"k po'kJa,<!: m. I~ ( I :S;p< ;)0). c. B(T), C( [o.,bj). Cl(Jo.. b]), V (a ,/I) ( I ~ p < x ).
12.2 .2.3 . "'ehany alapve t c t etel teljes m etrikus terekben

tclp mM.rik Wl t .. wk foll~ tObb<-k kiozOtt a hMI 0'I"I'd. bogy h-vfn~ brnniik <'gy <"g<-- je....,\&0 t<'t:" k. ..Iv, arnt'ly a ,-..M'.lWlI.li:ti.hm itImetI. ,. tww.:... is uMyrdl lIZf'I'PtnJonk. bot!J a ~ft
A
Art Il>OlIdjuk. boY lOX X _tril" ", lk .4 .....ha1maM......Jnzoitt ........ ha Ii: = X. nu..-:.vaI hII lnIU' ' " '
X e X J"'I,t "" A luo.llU1\Znak mntkr7fti ronntj'l.. Ez azt jPlputi. hogy 11liu<h-n reX rlrml"'ll WAliaAtO
Ahrli drmrknrlo: ~ {7.) ""I'f>U.t-'. anlPlyw 7. 7. IWWli,'IK"ll miuJrn X", min<lo-n f hoz li-trJik
619
(12.:A)
p(x . x .. ) <
pm.tJ'ill....k lwvo=iik. till minden U (ro) knrnY""l ....f"lmAll
t- 0
terek
olyan no = no(t ) index. hotO''" n. m > Jloo iud.. x", trlj..,.ijJ"
halnIAZ zArt .
t ' (.o) n .-t
M~tnkw
dimenri6ju terekben ... rrt><leIkczhn-1rIkre illjoll.

1. Gomb<bt ulyazasi t tolel ~ X tooljoot<tnI'!.rill:'", tiT . Ha
l1(Il ; r l):J B(I2:r2l:J .. . :J l1(x ..; r..) :J'"

(12.;>:;)
olY"'l ~ba. skatulyolwtt ziu"t gi)mhOk 1I<X"O'Ut&. AUlO'l)""lul!' r. _ o. Akkor r gi">mhOk 1Ilf'tJrlRt..
nrm ii....... .... O'g)'f'tWn pontbOlliJl. M..,;fordft...... hit. '10' mrtrikllll t<'rbf'n n 1\1M <'rv<'nY"' ..kkor a ti>r
l<"ljnI.
2. Baire-fele kateg6riatMei Legyen X to'1jn. mrtrikun toIr. is k-gyt-n {G~):"I az X tCr nyflt, mindffiiitt "o1riI baJrn.u&nu "@Y m..~IAIhAt6 halUlAZL Eklror rL'"':.. l G~ neJlliires.llii~ min,lp"iitt luIr11
Xbe n. Ellnrk kiiovetknl&nye, hogy" tJoto-l akkor it< ig..z, he.. G~ ...T m"lllk nrlll relt~lO'n'-il ll)'l1tak. hIInem olyeno k mint a toItd I!lcl.l<Zl!'thalmsw<. t..hAtm..gtozamlAlhatll 11011: nyllt halmaJ; lUl"t-lIzel.ekenl ..16&10,
mimK'Iliitt "l1n1 hel maaok.
M';""ik. gyekran h"''<7.niJt kovdk,-.tmenY"" I,.,.gy..n X !A'1j<'" llldrik,,,, tfr, k J<ogyt"P ( Fl}l"..1 ..... X ti>r ziu"t
halm=aillak egy m~liJh"tlI halmAZn. SUIl..ly", If.''.1 F~ = X . Ekkor van oly;m Fo.. ern..I~nek
Ict""i k bO'lH6l>"lltj".
3. Banach-Iele, maskpppen Bana ch - C a ceio poli-fpl.., nl!h. B anach C ac cio poli-T yihonovfele fixpont t l!tel \.Rp;y<-nek (Xlop,) .... ( Xl, /I'll mctrik lll< ttn ,k, T. X X2 a m('lyn'
P2(Tx.T!t) ~qpl( I.Y).
abol q<1.
(12.56)
Ekkor T t ko"tmkti" v" gy Lm tmhdl6 orctTjt"rnak v!<gY 1~.l:fp"2""I Wk ""KY IHlrlJlzfon wk iollak . e!O'...I.<-~
nlhb..n l:ontmkciona k biyjuk .
SI"'Cihli8 {." d kent legym F ,I:/; ( X. p) td jt'>l nwtriku" t(r "l.ilrt. 1l' "'llr.... r....~hl\]Ill""A. (Altal"h an F..t
X-Il"k VaJa.<-ltj llk.) L('gym T: X _ X kontr..kril>, i\"I.l<l: "1ll'ly,,, q < I. Ekkor:
1 l ,'w 'olcl':"" Xu kC'l .ddi ;'rUk ......-to\n..,..
( 12,51)
X . +I := Tx n
(n=O. I. 2, l
itcraci600 IlOrtYUlot kOIlVf'rg"Il><. """'" tart pgy r " ....mrhoz ,
hal = J ) H" ' h" .

h,, ; -# j '
"" Il
2. FcnruiJl
Tx" - x".
vagy il'
Z" A
T opt'rlr.tortlAk 6xpolllj&.
( 12 .5otI)
3. z " a T '"!O""'wn /ilfpontjA.

4. p(z x _ ):s; q'"p(ro, Xl ) .... "lIl1AU t'rv"'n~" ko\..-tb-w bihabcc.160:
( 12 ,63)
1-,
p(x".x.. ):S; ..Lp(x"rl )

5. Ha{xt ,xI. . . .1'.,
(11.59)
ICF,akkorx"EF.
A BASACH-j;k fizpmlt!ir~lltol kA~t!>IUI hesz#hmk a 1ontmit,,, knp.,ZI'. ~l""'rol ""y l:ontro.ku1~11lr61. -.0' kontm.b--Wlir..lrOl, q-I .l:tmlm.trui.o l!9riittludonak vag)" tillandOnak. vagy .\:on.tItnMnak Myjuk. T~'-n, ha T kontrakcio. aklcnr 1'"ann&! i.nkabb~ "" (koot ra1u:i6ol egyiitthar.oja:S; q- ), iI,Y
T helyt'lt 1'-llf"I ioo ipz a nxPOllltk.,j . F:nnn a>;OII!>an a rrwgfordita..a j" igaz. ami 1... 1&t . lixpontt"tfo1
q,y h.znoo,
(Id. 12.22.4.3. ): M" r..uti t.-liCtd.-klwl-wn..ly
1'"' kontrAkciO, AkkorT -llf"k
't1llI ~ ponto8M llUpootj&.
"""'-it#wo
'H"
kiindul_ ) kollvn~l1fl. vagy.-t~ mindi konwTV'fll'. ti<' mi'giA mindharom norma I-ni'!
2.
A~
12.2 .2A . A konrrakcioelv nt-hany alkalmazasa

1.
"".Amok vahllllf'ly ikc 1-nrl kiloebb. Akknr T hi ztONUl kontraltliv OI"'rii.lor. h< II. BASACH-f"w 6lfponttio1<'1 "",,-tint Wtt"Zik polltol!l:M egy fixpontjA. ~ lU rrt!<J,-.ti hllt'wqo"'nlo-ttpll'iAzo!or 1Ilf'gOkla.'IlI., arne1}'
az iw racibo sorozat lwIllpoDt'D8t:'nkpnl i h>t.tArI'rt"l' 1<'~tW'" " - -brli keztkti ..n;.kMl kiindnlva. , .....
glil m~Uii.k . bogy a Mrom .....t h4ruwlyikrbrn milltlcu jobboialr" VILll megoldAs. tf'Mt A-w
ean mV1TU'. de megfordit_ !-Pnni!I<r.t'lfttrn niDal~ ; lc~. bo&v AnaII: -n i~. azaz (12 .60 )
minden jobboldalra egyt-rVlmiit''I1 mpgol<lhatO. <k lIZ il-Ct4ciO nrm (VA)' nem minden k~i oIorti'khOl
Fredholm-rei.. illtegral"'lO""nlet
:a. bj x
a",I". +al:x, ...

a2lx. + ~Xl +
a.,I ,I"1
~l
- aloor. '" ~I .
( l U ll)
~Iopl"'na
0-1
kel>lM.~ldcfiniiLltT :
b.)
( 12,M)
..- _ I-.:- OJ>f'rAtnr
= Tx
( 12.62)
fixJ>Ontj&i AZ ""k1id.-i ( 12 ,42 1. a p(x, V) = L:.. I Ix.- y. j \-agy a (12 .43) m..ttikil.val" t..ljeoo K ~ tk"hPn.
12,2.1 , v(ogr ai8pjAn T kontrl\ktivitAA4nak vi7J1@:a1atAh07 "" X - Y = Z = (II, Z2,
z",rt ~"ltjllk
t r - Ty
= (ZI -
_1
RitZ., Z2 -
i:
Il2/rZ.,.
... 1
Z; -
t
0- 1
a..Z., .... :.,-
lloo/rZl,-)
Vf'kt"rnl.l
0-1
A:fAZ m(z. O)-t m(tz. 0,....... 1. NlIply i'z-fM'n a b,k mAr

m(tz. O)
a K- -PI! <lpfinialt VlJsnl<'Jyik '" lIl..trikll """riut,
neru .zcrelXhwk. Ki kdl t"hAt ltl'.Amulllllnksup--1--1 t. V"KY Ic!':",Ia.bbis fdll61",c"U",t kd1 tAIVlnunk.
..... m
e.u
l>fM "7ffla1
mivele brk " lILatO-'''''''iv"J knpott t mar linearis E'Z<"lL -i valwndyik "pt'rii\.1i.o llormAj"t
k..11 ruegb-csulntlnk (leI. 12.:;,1. 1.). lit t t...nn ...........I..-u Il~ E - A rrui.ttix"'l~'ll van rl..finiAlvA. "'Inl E Il'~
egyeegmatrix, A I",dig IU: <1,. 'llYiiUhlltc'>khc'>llr.lI, 12.ri.I ,1.1>01 tudjn k, h01O' i rmntoooKil kkor kOIll. ra1<t.fv. lIa
K " (pit!. v,"" lIldy llle'trikAh61 "".IIrmll.7,o) valamely lIormaja",,1 knmpatihili" ("p....ifikusen
R:' ...-lou normllval iudukIJl.)
- normli.j... l-nel ki....hh, T"hM lOhb a1tt'm"tfvll VIlli aZ ..mlrtpU "1"...illJi"
normam. arn"lY<'k kiiziil, a f"L"orolt mdrikAk Mta! indukall. normeknak m..gfel..10f>1I
g';mb. ~~
culdid"",j llonnll.yal koml",tihili><tot, .. kod"'IlOrIllI\ ..Ita! indukalt ahw.ohH ""ro....7RgnOl"lllat. r... V<'p;iil a:r
''!l.Y.''
j (x ) .
( 12.64)
x E 1a.61
( 11 .65)
k"pk-lt.PI defini.alt T: C(la. bll - 0 C(la.lI ) FREDHOLNfrw. in~ fixpont.jait kcn-iik a

maximmllOnn>\vaJ !-pI;"" C( la. 61 ) mctrikUll terben (I2,,w ). BiztQolVl a1ka1mazltatjllk a fixponttirt-elt,
ha max f. tK {z ,y)!dll
.::;..,,;_
.;: E C(!a. bj).':1
"'1
(T ".'Hx) := / K (r. , ),.-(v )d,l'" j (x ) 'I ., E C( G.bJ). 'Ix E fa.bj
nr.:
TX=(Xl- tall-X''''hl, .X_- t a.",Xl ...
lao bj-n folytoDnoo j(r) job boldall&l ~lkeW
n:W.odfajli linear;,. inbornogen (ha j (z ) O. akkor lJotuosk!) F'Rr:DHOUIf"1P in~~nkt ".- (r)
~ (Id. 11.2. ) u,;y Id>ct iwriciOval.DPghslirouu. hoc' P1tvi""'"-n a
+.. + a-r. = /l.,
L:.I .....X. -~, = 0.) = 1.2... . n. Mi-l ..lkiilOnit_iI'lIWll:

Akovjuk ...... utteui a r l. x, . . x_ ilotnPrPt~M. .1"IIkt
C"~t ;" itirjuk a r J - L"l-l a,.r. _ b,
x J aWrra (j = 1.2. .. n ). M""t m4r jill IAthAtl>. tlo8Y f'Zl"n - es ~. az rro:Jrti
<'&)"PDIPt...oo-t
0!II0ze ..
bj-n rolytonoo K (r.,) magal",
_i x) - / K (r.Y}<,..',)dr
... a~r. = ~.
lindlrit<"&Y"nloot.~ . EkYl~ -
~a.
..
herftciu. elj,,.h lin.. Atis eg)'e ll let reudsIerf'k megolda..ara

R YafO" ( ;"hPIi 4v Irf, II,: sWnokbl dcfinialt
~~I . "
rtIlfO"'bb.
1-
< I. mert
f'Z
~ ~;; 1.':-:
J,T;p-,)
)
a maximum f..boII
M-ti'kkIK'k (':1 "'
,."'2 ), what ..kkor T konttakrn. .4.z "lD""tu'lmil mrgoklAAtmint" (T'\,"}:'-I ite-
ril<:;o,. IlOr07At t>gYMllrtn< lin......wt kapjuk mrg. fixponttk.el I Ir.1lilMa k1Rlrnt'lwn ..,.. itcriOciOt <10'
!-pw.6\<'g"S ..:"ll(x) E C(la.h l) fiiuvmnycl mAl_.
M~iik.
<10' fix ). !lWnO. aldmr az intt-grAlop<'r'\tor. tdJAt " ,: -
hngy h8 az
in~
plott m<"g VNI
T .;. (T ,:)(x ) := ). / K {x, ,1),.,(,1) dy + j(r )
konl.raktivitAAAt "" igy t"oo.c5I"W'"' ..:"llval a (1'"'"",) :,. it'r!.-i6to ",rozat kOllvergenciajat a lIlf'g01da..lJoz.
II:l.AZ
a T ..gyfrtelml1..n I%tnJi fixpontjAho7.a 1).1 <
(,,~ [K(r, y) dy) _ I fcltet.,] biztooitja. Tov"bbA

.$ Z~
12, 7.3,-1mn flltalflnOAAbb korn yr-/...tfM'n ifl Yi7.f1~"ljllk" F REDIIOLMr{>l.. illt"b'l"1r.1t>gyt"nlpt('t.
3.
Volt..tra-f"l .. in t egralegy.. nle t
Ha IlZ ('lobbi fd "rlal.tc'>] ..!t pr6Pn 87. inl.f'Il:rAlAll ft-WI hatll.r" iM YfIIl.,nik, Ilkkor 1\ !l. = {(x, y) I II :s; y
r ~ I,} hit.rolll"'l'ogollfolytono- l\(r. y) in"l\l\al (00, ['I, bJ-llfu1y tullllO< j(z) johbolrlal1al rcndcl k'~/.c5
:5
",(z)- j K (x , y)",( y}d.,, = f( Z) ,
rE[a ,b]
(12 ,G(i)
12.2. M d n klL< 1l'rY'k
mAAodflljillinf'Arill inholilOll:h l ( 1m 1 (. ) 3E 0, akkor oomogl'u ) VOLTERRA -fplt' int<C'grlU''KY'' IlIl'!d [ld.
11.4.) kApjuk. A
(V ",)(.):::
1I."(z . , )",,( , ) dy
"' i' e C([a . /ljj, Vz [a.bl
( 12.67)
jdou-,I IDOf't Il m<'gllktMboukv i-lo'1lfW'1l1i (12.w,.hm hll'lOnJOa.n ddiniAlt T . C('a. /lj) C([a, bj).
T", = 1 +\''" VOLTERRA -f"l.. int'-'Y>iJopcr&tor T-.,;: '=' ; lixpontjait ket-.-Uk (lIlOf't ill k>hl'tll" m~ rgy A
fix -=" ~ illtf'grlU ..l6tt ). M..-t VUr.wllt minden ft'!tftd ru'lkiil ~az. bogy van m<'8ok1A.~ I<o.rgyi'Ttl'll1ll'1.
cW mcst valamo.-Iy n- re II (T-".:lo}:' l minden .-'lrra w,t edi .... rgy""-O '1O""nk-t... lime>lZ(' "dj.. u int<'S-
~ lI~t, mrn ..JIos M&Yn-rea 1'" mAr kontrakciO (hamar (IAIM( b -
a ))" ::5 I. MoI.\1
".1
111."1 maximumaa ~ ~ ) '-/Q' alka]'na.,hatjllk II BA....ACHfek fixpmlttetdcmlltctt
..r&t"""".
wh&!.ut ;drnti. bop;y Iuo itn'ri6Yal ak.a.ruuk kOz"lit.5lIlf'gold&t kapni. illm az it..-riOfi6o, IlO('O'T.Ill nak
aalr.lIlilId".n n-...-lik Uj" -..hrtj'" filtyrk-m"". YJIgy
ami I1lIft\'OD ~mltlPn
kfozrlbrtO alakra
""",,"uk t = 1"'-.1 8 rz;rl u~iik a (1'-):"1 M>rOZlIotot . A FREDHOLM- ~ " \OLTERRA......t ho:,n
..
~ a ( 12.~)
hibaf..-mula. a FREDHOUt-<'KY"nlM. ....tehm q _ jAl nux
[ 110:(... ,) d,."
a:5t9 a
V OLTERRA-<"&)"I'nIM..-tJobrn T -maIltrr&lva q a frnti
(lAI.\f(b - a))"
"'
A P icard -Lind e lOf t e tt' 1t'b6", Ddl1 f'x plicit d ifft'",nciAlegyenwt-",Dd!lZf'r IokaJu... n t'gy_
("- I,,, folytonOfl. D (y ) = 1101 - o. '" + 0 ), R(",,) C 71(.co; r ). -;(Io ) : .co} L...J.Iluo:.<t, II.lIldy az "b.v.:lll..t ....
kOIl....l"V'ndAt mctrizaJii d("' I."") := lnlll< U ';I(I) - 'o'2{I)U 110 - 0 ::5 / ::5 to'" a} metrikiwal tel,;.,s
llll'tri kul' te r.
t
ITIf'.
s: ......
s:
It t
<l
s:
f~<tZnaltuk.
+ l/(~. ",,(s)) <I.. t..lj,.. iil
Y{' Il1(f'k
(1 0 - /1,10
ill t~gIlIJ('jI;,\" '1I1., t
+ 0) barmely
R a ....
ki;r~hl'n . MMk~pprll fng,uma.,vl\" (T,.,)(t)
t ..grfo!llprrMm
fiXpolltjAnll.k
!f'l<'~"": t k
viz.~gAI"tArI\
= 0 + [/(s.<,.:{.))d.,
" (o!yT{JlIo"
g(.) d..
kl'>:r.<o-Iltt'i ~ .
mit -101 ::5 mil s m-; = r,
(T ; )(It) = SI (u ..1>06 hrnthbcn ftZ .w.-.lf'l Prti'k
(0 < b),
na on.
11
i:
(t.._1 .l.., a)
s I<~ .-, ~"9(-r.)
'='
Tchat II IlOI1T1.Il
&Wi
folrt()r~..
b-
Jg(r )l d r
miAtt
~[ g( ..)d11 = 1<1~ ~~ ~,.g(" )~ "'; J~o< ~ .l.',Ig(r,)I - I
Ig(r)ldr.
Tov ..hhil T konu&k"iO:

d{T ..-'1' T.."2 ) =
1IlA,X
..- .. $ISla ....
8(T "' I){t ) - (T .:'2)(t )1 =
I[
s: ..-~~:t'o+" I
s: .._"~~+,, Ii'
~.. " ..
= .._..
s t:
(f{"''''I(S)) - /( s .
L II"" I(8) -
t"hat d(T
Il.
"'2(~)nd~1 ::5
mex
1I.p1(') J...f'11"'l (!)-;"':I{.)lId.:SL J...f..... "-G$'!:'o+..
I"" d(i'1 .""2)f1~
;'='
.:'2(~)))d"~ ..,;
n/(", "'1(")) - /(., ""'(~))l d"1
= L J",
;'='
d..
gI..)1
'<1 - 0 s: t ::5 ~ + <> ill'
l'lO"'rtdm<1""gH Vi1..ogAIjuk eleg kk; (HI\. Legyen m""t m
'='
1 (s. ",(sdl<(-.;
&ltalaba.n
~ .1<.9(,)1..,; .1~.ng{r.)I.
rii~
lIlu{II/(/,x)HI (t .x ) e F..... } ~ <> < min{<lo'm'I}' ..gycbkCnt t c187.6lcR"". T.. killt.~;ik "" AI
I mdS!
fIhoI 9 \a.b IIOI'Tl\III

Ez IlZI-rt igaz., fllf'rt hAa ~ knordi nAtak hAn I<IlI"I'f'plOintt'gr&lokAl II k(rvo,lit6~k lintP>ozriko'nt ItZkn<>ljuk ki .... Ill. PlllZ/urui int pgril minOPgyikPhn ugyanazt.
l'l-Iosz~tot e..1nin.x-n fclotUua ug)'lWaWli kOzbllLo5 pnntokat VIlIa.atj uk. ,,"01"
wt rb<zintcrvallunui.u. ('lhL ('kviv"l..n",," M,-
.'!tY"lt"nl,i lIll'l(oldhatOAAgAnak
boo
tI )d..1 ::5 I
ma..
U,rh..tiink pzpn !ltOh!">i
T; e M. nwrt (T ", )(t ) -.co '"
~ . auz R(T",) C B (SI :r).!PhAt IlDnAl ink Ahh R(T",,) C l1(x(l;r). .q inl<'gr4lfiiggveny
g( ..
n--..
IO
e .\1 -
m
foI~" rnia n T", ;". fulytlllx....... triviAli.-.n
II I < 101 .-1 miatt ke u..-tt).
(I2 .68 )
.uo.'NKh1..xplicit dilf~~nkvt-"'nd-rt,>LboI t e R. X R - er. igy a pouttaJ jdolt dtorivilU

a - gyJ'kr"ll id6urk "'kinttott - t QC!"int o'rtrnM. J..rgy.on (te. XI ) E D(I) ~ itt Icgyr:u I X fiilQt\""IlY"'kfont k>kAli>oow LIPSCHlTZ-folytono!l (Id. 12.2.3. ). E<czerint l.eMt !Ct.cznrk az UfI . r pa<iUv &liJwdok
.... Ill; L poeitfv LIPSCHlTZ-&lIand6. hnc F_. = {(I.x) I If - '.1
1. - Xol r} C D(I)
.... mindrn ittenl (t . xl1,(I, x, ) 1>OIltl'iorra 11(t, xl) - /( t"'2). ::5 L n.c l - x21.111 11 .. 12.JI. llrll
hPvfozt'l.end6 norma
n. am..ly" {12.42)- Y'I'I c1PfiniAlt p .. ukli<k>cri Illl"triMvlLIll p(x. ,) - I. - s].
_ Ixl :: p(x. 0 ) Mpc"ou,LbAn "I; t.cIvibhi f..llwlznaljuk. h<>gy .. dimenziO ~""""l!: " mu.~ t .. ,pmhi
e.. a ffiaxllllUlllDOI1T1.Il ..kviVAl"llflPk. lID' rgy U "+I-t...li pont minden .,lklid"""i.....""" grim],i kOrn;.nA'l.P
tarW~ VAlAl:nily.-n <lrVAI ~ r'TPI DESCAIITES-"""I7At a1akliti>g1alAf-....ru (zMt l F-knruyc-u:td. T ipikue eecte e LIPSCHlT2-f.. ltPl.P1 l.PI.f<'ooiil'-"n..k I r .,....cinti dcrjvaltj.. (........" "'" x,k ",...rinti P""'iAlj"
d..-iv&1tak) 1ft.<-7Jw. I'a Ioorl4tlllOllilg.. (~ , X8) t'KY kOrn)'O"ZPtPt...n. A Jrp"ohhi..k "rd,'k&n m"ll.i"KY"U'n<l6
az iR,bogy .. Ll rscH lTZ- r..ltPl.eI ~&tl'>rOkl6tlik~, a:t.3Z lriviAliAAn f..nnall (~, Lo}-on klvill lnt (F".) mill' I."
rn.As pontj","" i>l. '.. rm"-l<.... n 00"' r bd",,tt
~ ki>oebb
~rl\lll;'t"r<'kk ..l. Ekkor 1\7. r (~ ) E .0
kOvP"'lmpnnyel mrgl,,,tAl'O'wtt (12.68 ) k..,..o,.tiPrtPkf.. Ia<l"tna!< lokAli><lUl pgy{rt..lmu IIIf'gol<l4Mll ven,
azaz valemilyo n a > ().v..J. "'tl"lik" D(",,) '=' (~ _ <l.~ + oJ-n dcfinialt folytotl"" ,.,(t), 311l1lyt<'
"'(~ ) = zQ"" D("",." .,.:.{t ) = I( t,,.,(t ), lllv4bhA il)'>'n feltet..lt"k mpllMI,., ~"rt..lm11. Ugyl\Jli~ i,..
mert. hogy i' I>o u\<-""'" Ilkkor 1Tl<W'lld4AA" nyilt (~ - O. t<l + o)-ra vonatko7.o kladll.tnllk. hll ,.,(tl '"
s: ~ - o . M Mrt r -. O\ZAZ ;
1(" ,; (..)) d .. ..U5ira-.! ddilw.J.t !tkc.,.,...,;"U o- <l s:
...
n""" hat.6fol}'\oDOll k>k~ ~ "'kin""lk.q
i = I (t,r )
Tpkint.~iik.\I -en a (T ",)(1) := Xo + [
l/(~ i~))dS~ s 1111(s. -;(s)). d~1 s
4.
ertt'l m ll m t'f:old hat t.oNg.irol ( )d. nW-g 9 . 1.1.5.)
Lt-gyoon 1 n- va1&lDf'ly W1A:>InAnyAn kU-lm"7~tt
623
""I> T ii'2) s: Lod{Yl. ii'2) .... O <
<P2(")II"" =
= Lrrd{""I.<h)
willtt LI.
<
I.
1l.:'.3Z
T tpnyleg koutr"kei6. Itt fdh"".,naltllk
L IPSCHITz f...l tetdt, l\IllihC'~ k..tlclt hogy (~ . ';>I(~ ) k ( ~ . <P2(~)) e
f:"',.: ..,..~rt G7,pwpdt;u R(",,)
"
o..
11(:r~; r) &-ltPt.-1 M rirfinkiOjAhstn. VI/ogiil M l.dj lIIMrikwo tn-. ille.t liniltlo fcltfu]ri atoroklrKln..k
lim u e. E :...-k lIZl'rinl " fixPOllttetcl fdt""-,,]"; wljqoiillK'k.
t .. hat JI.Jwn T.; = .,:'-t>f'k h lgy .. kiilldu]a..j k....w. t i.. rtek-H"d"tllak"IIJ'o<rt..Jm,1 m"Kol<llwl VIl.n miml..n
, I
/} <: lllin{oQ,;;; . I }-rll (to - 0 ,10 + 0 )'11. &IllCly lUl'gOldA"ok ~ma.. kitnjcsrt<-i IlZ "l!Y"rtfo1ml1""s
"'" CfO"-u\.I""'" konv ....gf'T1lO .;~ "OI'oZll.t rol a
miatt. t<'hAt -lOjAtwon f
(to- min{tl<I,~ , I}'to + min{~,~ , I})
-on. Ezt " nwgoktNot
IlZ
.\1
b&nufoly ,,1..weMl. kiilldu l6.,; - T." _ TJ.,; ~ p.; - . . . :'lOI'O:&&t eg:\"l'nlo-t<'o! lilll'~'k"l1t
kaphatjuk lIK1t. ~ !OZHk~fv Af'ptoxim4riOvaI. nny~ kaz.-lit6 ~dNma.Iltlt.. b\h..1I Il
k'Xl8l.an8 I ..-t vilNoztjuk kPz<WrtJok.,..k.
Mlndo:-n miuo. AM.Z M-f'tI kfV1i li LIJll'tOIdAl< ~ ..,;,vt-sik ezzd .. kitiinU>tl'tl<'l t o ..1Pg kil> kOm~t ..t...n.
ltlf'rt fol~ wiAtt lIlDf'D li(.r, ; r )-br kPpe:L Igy '" 1 ~n nemeonee"yt.... allor to-t.01jubbra
i: = (m p eo )UlAJ({t I to < t . ..-(t) _ ";(t)} .lllrtVf' i:= (inf ; )min{t I t. > t , ';(1) = ..~ (t )} J l><'lIlelWt'
o!A iKY ,Kt)(= ...
i i) E B(., ; r], A<lN. (i . .Ki)) E Int (F......). tf>MtffiIl('ka pontuaIF: il< k-n1>O'a LIPSCHITZfrltft..l."..k ..1o,vt tf'V6 kOmY'PZ'"ko. ~ akku r a (i. ;h>zdctio'n.<' k-f..lNWra J.'I ff"llnAllrIA. hoar Mr~y ket ~ i ..~ kilo kOmY"'Z"1o'h..n ..,;y .........ik. amit 'i! e. ; nyil....wval6an nrm trJ,;...qt . ltohAt ..
sup "" max .... \/aftva:t inf = mill / vior;pnrltjA Irn..t ""'lJt ......_ .. fixpooll.fot..lld laWl W<1'IulcbW U<'tI"'~
.\l-b.-u. Iuwo= m.indo-ulwd"t<>Moo no'lkill iIo ~ ~iili lI'lPgOlrlA....... a (",. x, )-P"nllI~ ~t~rtdI:
fooladal.uak. u ...... pnti, hoY ... ~1dU llnirit.IIMIlf'fll CfoI\k abban a C""ngP.bh&1.<1o.-1I11"1I All f'1m.
~ b6.rtDf'1y kel. ~ to ..k,i: kit. kOm),,'z.-"~lwn ..,;yJ-ik. hArworo Al< "r6H-hh ~},..n. l..hAt
"~k..,;y ki..n. i~lUU - ...kuti / - . hoY azon hftnncly ko't nwgolda..'1O''-ik.
A ~ az ,;.~) = 1 (x ".';'1I. 1I(1) .
.,.e~-I) ll.fflff'tld'll'Xp1icit ditJ,,~",a 9.1.2.1.bell em!it('(t "lvil.d'rlv a1ka1rnaUM lltAn..kkur hall7.nAlha.tO. hal = I (x., ) (x E n., E It~ ) fol)"tonooo
e. az (Z'. III) E
k.2<lrti fpIto'tf'l..,;y kOrn)'f'Y'to'bf'n ~b&n L1PSCHrn-fol)10l108 {ld. (9 22a), abo!
az ..bo<zoh'J~.,!;-normAVIl1 VIUI Illf'gfoplmanra). Ek kor-az Allit& i!< MoooWO; "let u.. h > U-ra oVr'
tl'lm,Wn ~kaz y{r ) E C"' ( z, - h.x. + h)). amdyre
t,
R'
...~;::) ) ~ ~-
';'.I(x) =
....
1 (z ,,(z).,,(l)(r ), ". 11 -- '
z, - h < , < r, + h (.., lI!:r)
(,:J)
(T
II
(t )o . . .
(z)) .
(1' - x..1<h )
dr
~ -'"
Vfg!il vi""".....ti>rV(' (12.l>8J- rll If.grn ["'l,IAul " = milll " 0,':" .!.1/2. Ekkol a.z .\l nlt'tri ku" li',11 Ill,til
m L
1
R!lIl'jAn d(,:.",~ ) <
T l..kpp<>7ks kontrllkci......gyiit.th at6j.. q :::; 2' what a fixpo ntret..1 hihah..
.,<l"""
d(,:"zo) < .:.., R1..... ro-Ml in'[1l1V1lll<lott t > 0 __ti>n rIg,

2~ - 1
- 2"
~l
t
it..roci611 t..""" ulan II kIIpo tt fiiggvpny
(to - a .'o + ")'1L t w' ] kiYM.-khh [,."", ,, k,-~J,ti"'rtck- fd"dat ""t.akt lIl~l\oIJ,.~""'hO'~,
12.2 .2.5. M etrtkus t e r tdjessc t ete le

Tf'I." 7.6[~!\,.,.,
t..hilt iI[tIlIAh..1I n..m , plj,.,. ( X, 1') merrikns to'r telj"""" , ..h..M; pont......hlmlL ~7""[VII 1,lolnik
X m~trik ll" I" r II kiiV<'tlw'l.il tnlRjdonAAgokkal:
"KY ..1"l~"",lk.'hh~
12. 2.3.
Folytonos operatorok
Folytonoe operiitorok
T: X _ Y A:I. X - ( X. p) TIlf-'trik,~ tJ>rnpk A3I \ ... \ \ '" j TIl"trika.. tiT ..... .w6 k-k<.-p.......-,...,. A
T Irk~t 1LZ.r, E X ".,...u.....fol,tonollnllk rr>OI>djuk. ha u .. = nr, ) poot minden l' = \' (Ils)
knmVt'7A'ti0bf':7. taWha.t<'i L' = (, (.r.. ) kOrn)''7.Pl. 1IlIl<'1yr.
1.
~D
T(r)E ~'
Azt mondjuk.
V:rEt"
bcY T
C X: \. ) aT: X -
azaz
T(F ) C \ .
(12.00)
jol,rOfUJ" .... A C X ~ h.A T u A hainJ,q mindcn pootjaban fo/ytonooo.

Y fo.lytolKJ!< k'"v<-a",k MiI~ ~ X """"'- valO fol)"to~..J "kviV&Jen.;
tlllajdon~:
2 . LipschitzfolytonOl'lI.. k"'Pfi:e-k
C(..l ; H) font..... i'OOhaiJllAZA .. LIPSCIIITZ-fulytouo... Irlr.<'pt.w"",k: T L1PSCHlTZlol~Wnt>.. az L LIPSCHITZ,;tlnnd6V1l1. h....
u(T(:r.) .T(r~))::::
k"plctt.rl d..tinio\lt ",.uk<..-fv "l'llI'tlXilll"'i6!imf'!<ZV('kto ri\.nak. iLZA7. lim T"l/ll-nak ,$<; kumrlin"t';'j...
~ ,W~
~ti>I.
d } T~ A C X n's:tlwlIla:<ntwnnftll T (A) C T(A) .
r""ldAu! A:t l/ll kon..~tamI fiiggvfnybOl iMlllo
LC" (' I , ~:~l ~_. (J
r. )
a) Ha rE X tl'tIw5~ (X>lIt;"" { r~ l:", C X t<'tJ<.t.6~""I'OI"II .AIU'-']yrr:r_ r . a.kkor- T(.... } T (r j , tf'hAt p(r. .... ) - 0 ......tiu u( T( r~), T (ro)) _ 0; ~-.el -*"" atvit<.'1i rlvlK'k is bivni .
b ) T.~ G C \ . nyilt rr..:-lut.InJa>'.tll A T - I(G j i"""n krp X nt'k nrilt rioIzhaimaza.
c) T,tsWlegt.", F C '11" Wt rOozhaIn1ll7.rA a T - I(Fj in.....-nl. ko'p Xur k Wt m.zhallIlM.A..
';' - -ll(r,)
ha.
1. 51. tartalrrnu egy, at X terrel izonwtnk.~. ([<'I . 12,2.3.. ?? ?? oW.) y .ukont. a:LaZ X izom<"trikusan
bf'iLto'!l.ZhRtO Xb>L.
2. X rnindffi,itt "Unl 51. .hRr.
3. X t .. lj.... uictrikus li'r.
.. . EUrmrly ko't i1)"'n XI 61 ;{...... er...l..ti X..., ..[..m..nko'nt fixl'tl h~ Po,nctriln1l<'lO'rna.-I.
Az ilyt'll mO<Ion cometria .'ft'jfig l"g)'o'rtf'lml1..n m~tArmnIl t..[,;.... m'-'trilr..~.. korct a>: X tel: l ..:4.
m..';nllk. ktlir1]rinak. t,.lr .' iIO'l'Il':JI':llO'k Vllg)' lI'IJ"" 17'''trihu /mrtrirnU: IlI'V1"ZZ.ik. Ppl<U.,,1 a. raciornili...
>a.&mok mclrikus tl'rl-Ill"k (Pl."" ",) ~ Irl If'7..\rtjA A....u.olWoinok baIr,1a'I..lI.; a.JtaI&ba.n Q. "" n-.
x., ploldaul ..... X-Iwli CAliCHY!wn""W'llII""f'OZAtok ..kviVll1enn-tAIyaiko'nt kaphatjlllr. meg: (z~)
.... (Y..) M:viV&ll'n.... ha p(r . l/.o. ) - O. HII Z E X/'t azonoo,itjllk II korJ.'ltAnll (z. z . . . r . . _) son>ZIIttal.
illor .........k ..k"i,'Rlertcw-t&ly>oi Nkotj.u. Uot .. ll>f'D emlft..n \ . Alum. A P X x X - R ~ nlQ...ny t<'lf'l--nnti ~lmu kitrrjnozw- P X" X_ R ~ . arn.ivti (X. p) t,.l;..< lTlI'frik-t~ tior
ha aItII14hAn (:r~) - nei. jf'lOIj.ik "" (:r_} lIOIOMlot wt.alut.NO ..kviYftk,K"iacwoztiIyt
igy lId,"t" ~
p ( z.j'. (",)) "" [im~_", p(:r JIa). u a ,j,6.l.Lm "rtelmroo. azaz ffiQetlm a """,,",,rtUn>I ~k
Lp(r " r , ) .
(12.70)
L n"m eg}....r t.. [m'l.OULk".....ohllj0v6 L-..k minimurru"oz. T II.Z La l'<>lltb..n /o.Lil~.an L!PSCHfn
j"ivtoru> II... 1"0 valam..ly \7(1"0) kiirny"ZO"ti'n, mint ,.]U'f 'n "". 1Ih"t h...{I 2.70) X I , E V(.rol "",1,,'U
'.,lj ....ii! , !\. (lolffili,,) I.WSCHlTZ-folyton.--Ag fogllimAvAimAt, tAlA[Jy~tUllk ~l>t":ii\li. _l.I'khrn . If'1l;:uwljAn' 12 2.2,4A.-hen Ha sl' ...iitJi""ll vlll,mely L < l-gy ..1ill kolj~...ii! ...(12,10) fellitel, ek kor ViS.~7..akal'juk
.. kOlltrak~io fOI;"11",,t (1<'1. 12.2.2.3.3.).
I A'gy<'" 1 : ( X. p) .... CII", u) f"lywu,,,, I,k,]>,,...... I... t",,:.yiik rd. h'-'RY ,,'I. ( X. p) ml'lri kll" th ''''Ill tdj....,
[...gyen ,'nllck a tl'lj,'lI l>6viti,,;, ' (ii:.. pl. Lo '!O" 'n ()', u) 117. (Y. p) t<'lj"" l>6vlU'SC; iU"t\'l' h.. .,.~ lIlar tdjes .
akkoronmag.. , Ekkor / . ",k 'Rv;'rt ..lrnl1..n !r'1.'-/.ik "!O' j : (X. ji) .... ('~'. e) fo[ytnn.... kitc rj""zt"- (a mely
mag.. i~ LIPSCHI TZ- fo[y t oIlO" Il!O',,, ,,,,,~,,,I .. LIPSCHITZM]" n.]r",,,!. mint I, h... j az volt ). Sok "",th""
/ rmlv..l..ti l ula jJ onsAgai iltorokl&lt...k lrll. rilh~, h" ..,...k algphrllilag. pildi"i1 "gy"l1IC'ioo.'g,kk"l, vag)'
"'lIJ'.. n!ot !Pllllt'!:ckkd ""nua k kif..j..'I.Vf'. Err.. 1";1<1,, nUI'tlllllt to'r kiM vit...... tl'lj.'lI lIotmAlt tPrrf'. "ho! I
m"l':"" norm".", )' "" H~ (ld. 12.:1,2,).
~yilv""
62 6
It. fl...k....""Bl" .."Uzu
12.3. Normalt t erek
A fPlllorlllllOO]ugyallllgy,.zMm<utathlltll llkf;.lmMriklit (ll.Iuiaz.tj..l..nri. bogy (12.39)-001.--1<p(r. y) ;::-:

lJ.t kovrldjuk meg}, mint ahogy .. nonnit.bi>] nlMrikAt. H.... f;'lnorm41t v..kt.ort<'r mint r;.lmctrikUII I<'r
tcljeol. akkor .. normeh faktorti'r IL llormAbi>l "".Arm.v~) 1II.,triUVa!ll:l.illlPn U'l.i*'" metrik"" w r hz,
12.3.1. A no r mal t t er- foga lma

(VCgao wnwn1.w..
R~ hi
C" _"r"lrI. nli-g 4. I ,6.)
1.
1.
12.3.1.1. A normalt tc rax i6mai

~ X "..ktmth It I-.: .. R w.gy (' tl'Iot (.. I..u. Eo I I: X x X R ~ fiiggv>'nyt ft:& X V1'ktortiol"1l
inclm<'7Rtt JWnJldlllU,., Ai. X c (X. Il pArt pcdig I{ f..l.. tti norTIl4it tirllf'k Ilf"vezziik. he, k~;lrg,~
.1".JI E X ..
kre "" trt.~ a E I..: >IZliJ'lOI f..un&11nak " kiwctk ....1i tu\"'j<loll>'il@;ok. It nDnndlt tIT
tUWmdi:
wm..
(~l)
J.r1 ~ O
(:'Ii21
Iozi = lot Irl

II " " :S; Irl '" h"
(:'Ii3)
,\
1.1"1", 0
hi
~~l6t~nWik
I"'lIlaIwla.kkoT.ba. s=O.
(12. 71 )
(honqlni tMi) .
(12m
l b&roI1llCliill:~I&"'~) _
(12 TJI
..LU:ja:
II - d ?: IlrJ - b t l
(IHH
o.
m.
H.. (NI) bdyrlt aak III ?: 0 ~ "",hal Ir!...uk I !~ III = O,..kkor f<'l...........ut f"rr61.
filnonruir6l. ~lll1lk. Il)""nkor {r I Irl = O} alk'R' Xn.-k. ami pontos&n ... zRy I I - , . '"' 0
rkvi~ O-I tNtAIlM:7.o6oooztAl)'lL At ..kvi~yokona Wnonna&1llLl'OO. X.... t rzrn
&Ilk 8Zlerint Iilririlo ~ ktoo ... m1..-n fAkt<JrizAl_"' a fa.ktortiT ..1cIn<-ilwz a ~"'115 "kvh"lUoonri
-.-taI.y. A:1.ILZ ..holt ..JUT "J..Illf'iDf'k kO;Wo. fflnormAjat ~1.... mAr I>OI'lIlAlt t<>not IvqMmk. A
p(r,,)= lz-l. I "E X

(I2 '';' )
dtfuUciOvaI. mindm DOC'ln6Jt tk ~ qy mctrikWl tRrrt
bogy /l kiindulMi I . I I>Ot'"1DA:
IX. p) - R ~ I AllAnd6ju L IPSCHITZ-folytouo- fiiqvi-ny ~ II. ( l2.'5) mrtrikIL mi-g II. ..... ktortk- m"",*,"
tfoi....1ill kompMibilu., lWIoZ
' &Y.
p(x + I,' +:) = P(x.r),
( 12.7&.)
(12.' {ih)
1xY a normAlt terekben unnd ... vrktorU'r<'k. mint! '" rnctrik .....ten.),: tulajdolll'ilglLi
me"Jl<w;M (12.7b1L)
(12.76b) rrto>lm.. o..n ~ komJ"'libili>.o,u

k"vo'lIy_k. E bbOl AdOOi k "KY'"'""".t ..... hOlO'.. I"@;
tObb lolWiR. "l!Y pofltrll. VQI\i11!wW ki'rtl6<t v ....... leh el _ .....t lli .. o-ra , m.. rt .. ki>t
~
B{O: I)
={r E X IlrU < I}
~~"ggQ",1J ~ll,.u.m,,,,,n4,,,,,,ami
no
17(0.1 )
= {r E X Ilxl:=:: I}
vr e x
p,.
r>O
(12.7111
+D (0 ; r). IIlAsresztp<><lig Il kiilldula... i v..ktorter rmh-d ,t"i .. uornuhal defini...1t
llIcl.rikliban folyton.-k.
I xl,
_.
I: ISkl
(I V H)
H.ben ...u n norma"g,)"'';Kp;Qlllje II. t- l . l~ illtforvall"m. e,h.on II 0 kiYt..,pu ~VZ1M -IS ' ,bL! ..]for
~t .... "" y'2,_rew"II M""'KYit"'.. n , toen l"gy oktAM.. r.
2. gombnDrm... , wogy f'1,ldidP.o:zi oonna:
I'" ~ .I ~ ~ t,lo.r. (t, .,If
Ese a IlOI"ID8 "fO"'Il161L ....ktor OO't&ilVlll k ~ohlbjt> ll:Il FHlruIr~ ,~mb.

3. 1'Dorma:
(?;. 1<41')" ,
101. =
1'$ p
<
(t2.83 )
0<;:_
Ennek..z ..1OW bott6 ~p<'ciAlu. ...... t .. p = I. ilkt..... p "" 2-wl.

4, kockanonna . mas Dfo'o,... n IIlILXimumnorma., ~"'lO' v~..&t'1lllOnn&:
4 .
(12.8-1)
=~~ 1.
W ,h.-n '-W~mje "" "-dimfonzi6ll ~kotiut. Toy..hb.
10M", =
lim ~ n
~.
~lind.-gi k f""ti 1lO1'1llIL ...... ti-n x. - s ''''','''''''''', "kkor, hA lim._"" I"'" - 01 = O. tovBbb4 p<>n~
ILkkor. hA minden koordinat.Ma (Sk ) - (rll- TovAhM mind<wok l\ ft biol>f'ly ma.. nonuAjAra itl .......~
u:o-'k, hi.'W:'1l ~~ d im..llzi.....""kt.orU-","1 bannply ki>t nnrlUft ..kviVlLi.-wl.
2. NelOzet"" matrnol. ve k t ort eren..k normA i, auu: speciAlis norma k .. "'....n

1.
.H( A) = n mex
<Ut jo-I..nti hogy
8{x : r ) = {y ex l b - rl < r } = r + r 8 (0 ~1 ) =X + O{O r)
~ lu"""nloollD( r, r) =
(l2. 1i)
P,HdAk nonna.!t terekre K ft b..n

oktaoo.. r Donna , m.M ll';vrn "'-ohit~,nonnll
2,
."(A ) =
1a;...1
(1 2.S5)
"
JSp(AfIA)
I\Ini nem mb m int a I\ ~ ' -..n defini/J.t 'llklitl.~i lIonna.
1\7..1\7.
,
./I: la,...12 "KY lll""ik elekje.
(12.116)
V.,
(12.79)
H" ""o n "RV M11 norma I\ ft ..n i'lt ,,!O' UlIl1orllla II 1\ f..l..ui n >( 'HOI llJ.atrU<ok w h o rt.er" n. ak kor '"
mAtrix no rma komp"ti hi1i~ a w:-k t.,ru orm';'val . h.. mind"" A matrixr'" "" m iud ' ll I .....kto rr..
(Po lit UMb],N' .r + y

X)( X .... ( X,p). ahol X )( X a:t ( X.p) Uld rikll.' t{or oumageval v.. u dir ..kt
"w r/",ta"" "hh,..,; b......... nlO"n or .. 1\ (". ( X. p) UldriklL~ t ,'rek dir"kt ' 'l.()r t....t an i-rt"lllJ ,-tPU (.,. ( X. p),],..
hato lekepezeskent Iolytonoe.] No r mr,lt t{>rh'>11 minde n Orr ;r }"'" "'li( r: r) gomb konv<'X .
Nomu,] t "" f(I"ormAlt t"n, kh..n Ift _ '-6 kOUW'Ig'-Il" SOI<Ywto kIIL (12.51) hclydt .. ""I.. ,kviva!..,,"
.II (A ) kOlllpatihili~ a korka . ok tlli~ l"r, i.. gi)lllhnonn'\'v.. l, A'( A) 1'.~li!l 1l R<>JIlbuon naval.
Adutt 1111 vPktornom,a",,1kUIIlI>lltibili" matrix lloTIlI,\,k ki)~i;tt '""II '-10' kiti int "t,-tt . a wktornorm Ah,, 7.
h(y~~At'e ndelt tf'rmffi7...t"" mAtrixno l'll"\ . 1ILA.~ lI1'w-n 1\ vrktornormll ft.ltal j"d llk,J t u"i.t rixll<>rffilL:
X ft -
X,
y~_y,
rft + y~ -r + y ,
0 ft - " ......t" l1
rrftxft - o.r , Ilr ftll -
IIr.- roll-O (n_oo)

" "" mOOot U! llZOk"" IJ.IWIl!:llirJ.lIi,
lir U.
(12.1:IO)
liAr II :s IIAIIII.rIl.
IIAII
Slip
IIAr ll = ma.x IIA.c1l

,_lIrll
~lIxU
(12.1!7)
~IJP I Ar ll '" rnex IIAxll =
~I
W _l
Slip
W~,
HA.c1l = max IIArU

~ I~l
(12.&1)
12.3. ,',',,",,,ill k ."A;
12. FunkClml(U,,",ui.:vo
628
Az oklAP<l..r, Wiml>-. ,... k".:!uu".rnm ilIW illllukAlt m&tnxIlormak
/I
kovetkP"Tiik: all
\'ag)'i>o 3Z ..NJ~..h it ...,Iol';~ ..k~ Ill&Xiwuma;
I.-tU2-
At. AltAl;\""", tanulMg t .. MI Pgy ......7.1 1lZ. hot!.Y cgy Vf'ktortk 1"bM. ''RY nOIlu8vaI telj..... pgy miillikkaJ
p<-..:Iig n"w uoIjPS.....
hogy k';t iJ)/"u 1~"I1'" Il<'m Id"'l "kviv"].,,,,.
~I~t ket wljPl< norma ""m mi",lig "kvival."". Em> 1""101.. "" Ll _ l ( 0, I l.~) wktort<'r Ill': S,(I )
,." "" S",(I) _ es< ~"pl normA",.] (M. 12.9.4.; <'2"k Vl\lojAh>on ffolnonnAk. de- ugylUll\Wn Ill': alth"n llk. f'7,frl eszerint faktnri'l.Alva ugy>UJJL:7.on a faklorti"l1!....znek norrnAk). Igy kapjuk I\Z (t:.I(~). ftl , ""
S.u)) klaz (C"(~). IIU ... =. S",,(I BA~"cH-I.r<'I(lt(Ulf'ltiU' ld. 129q. ~n
"""'""",t.
(l2_~9)
max J~ (AH,1 ) .
I AU" - ~ ,.,
LIUVI ""'~
(12:111
vaYifI.... ..aI-.ol"! ~
~tn< mAIm:
k~ llJ.llXIWlllU4. I A rl ~u,. II matrix sp<'ktr4!nonw\jlWak .. UM....,ni.

hllm ly ""J,urrtiki', l\hoznI,it ,fort<!'kl)("II kt'-urOl .........i nam...ly norm..,....
12 .3 .1.2 . A normalt torok nehany tulajdonsaga
will
Az~ mrtrikn...wktoct.-rrk
J'Ont.-n -.lI: ~Oi..\'3lO;'<;a7.OIi:bIl.n ... bo t ftZ
o.IcfinlciiMU- "rnMnkAt ~rAlO - n<.>rl1IAt ~ni. ~Y"-"hN-k"nM'lrikajAkifo~1i
Is
_ P(I . OJ
P<""a:-- ~ Tr , = Is l:"kkoc U'~I__ n nllm IDl"triku.~ ten'k i7.o1Df"triln~ Vc"rn Il~...l ...
lIZ Xmtort........ "!y 11'" "BYI 1 n<mlUl.- Azt mondjuk.!loto- .. I 1
..";.~
12 UOfIllAllAJ .
IK>nJ1a
"I'
. . ,,
hit. ""',' oIY'Ul ~ 0 MZAm. ~ Z 1 ::;; 1" r ll v r E X. Ebbc.-n a:z nodl>rn rgy (x .}:. ....lVl.at
normAbRn wU6 !>fIVf'!FIIt"IA.I"'S hca. ~llI lr. - r I ~ 0 magaut.in \'OIljA. ~ AllO((IZAl a
2
IlOfTIlAban j,. tart .f.bo.-z, ~'Ili Is.. - r h _ o.
EY 1""ll\Y . I nonnAt rgy~ ~hool...k,...U<'k mondunk. h>o. io'.-~!tel 11 > O. 'r:I > 0 lIZ1lm,
"IIll'ly!'t''9 r E X nortJ.n fffinAll'h l~ 1 :s: IlL :s: 'r:III ~. VAg)' pkviVll1P~ !el.-Lik 0 < ffl, < ".,. hottv
rr<' ffll
rtfr I<I.OI7Atit ugy iortPIm<'ZZuk. bo,;y Il>: .w.rh.l.
lIlIl:7.Ok D[SC"HTES-~7nnlltAII kuordlllAtAukfnt dtiniAljuk a vpktort"r m,lvpk-! .. it. H.. (EI.I I Il ....
(~ , 1.(1) normAlt ' ......k. ..Jtk"r.u , )( &.! l<&t.\rUl.lti'rruaz (II , IZ) wktorOOzJ"Pll<Jpll rnax( N~, . , . lrz nJ)'
nI IB, - Rr 2 IJ ;'" J I~,
rl ~ nnrmAlc ..kvh....l.. n....k. M;\.~r&<zl C (0, I)] ... n (;.,.h.....,nl,wl C {II. b} -n]
IlZ
l'
I/(t )I<1I iUI.egrNUO>llUai." .. max. '11/(t)lltlaximllmtlorTllil. n"m ekvivalcnsck. Etltl<'k
"k<o..l~
Cl(O.I)] .. tlIflJC.iUJlUlllI.... U"....al jill iarm-rten !.clj. mptrikll~ ti>r (p?: "norm" u,,tri..&lj .. "" "SY"III"I"'"
konwrg'll<'"'t). "" LIlI~rNllorm.. \'il<mllt nem. EZI lIlutatja 8.Z
I(!)=.
o,
hal:s:t'$I-':
{ y'il.
I
n
h>l.1-;;<t:5 1
F.lrkor.\',(f.) ~ O. '\"...(f~ ) -
oc. l.f'hAI .. kM
""I,....
[IOrwa
UPUl .. kviva1m.~.
.. K t<-;;I f..lt-It' v Vf'k.torth izomorf

K
- 1. tebAt .. K-brh pknwkbOl.wo. dim \' ttc-'1Mii ......o:Il.lokbi (n ~t ..1Pn dunf'w.>O.-l<'n
;,. ig>lz) K = R vagy (' ft-1"Ui v~ din\f'llXiOo. \ ..... ktol:~ b&rmo-ly unnnA-I tf'ljft<. IIll'rt ~ t
a barrurl)" ~ df'finiAit c"k~ norm......,.) ft7~ ~l .. t'Uli 1D"m.a-l"lrvivalPncia "'O'cufrti-J",l
Al:M1. boY ba r~ _ z valamclyilt. oonnAhan ..Jtknr~,. - ~ bArmtolyik Tllikhan
.\'0T"T1UiJJ. ,.... ~ 7.iln Ii.,..,;,n,. ..Itrrr"l fortfInk
\.~d~jli"".ktort""m mind<'11 ':"'""" rkvi...u.:"". ~hvd
12 .3 .2 . Banach-rerck
.u ~ .... ~. normAl! ~l .....-oumnm:fMk IDOD<'Ijllk.haY>UI olyan T: X _}' bli"hlv li ........ iIIlt-ko'-
mindPll 0
=.
a ( 12.76A) .....
a (12.76h)f..ltoiot<lit.
( 12.!XJ)
I,.(t)
Egy
629
o,
h"'O:S:t:S:~,
I,
hai+~:s:;:s: ~'
(io).t ....
(! + ~.I).1't ",""z"kotO liman".
ha 2 s ! s
(r~)I I: =liIl1 Ur. l. [(~ ... )] ~ (",) = I(r.. ~y..)l 0. ,,'(~...) - nr. )
Belathati>. ~ ""...k" d"fiw",ok .. rtdu" ...k.Il1.1\Z f'-lQ"tk-lldt a fl'I'fl'Z<'ulAn. -orovt.l rrwgviLlasz"""'l.Ol.
12 .3.2. 1. Sorok nor malt t erekbcn

NormAlI l"'''''n vi7...gAlni k-hct Irlb..!, i>!<!U.kh61 k(0p7...tt
~12 .~!)
"',+.1'1--t-.
~<>mk,,1. E~!<Ort /;om"'!"9'Il._n<'k morul"nk. h.... l........kliw.z..KCk"'l'01.tlI.An"k IH'-l.ik h"tii,ri>rti-k,:
..,
Iim '\"'z~ =~,

L-
1-_",
~E X
(l1.93)
llyPllkor 1L7..' hatJt.ri-rtJ,kct" ,"" i""'~"!I"ll.k ""v, I.1.iik i.. ~.

F
L:;:"., I ..
lr ...."'Mot a1Wm"".:.<uk. A
r::.1 ~~ ItOrt ab..:o"'1 kO"."''Y''''''l<'k 1II<>lIIljuk, hit." L::".., III~II uUlU"rikuJI sor kOl1Vl'l'g",~", DANACH
2 +;;
l" r""' n minden "I",u>]ut kouvergen s ""r kmll"'I!\'U ,. 1\Z i;"",t~'gr<' f"lln41l
!)"'IJ (!
Tpf111hzt't''''''n U~) CA IICHYkn!l\,prg",,". <i,' .. IiIl1""z,' az int ....... alnormaban [0

1
.
'"
' 2 ' 2'
.
IUIll u,,'" I"h,t {olyl.o", ... H.. Ill'... t ., k(,t uurlll" ...k viv"I"n6 1"IUlC, "kkm I~ " mnximulll'lC>rlll"lNu, i"
(k,yzv,tk"iil U< l"'t""ik. hogy ez l,,m .. n f(,IlIl). .I" ..kkor I"nlll'
k
CAUC HYkollv<,rg<'1l6
"kkor llKVlUl"z l" " ll<''' lilTl....,.~ ......kviVllJ'llII int,graJllormAhan. holott Jau llk. hogy ....hill'n .. norrnaban
ni",,, ]lIn"",~",.
1"",,,,
A DOlIDihOI "l'Annam Inl'lriw..., rOvid.m .. notrniLno td,............ tclin' lIOI"mah!Pf'Pkf't BASACH-t..,...}

oK hivjllk. Ez a tulajclon...a,; a konWbWr ~11Tl"h<-n ""hilt ""t J.knti. bogy bA lIZ (r ~ j ..,roo:a.t ra lllinden
fra1rlO'Zik I'l(to). hogy n. m > .l{!) nIl"",,u U1"~ -1"... 1 < !. Ilkknr lk.-LiIr r. boIt.v~. - r.IlTXI I1".. - .rt O. Barmf'ly X nonnAlt tf'rct bl"'"to"..u...tlu,k "to' ~lkrhh X BASACH-thbe Ugy. ~ "'~lIk
aI22.2,;;. ~han io<"lPrtptf'tt tf'1;.-r 1&11. n",jct IU ..lvhrrU nlllvplMclr."t "" a nonniIl Ilo 12 2.3.-"""
pmliutt tcldk-l tcn1>bI:l.tol~mi>dou kilcrjnv.tjfJk X.rll; iY kapjlJk Q~Ml R"-t. illM.wa rarioua1i~VllIOo<
.... k~ Ircmtpl..xn-l1...a.m n- kbOl f"-t. '-.you: cr. b,-ndefiniAll poIinomokmaximumno.m.......' "
"!Atotl vrktortcrCbOl. C( Cl.b1}.t a maximllmnonnilv..J. A;uo..z ha r - (r~ ) a u-ljPo< lllMrilrtl.~ Ii'!' "IY
~, ami a kiinduWoi ti>r CAlCH\kon,wl'lI~ (s ,.) lOI)r07.lI.tAnAk f'kviVCIiPnc:ia<-t&lya, Ilkkor
oj,,,"
II-II :s
I::~IIl"'~II
12. 3.2 .2 . A fo ntosa bb Bana ch -t on-k
li"'.">:..
A;
K " ahol
IIIII.. =
(t.., 1~~I") ~
h.. I :s: p
< 00.
tdlAt .. kor"bbi (12.S3);
J:!.:J. Aonnliit
630
ldll2.1 a Iwr"hhi (12.M). a.mi lim
U:eM,....1
p - 2 ......rhf'n H"tll)vaI j<olOljiik .... ~7.oBOWF.v.t~rll,'k hlvjuk.
!>i 1',-j,!Ak 1\ J\ ' -ffi kor ..hbow I...ve7Rtf'n tobbi UOflluU: ... A1ta1AlwuJ
1\. blu-mdy nonruI.\'ll.I. m<'Killlt>N>k ....h t. mert veg..,. diIlJ..nziOtl.....ktort<'rell harmdy kft nonIUI...kviveIf'Tl,. r., ,'kvm,J.,"" nonn"",,"I..I,.......''l!: Att...okl&hk. AZflZ '"KY - aka:r vi>gt.. len diwt-l.U:w.. - llA ~ACH- t"r
-\;.1 egyeacu I-\ ~ v.,ktort,/or"lI ily medon k"lM.k<>7A noOllaJt l.cr.. kr.. gJ,aknw N: ~(n) (1
IWlIwly .,h,vak-"" D<>rlllAva.llOU!lwllllASACH-tk.

m
631
.oviJitMt irMmOdot a1Wm"ztllk. A I\'....(U) llormAlt tk nem "Ij ..... "...Ij.... hllrkht \f~"'{U)-vai ""IQ' a
~x
rgyoonlt5 ..dott jdotj,ik rgy.
B.
t"rr~
.oUtol1..l"1_ ."",101
C: c eo Co"", m t"r r><.>mUijioV>L1.
(12.94U06 IlOI'IDIi.It tel' 11.11 normA lLl. f4Y X~ C X kl'lpol lomiirllt-k UlollJunk. ha X+ tar\.alrn.a:i;
vaIOdi gOmool.lWIZ Illt(X.). tpM! .. hf'1 j.. n"m ii......
Az n , C([a.bj). C t.-rckl,.,n .. _,,,,,-, hlpok. "'hAl (-oo,OI. 0 -c], II. nt'llln<'gl'tiv. ilIf'tYf' II. nempo7.itiv folytorKlf' fiiw.... Y"k." Dt>lluwgativ.i1lf'l"" It nempollitlv lIZ&mokMl alit\.koo_rgPIlll-orozatok
tOmOn'k. ax P( a_ bj) bl iP (I :S p < :00) V'wlr.lwu. b-..a1O&u d<finiAltltk viltzoot rlf'm.
Az X. klil"'1 nonnlilLmak mondjuk. ba .. norma X..,u .. lr.upPAi Jdiniall n'oo..dt<.., !IZl'mimonoton.
"")'i!t ha J;.U'Zik olyltll .\f > 0 kon.~tlt"'" hos:v
0:5 r:511 =-ITI :s.w
lin
(12.97)
abMu az C>octbcn m miOOt'D

(OJ-int.-rvlillum notm3b&n korl.l\tos., ba az X . klip norrnAl", A oonnalitM PA M>Pll .. kvi....Jenria wnw
Dcm vaJw:zik..lr.vivaltom-lKlI'1Il&r" vaI6 Atl,,",",kor.
A ~i\' kornpoDC....ii Y<'kl.urok. ill... l~llltIf'lAtiv rugv"n)""lr. klipjlt llZ R~ , Ill. c. CO. C. IP ~
Hil X egy X . kJip....pt.<iog..""1 ~.f'tt BASACHtk, AkknT pont...-n
(12.94<1)
t<!rhf'n~ .
., kJipol mpltin.oDAk IDOlldjl1k. ba It wI.. do-finialt
korlAt<lfI
F :
wiutkn
rnt>DOtoIl
OOYl'k...-lO. fpjiilrt5l
(12.9o.>l)
allli a fenti " ~., ....

AltalAaoo<it.a-.
V(a.b)) (ISp<Xl) oUlollr
rrll,~b..n
XbPn. BANACH-I"'bPn minOt-n M.r1 ~lllAriA It"p tJOI'ttI'ilis.

Az
IP Cs P ,1 :S p < cc} krrlr.bt-n .. lr..ipolr. rpgullori:AAk c;'" ItZ m tt'mrn vj,ao,ont nrm (c -brn
pi'lda.,l!az 2:,. = (L I. .. 1 .0 O. .j ....ktorolr._OZAta ht'm CAICHYlr.OIl_~).
lIt:IrUUI.l CAICIfY<;<>rozaT:
n-.
G : C" Ca.hj) Mol
;vnm..k 112 E pei<b. 10 == Q.-boz t>u-.

toW 5pcci;Ui. _teo
r(I)1
12.3 .2.3. Sz oboljev-terek
lRgwn n c n' oIy,," korlA'..... tart"lui.ny. IWll'i llyn! {.,. iitlH:f...fiiIQ:o hahnaz. 1lffiI'1'"Tlf'k (.In tu.WIl ..I~
"'lWl (~2- ...... -r f"lrt<>\lCW<I\ll ,!<-fl\iLll....l1. Ha'l - 1. akkor II.Z n tartomany <l\Y (a_ 6) illwr...ellum.
ha ,-lig n = 2 ""'to' 3. ..ldcortipikll""llilyf'u "ltVnyflt kr.rvagy gOlUb.lUtalMlOU1''lO' nvflt kOILV<"X M1mllZ.
A7.t fTIO[ltljuk. l"'lQ'..,../:
n - n ru~v"'n:v llZ j"i zatt t"ttmwwYOIL ~.-..r folyk,T\OfINl ,tifft"felKll\.l.
IlIttO. hit I lIZ n (llyflt) UL11<">mllnyoll ~,.,..or folytollOkalL <iifff'ff'llriAlhAti>. "" min<i"l~'yik kW'dj<ohh A,.I
...mhl parcial... ,lM-i....hJ""Ak VIUI bAt;o.ri'rt<'k... ...urt,ogy ;,. tertunk n hf'u.o-jrbOl n t"' ...",;If'~PI< hlttilr.
pontjAhoz; .~t hiy.toI<ltjlt" h..w Millll.... ~". ""g}'" .....,b..uf"rgodf'rivA!t..k ''!0'''lIlcu", folytol~" {j'1L,
"1iII< "7.oVA.llUiud''l'O'ik. !.-!If..ljf'''!> "-ad r<'u,hl,,,,"ril\li~ <IffivAlt foirtonOAAll {>s korlal.otoan k'l.. rj,,,,,,t l",t<'5
n 1t7.1u'iLMr". Ebl"'ll" ",ktotthl"," b"'~-""ljiik ""
Ufn.,~nfn
{ / lfl' lI'dA+ L: /1lY'fr,, }l

IT
112.001
'$~ 'ISIT
"ormAt (Ami It f,,"b A . D . F ,.,. G "l~yfltjt .. kii?o.. AltalAIlO'<it"""j. a.bol p E [1.Xl) (.. A It LEM;SGUEmPrt"k n~ I" 1l [ld. (J.jjj. old.). A~ (!O' lv.l'0tt ""rl1lr.lt t"rd A \I'I'(I1)-Vl\1 jf'!iiljiik, Itt " multi",d"7.
" "111 fdtrtlt'lIiil kiHunh,rdlll"llll"'I!-I\UV "Kr-..~ .ziUllokhi>1 hll6 (QI.. .. Q~) rf'"d""..tt,
-ill,.]}' ..,
1,RYt'n Inl '" 01 + 02 + ... + I>~. Az I(r) "" 1{f.J,. .(~) - .. hoI x = ((,.. ,(~) E j"i fiiggv{'uuV,.[
kap"""lathAIl (12.!J5)h.""
.
n,,,,...
(i'll
tr I
8{~' ... iJC:"
(12.<)ti)
2. Normalt Vf'ktorhilOk los Ban"ch-h liJ6k

lq;y.-ll X "",kttJrhilO. IllU<"ly egyidPjUJ<os normAIt th ilo. Xp, nmm<iIt 1ui16llJl.k ''''C raormGJt ....! tor.
Iui16nak llPW'Uuk{Id. p2.1l'!]. 112.221. IJ2.2"i. 112:161l. hit .. nomwlI tdjriilllZ
{12.99)
III :S 1.1 ,....t.en III:s hi v r, II E X (.. nnnna mnnnUlniw.a)
f..h"u-I. A (llOnIL&rll nez~) tdp nonnAlt bAlOlut.t BA"lACH-htiW:DAk hivjlllr..
., C{[a.
bJ).
P. IP. B( [a. bll kn-k BASACIl-hAIOlr..
12.3 .4. Xormalr algcbrek

.fit h: rolOui X vl'kt<>rku'l nlg.-/millM ll..vpzziik, hll.
ItZ X ",ktnrti'"''' ",rtdmt7.<'u 6<.. (V I ) (V7 ) axi

OllW<at (Id. 12.1.1.) kid<',l;it6 111l1""ld...!u/l kiv;i! t.<'>0n"ll.... kt't r.1I E X ..l..mre i>rtt'lm,~v" \'Afl ("....,k
X'II E X. "",11). f'jQ"",,,,nihh irMlllodJILl I!J _)rat" Ugy. h,'IO' t.<t1IZ6lf'gf'>1 r, II. z EX .... .-. E t\ """t<-"
ff'unhIlTlAk"km:t'tkP7.6 tul.. j-rlOIlAAgok:
(12.100)
( A I) x(yz)=(.ry)z. tdH'tt,,~wnAH-...i.. ttv;
(12.101)
(A 2) x(!J+Z) =XII~.:et;
(A 3) (x+Y)Z =XZ+Yl.
what - (12.10 1)-v.-.l .-.gy;iu a ""Url"" M iiloo<'ll,.<l..... lll rniudket ,,1,laln',1 tii~z lrihlltiv:
(A 4) o(;[y) = (<>x))I = x(O)l)
{12.HYl)
(12.103)
tRY az """"" ",I",, (.. a H'l.ol-d", Cllviitt gyl1r{[t <ldini"'.

Az al~ ..bra h",,,,,,,tali,. h" mimlcn t'lem lml'l'' ' f" JIIl"'1 I!J "" !J;[. A? X a1g"hrAt t". \-:. al~cbr<lba k,k"I'w.6
T: X __ Y linear-is o j>critto l l (Id. 12.21) "lgrbmh",n"",nrjiZltl"~llak nr""7.ziik , ha HzorZl\tt,.,-t6. auz
l.t,tHzul,gCl> X,. I~ E X elemparra f.."nAli
(12.H14)
T (r l . I2) "" T I " TJ:2.
632
T izomorli:tllLU>I, h.>i Ill~ kii!noi;n';""1l rg,.vPrt.. lmil j" X "" \" izomurf. lui \IiW k6zt iik i7.0rn<>m~,m,,~.
Az X IIlgtobr"t 00,.... 411 ,JgrMYina.k. ill. (l."'N",c H-41~/wrinftk ne~ .,.aiik, ha X lIomullt "",hurth, ill.
BA:<iACHt.k."'" lIorma .. kbwtk~ tov4hhi 11l1..j<lollAAggll.l Il'."lelk,"ik:
tet&Ol.-g.... .... y.: E \' ~Ielllf'kre i... t<.r.-'i1"ll" ' '' E t.: 'l;l./t.mr" tdj..,uh",k" kOvdlu..... r..Ih-td.. k. " ~kII.
!8nrT.onat axioma.i,
( 12.10I!)
(H I) (.r.x) V!IJ6,;o. (x. 1') ~ O.
Ir V~ S .1"1 DYR.
(12.10..
:"omu..lt A1PhrAtwon millclegylk Illilvtk'l, 1.1.,.1. a (12.1'J) iiM:>Rf'-igg~kE'n kiviila..wrw. mint X x X _
X rn,lVf'lf't j,. folywuOM_ ~ (.r~.y~) (T.,). u-hAt r. r "" y" JI ,...wn r.y" _
r" iI'I
(H 3) (r -y.:) = (..-.:)
teI';"";il (1d.1I1.231l.
~linOrn TK>rTnAIt ,.)ll"hrll.t t .. li<'-" lktdld U/o.s"c H-alll;f'bravlilfollf"tbOvitnli ~. hUllY tnI-It .. MOnAl.ot '"
ht....y ,.rtj,ik .. normA-J k';l"ult nlf'1.rikll" tM- t"'';'-'' Mvit......re- .. 122.3. D.u1kort..k .......nlll., A _ktorth
IIllhdct..k kiwri-zt"",,,r<'iI mAr volt IIZ6korlabb&n: ry "" [Cr.) (y,,) := (r""",). Mol (z.Y.) CAl'CHYIr.tmVl'!l"~t 112.1O;j) halOBit,.. "'".. udinicii> n~nt fiim'tlen [(:c,,1I i2; !(y,,) ..."...".....taciOjAnaIc
m"K".u-:.t.aAAI61.
.-\2 X BANACH-A1g..h:r.. ~"' luno. ba ......~D3Ir. van ~k=<- ......... I nonnit.j'" H..
lUI X B"~"CH~t,r"tJOl.D" Ki!OniwIMk VlUI ~rno". akkor van lUI crndfoti llOmIII-J ..kvi~r~~
IlOI'lIlA.IlIDf'Il~1 X ~.Io'l'- BASACH41g.-hra It..~ ~ ... ~mJlM'I).\I inelm lIl"tlt ~.. J.'Wf'>I X BASACHa!g..t>r" ilIOmM.riku-~ it< iwmorl mOdon bcig}.wu..tO "&" ~ ..If!ID"'l
BA:"ACH~bral""wDf'k~lWmazaX "
1-.:. azo-...-adaio es.sblArraJ......w koonIinAUnkml
w-pDd6d.(z.oX"Q) '"'(,.'+ ....' ... 01' ... 0.3).
r.o)U: =I..- +10 k"lO""'gP"'rrlf'"tO. I).
A : C( o.!lj). (12.941") nonnltVllJ ho 1I. fnlylot><.. Riggvfnyt'kOOI ~tt (pontollki>tttl)~
BASACH-~.U If I _ ( [ /2) 1,7 n<>ITIlAVIlJ b; lIZ /g =
( [ lfgl) 1'2
.... k~tlI.1llOl"tn1tlt
~b-r .. JlM'h"DPk t..tj- b6'\'jt""" Il:& L 2( Q. bj) UA.:"AC ff- ..ot HILBERT-tee.
B : Az ,,'-oIut konW'J'lclilI FOCRlERMOrbol f<'JtbPtO. kompleJr ~lrll ... [0.2".; i.l&....n-..JlUmoli folytoDoa. 1'(0) = r(2.)t kj,I"sitO r(l) ffiltX,..f u..... k. tdw. az
1'(1) =
Cr
--
r....'...
(r. E C).
(12. 106)
fplirhaWk W(IU.2".l_ktnrt.",u " r 1 = E :'.._,. 1<-...1norTIlI\.VIlJ ...." pontonko'rlll~.

Az. X Dor1TlA.lt tn.-n korlAt.o!l.li~ OJ>t',--Ittorok L(X ) C Hom(X. X } t.crr.. "'" opo:'JlltornonIliVllJ
aW;han
""'" 7,()1c\....... ,.Jg.obrlli mu_I.>lI'kIrd (ld. 12.5 .1 .2. ). abo! kk operator T . S """'IT",t"" II>; "llYIIl"" llt Alii
..JWV"""- .....gyi>o" TS( r ) T(S(.r)) .... E X h'pktt<-l ,lo:'finiN t ope1'atoIt ;'rtj ,ik. L( X) nonnalt Ikr . bII
X no rmalt th. ~ BASACIl-I" r , Ita X U< ILZ. SOt kkn. "KYtoCg<kIll."; BAs AcH,u!':.. h..... fIl(IYll.k ."lO'J'li!,:f'l.. lTlP" Tr ;;; I' id<'ntlk,... liw-arU< op.-r,;.wr. 'lK'!Y.I<k o f>CrawruoI'ln aj a 1.
D : A W\J6o, tPIQ:" IY"' n IUt'r1...W .....lJo;w l' lt in l"Walhati> -u.. ~. kompl.-x Prt-"kll fiiAA""n..... k H
VIl.g,Y C f..l..tti L l( -Xl. 00)
(Id. 12.9. ) ""
Hrl
L:
"It
1r (t)1 dl.
norm.4va1 . hI< k'" fiiggw uy 8'''OI-:.I.4t &l\ (:T V)(t) =
L:
:T(I -
(12.\1)7)
~)v(~) fl.. kOllvohuiOv..J ll..tiniA.ljllk.
12.4. Hilbcrt-tcrek
12.4.1. A Hilbert-tor fognlma
12.4 .1. 1. Skalaeszorznt
A J.,: C 1..'. I-.: kon ju!,:1t.1AArl< ~.4.t II",t f.!.tti V v.kt o rt,rd ( !~~hl",zor " t.: = C ......t .t t<-kiut jiik ) . A~.
I,i.~ z".:"tta./ elM!" ll t':n ll'k, ..... J.,6.z"rz" tlfrllOk. r"U;,jr~;:i Ur ne k V""I':Y p,."hil.....rl-tfrmk 1"V<"I.~il k.lr"
llliutl"" :T. y E V ,I,m""l'I"", h"1.1.4 va n r<>n,t..lvp f'gy (I'. v) E K !<I..im. ..."" y .k"laru o.: " lo '1I\Y, hollY
( 12.109)
{H 2) (a r.y) =a(r.,).
+ (II,:).
(12.IlO)
(12.111)
(H oJl (1".') = (y.r)
(=' 1I.:.!~'..wn komp"''I; lmnjugAltja..)

Ita J.,: = R . ttoMt ",""""vpktortfrrU1 vauWoU.aklwr ( " 4) ~rl\f'n.. ~~nat kommutativit<Wt.t
kOvrtdi~..0\1:
axi6mAlrb6l ""nnnN ad6dnak a ki)....t!u-W tulajdowo.4gnlr:

o(r.y) (." (r.,~:) = (1'.,) _ (1",1)
(12. 112)
""hat" mAAo<lik v;i.1t<D6OOl - ...nnbeu &ll .. ho5v e1 "ll7,t)n/l konjugiltja <"IIlt'IbctO ki. Tl"h.it a sb--
(z.o,)
lM<ow!Vlt min<lket v;i.1tozi>j&blw adtlitlv", ,,1M v41to3hj.4haul ~ IinriLrW. mMoodik vaItozOj;ihan
bomoc<'n hllf'ltrilo.
Ha J.,: hfon lldott rgy hl\zio< """ "",ktorolrat ..4rIl bazio flZPfiuti lrontdinitlAikW rcpr"J:CntAljuk. akkor
J.,: = R .",..u.n
r,JI,. t.:
H .-t<'-n L~.I z,i,~ H" X - RI"'."). ttoIW.az bJn (pCI
konj~ilt1lIl~. X = R artrn .wlJtton
2:::'1
d&uI)
t?
RIEMA:":"iutegnijb>t.IOf(aggWn~...k wkt.. rtc~. VlIlQ"awIoIt.k banrN-lyalr.-w.akk.. [
ilI.lmmpn:t'rt<'lru.
12..1.1.2.
f( )q(.rldr.
~~...k .....'\ion { f(z)g(r)dr~.at.
Un ire r terek es nehany rula jdonsaguk
P rrhilbnt- tert..-ll a ~ az
J(....
Ir~ =
z)
( 12.113)
df'finiciO-.1 f"lllOI'lIllit gMtf"Tii. A II =- (11.1 .1) llocmA.lt to"rO't u",/f'rllf'k mondjllk. ba. hf.nn<. ~kaW-.
!!2.Or7.llto1: lehet i.>f'VPzM.ni. am<'1)" a norma.v,u a (12.11 J) bpnooW. han All. Uniter terbeu .. swaz.,.,..onat
Ik ..." """ ...... ( 12.113) a-... fiigp;"" .u..l'j.4n fellilall.t...k" kOwtkf-ro. fig)...k-llU'f' m..1t6 tll1a.jtlon~agok:
1. H a romsrog-<i"g).. nlotl.. n .... g:
Mr + II :s; I... I ... IYI.
(12.114)
2. Caucby - Scbwarz- vagy Cauc hy - Sch warz B u ny .. knv uk ij-<!'gy..n lOtl.. nseg (1.1. (1.107)--<'1
mint ..willi vaJ.tov.tat):
l(r.,)I:s; ~J(,.y).
(12 .m)
3. Paral.. logramma-egy.. nl6Wg: T..lj.-fflil l'n"'hill>N1..t<'n"'khf'll. MOt ILZ uniter "-'n'k", j.pll..m zi " 11m
malt terrI. OfIZtAlyaban.
( 12.1 16)
U... + yn 2 + Mr - yl12 = 2 (IIra~ + bft~)
4. A sk.a lArs w rzat folytonOR.~ftga:
r~_:l .Y~ ~ Y
,,,,,I.hl
(12. 117)
(.....".) ~( r, Y)
12.4.1.3. Hilhert-ter
A t .. lj.... nniter tf.'lcket II ILBERT k ,..,k l", k ll<'v,u ilk . A Ii 11.1IF.rrrtt- r"k ........ k ,,~rrillt eKY b.u BAN.",CII
t.rek is. t...Mt r<>1l.ldk.vl.n"k awk 1111.. jd" u""""iv..J (ld. " 12.3. 1.. 12.3. 1.2., 12.:1.2. ,,~a ka.s:t,okat). Ehh.z
jrinn..k m"ll a:z uniter t ..r..k t lll"jclon"';'g" i (1 2.4.1.2. "1."kllII~). II ILIIEIIT.t'" alter!'[l dirt lillcflri. alter.. t
I>rtiink: ba .... ~ x, (x.) C alth, "kko. z. i.. Iv. ,.)t.{ll" ,u v.. u.
A : 11 (n }. 11 ... Il.Z L 2 ( [a. II]) " 12.4.1. 1. hen ,l"li lli"l t ki'I,I.,t ""~'ri[lti ..kI<l"rKlorzatokkal.
(x.y) = 't. &1fi.

~l
(:c.y)= f>.Jr. ...

.~ l
(x.y) ... [
...{t}'W)dt.
( 12.111l)
634
Tizo
B : A 1I"(ll) ....r
Az X
B A'i ,
(f.g ) :
Allha t .
I\;e
~lind
J (x )g(r )dr+
n
:"'om
X mf
tel';""
J2.4.
re. F"nj;rW'lljl",,,Ji.,.,
6J2
1:$1u,:;1
Jn:
IrJ (r){}ag(r )dx.
Is:
*.
(l2.ll!l)
ami ilh'<.l>tralja a:H iI<. hogy skalArs1..-.17,Atok o...z..gr j,. ~1uJ"""".oI'7...t .

L.,ot-n ",it ) ~ la. ~) in~hunoll I1.n-hct6".. pozitiv fiiggwl1Y_ A koml'Wx L1(!4.b] ",,1
""".
w,.",
.Au. X
""X
den "
_I
A:
BA~ ,
.....b
B:
"""'.
a c:
"' .. ~
dveg;
X 00'
K"J..n
. D:
""'"
llurm,
12 .l
12.4
12.4
Ah
Mr.'Z(
mind,
(s. ,) '" [Z(t )y(t .....i t) dt.
(12.120)
... H HILBERTtk (p ~ fn.umai I'rehilbrn terlwn, ill lmitiT ti-rkn ;,. i'rtdmnork) ki>! :1', II ..110wi-t ~ mtT6l'...... llf'k..-..g.v ort~ ... n&k mon<ljllk (p.< nt r .1 ,..na.lj<>lOIjiii). ha (r,,) "" O.
T('~ A C II ~ _thl ftZ A minden _kton\ra ~ i...... ktorok
"',eA.
r..",
A1= {rE H j(z.,)=o

(12.121)
b1ffi1ll.,l1, lIuk (zml altl'f'l'.IUI'll"IyP\ A ort<>gon4lu h>m~t"m4nak """""iinlt. Az A .l B ~
&:1 r..';'-Li &I, boQ (r"l .. 0 'r/ rE A
E B. Ha A .--II >Q s ......001 ill. akkol- DmI (s}-ot [runk .
h..DffiI lIZ Z 1. B iJMm6doI. llIJW.mAZ:lllk.
12 .4.2 .1. Az o r toKo nalit As tlllajdonsagai

A nuUW'kuw 1-1 mindr-n vcl>t<mlra ~ Fenn!JI:
a) lias 1., hi Z 1. l . Ukur Z 1. (a ll' + J: ) .
b) HAZ 1. ... "' ~ - ,1.akkurx.1 , .
e) A wlltiekbo5l a<iOdOaa pontoKlUl akkor If'SZ z 1. A. ba x .1 Irn {A J. ahoIliu(A ) lIZ A hAlmu &Art
li.l~ hurb. toohAt. Joopzt1k..bb ~nvwJ zArt 1i1lPAril< a1th, ami ... ri 1DCI.I<zrlc.
d ) Ha Z 1. A. abol A uirl ......d..Uf". -..z lin(A ) mindf-niitt ""in; I-I-ban, akkor Z = O.
e) PrTAGORASZ t k .. ko: Haaz S l . ' . z. ""k-mt-k pAronk ..ntortogonAli.....k.lUa2:S" .1 x, ha k " I . ekkcr
1',1'
(12 122)
'-'
f) P ro';"kc i<'ltolot .. l: HA I to .. 1-1 ti-r a/wrt'. akkor mind..n z E I-I .....kto<- <'IO'''<1..1u,,1,u d.Wlit!uo.t.6 az
s =z'+s ,
z'E Ito .
r"
1. 1-1.. . ""...... s EIIQ
"""'' ' '
g) Approximlrod6& ff'lad a t : TovAhhA fennaJ.1
n?
cCOl<t. r=/lint . r=cooo2t , ....,.".em21 . .

y'"
ylf
y "
"or
;.e....
(12.125)
( 12.123)
= p(z. IIo ) = inf O*:II. (Ur - yQ}, ('gyOOgy r' ~
I r - yll - illf s e II..

{12. 124)
fpl...-1at <'!O"'ll..n UL<'Il,dw I Io-!>au. IlZl\Z X-..t It o-ool 1,h,'t!of-g,... I"gjohhan mrgko-,..II!.fni. m"" .....iwRJ
approximlllni ..... " l<'ltiohl",",1 kiY/.<'!(t6. W'.I<Z lpgjohhan "'pproxilllalo wktor pgyi'rto>lmil. Mi whb. eseu
"wttdml1I"!ti<.hh 1Il'-'Ilkir...<'!ltll<'t&:-g I<d'llll1011tjaool 1-1 0 hdy,1.lcl<itlut6 1-1 barm ..ly knuv,x.;&Art, nom
iil""l'ml.halllll<:'.Av.u [minden a/t{'r ily<u).
A,. r' ,..lpmd al': r elem IL I ra valli proje.lci,ijanak n"Vf'Zziik. mert ;r'""k van lV. z t61 ( Il o ill: ) m,!'t
l<ogki""hh tflVolf<Al;:... A (12. 123)-lUal kif,j.....dt tulejdonsagot llgy i~ moudjuk. !InKY a 1-1 tfor H..-lal or>Il:"niilitlll MlxJllt!l ..t6. fOl"llliiJiAAlI kif-jezve: H = H o Ell 1-1; .
12.4.2.2. Ortogonalls rcndszcrek

Il -h..li vpktorok {z~ I{ E II haIllllUiit orlOlJ",,,ili,, felld"'""rnck nevczziik, haa llllllwktOf llpm tl\rt,y~ik
a hl\lmazho1. "" f...nnAll xc .1 r'I' lu, { I- 'I. Az orto~oIlaIiIl fcm["zert orlononwiltnak mo"djllk. M mi'l:
UTc!l = I ill t<>!j,,,,iillllin<kll {-n. T,rm'''''''tt .....lI .. d..finlci6 <'rt..lm .... mind.." pnhilb.. rtt<'rr< ill.
5,..parAhiJiI< il ILBERT-t " rlH'1I b....",,ly ortogollalil< r.. ndszer I..gf..ljphh m pl';..z.iimIAlhat.O..lI!1Ok ('j"1ll1>6[
(l2. 126)
(n = O. 1. 2.. __ )
v2.
....n<Urr-"f ... komplex L' ([-", ,:.-]) tki>f.n ortonortn&lll't'lllht.vr. ~li.nrlk..tt<'lt ~tnhu n.-nd",,,,u,,,k
hlvjllk (" ..ka1iLrswr7.a1 a ""'-OI"l.I\t i.ntoogrAlj... aho!Y" tOOl ""IdAMn ill) .
12.4 .2. Drtogonalita s
l'i 1....,..
n'lldtozPr a ,n1OOI L~ (!-7r .;'1" ]) tkrkn .... ~
.......ly .... ~ u,iorbrt6. ~ la. IlJ wlt't"VllllmOOI16'; . ulvro no'z..... n~n inU1VAlru.co fiiQvl'nY"'k b6.lall. HILBERT-tJorrP Yiilik. '" I,.._tjilk .. kiWo>rkoozO ~~:
l~i t"'I "11' t
I
rx-z-
635
t';t .
.kiln)
m,1w
A : .I\z
y2'1:
~~ru.ltal.
c:
wrt II tovAhhiakbl'ln mimlill: J =
HiJ~ rlte",k
..
B: A
P.(l ) = dt.. [(r - W l
(n = 0.1. .. )
{l2. I27 )
"-"'Majil LEGESDRE-polinomolr. (Id . ,j21. <>1<1.) AZ L 3({_1. I]) tkTkn ortogonAlu. wn<k.m alkotnak. A
~...-tononnAltfl"~
,...
\'n + ~ (2ul!! P~ (I ) .
P. {t ) =
( 12.128)
c : A~ H ERMrTE-wJ.. diff,,",,~lI"t ((9 .62b) nWorIik driinriOjal<l.t"rinti )

H. {I) = e":;"e-'> (n = I. ..)
(12.129)
x:
HERNITE-fiiggv(,nY"k (Id . 522. <>:>4. old. ) oftolollAl;,.l'f'lI<ilt:rwn a1kotnak.u L 1(( -ccc.

Ikben.
0 : Az L'l{O.
tiThrn ... LAG{iERRE-fiiMv~nY"k o~ l'f'fldIw11 alkotnak (kl . 522. old. ).
Mi.ndPn L 2 ((<I.&)) thbrn .at mindm ~ urlwn tnindf'n~;,.~ lincan..a.n~
go-tk-n. IDf'rt a nullwktcet ..1<>.... kizlu'tuk .... E:'.l .l.,z, = o-l z J'w-I ~ .1., 1..- = 0, llZAZ
AJ = OAdOdik_ ~Irgforrlit ..... ha Z I ,Z' . . . . Z. , .. . 1iI~ ~Dek-llW'kb61 AllOviogt"lI vag)' ,~k-n
Il."ud-.- egy ",k~ tiorb<>n. alr:kor A GRAN -SCHMIDT-f"le ~ <,l)tirn-u IDPgadhat&
x:
el ..,. . . . e. . .
wktorok. AIJlf'lyo'k ortononnAIt hi muatt fiipnlen rendJ,zert a1kotnak ..... ar!l"Iy<>k
qy 1 abo<:t.ohit ..rtekl1 ..:wrroVuV1'Z6t61 ..It,,kint.....<UIWlmol<'n ~ vllllIlollk hataruzva.1l.ZZlII a r..itO>t<"1ld . bogy minden a-re lin({s ;,s,.
,s..}) = 11ll({e l . <'3" ., .... ). ""10' ..kviva1etw-ll. minden n-rt'
z. E li~({ el. t'J., . .. e.} ) e. <'. E huH"-I . x2..... z.}) .
12.4.3. Fourier-sorok a Hilbcrt-terben

12.4 .3.1 . Legjobb megkfizclltes
~'ll
h i n '"
1.2, . .. }
rOgt.itdtortoliormlllt I'<'ndS1...r H lmn. Tet."/~;l"ll:,... z E Il nu .c" "" (z . e. ) !<1hllokllt

1'<'11<6""'rn' vollll.tkow FOURlER'<'9Yl,ttMMmnk lI!Vffl'.1.11k. A
...
{12.130 )
ill':
:rd..HI(12. 130)
(12 .131)
(f<lfmfl.li.~) sort "",;r d"m (12. 130 ) ""lld"~fl'f' vOUl'tkw'o FOUl\lEII-.orfinak hivjuk (ld. 427. old.). At ;r
<'INll FOURI ERlIOrilll..k n ..dik r.:".zl,t~g.. " 1~IJ)(lhh ".r9kjju/it~. tlllnjdoru;fl.g"'val renddk"Lik, 1<:1:""1
minden nr.. H ~ = Lin({er. .. e~}) 0....,..... vektorw ki;'Liil .. FOURI ER-'.'" n-,..Jik r....'l!'t<'-z"l/,"n. vagyi/\
"
..
(l'~ = L ( r, c~ )c ~
{12.132)
636
..lnn<'11 Vft'7.i fel flZ ~ r
yl (y E Il ~ ) , lI:t.11.:l II.Z Ir - L:~I Ote. U kif"F~,e" II legki>oPhh " rt" k<'t , t"hAt
n. '" (.c, Fir) v ll.llllUu.-.!. AlO r -
L lc.i s lr U2,
-,
l1~
_ ktor ortOj(ow\.IlII l . re, Cs hvi'nYf'l!"
IL2:
BlSSu.--pgy1'1l16tl<-~;
c,,_( r.e..) (,,= 1.2...j
(12.13.1)
12.4.3.2. P a rseval-f'gyf'nJ6si-g . R lesa-Ftscher-te re l

1"'-5~.r E H .. tern fOliRIER........ nundig kon~.pl. IllCgpcdiI': II.Z r .. If.m He = ' ... ({ e.. } :"l )
altern, ..,.u, pro;..kd6jah.... H.. "&y r E II d ...ur dOoi.I.1ithatO az.r = L:~l (}..<'!." kon......v ll8 ~kll
,.,,-unt. altJw-r AZ o .. 1I:1.AmoIi: r F'Ot"RlER-egyfiuh.&tili. &ZIl.Z Q .. = (.c, .....). H.. {"'O J;:'.I tf>t.~wlo-r ~1I'
..,.<n.at. amf'1y ~_ 1 1f1 ..12 <: cc , illor Hoban ~tn.i.Ir. ponw-n '10' z ..lem, IlllM'IYIl"'k FOURIER
...,;yiitthAtOi fppoon AZ ..... 1I:ZoVnok: r _ E ;:l Q . l' . Ekvi~, [2
i>s Ilkkor II ~lf. iroUlrlrik~
Pomorf Ll '
~ljlotl metrik.. tIT:. r,p; .. RIESZ-F'ISCHER-tpu,j. Ezell I-~ e ........ "Y""' ..
L I{I .e,,)f = L 1a.. 1 = IrM

2
-,
(12.134)
-,
rdGn6 W&Y
PARSE\'AL~ . amt'ly .. BESSEI.--qrJ.YIIIOtIrruoPg &'II ..u..JrjA, "'I,YUu..l ..

S~.. HILBERT-to're:ua PARSE\'A~n~h.. RIESZ
PlTAGORASz..tMAltll1AnoIoit.6M FISCHERtkd "kvi~,
A H -bdi ( e, ) orton<JrtnAIt ~ tdJf'.. ork IDODdjuk. ha"lllll.l~ktoronkivUI ninooolyan r "",ktor .

am<'lv mindo-n..... IT ~ial.;" I'O'D<'houn If'OmM:rW YaKY ScHAl"DER ""-nair; ....,......,ik . bit. miwn
r E H ....ktor~m''I<on ,.lMllitblt.w u r _ 2::. 101...... alakban. tdaat ~ II.. = (.<: .... l"" ;t
FOURlER1IOf1l koowrgO'M. ~t r ~ ;,. fOt'RlER-.....an..k az ~l. H...... .-k bUnnY""
x..,k.... trijn<iil. akkot -*No lV;t .. mnntIani . hos.v ~ il,..n r FOl'IUER......-ba kjlbt16. A kowtk-'l
aJ.l.i1iuook ..kvivaJet-k,
a) Ie-} ziu1; rmdaooT H ban .
b) Ie- } telp. H ban.
e)
x.,
{~} SCHAUD~:RbAziIo
d) V
H ban .
" -u.n " ~Wt'I c, ... Ii,. (n
(r.'l = L .....
-,
1. 2....) FOl"RlER-<."KYunhatUkra ff'llnAll:
12 .5. Folytonos linear-is operatorok es funkcionalok

12 .5 . 1. LineAri s npee atoro k ko rlAt ossAga, norm Aja Cs
folytonossaga
12 .5.1 .1 . Linear-is o perarorok ko rlAtossAKa es normaja
(A <Iilll(X) k dim(\) v~" ~ti'll viw,... m....trill>Wl.ll't'l're'IA'lltaIha.til O(l"'rAtarnk ..... teben Id. ~
-t,I.b .. ban mAt rixnorlllu ent ).
~ X = ( X. . I) "'" \ ' = (Y .11)kft lIonnltlt th . A1. X ti'o'n ktMllU"U'lt nonIl8 l- lx j<-1eb61", tk
w'-'&i"lnlClct a tov&bbi...kban~lha,;yJuk. m.-rt a mim,",kori ~...ffigg"'ho5l UgyiskideruJ.. boRY a
normAt mclyii tirl>crI tckintjiik. A T X _ 'f lIprrAtott .torl<ito..na.k moodjuk, ha V&lI oIyan A > 0
m l6ll "7.Arn. anwJyr.o
IT(%)I :s A ~r l (" rE X).
( 12.136 )
&; .. Jrvj-Jpllll~. bogy folytlDlll. '" anal. bogy LIPSCHrrz..foIyt.o1:lai.
fy A koc t.'Wll6I\l korI&too opetal.or 1lliJ>d,ro1l vrktort 1rd"f'lJ<'hh A~ ,.nyiijt Illl'g~. lOYabbamindoon
X-hf'li korlAtllfI,",man \ '. beli korlMo8 hahlUill ba vila ~, "J"'ci4IiMD lIZ X beli ~b k...... \'-ban
IroriIt.tlltO.0\1. utilbbi tula~ a Iin..AriIo ",,"iitot knrli~t ,ielM-1lll"Uli .. ~hc.1.. y JinMri,.
op<"r&tor pontONW ukor folyto""" ( 12.2.3. !<J'....luw). bit. lrotl&tooo.
A lo-gIru.-hb A kollMaw<~. amtU,..1( 12.136) rI>oiI m+n"",,, T ~(W fWfmd")Cioak...........mik .......
mMnn ;dOIjiik. azaz ha T korlIt.\oo;. akkot
n11
11 := inf{A > 0 II TII :s>'II I, IE
= evp l.T".
...,..
12 .4 .4. B azis letczesc.Jzomo rf Hilbe rt- t erek

Mind..n ""R('Mlt.hili.. HILflt:llTtprn..k VIUl SClIAVDERbazisa. Eh ool kOv<'tkpzik. hogy mind..n orWnn r
malt ['inru.7,('rt bM.i...ft. ldwt ki.-gi....,,\t..ni.
A HI"" '" " 1 11 ILllt;/lT\.<'t..t .. gynul.......J izollwrfn./lk mondjuk. haletexik ol)'an T: II , --. I h Iill,Arv.
hijckUv lckflwli..., M",lyTf' (Tz . TY)II. = [ r , y)u,. '''IgyUo " ..kaliLrnwl7"atot m,Ktartja. IIIaz .. kO....tk,,w:
llarmdy kH v(gtd<'l ' din"IL1.ic',jil, "7,('1'3I"1II>ili" tIU,flf-RTt"r iwmorf. whAt "I','<CiAli.I<Iu, mind"IL ily<'l1 ti'r
i7,oJnOrf "" 12 tfrr..1.
su p ITII
1"1<1
sup ITsl
"'_1
( 12.131 )
kii....-tkPzO ~
("l" r E xi .
( J2.13"l)
T pont.ollan ukor kontrAkciO. be. DOnll.&ja < I.
A (12.94<1.) llOf'mllvaJ. ellii.tott C( a ,b! ) Uor""'ll q {It :s. 1 :s II} ~...u-n fnlytooos.lwmplex l-rtkkU
1\( t ) f'Uuv"ny ....-gi~Jd..finiAlt
(Tr)(.) = y(. ) = [1\(. t )r(l )dt
(. E [a, bj)
.. .
( 12.139)
liI ...Aris<>p<"riltor kor1A.toll. lUll..ly "C{!a. II]) wrrt "C( !a, II]) tt-rboo kl'l><'l.i I". A1. op<'rit.tor DOnna.j..
UTI = ~llIlLX[IK(..')!d'
D : A ( 12.1211) normlt.lt LEGENDRE-poliuomok ?(l) (n = O. I, . .) rend...,.."... teljo... ,", <VRrt I"""v.t
allrot az L2([_1. I]) Uorlx'll.
IT:r1 ""
E X. =
ITsl :s ITIlsl
A: A ( 1 2 . 1 2.~) trip<>mM.rikll" TPrl<J.......... hUi",,~ U( -~. 1I"j) 1.&b.-n.
"up
~'!il
:sAI:rI. I
~ k . valamint"
(I Hw)
e ) ~Iindeu r E II "'okt.orT.lorWlly.... " (12.134 ) PARSEVAL-egyt"nl6!leg.
X. '" minp > 0 IITrl
(12. 140)
12.5 .1.2 . A fol y t ono s linear-is operatorok tore

S, T, X --. Y Iilld,,;,, op<'rli.tor S ...T ~n- l,.. QT tiibhooziiro...- plIuwllki'lll VIW frtclmC".lYe:
KPt
U(x) "'S(I)+T(r).
(oT )(r )= a T(z) , ve e x ve e x .
( 12. 14 1)
A7. i>AAzto><. X-,of. Y-ba l..kppW T folytoullIIlin..i\ru. Ol",,"lt.torok L(X. Y) - Y = X ffictPn L( X} VIIgy,
<'gy mAAik gyllkori jdol"'-!. B{ X. Y) !Jain"""" llO" wktortprn' vA/ii, arudyen a (12.131) UTlillorlllll..
E7.Altai L(X . Y} h61norm"'t t"r ...i t lL<l Y DA"AC H t~r, II.k kor BAN,4,CH-t.fr 1..,,1.. Sp<'<'ialiAAn teljesulnek
t<>hata( V 1 ) (V 7 )"'" ( Nl) ( N 3 ) axi6111ak .
lIa Y = X . akkor kCt t "ls:l1ilpg,," S, T E L( X) = B( X} pl!'tll ~wrU\tJt.l az
{ST){x) = S(Tr) ("l" rE X)
(12.142)
k''l'leu .. 1opfiuiAljll k, arlldy kielfgfti a 12.3.4. WI.IIIu",zhIlJL fdlll'rolt (A l)-( A 4) nxiomAAat. velamiut II
norma Ienti. pI. (12.1 36) ,1"fink i6jiiVIII .. TlOrmRv",J va16 k"llllmtihilitA/I ( 12. 105) fd tl1.c1ft, "'" igy L( X)
(AltIlIAl.lllJI nt'lll kommuteuv) no rrru\.lt IIlg"hrllvA ...., h.. X n,4,,,,4,Ctttpr. B AN,4,CH-algebravii;'" valik .
TlYPllkur minden T E L( X) oV'm\torllak frtdulP'l"" Vllllllllk Il
1" = I,
1'" = 1"'-'T
(n = 1. 2.. .. )
( J2.14J)
1: .5. FoiylonoJl h.. r li"" opt'rlito roi: ~. . pmkrw",Jo;;
638
hatviulyai, Mol l"" iomtik'IIIOJ>"'riltor. minden r- ~ JI '" z (t..rmimPt......n es .. d..finkiO. epl'''lllYmini

;-,-"'Nt........ 1l1'Q.orzNJ>. AkorlAt<JA.'lAg 1l1-1kiil ill. I"hat all ~ X - X lineeris op<'rAtor kOil>bell i><
ert ..lm....). FpnnAlI
11"'1 S IT.- (Il "" 0, I , .. ,),
(12. 144 )
t.ovabba mindig li'tezik ~
"'Ii
r (T) '"
~~ \/61"'1 " inf { vtlT"l} ,
( 12.14[;)
(vi-gNo) hatArktf-k,I\IJIl'I)'f"t .. T 0p"'4tor ~1"'ktr4Uu9'lrlinakll/'Yl"Ziink. r... amelyre tfoljP"'-i1nf'k all

,-(T ) S ITI. ..(1"') = [,. ( T)J~, ..(aT) '" 1il'1r{n, ..(11 "" r( T' )
(12.t.w)
<-z.-fi;tW'-k; itt raT <lpf'ri.UIf NijUlIftJtjA (Id. 12.6. szakMz eo. 111.169)). HI' L ( X} B"'~"CH-Vr.
I oprr4W P.I > r(T) __tt'1J. .. l&illithatOa
~ &coli- aklwra (>.1 -
( Jd -
...
n- =
I
n-
),- 1/
+ ),-~T...
:.; EtiWA ~ :"i-!IOITIl1. amrly 1),1
...
( 12.147)
I
),-"T" -l .... "
> r( T) ~ L{ X l opnitomonnajB.ban konVCI~.",l"lWatt (>.l-
n-
~12 .5 .1 .3 . Opeeatorsoroeato k k on H;TKf'nc;:i ft.j a

I . Pontonklont i Iton_rg..nd a [)oofinfcil>...nn! .. T,,: X \' fotytonao li....ulooop<'ratorolo: ..."...
UIota pont.onkklt tart .. T: X Y "P""ator~ ba ":-ban {<=WI
T"I_Tr
('f'z X) .
(12 .1411)
Egy",nwte. konvll'l'g",n cia E&a (T. }:".., ~tonoroz&t szolWoo8. I><>l"ID&ban ~~.
a'" AZ L( X. \ ') 1frnm f'lO' T Of>"1"a~ba&. vagio
IT.. - TJ = .up IT. I - T;r-I - 0
(n - 'X)
(12.149)
2.
1<1$ 1
az X ~mhjMl YlIfO' Kvivalt-1lM'fl p....... u.n .. hataran (I l'l

I ) vaI6 ~tu kon~Mr..
KoVO't kf"Zik IwoI6If' .. pontonkmti !mn_llI:rnria. dr a mrgforditA.l< &ltaW>IUI no= igu.
3. Alkalrnat-hok KwwlrAtl~rAfonr" lW: knn~j... ba AZ a1appontok....am. cc-bee tart, .'UD
maci6Il .... limitilci6edjar"'ok ~wl_llth.
12.5.2. Folytonos lin earis o perarorok Banaeh-terekben

Moo<t kimon<ljuk.. linMrill an.aIWlI u<'h&uy fo"tool1ft..!;'t, m..!}",k ki">ziil az r boO bamm AZ l'm . f6ti-t,.].,k.
1. Banac h - Hah n -t et.. !. a lg.. b ral a1.... u 'lO""u X ~ -J,;.. wlct.ort.t'r.... p : X - n 112:1I1_lditlv.
pmit!v homos"n fiiWhly X-rn . t<,Ml llliu.!en r , JI E X'" Ps minden Q :::: ().rll
p(l' + JI):::;' p(l') + P(JI) .... P(UI) ~ ap(:!').
( 12. 150)
Tuv ol.bba k"lO"'1I 10 all Xo aJtkfon .M iniMt !in rAri& funk<'ioll.4l. NTlf"ly....
IO( l'):5 P(I) mind<'tll' E :\rra .
(12.151)
Ekkor 10-nAk l"tl'2'ikI
A1talAhM neru <"KYfrtdm il - lin..iLri>o kit<>rj""""""" Xt<'. khAt '-10' 1 fllnk...."IIJil.
mudyre 1(1 ) '" I(l'o), hAl E xe . />to
1(l' ) :5 p(l') 1lZ'1I",7. X"Il.
(12,152)
Auz val68lin..AriI< t h "It...ri'n <l.-tin iAl t .... 117.lIh.-vl<litiv, p.niUv ho mogen fiig fnn yd majuro,lt liu"Ari~
funkcionAl kit.. rjP!lZt h..tll 1\1, "8....7. t;'rrr" lin" ""i""'''' II. "'lI.jorlUM m..gtart.a. ' ,.),
Eet Xo = ( O}, 10(0) II: f}.r" " IWmll.Zva kapj uk: l.f,gy<-o X
vcktcrter, p : X .... It """ I""I,lit[v.
VO'liti...homogen fiiggv "'oy X-...n. Ekkor IPt<"7.ik olYlI.n I"'Y;.itiv lin"',ri~ fuukcional. hogy mind...n l' E Xr...
- P(-x):5 1(.1 ) :5 p(J: ).
( 12 ,153)
EbbOll"..Iig homog"'n p- r.. I/(:r)1 :5 Ip( TH. kl hll. P f"l n orma, "p""iil.l...... o norma . .. kkor 11(;r)1:5 p(,.}
kovdk"zik . emi mAr"", ,i ll. anA.litikll" "h.k "p"" jA.!i" ......t ...
A BANA CH HAHNt<'t r l K .. c.... flO' ...wI: u'lO"''' X koml'l "" V<'ktortCr&l p f;.lnorm" X" u. t"vA.],h"
l.. gy..o 10 az "" alt"'," .MiniMt Jin,'.!L.riM funk<:ionAi. n,,-Iyr.. minden r E ""-r ll.
I/o(;r)1 :5 p(z).
(12. 154)
""'Os
639
Ekkor /o-D"" IMC';.ik

Mt,.]Ahar\ "'<'gint n<'TIl "lO'Prt<-ln"l - kiu'Jjc!at"'" X-reotd liLt egy 1 funkcionaJ.
1I.m..lyre / (x ) = /o(x). ha:r E :'\0, ....
1/( x)I :::;' P(l' ) az~ X"Il.
(12.155)
A zaz komplex linciLri~ t"r "KY altA>rfn <lrfioialt
a'~I(lt k t<"kl,,'n fetuorI,,';'vailIll\jorAlt liueeris funk cional kitA>rjes:z;IhrtII "'Il e-g<- Imp .. lim...nw
a maj"r;.]No n~val. A f.nlillek megfelek5 ItOvctkezmi'nv sz<>rint <lOll X komp"",, ....ktort.h<-n ...-lott p fiol~ (CteW!; olyll.D 1 : X - C lineiLrVI
funkcionM: h~ mind"nl E X'Ie
11(11I :"> P(I ),

(12.1;i6)
lI.llli n..-pnt rsak a;< ana.litikwo a!.ILk "P""'iAlill_lf>.
.\lcg''Jlllitjiik .. {...alOI) tft"l pgy hi""'" kovctJr.,zrw'oyk: a YkihlL, korliLtaLlIOfO'Z/lwk l~ ...-lrtortl'11'D l;.u.zik
B ANACH-limrs.<, AZB:l olyan L lil.eiLris funkcionM. NlIt'I... (><>Zitiv, w-bAt ha mind..n n-1'1' l'. ?: 0 "" r =
(.r.):", E ~, akko r L (I) ?: O...ltoIMinvariAnlo. If>hAt (l'1>12. . l'~ ...) = UZ2.ZJ.
,.r~. . .) ....
(peJdaul lgy) oonnAI.t: L( I. I. '. I. .. ) = I A BAN ACH II AHN-tt'td Un. a.nalitiklIll. what nonnA!t
k-n"kre vonatkozO....... g...-.nlf'triAi A1AkjM Al~hM 12.5..l.-brQ, iUetVl' 12..l.6.-bow tMgyaljuk .
2. Banach-Steinha,..,...tiote1 ( 0 egyt'nl f1 el!1 kor"t ~ ..I_ ) A tftd~ folyt0n08 ~ope
r*tarol<OOl AIk'> 1IIX'OZAtna.k ~ folytuDuol liI..... opmllorboa vaIO pontonkmti koo_rg<'DciAjAt a jovrtkr'Zii kct fdtetdk-l ('kvi~;'-lWlmi,
a ) Egy mind.. ll1itt "lirn D c X n-halmaz mw<1<'lI dr-whr a {T.I} !OOKI'Mtnak lP1l"Zik halam-tiokl'
r- ba.n.. ~
b ) "lO' C mn...w........J f.-nn;i.[1
11'.1 :5 C.
,," .
3 . A nyilt lekepeees It't.. l.. A tfIf>I azl lDOl)llja ki. bosY ha X R< Y BASACHterek. akkor mieden.
X_ \-'- fIl \<>kPpezii folyto_li....iLrVI op<"I'StaI' .. JIll. /LUI. X b&rmely lIyilt G balmaU.nAk T {G } kiopP
nyilt halrnaz \ '-ba.n..
4. ZArtgrM-t iHE'1 ... l' D (T) \ . <>1,",&Ion .ooI D(T ) altfr Xhl'n. wrlna.k mondjuk. ba
abbol. bogy "K." r. E Dr """lZI\tra l'~ ..... 10 110I X tfrl>Pn .... Tl' .... lit u r IIM'trikUl' .......n a,uhbPn.
mindig ko\-ctk<-z.ik.!>olo I , E Dr... lit = T
Eh'- I<ZU~ is .. ~..... bogy az X x \ . IIK'trikUlI
lOZOnattk'hl'tr & l' averiLlor UiLfj6. ""C';" a
s.
rr={(l'. 1'l') Il'EDr}C Xx \'

(12.1<.1)
7Art k,Q...n. Ha, D(T) 7.l\.rt ... l' foIytaoooo.. <Lklror l' Wt ill.. FmMl!: HII. X .... Y BA NACH-ter<"k.
A.kkor .. T 7Art OJ>"l"Ator folytono.'<.
5. H ellinger es T oeplih tflde t....,I,ym l' lil...an. 0llPl'Uot .. 11 HILBERT-tkr lx-n . H.. mind<on
r, JI E II d{'mp.irra, (s, T JI) = (Tl', 1/), (.v.M onA<ijung41t, 1<1. 12.6.3,) ..kkor T folytonot< (d<'g. hI\
mind<'Ilz-re (l'. Tr ) = (TI.r)) .
6. Krej n es Lcza novezk jj poz it lv l in ..Arill o pt'rlttorok ro lyt o n08d.gltrol IIz6 10 tet..l.. 11a, X ""
( X. X+. MUl ~ y = (Y. Y... [ . Ul k'1. r"I"Ic-",-1.~ nurntAlt Ii'l', Mol =4 lo':{'ucraJ6 kup . akkor "'" """".....
folytollO>l.lill"aru, ... VO',-iUv (tduot T(X .. ) c \ ' + ) l' OI"'rll.torok L..( X. Y ) luJmlLZ-lL k"p L ( X. f ) -han .
Ekkor M. G. KRF.JS be G J . LOZA SOVSZ KIJ '~' rl( (1.1.112.201) a k1iv.. tkl'11ik,,! mor" lja,; Ha lIZ X. ill. \ .
r..nd.....tt BANACH-t"r],.,n X.. , ill. Y + 7.Art kl'lp"" X+ It''n..rAlo, a kkllf minrl..n po7.it jv li n"Airi.~ ol-'<,nitor
folytol\O!O.
7. In ve ra o p<'r a t o r Legyen X "" Y kPt t.. t..w!,'g"'I normAlt Ikr, k I"KY.-n 1': X ~ \-. ljn..ari~ , D(''''
""uks<'Rk"'r'l' folyl o nOil opprAtor, A T ol>l'r"torn a k II.kkot I<'I..-;.i k folyto l101< 1'- 1: \ . _ X ;n"P17.., hI'
TX '" Y &; "gym > O kOIl"t ll.n """l",io d ..nl' E X "I..mrr ilo':Mi A lI1'rll :::: ml1l'1I t-..1"" . l ly" n ko rtoviihha
halDlI\Z
f,'nn;ilIIIT-IU :5
!.
.
m
H" X;". Y i" BA NACH-I "r, "k kllf i' rv"llyl"ll

8 . Banac h tetele aili i nv erz apprAt or fol y t on o"""' gAr 61 H.. T folytOIl"" Ji"""r;" bij.-k ti...opl:ralo r
Xrlll \-'ra. akkor "
inV!'('l " ],,,rAtor folyton"" .
Ehh61 font"" alka!maziL. k;'nt ...-!<'><:Iik pf ldiinl (>.I - T)-l folyton~a inj,kt(v &;""iirj" ktiv >.I - T
_"'n. lUuil1" k oppriil orok "p"kt ru",3n..k viil->ll:"latak"r (ld. I V.i.:.l.2. M:l.ILka:<Z) Va" j.-I"ntr..Pgp. valemint
r-:
640
J2.:i. Ft>lyt.... .."./in..Ii.... """rlilaml: b j.",krU>1Ui1()1:
J!. FUMnontllanalizu
9. A m..gold b folyto noe rugg"""" a johhoMalt6! k II k=.lcti i-rt(.k..kt6! Jinf'Aro. dilf"r<'llciJi.!"IO"'n]pt"k la'7..-lptifort~kf..l.IolJ\r.aiIl'.L Ezt M alAbhi ko-:tdE'ti..tti-k-l'robl<,man mutatj1lk .....
A,
L (z)(t ) = i (t) ... pdt lr(IJ + Pl(t )r(t) ~ q(t ). t E 10. fJl, ... (1.0) = { , :e(ta) = ( f.o E ja.bj ( 12. 1.">/'Ill.)
JwzdM.if'rtl'kf..laUatnak ...bol PI(t ),Pl(t) E C( [a. Ill), mind..n q(t ) E e ( [a, 6J) jobl>oI<Wr,,~ lllim!'>lIl.
!lZAnlpaer" ponw-n eKY Cl([a. Ill) ~Ii ... lIIqo!dd.<A \I1Ul, k f'Z jolyti)IU)""f1 filgg q{t }-wl. {-wi "' (.Wla
kOv<.1.kezO ~rtf'J..mtw n. Ha q,,(I ) E C(ia, ~ ) , h. h."Y n-re (I . (t) . (,...("J lllqt;oldalo. ILZaZ
.....
i,,(t) + PI(I )i,,(f ) + P'J(t ).r,.{! ) = q,,(t) .

q,,(I) --- 'Jl)(t)
{, - { .
{.
..
C(ld!)
.c.(a ) =
l. , i ..(a) =
thhfon,}
e..
(12. 1::.Mh)
(l2.1~)
hhoon azaetbm T : ("1(;<1.11]) _ C(!G,bj) )( n'. T(z ) = (L/r), z( a). i(a, T tri~ ~'Il;'kt fv ..
Z e ~ (\G , ~)- ....
III'" m.u: l,l-(t)l max li( I)1 .... DW[ lilt)1 ill
tm-l Il"MU.
:S'9
_:S'9
_9:S.
_99
(I..
171
max !PI (' )I + max 1Pz(' )I)

_1<5l
05' s-l'
12.5.3. A lin ca ri s operatorok spck t ralc1rnCicti- nc k elemei

12.5.3 .1. O pera tor rczolvens halmaza
~k-tclr. megoI.dhat6Mginak
AI - T ):r = r
( I E Xl
(), e C)
(12 .1&1)
vizsRilllnlr.. Legy.-1I T ~ ~ f..!ti>t"ul korlAtOllop"....teI" "" X llA!'iACH-ti'Tbrn.
Awn komplex szarnoIr. l?<TJ halmAzAt. ~]Y"'k ~ ..Jo.mo.i,... l'PnnAl] (AI - n- 1 E D (X j = L\ X ). ~
~naIr.. vagy T ~ mih-,lW'k Iifo.-n),krau R~ = R~ (n = (M - n-'operatort
.-Jill: ~zoH~Jl.m.. k ~UIr. .1A.-gy<"D mu-I
max IPl{tl!'" max !PJ('ll <

_5's-l'
_:5'540
R~
.... cc .
T fol)'101"lOll i!<. tf>b1I.t a !,I. U-t<>!.-riut az mvrf'Z(' if' fol)"t0n06. ami fppnl ax aJlitott (12.1i>&-).
10 . A nukc"",,"ziv a p prox imaciO mOdsuore az
I - TI = r
( 1 2. 1 ::'~)
aWi:il ~nlpl<'k InPgOlo:lNWa.. Johol T folytonoo< linram op<.'Tatoraz X ll A!'i . ..c Ht.o'-rl"D. J pIig lIJf'gl'dot1
vekto r Xb<-.ll. A ruOo:lw.cr ablww.ill. hn~y U'tlIl.OIrno Zo hzdct; kO:r.clftb0b61 kiindul_1'oo ~
r~+l = V'" TI~
(n :II: 0. 1. ...)
(12.1tiO )
e161r""t A1b.lm~Vll krpP1~iik " k&.t...lltJi m~ol<l"""khOl aIli> {.c~) l'Oro:t.awt. "Oldy tart " (I2 I,,!))'1O"n
Ict I O m"R"l<l,w"hmll7. X thl>m. A mM~7.... k~..nria.ja . ""lO'i~azI.. ---o ;co ~...fiiu""" ( 12.147)
,.",. ~ eo I ......t ho-n v..Jll konvprgffi<"iAjAMI knv.-lk..,ik. F..I\ llwhhir" .... ll.Z ..16aIlitasrarkzl..t ...... n." lIlond
haw:
Legy.eu "Til ::;; q < I. Ekknr reT) ::;; HTR mian reT) < I. tdml l = A >
~ (12147 )
:"JEUM AN N' oor 11"'11 k<.ll....r~.'"" N: L ( X) IJANACH -terb<,n. l!/;Y i-rviIl)leti<.k a kOvMk<'7~ fo.llltJw.,k
a ) Az I - T 0l...... loru,.],; It'l" u k olyto,LOM iuver.te. err.. feuruill l!U _ Tj - 11::;; - '-.
(12!.".!))
l -q
pg).. nletn..k l"""'AI..g.... lI lLwl1.tt pout"","U "KY lIl"gold""" vall.
b ) A ( 12 .141) IW,. kOllV..Tlt.. II~, ..... ~RgP 1\7. (J - Tj-I o p pralor .
c) A (12.100) pljarM tPl..:rAI"g'''' IO kiindulasi i-rt"k ee-ten e (12.159) e gy.. nlet egyert ..lm(l r" 11I"111.
dMa.h07. tMl. Tov.4.hhft. ~rvfllY"" 1\ kiiw t.k,'Zli b..odkl:
q"
(12.161)
IIXft - r' ll ~ --IITIoIoll {n = 1, 2....).
1- q
MiJldC"~ ren"oo,..t""" n ...mmi m"", millt 1\ m.u tArgyl\lt B "N ACH-fPl.. f ixpo nt t et ..1 (,j"hh nllut.lr"''''i.......
hil<7.rn ll:f.:r _ TI ... !ll.k"l"""''"' L1PSCHITZ-ko llllt l\lI"" ~ II Tn ~ q < I. t .. hil.t " l..k... I'''''..... tl'J1ylrtt
X komplex OA!'iACH-tiTbcn.
,-
IM'ID
~ ) . P . ~. hoi
Act l?<n ...... ), E C llZimra

{12.165}
iA ~k.1'oo f"" nAil
R~ - (A - Ao)Jr.... ~ (), - Ao ) ~Ir:'...
2. {), E C 1),1 > ' TN } c ('{TJ Ponu:-bhan, 't

Jo'uozilr..... fmniill
J T
..-,
- L (), - Act).... l It....

~
3.
),2
1<J
..
4. II R~ - :
l?<T))
R~R~
'"
- R...I - O. .... ), - >.c. (),.Act e e<D). i"lI U R~.
-1f.... II-U,ha),-~
5. TptRu>1<'g".. A, IJ E g(T ). ),
R~R~
.... 0, ha A.... oc
t- I-' ....-ti>n
R~ - R,.
.. - - -
,-,
R~ OP"f"AtoT
( 12.16,)
),3
R~ fol~fiigg),-ti>l: n R~
(pk kor 2. mum), E
(12-l (i(l)
e C fortJoktp. """",lyre IAI > iT). lIZ
R~ =-------
reno ..
i,."
II:ll
R~
'1O""n1Ot~. akkor R~
;u.;oz
T kod At08 hDf'ilrilaopnAtnr
tikor ip;rak .. kiJvetlr.r:W allitUok:
tA.>hat
3-
ftZ
rgym~rrgrt
I), - >"1< ... Izl .... l rl.
es rezolvense
vizr<gilat.AnAl /UTa liin'Jur..UlIk, bogy .. feladatol a ( 12 .1::'9 ). tehat
(1- Dr '" 11
( 12.163)
a1U:r.. M ZZlIk. abol .. T open\tor nortlIAj .. ~Iwt~\oog ki<'lli . 1IIQ'IUIiA ( 12.1-16) .....( 12.141 ) r.uiatt .....lIZalaIr.
kiilOr>iW-D ..:J kal maI' .. funkcion&lanall:r.is ~wl ti'ortJ0n6 tAroalra. Ann.ak mkkebrn. bo,y 111
~ kt"kPit if' knrlni tOOjlllr.. ftZ X kumpk-x BANACH-thhoon lll~ "SY ~
u-ljaUl ..
e. pz utbbbit lIyildD fooIUlrQ I~

1<1
konlr.u.c;o. AnalOg medon (I<l_ I J f..;..z.-t (>", 112.911 tN--!tY..JllAtok .. kiiwtktw tlJlU"ueg}'enk-tek.I\lllik..
altAlAnoooitAAai:
r-,..Tx = y . alIRruat,valakl>l\l, AI-TI I/.
,. .~ K .
( 12 .162 )
FREDHOLM f..ladal
1. A f'{TJ halm.u nvilt (d<- allf~"'
I L(z) . z( a), i(oll = max IL(1')(I)I ... !x{..)] + J.i(a)J,
641
(Hll BERT f" rllLul.a), Ebb6('
(1 2.16il)
G. T..tsW]lg.... f E X fUIlkciunaItlll,. td...."';].I\,,. x E X r-lemre P(),} = j(R..(x)) )'n"]'; holomorf

fiiAA'"cn}'"'' !1'lT) Iur.lm=<ln.
12 .5.3 .2. Operator spektruma

1.
A s pek t rum deun rctoj a

c \ !1'lT) halm lllt II T op~rAtor ",...l:tn""lill,.],; IWW'7.ziik. T..hAt A E aCT). hll ).f - T n~k
n;"'" inverze, VlLfj' va" lnv..17.... .I.. Il7. n"m folyto".... , tip 1"""11 lIM!>hi .....t BA NACItI."r _t,," nom fordllihat ..15 /I fellt; 8. tHd " rt rlmehp". Miv'! llyi!vallv,llt> . hogy 117. f _ T op .. rfr.l.oruak pontOAA"lLkkm
lMrzik fulyt UlIOf' i" W'17'" (.... p"""lfORVll." ( 12 .1(,.3) .'!tv'III,tJ\!'k "johhol<lall.<'>l folytonOAA.1I fiiAA6 m<>p,:ol<lflAA), ha I E !1'lT), "",iik"'11 V""" T ol'",,,t"r O'(T) ~1,,k trlllllAr.l'o.k h-h"lO kl\alaJ'O""bb i""""etfr".
A kOlllpl'"l(Ilt"r rc-""IVl'Il"halm3Z lul"jdo"AAp:"ihlll riigt<>l1 kiiVl'l.k'~/.ik, bu!/;y .. I1(T) ~I,..ktnll" (' zart
A a(T) =
642
12. Fu"lnonal",,,ll'n..
.......ha.lm"".... IUTlf'fy.. {A IIAI :5 nTJIJ kor....n hf-lyl'ZWik ..\; ""k fflf"tboon IWlnhan u(T) "ull(>l .. korn"l
IPnY"8"""" k;,.,.bb. Komp loox BA.'l:ACHVr..n mind..n folytol108linearis o!*1"ator epektrume nem Uf{'tl.
"' r..nnAlI
-,.,
(121W)
r(n=(~=)~pIAI.
Soli gyakr>Lll h>IsuIAlt op<'rlUo~t&ly .--tel",u ..

H..
T~
Jiml"IID'ju X tior op<>rAlor",;"' ..
X-bPn a
(M - T)er
I'lt m."kc
t.ILI'tAlrnq./llDf'I}-..k Df'U! ....jAlhtfUi T-Il"'k. k-hat"',,(T) s;: .,.(T). H... >.I - T iJ.j<-lr.tivUoIIZUrjrktiv. tphit,t
YII.Dinverze, akltor u iDW'Ropo'rator foI}~ 1IZOI61l. tctd (Id. 639. old ) "rt..JmN,,II), l'I:D .
E1J<>nti>tbfon AwOS"" dimroWjlj O'tIPl.l<'I ..ltoI AlIl.iirj<'ktivitk.az injebiv:i1.&bUIA"toI;u.atilr.~ kiM:-t kez:ik. ~ dinll'tWOJu ~tl,.,l1 t'Z DiuD (gr, .......rt lIOIr.ka1 dilI........<K"iAltabb&u kdl djAmi.
A W II ), .,.(T) IC&muIt o..(T) Mlll~t. lImI'ty.-kno >.I - T inj<'kt,v ~ Im(>.I - T) mirni<'niiu ~iIrtl
Xl,.,n - >'1 - T IlZiirjokUv IIpm lrhct, IIl<'rt tlldjnk. bogy akkor ), if- .,.{T) ~ ... T opl'I"at..r I,.I.,!MJM
.<pl"itrurM"llak. A7.Ofl >.1WlmnIt ....(D MllMl".4t r-lig. AITlf'I~.., >.I - T inj<'kti-.- n. (ortkkki.wM.. Ut",
...in1. T .....rutki..,....ltr.",,.dnak vllfO' ...zoJtuiJu .."...ltrurM"nak Ilevn:ZW..
Az X kompJ<ox B"!'lACHVt T kor1ft.tooo lil>t"Arilo opt"I"Atorinl.""",k """rint fpnnaII
a(T) = "',.(T) Ua.(T)uu.( T).
(12.170)
ahol .. johboJ.lali luJlIIarok dwjwlktAk.
12. 5. 4. Fo lytouos linearts Iu n kr-ionalo k

12.5.4.1. D cfinfci6
H.. 11' = K . akkor .. Hilmi>< l..k'IH""""t ["min" luWion.ilnl\k valD' Jmetirn I,,",,"nu 1L<".. ,".t.ziik, A to\.,;,bhitokb>ui HILBERT-I" rrd lr.i<IK'1IOU.t luI " km"p!"x. ma jen" valo.. _u'l futtillk
tekint.. ni. Az "-"" !oIvton..-iilwilrn. [u" kr-iOlU'lok milr korAhhanl>l'v,..""tdt L (X .I\) BA~"'CHtnM.
X d" ,""""IlU. d","~, 1~"'l"lll'k vllgy kO"J",piJl t..,-t"u,k nevezz uk "" "" X' (,,(h.. "'" X' ) j..n..1j ..liilj iik. A~
/ X' folytonoe Iin..Arili Iunkcionel X E X <"I,m..n f..Ivett (" .lw1i) erti'kH "'" I(x) jellel. gyak ren "".0/1ha n
bogy X "" X' biiin..,u;,. lr.i<pe""I"Uul<Ik ll. dlialitA.....lm..l..t bl'n "lal'vdu !\omlol..tAt kicm..ljiik
lIZ (r, J) j..lld. whAt kH kii!<'nl.o-,A ba lm"" PI'UlpMjain ddiniAh AltaIMOI<itoU . kal'm'7.or7At ta l ill j..li'!'
ju k (vo. ml'g R1ESZF R1 GYESILl'k " HILBERT t{or folytouce Iin..Aris fllnkcionflljairt'>1~zolo tM..I........ I, Id , II.
kOvptk,.,.6 "z..lw<t. t ), hi~'I"'lI (x, J) tnindket vAlto >1}jAhar. addi tiv , H"""ll O>! jdl(,lIl/-l'llt' "f!:j lIorlllAit V'r..u
a<iou fu"kcioml.1 folytOl ulOlfl4gAnllk. hogy Ill'. ,'kv ival..n~ magt..rfnck 7ArW" i\avaL
A : Mind..o vi'S'" di m'uzi...... X normalt t,c,r normaiw morf N; igy a w no",that6 a d nilliAA,..I: I"'IO-,n
{el,"2. . .<'"} ortooormAit bA7.i,,"' F E X'. Ekkor F..t m"sha ti rozza ill< F( "Jl, F{ ~2 ) , " " F{ .',,)
!t7iim""f07At. ILZIlZ a
L F(..)'.", E X v...ktor. 1':1. IlZ F ..... X hO"l.7.in 'oddAt n)'ilrnn li"I'.<ri>< (","1.iirj,'kUv.
,.,
)"<,,,-t. amin"k 1 a UllrtnAja. bA
'5
I>"l~ '"" I. F
IFk.W (I
_I
~ ~ 1),,12 ~ IF(~)I~ =
luasrmt tu<ijuk. bogy ""' ~ d;'rb<'t6 (),
t \>..Iz
1). T... hat I FI =
(t
>..<",) =
,.1
107). 1.. I\"t
>"F(t".) .....m...k ..............
,.,
/-F{.,). i = 1.2.... n, oI)'1l11
~t F(e.>.-.I, t"hAt F
t F(e.)e,~,
"lO'~lIF. '5
..... X nonlU\tart.6
L. ~
X ..... K fullkcionaJolr. "" X kOzOtt. whAt vi-gl11il> X ..... X' IlOI"UlAizomorf.
j,;. l\ZlU
Rm . bogy
llOI'1llaiwmorfia.
IlZ
B: {,.pg)T'rwk 11.11., _. t. rOr;dtett pontok az
/IM7,
[a,b! inl.t'1'V..llUUlIHou. b.
X = X
~Df"k
1',. c:z.
., c... ~
l<l.4nri.Az
Oss-h..... nlftu.lin..an..Ig.. brival, .-..ziduilis spekteum
Fontoo ~. Im~r~ ~ A Iinro&r... A/gebrabAu td<intctt ~ dim...nziOju ad. ~ .. fulllr.

ci<.>nAlAnAIW&bo-n tAlt;,yalt vfwto'" ~ju ftIet kiiz.OI.t A jdo-n YQI1A~ _ butor """ dUI.l
~~D mindil; ttolj<o.liiJ .,.(T) = .,.,.(T), u utObbib&u viaorrt ... Spl'ktrum aItalibow oIy..n J-It.....t ill
e.ll~ F{";k'~ k<Y,iiU? A~ uu,>bhi ~ If'k,)I~: I P Hn,,~hatill~O"~ t"kinl",,1k
.wl
JWzclcbhit ill 1<-het rnondani.

= 0 "SY.. nJ.-tfK'k r....k trivi"'i.~ rrwgol<l......
n-
i:
~p".ktruIl,,-ol
van. azaz >.J - T i.l*ktlv. akkoc mac ki,M,tkrxik, bou A E ('(n, = >.1 - T !<7.iirj<-ktiv. tf'hAl V>LtI
nyilYli.n fulyt~ wvcnc. AI illLl'libciO m<'gfollt.4M .i.ltalAnoMhb: ha.enn..k "Z "l!Y"nWt....k wWun..ly
B ANACHtert;""u ~k 1lI!1l1 tnvial.i. lll"lI:o!da-. AZA1 .. >./ - T Ofl""TAtor....m injekUv, Aklem ..miAtt
I
(AI lK"ln Ikc;Uk.
A ), E C u&mut .. T linci.Jioo op<'ri.t ..j<ito'rl;.l:...... k hivjuk. ba .. AI = Tr ~nletIlf'k ~ lIf'ffi
kiviAlm lIK'goldMa. ~lindoon ilY"l IDPgoldMt a T opf't"itor ),-hoz tal't.<>W ....p ....itoninalr. qgy. ba X
~ytCr (ami ax a1b1muUokn&llD'UnuI ..Wnrdlll). 54]4tfUggr,fnyi~k Dl'"W'Zunk. ~ a1tJo1uk lUff'l17.it4'tt Nt..m A-bas tIu1.od! -"4]dt.Jt""",,k hivjuk..0\ T operilto<- 0-0.. ""jaMrti-krinc-ku,fl1 hAlnuo:U.l
T pont..,..ltrw.....nU: QO'WI%\-.k. :'oIyilYlln )' E " ,.(T) .......ten >.I - T' IX"k nino< invnze. ami me,; Ugy ill
......f ordulhAt. boo AI - T injloktiv, dr nem lIZiirjd<UV. Emiatt "'..(T) C .,.(T).
2.
Mi 1I vW.ony I FU
f(~)
L ....rlt~l
(12,171)
b'
k"plct az ahzoIutPr'ti-k-normit.\...J ..tlawtt Cl[a./Ii tht-U"'ll:Y folyt<>nM lirwaril<lirnkcioniUt kU-IIIlf'Z.
n>l'!Ylrk l>lIr....ja 1/1 ;- E;=, 1'*1. (12.1,1) ~1....-ia1j" ..... k-V"I bpj.lk a
6,(z);-z{l)
(rEC(o. .
112.1'j2}
6-limkcionaIt.ahoI t E ,a. /)] rOpi't ..tt pont.l::.tr6I fpliMwrl>l'tO, boc-<,>:..-gyutULlf'C' STlf.lTJ B-mt<yaI
i.~ (1cI. 82.3.l.2_), .... iKY Io,;ik~. bogy C( o. /)) fol~'t<>rlOft linc*iK runkrioo.ilja.it aIt~hII.n j,;, jool1Pmzi
RIESZ FRlc)"E!; aW>hi Ikt.. lc-...",ely.-gy STIE.LTJES-int"VAilai A1lilj....16Okl'!.:
II... ",,-(I) lwrlitto8
vaItozA.~u fiiggvt'-ny :o./)j.u. ..Ir.1tor
Ill;
r(t) E C([o.bj)-hr.o: !>ozz.Iln>ndC'lt [
lillciril< funkciorniJ.. melyn..k norm,;,ja .; 1.. lj.... vAl!<WWa
:r(t)d ..-(t)
la, b!-", "' Il'lf'gforclih"". ha adou C{[a. /)I}-n
<'RY kor141.of1; lillt"Ni>< fun krion.lt.l. IIkkot lrt<7ik.'lO' ..it) korlAta< vAllnz""..! fii~ny lao /)In. arr...nyPl"
nmkdonil Pni'h C( la. b!) mind," r( I) .,1"11*... [
r( t )d",(l)
VNto'lit><II.. (Egy / fiiggv"nylrk az I intervellumon wU \f'lj
0-'
L
1/(x~.J
",ikmh... n {ru. r,.
A
/( xtll o'r!kk..k (v~.,. ""KY v(~t<-l"ll)
fllllkdollN (mdukaIt) norrnitja <,:
~lje;.
vAllo7.4AA. - Ill"" w<v.1l totAlis varmci{,j"

<Q;ul,rt"fnlUIlII.
Mol ro <
X,
< ... < r~ _
,r~} l>I'fntja~ / iiooq..... v""f'lt ri>o1.halm.....at ERY m~..,"y korlAtor< VNtozA.~{,. ha

t...lj... viluw''''' ' vPg..... Mind" 1l k" r1a l.ooo v;"l utU.~'" filAA"rny k;'t mo""t"n kiilunl,..;.g... H" r(t) Iolytonos
;.,.'f(t) korlAtOl'l vilto7.a.su. alr. k"r lIZ [
r(t)ol<;(t) STIELTJFsiut'jl,rN",iu,IiS I;'tn.ik.)
IRY pHdinl " (1 2.171 )h,~~ ta.r h ",,;) ;;(t)k "rt;'k~ tMI \",11''' O. l-tol johl".. I . t-hen I-' ig ~ls,,.;I(I\'''' '
ruasz t(t,I, alr.kor iii "rv'; llyt"'. hit a ""'<'f<'I'I~ fiiAAV';IlY"k kO lllpln "r tPk\lt-k. t...hAt K = C:" norlll a
C([a,/)]).n
.. ",,10.. (orti,k\l r""zhalmlLZ "orm{,jA.ualr. ki u'lj( ."~t(,,,,k'llt
fOllnAIi"" n "lIYa" "".: 1
1/11 =
max 1/1. a tdjes valto~"" ,"' .. k" rIAl"" v" !t<Yl il,,,'1fo"iAAV('Uyddlllki6ja i" fotmft.liAAn 'llG'al"\~. lll,,~illt a~
,,,,.,lol
abszoh',t t'rt.{k..t h,,'<;mAI6ddinki6llliaU. A STIELTH:s-intpgrAlIM'/,i....t k<>lnplI'X""eth"n is biZl.Oltitja

"" ,", lil('u f..!tH..I .... ""
j. /(I)<lg(t) <i..tinki6j" i>lIlIt)"'l1ll1.:.", inh'Krilll"t'>lik
{>,. "rt"k,/
(E C) . ha a
64 4
1f. F"nkrwn<il,,,.,,Uru
.<.
tartazlll.k. lI.lllikor lIl1\X(T, - r~ d -
(..... ~up 1<;1 .-:I"finiriojat \d. ( 12.:W:l1 .. lilt!. lJlj(l. 01.-:1.). Mill<l,-u, I\Z V(!a. bJ) UoI"f'II folytollOl' li"".a.-i>I I
fllllkdonAlhoz ta1alhaw.-gy (..kviwUPn"iJI.of<7-tAl~Il"fl'.iNJl:I '-'lO'ktf'lm".. n ""'!that","ozott y E L'([a, b')
f'wm. 1l7.AT. .....kt ..... azII.Z fiigg\+ny. mils ""ilwJ <'lO""'rtdmi\'-1l 1it<'Zik "t:Y .. kvi_lf.nri.>l.oo<:l.Wy, It.llidYIl<"k
bArm<-ly 1I ..k-mpll'
0 (kl. (!nll)).
C: fI ... ...1 t) RIF.~ANS v"lO' aklt.r LEBESGt:E-illl.<.,.;ralhati> fiiggv"ny (12.9.3,1.~) "" 'a,/I in-
I(r)
(RIEMAS~' ""y LEBESGl;E-inte,;ritl)
[,;o(tlEjI)c1t
tf'07l.llmoon, ekkor
0= ( - " , , )
= /
r(t}y(t}dl.
~ If~ M
IE P
(i I,)r") .
(I:l.I77)
(12.17'3)
i8 folytonull Jin<.&rV< fllukdoruiJ C( II bl}.1} (1I6l. Ill: [a. Ill-n RIEMA>O;S - vagy ab.r a kodatolo. LEBESGl'E-
19y l-f'hat a
norTJIIlizomorfur.lllap~
I :$
< -c-rc (V( ot azoJlO8itllll1jllk Lt.wJ_ A p
oc ,,,,,,trol
l>W 112.181.
int4-grAlhAti> fiiggvruy..k ",]dort.o"TO'n u.. IllO'anuzAI. .. max j.r(1)1 norm;\.val), IlIf'l)'Tlf'k lI<X1D&..l" [ ..i t)oj!
12.5 .5. Linea r is fu n kcionalok ki terjesztt"S(,
e... rent; t<'td OW'!"inti s..nn,uo. korlAw.....u~f~nY"'" g{,I") =
" kU-t1t...n prnbIPmarol folw:&at.uoou1 ki<\f'.riilt. ~ ltWf:uIo.bU.a G e1m<i-"'lj "" AZ ..:JWnWlon maWmath .-mpoDtjAhOl pgyarint alapwlO fQD~' E,;y .. C X ~ al1<'reu IIJf1:dott buM';"
funkcionAl kil.e'rjes:t'Dd05 az pgm th-n:. n~1i.c .. trivi4lill k prdrktden nlct<'k kiziu-iw\ ....ljAhOl
hizonyoA .W tulajdo"",ok ~......J.. E probIIo"" ..gyf"JtIl ~!IZOI a
.<J<lo
~. ~b4t [
z(!)dg{l) = [
,;'(1 r(l)nt "'9 trIp rilt.orza..a = [
~il}dl
..i t
C. Mol C
~ kon....
\dt
\. ~UI. ~li1F:.bolo' hAhii<'k1iv ~ud"'""" mnmk, Akkor"ZOIit kozhatllnk po'l,m.d....i a ) =

O. ,...1r) =
.:(r - O) + .,.-.(r - O)
2
Wn.....k wktortm'l~.
b...lptt II. bOv.>bb
V-~
(a < r < II) ftoItrt<+Jm".k ..~
a"
~o
a1ti'rT1'''' kodli.too ri.ltaz/lolil fflQ.
kkintbrtjiik C
)'.wU: A valamo-Iy integrilnonn.i.vaI .. iWott C(
d,ulliMt 12.=d.3.hM ~jllk_
elll
G,
1Ji)
12 .5.4 .2 . Folytonos linea r-is Iunkcionalok a H ilb t> r t- t{'r en. Ricsz Frl gyes
t etele
A II HILBERTti-rhm mind<11, E Ii ..!Mu ~ lUI I(r) = (r.,) ko'p 1.. 1folyl.<.>uoo< liu<'tU1tl
funkcion&lt drfi.niiU. IlZ1l"I,..,.,k nonua}& I/H '" b~. M.......-...zt. M I folvtoooo. liIJooArio. fuukciosl4.l a II
ti-....... akkor LPt.-.:ik pontoM.lI "C. II E II ..wm. IUnf'Iyno
.
("'rE H).
(1217<4)
E ti>td szerint .. II ,""" II ' 1<'t "lO'mAlwlJ iznmorf. 'ig:.'bogJ.' Jl,WlJ<;n.U: \Ph<>1 0kM tekinteui.
RIESZ FRIGYES ~ li't<-Ir lltalMt tart...1ulN. arra.I.tOfrol\D k-bf-taz ~M1iWt vcktatrr .. fl1nlui<>nalj.'1.i ..k-mpMjain boovl'U'tni, ....I.<",;"v'Tl" uw .,.:.Ioztuuk 12.5.4.1. k"""Ll"t.6jdx-n.ahol (r. f)
I(r) ~bo.
liu-w.or7.atot i~d..tini.huk"Iwokou. SI"~'iiUiM.u U,L..wIego....uonmi.lt t.erlx-n l'1O"'n A C X.... 0' c X
EkkOf I\l;
f(r)-(r.,)
A~""UEX'I/(r)=O
hallll""t A. ill.
n'
Vreo4} ... "" Bo.l.-{rE XI/(r)=O VIED')
"rla9tJfl4J",kmnpl..".."nlll,oonak
VIIgy
(12.175)
4nnllll.iton:inak n..v.-zz'ik.
12 .5 .4 .3 . Fo lytonos llnea r !s funkcio nelok V'- b f'1l

U 'IOT n p ~ 1. Azt mOll<ljuk. hORY q "p kim)"y'"' kit ..""),,, ha ~ + ~ _ Lap _ 1 (00) ,~tl,,n q = cc ( I)
P q
I'rl..wlo, Ez " lll.....i" t'Tm....'".I......n ll7.imlll..trik,,~. Id,AI ruondhetjuk. bogy p ....q kOllj'll.;iilt kite-v,;;;,
Az inh'p;rfLJ"kr" vOl1l!.lkmoil HOLDER-'lG",lll6t l,,.....;g al"pjal1 (It!. 32, 01<1.) a (12,113) funkdonAh I\<:
V([a.bll (l :5 p :$ 00) t<-nolwn i~ tckinth ..tjiik (1,1. 12.9.4, ~). h" '" E L'([u,bj) Ilhol ! +
P
= L
Ekkor Il fllnkciouAl u<>rmiij"

( 12,176)
1. Banaeb- Hahn-fele k.iterj<:otlzlki tlot.1 (a nalitikWl al a k ) ~ X IlOC'JIlA!t "",kwrtrr K f.~

len. I, foIytonDlllineAris funkiuDal.llZ Xo Ait,""",. Ekkor I kot1't.-a. 06l lUI ~_kJi DOrmAj&nak """I':'
LIlnW-a ki~thet6 X _ K li""Arilo funkriollA11A (a1l&1Ahul ~nt IN'Tft ~lmtien . _-\ biatDyiWihor. ..Ii-g"P(I) = lID "" r n<>nDi>-a, tdlAl r",In0nn4-a .. BASACH-HAHste1<"l12.5.2.-.... 1i
u~
..u.kjat ...J.ka1nuIzm_
Az utObbinak ron",", L::w.-tk<"ZJtlion....... nont1Alt t.rtrk du'li-inak ~ : ~Iindcn I i- O..k-mbez UIliIbati>lE X' fww:ion&I. ~I~T<" I(I) = Irl j;a II - I. (Itt .' .. {Ar j A E K} egydiwt.nziO,.
AitiT, ~ fo(Ar) = A rl.) Egy mMlik font"" kiwrlU:r.mt-ny: Minr\<on Xo C X lim-aril. a1thbez ....
ro f Xo f'Joombo-z, anwIynck nwlrik.ll' llor.... h hlll1IUt.U>k
oak k1clmH...n (i<I. 617. old.) .. -to! -kl !-'~.. II
....,
l(r):O(VrEx,,)
I(r,)
1 lo:<-
II
!-'~ kor-Ahhul ~t driiniciOja~ wf I - r. > O. tll14lMw lEX' lIfO'.
-E.'_
1
=d
(12111<)
(Itt Il kiinrlllwi alter lin(ro, Xu). IUTlf"lyn"k "1'J' AI, + 1I denwlI (, E, ) I Crti'k, A.) T",..~ ha liz; X
normAlt tiT CRY rd.. m;'l" I(I) "" 0 minden lEX' -ra, alrJwr r -" 0 (triviA.liMn "" I. koV<.1kczl.liklyMl).
\ 'T I I ha.l\7. X nortn&It l.Cr r,.r2 "k-ltIf'irr ICrd = I(rtlluiuden I E X"-" tJ<kor r) = .(2 (-'" - r,-,..,
,.J.kalmazvaaz d6z6t.). ut Ugy is fog..JrIUlZhll!-juk. hotoc X .1~fU9gt ....",....wl X frkolc RltalAbiul
"RY T halmazondefinllih F(n filUVpl1v.-!M .. lv~t.O. Ita T mind ..n r i- y "wlI1"i1..-:t. VN1 I E Ffn,
1I>f'1yreJ(r) I- fl,),
12 .5.6 . Kon vex halmazok clvala.o;ztA..-.a (s zlot va laszta.', a)

t. Hipersikok A (_l6eo) X vcktorter X-Io ] kii!iin\>i;-,..<l L a1t"ret hi,,,,r-.utr'rn,,k
V"lQ' (It. 0 ponton

aluwOO) hipersfknak H<'W2.Ziik, ba VIUI oly= ro E X. h,'lO' X _ 1."(:10. L) (1l7.;LZ rlilll{'u~i6jll,,,,,,,,k 1gy.. 1 k....,""'lob. mint II. 1<'rf). A~ r + L aI..kil h..lulI\zok .. lIin lI()~ok (kL a 111.2, "".aIu...~t). HIl L
hip"NLit&, ....kkor., soka.<u\.gokal hil'"r.,l.. kllak hivjuk.
A bip<'"oikok ,:.. 3lillAAri~ funk"iowjJok ~"'''' bp",..,llltl>IU' i\lhl"k "llVIlla....a!: Egyr~l l\7. X-en ;ttdm.....U 0 # I Iill"iu-i>< fllnkdonil.l rl(O) = (r E X I I(r) = u} 1Il1Lg!""" hiIH'n;lk Xb..n, i>s mind""
A E n wf.Amhoz t"IMb,,!" r~ E X "I,", (IJOI, h,~ f(:T~) = A',"" 1-I(A} '" .t. + I 1(0). what "8Y hipcr~ik. Mii.'fffi7.t t ..I-"7,oI"ll"'" LeX hi\-><r-alti'rhl'7.,.to f 1. "I,1l11w,..... 0 " A E n Hl.amb,..." t"lfl.lh"tb "I':Y
''lO'l'rl...lmi\..n m<'ghlltAr"".ol.t j lill""';" (\luk,juual X..n, ,",,,,lyr<' 1(0) = L'''' f{rol = .\. Normalt X
t"r'I.d'n I-leO) zArt"li-gl\ "kviwJ ",,~ "'" I flll lkcio'lAl r"lyt"Ii<_ill/,>ivnl,
2 . H almazo k elvalaslltlL~I\ ~ er& elvf>!""ztA"" Azt, l1Ion<ljnk, \to/O'"" X v"lu..l1onlJAlt t"r HI.
.4. , 8 r{>,<,halmaza ei,,,ila..zth,,t6, ba van oly"" lEX' f"nk";ouAl, h0ltv
~upf(;r) -::: inf I(y)
(v"g)" ~"IlJ(.l);?: illf I(y))
(12,179)
dA".;8
.r<'A
~fl
....
Ekkor rlviJ_to hip"",ik. ,wldilul
k,iloohii-,il
{:rE XI/(r)Sa}
/ilJirbl'n f..k.....l"k,
f '(II). Mol"
= sUP/(TI;""~
,,'
II.>:t .identi.
{.rE .\j/(r)~a}
....
bogy " b..lma;wk .. k"'1
(12.1&1)
wi"" [!llll' I(r). inf !(Il] oorudy ..lplJlf';pgyutt....IlllOMt <IdinWtukll f..]ti>r fogal
<J
~A
~/j
mat. A 12 .:>.b .c -'brikon " biJ.>4OOkJW ...\6 ..IvaJ.vrztAA kk """t<.-IathatiJ. II...sup ~ info ""lD'tiUp :;1 iul.
"""",,sup I'- info akkor A:T:t mou.ljuk. bo.'lO' f ""';"t'fl rlnil",,;:t)G .-t-t .... 0-1. MM1WrJ>"'l: \'7lIloly"" Cl ". f).
bo,o< I(z) S ("I < ' l
fly) (r E A. 'J E 01. Ez ll.Zt jo.-kuti. hoRY" kk >Iltpr <li.'o:zjunkt. t<'flll'....: rr&
s:
dvaw..t!8n.ak ..lOf..!Vt..l.. A ... B .t-junk~_
Ki-t M1lIl1U ..lriJ..... tAt<AlIAlIIO'w .tl_JunktMgIlOOnlo. A 12.5.aabran kk halJna.z. E no B V>I.lI fd t ii ntct ...... lWK'I,..k nem .. l~tt...li>k. h4r r:lilajunktak e. B mn..... x. SokIW inMhb .. halmazok Icon-xiti.
""'""-k ""'" jrlo-nuw..>g... Iflf'I1 t111101 luw-. iJolo''' kk ..I~ M1mazw YlUilia.Ir. J.:iraJo< J>OIltjAi.
~:-",b-n
.. hipmdk AtiuWvl.
kaU"llik,lIO ....Agy;,:1.N;""urj.kllv. NyilvAn. h.. X .. X' ..kk"r:r ""flpx!v; II.. p."IU: X "" Y " lO', l!>\>; <lHAJ~~.
ill"r X "" Y minrl htt"ll rcfiexi -k.
w rt IIJ..illdpn vi>g.... dim <'u"'i B A~ AC H-Ih r<'flf'Xiv ( 12.;;.'U.) k minden HILBERTt pr refiexiv
(12.';'.42.). ugyalligy -'Z V (1 l). LI([O.I]) "" CO uelll refiexiv t.cn-It:
A : C{la. bj) """'t<'.... u pl&w5r nu,J .. ljlik ltc-rr.M mind.n. ~ la. &J-n ItorlAt.... v3.ltoza.ru. a{.r)-Iwz. !"?u toMhban ......k a 12.:';--1.1. __riuli C{IG.&') ..!Plno-ih<-1:" WoR'' ' _ E.t'"-'l (a(.r + 0) - a(.r - 0)). 'ill .
..,rn..o....,~ (a vi>gpolltokblw "..k!"v(,I-5" Mw..,.tiok az otWti fllQVfnyfrti'k; a kifl"~d'l. karW?"
yfJtaza.l )" t"l"f'Il,", koria\<M u.. IIH'rt" fmll klfpp.n. at-ohit l-fti,kCt
fphllrOl lx-alli a "'Ii<'" Vl\ltozk.lt. ("'h"t a DOTlllA.jA :::;: I. vUiljAlN.ll l). H.. C([.d.W = C(,a.!>l) f.-no-
uoo.hAn kbc:-t.cd"u.
f'(a)
(a)
r, E [a.b.
IDPI"t f'Z
~.rziort
ami""k1au1a(x)=
(o.I.
a(z) :
h)
0)
12.:>. l\bra.
3. A Banach- Hahn-tk.. lgt'OJnetriai. mbki-pJW'n e Iv l laszt as i alakja. aID it 3 ,,"t<nathan

mondunk ki: Il".4 olYAlI kOl:I..... x luWllBZ AX X normAh terben, IUIJ..lyu<,k lut (A} h......j<- l1<'m ,11ft..
1(N~bb& B C X oIYIUI k"m-n:. h<'1U iu- w.u.lIIX. hogy Int(A ) n B = lit. Akkor A ... B dVAUu<:r.IMth.
Ha ,.....IU: AZ X nonnaJ.I I..,.....u A "" B u<'miirn.. <bozjunkt. konvex halIDAZOk. egyikilk Art rnMiku.lr.
kulnpa.lr.t (lei. 12.;.1.). akkor "oM'u <,lv~t h"t.Ok . \'T l l: l..<-gyPn X TlilflMIt t.i>r. I . E X
L AZ X
thn..k pgy hnf'iLri>< ..J",",. Ekkllr " I!IZ<'Ilpg.... Il<'1D iire><. kouvt"x. uyth. lIZ {XII - L) IIffin IIO~IJt DroI
1IlI."t.'llii K hNllI.. ..b.... t.A1it.IIlAlO.-gy H ;u<rt hip..nn"k ~'. bogy {xo -+- L) C II .... H n K .. 0. t .. hIlt
I E X glII dvaJ..."";llw."k.
A'll mondjuk. hUIl...V .. (vali.. ) lE X' fUllk,'iou& liZ A h...lmlloZ lIIma..zl "nLom..uJ" "". r. E &.4 hllw poutl",u. hll van ol~''''' ,\, E I l ....un. <U1"'l}W f"llIulli I( ro) '" ,\, b A C {.c E X I I{r) :::;: ,\, (vllgy
I(x) <:': '\')}. llyM,kor -'Z
hil"'I1lik"t lIZ A I""milz ro,polllb<li /.Ii",,~d.il.......,}yill.. k hl~juk.
Berrnely kOIlV<'lt K l...JmllZnllk. Illll..lyu.k lxlstj" 11('111 ii~ . nu nd" n hlltArpolllj"h"n li-t<-"i k tam M"'funkd tJlL"-'ja. K" ml,l,'x Ih """'I;'n .. f"llli f"g..JlIl,"",t I h..l~~\t Rc I fel vagy Im I-M d,.filli...ljuk.
:\ Ipgj .. gyz"",: KlIlIV<'lt h..hlllll'.nk plvAJ""""thaU...Aga ....git"'b....V..,) h izony il h" lok .. KUHS 'rucx sn-r-newlpk (1<1 . .. 11:1.2. "UUWI",t. I\.>!(j . olrl.) ... u,<'ly.kh,'ii gyalwrlati nJ<">tL<zPt"f'k nyrhpti;k konv..x halmllZ f<'l.-tli
ol'tim..li""'l......i f"II,,11l1 IUrK0ld"""'r" (1<1. 112.;;1).
r '(,\,)
12 .5.7 . UiduAli s
ti~r
cs reflcxtv terek
Mar tudjnk . h" KY "'" X n"rlllAlt t(or X d ufUi>< I.,, az 11/ 11 = ~uPlrl <1l f(r)l nurm",v lIl ;"III't nom,,\lt.
t."'r . ' lgy hogy k('l,,"zui 1.hd w, X t(or ( X )" "" X' bid",il i."it V''KY mUs",J,k kr",j"g&I),'1. A
J: XX ..1",1 Jr - F. aULl'ly ," F. {f ) = I(r}
(If I EX' )
( 12.11H)
kiI"""i!"., """<19""'" norlll .. imm urfi.. (1.1. a 12.:1.1. "",alw<z t), t"h At. X i\;<""UtiitlJ..t.o .. J( X) C X ..I
tem-l. Egy BASA('H-t,nt ...jl,'rilll ,,k val!.Y ....yll/,i!;..,,,,.k m""d""k. ha fpUllan J( X) - X" . v"lO'i~ he a
E.:
~ .I' <> X, ~tNtA-J ...III&' hogy 1(.1',) = I. &. m.ivd

wor_zo
I :: lldoctllf'ooak. <lr akkor [
'...'<\
J. bar:
{ 2.c.
bar>I
I(z~(z) -
4.-tiou2-t...I.bolottrkkm
T..hIl.l il)"l'fl I E C{[a.bJ) nineeen. """'" C( ... bI) 0; C([a. &I"
,)
L (a(r -.- 0) - a(r - 0'

...,.
aJ.lna. akko<- Ikteznr pgy I(z) E C( a. &D. aDl"lIyoo1 [/(Z}da(r) -
[IOo(Z)
o(b) - ala).
I
>t~
(n(r ~0)-a(z -0))"' 2i- 2
B : ..\ mi L'([O. I]}-et. ~ ,ut..w...r. L l( G.bI}-t iIl<-t.i. lUI m4r l"rlJuk. lKY rl~ = ~ .. &<
induUJt ..... sup 191. 9 E L.....( a.bj) norn....
~ AZ utObhinait. duiJi- blNrbb L -IJioI. td"" V2LlI
'..u.
oI)'l1fl
f'krn<,. >Lmdy
1,..l&.tAMh<Yl; ~...n
Dffil
fpjP7:hPt15 ki [
l(x)g(.r)dr..w:hIln YAlau...ly g(x) E
r,
LI(la.b~)-v.-I..
Enn.-k
E (G.b). IO fix .... OrIiniJ\.ljuuk "ItY F funkrinnAJ t ..,;}.....l&e o-ak. C([a.b) aIFI = 1(.1'11) P.l.6iz-iu.t;,.1. '-II_I I/(zo)1 :::;: I.-sup til = 1 mAXri'....lIl/l rziort f'Z ImrIAtOfi
(norrn!ja I). A BA~AC" H AH'HiWll.-l (ItI. I .) IPrj_iik ki F...t ~ t'go'sz L I ( a.bJ)-TI" a karlit.t.-iog
lDCl':~vd. bogy mrgkllpjnk '([a.b]) '"ltY ..hmi>t. Mo'g " C([G. !>l) ri>t<:l:halmllZOll "'rn iLIlhal fPIIII
to'rflI
1\7.
1(r )g(r }<lX = I (ro) (f E C([G. &Dl, mert Ilkkor 1/(.1'0)1:::;: ...... su1'191
""lIu.u.ly fix _\lmel. >\JIIi lph.-t..tk". h..

tdmt L I{!G, &] ) ~ L ' na. II])"".
J.l~(z)~lr ~ .UJ.t/{r)ld.r
I I, kiizPli>1><"n Pit'll. 1IJIlitY. m/uchal ]>"<ill!. Pit'll. k"",d
""" " O-IM\.
C: c". ll"Mt aO-SOf01Aook v<,k tor t"n' (n.. rm .. .. "" r.-l9'...." wm.k al-.l"tiortkk"""k uuoxim,'.9"' ) e>;('l k1><"n iI< el6IcWr megh"tAm7.mk c:.-ut. L<-gy..on f' E ';~' co, E c". f', "" (0.0
1 .0.... 0...)
"" F (f".) = ~ ; . i = 1.2. . . .. H.. :r = (.r" r1."') E "'0...kk~ .r (r'.r2 .... , Xft . O, O
O, .. ) - 0 r
II tekint.. tt a1".zohitkrti>k-norm AhlUl. ,,.;rt F r"l yl.. nOlll'Aft... mu,tt F (r l .Il ' " . .r. 0. O. . .. 0, . .) =
(t.r,,.) '" t
. ~l
r ;,\" ....,
F (r ). "U'1. F (r ) .. L :'I
,_I
r, ~. ('\')~,
lllt"lmtMoz1.... f' -M. ell" el
+ e1 +
><
.. . + c. E ,... e.. 1I'~l + '~1 + . . +e.11 '" I,
t .. hAt
F(.;,
+e2 + ... +i'ft)
L I'\';1kow..korlitt.a latt
; ~,
maradnak (itt '\ c-""k abba" k(i!iillOO",ik ",~Ill, hOl(y I\Z " ~vPtl" n ru-m0 kuordin AtAja 1 "hwdlIt ertehl.
llJO' hOR)' ~.-v<: I ..zorozv.. IJ.,I [.,JO"' II). II!.Y
L I ~,I c 00 r.. uwgforditva. ha :L::,J., al",wl 11t konvergens.
..,
...,
12,6. A,tJu"'1alt "p"r<itmni: normal!
12. F,,,,knmliil,,,,tJizu
akk", r E Ql
L
r, A, kOIlWfK"U", mrrt "J:..:wI',t
,.,
,,,,,,tf,, F (r )
(lIlkalIIWI fllr W) Ir~ ). ..l
:s 1>..1
If.,. lino,-AcioI .... Il>\iirjPktlv . II..
i.-ff'
kOllVPTgf'II><,
Ixn
xl -
,.,
Alt
/1 A bcl.."...... h-.wli.
= J. akkur IF(x)1
1. FIr) -
[1 -
gw"II
(t.):,-, E
(l.bo-z
F E (i')", F (( t.. ~ I ) =
~ z .. = o. 1lIDI'I1y..t
.
L
ail
L
r ,A,
,.,
> flr r"
T..hAt C
od"Ill<'i Ill': "btiwI"t konvergens >IOfU7.atok;... ea a hO"lJ./lrPn<l<'-
-li.>.A.
1 < If....,~I
'-"'
1A.1. tehAl .1'1 ?:
,~ l
>lZaZ
hivrTl h.\ru...ly n
i: lAo .
tch"t
aza;t
IFI s
11'1 ?:
t.-1
1,1.,1. ;'"
lA, . ""hilt
_ ,
.~l
1,-'",-1 ~ ..n<ld6 funkrinMiokou Jr.ivii l VIW.,. nK.,l; m .... I' -fOll_ Le-
A...
normi~ nyilviw I) . Trgyiik reI. bogv 1f>t.-Qk (r.) :~l
A,... lui L::l .\.1<
:Ie.
(T"g){t ) =
649
< 00 ) terl"'n It>kintiink. A l' 0IM'r"tor ..djungllJ tj.luu.intfn int,-graJol-"'ratnr.
[ K'(t.,,)y~(,,)d..
(12.186)
Nudyllrk mBftia K ' (s.t ) = K (t . s}. ... abo! Y. "'" L' (i'ruck az az eleme. AIlldy ( 12.177) saerint II.
9 E (V )' funkcionNhm lartu.t;ik.
D: " vPg"" c1irrwrW6jli kompkx to'rbrn "" A
(<I,J) m4trUc IlJtaI dOftllitott operator adjullRallj&!
PJ'l"'n 11:/111:/1 A' matrix d<'tiniAlja. Nn<"ly", O:J - Jr,;:.
12.6.2 . X em ko r-lat os operato r adjungal tj a
f'~.:r" ""t b>I.l t'ldootcni, bogy .. valamely (.c.l"" l E ....1aI Jrfiui-
,.,
amdy.:t lIZV (!a. /I]) (1 < p
t~~da,..n
,., ,qaz
TffintllUk eM"k k~1 o:Ml. -*"t.IllJlOI'I~ I
~inAlilbaD l...-k. .. liihhlh"lI ~ k _
E.ud bj.juk, -'" ' - r: =

= r . : . .. = A,.., Ami r .. _ 0 miAtt
jooIoontl. bu,;,y A.. = O. lIWpnhg tl1lo banuely rOgzf~lll _ k nvilvin """ oNAIIf'\e:tl... mrI)'TM'k
..-IiI< kuonlinAtAja i- O. .l:Y U'Mt (II) " ;>..., IIMZ C\I 0;; (..t o '
.
12.6. Adjungalt opcratoro k norrnalt terekbcn
l.rgycn X b; Y V>I108 normAlt ter .... Iegy.>n T li,IOan. ( ~ ,rcrfILoi'gkiopp korJ;i.lOoI ) operator. anJf"I}'TI4"k
(linciri:l) ktf'~ ~ya D (T ) C X. b. Au...lyllf'k 1'tV-g.; Y- ~ tarto=ak. Ellir rOgzitrlt
9 E y ' funkcion&lcu g(Tz) kif"~.AlDf'I:mSI nyilvlurv>Ui>. b<y li~ fiiQ L-t6I.. i'rt<.-rn-. r..l....t
fplI<.hM. u-nni. a kerdest: ]Pteaik.... egy j6I meglu.l&ro:rloI:t I X' funkor)o<lAi. amelY"'
I (L ) = g(T.r ) ? L E 0(1).
12.11:'7)
~ 17 C \:. azon 9 E Y' funkrionAlok halwua. lllf>O'ly.-Jmo bi7ouyt18 I E X' IJIf'1lf'tt m'~
A ( 12.1871 clo.\llit&._ H.... O(T) = X . akkor ,llf'P"Iott 9 -.t<'n /.-gyktf'lmi\f'n Inf'K Y>W hatAr-ozva .
t<o-MI f'1&i.lI. qr;v J _ T"g lillf"iori,l ov<T';'tor . _ Iyllf'k kU-1n:lr7i'Ai tartomM)(l' D("" ) = 17 llynikor
~.r 0(1) ""mn' ..... 9 E l:" funkionA!rA &-nnill
g(TT ) = (T"g)(r)
(\I .r E X" 9 E O(r ))
( 12.11'-'1)
" .,.. "P'-'fl'tort. lOlliE'ly rMdiw<ld zArt v.. T odJ...."atJ<iMk ~ . Et AZ AJwa.n.-bb ~T~
IIZk1 t~. fDI"fI ponu-n...Jtkor" D (T' )
r' . ha l' karlAta.... D (T) halma>'.oD. Ebben lIZ
-.henf...uWlT' EBtl:- X' ) r.. UT' I - 1'1
12 .6.1. Ko rl a tos operator adjunga lt j a
12 .6 .3 . O nadjungalt operato ro k
fa T X-\:' folytotn. lli....vv. "(>f>fiLl.<.>r ( X . Y normalt k'n'k ). I\klux minden 9 E Y' fll.l1kcionAlhw:
a /(T) g(1'T) (V T E X) kr,>lM.t..1~,o..lhtot"inlr. '10' / E X' fu.ulu:ion&lt. fly modon rgy
r- Y-X" . (T" g)(T)=g( T T) (Vg E \:. VT eX I ,
( 1 2. 1 ~2)
.-\ T E B\ II ) <>J'f'ri.tort iinadJUngallnalr. woDdjuk . bA .,.. = l' Ebb.-ll "" e-tl:w-n 'r/ r E H dnllrr ..
(Tr. r) l<lAru e,;..wiatt T mindrn "";,;,ti'rWko' ill _ 1l.. Fffln411
B11 = ~up I(T x, T)[
( 1 2, 1 ~)
fol)wno;..lincilrUi op!'r&Wr iJlr~. AIllf'Iyt"t .. l' <>t..."'-tor ""JU~jtiruUcnf'W'Zullk. "" arnrlyflf'lr. .. Iei""'t-
boW tlllajdon..agAi YNlllAk:

(1' ---S )' = P+$" . (.sT}' .= P$" . I Pg -
TI.~h,T- X - \:' ~ 5 \:' _ Zfol)1().

1101< llllrkl~ opt"c&wrok<lo. ( X, \: . Z uurlllAiI l<'f..k) """ 51'. X Z open\.wr .. t...--n~ mOdou. A;I;
ST (x ) = 5(1'(.1' )) kC]>lrtwl V>t.j. Jo:limAlVll. A 12.1.::'. "" .. 12.5.U. ~lJNl br~U j<-lo!N.kk1
tcw.6l<-g.... l' E B( X, \:') op<'C&Wrrll h'vfon_k" wvctkl'7ii A:1.on<-.iigok:
Im{T) = A'Pr(I) "' ,

/m(T' ) _ Kn-(n i
(l2 .1113)
ahol Im(T) 7JIr1t<6g.. Ill/'ll" ulAn ....'uj" 1",(1" ) 1.ArhlAg;\,l.
A rb6111 (1" )' k~pkttd lL)'rrt 1'.. oIMrlltor .. kiiwtkf'Z6tu1lljJOllSl\gU: H", F~ E X" .I\kkur T"F.
= FT~ E \:.. .. TrhAt"
r'
X " _ \ ., 0IH'rRtm '" T operator kiwrjc&tcf<r.
A 1I11 ILfll:: nT-t frl"'ll 1t1~:SZ fn lGYES liotf'l.. O!Z<:rillt """ ,.. ljUHl'\aJ t ",t .. (TT,I/) "" (x . 1'"1/),.1',1/ E II
.kaIAl><wr-..... t ""l91s/>g~V<'II<'Il<t t"'vP';",tui. tuvf\hhA H ..... H" I\Z() IlUOl(l-Ma ",i.. t t '" (~1')' = 'XT;... I ' = J
o-IRfii~"""1l klviilP' "'" l' i~ f,nnAIl. HII. l' lJijrktiv, ak knr r- is az , "" tdj...iil (1")-1 = (T -I)', A l'
~" 1" OIX'<I\tor 11'7.o1Yf'I~.'-n r'rv;'ny.... "z
[RA{T)]" - R-.(T') ,
(l~, I!:4)
o...zf'fUgg':~. ahorman ILl', "'ljlln~Alt "1"'rAtor "l",kt rllmAr.. o(T ') =
A : u'KY~n l' folytollO'" 1ll"~"1 int"Kr{,I"I','rfltor,
(TT)($) =
[h (~.t)L(t)dl ,
p: I ~ E <1(T ) } ...J<'xlik.
....,
tnvAhba. "" m = mIT) "" inf l-+1(TT,r )
m(T) RrI 1
11'1_
5Ilp ,,-1(T r, L) j<-1OU- 1
rtn
_ max{lm p l}
( 12.190)
6twl.jllngAlt (kor lAlo8) operMol' ~l-"'hrUIl1A IU lm, J l] ill"-'rvaJlnm!vLn hrlyct.ko-dik d.
es.
f..nniUl
m.M E 0 (1')_
12 .6 .3 .1. Pozittv deftnit operatorok

A B( H)--hoz "'r1.mi. ~ on...-l.jllngAlt oprr"'torok h>tlma1.An
T~O pon~illor.ha ( TT ,r)~ O ('r/.r E I1),
Il.
(12.HlI)
mt"gMI" poJ""-'<aI. reszleg.... n'ml,;i",t leh.. t n,..,'l'7Atlli: 1'1 > 1'1, It.... T1 - T~ ~ O. 11" T '? O. "kko. Il-OI:I
mondjnk. hogy a l' op"rfl.t<l. poz,ti,.( d~filllt). Tf'I-lt1& jt... T "1l",ljungaJtof"'r';'torrll. ( H I) ;.wlm.;l"-'ll.
ld. ,,12.4 1.1, ~zt) fennell (Tlx. z} = (Ts, T.() ~ O. tdlM P ]KYlitfvdf'fini t. ~t<'Kfo,c1it"a. m1ll.k"
poz itfv c1rlinit T op"rAlomll.klrtn j k Ill'KY",tgyokf'. 1\l<l\Z VIllI J>Out.....n '10' [>O'li tfv d"fiHll W O],.-.';'tor.
'"I1.,Jyl'f' 11' ~ = T. w nff'lfil ,.,.. on"dj\111~Mt "I"'rfll.<'rnk v..klurur" '-'RY1 ...n vf'ktorhAl6 is (lJ. II. 12 ]. 7,4,
~'o!-l\kA."",t), .... "
ITI
(12,],'(,'))
.\f = .\f (n
:s (TL. T) S J l(T)Q.r yl
#,
1'+ =
~ (ITI + T),
1'- _
~(iTI- T)
(12.192)
o l",.a toruk font.... "l',f'l'f'ph"-l jutnak ,v. i;n",ljlllljt"lt "["'nUor"k ST IELTJr.s intrl'(l'll..mint 2.1 J, 112,121
(12. 131. Ii ~. 1 51 . 112,18J, 112. 2111,
IJ
650
akk"r
{~"'"
u... li..u.
z= e
12. F"nAnm"u",,,,Uzj,.
12 .6.3 .2. P rojcktorok a Hllbert-ter-ben

Legyen lI u " H HILBERTU'r ""llUllPly,,It,,re. Ekkor II proj"ki6t,"lpl ",,",<>rint (],j . .. 12,4 2, !II:l''''~t )
ktelllw"w VIUl tpI><Io6I'1("" z H ..1M:lI I ~- ra val<'>
proj{'k...i6ja .... Igy ~ .. P u,,,'nl.tor i.~, AlJlf'lyt'l
II Pr = r k~I'I.~t ."'finiAl,", 1I.tll<."ly" H tPl"..t II IiG a1lerrc krJ"'Zi 1.-. A P ulJ"'rhtort J4 hm III.t'I<,.,iJ
pml"Atornllk Y1I/{V pmJ~.trltfnalt. v...,;y orl"?,,n<il~. Pfl:>1"kionak n....PZZuk. :"yilvAnVlli6, hogy P li,lf'Ari.~.
folytonr:.. I I.,-.:Jll IlZ i<l.-uIltA>.. "'" f''Ilnhll
= 1. A H th.... n folyto""" lillf'hriR P opPl"at."r (l"nt.lAAU
akkor (<'gy ll~fripUl .. lt"'rho'Z tArtoM ) projektor, h,,:
a ) p = PO . "".a.z P Onadj ll~t. ft'-'11 1- P ~rCl.
0"
~utr
12.7 , Kompakt halmazok es kompakt operatorok
12 .7.1.
4lt i '
.,..1
",,,
'"""'"
......
;v:t ,H
12
12 .6
HaT ,
"" / (7
folytol
...." .
(T
llOI'
h,
5T(z )
Wtl'7.6:
Moli
A 1"'.1
;- Fr,
Normalt te rek kompakt resahalrnazal
Azt mondjllk, boc- u X nnrm4It tPt- ~ A ~hal~

4ol'llpo4t. .... A .....,II<'tn<'k h.ArmMy IIO('OZAla tArlaJnu.z oIy"" kon~ "'-'"*"'tol, ~yurk
hat.&n"l-tPl... A-bo. tarto'.<ik ,

...Wi"", iom,.ut V")' ~u.t", 40mpakt Vllgy f~IUtd.._.".. .tmnpa.l:t ~ ",...tmnpoh. ha .. lr7AriM.
t<-hAt A (Id . .. 12.2.1.3. .......Jwc.t) kotnlwUr:l. AfIli IlZtjdcnti. bogy A ..It''w...inl'k biutn..ly IIOl'<:Wt.la tartIl1rM.z
kon ..... ~ ~Iot (41lW'1 y Il"tIl "", Uiuoo'gIr:i>pp<'D Abeli ..... mindo-nk"l>pctl A-b.-Ii ... l.-mbPt tArt )l
Az IUUliUlwn f'Z i-pJ><'Il BoU:ASo--.WEIEflSTRAS5-l.Ct<-1. czFrt IW: IllIOlKiJlli. boY u il~n ba\w.u
.......J..lk..wr.. DoLZA~O WEIERSTRASS-tlJlo-",",-<i~
Minn.-n kotnpUt hAI~-,...rJiliili,o(minl m<"trikllS th all......), tovAhb4zart", kortMooo" M"Cfordit-.
.... ~ X tk ~(hll'lf'fW6ju, a1lkor mindm i1Y""D h&maz kompalrt_..u X ltonnAJltk 7Jlrt ~mh;"
pontoAAn akkor kom...,u.:l. bot. X vCR.... dimrnziOju . A mati"" Ir:ompakt b.Illmuok .i<'1~ lU"tnkllII
trrrlr:h..n (HAUSOORf"l' II-UI.- ~ !-bal6~Q ) , valaminl ~ . c t<-rcltlx-o ( ARZEl.A xscou.
IrlPl}.:o.u L ~ (I .-l.-k<.-prm t<>t.~,.,. To X
Y op<'rhtort Wr1lpa.l:tMk montI.
jllk. bAl"'nll...ly A. C X korlatoo. haImaz T (A) k<'pf> l"f'1a.th~ IwmplLkt hAllllAZ Yhan , H..... T OJ><"T~tor
rnrg fotytoll'" iI<. akknr azt mondjuk, hoKy T tt'1l",.m folljt<m<M. Mind..n kom(.lll1tt lilWAriII opt'l'AIoJ
korIAtolI i~ -nn..k IcfJow.IWto'bm ,,-,ljrlorn folytoD08. Ha Akompa1rtMgot uem lA......,.J1k (..1 , akkor m&r "
korlh~bo' n..m mv..lk ..Lik.. tf'lj........ folrto~, a.mit mlllAt lIZ id<'utikll~0J><"l"~tor (X B V ), lWli
t.l'tlIl"-rt n folytollU<. <I nem kompAkt, lIl..rt cgy korlAl:OIl halm"" n..m Mt<\tlmiilwl..U..... komp"kt:
harl . r2 , , r~ .... vr,.tf'l n ortonorrnelt . l..hAtkorlAlo!; SOlUZllt CPJ ~~If'n <lim"lui6o<cuklid'1OZi IPr'
....n (biLTlIWly "''K!-..lM,. fi'igg{'ll..ll<'OIlJ"l,atbOl kapb"'IUnk ily.-t.. GRAM 5cfI MIOT~ljar"-' ) , alr.kor n<"lll
I..h..1 konv"rW'I'"ri'!rMor07.ata, tn'-rl U{'ill C AIIClly -!tnnverg..,,,,: Dx~ - I ..U ~ = H I~II ~ + D
I..HZ = 2.1\7.M:
E < J2-vPl nw ns-m t .. lj;.\ij[" C AUCHy-kon..... rg.. nrja. kri"'rilWll<-. Lmnirv ol'f'rlt.tor komJWI~lt.hm
di>g m''Kk<;V!t<'!lli, hogy X "&Y~olllhjrt Y-na.k <'gy I"f'Ia.tfv~ koml>"kt h...JlIl",;.h.. vigy.. At.
A II I
12 ,7,2 ,2 , Ko mpakt llncnrls operatorok tulajdonsagui
.kaIA r>
o-/",f;
Egy D( X. Y}-hm t"'rto"M' "po'rator komrmktAAgflt IlOroZllto kkaill kii.....tk ,..,l ik"I>J>.'u I..}wt j~llNlll"I:ni: A;,;
X to;r lwm..ly korlit.t"", (r..}:'..l llOr07.lItAr"" { Tr~}:x l ><or".,.a.tnllk 1o't"7.ik kon.....tR..ll~ .-m.... >l'tlzat.. ,
"""T'
KOllllWlt op.. rft.tor<>k lim>i.riK komhinflri<'>j", i~ kOlllpakt. Ha az T B ( X.V ), S IJ(Y, Z) oJ"'nl.t<>rok

egyike kOllllmkt, ..Jckor 5T kUIllI",kt. HIIY BANAcllt';r. akknr h\'f.nv_k a k,i""tk'-Ili fou!.nlIAUitit..ook,
1. Konv..rg ..neia lIa " kOIllPllkt oppratorokbOl,,110 {T..};%) """;",,t kOllv..rg~n" I\Z o[lf'rlt.toTllornul..
t>..u I.,]),,,, fJ{ X. V ) -ha ll, ,L-kkor .. b"tlt.ri'rt.';k 11< k"lllpak t opprAtor.
iiAAz.,fi
. A:
2. Schau d e r t"t..l.. Ha. T fol}""",,,,, hn.'.r.riI< up,ralu)'. air;!wr T "'" 1'" <'gyl<Z<"I'te kOIll(W\kt (vagy nern
kompakl).
3. Kompakt T o pe riltor Ilpe kt rAlis tulaj tlo nsAgai ,,(vfgt..len tlim..rn:i<'>;(I ) X BA~ACH-t&ben
{most X = Y ): A mill.....ktor A"l-""ktrumhoz tArtozik. A
Klwktl"llm mindr-n, n1l1lat61 kiilonbaro
pontj" egy \'eg.... dimNw6ju x~ = {I E X I (M - T )r = O) ....jhtAltiorrt'll"f'nd..!k<'7ii ""jatCrtfk,
tov4hhA'i c > 0 qAmrll. A {I>'I :::; c ] wriin kiviil T-Il"k awU: v~...-.It ....jh"'rt... Jt,. _n, vPgiil J-lig A
""jhtht"'kPk halma:>'.anaIr. "ltVCtk-n turiOd.lt.Ki ponlj.. a nul'" I.-b<'t. hi ..miMI ~ati> """ .....j alktPk<' I.-hPt. H" >. = 0 Ilf'TII ....jatcr-ti-ko. TII<'k. &lr.lr.or
Votnik, dO' IIPIIl korlAtal.
4. A lr."'IPr vaKY veg"", dintPnzi6o< ...... miatt 7M, Vl'I/O" ~lrn dmltmi6o<t!sakkor IK'm zart , vi!<l.ont
KZ<'f"'roiJ>iliJ<.
Kornpalr.t lineari~ op<'1"atorok" korAbhM thrgyalt fREDHOLW- 0. VOLTERRA-f,;k int"t':"aJopcr-atornk II. C("Q. . bi) "" P (01./)(1 < p < co] terek ....n.
,,(n
r- '
12. i .2.3 . Elemek gyc nge konverge ncl s ja

mondjuk.bogy "'" X normAlI th "J...n)('in<-k (r~ }:' , ooroz&t&lO"'nVn tNt a.z I ."I<-rnh<oz. bamiadeu
/ E X" funkciooAlfA r.... nalI;u f(x~) - f (r. ) ._Iiilatfti (;..lOIls:.I...... r . ). ~yilva.n-JO. hoY
r . _ I. """'''n r . ----" r . Ha \ . it< normAll th . b< T : X _ \ . folytooott liDf'iuisop<"riltor, akkor:
..I,zt
.).r~----"r."""""'TI. ----"Trl.
tn.
kor x ~ ----" 7 1.-1,..., mPg Tr. - TIl ie Io'lj<osUl.

r=dU. ma..k<-pp<-n . . .
ba krpt<o-re VtIv" di~ .
A : ~l indr:n ~ 1"<'Dd11 op.-ri\tor kumvakl. Ebb61 ill kDo.-..tkf'llik. hoKY ~ ..k-n dim<'n7.ii>jil Wt- KJ..nlikl'" op<'t"atorasohafto-m "'bet komJ>&kt (Id. 12.7.2.1_).
B : r...gy..n X = l' , &!. ~...n T a
b) ha T kowi>a\r.t
Egy opmitor
:;: :~ :~
t31
..
v(,gtl'l..n matrix ~t~I~I
L:.)It_I'
opPl"Ator II:t I' to'rt"n. Ha

op<'1"htor, ..mely", ITI :::; ,\f .
= AI <
Tr=
<X; , .... kcr
(_.)
,
_ I
L t l. I . ' L t..r1 , ...
T ~ I'
k'n't
(12.193)
lIZ I' thbf' I.-k"'l'f'ZO kompakt
12,7.3. Fredholm-fete altcrnatfva

L<-gyt-n T kompAkt Iin..iIrill op<.'rhtor I\Z X BA~ACH-I"""n . T..kinu;,lk IU. a1Ahhi, 1.<'UI7.61eltC>i >. I 0 parAm,""rt ta.rta.lmazO. lIIit.>odfllju .-gy.-nl..tekPt ...ooJ r, ill..1v.. f lIZ i..ntI1'<'tl<'n,
L - >.T7 = y,
7 - >.Tr = 0 (A F llt.OHOLMrlol.- inlPgr4lr1O""lIcthl~tJ\.t;a), (12.194..)
f->'1""/;g.
/->'1""f=O
(12,194b)
191\7.ak .. kovclkczo1c
1.
t1im(KE'T(I- >'T )) = dim( Ker(I - >.T")), vagy;"" homog"'n "(O'Pnl..t..kn..k mindi!: IlWllUtl vPgI':ll
Ir/iltmi linphrisan fiiAArtlrnm..!:oltlMlIkVlUI.
2,
/ ... (>.1 - T) = K er(>.I - 1'" ).1. los '
I m(>.I - T O) = Kf'T(>.I _ T) .l. .
I m(>.I - T) = X pcntceen ekkor, h.. K Pr' (>.J O.
3,
4.
FREDH OLM-F I.. .-.Jt..rn ati"" (hlvjhk Rll!:sZ SCHAU Df:R-td d'Il'k i~). Azt mondj" ki. hogy Cl<I\k
ki>t .....,II..h..t~gL"l\:
a ) A hOnJoRi>n "!lY'-'1l1ctll{'k """k triviAli~ m"!:"l<IAIl.. v"n, Ehb..n lIZ _tb..n f..nnAll ); E e(T) ."
(AI - Tj-I op..euor korletos. {,.. I\l\ inhomogen "1!Y..nIMIl..k t..tfo7J11..p;.... y X m..U..tt pontOAA.n ('10'
r = (>.1 - T) -' y m..goltlAAA van.
n ""
Ilu n..SACIt-I...h..li ."'tOK""aIil.... (~I. (12."-t .2.)) I,I~ .. I<I.
652
b ) A homogfu "lD"'lL),1.uck l.."'....ik )'l:aIAhl> " RY,
""In t ri vifJ ifo megoldAAa. EbbPn ""- ......tiwn: ). .. T
o::r(n, r.. "" lnhomogrn "lO...nletn<,k poll!"",," akkor \i>t"l"ik (n..m

"john "lrW .. 1'"/ "" ),,1 Rrljungillt ..-gy..nlet mind..u J 1I,.~ul,ww"
~r;;,tonllU: Mjali'rtcko', lW\:t A E

"R}'frtcbm1) m~JA-. h.. /Ill
kiooJ<Ogiti lIZ I(y) - 0 ~Itko>lt.

Azo uti>bhi _tboon AI inhom<.ll''U ~IUrt minden llleKOldAM ll.l: z = So + h alakl>lW llyrrhM6...h,,1 So
llZinhocn<'n~f'IY Taplin! ll~~r.. h E Kn-(>.I - T ).
A Tz "" /I alaIr.u li1>riz"i>. ~'lUc ....h 't. ehol T kolllpakt opcri.to... "l..ofaj'lIlB moudjllk. t~An ..k ..
tarxYalMa altlllabow YJI1ami~ ~,bb (1d.1 12.121. [12.2111.
12.7.4 . Kom pakt liucaris operaro eok a H llber t-terben

Legy.on T H _ H komrwokt IiIlf'MW opt"filtor. telw T E B( H). Ekkur T.1!Y vt-g.... ..-:tIdt1 U1N'rUurokbOl AU6 ""f'<l&At b&tari'rti-u (BI II)-htuJl. A v+g.... I1."uJo1 """the-... ....oo i1P'1l kwlrmi kil:u-l~ tiob",",k
kim'itt .. J.iM.tk~MIlAlhAto:
Ha C~ ... difllof'raiOjU Ii"","" OjwtAtOf ~ T .. J - C. ,.Iid",. T injehivua..ah61 koYi'tkr7.ik
vit",
r-'lk~ az. boKY TIE B( II).
Ha C kom[Nlkt op<'ri.tor. Akkor T
I - C .... lIZ al&bbi illil.a...>k
k,
1. T~ I ~ e. rulytonoa.
lIZiirjf'~i
.,kvi,.ue......
2.
3.
si'O=- TI';-O._Tin;.lltiv.
T( H) ~ H. _
T lIZiirjH:tlv,t.-hAt T injfoktiv ~ T szilr.iE'ktlv -
r-' Wouozik eo folytolKWO. a10uc
,,~....-thPn.
I"-"r..m..rt"k -fd ad atok V"lQ' int.. gr>iJf>gyell!ct,k w!O".,J """ lI(}rAn gyakrlUl r"ll<'pn<'k " kovetkead, nemlineluis "P"riLtorok.
I. Ny.. micki}-op<>rato r Lq.;y<'1l n Al'. n~ tpr mi'rh,-tt'l r/ooI'l;MlmAl'A (l 2.9 .1. ""...kas>: ). .... IPgyPIi
1 U,,- R kMvill.u:tUol I(I, ..) fiiw+ny. 3.ll...ly "lQ"ri'l<tt ~ EO-ban folytonoo; majdn.. rn
minJpn ..-If'. ma,;m.zt ..-Jx.n mfr b<"t6 mil><irn r ,.., (C ARAT Hll.oOOfty-f.. ltiot.. l..k). A ~ F (U ) eere n. IpMI
a:t i\AA1.... fiiAAvCnyck poul.onltCnti mu ....lewkkd dd'iniAlt Vt'kl.ort<'rhl <U!
n "1O'
(."u)(r) '" I[r.u(I)] (I E U)

(12.1%)
k<'plcttplf-rtf'Iml'7RU. rwmliJlf'8ri.~ .V" 0P"'"iLtt>r1 ;..!YEMICK IJ....,...r4tnrnM. hlvju k. Ez folytollOl'"" korl.
too.. h3 [,,(O\--OOI. Lf(O)-ha kfJWZ 1... Mol ~ .j. ~ _ I. Ez " htolV'U'l p"ldAullllrkor. h&
lJ{.r.~)l ::s: 4(.r) + bj"I~.
&hoi. air) E L'(II)

(Il > 0)
{t2 .l 96)
R R folytol1Ull. Ax N operator CMIr kivt-tdos .........kbc.-n kompAkt.
2. Hamme r-ste in-opera t or ~n 0 a;c R~ th IromloUt rPJodulImua.. 1 R C AR.ATHEoOORY fcltPuoIH~ ki<'~tO. K {I . , ) .-lis folytor-Il-~III 0 x n hAlm~. AI F (U) lfn-n ..
YaIO' ha
{"l} " T <>pf"rlotOl" MjIltv..ktorlLiMI AIM<>rtoIlOrmAll l'PIl~ ilt >IZOnMn mar"lP' IIfiott p. ,,~ .~.
~ - .l... = ... - .l.. f~ kiMotlwzmf>ny<"
H " T lwmpUt ollAdj,mplt<>peruor .II D!'pIUAhililo H H IL BERT-u'n-.. &lr.kw- H-nak VNl T ""JAtVl'kw-
...jAtbftDs .....k torAir"
ralb01 AI'" ~ Esen l1-lhontMi formOlU. f..llwozn,w,,,,,VI\I.,, ....jil.ti-rti'kelr. i8n:1.-wt"~..gv10!'f1J Vpkol

adh&1O (12.1941,) m<'gOk14oW~
AI. Ull. ~i>Cktral("'lr.epr.'"~) Iktck-lr. (M. [12.91.[12.111, [12.131 .112,1;>1. !I2.161.112 21]) 1I HILBERT
$(:HM IDTti-tc1 nem k"mp.ull. i>n... lj Olr~t (korlAtaII~ nelll kor latol<) openotorokr" v..l6l1.1ta1Jlno,d.
tManak t<>kinthctOk.
12.8. Ncm lincar is opcr atorok

A nemlin..JIri,I <lJ>"rAtonogy<"nlPtpk ..lm"IPIJohPn l<'n~1<-K olyen m<'gOldAAi m6<1...on-k"t h.._,IlAlunk.
arlld)".'k a:l. alA!.>hi ..1....k..1l nY ~lIlk :
1. K o nt ra k Uv \.. k"p"'tk elve, atat R B""'"C h-f"l.. fix pontti>t.. 1 (Id. a 12,2.2. ;3, ..... a 12.2.2 ,4. M ...
lwal. A1. elv toviLbhi 1U6doMit.MaiTl, I ' ''' valtoull.ai.rolld. 112.9l.\ 1212].112.1;>[. [12.21]).
2. A N e wt o n-mod s e..r [ ld. a ltl.2. 5.2."" 19. 1.1. 2. se akas zt] idtahlnt",itilli-a a ~wlMld im,n
zi6j'l_t!"1".
3 . Schllllci..r .f..l.. flxpont-elv.

4. L..ray-Schalld.. t .. lm i>l.. t .
Az 1. .... 2. elven allll'lllo m"" t~"r<' k 1\ m""I0ldill",,1 atfo!...,) informacjot Il<1 nak. pl. IN.1...... ,gy" rl".]m,l"'j{.
kon~l.n"i.l h"l o'w<Ag ~th., vi~ont II 3. ,.,. .~ . ..1Vf>1I " ll\pul6 vi'l.....!':aIati m6d~z ..rek {lIl"],,h,"l ,.wok" a "'''''101<lA.~ 1<'I..z..... T.. vonalk<'l7.... kval il.lltlv kijd " llt{"" 'k!-t t ,." w ,k l..JlCto ve. Spf'(CiAli~ t ulllj,I" lL>\j,'l l o['<'T Atorok
"""I."n awnlmll lAAd a \2, 11,6...... 12.!.l.7, sz" ko ",zt.
12.8.1. PM clAk nemli lJ('a ris n perat.orra

N,,,nli,,,"riI< OI",rfltoro kl'lI 1\ 12.Z>, I. ~:t.llk>o".zl ...n II lin..Ari~ ......I. r.. m..g..mlit.. tt ' -zcfi.iAA'" folyt"",,..,.aK
..... kor la~ kiYLiitt IlItlllM>Il1I m{1I II"'" ..'v<'ny..... N..mliIlPAri~ op<'l"ato"'8Y<'"I..I...k. 1'1. Jlemlil...>..ri>!
{1tll)(~)'O'
K (I . , )I ;r. "'C.l\ dy (:rEOU)
(12.197J
n
kfpkuol eruollnf'Zf'tt. Il<'mlirlf'ftrio. 1t OJ""I"ator""", HAM NERSTE1N "f""'ilor. A K min i IIlAfI: iltal ~
IlPI"Alt. 1I-b&D liIriris IC inte&t"&Iopa-4lot:.
12.7 .5. Kompak t onadjungalt opcratorok a H tlbe rt-rc rc n

1. Sa.i't~rt~k.. k J\o mplllr: l nMdjUDiJt T "# 0 opooratomAk VllII ~ "'llV hnlilatOl kiilOa0Ca'5}
....jAtiort<'>ke. PontoMhhlul. T-Jl<l'k mindiA V&rl o ly&n A M;&tiorti-kP. anwl.yre jA = ~T
2. A HiIb..rt -SchmKlt-tl>tf'1 T PiMll lhAtO" T = L~ ~p... &1Akban,ahoI A~" T op<'riltor kl1li>nbOzO M)At,"r1 .. k..it. P. r-ii" Ih Nljiltlllt..... twz t.art.<r1i> prnj<oktort j<olenti.Ezt ....h&'IKY f..j<-unk ki. hoto'
" T op<'t"Ator d~n&lI7A1ha.tO. 10..-1 a.rl6<Iik. bogy TI = LI >...(:r. " Ih mind.-n :r E H Nrmw. ..hoI.
1: U x
(IC")(I) =
K {I . , )II( , ) a,
( 1 2. 1~)
(IE U)
n
qit.~1
u'ren
= K. ...... ..wrb&n irh&tO. MAmtoort bot.
K (I . II ) 1UlI ~tiaz
(12.199)
[K(I.,)t'd:rdy < oc
","
fpl~lt.
H .. 1t
lIZ
~e:uv ~ a.
(mo,,-t;,,- -
+ -I
P q
3. Vriszon-op<.'ritor H.. U C
akkor lIZ .1'( 0 ) ti>r<'1I11Z
(UU)(I) '"
(12.196) feltk.<>Jt. &lr.kor 11 f<ll vtonoll rA kompAkt <>perator <U! VI O)
1).
n" ml'rh.-t05I...J.uU&Zl-M &dott" K (z . y.).
Io: [z . y. u(y)] dy (r E tt)
11 x O x R -
R fiiggvi'ny.
(12.200)
n
ki-p ln ""l "'rU'hn..'wtt. Tlf'mlillw illU of""riltor l URISZO!'i,.,..nitDrnalr nf'VP73:iik. HR R K rnagra
HI11n..k" megf.. 1P16 f",It"'tcl..k. lI.1r.ko[ U folytollQ< l'S kumi>"-h 0l",rlt.tllr 3 qll). ilL V( l l) ti>rl:x-n.
~Ij ....
12.8. 2. Ne mlinear-is operatorok diff('r('u cialhat 6sag a

Y . A7.t mondjuk. bogy a T o!",rAtll' az
L.-gy.-nek X, \' BANACHt,,... k. D C X n yllt halm...,. .... T : D _
rE D ponthau FRECHETd'ff~,... ..... tilh" tri, mMk""!,,,n FREcHETd,..,.uJ<iih<.W, ha vanolya.n (3I.W&l:tan
>Il'. z h..lyt.61fiw.;o. folytoIlOf< li n..Ari~ ) L E il ( X. 't-' ) o!"'rAlor. bogy
T(.r
+ h) - T (z ) = LI. + "-,(h). ..1001 1I"-,(h)!I = o(l!h!ll,
(12,201)
vaKJ' ma.~kcppe n iTVa

lim II T(:r
."1_0
+ h) - T (r ) - L hll =
IIhll
(12,202)
"If: > 0 3.l > O. am ..lyr.. llhll < 6 ' '''''v' n IIT (:r + Il)- T{;c ) - Lhl l ::s: t llhll. Az L 0p"Tl\tort. arnelyet
" ,,,,I,,,,...,.i,,t a 1"(:r). 7"( . .) ""lO' T'{r)(')mi>,[tJll j..lii\iillk. II T opnlt.tor. I>olltlmn vdol FRECHEl",1~1l1.'<ilI}a nak hi vjuk . A dJ'(x ;h ) '" T' (r )h "rt..krr. .. T "".. rft.t,,]' .r (>Ontban ""U (a h n"""kIll{'nyb""
1I'l.llZ
I ll./1. fo,'m u m crin.. opt'Nitomk
654
lArt07il) FREc Ht.,d'drl"t'nrr4ljtinl'\k nl'Vf"ZZiik, Min<lpgyik j..101....MllAtbatoll:ol o/,,rf!l(lrn..k ~ x h.-IytOl valO fiijQt......, ,,2.-""'"""" ;I,-hM pffiig" 7.Ari>j..lhfoli pont "kij.olOli ~ ergumentum helyet". " Ulf']YI'l'
llZ OJ>"'rAtort "IW~ni Ml"t.
lUI egy 0p"'rAtor ~1l.. ly p<.luti>lill diff,"reuciA!h,,1.6."kkorott folytoliOllbo. Ha T E B( X. ) ') , """",.IlI~"

eaoperetor liJlmu.e. folytouotl. a1tkor T uliuden r Ii' X polltb...utlillert'Il<:i&lha~O ...... 'wriVliltj.. AllAn.l6.
evpcn Tvoel ~1l16.
12.8.3. Newton-modszcr
~ X. ...., T I.. Dnlvall. mint M- .. l<\al6l17AkMzhAn. F..!tev.-, hogy T" 0 hAlm..,; min<lrn poIItjAbAn
diIf('rcnci&lhat6.ertclmcz.....VM .. T', D il( X. Y ) 0 l'"r a tor ,/LlII"ly minrlPn.r E D """tbou r(z) E
r OJ"'I",;,tora B( X. Y)-oI> dMlIlWtoperAtom<>rmAhMfol)"ton<"Jo,/I, D

O(X.Y). T E 8( X.)'j fW"tion T. ~ T. ha IT. O.
AZ X-....li
norma iJuJ. indllUltoprr&tomorm.iltj<olmti...... f<'ltet.olll7.Pl'int. ba (x ..) c D. zED"':I".. - x, Akkor
r(x..l _ r(z)); ..1>1 0 A2..-tIM'n .... t mondjuk. bogy T folytollU'AJl dilfef1"llrWh..wa D hah_n.
T'-"RY'ik f..J.. bogy D , t ....h 1_.
B( X. \ ") ..I..rnct.
~Ii. ~ a
n-
halmazon (tcl.6t (T..) C
abol..
T(z) = 0
(12,203)
~lrl YlIo1a.mIoly s ~I. T~ r.-It<'JV6bb&.hogy'ls Dpontbow.T"(z)opl'.-&t.oriolyton...
IOlW invert..ilhatO._1T(z)I-1 E D(Y, Xl. T~r" E De!ll"ti-n (12,201) alapjim a>: ....jti'o>llnk.
lKIlO'. T{.....) = T(z.)- T(zO) c.. T"(".)(xo-z o)d<-m,.kOzt-1"' van~, .... iKY .l...ain. '1O""nlM
~ VRgY1Il (a trt l ftoltrWooPk mdlrtl)
II = IO -IT( ....WlT(z.),
(12.204)
approximAlja. krr-oortl ZO ....ktort, lIy m6d0v., Irbbl kiindul v.. IIlCl':koo<tru&Ijuk lIZ un. x ewrox-ej-
ki>7Rli~;
r"_1 = r" -IT(x,,)!-IT(z,,)
(n = 0.1.. .).
(12.20:.)
Az isml-rto.-trlt djua.. b.z~&t.azaz (r.) Wnve!'K"'nci&j&t ( 12,203) egy ~ -"1_

tetcl biztoaitja. ~Ir. ~mUU>I. trtt r.,It..-w-k a l ~ roUbrw wogy ~~il< twl)'P'lA"khrx VRIO
~)('n kiilonbO:&llf'k.
A mOdo.IWU :"WTOs .,.Q4..:n1 llkkor kapjuJr.,bu (12.2().;j) ko'plrtb<-n iT"(X.)]-1 Ix-Iyettmindrn n-re,
t..-h.i.t minden it.ericj6" ~b,"n ~lU1IOZt. [T{Zol)-1 0JX'Tatort hlU'ZlIliJjuk. A kOnVl.'rgel1<";""'-'~
tovabhi ........Jkwoir61 No a ~l'Jl"k 11:1. ra kiin<iu1AAi polltt<'>1 _-..16 (alWAhILn pro'k"IIY) riiAA~1 k1.
11 2.7J,[12.131. [12.I:'], [12.21].
12 ,8.5.
Lr-ray .-Schaud e r-ehuele t
A1. I = T{E) V>Of{V &l Alta1"nOfUlhh (l ... T)(r) = IIaJ".k{1"lO',nJp""k m~ol<lAAainak 10000",,""""p vunatk....
1i>aIl, abol T I.pljCS<'n folytor>cwo op<'rlitor, " kk.,,,,,,i.. f,>lu\nAk Illt'lyt'tJ ff'kv,o; 1ulajOon..igai alapjan CKY
Iow\.hhi "I"", f,.&,zwk fPi. lImPly ~ikPTn'1 allll.1mA7.iulto pI. IwuUilleam. p"'rpmo'"o'k-fpIa<!lItok !IIf1l:oldA.,,,"-,,ok pgzi.'<ZIt-nriahizonyltA>u\ 1lOrlt.n. A"l: "Iml-I", itt u.m<"l1<1-<'1t .,mlmi-llyt"ilO'akorlliti ",Iokra lTlf'!If"7R II
lcgalklllrruw<ahhak, .uIPgfogaimazA.."kat J""lig .'1gy vfWvrttoltuk Ulf"ll:. boK.v az pmlit pll Ipkfof"'Z"!'fok n<'
.....,.-t-!-"'Ijpn.
I. JAorlly~Schauder-t"tel ~n D a:z X vab B ANACIlVr nyflt. korllt.lO!l halrna:ra P.< l<>g)"t'n
T D:~ X teljesen folytoDOl' opl'r4tot, ~'IL , E D olyau pont, bog r ~ ~T{l") r !I uolj..,.til
mindenr E 8Dba13.q>ontra .... ~ E [0, l!....anlr.. EkkorQ( J + nix) = ,~1Ptll"k IM-P"l:ik lPgaJahh
..,-~
A" alka1ma2&oook lIOr.in .. t{>tel km'PtlwWVll1tozalol ill (O'lI1u1lll d6l1yOo: LegyoeD T td~ folytollO<o ope-
rAtor "'" X BA~AC H-thPn. HIIA7.

X = .l.T(z)
(.l. E 10.1])
(122061
priori ~ adha.~, _
tudhat<'>. bogy
> 0 ligy. bogy
'" ~ .... '" r ~. amPly"" u-I;....ii1 (12.206), fpnMlI II>: xl 'S c "IO"t'u!Otlcwq, allot- a2 r = T {l")
~t""k lke:r.ik~... (ez lkt~n. fmli r - O...et l
:v
~DkN-n-g lIIf'gO!diI.airll~"''''
12.$.6. Poairfv. nemlinearts o perntorc k

A SCHAliOER-fo'Jo. fixponttMe1 al~.. lI...p;I"'-llja "0' mt'f:eld6 1WajdonAAgil hallIlll2 ki-valswata>.at. amelyct a tekintett opPriLtor oo~ ki1>.-z Ie. ~ .lkahn"7M....Ir.n31.kl~ .. 1lf'llI1iDCilri> ~k-rdadatokdm.:-leWlx"tI,. ,,~t ter<k tObbllyire I"'ndt-z.l.tt bOflIlIiJt (lliggWn)'PIr.h61
liU6) ll'n-k, lIo>\ op<"riItorok 1Jf'<iig eem ntlWl po&itiv (1<1. 12,1.1.3.). wogy ~ f<olti>tPlkrnt twton ni>..,i-..to. I'WOZ oIyan T oporiltorok. 'lIJ..lyekn- s S ,......u-n T r) S T(,j. " " t~ (1<1. 1'1.a 12,8..
.....w...-.r.t) uem kiwI bW. ail ily<'ll opo.n.t<>t"Obt '1WR01ont>4-nak i.~ moodjuk. (~IivP\ T 1lPIlI1irJPAri,<. a po-utiviwbbl""m kOwtkezik az izotoo. monotollitA.~.)
L<,r;y..n IIl<Jllt X -'" {X.
Il..,;y
;Wt kUI'11ai n-ndez.ctl BASACIl-ti-r,", ~= la. h] Vl'IIamP\y
r<"Ud.-.dsl inkrvall"m X-ben (1.1. 12,1.7.2.). H" X. DllrtU!iJi" [ld. (12.97)). be.. ldje>oen rolytoDO!' (IIPm
orliik.~kCpp izoton) T oJ'l'dtorra f..nMlI T(ja, 1 C .d. 1>], Ilkkor T-IL"1r. lk..-Likle,:aLl.bb.-gy fixpontp.
,. I>:.bPn.llIu"zlraci<'>ko'nllIZ X = n """,,,",, lPhAt IImikor a", I> E R 1<1_" 12.6.b ",brat, ami !.<'Wit
x...
x....
" 12.S.4. kvt7.rll'ijt'l)t-1I emlttett eeet .-gy lIjabb3lta1AoosltMa.
Y' -
y= x
12.8.4. Schaudc r-felc flx pont-elv

Vgy.-1I T n<'lJllinffirifo OJ>"'r4tot. l\Il1<'ly II X BASACHtkr D halmaciu VlIJl enelmeeve eo. &I:~ X I... Iu\peal I.,. KfonI"", hOf{Y VlUi-P JLZ I = T (r ) p~n l<'tll ..k lep;..lahb l'gy lJIf'Kold....... t.,balllOf\Y van... Tn..k
fixpontja: ,.... X .. U hi. D = la,hl ~1....,iAl i~ """"t...n u-men-tes, hogy harmdy folyto llO!l flil\llvt'nyn..k,
amply . D halm~t. D halm~bA kPp<-zi I", 1o'U>Zi k lixpontja D""'n_Ha X tM"'' A;],'g,.. . ""g~ . d.. ,,~nZ1.
QJli normAlt to'r(<Iim X :::: 2), ek kor rrvo'nY""''' BItOUWER-r~l" fixponttet..l,
1. Brouw"r-flol" f1xponttlotpl l"1O"'ll D ,," m iil"f'". zArt, korlatos. k"'I~~'X hal""", 'lO' v('I\' " <limN'7.iojll nonnAlt .....rt...n , ' b, T folytoll Oll or"'rAto r, IUnd y" D halmazt iinmap;lii"" ki-pf'zi I.., ak kot T-n..k
1f>tl'7.ik (lpgalAhh PRY ) fixpo ntjll Dh"II, Tf'IK/.ok g'1>; vi'gt d "n <limcnzi6jllBANACH-to'rfW>tpl",n " vAl",,?,t
a SCHAUDE Rffl" fiXIK>Ilt. tJ-t,'llldj .. n,,"g,
2, Schaude r-fele f1xpu nttlot,,1 Lo!O'pn D nem uree. zart, korlii.t(ll;. konvf'XhllllTlll'l PRY BANAC H
terb"II . 1110 aT : D __ X 0PCI',;,tol folyto nOll l1< kompakt. (....hat ....ljesen rolyton.....), tovft.hh4 1\ D
hahnazt otlllJagflllll k"I',-ti Ie, Ilkko( Tupk van (1p~"IIft.hh ..gy) fixpont je D-hPu.
E U,td ""glt",,#,,,, '1/ll"g 1,'h"ll",JdAul llluta tn i, hogy a (12.611) kezd..tierl.ekfpl",!>'ln llk t :::: 0 ''''''1,('11 1l11"g
..kkor ;" Vllll lok31il< m''I!;"I.hWt., hll a johhol dlilrol li LIPSCHITZ-fp!tktpl helyet t cw lItlJ1yil t''Olziillk M .
h"lO' folytotlOll.
655
."l( x)
.
-
a
a
b'
b,
b)
-)
rae. "h,".
A r~ll<le~"tt t"rckhPn vo'gzt'tl viz"glila wk t-ovii.hhi ,'Muy... 1,,'ltV iZ<>tollllovek....J6 T o!",rfltor ra. a m..ly IlZ
X ti', la. hj (O}-intprvall" mfln van h tdlm""\'<' trivilili.oan, lu\.1l', " . b V{>gllOlltO!ult la. h]-b" ki'I)(C~i I" , """"
kil'!{'!!:iti a T (a) <?: a """ T (b) S b fdllt"lt . 1\1Il<>lLl>\ti ku-u f"II11"' 1 T (la,h]) C la,b]. EWHfdiil "z
ra "" a (.,. X~+l = T( .. ~) (n :::: 0),
ill , Yu = b i.... y" .. l = T(y~) (n ~ 0)
(12.207)
ki'l'ldtc1 j61 ddiniaJt ("".II.:< " ft , Yft E la, b]. n = 0, I... ) OklT<>\,.aIt,k k(;,.ii)uyilvAn Il7, "lsi> mOHoto n nOw k...16,a lIl
lik ",'<Iig lILOnOlOIl lXikk"1l6. vagyi. a .ta S .11 'S .. , S r.
b = Yo ~ lit ~
. .. Yft <?:
V~.-ulll T OI-",r"t,,1' Z o. ill. r ' !i;>;I"m tJat " "'I"",jJ"' n..k, ill. maz"", jJu nllk Illou<ljllk. lill T
s: ... "'"
It.9. Moirlfl b ub",gu..-"u"gnil
65 6
657
hAmwly ~ Iixpo"tjax.. f<'1U1Al1 x, :5 ~,ill.:r :5 ..r": PT-"k nyilvNl pgyhu-bntit-k.

~Iarmo..t emlly_k a kiivrlkwallitUok (12 .6 .a ilbra ): LPgy.-n X egy X... WI hip]""] ...n<lrzo1:1
B"SACH-Io'r, D C X. tuv4Ll>4 k'lO"'lI T D X, folytonce es izoeou tillv..ke,iO "Jlm,tor, ~n
[0."1 C D.ahoIT(a) 2: at.T(b):S b. Ekknr fe nn31I T([a , b]) C [a,bj'''''aTop<TAtonuUr;~te7.ik
fixpontje [0. bl'~' tu. wljnriil" kOvrtkP7il fp!tptf>]pk Vl'l1.amelyike:
a) X, lIOmliIilI "'" T knUlpakt,
b ) X~ ~Rr. (Id. (12.9..')).
Ekkor a (12.2Q7) szmnt ddiniAh !z.};:-.. fs hi.):... lOOrozat X-ben lart ... T op<"Tator [a, bJ-lwli minim&;", ill. maximAl;" 6l{pontjAh~.
I. cr_alge b ra
LPRYcu X wu.zol~ hAlmaz. X """"'hll1m,,,..uuu ~1lY Il"m ilrN
Ee... kellllZ ..-irMllyf'ko1l alailA.ika J~IJ ~ .... olM '''~ ~wa (kl.112.171. [12, 131.112.141)
M inrlPn o-lI1gc bra 1.artaI.luaz:za .. lie. IIIZ X balmazt. ~l6t\n... k balmAZZa1~t~ AZOk InI.'t>lZPtPt. Vl'Iiamint kct IuWnaaaI egyiill &ZOk k,iIoo~lW\7At lIO,
JdVI.io-"" ~iaIr.ba.n Ii lIZ R l...tm.wu..k a {-~} "' ("'O(;) ..iffltllO.-I -JO bOviti-.;o,;t (kit..rjar.zten
~ ) , aboI a,.z.imolMi m,l_J,.t..k Is Il"11Ow,,", n rOI
VAIO atvil"w .. ~ __ ml>don
12.8.7. Mo uor cu opcrarorok Ba nac h-te rek ben

1. Spo.-cla li3 tulajdon"'gok ..ul UlOudjuk. bogy " tpt~ T D C X Y P :. Y 1I0rIWilt kn"k} opt'l"Ator AZ r, E D poutbau drm._/nIy!nAn", ha minden { X nornui.jAbanJ rrhal tMl<'i
{x.}:".., c D IIOrtlIMt ..... t<Osi .. (T(s ..H:., !IOf'OlUllllll Y thbo-n ~ l.Mt T(ze}-oo.... A T apmiwrt
Jrmi~falytoat>_.nakmondjuk a D halrua>n. M T. D miodfon pom.iftl-n defni.-fol~
Ebhoon" ~h"ll a...k. analw..h6l iIIlmPrt ~it&i<~ mA.<ik. az izoc.on moootonitlW:OIl'ltl-rl5
Alta!AnofitAMt Vt"Zl'tjiik be. U "IO"'D X ~ BA,''iACHla, X' duaL.. k'n'. D C X is T; D X' f'-Y
IK!flllineAriA OJ"'rat. Ekkor. T 0I>f'l'lU.nrt "IOftDlMlMl!. mondjuk. b.a If I. r D ..lnnp""". fl'l1niUI A
(T(I) - T (l' ).r -,) ~ O~1/lt~. HA X = H HILBERT-t k . alkor itt (-.-) ~ot""
lPnt. BAs ACHt.<'r ~ I-Iig.~t illf>t&1l A 11 .;;..1.1. ~ ut...Iunk. A T opoorilort . ~
rnmootoRnaIt D~lIdjuk. ba tObh if<~: VWl oIyan .. > 0 koosun... bog" r, y E D e1m'I"'"" f..nlliIl
(T(,,) - T(,).I - ,) > etz
- ,12. A T
X-
X' "P"'&toci:om:oti..,b.aliml"~'"
(T(:~.z)
=:><- (t?:
.. sDgonl DlOooWlIil.iol kiM-tkf"%mo'!tY"'. bA 0 1 e D k. T{ Ox)(,) '" O ~- llliu<k-nr E 1I:r..).

2. Egz isztend aaIl it.i.wk Monou m op<'rawrt ~ ope.-~nk-t..klnt'tUklaNwUl...wlo
egzi><t;l.<'l>ci.II.AI.lit.uookr.. itt auUt ~ldAluo.t tudunk l'lI.J.1ilnli: Ha a T op<."Tator...mrIy ..
1.... lWiIiIo
...uu.. ......
X B AS ACH-wJrt X' -1Mkl-Jwzi le. IIlOllOtun. do-mifolytollOlle.. Iwerciti~ ..kIwr .. T (I ) f ~1O"IJ..tll.k

r.o.-~ f X ....,.u.n Ik~k Il"-"ADWA-.
H3 T wCg l'ZigortUu, monoton is, ..Irk.,.. 3 uwgololM eg)'i'!'U"Imii . U'hAt ehhPn IL:I: ."...t .... n leteaik .. T t
inVf"rt op<'r"'-o r.
H "r>f"rll.tor mnnoton
dMIti-folytoO,JI< ...kkor f<'nMlI /m(1 +
H3 a II HI LBERT tfrhrn .. T H _
I folytouOOI. Ill' T-r<'iI ~>f1i
= H . tRAAt X + T r = r mimwn r E H ra lTlPgOlohatil (1 +
lnonolotut.w.-t tfte...... tink fd . ...kkor mAgA T hijpkti~ .... T -t folytonoo; ,
A HILBERT-tk r<, n mnnctt<m T OJ>f"rAtorr..1 f"lirt T(r) = 0 .-grnl.. t lIll'gokIli.w" .....,ll\iJo koll~1rllkU~
kOzcIiw ..lj...."""' k" G ALERKI!'(-m6cloq,prritl..vn elepulnak (10. 19.4.2,2. ~"RY 112. I 11.lI2.2IlJ. Eezel ~
dmdcttcl tli.rKY..Inikoh" t tOhholrti' kfi T: X 2'\' op"rAtoro kat iN. '''llldydu~" monotouit .... fOfl"lm"
ll.Z (f - 9. I - 1/) ~ 0 , "I. r e Or ""' f e T(r) C X' . 9 E T(g) C X' <ldin k i6vaJ Alt..l8m..lth"ti, (101,
n-
11
jI 2.1 411
T'<"1l<~ o .II1f:"hriw.ak nevnziik.
a)Ae A~n X\AE A",
h ) .-\),A 2
..
e A
Aft, .
(12,209a)
(12.209b)
_kt UI. A
.-,
nora
tOrtktik"" igy
ov.ou..o.. tuIajdouMiM IDel6n6dIlf'ic En, " 1IOI'4u a (x) -
('foc "'3 ex kir..;..z;...
ni..... ~"". ~iswnt 0 (_x.) ~ O (-00) .Oo'rto'k.-t b.p....
2. ~I"rt "k
Az A o-..I,;cbrani-rtrIm.-zo.tt IJ: A a) 1J(.4} ~ 0
('1'.4. E
fi. = H. u I oc ] fii~nyt nan-tilnrk Dl"W'ZZiik. ba

'12 .210..)
(12.21Ob)
h) IJ(') = 0 .
c) --'1. .4. 2. . _-\,. .
E A. _-t..nA.
III
t} f.l)
"""',",I /l
(0-,
.4ft) '"
f>(A.)
-
(12.2100:)
A c) tulajdorv<igot a mfortPk <1-..ddJt.... tMoin..k ~iik. II ... /l mn-k-k IIZ ..t oa1&~rM .... A. B E .A.
.-\ C B. akkor IJ(A) ::;: I-'(B) (moooloniw). Il I1 .4ft e A (n = I. 2. .) n. A, C .4.1 C"', ukor
IJ (leI ..... ) "'!.i.m.-", IJ(A~) (Allllr61 f,;\i~ foly~).
.
~ ..t1lZ X ~ e&.v ".~AjA. "" ~IJ mfrti'k"" A o.a!It'-"!>I-an. ..u X - ( X. A.IJ)
hAnrw<t ...... rti..lUrne.k 1K"VCJ:Z'Ji.. Ill; A- huz tl\ltuzO balrt~j><"dig ... f'rl!""Ok""k V>IgYA- ...imd01oek
mondjuk.
A : Le,;yen X 01.7. {"'t. Il.
,:r~} \lfR('fi bAIllWZ, A >U X ........ rmhAImAZAl.nak 0 II1g.-hrA.J"- "" 100gypn minden I~'hoz (I: = I.
Xl hm:7Arf"uol..l"" ~ p. 11< Itw<'llal!~ ld&1Il E k kor .. min d..n A E A
A '" {I ft , .:r....
.:I'~. I halma>:rll" I-'(A) "" p,., I p.., + ... + PA. lll-plf'th1 {-rtPlmpzoott mw+:Uy rue rtek .
" (IJ(Xl .,- PI -.- . - P.' < 00 miatt) ......k .~ Prto'krk''1 fo-IV<'m Illl. t<&iunIit.lomhti-k.
B : Dirac- mertek : Legyen A "" X bAlmM. rm,h.. lma7JUllAk "lIJ' o -..Ig.-hr>i.ja. {os Iooogypn" t .. t&6 jegt ..... n rogtlt..rt. p<lllt X-hPn . A
~( A) _{ .l. 1m aE A.
~
12.9. Mertek cs Lebesgue-integral

12 .9.1. e -algcbrak los mert ek ek
A Illhtck fug,,11ll31la1c kii",tll lhl' unt j" 11-7, H !>d i int ..rvallumok hOAAZ(lAAgfogllmiLr,"k. _ ll1mint hiw_
lly"" n 2_bd i {... n1I....Ii h..lmIl1~,k t, riil.. t--. ill, tk rfnSlltfoglllmAnllk A1tlllanoll ltli."". E rr" 1\ 7, Alt " lh u",,!
t w.ra "ii'lt Vll.l' ~tiik",'~, hUKY min/I tii !>!> hn lmllzt 10'1''''''''' 11 .m e mi". "" min el l{ibo fiiw{'llyt ld ..."",u
.jnt<,griJhl\!tl "" t 'IIUi". p{'I,lr" ll ' \
Q = {:c =(r " r~ .
h,
. rftlE
n -<lim..m.i<'wo u,.;l" t<lrfOflllt ll
llftla~:5:r~:S b~
n;. l(bl -
(1:= 1. 2.. .. , n)}
til). o>Z" 0..fin k i6 k.,.z" kiind ulopontuck .
(1 2. 20 11)
O. Ita
o <'liniiJ
at-
k<ll' l.'l mi>rtpk~1

>lZ A 17-"l g~ hr"n . E 1,t (,t-r" k"n"'utrll.lt) ~-ftig'J''''''YlJ''k b tvjuk. ;';yiIVIUWaJ6 ,
h,,&y ~~( A) '" ".{:tA) = \A(a) (Jd." 11.!:o.4. "",,,Iw<7,t). a1'0l1 \04 'v. A hlllllUl.z b ...ktcr;"'Ltik,,-~ fijggvi>ny~.
C: Le b es g ll ....m erte k : .....g)lf'n X m..trik ,,~til ..... 1'lQ'.'1l 8( Xj a1.X tk r ri'llzhaIIll a1.....iuak legk i>w'obh.
X o...v""" nyflt halmazait t ..r tultua:.w a"ll(dm"j". 8 (X ),t mint /1.7, 0..,;,-"" nyil t hlllm,v.o bt tlt rt ..l ml\W
a alg..b rAk m..ts zetet k"'l'j"k Ill,,!;. l." X DOREL-jfl" O,J.9r 11r,f),fn...k n" vP7,7.ilk. B(X ) d ..m" it BOREL
1",1", ,,wk nak h ivjuk (It\. 112 ,fill .
l<'gy(,ll IlJOI'I X = R " (II ~ I ) . Egy ro'>ozl"." hll1r",.,wlm<!<'tikit'rj,,,,",.tNli d ji..,,,, ""g:il",,'g,;~d "l<'g Id J(t
",lui .. gy oa.lg..brAt .... rllj'-" "g}' Dl "rt';k~t. IIIU"ly ''', 11"-I"'li tl,!!l"" halnl"""'"11 thfog.. tW Pgy<,zik m..-g.
P<>l ,t ,,,,,,,h hh n ' [.Pt"" ik Pgy I, A r....7.h"llU........jI,,,lllllo. Pgy"rt,'lt uiku 1l" 'I!h..ta.uwl.t A o ..l j/;..hr" "'" <'7Rtl
658
"ICY cgy"m-lm''Ifon mrghAtMw.o.>tt), mirtH" kOVf'tkf"7A tulajdotvlagokkal:
1. U'IO'''O! PgylIZPni fiiggv"ny:
,,) n- min<l..n nytlt M.lUIJlUo A hm; t>V'tO'J:ik. mAl< ICZ6val B(nA) C A.

b ) H".-I E A. >orA) = O~ 0 C A. "kkor B E A ('II .\(0) = 0, t .. hat .. m"rt"k lamp/m.
e) HaQ w,;1... ..kkor Q E A,k wu,Wl >'(Q) = n :"l (bl - al).
d ) >. ..JtoWQn""",,llI',~ minden zE n- ....,ktorr"i'fl minden A E A !ul.lma;zra lPnnall z + A = (r oj. ~ I
,E AI E -" 1'11 >'(.1" + A) '" A(A).
A elr.'1m'it n LEBESGUErnhMlIJ~,uazainak Il<'v<"zz'ik. >. ~ jTMliruPIlZiOlo} LEBESGl: .,m..."
A ulhtfk- i'fl
i~AJplrnol-loottw-nart
mondjuk. bogy pg)" illlitiw; (t'llAjrionsig. frlti'w1} ...
X ~ I' wktCkre nkVf' -)'I,,"" ....nJtnii.tt vagy 1'-m4Jdnrm rn.nbmiU tdj,~"ll. h.. lI.Iu.....
.. WoJIJll'LZDU. an ...l)'l"D nml vlj.....i !." mfrt.. k.. nulla. Ezt fIg)' frjnk. bogy m. m.. ilI.p-w. ID_ ~ T.. hat
pi'lrlA1I1 ba >.. LBESGliE-ulkYk R ,,,,,,, A" B kk diBzjunb. bAlllla:lJ. ~Yl"krP It _ Au B.", / "'"
"fiJQ;v",y R-flI . amo-l)'Tf' j(z) = I 'rIr E A no /(:c) = 0" z E B. aklwr f = I )'m. m. R....l1 pontuNw
Alkol". ba >.(B) = o.
12 .9 .2 . .M e r ht"t6 fiij;gvc n)' ek

12.9 .2.1. M erht'to fiil;,g\"eny
..,t <t.\ . Em,..k
<\<t iut"l/;!"Alj"
(12.211)
-,
2. Ha / : X ~ R (f ~O),..kkorlPgYl'n
f I d" = sup {f 9djJ I

x_
3. Ha I:
9 pgy!<U'l"11 fi~Pny.
fi. toYAhhiJ. ill. J "" J l'O'"ltlv. ill.
IUndy,..
s I(r). "I... E X}
.(12.212)
nPK"Uv ........ akkoe' ~

(12.213)
wlthP. bogy ajobb okWon ~ "" ~ik llll,'gl"~ v...... k i&Y" x - :x M.t.Vm1I1lan kif..jPzk lit.....
IPp wi.
4. Kompla k"r;.kii I '" g ... ih fiiq;vklyn-. bl\ .. g.h "~,...k (12.213) IW"'rint dt-fuilAlt integrilja
v~.~n
I X _ It ",",,"lIy
1(...) > at hAlma>; Ahm,
f/djJ '" f9djJ+ifhd"
{12.2UJ
mirAda. hA tf>t.~ a E R . -lkJ u I-I{{a. +<:lO1l '" {r I r E X.

tnnozik. Ezzd clr.vi~. hA ~> a~ bool)""!t~?: aWt. WfO'.< a~-t ""RY~:S: a--t kOYl't.o>liink nq: ha
l -rP ~Iyik tipwoU ~l6tJ,o~1 d,.fi"i&lt Un. rnw.luUmazak A- bar. tArtoo:Wlk. Akkol:. mMik
J.ma1 ill.
0\ komplrx ..rti-klI 9 + ih fiiKv""yl mo'rbrt6nf'k mondjuk. ha" g. h fiJU",,"yrk mindkrtt.o>n"'rho-t.Ok
Ha A u W tJor LEBESGI:Ewo:'rbo hAlnUlMinal .,.algtobraja ft; I n~ _ n falyt.oool< ff1AAVrny.
.U:or AZ rl(a. +00]) '" rla. +00)) IuUlno'IZ; (12.2.3.) !<U'rint min.x.u a E n lW'\i,n nyllt. whAt I
mi'J"1wtO fiigffily ill.
5. Ha a mi'l'bPtliA luUlI1AT.rabo a:z I l~yl"f' ""

&vlll'lf'Wi IPhrt. mOl' icKY=
12 .9 .2.2 . A merhet6 fiigg\'l-nyek oseralyanak tulajdonsagai
12.9 .3 .2. Az int egr a l nehAIl)' t ulajdonsaga
A mh-bM6 fiiW<"ny fOSahuAllOllllMt. mrrti-k,.., hAn..m nIAk 07 ->LIg..hriLr" ~lUIl<7.iik.oo'g. ~ll A u X

1uUma>: rftv.ha1lR,,~nak "1C' O"-~""r"ja. hi iPgyPnPk /. g. I~ X "IT mi'rht.to fii~ny..k. Ekknr"
kOwtkn-.6tliggv"nY"k {Id. 12.1.7.4_} ... wrrhrtOk:
a)a/.bAuE R I'g;
b ) / +. 1-.111. IlIgc../A.q;
c ) I + g, ha X ~-tlo:'n 1l<>UljA!ww ... m lep f..l ("'-C) + (,.::x) Alakllkif"j...,;.,.;
d ) sup I~, inf I~. lilll~up I~( = lim~_o< SlJP"O!~ I,,), lim inf /~ (mind<>gyik ponl.onkint rrtf'lnw.....U):
e ) " p">lltouki-nti lim I~ hAtArMUk,h" IPtl";tik.
.o\:.r./; X ~ n fi;ggwnyt rgg,z..run,k IIlOlldjuk.I,,\ IH,,-..ik Vt'geti""k.pArollkcntdi"2:julIkt AI.... A~ E
A halma>; ... Ill,' . a~ val.. dill UR)'. h"lD' I = L;~l a~\~. ahol \. "" A~ hallll~ k"lI.ku,-i.I<ztiku/I
fi''-AA\';'ny.-, whAt 111.:1: "10"'" 1.a1111"l.okun k"lI"t"",, !lA, = a". Nyil0mval6, hogy t('w'<i\,!o\,,, mhhMI'i
halma>; kl\rlLkt<'ri>:tLk<l~ filAA""'ny", i'fl flO' tRt/l1111..g...."&.VO'l...n1fiiggwny i.~. m<'rh~tli. H.......,.n<:oo. hogy millorll ml'rh"to fuggveny uw.u I'Io\''''I'''Jllt~Al m..gkfuo...lfthpw l'g)'s:I~,ni fiiggv<'nyPkkrl: :.tinJ"n I ?: (t
mi>rhPM fiiggvrl1yh,et. ~"I>\.Iilatf> 1l"lIlIll'glltiv..gy!OZf'rli fiiggv"ny.-knpk cgy 1Il0n0101l l1u\'<'k, ~lu ",m",...t.1I.
amply pont.onkrut Ih,e~ tart.
12,9.3. In te gr alas
12.9 .3 .1. Az integr a l ddl nici6ja
rx.
0:S q(.:r)
f IdjJ= f l.djJ- f /_djJ
Le,;y.-n ..... "" X h&b1lM: r+ooWaImullilUlk ~ rrA1gfobrBja. .0\%1. mondjuk. bo,o.' ax
UoR.\'<'lJ X =
A . /I) . Egy ml'rhpt,6 ! fiiggvl'uy
I"""""..n. 11 kovdko,M'lk{>I'I....n ldut ,lrtiniAlni:
\'1O""n
f IdjJ'" ' t a. jJ(At ) -
n " hm.
~legjegyz""
Ix 1 d~
(vagy p~,s,.,rl1en
II dl')
int"gr"ljAt. t"hl>
Jd,,=
J\ ~
"ogv~y inl~jAl" femi mPg~kkal
!\A4jJ
(1221:')
n:
~lern..to f(>ggn'ny intql;rAlja i1Jta1Itb.w beli Ilduu.o\:.r.j. X _

nk\... mttynIiMt6nak mondjuk. bl\ lulkll<\('in. rrun&ll III dl' <
t-s
n: "J.gV;'n)1 a:z X hAlma:r.on
x. _0.'"
En.
1.
Ha / illtpgrilhatf>. Ndmr
2.
3.
4.
Ha I integrilJhaw. akk"r fPIlnAlll1 / dl'l :s: I 1/1 4"

Ha I Lntqo;raIhati> ... I ~ O. akkur 1I dl' 2: O.
Ha 0 :s: g(;r) :s I (;r)az X IuUllU\zon no 1 Ln1t'I:T"lll.l\w, akkor 9 illlpgrAlhl\1O ~ frnruUI
5.
HIII
6.
jJ-J'('
:xl.
X _ n m<'r1l<-t6fi'IUV''1Iy('k too
m. m. ~..... "IN. jJ{.r E Xllf(.r)! so ...
O.
~ (X. A.,,) rnPrtkktPr. ~k
I9d,,:s:lldlJ.
"" 9 int<wAlru.w.alr.korol +:39;" illl.<.'lUa.lh"wl...f"UllAlI I(rrl+,jg) d" = <> f I d,, -;31gdl"
H" J "" 9 int<'grAlru.tO az A E A halm"mn'" .tI(.z) :s: f(;r) az.4 h"hu.....m. to""boo. I"J dl' '"
IA 9 djJ, IIklmr/ = g az A halm....." " 1'"111. lu.

Ha X = R - ... ,\,a LEBESGUE-lll.,t{k. ...kk"r (n-<IimrllziOfl) Lt;Bt;SGUE-lllt~gI"fUrOJ 1......,.<,liil1k (Id. meg
~f;1. old.). Ha TI = 1 ,.. A = [a,b]. ...kkor minden ~ la.hJ intervellumon folytoll"" 1 fiiAAV!""yn, ez
I(.:r) d.r RIEMA~N-illt..grill i.~ [ld. ~~7. old.).IV. ~.,tl I d\ LEBESGUE-Lllte~r,,1is i,t..hnezve VILli . A k"t
htfk vc!o\,,,,I.. lHrg"g:y...,.ik. Mi tobb. fla 1 Ill< [a, b] iuuuvalhuuon 11"111 f..lt<;tl.'lliil Iolytonos. <1.. ImrlAt""
k RIEMA!'IN-int"grillh"t6 fiiggv<'ny. "kkor Lt;SESGUE-inl<Rnl.llu.t{, is (illt"I\-l'"lh"t6" LEBESGt:E-fo'lp
crt..lemben], {>sa ket int<'grAl"rtkk.. mr!\r!O',"ik (" LF.BESGI:Eillt'~r"l" RIE!>lANNLU1<1:rAl. kit"rj""7r
t:
U...).
A LEBESGu E-illtpgrAl. hatO fiiAAwnY'!k hAlm""'" .......JIlI""l 1<'11)'<'1(''''''11 b6vcbh. tov"hh.\ ""Amoo "JOnn)"'l
,cml,.lkezik. ami kl11ono....n a>; Lnf"llrAl.j,1 a1"u ,I ~i'lr,w lt l....t/LrAtn...u(t,kll...1Ulutfltk01'.ik
"'''II
660
12 .9 .3 .3 . Konvcrgcuclatetclek
1. Deppo L.. v i t lot.. l.. II monoton konv.. rll:.. nciarol T..kintsiik lIZ TII....li <'11.<'k\1. Ill1Il1ll~"tlV.
mUv"Lhalo fiiKRWny..kMI All,." III. Ill. UlOlloton ni"lvekNlo {J~}::-~l sorceatot. r "nnilll lilll f Ift,i,.. =
fl~~~
"
2. Fatou tk ..l.. T"kinLoiik Ill! ni'rtfk\1. n..mnpga.tiv. me~ fiig,;v(,lI:o"'kbOl iillO {J~llOOlUUltot.
Fennell f lim inl I~ d,.. S lim iuf f I" J,...
3. k J.-gue tfott'le a majorilt konvt'fgt' nciilrol Lt'gyt-ll{f..} mcrhM611'W""ny.jd~AlJollOl'mAt.
lUndy X rO W. m, konwT~ .... fhn. W'l. H" V&lI oIYIW intrgrillha.ti>O :0; 9 fiiW"ny. ena-lyrc lIlLu,lrll
n-", 1,,1 S 9 m. m . ..Itkoor J ioo lIL~il.lhati>,,",1iDlf f .. dl' '" f(limfft)d,...
1. Radon -l"Oi kody m-t e t.. 1
1. Ft'ltt'vkek Uvrn (X, A "I to-tllZ6lf'tes a~ mhti'kti'r. ami ""I jeIrtlti. ~ ~,t.lk t'ltY
{.-l~}. ~l'O'Ult .-t o EA ...mdv", f"",nAll X =
A~", ,..(...1..) < x. 'In. A rno'rt"la>t ....,...II..k own,!
juk. hAI'( X) < cc .... ~ .....,. mht;lTlf'k. ba ,,( Xl'" I. Azt mondjllk. bog "" A a-Alvh,*n
k"to-llDf'2O"tl."......at. halln1lZfii~ 1'.", M"" ....whU JoI,tono.._ ha A E A .... ,..(...1)
O_i>n
.; A.) _ O. JdOll-: ~. -(,..
Ha J 1lI~il.lhat6 rrlf!:ltV"ny...Id""r lilt: A trAlfl"1rin "rt<'"lmeu"U .:-(A.) = f / d,.. hIlhD"",fii~y oaricilti\' k. II,.. w&1t'kl<' nhVt' nyilv4n Il'-olut fol)'tOOOlI Fr A ~'<UTnI MMffil'Vtl hili
LJ:.
llU<l'f,:igwnytr-llddttlv. h>l (A..):"
c A. A E A. A, n.-t, -
e (I f
J),
U-I... - A L><"')= ,,:>(...1).

.... 1
_L
ahl-. lIZ o>rtf'!t'mJx'll. ~ blI ,.1{A) ""'..... ukor II bUoIdIlli!lOr aborw!ut koo,,"!1"-""'. till pffii~ ...
IO"Il. Ilkkor II t...IokWoo a cllrnti't......16"h1 tIlgnk ~ ~. SoIr. t'1mC1ct.i ,~t "" p;y..ItorIIlti
Alkal:1lIollZlUo ......mllOl1\jiI.OOI 1l1Ilfn'f't6 ;"J,on~. hoIo' ....<1 lIZiI.llita>.1. IIH'I'Iis.bet forciltllni.
2. Redon-Nikod ym-t et.. 1 ~IlIl1Pt~a<.ha II.>: A a~bri.n <'gy ".-additlv ... hAlffilll.f'~ ..lly ....
~.,.. mo>rti>k.IlIDf'Iy..krt'.,; -( j; Eklwr "'h'"l.lk rg),..-intt"grAlhlltO / fUggv"Dy IicY. bog) tniw.J,'n.4. E .A
hlllTrlll<'fll. wljoo>. il
.,;{A) =
a...v...1i1llll:
..... ..; VOUt
f/
d,..
h~
~ (I
-c cc.
HII. I IDcrhct6 f,-'W' ....y. Akkor III i... III' iI'
mo'rhl'tll. 'I,;yhogy II:/:
(f l/I'dJ') t
ii,
LCn~ ki'>riilmmy. bog-.' a% VI,..) t .... <'D

S,I./l normAt d"'inw (IU j "'" / fUW.....yb61. kdf-t
kP71i ckv",al.pnciaool:ztAl~\ Ilffif'lyrr II t,M.hbiak ....ll 'V"".m1<>n lIZ / jrol\ool for;tmk jd5!ni I. b. {V,.. ; f
m.indn..t~re.l :0; p::; "' :x. B........CHlWU 00 .. t>uIlDlliol< Il",~ kOWtti>'OkjO koml""tihilititsi tu
Jaj<io~a.L "p = 2 ~Jw.n p"'h ~ HILBERT tlor ~~ .... (f. g) = f
Ilkalaril< I<'.IOI7.<UtaI !d.
112l"').
Gp.kf<'ll MMorciul. bogy "'lO' mkllf'\ll n c Il ~ ri~ .....t.. n IJ'kill'JfLk a L' n UTet, Az ntOOhi.
to'r defi.niAlil.AA.. uokintpUd "'" ilItowaJ brwozootioookWl iNII.-rt..t'trtt:;. k-l.e.n-..-..mmll)'f'U ~rt ""'Ill
nti,..
.....
AzL'(fi.A)t.<.T.-klllt:n C n A hIlIfTlIl7.On foh"tohO..x ftiqW'll.....1r:

, - (Jlrl"dA): (I::; p < cc
intp:gr&lnorIIIAvai ellAtutt. fl('IIIto-l"" C(U) IK>f1lIAlt t"rfurk trl,.. bf,yj,1~Lt Ild6dna.k Id. a 12,2,2.<:>
k" 12.3.2. .......ka.<:<t:112,211 .
Leg,Yt-n X ,-.fog"" mirti>ku hIlltruu.. _ ,.. Xj .- +:><. .... ~'-ll I S PI < P"J S -e cc Ekkor fpnnall
V>( X I' C U" X.,.. .l",.-gyIt1iInrmfi'AAt'lC ... Cpl Pl.'" X >Okorutllfl.-.lmindrnIE L'"
d.-nlrt''''''''''n}'<'''az I
SCIzl,....,.b. ...hoI r.Il7L...\X.,..H....I iUOfIIJA(!-1.2
12.9.5. Dlsarrtbuciok
12 .9 .5.1 . A parclalls intcgralas keplttf'
UIf"g va.u tIIll.Amna.
I'm. m.
12.9.4. Vt('rek
k[tWn (X. A .,..) mh1.i>kti>r'" p vsk- ~IU. ! S
S,(f) -
"'-ill.
(12.216)
!tl IOZ / ffiu\""'v pkvivllk-",,",-riI.Jy ..l'f!'jPi (k1.lejj..hh) pgy"",,lmllPn

"lIukor nrlnl>f1tllliv.
S,() pedig f..lnoml" ....~An a vC'ktort,;rpll, A""".I" lll"KAllaIKKll\.IlMl. boR..\' / S 9 Ilkkor. ha fer) :0; g(I),..m. Ill.. .c'1'gyhP-n vphorhAIO i.~, KM. /r 9 E '(,..) fiiggv#-nvt ~!",,,ulCl1",,ll"k mOllJunk (vagy <'gy<'nJ6",'k
nyilv.wltwIk). ha / "" 9 az \ halma:l'.on wm. lll.(h,.],+rtw azt il<. h,lII:Y ..lrv,' csak
Ul.d..finiliJlakl
lIy mO<loiL azokat" ri~flyt'kM. am ..ly..k Will. Ill, ""'1:'1O"'-.(lI,k. awu""itjnk f'g)'1lla....aJ.. Ei.a.ltal (1lZ
0'( X) hllllIlazt liZ .\';1(0) -'- (J I III ~ 0 "'-Ill. m.}lillrAn>o alth U"rinl f...ktnri7iU_l Cf{V .. kvi.."J<'I",.....
OI<IitAlyok hoi iillO h.aku.a.zt Mp"IIk. Nllf'ly .... 1IZ 1lI~I>rll.i mil"'!o-t.k.... " ....n~ tf'TlTlk7...t ........ alvili,'IOIc
liZ 0I<Zt41yokh61 vrtt rcpr..""ntawook tt't.q(iJ'"fI:'''' ,-IL!NI""",">\li1&)'. bogy ;"Ullt vt"ktorhfl.lo k,.j..tkl'Z:7.fk.
1llUt'Iyt.'t ma<t L'( X''''r",,1 vag)' L'(,..rwl (Y>I&Y IllTK'f{fplrl6 n">.;d,-lnI.bh;..IOI,",....I) j ..lOliink_ EllTlf'k pk-meit l.O<IAbbrll "" ffIggWnyclmpk D<,..-zziik.l~ VlLIOjAhIln pkVL\"Illru" fiilIJr;""'n~,'k Of<ttalyairOlVlW..m.
" it.<z6I.eg".,; n r:;; n " (Dytll) tart<>mil.n} ....uu c.'"'{l1).VIl! ;"liiljllk ll7.oknak ILZ n -how akarlIAnyS7,Ol" <Iiff.rt'uciAlhlltO.; fUggWn~..1m..k II hlllmllZitt. "III<'1)...k tlll'tOJIl knmp.t.kt. '~'ilI aIll{ly..Jut"II ~nPP(r') - (I E Ill ..i.;r) # O} hIlIma:1. RO.I...u kOl.IJva&1 "" rna...lInllk. L!..-(fi}-val ]X'<\ii:,a>: n " b.-li LE8ESGGEmt-rt<"krt' reeve 101:4li.'''R lRt..g mlh"ttj filw('1IY"k ILAllll""",t, Vlt.gYi>. az 11 tartomAu)'OIJ m"rhrti'i """"'...
olyen f fiiggvPny..kPt (..kvival ...." IfLW""'lL~'k ..J.lwtta {.OtAIy.,k/tj. am..lyrlr:w I.IL'<ZOI.,~"" _. C n korlAtoo. LaJ.1<>miuL)' """t'-ll
IIIdA < + CIe.
Mi.mlki-t hahn= vektorter (" t.. nn"""...I,.,. ~,.]m" llJL1vt'kt.k 1I''':l....).
Mi..lJ<j'lJ p-"". I :0; P :0; ')C. f..nnall P{U) C LI..,(U) .... korlAt n "",lion L!..-(fll - LI(lI) ill tdj..,.ii!
Ha hArm..ly ! -ra "'" p"rc c"{i'i) d "lm'it mint lIZ altIllllk V(UjI""IIl:{"L!'ralt .......tAly"kat foRink fel. akknr
k"rlAl.I.>t< n .....1~.11 igaz II C'(n) C V(II) tartlllnl>t.tiu<. IIOt c'(l'i) Kl1nl i~ iJ'{II )-ha n. Ita f1 ... -m kor1l\.t"".
akk<>r IllgyallPhl...n Il.Z "rt..l..m],m) fI Co'" (fl) hlllUl"Z~,1rlllJ'(n) I>IIn.
A par"i""i~ int.cgrfili.. ki'l'lrt, ,'I" lft riig:dt..tt / E C"(l1) '"' tf>I.~7,{\1'R''''''' E Co""(O) fiiAAWlIy _lion fI D"
diff~r('ll{'ia1op..,.ii.tor f)"." IlIll = 0 tulujdl>UAAv;>< miat t lIZ
(12,217)
mrnnyi.""g"rt ..lmez..... Y>lll (,1,(1'\('[.(,' k-I",t ~:x;l i>l). Az / . X _ It ",,'rh,'tO fiigj,...":nytp"<'<lik ",,"".,f,,1J<"l
",t..gnilh."trinllk mOllcljlLk.1u.. S,(f) < +X V"KY, ami ,-~wJ ..kvivAlcru; . ha III' int,,!~n'lhat").
Ha I S p < +:x>, ...kkor "(,,),vf>l v"lO' .c"( X)."'.!f>! vagy. Pg.>sz"ll reszl ..t"""n, "(X, A . j;).wlj,liiljiik Ill'.
X h"hlla:fJ:JU .. ,.. m(l'tikn. lIi~vp 1'....~lik hl\l.viul,VOll ill!.<'grAlhflto lilggvi>n~..k halm"""'t; .. p _ I .... 11"'11
fIZ Cl X} rovidltett j,'luli",t. lIM/.n/djnk;" l' = 2 ......th .. n fI fiiggv;'ny<'kl't negy'f"lr"c" ",t''I",illtaM~Il .. k
mondjuk.
C "'(I').\,cl jdilljiik ..,. X 1,,\Il1lll,.oll lIl{>rh..lo, I,m. m. korlatos fliggv('Jly<.,k ImhuM/,t, ,.,. PK)' / fiiAAv<"IIY
leny..g''~ !!'!.Ul'riIllUlJlI't" kii""tk'wikt'I'I"'ll ,kliuiflljllk,
S.JIl .. I .... "npJ'" ilLl{" E It Ii/(Ill S a IHn. m. }
(1:.1,:.118)
A IIlt'rhet" fiiW~IlY<'kll~1 ~wla\.t. .. 'J111v,I,T,kkd {'Ii"~ ink-grliJokr" vollatk,,zo M 1['; KOWSKI' lO'l'1l161.
l,n.....~ (ld. j:.l. old.) filO",lcml... viol.II>",1 I\:I.t kR"juk, bogy mi",l'IlIHC. I :0; p ::; 00 . .c"(,..) v,'ktort"r,
"
/{.r:)D".;(:r),JA = (-1)1 01
.;(r)D"J(r)dA
(12.219)
II.lakot oh i. milld"n 101 :0; ~. t llllljdolll<AI'/ I " tlIIl1tiillll"xn', limit kiilJdlllol'''ntn"k t..kinth,-tii."k / E
L!...(H) fiiggvt'nY"k iih,,,IAlI,"'it"l~t d~rivAltjiu,ak ,MiuiAlfll''''''<M.
662
12 .9 .5 .2 . AltalAnosft ot t df'rivAlt
ug'l1 J L,'g(II) H.. VR.I, ol)'il.lI.q E
......I..n f"llnAlI
J(r lD" .....,I )d>... ( - I) '
LI-rll) fiiggvPIIY. hUfO' vaJanwly
<> mnltiindexrc "''''' E c,,"'(1I)
ligyhogy / fdfoghat6 di!rltrih,,,,iollllok u.l.1' az ..Iio&<-Ildil kI-2.i.klls rl.. riv4!t;'"

rihi!ri<'>R ,1<-riv41t. E kkor fennall
(D'/.-;) '"
g(z) ...
-(.c)dA
(12.120)
cr/
- _
~-
....kor h
.. puuto..u1
It
{ill 31\cnkoml'.o.kthahnaz.am<>l}"T""'.lpl'f..~ )CK"' .. .

h) cr;~
D"; a K lWma:1,on ~..m. minclrn 0-'''.
12.221 )
.-\Z l"Z<"1I !OOI"OZIl.tkorl~D<;I.j.vaI ..I""t>lt C;' (H ) II'tl"l. alaptfrnrk hivj'lk. P (U }-v>oJ jdOIJ.ik..... .. ~il
RVilian prObafiigv""yo-lwdr. ('..uult llf"W'mi.
12 .9 .5 .3 . Dislt r ihiu:-i6
f:y .. VI OJ
trwn fTt,IIIW'llI"t t , lli,.-'WIOo luukrion41t. >UIlI"ly folytODOl> {Id. 62:>. oI.l. } Ah.....o ~ <"rtek-lnl>rtl.
"""'
hA ....... .; E D{O) i,. ". - . , ; ..Ji:kor ((..-. ) - t(;)

<ilu.bi_itnff ~,D<"k ""Y ~tniuir";nsUl ~Unk.
A: H.. / E L:.,.(O). Akkor IU
(,{,,;) = (f. .; ) =
/ (r},.>(r)dA ,
.; E D(O )
(11 mj
(12.223 )
~tt
"'rt..
.u
ln~ ..
i1y.'U
In kiliMn illtt1!.r&!haw fiiw+u.uy<'I .. (12.223) kij>kol i1tj';'ll
tl~trihiiciOl ~",,1lAk mnntlJllk. K,1. reguliuU; di""tribiiciti pont<lI'oUIAkkor '1Q"<"II'
k"vlM dwtrih{'riOl
16.1''''''zt,(.;) = t,f..")"": E D(U), hAl = rI m. m. Ara thY<".

B : ~...n a E n "'l>0G!,,,!:,,, r6lr;7Jt<"tl I"'nt. Ekk<>r (.. (..") '" ..i a ), .,: E D(U) "",in"'n r"lyt<>U...
Linc.VV< f"nkrionAl .. D(O) ti-t,u. l-t'hi,t tlw.trih'wii" lU"plyet DIRACdi~ztribUtiOw-Ur.. 6-tliw.trih",il>f1llk
'''I:Y 6f,jAA\<'nyDf'k n""",,'ink,
~liv,.j f'7." funkdonA! nem ><WlU"",t.ath"ti> lok"-liMl1 in!pgrAlhAto mgg"l'i>ny ~1"'"g<"'"",1 (ltl.1I2.121.
112.2!lj), if., pfltl .. n"m ~lan.. dwtnh,kii"...
A di.~ztriMrii>k ""'__'I("'l D'(fl) -v'" j<-loljiik. Egy 110 (l2,:'iA,) alalt je17,P\tnpl all-lloiAn<....hh du"'il .......l
m<'l..tMI kid..riil.IIUfO' D'(a) 1\ D(U) <luAlis t..r... SZil:UnllU' vht tdlAl_ 110 D'(O) j..li.;)I."t k,IJt>llf' h",..-z.
nalni. A D'(U) th<'!,ul('ill. ill. t'7An f'l'nwk'" C""(U)-b<'!i fiiAA'''I1Y'k kowt!. sok muvd.-td Mlf'! <lmni
"Ini, l"'ltlAul <li>rt.triJ""'i<'>k d''fiv4ltjAt V1\gy krt <lilOZtrihl"'ib konvollld6jftt. 110m; .. h"""t r"!tl,.....k ,lm;'IMi
,i7.sgAlatokr... llIult'1ll f'l,kttolt'<chnilU<i. n" ....h...l1ilU<:'I,I",-t 1i",,1
112.12). 112.281. Itt ..,'111"'" ..... AllA\IAnOt<itHU (iiAAvt"IlY d.>rivAltjAnnk fogaJulI't l..-vgy"'jllk
12.9.5.4 . Disztriht'lci6 der-ivnltja

Mt'gatlott t di~"l'ri""'.-i,' ,.....\i.I!"
(D"t)(-;) = f _ljl" ( ( D" 'P) ,

(;; E V(O),
(12,2:l4)
k;'plt'tt..1"rtt'lmf"lf'tt lJ"( <li""tril"ki"t ..... f .lis;<tl'ihlkiO(>drc"d,i dioztrib,,,,,,,, dr,.""'ltj<in"k II<'V'",.ziik.
Lcgyt'll / fo!yton""'ll difff'fl'udA!huto fiiltK""uy,montljuk Jlpu (e'Mlt'" / lokAli...m int"llr,;,lh"t6 R-.n.
J' (r)'t'{:rldz ,
ahnllllAll p""";,w" ill'grw.-..!
akkor .. 9 roiggv.. nyl .... / f11ggvMly ,,-rln''''J,1 tiltdllin"..,lo" drnMltj<ilLl\k. SZOBOWF.V -Fit- d.....lO<i/'tjdJuU:
vag)' dL.;trWtic,o.. d~".~tiltj<ilUl.k n..vl.'"Qiik...... raa kt-qilolll""",tbt.-z w...onlOan '" 9 =c
jfolOlt.. t 1__
nAljuk.
A c.."" (Q} ""ktorth!wn II. h'_ H";., ~lu.U:" .." E c."'(U ) f"uggvmyl..-.. -'<> konW'Qll"llciAji.t .. kOvrt1=oU-l'p<"II rl..nniAljuI:
(V ' / . .; ) =
-1
D' f
IIoZ
et""rendil <li,.,..t-
(12.22:-")
kii\-ctkt-"lik. hngy
f(.r}.;'(.r)d..r '" -(f. ..-').
(12.2'2'}h)
lillo" ~u.rlmtribUriO. abo! / E J.:"'fU). ukor"

fD"t r)(,,) = ( _ I) I-t(, (.lJ" ,::-) =
( - I)~
/ (.t)U' ,::-dJ.
{l2.226)
"""""'~ mia.tt IlZ / fiiggvt'-ny Al~;l-ol.t ,It'nvAltjAt Ioo.pjuk .. SZOBOUE\"fH.. {>['U>lpmhPn (1<1.
(12.2'1O)).
A : A nyilvAnvaklow loIuiliNw intpYAlh..w
B ( )_ { l. tu.. r ~ o,
z O. bar<O
(12.221)
HEA\'I~IOf.-fii.Il:R""llYbf'zI't'Ilrlf'lt~u.n..rl_lnb6ri6 .. llf'm I~ 6-d~tribUciO<krivAltjllokt'nt..oo

dik .
B: MWozalti Ps fu.ib.i problemAk IDIIowm..tilrai ~~~llU Ifp.....k ft>l (bn.onyoo; tdr.intM..
bnl idMI.izAlt.) pontra ~trAlt Mt.Btook. pl. ..p<>n~ f'I\'ik, to1impubUlW>k. iitltOziotnt lIZ rnA" ~~l.
Egy"!gO t6mctl: n-ntI.<u-nJ<'k. ftlfI"l}"W a t., id6IoolltbAn F ~ l'iIIanat,lIyl ktih06.ro ha.t. a II1OI~tc:i -+- ... .'J- r = "'6,. .w.k-.J.. M r IO) '" rIO ) = 0 ~i ftolt;'tt>),.k rnrllctt oil ~
r(l) =
~ sin(_'(l -
10)8(1 - r.).
13. Vektoraualizis es t erelmelet
(n3<- )
13.1. A terelme lct alapfogalmai

m.... k.. pp"n
13.1 .1 . Egyparameteres vektor-skalarfflggveny

13 .1.1.1. D f'finici6k
I ""I d'l
-di i.,;H,t l]
A t ska liu' " ,Jto~'" ".. ktorffi Kl';'-" nyfon.. k lll"ve=iik I\.Z a:"",ktort. ha a kompoceue-i t fiiggWll}"f'I:
;j - a l t ) _ a. (/l". + ....(t l<'..
<1, (ti'>,
( 13.1)
A7. t }D'PI""'lIy MtArt'J tioko.. rolyt<>~ ,.,.diJJ"rrnrWh.. ~a ..g:f to hclY""U" kompont'Wll"i ~1U1
eseu to bdY"JI \..-tt h..tAn;rtiokriMi &/10_ktort. 111M"", korupoDPfl.""';llf'k t....bdi foI~f1t.ditrrrm<:Wha~,\t jPloo.lltl.
2 . Ve k torfUgveny hodogrMja . II.. l\i! Ii, t ) ....ktorfiigvi-n}"t.,.;y mazg6.\1 pont !w[y- ""ll" wI;.
,.....wktonLkk..t. """"' r = r( 1) ....klurllt'nt f,~u.k f.-I. akkOl" ('kk "'" ii' l ) Vf'ktoroIt A I vilJtozNo"i.v..J "ll..V
I~hrt hatiuu<wok U>!'I( 13. 1. lib ra ). E.. .. ti-~""lIZ i , I) ..rktorfltggYfny 1>odo,;r... /jA.
dt -
I.
"I
(A szereplO a .
H"
a t )l =
l\Za7.
dii
dt ft!
,."."
b. c
;o-
dt
, _to)
tenn""'"~~"WD
zz;
rh ,_
c.ak rG\i<1 ylUli.,..,,, a (I)-IIr k . a it )-lll"k. illf'tVf' c (t )-IK'k . )
&lL!IndO. az.az a'l (l) - ':;( / ) a ll ) = Allan<!1l. IIkknl"ll(IJ.;k}-MI kiivMl=;ik. bogy a-~~
a egymA.o.ra ~~ Vf'ktnrolc,
- o.
I'Hd4k :
A : KOrrl1idiU81_i>so'rinlo~ktorll""iklwl""
Do COmb,.., illeozkf'dO IOrl... b..-Iy- PA mntolvrklorll. ,\
bo<inltrlJ .,kkor "1:}'
"qt'nhu~.
13.1.1.--1. Vektorfiiggveuyek Taylor-sorfejtke

d:i.
8(t - h ) =a(I ) - h
dt
hZ tfa
.... 2di'f~
h- ora
.... n'J;;:+
\ ..ktoffiigg\-kly T"yt.QR -.....rl..jti-oo'f!f'k n<IIk
ak.kor Vllll i!rtdme, lI.lllikor a
(13.4 )
llOI"
kOllV<'r~'1h ~. r=n
"01'1I1. adou bfo~'f'D koo~""'-"kl'. N ( i>ppo1.I(~v. aullt ~~,.,. Vl"i~ -"I ur;ytWIIWkka!"
~ OOU\hP\.O .... mim .. koml.}P",\"S!illOrok ionwrvnri4ja. (JA"d 717. nki-t ..... ktortagli !lOC"Oi<
knn~ja. ~_1rtO lIZ"'"tJPik kompoll.. ,I'W"iMJ ~nll lIl'.-vn:->rolt kon~jiLrll.
13.1 ...........
13.2 AhT&.
" a
13.3. abnL
13.1 .1 .2 . VektorffiggvclI)' diffcrencialhanyadosa

di _ r
~~
A Iwlp"'ktor
"dr
Ii(f - ..).1) - a(t)
00. (1) .
---;it e, +
.:it
do..UJ _ 00,(1) -;u-e.

+- --;tIe,.
13.1.2 . Skalarmt>zok
(13.21
oilf, "llciAllWl)'llofioo...oly.. u vrktnr. "mdy m"l!:lldj"" U'rg03rk JI f>OntjAl:No.il az hinUl
iriUlviLt ( 13 .2. a brll). H~~ PA ir4ny" tdui.t,,1 J""Ta.mo'terhtkki>f.6l f,-Igg. H" II f ioot jffiollt. akkor
i ll ) vektcr .....M pont lllW.l!,>i.K4t irjA I.. " U'r!>c.u.mig" ~ " mO"L.Ka.~""~l1..k irM yat "" n~",,~nt
dl
.Ilo<ljll m.-g H" " tkrW'>r.... ivh"....a" p"rlllTl"ti'1"t"Z<1.I. u-bilt t = 8" tkr~rb<> ivh~ (pgy 1ll"Kh" ,Armou
Il7.
gu.-kpontt61lllirv<: ), ..kk"r
I:1 -
:!- (it b cl = ~ -'- dl; -'- de

"( -bl
dt
di' 6
dl'" dl "'dl'
da
+ ~ dl
(", "1:Y"na;<'<>1l f l>arfilJld ('r ~kal;\r fiig,.,.... 'n v.. ).
=di" +"'dt'
( 13.31
(1:l.:kJ
db
+ e: -d,
"" (13,6a}-t ...bzlarm"wfI.. k n.. ...-zz,lk.

P" ldalll sWArrnI'7ii "KY t.-oIt bOm""""'kl..t<-. ~11r1W'g<'. pOl''1",iAlja ..th.
Az U = VI M) skalil.n n..,..6lMrh"til N
U = U( i)
(.. t"ny,-"" k "or l'1'ndjf' IWm
fdc",",ltw t<'il.
l\2,
(13.6h)
.1/ p"nt hdywklorll (IW l SI. old_).
13.1 .2.2 . Font osah h ska.Jarrnf'z6k

(13.Ja)
_db
d . - di .
-d, (a x h ) -dl) ( h
13 .1.2.1. Skalarmezo vagy skalilr pontfllggveny

H" l'IY U'm'foz minrlf'n.\I pontjAiIOZ IJou.Iu.,.nudiinkl'lY U ~m.. rtkkct (~IWArt ), IIkkoc AAI irjulr..1iogy
U = ["(J /)
(13,611)
skalar-\"t'ktorfiiggv;'nnyel is . abol "". r"..... kt.<>r
13. 1. 1.3 . Vektcrfdggveuyok differe-ncialasi szabalyai
dl
d_drp.
dt (,t a) .. & 11
V<'ktorfiiggvi>fI~ diffcwncWjAnak " do--fmlri6J'"
da: = da j, t
dl
.
A \ 13.1) llUlMinli <lilf...... lId41Mllv ...." ""'f'tY (,j .....ktorfiiggven)T .. I valta1.on.u:;
di -
f'
(13.:kl)
1 . Sikh<>li m f'7'o 117." me-w. 1\Il)l'ly .--k a te r v..J.. m dy "ikjAnak .. p<>lItjaira hldn' ..zct t.
2 . Cf'lltrilli.~ mf'z6
Ha .gy fiiggv,;ny minde-n M i'0U tll1\1l, all ...ly "" or~6t61 a""n"" Uv ol"" gra
VIl.fI . ''K'(form'' ''rt'' k"t vest ff'l. ak ""r ..!'\Y ('~ntrril'lZ"rl",~'nA ".. "":<I"ml ......1O' (l' .. tnil~. ill. 90mbmnorol
......zdiink. Ekkor az U fii!'Jlvp ny
ffi = 1<1 tr,vulAAgtfll fiigg:
"""Imll ..
U = /(I ; I)_
(13,7a)
Egy f>Onlsz..ni Sllf:{.,-f"rn\'.. e r.........g","'k (inll' "1.it......\.Ullk) .. lIl"z 'j... 1"I<1A" I .. f..ny erffi....l'; m,-O"j... "
M(]gArforn\.M,O[ mi-rt r
U -"'-;'
="
If! t il.volsAAA..J kif ..j, ,,,h.. t1I:

(13.71, )
1:11. A
666
J.
l~
h",<M'!Gllk.
13
13
r.
A xiilli s m .. z6 Hll ll fiigg....ny "KY "lP"'llo'tO! azouOtI tAvolAAgrl\ ]i.vt'lpontokhNllllO'''lI""t 1\<1 kt..
bt V'l'>ai f..l.llkkot 1I....9"r<.l'Imm~tn.t ..... ill. ttngtl!l"'z"",,mdrihL. munrO!, ""10' mvicl"u /Ui,iJ ... muorOl
1J!1~
13 .1.2 .3 . Skalarnwzok IIIPKa d A.';;a a koordlnerak fiiggvi- n)"ekent
~~
t&kPJ:
2.
u = '/I(p. ..;)
m.
F.,]tfoIw<7.iik, ho,;y. (13.
(13.Sh)
I .... (13..'11,) nlQV"!lY"'1r. folrto~. kiWvP .whiwy.-llarUllli pootot, xilrOPt
""Y ~h-,lrtrt. A fiLwo'"nyrlr.
Vt Jrl
_r -,.- :2) = V( ,jpl_ z2) =
a) c.nt r ilis ruez6re:
(,' _
b)axiAlis mf>ll6n>'
ll=q';.rl ... r)=U(p)=U(rsind).
;;r;'
-1- 2-3-4
..........
4 -3-2 -1
hJ
L'(r) ,
luo .. rnra6. zl~ly",..wu1llf'tri!r.'llI.

vlItrau.. zDl"S61r. ~tNa a ~mhi koordinAta.k. llZ axi&fu< mea.Olu'f'l" II. bffivrkoordinAl.Alc
66 7
H,,"C m...wrm f>O',t,ilUt k"....<IiniIAival...Jjuk meg (d"ri>k-~i. h..ng......"lO' ~Ulhi kuurdiuAtAkl...kke>r .. houAtllrt<'W"~kALVn,rz6k (IJ.Gal 8.ltal&t..-.\gboln egy haromvaltozill, fUAA""llllyrllrhAtOk \P:
U -</>(z.w.:).
U=~(p. ." ,z)
~
{" -"'X{,.,d.,;).
(13. )
Slkt.cli ,1lC>Il'.i ......ti'1I ..~ "ltY kMvAlU)z/vl fiiggvi'ny.l\ffi<'lynd< lIZ ..IakjA de~. ill. rooIMknnrrlill""
L' '" "'( r, ,).
t",.dm"l~ tal.apl"'Ja1ma>
y
( 13.9rol.)
~
13 _1.2.4 . SziDI Ieliiletek k saint vonalak
13.
A(
Ah
im.
~i
Mj'
11m!
13.
1. Sz intf",liiI<"tllf'k flf'\l'f"Uflk" tiorbrn AZOII pontolr. ~M.. "lDf'1)....kl...n a (13.fwo) r~lIY __

lall...ly V E .il1aIwiO kti'kM ..- feI. KiilOnlKrdi U.. VI. lJ":!, . ,ijlanriOkhoz kiilOnhiu6 ,r,t.i.ntfdUlovk
t.vtmUAk. ~IiJMioon J>OlIttwI ~titl fK'lItoM.o OC" I<ZiIItfd.lilPt hAINl At, kivo'-vr AZ<lW" puntuW. am'"
l,...klx"l.l" lUgvIony 1Ii:I~ (<'&Y"'l"U'lmik'n) d.-fi.uiiJ..... A harom edtlig t-nL1t kOOfditiAw-m.-a.z..rlX'na
Rilltf",I~..Jr; ~t.-i:
V "" 4l(z".:) = A11Ant~, U = W-(p...,:) =0 AllandO. U = Xl,.. d,") = allanoo

(13.10)
P~ldak kiOOnh0t.6lIW1fik ..zinlf...liikotoif<!:
A : U = cr = ~r + 1;~11 + c.::
pArh1l7./llIlOll silrok.
B: F =
+ 2>/ + .h' = (pm;lliv) &l.lanOO: w...ouJOb; egy~t.Png..lyiI ..llif-Wi'Iok.
C: ulllrfllj,. al"'a1:
konCMltriku,; gOlUook.
D , .uWiIo 1Dl'W'
ko<u:i.ili5. = a=nUfl to1l.g"'lyll h..ugf'l""k.
2 . Szint vo nalek A ~(kl ...li lIlf'7.1'in..k ""inlf..liil<-tck h..ly<'u lUilltvouaW. V1ll111,.Jr.. EcYt-nl<1.lik ..untio-ll;
U = Alwl'lO.
{13.11}
Gy,.lm.n" ,q,mtvonaWw. n~'Rlu..tAru:wlt, Pgyf'nliikmli U--<-rti'k..k,.., ilbrilzoljuk. ~ az U 'r\.IokH II bozo
lIAWtozO V-von"'r" rAlrjuk (13.3. abra ) ,
Loll"'rt p,'ldAk ILZ i,MjiVNo i1~lloAr vuu..w bl .... foldrllj7.i lhk.:'p'k meg ........agvon.. llli.
Sp<"CiAli>c ,... ,(('kh"ll" -.:inlf..liil..t..k ponto,kka V>t.gy e gy..n__klre," ""inwonalak iwlAlt ponto,kkft. flljulhatnak ..I.
A7. .. } V = rll, b) U _ ~ _c} (I =
<I) V = lIlt"LOK szintvonaW.t 11 13. 4. Abu nl1lt>ltj...
r'.
!,
13.1.3. Ve kt or mezdk
13 .1.3 .1. Vf"kt.ornlf'7.t'i vagy vektor ia lis, azaz vektorertekl1 pontfiiggv....ny
Ii" egy t"rI""'" rnirul.." M IN>llt.jhlIOZ ho-a.ilrenddiillk "10'
V =V{M )
V v,'ktort, "kkor liZ!. trjnk, hOI\)'

(Ul2'II)
(", ,...kl",~"u(;n,k nHP1.1.iik.

1I1'>u ",'kt"nu..wk p/'1,IAIlI "" Al'lUnl6 foly,uli-krl'= ,,,'!'hk ....hffi...,'>gi>nck mea...jr-. millmi"!. "" .. ro- ....
d)
'J
IJ4.
~a.
therO-'g terek.
A ,1 =
VPi)
vektorm.w k1rh"til ..
(13.12h)
V = V (f)
.....ktotv..ktorffiuvi'nlly.-l...hoi r
pont origOr.... vnnatJ.i> hdyvektura. Sikh<-li ""ktorIJlC"wr6l h..-NZi-lullk. ItA minden r -.'rt "k ~ mi",I'-1l V (>rUok "iY ~(khA" van (1M<! 189.old.).
u.u
13 .1.3.2. Font osab b vektormezdk

1. C.. ntralis vektorm...zi'l Miud..n " ",ktor ~J><"'iAlit; ''RY''r",.,,k'-n V"", lI.Inc1ylk f'gJ m..ghlltam-wtt
p" nton _.. crn lru rnoll m"lU",k At (13.5.8. Abril ) . Ii,.." k.",rtlinAt....,..Il.IN-...." k.-z<l/Ipontjat II n'Il tnunha
Iwl)'f'Y.Ziik. ak kor a ml"wl ll
V "" f(f). f
(13.13<o.)
f"mmla h"talV~"" Ull'g . minden v (i'} v..ktor...,.. i hdyvt'kt"rral pArhnulIIl... k I(f) ~ 0 e<;ctCn r ira
llY"hIl O1u"" t .
Gyakran h""'~n"" ezek et .. mp",.okct ..
V=
',
",(i')-
(13.13\')
13.1. A U...,/",ilel aJapfO'JaJTIIlJi
668
fonnllL"....J l..!mi.lLhoIa ,:(f) ..

r =
If'!.
V ""kt",..Mj..l.... h0AAZ4t adja UlCR Cs ~, ""
f irM y(1f'gy".',gv,klor. I,'hilt
e.. . .... "
u..
q:,
- I
e, (=k}.
ill.
ii,. (=f) .
e.. e.,.
(13.1110)
V = \.;.(p. y . :)e.. -+- V,,(p. ; .1!C" + l '. {p, y . z)e. .
(13 .171)
\' = \ ~( r. ;. d }eo. ->- l',,(r,;. " 'Ie" + l;'(r. y . tf )e.,.

{13.l7c)
au a:z ~ktoroll: irMY" Alt'IlAbAu pontrO! pontr" vA/t<:&ik. ll:I ortononrl&ItMg mi"u mindi& mero~k ~
h)
0)
13.5. abrlL
2 . S zf"riku~ VO:"ktormeW AlIl!fhik,,,,wok~aN'Dt....w..~~ ,,",,,,,,, .au ...lybo-n

A V '"-..,.,.); ll.Z fi Uo~""1 fij~. t4'hAt / (il = f ( f1)&o ,.."if) = ; (Irl ) ( 13.S.bibr.).
P8d&u..l1'V PODt&<tPnl~. ill..' ..... f'C ..k-ktroll108 pontwlt.... :"Ev'TOSJike. COULOMB-! ",,"
v
c _
C'
~------'
=;::s' "" ;J ;
(13. 14)
:\ 8ikbdi ozfi-rilr.\IIO .....kturmr:7.6l1pf'riAliA fW'U1 tbrmnol1d'lll"Vl'ZZl.'k.

3. ll.. ng.. l'eII Vf'ktorll>f'Z6. vagy h .. ng..r mez6
a.) Mind..n V vrktorolyan f'C'"1 KeUVRU. >WIdy..!,..,;y rIlf'ghaWoz.<>U
gt"I"'k ..... Iflf'w.ik ezt ll.Z "lO'l'l>t""t , ...
v .....
ukor .......
formuIav..J.frluotO 10:-. Al. f OVl"ku>r 1\1. rVf'kto r v<>t\Jl"I.. arr"a~ikr ... amely .. tmg"lyrt mrro1"K""'p = If l.
Ez<.n rn.,..diku('k" t<'lIlt"'yn-mMtlI<'gf!l' ~ikokr" VNO mpgRZOri.......u h""",nlo kOnnp7A'k.
13.1 .3.3 . A vekto rmezdk m cgadasa a koordiuatek fiigg venyek ent

I. v e ktormeee de r+kfl~ogu koord i na t"r"ll d ~ 7. ..r b e n Egy w-ktocuww harom ~luo.l.vnww V,(f) .
~2 (f).".. ~i( i') ""l';IUo'!,\rvd ,,'[h,,10 meg. Mlt'ly<>k" V vektor IUllom lll'm <'KY~ik{1 el . ~ k e;. V<'kl.n...,k
~>It'rilJti f" lbont{lMlwul M .'gy iitt hlltok:
V=
Vl el
+ Vl~ + VjoA.
v,. \-; .
(13.I{i/I,)
r. Ie.. k ,l.t:Y"'l\wktorok. {...f,-j"u;'ik
V "" V.(x. II. :)f + V. (r , II. : )J + i'. (:r. II. z)k.

TphAt "vpktorml'Zt'i m.'ghlltMo-~h"t6 h.vom MromvAltm.<i8 _kaIArfilggvl'nllyd.
,.
1 3.7. ~
13.8. Abra.
( t.... g..I)'I'O') nwt<'il..-
b ) mind..n
kt.. r .. tfollgr'lyt61 "1Q'<'fI16I.AY'OL..a,;ra Ji.v<'l poutokban allOllO" n..gyAAg{' ....""C" \.<'JlK"ly
r.. \io V>Igy .. 1J,.nkPW irallYloaDlllu,,\ ( 13. 5.c a b r a). II.. a. koonliruitMemu-r kP7A6pontjll .. if ",klor A1w
m<>glu<tArozott t .. ug,IY"'u vall.
fU('7.6 a
_
fO
V = y( p)(13. 1:;"')
abol i " = c x {i' x c1
(l3. I:;h)
u,IO't'Il<'k """k 1\ v,'ktoruk 1\ kO/'nlinAt1\tPllgply..k in\nYRlmIlJut"t6

ki"
Vl ''lO'iitth"tokiit d,n'kKT.iig'l knonlinAtflkk,,1, ><kkor:
e;
x
13.6. Abr...
pg)'f'llf"Ill"f\
e;
//,'
ml~:
. "'1
A hpngpr - ....
IIJ,lt' !""k ;u f pon ton Atm..n<'i ""intfphil..lpk />rint<'ii; p = AJlanM. ; .. Ailar><l6, : = iUlando. ill. r , d .
; "" l.n>Uldt>( 13. 6., 13.7. ahra ). Ebben """lTt'IIdboon mimiigpgy nrtonormaltjnbbrend.'t7.ertalkotnak.
A7. rgy,itthRt6kat ekkor a Ul~kok-115 koordinAtAk fiiggWon)'O'ik/ont krll m~ni:
,.W1':
2 . V..k to rnlw heuger- es g6 mb i (terbeli po lar- } koor<:lina tawnds",erben

gombi koonlinAtarCI1~r pgy,,;.gw.ktorAi ul"llllllJ,.lld6Rk (e . ki""Il'lr.....I):
669
(lJ.lUhl
13.1.3..1. Aueres egyik terbeli kooed inaterendsze r rd l egy masikea egy V (i)
vok t or mezd megedssaben
LMd " 13. 1. t ab lflzat o t
670
13.1. IAhlazat.
~r~ <'fO' .... !clnrnW7Atprhf.li <i..rl-k~l1 hCIlfI:cr- 6; Jl:omhi koorrlinAI.J\.i k<>'.Wtt
d ..rloku5gu k~rdiflll tAk

(-;',,.,z
h.. ngerkoordina tak
go m b i koord inJotAk
(r, d . .;)
(p,;,z)
V(i') = l:e. + V.e. + V,i.
_ \-;,e~ .... ":e. ... \ ~~ ,
\~er
v. _
V. NlfI i' - " ',, sin ;:
\~
hill V eo; ,; + l;'COIillC08..=-
V.=
\~ sin .;
.... V"...., ... V..e"
.. dnfk...wg(l koo r<linat>Lr..n cls,.er ......ti!ht>n f UlI fi~t1(,lliil u u udi,.;a 3 iM.Inert e~ . ell' e, ,~kto[1
k...pjuk meg). Sikhan
"".intf"liil..t<>k lwlyrtt ~zilltw)ll.lIWr.kIll-lIKYII.lIUgy >WVII"",tatjuk Il pol3rkoort1inAtar..T><Wo-r k<'t h..l)i ~ktorli.t. M"KlI.1 .. polAtkormli llAtAr"l~ "'" x, !r"ikbau Ugy ka l'juk
""1\. bogy itt gombi konrdin/l.Uk ....-t.. bfon Ii ,., i (t<>hAt CQi d = O. "in d = I). \ . = 0; II h..ngrrkoordinwk _H...n V, = z = o. vo>g.il ,. ,., p: ...u~ ht>1",Iyt'tto...itvr ... kk koordllla!.an'ntlszcr "K)Ihremk
6< "'P11l'n a polArkoordinAtiLkat bpjllk. Enn.. k nwgJ..I.. I..... n Il 13 .1 . t ilb(iLzat <'gym....llIlk m..,;!""'''''; forululll.i ;" "K)In.,.",.IIlk. 6< igy lIlt1:kapjuk ail X.1/'"I!!KOII Iort ..lllIt'<Wtt h ot( &-kv6 _ktornu>zo1l:to> vona.tkoW
hwomtJO 13.2. Uhliiza t ot ;
- V" N U ,.'
+ "~ COIII';
13.'2. tAhlA7".t.
1: sin v5;n .,; ... v;'ea;, thin,:

+ \ ',, 00II<;
V,=
\~('(J5
... ", \ ; ...:n ,:
-l';,sin;-.- V.COIII ..'
\'
V.
\:000; ' - V"WnP
_ V.=
lt~
=1',,=
V,
sin" + l ';,lXJ!\d
l: sin 'COlI'; + \',II11"ID .." + "~('(.'OI'

V."""dCOll .." + "; coetll llUl'; - l~..ul'"
\~ NlfI " - V. sin d
= l.
-l:lli.n,;'" V. w. ,;
1'"
= ":'
I . Szferi k us woklonrwz6 ld ff>jeu-
<kor+~iI
(13.18)
(13.19)
Ahogy mAr f'lnliktc.Uk. goml.lA'Tf'khrn \' = l ' (r )e..

..lOnyo... a gOmb; koord iQJ\.tAk alb.Im~....... a
V '"' V (;,;> )e" - v ~A1At.Va pPdig a hPIlgprkoordinatilk "jkallIlR7.MA. Sikl><,li mOl"'lA5kro'
V=
+ \-~ e.,.
V. _
\--: COlI';
\~Wu ,;
\~
\'.Ili",., ...
":'rooo,;
V.IOin ..-
\~
= \!"
.... C gmbk a V (i ) ",kto,--m0,0z6 ( 13 .9. ' b r a) ""O...-Jau..k~

Zllk. '" a (r1 vekeor lllindo.1l .\1 giKbt'poontbo.n l>rillto5vt'ktot". A tb
rnindMJ. poontjRncgy .. r6vowl.l halad ii~. Az ('rovull.aIaIt II<'1lI mM>Iuk
rgymiL,l. kivk... "'f.Olta! ...po"toitat. 1\IDt'1)"'kb..n ... \ l fiiuvt'ny Ilinar.
htcllll<!l'''' V3IO' eltli"ik. IWn'-iuozOgIi koonliniot4kW ~I 'iJ _k
torrr>o"W P"'volll.Wnllk a cliff~I<-Wi
1roordio;!otaJr.kal
beng~",k (13.M. ' b ra)

~pcdli.1iMn
\~e"
13.1 .3 .5. Erc vonalak
Yi. J r 2 + r)(r f+lI.n
V ", V.(x.,)l+ V.(r,,)J '"
V _ ~~e~ ...
- l',"in .. ... V"COl'.:"
- 1:
V = i'iJp ... 11 + ;2)(,-1+ IIJ + tkl.

2. e -t.. ngel yu he nl':1l'n'S _ ktonnPZ6k ki f..jHt-Mo d..r+ks Wgu koordina Ukkal
\' =
polArkoonJin1ltilk (". ,;)
- \:i.
\~('OI,;-
":COti "- V"o;ind
= " '. =
1l" li n " + l ~ ca> tl
dere ks rogu koo rd inaU.k (x.,)
V~( r ,1Jk', + \ ~ ( x , y~'~ ,
dx
.. ) " taliin os:
v;
dy
\-~
dz
\- _,
(13.22Il)
h)
~ iktH>1i
13.9. &br....
m pwre:
(13.22b)
(13. 20)
ami ..... t fpjni ki. ~ IIoZ (x(t). y{t). z(t)) R<>rl:M' d,nvRItv.-ktot"auunden t-.., ptU-hlUl\lI.lOtl a
(\ ~'l. \ ~ " , \'>1<,) llleWVi.'ktorral. Ezo:'l1 dilf'WI...ial<'\I.Yl"nl.ot<k 1lI<'l';Olda...u....~!Nod 497. ill. :''26. 0101.
( 13.11)
A:
korm.....okto>
,,( Jx~ + r)(,.l + yf) = ,,( r) e,..
emiatt "ct-orl1 h"nR<"!"' '" glimhi knnr<l inAtAk ~ikl)f'li kU-W8 m~'gfcl ..liijCt.
I.:<aZ ...
poJAorkoor<linaWu.t
hftllZllw u i .
VIll i ~11l. hogy egy i v..ktilr adott koordillat",crHl~Z(rb.-li koort.linflt.Ai~ k if..jnl.iik
vall\lll cly m""ik k"nnli nl\t ......"'wRrb.-li knt>rdinAtAiVlll (ld. 3 .20. tiihliLzatot a t " rhdi ,~ th'l1 i .. a
Ct'utr(JiI< m C"w crOvona.l;l.iolY"lL f,I'1t V<'" ..... k. I\In"]yrk: Il ",,"trulllho] inolnlnak
ki .
ll: A V = c x i v..k til r m,.,..t'! ..rovolllli...i komk . am..lyok ... C vpkt nrr... merol"ll"" sikban vaunak .
Kil,i " llOlltj"k " C v.. ktnrraJ rflrh\l,.amOll. origon It.!.h,,jOV\o 1...ngelY"''' VIlJl.
Itt whld uem ..rwl
mt'f:Mdll "lkbdi ',...then ). h an em V (r1 M ott koo rrlillAt AihOl

- mcl y..k Il h..n g..r- '" gomh; k'K>nlinAlAk ,,,,,li bo1Iaz r- rel cgyiitt va ltmo. .h elyl" egy>...!:V<'kt"rt>kMI
tort e ne;f..UrAM..gyi itth lltOi
kif,j...~zii k Vin val ... n.,)y n iAs koor<liniitar..ndseerbeli kon nl inAt Ait . E hhl'7.f"lh""zllwjuk r kon r<lillAt Ait iN, bizouy"" "',d ..kl"'n Il regik<'t. hi7.0nyOll""",t,klwll ..w gy' "," k if.'j,,ht
M I''''' az {lj" k...I. "",..-riut. hoKY mdy ik ... 1 "IO'"w ni h b ki'p l<'td. 1I1<'gj..gp..-n<lil. hogy ,.,.. IItlott r' po llt hl>"'- tart.,.,1l "h..lyi" koo rd in At l'l r<,nol"""'r 3 orto llo rmAlt " KY"'>gvpktil rAt ml ndegyik koo r<linAt...r" nd~''''r
"",.-tH,,,n "lO'l\I1llT.oll mMoll h.. U.rOZ1.11k m..g; to..killt jiik a>l ..dott kOOlr.-lim'tll = r' m",.;f..I..1O kOOlrd inAtAj.... t.. hAt koord in At ll AIIIlll.lo r ..n I\tm..n<'l3 szint fdiil,-t r- he li crint .....gy ""gv.. ktil riil (IAthllto, hngy
(3.211.. ). (3. 2i 1h). (3. 21]c) k"pIM ..k,t
1\
13.2. T erbeli diffcrcncial szam it as

13.2 .1. Irnnyment! es ter fog at ! t1ilfert'nciAlhAnyados ((If'r ivalt)
13.2 .1.1 . Skala r mezt'i ira nymcnti dilft~ rt'llci Alhanyad osa
Az U = Ut i") "kalarrn.. ,,ii ir imYlllPnt i . litf' nlldft.l lJally", lo"A! lIZ i helyv.. ktor(' /If !",lltMn ... C v..ktor
irAilyahan ( 13 .10. abra ) II
au = lim U( i + ~C) ac
,-<>
U( i)
( 13.2:J)
672
V~I;-t" ...n"/(:,,,
'13,
t".. .
1:1,2, Tirbd, d,fJrrrncuiL'lZtimitti..
lm/l~t
hAtArfortiokk..1<WlniAljuk. H.. ..:t U ,!iff''Tf"llciAlhAnya<l"""t a
c ""ktor irAnyaba DlUtat<" CO<~..ktnr
k f'nul\tt f'mRI ddinialjuk (il grad)Y -to AltAliu".. k<><>TthnAwr!l.br""rbt'n kvi-lIYf"':
8U
U".wyahan iJCo-laljoolOljiik. akkOT / g V( f) fiilUtV"ny if irany'; .... CO irilny,j <lilf,,",nd,ijhiwy~ kiUOtt
(iigrllrl)\'
hNmely pontlwm ..
8U
'
ss: lCl oco
bogy u
(13.24)
au-
all fenn. A:t f !"Olltf:wu\ ft;( ~ktor iranyibau V'e'tl ac o diff"''''IKiAlhany...l"" Il>(t rom.
irAnYMJl mil~ lO'O....-.u nOebzi.k. Egy pootlwm a k,ilOnOCt.W irAnytl~ '
c; fi"~ny ..
e-
~ktorok irlwyabM. ~t
8U
dilf...,...nci&lhAnyad0801r. kOzOtt ... un
II
legnagyobh h1"kll. Ahol "'" ri at i'
ponton Mrn..oo ""intlPlftkot IlOTfllAli" ITfwyu ~kt<>r",- Az Ii .... egy ~L6legno CO ir ....yl:ww ~t
irAnymoontl dilf~hiwy...loook ki1U\tti o.-".fii~
at:
i)C1l =
~(rot ( \'
)( :i) .. grad (ii\' ) +
"d,\ V - var,a - a x rot \'
V )(
rot
i).
( 13.28h)
8U
~ijgg'"
673
lJU
an ttM(C". Ii) ,.
[rot dMinkiOjAt la....f I J .2.5. ba ll. di v-ft lNool13.2.-I..twn).
13 .2. 1.3. Terfogati vagy terbeli differencialhanyados

.-\z U = U(r) swarmrm V"IO' .. \' _ \' (i') ....ktornJ<'P6 r ponth.-Ii tPt-fnv.li diff......nri3Jh;\nyadoAAn.. k
az 1\\lt.hhi ..lj.Ar.O.-u kapott worn lIK'W1yj",'-gct lWV>'3Z"k,
1. KOriilfogjuk a"~ \""fO' a wktonnrdl r l-"'lltJli.t a 1: Wt. r..hilton..l. Ext a Wt. f..hil..tet lIZ i =
r (u. ,,) = r(u, t' ,,,, ... y(u. " ,Ie" + : (u. tI)e, ....ktU[~k".Wfiicxvflln,...llrblItjlLk lor. llgy bogy .. b<rz:,"'tnrtozi>
mroriilil' f,,];ilortf'1.-m "-
iJ(J
8iiC08 ":-
. ar ar
au )( &\. dudr:
( 13.25)
dS =
(13.2'Ja)
..,;yr.oo..'m-"I atlhatO wcs

2. lutcr;ralju.nl< .. ><8rt ~ f..lii""l __nIPn. 5zAmoljllk Iri a kOM.~ bArom lip""" int.."nut:
Jj L" es. Jj v
(!:l
jj \' )( <is
tiS
(!:l
3 . HatArozzuk meg a
, )'--
-'--
-e
~i~ ~ Jj utiS F~ ~ jj v, <IS. ~l~ ~
I ~)
l J .ll . alll&.
13.10. llhra.
13.2.1.2 . Vektormez6 irany menri d ifferencialhanyadosa
av ,
( 13.2(;l
:a
ru.tAri'rt<'kk ..\ dpfiniAijuk. Hit. /I V = V (i') Vl'ktormP1J1 diff..Tt'n~ ialha.ny,,<l"""t
aY
so
ffi o
<is
(13_29r)
0:
bat&Ji,rtCkrkct.abol \. jrlOli auuak a ti>rT<"I~Ilf"k a '''rfogatill.lUDI''ly lIZ r pon t ot .... If,pjP....n tart.alrna=II
amrlyrt a 1: zan f..Ha", hatMol.
A (13.29r) haUri>-rtf'krk a tf-rf"l':ali dilfrwnc-ialbJlny..doooobt j.1OWr n. ILZ ...Jott .....~bo>n "'8Y s
meW grvd... JUfnrk. valaJnint "lO' \Tktom~ d' ..... 'Y"""' ... jAllak No mttirllijAnak a <1Mi.nkiOi.
13.2.2 . Skalarmea d gr a d icnsc

13 .2.2 .1 . Gradlens d efinici6ja
V (i' + E8) - V ( i')
nylt.M. mnl.#l.to) a O ''gylOi'gVl'ktm ir{'.uylt.llAlL
1;
Egy ~ iranymmti diffl'J'PnriAlhAnYllOioAli.hoztu.-onlOlul. Vf'l<torrncWn..k;" Vl'UI in\nrnl<'Ull dif

rel'1"DcWhanya&.-. A V = V (i') vrktl>rTl1f"1.6 irMym.mti <li.tJl"T"JI<Whany...w...ol (13. ll.lI b ra) >ol' i
b..Jy w ktor6 J/ pontban AZ a ,...hor irAnyA.hM ..
= lim
iJii
. -o
(tJ.29b)
U:l
Il7.
r ponthH.lL ~ (a
irA-
I.oJ j..!oljiik. ...klm"
I . grad U II.Z U = ,\.l1l\n<lo ""i"lfdUld llorlLlAli""-v"J !.'to'f'n\<'lIt.lIMli.

2 . grad U az U rnw... ny noV<'kf~I"""'llrk lll'''Kf,I(lf~ ir!lly!tA!<u,
J . lgrad UI = : . =
7hi = la1aao'
(J:l.27)
A forllLllllt.kW w.l6 kilnnY"hh hAnMmn.! {>rrl.. k..ben ("(!I<zt,nl a difJ"!"f'nciaJop.m'to rokat - j ..len "",,,I"'1l
YI"c~ II. Rr...:l V-t ...Il<ll'llit, !.<h!lt " gr l\d -ot m moklll\k Vag)' ~zimbolik u" Vfktoroknak u-kintcni.
amelYf'knrk fgy k<lpl'Z hl'tjiik fOrlul\!iI'l'"huomjH.il, VI'f,Y V<'hctjiik vekto rokkal, .'I<1t v.ktorm.-dikkd wtt
"""Ir..r..wl7.lI.t...it . lIIlt vc ktorilt. li" Ill'Alt"t3tllit j~ . 11:)' (a I'; rad ,!<-finki6jat 18..0 13.2.2 ,I...n (.,. ) 3,2.3. I", n)
a
df'r"k""Ofl;Ii koominlt.tlU"f'nrif<7...rhNI . !lZI\Z V c

Crv"nY''':
Gmd,~,..n<k u..V<clunk<'10' vektort. l.mely<'t It<' V "" U( r) ~kalArm<"'7.6 mind..n pontjahO'l b02.Zlt.rt'nrlrlIll'tiink (jrlo!Clle grad V). "'1\1ll"ly a kav.-tk.-z6 tulll.jdow<.l.gokkal rPf"I..lkeaik-
V,e, + V.e,.. + \-~ e" ii = fl,e, +
""e. +
13 .2.2 .2. Gradiens es irnnyment! di lferenciAlhAllyados

Az U "lwlarm..7,oC" ('!lv,.',gvektor inl.ny'i minymrnh difJr....nrililhrinyful".il m.. grgy<'"lik ilgrad U v"kw,
CO "I:)'''':'gVt'kt" r iranYII wtii l..t"v..l:
ilU
a, e, .....t.lon
_0
iJCU '" C . grad U .
(13,30)
hMmf'ly ponthan IL7. irAnymf'uti diIT,'n 'lldiUhfltly",l"" II~ ...:lott irfutyu <KY...-gvektor "" a R1f'7,o gra<lirn.wnrk a ~kaliiri.~ s7.o17Atak""t ft7.amithato ki.
a:t.n:t
(lJ.2&)
.. yadU 1l<-" ll"W'lO'~ik az U f<1U;Vkly normAli~ irAny" d..rivilltjiiv..J.
A kov..t k"",o kf>t s7Akil.R::7.han kH p;r...-lir,,,,I,,,o< k"I".,..,]6do ddinkibt t<\rlO'aluuk.
2
' 74
13.2.2.3. Grad icns CS t"rro~ati differe ncialhanyedos
I.
Az U "" V {i) 81u.JAmJ..w minden iPOlltj"b..i1UKY ill uwgkaphatjnk ag:radli VPktort . mint" .WArm'oW
"l....tip'''''>'l tt'rfngati d'ff","""laJh';n~Rd",,il.t:
IfUdS
In rn<Wnt V 1Uln.U.. t",rn..zn,.1l .. t"rfog>ola. IlUWly az f flltOpontot WW ma:uA l>fI A1llf'lyf't .. 1: Wt
frliiln hatArol.
13.2.2.4 . A gradiens tovabbl rulajdonsagai

1. A gndiwll a!-..Iut h1Ar llAlt)'Ohh IImklWlll" ponsokben . 1Wl.. I,.,.kbc.-n az l"I'OvonaWo: "';~P
""'h
3.
( 13.3'1)
az
.'
iJU
gad"U = ;; 0,; '
oz
gadP '"
GradM-IU1 a gombi koordin'tart'nd!<urbl'n (z
z "" r cosiJ )
grad II "" grad,.

g A<l,.U '"
r sin iJ CO$": , 11
AhoI
( J:I.:U ,,)
ac
- - r Sill d a.;
(lJ.J.l h)
g"'-4U '"' --:- ,

r iN
g ...I .U '"
~
Gradil"118 a 1 iltal /mOll ortor;Qnllli~ koordin iitarendsz('rbE' n ((. fl . <)

Az r (( , rj . () = rl( , '1 ,<lf + y(( . 'I , o J + zl(, 'I , ()k ponthan:
gadU = gr..i( lIe( ... grll<'i"Ui, + gra<\; Ui"
abol:
I OU
gr...I,V -
18(1
au
l8fT {}q '

1&;;1
e
,
= {i (r) -
(~).
(1H z",)
( ~ktorok UK"U'jto).
( I H 2hl
A ( 13.2::la) o.-cli"~hPo :
oa
= (i grad X ~',.iz + \ ~e,.
-+
\ ',i~ ) == (Ii ~llli ) \~
113,4Ja)
.. ,;rad V t ....~.IM"1r. IM"\........ Uk.A (13.43Al mat rix jelOleob6IlWwtkeo:W.. bogy .. _ktorgrdi<-"".
mint tnlZ<X" . ~ mit.lrix ~lIoCp;hcl adI l1OtO nq:
EY-k 1\ t.onzorok igPII foIlto8llk .. mimOki t"O",niln yolcll/lll. vi'1<L<uta f...zmt>w'g (263. 010. ) .....rug>LlmM--
4.
gn.. ~U = j'Nf 0( '
(13.4b.)
r s in iJ s in ..".
18U
<Jf
(J(.1 d:
(I3.3Jh)
lie. + gad" te. + IP".-d." Ce~.
au
",- '
dy
i
gad r =-
iJ\~
2. Grad"'llII &hf'llg .. rkoordinill.arPodn~Mn (z = pcosy: , 51 = p "in 'iJ. Z = z)

gadU = g.t.. l'e..... &fad."t:e... ... g ad ,Ce. .
abol
(l3,33lo)
I {)(J
{J(.'
13.2.3. Vekt orgradie ns
gndl' = 8(1(.r':) r ... 8(J(.r')":)j ... autIII, z) j(
iJC
'I,fW1..U = 8p '
( I H O)
c.-ntralis mez6 gradiense
grad L'(r)
1. GradiPJUI " d.. ~k.nOgU koord ina rarends eer ben

~
au dz
"".
13.2.2.5 . SkaiArme z6 gradiense ki:i.lonooz6 koordmat arendszerekben
tJ{!
-dr + ;... dy + -0d,

ar
".
z
-dt = -OZ +8y

- -dt + -<J:: -dJ .
dt
2.0\ ~,.ru..1Il' ..It,inik (g..d U = 0 ) ..,khan .. JKII,tokh"," . 1Ul""Y"khrn lU: U filggvi'lIy lll"ll llJAXimUnlA
Vag)' minimulIUlo 'nUl . wk t..on a pontokbau .. lIZintYOllAlAk. ill. a.lI7.inlf<>liilPtPlr. POllU4 f"JHlllltk d.
as
= gradlidi' ""
A1 U fiiggveny dilferencii lhAny ..oo..a a1 f{l ) tergorbE' ment en
dU
(13.31)
' --41
au
i){,i
dU
2.
....lIdU = lim~ .
...
Skalirm('1.6 d ifferenciAlja. mint az U fiiAAvoJ.ny t('ljH dilferencialja
gr~U ""
lau
f8fT[ ac
liKl
>08 (263 . okt. ) rn;LU>mI\tikai 1t'ra.Jw&l.

{ 13.J,:;".)
( 13,J,j h)
13 .2.4 . Vekto rme zc diver ge nciaj a

13.2.4.1. A di ver ge ncia defintcioje
F,gy \ l {l) V<"kton",~dibOz rnpg"..-lh.. tllnk ('!O' MluJArllll",.6t." vpktonru.,.1J di vprqr'lC"ij';'t. A~ i'IKmtb.>li
oiv"l'll:"lIci;it a vcktor"'t"w terfog"ti oitfl'f!nci.oJblolly"'I,......k...ut d..tiuiAljuk:
13.2 .2.6 . Mrlvel et i ee szam itAsi szabalyo k

A tovilbhiak h"" t<'!O'iik rd , h,'RY 1\ f vrktllr "" 1\ .. Alll\lIdo .
grad e = U, gmd (VI + U~) = gnul U I + grad U2 , grad (cU)
gr",1 (UJU:) = U lllr", 1U2 + U2grlld U h
grad( V 1V 2) = (\\
grad (f c ) ... e.
IIr",1 )\ \
JjV ' dS
= cgra<iv.
d",
grNl",(U) = dV gradV.
+ ( V~ . gr",l )'V I + V I
x rot '02 + V : x rot V I
(J:J.Jli )
r1iv V = lim
.~
(I:.I.:J7)
( 13,3Il)
( I J J~ )
( 1;)
\/
(lJ,44)
Egy w ktormn,{ioi",-rK"nciiijit 1IlI'gh"tAT<Y/'h"tjllk "l,, ~ir.til< fcrr .......,lr(l,.i,gk"nt ill, I\hl",,, az """ tl wu , I".
V..1tY AramlAAm...,.,{it ,r II'; "k k"r rnl'gNlja ""t" f"ly'wU'klllO' llllyj,.i-g"t, l\mdy Il V mezo iIl"tii p<Jntjao..u
ti>rfogllt- "" idt'iegy>"g "l..u kl'!..t krv/,ik. div V > Il .....t('n fontiA. div V < 0 """t"lJ nye/6IHl'Z"""'rol
t-w"'lii"k.
676
13.2.4.2 . Divcrgcnela megadesa kUlolIlKiz~ koor di natarendszcrckbell

1.
2. IX-finicio Egy V (i") v..ktom,...oohiYl h0Z7iln'n,ld b,liiuk .~ mA..ik ""ktorm<'7.6t. " rotilc iOj"t. ..
kovt'tkf""L<l ..ljArA.-.J:
Di ".. rl/:.. n cia d..r+k""o.: u ko ord in Atar..nds"erben

( 13.4:>a)
( I J A.;;h)
:\ div ~' ~k.WtcIlICl'.6 nwghAIAruttlll.to" I1i\h]" "l...rol.lor""
II.
V .....kt m
foru Wi.. ska!Ari/; f07.Ol7.... tAk...ut "
0'\- \"' _ t' V

(13.-1':":)
k" plf'ttpl eo. tathalo inll<'n. hoc.Y ..!tow.. ~ fOrga..lll.....n.iru<. t<>hAt slull&rinvaciiw.. ;" (1AlwI :lti4. okl.).
2. Di v.. rg.. nc ia he ng..rkoord inAtllrom d ..zp rbPn
I ()(pV~)
I 8 \ ~ iW.
, b',- \ = - - - + -,- + p iJp
p I).,;
()~
1
3.
\'{r. tI . ,.. ) = ~ : ,p. - YA
{a (I'"8111 IMI
' '''",p"
b) S;wlIoljuk ki l\Z
+ <hi
it(
iJf. ". + iJ(
8{
llll"ut~D.
Iim .!.s f \'

szs
iaY. bnY
5_
htoLaJi-rtiolto.>t.
frlii~ab
( IJ.
d ) \" 41tana._ Lk a fdiill"tdarllh Iwl,..,...u.t 11llV. h<'lQ' A kapo{t Iuo.lart>ftfk maxim41i>< h1 ..k,i k,l;ynt . .\
~ f..liik'tdanW f..b<l.inI"
luttOrh..,.. f, '_ .
*') A rot \"" Vf'Jrt<.- az i" ponlban 'IZ" mtor. AlJWIYlM'k az a~(lt Prti'kr.. LaWI U>AXim41il<h1<'k "" "'"
irit.n'l'a a fl"1iilPt<ll\l"1lh nonnAlu..w...k az lrAny..VA1 tn<'II:''lQ'l.Mi;, Ekkor:
s-. ...... ,......
I"""I
(1J.4s<1)
Itt " D i'8 am,V<ik hArOltl hAAonlO lU"nuyiAPga JACOBI d~lnmll"in.. ~"ID' a JA COBI j,:I~ ~",",.u-I"r.
m .....n.o.
f \'
df
lim (K_l
(13.54<0.)
s...A rot " Vl"ktor YO"'t iilf'tf'

ii V<'klor (az .. P'<irIi S f<-olrWuols!krt-q uorm4l.....) iranyaban.
rot V
vekwr kOlllpon"n;.o>N: n eo r t<~.... ""ktot- irA.u)'81 "",,,,,, riff' ~'"" ','Im'.. " S f..lij~] kif",
"-<1
AZ"'Il A
>L:7.
13 .2.4 .3 . A divergencia Ililheleti szahalyai

di, ceoO.
dil'(V \')
div{ \\+ V 2) - ,tiV \' I ... di, V 2 .
=t dlv ,"' .. " ltr...t (.
.h (\ ' 1 )( \ ' 2) - V 21<>l V I -
(,I".. .
dh'(, V) =cdiv V
iliJi....... n <ij ,.( iC)
,l ,mt V 2
13.2.4..1 . Ccntralis tlll'ZiS di"'ergenciAja

div f=3. div.;(r) i"=3'r'ir)+r,:'(r)
= ~)
(13.4'))
,,~
(13.50)
I rol
{13.:iJ)
A rot
(1J.::;2)
13.2 .5 . Vcktormezd rotnci6ja

13.2.5. 1. RotAci611lli nfd6ja
V df
V = rolj\'"" = l~
. 00
( 13. ~U)
v m...,.6 cr6vOllIIWt II V ,,,,kt o",,~w On"'n""omuJ"' Il;,k 'l<'",alik.
13.2.5.2. RotfLd6 a k lilo noozi) kuordi nfLtaJ'('udl'zerl;'-kben

I.
RotAci6 d e reks7.ogu koordlnatar..nd s1...rben
. "(aVo DV,) "(DV' av. ) _(aI'. 01")

_
iJtJ
1. n..flnki6 Egy V (f') wktm n" '7" l hi>? IJ'n z"Wllddh,tjiik " Vf'ktUfll"'WH('!,:"tiv "I rlj" hl t('lf"lt"ti <lifo
f('rm"jliJhAny ...IO!lAt. mint "n"FI.,l rut Ad6j" t Ud ';[i.,..., rot V . curl V vlll\Y" ""hll'lOp<'l'ato,...!':It,..<g...vrl
V):
rot. V = 1 - - 8y
8z
+J
-J:
Qr
fjd SX V
_ ,.......
lim
(1:1
l'
'''e'',,--_
l-.uv
= lilll
. k
-- J,r
f f II'
iJ D
Dr &y
it
a;
V. V. V,
vx
Jj VXdS
belyzot<
v>Ol.tmat..... lDAl"arI)<>D.
(lJ.-1Sr)
.. 0(
df
1.3.1:l. it.hr...
(I J4llt
"' \" u ", () = "( ec + t~,e. + \ ~ i<;
rot V ~
drlirint.,.;r-aIt a f.lol
\'
ktdtu-llh K fM'TPllllI:orbfjl"
koord iruit aO'ndsze rben
_1('''''''' )1 1MI I''u.,' IIMI()(

&!. iJt, it(
( IH'jh)
Aboi f i { . '1.() = z(i. '1.()f ... yl,{, 'I. (\.l - z({. 'I. C, k
D-
(13.4 7.. )
,) a(MMj,) a(IMIIMI')}
u., ".
it( \ (
0{
.ro,~ .
c ) M.oghal t\rmzllk A
Di v~ ..nc i.a IlIUolA nos ortognnil.li~
I
<ii," , = 0
/-'~ -
) Ilhol.
Div erg..nc ia gii mbi koor<Jini t"n>nd .....be n

di. \-' _ ..!.. l1(.-J\'. ) _ _ 1
_ iJf8iJuH;" + _I_ a\~
r' iJr
r""uv iH
hind ().;
Abo!
-I.
( l JA
a) F..kl_ ;i nk ''lO' ki>< 5 Sl.luw.. hot (13. 12.

8 b ra) >\1. f l'",,,tull "'t. Ez .. f..lij}ptd......b l..irbat.\1. S V<'ktotrllo!. lUl"'!Y az ri llOrmMi.. iranyiWa lHlJI..t "" .. n~ a f..hl lt-tdllTlIh &lziTl<'. A M i,.
lrtdA:r1lh P"ff'm~7"tj..lOl.jillr. 1\.-vel.
A rot
V Vf'k1.<>nnP7.o" n"hla0I-',r';torhO l l..." "

V = V XV
rot
aL.kban h..t""""h"to lJ1"g.
v,kt."rh"'] s7i", h"'lik' ISwktori:.:Jis S?<">r"lJ\ tt,,1

p3."',b )
678
2.
R ota ci6 he ng..ekoordin ar a rendsserben
V "" rot~ \ ; ii, + rut" Vi" .,. rot , "' e,

rot , V = ! tW, _ 8y~
rot V = oV,
rot
po;
3.
ih
_ JV,
0:
Bp '
"
Rod .d o gombi koordinAta.... nd szer ben

rot V = rot. \"}e.- + rut" Ve~.,. rot." ,"Ie,.,
rot; \ '
I {il~ (.ill v~:. ) ----.!.

ill'}
= -.
r,,1I1 ..
rol<o \
rol.
"1
RIad
Mol
. I{D_ (p\ ,. ) __a\fl.;,_~)
rot . v = -
op
<li~' V = '\' - V
(13.56h)
roe \' = V' x
(13.::>71
\"= -'{8(.,}
"'}
tJr
iJd
__
"'" v. ~ I;I I;'(IZI',) -: (1:'1

v.)],
.... V . ~ I:' [; (lZI+~ (IZHI
""<\' ~ I~I [~ (I: H-;, (lZ
I")I
f(f '1. (J = r (( . 'I . () f r(. 'I. or- z((,,,. ( ,k
rv. gill! )\ ' , ~ \\
( l J. j/o;b)
Of,
div "! - V~ di \' \\
(13.6 1)
( I:H i2.0.)
Ez kovptk"",ik" (13.5;;")-001 i... V _ ,ltr ...\ U ""kwrm....o",... mennytbena SCHWARZ-f'l..- f,I""",...,li>l<i

tkt.rJ f..ltM"lpj t"lj''''lt!w'k (lNw-1 -101. ,,1.1. ).
Iii
J.c 1 + vl + ;1 : rut
r = 6 (.,.
""'abl"al"'nilnr n"k "10' "I.itllholiku" V' v"k tort IWVf'Z'lnk. Illlldvet K-va kran bAAznMnllk " thl,..1i ,ti ff,'n,,
ciM0p"rMorok rm-gh..t /u-u"l.....Jilioz. EIll",k "I. "1"rAtorn"k .. l;"vC"/.""""" " v"ktol'llUaJjzj"I ~ 'Ji .z';.mit""'>kat ''KY''"lIn'.iti. A 9""1,,,,"1. l!f'kt"T!/rrnli",l.', di"nyrnria P rot4cio Olwratorokrfl ..,.wnY""':
gUll! U = V U (U gradi..l1.... (lAAI 673. old. ) ) ,
( 13.ti:lI!.)
\ ' 'V,{, + (' t' \} "" \' ~adU ...U rliv \' .
q \\ \\ ) _ t"( v , V,) + V'(\\ \\
"-rtdn"'''''-" kapjuk: gr3ll (\; , \\ ) "" (\\ V) \\ +
eV1grlld )V, ... v, x
rot
) ...t"
6(a<:o1 = (ab)c +i " (tl IC C)p;gy<'IlI&ot-g
v, x (V' x V I) + (\\ t') V 1 + V I x
VI + (\\ grlld)\' , + v , x
(v x
V 1)
rot V1 .
13 .2 .6 .3 . Vektorgradiens
A gr"" V ""ktorI/;TI.dicw< e, llahl""'pcrA.tor l'Cgit...eg....... l a
grad V =
vV
( 13.i6Il)
k"pIM lp] h"t"=,,hat6 meg. A wktorgr... lipu" korAhhi (a""Vj V ki,j,-!i'!IPV<'] iiAA7hallghall "rv"n:,."" Il kij..
""t kpdi Cgy" Itl~"g:
,liff..rt'n,iAlh><t6 fiiggvfuyc.
13.2.6. Nnblnoperator, Laplace-operator

13.2.6.1. Nablaoperntor-
VO (("\' ) = t"( U \ ' l ... qt' ,,
B : grad (\" V,) =
( lJ.;{.l)
ru t (Kf", l U )", O'
Il.:/O I'
A : div (L"\ ')
A STO KES-illt.rF;T..utJ.t.. lhOI(1"",1 fiM. o ld .) knv,.l k-eik . bugy l>',tlmi,;,]Oh 10.,.';; rot""joj" lluUA.vl<! ''It)'<'nM:
bol -P(r)
(lJ.ti-I)
X}' Z j + V (X r Z ) ...V'(.'O' Z )
{13.65)
form"lI!.&tc1w<'bm o.--Ij,>Ir.. Elili('k lO1tq>jAu It ~><>l.t ~ .. _ktol".bno llZ4hAlyai __ riI,t
oIymMon aiAkitjuk at. bo8;y " v ", ...rMor IDindoon ~ auok II. 1 j..llPllI'If"gj.-lOIt tknyn.6", YOlII\lk<aik. A flZimita.. hd,,~ "tan .. ~IM. ..IhaYjllk.
(13.60 )
vI + :k ""ktun... lLlu.-lyll"k .. n"ltY""gl\ r
L a, VX, .
"" .. v operitor >LI"gIIIDMlllllDll..uJAr Ya()' W'k~rti'kd ffiw+n.....1r. I'ZOI'ZA1&. .. klwr IlZ "'P"'ramiJKkttvik fiigg,....nYT"" '1O',na.."tiul a1Wnwauk. IlZ aktwiliA lU"~lmn'tlllIl& f<"!<'tl 1 i.U .... vfKUl az
~mmY""kct ..
v (.\T Z ) =
13.2. 5.4 . P o t cncialos mczd rotft.ci 6ja
A" i "" r f
rot ("'(1') 1') '" 6
VIr: a,X, ) =
t ort
(F \"') _ t.:rol \"' + p"",\U x V
V=
a ><t.imOOIlUIllU r ,;zmnti ,,,,,,,.

a;
2.
13.2.5 .3. A ro tAcio kiszamit asi sza h i lya i

rot .v. + V2) = rot "' I + rot V.
rot k "' ) .." crot " .
rot
II
rifUigdiff..mxWhAnJ",ioo;tjckuti.IWl"IYlWk kw.AlnitA..anAl1l 1Mhi vfl]ta<il(-rti'b't rOgzitj,lk. A tt'rid.

d'ff......~k fonnlllAi drJ+k><Wgil koorcllllallln'lJ,wnhrn foruuUD-an ...-IO<IllAk ....RIl ""kto....
p"rAtornak &l. L skalArral ""y" \ ' ..lr.torrlll V>UO ~b61.
( 13.5&.)
D lafl 1:'11:1
(\' 1 " V, l = (Vt g ad) V 1 -
(13.63<-)
1.
H.... v opn-atOlt a L a,X, lincanl. koml>inA.-iOtlk..!man uk. llTIlPlyblon Ai< ...k all>wd6 .... ""
X,.k pontfiiggWnVl"1r. ifUMl't lmiil lLt tOl. boo sk&lAr- '"'Y Vl'ktodJtiolr..lfolr. ), akkor f..ruWl.~:
rot
8_
- k
ih
13 .2.6.2. A nablaoperatorra vonarkozo s7.am itAsi szaM l)'o k
Ro ta.; iO Alta la nOll onogonAl is lwnrdi nAtarE'ndsz....bf. n

TOI V = rot( \ "' e( ... rot., Ve., ~ rut , P.:
..l.oI
rot
(13.6Jr\)
(l- row iOj .. (lNo<\ 676. 01<l .))
A nahlaop".-.Uor komJ>Oll"I"l"'i .. pan-Wioo .!iff.....nci6loI.. Tal,orok. _
4.
v '" Or
- I +-J ...
8y
( 13.;:;7..)
l uV. I O
= - - - - - __
(r V.).
ram II el ;
rUr
-r
(13.6Jc)
(\<'rliwT!':'I1<"Ul.j.. (IAIo<l 67:i. "ld.)) ,
8 ..
8~
Mol
(13.63 h)
o.-r<"'k",,~i koordinA~7.<'r""":
0";
""
V "" v V (\-' vcktogradien.... (1M<161:i. olrl.}).
( l:l ~)
2( li'V}V =
(ii V')f
rot
(V )( a1
+ F:r"d (i\\') + a:dh ' V _
V,ll\' a - ii x rol V - V x rot
a.
(13.661
f .. x f ... yj. + 2k WktllW' .. rvpny....:
E""nkiviil az
=
ii
(13.66<,)
13.2.6.4. A nahlaoporator ketszeres nlknlmaznsa

Min den
1.
V """"Oft' " rv" n)'<'":
V'{V' x
V) '" div rot V ", 0,
(l3.fij)
V' x (VU) "' rot jtfl" IU =O
(IJ.68)
v (V"l':) == rliv~adU '"' ~ U
(13. (;9)
13.2 .6 .5. Lapla r-e- oporntor

1. Ikfi.nk i6
A nahL'\OpttiltucourfUl.l(l\.va1 ~t "WArilo """'>l7.AtAt LAPLACE-op" raton\>lk n"vpzzillr.,
.1 _ v 't" = 't"l
(13.70)
A LAf'LACE-UV<'I"t.lor A1WIJ1AZw.I,; uund ~bUAr- minrl ""kt.or+rti>k'l filggv"nY!"'. "" .kaIiuht,lkt111-Igg0
vPnyTf' >UMlmuzllk_ ..klror hUokr n.AllI_ .. mNondl'f'n(!li pan:ialis riPrivalta.k. (diff.....nciAlMny"OO"Ok)
13 .2 .7 . A t erbell differend ftl!;z{unftki al t eklutese
13.2. 7. 1. Vektoranali tikus kifeje zesek dcrekszo};ll, he nger- es gdmbi

kooedinararendszcrbe n
13.3. t&hla:r.at. Vcktonwali tikllll kifp..,.;.,.,.k .tp,..;.~u. h"lll/ft- h< llf>mhi koordin.lt.an-llu......rkn
d"rekszogii koord inalak h.. np-r kourriin At Ak
gombi Iwortliniltak
~. Ha vcltt.orhtfkt1 fiw'I-nyno &1kabllllXl':uk. Aklwr koordiliAUnkffit b>U lIlkBlulN..ni fr; Il7. .. Tf'ti.
mPn)' .....ktor. A L APLACE-Op"'rfltor .......
"",nnlfU"'g. &l.aZ. a1akja" koordiniltarellw,.....,.. .. ltolNtAVAI
na...
V"llY .. lforgal.M.ftVAI rwm vAhozik.
2.
1a
A Leplece-opeea tor .I..kj" ki:ilollbOro koordi natlll'O"ndszerekbe n
la\~
al~
_ _ (pV ) + - - . piJp #'

P lJ;
A ko....tkt-di fommWdwln .. L A PLACE-ojlO"rlt.lOI1llS u"(f) ..b!ar-....ktnrfi"JUV..lIyCf' a1WlWLRllk. Ekkor
a:
lIZ ..It:'<imenv "'lO' N:..lAr. Ha a \' I f) vrktnt"....ktorfuQ;Vo'nvTf' ..Ikalma;,auk. akkm- IIlI "Tf'dWt"llv .. .j, \ '
wktor.llIlWlvnrk. komp<>Ilt'llItt"' u\-'. .j,V. .j, \ ~.
.
.
I . Laplan--oJl'O'ritor d .. reksziigu koordinatarelldszerben
.j,U (r .. z ) em
2.
3.
4.
Ole
ar
&u
CPt"
+ iJy"J ~ iJ~z
ua.tn
(iJ(.)
Leplace-cpeeator h.. ng ..rkoordinatan'ndsurbeo

,o
1 [ill! Olu
.j,U(p . ; : ) = pap "&; + pi u",,-3 + 8:1 .
= ..!.~
(r2OC') , _ '__,!- (srnd(){f) _.....,...,!.... CPU
"
i5, [ fJf.
iJ
..
.-- -avo'a..
I
rsind
rot \-<
(l3m
r2 Or
iJr
r 2 ~m d 811
0rJ
r2 f>in~ d iJ""..l
Laplace-operator iIItaliloOlli or1OJ1:onill ill koordlnataren dszerben
~U({ 'I () =
koordinllt~odsz..rbt'n
Laplacl!'"<>JI'O'riltor gombi
,),U(r . d, ; )
l iJ
~.,......(.-2Y.) + - ... "'-..>( I"SI.IlV)

.... iJr
rlillluvu
I:r &u~ ) . - " (I:r iJ<' )

D
Or)
Or}
IZ( iJ<J(.)]
(13 143)
"<Ff
""
-_I"'
",-1
1'::,1I:1
( 13.74<:)
a(
-'- 0(
(13.13)
13.2 .7 .2 . A dlfferencial o perato rokra vo nat kozo [OosszefuAAesek es er edme nye k

ahoI
r'({ ./.()=rU,'l.()f+JlU,'1.(};~l({.'I.()k,( IJ.74h)
(),..qRfiiggfti
Ar~\Im"lIl111ll
E..-dmsnv
J..1Mlt.N;
!-':tadU
I:mdi"n..~
v" ktorl\Tad i..n" gtlvlV
VU
"W,ir
""ktor
v..kt" r
maximalis Ilo,,-k,..-t""
div..rg"n<'ia
rolad o
di"V
rot V
VV
LAPLACE-
op.-rAtor
~V
{)p<>ra1or
'\7(V'V ) == grlllldi\' V,
( 1 :J.7~)
v x (V'xV j - rot wtV ,
(13. 71i)
v (V'V) - yo )( (V' )( V ) = .l V .
(!J. n)
ahul
(t:J.7t')
Szimhohull
VV
lIui..""",I{ajl,
\.t'Il"'"
VxV
('V'V)U
'VV" )V
Vt'k1.or
v,-klor
~kalft.r
v..kt"r
_kalar
v,'klf,t
.kalar
v..ktor
{nrr Alook , ill. nyt>lilk

;;rvi'ny
l'ot"m,ialo'"meesforra..ok
6l'l0
6"
r J.
V~kt"rn"IJJi.:: ... h t,:,.,lm;l~t
13 .2 .7.3 . Differenclaloperatorok sziuuitAsi szabAlyai

gr ad (VI -+- V, ) "" gr... IV1 -+- gradU,
(v. U" U2 F skalar..rt<'ku fiiggvl>nY"k ).
135 tablazat Vona!
(l3,1'J )
13 .
grtwl (d. ' ) _ cgrtwlU
I-
grlUl (VIU,) = VI gr "d U,
A.
l(r...J F (U ) '" F' (L' ) grlll:IU.
(13$2 )
div {V 1 -+- V 2 )
( 13 1!J)
AL
vion:
....
'"
(CN Ian <lO).
+ U,gra.-I U, .
dlv \' , ... div V 2
(IJ.S4 1
<li\' {c\"') " c div '"
MiilM .... tprfogl\t.. l..m..k <I"rl>knOgi! hr llJt,'r~
dereksrogu koordinatak
(I3,l'lO )
(J3 .SI )
h..ng .. ~koordinatak
e,.dp -+-
~pd,;
ez.u ..
~dy --- e ,d:
's
e,dyd:
+ ew.ud: -+- e. d.r-dy e"pd..-J: + i "dptl z ..
gombi koordimitak
e.dr .. e.cdlJ
-+- e ,d :
'i'
r.. K'>lIlhi koor<linAUkhRn
i .pJptl;
e,.r sin dddd;

-+-e..r ~ill TJdrd.;
-+- e" r drdd
del d.rdyd:
pdpd..,-J z
r sin ddrddd<;
"""
a.
div (l.: V) = V gr.d U +- V d rv V
( 13.l'l,j)
i , -e.,x i,
i .. s i" we.
e,.-e.)( i"
rot( V l -+- V, ) = rot \\ ... rot V,
(13.I:ll.i)
e., = e. wi,
rot (cY)
( lJ. ~7)
i , - i,)(e,.
i.., =e, "i..

i. s ;;.. x i..,
e. = e" )(e.
A k,
...
u.
:E:
not
c.
rot ({' \"') = U rot V - V x rrad U
wk'
1.
d,v rot \ ;
J!! 0
rot g.dV
!E
(l 3. ~)
0,
(13 .90)
divg MiU =.jlj.
a.
rot rot \'
= gr.d div V - .lV .
.,
e"=e.)(e,,
_ _ {OI
H. " hatArfrn-k lIZ
""',,
e-c tirrm..-n, A2 e-hhez!'IZiik""'gP.< vonal-. t..liUl't- ft< tkfogl\l#~k<'t"
""' df ",
,!j.~ t V( f.)- .lf'_I '

_"'-
( 13.94h)
a gorhr erint6i i..~ rolytonot<an vaJtoznllk. A V (r) V1"kturhtfkil fiig;v"'ny folytol>Oll, W. & m.-ga<lasiilioz
!l7.ii~ hArom sWArfiiggvrny, I.<'h"t a kompol\f'tuoM fnlytollO!llik.
~kl\IIu1.,
(I 3,9h)
"
A vu na lillttlgr'! k ilu:amitasi Ii,pi!sei ( 13 .13. ' b ra)
1. A7. All fw t ( 13 . 13. ' h ra) f'!OfQ.tjnk" k<Y/.hltl..o A , (i,), A 2(r-l ) , . .. , A~_ df~ _ d (A iii Ao, B ii A~ )
pOlltokkaJ" ki~ n(lrt~iirhir<'. lUu<'lY"k"t I\Z i ; - f ._I = Ilf,_, vr ktorokIW kro...ltnink.
2 . Mind~n r......... g,ir],in (I....b....j..h..n vR.gy" IIl1.tiIrlin) val,,,,ztllnk egy M, l,,,uwt, IUll..1YI...k Il hdyv,kt.'r<l
r,.
3, A kival""7.t"U I'''uthl\n 1\ V (i.) fi4u.'V"'"yM-t<'k~t ~kalflriAAn m'>gl'>.or07.7.nk" Il r';_l wktnrml.
4 . Az ilymiwl" ll AAI'''u 11 ~z<'r",.t"t O"">A"'ljllk.
5. Kw"unitjllk,. -
ke-
.~l
3.
aho!
llf"
A..... .\1, p<mtok ~tol ff~nfli ~ . .kkoI' eee r...-wr.<iik vonalint<"gril
1 . Do-fln lci6 A V(f) v.. ktor-vektorftiggv.. ny .W gorhl> ( 13 . 13. abra ) DI.. nten ....tt !lOrl'>f>m..nt i- V"&Y
vonaliutl'gI"li.\jllnak Il.. wuiik a
2.
j "' j
0\ (13.94.a.b) vonalillttwaJ ie\.ezik. ha a V(f) "",ktorlrttokU fiiqvkly ABn .... az AB ~r"" folyto""" ....
13 .3 .1. Vonalintf'grAI(>s potenciAl a vektormezoben

13 .3 .1.1. Vonallnregral vektormezdben
p = / V(f) ' ,If
i#-j
( 13.92)
13.3. Vektormezdk integralasa
rAn!lo.."". t..liill't nlt"llk-n VBgy

13 .5 . t llblauot ...tj. 1Ul'K.
_ _ {O
e. e, = I
A 1-6i~ itt a lIZOu... gyoUwrlAtt.6l ..Ith6rD . to 1I"4oimb6lnmrMIjf"lOljiik. bogy

W'rjiik ~ "",kt<>rk'U-k,l fI"LgWny IV I = \. AbKa.otUI kti'ki-vd.
\ ..k~ ~ ....ro'louiJU. benge-r-vagy ~mbi koonlinAUJr.kN olf'glOd_ illttogr"hwk. LVIlk
4.
it- j
i#j
e, ' fi'!J =
I=J
I =j
A>: i <-s j in&"x..k "Z 1" , II, z, ill. a p. ;, z, ill. ax r, d . "" bd)Ttt A1lMk.
(1J.91)
(13 .93)
3.
_ _ {O
e, . e, '" 1
(l3 ,~ )
+ e"rsin oj
..
00 ,....t!Il" knl'0tt LV(i;) Ilf;_l <it<&<-g hatM<'rt"kiot. hll mindm llr, _l -
(}
13,13. ft.hrll.
13.14. Ahr".
684
13.3 .1.2 . A vo nalint t'KrAI IIl('("ha n ikai jelentesc

Ha " 'ilf> V<"kto",rf~k" fii~ny egy pr6l<'rt't hl<lAroz "WK,
rnlloka. Am.. lyet
13 .3 .I. ~ .
ftZ . '
=. V(fJ
nt'l v(og". amikor E'gy l"g)'Ol'gnyi ti;ID~"VI az
. ' (f) , ..... kor II. ( J:J. ~)
lIZ '"
2. Ko nz e r vatlv IIlno pot e nci Aljll rotenciftlfi~vi'lIyud V"lO' riivi<lpn pot.,,"dalnllk T\f'v.....ziik
..kallUirteiolll'rirnitlV ftiggveuyt
All ulon A-b6J 8.... vi..x .
.;(f)= !V(f).df
(13,104a )
A vonallntegral t u lajdonsagai
U
(13. 14. a bra).
Ii
( I J .9,j)
it.:L inwgrAi
...i f)
"
/ ["'l i')" \\'(f)]
(I J.!Xi)
V (f). di = - / V (r) . df
dr= / \ ' (i) di +
J\V(i) .
korll'RrVativ('rOt....1><;,u a fix A(fu) kow:lt'ipoot PA" Vl\ltwi> O(iJ vi,:;pont !Wziiui voualill-
UWNW hatArozhati> IIIPJ\
(13.1Mb)
\ l (iJ df .
F~IP~"". bor,;y ... V (iJ filggWonY fu:ik>\hM ~lOIl ",,"(iJ pot...,ciIiljac.ai. dojdbcn kiilOnIXrzik "" ..lOz6ckbcn do-finWt potl"llrialt6l:
df
( 13.97 )
j 13.911 )
~" {iJ =
(13.10;;)
V (r) ' df = - ...i f)
A gradien.... vo nalint"'ltl'al" pot.. nc iAl kchO tti <,-- u-fii ggi>s Ha V (iJ = r;radU(i}. illor az
n. ro.-ditva .. \-' m egy potpndAb \"'10' konznvativ Tll<"z6. A fizikaban
ll. ( U l na) m...1mCbcn a ""K"th' fi6jeUe1. ~jllk ,
4. Koneervat tv mezli pot e n c i.'-lj a n ak kiswnit.... Hall. V (iJ rUggYfny o:knii<cWgiI koordinAtaI?nds:zi'S't...n lldotl. \-~ = \ ~f - ~J ~',k . Alr:kor a pot<"OCialfiigvPn~nelta tdjno diff'-"I?I>CWj&:
3.
L'{ i') II \-'"(iJ lrW"7ii pot..-nci.ilja.
13.3 .1.4 . A vonali n tegral, m int m Asodfajii altelenos tfpus u vonalint egrel
IJoon'luaOctl koordiniltakbJ
V(i') df =
kif,o~_:
J(\~dz
... l~d,
+ \'.d: ) .
(13.99)
d1.i
'.
13.3.1.5. v ckto rmcea kori ut cgralja

\'..ktormez6 kOrintIWiIJ,ianAk llf'VeU.lk P7.f'Tl rn<'Z6 vonaIint.PgrAlj;\t Cl(V WI. inw,;rk.x.- .,\ ll...nt<'n. H..
IQ; intpgrAit p"," Wt g(irOk K jrlOli, akkor:
p =
V ( f) di .
( 13.100 )
( In
13 .3 . 1.6 . Ko nz erva tl v vagy potcncia los m ezQ

I. Dl-finlci 6 1\on:",,,,t',, ",.. urr61 VRgY po'..nnlilo5 m,uirol be<rzi-liink. w. egy wktormPV5 vonelint.cKril.lja.nM: ( 13.9 4&) P i>rtJok 0IAk "" A..... B pcntok h..ly7...tH,,1 ftigg. tehat o('m filgg a;>; ee-n k.. c po nto t
o"iN<zckutO inl.,grfl<:i600 11t.16I.
KOIll'A..-vativ m'~1111 kOrilltl.>llJAI ertik.. ruindig lIulliwlll ..gycnl6:
! V(f).dr .o
\ ~dr
au
ZJ
ar=\~ '
A(lJ
+ ~~dll + ~~ ell.
(13,10Ga)
8C
a,=V. ,
/j{J.
l)Z=v"
(13.l()(jb)
A lO'akorlatban a lJ<M'uci&lt vonalilltegralla! batArozzuk meg.arn..lym1

~ lui. 1"'1. ID<Fiwl<l - a k=i6- ~ vilgpolltot .. koordin&t.uenge1yekkel
I"'rhw.AmOO tUrOtt Vtmltllal kntjiik ~ (13 .15. abra). Cti t'ZPIl a gilr!><On int.PgrAiunk:
Y
U =
(13 .101)
Ehhc-z a ,~. \~. \ '. egyuttbatOkra a (13 .103) f..lti-tPlllf"k telj-Ilni kPll.
AI U wegbat4cmbM6 az ..w.bi ~il"tr-..ndRz"rblSl:
V di -
U(~o."",Zo) +
EV.(~,Yo,ZG)dx
[ ~'.(r,Y,ZO)dll+ J:.v.(~,y . )d.
(13.107)
13.15, "!,rlt.
KOIl7.<>....lltiv "",z,5 lIliu<lil/: crv..nyrm'ut....:
wt V=O
(13.102)
&;1.("';. IlZ u...1AfiiAA'''' !<lIilk"~'''Il'''' <'!{'W'il:'''' f.,!tHd" alUla!<. hogy a 1Il"'~O kOllzo,"vaUv 1"g,v'IL. It.. mell, "",t
i~ fdt._ziik, hogy" V.. ktOl'-v"klolfiiggv(uy kompulleln;eill ..k a paJ.'ciftii. d..rivaltj..i folytnllO"""k 'Ii hl.. l"".d",i taJ.'tuml\.nyAu, l\mi
-n o>l/lZt'fliggo. Haromdimeuzios terre "Z" /;"",,;.1"" "..II pmri';/I.,,,/;
", ..g"91J,,::"~"wk I...WZ.'tt u...zo'fijgg ([kid 477, old,) d,'r;'hziigl1 koonlill';'t.AkW kif..jMlVf''' kiiwtk.'.oo
' llY'' '.r<
iW. = ~
Jy
liz'
~ _ 81-'.
8.
{}y'
8v~ "" al'~

fJr
D.
(13.1l~1)
13.3. 2. Feliikti integral

13.3 .2.1. Sik bcli fcliilct.d arab vektorn
A ma..odfajJ'l a1talAnO'l tip u.'i f..liil..ti inlRgrAl m"ghlltAro7AAA (IAArl4!J.I. 01<1.) ~z"h{'~"'''''' t"'s",i "I'S
v,'kt.or h,yu.A....nd" l(.....t L1O' ~ik\wli S f..liilpt,li' l'a hhO'l.. /tlndy m..rol..gf'll "rr" It ff'iiikt .... ffi am..lyn..k
ItZ /thw.ol'lt erteke .. gy.'nUlaz S f..I.7.IIlovpL Egy ~lklwli fd;H..t.<lar"h ,.....t o h,," ...,t mn tat.ja a:t. 13.16.a
lihra A jobbk~ . ""brily"rt..lm"h,'n,, h",tArol'"",Art K giirl..' koriiljArMi ira"y" aly"". hogy az vektor
....'l"'''nllk AA irAllyAool "n"" .. "aMrolo 'Iii""" 1/01,1(" ,r';"yifli.'i. "".A az 6nUlltllato jMAAftval dlent('I-L....
686
A halhol6 Korbr p<>zitiv kiiriiljAr~ ("(. .. vAllU<l.tMaClQ'iclcjilleg IIIcgl",wOO'.-. hoKY m.,]yik" , hlJ.-1
kiils6 ol<Wa, """"" "" "'" oltlAl, mrlyb61....... ktor kiimlul. E z .. meghal.l\ro:Wll.<'~"", WI Kiirb{"\tr]
hatAroIt gi>rbiilt f,!iiletr.. A1t.A1An...it ha til (13.16. b,c Abra).
13.3.2.3. Feliileti integral Cs m ez6k ftuxusa

I.
SkaiarIDPZ6 Huxusa
P=
lim
~S,-O
.~
2.
t U(i'.I.lS,=j U(i') <IS
(lJ. 10!1)
.."
(S)
V..ktonnez6 ",ka lli ris f1.uxu"""
Q=
lim
i: V(r.) ..lS. I
=
~ ,~ ,
V {r) <is .
{13.109 )
is}
bebOoid al
3.
.)
Vektormez6 v..ktorlluxu....
0)
h)
Ii =
Iitn
i:
.lS, =
\' lr,) x
~>= l
13.16. &bn.-
13.3.2.2. relUleti integrAl kiszAmft.isa

SkalU- 'laItY wktol1nl:'a6 r..IUkti iu~Al.j&t .. lr.oW'tk.2.6t'I~ 8Umitjuk ki. lliggf"tlPnul "uo!. bogy
... 5 ep;y zart p,*~ batAroIt r..liikt VBY D"'" z4rt r..IiiWt.:
1. o.-"k f<-I all 5 ~iilcl...w"bot. AWt'Iyno-lo .. ltilllo6 oIdali.t a haLaroII> gQrboo kOriiljal"Mi lriuya biotAroz:z.a lDIl: ( 13. 17. AtKa ) . ~'" n 1IlA.ul(J .15, ris:zfl'lillP\o:ial'll.hn.olym6doli. bogy minrlrn ~f"ii
~ ",llhdi r..hikdar.u.b.l ~lJtiiDk. Mindm .15. rd~bbo& ~iink .. ( lJ. 29I<)
forW~ "V AS, vot'ktort. zart r"liilct. ......ti-n .. ~. f"liiktdmJ-vot'ktor .. z&rt tJom,;q,b6iI kif,,", mutlt.l ,
2. V6U\Mzunk mindoofl rftlzMiiw.t.WN> """,,,jfobPn V>Igy II. batMan qQ' ~ pontot, AnIf'IYII..k"
ISo-I
(5,.)
ISo-)
(5..1
y . (13 .113 )
(s".1
Euk.... "" intcF;r';']okra .. 493. okWon l1IP&..oolthoz h..JulO ~nriA 1M mi'nY"".
A kiot.lo:7,,"",", int"f';!"M kil<ZoUn(~ ..\&IzOr k"~.ziik lIZ 5 vrtiilt"lPil .. koorrl.in4l._ikokr... eblwz az r,

II VlIg}' I vMta7.i>k km.-.J. mindig ~-gyo-l .. lniwlik kk vll.lto7l6 "'"l!.ltM'lI:fwoIaz S f..\iiln egyenJct..i,bOl ki k..11
f..jezni ( 13 .18 . ahra).
'-ft'&.if'gyze-s: A WI f..liilPt.Pn wit inwgrAlo""la kovrtkeV\k/>pp"'n j..10lj',k:
( 5)
A: Szamoljuk ki 1\ V =
nAla.~ik
fV .dS =f!" .<iS , !V >< d'S =j}v ><d'S .
15)
(.Vl
5"
IS)
,"
altai ha!.&roll. rOOe. A fd ...5 old..,] a pozil.fv:
(5 )
1I(l -r-Z1n<l.l
11
11(1 -
y - "lyzdy dz =
dl f +
I.S..)
1
- . (I -y - t }lIz dy dz =
(S ,. )
13. 17. lI.h r...
13.18. "b , a.
..t
Illflsik kel. integrelt is. Az er<'<lmpny: r =
1 - ~ Iii
(i + j + k ) .
(13.114)
( 5)
:ryzdS inu'l\rli.lt., ..h"la f..liilPi. IV. X + Y + l = I
p ", J J ( I - Y - l )y t dY dtf +
15 .. )
IS.. )
f udS =fjU dS ,
5
(13.112)
(:I .. )
J"'XdS =!!(\'J-l~k)drdz- ! !W,k-l:fldldz- ! !(V"f- \"Jl h d
(Sl
S.
( 13.111)
(5..1
I v.liS =11!"~dlld:~ 11 \~ d:rU + I!\~hdr .

(-')
(S)
( 13.110)
IL'dS =IIUdlldz f+ IJUdzhf+Ilphdll k

IS)
cs , lIZOnAtokat
5. K~ik II. hMiu+r1.fokrt. amikor AS, ..... 0 k n ..... x . ,It t II rf&f"liiWt<W-N>okTlllk II kcll&iul.<llral
kilwUnitAMnAI IDl"gIO<k>tl iorVkml...n (1Non""V {i,) . ..lS, V>JY II V {i,) x

..... 1ctonnt7.6~n .
4. A<ljuk <-r.e II n-..zf..liilM.<1vabokhol. i1ymhrlnn hO'DArmddt ~kat_
I
IS}
~ikll..k a
hamill koordi-
JO - X - Y)XYd:rdyk ;
I.~ l
I~' Ehh,"~ h.".,m l6&tl szilmithatj llk ki "
.,,,
1.'.1.:1. "" rlt o" n r: o.l; In lcqrlila.<a
. n: S7"unoljuk ki " Q =
l':": Jl rdl/ dZ-';'- llr-:

($".1
(S)
"fT>I."
~jkdlll""hre. mint
ft3
r..lAt1&tb..u:
15..1
II
pm:itiv l..gy<>n
f / ZdZ dg illk '!tIAlt llR)'>W'
( l(
J.
<is = j (,ff.... !lI -
( 13.118A)
Tr lllit 1I rotilciOw ktmiAli><lIuxU8A" K Wt gmlx- Alta! hAaroit S fd\iIM.'lI egyJ'nIii.. V wktolID.'Zi'lnpk

"'" S f('liilet. K hAwgort,,;jc Ul" nte n vett korint<.yAlj<i,a1.
[)o>rfba'i,:11 koonlinAtflkhan:
..f, If
zk) " (dydz i ... d:dJ j- + dId, k) illlt"l:r4.l1
(\~d.r ... \ ~ dy- V, d:)
(.q
lSI
n~'II.rl"I'T"" ..skdMII.hrll minI AI A ~lN1Ath.t.o. A !<Z&mita,.fi~ ut..in
1\Z ..
rt~"ui-ny; R =
6.
13.3 .3 . Integralti>tel ek
13.3.3.1 . Gauss int ~r;\lt {>t ('l(' k int cgr a lfor m ulaj a
G.uss int<"lr'l tk~'"
A G Al:SS-intqtrAltM e-u-fii~ ..,j 1llf"lI" l' tf1'foptra vonatkoz<'> thfog&ti int~Al"" "&Y.""'.-un
tht'<JKBtot k<mllfOl!P Wt S frhi lf1T1' YOMI kniii> fooll1J.. tl int~ KOzi>Tt _A fpliiJooI in\n)itAM ~ oIYIlIl
(iMd 492. oMI..), boc' \I. f,-hiki nomu\lia II. 7,Art f..]iilrth6l k if.. Ie mntAt. Ha " 'Ii ..... ktol" .....ktorfii~+tl)'
,;,...,., .-Ioo6n-ndl1 ~iIo drriv4J tjai fnIytonr-ak. Ilkkor
I.
f \.. s; fJi divYdt.,
( 13.11::"')
l$)
111 (<;:; . . a;;
~~,)
dIdyd:
d:rd" '"
l~
13.3.3.3 . Green in tegraltetel ei
fllWt.:1t.:,-cradU,.gtad{',jdtr "" jp;.ccar.W,. -.

.1
If/(UI.:1U,- F .:1C,)dt - fj(Ul

0=
1 fiiggvcnyre;
(.}
(13.1 21)
(.'1
Dn-<'k!<lO&1l koordinAtakhAII 1'7.<'11 3. GREESt<'I..-I" kiiwlkP7J1 AIaltiJ:
ea ... a'V)
/I (aua;
a;'I
Iff (;;;r + 7ii1
f
ifu
P os Q fiigg...o\ny.-k _Iounint Iv. rl106r<>u<lil
( 13,117)
( KI
13.3.3.2, Stokes integraltetele

A STOKES -int ..grll.lt<'t r l ii!ow.<' f';AA""'t ... 1 IH.'lt .. V wktom,,'w crtdIlw~i",i tmotu/myal", ,....'j giirlJiil l,
i r flnyitoU S fd iil.-t m.-ulc'lI ""tt Miil.'!.i illtl'h'TAI c.. >\:l S fdiil..t et hlltArolh K . v('U gorbemeuti kori ntlwAJ k07~iu, A K kor iiljarMi irAuyAl ,ip,y v1lI.....d juk 1l1l'1/;. bogy .. f,'liilrti normiUi~ irAnY"h(.l lIh",'
d., =
(.)
h,'ng('I {..... :
1=
=0
df =
II.Z
=0
..,
rot
( 13_122)
{:r'y3dr + dll + : d:} VOII.. hlll''jI;rAl t, "hnl" K p;orlxaz :r' ... l1 = IJ'
V dS =
J1
3:r'II'drdy = -3
(,J ')
( .<)
rot V '" ~ 3?ll k. dS '"

D,
au d.rd,l ) .
a;
.
J1r~ootJ' .,~ill'
0 "ik met.z""'von"I ... A STO KES-tl'tdb61 M l'jll k:
f V If
(K )
au
d,l d: + {;y d: rU ...
iSl
A : SziImolj" k ki
formula.t:
(II)
(Jl
III ~V d" ~ f!" ",,V dS
(n i H;)
3. Sz.. ktorfofllluia
Suktm !Qrr",Jalll'lk n,v,~:t\i k " G AUSSillt.-y,;rAlformlllll"gy sr-:i;\Jis """tM..<Imdy w k gl-V<'I ~1'k
wtollll\nyok F I..-r';I.t " k<>n llyl'll ""-"'uolh" to. A Q = r , P '" - ,I fiiggvi>ny.. krr .. lkalma:t''''1\ I1. int..grlll-
F= lldrdy =~f [:c dY - Y d.tl .
( 13.120)
CC_1L', - U,y..dU I ) dS
i.l
(K)
Itt B <'gy ~l'kb<>li f..hll rtet. j..lOl. AITIPly.. t .. A' lI:iirlw h"I.liroL A
l"'f<' i8.li.. <I.-ri vAltjAik folyl.of>OoMk .
(13_119 )
J")
SJM":i.u....n lIZ U
!P( r, II) d:r + Q{r , y ) dYl -
( lJ.1l8b)
iJz
A GREEs-wtegr'Ntk.....k mind.-n ~h<-u l"&." thfopti"' 'V r..liil.-ti intl"gr4l kirUitt adnaJr. ~~
fI~. Ha A GAl:ss.-tiotf>lt Aikaima="lt .. V =0 (II CC"dU, filQWnyn-. AOOlILZ fl l " ' U, ~ioI[\i
mggvrn.yrk'" A r- &Z S fcliilPt Alta.! ~ ti-rr~ akkot
2 . G a u lI8-integrilformula
AI :r. ,...tk -O.... P" GA l;slf-i ~AJtPtl"1 4tmrgy " G Aus s.-intq~nillonuHI4t.a. Ezo.-..f~Ad IIWt
rgy von"lin~8.l k" ~ f..lUlM.i inlpgrAl karou;
11[8Q~:-') - 8P~")1
iltJ
'"
(IJ.ll~h)
(_I
_&\~)
d,d:-'- (8\/, _iJV,) d::d.r ... (ii"'~ _a\~) "d,]
8:
u:
ih
'"
[(a\~
rAlfonnlllMa vt"ZC."t.
trhat" \' ....ktomlM'.<;~MIAr f1' IXllM" ZIirt S f..liiiPtf'fl Jwr-rtiil pgyoonl6 \' di~l"f>riAjAnN.IlZ S Alw
!-.art r ~ YollAtkut.6tiotfof::II.ti ill~a1j;'vN. DE- n; ~ koordinatAktvw:
ff( "'~ d, d~ '" \ ~d: d.r + V,hd,) -
=0
" STOKES-mtc:r;riJ.tc'tcl ~ikbl"li......t .. "1IO'..." ,igy. mwt .. GAt:ss.-iIl1"ltf&lu,u.~ ( 13.116 ) A G AUss-WteK
(. \
.~ J
f..liil<>ti normit.lu-l JOM~ndni... !CII'Zl"rl alkot) (1A.<d 683 , old, l.
(S.. l
,
I
I
I
1
mUogn\! hMOlll61o'ppf'n ..vullolhAtO. Az ~r~l"fllY; Q '" 6" + 6 + "6 == 2" '
Ii ~
lI a .. " .....k torwktorfiiw(,ny .:... lIZ..1,.(;",,,,l1i l""ci.w. ,j.. riv4!tjAi folytonCW\k. IIkkor
.r d!ldz = e ' J.0 '~' ( I ~ r - y}dy dJ = (;1 ' A l",,,,ik kiol
(5".1
C: SzamoIjuk IIi az
gorlw iranyitAM
(A
689
., drd., =
~~1l'
k dr dy ..... " . S k'irtart v m a.,lIy : 1" + yl ~ ,,'.

Keressuk rneg e z 1 =
V ,is f1UXtL~t " V '" r' l+v'J+-z"kIirll.mlillllu,>wb"llllZS 1'~+y' +z'
(~')
l/:orubfl'!ii1..t en li t . A G Auss-t"td h.i l:
hoi
..
...-.. . ....
IJ'
2
13. V~ktn ..... n"'i~"," ',:.... I"'"lel
690
Iv.tiS .. fffdiv vdl, ,,,,3 JJ/ (r2+,l+z2)d.rdlldz=3 f / J

2.
1=
r'';;lllJdrdlJd.; =
'oj
l .~)
12 ,
~a lf
c:
lIovt'7~
(0)
"' ... _
"'lO""llk: A q b6wWOlIl idObcli vil.ltoza..arll egy
re.zbeu~"Z ...Iodik; ~
J,.,/f C~
dtJ {r f"jh6.
(J"
Cgy"",,kkorf'!ZI'D ido5heli riJto'.cA""['1h4tirol6S fdii1l't
t:
._
h6forTMt
l/ . hf-n !<'vaIUlYlIg
llf"JlI
wtAlmftZll Urr
~([rt'bot'ge . T "
ff
f,.lha."7.llllli.""~-aI ~? =
hl'lULh>ol'klrtJ.
'"
W'Zt'ti'si ,'@yiittllAUllfrilUrti iut<-gr411al f..~>t6 ki. AlkoJmazzllk a GAUSS-tke!t" r..I;il<1.;

A
Iff
[.. ~ ,.)
<!i\' (APwln] d. , '" 0 f'KY"nktbOlluLpjuk .. polltonki>nti
~~._ly~tM.~ (c.e.A&IAnOOk ):
c~
A.grwl Td5 (>. 116-
F",_-Y ~
1 e..
r
ill
iJl~.w ,,_
13.20. ibrL
IJ.19. Alm.
di V(AgAd D
= a 2.l T AWIot o]t .

( I J. 1 2~)
13.4 . Mezdszamltasok
13.4.1. 'I'Isara forrasmez6
A f jrlt-nu- ugyanaz mint
Tum. lornumnoDH. ...,;y 0n>rR~"~/~WnH. nrvt=iik " V I

miodoonhol D'illa. He..
/urnb~itJ q( i) . ukor:
..... ~t.
ba. rotNiOja
div \\=q(i) .
001 V I = 0
(13.123)
EbbooD lIZ"'l"tbcu alDl,wlI..k WoII U pot.PnrijJj"-AlTIf'lyo'l minn.-n ponf.houlA P OISSOS dilJfTf'~ '
/tot hat.&roz m",
V \ = gradU ,
divgradU = .lU =q(i) .
(A fiT.ikAhAn A1w.u...n a
VI
..
411'
,.,JJ
if
i"'1
(13.1241
T.. zt,,- nth.. u"/..,,,, id

6"'~IlYInC.wIl<'k n,'vP7.;o;iik .. V2 vcktorm..wt, ha a diw r'Sf'"ciaj"lllinc!pnhul
"ulla; ...~ " mP7il fOITAAm.. lll.... i~. H" liZ o...'~ny.,jnLo~9 w (i"j . akkor:
0,
rot V 2
'"
w (t)
(13. 12...... )
A w (f) orvlolly,,\Irfu,(w't nem Idwt t,>tIl'' '''I"!!,,,, ,,, " "'I'\",I " i, """,t " d iv
A koV<'tk P7il f..lUot..lJ..l,
V 2 (f) = rotA (f)
,... div A=O,
117-"Z
rotrot A= w
w= 0 fd tftd nck tdjCll iilni,' kdl.

(13. 12...,1
.. ( IJ .9'l ) f>rtclm l>lwn

gred div
f E dS= {~To"" .
~~
rurrAAt
kOrii~ "'lgy Tl<'1JI'
(13.1261>1
A -.1.A ., w,
iW... ~
.1.A '"' _w.
Az e nagyAAgAt II. forrA.~ oo""g<-rt<'k V"!O' ;nlfOtUOt<ioiLnlLk n..W"Z'Ziik.
13.4.3.2. Pontszern to meg gravitaci6s t cro
13.4.2. T iszta vagy for rAsmt>ntesorvenyme:r..o
II:
13.4.3.1 . Ponttoltes Coulomb-meze]e

A C01:WloIB-m....w pgy funtol< I""lrla..: Uo+nymrutN 1I~. ""...Iy minOmbol.. kivi-w 8. polltti>lti..
J...I.Y"t. tf'M,I" folTil.,.l:... lyM, IIZOk-nuiti j,., lWt.Z fOlTA8~ ( 13 .2 0. l b no). A COUWJ.llkro"01JZZ38.
lr.iilOnbOzO ..liij<old q!. 'l2 rol""""kct b< t.al<.eitja I\ll """')OIl. ..l6j<olo'M-k.-t . A nlf'706.-", potrfl("~'
_
..
...
e
E =r'
-f ,
U=--. "fi,,~lr.Alw1 ( l J .l 2ba)
(.~)
A>: int'l\TaJ""t llZ .,.;iooo:t WIT<' ","'S.-zziik ( 13. 19. 'b ra) A V rliwq;~cnru;.ja"ak rliff,[<"..i.uh"u,,,,,k k<'ll
lenni.. ", n"lQ'On nagy th\'OI..agr" ..~ lO'0rAAn kPlJnoi>kkcnni...
div V 2
13.4.3. Pont szerd forrasok vektormczei
A ~kal&r f1UXUll4:re. ill. O._nnl , hotlY llZS frlGlM.
O
)
{l J .1241>}-bm; ... inl<'ltT&liU<t ... ~ t<'mo ~lk.
-grad U ,.Jakul tu-n&J.jak. ).u U ki>lziLmillLM:
U r") '" _1.. j'{{<Ii\. V(f ) dt'(i

(r
(l 3 .124A)
8.
(13.12$)
w"...g gnwitaci6o< tp!'<' ..1O' m....ik 1""1<1.. " l"mlll;'..'rol w u,,-ghdy"t kiv{>w min<lcnhul orvr-nylUCIlle!! !<Z01"l1uid m,.zOO'. E~t :-Ir;:wTO~-tfmrk iM l,,'v<-aiik. MilHl..n mcggondolM. ami" COIJLOMB""-.<Oll' lorv/'n}',"", h..., o nlo mo.-Ion Il.lkalmlO?h.. t.ll" ~r;:WTO~ti'rr.' iIo.
POIlt......."l
13.4 .4 . Mczzk sz upcrpozki6ja

13 .4.4.1 , Dis1.kret forrasclosa las
A fi~.ikai trn:k "zul"rp<Yl.k ioj';'hO'<!; h..... mlO"n ...-1,llP"llll>lllW"lll"k" UlII1"llllltika vektonnezei i". A -'Z'"
p"'P"z1cui "Ive, HII .. V~ vrktonn"7fikn" k \'"n U~ l'uu'n(jr,ljllk. ILkkol' " V = E V ~ w kto rmP7i'in..k ill
van U potcnci;\./jll", U = EU~.
Ua n di"" kret e; (/I = 1. 2. . . . n) forn....1in1"'lI;1i forrf"'I'''llt 1lI'"loi .zllJ>"rpon,ijMnllk. ak kor "" "!'NM
692
13.5.2 . P o i!';son-differencial cg)"cnlct

Vl f) '" -gr..-l
L
..,U.
A f~llIl!"" " V I = grad F forra..okat Wt&lIlnW \.ktonn"".t'i [.' p<>!.lut:WjAIJ...k,. IUl'glmIAro"iA""- Ez II

(13 _123) ertelm..ben .. q(rl # 0 fdtCtdl"] 1\ ki'""tk, -dire V<'Vt
'.
"l i- i.1
div V, -= di v gradV = ::'V = q( f)
111 AZ i a vWogilt pont helyv..ktura. wili; ""4 f~ ....,ktowk a forr....poIlwk hdyv('ktonu.

H.... \1, Or'v"nym.nl.... i...... \' 1 forr""UleUl<'1Illi<'wkmimwnhol folytoIlOf<ak. akkor:
\' " v.- ", " --'[".,

411'
f'lI
!":c"1
JJ'r-
d,W ) - rot
I.)
f'((
JJ r"":)""')]
-r' l
1I,Za:1."
.IF =
(13.127")
(.\
Kit..r~V1''' _ktonn~" v~ ..I..Ilbf.." V(rl 111~~ q{ym...lm,i. hA ..

,r - ex: .... 'li'u.
\'"t iJ rl<'g lO""""I'
..hUnik r '"
13.-1.4.2. Folytonos forra.'WloszIAs

H.. .. fon....... b.t \-uwoI.akuD: rrl,l k<-km ~. Ii r.... li tArtomanyon foIytOll(llo,,'W OO<Ztjuk -::t, ak kur .. ~
e. r...mw,,~ t.ly.'-l. infillll U'..w.. DlCIUlyiMoz..k IPpn<'k {pI. e.ul"'l.~ .. forri.><k>t.dM ~nn~udl
fdeluek 1D<"'!t-"' ""............" .... Iyo't mMt...r w m;'rw (..""'Ii int~ wp_" fomi,. folytoDuoo wrlwti cloor.c.
]A".".....-t.I'u .. rurt......1I-lW,( ql r) '"' di.. \ '
Haooonl6 kWu)"'" ""' arwuyrk A1ta1 ..l6AIlitotl Illf1Ifi pot4>ncialjino. ill. Egy i<>l.yto_ tktJooli Oo+ti~
""""ion .... fin,in'JiflUUl< ....... '"9""'- .. w (e) = rot \ 1 hAt~ Tnf'g_
13 .4.4 .3 . Osszcfoglalas
F..gl" wk~t .. forrluoaill<\k ~ Q on i-u)'t"iurk .. ~ .... ~ t.b-bco to-ljoo-.n", ,.;)iortf.ImllooQ
lIleIt:luot.Vou.A. lui.l':U'k" f~ noOn'fllY<'k f'Y Karlal... thnlolzlx-n f~k,
13.5. A t erelmelet differencialegyenletei

13.5. 1. 1.aplacp..dilferenciAlegy('nlet
e,
Ha a
= ~II (. "f'ktuttll...-dl.IlIU<"lybo"fl IUUl"JIrll<'k fOITAoook "" U potcncialja..rUlk a I~"
fclMlat. akkor "'" a ( 13. 123) k1.<-h".......n q(rl = (l...u a. kiivct~ \"<.'Zrt
cliv \' I-d.hgrIlU ::.U = O.
I."PLAct.d,ff,.,...... "i1'"f!1rnl~ 'l'P . 0t0ri4r.1IZiog11 koordinAtAkka.l:
( 1 3. 1 2 ~1
::'1.:=&U ... iflU +&U _

8T2
iJ)jl
J~2
(l J _1211 b)
a:<a7. II.
~Iiml"n. 1\7. ,,1..0.- ~ mA.....,<f"u,ltl P"Id'li~ d .'ri\'l\ltjll.iv& eogyiill. folytOllO!\ fii~}'t. am ..l}' ....1 II. djlf<~
r..nciAJ..gyrnl"lrt ki.. I"Ki~i. I.AI'LACf': - VI\gy h"nnnn,h... fiig9,"<nfJll<'k n.. ",-;.ziik.
A prr.. m,rt<'-kf..ladat luU-<>m &a!,"'.p~:
I. P..rern ert...k- YIlI!Y D 1R 1C IlL ET-/~I""I"t: K..r....iink <'gy olyan U(T. y . ) fiiggWllyt. am"ly "to' ",lott
tiorb<>li. ill. ofkhooli wlomArly br!r<o'jfol,,'u lu..r monik .." f'1< 11 tartomeny ha tiLJAn elorr m,,!\lIl!ott prt{>krt
"""~ f..l.
2. f' ,wm'rt " k- ""!O' .'1EUMANN-/r/(lI/<II: K" TfOIiin k r gy olyl'Ul U(T. y, z) fiiw"nyt.a,".. I) "&y ..ool t tar'
toman y IwL""j..hru h"l'llluuiku" {", 1\
ll OriliAli.
irAuvu
J iff,.'ft'""iiUlcinvad
""" ' ~
>
.
ihi a tartml1{IllY I",tilrilll
rlor" lllO'gadott {>rt'kpt """z f..1.
3. Prrr mf rt" k frllln,.t.: K,n...illlk PI!:! olven lI(T. y.:) fiiggvo'nyt. am ..l} "gy t"rtomAuy "".1....jII"'n 111"",onik" . {.,. ,. t a rt.-.mAny h,.tAr/1Il M. allt.hhi kif..jP7.....:
au
" V t ;3iIii
(u.3 = iJl"'I<IO.
#- o .
(13 .t:!'.n.)
P Olssos-d ilJ""no61l'fJ'Jl'nlr t l'P tJ..rfwA>K11lwu"hud.takkal:

(fl["
(fl["
(PI'
Br - 8JI .. 8: 2
(13.12'J I:
A I.APLACE-<lilf........cial~t ( IJ_ 1 2~ hl 'p<'riAlioo .-.1.. II I'(l IS<;()~ -dif!'erPllri/Ufogy.. nktllf"k (13_12'J I:>
A megolda... ;';Ev.TtJs-poI""ciAl l p" " l.>oZf'I11 tUm~) 1IalQ''' COI;LOMB-pow'l<'w ( 1,, "'t tOl~)
V{f)
U_ _
f'
..!.. f f q(r-:, ldti i" }

-l'f JJ
., Ir r" j
(13_I 2'x }
IIll1<'lyabo<wllll Prtiok""n..avo f .....~ "rOooM' tArt "ullAbocr: (1iooi 113_1 11

.-\ POlssos.diff~nk>thr:l 'lIO'aI1AtOlI hArom I~k_fdlk"t k-bet m<>p;adni. mint" LAF'1.ACE-<lifflwnci~1M lJK"Il:oltti.....b,,~.. ~..w ..... " hartnAdlk J""f"lI<'rti'k-f.. laolat ~lmii<'1l old!W'" meg. II ma..odik _ti>hrn ..hhrz m~ "I>'~.NI>- r.-!tk..... k<1. b-U ll~ll (IA...J19.61J.
'94
dilf..""nriahally.wORnllk .1 % _ 0 """Iiu v>w hatArhli'ke, fiigg<>tl..niilllttol, h''IO'.. n kfu'.-I,'<!ik ...1: .. lIlll
1Ahoz. EZI .. 1ust.3r<'rUokcl "" J(: ) fiilQtwuy df'rivAJtjil..l...k hivjuk, j,.]',l""": 1' (: ).
Az J(:) = Re: = x f;iggvo'ny ....1w1 ....1Il clilf......."..Wh..to , nlPl't hll .. l() l"",th"2 l'7. .r-tcll,l\dly<"l p;.r.
b,lUWlOtI "lO'f'll"" ltK'tlWn knz.,l...-liink ...kknrII dilf" ",,".-iAillAllyNlOl'lIhrz t..rt, I", ~ig az y-tc'wllyd
p;irhllblllJlOlllI...ntkn. illor llul1Ahoz.
14. Komplex fiiggvenytan

14.1. Egyva ltozos komplex filggveny
14 .1.1. Folyto nossag, differenci Alhat 6siLg
14 .1. 1.1. A ko mple x valtozos Illggveny d efinici6ja
-w..nlggvffi}"'kt- hNoonl6ow
1-1 .1.2 . A nalit ik u s fil ggvenyek
i ll kornpl<'X """"...,khoz;" ~oo,.l""liink. ' = II + i I'

komp,,"x e""bo~ ..l1Ol u _ u( e , I/)' ' ''"' to(.... .vl kPtvilltoz6fl vaI<'..o fiiggvi>n)'f'k. J..~ : . ' = I f: ). . .
' '" f (: ) fiiggv<'!ly" kolI.LI'Wx :-~ l1l<> t .. komplrx Il.. ~ikr .. k..pr:ri J...
.\ II ."" _J { : ) kOluplrx vlUtoI'h fii~ny MtAri'rti'kk . folyt~Pot e. df'Iiv&lhA~t ~,
tkfini&IJuk. llllnl .. vall. vAiton'. fiigvPnv..kniol.
./j,
II.
Z :::: r.,.
14 .1.1 .2. Komplex \"AltozOs fliKKvi'ny haearer teke

A>\ 1(: ) flJUYi'n)" hAt.l\rntolok.o" :. bl-l~u ..
1 (: ) tart ..... lloOZ:
.,. -
II" kornpltJl. """"', ha f<"lliiall. bogy w. : LILl1 :rboa. Akkor
}~~ f(:)
(14.1..)
Miu<i.k dMiniriO: ~ f Ir ) f'f!AA"""nr ""t.Vk1rkfo " _ .....I)""'ll a . . korup....x~. hit. ..IWm.ilyrl1l>OZiliv c

-'mho.o tal&Ihat6 ol)'>UI 6. bo,;r """"",,Iy : ., ::0 knm,,1Px ..wnra., b..
1::0 -:1< 6.
( loUbl
akkol"
1.... -/(:)1 <
(IUd
A ~~riai jr~ut<'.ot Qf'Iu~t<1.i .. 14 . 1. ! br , : -,.;1 tct.w."s IrIA'rinti : i- '" pontjAAak.lllJIf'l yik ..

::0 k......"po<ltil .... 6 ~uprU kor""' >LlJ. oIYIW
POllt r.-k-I. n...,; .. IlL"ik l"",. AmClyik A . .. kiia<i-pponlu
""
lWr!M."n VlOll ...\ 6 ~ f ~ nylll k&I"I'"kAt .. Zo. ill. ..... pontok kiiom-V"..k I>f"W'Uiik .
"'1fPlU
J~k: U.(_..) ",U, (:.) .
y.
z-sfk
"'-sa
14 .1. 1.3. Ko mple x val toz 6s fii~ v ellY fo lytonossaga

Az fl' = f(%) fiiwfny II %<J hf'IY"n r"lyt....nOl'l. h" itt. van h"ly" U.....it""i crt{kc. van hatiU+rt<'kf' "" !7.
a k<>tt~ pgyt'nlO. Ez "1,t r'I,'nl[. 11,'10' '' w~lk tl'O '" f(%Il) l'0lltjanak hilrmclyik U.(,Uo ) k"mY'IA"l,,"l.
tl\rtO'llk II %-_Ik %(J pontJAnlLk olY"1l U,(%Il ) ki>rnyr.-",t,.lto!':Y d,hol tIZ It = f (%) AJtl\lm'1\lmt.lmrlAltt
keppontok tIZ U,(ltI,) kOruyr.-'Atl,, kerulnek.
lim f(%) = f(%,,)
""10'
limf(:." + .l") = f(:,,) (itt.l" kOtlll,l"x ,.,..funl).
(14.2)
14 .1. 1.4 . Komplex valtozos
,......
rii ~l';v eny
F.Y ~tik,,,, fiiw"Puy VJOOt, no ktvutftor""-i . . .1 telIZD<'IF: ALAPLACE-f""dilf~n/Pt ..... k:

rPM
{I V ....)
{)2., {)2.,
"h(z " ) =iJ,r2+or =O '
( 14.:lh)
Kow p1PJ:..Jnni fUggveu}""l< drrivAJtjait UlY"'lIaZOD ..... l.-Jyok IlU'rintll!iunitjuk ki, mint .. m";<:?105 VJOOt,
...ki-t.
.4.: f(: ) = ~ ,
fiiw+n~
1'(2) =3: 2 :
B : f (: ) =wn : ,
f'(2) =.nu .
=r
ditfe rcncialhe t oee ge
[ z.
l (_ dd d.r .;. ~~ d1.l) ,

(14.6 )
(......)
1/
,....
a hol az illt<'grtiJlI.~ 1\7." {", I' fii~i'nyck ko-;,(;,. {,rt,.j",,,,,koti tl\rtou"l.uyAhII.n," G t..rtonIAnyb"n" rOg"titelt (.ro.",) pontot .... " viJww (.r, 1/) polltot (;...r,,,,kiil.<'\ nllr",,'ly ..gy..... n1 rt'kti filu<llt"ti>gorbr lll"utkn
clvl-g<'1,hrtli . ERYVAltozOo< iU1.pgrAlN<Ml i_ lIl"!:AAphlll1> v:
v{x,y) =
,(ql;
All' = f(%) fiiggv{'lly" % 1",IY"1l diff"r'llcirl1h"t6. h....

.1 11'
J(:+.1: )-J( %)
d; '"
.1 %
rPu
.1 -(I" )-=iJ.r2-iJVl =O .
U.l.Ahr...
.-..
e.,
..\ ...= r
h)
-)
~ Itoumwrf. Ius .. G tartom.iuy lltin<kn

pontjAba.n diff..r.-nciAlh&t6. H.. f'1. oeru te1i"',il. ..Idwr Gn vauuakon..,w.;n.. ,."..tjai. amd)lt'kben
J'(z) ....m 1Ctczik.
4.z f (z ) = u(I.ll ) -.- it{r. , ) fiiu;ooi'ny pon-' alr.kor ,Wft'n"rlM#Jh.. llI .. G tanomAnyhAu. ba az II. no t
fiigv""y<"k....k Y.IW Ghoon fol)"toDOl'.r
llZ<'rillti lJfISCiAli>o dPrivAJtja, n........k A CAUCHY Rl F.M AS~
dID~kl"t kiPli-gilik:
au {;r at.
0.'
,)Z = u, ' {)y '" - iJ.r
f I 4.4)
1. F iiggvellyos ztalyo k Az clcmi ..Igrbrlli H tr",-","n<koUll ftiggv<'llyck ~ izoW.t >;i~ peu10k (..Jiog kill kOmyezootiiklwu mn uWo "zilJlllMWpont ) kiy,iotplkrl az ~ :I<ikon AnAlilik,.....k.. milldffi r<"gIllAris polltba.n """d..lk d" ~ ~,h "",...\11 deriviltakbl.
fiiAAVt'-ny tnintWniittNllllitik.... (II
- ~, I' '" 2.1")').
B : A "' = ,, _ it- fiiggvi>n~' f'lO'rlkon l>OlltMnl'f'll1 "11a1iliklllO, ba II. ~ 2x + ll . ,, =.r ... 21.1 .
C : AL J(z ) =
fii!1Jf>-ffiy ..nalitik,...,", J'(z ) = 3z2
D : Az J(z) = sin e ltluWlik,ll'. ..... 1' (: ) = (ftI %.
2. Az u, iIIe t ve tI fii gg vlony e k m.-gha t ilrmba egymA...hOl H.. IlZ " " ' "ftiggWnyt'k mindcgyik..
ekog'" I...." .. LAPLACE.fi'ko dilfl"Il'nl'iAkoc'<'Il1"'Ilf'k, akkor !m"""n.J: ....fUIJ'/,.'&t.,~k {Ia.rd ti!n. old. ). Ha
'" ketU'i kiiziill'7. "KYik barmonikus fi~'ny iNn..rt. 1' 1. u. Akknr A mAo<ibl l'g)o' Nlditi" kon.~taI'"ti>l
rlt.ckintvt". mint ~, konjugwt hannon;k,... fUgg"" uyl-t , A CAUCHY Rl t;MASN-dilf..r<>nriak1\Y"'nlctc k,.....
,ititlol-g"""'l vollll.1intcgriillal hAtArw.ru.tjllk 111<'1;
... .,
. ~u:.. ..
.4.2 f ( : ) fiiAAvCny .. G tartomiwyon akkor onalit*"". ~
14 .1.2 .2 . P e ldak analitikus fiigg"i>nyf"K re
.. ,
..z.r: .
14.1 .2 .1. Az analitikus fii ggveny o f'fin ki6j a
(1:(- :;H
+ .(,),
(14.7)
(-::)<lr ) +;'(y);
(14.8)
..miMI
( 14.3)
~~ = :y ( {

696
11.1 .2.--1 . Sz inguliu'is pontok

HII ,.,. 1(:) tliAA""uy c/o" z '" (l pont kornY"',.Mf""ll /l.I...Jitik,,". /lYl7. rgy II kir''''Pl'0lltll. wt,,,;,,, >Q...,-inti
kill kor ""L....j<'lx-n awilitiklL~. kiv""" Wgf"lj<-hh IV; II 1><>lItot. akkor II ~ingtl[;uit"" "'''''mpomjAoo!", kGvttkPzt'; _tpk IPh.. t.~k;
1, Ha I(a) = lim 1(:), akkor II:t 1(:) fiiggWny II:< II 1><>lldW\ll ~~ II.llaiitik,,"
14.1 .2 .3 . A nalitikus
fii ~ v i> lIlek
tulajdonsagai
An a li lik u" fUggvfony lIt:w.,o lut ertek.. ( m od ul...... ) Egy analitik,~~ fiiggv"ny ...t..zoI.,1 (>r1k1w
'"fiiwPriyhtJ. k mint kompJ..x llZAm "Iwn:olul "rtfh-:
1.
ff( z) = ,j u(r. ,) 1_ !1'( 1.,f1 _ ,.i x.,)

(14.10)
Ha" lI,r'" .,,(r .,) 1llO<11l1"..riill,x\....uyt ~mrtria.i~ fo-lil)Ptnek tdU.lltj,-lk .uJror" It f1~y .wmJ.o~.
:man..k ~iik,
A : A.ill Z = hinrch 11' + irooorsb II fliuvo'uy a.I.a.ol,jt ent'ke:1sin: = Jsin:! r ... sb~ , . A dowbor;r.ala i
I ..J!'orKlLlva .. 14.2 '.brill L.UbAtb.
IIr '"'
B , .J.,. = ..I fi1q;Wny dnmhol'Mtilt .. 14 .2 .b abra U1Ulatja.

SoIr. auaLlilr."" fflAA'+ny domh0t7",l.A IAlb.oIu. 114 ,10l bnl.
.-
lia lim 1(:) =
2.
11'-
l<>IP7.ik. d.. "", f(a) />rtpk ..tt& kiili'mhm.o.
""y
uinno i.~ prt.plm"z"", a.kkor az"
pont "7in~ hely. [)P itt mty..riinldJ.. 1O ,' :>ng..uln toio rol ~liink, lUcrt haaz a pontben I t:) N tl-ko't" lim I {:) erteknek d..ti.nwjuk. akkur az 1(: ) ffi~~\"'nr II'bIIu iollllll.1itikw< Io",z. rHa.lIllOan "'"
,-
~tozOoo ffir,gWn)'"'k m<'g"ZiintMhrVl-.luw.lilMt boolyvi~,
lM<1 ~9. ol<l)

3. H..."'" 1(: ) ~DY"': = a pont "lO' kOlll~"I>PlllUl.Alitikll'" ,k-""tllIlW)'"'1I komyezctt-bo'll Ill'W
korlAUlfI. Ugy az" 1IZi.ngulAris poIlt_ EnlK'k kk """"otr van;
.J. . H...lIZ a pontoo. z-vrl birlu~N1 ~1M\.., 1/(:)1 - "X akkoc az II pont ..........: pOlw>.6; art irjuk.
b<Y: I (a) = ex; . K iilOnbOzl'i r.-nd>l pOI.uooloOIl....h 719. olrlalt ,
5. H.. az I/{: )l l'iiggWnv nrlr. "inn, 1w.ac#orti>Ju. "'" . E bben "" l'f'rthrn Irbt-t z- ....1a-be.. " 1tV ~Ijl<'lll , b<y 1(: ) hIIt.\rhti>kr>LZ .. brlyn> (Irgf..ljo-bh
"'ItV..rtA kiWtPlPwI) tet...,..fs ......,.-inti. adott komplO"X...u.tn Jrgy.-n.
az"
A : A .. = _1_ fiigg1.-mynrk
puulbrw pOI.- vaIl.
:-0
B: A ", = ..I,. f.-J.gg\-Pn).....k a D pont ICnY~1l wU",,11/ui. pnnt,... ( 14. 2.b ibr .. ).
1--1 . 1.3. K onfo r rn l ek ;'(Wz~k

14. 1.3 .1. A konfor rn I('ke pezt'-s fogalma es rulajdonsagai
1. o..fin ic iO Egy 1 (:- llr1u"I>l~t ~ N!nn tAltnm4nynn konform Irkf~k hivunk. hAI {:) .....
i D mindnl." tll.Jt<>wAllyb..li :-r" ..., \conform IPkiv<""'" tulajdoll...ag..i:
htik, .... a. 1'(:)
A z 1'001 d:
(~) ....,nal..l..~,:.,; a I<-k..~nc krlrtkrW u' pout d.. '" (~:) \"OnII.l.clcmr tll""
ny~ lIZ arany... 0 = 11'( : )1 "' l\Z .. lforll:AtNo ou,<>gf':" .. arll:f( :).lgy iufinit.-zimAli.~ mhMl1
Il""""l'lri&i Nak....tok lwoonlO al..n...tokkit. trll.hl<ZforuuiJo.tDAk ... IPkPr~ lIOr"" ( 14.3. flbra ). A wr'
mUlti gOOllwl!iai alakzl.tok p!tonllluak ulO'..... <\(' kl-t "lOm...... t mMfl7i!go rhr h.. j~. liih.... k kOzOtl
~Ih.... ~k lIIl'f~pill mpg&7.&tik ( 14 .4. ibra) ,
bj
/ ..--
14.2.lIhrll. Nf>hAIlY t<"ngdypfu"hu1.1l11l"" pgyt"ll"" <lomoo"'.l\ti kpp<'
Ze r ush e ly.. k Mivrl "ltV fiiggvo'ny abszolut "rti\kp nemnegatfv, Il domboraat rnindig II t-.fIe frili>U
Il('Jy,,~k(~li k ,'1. """,n [>01IIok kiv"t,I"wl. .w"II/(r)1 = 0, ",,,,] >h"l J(:) = U. Aw luo.t. .. :- i>rtfkrk,'!,
lUlJd y,k.... /(:l = 0, I\:t. j{z) jl;!I'J''''n~ :t'",sl.. lypllJ<,k ",v,,,~ii k.
::I. Korlatossag Ad ult l/l.ltoulilnyull "gy fii"gvpuy akkor k",~(it( . ba van oly..n X 1"'7.itiv "7."'u. bogy
"
2.
1/ (: )1 < S wlj,.,.iHa tMtullLKlly minden pontjAha n. ElI ~ nkf"l.o ",...tb~n. he ilyeu X "lAt" " in"""", IIkkor
" fiiW fuly nem korlAt".,
4 . !l.l ax imu n wl v II" '"
1(:) "10" k"rl"t,,,.. zan, o... ",,fliAAO hal fll lV~ >n "nal it ikll' ,, "rn kOl", tl\ll"
fuggveuy. ..kkor " l",whi t ('rt{'k/'n,'k maximumnt .. tertomany hl\tAran "" hd i ,,1I&k fd.
5 . Liou v ill~, H.t.. l" II.. "7. I(z) fiil\ll","IlY "z l'g....Z "ikon 'LIlllli t i k\L~ "" kor liitoo . a kk"l " fillQlv{'uy
ilIla",Ii>.
< .
\.
.~ i
.
/
\. .c:>
0
,j
r>.
\.
x 0
bj
14.::1. ';'h ra ,
w. ~ )
'-_./
,I
r;
1
0
,j
\
oj0
I H, AhI",
M egj e gy~es : Ko nfor m 1,krl-'" d.... k~1 M1k!,... t .. dil,h n alWuu"'ll"k a fizikAhlln . p!pkt ro t "d mikillmll.
hid ro- .... a<>rod inarnikAhnn.(..... m..l,<'m" t ilut."IO'I-h ..Jlu..hll~i \.(Iiil"\.(i,,.
696
."
698
2.
Kon fo r m lo'ke~H mint a m n difft"rt' ncialtranszform1aci 6 : d:

iJu
u..
d.. = (}z dr + f)y dy.
~1"trix).-lOu--I
l'
.ro
dt" =
Ill..,]
d",' ''' A 4 : .
1.
Pi;
du' ki'w.otti lull......'],,1 .utin
diff"relLd;ijtr~r<lllWOciOVl'd .. k,>Vt'tk!-L1l:
itt
&ta;
d.r + f)y dy
(14.l 1a)
A = ( :: ~ )
(I U lh)
A C AUCHY RINASs d itfPff'flciAkgy.-nlptf'k wiat t A a forgat ..." yujtM mAtriXA. abuI " .. " Y"lj Wi
ti-n~ (v...t 191. olel.):
A = ( :; -,,:~ ) = q ( =: -::: )
.,
( H- 12lo)
hj
IH;. Ahrl\,
( IH2b)
.. konfunnitNo wiatt
6=
"'"
v'dcc A =
(J
If(:)1 = J"~ + ..:
_... = t'. = I7An...
Jv:. . . t~.
( I-U 2c)
.. = lLflf(z) = ar l( u. + it,,).
( I -I1 Zd)
(l 4. 12fo)
3. M PI'6k-go:'lll g(irbHe~ .. k ., :-"1.1: r = Alla.ndO b>, = ~1AndO koordinAtAwoalait bAnutoIy kon

kmn k-ki-......d s kp!. ~ ~r~ lr&m<dormiljA. AltalahaD anAlit ik.... filw+n .....k!W1tf~
..... ptw-vuualiJ Iwordinilu.k Ulrr6k'r ~ri-n<-k oo::>bL-agAt iclIrl 1i1l"f"bozn i. ~I"ltf<lrdft -. miDden
konfonn Ic~ Io'U-J.ik"KY~h416.&mi a DESC"RTES-fClo.- lwordi~n trIlV'lypAr'
hl~~. nWo Di'v<'ll k<->r rlinilta..........Jak~ .... biIO jabA im..-rtAlhatO a;r; adotl l11lQ{"i'uy
t,>mADyb61Jcif..~ mllt"to Icrske:uy ~"I01I.....,u . tarton.any ~ .....,)vnek .. kOpe B"'1'ik

fN6 fN>;fkjAra kn->1I..-\ f..b'tinjclzelt t<....m..t.,.Jt Il ~..It kocl'onu"'~"...",1< ~~
tfflpmrnnrk at (14.1. iibra),
1. Li neiu' is ffiggveny
.,
(IU3A)
Iinellrio tra.n.",JonnAo::iO ft-lhont two haroln <'1Y-mt "'ko'p<'zitlkOUlpaLiciOjArL
a ) a~ik.-lf~a_&ll.~l:
in~l.
b)
A : AbhM azo:-tbm. hall' '" 2r + y. to = r +111. U'bAt f(z) = f(;r +i"l = 2r + , + i (v -21/),
(1 4. 5. ' b ra) .. ~ Dl'nl&1l (MIll. fDf'rt - ... t- t, = L
1-s -r
~
oyiljti'SA>; 01
ti>n)..,w~"",:
"'I
(U.IJr
."1
c) pMhll7.llIDOf' ..ltoIaoob-....~,t .. =."1
-s
~,
""
c=-1
c=-2
a.
me
3.
0-
0-
hj
.j
IV. ab ra.
'JI:
o
fiil
B : A w '" : 2 .,dlwn I\Z Mott :; pond... owro\rge....-n b<-flltO p;orb.:-k IIlcrll\ ..g........~ lIl''l46 rWdik .
kiv (-w II :; .. 0 I',ml<,t. nnwl ott tll '" O. A koordill"t"vOlla\ak" kd teIlg.ly kivi>t..II-",1 kd mrr6l"s,,.
k"ll{oki\.li~ ('" (0.0)) 1'1II'"1" ,I_'rep;l,,, ""'llu.. k fit ( 14 .6. a bra}, II :-~ik .,]"" lJegyt"fl.. " ,, ~~lk f,I..II f,,\o'r..
4.
ki,p:l6<lik 1...
2.
fiif'g
5.
14 .1 .3 .2 . A leK('KYSZ('r11hh ko n for m lekepezesck
A ll ",ip rn k fiiuvi'lly" " k JIf""-""U
1/ (:
,i.Jl"r
- (a t- I) pootok
1-.
ollIAllgu)rh. llIt'UllPlr. at. mrt jupanlok (lu. a f I: ha a "" I. akko.r /) 1- 0 .",.,Wlll'Mlo: :, Iixpont. /) - 0
.....!l'n minrlffi pout lixpom). A 14.8. a b ra lI)utlltjA'" fmt "1Ilul-<'1.1 ~y (mn<t f'<l~fk), wa..ik
UlrtOniAny (m""l"'~ j,. n<'gy7A't) .... Jt:0ri~ "V lot-MI""'g"" f'lhf'l~t.
),.~"" brn .igy lllindo.-o..w...... t luvooolOBlabatM Il'KV AI. A :1 .. x no Z'J = -
h"]y
(IU3cl)
/)
~l
.j
(IU3h)
to"':
Ehrn-Il A f"j,-~<'t hton a trl\ll>l;t.{ornuvihk ,... lLZok \"gfoot"""hb tul" jdnnRilg" i 1I)..1I,tt nioluluy "",t hen WM'm1,<ltt'tjijk ~ 'n i'rho'k,1.. I\m..ly"k " wll p;..lypoUh1l1...m<>fl egyclJe>of'khe melln..k At. TovAhhA ~,lr(l. 1\ tAr
14,;. "hr".
14.1:1. lI.hr" ,
14 \l.fltm. ,
Reciprok filggve lly (a lin ellris tortfilggv#<ny Ilpf'C'ililili e llt>t e )
1
1.('-:;.
z f-O
(l4 .14)
700
kollform klu,! .....''''ll.. l .. l~ik r lIlodul""u z p<>ulj/l a It'.lk 1/,. mOOUhLQll w pontjAhA. ><IlIJak -.;..wiRr It
_' 8zOgbc
at. A~ 'llIlltt'!.! a1AbatoJu..t II 14 .9. i b r a mllt><tjtl- A trfl/UlZfomiAcio m"-. n.... Pf1 az
~kOrr~ vN<J t;ikr~. Anul .. 14 .10. Ab r a lIIula!.
A7. Ahriu"Ol "'" ill l<-oIVlWlh"l.lI. bogy >U orill:O kO'l.cppoulu. R S''KanJ. koroll kivU! r~kv6 r, alJO<l,hit o!'rl;.lul
''''10'
Af, ,,~,p ~ illwndc'wa.l" knrful .... [iilIi-v6 .\1, pontbA. ken,L .\12 az a.H, frlcKY<'ll....n VNl. Iv. V
OIigololO:U2 '" "2 = Ifl/r, IAvoWi!/;TfI. Tlmjd J/, J/rMI Atkcriil annak az Z-WIlJi;c1y...- WlUltkmil tilkOr~ (konjugAltjAhA). H.-.nln<ln 1""1 = 1/1:1 mia.tt a :-,'i1:~",,, ."-.ik Cft'o~"'I",""'ltV
At ( 14 .1 1. lIh r a) _KilrOll lwhili pontok k11l,,6 I""ntok lrsnwk. "" fordit\"'.
H.... kompJ.,,,, ~~lkot kiMvltjilk /l x-rIf'l (am<'Iy<'Il" veIP .. kviva.l('!l.q RI EMA:-;'1p;i)mhr.. itti,-"" 14voIMgot if< lu"unk iorvlnwzni). Jl.lr.knr .. rA'il'rok fii~;" kiwr~hctjiik;kgy.-lI<"k 0;'" X <'J:Y1lI'"
JUoro". ~I"" ~ kit.-ri-tj,jk .. mlh...\nf>kPt (dlo ox: {h .... :xc x -I J)<'m t1ldjuk ht.-1TDf'"1.ni]"'
cc-nek,
I).RAk d..linWj"k. :\ kil~t"'-t rHiprok fiiW"'ny ().-hAn .... x--boon j,. foI}"WlIOI'.,.'it.J,..
ri""lhatO (ha w..tn.ik " Iim,-"" 1(::) bAt&rtfrU-k. aklwl/(x}-IK"k <.""...-n m.<-kL"\ ...J..... dMillido _nul
I .. X- ....ll foIytol>Ol'; ha f{oc) ~"" IIkkor ~ dcli.niriO SZ<Tillt I diff<.T<"IK."iAIlwO :x.~""n. bII
g(::) =- I(~) dlffp l1'nciA!hAtO I).hAn.Mol u-bAt g(0) "" lim,_"" It::))
Wn komonn "'ldorwzl'lo JUr-tJU z = -I i"lI :: = I
"
-?~il,",,,
\.
'M,
. I.
u: ... II
= - -- m~fokl,
C% ....
Pg)"f'owtct kido'gitiH"" : -~[kba..u II %, "" "2 pontok <'!O'mM t,ikOrko'-p."i" 1\ I kO~"l<'><rr ....,na.tkO>".Mn (A7AZ kiir """""hPn
.-gym"" invt'rV'i), allor llli'-"I1,twu,li-Vl5 11'1"' "'2 k';V,><>utjaik j" ~iikU,kCl"'i''l!YmMnak" 1\1 kOrrgyPllf'l'
II' ki'l"'re." K 2 kiirre vonatk=<'>ll.n. A7. PTJllit"tt ", ...kl...tnMt m....l .. 14.12. Abra mlltatj....
>
1-4.13. &brA.
4.
A
~I;isodroku
Il'=~
(14.1&)
nWoodfoku ff'1f,g\'('Ilyt I.II.nia<oI< poW. {.,. d<-r<'lur7.i>&'1 koordit ....t&kkal fdlrt

b}
-}
a:: ~ II
(141;;")
I::
# 0; ,,~zel kizArjuk IIk"ll~t ...,,,,.....k...l
lilll">i.ri~ ti,rtfiiggvo'nnyd ,-ali. kOllf"nll l,k..l.. ...-...t
hiirom l"'r>i"JIrl.' bonthatjuk,

a ) ho""ri~ fiiAA"/'lly: "-'t=c:+d
1
b ) TP<'iprok: 1/'2=-.
w,
Iin""ri~ fiilQlv<'lIY:
1/
11' = -;=
be - od
+ --,- 1I'J
( 14.t;Jh)
(H. J:X)
1/.=Ii+it,=r-t/+2irJ.
rrli'nt-k a k.,... lIZ PgHz 1I..~ik. _
f<-J.o'j
(14.16<:)
azegM :-m
5.
Nl>lO'zetgyok
~, kittrj,..zti"""l,, kib6vitd~ "ikOll i" konformok.
u=.fi.
( 14.17')
tartomanyou. AUl<'lyl"'1l a o-t u"m Io".t mrgk".Tll1ni.I"'nt<"",u ...Ilkor knnform. hall

pnntonki'nti (:; i 0 ) ki't l..het6ooi-g ki;zii! ,'I!O' vf>1......... rnnk. bogy u' fol~-wnOf; 1"tO""1l~ eTlli"n minden il~'"n
tlU'tolll"-n)"on kH konfonn .;: fiiggvi'uy VlUl. AI. ''l\~ %>iIk k"pr" lI-~~ikt\1lk vagy" f"l..o. vagy az ,,1..0
f"Ii'''' kefii!,,, u~~ik koordin ete vouelei kN " ~' lll""I " 1ll'r<'IJrll,..... kou fokAliN PM....bol"""r"ghOl m-.Annaz.nek. Ezekm'k" J"ll"Ilbolaknak." Ilviljt(,v"ntj"" %~ik nri.ll6jll. It'ngl"ly;ik r-(iga :"ik J>O'Litiv . ill. no'gativ
v"l,,,, tl"oll"ly" (14.14 . Abra),
A l"k,'!,"'''''' fixvo utj"i % = 0 .... % "" I. A : "" U [Mmtl""I" lck..I""'.... IWllI konform. hiszen c..l:mn mi'g Il
fii~o'n)". "p;y olYIllL
,"",10. ..;; sem ..ItriwllhlLto.
( 14, 1~1)
H" a koroket.;" LllY<'ll<,....k,t ''KYiitt ,,kn....gy .. u....Mlwk htvjnk . ak kor" Iin"Ari~ tiirtfiifl,)l;Vi'ny,'k kiiT"lI;yrn....ta;rtok """ '<I( _~) = 00. "'(00) =
%-IOli.
AI .,10.-.<> l"ki'pP'/h in....... ro- a
]IIlMrixd"l<"nninfln..
# O. lUIIi .....1 kiwj,tk II lin..Ari~ fiiwo'nyrk"lj
-11
11':--
(fPlt""""liiik. bogy 1I1Ibrt !to7.ZA.... nd..lb"tli
aWr..i'J.oow is vmgalni.:
A <k-"';k.~ koonlinil.tAkkal wlirt ""'-k "",Ii IlZt mut4tja. bOlO''' Il>-..a /I = >\It..ncl6 P" I' = all.vldO
"RY<'ll<'>lt"i a : -m rIK'f'61rg"" r 2
= ... "" 2ry :E ,. hip<"rboL-r.-g"lI<'k a ko'pM ( 14.13. ahra ).
EIlIWk lllrk.".....ffirlPk a fixpontjai %= 0 ..... z = I, do:-" %= 0 Iwlyrn" Io-k"'J>Pzi'" uem kOllfonn. mrrt
ott II. dtTiv&ltja. O.
Lim-aTis tortffiggvl>ny, mAlI nl>..en tortlineAris ffigg ..l>ny
cz +d
(1~16h)
A pnlArkoor<linAWa1akb61 i&lhaw.
ki-p<- ... tI~"I1rot k~n froi 10-.
l,U I. il.bf/l.
1410. 'brA.
1-1.14. &bra.
rngg'-'''n)-
1l.=;~i2~.
c)
konfonn Irk';pc-""",l<k II fixI'0ntj... II.I,.ll "1'.Y v..gy ko't pout. llm,i)-ik ... %
14.12. .ibm..
~ II C
/I
i1
;;.t
3.
A
Euuek
Linearis mggvi>n.Y"R lin pAriR tortfilggvl>ny o9ueK"

A k,," form l"ki'l"",""'t a
0.
u, =~(%+;),
k_ vllol",,{>.llall<!,',>O,%!-O
(I4.Hla)
702
k"pl<>t d..finiAlj",
= 1"....-h<>I" val6o< (,; k,]y"'t....~k "/k1;vl\J""",t.A."" uUin ""
I'
"=~(P+!)l'OfI"'"
'1
P
~(p-!)"in."
'1
P
bf...je""'_kllf'zjutnnk. A %-,,(11: P = Po = AlJ,.od6. Po

..l1i~1x-lIll"lll ...kAI ( H. IS.b li b ra):
~ ... ~ _1.
Ahd
1.
a-; (Po +~)
b=
(l4. ll.'b)
I kOwi (14 15 .a abra ) " Il~~ik konfnkAJu.
~IPo-
;1.
(H
I~)
A !D'''jt.Upunk>Jr. " va1c'M lPnl':f'ly k I'nlltjai...\ z-o<flr. ~ = 1 ~OrflWk k"v<' .. Il~,.fkoll .. If"jll!t
clIipll%ilo 1Nz:" ~r-II h.. jilrt I- A- . +ok oaakM:t .. -ao,; teugdyen Az ~k milo<! II.
mind. kiilorJ<'al-l: ....1:- lI:l:J\k"zti>l mrgfO!CUott .......ikrakq.zodik k-;az W>'ffli fiIggvfny .. hmIlf'lOZO'f1"l>lo'l
~Kri>k mialt kkJorUoJr.t1:
b<-I....,...
z_
.:_Ln:.
fij~IIY algcbrn.i.
If
zt-O
(lU9aj
a1akja z pol....k"o.-di.ll..t&iVlll fo-lir"",
u=lnp. t=,; ---2h. <WlZ Le lnlzl-i&l"gz (A-O.I,2...).

(IU9h)
Ebl>6lliltMtll. bogy >oZ u - 4.l11.ndo .... I' E (c.c- 211.l, c 4.lL.md6 koor<iinAtaYnnsUakl'l Z91.K origOjl'l korfili
koo<....nlrikU>< kurek. illet>'\". z~ik. origujau l\I.mellO (..~n_k k"""i ( 14. 16. abra).
Az Ln z fiiggveny vi'gT.foleu .o:>k ert"'kol. ~-<'g)' konfonn 'sa Id l" l'gy'l'gy v1vozint"'ll 2'1" ~u
pt"OO<Ill ....'j;V&. YOW ~t.iMns<k in....n<' (lNod (U,69<c)).
A -II" < ~- $: _~ lIleg>lZOli~ bpJuk IlZ In: fOioc"t;_1 t.PM.t 6Z~ :-~ik. /lll~. ikou olyan",,"vba
1ll<7;Y iLl..iWld)'"'t .l _
hll"...,~l'lO"I"_k IlAl.NublAk. k~iiliik. t - ,. 1.&rto:<ik bo:a.a .. savboL
=': ,. ......
!I.
. + ~
ExponenciaJ;" fiiggvp ny (ta..d 72 5. o ld. &.0)
(Ulsd)
A :- ..1<.,., '" ". ~~i ( 1.a.1S.c 'bra) "'"

.l .,J
0
,P=1. {o = h ......... J_k.iUl.;,1
2-
( IU ~1
lwnfoluWtohip<'boWt IMa.IIf'k.lO"lJL/)pofljaU:: It (14. 15. d 'bra). A Hilt (.: = 0

dina1A-r"lw~lY"'W"k ~"'1Il hil'prtxJ4k dCajulnak.az '" = 0 tftlgPly .......
.... k. +x:) intcrval.lUlUll.Imz l...t6llik
Yl
'I
Lot1;aritmus
,..
~r) koor
wob. l"Wly (-x.-I<
....
oj
bJ
H,I::'.Ahrs.-
11'='"
fij~y
=",,"
poIArl<oonfuui.tao; formahAn A
p-~
U. I:;,Mm~_
14.16. Mm.
(1.f.2Ob)
= r ... i 1/"'11:.. 1'>00 alAkhhl.
(14.:2Ol')
H.. r A -:::>v e" - x kOzOtt v4.lto:Wt .un p nlll1O.lI>I ~ ..lo-nig

vAlto'Lik; h& y f..J.~ .. - II" ... _,. kow!t; ;.rti'lo-krl. akknr I: ill
.. -II" e.,; ~ kOzOtti ClteJ<.,keo fut ~".1lO' A :l'Ilma.lr. "CY-<'!Y.
lIZ It>c'~llyel parh\lZ&lll()lo, 2.. ~u lornl><lll"......VJ. m
Ieki-pn...... tdjn; 1I~liikn (14. 17. ab ra) .
14,1 t. &b.....
9. SCh"'......---christoff...l-formula
A konfonn \f>k"!"'Z"-k RIUIA:-;~u>1 I<U.rIDAdl aUo.I>l.i'1.clc a.:.:t moudja ki. hoto- ha ..dott Il ~ikOll Il D l
"IQ"><lI'I'e'PO (_fliggO tartowiw.y (l\;Ut;I, IIlUl<!<'Il DrlJrli zArt gfu-I.., lM-t..ejc i>. Drhen van; pl. egy mc'
gyilril nem i1Y"f1). anwly uem It;(, ~ ,.ill ..lk"t lit<-Joik <ity"'l kcnform Ic-kf.~, llIIl.. ly Dr-ct kOk>oi).
niwon <'gyi'ft<>lmfiffi &viM.i II.l ~ot hd"''Ji-t EkviVlll<'llll ki...... t~m ..nY"'. hoto ha D "" lJ.;, k';l
ity..n tartomany.llkkor pgyik "-ffiA>.ikl", kol('>.(,l1, " ''lO'''"' Im,l<'l1 awihrtd konfonn 1..~1. Ha a
kH tartomAu}' h,,-UmO'g}>W'ttl....aJg"",w.llkiullli'"ll !(Uri.., (~Il IlOrhrt (WlI"l'llll"U'""""o .. 16Ii.Jli1.6!UggvPnypAmllk vPgt-tc,;ok I-"'Ilt kiv;.t.diw-I m;lI.t..n ll<llIlhll1,lo't.,uk r.. nem 0 .. grllllipl\>Of').llkkor a l..k'1"-vto'-s
ki!.l'rj~thet6 IItNto".allyok k...... r....... IW-.Wtti Iwll"~>n\<lrfi~m'l"'<4.
Miv..l ily<'nkor "- kiiIC'>oi.ino..pgy{>rldulll"'1IlUi..U Il ltiwrj'wt.<'!.l 1<'1;1........... Il hatiLrok kirzOlt il; horneoIlIortlzmu.......... rt az pgyik hllwgorl:Wt _11Lll,..lyik itaayhlllllK-jArv>lII kel'\'Onlok Il ma..ik 1U\t&gi)coew
""o.. k;.., IUInilk kH I..bf't.,.;.g"".pgym~ ..11eutH,,,, irAnylt""""'JO'ikH kOvrt.... t<'lj......lloo....b'nlKfulji<Jr.
><:1:1. E.t h....ZIlOl' ""'>:n'VPtRl. hll ....--loti kH tl'lrt.HlII\ny .... Il (rJ;wll'lt <'KYikiik wu[or", l.. k,'ll<v;m" IllMikr",
lllo'g.. kkor iii_ ba nern egyezere-en oO:O<Z'fiigl't...-k t... ig,y IlIUl.lk,-tl.6u,k /'I h/'ltArl'l tiihb c1is~jnnkt giirhi'h61
All: tovAbha Ilkkor i~_ hll po'1<IAlli t1irt1irlPl\ri~ lrk~J1'"''''.,.t k<-l'!",iiuk (ilymkor" tartoltlAuyok gyakrllll kor
h<>1... kiil:<c.je_ [plkUr. f' I~ik. l1elO',~I~ik. 1ll'1lI ["lti'lll'll;il k"I1' ...rurik u- korok A1tlll meghatarozott korgy,ln'l. ket kor llniojanl'lk kOllll'l.."",ntulIl/'l).II/'1 >Ll': "n~k ti 1,kiI'.-,;"t "ikpriil kepl..tt.el megadni, akkor
,..,k~wr ugyanl'Za k"I'Id ddinii<lja" k;l.<,.j'~l.<tt I",m,~,morfiwll,~t iii. A RIIlMANN telAl, i<ltal V;llrl\lItAitan li>t<"lO konforlll lck,'I"l";;'" A1t.ali1h"l1 n,.", ''ltvi-tt<'lnnl: A I~Ariw>k ki>zti h"Jllt'omorfizl1l\l~,_t(>l.M'n
''&Y'rtplllnlve t.ebl'l.o D, h"tfu-i\n tctll>'~;I ..~", lrArum runt t... D~ hll,l,arAn ""1.>.I..:'II'g... bAmm \'Ollt. mint
ki'1,pik kij,)ol""'vpl. amivel 'Kvutt-al = 1 iii ,jdiillwtt,lk. IJOllY >I ).. Il....l-"".....rAn D, hatira Mott iri\.nyu
I><'jArAAAllIlk D, h>\tArl'L melyik irRnyl' l..,ji..r....... f,j,ij'1l m,~.
c-.
dJ
;.,. t; =y.
704
Sp"""iill~ ..,...t.o" f..!NiAtniU:. hllll u".fkh.lj D[ nyilt r,L..o ffl~ikot a1uujuk '10' :.~i1r.I...li VI ""k"",;;';tAr
tomanyrll h.k~lIi: rkk<>l' rt'l"\..lko",",,,iillkrc All"", a1a!>hi <'xplicit 5CIIWA,RZ CHIlISTOFn:Lf"nnll'"
(n,;.ha l\<'i inW'T7Rt hlvjAk lp;y. h'I"t" f<'\>elk ,..'AT"''''t iitVl_i "'" t1O',..>gkor~p). T"kinl.iik lI.fk '1P' uylll.
'1tVllb"l'f'>Offi O""-fi~ valMi r~h..JflW'~t. " r<'INial """ml'0ntj"MI ",-,~tart.<>mAnynAktrkintjiik.
Ius II hatilnl. (Affi..lyh"" IU'mknrIAr.,.. "",tI,.,n hOl'.:tAA:rAlllitjuk .. o"iCllnak tckimett ex: pontot iIo}rlMll
veg.-,. >ook. korlAtOll ""'&Y nrm k"r1Au.o ~lIf'>IMl'AkaKz lUllOjakl'Ul. T..h"t. <I..finkiO AllTlyir.. AllaIiu,.",.
hOKY 1IC1Il kOvl.-t..ljilk lUe,: "'Ill II korJAt<lAAAgnt e-m " kon....xit1w<t. 6< ('IniAlt 1'1. ~ r..1.-i'kol '""l'Jo" '10"
koovn: ,..,laaiighUll'gy brlu... l..v6. w\.. pgy kOziill ..,,'i.....', konwx ""k...wg ..lhaKY""" "t".ll llu1:lllJ\CN!a
n<>mkOllvex hAlm;ut ""ltY run.k halAI'...octc!"'llt <10' h"'tarpontjAhOI indllJO ",,,,Icv-.a.l tw-mt't.OIA'tt lOOk
sWgPI. ""'&Y "BY r"l~II>mlf"U7;o.lt vfgt<-kn MVOr. Y"f:Y nlO<lll'lln.. k b.l<.t"",,,,'tpkionl lI.ikh61 ~
~ ..lluogy...... lltAn lTW'g1llM",,1Q l>m!<'t><>rtt sikot ~. "ob:'~lIl.iwynAkt<>kmliiok II..
1'1,
~ rajuAl
.,.,.),; II kPttiirl ""n n"-glld""k",, II<'mkormtoo<,allor dOfortl,Ukt. ~ II noIIt!ako7il .....
~ uni6jll ~IIII hlltArolt mindkk ""b7~lArtomAny~"""" i:ft<7AI'!lKu, lA'hAt ti><ttkni
bolt bogy Illf'lri~ l ..kinlJiik ~-II<"k.
M~ llkArjllk um.oi II ..kt-ikll" ~,k <UoOll lIIJajdon...agat. bogy ug)"lWAllilyi ''''(If""k VlUl. mUlt
oIdaIuk. lJlO'rt .. kkor "" .. valtor...l1Mlll ~ ....... boRv qr;y n-<>IdaJ.iJ. ....bwlg (lwoLooO) ..wv;o.. k ~
(n - 21,-......... iAu k,iJ..OlGilKrtnrk~" 2,- "" n.., ""iik...q;ink 10.-. Ezt ",gy fogj1lk hi:rtOllil.NJJ..It<JKV
minrlPn a<lO kk oIdalon ...... rajt...... 1lUn<k-n ol<Won kM ",,-..,.. bL EmiAtt ~ ponl ;"lrnthrl tObb
c<l.><XJt"; rtr1" prlda. f..nt <'tUlilMI ..ko.,ll...x ""k,q kOIlW'X ..,.,k>iWg-. ahoI."'pm ako..;,.. no1.." ......
","pot! on1lkonwx I<o~ k ~ n<'lQoA. A oc i.<o IffiM ~ 0\6<:. lami f~llk. bogy 1.1. 'V
viogtel..n "';"vnAk" ox k~ noUt-..
F.... MIlfordlllhal okWlaI ill, ,lor "'" lninoliKaW; ket~ boll !lZAmolnlluk: l'ITt" korla1ool ,*W . _....>t'tl
pPlrlA.. halma tAn..-lu...16 ~ 1...ul<'t1c'a1t lIOk.-'if:. &lDf'/ynO'k <'7A'fI w...kaloz ki~ okWA; a
w~1 boolllf't..q,ptt ~lk f"Z"'ll ~ ""Andl ff~ pedig prk\A II rwmkotlAtoo<molal lul.
t&< dOfocduliMr.. Altalahow f'KY korlAtt VAg,\' Ilf'mkorlAll ha~ akkur kPt!l1!m"'. ha mindkk
..partj..i.n- a k c ....lkD kOcll)""zrt" a >c>UzOstAr1omAnybrc I.ArtoT.ik. f=kut.i.u O'g). pool
aItfu'- vl,t.....
diu-" x
myi....... "'i,.....
kUlUllbOaUold..J.).>&r kO:1.O!l ponlja...
V"K<-,]" O'''..-k puntoo< dr~ u oldalAk nu.11akaJa.....1 i.~ dctiniiLlni Ju.1I: ~ Ut><Z.<"f 1<t.lOr1l<>!t
~ 11.;'1 nKW.... ..,nf'tIJI<7,Il1_r "uin.bau jaluU ~.ll.kJ\c a xl Il<'m t.aI..\Ikw.ik: Fpz<>lj,ik ,Igr. hotL"
II k"l oI<WI ..1~lj .. "r:! IAthatlllllln ~omiLlly. ILI11i a ." ,...hNi- a;Ua<h6I indul k< n"m tAr10zik
II ""kwiighilz (~pprn f"7.a1ta1l<~ .. ruilsik ""in. tOO~). Ha az okl.aI..l.k kawtl "1':"'"" "lO"'n ......k il<
"'UUWt (kmmym lathaM. boY k'd',tj<>bb k.-tlt'i iPlwl), .....lror k'ls'dll~n ki,iIIluv.t.ou f>OI\tjukk..lAtmNlMiJ.,t .-.<uk UkM kH ({ol,~'~; ''"UeI1\gy''ruul.n~';valoo"E'ltuk a:r. oldaJ..U: ...........,.......,11. !07.AmAl
.... kiikt.l<t~uk "" okIaL.1r. klnul "" "1O"'""""krl. EzutAn .. Iml'" kk fNfl\Y<o..... ,lrliuiciO "",'Tilll nW......
lmzik Il ::>o-hrn. h" .. ruN aMnll..lYlk k<'im""",,~I""><'l' iito<l.<kolilf'llIk. a:1.a:T. aMn,tilyo.lIlLAf1S .\1 ~,il.mhrn:
liotf"lik.\'. h"!!Y" kk fi-I'1Q'< ,,, I"'-"ruldy."'--nel nagyobh "bt<whil ~k,1 ponlj.H.u..k iioo<zrkOlt'i1l?....k>w....
~,. ""k"".ogtMtomAnynalt ,
11 ..Z&kII.H:z mind..n pOlllja lI.Z origotOl l'l:.u"l>b M tl\v,w..W" VIUl:
minden ilyen fi>I"8Y"""'lwOt .. 00. tumt ,,,,,...,, ~-"gy .., jahh 1"'ldlinyiiJ h.1.t.Mo-r.zI\ I",-g. &.111';."" f..I"",!
l.-gfclj.uu ki-t ""l\<'<1pollt....l ..lf..l..jtk..., .h.luuk, Tohhoqnr'-~t':M'tf-b.. "I..rrn"",.<'u",-nll kitcrj<.,.z\('tl I...
ko"lX,zo>" a zArt fH.lk k< a ,.An ,."k~. lUoI\:t " f,'I"ik h"tir" .... a ""k...,;;g hatAr" kozotl ,.,...j,; "'RY Io-I,,t
hOlllcolllorlizlu'l><. hll egy h.. I,Arpout tiihh 1"-ld""Y"l ti'nyll"g_n kiili"mhw.o",k'" n('m"''''''ll'li~l. .,u"k
I..kintjiik.
Mi-g ><zuk""giiok Vlln ""kM;;"; h.. lllil"" kiil.6 "wK',i,wk d..lini.,;ojiLr". H" lIdott ..gy v(og,.,. ""(,,,,,
i", wloaz 0<\11 hd'lll.<'> ki-t oldal
"kk.,r" h..l.JI M.i>jI, fo!:a1111a i~lIl"lt. (P!'I.-IAnl ,\z .. gy..,H... kn t...tt i,!<iKI('n....
'''''l<'''Okhl\ll f"l nyilva" IT.) Ez mindig I,ozi llv i... I,gf..Jj..hb 2". (pI. ..nlly;. cgy !wm ..h?A:; "'o<Jo,.~z "u,hN:!
''''''''''''"Al). H" ~ fl. IIkk"r 1\7. ntt"ni kill",; 1I1,i~ ,I"fi"kili szerint rr ~ <>. t ..hal. 1\ 'l<'",kOllH'X ,... I.h..n r1.
]"Ill'ln<-gMlv i><, H...VI olrlll1...Vi',u:t,.]l'llh'UlaIAlkozik.llkkor p"rhll~"m""""',tb('llez o tteni twl.,(i ...,,i;~ n.
ham'llI piLrh",...rn"""k ....kk"r II ""!!:,... I,,,, v'll. h.,j,.r, "ziigiik (g.....m ..l ril\; crtd..",hpll k.tMVAo. ,j,. .. ""k u?
<>gyik ~';;";tlU"tom{my wt"'",ik 1\ l4<,k.."li'ghfu.) ..n..nl.<-tl.j... E,. (11G' ...16tlik. hogy ,!tVvi>F;I-..I""1,,.n kll"fllnn
fiiW"ooy.. 1. p1<1. II N~ipl"<>kko,ll,,v;""'l.iLk IIk.. t 1\ (J..!>a"" ki""~'imolj,,k "'" otteni ],..jl........,.i>l:iikpl. ~1indk"l
......th.'n ... f""ti kiil<;lllJo01'IW,lbll..lml"l.mk >\ kiilllt';"'oKiikrt, I\llli \fhal pilrhll7"'I11"""k ,.,.'U'!w" 11". E1.I'I'
(n ~ 2),,- "'" "miall kiiJ"if ",~('i~ 2",
rrt<>lm..., ;.",.kkd rnin<I,u ",,l,l...h~ ""k.,iill; h<'b06 ...,,i~,ifj ..k
F....k "tAfj a SCHWARZ C HRISTOFFELformula,
Ha a
d'
I" "::-;::-;;;;;-::-::,,,,:---,;-,--;::-;;;::
+ c;
(!
w:z)'" . (I-u.)'>-
z(a',) - z,.
(H.21)
A f"rwulaban OIU'repl6C I komp1<'x "zAmmai VAIO ",...roW> furg"lv" nyujl. C. bnzzM<Ia........ Itol; I'7.<'n me,:hataroz.andO alla.udOk eem fugg<'llO'k '" ""kn.rig alakjAt6I, Iuuwln ,-It II. l.. ..iil.lctUl ... " z-.ikhow ..lfogWI
hrlyZl"wtOl. _, n'~ "Zf'T1'plti ...., ",,100< "".Arnnk AT. ",Iott .,,~ :, a<..,,-....inak laverzei: sem f'ZO'k.
""m C J 2 IIll'l':ha~.. lIirIoI Altal.iDo8 mOcL<z,.r, A1.lIIl
.,. <'mlitrtl k~i""'"'t"" l'rtdwc],.,.n tl-r.-~w.
lrR<"""fj ~unk harom VJIl60 !07.Am<>t .... ..MlrMfjl'k.l>Ofoo mdyikiihl<'k W<'lyik z-..... lM.>; k-g)....1I a
~rtdmu..ll w..-gbaWoz:Ia a tObbi 11.,-1 "" a C u AlIan<\6b<t .... azl. boKY mdyik I,~""k
krp... Ez
wdyik :, a k......... 1Ull.i~1 W-MI ~t1uk "" f'l'ffif"til<> killhOtt f..wt...tot, ..ol ti>bbet: ~Iui. a
zart f"laO Uisik hom,-,omOIfk'~)( z4rt ",,~om.U1yr.. lUtli a ~"'jcik kOzOtl konforw. Az
Q,lI7iunoIlI\I. azzaI dt-finii.Jjui.. hoc .. ~ kiiWi ~il o, ..JUhan irjuk reI; a f",.lrk ........rinl a:I
0-11. ~ 2. q a :Wt fek.05 fRoW!. wwdfvik 11',-161 k.iliin~. ~hkMtl tctsdikg<... pontj.. d.. ha
.."J,.,.....ly .,-b..z tarlt.vi>u" ~i~. alr.1wI:.~ ~hallJeun I,-llf'k .. 1 b>mpwx (t) ink~ VliJ
taIlh. in~ ,il l..bet barmrly. a ..... l.:&ivt frlooU UWloh.o.........1~kOl<'I<>gy'07A'T11 ,...ktifilcilhaM
p ..... ovnrlyik lM'IIt m<>gV At It'Rrik .,-n
lin., > 0 '.....1 "' ~u1 ..... Ill! .,.;..gponti,~.
mar
''In.
.u..w).
'-"-''g''
I- a';. akkor :(a') == C,
b)
14.HI.abr&.
A kl'pl<>\ !<"Ml a hat.<i.rokra i8~rvffiY""': "" "&.ViII. batAra 000.,..1 k~~il<'lt Ir.lJ,ho. !<"ng<'ly. ('fjlK'k a k.,,1ct
.-riIIr; k"'J><' a ~miWy hal/u"a, /WU; krriil<'l", H.. >I.Z"1Jik ..",-.....inVf'Tll A "i>gu"" tavoLi pont.
t.<-h"l (v~ kift'jez~) valamt-Iy Il'. '" ?O (ee UlC>Igy'I'll<on pont! k N<I\.k "'llY pont l<>hrl ilyt"n. ttK'rt
a ",,k uem "';],'1.11('11. <'10.1."), illor a l!<'..,.u5h<'lla ll<l1l:r.. Mu (t - Ii,)o, U'llyo.-z.<'! "'lO'\CZfi1iO'n .. 1~and6.
o
_00 _
en
,0
00
sm W
w-s lk
b)
.)
141~),
ft.hr....
A : A ""kszog 1\ 14 .19. ahr;m I""h...to: .. gy "ikllllO',..1 "" "gy f"hg v!'gt ..l..n AAV nnioj ...; 1\ haliLr ><wK{ol~" tertcmenybol kifel!' llJlllal. KM ,,1,1,,1,,)(1, r k..v. !II'UIl,,])' poaiuv r..I...... harma<lik hl\tAr "It.... n..,; d lavo!AAgg.u van"" .r-t<'o,o;..!y ...11I1t. E!\Y"II"l1 vr,o;, ..... ~,k"" ~1Ul.'" 0 .... " CJG kH.'"",rCb "",...:"".
T.. h"t II ......,NlOk 1\
a 0 "" a
=; l"R)"'"..k "" i\lwr"~'ik k" h07.zAjuk tMl<Yf.o 0-11. "hI,.."" ><orn"<Ih..",,
l~.
706
-I. O.00. illct"" I. -1/2 i", 3/2 A~ ok rrtrkt Ntol:t volt.
t.".
Ill.... !
All ilhrl\.ri>ll...,lv....h"u,. d.. " IOUrll'Il<IJiik
nem: illOIIt vi><.Wl1llllllr ludh..

h...... .. -I k"!,,,,, _johb >i:lKi" x .... emiatt A OC k.'l" .. JWIl f..~"" oc..
fiK.YcI.IIlbo.""'~. bogy .. 0 k"I"''' U. l&Z\ ""piuk. hogy h&U' -::lQ - -;-oc, Akkor a kfoppoRl ,,",,~;g..l
)XY~ilfv irNIVbouljiuj..
.
b<-. A formule eet N1,i&: :(11.') - C,
/. "
"
[ "
.. (l+l)t-I'J
'" 1C' (v;: -
d<
pont
J.~
J,J
J,-lIJ)
Q
../1
j,-7Nli1d
F(.,:: .k} ..l""u.ji,.lhl'tiklll' in~rAl (~14--I3. old.).
Q
- sin Ii. u' = ~ill,.,l
../(1
",,:x,
tl)(1
F(,.,.l-)
(h.-.l..... ttl'O'iti.,., t =
14.1.3.3. A Schwarz-fele tukroz&.j p i \!

1. Allit.b ~J 1 O'lr'Lw;" A G \.alInmAoyoD. ,... -lvu...k harArA tArt>Llmaz <10' 9 ~....<t v;\l1J' lWr
i.....1 'igy. hogy "m... k egyik nl<Wiw "10' JU,. kiH'llyP'JRI (~VlOlO' kilrgy>1nl--<ikk) Gb.-.n VNr_ H" 1
fol)"tnllQM.Il kil.crj<""",helo g-", &< .. kil<'rjftr.tt..... g-t ~ ~ ""10' kOrivrc ki-p<.'"Li ... ..kkor 1 W-
(1iuwl1"",&Ib))
.vng Jj(.\
v"'-,
fl'
HaC -= Ijl-.akkor:' = [
707
I ...
iIA.lI mondottAk ,.,..nUl .. -:0-11"7: ",,",..,1> Ul<>t Ilik..U~ni,

Dl"J;ativ e,. C7 ;; O. rnt'rt A.';; tJ..tw. .. : = 0, (,.... tart<r7.ik.
)
,; or r"l..jt,.iik ..1. hogy A knrAh1 r-!
lavab"" ... a:d-rt IdK't O. lJWrt f kil..mj<o
tiikOrk.... P<'. ""kft Ii Z = il>: pu"t ,;",-. ..
J, Eg",,,ut<,u;,,ku",,,Jrz ji'lJ<JVeny
&.amt ~~ '"lO' kiolil lnimIkk c .l.alon k-hajt_ r,. 11 b<polt nyilt bAlnlA3l'
b61.. (}-t ...... -I....t ki~ .. ll~uar",lt nrth bAlm-on a;<>hboi<Wi. fi"~nv primitlv fii~
lIZ int~r..n(hl'llll'k (Col '-'ittlik) w. kto'kk 0-hN! ().lIAk <iP'danll"" trK'g" 0 hAtArponthNI .. triviA&.au fo/ytOOOl' (~
~ b4rmilyPll ktfol~ TC'.. Upn mi'& dmVl\lhAtiI io.. "mit" knmpn filgr;Wn~k kOno n Po ~rWonY"' L ' HosPIT"L-lIlIIlMlI)"ll ffiEot ki>tPmolm teb8.t IlI1ao1ID1UlM.w"
:'\~TO" LEI8'111z.-V-t..l" YonAIint~nItJ killzAmitNdorIl.- C n l;bAt~ m....
wrmi. ~ lui
..' 0 _ ... x . ..kk... All: inl~ kt"k" II C ~ ~ ""'''''' ....~ II hf,j&rlw<'ll tnor><Ioll-'J;
-nnt pftii II ~,,~ ponl II l.VtOI'04ny hIItAnOn 111).1>01 ~ ~_ t<"Il&"ry..n &-I ~. l<'Mt
C tN!1I kP~..am. Tn,ijuk ... kOrll1~. bo.v .' = ~ I ~. c - 0 .... 0 noM II 1cc"1..... t ""
aIooO f'C""D"'I"' (-). ilWtw A Je-b61 viMEAfnrd,li.... lIZ .r.I.fon~ly par.iliv fdk" +!) ma, :\ killi.lIl.......
vt majd NUJAIr. bAt.Vf.rt<>kPt kialAmolbAtjlLk AkM II primLtiv ~bev.UO Iwbrlvrtl.n;;iw-d. .wv a
I '" u'- -1 bf'lyo:tto:'f'iu-ia -I 1WdVJX>DIU, _ 0_0 !QJgan. iPIs6fi>lkDrOn ..l~v.. 1IZ inl.J'l(riolUt (A
mort a Wt frIIo6
guwil'an kitnej<-.<tthet6 C-"..k g-"' mw.tkeg{) tnkiirkfpior,~ aa i.v ~clUI'~l tJlCtOlnMyoD g-",
KZimmM.rik'L~ pontok I-k;.pl:"i ... 1(9) !OSIlk-a.. Vl<kV kOriv", ><I.Immo trik,,"";; Inruwk ( 14. 21. a h ra).
bon
,,,
- - intrgrAll<1l1" u. ihfM II twom bPl'AjJJolt ~vcl bat&<. t 1uUm.unal. bail hOvtobh tJIC!"mAn~
r: 1
;""'l,IiriII. \(>MtIl7.~lkulMpott w ! J:Orbiosl I.'!! ..~.iIj&O). A ~kC7:. ami !<"hAl
ti>cztJl~; m4oorb.t .." olYAlIIItiln. ami! All: al!oO ~ 1~1'i kompWx oamhor. ad.... all r- t.-nvJy
~ I-'<>Dtj&l. bpjuk. Tf'bl.t A kk-Ik' ~I'i ponto! kMphatjuk eM ldaZ id_1 ...nllk hozziL. \i'gflb.,C~ - id.
AZ&Z
C =
I!.
z:
w,
.: '1
w,O
w, w,
)4,20,
tnem....
2. Alkahn acisok Ewll'lt az ..IVIWk az ..JWlllA1AM. ~riWti II:< ~kkrl hatiuult

dW. tartotnim-u ","kbcli n~ ahrA7.ol.AM.t i... a .....hik vrUO JlMmolMl. H.. az <1O'<'1lP.'I ha.~.-.gy
iramw>nal (r1~MZti> h..tar .. 14.22. Abran). Aklwr milld.. n fnlT""t. mint fomf\l;t. mir><kn lI~"'\Ol. mint
nY'.lOt mir><lpn rotBciUl. mint ..llPnk....oiri'l.IyiL ".w;or bU t,ikrOauli. H.. lIZ ~ ba~ "kvil)(J...lLciAli~ yonal. (.. ro....n Mmtl. hatkt 14.23. abrAn). Akknr" fnm..obt. mint ny<'I6k.-.t.lluIt<i<-'n
lly<'lOt, "unt fOlTa..t."'" minOcn mtNiOt. mint AWht .. iriinyu rotA.- lht k..ll tiikr&r.ni.
1.
A komplex potencial foga lma AI. z, 1I-"ikh"" vizlojr;AlJllk II \'
m...16I. A
V vektor V~(I.II) i'fI
V(r.v) fOrrAA- '''' r<>tJ.ri<'>m.."t."

V.(r. y) kUlIJl"'U"11lOf'i 1O-'jO...n.k (olyto, ..-.k k <1iff.. nu<:Wh"ti>k. 1\ V
i'rt.l'1m,oz""i t-ltrtOman~.,. '~7..,rt'M'"11 "-7.,.fiiAA6.
4hra
B, Ti!gw... p Irkpp.?........ A tJogl.uI\I' ,,,,iLl"JlI'Ol!tjai I"RYe"..]" ZIA =:A" Z2.3 = A' + iK'. A ZL "
Z2 pontok inverzei 1''lO'''IWk" vAl .... t .. ugely "-'1 = 1 N< "-''1 = 11k (0 < k < i) IKmtj..i.. MiwIA:.....
Z., pOllwk .. Z, ,,. Z'l l'onl~,kll,J; .. klJ17~I' ... t"ub't!yr.. von.lkr<:6 tukcrkep..i . .. SCHWARZ-f,<l" I.iikri""'",i
elv ,,-t<rilll. (IW 707. oM.l .......-kuck e "-'. - -I k 11':1 =
poutck "" invew'ik (1 4 .2 0 . Il, b 'hrll ).
To'gItJ.. !-, l .... UU: n, "" n7 n,l ('. - 1/2. t"hAt" formula:
a ) For-easrnentes a mezo. II" div
v=
0, ",,-,,=,
0:
in'
0: =
iN
n. AI. ill\<'II;r"'II"t1>AA.~ f..!tit..-.! "n... "
di!f,,pnc;aI"K",nl,tu" "(I. y) timmfii'l'l,,,:,,,,,,d kif,j<-J,v.. :
- ii'
"
H.23. .ibnL
14.1.3.4 . K omplex potencial
h)
.)
14 n. U>ra.
U.21 &I.rA-
i.. llO'
\.
f,"".. .11
_ (NI
OJ
(14.2'21,)
[
"( I) .(AZ=0l"'nt"",=O
,,1y(t--l)
A V V..kt0rl1HC1.0 kH PI . P~ l'.mlj ....." .. <jJ (P7)- tP( PI) kii!<inl""'!!:" nh1~k",,1'1 (", P2!"mtoka! Uot..7."kiltO
gilrhPn flt,hlllad6 "rm"l.....",.).;. f..!tpw, hI' "l a Il:orhp tdj''''''H a V<'h"rm,w prt,,,lnlf''Ji'~i !.arLull1>'1ny"tm"
pont HI'''' "'lPrt mq~illt C, = (J: h.. II.' : (J _ I , akkor z , 0 _ .J,., t" h",t z v>\lo. .... ilY" llkol' "" illt"",r""cl"..
> O. wh"tC > O. Mi.....l .. fI": _ 00 _ II.~ ""l,I\~k"I'''1I Z2 - 'l......w....z. ",,;'rt ""imm"triku" "'-I"'nl,ok
kPl'ci o:zimm,-triku.. z-polltuk .. tiikl,o-.t' .. i dv "".'ri"t "" csak .. :xl "" "" iK pontnak lllllnll,61" kiik,noodi
~ = 0. AI. iUII'IlfAlh"tiAAll: fdtftl'1,' ",n'"

or
uy
<!ilf'rPllf'iAJ"lQ"nl,'I.Il' .. <P(r. y) p<JI'''Jc"j/fij,!,!"~,, "!/,,I kL("J"l
z=-c
.
../{I
fI'I)(I-"':I)(I-Jj':l)(t-",~)
-c
t~ -P"
vall.
h ) Rot acioment.... a mezo. ha rol
O\.-'
V _ O. 1\1."7, 7,1- -
,II'
v.',
J -1_ II:""'pkr jiigg"".. yl<ln
708
d~""v.d.1'+I'.dll-O,
(hl,2;k)
('O;kruiAlJ
""
""
l'.=iJy
v' =fu>
111.:231
A <P. = O. .J r/T _ OJ. A </> r.c ilJ' fiiRgW-
<>t<'nrialjanAk.
." lWkahRn k dl-kt"......:tllUWw..n ..lfogMott knnwlwiO :<fA"ri:lt " \' vrktonnf'7,O potf'nriAlja.: -<I{z.1I1
(w.l 6c"i. old.). A~ AramvnruWUi: ~ lIZ ekvipol.<'nrialis vonal&k ~e< !!Orbeo..-n"R"~ AikutMk. A
komplex potenciAl <l..rivflJtjAr";.,.,, W'k1.orT& "'" a1Ahhi ~f~ ...-vrn~k:
.
-,
-I.'h..... - 't<"
z - 71
vr
~.
.til'
2.
i#
,IH
dll"" _
( 1 4 _ :2~)
-d: - f'(z) = ". - it . .
Hom og .... mn<'! kompl...x potenciAlja "

U' _ .. z (G YRit'lI<IIZo'Un)
(14.26)
fiigvrny oIy"", IlJt!d; km"l,)rx pnemci4lj4t ~tAt;'"1WK'1~:k"..k f'hipotPDrialj,. VUlJlI1Ai pIlrh'I7.M'1<>,..,'"'VU,...l no..r6vu...w.i.-:ll! r-~..lIyd ( 14 .24 . Abral. H.. 0) (H .2S. ' b ra):
1\' =
,.,.j,; I\Z
II.
vNf,,; tf'llR"U,..,1 0< ~ br7Mi> dipOlu.~
(14.30)
~)
6. Or-ve-n:. ( rod ,c iO) komplex pot.. ncia~ HIl ax o.--v<"uy iul-f'DZil.M4 (II.cirlr.ulMiOmo'kr): Fl eo
l' VIlio'.-<. VlI1Ilmillt az 0... "'u)' nontnlfIlIl. le POllthltn ~'l'UI, flklr.or.
,.
Ir = .!:...In(: - ::-a)(lUI)
2:r:i
.., 1-1.26. abnhal iiH.. hA'Onlit"" az ,-rOVOnAWt i-..,.z rkvipntmriA1io< YOuala.k ........."., f..Ic.rri-JMik.
Knmpw-:x r ...-e-t.ell (14.31) az o.....-uyf"'rrlta poto'lI<:W)llt ...tjll:. f'IlDPk m5-- ......kyipotA'uciA/is VOlIA1ai "K'o'~I"K-"ru&.qa lIl"'I"61~) ~pirfll,opr.,e;M a1lw1u..& ( 14.:W. abra ).
'f=.i1Lmd 6
J.
,\If:!"
2,,-t~
rl.rorp.t.Wi.t 1'ff'dm{"1I~ (14. 25 . a b ra '
H r,. "lora.
14.26. o\bra.
).
<P=:ilLmd 6
14.2~
Fu rrh
li1.r~hm-.ott
e..
'hrll.
ny.. 16 komplpJ; potpudalja Az e > 0 ho-Aml,.
14.2". ahrIL
~ =
"-
ponlban I'vo Ion"" All"'"
m..,.i5 komplex I",!-<-,,,-i'""j,,:
1I" = ~ l n ( z - ZQ ) .
2.
(I4.27)
ER,Y h""",,"lo inl.. uzi!A.il m o-l6 ,....lill:
~\ ~ -~ In(: -:0).
2.
'f=al1.lnd6
(14 .21.1)
komple x polm,ciA lja H.. egy IOlf"'"Val, a.:1 vo"t lm" I", ~KY ny,'l";
a. Z1 ponti",,, . I... "gy~" I,.;int "llz it""uak. "k kor " kOlllp'''x 1'01."1.: jillt " k"t 10 sz"l}('r]><rt.k ioj"k cnt kIo.l' j Ilk:
Z Z1
W = ;"'ln ,
( 1 4. ~1)
27r :-Z1
A <1> = "'1"lJ,ll> " h'i l,ot " n,-iAl is VOlllllltk A I' ULL6NIUSZ- kor oki>T; al kotnak II %1 ,.. " z:.t pont",k n t VllIlIlt_
k ' '''; 'IlIl, Il '" = aIln,n<l6 " ~"llIt1 1\k II Zl 611 a l~ l'0lJt"kolJ "t m c:>lIlroriik (14.27. a bra )
4.
Egy
Az ~r<;volllliak ""g"rllAA.ll iudulnsk ki ,,: ":0 1',,"t hOl. mig a~ {'h i l"'tclJt'iilli~ vOlLal"k .. :o 1'0111. konili
k()ue~nt riklls korok ( 14 ,20 . a b ra) .
14.2~.
li.hra.
1-1.29. ".1ml.
forra~- nypl6-rpn d" 1.pr
14 .1.3 ,5. A sz u perpozfc io e lve

Komp lex p ot e nci fllo k sc u p..r p n zlci6j a
Tub!> fnrriulh<'>l. uyd ub,' l "" <>,v,'uyi>lll ,,11<'> lU,-d!I'"t"lldRlj" AI arlUllfiiAAv<,ny" kis'lJuni thato ~ .-I.lta
luk l,>trphom tt ''lO''''' m /.ok komplex J>otplwiRljai, ill. ArnlllriijlJtvl'lly"i o...zrNlIi...ayal. Mnt l'ma hkal llll';
t .. kint v.. ..,.. " .1 if> '" 0
.1 '" 0 LAI'LACE-fi>l,' <Iilf..rpuriAI"ltV"'lkt,k li" ,.. ri l""" mintt I.. hets',!,:,,,,,
1.
710
2.
c, mez6k eIOiiIliU""
14. 1.3.6 . A ko m p lex szams tk tetszi"ileg('ll\t'ki>pezesc
("t e gr a ci o K"mr1<'JI; a1"I'I"'I,'ndAlnkhOl

~(llyruggv"uY"k .. 'l{i~"~L illt<"Kl~ ili.
I.
Mi
'lj m..Wk cJOOJIitA...... ~....w.oll kiviil tiirt.i>llbpt A
~1I ...loti "'Ii I gOrl>i>n" /1(M) iirvpuysl1riW"II:. A komplf'X potP!l<'W ,I<-riviltj"'rll frUrhll.tlluk "10'
CAVC HYtip'L..."IlI<'gri.1t (laMI jJ~. <'1.):
d.,
d~
.....
- -'J (J() d<= .2l1"i.!. . J :,,_(..)'

e"("jd..
21fl :"._(
Akkor rnol1djll k ,lcflnialtI1Nl"

I I ' : I {z : r + i r) _ w(s.,) + i ,(r . , )
(U,33a)
komp k-x fiiQ;v filyt. ha .. valOt< v,ut.ozB, II = ulr. ,) r.. ,. "" t(.r. r) fiiggvt'nyt'k dmlli.ut.lUr. h- i.~lllPrt.k
"IY kOziill irtdlDl""dtli tl\rt.Omilnyon. A~ JI:) rti~vPnynrk ,trill ko.U IlllAlitik.1IlnlU: lrnnic. m in t ~VA1\
kooform 1Pk"P"'a,,;ll"l kiiwt.. lm {>ny.
A ll.' fiiggvPny "'8Y ,ij kDlnpl..x :ow\rn>Ifkot hat.ii.nn .Ill.... Al t mOlldjl1k. hty .. z~ikot 1PJtioperi a ",..- ",1m .,
azA2 minden : pontbw.-gy rlf'ki IfM'l';frlrlO II; I'OlItot rrn<M,
a) K oordi nat a vonalak tran.'U'fonn ltc iOja K,,,,rdi IlMa \'nNI1Akat .... a1al>bi&k -nnt trans:zfonnio-
.... II
(14.32)
IIhoI ($) .... lplw f>I'I"lLlllM<'rno ..I<14lUtiM, If lIZ fvlloo- IWlCarn<'t..,-.
2. :\lo... II-r..1. il1........!jar.... E.V "' , "' ~ ~ pot.<-n<:W" meUil kcll """P"''l><mAlnunk. Az f'kvl'
pot<-nrWL~ vonAWr. Iti'IIf'.t j<'1OI.ic' 4> : ... ~ Uc. bogy rgyik pot<-nci;ilvonAlt61 .. mAo>iltJg. pot.. nri,;,[
crtrb> miookM;...-n<kt.o. rbm lIlO'alIftZUI.I .. h "rt.'kkPl nOw-kPdj.rlr.,", u!O' ir;\nyit~llk .. ~l. h<'lI;Y"
~b </>-ktfk.:k rnillomkor IwoUII krrUlJ'--nrk.
A <t>, b ['4>2 . ilw a1koroll bAIO eleiui I~ A r.-uti fdtfwJ..k ertPlmibm polJl,ld"l'I::nunma. A l
atlOir>Ulvah,w 1uWo<iO\o'OnAlAk...,;y oIVAllInf'llll 4> f'lc,il"""""ciali. ~ volUllainak II Jr.....'l adjAk........yllO'k
po~~ f - "' I 4>2' A " - f1 ko-,..:-t. nJI"l!:bpjuk. ba Il panUdogramlllA if"ADVltoll oow,ut. mint
_kuxt>lw. u.--tJnk ( 14.30. libra)... 4> - 4>:. ki-pct pMig Akkor. ha llli.ut ....ktorobt kl'X>llJuk
Ok.' ( 14.30.b abra) , "' ~ .-...-t.1t I'ot. lI..-iAlo'ni'1u- 'Jgy~ 11 i-rt .. ldcrl ugnk lIlZ ~d"'I"'trn.-iAlI><
~ .. knvrtknc'in- m'l Al Htr.1tllltY.
>l + h
>z...h
~,
~,
, : c _ .. : ..(z.e).
t'="t'(r,.:-) .
rltll""l"ltInk-f'r.
r = e, _ II : ..(rl.Y). t
v{Cl")
,illl_aH"'V"
l~ .33l ll
b ) G f'Om..trw a1akzatok t r a rulzforlllac iOja A !-~i1I ~mlllrtrW ..t..batJli Atmmnrk a 1l~",1< 11:.....
IDI"'lrW alahAtaibs:
oS - zit). J = .r(t)
II - "(.1'(') ,(t)). r
v(.r{l).,( l
, itt ~r.
( H .33r)
H" II = 2r~ r . r = .I' + 2,..kkoI"~, _ r~"'tmeftltrk ... = 2r ... C,t' = .1' - Zr. lA'hAtll
r"'! +~c.~.......uz _c.~ii.tmmurk.. t' -2.. - 3.-1 ~k"" ( 14 .5. abra) ..-\
2 ,
14. 5. i bra VOfIA1kazott ~jAIl1\k .. I..,..." 14 .5 .b 'bra vnnAikA:U-alj<'brtt ~ j a
....
c) llito m a n n- f.. lii let Ha .. II' _ J(:) fiigvf>ny IJ<'U. <'ItY,ni'kol ~k"J"""', bannn Wbb kiiliinl>iir.O.
i'rtt'kbr:< tartodtAl ~ a z kU'It. Akkor II ...1.."....... tObh "ItYroNo li>li>tt w-kv6 slkou AhrAzolMtt'i
~k~_ .-\ ~ -n JW.O< vohAl\lk. ha ......k Ittl"Illi'n brmrua:iinlr.. lllAjd kPt-kPt ...1rot.
<--ill.',<wlnk.1Ikkor a>: i~ <1O'nuW" lit 1)"W'1t ft<,-,illnrtt.-tt ><lkoIF:ht'lI4l&O f".];,kvt lIZ 1(:) fiiggvPny
(l.Oi6r-d-<9fi) R1F.MA.... -fr llik. nrk u.."pUi,k (IN--IIH 1(1).
>1+ h
>1+ h
1UJJ.k:
=
~,
~,
0)
:2
-1' :::; .;
< ".
w-1o-1<5 V' =- ~ - ,.z.... z.

v~~lk<Jt. CIO' kl-l'"!.-1hrtjilk.
b)
14.30. Abra.
14.32, abra.
lIZ ~ ztArt<>moiny~." lIE'Iri 1IlO"g~k ~ f\lt}a hf' ..

hogy kPt .~sik...t 1"']Y""'iink
'-tiktizbf'fl a : = ..........futj..
Nknt. VAX"
ptO'mN<t". A ki1. "1k 1D"UlV'tf' A \'II1tiOt lA'ngdy rlf'glltiV

"lrl...JA ( 14.3 2. 'bra) Ha enr...k mrnti'n ....nlM...",I"k.
1UIlj<i .. \~M UI<1""II" ket sikot a--rr3fl;",,,,,t jll k.ai: k"r
"" IKY krlo-tkt-1A'"tt rgyMI" n fdii-Io-It" A'" = :2 fi'JggVfny
Rk m"'ll1-f,']iil.ru, IIt'k Ilt'v...""'lik. " 11",1)-11('1. aJ. oTiRo (,1,,
FI/l,.....i p"utjll.
14.2 . Integralas a komplex sikon

14 ,2 .1 , Hatarozot t es hatftro zat \an in tegral
14. 2.1.1. A komple x illt f'gral ddill ki6j a
" "taro,wtt komp l<'X int egral A ~ J{: ) fiiWi'lJy 1<'!I...... -n folyt o uu.' II, G tarl, Ol n;'U)OIl . arrwlym
" r; l"f'ktifik"-Ihato gor lw az A '''' [J l~,"t"kht kilti "-lA', Az A ,.,. [J 1'",,1 kiY,; ,tt. halad 6 giir" H !<'tsz""
1.
,z,'rinti :, ooztopo"tokkal " " ...."',(1 ivrk,.fI ",..et juk f,1 ( 14.33, fib ril ) , Minden kis ivr'........11 v" IIl....~tllJlk
''KY{; pontot.... k..p....,.'l.iik az " l" I,b i kiYI...hUl '''''''''1(''1:
b)
I~ :H
ii.hrl\.
"
L J ({;) .1 z; aho l .1 : , = : , - :' _1'
,.,
( 1 ~ .J~a)
712
0 i""1 -
Amcnnyilwn ..l ::, -
E~';.
.L-.
:x: .....t .. n ..
( 14.M!
i(!.,).1::,
~1"""tO! fii~('II('uiil
h.uAri-rtiok"(. osztO,,,,ntok
\i>tezik.llltkuf .'~ .. w.tar.'rtik .lc-hni41j.. >07./(:) fiiggvi-Il\" -
"G
3. Parameteres alakban adott ko m p hx inteKrAlo k s d m it iul-a II.. j.,' _ AD in l"gn\ci6r; ,it az

aliohhi pal'IUIJl-Wres &I.. khnn i.srrwrt:
X = r{t),
11 = I/(t),
( 14.39)
... atlon ah~-'lIG- Ps vi>gponthO'l. tNtm61 "rti-k: I 4 .... t il , 1.<'hIII A '"' Ix(1 ,I). y( 1,,)) Ps B = (r{t8)' y(tu)) .
akkor .. hataro-wtt kom pl<'X inl.t.wal kpt val"" vOllaliu"wal killzAmit.a..aval h..tArozMtO IDelI;. Eh h..-" az
intpgrAlld\L~t v..w.. & k"J>7M:.... rf!t:l:ll' "untjuk."" A7:t klll'juk, hoc:
" f-- - - - - - - - - -,
IlC'k ,,/\ god... n...nl pil ...tt ..t.... B MWpnIlI"k kiizli Iat.- 0
'''"'lOt! kompln ",'rgniiJ';'t. J,'I<>U-:
,.
,
j <dr - .'d,) -;- i j (lI u..... d,l)
,
(K) / /(z)d: -'"
14.3.1. aM".
1",
.~
<.
<
/(:)d: = (11:)
I(:)d:.
F (z ) _
f(~) =u(I.,) -i.1x.,).
AhoI
f(z)d:+C
r ( zl "" ! ( z) .
(14.36)
a A:
3.
/ ,;mza: =- ....e-::
8 B:
A h"tll.rozott", ha tiroultla n kom plex
J ~ dZ= ., -C
int~'l kowtt i r -U'fiiggf1i
A ( K)
toll: kfrzOn boll
1=
Ha "" f(z) fii!Ol""ny
f(:)d: "" F(B) - F {A )
(lUi)
g""z u ton szarmt on inl.<-gniJ.,ogY"nJ(i I\l'. rgy....
';'.....,.Iu",wkon ~'.amitoU IIlI.<'lll'l'lo k ORor/-"l!"WI.
c ) ()""'-" It: in t f'llTAlj.. I\Z iUllli;rl\.l"k iiMy~" . konst"'~_ 1LZ illt '1I:ral al6! ki.,,,,,ll,,,U!.
boc A luoWmott kompln in l"ltflolt A K gOr-l... mmt,-n AZ A 6tll .. /
I(:)d:, ill. /
IJ()
/tz-
pon
I {: )II: iriL~mOdot io;,
.;8
:e)-a: (n~). A j.,'~ .. Zopont kOriilir~",,~kOr.
"
a: _
1';.1 1
2T
I ",
at
(cos ee _ ioSinnt)(- slnl ... ,CO"t)dt = ..; .,
1).
i<:05('" + I }l - ..m(n ....
nt lit =
4 . A z int e graciOs 6 tt 6 1 \.,. 16 fiigge t lt-IlM>g Az ''It\' __.....n i'iloIo71'fiigg6 tArtoluiulyon i'rtdlllczPlt
kornl' Wx niggvl'nyDf'k kiot fix .4 .... B pouwt o...z..kiit<'\ ~rll KOrb/>Il .....1t in t<-g:rAlj.. hiwlI)'OIll"'of't" kh..n fii~llt'D ='" w tcgrAriu. (It t61.. EIllL<'k ><'I:iik.~t"; Pa ..li-glii-g.... f"It "1.<'I.. 1(7.. hoKy .. fugg''''-ny esen
A tlLrtoman youlUlll1il ik.." lPgy..n. 1ll'.A"/. " k""'1 !.t'cy Ml .. C AUCHY- RIEMAS!'I-<iiff,r" nc Utll"gy<'lllrt,k " ..k
(14.-l) ~ A val&. &i. ki'p'.....,,'" ~in"k pa.-,:ilOlio< t1" r iVllll jai k-gytoll..k fo lYWlJ(lt;Ilk. Ek ko, (l4.3i ) (':J:V"
nves.
ER.v tartoma ny ...gyue.....' ell ,;uzrJii!J9o, II.. rnimk-n tw'uu" I/>vll 7Art !i:Ofbt. b<>l....j .. is .. tartomally lmn
vall. El.l.f'l " kvi val.."", lIogy minden hrnn.. I"..6 ~ gorl... folytollOMA.ll O""Lth..,7.lIllt6 egy ponl rll .. tart<:Imii.nyi"'ll llllU"M va .
5 . ZArt u t o u ve u komplex i nt..grAI H.. 1(7. ''KVS1~'"'''''1l o.....:dliggl'i tArt,OlIlauyoll lUlR.l it ikllS 1(:)
fiilQ';ve uyt .. t a rt o m" uvoon fu t,6 , K '....r t gorh.. m..ntpn ill' ''!i:rMjuk. ..k knr " Iln, 'k a" lllt, g rii.lu ilk "'" i'rU'k "
a CAI.'CHYf"l" illtl-gr~lt"lf'! prt..lm'I", ,, n ull.. (1AA<l 714, ,,1<1.):
A I. i nt('grAlcrt~k b O"C.. I "~ HI< I<~ I {z ) mAAv~ ny iln.W!'lt erteke IlZ ~ ],0Hf<7 'lAAf\{' A D illt "gr",il",
IInll "''''' 7. f" I .. !O' .\f I'""il j", ~"':lI llnAI lla,l{yohh prt'k..t, akkor
s/
(l.U 1)
i J' _ :"' -I'll{co;;f --I- i sin t).

I'lll- sin I ... i tu< I)
Uritn<'k Ill' k'ti'- k..lux-k" l:oeilf'!)"'tU'f;iti'fo<'
loA .. ~tOl \'RE- fonnH1A -nnti iltAlAkit' ul"a Ill',t kAl.jllk.~:
(,t z ponrj.. in
f{z)dz
:-",s"'"
A 2. tiP liSli vo na lint*'1l:rfll1al va ll'> ha!OOlIl6sag A h.. U rozott kOl1lp l<'X int"R'"l\.1 ugy .u..wkW ..
tnlaj do~ok k...l n ml" lk'-I.ik. milll .. 2, tll"""l V<.lIlalinl.Pgrlil (liwl4 72. old.):
a ) AI. inWgr"<'iu"lLt irl\.nviUlllk n"'hof..rtlit/...... Ii:.< illl rgraJ P!6J"I<'n" k mrgvliltO'l.I..t,,-..ahoz _,....t .
(!-lAO)
0
ha.n l - 1
= { Z1li..-o' ha n= - 1 .
1.
2.
at.
x -'" Xe ... I'llco>l. Y -'" Ib'" I'll";n I. aboI (0 ~ I ~ 2,..) Ek kor a K ~bo- pontjAi p""AIDC1.<"t1"" II1nkhan
k..w (:'OE'ATOS- LEIB!'il z.-fuT1Tl111A):
f(z)dz =
J(:) II: ira..<rnOdjdzi.
-'" 1 4
nPk VAll !lo\t.Vcr.<AI.lan intq(rAljA...klwr .. batamzott .... Ml.iroe&ll&u intep.u kiaOui ~ t " kOvoot-
L
8
Abo!Ckom!'k-x wt<'#;rllrit'll<41lJmdO..~ F(z) ~ y llf"\"l" ~;;atI.. n (f;~~) mI~

At; e,;yyiltoai:o;. kompkx MrU'I f~)"'k Mt.Arozat.la.n integriljat ha..oon16 formulak .....-wl .... Woauk
nwg. mint .. Ilf"kik Wf'll,frlclU ~"Vi.I"""""'. vaJ6,. .,kmi ffiggvPn)l"kPt_
= / [U(t)I 'tt ) -11(1)v'(t)]dt + i / 1'1t )I (t ) ... ultJv'(t)

<
,
(H.:)
2. " >ll aroz.at la n kompk>x into!'gJ''' H.... ImtAm7.on int.rgnil az intqltnioriOo lltl'" fiigg.-tl.m (""'1
714 oIdl. IlltkJ,r lll<'ghat4mz.,t l fpIt~ lDt'llM t (1 1.2.2.1.) ""leW: F ( z ). boKY:
"
Ij(z)lw.:s: .lIN .
.. hoI
l/( z)1 'S. M. "" ilZ A8p;orhtd,.--,....
s s,
(I L'k'l)
(l -l.:~)
I {z }dz = 0 .
I[a ,-~ .. t artomeny QZillgl1Iii.ris pOllt o" t"rl.al m~. "kkor ILZ iut ..gr Alt A L"f'zid mllut it d "" git.'"'f!;"""I ha l.A
m.-g (1"-...-1 720 . o ld ,).
fly~hatjllk
Az J( : ) = _ 1z ~"
fiip,g"i'uyw 'k "p;y s,.ingulA1~_I'''[llj" van. Il
z = " 1", IY"lJ. Az ilJtq~ral " rlPk,> il7.
112
7,.
c>mmut"tt'MII ,.Jk uui ,""kiirii!jiLrluo" . 7.ilTt. 1.1-\ In..,;ko>n'Jo J\ li ton :
f~ =
, -"
1'11'; (14.34. Ahrll) ,
'"
Callchy. r(>lt' int egraltctcl, a ko m p le x filggvenytau
1-1 .2.2.
a) Mi". ].." z.N1. K ~rI"'n .....It inU'KTAlja nulla
j / {Z)d: - O.
2.
T14
(lUti)
"lQ..
8
I( z] d: illtrgral ktrkr
tJo-n II:t: ..t;.,., B
...u.:.l.
E... .,.,uliw .. C AUCHy-j"" ..r....,ut~ld
\I"I(V
14.2.2.2. Caurhy integraltett'le
..oc
Az .
m"
mBto ~".Ioompka-~ .. -""",~k-,
lobhs1.o~n
i)s.<iz,.fiiKgo rarto manyokre
11>:"'-'"
"""""J"I..-u
.. o-.zn.
f I(:)d~"" f
I....)
3.
"'I
~I... 1I"~t,j,..
~ k K . 11: 1. 1\1, _, K. ~--..u Lir1. ~hf.killO'. bogy II J.; ~r,,",

K~ (II
1. 2. . n)
~ tUIIPI..... Jod-IJ&. <If' .. wbhi K~ m.,.] mAT I)fflI ~ r.gyik It. lIWoWI.t "
n..
DPllI ifIlllf"1.>W1l ~w!IM. t.oval.lwi. ~ az f xl fligg"i>n}" AnAliti k.... ftZOIl" G tArt<>uJAoyoa. amrlYlk
~
K....... K ~rhM.. VIllftmint " 11: .... K~-k kOailtti tAr'toIw\tlY' _( Ez ~t;.-lcollt l.bolt.v
"G tart...wi...y ~L.L. .. 14.35. "brin l.i.thAti> i><-wmAJ.kaz.x1 "'--J Ekkor ff'flnBll:
....
potltOkat o.-ekiitU "lO"W- rt'l
I(:)dz ...
1"',1
AbivllI..z ,.... Ibo-n.
f I{~)d;z -.-
(11,1
...
I (: )d: .
(14X)
K. l
w. .u ,-_..... K . K 1.
,-I )d::
:\:+1
o&itlj{llJ.,;ri"
I." uIJ-'II
II< V"lln,.Jc
K. giirbe lIgyan,lgV ~1Ul ir;Ujyit ",,- pI. AZ MIUli"tAto jAl ......val
l K,l
) fiiggvi>ny egy ~Tll7ht K "or1,J:n ~ ~ giirhr ItIw b..dLrt "lO"""'........n o-z..f1tgg<5 tertolll...ny<lllllll&!itiln..... ..kkor ennek .. tNtowADylllllr. winclrn: 1M'\a6 ponljBr.. (1 -1.37. abra ) ff'llllAll:
1(: ) =
....!..,.
2""
J({ ) d{
{-:
(CAUCHyJ~lr ",'..,mJ/_tda) ,
( 14.38)
'"
w.{ a K ~ ~ OramlltAOOjAnW.-J"JImt<'\4'fI ril\)'hBn li.l~.ia hr . 110" Irht-t egy AM1i~ikl.l.<; f1~....Ie. <'tY tartom>\n}'1x-kjo'bm ,,"t 1w1y<'tt<"1citJ,cj lort"kf1. a tartnm4ny batAr&u rrlW't~ tugg.+llykto'k<>k
kcllc.if..jf'zni.
A ( U.~J fomlllliU>Ollc.iNetlu-ztrlbo-tunk f'IO' G tMtolllla.nyon ana.!itile.,... ~ 1H'<fik do-riviltj3.lllllr.
1<'t~ eo. lUAkjM... mnt lIZ in~if.,Jrz"ot ifoht,t .. : ~1Ul)kf' re -nut "jra e. ujra derivilni:
"'-I
( :) =
n!
20M.
({ I({)
:)_., d{ .
n :
1.2.. ..
(14.39)
",
F.c lIMlitilc.Ul' fiiw'i-ny f'Z('k 1rU'rirl~ ~."...n ""~ <!cori~hAtO.
EttOl ..ltm'lm & VIUOoe fiiggvio-n"",k ki>rffirn. ha. rr;y fiiggWny pgy!Q"T <liffl"l"f'DCi.iJluooo ..bbOIItlWAhan mIy; nnn ~~k. bop;{
i>.mi>t.. lt.-n'" diff..~.
.-\ (10M) ~ (14.39) ~kf'1. CAUCHy/ik l~orm~~iilc..
14.37.... or...
ll"'~ '''l.
-;=OH'II"i- 2ri-ll:2ri (Az intcKr&k<t
( K ,)
}fa lIZ 1(:
(lAod n o. 01<1.).
14 .2.3 .2 . Analitikus fllggveny
,
1-l.3:>. ;"]a.
Hat.M >Z"o'. uk
f ;+1
3d, - 'f"-;- f "
(K,l
H .2.3 . A Cauc hy-fele integralformulak

14.2.3 .1 . A nalitikus Iilggven y f'g)' tartomany bel sejeben
'1l",'Z''ion.
E;,;" ti-telll.llul1l1lll11 u1y.... :IAn ~orlX'll v~ lIJ1<w illok ki"ziWlitA""'..... ;un.. J,...k IwL....ji-lwnlOZ 1(%) ffiAA
";uyuck
3d,
-;+1+
IK,)
_iik 0.-... .. 713. oJdAlon Jiovel pi'Klltval.)
H.. a& J(:) fiilU(Yi'uy "1tY f'lO"Il'I'"",,'n ..........fiiuO tArtamanyon "fIAliliIoL~. akkor ig1O&" kiivrtko-UlltM
..kvivoUrll;lo,;.lliw:
( K)
alapretel e
H .2 .2.1 . Ca uc hy- fele in t egrAlti>t eJ egyszeresen 0s.-;lefiiAA6 t a rtoruanyokra
b) Az
t.Ort('k", val" bonta-.l. eg)"lIZt'I"t'lhh l'iAkr.. hmh.. tjuk.lgy nyrrjflk lIZt MI'Jllk. bogy:
f .....:...=....! ,j,
%(: + I )
OK'
illt,'!,:rfll <'-rt';kM. ha a K gorlw
""rt
}4.:l6. ft.!>ra.
Il..f,
"right "" ..
% :
- 1 p " Ht " t
;~. mint h,!"'-'i p"nt", Iw.g"l"," f"K1alja ( 14. 36 . a b ra). A CAUCHy-f..l" inl'"l>;rl,Jti-t,!/rt,!lu"h'1l 11 K
J>;o rhf.n vett inl" lIrMI" h ' l "" K~ gi>Th' " w t t illtegrmok i~h";vd hdy"'''"ftj",tjiik...Io"l J( I '''l. urij:"
k;;tiiJi rl = 1/2 ~1lIlar11 kor /os 1\' , .. :
- 1 kiY,wl'l,.ll1t1l. r2 : 1/ 2 ~"wm' ki",r. A~ illt'w "lId""t l'ar"i,,!iIo
E'R )'
rarto manyon klviil
Amennyil"'n az 1(:) fUggv{>ny" 7.art 1\' ilJ\.<'ltfn.:ii.. (,ton klviil M ''&'''''z~ilc.on ...l lalitikWl. I\kkor cun.. k ..
(k ii],.'\ j tartomenynak ... pontjaih..n is "" 1:kll.p h ...t juk I Pte minden ,krivil.ltj.. /,rt{>kH .. (1 4.311). (14 .3'J )
CAUCHY-fi-I.. f"rllllll"'kkAl, de .. K
illl,grli.cic'>r< ru RCirh{>jPt az orlUuut l\tc'> jarAAil.WLI rRYcW irflllyf
tott..agullak ke n w n niin k ( 14 .3 8 . Ab r il)
A CA UCHY-f{>l.. illtcgril.lJ0 l111u JAk ....git""'I':(ovel""k v...l"'"hlltltro7,nt t i llt'~rAll'rt"k.. is ki....d \lnfth.. to (llwl
721. old .).
716
14.3 . Analitikus ff iggv enyek hatvanysorba vale fcjt csc

14.3 .1. Komplex ta~u sorok ko nvcrgenci a] a
14.3 .1.1 . Komplex t a gli sorozetok konverge nciaja
A 1" z,. ,z".. koml.lrx Il'dI.mok vrgt ..len IIOrO'JA
' tan Ak" hAU\.ri'rti>kP
2.
Ko n vPI g e n d a k o r A hatvAlly",r kul1v"rl:f'nrilltArtomAlIyll .... diV'l'T'gf'nriatartomMya k07.ott
'VIIll
('lG' .-gyPrt .. lm,im Il1~W.tArm.ottkor." kUllvf'rFnrwor. A . ' lll:'ll a l "lll:)' h"tarozzuk m"K, mint" valOr<
..... tb.,,,:
1
(2 ""
2~
::..). b.>I 1l1lll.....11
r '"
lim
\IiliJ
"" = lim
---
1-'a,...>-1
hA ...a u "t6bbi l""tAfh"tek IH.,...<i\r.
( 14,43)
E :> (}.boz hiWll}":Ol" ". n (f )-tO! k-tvc "'1' - .",1 < r '"1J"'nJ6tk-n...'og t<>lj....ii1. F..z aztjeloonti , hogy"
z". z,,+, ... ..u.molrna& !lIL'!if.'Io.!6 minden pont " 2 1",)"~pontli . f ~llg;ml k6r lwL....j{>hf'n _no
. ..~u;, { ~ - I mind.-" III ~ 0 knmpln lll'.oinm~ ill. Az { ~ kif"~D III lrPiforobb ll<'lILl~tJY
Ha... llOr .. z '" zc, pont kivet..!fov,,1 minden ijtt diWT!VW'. aldtOl' r = O. M" llOI" mllltwniitt ken..... rgl'lL~.
akkor r =- ex: A halvany>oor v;""Ih..I"""'t" kuuvf'1'~ll<"iakOrkooriilMJ.u Ii-v<'l pontnk """,jon mind..n .......tben kiOOu rTlf'g krll vizllgaI.n.i.
arr;ummtWlIU FH'<lik gyoki-t ertjiik ( 14. 39. 4br"a).
~l
_) ... kon~l).'<. ha : '" -I (LEIBSIZ al t.<-rDAl6 ...rokra vonatk..o Iuithi"ma "'""-"I"int). A
.-
( IH O)
.. ,.z.im00z.
it
j1
;+'2+'3+'4+
8:
jJ
;+2+'22 ~ ...
I (: } =-
..
( I H I)
scr t.AgjAi lIZ1,(~ ) fiiggvpuy"k ... kkor ...." <'ioH7"'@:"f'g)' I ( ~} f\i.~"ny. amelyne k i>rt<.llll('z(...i tllrtonu\llyat
olY"lI : .lAmok "lkotjA}; .... m"l~kf(' lIZ I,(~I h"l~t!_it""i ert..k('kLOI>1.1I6 001 konwrg<>n" .... iilofo7.<>g1' Ii;!
L a,.( %-
integrAl bAtVAnY-
(T AYLOR-A....),
".,,)"
(14.4-1&)
:e pont kiirflli UlllXimAliK _1~ (1IIUi cc i>I wh<'t) kiir. ami

miLnybAn Vlllt ( 14 .4 1. i b r a ). A hAh-fLnY"'lr a.. "'&)'iittM.t6i:
aho\ .. konW'rg<'nciAkOr"
( U A O. a b ra) .
Akwloit kan ....,.,..........rol ~ii"k. ,. B J. bAA tagok &bt;;wluthti-lwib61al kotoU la,I+ 1011 + 1031+.
"'r u. konvPTg"W'.I"ltdp/PN b>n,p~.tirili A ). hAa fiIOr kouvergens. d(' .. tagok ..t->I..,~ rrtJ'k"Ml
alkotott!OOl" <liWTg"W'.
1,(~ ) +h (~)+ "'+I,, (~ )'"
J:. 1(0 df.
~lindt-n oIysw I {: ) ffiggvi>ny. &ffif'ly "IY C t.artom4ny lwlwjiobrn analitikl'o. a C tartomAny b8nn<elyik
zc, pontj" kim,1 ~lm'iPn .. ki>V'l'tkP7J6 ..u.kl1 hAtviVty.oorba f"JtM-t6;
HIl tOroU w IlAlW '-ekiitjUk .. : o:ik ..,,, p<>lItjait. /WX"1)'l."krt az &" = III, -<- Goj -+... a" ~tiioq.
~1r. ha~ meg. aklwr .. .,.. kou....-rgtdja art jck-nti. bogy a tOruu,'onal v~lIt.t& kOpo\jt az
H.""
A hatvaaysorok int<>grid Asa Ps a kon _ r g.. ncillk o r A g(, ) =
14 .3.2 . Taylor-sorok
. "" lim (a IT02, - ... a,,) .
A:
=-
onrhA-f..jt...... ;u; I (z ) :e kOn-di hAtVAn)'\'<Of4ruU: taurki:nti in~va1 uyrrjuk. A kouVl"r~Or

~ vil'OZatlan 1DAI"IWl.
}.j.3 .1.2 . K om p le x tagu vegtelcn sor konvcrgenciaja

Az III, ~ liz.... . .... ... + . IIOl'OCftt t&(t alI;f lI2.&mhoz. a....- ~Ix-z. ha
jJ
1:1
mindffi tm"iobhi pontjAhow IIlOOt' konYM'~m>I.

3. A hatv,i,n~k d ....ivaltjai eo a konVt'f"Vnci.akOr A konWTgrncioWirion brim mindfm MtviD)"'OX analiti~ n'U';'ny. EnlK'k a n~nYl1f'k a drriVl\lt}&it a halvan)"llOr ~ki-ntidniVlliaMVA1
D~uk . .It. droririJt lIOI'Ok konv.-rgPnriAk~k ldlgaJlO'1.V"floU, mint u.......,koti ........
U .3'J. ibr4.
;2
f:. .:n.:. hatviny>oX (konn-r~<'DlUkOr<'1l<'k~Illl:AI"" r '" 1) di~llII. ha: =- 1 (harmoni kn"

...1
~iir
4.
01
A P(: ) =
mo"f: a
P" l(ZO)
a~
(14.44b)
= --.-,-
A TAYLOR-llOI" tfohat a ko .....t kf'W >Wt.kbAn irhAtO (..L
/'(::0)
/"(::0)
~
P-1(Z8)
_
1 (:) = I (zc,) + - I'- (z - za) + ~ (z - Zo ) T + - ., - (z - to) +.
( I H k)
A kOD" ..rgo"llciakotfll bo-m1 mluden hlltV4.lL}"'<>r lU iiMw.'!diiAAVflly<-uf'k a TAYLOR-t<Ora.

A TAYW R-!'Orokr.. vo"..tkozO pfldiut .. 14.5.2. f"j,~tl...n V&1lnM (I'. sin e, 000; Z. ,;I, %&; ch %).
I(ll 1ll"~c1,,I""'rti'k("
14.3.1 .3 . Komple x tagu hn tv anysorok

1. K o m " I g.. n d ll A komplex h"tvAll)'llOf alakja:
P(: - lQ) z: IJo + a, (l - lQ) + a1{: - l())~ +.
+ a,,(l - l()" +.
(IH 2,,)
aholl() a komplex .ik ('gy rog;?;!t,t t polltja. Ii;! a~ ('gyiitth"tiJk komplex .zlllnok, AIll" lllly il"'ll l() :: 0...
h"tvflllyoor "Jllkj llll kov<>tk...,)\:
PI:) "" IJo + a,l + a~l1 + .. . + a,,:" +.
( 14.421
H" Il P(~ - lQ) h"tvAny""r konVl"rfl;"IllI Z,-.....n. akkor "bolzohlt konvergena minden aly"" z-I" II. "Ill''''
lyik II l() ki>7.{,ppontl'" r = III - l()1 KUj;:lVi . k'iroll .....liil VIlli "" .. ","7.1<>tiWI7"'I\"k fl("oz"tll pgy.. nl..t ......n
konv('Ij('uIIII kiiron b.Jilli min<!"Il;tArt halma:wn.
G t.vto-
14,4}. "bI".
14,42. Ahrll.
14 4 3. ,;.br...
Ai
718
14 .3 .5 . Iz olalt saingularis pontok C5 II reaiduumtetel
14 .3.3 . Az analitikus foly tatAs c lvc

An az __ t..>t viPlgA1juk. Amikor kk hAlvM:v""r to pont koriili 1\0 konV<'fK"llciakorfTll'k "" %1 pont k;;nili
1\, konvprgpnriAkow""k VlUl ki\zi'ol rh<n' ( 14 .4 2. Ab ra) . .4. ki't r.->ggVcny:
L a,,(z -
fb ) =
:e)~
b ell =
(.,.
kon~nciAkoriik
L I.t,, (z ~ z,t
( l U .'>II)
kOziill t&rtnm4ny4lwm ~n :
/ 0(: ) = h ( : ) .
( 14 .4.>b)
Ekkoc a kiot h>t.t~ u~Mk U I (z ) IWAlitikWl fiiggveDynck a to c.. z. pontoll. kOriili TAYLOR
8Or'&. .-\1: I , (z) f'lggWnyt .. <'MIl 11:.... ban drfini41t / . ( z) fiiggvfny antJ.Uku..jolvtat.wm...k hJvjuk . 11:.-l>rn
(a ddinfciO a krl fiigWony", !QimJnf'\riln_l.
..,
AI, J.(z l '"
L z ~ mkt.Ani .... r (a K o kon....~iir
81lg""" " 0 =
J. kD:rioppontjA; Ie = 0)
I
(
.)"
he:) = -I_.
. "L..
',-~
lru~n mkt&ni lim (a 1\", konvcr~ tmgMa:
_\
",
eo. Ail:
%,
14 .3.-.1 . Laurent-sorfejtes
~tindo-n oIyaD l Iz) filgvfony. All'M'lyik ..witikLllI 11:""- ~ri lnL' kiir kOrxYlin1jo'bnr. (kiaippoot::..
~ : r , < r,l t'C' altalAoosltoU MIVAn)'l"Orba. L .u'RENT~""rbA f<'jt brt6:
j (: ) =
- -..
4,,(:- :' l~ = " '+ ~+

(: _ :.).
a '"
(: _ ~)"' -I
+ ~+Go+a' (:-:O)+IJ1(:-:o )2+.
2~
!~~~" I d.!:
( 14.4(;')
(n = O. 1. 2 . ..).
( 14.46 h)
''''
Az j(:) =
(:-1){:-2)
fiiggvhwaz 1
< 1:1 <
2 gy l;rul.,..rtomiLnyl""lIau."litikWl_ Ha tAro"a uk
,
I
meg L AURENT-IIOI"IIt . Az j(:) fiiW' ruyt \>"orciAli"wrt..kre vain bollta.-l f {: ) = - , - - -I II.lll.krll.
z-
z-
hoezuk. E lO"',...rl1 a~"'ak.lta-.l ,.~~ .. k' t tllgot. Illiut geom.. tri " i 'JIlr iif;,,,,,,g,,t t udjuk f..[Irni, m p[)" k kiiliinki i!n n II I:) > I. illetve ... 1:1 < 2 , r lO'iltt az 1 < I:) < 2 gy iln i tarto m i\.nyhan konvergene-k. lgy II:'.t
kapj uk. hogy:

I
a" =
~
2n
lu-::.)-..
- 1f
({)d.!: '" f
~J(:.l
( 14 , ~)
.. !
'"
HI<f ftUolID<'2<'t t .. :o---1w..n N. f( :,,) = 8Io ..k1wl" a j (:) ~Y" :" I"'nltA! kihOvitrtt tartomArryoD
~ lIllAIitilnl!': "" flf'rII. akkor :o fltell:l'l",lntctbriRI~ J"'lll,ia.
2. Am<"ltltyitwn .. LAI;R E.'OT-......hAn ~,.,k D<1':"Uv lulM'l'ljd (: -:.) kif..~ tMtaImaz6l.a@;VBD
(hII n < m < 0 f'lW"tPn ..... 01 o. n.. mind..n <I" = 0 \ akkor" :,, m_M.-.:nJIi pOIlU V"f:Y mSZ<'f"l'.' pOIlU-. HI<
,, (: - te)" thlyez6vel (m-nPl kiM-bb ll"t.."wy twIn ~ lllZOl"llllnk.akkor f h ) oIya.nruggYO"uybl- lDf'gy
.u. aIDf'lyik ~ komyP7...ti>1.>Pn (l..hat .rrhan iIo) IIllAIltik,.. _

All f (:) = : -
! fliggWnVIlf'k II.
%=
0 t...1)",",..w-ndt1I>6!I_ VIUl,
=.) "'Ut tArt&1maz. akkor ~AZ f (: ) fiig&WIly lPllyPg.....n ",,';nguJari>, pontja.

E,;y p61ushoz wOO IrOu-Iit.r.<ni-l !f( :)] rnin<l"ll bAtAroutlu niMwik, EY I"DY~ 1<Zingll!aritA.<: hanniJ.....n kiirn)..-.....ti'],..n f ( : ) n-tfkk....u.-ti'hOI k-RMj<-bb ~ rrt{'k war....Ij,.. t ki .
, I ,
Az f (: ) = ,,1/. fI'W-my LAl:R E!'o,'I!IOt" f( : ) _
EUll<k .. fiiggvellyn..k a: = 0 pont If.HI<" LAl:R E.,;'-,..,r
~ku lOOir ll<,&"tlv k ll0.>v6j tl (: -
L --.
_ n' z ~
n'{"l,".,;("I1liZinRllmn.. ponlj...
K.va1 olyan 1A.rt ;nt.<>grAd.... lItAt ;"lOIiink. /LIIU a kiirI(YUnltartomiLnyon (Tl < 1:1 < r l ) b...tiil frlw:ik.
DK'gk.. riili ~t n.lwfoltNoi ini.nyll " lk utrlftl lll! oramutal.6jAlW va] ( 14 .4 3 . li bra) . HII. IIZ j ( : ) fiiggv{'uy
"korgyl1nIn<'1 MVf'bh D t",""mAnyhll.lllUl...:litikll". a kkor a L At'REST -,or ko uverg..ncill.tart.ornAuya D
tartolflauylwul" ~ kOriili I..gM.....hh knrgy'l n i .
LAlRE~.......rhA f..jtl",tO, IIkkor lIZ ilyt"'11 i7.0Wt llZiuKulAru, I>Olltoiau " LAl"Rt;NT--lIOI" IipIL"" "".<>rint OO'ZtAlyodwjuk:
1. H" " LAURE!'iT>O()l" Df'm tAr1AI fIlAZZII. (: - :.) IM1!Atlv kil.M'&! batYli.nyAit. (vag~. bA n < O.......ten
a,. = 0 ). Akkur ... LAURE:<iT-1IOI" TAYLOR-lOOfhA rn<'Q at. .-h qo-i1ttbatOkat "CAuc"Y-fPl<'inlf'grlUforD1ulU: >'II"gil~ kapjuk:
3.
Az a" komplex CltY'lttbAtOIr. &Z alAbhi formlllAYIlI hAtir'ozhAti>k meg:

a" =
(11.4;)
+ ...
+ a. ( ,, - ~)" +
,-~
egy Zo Ioont kornyezRM...n "nali!ikll.... tI., 1~it.I"", II. Zo pontban lI..m. Akmr a
pont"", f(: ) ffi~"'IIYI... k i:oltiJt 'l1ngubi .... pnnlJ'l (Azon<pJ" rilti. llj. H.. "" f (: ) n1ggv"ny" ~ pont
kOmY"Zf"l.;'l.>Pnu
ZQ
h .~
= i) <-&qd"\iIlJtviIlY"'AkOOW'fl':"'Il("~ik~n (. 1 4 . -I2. "'bra.n kf'tt&W' von&1baot t

z j. I) :~.." J (z ) .. 1/(1 - z) analitiku'ofllM""nY_ &krt Mz) analitik.. folytaI.AM.
f.(z)- ....k. 11:.. 1>61. K 1b.- (.... fonllIWl ).
pontja.;
~.
1-1 .3 .5.1. Izolalt sain g ul a ri s pontok

H" Ill! f (: ) fi"tAAVeny
14.3 .5 .2 . M eromorf fllggvcnyek

Ha"'&Y pgyi-hki>nt holomorf nlggvfny vo'w" ""inW1[,;,riIo pOlltj,U.....Jr pi'lwook, ..k kor .. fiigg.....ny mrTn-mMj. A m..rnmorfffigg......ny minnig f..lIrhll.to kH "n"htikulO fiiFts:wny hAIIy"d"""kCnt.
,1.7. <>gPsz ..ikon meromorf fiigg ..... ny.. kr .. prlMk lU'.ok "r"donAli.. fll~hlY"k, amdyel<ll" k a;ak ~
...dun'l p61lL';'" van. ""llI.m;ut olyll.Il t rlUl"7A1'n<l"l1lI fiilQl;vflly,k. mint 1'1... I I':: N. etl'::.
14 .3 .5.3. Elliptjkus
fii~vpnyek
A~ ~lIil'tiklI>l fiiggvl'ny..k k(t.~7"'["(_ 1l I'priooikllAAk {>,. ""ing1l1,.,ritAAAik pl>lu""k. lU'.az m eromorf

nY"k k(1; fiiM MI..n pt.ri6<lIl"-"al. (l",,,,1 1JO , ol,I). E7. 1LZ1 j ..kuti, hogy h.... ket 1 "'ri6du~"-'1 h "-'2.
fi;ggvi>-" kkor"
hanyaclOlluk nem v,,!6f;, ""'.liZ
..,
~,
f(: + ""'-'1 + r....'l) = f (: ) (111, /1 - O, I , 2,. . . ,Im ( - )
1)(:
A~
f(:) fiilQl;Veny mind"11 f rt{'k H
0 .....','--'1 +..12,..12.
f.l v,,,~i. pl.
f- 0 ) .
(14.49)
...m ll" I.......l,I''KrRlllllliul, llIIlel y n,'k t2illt"'I>t>1ltjai:
720
14,3 .5.4 . R e alduum
14.4. Val 6s in t eg ralo k m cghata rozasa komplex int eg ral okka l
.4.: I (z ) fiiggv/ony LA URENT-lWlr4 han .. (z - 1.0)-1 hMvuy a_I pgyiitthat ojilt ILZ 1(:) jUgtp,;.n, l.o ozoUilt
u.ngtJnru ptmtJ<ilwz tartozo n' nd"".,.{u!&k hlvjuk:
14.4 .1. A Cauchy-fe le integralformulak alkalmazasa
"'_I
= fu", J (zll__ =
2~i
t ui
( 14,5Oa)
'"
H" l.om....an-Dc.hl pOl",,_..klux ,,1Io<.u tArtaz6 ~iduUluotII. k'ivetw.Ul formw.. ocgi~.J i>o kNiullitIlA1julr.:
I
d-- l
a_I = fUo,, / (z)I_ . '" }~~(m _ I ) ! ~ [f ( z )( z - ZQ)"'].
(U .:::.ob)
fez) .. ":>(z)/~zl h4zr.~hanirhati> wI, 1Lhol .. ,;(z) .... Ij>( z) .. z = .:. p<",than
AllAIltlku..,.Jr; e. l.o pont II. t(z) = O"'SY"fl1Pt ~gyok ... 1IZllZ t(Zo) = O. de V'( ..) -I 0 ....,.>(.:0) t O.
akkor a z : 141 poII~ el.6....otlO p61...... Bll If:) fiiQvenyndl. (14.i.oOb)-b61 ~ik;
H"
~ ~lggVrny
Roo
[--..o!]
v(:.)
,>(~)
lP(z)._
.
{14,;;()r. }
AltAlAnoMhMri. ha ':(14 ) ;. 0,... l.o Il "(l) = 0 rgyo-nlM:l\f'k m-ltU'. - gyOk... a:7A7.. bA c(:o) .. "'(zto) '""
... = ...-1)(1.0).0, ~"'l(l.o) # O. akkur .. z = 41JOftt &Z j{z}-Il('k m-~ pOl'L......
14 .3 .5 .5 . Rezjduumtetel
A I?'ZiflUllmol. ..gi~l kilv.l\mjtMt6U i7i0Wt ..,.,iPlflI1Aris pontobt kOnilwv6 Wt u!.oD .... u i.1I~a1
hti'luo ( H."'''', 'bra).
"'" ""lIz) fI'UVhly Il K ~,Wt !lOrhf.41w bAtArolt~""""'f1Igg6 C wtoIwWYOO"
~~u. =e, fl.:' . . _,:" poelt klYi't...u-lUWjtik..... llkkor... ~ II: giKbt'-nu6nunlltatOjariMnJ
l'ilfonti'tf'!< ITAnybAn wu '''~ jIoru'kl>t Illf'l!bo.pjtlk, '" ... IlZingllWis pontol"... I.&rto3h n~id'II.l1l1Ok
~t_uk 2;orj,_1:
/(:)d: = 2%1
"' f
e' = {e' l I = 2ri
i"f"Uduumok <->-""8"
~in 1
:/.2
n.
1.:1'0 ~- ..rns{rsin ;
f~
:2 + I
d:
::>
."'- r~uUllitkdgegit.~{>YPI!lOk ~t<m60 fii~ny batArozolt inkgrlUjat ki IPh<-t ~tani. AIIX"nvnyihen u I{:) fUggv""y A komph rv.Anw"k du1. r..J,.6 ('''lkjiu AlloIlitik....... ki......... A -JOe \CnK'-"Jy
..n...I~ :" ;2.. .:" ""ingnlAri.~ pontobt ( 1 4 . 4 ~_ Jlb: a),
M" t - X. k-ga1Ahb ma..odrendii
""ruf'h.-l....., I -ll<"k, t<-hiI.t Mu/(1 /: ) = Of'&WIIloot '"S)'ik~>clt AlllultipliritAloam > 2 (iA...d .(l. old. ).
illor i,:az. bogy
WIOt'
_0<
(IU2 )
2ri tHnof(zJI-...
, -,
S"liuuilo<uk ki az
t. __"__
_"" (I + :r~J3
integrilo'rt..kH . Az / ( I) ""
;-
,
+
' ",
"" ...~t ..
(I
-1 +:2
dz2
:lC
, )3 -~
'+ -
(z2
+ I~
'lI
"KY' .
I .
, "- [(:
- i)3 ]
' . . <l..n.s - -A p"",a1L'
+ :~J.II..-I
2! d: 2 ( I + : 2)3 . ..1'
I
= 12(: + W S:A:':l kR-pjnk hogy R".." "':",,,
.
(1 + z 2pl.""
( ') 8'"
3
6=3
= 6( Z + I.)- '' 1. ~, = ( 2i)~
- ifji,.... ( 14,;;2 ) 117~'rilll _00 /(:r) d.r .. 2 l1'i - Wi
14.45. "bra.
:"
0 "SY" IlIMTlf'k ki>t hAroll18'WTtll! 1O'0kt- van ' i i'S - i
j '"
x
14.44 , ft.hr....
(I ...""
' "" h) """,nnt
. """\nul,,,,:
..
, lrII
d:2
:2)3 fiiW"'nvl\f'k ...M lM"l (c\>likont'gyt'tlt-u lIZingtll;\.";';pontja van:
.,. ,.ve!:l~~"'-" (: -i)' = -Jl {: + W
+
l"P7.h,lI11mot
; '" i , f'7. h;\:'om"".orol< pOlulI. lIl("[t,,", ( I + :~)3
,lj oz.
,; -
- -.
''''"
"' reziduumrerel alkalmazasa
14.4.2 . A
]Mll" k; '" 0 halloW,..". gyo kf'. A7. ( I
"z 3
' z,
-.- i 1.:10' e'-"\si-n(r&in,,; - .. .,.-)l d,., . .-\;< inter;ra1olr.ktfokf.'i ~
n.,.;jd...-=
""
,.
- .. ,.,lld,.,
d.,.- _
w. .. kif~<'gI' -JOe...ammal ~1ol. tffiAt a kPprto-. rt'-!o:I nulla. amih61 1.:1'0 ~'''''''<XIIi{rsin
= i bely ..ke-n t"l..ol""n<hi p6hL..... van. A ho-r.M.t.arto'dl
Igy. ha II: u nnw> ki"rdl'pontu. r > 1 sugari' kor. Akkor
:) ,d{=Z;;
\I
", A '
/(:r).u
k/(:) = r /{:2 + I ) nwmyTlf'k ..
n' [":1'0
,.c'''-l
_
,....,~ ... ' Iir ..... d.;=
(/()
( 14 ,::'1)
1Uw / (: ) I.....
({
'" ,,:. 1.:1'0 e'.... "......... ,,~- d;. iiK,vbogy: '" G-ra 2~ = 1.:10' e ....."..~ ... ,,-...
~ ...
111')
:2riftin l.
A CA UCHY,fPle in t.-grilforwulilkkal ki If:'h.-t ItZiLmltlllli vNM hatArowlt intl'gTiiok i>rti>kl>t i.<..

A.I /(:) '" e' fUggWnya td jfto :-.ikon &IIalitik~. A ( 1.t 3!l) CAUC HyfeI.. int~formulAt h......nAl
juk.... K inkgrlocit'>., ill ~ ; kii7Rppontli e. r ~ugarU kor, A kiir o>gy'f'Tl\Pt<>: { = : + ...r . 0 .:5 ; .:5 2...
( 14 .3!l) i>rvlm"twn IIZt bpjuk. bogy:
~lpgj .. gy-
~n<lo, bogy mpgsz3rnlalhllt6l'ln "Ok i1.01Alt 117.ingt llilrill I'.. nt (!IIlti>n ill iR~ " r.ItJ!ita... lI.lmuuyib"n (14.:'2)
Jobbolola la"boiw !ut konvcrWIIII. TovAh!>" v"l o'l jft.lmnAll AF,IIN,,,!. hoRY Ifte-;.r.'''' oIYIIIl R. M (", 6 pozitfv
"zAm, hogy Im r > 0,
1I4.ISI
1:1.> R """ ti'" 11(:)1 < I:'~/.""
l1'"~i,l\luIlMt<llovft.hhi f1lkalmil7.AAait 1"",1 pI.

722
14.4.3 . A Jordan-lemma alkalmazAsai
"""t
Sol< ,,,..,th,,n v..16Io improprill11 intrgr&bt m<-gtu..Wozhatunk ncmkorlAl.ooI t.artom...l.....n.

g';rl ... u
kiRl'.Amolt kom pk-x inWp;rtlok ""ltIWogi.....\. Hogy <1Iak "'lO""''"" kPllj pn plWgpzmink II. mimii,; .. \lWIi><ii>
~kM ... J ORDAN /..... JJ14t AlJg,JnlAUllk.
f'
Ax utuoo int<>graJ. a:7.
14 .4 .3 .1. J ordan-lemm a
ami impropri.... illtegnUol< 8lCti'n az aJahbi..J.akra VOlml-
z,,"", d:: komp]":1( illt<>grAl.riwr". II r; Kilrhf' II fent <irfiniAll

+ u'
'"
"....l6 IlIll. A kUUlI,In illlpgrand'L"ut.k a f..lsO fn~ikull
...ak a t = a i !'IZingnlaritiiM.. ",,"i ..Loc'i",,,,h1 ",>I'l'. n"'I1: /I 1\f'Vf"~.6 u.'Tivl\.ltj... mar ""Ill 0 ei-ben. A
rr-Li<!ulllnt<'tt-I""..,rint: I ",
km.ik:
I (z )?" liz
tclW l = I j-.-12
(11'.1
>IboI. K R .. HlI.K ff'1oo5 ft-lion ..lbrolynkt0d6 ,oriI;o kOzqIpontli RIIU~..ru fi-lki'w ( 1-I..l6. abra) . A JORDAS'
1Pmnw-:. .. ko""'-krW ....vliet kiilOnbOzto-tj'ik nq:

a)
> 0 : Ha Izl norti-n J ( z) '" f.,J,06 fio i'kon ...... """"" tnIgelY"fl "&Y"nJrt.-n tart .. lIu1Wloz.
IX;
(J
akk..- R _ x.-1hl
/ (z )...... d:_O .
(14.531,)
0: H_ I: l - co .... oti'll zJ (z)~tAr\nulW>oz ...kkorafeDtiiUl.iw ri.ltouJl>I.I",I~

c) (I < 0: A ~l6il1ju..WlOIt. Woz.. ba.. fNko.-& - 0 t=g...IyalaU bo:,l)'<"Zko-dikei.
d ) Az. ilIftA. aklwc .. iJl:u. ha ~ trljPA&ll<o.- ~yo'1t oW< pgy kOrivn5l. ~;w ..w.
,,) A IIlO'lt"....lI5 A11lu. '" kOwtm.6 alakil inUV4l"' ill igaz.o
b) a
0:
/ 1(:""'"
dr .
(14.530:')
(A .)
hit. Kj, .. M.I
f"'l~
frkV<'l fi-llui rt VIlY koriVPt jPIOI. ...." > o. ill. hA.. job!> f.,!sJ.wu
--"'" K.
'\ ,
(
0
/t
r
Az
4 si ll O X
fc ,
+.
.r2
+ 112
0 --
pAroIl fii ggv ~ ny
.r2+a~
_ if
,
~
fX
U"'''.r d.r
:r +a2
_H
__
O. nuve] "'" jntf'gr",,,I,,IO pArlltJall
.-.
,to JORDA "Ir,,mla _'rint lim II -
r"inor dr
r-+-tr
=zt:r __
I nt egralsz i nu~z
O.
(.. >O .o2: U)
/,,'~zm ...::DAIt hivjuk "'"
I =
f~
f --;- dr
~ln r
illl.f1tT&lt (1AArI 4G7. oM .) .....-\Z ~ frladatboz hMon1i>an
d.:: komplo-x int"ItC&lt vWog&ljuk . ahnI "
intq:nwduMnal< mrp;int ..Wirmd,1 pl>hlNl vau ..

hclyMteliu---l:
.fSIlI.r . .
21 ---;- dr + \T\ =2\T\ .
14.4l! . lI!>r",
r; ~I ... "
IU!
14 .4 7 . a b r An 1A11wi>. A koml'k-x inttyaJ.
z ~ 0 hrlyrn.~ liZ" ""~'Ili,
""'
f~
f--;-d:r+1
mrOu "mAr ~ t
,.io1-'>+' -~d.;+
f '-;dz=2n_H"
"
.
whAt
f "ill
r~ _
--;- ..... "" '2'
( I e ...)
1r
aml uhiit bizonyuja i~ ILZ improprius int<'R!"IiJ kuuVt'rgPltriAj!\.!, (k n ItOO<-t...... n..-;.

iIl:a7.ollmt6) .
3.
wJ.{",
nM"7...nkk..1 j,.
Ugrasfiiggvi- ny integralja
l'..lm ll".... Iv.tlb.>oo!l val"'" fii ~{>zly ..k"I,k"lIl]>I,'x i>o illh'!>:rAI"kkIIJ i", .. J ORD" N I.. m",aval~zArnithatnn k ki,
Az 'Uj'fo..j"99"....'1I"'I<ia " rH':
If ~d.=
"' ( 1/2
I
h"I>O.
F(I)=---:
2m
if
4 "ill
-(U
- ,Jr +
' _ ' ''' al
H...."mo m6don ItMmithatO lri " 2 1 .6 . tab lhB t ti>bbi mtf'Jt:rAlja.
A k..I'f'Mf'u VIII"" inl"grAlhoz l\l'. IIllt.hbi komplex intrgrliJt r<'lI(Mjiik:

J:& =1' f
._fX"iIH'
1
2. i liw ::,.... = n .."".
'"
R ,
',(Z- Oil]
Atti'n'nk az R _
r ~ 0 .....-t.en..,;yt'nJe.t-.n tart 11><'7.. tohllt az r _ 0 balmrVk11' V>Lli> lIu.h"" ILZ int<'gJ"ll.ljrlcu Ix-liil j,.
e1~l"Zhct6 (pon-n ltgy, "h"lO' 14.1.:1 2, 9 . A \.... I.lAjAh&n /I f.,J,,6 filk.Oron \/O"tt! - 0 .... tix'll ) "'" igy
figycl<-mbt v"\'(' J ORO...... l"lIlIlliijilt;
d.r IlIt t'g r AI m eghll.tl!oroza..a
._ z
'.
x ." _ 0 hat.lt.rirtJ>b-kn>. uk."t """'"'~. h...,;y .. ~ik inU"jl;l"Rl int<wa.lldl\hll
14.4.3.2. P eldak a J ordan-lemma alkalrnazesara

1.
d:: '" 2:ri lim [ :
1_21
\\
14 47....hr ....
14.46. Abr...
z ~al
n < O.
. "'0}t ,1 .
:
vall ....
f :..'."
(' 1
2.
111'.1
r;if f..lkortv ....
::l
f ---dJ
.re""
x 2 + a2 .
_ if
fiiggv~ny
llll 1 =0,
h"I <U .
Rzimhrllumjd ziaz illtf'gradi"'llt"t" vlll"" t"lL!/;dy !twuth, (I I I 1

- 00), azorigut l\Z aL'l6 U,l"iklm
PRY f(lkot m ..nten mt:gk..riU\l (14.47 . Ahra ),
Ha 1 az idOl jelenti, akkor a oP(t ) - ... 1-'( 1 - !(,) fiiAAvi'uy ''KY olyen m..." nyi....
ir Ie, ami a t = !(,
itl0l'ilL.lll\lha n (h,,1rf2..n it.t r-n' ugrik, E1.t u!/;r....fiilYl:v(nylllk. V"IO' H r./lVISlDE !iigrJtlf'n 'l",k m'", "xik
A
-s
724
U< "" d ..ktrul.t'("huikAl"u,,, hirtrl"l1 r..n..pO M"Ill- Vl'Igy f........ iilt.""gIok....,k l..ir';'w>\ Iwouuujalr..
4. Negyn;'gimpu lz l1~
A JORDASwmmIlN1uLITIW'.AAArll toYlI.hhi po'ldll.. l~pulz"" komplex in\.egr&llalwrVII6 r"p'p.
o
{
h" t o .... ' > b,

I
lui. e c r c e.
1/2 tu. t=akof=b
1
r(t)= .....,.
2'11
f'~""'l'
I
- - dz ---:
(It:.tia)
J ..
~.~
- - dz .
211"1
.
J~in(~)d.r !
=
.-(r')oir
~al./ =
c"
:,:-2 r
I'
2' 3!
a tpJjf>s : -"kon kon\l1.'V'll".
(U,;:'jj
CAt:("HYint~V{,"'-nn1(f'-" u'R""uOron~):1 =
1m - l'-i [,..... liT '"
I, + IJI'" IIlJ = 0 .... /1 =
i"..-~
+ _R
[ '2
2..
Rpi"')
~v2(I+i) [i l"~in,-1d"- - J."<no~dr}
_.,_R'_..
IimR_""
+ I_
,._R'_"
<: -") .... mindkMt6R _
?C
2Rsina
2
III = O. Ha 4uh,ink a ,t m", I hAtAri>rti' k.....akkor kil<:l.amol h" tj lllr. I I",w-
1
I,_'2./i
(1Nor11:IA. 1.2. B 1"'k1"ja.)i's '" wUOo. .... ko"pZ<'tffi re.z.k .li1Vlilaw.t.oW.lIl.l\il
jut\lnk a (14.r.7j ......nmrnyhf'Z.
14.5 . Al gebrai es elc m i traus zce ndens fiiggvenyek

14 .5 .1. Alge h rn i fiijU!;"foll )'t' k
1. Defl nfci 6 Az" FiiI\Kvi'ny, an",l yiklwk <I..finkiOj"h an '" z v" II07.om kr'w"tt v;,g... IlOk ~fhr .. i
lIl1ivd f'l ~ l',.;f,lj..hh v<"!t'.,. "" II. 4lJ"ndi> ~1"" ""I ...t iJ9cbrm fii.99',b ly. Eg""'7. ,;,l ta lAnOAAn a !i!(z) k"''' l'l"x
;u1'"h",i fiiAAVi'ny, hl\HOnlo..n a val.... Il.Is;:,hr"i fiiggv"nyhn, (clirlllito imp licit ,,1/Lkh...Il. mint poliuom:
UIZ"',,' + 112Z" ' Wft , + ... + a~z"'un. 0
(14,511)
Nem ><;f.(ikM'I'"",,n'I.h"lO' '-/,(k<'t" fiii:ll:vo'n.I"'k"t "xplicit a lllkrll tudju k h,,1.ni,
2. P eld ir.k alii:..brai fnltl!:vl>nyf'kre
1
"."" -, .
(14.;,9)
Tf'.--i prok fiigRVcuy:
( I Uil)
nPgy7.f't gyiik fiiuvcny; IF = .;
COOlly,
Im("')=,,rain,l.
( 14.ti(iA)
8ZU
i<!"!-r
1Il'X{e')
i 14.661>1
(IU7a)
( IUiill)
Sprriali......n f..nnAlI:
,,- ="--'=1,
~=OO5: -.-isin.
2 .
(0< n
,."'.1)00->=_1
(1-I.67c)
d ) A J:ompk.z .ui~ ronntkow EtLERj_"'"
I (r -J6II)'" (14 .38}-ot IwouIAI",,:
2..
r + i II'
q ~ih =pt:'"
h.
!!. [f:-R'-~d '; + !!. 1.- ,,-R'-"'d,., < !!.[,."o-"d'; +
2,
sin,..
.
.
.
_
- - -d..; < oR
"Ill/)
2
Z =
e' ="'-"=c~ ="'(coo;.+ibin,),
12
4,.",_,# d.;: _
~ ().hoz tart, t .. hAI J~.:..

<'1"1('11.1,1;";
til = 1""1 =
AitaIaoor. e-:'t;
(14.&5)
e'~
c ) Komplrx lOZ&m cxpollf'tlriAli. .w.kja (u...d Jr.. 0101.)'
(z ,. ret hd)'l'ttaoi,,"-,I).
nl.-
b)
d::ill~t viPt!lilljuk... 14.48.abran ;ew.-tt zart iD~ .\l.orl.
III r..boO~: l.rkilllrtttolarTll. hogy
(1464)
=I~ -.,. - ~ - ~
i~iny.
=~.j;j2
III = iR /." :-R*\-~"'-""'''''''d.,.r ,
":
tOr
a ) TlOfZ1lW k~ btt-\<6: iy..-\: E t'LERj o,."" J o (1Mt Jr.. 01<1.) tTt-ffillfb<-n ~u. bogy:
j"" = CU;1I +
igy piold4ul
... -I .
1/111 <
A kt>"'plt-x tr....Il"ZN'ndensliiAA"i'uY'!tPI ~ppl'lgy, milll "" ..whrai liiggWlIyckrt" lIJ<'gf.. I..IO.....u... Ir>Ull<k
....OO"Wl Iil~'-" mintAjiLnt. definiN.juk. RkJ:lel..,. ti.rt;y,.JA,.'ik 121.11 Y>Ig)' 121,10] mfiwkho.-n wiIJhilt<'>.
I . e alapil ex po nencial is fiigg ve ny
~. fhosn.. l- i nt~'lok
A k<'t fRI::S~I'.L-mtl'f'"'il:
(1463)
14.5 .2. Elemi t ra nszcenden s filggvenyck
7.<'Iltal..........;
,,(t)~
: +i
z -i
lin..iLris tiirtfiiggvi'ny: U' = - -
(I4.t&)
amih61
l"-"=(:f'JIOo:-iliin:,
(I -I.tilib)"
kOw-tkP2ik a.Ur (14.6&) ki>t okWa wuvlWY"OIAnllk ~b6l.ak&r (IU;';)-ool. llK'rt ha kl1. adon
D tAr'tOfIl;\n.,..,., rcglll&ri1< fiiggvi>ny (mooot llIKoa 112. f" . . . . ,~.. Z ~ liin l) .. tartornAny ~ ponl j.Ahoz
konVl"rx&l6lJ'On~ton (1llOfII 112. ~ -I"" tf'''8'''IYPll) 1~l!Zik. akkor 112. <'g"- Du ;" IDf"gyf'~nrk,
2 . Te rm es zet es l ogarit m u~ (ll.;I; ..xponpnriA!;" mAA""u~ wvcrz,e)

,,= Lnz. ha :=,,Miv,,( z '" pt:' ~ . ff'lirhatjuk: I!f''''' = f!"' '" ,,"'_+1. __ ~"(coa(hnll')+ i sill(lm .1')). t .. h" t
R,,", = Lnh Cs "' -"'- 'l b r = Im ll', lllnib6 1 tu -lnh + i(.; + 21<1r),_
"'= Lnz= lne.,.i(.;+2bl') ,.,.
Rc (Lll z) = ln e . Im (Lll z) _ .; + Zk ll'
(I.-=O.l,2...).
(14,69",)
(!
eR<- (14(;9b)
(14.69c)
Miw l LII z tOhhi-rto'kIi {iigj,'Velly (liZ o'rV-k..k k&ti km<>ul""'ll 2hi). !I1.ok"" ",,"r iut OIAk a 1"9..ntml~'
jliht~ki' (In z) adjuk meg:
Inz =ln{!+;",
(-"-<';::;+11).
(14.69d)
A1. Lna fiiAAV"'ny minden kom]>lpx ""i>mr" "rt,ehuc'I.Vf' \1>111. kivPv<'llllllll"t, hi..-/.f'1l e- """ k eat fl;\ i'rti'kl't
f,J.
Alt a h'lIlos hat vlm y fi:ig gve ny
..' = ".u. o
1H'ln VI.,..!.;
3.
(1-1.70,,)
(14'w)
z. _a:I.
(1 4,62)
{14.70h}
126
4. Tr igollom..trikUlJ ftI h ipe r bolik ua fiiggveny..k, hatvanysoraik

_
e"-c"
:a
:.~
5111Z=---=Z--+--"
e" .....-I.
COli: = -
::2
z~
= - - - '" r ... -
dn
= --,-
3'
:2
= I ... 2i
( l4.lIh)
(14.72>t)
5'
z.
~...
...
6.
(~. + ~)
lI".
FiiggvhJ y
.' ;0 j(z
7.
1lrt'l"Otlz=-i Ln(z+.;;r-=}).
1
I+i:
AT<""tg::, L n - - .- ,
,
I - I:
',,","rtg::
i:+ 1
- Ti L n i'7'=!'
(H.7&)
"",h:= Ln(z +Jz2+ 1).
(14,7~hl
( 14,m,,)
AT<""hz= Ln(z +~),
( 14,7'91,)
(14.llI.'m)
I
I+ z
lUt h:: - LI1- - ,
2
1- :
(H ,M},,)
1
z+ 1
III't1.h: : i Ln;=t '
( 14.s--Ih)
(14$ ;h)
ValOo rfoorz = Rf.(Il:)
K0'p7.rI""
reb,
tg(z iy )
llinlr
COOIlr + cb2y
sh(r iy)
ch(z i,)
oJ!z
dlzCU<lI
th (z ir)
ch 2.r -.- COOl 2J
1m (.')
OOIIZ oJ!,
+s.i.nrsh!l'
";nzdl,
('011
me. ;
COlI
COlI'
..h 2,
lr H'b 2J
ebzsin,
Ilbzs.i.n!l'
sin2y
cblr + NlI>2r
.h2r
A trigoDomrlrikus .... bjper bolikus fii ggw- nyek . bllZo!ut #ortlfoke n argu m""ntuma
I U.tAo~t . A tri({OOOU,~riku... "" biJ><"tOOlikUlo flJqVIfony.:-k "hIow!i,t Iforti"k.. ", ~I lDl'Iltnma
F ii q;vi:-ny
II; /(.I"+iy)
5. In ve rz t rigunom..trikus H hipt'rbolik u~ ffigg\'l-nyO'k Ezt-k " mUvi-uy<:k. <-PI' '11tV millt "
Vl<J60. ......uo!':ouj.. ik. tiihhirt.>k,l..k ... A log....-itUl1'" fiiUV i-uy '*WUo"g""..lll. kOVf'tkl.'W a1ak<I/UI:
v'i"="?).
+ ill)
siu( z i!l'l
COS(Z i,l)
sh:lttk .. AlI"i IClio.Int>k A g,vokf'i
""",in::-i Ln(i:+
1+ z
~hl= -lll --,
( I \.:l:lh )
..
(Jol.n!
,hi: = ibinr
(1&.14...)
chi: = roo; :
(14.741.)
A ,U'wo "'&}-w.ttozllo. Irigo,uolnrttiJu..."- bil>Prl>oliJo liiggyt'nYf"k atalalitNtt ~r
toolflllloiogi tkd ffiIIt.tt (2.7.2), (2.9.3.) kWnYf""'k .. I~ koml,h fii~Y"k,.,i!o, IlO' ~
juk ""'tI: .. sin e CUI::, lib:: ~ cb I fl~Y"k ~ ~ k"pzrl~ ~it ....in(a'" 110). C'OIO{a _b). Rb( ..... III
~ di(a - III "",kiirir.<kl,>l<-Wi. ""KY ~ F.lJLt:Rfnrmula !OPgit~.
lUr ... i J') = ('(lfI S 001I i, - ~ ZUlliII' "" coo;.rdl, - j,in;r fob)'.
{H.i:;)
EbOOl m...-tk<-r.ik:
IU-{cor;:) = <XlI' R"(l) ch 1m (ll.
{14.i60.)
lm(t:U\:) =- - Nn Rf.(:) lOhlm(:).
(1-1.761,)
.0\ tl(:. ctll::. Ih: ... cth z fi"1QV{>uyt"lu~ if< A 1~1d6 ........ fonnuWi:kAl drfiniAljuk to< U1rgint 0<Ak
<"Zt trOOtjuk. hA A JIl"l':fo.~16 YAl6o< fiiQ;vi-uyt"krt r<"glliArifuLn AkArjuk k]t..,.i-t.en.i " ~ trut""lyr61 a
Iwmplrx "fkra:
Nnz
COOl:
_
sh a
<iI:
' cth : =bh:'
tI(Z:~. ctsz"'~ill:
(14.1<01) th::
(14.m)
cb z
..hoi A Ilf'V"7.t'ik aem u-k : ~Ul N..-k .... 'u' :'Ilf'k nif..--n<'k nW g,volwi A va1Osa.kOll kjviiL'" tb :nrk AZ
i
IUl'h: = lu(: + ~)
(14$la)
2 1- :
I -it
I
% ... I
I
iz + I
a.rcth:; - 111 - - .
" " "' : = - - In - - .
2 l - 1
a iz - I
A trigonomrlriku.'l .... hiperbolikus ffigg v #o ny~k VfII 6s 111 k#op <U' tH rE1Iz~i
Mind a no'gy""," kollVf'r'gpU.~ Il2; <'K~ >Iikou. mimI .. nPgy f1\W+ny periodik...., Ill<"rt ~-..l",m.ly fl- .. k-mi
nlggYffiY"" :\ (l-l.TIA,h) ffigv<'uydll"oriM,_ 2r. '" (H. 7'la.b) ru,;,;.Tny..k" 2:0-;.
:'\PM.n)' o...-f,-aggr.. Hl1OuhOrW bdyrll w1t Prt<'kPik ki'iwu:
~ini:=i..h:
(14.7300.)
roo;;:=rn:.
(l4.i3h)
+ ~) .
2i
... -...
-i In(:
} 1 + i:
lI.l"ctgz = -In - - .
(lUI,,)
:-.l:1
~h:
2
e' ... e-'
5'
2i'" Ii "
- ,- - = 1-
... _ ..-'
3'
aIlX'O!Il ;
A t->h",~ m "k
I~I
Ar'; UI1>f'n tllm =
"f"K 11'
sin(r iy)
J~illj z ... !>hi Y
lUctg(ctgz th y)
.u;(z ill)
J.nl z r + sh' y
+ <\1{1g(t gz Ihy)
19(%
iy)
J~in22r+sh12y
ilU".1g
(.h2' )
~
k lll
sh{r iy)
Imti:2J'+ ..h2/11
Jsh' z + sin' v
art:tg('thz tg ll)
(l 4..soh)
ch(r ill)
Jsh i r + (.....J Y
(lJ"d g{th r tgy}
( I H lh)
th (r ill)
Jsh' 2,r + ti ni 2y
Ich 2r+m.2'v1
lI.rctg
(""")
~
mind" p;yik """tlwll"""k "IY"lI z kn ', Ill,.]y<:klM'n "" Ln-ben k""""p!Oergnm onnnnok '''' ltZok w'", -, lli ...Ill
~k
F ,;~rl~krk
frj ,,"~', ii k ki
A" invert trigonouu-rnk ""{",hi l"'l'ho lik n~ fiiw t'ny,>k /,;~rUh>it IlgyalJ,-,, kk,l.. fonn " lAkluU
.. IOKiU"it mllk ft'i{'rtfoki-Il "k (Ill :} "'1:i!,.{K'vd,
IIrcs ill z = -i lll{ i l + ~ ) ,
( IUI2,,)
an;h : : ln(:+,J;7"Ti").
(14,/l2h)
14 .5 .3. G orbek cgyen lete komplex alakhan

Egy ""I..... I valtO"wj\ikomplex fiiKltv{>JlY plulUl,kr r' ", "!,J\lw\,, ill
l ;o
::(t) + iy{t ) ; :(t).
r..lfrh"t6:
(14. 86)
------------------~----------------.
1~.5.
A z pontok t vAltO'tMa ."rall .. :(1) Kiirho't flltjAk he. A kovetkezakben lIZ egyt'lJ"" . kur. hip,-rhula,
~llipoq.ilo .... Jog..ritlUiku" .I'ir~ '~nl,t<it;"" KrAAku.......hrA7...IiLAA.t mlltatjuk hfo.
1. Egye nes
a ) Egy ponton lItm.. n6 f'gyf'nM (::\ AZ f"gyf'nl"S egy pontja. tE n , 'P az z-t,mKellyooll-.ztort
szOg ), ( lllIId 14.49 a b ra):
~ eo
%1 ... I......
(IU:!' '')
( 14.l:I7b)
3:-.-)1-"-('=0,
(l4.lHd
AboI Jkomplfoll.r~AlIAud6. AZ4.C "'bp ...r = G.hnIAMdikll.ZI ""
T,r = T
htolytttnoitn-1.
2. Ko.a ) Kor, su ga r: r , kozl>ppont az orijtoban ( IUd 14.50.a abra ):

z =~..
OSt<2r
b ) Kor. iJllCar: r . kou.ppont
: = : + r~
(14
.:1:. pontban ( Li-"Id 14.W.habra):
l.. L
-4r
'
~
);
.)
);
h)
.)
14.49. Al.rll.
u." kompll'X"k. l_l "" 111
Ie
.) Ellipszis, val68 normalalak: ::

: 2_~
11 + a 2
.t211
2~ :z_~
u- -a
(ba a = b. akkor kOf). '""KY
z =acoo;l-ilIo",illt
(14.tl')f)
v-a
ILjL4hr1l.
= I ( IUd 14.52. 'br.):
H ip<>r bol" , va l05 normalalak: -
( l-I .9Ob)
I: - z, I- I: -:-.:1=
""I(V"
63
V>LlI ." tMlltrl)'f'k ( 1 4 .~h)..bn hftMnl6lw "RY ~I plfordliltak
meg.
'10
,.
h)
1./3
- -3 = 1
b
.)
5.
( 14.&lh)
va g'{ P7.t AlrPlIrI ..l.v"
r e H.
.:1
(14.9 1..)
~pont":1 J>OIIlbM
14.:>2 AhTl\.
,,~("chl+ ihht)
( 1-I.9lld)
z ,. z, + a!' ... /k-O:S: I < 2".

(].I .9 t h)
hI c ....d to>t""..... SZl"finti kowpiPx ,.zAmok. Al: ('lIil'.<wl ttolW"l)'f"inPk Il h<wIzit,t .... dfordul3AA.1 hatiIro:r.7a
( Ilisd 14.5 1. ilbra) : .. f" nti h..lyt>"'...ltl...r<d
z=(...... +fr+').
jl..UlO&}
,. O
c=,.-b. d=a -b.

a .... b II>!:dlipo;7.i:s fi.lt"llfIO'l~pk b<wwU.
h ) Ellipszi!!, allalanos.1ak ( Lbd 14.52.b a br a) : " I N.:, a kk fOkua." > IZI -
14.50. Ahr...
Z3
3.
ur'
Elli ps zis
(I4.bI'h)
c) Kar , mmani Iwlyk "nt:

1: - Zll= r
(14.
d ) Kor. men.ni Iwlyktnt , m'" a"'khan:
az'!-3z ... ;h+ c _o.
<I-FOk r~. lJkomp!t"'X;
(14.l>"kl)
(1-1. }bOI ..Wik..:t<'16s6 brlyMl ,...iuIMP!1l 11.0.- vN6o.~U6J.. L &lta1&noMbbAn.. k~.-k
kiiz08 "&.Y"nle~ j,. ( 0)

II. - :11- 1" - ~I = a.
ilJ<>lvp (:0 a. ko-"";ppont)
._ ...
z -~
I
(14.119<)
1' = - , -.
'~ _
,_
729
ahol (' .... C konjugalt kompl"x l<tAlllOk:

a _ill
a-ib
,,= ~
b ) K"t ponton ( z j, %: ) IItm.. ",'! pgy .. l1 .... ( IAsd 14A9.babra):

z = l, ... 1(%2 - ll) t It nu.....IIllch.u, t = Ii -.- tb.
...hoi Ii .... b';' 0 komplex "ZAmok.... MIll ~.-lMOi ,;.
c) Kompl..x valtoz6val ki1Pj.-zvt' , mmani h..lykEoDt
A lgrbm . f~ ..Iroll' tm"JI"a.. d",~. jiigg,lt'nyck
( I t ll!.k:)
14..')3. " br " .
Lo ga rit m iku s s p iral (1<\...0 14.53. 'bra):
z=<w i6l,_ oc<I< OO.

a.hol" i.. b tet s,/'Oleg.... komplr x !</.... lll" k. de R"b ". 0 i ... a " U.
( 14 .92)
i2~
elli
1.
0)
u o'
b)
"', )"
"'a."
730
14.6. Elliptikus filggvenyek

14.6.1 . Az e lllp t lk us illtegrAlokkal "alii osszefUgges
A;wlr. ~ (!:I.22} ..JaIr.u illtRgJAlok. aholM intfogTanJus R (r. P(.c)) .... P(T) tw-UJ...-l- ""10' !I('lQ'ffifok,\
poli.t~)ffi.arnrlyllt"1r. WII{"l,llt"k tObbKti>riioo~kri. """"" kh-ctrlt61 ('It..kin t.... Wt KWtIw1 Drm intrgr,u
haWk. Ez,.krt mint h...!Arm'.ott illtrgnunlut.t numrrikW'l mOd""..,....kkrl hAtArozzuk meg (1Md 413. old.).
.~z .-Iliptiku" inlrgrilok iD...-nri= rll", tlhu ~'!I"k. Az cllil'~ikll" fiiggvfnyo:k b->nlOak a trigon...
wrtrikn"Il-!U'""nY"khn. k -.k A1t..wlOllita..a.n&k l.PkinthPtjiik 6krt. Egy "prci&li>o ......,Vnt v~j"k
u A1ibhi into-yalt.
(J - t )- ! dt
:z
_ "'lIlJlr~r '"'aru.m1l
Iut.
d)
-<.1"<
-
- 2-
- :!
...
I"
.... ji
-1<
- 11<1
-
(l4.9:Jb)
Itt t"jo>!iili ",,'1\7. idot. emikor .....iugll l'lOi<Wr DI<'III at a k-gm" ly..hb (>Ont.oll, ~x d(t~ ) ... II. A...inl'llrll.
B
l"l' IOO vAltari>t 8 j,liili. I'''hll.IIY i tAlM!I"" ulAn "sin "2 '" J; SiD 'i' , k '" SlJI - ; hdyo,lu."'iV... k "'Wt,.{>g........1
(I<if
lI1.t
dl;J
V"Y ~ J I k~silht,
'"
({ F( k .'P).
It t F (k, 'P) "K)' ~I""fllj \i o>! lil'tik ,,~ illt~grAI (1)''''' 1 (8. 2"",) . 443. old.) . A kitp .......
fiiWi'lly 2T "'Ltint lH"rioo.likuH. It t
T = If F (~, k) = IfK ,
(14,9:",)
V"Y
""';g" ,1
'" ,1(1). E1. "
( 14.9;;'\ )
<
l _otPn ff'TIrWI.
(U. 96)
F (k ..; ) a .,:: V&ltoWr1Onh.... ~ 1IJOl>UtoD, itIo'boQu
~ J~ "' '"
V I - fr'l"in1t
(14.9710)
u( -)
.-
illwn fiiUVklye: .,: = 1Ortl(k. u) = Ti u) (14.97b)
Iknik..... Ilf'V1' IJmplitu.lOfiiHvht,. So,ti~~1 df'finWj uk as UI\.JAcofl l-! ar fUggtlin,..1rl:

~u u
Mt
= sin .,:: = hinarn( k. u)
(~ill"~ 1LDlI,!it "d inilo),
u '" COlI ":: = ct.Ihlllll( k, u) (coNn llh IUtI"ltt udini~) .
dnu=,j l
(14.9llA)
(14.9/!.l.
(14.!l&:)
P l'Il2 U
Meromorf es ketszerese n p...r iodiktls fiiggvf>ny.,k

A J ACoBI -rHc fiiggt."pny<'k"kolllpl..x ~-~fkon IInlllttik'llIAIl fnlytat!uo.t"k . A2. enz . cnz '" Juz llIAAVP"y",k
igy mrmmarf fii~pnY"'k (lR..od i19, <>101 .), IWLZ .. Jl'6lol>ll"'Iyt'ikf'n klviiluiH<'>' m"" !Q.inI/;UlfLris I""ntjuk.
&Rnkiviil kfLurrr.' w 1...,Wdikt~.ak '-;L'll f(z) fiiAA,vl-nyt'k mind.gyikpn..k po uu. " kM pcriOOill<lt van .
-'t ..... "''3: kN tct. /i'" !<L,('ri nt i kOlH l' l..x
n"'] Y"kur k .. Io"'u),... I""" nrm \M"", dm. Emiat t
2.
"""'In.
!(t +m , +n..J:l) = !(:).
Iu.I,juk, hogy:
t-to = fT. J.~
Ff.,:.k) ~jQ l"iliptik'III iut~O < k
_dF = (I _ oI! ,.rnJ,;r ! > O.
(14.9::.)
<001,,1,,)'
ftl'
"'"' d,
koml""D<"l1I< a kOriv ll<.rntAli....llak irllnYiha.. ..... F r &Z " n nW u.wyiba m\ltAl (1 4 .54 . ibrll ) , Ax F.v mgcoo; (J kOlilpollt'Dl'1 a !nn'" f...-..:iilt.""'g.. lartja ~DS(tlrban. Ez .. koml"""C .... "'.. rOIcg.... II ~
irAnyllc,,- igy ni"", \)rfoly-...J a ulOZg .....T;Y<'nI..~[('. A z Fr hor..... I",", II m~"" ,;y<.tn'"lN-fI.t, to,J....t:
F r = mj = rnlJ = -"'9loln d. Ax Fr koruponens mindig .. uyugalmi h<-Iy-L,d M~ mutat.
A vilt<.mk lIZMv,u"""t.N<A-I llyerj,t k:
3.
....,
snx
l L;6. ihra.
1. lk-fin k iO
.0\ (!'I .24a };'" (!:I 2.ia) te tck-lr. --nut
&Z
V(q{"[ J 2(,'Of> /,-Ide
~ ,
14.6.2 . .Iaeobi-fele fllggvenyck
~'ilyi b..lyzt'lbo:'Il VllJi> Ir..ilMtg.... ko...otti ~fiiQ"'; ~ - Ia'. i&Y.; = ld

= Ed. A ~ MtO F '" mg ..r6 ts II. gr>I.\"Itil.ci6t. !O'OO"d,,-~) k' 1 ~-f'Vo", bomhk. ftl' F",
t-t., =
w,
.K
14.5-1. ihta.
9/!<in TJ = o. wa.. a1alcban did [(dd)']

d (COIi TJ) (TJ{O) = d~, "(0)
.
tit
= 29
/ di
= 0)
., u I i~'"
,, 2K
,, ,
'cnx
--
(14.94 )
b) A {14.'J3} inl'1P"Al Prti'b-aru.in II. 110'.lRil\lL-aruuW'DY t .. kintlx-l.6a (14.93) in~ ii''"''" ll~lo
Dym-k. H-..alb bi..-..MtoMt taWunk "" clliI>tik"" iII~nt.I io..
:\ malrmld&ld ...,.. o..finlciO....,-int "'8Yt-Omrtl:nellr.iili. Df'lIl DyUjthat6.1 "'-~il r<>DAlra ffi~
",",I m tOlIK'l(l1 tot. (1 4. M. ibr a) A m/lt.-ma.tibi inga ~jc ~.batl>...,;yInNo<..ltf"n<ltl.
llf'TIIlinr"",, dl~1rt ~~PW'1. amrly ~ .. ~ hat<. er6k ~wyat
f<>jooot;i ki:
,p;
dt
k>t.pnooW All fonn.
,) I
K\
(14.93)
0_\ < 1).
a ) A:l1I = hill r tr~ rik'llI fiillJtVkly PA 1\7. inVl""~ fiiggvionymrk f6i-rUou k<raDt1 U
0)
b)
( 14.!)'J )
lIhol TIt "" n t .. l.>i<:k sZPli nti ",,("'~ ~l.I\mok . A m''''olnm f k,j,!<l'.<'''O;"''' '1,,1: A~ "IAhhi
{Zo + 0 ,,,,,, + .. :t-':!: 0 " 1. " 2 I I
( 14.100)
h"lm<\Zt t"ts~.ol ..g"" r""'l.iu.'tt ::0 E C mr lld t I\l". dlivt ik,,,, fii~vi'IlY ,,,,,,rid'''_1'''lnu clogra ,,, ,,,6j an,,k hivj" k. H" a fiiAAV"ny "KY lwriMI\"-I'"""ld"l':rIlllllll"U (14 .56. Abra) knr!l'tt' ''' , aIckm L IOt:V I~~E wt,!,
" rt,bu"l...n kOllsta"".
A (14.98a}'''' (1.I.~!:Ih ) JACOBIfiI. fiiw pnyrk d lil'tik ",. fiigp:""ny" k. A ( I H li b) muplit uc!<'>-fiiggV"fly lI..m dlil't ik,,~ fiiggvCny.
s:
s:
-------------~"
3. A JacobjfpJO:' riigg\-pny..k tulajdonsAgai

A 14 .3 . U.blazatba n a JACOBIro'lio fiiggWn}'f'k tlllAjriOnAAg>U mpgkaphawk a kiwf'1.kPz6 h..lypttn;jw
(l 4.10Cxl)
."
,.,khl,
K' :F(k',j) K:F(k,jl
k<2~I_kJ.
ahol m "' n tMlo:1h ""...nhti pgPoo:z ..,.Amok. A en z en
(14.101)
l ....
dn z filggvi>n)'f'k m..nPl.fot a 14 .55. ' b rAn
Ezz"l a J ACOBIfelP li-,wrny<:k .. kuvrl~ AiAk,Wr::
143 tAhUz",t. A JACOBI-ffw f~';llVl"k prriOdu!lai. zirm<hclvri'"

p6l.,....u
.
Pf'liI><i ll",*,
_2Kd.(0)d,( zi:)
Polo.....
ZiTwchdy<"k
'"'J,-"I
1mK
~,
41\". 2iK'
rn,
41\.2(K" i}o."')
"'"
2K . .uJo....
(2m
I)K + 2niK'
}2mK-;- (2n
-0-
(zi:)
dn e _ uolO) t13
- - ,,(0), (-'-) .
2K
l)iK'
(2n'. t I)K + (20 ... l)iK'

n.K
It.
CD(U'"
dn{
3.
vi::
vI =
)
+ v ::
(....zy =
JAcoBIr..", fiJuW'nY"m a kOw-tkPZlS ~~k .......J.liciiJo,
trlsn 2 Z + dn1 :
: 1.
(N1.}(en vl(dn ...) + (sn l-)(CD u)(dn 1<) ,

1- kltWl11l)(wh,)
(C1IIl)(rn vI - (llIl u}(dn U)(1iU "l(dn v)
I k 2{8Il lU)(sn1 t1)
(dnu)(dn v ) - kl(8nu)(cnll)(~n ..)(mv)

1- F(lUl ' u)(sn l r )
(mz)(rin:) =
J(l "ul :)( 1
(en:)' = -(N'l)(du) =
(dnz)' =
l_t1(O)dl(2~)
( 1 ~. I07b)
-dl(O)d'(2~)'
( K')
(14. 107("1
abnI q '" esp -1fj;
k =
(,,(0))'
11
3(0)
( I 4.101d)
K ~1iI (1 4 , lOl l a1aIl;au.
14.6.4.
'VCier5t Ta..~o;- f" le
filggvenyek
W EIERSTRA SS __ tt<> "'" AZAlAbhi f,~y.-lret,
sn 2 : .... co 1 : _ 1 .
an{. +
c
(14,107..)
21'1.iJ{'
~ill~f ..nn:
a.
"",(O)d.C~.)'
HIlZ _
IAthatjuk. A pOI.w...I)"'Pn kiY111
H.. Iql < 1 (q komplPx), akkur II (1 4.1~) (14, 105d ) ",..-ok minden komplp x 1 lll'gUlTK'ntunrra lrull\'('r
I>lt'll*' k. AlIlt'nllyibE'nq lwn.~tan>I_ gy.. krlU' hN<wAIjuk u..Lihbi rovidltaol:
(14.106)
11,(1):= d,,(lTz.q) (k = 1.2,3. 4).
k~ sn2 : J ,
J(l - ~"ll' ~)(k'2 + P <1,1 z) ,
-""(~nlHclll)"
J(dn'l _ 1)(1:1 _dn1 z)
p(z) = p(z. ""I. ""1).
( 14.10'2)
(I 4. 10JIL)
11"(1) = 11"(2. ..........,)

~t kk
E1v~<"ZZiik a2
alabbi bl>Jy>'1:t.Pllitt\!<t
(14.10Jr)
(14.1041
( 14,IOk)
to>t..oq;.,. ,.."..nnti kompk-x lIZi.inot jdol. mdydc hinyao:\oAA. nem val6o. ...Am.
...:_= 2( m..I, ~n..>z).
ahoI m'" n
(14.108bl
(14.10Bc)
ahoI ...., "" '-'2
(14.IOJh)
( 14.1Q.b.)
(2) = 2....!-'-'2) ,
(14, 10&)
(14.109><)
..:rerinti ~..wnok ~ df'finiAljuk Illl.ubbi r~yt:
pl2. ..:-, ....' ) = l ~J -.-
L ' [(z - ..:-_ ) ~ 2 -
~'::'J
(14.I09h)
In a llZummajekn lpvll...........w ""I jplPnti. hOfO' az m = .. "" 0 htfkiWt kiz4rtllk. A P(2 . - 1. ....,) fiigg
wllyllf'k .. 1; vO'1 ke26 tul.. jdon!lAgai Vl'lflna.k:
1. Elliptik us fiiAAvfny. periOdusai: "'" .... ....,.
2. A (14.10C11!'Of konV{'JW'll~ minden 2 # _._ ......tl1l.
3 . A P(1, ..:-1. ..., ) rugg"1>ny ,,1"8<'1 t .... z az ""'hhi diff,l't'llciAl"SY"nk-tnpk:
A JACOBI-frlc '1O"'llwt<-k (or, m.N< ..1IiI'tikUll t'CPTl1"uk wv.wbi tllll\jduIL..&g&.lrol IN;<! [14,121.114.111].
14.6.3. T hetafllggvenyck
(14. 1101\)
..hol !h =
dl(z,q) = 2qi L ( - l tq~(~"' I ) Hi ll (2n + 1)1 ,
(14, 10:;"')
Lq
ft\ ... Il NlfO( 2n
+ 1)1 ,
L
_. q"' ''OII2"z,
dt
(14.1U:'1
z =
.~
lI](z.q) = 1 + 2
Q:l =
1 40 L '''''~ '
(14.1I0b)
A 92 t", rtJ cTtck"kcl a P(Z';"'l' W2) fUggvPny m""n4W1/1inak hl vjuk.

4. Az II = P(1, ..:-" ....,) fiigg"'Il) invera fliggv/>ny" I\Z aIAhhi int"llrAinak :
.~
117(Z,q) 'I: 2qi
6O L '"";;:, ,
"."
A J ACOBI-f"I<' fiiggv(.ILY'k k ~.ml th<lU ,,>z .. tJu't"fii9<J1"'ny~kf't ha."'llwjuk,
s.
J.Jt3
p(u u)
(14.1lI)
!hI
!JJ
! [P'(u} .)
p(u)
p(t,) ]2 _
p(v)
~~ ,,) _
p(t').
(14 ,112)

135
'34
15. Integraltranszformaciok
A WEIERS'iRASS-ff>le
(:) = :_1
L ' [(z - .,_)_1 +~,~ + ~',;;,zl '
{14.1I31o}
-."
15.1. Az integraltranszforma cio fogalma

(14.11:11.)
15. 1. 1. Az intcgr'altranszfo rmaciok AltalAnos d eJin ic i6ja

j"t'V'"allmn..;jl>NJltinJin II.Z cgy ...iIItoz6ll......tlwll hi" Irgh'O;....."ll l"l'f'OMi tl\rt<Hn&nY """tin kPt !'iiAAVl-ny.
fii&gvhJy..JF: D<"lll k."'t.w'""",11 ~liku-...u. t.PMt D<"Ill ~lIiplikll~ niggVi>nY"k. A kiJ"..-tU7Ji<--.rlii~k

iTWn........k,
1.
- ( Ill .
2.
( -z) =
3.
e(: + 2..'1) = (z ) + 2(....,).
,.
(I< + t") = (II) + e(r) +
(H .1l 4)
('(zl"'" -p( z) , (:) = (lu ,,(:)),
(l U I::')
<1(- z) _ - "(:).
({: + 2-;.,) = ({zl + 2(...1] ) ,
~ ~") ~
II)
JIll')
v( t')
(IUUi )
(1 4.1 17)
Mindt-n r lliptikll!O ffi~hY r.... inniJio fl~Y" .. .,( z) r.. ( z) W EIERSTRASS.f..... l1Jg\'iD)"'II
I tt) '" F(P) kOWtti.

F(P) =
K(P t)f(l )dt
(15.la)
- 0
llWni o-.cr~ "rtiink. A" I tt) ff~nyt nT'd~h fii"....,.,lIf'k V>JY Imnfi",,",'I)('1<. crt..JII>eZOI;
tazt.om;inyat rrftkt. tnrtnnuin,1Wlk DlYf'ZZuk. -\.1 F(P) ITlQVfllyt iipfUfft.. ~k. rnuu:formGh ~
",",pI!;~' nT:OO ~,Ilf'l<. kteI~ WtomMly't kip'.. riom<i",.....k hlvjuk.
A K(P.I ) fiiAAvi-n~1.. trll.lll'Q.formioriO",,-W<k hfvjuk . MiL'; I ~ll va100l valtozh'Ol VillI lIW, addil;
P = (f -.- i..: komplex valto:ti>.
rtovlditptt iroWnOdol. kapunI.. hAa K(p, I ) ~l in~tr&l>llZ!onnao.r..bMftf'tjiik T szimOOlumol.:
F(P ) = T{J (tn
( l Z,.l b )
nYffiknr mvid<'n T- t ran.....a<Jl'll'lioci6r6tw-Miink.
15.1.2 . Sp ec ia lis integraltra n!'zformacibk

K ,llOnm-.o K (p. t ) ~ eo. \{ij!OnhOzO i-rt<'iJl...-....i lAltoIt\4nyokra kiiliillhiw'l intcpiJtfllDll7.formA
cil>ka.t kApunk. A Iq;:dtl"rjt-dIPbt...k a LAPLACE-traw<Z1'orm.iIcill. ... LAPLACE- CARSo slramcd<>nYJAci6.
vaWnint" FOl'RIER-tnuuWumwiO. A 15 . 1. Ublb.at ban ~t<:J&Oo fl~n.....k i.nt.l"gniJtr&D!lZIOrUl....: iOir6I Munk atleki.nw..~. E hlwz ~. r!>oo..oru.o a kq>f..~ ""l!Y jd..k kar-aku-~ ~too; I.<Mlbhi ~flws:dormMiOk jAl'lLlnaIt , (rr;y II _..ffl.I-j"m.JZ/~. a GABORrm.... :fr>rmtJcW ~. W Al.SH-rmru z/" nrnk w (IA.t< vaI6 v""'traruo:zf~ kOzvrllenjPlPnU>~ VlUI. llycnkor .. tran>cl.fnrmkit'>. rnN<ni..... n "I,""';'tor ~,.,.mw.<ir6l""y an......z rm..... :/onwIntiri>!
iF< heszi-Iiink. A T - 1 ...Li.wbOlum ""lI:itJotl,p;fv.-1 a ( 1 ~. h,) mttogrAltl'1UllOZfr>rmAt:i6 m.-rr;fonil~l ... kOvctke""ki-PP"ll irhatjuk;
f(t ) = T -\{F(P)}
( la.2>I.)
A T - 1 ol',..-atort T on""," OJl"nitoriuulk u""",,iik: f,nnAll
T- I{T{J(t )} } = I{t).
(1:>.2h)
A"t in.....", tTMI...."fo rm"'..io 1Il.-gMt.Arm./IAA A7.t j<-1"llli. tlt'KY k..~iik a lW'gol<liLAA.t a ( l a .18 ) int.,:!;raI<-gy<>nl<'tn...k....hol F (P) ..:< ...lvtl .... /( tl ... k........... tt fiiWiuy. Ha I;'t<>zik mpgol<liwl....kkor ez /Ill
/ (t)
= T ~ \ { F(P)}
(1c-.2.:)
"'..kl..." irhali>. A7. 'nllf'rz 0l,.,m/..~ ('xl'lidl mpgh"t"'rc>Vuwo k'i!iinl.o-"", iutegrAltr"'lVlZformaci6k. llZIl<t
kiiliinoo7.o K (p. t) llI"-Kok C,.Ai.!1 ~ integ raltr...n ""Jonn"'d6k dm;,[.t6uk "'''l-'vMc'I prohl;'rnAi kiYd ' tartozik . Az a1ka1ma7.o. amikrtr fcl "'l,,1. ol<l 1Ll''j{ .-I.........rb ...n ...... o...7,/tarlod> ki'pfiigg vi'!ly<>k .... erroI't i
fiiggvPlly<>k ko,.ott a von" tkro.o t hl""....t "khllll f,lliillt ,'tdt m,.9/.../,./h,.kct ha.;7. 11aIja fd (21. 11., 21.12.
ill 21.13. tabl;il. a t) .
15.1 04. Az lntegralt.ransefortnaelok lin pa r it Asa

H" hU) ....h(t) ki't tr"ns:7.formnlh ..tl>fiiggv i'IlY, "kknT
T {kt!I(t) + k:./,(t)} = k\ T {/\(l}} + k, T {hUH ,
(15.3)
Ci
15.1. A. ml!Jrliitmruzl"rmriri6 logo/ma
736
Trannformaci6 K (p , t ) mag
LAP L"CE-trlUl><l:fonnAciO
t-" hat<O
ha , 2: 0
V....
t-" hAt<O
bA O:S1 Sa
tr~
LAJ'LACE
trAll'l'Lf<>rm<\0ci6
{O
trarJll:tJ..-mici6
\'~
F O URIER -
tran.'<1J'onnMiO
FOURIER-
kOl!l<:inUIIZtran"l;fOrlllMW
F O URIEROZIDIJ.IQ;-
tra.l~"Zfonll"'do
MELLIN-
t rlU).'lZfo rm""io
,,- ,~lH ,tJ<la
H ANKEl.-
tr """" fonru\.r io
STIELTJ E~
tr IUl./lZfonru\.rio
e-"!{t/dl
-.
pe-" f(t)dt
transd0rmaci6
FOllRl ER-
C{/(iH ==
.-~
{O
.F{f(l }"'"
hAt<O
{O
-.
>
ha t<O
R.! [....'1h.. t 2' II
{OIm[......l ueha r'2'O

eu
{O
hll.!<O
t..- l ha f 2: 0
{O
{O
h.. r c n
p~th..
t2:U
""'"
F{p.q) = C1 {/ (x. y )} = { " [ e"..- .. f(:~,y)d.rdll
l(IJ ={OMt<O
I'-....
J( t)dt
(1:>.4)
lbat>O
15.1.6. A z integraltranszforrnaciok a lkalmaaasai
CARSQS-lr....... furmA..
ci6nak i< van ki-tokWi k

~
...altor.A.tA.
u + Lo'. Abo.lq
P
m.rt
doli
LArue&Il<W><'Lfum.ari6kbOl.
'<Z>lrmIu:tat '1Ik
"'''''-
1. Elv; jEol("nt~ A70 ior.,.;rilltraw.d<>11DAciOktuU: IU\fO' dlutkti .it'1Pn~ik V>UI a mateilll\lw.

oI}"Ul alapYl"w teriiletein, lIIiot "" iut.<,r;r~ll'tf'k""&y "liunOr", op<"riJ.orok "Imi-kte, de.- ~iVlil
~kOn1 albJmaz>\.'<rataLilt..ue" fizikA los A t....hnikR r;yakorlati
lIlwllAk ~Ida:..abanit;. Az intf'grAltrll.llSZfortn8ciOkRt fP\h>I.'IZn&lO mo.':>ds:lIm.k"t IYflkran oprnilonno.,zl'n'.l:lIf'k~, .o\llaWna.oaJ;:
km.O~"" plICriiLlj,.d;~-nk-u-k.IRf~~ ..kft, diff~1ct<:'kroegoklil.w&.
2. Az operatonnOdszf!'r siomaja ~ inwyAltr_forrn4ci<'M<>p<'ri.~
A ikaJ.~iltAJAn,oo. ......... jiLt A IS.1. abrA mlltatja. Enua A ~ Al'roblhna tm'g~ D<'m Alriind't!kIi
<~w.,t &iJzVPtw,n lllf'goMWoa utj&n. b"nrlll in~Alt~urmi0ci6knzhPikt.a.tah."J. h-rest.ilk. A kiindulAoU <1O""'nlf't lIl<'goldli.."" .. trlUll<ZfonnAlt ~f'lI\Pt ~Jao.Wa.k vi.....z.:\!r&llfl'7.fonnAlAoa'."J. adOOik_
r.t...
<1+ ...... IlbotI1 _ .
...
...
(~
Ill:
dAli)
LAPLACEtrlUl>l:lfonnAril>l'>6l
IIlIlZt.1.I -uk.
P _ (J ..- i.. , "b"le> = O.

mprt a v"'gco< LAPUCBtnowozlonnkiOll6l
maztetjuk.
T-ttansz fonn.kiO
Meg okt.is a
T-transuorm.ki6
k02bcjO tteve l
I
tr~form.i lt
eg yerd ct
a ttoUl-'iXfonnall
f-.
.1iU (t ))
~y{'nl.t
megoldasa
Itd.il.hra.
/ J( t}C06 _,tdt
~{/[t]r
A, "KYU1d..Ii
'"
A7. "IO'ol<lali FOU RIER
t '-IJ{t)dt
pH
trl"l.~form""io
kfp7At.<..
ci""", . h" I ""I""

,,+ i",. ehol ",':1: 0
p
tJ"( ut)/(t)dt
S{/(!)} =
,.u.
"""'....II.. I V>Ll""
1i~{/(t)}
J
J I(t)
M {/ (t )} '"
FOU RIER,.
tc"r"",rumuocw
/ f( t)sin ..'tdt
h" t < O
tJ"(ut) h.. t 2:
Ol
{O
CII{J(t)l{t)) _ C{f(l)
IlIPl1
hat<O
ha
P= (1+l.v
e-.... /(f/dt
e-"'haU:5tS" F.Ult)) '"
t-.... J(t)dt
FI{f itH =
e~lo.<hlr.t2'O
15.1.5. Tob bveltozos fiigg\'i>n)"ck int<>graltran!'izformaci6i

A tObbvAltmi>ll fijggvo'nJ!"lu., vouatkozll intfogrAlttlUlIfdurwkiOkat tii/>M.wro. mt~mn.'"I,,"naci
.>bULk io. Ill"Vl"Z%ilk (1A....t trod. 11;;.161). Leg",lt"'rjrolt",hkk .. ki'llW'r.... LArUCE-tcll.ll.~zfurmilriO. vagyL"
ki>tvAltuM.fiiuvenv"k... -ronatkozll LAPLACE' tr"MlrfurnuOciO."ki>f~Zl""", LAPUCE-C ARSO:'i -tr<U18Zf~", '" &et..ze~ FOURJERtral1l<it.for1ll4cio. A LAPLACE-trAuszf<>l"TlWil> (, j<-Ier,.,k Ius><lnalaU...,.]
II. kM.o<i-",...... LAPLACE-trll.lll'ZformN-iOt ddilliJd6 "'tY"'nlPt A kiWt1......d>;
. (ftt )} = /
b&1>a
{O
ha 1<0
pr.-" ha t 2: 0
FOURIER-
E,yoldoIi
J
r.-"'tl)dt
' nU (I)} =
LAPLACE-
CARSOS-
e-.. I(/jdt
..
.-.
LAPLACE-
trlWllZfortnAMO
'11(1)) =
Mol k l .... k 1 tM><Z61pg,-"" ",.,MllOk. 70 "",t j,I.'uti. hogy naudeu int<-grAltrlUlll7:fortm'ciO lillci.ri>< op<"r';'tor
... T_tr;ul.~zfocD1Alhat6 fiiggvo'nyt'k T balI111l1iu1. JlontoMhbun ....kt.ort"'....n.
"fe~z""
Saimbolum
{O
KCtoIdali
.-
737
J"(U!) '" ,,,...h'I,,11l

cl""f"j(l B ESS EL-
fliAA"fny
dt
P;']dAul az oJlfratonn<"xb:l.Pr AiWm"".AAA. k07.ornoi1l:'''' r1i!l'HIKiAlpg)'f"nlM."k m<'gOtrla.sara II kOvctkf'Zii

hArom l"I......hOl>ill:
1. Aufre..1t.Z l><UWH'tl..n fiiggvPll)'r<' "on"tk,m:' di!l'Il.'nriA!togyt-nl"tml II. fiigKv"",y trl\illlZformitltj"''' YO-na tk,mJ "RY',nk1.rc.
2. A k"ptartornanyh."ll kepott ,;.It,,l,;,han mar U"IIL ,lilTrnllciil.l, hanem IIlgrhrni "KY'"ll.t lllego1<lAAa.
3. A mf'J':o\dfu;nt kapott Ju<pfiiggv"ny vi""LlltrlUl""formil.liI.AA II. T -l jnverz o\",rAto r ""gitsfg",vd II.Z ere<lM.i tartomimyha., vagyi" IV. r",,:ldil.-g k"r<.".tt m"gol,\IulfiiW"'lly lIl"xhatft.ro'LiIsl\.
Az ol',tatonu6dw.cr nrh"ZN'l:" FO'llkrtUl t"'llIl\Z f'g)'f'nl.t m''l!.0I<lW\IIl11. h.. nem 11 fiiggv"nYrOl a t"",,,zfonnilltm v,,16aucr{.,.hcn b<" vi""umall"zformil.l""llllu fill.
& ...
73 8
15.2. Laplace-transzforrnacio
F(p)~
15 .2.1. A Laplaee-transzfoemacic t u la j don sAgai
15.2.1.1. Laplace-transzfcrmalt , e re det i t a rt o ma ny es kcprertomany

L
A Laplace-t ranu :formilci6 dt>f1nlci6ja
C'f F(P)}
.~
(1::'.;:0)
LAPLACE-tran><.d"uttnik-io) .. , """"" ""'I..... (-ox. Oru .,jtl1nO. kompkx htfln1 n~t I(l) liiuW'll)+~. 1UIM"1)'rl rn'Jrt.fUgsr-n,!lf'k bJvuuk... p kolllplt-X Yillt0z6nak ~ mA.qk. F(P) b'pftiw!",,,,lIrk
_,.d~ rlifQtWu)'ft rendMi. Ax impmpril'" iu~.u l"~bcz fMtel<l'l7.l1k. bogy llZ Itt) .."~Io!ll fiiQ:
WilY ]",p;fcljcl>bnportvnriAlj,.I1"fO'~PUdl1. toMla t ~ 0 a.z tTftktr irt~1rJuo..:"" taro-.in,lww nwt<W-ll
~ mk"l'Vllllumon .. ~ilt ktRkbMl .. illk'gt.uhB.to; ""I biztOf'itja. hA ~lIkPllt folrt."",. n....
ginkabb ha lIIZIlio>wv"",kfont ~ilM., amil a t<J\<ibbW<bau fd is ws7.llnk. toviLhIJ,A. f _ X ~i>n 11f"1Il 110ft
en:. ..hben x-hcz. mini 11:".... v..lAmrI) A: >
No0 > O-val. Ax F(P) kPpflrggvPlly />rt.<>1TUf"lhi w\orn.inyilt ,l.,:plart.......... ,rW: nrw-uiik.
k< iro<Womhlw.. LAPLACE-tr...-fonualt..t ~r"" .. W " C S ER-f..... V>lgy LAPl.ACE CARSON-frll:-
0.-"""
(1:>,ti)
p / ,,-" J(l)d' = pF(P)
alakbau dctiniAIjAk (1MlIrud. II ;'.17ll.

2. KOIIv.. rg.. nci- .' Rep > " (.. r<'Uti a-k millimumA) jobh okWi fpbUbaD lIZ C{Ilt)} LAPLACEinto-grli..! b-.n~ impropri,. U11<l:r41 ( 15_2 . 'bra ) . itt ~ F{P) kppftlggVi'ny lUlIO.litikU>oi... =tdrIkrUk
.. kOv.-lkfoW t,,"jJoD><i,~uldw:
1.
hm
, , " _ . - , _ ,;1<-/2
F{P) = It
(1:>.7.)
Ezt ""'td,:...rg....frlti>tO'll rnu..wll k.,.fiiggvl"1lyu..k tdjnoit=;" k..lI; hAwhat...uam..lv Ik'p > .. Y.WklWl
holomorl fi1uv"ny. akkor (1:>.7.) oa:tlklq.,.. (de nMIl d''K.~) f..Jti-t<-k 1Uln.U. bcy F
vaiIun"'v IllflSVt'ny LAI'I.ACE-tr>w~r"nnaltj .. lq;yen.
2.
H" I""..uk f' ho f' LAPLACE-lnw""loflnaltj.. i><. "wr lim,.-~ pF(P) = /(0 + 0). M, .. two.! olcWi
batArforti'k 1o'!t'2ik; M lIIl~ pF(P) .. jnhh fH"ikbAn "rWitik'L". ILkkor
lim p F{P) = A.
(1~.7L)
...Iott.-p;) F
.~
b. &Z f(t) .'tt'dMi fiiAAV"'nyrwk lM.f'7.ik lim /(t) '"' A
,--
\.~ M,t;\rCrlfkc.
Imp
HI)
i 1f (t - O) + f( t t O)].
,,"'F(p)dp_
=>
"'o
{ 2/(0+0).
u.
hal>O.
hllt=O
hll t<O.
(Ei.S)
mr'J/arrlilti., b'pU-t lW'git.~"",1 ""-pjuk m''I':.Iu. / -.kN1/u ct fiiggo~
~ll""'. S~i.""'l, haf a.1 ~ IJ-I..uJ ilo f.. lytoll.... Akkor C- 1F(P) = f(I) .
15 .2.1.2. Laplacc- rranszfo rmac ic val kapcsole tos sziu nolas i szabalyok
Intq(r,;jtrlUl'<zf~kk;<l ~hAn ~ uaI.alyun aa IT'-''IMi tNttlillNJyhNt ,~t ill""","
If't.f'k ... a ~yluw. ~u miolo w,l_lf'tf'k k"ti o-r,f'I,;l;.,.1 frtiillk,
.0\ kiM-tko-dikb..ualI ~i fUggWn)"'kf't miooi!; kiI<hHl'l_I.. boo<:.<Ajuir. tartoo6b'pl~u~Ju.t pc<lig
a nqf..\clt'l wogyk\llVPI..i"Oljiik.
I.
()""",..adasi
vag)'
Iillt"arit isi t"t.. 1
~ LAPLACE-t.r>w>W..-..wtj... LAPLAC'&-tr...-lorm4lWt ;""..'#-vcl..,;yrnlO. a kon-<tau.~ tfllyez6--
kM.
r-liI: Jr.i ...hct...mMni a LAPLACE-iutf'grlll..M (>'1 ... ),.. U-U1""'Jr.):

CPdlll1 T ~h(I) --- ... ~f..(tJ} "" ),IF,{p) + ~F,{P)...
),.F.fp) ,
"1W'1IlnW. mint ... LAPLACE-tr""ul<ZformkiO. mint CJI~tnr lirwAnl.1ou..

2. H ason """-"gi tet..1f'k
ri'l LAPLACE-tran...nonn.&ltjAhtil ~ f(ut) til > II) LAf'LAC!.-t~fnnnAJljat fogy bpj"k IfM'J!:. ~
_ i i k /(1) LAPLACE-tr"""",fornu\.ltJAt a pIa Ilf'lym .... ,_t,mk ll'vlI1:
~;
C{/("lIiP)
(~)
(1:).10..)
H-..tiO Alii!.&- mcn}'ftl 8Z 1Jcnkez6 iriw) haD:
F(ap)
=; {f CD}
C
( 1:'.lOhl
(P)
lha f(1)-Dt'lr. YlIoD LAPLACf;--tnUL'<7.fnrmAltjA. akkot /(l/u)-I"' it< \IIlll; ha F J..finwt .. p 1>0'-1)"0'11. ekkor
AX up 1>o'-1y..u ;,. okfiniill.) A 15.3. 'br.. a lO:i.n,...,..fit~"'IlY 1""I<Li.j.<o wutlllja .... a kft t"Tl"d..ti fiiggv<'ny
vi!<'t...nyAt.
3. E ltolkli tetelek
). E ltolkl jobbra E gy u > 1).--1 jnhhrll ''It ,, lt .......IMi niggvi'ny LAPLACE-tran.<>:foru"ijtjilt ('R."
kapjuk III<'lI;. !>oro'" kiinJ"Ja..i ,....:If'l i f,igg....ny LAPLAC& tr lll1llZfn rm li.!t jal 1Jl<"RI'Z"r<l7.zuk IlZ .. - q t<'1l.,...-'.6v,.j:
C{I (t - al) = e-- F(P)
0:'. 1111)
2 . El tolas balra Egy a > ().voU Lo.o.l... ,'II<,lt ,,..",I,ti fiiggvrny LAI' LACE-tr....L.zfonn3ltja.t Ugy kapj"k
n' ''l!,:. hogy .. kiindul,lI-IrlUlflZf"nRlt.!tjAi><'>1 kivonj"k IlZ
-,"
~,"
.c{f(t)} .. / e-"/(tjdt = F(P)
c... U(t)} =
~
lim
2:n N_ >.
rli.!l. lIlIljcl a kiiliinl,.;Cgct IU.g><:<.<>I o'''-:lIk IIZ~" ti>Jly,~,1i .....I:
C{f(t +a)}(p)
e q [FlP) -
[e-" /(t),II]
f /(1)1'-'" dt in!<'g-
(1::;.llh)
A 15.4 . es a 15.5 . aor a ('gy k""" ill""dii~v{'llY j"hhrlt ill. "RY"gy"n"'" halra vall>.,!t,n K""1 ",,,,mli-It,h.
15.2. It.hra.
1:'.3 . .. b ra.
In veez Lapla ce- t rallllzformAci6 ( vj,."zat rll n s z fo rmala.~ inver-a integ rlollal ) A k{'pfiiAAvl'uy,
h61 az ...... I.-li fiiW'rnyt, v"I\Y Irg,.)lt.hhi" "gy nlyat. amelynek leteaik LAPLAcEtran"d o rn "..ltj". I... >\I.
3.
4 . C sillapitasi Htel (a kepfiijUtv{'ny .. ll ol ll8u )

Egy .,_lot t""yczovd a<il1al'ltott ('''' 'tld i fiiAA"{'ny LAPLACE-t111"""f"rmAltjflt llgy kapjllk meg, hogy "'"
.,rffi.. t i fiil'(g" " ny LAPLAC& t l'" ,,,,d o rlll al tjlt.t 1\ p + b 1...1Y'n v..""'lilk (b t"t,,~.ol,'g .... komplf'x ",Jun);
C{,,-lot f(1l}
F(p
+ b).
(1,';.12)
IL
& 1 ~ . 2.
7<0
I(t)
=:>
1/
+ l...\-++
9.
15.';, oibca.
A (15.13)
p" F(P) - f(O + 0) ,.._1 _ 1'(0 + 0) ,.._2 -
_r-> (O... Olp- /
lito....... "ll)'ftI1M:"M!
fI'l} -; J" F(u)du_

{"F"
{ a/~o) }
6.
r~o) ....... _ ~{t (i)}
Di lferenc ii las . ki' ptartOlUAnyban

.c{t-fltj} = (- ltFl-I(p)
(n = 1.2.
-J.
(1::'.14)
(1:;.15)
7. Inh' grillb &Z e red",ti tart omA nyban

A'll'l"<'d<'ti n'W.. . ny ~ inti'p;f4ljAu..!ok .. ki1,floggvfn}-k 1ig)' kA.pjuk JIl<'lI:. hop;y az .......k1.ifiiggvl:uy kt"I"
11iggv"n:;rt m~\lk>u: I I p (n > 0) thJyPZ6vf-I:
c{j .
/'/'/(T.JdT.dT__ r .
dTI
} = (n ~ l) ! C{ !(t- T}(.-l) f(T)dT} = ~F(P) .
A kowl1lll'-l.. pgy1<Z"'ff'l' ill~l.I ~p""'iAlj,. ..... -ti4...n. ",I"it g(t) =
{!
,C(y{t )) = ,C
f( r) dr } -
8F:;0). (15.1')",)
1.
(I, . h)(t) =
I,{ r)
JJ
,"
El .. kepl.'( ,,,,,,k .. kkm frvfny
trss.
a ) KommulAtiv tOrvrllV:
t, . 12 :h t.,
b ) A_
(1:>.21.. )
..-i" t iv tim:PrI}":
(fl
h) /J '" /I (12
fa). ( 1;;,21b)
c ) D;""tri hut( v tiirvellY:
(/I +/l) ' t, = II h+h

( 1::;.)61))
I(t)/ I" fiiJ1:KV{UYll.,k is let f'zik LAI'I.AO>Iramdorn u'ltj a. Eh h.~.
_l iik";'g'", . hogy I .... 0 + 0

11'1, I{~) "](,R "rUs<'1l tartson 1I1lIlAh ro,. Tovah ha. /( p, - 00. kOlnpl""
_ikbdi Kiirl:>i'kn" k 1~'1l1'" k,,1l1plllliiik 'cU{t)} Imllv,rR,'uda. h< <'gyMt....1 F [l,~ l1alit.fl.,i fi.!"lkjAhlll' ""
r....jtuk fu. (p,) _ <X>-n"k I..lj....iilni., Iwll; t.-l"' t pHdA,,1 Int..grA.,j"" ntakn..k t"t"",il"!,>,,,,.p, hOl kiind nlb.
v.. 1600 t"llg<'lI)""l h..gy-'i\tl;"t h.-,.ArO f"kgY"n"""k vill" ,,.z lh ..t6k.
II
(1;>.20)
(l.'ill'A)
I'
h.. at.
(l.~.19h)
iutcgralt ~Uk (t < 0-", O--nAk omIlWj"k). A (1;'.20) .,,;yrnlctct ~. (u....,ribJ,) ionn>l ...
ciOuair. i-. llI'VeZZ'-lk" (O.t) inwl"Vllo11umhRn. KMokIa li konvoliiciO (a (-CIO, (0) int.cn"..numhlw.) a Fo u RlER-transrl"ormaciOnAllil' f('1
old.).
A (15.20) h>mu,kiO .. k.-.....tk.-z('j Illlaj~bll""lKl ..lkl'Zik:
A k;'l'lArtomAnybAII" k,mvoh''''w l1a k "
J ' 1c..21r)
ki'r,;;n",~
II'" !Ol'~>rd", (dO'! Ill.. !!'
J F(I'ft)dp"dp"_I .dp l = (n ~ I )! J(z: - pr- IF (z)d z.

l'o-'
F(t .o )do.
hlt - ..)11..
1nt.. grAIA~ II klop tllrtomAny b .. n
C{ f,~ I} =
J(t.n)do }".
Konvol lici 6
Nyilvi\r",. lo.u, 1 (0 ) '"' 0 '....I<'n /ll. "r ",l"ti ~rtnIllAnylUI" ,liff"nudfUAA .... 1\7. in lrp;rAliV< kiult j.. ''lO'U'''''l.
8.
{l
K ODVOllid 6 a.z e r edet j tart0m4ny ban KM mlQ(Vf.IlY. "(I) ....h(I) kouvol .....iOjanak;u:
to J(r) dr .....,tM, kAj,juk;
~F(p).
{g(t )} "" C
E kPpkotek rMoha kob<-tOvf tn<ziIt: LA PLACEill1tWAlok mAt ~ in ll'gt"Alokh6l-JO kiv.ArrritilMt.
11 .
__I (0.0)
NJn<lik" LArLACE-llll..".,.ilI Jrov..1h-zO~t.a..&. MIlf"I.}"I't"'__ kOzco..
/(;u) _ J'~O)
._,
10. Parametl!'r szerinti diffl!'.....nd l a" ~ integTi lu

Amiko<- J ""lRY F ill '-"lO' 0 E (a. IJ) vaIOe P"I"&mfot..rt61 ill ffi~. k. r..nn4llrlAk ""' .......11 mIl""!<'t"k I'lvegez~I"" voruotlwzO;"llif'tt ff'lti'!;l"lPk:
litu kisAmilJ\AAca ~ fplh-nAlni:
F{P) = LU{I) =
( 1:>.1::1)
.o\hha&. hop;y .. b&I ol<Wi inu-grAi Jiotf'uRn. Ji.wwlio- ko-lla lim JHl vt-R"" h"tarertPkntk.'lI" f..nt "mll
}
(15.13)
qj!- (Il) =
O utas; tetel
""tt ,.zOgf..ltetelnek ill tel;.-...,-uni" kell.
S. Dilferencia lh at. ~rood..t i t a rtomJiny ban

Ha I > 0 noctl-n u. /,(1). r(l),
. / -1(1) ,tffiv&lWt lkezllf"k eo fIt) ffolli>p6 ~hb l'l'hdt1 derivaltjan.U. ~k ~nY". uknr AX ~y..hh rf'ft<lu dforiv;ilt>Lknak. ~ .... ~t "" /U)
~"nyt ill. 8lli.JMn Il>t.-.ik ~~ik.;"; fvonMlI:
(f'(I)} = pF(p)-J{O+O).
(r(l)} = y F(P) - flO + O)p - F(o ...0).
741
S. n '" I -I"" vonat kw'O",..'CiAl........1... ki-nt
~~
1::'.4.llhn.
Lapi<Ju-Imn.u /0n1la"'.12)
A 15 .6. liobran kH fiiy;vCllY konvoluci6jl'l van
f..ltfinte-tve. A konvol(l.,;otH"lt a kovctk,~diki' p'
l'l'll I"h.t illv.r1.AlAAr", t" hilt II:< ''I"<'<I.. ti fiip;gv(>l1Y
nlPgl", tilr<y''''''''>ra. rdhll"~ll;\jni:
1. A lll.. g",lott ki-pfiiAAV;'lly F (p } = F1{p ) r ':{p ) l'IlkAlmRII "ml"l.l'ltf..II.. ,ntI\AA.

2. F1{p) hi Fi (P) k"pfiiggVl;l1y I ,(t). ill. h(l) pw.-!,ti f;iAAV~nY~II"k u,,-ghlltlu:mil.sll. tAhl"z" t "' ''pjiln.
3. A llI"jI;",lo t t F {p ) k"pfiiW""lIy h,~ t...-I,y,~i "n~I" !i f;i~vl'ny k eJ>~'- /1(1) .... h(t) konvo hk iojakf'1ll
II.l'. I (t } '" II(t) . h(t) kep l..1 !!Zerillt 1I.l'..r<~I" li tlll'l()llIAnyhlln.

142
2.
15,2, fAp l" rrtmn,z/onruk i o
1.5. /n lfgrtiJtm,uz/"nr"iral>k
~ ')
K Oll vohici6 a k fop t art omlmy han (k o m p le x konvo li,cio )
$, ~ , ,.
2.,
2l:l
C{MI )
F,(: ) F:(p-:)dz =
( 15.23)
h (/ )} (p) '"
.,Mindki'-t intl"'fl.rau... '10'. a kr~'t, ... to'ug .. Uyool parhU7.lWlO8l"!O"-"ll'" Illf'nto'n tiirtPnik, no IIJ<'ltillt im l'rnpriU'l int..gro\ltjol'kllt. Hl\IL7, "\Io6 int.-grilt lwctllAljuk,Ni:knc I I i-Ap o'ru-k.. nsakolyan k-bct. bOlO' Il tit = :
a:z L {/l ) !wnV<:'fW'!....i>.- r'--!Ioik.l"h"ll, p - : I"-...Iig lI.2. L{/:) konVfflVnrirlf"Wkjil.lwLn .... 1Y'""kNyu d. fl .
,oonlO lDflti<1o'"f....... k "'>lW.ko~nak" wAoo:"lik ink'gT;\lra i.<.
~!
Ugr""ru~'fony .-\ e ""
hAIe l><'Jul<' VM (a .h)-bro.

ha I.. oinr.o hrnTM' (a, 1I)I"'Il.
....ort "<l
( 15.2 4)
(14 ) 0 )
(Ki>pz.rlj iik az t . bogy i (t - tol) I

6 (1 - lu) " rho(t
ugra...fiiggvoLny ( 1S.7. u-mlfoll"t6 'bra . IioM<l ~ nJ. old.) adja mq.
A : / (l j = .. (I - I{I ) 8l.D..:t.
' (P I
B : j(l) = u( t - to) 5in _'(t - t.,).
, -
F{P) =
2.
..
r-" - -_.~
d;
__ .-.- ",' eal..J:;_+ .~.~in..: t.,
( IS.S. 'bra) ,
_~
(15 .9 . 'bra ).
C{u r( 1 -lu)}
r-"~(1
f'-r~)
{o
1:5,9 . "'hra.
1,,'If < lo ,
hA l.o<t<I.o+T,
1m1 > Io +T ,
I - e -"~
, 1"""iAliNul.C{ .... {I)} = - - -
r c-e
~ 0)
(15.29 )
Aita1AnorJtot t fiil".K',m:-ci-"" _tlwzll. formA1it< "-'f~ a th.zf ...~lrrV", v1z,;gAIjA

(li.-d 6(;2. old_I
= f. (I)
+ al<l{1 -
f l ) ~ a:zti(1 -
t: ) + .. , + a,,6 (1 - t .. )
(1<>.30)
",,,,10 kt'plt-tt-k i-rvfn~"",'k . 19y -"11 ~Orh<'volllll(1 ..l'0lignuok" ki'pfu AA',,'uyk , I\m.. lyt'k oltiAlai k-l;;zO.lrg......n ,..."d,1 polinolIlokk../ <!,!illiMhaIQk (lIZ <'mpirikllf;llll wAlt ItUrhi'k<,t IrgiOhh'QAr ily.....-gy""...n1
fiiggv/>nyt'kk..l kozd itj iik), llagy<>hh......NllOIA.~i rAfor<litAfo nrlkiillll<'fl: ,"'I,..tadni l liuea ritA."anak r,llwiz
JIl;'JilAAval. (1:5.13) fommIu. a1bdn~"rllgr""h..ly ......ti'n az 1{0 "t 0), 1'(0 + 0 ), ... r rl i-k" kd. llllU"va l
kell hdyrt!.t'>lit <'lli .
(1:>.26)
3. lmpulzuefil ggveny (D ir ae . fl>l.-. <5-fii gg vpny ) (1A...-1 mi>g 663. 01.-1.) A o(t - to) iml'"I7.11.fiiAA
vt'- nyt. ("md)' V>l.loj Ah"" " "Ill fiiAAV{'UY, l"'lU'llJ h....~n<'" formalizmus. o'ppllgy, mint. " v<'kl.orILn"ll7.i"l"'JI
"foHn', Iu. d iH""'nd,,lul"'rllt<>rok," lll" ly"k n,' m >lIM i v<'ktorok} "~,('mlo>l ...t",,",n lllint" 10 h<,ly l,,~. tmIm i , T . dl,_"gil;", l IT 1Il"!t........gllll"KY>Il'.i\lI:i ml' "lmll 1 = 10 ltdy"n wit hatilr<'ll("tH I,!t" t ,'lkel,.",,,] ,, i
(1 5 .11. ' bra):
<5(t-I o) .. lnll -T1,,(I-to)-U(I-t.,-DI.
(I.
fonnull!..-..i \'all J..finOO....... ..J.IolMOklotUl a tArtomAnynlL:lNUl, amd)'l"kben/(t ) difff"l'Pl.or:WhAtO. j;(t) ....

1(1) f1lggV1'ny kO...,o~ dmYl\ltjAt j<o",,,ti (.... " I ~ pontoklllU' 0 ); 1I".,.....n dPfiVl\Jt .a!an....ly.uNt.IIZOfl ~kcllt iI1IIwtiO. ekkor 6 pMil': kif<,~1wto'I '10' tiihLo 14V1WlimjoulzuAAal.ld. p('ldnk.
lI a j (t ) diff.,rtncilllh"U., ugrA>ouk ..-k .. d.. rivAlt.l\kt...n lrI",d fd , akkor l'Zt"kd.. riVl\ltjaira tdje>oo-n hII-
sz{'mlfolt .. te5 ' b ra ) ko't ul\I'A.~fii.ggv"'ny k'llOnl~<,kt'-nt jiinlt'-tI'<":
L{ 6 (1 - ,-)) = ...-
I . Spkaszonkfon t d iffE'r enciillha t 6 fUggvpny.-.k
N"gyR~gim pu l z llm A 1.0 I-...lyh<-1.tlV'to"d' I l~ ", T RZi' ~lni"RY"zOgi. lUp" lzn~( 15. IO .
t- trhAnO, trh..nl.....ti.t>Iyan nar-.Iqy i~jA ~ 1.).-\
.4. ~k"'t diff=UUhatil ffiggvfollY'k ko'l'f'-lggWD~ k<moyPll llIrgao:!hatilk a (.,lItl~u fornWi.. 6nlgg\o'ny -..git.""w",..,i:
H" / (I ) IlZl\IwIznnko'Jlt dilf~hatO"' a t~ (v = I. 2. ., n) hf'1Y"fl a.. llgrAllA VlLtl. akkor Aital.Woo<itott "bQ okri..... iltjA ( 1<>.291"\...0 ki>pll'ti't tilO...IMnI..........,.
--
15.11, a1.r...
"TlI-I.o)=u(l-to)-,,(I-lo-T) -
'- ).
( 15.Z!:I)
.i<"1~.
df (l)
"dt
1:>.7. Ahr....
15.11...bra.
Folyt<lnofl hit) n~ylf"
to h.. lybPzw-t<:>ac'>~t, mAso<'w'na HF.A... ISlOfA ......'1O....',di"IAA
l ba t > l4 .
..(1-14 )= { Ohal < t.
~+T
1:5.10. "hra.
15. 2. 1.3. Spccialis ffigg...-e nyek kcprugg\'cn:r e i

1.
in
~+T
743
( 1:),21)
A: 1( 1) ,. {"ot -.- 11 1m 0 .<, ,t .< f-o. (15 ,12 , ' bra) ; 1'(1) ,. e u.. (t)
egy'" ent .
l { /' (I)} =
B:
f{ t)=
~{ l - e-"~j + b -
(ato
+b)c-"~;
l U (I )}
I,
ha 0 < 1 < Iu,
21 - 1, h e t-o < 1 < 2t o , (15. 13, Ah rll) ; f'(1)
{ 0,0
he, I> 2/ 0 .
r{l) = d( I) -d(t -t-o) -~{t -Io)+c( t~ 210);
[* +
b-
I.
+ b~( f)
e-"~ ( ~ + at" + b)].
h.. O<I<to,
- I, h" to
I),
- (at o + b)d{t - t1l )
< t < 2t o . (1 5. 14 . .. bra):
ha I> 21" ,
l { r (t )} = 1_ 2t'- .... +,.-2Io~;
lU(t)},.
(I
"-"'j2 .
- ~

' 44
~I)
I)
1. P e ri odik us fiiggwny..k A T 1...n... lll~li. ~ /(1) fil~'ny J>"ri<.. likll!< folytMAAilvaJ d6aJl6 rtf}
p<."riodiku!I fiiggvi>ny k"l'fiiAA""nyo"t illQ' Ju... juk m.-s, hogy fIt} LAPl.ACEt rlUl..,Jor miUtjat n"'R-""">rOi!-
I '(t)
l<uk
o
1'>.14. abra.
A : A f('uti B ~I<l" Itt) fiiUVl-nyh...k T _ 2~ p<'riMllll,j p<'rit><lil..", folytatAA.< pgy
(1_e-.. ,)l
1
1-.-....
T-!(j<I<T
1.
-,.
A 6-ffiggve ny approxim&eiOi
(11f:.
D:
nt) = {Ol -
+ b(t) + 6(t - I):

.qr(t)j '" -~(1 _ p-~) + I + P-': C{I(t)) "" 1
e. eg)'P
h"'~b<klPh.
<, 1,
/(t,t) =
( 15. 18. a b ra ):
I~ e- ii'1
"
tv 21t
+;""" _2(1 ~ e-')
.n.
jll <
baltl?:c/2.
ba
>
0 !<d'l..,..;.gil .... II! fIl3{;~

( la.32a.)
TovAhbi pi-ldiLk 6(1) approxim'OCiOj.or& .. hAranggor ......k (lA>o<l . 2. 01<1.) b<.. LoRESTZ--f1'W'cn~""k (1A....J
97. old.):
1:>.16. "hrl\.
15.15 AIm.
r(t) '" -21l1(t)
tor(I-e--T~)
11 ". ) -~ O.
h.. O<I<I, ( IS.17. Ab r a):

'"!tvf.hkl-nt,
. \ (1;;,27) "-fiigg&. anaI6p;iajara a 6{t) impul%ll"ffiggv/'nyt '1IY!

~.lUiigi.mpuIzu.-l\fohn ..ppruximalui,
f(t)~{'O,-fl,
+e
Dir.on)"ll8 miliouJri ~k Iilriri. diff~lt'lf'kkrlYB16 kirUMAI. ~ Ii('} k 6t t) IoIv

!PI zavaro>- ""fcr" beirK-OOfi.iggWonykent. nr.u.ut rajuk ~ ~m" ~ ~ T.v;. oIdaJnn m<'lI:lr.iYoint fcltCtdo-i uem uoI,i-.I....k, u(I) .....o rulyt.ouooL. 6(t) J-li, .. kl-ikw.IW.IIllii~ "",,Imi>bPn nnn
dt-fjnialhalb.
KintA!. .. di:<<trib(tcil>ffin(01M. kinfU AZZAi.lKY b..~~i U (In. filt"sti...-(lott fU9Pn~kM (di.o<rtribOlci--hkat). amMyn!r.<".tzio pI.;u; ioom<'l1 folyt.ohc:* vaJOo. fiigvm)"'k ho 6(1) is bnIorolbatO. mi1r.ilzbPn .. lIZl-"~ diJf,"",nriAl~ tulajdouAKo& pr.... tAIva VAnMlt. A disl;tri1oiJciOlr.nAk 1o.1<>nf
O6a1litANUlr.
""."MIt. Az pg)"ik ~.-rtr101o .. I.. SCHWARTZ Alw ~I. IK)fOII'.aIfolylJltOoO
Ii
funlr.ci.
ouA1kPnl ...IiI d6allita.< (1Md 661. old ..... Irod, 112.141J.
.4. VAJ<is fii~y<'k elOPt....... i ~ m6don .. pooriodik.. ~trib6ciOlr.brc FOIJRlER-<"gyiitthat.sb.t ....
igy FOl'RIER-><Ort IebM ~lm,i .. n
bouAJt.llt1<olni (1&-:10127. old.).
'ttl
r-'t
r>&ol> '" r(1
15.2.1.4 . A Dire c-fele 6-fiig,;\'f>Il)' os a disztrib uci6k
f(l)
.I
E{I -e-..,.j(I-e-('T- .... )

CU'(I)} =
( 15. 15 . abra ):
( 15. 16. a bra):
p2
anwl'm' .... C{/ (tl) =
J ott) f;jAA<'ny.
B: A f'-III; C J>i'Id.'l./(I) ftiAA"mY"'twk TJ>f'r1M,,,,'~ po-riociik""rolytatiMt'KY J '(1) f1~y.am<'IJT'I
u c ec es ,
'o<I<T-to.
"I)'i'bkkll,
E --, --
(15.31)
pt'TWdlZlfno.t""Y"wv..-1.
1:'.IJ. AbrIL
'"'"'"
(I_e-T,)-I
o
15.12. ibra.
a:t
(c>O).
(1':'.3210)
(e >0) .
(1;;.32r)
{'(t)
I
i.
jf(U)dt = l.
2.
f{-t,t)=/(t,t),
3.
.5\
(1;;.3311)
1/4 -----.
1/2
1/2
1:' .11. hilra.
IS.1:'1. "bra.
,. III)
,t'"
pl\l.'OOO fiiggv('lIy..k,
{ "", ha t = o .
0, ha 11-0.
( 15 ,3;Jb)
(I::>.3Jc)
152. wpla""-Irnruzfo"",icw
744
2.
15,2. 2.2 . R esztortekre bont a s
A 6-ffi ggvpny tll llljttolUlilgai
A 6.fiiggv"'"YIl,.k
A1.
I. A z e ly Az a1ka!lll..........,kban gy.. kr.. n l~l'n.'k frI Fl,p) '" H (p)jG(P ) alakiJ ketJfiiggvi'n)"f'k. ahol
G(plpolinolll p-""n. H.o. ~tllk H(P );"" I IG (p) "r,~IrT.1 fiiKKv~nyPt, akltor "kn...... tt. F(P)-h...,;
tarto:r.O "n'"k,ti fUggYi'nyt - M"lO' &01 f'lOhhi po!'101Ahft.u ill
" konvohicinti>t<'1 ..Jka.lIIl~val k<q>juk
l\Ikalmll:t.Nonk ~'l"'JllI"',,,tj&hol {ontoll t,I.lajrloll~ai " koVf1.k,~6k;
(I.j.34 )
! J(1 16(r-t )dr "'/ (I ) (f f<llytOllOti. O > O).
I.
2. G(p)
"""
(v
.~.
Y<UlIW 0)
3.
.I (g(x)) ... ~ Lq'{s.Jl 6(s - r. ).
/'(1)
f'"l (r) =
...
J
Mol. 9(7, ) = 0 .... g (z,)
to
fil) =
6(1) ..
D
I{I) ,
,.
2- /
( 1':'.37b)
qr
~ tov3bhi..JOO.llit.MAt ad;.... ~Iift UUI'"'Pri'... wt'"Ul'1
15 .2.2 .1 . Vi Ssl a t r allSl fofma lfL.'i t abJ;i.zatok sc gttscgevel

A l.iLIMv....t1"~~w"' ..1.,,t itt ..gv a 21 . 1 1. tab laz a th6!. l U9-l. uld . v..tt fH'lrlillllll<l\.1l.ljllk 1>0', 1, ,,,,, 1>hi ,<''><,Il,'l '''' t,;.hl"'....tok talAll",tbk" 115.41 ","1I...n.
c-' L,:.l ~.,..,l }
=- '; sin ""' '"' 1,(1),
-1"'
f, (' )
' SiU..:,-
__r'"
" ...
_<{(_ <j
dr = ~
..,---
,- ...
(rsin~'t-""(""""I
.
...
- .. )
+1'
ic)..... - 2..i~' + i({-.... ""CY ricliJrtekTl" oonw .... rn<"fJelelnoi t.i.b-
~ [ - '~
"' ''''
p + c
-.- -.: l'
1'.'./.]. I fI)
''' ~
+.:.
[ ,,sill ""' -'+ . . . . .
co; ...
t]. A.
I(I)-r<! kaVUtt kct kif"p.c.. """"lUll.
15.2.2 .3. Sorfejt esek

f~(P)-Mlllcha l,gy ~~ megkaph.. tjllk "" 1ft ) fo"ilQtV""yt , bolO' l1I''lI.I',r.hAljuk 'l3. F(P ) fiiAAVi'tlyt F(P) =
;
1.
F. (p) alaku ""rha r..jl."ni. ..hoI i\1, F_(p) l-AW,k i><m"rt k"l'fiiggv~nY"'k.
i\1.1l:7.
f ',,(P) = CI/.ft )].
F (p ) -abswl1, t k o nv...rgens!IOrr .. l All1t h a t 6 e 16 Hit F (p).. v{Ut<>wr..c.kk'nr'iha tvlwyailtZl"rinl.i

(1[;.42 )
aht<wh',t k"IL""r~,"""l'H" )..~ "~Amuk tf'tR7J11"!\",, nov"k",1ii 0 < >.0 <

cc ,.or<>z"tol alkctnek. akko, hiwtly"" tovlihhi f"II.Cl." J<.k teljc"i ill-ll<,
''''''l''n !"hf'I."''K'''' a l.agon k~uti vi""zal.rH.lWofurmRI"":
).., -: ... <
1'+ ('
!l{I --r )d-r =
c2 ,,--d - 2..:(~.
"lakl', "or "mely, 11'1 > R
I (_
'_ } - ,.- '" = /2(1). A ( IZi.22) kOllvol ,k i6T./'l,,,1"lkalm"/.,;...i,v,,l k"l'j"k; 1(1)
fi(p)}
_.2 -.-
... ~J l . G'(p) = 3,1 ... 2pt'" ~ ....'./. .
P'1 = i..:. PI = -~. pnI'lIOOk mind"ulIyu.u eIoo&f'ndiIPk. A H E.\VISIO- tftel ~Jm8won
lazat a1al'jiw F(P)
,.lIa1"t.. (lNorI 2 I. 1 I. ttobh4at . 100J.I. old.).

iII" ...rt lI1('f:M"'I....... kn ",.. Iakit."" ,'ttjau (1A.<d 1Zi .2 2.2.. 1H. old. "' IZi.2.2.3, . 747. oM.).
3. Az inwrtii f"mUlb. h_tu;il"l... (I>"",I I Zi ,2.2 .4.. 149. olrl. ).
f;(p) , .c-1{h(p)} =
- t:.
I(t) =
2. Vi""""'vl'ZrI
.c-'{F,(p)
(1::'.31\1.)
p-<d...J .
A" o-I"\4-Ii W1.oIllAnyl", ""'" v-.atramd"nniLlA.'<Jaa kOv<'-tkl'7'o ulak ii.l1IlM Il'I,d..lk,,noiillU,,:

1. l.">.w tArt07'O ''f",IMi fii~'""nytk..t Ps k{l'fiiW""ny.. kM, nlN<..wvallllt-gf,,!rlb'.-!(It t ..rtalnwv.O tAh14-
L -l{F~(P)} = L
(15 m
P(P) = (p -.- c)(p2 ... _.J) . l.. hAt H(P) = I . G(p ) =- (p ... c)(r
AI', =-
= F1(p}
",,",'
kapjuk tllf"g.
K omplex zerushel)'E'k H.... Df'Vf'7,M,m komplrx IO""kOk fordu1JlIlk~, akkor a HEAVISIDE-ft-kWejlN t iVlt ugyaIlUgy lebet alWmlll'.n i.:\ konjuKAlt komplex ta,gpArobt , ~1Y"'k komplrx zhufibclY"'k ~ l1llmligfellq,llf"k, kWl<lr..tlk ,~~ kif..~ f~tjllk<-, kf"f#k ~ ~ l,
"P,,;,,;y mint. G(p ) tOh l-.oriwo 7"'n~~lwl yri norUon. a nql'e4eU-k t.i.blAzat.i.nak ""lti~i-vcl hajthatj"k
vPr;rf'.
(15.:.1."")
(,r + ....~)(IJ ... c)
tx, H(P~)
4.
15.2 .2 . V issza t ranszformal Asaz eredcr i t artomanyba
F(p) =-
( 1Zi401
1r."plrl~1
zat h
r(t)
{G~)} = ..
t, G'~lt""'"
G'(p.. )
=I
( I Zi .39)
foro.
fiiMM bopjllk .. 6-~"ny........Iil: d.rh-a1tjM>t.:
A vitww\lr .......J"rmau.. .. 6-fiiW''' ny ll<'k
3 . H eavi~ ide-re1e kifej t es i "'Iel 1I.. . ..u.mlaIOban &110 H(P ) fiin;v"rlY IlZintkl poIinomj"p-TIf'k. <if'
G(p}oE-l ~nrahb
aklwr az F (P}1woz tIlrtoIIO erooJrti fiigvfonyt .. HEAVISIDE-rOIc~tt
5. A 6-fiiggvolony Four iEor-trlUl"zform.;iltja:
aWe)"I"," ,
I jG(p) kq,fiiggv;'llyTlf'k a.aI< chOreIl<lii Po- j>Olll-'U\i
~ G'(p.. )(P p~)
'l(t ) = C- '
( l.l .37..)
v:Zll'
It>;
r""zIiJrt.-kro- OODtAsa. EJWi'lfogv.... ha.:&A taI1.uiW"r<"'<\f'li f'-IWfony . kOwikezO,
(_ I)~r~l{r) ... 7f(t)~l{r-f)dt

F {6(1)} =
C(P) =
( i = I. 7. . . _. n ) .
il ),,(:r-t \dt
k;.ploothOl. ~ aW>Oi i_
e gy saeres ~'al08 aerushelyei H..

= I. 2. .. . , n) . .. klwr ""-I,
111 g(..., mi1t<Wou xkllO.ht'lY"t t.kiultthfokrll....-uni.

4. A 6- fiiggv#o ny n-..dik lipri valtja: ,............i povr ialil' in~-.I" ( 1 .j_34 H~I ...dfoio'l
147
746
I(t ) =-
~n
< ... <
..,
I~"~'
~ a" T( )..~)
t .. n
(1[;.43)
... a_:- - - - - - - - - - ....
-----------~
'<8
Itt r
II.
gllmmMiiggv"ny (lAlKl 469. old,) .ide. Spt'<ia.!j....,,1l. >...
'" n
+ L "7."Z F(P) = i~- ~

.... +1 .....,tl ... n
15.2.2.4. Inverz integral
.~,.
liZ
a,.~1
n. t" oort ka.pjuk. /UTIO'ly minrifon kompkx t-rc u. ko(]v,,,.-w'U><. T......,;.hbA hvi'nyt'S "IY
/(1) '" _
I =
F(P) .. ~
wtomAnyha.. kApjllk;
I ( 1 + piI ) " "

P
fIt) =
..,-",, 2l1"1
""( _")
I T~nlr.l-nt tnl.lll<:donwva DZ eTf"dtoli
= ~
n'! p2"~l'
(_I)' (')~
L ( -,,3.I ),~
(2n) I = L (n! f "2
.la(t) (lho:lTf'llfhl BE-'iSEL-
If
n
. TI
.......
-,
-~
int..-grft.lja IIZI"f"'l.>"I. AlDf'lyr.. ..:JkaJlIUlZhatOk" IW1UVI.x w~ ol)'l'Ul ~. mint ...residu-
1lllI><UUnitk< vagy lOOl intf'grilcn. lIt C AUCHytkrb... k lI:It'f.....16 .kf<>nn&laM.
F (P) =
(1;;.4-1)
...2 P
y - .
.2e~""".
11.'
i..
,_ I
(..... 1
F(P)41' fa i!;Or~ r.-IbootAMt ...
..-_.r.;: +;
Itt p", (v = l. 2.. , n) u F(P) fi'-rruy doo6rr-rn.hl poh-.i.. ~ a hou.Ajllk tIu1o:<O l'1ozit.hllnDok (laMl
no. oId.). I/o. bironyOlOll)()OOlt>1l DOvel ordinAlAk n. K~ '" i~- t II ~i~-VPi n.z.,kotO gOr-ocw.. ahi putiguD<.lk,
pI. f..llr.oo:.k .. 15.19. Abri n Ml'lntrlMt mOtlou. Az f(t) ~dN:lllZ
00 ~Il
2~
kitiinU'tt1.t
... /
.fh
t . ..
...
IYt
. .. t
(1;;.4::')
..Lakban bpjllk l!M"S. hA 11oo -
lJ'lf+1(=
/
- i - t-
<e'P F(p)dp
HIl !" _ 0 ... 0 .... n _ x . tl'hAt
( 11:.)
DPIII
mindig ki>flnyl1 igazolni.
bdy~ lartozh art:P kWk<okl't !d. a
15.20.
i bran , illPt_ a:l' UlU'gl"i1jc-k-1r. wtl). t.f'bit
111:.1
_.
> 0 valOR ~lLlIlfto>n-k. OIY.IW;<Art K = K , a .k uhlyukW_gmbct ~.....
'-tun k mkgracic'lro utw. IWl('lyik ~hAn fo&WjA F(P) krt r<'U<IulllllAt i.~ lx-n . de Dl"lD f"ldalja
1JIIIg4ban. 107...,. ncm kcriil.i mt-g,, 6-t; .. miatt K.... f'fl M~~l rol.rton<-n tudjuk kt...IID..~ni"' 19y .;p.wIW F (P) j,. >ma..Ii.ti.lms a ~.;., ... i.' kiYlotfoIlowI"l<o&.Vt Lvtom&uyou. Emiat t E...n . Jko; t (p) =
Tl
",lpF(p)lIp.
(15.46)
wverLiOti for m uLaMn pgy. bizon~.... tartomanyukl>a.LI A1...utiku.~ fiiMvi>ny komplPx "il d ... li (,t lIK"I\u'n
vt1.t
fUggv<ony).
2 . F (P ) me romo rf ffiggv4>ny H" F(P) mrromorJ ~'J. amcl.y ket. kCrI.Oe< :r..m...hely lIi'lkiili.
..-goo. IWIZ luindmiiu koaW11f'll" hAtv4nY""l"b4 rejtbct6 fiiu;vfu}" ha.nyado.oakrn~ au.-l6. ~ AllW'Iy MIDflfogvaff'lbonlhatllf'l)' "'Sftoz ffiw+n)" "" ~lrn...,k rmtOrt. ~ ..... illot fI Il"ricI'lUlllwt..1milltl
iomyoes" kOwotkrB6 ~
I-f~ "'F(P)Jp= L~- -,.

?"
<f" .... F (p) dp
.
I
f(t)= lim
---,
1/(t)1 < (' ,"" a!ak(lllf'<'tdn.. Mol C 1ft c kk valM koTllltAns.
y" _
I -,,,,,I
F'C
. i -....
CD
-.- - t
C:C'':''
'IC.C.~",,(= A
- t ... t ...
f
-<-
I)
(15A')
::r:;:-n
t-
00. aldwr A JORDA....WlnIM. (1Md 712. 01<1-) "".<Tint" A B-o
k CD _n _u mwnt<'gTAk>k ...l..J<.\W o-bos t.art.lIlAIr.. de ''Y~ tOrt<'niIr. as EF kori v AtWPkAval iI<.

raeet lIZ Ult~gr"'lldw; korlilto8 lIlIIC&d.1IZ int.Pgt....""" ru ~ Ilf'd ig o-bm. tart. Vrgiil ll lf15+1 #S Il7.
AA7i ot.U...daJi.ka is triviAli-n .,......iil_ O-hoz tArt. ~l ArlId II TiE .... Ill!
vm.z;n t<.. lI'l./I.kalaon
w tt in~8I. vi~t"".IIhoI"'-"~'.hf'nII ~tlv valflll tl'ngl'ly fl'1lo6 (p = ....... ) maj d 2....-uyi oWgllgr....
Illin..oo (p '" rt-') partj", az iutqI;tkiu. ,it h,,\.Ar]).ol)'J"'U':
rr
im
[ _ 0<
F{p)e'l'dp = _ [,,-,. __._('-... ,/1 dr.

0
.. 7 ... ..; 2
110' VCF;li l" ko~dk<~.6t kapjllk:
fI t) '"
roc F{P)...'l'dp
J.
= [
"'-" __
' _e"' ';;:dr.
"r~ + :.-,2
.,.........,[,;' ... ,, -- ~,,';=;;:

2
15.2.3. Differencinlegyenlctek megoldas..a Laplaee-transzformaclc

segrtsegevel
15.HI. Ah ra,
15.20. "hra.
F..g)"'l' """t.ckll<'n, 1'(o\.Ia.ul " U\iknr I\ll F(p) merOlllorf fiigg ve lly r..cionxlls ro'!<ze "" ollo"'.n null". " lll"" ~
kapotl eroomi-ny 1\ HE.AVISIOE-fl-l.. kif"jli...i t ', t.,[ mercmcrff ilggvenyekr.. vaI6 fornuu il' fltvit .. l~t j.-j"llti.
Mar'" [.AI'LACE-tr"n"""formA.ciflr" von"tk<Yd l "'.rUlllll....i 1I~"hAlyt>kb61 (v...:l 739. old.) la.that6. hogy
LAI'LACFr tr",n"'l:formA.cii> " lkalmILZ""" ......t ~n ~. 'r<,<!,ti tlUwm &llyba" v('I\"dt bonyclult mrlveletek.
mint " tliff..reLJciillfl..~ Vl\g)' Il7. intpgrilIAA," ki-pwuw miillyhan ,ltY.......,ril "htl'l>n.i Ulilvdd..:kkd hely..tt....
.itt...tilk. EhhP7. ILZoulmU. ""ldfml" <iilf,rendAlli><nAl. kl'Z<l.t; felt"t.cl..k"t i~ tekintetbe kell venm. E7.t "
kOriilm"nyt a d iff"""lldAl"IO"'"I..t..k " "'KUI<lWnAi kihAl<1.nAlj uk.
...
---------------. ,..a..:~----------7:>0
15.2 .3.1 .
1.
Alla ndo f'g)"utthat6ju. koz onsel?;es d itle rencialcgyenletek
Az ..Iv"
, ~ (t}
n""":not>J'I
~1 .. (~~ 11( ' ) ...
(t.... ,...)
fp ig
- (', rll) ... 'lor( l) - /(1)
bont"",frt1in<Wisti-ll~.bpjllk/lZ}" (P)"'..2
Y
"'" '(0 .,. 0)

!iii.
II{O
kt--.tdPti r..lti-I.. w.: tIlf'lIo:t~ LAPLACEtI'llDllZfnrmAciYll1.
t- ,. . ..-I>~ ',:' ~
l'(P) -
~>rl"j "lY{'~ho.- fllf'g)"
at. abol G(p )
l"RYc"ktt- (1M<l 2TS. 010. ).

y{O +O)=.t.-.,
v(l l =
3.
).
.t.
"'~
= 0 a. cliff..n'llciAkKYt"lrt
w>llr.II'I"i><:l.likll~
/Y +("~)Y(p)-!Io=F(p)
(1:>.49/1)
p.",A1lalldok) ..kkur
(1;>.491
("(llI
3t ... 6~in 31 ... c '
~t.
4.
I ) {Ihat>o,
ut_ Oh"t<O,
(1.>.5.;11.)
P+l'fl
..Jr.k<,raJllrgolcliL~y(t) =
(1::'.,JOc,)
d iff......nc ia l"lO"'nlf't At ..t<'<'IMi ~t n. a k~nlrt .. koV1'tk",,"'"

""(1) -+ 2o,(t ) -.- by(t ) = f (t) ,
1'(0 -+ 0 ) WI ,
, (0 + 0) = lJ4( l~.5 1 ,,)
( 1 ".~l bl
( l ~. ~ l c)
}'(P) = F(P)-.-(2o +p)JIJ-'-".

';+201' ---60
G{p) = (p - a, ){p -
q(l ) =
- '-
a, - a ,
0, )
.'I(t)
- - dt
d
I
C(O)
,'>;O't('1l
(15,;";1 szerint
(a"
ttl
vaJo,;.
0 l
-# a,).
(1''''' - ,.....)
..,
y(/) tlll'p;u].Il... t ,j Dt' ItAM t;L-foTmnlava!
"
k oziinse~es
(l,j .::>,,b)
(1;;.,j(j)
diffe renclalogycnlct ck
KiilOno...n w..ti>konyanlPhpt alkaltll'll\l,i " LAPLACE-trameform4dOl .v.nkr.. ",lilf,.....l1.. uw'fQ-"nl..t .. kre.

.\I.11dY'k.llrk>lZpgyUuhAtOi t polinnmjai. UN .. (6 ,) <'!!...""nlP~lI.1kalmuAA<t.lltAn /I k<'ptartorn.wyh<wkwl"t
,hll<'TIIlCWcR.""nlPht kap'mk, >W'I'f'noofoo ""'tbrn "l1Ill"k n'11<1je ..Iac.onyabb.
SI""'i4liM.u ha az Pgyiittlwchk ..lao6fnk{, l>oI.inotnok. allor .. kPptAnnmAnyhM .. dilfr~
........w.I,l, eo. igy IegtObboozOr konnyt"n mrgoklhatO.
A o-..w-..oou
I> -
.. _
nESSu--f"kdifJ.'~loota kovrtk.-..6: I~; ~
tf '" 0 (\kod (9 .;;o",)
II.Z
0 .-tho-n). 1'rl<w<zfonni1ri6 "tAn .. krptlU'tom.i.nyban bpjuk:
_!...',rF(p) -
pf(O ) - f tO)
pF(p)- f lO) _ d-F(p) _ 0 vagyio; JF '" --P- F(P).

lip
01'
pJ+t
(I:;.5:b.)
A vftlt.ud>k ~~v.u...s..t"""v""b. int<-grAIMMJ ..todik 10,; IF (P)1
(l~.52b)
F(P )
= - /
;~l
- -10(
J,; - 1-1<'1I: c
~ (C in{~ knn-tll1l.~) , f (t ) = CJ",(t ) (....... 17~. old., pl'1<ia).
'V
q(t ) = te""
1\7.
+ L ", . (;'( a~ ) eo,'
y(t - T}/("r)dT - ;It!y f l
Jp
Esrt~ :rel v'luzlb:

q2
(1.;,:;,01.)
~fluod",ndl1
60 <
k"pjuk ;
15 .2.3.2 . Valtozc egy utt hat6ju
e-... .
(p' -.- 201' + 6o) Yep) - 20Yll - (P!JII .... 14) = P(P).
Eltkvt }"(P}-R"a<:IO<lik:
a)
2. Alt N Atl,,. f(l) zev ..r(\fiiggvi'llY
(l,j..''(bt.)
..2!.... .>lmi1>61 vi,..""trtll\1<Zfomui!""" "u"ROIJ""
- ' -... " (,. - - ' - )

p ... r.
,. +~
U.b1wtill, 1()9.l,. old. ) az ,(t )
fIo-f'drt'ndu d iff"reoci"I"R)'enl.. t T~"lk ft'l. bogy a diIf"'''IlCWI!'C~k-t (;(P) == 0 ~

tlk, ~. "8Y"'nlM<'twk """"" '1QI""'....... a \.a,. . , a. gyokri vannak..... kmiiliik es,yik ""m nulla. A~ f (t )
....v...ri>fliggvklyno VOll1lt~1 k''t ''''l-o,'! t .. kintiink .
1. II.. a:t f(t ) UlvarOfilggWny >\ gy,.lr,nrl..tIJOW.....bwr ..IOfor.-l"lo u(l ) ''-lI:r'''fii~nl1Y''''1 egy<'nld.
( 15.4flr)
I')(P"'~)
(p
- U'-.J..3.l~9) '
= ( - cu; 31 - 6o;in 3t )e-' _
np} = F(p}+y"
p+r"
Y(p) =
) +(..3.
w,9j
F(p)
A,. Y(p} fiiKll:v<'nyw kal'jllk:
S plociirolis ...... t: llIo. !(I)= Ae'"
~9
vo-+ .p+1O
_ _ rIOlijJj ~t."" ~kM,ti tl'>lUl<o<['>rmA!A....,.J (....... a ~clr ........k
EbOrt'udu di fft' renr iill..gJ"\"rile t A'l ..n~kti l'gy"nlf't'" a ki'p<>gyrnlrt a. k<>wtlw.dl:

y'(t).,."Uy(t)=J(t),
..2
- I'
21'-.-10
(1' - 1)
2.
(C.. _ I)
dilr~..-nIct
~~- ' l(O ~ 0 ) = ,.-- '
p-2
371'
9
" km..-tk0'7.6 ' Y(p) = :,-'0:";--,;;;
.
r"'2p+1O (p2 +9)(p2-.-2p ... 10) (P+I)(p2-2p-.-IO)'
.-\jobh oIda.l mMoJii. "" banusdik ~ m.ztOrWu.. bolltaM....t." k-.lral.iklJll kiIe~kl'1: DMll
A11And6kb.1 a.z
r+ 1
(1':;.53Il)
15.2 .3.3 . Parclalls difff'N'nci i)C'gyf'nletek

c)
b>
a2 ;
G(p)
q(t) =
7"'m~hdy.-i kompl..x IIl'Al11ok.
(15.54&)
~e-"~iTlv'b -<l~f.
(l5 ,;>.ih)
V" - , -
lh y(t) ","sol<lAl<t 1'1K)' kap jnk meg . bOJl:Y v,....."iik Y {p) lIl'.lUnliil6jAllI.k ,',,,d,,l i fiiJl:llv"uyH, I;.,. ki'I",,,tijk
"llll"k q(I)- ....1 vaM k"nvo!llriOj', t.
01,..,.-"1""" k<>uv"hkio..lka1lI1.i""""'t dk"riilni M,. johh ol<l.. lt if'b"liil"g ko-t v.,t k llij[ tn"ul'i;o!(ormAlni.
A7 "'(I) -+ 2t/(t) + 10y(l) == 37 cos ;!t + 90',-, d ilf,t<'1I,,~ nll'1: ki;><'Ry<-ll[..l.., h.. ~ - 1 .... t/u = o.
1.
Al la lanos .. ljimis
10' 1'"rriMi" dilf..renciAl"l0',"I,t lll~old""""l ..p;alahh kCt vi,! tozo liiKKVI'Il)"': .. - .. (r, t). ),tivd a LAPL"(:E-I.",n~~form"'-'io ..gyetb-n vAll.'>7'om von"lk<YIi, int"gral",'t tart><lml\l\, .. mAl<ik villt<YI,,,t a tra.ll~zfor
Illf..i" -oran kOI~,l-aIl"'lak kd l t.,killt 'lli:
q ..{r,t)} ==
/ e -"ll(r,t)<lt = U( r, p)
( l 5.57)
15..'1. Fo"n ..... tm~;ft>n'''i'''6
753
15.3. Fouricr-transzformacio
---ar-- } .p .c{u(r.t)}-u(r,O+O).
{""(O)
<)}
c { <>',(r.
~
Az .r lI:7...nnti d.. rivAlNonkrol'-"l k..11 tenni,
Burr .
(15.z.s)
=y.qu(.r,l}} -u(r.O+O)p-l.Io(z.O+O)
I)} '" a
c { ----a;-
A Fo urier-integral kmn p lex e lOlillitasa A fOlJRI~:Rtrl\l-rorUllOciO alapja a FOUR IER-inl...,.

Ha a IWm1 I",rintli.ku" f( t) fiiKxvhty Mwlpg....vo>,;....
inu-rvallulllh..n kiriPgiti" DIRIC HLETrH.- f.-]t(-tplookPt (1Nod 421t old.). Wv..hhR
I.
..u. II..... newn FO t:R IER-f..lp int<"l':riUfunullla:
boc''' L"PLACE-inl.-grMa.......J f,,!a'('I"lhct6k,
or '{ .. (r.tj}- o.rU(r.p).
Igy "k<'pt"l1omAllybAn k~ ditf""'nci~ kapunk. A P"'"'m ;." kPzdf'ti !f.ltM.....kM.
j,o,
tfllDl'Ziormaini kdI" k~tartomAuyb... ,

bomog~n
15 .3. 1. A Fourier-tj-anszforma cic tulajdonsagai

15 .3 .1.1 . Fourier-integral
2.
1.
A (("Iad",t megfot:almuUa 1'dUn....Uk .... "lO'dimc.-nz>Os,lr.o.-lAL06 bolDOlD ~ YOIIAtkoW.
minden dyao pooth<uJ. AllK'lyhnt -.; I(t) fiJuv"ny foly1(>OO1O. (0,.
f(l~O)"'/(t
-O)
2
kO'U'grt" vo natlun6 egyd impnzt6s hove owti-.si eg)... n l.. t megoldha
nullaza~
u(z.O+O)=III(Z),
< 00,0 < r < , .....p t.anomanyDanU

a(O+O,I)= ....\t).
(1~_wt
u(I-O.t)=41(t)
2. Laplac e-trann fonnk i6 A kl'P"'8Yf'nWt aWr:j4
d'u
.w ~pU-Uo(P),
1.
I{t)
2.
f(l) '"
1
2_
T7
J ~ a(_') ror..1 -.- /I(..;)"io_1' d..,.
Ill'"
riA
(15.62c)
e~,/i
e~ .,/J
U1(.r.p) = e1fi
e-l,/i
(15,61c)
(15.w.a)
/}(..') =
(1'::'.65c)
3.
fIt)
A(..)<X>I![ _! + ..(')Id..;
(I:i.62h)
4.
(15,f,2<l)
A k,'1; uj fiiggvi' ny,,-, f"uuiUlu",k" kO\'f'tk....JI O'W-.. fii~k:
A kfv<1O"'ult't k,-['1'>Ot-tt m<'l\0ldAAA pkkm a kO\'f'tkf'7J1 alallll:
~ T I 1t)>lli "'l dt.

-,
(15.611.0)
U(I-O.p)= A,(p).
(1;;.64)
f(T)cor.{..;{! - r) d..,...r
(I,::,.wh)
Il(l-~I"'_t'-(l-~I,/i
(1;;.63c)
j(r)<:(III ....(t-r) ...r
(1:>.611')
U(r.p): el"'''' + f}#'-'.jJ

OJ,..,...r1I ..Jr-ilr ko't U liz [WU'-i kulArill m<'Ru1d""t ..IMlliWli, l'lffl<'1y.-kn"
UI(O.p) '" I . Ulll.p) '" 0,
(1.}.6z",)
U1(O.p) = o. LW,p) '" 1 .
Uj{x,p) '"
L:
Ekkor a k"P"C"'uWt lJl"ll:oIdAM. .. hornngfon _ t Jwon ("'el..-) = 0)
t..Jui.t
.J' J>.'
-
Iwzdo.ti "' bAtM~kJ,.tiJ"'"'"l!f..lt.i-u-Jrkkd (a J .. bfiVCllCtisj "K,YiitthatO). A2. iolOkoomillAUr" ....

11 = a't Mlyrt~tI"I<t Nb.bn.utuk. U,;yMugy. mint .. (9.2.3.3.) harotndimo-nziOo< b6V1"Zl'tiol11!1l1_
.. P"'"fIf..Jti'tfo\ooko' J>f"rli8
U(O+O.p)=.40(P).
1
2.:
~ 1lf"1~...kPTl.
2. Ek vjvale ns elOilllita."",k A i15.63h) fOeRIER-int~ ..l&UlftAMllAk ma.....kvi~~AWtjAi:
u~ _a-2 ... =u... _ .. =O

~ ~ a OI'tl,(w) '" a(",)
(1;;.6&)
"inlt'( .... ) = b(",,)

.4(..:) '
(15.6&1)
"'''' ~'(.... ) '" A(",)

b(w) ,
(15.l.il:\<-)
"ill ,,( ""1'"
(15.68f)
A (", ) =
2 ( ..: )
+ 1>2(",).
(15,63)
U{ x, p) = ..to(P) Ul{.:r.p) + A I(P ) U1(x,p).

3. Vi~szat rannform'l b A vi_",trl\ll"zform,u"" " 0 < .r < 00 [vegtelen ko acg] .....tl><'" kiiliiu<i,wu
pgyl'7R"l, mf'rt pkkor :
lim U(:r.p) "" AQ(p)r -''''

,--
"nwl(o]dA.o.
(15,64)
lUlJiMl (1;;.12) lilian
r
u(.r, t) =2"j;
J' ",1<-,)
~eltp ( - "
4r ) ar ,
(1;;.ti5)
A(.... ) ,
"l"") .
A{",,)
15.
15.3.1.2. Fourler-t rnnszfoemacio es lnverz rranszformacle

I. A Fo uri er-tranuforma ciO d., finfci 6j a
A FOURIER-trl'lllfifonllN.iO l'lI;Y / IS. h .) 1L1Ak" iut<wiIJtrlU\l<Zformt.ci6. am..ly " (1:;.630) FOURlF.Rintf>grAibOl a:z
..
J..-.. .
F (...,) =
at...duuitNoi ki>pl..tck i!rv":ny",,,-,k:

F(~' ) -=-
F.(",') = 2FlJ( I p.ignl } .
<-
,.-.
( 1:>.;0)
luo.JII} par..<:
ba J (t ) iWatlAn:
O;;',il )
."-.1 l (t ) ..1"l"<ki. fr~yt FOl'MIR-lrlUllOF.fOl"lMlhAto'>n>Ll: mondjllk. hA" ( 1,j.ti9 inl#ogTAi. trhAt <'CY-'
~d impropri.... ~aL. 1tU'Zik. H... FOURIJ,:R-integrA! mlnt 1tiicIOO.""'r iml'n>f'ri'lIl mtP.lVAi
DeIIl. ~ik.lllr.kor CAUCHYfiok, f&-rti'kkklt ,"IVI_iik (1A.<O<l "\64_old.). AJ: FL.:) koipli,gWnY. ....lyet FOUR.lER lrunu/........ulnU ill tlO"W!llunk . knl"lAt,... folytonoo.. "" ,_'I - oc ~D nulliboz tart:
lim F (_) =0
(1:J.n)
"
-.
!t'- w' /( I)l dt = /
l/( tlldt <
-c.
(1:;'.73)
"&Y"nl6t~b6l_A FOURIER-tr...-fonuAlt It't..-~ F (: ) folyto~Anak ,.,... lim "",-.. F (.... ) - 0

tlllaj<\oll!ll\gnak "~'''' ft.'ili1.l... Ponw,.bbll.ll: ha "'" J(t l fiiggWny 11. ( - 0::;. x ) intervelhuuben ab-
"WIlli inlpgrAlw..t<'>. Mknr FOl:RIER' I nlllllzforllu\.ltjllIPtn. ik. ,."." ""Ito:r.o folytol\OlO lliAA\"'nyp. i't> f"IlI"
>i.ll(l5.n).
A kin:ptlU"W fiiggv(>llyek n.'t ll rOUnlEn-lrllJlI>~fomui.lhIl16k: kow;tAns fiiAAVt'nypk. t<-tR.6I"1':"" p.. rio,likus fiiggWnypk (pI. sin,., t. C'O& ".; t). b..tV>\llyfllggWllyt'k. l"'linomok. eXp<>Il"""iiJi>< fiiggv~'t,y .:k (1.1,"'" .
hipe rbolikue fiigg.....lly'k).
2. Fou ri ..r-ui n u!<zt ra nszfor m i d6 k Four]..r _koszinuszt rans zformad6
A (15.71) FOliRlt;R t r"" " d onnllri ll in\.t>grlUt.hwit ""i n'~~7r "" k"","i:n,~<;>;fiiAAv"'"yre r.. lhont"" aclMik ..
FO URIER-ffl. ""i",lI<l,, ill, kOfl'l.iuHlI1.trlUl"7,fo rn u'ld o.
I. FOllri ..rf.. l.. ninll!<ztranuformici6
F. (w) =
2.
F.f J(I)}
Fouri,r-f(>l..
F,.,)
F {/(I ) } =
VA J l' ) }
F{ J {t )} =
-Y. f J (t ) .
15.7:>01)
(15.",,)
~ ~'/{t)dt
F. (_) -
(1;;.75<cj
3. Ex pon..nci Alis Fourier- t ran"':lrormil cio

A ( 15.71) "'lA"rinli F (.,.;)-V>Li ,."..mt...n "'"
"
-.
I
F ( ~,) = 2"F{J (I )) .
(15.15b)
PAroo . ilL I"u'allan 1 (1) fiiggv~n)...krt, .. kiMotk..w ..1MI\lt"" lloli..lik:
/ ~'F(_).L: .
1F(~'11:S: /
(1:>.7",,)
F { J {t )} = F<{ J (t ) ... J (-I )} - iF.{ J (t ) - J(- r)} .

i
( 15.6'J)
J (T)d ..
lwly..ttf'5i~1 adOdik: I'Z teMr .. <Winki6 (.' EO: R). I~ .. ....u../(t) f'l"OOrti fiigRVmy ;.,. "" Iilt.. w...n
WW' kompW-x kttoka F l'.:) k"vfiiQ;vfny ktiWtl" kOv.-tmii i_...fiiggf>sT kapjulc
l et) =..!..-
J . Atszfunitflsi ko'. plet ..k Ep;y r..IOl" (15.14 ..) FUUIIl EJIrpl.. ""in""ztrlll"",forlll,vW ,;,. " (15.14h )
FOUR IER-rrw k""".iw~~ztr""",l.f"rl1lio.do.lIl..... r.,16I .. (J5.T1 ) FOURIER-h'",,,,,,,fonll''''w ko-mlt " kovetk....'O
(1:>.7b )
trlUlSZfonnN-iilt ..~~. FOURIF.Rlra.... :!""'"'""wl1..k l)l"Vr:lZiilt, r"lm411

F ( ~' ) =
(15. :7)
IF. ( - _') .
.. . T a blazato k a Fo u r ier- tra llllzrormacio6 ho:1

ERYik Ichct~nt ... 1-'>.'i5a.h.cl kpp\PtPk ..rt.-.lm<''''", F O"RIER-fNr IIZlr''-''''- ... ko.<zinUllZt~
fom.aciOho:t nine!< ""illt.~ 'I ......Wi>- IDPgf..\PI,Io,;; 1J.hliu'....tr \.,.,;y. mAo<ik J,.hctOt'gkfnt. a ronumr"",
lIl.inusz-'" koozinusztr... ~.,zf'or-nW:ii>tAhlAv<tAiOOl (15,'ii)a,h,") ~t~py,.lllZAll1itjuk ki az F (-, ) r!1AA'
....n\1. A 21.12.1. tiblazatban (laoooJ 1100. old.) .... ... 21 .12.2. t i bl hat ban (1NlfI ~ _ .
toYibI>a ~ lltggWny<'k,.., "'" expol l1ciftli,. F (_' ) trllJ...zt<>rm&ltaJunl ill tlIWhll1n uiliWAt (2 1. 12.3 .
t4b\.bat .1l 12 old.).
A '<Zimmetrik,L.~ml'ulz,"'J (I ) 1 b ltl < I" , J (t ) 0 w. ltl > t. (A.I) fi'W"'nve (15.2 1.
ihra ) lPi';""it i a FOURlF. R-int<w41 ,l<'fuudi,jlLwok f.!tiot,wlt (15b3a), Az 'V'illlta.li>k ( 1 ~,. G.;h.<:) ,w",>jAn: a (w) =
..
j .... COb ~I
dl '"
_..
..-'
SZ<'rillt J (r) "'.: ( X sin .... /" ('Oti

If
~.
"'.
+ J(r
0)
l,
kapjuk: J (t ) = J{t ... 0)
2. ern -' r. .... b(~) - .!. j_It. .. llin _./ dt = 0 (A.2), ,"I:}'Jto&y (15.l'5a)
1f
t d..: (A.J). AI. 'I,l!;ri...hdy,k fiKY'I' jnh,,vi'1pw.'pl O:>.G.1<: ) i-rt"!rl1H"'n
= ..!..1"~
2,..
_ <"L
,...,
F(w)d..J (A.4).
2
j(t)sm(,.'I),lt
ill
(15.HIl)
"
k""zinunt rall,,~fonnad6
=F, {j (t )} = J(t).~>t;(..,t)dl.
(1:>,141
].'),21. iLI"a.
15,22. "bra.
3n wlo
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
. . . .8 . . . . . .
..,
756
5.
A Fo u ripr-trRn llJ'formAd o "1'.. k t rAlis int erpreU.c iOj a
A l""'I"io<likll~ fiigJtVPny<'k FOl'Rl t:IH.or';.IlNl: ",UI.I~&j;U-a a n('m p"riodikIL~ fiiAAvi'llyt'k FOURIER-Ill 1t'graljAnl\k iI< Vl\Il pgy_nl fiziluU inl.PTJ>n,wiOjll.. Ha /LX / (1) fiiggvi'n)'Il('k li't<-zik FOURJERillt~A1jA.
allOT (1;,,(;6) ..... 0;:',(i7) "rt']m"hf." ..lOAlllth..to Iolytonosan Yl\ltozi>..: fnok\l'nri"j6. f""riooiikll"
(la.7
(l:).i!:lh )
""';"Il.'<WOI harulOUik""o-o-lRvtik '_og<'ko'nt . A I A {...) kif".tezi'" ftZ ~ ilAAzPl""ok (.,!'1"ZgNk1 AlTlplitUdO jat. ,..i ...) .... v(_'J 1'....1i, .. ffWot.nMI A<\jA nwg. A komplex ir"-,,rnOdrA Ilg)'NlPO: ..... illlnprM-4l'iO
vonRtkozik: Az I (t ) fiiuYf'ny "".1OI niMo.
,.
~ F{ ..) d.."~',
2. Ha.'<Onl.....; igi t H eol ( le p te kv i lt o zt a t ....)

II.. 0 -I 0 .... val...... ak kor
F{ /(I /a )} = Inl F(o~ l
3. El t o lAsl t ete!
II.. 0 -#- 0 vaJo..
a-u:... akkoc
,.
I
(ill. int<'l{tAljA). ahoI llZ o..--t""Qk amplitllclOjat i!I, fazi0;4I ' - P(.. ) M-
t.&rozz>I lIll"&.
.0\ F Ol"RIER-i.ntql:;rAI", FO CRIER-trlU.....fonnA,;,{:, .'at'D '1"'ktrriJl., .ntNprrW""jJo. .. fiziIW .... m,lIou.ki.ukah~ I<U'lnpoutjAool uacuD rOIlI "". A~
FI_'J 0: IFI-'I"'.... .
ill.
( I ::;. ~)
IF(..-) ..""'.
a)}
F {/ (o t
= ( l/u) e~I" F(,.J/n);
",.....ii1J-u. han'" I .... d '"
F{/(I -~)} = ...- .....F (..., ) .

Ha (I.j.s.:.h)-oo. ate crtfket a -I" ;.rti>kkrl bdy""
0;.79)
tipw-U lllfflII~k ~..
( t 5$ i)
F {/ (t
-+-
t" l} =
f' .....
itjilk. /lkkor:
"J'<'ciiol........ ha 0 = I. ,I =
Ha
F (_ ) - ::- 11("") - ib(..:)
(1:i.SI)
o.o-fllggh.. &mf'lyblila kOvrlkt-WiJliU..."k aOO<.lnu:

I. Ha I (t ) ~ ll-IU"{"uy. uk", .... F (.) '1.1I1p!.it ,,,n J>Ch lUlll p&roo.. a. f~pdl;trum pt"tlig p4ratlM
fiiggv"nr-' ""Ilail., Esen l"l'OPt>"n brim:

2. Ha I (t ).....u..", pILrolo fiiggYi"ny..Jckor IL>: F (...) <p<"ktrumvalO... ha pOOig/ (t ) vallo", p4rll.llM. AkIwr
I~/ (tj
FOl' RIER-t ran.'<1101'1IlAlh ato. ail.knr

(l.j.ljj)
..bol P- (. ) "" F (....) filggvi>ny n-tik drriv,ijtja.

6. D ifferenciaJ,;i." az e rede t i tartomAnyba n
H" "" 1 (' ) ffiggvhly" ( - .:x:. x ) int..rvaUUUlban folytonol< i... ""-'Iut llltrv,ijhati>. r.., - :x ...a'''D
IlllllAbo. tArt.wo-abh6az f (I ). r(I I. . . I" (I) Iolt..u...o..ltntt.lPriv4ltakabGOldl inI....gniJhatOk. tmat
FOURlElt-q~k.llkkorff'llnill
r:
F{ I'(t )} = i.:F{j(IJ}.. oF{

(tJ) = 1..:" F{/ (t))
( l ii .NI)
E:.rkct II. diff<"n'nrWA.~i szahAJ.yolw tWI"fl"D('~nlM.rk rncw>I<l&M.nAl If'hf't ff'lw-nAIni (Id. ,60. 01<1.).
"'" Ff..: ) ~p"ktrum kl(Uth'll.
7.
H;< a !l7jrnm.trik,,,, ~llll,,\ib,w .. vuWltk<:tZi> (A.2) erromimyt (w..J ,:;;;. 010-1. ) .. {1:>.1I1) u"IY"fItgg....b r helyPtl<"<itjiik.akknr .... F (.... ) k'l-'fUgg'~nyn'''''!!J.IF(-') 1 amplit""lo..l-'t"ktrurur;,. ..~ t kal'juk
(15.22 . ' b ra):
midtjAnAk 1ft<-zik az cliilln folywnao do-riviltja.. i> .......kfOt a
<>in ...ttI
F(...) - F [/(t ) ] = ?m(..., ) = 2-.-.-
(A.J).IF(..:)
__
it'
+ 1)2"
.t F(..:) =
d.....
krl'lrl ..egitsi'g
15 .3.1 .3 . A Fourter-transzfomraclora vonatkozo sza mo lesi szabalyok

Ah "lO"a11 a L APLACE"lrlln~form,..d(,l1id ",,"r Illl'K,j<gy'I-tI1k. mll'gl"Altram'zforma.,i6kkal
ka,......,l..t""
S'l.{ullo]A"i """blL1yokoll "" 'T1.I, -ti tllr lnmAny""n ""W.<"I,t biwlly"" m,jVf'lptpknf'k" k"l'larf,omiuly mAl<
mijvplf'lriTl' tiirt""t'l !,k{,wll.".t (rljiik. H" frlt ......ziik. bogy az I(t) '''' II g(t) fiil\J.,'V"ny Il (- 00 . 00)
lntervellnmban "h.",.u!l',t illt"l:rlL1hah'.N. k"(>f'Zni Irbf'11\Z
n.,)
= F { I{t)}
l..."
G(",) = F{ g(t)}
FOUllIultrlll'"'l.formAh ..t ...kk,.l' (.rv(ny"",k "" "lAhhj" kh....n nlC'!'10f:almawU sz"f,a lyok,
-""
:a:
aF("",) + (1G("",) .
-~
lldl<'t m<'f\h..t....o:u,i (I: - 1. 2. . ., II). "" f"llnil]

~
(15.ll'Jh)
Int.,gralful all eredet] tartou.ally ban k a P ar5O'val..fo r m uJa

Intf'griliosi tptel " " td j' '!Iii! I\Z
..
f(t)dt =O
(15.901<)
( 1 ~ ,90h)
(15,!:!:l)
2. Parseval..formula He IlZ 1(1) fiillJ:v""IY (.,. "rF.Y~AI,p" (-00, x ) illt " rv"'Jt lln h"n intpgrAlhato. ak ko<
+ 00
>""
1
(l a.91)
I/(tW dt = 2rr
1. Addfci "'~ ( Iinf'ar ita..i) te tel

B"rmdy n. ,j.vll1
+ iJg(I )}
8.
1.
mt,-.r..uu.w. akkor A:I 1(1 ) fiiAAVMIy FOl'RIER-tl">\Tl;07for-
!~!!.{e '"" I(t)] dt = ( - IJ~ !"e-""'t~ I(t )dt

0..:.
lim d'P( ,)
..-.Ie"" <1-"
(n = O. 1,2, . .) ....
F{ 0/(1)
Int...g rala.. a k pptart ominy ba n
HOI a t~ I(t ) f;iggvrny (- c:<;. :X:: }-~l a~'lt
~'to
2 I -~ill.. - l (.'\ .4 ). At. IF(...)I 1ImI'hl ' I<.......
SIl<'k!nullllak" - IUl'f"I"hnlAval Vl\l... Iorinlk ..... kl l""'tJ".u-" .. kCiVf't k...,.ii "do.lik: ..., tD = {2n
( 1:>.t<6a)
Diffen'TlCioiliis a ke p tartomanyban
F{t~/ (t)}=i-F' ~ (_') .
IF{..: l1- it' A {..., )

(l~.
)
~~ I tt ) IImpht';d<i<1"'ktn,m.r.n..k. a ..i . '). ill. to! ..: ) ~nyt pedigo I (t ) jazi....1"'"tnrt"aw.Jr,
llf"W'ZZiik_ Az F(..., ) "P"'ktnlm h. a ( IS 6:'.h.<:) ~itthatOk kc7mtt fo:-nn&ll ""
41 . akkor
r l S .~b)
F{"'- I (t)} = F(... --'I)
k,;pf\igvfnyt .... J {I ) ~.,.,...ktn"''''llAk V")' frr~prkfrrmujnak.~
(l.j.8:;"')
(l S.16b)
F(...)
4 . C5 i11a p ,tasi tHel

Ha 0 > 0
oj ;,., ..,uo".. akkor
F{
I (.. t)) = (t/a) F(( . ' - ::1)/0).
~.
-t... akkor
(J5,KI)
-.f
f 1F("')I~.Li
9.
K On\"OJuc i6
A,
(15.92)
i:aoldtJ, i:Qflt><>lticlti .. ( - oc. ~) lI,tPrv>Il]'lI11"" vonatk<w.ik. h; a:u," f..!tpvPs Illf'U..tr \fotf'?;ik. bogy Ill; / , (/ )
k .... /1 (/ ) fiiAAvi'l')" ."'.~li't int.cgrAl!l>lIO>l t- X ,.:xl) intervallurnben. Ha 1 < 0 ."..tkt h(t ) Ill. h (t ) p.
l111l1!1Yl\l..gy<:,nM. alr.k"r ( 1':'.921.1.>1. 0<7
{f
h it ) * h (/ )
/ 1(T)h(t - T)dT
o"
M t
2: O.
1.;.24... br".
(15 93)
..
M 1<0
A ~ol<W..i k"nv"hk.o fOIRIERtrllll'l1:f'lTlI\AlljArA
F(..!) = F{ /(I)} =
" LAPLACElr>Il\,.zforlI1N:'iOrA voWllkoli> Ul<.ll:r.~
Id a ti-t<-llcl ~ f<'llwill
F{JLlI) h (/ ) = F{ h(t )) -T{ 12(1)) .
Mt........ hogy~
:x-. -x\
A ibJJllAZhAti> 0
~liwl ~(/)
t<Mi.hbit.
Ezzel
r
J-lo
L~X. / (1')/(1 -
/(1 _ 1')d1' -
~2t", 'S I '50.,.,..1i'II Vo(l) =
an~ mMon 0 <
J_.
dT = t
I ::; 21Q ,-,;'n \V{I) =
r
J,_..
-I - 2r.. I,,, 0 < I::; 2t".

b.. tl>2t u .
d1' = -I + 2t",. (A.4)
o.-...fORWVlI..
t., 1(",
p koml'lrx. p =
i.e
r ~
WlU.
":r. ,,",,"'11 fiil:ll:v"ny "I"U'IJllt.':lb,i lart<>llIAnp.:
o. ;;')-
m'll:'
.. ht5Y_hoi ~","lrt .
tI\rtaI,,,,,,, kcz<"-t, 1'1"'
A rlifff'l"t',lf"1/lIA:;i 1i",,1 w-u]m;u lu-ukti forU'k....
k.'
A LAru.cE-i"tl'grAl konV<'fll:Mll'"ia.jAt az
f! ..
Ii--
nvrx6lml.ooli'ja.
."'~ "'l!YOlrl.ui konvoli,,-i<'>nI. aikA1rnJu;hati>.
15.3 .1 .4 . S pecia lis fiiUIr'e ny('k kepfiiAAv i>ll)'ei

f'W'''
lull' ......
A ' Md)"ik ki'pfiiF'.R'-{lly tart,,~i k ""./(1)

\,;'11<'.
(A.:;)
4,in; t.J (A.ti). IU. 1(1) f'il'J,'Vi'uyallll'litl,do-l','ktnllllAm

1
sin
IF(...')I '"
..
IF (....)I' = /iIl ",' I" . (A.7)
..
_. 1"-"/(IJIb
21-0' (A.3)
A FOUR I ERlrl1ll~funll,..llr.. " ""imm.. trik,,~ ni'jI:Y~7.i>gimplllz,,~ra vo"..t k""., ,.,...:.11> [...1,1" (A.I) ki~,l...
ti'""l (7:;;;. 01<1.. 15.21. abra ) w.t k.'I,jllk. IIl'RY '1'(,,-,) = F{ ..,(I)} = F { /(t) I(I)} _ F(w) I '*'
21
P(P)'" C{/(I) p}
K ct ..ltniluli thrl
ti-kPkM.
.\ fOt'RI ERinl~iol konveTfl:I"rK.aja """" 1 (1)tOt fiiu.
A k"'okWi kom",lil<"'iOr;" alkalIIlllZhAlt'>.
"") _ n,
](,ei"r"" k(,vrlk(7~; ",ti.. hk (U.23. abca ) '

II.. -2t..<I<O.
1 + 2t"
wIt) = 1(1) * fit) =
t>.l.';'renc .
pl."blll~nl"t,
1')dT (A.I) kPto1oWi konvoluci6ja.
["
}l\Il
.0\ rlilfrn'l>ciAlaMTktf'1 nem
[Olo
, .. f(1' Jd,.- (A.l). 1IUTt1< - 2t1l Po t > 21Q ......ten
'/(tJIb
to oly><ll dJl!'"
.
llleU"l< IIIl"l'l'
oIdAAAr.... aIlK'l}'<'k .'zzd... kPtoltWi i-rto-'ht~ uIoLWu'''-lUDf'l .....k l":r.l"Il ~iPrtrlIIl<"7k IN
tartoIDlinny.d kapooialos I-'rOOl"miJc;,., inuUr. Ie. tlllllAllUylli bI~Qo l'rubio'mapt imak .... pl.
inU'gJ'lil k-tl'Zik. ""'Yi, .. ki>! fUgvfuy e.. u~'It:o.<"" in~tO ( - :xl. xrbcn.
Kw.Amit.An<!ll ....lummptriku. ~1..L.<)r;illlJ>ulz.. (A ,I) ~~";""k(Ia.od ,;:.:;. old.)imn~...J_U
I I) = / (t ) / (1) =
F-....
(15.9.:;)
L" PU.CE-tr"ll>IZfor-nli<'>
.: ..,00,.. 6z.ilWiAgPrtPlID<"ZhctO. pl.

frcllVf'lriak"nt.
fy ..!toliosi ti'tPl \'11.I1.
o\:r.........t.-ti fiigglleny Prt"IIJl<'7N; tartowAllY"
(15 .J..t )
f Ih(t) ~ 1b
..1
-.
FOt RIF.Jt-trnIll'zfonIl8cW>
~ itmmlolc''; adOolik EI1~]f"ll:_ l"" kCtoI<Wi Iwnvolilrii>nak f'g)' sr-Wi., __t.,>. Mil" fOl'RIERtnuw.!"rlll".-":lI' kitokWi ..Jcl~ a LAPI.ACE-tr"""'.formaciO"" "1O"'klali konvnl kiOt h-l;nAIja.
I'("li~ ""t. huKY
....1
10 . A F Ol,ci.. c_ "" " Le place-tra nszformacic Ossze hllson li tasa

A FOURIER '''' " LAI"LACEtr"lU.z f"l'IuAdb kiiz;;l l "wr"" Iml'"solat va", am; ahhol ",U..!ik. huKY Il
FOU R I ERlrl\ll~"fonll"':i",,, LAI"LACE-trllIlS'l.foru,Adb"ak "p = i", hcl}",tu-.. il""""1 "I<';.-,UO ~J>< ,,'iAJi"
,,,,,'k EhM I k(>v...,k,~ik. huKY uuuck-n FOI:R IER-trll""",forlIlaIh"to fii~('ny LAP LACE-l rlll"''lJ uru liu '
I,ato i>I. vilwml" m'Kf""llt.... "'I fIt) fiiKKV'lly.kllCk .-saIt "10' ki>o<,hb kilr/'H' ig"" , A 15.2. Ublllz.. tl>ll.lI
=" . '1. fltoa > 0 (A. 11 "rt~lt-ti rUggv;'n~h.,.~ ? f igyPlem lH.
hogy III = -I h.. f < 0 """ III = t "" 1
e-{" -~dl +
_A
0'<
e-( ...... lIdl
f!-( .. -a~
I..:-U
"h\'l'l le-aA l :::; .,_,\jl.a Ps Rpa > 0..... A _
>
O. (15,71) ....gitNi'jt,.....1 kal'jllk:

.,_'''-UII\+A
-I '" ..(........ \..1
._ _
_.
L...'+""
\0,.'
_A
0(. ......
..
j-," ,,- ;"'--1'
J - ..- :.......1,\
dt =
(A ,2).
""'+U
t l""" liou ,.ik " C"UC Hyf;.j .. fOfrti' k !l>lwerli' kP. (1~'
'"
hogy F( .. ) = F { .. _al'l } = -,--~ (A ,:.!).

a +~.
B : Molyik k~pfiiggllfony lartm ik 101./(1) := ,,-- . R,'" > 0 ..,,~ l'li ftlggvenyh...,.'! A fiig,g""lly nem
FO Ulll~:H-tran~"formAlh nto.l1l('Cl A _ oc ''''''I/'n nilln, hatAr"rI."k,
C: Kpff'S"n<loa
I
ha - 210 < 1 < 0 ,
-I h,, 0<1< 2to.
(
;(1)=
ha l'I >2r "
rc.u
hiJ"J]{,ris IlfogyS?i\gimpulzllS (If. 2t . lo.br6) f'OUR1Efttrhlll.d"nllAltj ... >lhola ",,(I} f;jggw,ny >I~ " nipo-
15.:1. FMm ..r.tmn.ozfonntirw
760
(1;' .96rl)
Jari.~ n"lO'"".o,;imr" lzll~ i:;:,. ol,Won ,.z,.rp l,l<5 pfldlijilh..,J.l (A.l) alJt.tt IIl"I':"dott cgyl'lll"t ""glt.""'g........1
ff'jcr.<>mM ki. FpnnAl I ..i t) - 1 (1 + t Q ) - I (t - t u) (C .2). FOURIER-tra"szformac;oV>L! ( I :;. ~.} h . t::;.K>c)
t'rtplmi>lM'n ...-lMik 4>(.... ) F{ .,,(t ) I : t ..... .. F ( ,) - ..-"'''F (.: ) , (C.3) abonnnn (AI) """,riUI kOvrt.
2 5in~tosin2 t"
k"",ik
(00.. .. - p -.... . . ) - - , , - - - (C .4).
<x..:}"
D : Csill...p ilolt 1'"'''1:'''' 1u:l'f~"... ,
I (t)
( ...-<UlII ~""
.,l_u... 11 kom pk-x f,1~ny FOl:RJEII lrl\l1M'l.f"rmaltj""
w.wo=u.lr.lDCl':.
FOl:RJEIl-tI'lllll'Uorlll.... iOvtIJ bpJ uk : F { ,. (I) } = [
..- ,.,1-
........ ~ ..-_II
<> ..- 1( .....
,'"
_'j .
!.
."'"}
y(I ) =F .,P -(_)}=}"., {2.'((1
+ i..:)
-
~t IO:t.
11"
+'" ... .
e
Mil ..;1 0
. (a+iw)
tL'
.
WoI <O .
W. I ~ O fiig;....,l\ irja It-. A ,..dmolao I."R",,,,,..niloite.oe .... ljAhc'>l ~ ' (1) '"
A U.25 ... abr;in fp]tiintf'1<>t! NIillapitolt
761
,:;
..
1(..
....)
0'" i('-'!o - ~.)
a" ... (_
-.)2
)1
tcha.t f(t ) :
dt = [
R., U "{tJ) .
..1-" .'''-_ II' <it
W)
...
.A~ oomcnva:zF{J(l n "" ::,--,-;"=c-:"

2..-
(. - -
jl
( 1 5. 25. b abra) LORE.'in-filr ~ BREIT W IGNER-f,;lr giirbc (ta..d ~ 97 . olcI.). LAt.... tjllk. hoY
idOt..r1.otu.inrlwh nod1\pitc>!t ~k II f!f'kW'fl("iAtartowanyb..Ii "K\"IJ..n ........... f..lPlmoog.
tt<,j
~a [i - , .....,]
{ ~ { .. ---.o('-"I ~ .. -wt'."J
hA - 00 .!l6f) fi1ggvPnyt a 15 .26 . ' b ra ..... ~lwtl.
15 .3.2. 2. Parc iii.lis differ e ncialcgyeuletek

I.
A lt ala n O!l t>ljaras
EY paccW1sdiff~uJ<ot
~wv... q..w.b kk ~ fiigp'1I)"P: u = ..(z. ~): ~1iVP\ a Fol'~

ltlER-tcan:<dOl'lllMiil "lO"Vl\Jto-liJA int ~.w.t tartallllll2. 1\ mJioIik viltmht lransdornWa>-,liIl kon.~tAn.o.
nak ko.-U ""kint.-ni_ Aa pfidiwI .. I IDPnn~-i...;r;(1. ~ l.f'It Dll'k ""'-tjukkazz ",""lwl v.i.llal6oAk.a.kkor:
F{u (z.t )}
"'- " -U(Z.r) dT = U(z ...)
A dfo1"iviltak tran.~z!o~ i~ lIZrgyik vAltmi>. a ft'1,li ........ J-wo.n T. ~tctt ma.-ad. ,..-hAt
a>: """,k-ti
row.pny pIll'riiili..- derivAlIjail ICanllZ[orll.a1J"k:
-I
F {
. j
"j
st"KltM-ge\"e!
A FOURIERlr.. n....fnrmhri..m M II. LAPlACIHr/UUlZformhriOh<lZ ha....,nl6lLn fontOf' A/Wn....wi trrt11... t."ditf... r... nciiJ"SY"nl... t ...k m"l(olrlAM. n... rt PZt'k I\Z pgyt.lu.. , ...k az emltteu tr"w,-,.;formA.:ihk r{-vfn "KY'
",,=,1 "lakot i>1t...n..k. Kii?iin....g<'tI difJ'r "",W'1Q""lll.1.lk ......tPll A/gt>hrlli <>g)-pn],t...k. J"'I"ciAli~ .liff'reuci,
iJ"K,wnlctck ''f;('th, k,m:iruoi'~'" <lilf..r,,"ciAlpgy..nl..u-k 1Il1n>llr. pl<'l.
15.3 .2 .1. Kih: on sigNl diffC>Tt>uciAIc>gyf>n!etek

A,
I
f(I) = ( 0
he ItI < t<.,

h" Itl?:t~,
,liff,nJl,i"lq()"nl.ld.I\I",,lY),"1l fU)" 15 .2 1. Ah r/m felnlnt.. tett

F{ y(t)} -= F(w)
FOU RIER-l.nm~7.formAdo IL7.
iw )'+Il }, ,,,2~inwto
(i...:)"'F { "( 1'. t )}
f;i~",eny. "'-
(1;'.9."-)
AZ l' __ riut i
tiPliv4ltakl'oi ki kell koeni. hog}' C". ... k a roc-
RIER-trlLIlSZfonniciOv..:J f..!oo<'n"Ih..l6k,
F{ Ou(z.t l }
ax
15.3 .2. Diffe renc ia !f'KYtoll l~1 e k mcgoldese Fourier- tran,,:dormfu::i6
..h"l
A LAPlACE-tllWllZfonniociOkh<.-t;r: baMmJo..n
1;',26. "hrlL
y'(I)+lly(l) "' / (t )
iJI",)~Z.I)}
=!....
"(1"./1] -= ~U(z.w) .
ar
or
(1:>.99)
Igy .. k..l'lArtomanyl.....' kOzOn""t!..... ditfcr,'tLuiol"8Y'"nl.. t .. 1. kapunk. -\ k""";pti "" 1"'f{IUfelt{>t...lrkt~ ,.zint en .. ki'ptartomanyl... k,.11 tr""""fonnAlni.
2. A homog., n kozegre ~onatkoz6 egy d i m .. nz i..... huUalnt>lO't>n lt>t m .. goldasa
1. A feladat m<>gfoga lmaziwl A homojtiu kO~~jtl" VOIUI.l.k01.....11Uu.. UlvamUlgi'. PR..vdi lllPlI7.iOt.- h ul
lAmpgyml"t .. kOwtkezli,
u .. -Uu=O.
(1::'. 100a)
A (9.23.2.) hgromdimenzios ImUiull<,gypnkth<"T. (:>-14. "Id, 1 hal.onl""'n . ( 15 100a) [,; hil"'rholikul' tiP''''1
I""'<,ialis diff"I-"llrifdegypnld. T"lO'iik f,-I, hogy It7.
,,(;r.O) = f(x ) [ c-oo c v x cc }, u, (J ,O) _g(z) (0:5 '< 00)
(15,1001,)
k,..;.cl<1.; fdtitd...k md l<'tt .. f"uti CAUCHY'I>robU'llll' k"r"'kt kitl1zi,><,l, I,.]U\I. mPjl,,,dhato "gy.,'lO' fiiggvi'ny,~,ztillr, <Ullclyb,'" a fcl....lat.nak vall. ill,t.... ,!\y{ort.hHli<'U VIUL ""'S"ld""". tov"bllli .. megolcla.. valenulyen konv"c/,;" n" ia ht..lmHwn folytoll"""" fiili\lt" kiin<la!l'",i ",1at<,kti>L
2.
1\7.
Fo urier.transzfo rmlioc io Meg" ltl"" c~lj",I":)1 FOUR I ER-hlUj~zf"rm,;,ciotv;:'gzlink

icliikoordi",itii.t t ..killtjiik k"ll"t,,"~nak:
F{ n(x.t)}
U(w.t)
,w.erint, tehAt
( 1;'.lO l a)
76[
Jar;
fej,
I'rt.
f
,<Fo
/5..1. Z-Ir""..zjorm"w;
[on"u
. ~
-PU{,.: .I )
(l..') U (_',t ) _ ~ _ 0.
I 1;;.101,,)
'
Abol
F{ u(r, O)} _ (/ {.."0) '" TU (r)} = F(_') .

F { u,(r . 0) I = {!'(,.:,O) = F{ q{r )} = G(..: ).
(1;;.IOl r )
(1;;, Wid )
~.1(; + t " = O.
(15.101<')
Az I'Tf'fh,.rny A t"'.., UJ T" v{Jt .m\nak t<-kill'Pll<!<; I iJOkoordin.iWl'l vonatko<ti>... Vpfiiw"IlY": YlUt<>zi>jill J"'IlUuM...rkpnt 1.AI1.allllAZO~""dilf~f\lM..
URn v.n...rt. A1lAnOt> "1O';\U!lI.ln j,i <lllf"rn><'~1ct aJ.WAri08 m"Kul<liwo
V (_ .I ) C,f' w, . C~ - ...,
(I;;.l\J2J\1
U (_' ,O)
C, ... C~ _F(_) .
U' (_'.O) =i..C,-i..; C1=G(", j
(1;'.1021
kr2<w.t iftoltiWlrk~t . i-voI.. C ,.Cllwl...~~ti>lI;:
C, =
! .F (....) + }-Cl_') ] c, =
2' ) . . , '
_,I :F{_' ) - ;"C(_-l ]
_M
0'
15
( 1;;.102<1)
F {/ (ar + bl l - i lfl
..- wF(-'la ) .
1I::',10-)"'}
rltoou.l li'~lt fo-lI~lJi . "'IOUUAP (a = 1 "'" /) = I IM-lyctto'sit"-'l )
EhhOllU
{I
f l' )" }
F I .. - "' F( .:) = ! (r - t )
lI:>IOJh )
~ ':FI"'
LUlt'gral/u.i l'ZAMly Nb.lll~""''''''' l'
F - ' {tG(...)...., } =
jr
11>'"""
...
I = : h..ly<'tu...iu-el
'{ G(..I).<...,} d1' =
j
- x
_>0
AF
~"
< ee) fllggVi'uy{,rti'kPt ........k ,Iiori,lu+t t. '"' nTI (n ~ 0.1. 2, ... : T > 0 )
lU)!;ulIl"ntnmokn. ialllt!fjiilt. akkor .... VC'Z.ctjiilt all f (nn = f.
.... {f.} """fO'Mtot. Ilym ho.!yz.et >iJ.l ..10
pl.. lIZ ek-ktroto><tmikiU.>au.Illl,ikor ~ Itt) fUggvm.y ~rWkPi
M1"dilWr.ri'!. t. id6pontoltb..nmintAt ......muk, Az almu ol
gp.kr"" /ipQ<J./Uggr"'nr .II1..kjAbau tOrWnik ( 15 .27. Abra).
Al. (f .orout H " nuUt ~t ..rgUffif'lItumokra crtcllIlf'7.rtt f (nn fiigvf'nY .m<"j~ di,ukritfiifgt>in,nek l1lOlJdunk. ~ c ltvi"'"""'- Az {f.} ~ti>l n - ;x;, CIIClion 1OPIJlmifi'k Koowrvnciat nruI kOwUohlllk meR
T IT 3T
1:1.27. abr&.
I.
9(1' + f)d1';-
1 r-lt ) +z!(r-t)+
1
,,(r,t ) -z!(
15.4 . Zvtrenszformacio
g(:)d:
A1;
{ f. ) llOI'O'U<thm ~ljuk/l2.
. (')"
~
F(: ) ;- ~!.
(15.105 )
viogtd.-ll >IOl1 es /l2.

F (: );- 2{f.}
(I::i_106)
;"\O",,,t alka1maz:l.ult. HII f'!l. II toOr vN.a.1nrly NT lwuV'l't'gt"l<~. akknr lIZ {f. } IIOI'OUItot """" z-b.-n Ztmtu40fTJ1.tiJhaJ.tjruolt mondjllk. (f.} -re 1IZ t'7T'tlrh om u:ol. F (: )r,," up~,..In,,,,",,,,t basznAljult.
Itl : koml'h v8ltozQ. F(: ) ~ komp
nwk,1 fflqV'hly.
f. = 1 (n = 0.1.2. ...). A rn.-gf"lr1ll 1..J..u""r
(I)"
g (: )d:
- 0<
(15.107)
;-
l Iz hany...oo..u mi'l"W1i !lOr. IImdy I ~I

z < l..,...u.n konvrrltru.'<'" <-z.-g" F ( : )
1;1 > I. akltor w''Prg''llII. Tchat
at.
{ I) !lOf07.Ilot
(l ::i.l ().l)
A 1"'llUi.,.~ptl"," ("." t ..... tmik"lo"lI11lt'gkmollhii~ t,.t(itl k folyto l100' Ps rlis/.kro:t r" IY" llll\l.o kat , Mill:" rol)'to..
n..... r"lwulllI.l,ok kii/.ilI",,""I ,hffl'l',uriflkjlJo.IlI..ttd ldIN leirni. ",ddill/\ d iw"k!i,t folY/\Il1/\tok Kl",kr>Ul ,li!!,.,,,,,,,in"9Y"nld n- W.I.ltIH'k. DiffpwnriAlr'lO"'nl,.t.k uu-gcld..." ",,, kiilo"o...'ll " roumsn- k .. L"r LACEtrm.~1.f"rm".-i6 ,.JkalmlUl." ,hff'"'lLd""!O',"l..t,,k "'''Kold",-<ft.rll. vis/.ont mA.~, Il",!;ff'lf'Ul "1'f'Tlitu rmi " l><l.l'-
-=--,""
t- l
1;1 < 1 .....lfn. Vl\g)'i>o II :_Mik"akII 1: 1
pnlLg
1 <1O,.>gkoron
kivuj f" kv6 poutjaiban Z-trllllbrlormiU.bllti>.

2. Tu lajdouslogok ~liv e11IZ F(:) ki'l'fiiAAV'"uy (1:>. W::i) lOl'~'rLut at. 11 z kcmpl ..>; valtmil hlltvilnY"'ir".
II kOllll'l..>; ,'l\Il<Y/iloi hll.tv&."y"'>Tok tulll.jrlnllAAg.uhi,1 (lA....-I71 ti, nld.) Io.l'ju k;
.. ) H.. az {f.} ""rOO'A t Z-tr"l1,dorm.4Jhllti>. akkn r VII.l' "Iyllll val.... lI7~lll. h"lO''' (15 105) flOr 1:1.> 11R
.....ot.!l "I,.;oolut kOIlvcrW"lIl .... 1:1 < lIn .",,t{'u diverg..ns. A 1:-1 ~ l IRa > I/ R (,ruhkre" llOr
Ill"'ll; ..!O'....l..l.--n kOllVl'rg<'n" ik. Al. R ",.iI.ln 11 (1:>. l lN) h",l,vfl!lyllOr 11. v,utoz<'>r", voIlatkm\o konwr
ll',l<;i..... ugar... Ha ",.,r minden 1:1 > ().r" kUI1VrrKf'''''. I\.kknr 1ll.'KalJ..I"..J.... "'/-<'rint R = 00. N..m Z
tr..nk~forIlJalhll.tO sorozat ."..I."n II.7.t II1011dj,,k, hogy R = O.
b ) HIl. Il." {I"} sorozet 1:1> 11R ''I\I'w n Ztrll ",.,..formAlhlll,n. lIkkor" hozza tartOl'.o F(.) ki,pfiif:/l;vi,ny
ItI > lIn ''Sf'wn I\nll.!it ik,,", .... ..gy,j nlll n (f.) '1tVl'tl<'lI kI" pfiilUlvflly". A m"Kfor<!lta.., He F (: ) "
ItI > II R tartnlllAnyhl\n lU,alitLk,,"k z = 00 ,,,,,,t/'IL ito T<'ll:ulAril< fiiggvo'ny, "kkor F (: )-bC'l taiAlhato
[>Ollto''''ll ''10' {/~} cn..I,>ti ""rOO'.<\t. Itt F( :) : = ool,,!i l'f'gul...-LI.J\M .....t j<,lcnti. hogy F (: ) (15.105)
..lll.k'i bal"';'nY!j(,rba. f..jtb..
f"Ullllll F("", ) .,. fo .
15 .:
Az
Ered..t i !IOI"Out;'" kepmgg~,"'tlY
F(t) =~
(l:>.IOJc)
'eg:
roo
.i<'1OI6ot .... ~flk
V.....lJltrllnufonnill.... It. "Ii ~h<-n ~ F \...) f1~y v;"''<UltflU_f''rIIIAlAMr", ""1-
" di
<iifff'
15.4 .1.1 . Di szkre t fiig1;"'e n)'ek

Ha qy f(l ) (0 ~
1-.'
F - 1{ ..... ' F(...)} _ !( r .-- I) .
-I
15 .4.1. A Z-transzfor tm\cio tulaj dons....ga l
15.4. 1.2 . A Z-t ra nszfo r m a cio defi nlcieja
U{_-,I ) _ _,II F( ....) .. ,.!..Cl..:) .."" + _,1 r F I_') - ;"C (..:) }e-""
3.
....k I",-,[""k kifejl... ~t""rr. Utilhhil\k kii-"iill.w,...mf'rt..bb .. dL.<Uri>t halm ....'01l vrtt par..lll.>t<>r.... Llltl'g
r>iJ ki'nt i~ r..lfogil>lti> Z-trI\lWlform,""w. I\,[,,<'ly ..,..oml< Io.IM">lOt..tlllUl All II LAPLAcEtran..'lZfonnaci6vlll.
{IS.I02<:}
s..'
"I~k"llt kapjllk :
763
762
t"' ' '
15.4. Z-trn""4on"4cw
764
H.. Uoriort .. k-tlot..l..k A LAI'LACI;tr..,,"'furlll....iO Hl'fiiAAvi'nyhl"k \ultAri-rti'k-111\>1. jdUlWog>U lJ"t

II. kovctkrzO hali\:r;.rti>k -tpl.t>!ok erv;'ny_k:
a ) H" F ( ~ ) >:0 z{/. } \t't"Lik, ak kur
3.
na..o.oo..n (( 15.7h). ~ . old .), a ZtrlLUllduUlIAciOra

fo ",,}~ F (z) .
It!
Z'
~tivd
( : - I} F(:) ( 15. 109)
(1". 110)
.-."" '{
h -lim
101.
lim
I}
F (: ) -Jo- /I-
A ~ J. IortMwt
liwrik.
mf'rt ..
(1:;, 112)
(t - I )F( z)
AOllbtw
ooe.k Ukor Irbrt (1:' .112)-bI'il IDI'g~i. hA t udj uk. bogy .. hlol.Virti-k
wntllll lltM TtMI\ lDO'S!ordi thatll.
f . = (-W (n "" 0.1.2. . ). lun<-n ko.....th!zik Z {J..)
-=-.. .
: ... 1
.~l""
z+ l
A Z-tTlU18Zf<Jl"tnAciO ILlbJInA711Mhoz fnntof; tudni. hngy lIZ <'ff'd<'1:i ....T'07Atnkon ~;,p.Mt him n)'Oll mil...."'t<'k mikmt tiikri'wMr...k vilolozA A IuIpfiigvmy.. k", VOllAtknm m<'gfPlplO muvrl.. t<>ki>rn . .... lll.-g{urdll'....
A tovlilibWr.'-:J iPgyf'U F(: ) :r. Z{fe} ha 1:1 > 1/ R.
1.
E I 'ol li.~ (I r8.n~z1ilcio)
...hoI m"ll:o\ll.. pod.v. II1R1'inl

2.
( 15 .118)
Z{fe ~~} =zF( : )

/._~
MA...ooik pltol bi ' />1..1:
u s.n a)
(1)= 0. 1. 2. . ) .
= 0 h.. n - k < O.
amd.y....k k-adik eleme '"
(15.119 )
"lzl >
6.
_hi. uwihbi. Z {g,.} = G(z ) Z-uanszror(1::'. 120)
(~ ..!..)
i-rtekrkre. A ( 15 .120) o.-ff~ Z-tr&llll1formilcilt knattOllkiOtrtdill..Jt

R 1 R1
Ejz . kk batvium.or !<tOrziuoar.. OJlAtk<Wil-"'lynak kid lIl"1:.
mAX
A k"pfiiggv"ny diff"' ....ncialiN

dF ( : )
Z{/....~} _
[F(: ) -
~ I~ (~)~]
j,.
(15.121)
0::'.121 ) imtetdt alkaItnaza,.a..."J F (: ) ~ ......h t.l't'od d dmvilltjai islllf't:hAtArozbatOk.

7. A kepfiiggvimy int egra liN
Az I. = 0 f..ltctcllcl fennil.ll
(15 .122 )
altol az illt<-grAcic... (,t barulPly... konv..rg<'oc;,.l.. ltun~uylxli, ()O-bf'

.. o.hi>l kiindulo... a-u 8,tmPllo f..lf'lO"'Il.... :-1... clt"I .......
tart" folytonOfl KOrbE- "'hPl. ""Id...ul
15.4.1.4 . Kapcsolat a Laplace- t.ranszforma cloval

(,1, = 1. 2.
,)
{15. 114}
(15. 115)
H.. Il>'. I(t) di!<Z kret fiiggvl-nyt (l......l 763, ol.-i,ll{'I'<nfii,ll;KVpnynektf'kintjiik az

I (t) = l (nT) = 1ft
hll nT:S I c (" + I ) T (n ,. 0, 1. 2. . . ; T > 0)
(1:>.123 )
,1"fillkibvlI.l.l\kkor ,rre .. ~ZIIAA...;,onkpnl kL>l"'t..u" f,lAAVf.UYU a1kA.lmN'.hlltl>" L ""L AcE-t rNl RZ fonnario
(I"-"'li38. old. ) &. T = I ,.....ten kApjllk:
C{J (t n '" F(p) =
f. "/"'/.,, -,, t ift e-' - e-In.l~ =.!...::..:.: f: /.,1' -"".

dt
.....o ft
3.
A
IIOC"OZl\tot htjiik.
,lIIr('- i~ hMrlllolMt.
E I..a ",lt o lhi IH ..I:
Z{n/. } =-l~
15.4 .1 .3 . Szamo!Asi sza hAlyo k
M~-gkiiJOIlIXrtt<'tiink
Izl > I~. akk ul'
H". Z{J.I = Ft : ) Z-tnw,.zfonnit.lt ~k IAI > 1/ R t

mAlt Irtn;ik \ll > I I R1 ......u>n."",,,r
ZH/. } {g..}} = F (: )G(: }
lI(-V=ZiiJr..
lim (.: -I l ' - _ O. bolott
~(- n-m'm~_
1.
U't8WWogf'S kompl..x!lZ8m ....
: L I.,,-..
( 1:;. 111)
.-, ...
J. = lim
CsiliapitAs
H... A i- 0
(15 .117)
.-,
e :L (:- I ) --- tj,,~/o
5 . KODVOliIc>o
Kk 'lOroZIlt. {foOt ..... {g,.) iontool....'OjAn Il1JDtI {I. ) (g,..
19y &l. F (z ) kel'fUuveu ylXila '"llti ...-wtl<k1. kOvPt ..... 1Jlf"g toojuk ha t&rwai a:< {I.) ...rorti ""'oaawt,
b) H" lim f. ~k. ..Jew
.-"-
4.
Z{A"J.} ~ F
"Orok iIo Dyildn vU6au Z- t~formi.ltU: . " (1;;.101:l] ~I aoal6p; modo n """jill<:
~~ Z {F{z ) -
tram;zfonnaItjair.. telj....ulnek .. ko....tk"'dl O-'Z"fiigg....,k:

Z{j"j.,)
(: - I )F (: ) - :/0.
Z {j"l I.}
(: _1 )l F (: ) - :(: - 1)/ 0 - : j,,/o .
..
{F(z)- /. - h!Z } "" 11 '" f,!t+:J.~

+.
-2
II :
di1f~
(1:;,IOS)
&kAc" yuu..l.l l~l,... n . ..kil:r t'1.~:ulI.'8."" roMon tanhat cc -hea,

1
1
Z {F(: )-/o} h"' h; ... "~
76 5
n-o
(15.124)
P...,
A (15,124) I\llltti vf-gtcl'l1'.,Jrt ,J~.:krt't LAPLACE I"""' 4 " ",uk i6 nak iI! hf"juk .... l\ V jpl1pl jPliiljiik :
Dilfe r pn ci a kl>p z(.!

(m= 1. 2... . : j,,/n ~/. )
OJ. Uti)
V U (t )} = V {Jn} =
:L 1,,"-" "
"~
(1::'. 125)
15.<1. Z lmn,"'I"n",ici6
766
();" 125)-1>,,""" ~ "L<>1l/lyioi'll:''t a-vel }...!yru....it.... D { f. }-b6I. cgy Z ookkcnO natvAlly.u """nnl l...wl"
".,.., \110'0
#11 LAUREST . " .' !<'fl:I: (1Mo1 711!. old.). Ax eP == :;: belyMl.<'sH.e-, I. ...lIIcly .. Z-tnu...;durlllArio pln<>W7 1wz v....""'..tt, ( 1;j.12~)-hl>1 v;.giil ...kOVl-t k""",n....z.,fiiu""t kapjnk 1..~fiiwhlY"k LAP-
pF(P) =
Z- tr'\I\.~fonnAltjll
LACF-ITlUl,qJorrnAltj ......
(1-
F(z),
kowtt:
(1;j,IZtia)
il .
p{j(t}} '"
(1 - DZ{j.}.
767
ha z - O.
(15.126b)
hll Z _ 0.
19y a Ztnwoal"onnlw-iOra VOlIIl1korW JIH'!f..l..U-k (1A.od 21 .13. tablaut . 1113. oI<l.) ~"nY"k
LAPLACE-trllllllZforlllAri6jAr.VOlIal knzO mrgf,ol..lo'ow-kI'1' (liwt 21.11. tablUat . 1094. ok!.) "".Am;thAtJ>k
tU..... Jm"gforditVl\.-
15."'.1.5 . A Ztranszrormaci6 invertAIa..a

Alrt~in~.rOvlrioon~~fortnilM.aztjel
..mi.bogymoogarlottF(z)k.,...f>-IU
vionybez krl1'Mllk .. hoaA tNtazl>. ~"'ml1Pn ~tt fl.} f't'l'dfoti ""l'W.Atot.
r l {F(: lI
J..lOIi-oI.
= fl.}
(1::;.127)
."- vilNal.r~<XIlliLW .. ki"00uf"'" ~..k VlI.1.l.Il.lI.k.
I . T llblb.at h Mznalllt H.. AI F( z) fiigvfny a ~baD "xplirit m<'><lon llf'm........"..J, IJW'Q>tObAI-.unoUoo, -tJ,Jyok .lkalmuk-va1 olya.u ~n~b61 rI64llfwli. AmI"ty.,k a 21 .13 . UblUatban w 4 l ~ .
A (1;;'.I2:!I)-ha.o _rrplO fAhorialioouk li:Yf'lrmb.. m.,J;.vool..todik I.. It [t : b.

4. A hatarn-tek-ti1...k-"(Wod 7u.1.okl )he" LHosprrAL.Z4b<il.- (u..d~. okI.) al~""'kapj"lr.:
I.
batjuk ilt..lAkilMookbi(,0 a
2. F ( : ) LAUREST-,,;lra A {IS. 1M ) drfuUci6 alapj&n a viN<:atIaD><l.fonn8laoo~D:o'" rQgtA>1I Mibdik. ha ... F(z) ~IlY I / z _Tinti ,.On.jtM i..,un1 ~ ~ t i L
3. F ( .;) Tayk>r-,,;lra Mivel F (;) ..:rihlI.ll z DO.....kv6 kit.>v6j" baniln)&j&l1nAi:. (IS. lOS) miatt
. F(DI...
(1:-'.128)
(n"'0.1.2... ).
2)(:
1)2 . AIWlluwuldO I< f"lIli no'&.v mOd..,.!".
1. Az F( z )/ z f,iggvi>ny r<-l.Qr1...kre bouta..Avai (1Nwl I::'. old.) Oly&ll ffiggv"uy<>ko-t \c,.punk. a""'l .....k
!lZ"I"1'p"lIwk a 21. 13 . tab laza than
(z
_ ~+_B_+ -E1)2-:-2 (z_ I)2 : - 1

2z
2:
(z _ 1)2 - : _I
2
2)(z
2:
F(z) =;-:'2 -
2. o..ztN<AAI F(:) II k"",tlwdl. z ,"':;kk"I1<'5

F (: ) '" :.1
=-z
2
2z 2
= 0
II '" .~ z{F(z) -/0) = }~~ :.1- -Iz2 5z

!J = _""
lim :2 (f'{z) -I. -/l~)
z
o.
2"
- 6w ~.",-.:i;:'-;;:-'2
4z
._x
Z-
2 ...
:-'z
!J='limz'(F(=)-/fI-h~-!J~)-bm:~(.3
.--..
:
z
._
Igy." {/..}......octi !<Oro'liI.tol. "'p<W6l
= 2.
;:,
4:+:
~)
= 8 ..
"'' ' ' 'rt'l1lf'& 1t-hM. hatArowi.
15.4.2.1 . Lincit.r is difff' r e n d a p R)-'Pllle t f'k a ltaJanos m e g olda.....a

A k...-lrPfK'hi.lilU'iuis. ilh",,16 l~ijtlw.u.ju diff.. "",~...nl..t alakja a "oV<'tk<"Z<'i:
2,
F(z) =
15A.2. A Z-t ransz fo r mAc io a l kal mazesa i
4. Ha t irertE-k- tH el a lkalnuo.z.AM A (1:-'. 10l'l).(I:-'.1Ii ) ~kekllegf~velaz F(z) k.,.fiiAA

vi>nyh61 "'" i/.. } en'<k-ti IOJIlnaI kiia:v.. t1..uUl ml"gM.t.8..rm.ba.tO.
F(z) = (z
2,
4:2
a TAYLORfurmuWlOladMik
I.=O~!:
lim F ( z) _ lim
_x
._~:3
2z
~ : 2 + [iz
kit~v/jj"
lnnen
bll n :::: 0,
hatvAnya.i """,rint halad 6 110I1... megy M:
1
I
I
2 = 2~ + 3;i + 12;i
Innen kii7.vd lcniil k'OIv....luoto. hogy 10 - It = o. h =' 2.

In "It"lfm... t...:ra liIrt ki(,'j..-zloNt n..m kap\lnk,
II~: ~ [ }'{z) - Yo - y,z-I - ... - YHZ-(~-ll]
+ 52;; + 114:;6 +.
3, b
<lH..... ~ - 1I~_ l !l.... _1 + ... + a,y" + al~ ... 1 ... "Olio. = 9-<
(n '" O. I. 2 ... ).
(1;;'.130)
A7. II, (i = 0.1 ..... k) <:'gy'lHhllwk ml"g...lotl v,.u". ""Il;Y kOlUl,I"ll; IlzAnwk. 'Ull..lyrk tdml nem mAAll<,k
n.tO!. J.RRyrn ao " 0 .... <l~ " 0. A {s..} ""rfl'7At Mrrtt; ...."""n<l6"" h...} 1tOI"07.At
Hogy (1=-. 130) m.-.ghatilro-mtt 1ll.w.>I<l....... t k><l'juk ...1<'1 k..ll Imi "" ~.!ll .... !I'-1 <'rtfk<kt't. Ewt;uI
(1;;_130)_001 n = 0 mcll,tt ki Mwt !I7.Amitani" kiiW'tk..,ll.!ll {r!kk,t. Az !II. 1/:1 .. !lk i>rt..krk
MI ... (15.130) o...~7.cfiiAA""t n "- 1 Illdl('u I>1W~Vl'I kAl'iuk !lht "rt&kH.lgy rckurrfv m&lon mind..n
,~~ I-rt,i>k..t ki I..h..t !I:1.Amitani. AI."doH Is.. ),... " k"r<"f'I't1 {lin } !IOrm.atokat 1.trl<",,:dormAlva"".<Juhan
'.....r(' altalii.u"" formula is ...lilatA E .-{II>6I" (1;;.I:JO)twli !IOr07."tokrll nlkaJ.mazzuk .. m8.<oo<li k ..ltol""j
IM.. lt (1;;',1 14). ami a kovM k(,7~; ('l1"Illl"nyr<' V<'7'A't:
(15. I2'J)
12, I~ = 52 , 18 = I l~ , ... , d.. ""
3. Az F ( ; ) fiiggWny"" II( l[i, 12~)-I)I\Il m.-.gkiv;u,t d..riv;\ltak k&pz...chC'l cH,,",'nl. h/\ F(z) fpnl,i m.z-
..Jou! }' (: )
+ ... + <l1:!Y(Z} - Yol + ""Y(z) = G(z), (1;;.131)

l\l'. a~: + '1._11l~-1 + ... + "1: + '4l = p(z)
Z (Yn) "" G(z) = Z{'I..). lI" lu"g l'wv('Z!'ljiik

jdiil!...t i~ , akkor (1;;.1:JI). "" 1m. k"Jl<"gy"nl"', "'''11,,1<1'''''''
Y(:-)
='
~G(:) +
p
~-I
,...,
)~.+l
p/:-) L Y; L
"J:J-'.
(15. 132)
wJ,'Lj. Z' lrnWlzform<iciUUl7.fornlilciOval VII.I<'> mpgoldWboz h_>llI6<U,.. Z-trlUl><-.t.rom,,vw ~lU...tAk"rill m"l!:VlO.Il IL<I: 11;1; .. ]611yflnk. hogy a. kndl'tj {>rU'k..k"t .. k~n~ 1Il.o.r tAl"t..IJ
mllZ7.II., whAt .. mrgoldiIH IlutQuuolik'1MI1 fiwl..m..... _ i I'ikPt. (15132)-h61 a k,,",,,-tt {y",} =
Y.. =
"" Z ' { Y(:)} m('gu!,laIIl tS.4.1.5, _rinti vililKZlltrMlOZiormRla.-lllyt"rjiik.
L g,,_~(1I -1)uL-2 -
= g..
(1;'.\33)
Ke:ulM.i htl-kko'-nt mrsVlUlMVlI. ... Ny!. A
"""""
A:
[l"(:) -110 -
... "ll"'",
~dtoWi.
ti'telalApjAna tJS.l33~b07. ~~
VI;) . . Gill Y(z) - ..I ... aeY(:) = G(z).

,'u _,)
I
I (z ) = p(z) G( J ) ... Jt~ ... "p(%)T"lO"ik M.
(I:;_I~)
hoto' .. p(z) polioom..mw.dyci 0, n. 0:
dlff...... ~1Pt
""Ill nulWr.. mert kiilOnl-l ... = 0 J..nll<' #-0"

~h1 .... ffth,k4lbdM- Rt-tOrt.-krI- homA.-J
_'_= {"'~02C~al-:~QJ' MOli-a:.

p(.;)
(f
Z-'{p(')} == {p..} ..
0,)1'
{{::=:;}' '"
{n<>7-'}.
(1:i.13two)
0, ;ill2,
ha",,=02'
Z-1 {,z
{t
{a"-I~~}
..;_'"'_. [f--,
s..- -"o--2 sh(1I -
1)b -IJIIG" sh(n - l)b +
2: O.Akkor"",al
-2ach b ..... = a2
(1~.I3.'l)
"a"-' lib nil]
EK.. kPploot nllmeriku.~ ~ II'U'lUpont,ah01 kfooni'Jooloft ukor knlvno'i. ba dot no a, komplex ><Ilim.
~ ..11.11.01" ~h I -t ~ a.z cxp :re illrt ~ Irdunol.ni.
15.-1 .2. 3. M esodrcndn differenciaegyeuletek (pere lllc r t ck. fd a da t)

~16fon1ul. bosY .. t1lff~llkt Moo "rt.;.k.e-il ..-k ,~ ...,k
o < n < X in<Jcxn, k..-r.-iik. A (15.IJJ) mAo.><:h...ndl1 t1iffp~ ooMClx-n ilym,kor a1tA1Ahan
.. k"t pnnnmu.l/I';'; r~ van Dl<'gadva. E ~"kf..""lat mr,:oltlAMboz .. megfe1riIS kPZdPtiPrti>k fd,.dat. (1~.1~) 1llf'gOk\ilAA.h6l indllhmk \ri ..hoI1UI iNnm.t1cu" bcl~ IIlOt'I r.~- keU bMTzrtni.
E mhOla (I.'i.I~). illerve- (1~.1J6h) <-z,.f,iggollohl'n n bPl~ S~ Irunk. "' kilozJuniTjllk bl'MI.. a.z
~illi par&met.-rnek uokinthPtO
mint,.I70,~ ff~llyn;
Ax A1laLlmazaao\r ..,ran gywlLll
tl~.136h)
" =
~ [lJIQGe{of'- 1-ai-')'" ,,.,(01 - 02) - f)Q~-1 -Q;-I)g.~._..].
",
- l
p(' ) } .. {p,..,)
(J:>.I:.l6c)
{_I}_
Z - ' {" -=-} = (p._,)
p(z)
z
O:t.I36d)
(1.l.1J9)
.-2
illct.....
)JDUe{S - I lnt- 2 .. Y.' -
(15.137)
hu:znahmk fpJ.." in isalka..lJnazzuk.. uWoo.>dikdtoM.~ t;.vlt. H"Go

brI)"'n... ,oiu--1 {1.l,IJ.'i)....-cdcti ~
Miwl po = 0... mNoo<lik ..ltoIIul ,.z,.rinl
Z-1{::)} = Z-I
2az=r.hb-.- ,,2 } =
,,-i't
MO,=02.
teh&t. Zu_fuonarill 2 1. 13 . tilblbata nak ...Jb.llI'lo'IZIW..V>U
t l'l.!~)
= p(:) booIpottCOliu-rI. J,;'''l'fiilVi'ny
(15.136h)
A ma.....,.m."Jil dilfen'u<'i"""!tVffi1"tnlol"", t'(z) k.."f'I.KK""uy v~rlLI\ll:ZfOlTl'lo'\.lAAAt m,7.tortduc OOUW

n"lkiil ;,. ..lv~"hctjiik. ha mcgf.....Ifo,opJuot. "I.
A rnMOO....n<hl diff~~nl<t a1akj.. II. kOvrtk<'7il:
+ <1,y".. 1 + aoll~
+ '11107-1
15..1.2 .2 . Masodrendd dl ffercnciaegyenlcrek {kea d et iertek-feladat }

""'2
~(n - 1),,;-1
769
L g. _..(11- I )nj-2
-,
(la.HOl
... az ..1.......ltoliW tet<>llQ...nnt
Z-,
p(z)
(P_l = 0). A konvollki6wtd "'Wl..rRrve! ( J5. J3.'i)et w...zs.trlLl";,,for.lllalv.. azt kA]>juk. bOlO'
Y.. =
v)].
L P~- I g~ -~ + r,v{p,..1 + a,p ..) + 'liP ..

illctw
.~
l nnell. miv"lp_, = po = O.(15.1361 {'rldmclK'"
~
01- 1- O2- 1
( Hi ' - (t~'
fii - fi )
u; - 02
(15.136f)
Y. = ... g~ _ v
+ Yo
+ "' - --i + y,---.
_ 2
fil ll2
ul " 1
O, - III
0 1 - U2
A7. "I '" -(01 + ",). ''''' = ll l' l l n....z'fii,iijl;'.... k mia !1 (lfL'Il! VIETA-f!'l.. gyi; kk."l,t..k) ,." m('g tuv{lhh
PID'l"""fl1~i th..tll:
0"
~o
+y, -'- -'.

ll, -
<"l<z
(15.l:Jtig)
Y. =
L g,,_~(11 -
l)nj-2 - J,Io(i\I(n - 1)"7- 1 + <l~-llJo<1o(,\' - 1) +
~_ J
+",n_....
(1:. 141)
..' ,
~_l
y",- L-'lN-.(v-I)<l 1
(15.14 2)
A (15.1 41) IIl"Kold"" c....k ukkor .. rt .. lm..... hll ,.~ - II';' ". O. EIl"nk..lll ......th"n I< pl'rprn"rtek -prohlernaIll<k Alt..JAllM lrlt'f,oltliL"<\ nillal . haul'lll to tliff'l"/'IU'iAI' gy'ul,t<k 1"'l"t'Ill{rti,k-f.,]a<iataiuak anaJ6g iajara
""jAI"rtek"k .... ""j.itfiig,gv<ny..k l"pupk fd ...... -AAk hi~AlIlY'''' (!./I,. YN) I'art>kr.. vallllJt'gulda... ~iwwlJl. I<Z
----------------w
r-,.s..=----------------,
770
1. A w".....lct -.. krc r"n,,311. hogy
15. 5. w a ve let- t ra nsz forma cio (,,hu llamocsk."l"- t ranszforma c i6 )

15.5.1. J elek
'E
-.
-.
" (I )dl '"
(1:' ,14M)
o.
2 , A t' ."",,1<'t i -adik morn.."twIlNlAk ..
Ha egy fizika.i ""nd......,.b61 va1Amil)'ffi haw indul ki. alIldy ".dttcrjocd."" matc,u.atiJa.ilaK jpfrw.ti> '10'
fiiggvfunv..l V"I!Y IIZAuPoormattai. Akkor?1r6l bclrUliinlr..
Jd4ruJ~ .. jelrwk tV ,. jool", j ..llt-tnz6 Dlf'lllly~1 valO jdk-~ ktjiik. ~t..U-luMw..;,!"'t ,"" ..
k<ivnUzOt jooll"llti: A jto~ ,"TO ~yt V".Y ~tot Irkep..-zziik <'RY nW<lk fii~yrt" Y"ltV
lIZ&uuoorozllotr IL/llf'ly a jooI tipikUl' t.u..j<!oll><liait kwollii".. n jOl fdismerbM6vf tar.li.. T.. nn~
il~-..n J..k."..,.. k IIOrAn "IY"'" iutormi.ciOk ..t....-hetn<'k.
:\ ~ inwtUlWt. ~ .. kiin<llllAAi jf-I v1lor<zMY"'~. jdo..l1ntt'z.. lWkDeVo=iik.
A jo>1AnAIm.. ~ jool>r.WlthiJI kOzi>tti bpaootAt kiilOuiMrn vi~ IAthAti> .. FOURJERtrlUl......101"t1l4M6
pPldAjAn: jPliffltnzuk lIZ / (1) jrJ<.t (I .u i<~J" hm:zA t..vt.-'> fl"'kvooJlcia,:p"ktn'mrnAl. f.lr.kor .. {1.; . 143ft)
kqHel II. jf'\.-IlllA1b.iat. .. (1:i.1-l3b) kq>Irl po...Ii" .. jrl-Irl.imhioa. irja It:
F (-, )
e-"'J(t )dt.
(1::;.143&)
Itt) =
.
2~ f
p~ =
t'(t )dt,
int<w,uIlWW'Z%ilk. :\ Irgh....bb" trrm(~l.I't... ortAIl>ot. amrlyr'l' p~
{I:i.t -Uh'
" ..oF( _)d..;
~ ~(t ) = ~r: (,)
(Q J.- 0 ) .
(1:>.1;;0)
..
. u I'" 2':
15 .5.2. W avel c t-e k

akJwoc .. traruclorm&lt mi...J..nutt IlIf'&VAltoJ.ik auo'lkiil. hoc .. W<1'gYAltu:.W! bdyl't J"'g}'!<Z("nl r"l1~ ~
lI>qI; k-b<-tnc tAWni. Ax ok IIhbAn ro>jilk. hoc .. FOURIER- lrantWortnfl<,i(,..
,.I1:A..II.., ,h.. boutja
r.-J. Ez..hot trigoOOIDf'trik"" r'-,",,~}'f'k lr-jAk 10-, IWll'I~k .. vo"gu-I."".i<gig allandil P"'!"ic'od
End
I<I".f'IIIlwn
"""'N-t-t~f0rm&ci6n&1qy W.. jdr"-lll tn..~u vAl_th.w'i '" fllggVi'nyt , ()ok,.JWlIt
jo-t..NrJlsw. rPIj"b61..]!.<lIlink "" i'JHoczootnmOriturUt.
. llul14 -&l-..
Pi<ldAul .. HAARr"'k- ...""],-t ( U .28 ... ' b ra) ..... >I. ..lllt'xikOi kaUo.p. ( I S. 2S.b ilbra ) :
,1e(
(I)
.(1)
l......-tboona. v( I Jkiind,w.,., fiigv;'Il)' ti>milr11~vow 11&0. H.. II < O,l\kknr P7R1l kiv'-ut'-I~
ill tOrto.'nii. .-\;'Lf1'IW'Uor ""f;i1".;.g.;VPI .. ~( t) fl~Ilyt"Vt ..1 j,o, lrbPt lolni. Ukor a ko\Ttkt'26
kPtJ>l"f"JllMc...... plx-wgrt klq>juk:
...a.
n,
v~(C:b)
t'>... =
( 15.1,,1)
A b rltol3>aVfny lcit<,rjnl.:'tOi<t ...Ijll m<'g. A c ...(t) rnAA""'uy" """.../ d-tm....:fmmtiL-iO tJiapf~',., Ezzrl.u: f(l) fiiU'-+n\'
...1I......1''1lf>\l'><ZformOCiOj" " kOvrtlu'wlu'l'l"'u V>\lI ht..llllPT.""":
I
I]
C.f(a.b ) =c
f(t )IP. .. (f)dt=
~l f(t) vC: b)
_ 0<
o
B M"xikoi kaillp:
'"
hivjllk_
15,5.3. \\"a\-'e!e t- l r-a nszfor-m ac-i6
0\ FOl':RlERlrlU1l<T.fortnAciOnak nina ~ tu1&jdollM&. auz ha egy jM ~ l.<.1yt"D nqvfl1tmJk.
dt
- ..
A vil<l<MtrlllW"fonuAlAAnI f""uNI:
-I
f(t) = c
dr,,-"'n
(1:>.14:')
b)
= ( 1 _ r~),, -~n.
(1:>,146)
1;;.28, "hr".
\i.o(I) = -
~J<'Df'k
A ..(t) wavd..1.-bOl. egy" """' f"'J~ ""Jtiloi,......."lO' ~ fiiW(lly....rcgo.1 k-bM. ki<poozni:

v j" j
# 0,,, t' ."""lel
A ( E>.I44) HAAR-fflc wavrk-t ..... n "" I, a ( 15. U6 } m~xikOi bL<pr.. n = 2.

3 , Ha 14 = 0 minden k-n!.. Allor t' ddilliriO......nnt ,+gt.o-Icn fmd,1, Mindm koriJt.u.; Wlojii. ncm '" 0
wa......1ct ~ ff'1ldiL
4. BAnnrly "-"OIlrrndii ...",,1Pt IWIDf'Iy lr,r;f..IJ<'bt. (n - l)-...tfnkil pnIinomra~onAli,.
c...j{t)!J-'. ..
(tl~ d..db
(l:>,I;;:Zh)
A k~pl ..then ("a >t' Wl\vd l't llI''l...",i<IJ\.~zt,A.AI.il fiilQ:6 k<'I",I.." .
A ( l".l-tti) H A A ll." f('l~ w",."I..t f,'lh"" ,.nai"",av," ",l<~lik
AltalAImn <'-rvfny"", wllv..IMk"nt lUilulazuu 11' f;igJI:vfoUY"k !l?olmjonn~k, IImPlY',k m'IO'7Rt"""ninl"1\rfll

b"tok, ...."nwly..k (1:'. )4:1,,) "-''''riut k" l'~..t 1 'II (~. ) F'OURIERtr"n,.-tform,;.[tjAva! (1:'.147)
(1:'.147)
>t'
-=-
"
(
"
{1
h"b<'<b t,,/2,
-1 h" b+,,/2$1<&+<I,
0
<'KY<'-hk';llt
i.. iltv
C.",f (a. b) = _1-
u:
-.IfuT
f( t)dt-
1'u.n
f(t)dt
77 2
15.6.
Ji'i
('[""
2
".
: -
'C
A (1,';.1c.3) ~ ...., .illti ~/(". h) ",1"k,~ 1II111tiplibtiv kOIl"tall.~wl dt(ki nl vc
S7Moo..1> + a/2 kOI"lIIi. 1;1
(1:i.l5J)
I(t)dt - I(t)dl.
" ...../2
h"""i\(~'
iutN,A1lul1Ion.... U kilzo' prrtCkr'Il('k It
l\Z
1 (1) !iiAAv;'IlV k':t seom-
k,I IOIlI~.
15.5 .5. Gabor-transzformecio
(I.) <1;"'" !<i.Unokj
( 1:'. 1::.1)
vaY;" "" ..Lapfii,a(viuY'k <~tJo:ol.l -..(/) ,,"vclrc.OOI. jOnI>l'k lelre a __ ~ MAr tobl-.nn
IIK'It"krt~1"")' f('j..,;w....l'!"' ,"M.'1.l fAktor '1l""> :aam'l tObb.<:r.oriN'-.-..J tilftfll6 ..1taJA-l.
aW:Ua..k.
2. A to (t) "",'CIct_d arfugorodJ... 1IU1...J d",,,k .... w=ia. h.& '" ( 1.'>.1 :-.4) ",-...om k;;pzett A1IIpfiiW'o'ny , k
~~ ~t
alkolnak.
9(1) '"
"
-e 20 1
{1.'>.I'-;)
V21'111
En ""l ", ~naJ g(/) ~ll)'i<-zto~ " I = 0l"'.lll kOrii! kopn>ntraJOOik. ~;u: ",hJ...k..-w."-~ {ko. 20-) konstAnstWr: trkintbctO.
gU) '
Ax 1(1) fi!,Q~""'l1Y GABORtr",~....dorUlil.llj>l .. kkor
0,<>1
3. Kii\iiniio.cujO n UUlt"rik U>o tuL..t<k...,.,o,;N vN ,nak", DAliBECHIES-.",vr""-rJux.k. E zr k komp"Jn t.vti>j'!

korlat<lf; (k zan) rilsrkn kiilOnhiiulrk puIMt6<!.
7.Art plOAllilMuk tuI)D U....d IM,I IS. l l11.
~pAJis ....'m-rk. t<-hf,t 1IllI<I6\.r1~ly ....k aoA.Ir."'IIY
ef(... ) /
o
30 t
lnduljunk ki abb6I. hog " ( I ". 1:>201int"P~lMlliw rnrgy mkto'khPn r...hmMlO'. k igy " kPtt& impS'
nil i.nf~tcWgrIIiol\r;ul kPtto.. ~ bt-1)" rlteMtlwto. amit .. _",*t t~iO konkrft
Min< lh "t f"lllalnmmAl ~tMn bop kpllhniink
/loX
iro<W.mi "tala.""", (Iil...-..I l rod. 11:'. 111, 115.21).
\Ipgj-pgyz....., :\ .......,jptpk 1lII.ltY ,.jlu-...." k,i1iinbiXW ..JkallnaMr- "'" bPoozMfphMTlPr.... no'l. vNamint
hirkm"'-'I kal"""",lIlOo< ""I"",(lnt""''''!.
g)'Ono a.l~oritlll,uWkol1 ""'l"""ik. Az t 'FT (gyo", FO t Im:n-t ran.'lZforruil.ci6 . u....19S0. old.) I\.llal"siajllr...
in F"'T-rOI (lO'0no ........J,-t.t r"'....c(orlll..d6) ],.~lunk.
15.5.4. 2. D iszkre t Haar-wavcl et
.-\ di""krit "lIvplpt-trllnll:lifnrm"",it> I'l-I.!aj..k"llt" II A."R w" ...c1.t trnn"zfonniLciOt i.<-mPftptjl1k: Ad _ VlUl
"KY j..I,,' vol....t ko-d> pAr,... "",Am'! I, (. = 1.2.
, X) ;'rt.,k. E:r..,k bOi d, (i = 1.2. . X / 2 ) ri ..."J,-t"rtf\kd u1: l<ci.rnit'lllk ki ...kOvrtkP7Jik"pJ><'n:
I
I
~, - .,fi(h.-l+h,), </,= -/ZYlo-J-h.).
(1".1:;':;)
.-\ d. hto'kpk<t tilr olj u k. az. Y, 'l't{'k, kr' l ,,~ h~ "llW m"".zu k" (1;';.1""') rl oir As t. vagyu. Il (1:> .1;';.,) ki'l' k t ].,..n all f , o'rto'k.k"t "" Y, "rt' k,k k.'! h,ly,t t,."itjii k. Fo ly t "tj u k az pljant , t. k 1l7.
(Mll
."
_....!... ( 81ftl
+ 8("1)
1;-1
1,
- .,fi
jlM1l
"
_ ....!...
-.Ii ( ~:loIftl-l
(~l)
' l i
(1!j,1:;(,)
ko'p k t "k l", ! V{'lliil" <l,( ~) knlll IHl\".n....k k,,! r..nd,lk'''J' ri"'7.l,'t..." ktorok ""ro-/,atii.t ny..rji ik , M in<!,'n l'i'tl'l..
l..t ...., ktor ..." llUnilypn infmm llr iot t " rt llh n>\I. " j..1 tnl.. jdo"!\l' !,:airo l.
:\leKi.. gyzfs, N" Il:Y .\' i,rti'k" kl'l' " d "' z.krN w"""]P~-tr;;.w,,,fonn;;";io t.I\rt ... ( I :> , 152"') illt ''jI;nl.l"" w;;""'l,'!trl\lu..'l1orm;;" 'loh m .
E,. oUt ..lj" 11IPC. IIOlO" """ .' - .... 3 -;-11) id6int.. rvallnm folyATniln
1I.1a.1'~'" mil,..n kompIPx Nl1"litUdO....u van ki>p,-;.. ..I.....
I-bru. a:lall baPhhPn Il7. int ..""'-!.uubNlII.Z. fJ'P1rVO'nriA f..1li,
..kkmllUll,litUtlUjA CI ~)
1\7,' ,-I
15.6. Walsh-fiiggvenyck
15.6.1 . Lepcszefiiggvenyek
Fiigp;vo'n,..,k approxinu'lciOjAnAl "" ortoKouAli>l(ilggWttyt"f'f><N.,..,k. p1d. ~(>f'f'iaJi.. polinomok Y"fO' trio
gonornctriklllo ruggvi>n,..k tonto!< lIZCI."I)(1: jilt naIr. Itt<'rt; .. tr>klllt<tt Ult<'rv-.<1lumban ";mAk:.""IQ-i>< ..1t<g
....It!<7.Of" difff'I'f'nciil.lh..wk. Vl\.llnalr I\ZOQhau ol 1I.ll prohll-mAJr u., pl. r""",te~t' ko'l'pontjainalr a lvitd".
I\IUPI,..krw k a materual.ikai. tArgyAJAAAra .. ~illl mll:K""'lI~ ..k RPm A1ka1rn......1r.. hIIu.1n l';pc.".jii.ggm'ft,.,i.
IlZIlll f07.IlIuu<zonki-nt kOD>ItI\tl>< filggWtt.....k mq;fddobl",k..-\ W ALSHfiiggv 'u yd . wogyon PR).,.,...,.li 10'1'"
NIhofiiAA,+n...r k .".",Ii;; a + 1 ..... -I Prl"lw! ..........ik rd. Ez" ki1: fiiuv"nyo'rt.'k kit RJI"po.""k f..leI mrg.
"fl)'hottv '" WALsH ru ggvo'nypk kiilono...u kOuIlY"lIl"'lIlizAIMWk ~-""lllitO,;lpo.ll.
15 .6.2 .
tr a nsz fo n m ic i6
I(l)g(l - o)e-.' tit.
15 .5.4 . Di szkret w a \"f' If' t-lrall ~ z form aci 6

15.5.4 .1. Gyors waveler- t r auszformactc
allta/mA7kWu.i.ll<-htt fiJo"d'1llbr vo-n lll. E lihocz ><t~ ..;
1. It traIWIOfll-l3<:iO h.o.tkkuu)' ~l1ie.a-. &lJ.lI'" IOWdOl.i.. arnJu.. fugalm;ira ..........-t, valaJuiut
2. /loX in',"" trlUl>l"~t<>rllI8ct06 bAli-lenny k-.l.mltiIM.. "llf'Si>; '" jd..k bali-Iron}' rckoIl.Stn~ ...-...... lcttr~onnAltjukhOl. ArtIi" irtrt (frn",~) f"KAlmAr... .....,.rt
Di'lwl' uevebol }
llnAk k .. frrk.....ncmk mrogjPl"nn.; idOvon1ja llZPrinti jPlwJll'l'......1:. E h" ' l " jPl... i,\......,..II.1uw.<,krll ( hl"kolm..) ottztjuk f("1. majd
A1ka!ma:>:zuk rRjuk a FOl'RJI::R-trlUl~'l1onl1""'iOt. lIy..nknr .,hP.. hlAkoyI.OU rOl'RIER-tran..zforrnNcioror
(W FT) i. ho=flimk .-\z "blakmw"'nyt 'l,;y k,ll 1~'<Ztl\.lli. hOl'\Y"'; "j,l<t egy nhl ..ko n !<i, 'iiI ki01'-. G ABOR DtSES ",IroVPtkP:ZilIlhW<:fii~~u...t t-nAltn (1 5.29. ibra):
\I~ z"""k :
~lt>('-2'2'})
773
Jdll fr<' k.",,,,,ia "na/(n.n..k n"Vf'7.xiik .. j..J.klwk ... lwnniik fnj!;llllt In-k
1. Ax A1kA!mA7A>ookhul I... ,;y '!lZI'1't1'" van .. d...dJou ...vd"~//mnul<>rm<inOuak. E n U<'k ""'1.l'iiAAYrtly<'i
".,,(/)=
( G Abor
Wal.,h -fii.1J9'''',,~e};
\Valsh-rend szerek
A t rigonom.. trik, ~~ ftiggv.u.......k I\lu,.JhgiAjar" 1I1<""t 1><'rioJlk,,~ lo'l'n.:...fiiAA<'lly.-k.tl ..k inlii llk . .-\~ I [O. IJ im ..rvalh llnol ...aJa."'ltj llk p"riO<I\f~illt''T,'''hllUU,.Jc. "" f...1O!<ltjnk 2" ''IQ'''"IU h.-xi,"-"P;" r,,,,,,int pr...a llumra . 1" 'lP",n S. at 1 ~riMH~ll . r""Zillt.t....tlhullouko'llt .4.11..11<10 lo'pn;tiro[iil\h""uy.-k hal m""",. .-\1.
5ft-h'-'Z tnrtm6 I;">pct<01<fiig).,-v.:llyPk...t pgy vi'g'''' ,IiIlWUliojl"1 ...rkt<,rto'r .....ktor"iu"k Id ,,t f.-Ifogni . llKYlllli~
harnwly g E S . fiiAAVC"... II n'!I7.in tprvAJlulllokhoul f,.J ..... tt Yo. 91,!h,
,fh--l .'rti'k,i .4.11.,,1 Ill"!,: ~I\l' h I"
I.t\rozvn .... "'''rt ,,,,ktorn,,k t .. k i" t h pM :
~T = (go.!Jl. !1'l ,
."r- - 1) '
( 1 :>. 1 ,~9)
A~ Sn-h,., tart o-"" \VAL~H-fiiAA"i'llY" k >< ~"-'ll1. .. titlt"ll:tll.lra mint ~lWi;'ri~ szorzatr .. llh ...p ortonmmalt
trlj... r" nos7...rt a.lko t llak a:>: [l IO.I] tc rlwn (t,M., hal E Lin, II _ VIO. I; "" I min o,ogyik \VALSHIilggvenyre ortogonll.li~. " k kor f llZ. LlU. I) n"lI~pktor,,}. T' l lHi"'1..,t' '''' '1l uftSn ,j" llltit hilon fo'l..ko'l'p"n
Id l<'t m...gs1.i1mo1.ni. llgyh,'RY"''-R'I'on "" k \VAI.SH n'n<l.~Jr ,.. U"lik . ,I, miml.. gyik n gy"n awkhOl a fiiAAwllyrkhol.4.ll. Kideruu, ho RY h"rom ",nd""...r m'j(kiili;ll!>i;1.t,tf't t !4tVO'lllwt iort!'>lmI, ,, W ALSH KRDNI::C I<ER -fii!\ll""nyrk." WALSH KAC1.MAR Z fi lAA ~h ly,' k i", a WALSH -PALEY-f;jgg...o'ny.. k.
A F OURIER-! r"ll.dormft.,il> " n"lOKiAjAr" d, filliRln i Ml .t " W ALSH-Im".,:!onntk int, a mdyn H" tri!,:on omt'!rikll~ fiiAA"o'llyck so,plrpo'! " \VALSIIfiiWO" nyr k .......zik J.. fly mi..lo n MOtln..k pI. a W ALSH-""rok.
775
WALsH ...... linomok. a WALSH'lQ:in,,~- (>,; WALSHkoonil1UllZ-tral1,.,Lformacro.1l WALsH-int<-,.;rlllok. VIr

larni'll II. gyol"l FOURIER!r><ll>l<tf"rllljd6 ar~iAjillll.ll gyors \\'ALSIItrlLlU!oru"..:ii>. E,;y 1".....;",1"",,
WALSH-fiiggv{>IIY'k clmi!t-t,I,,l>o.IliWIJUl7JW1h&a1, Irod. Jl:>.7] luvark.........h.. 11 talalI1l,t6.
16. Valosztmlsegszamttas es matematikai

stat iszt ika
A valOszinil~mitM r.. Il ma~llUl.likll.i ~tAtil<l<tikll AWkklli /l ti\rvl'nY"7."rii""R... kkrl foglalknzik. "lTlf'Iy<'k <'RY ,;,It.a1.Mo;Iprt.-]pmbrn vMt ki>ol>rIPthpz tArto'1i1/1flott .....,UllouyhNmu himnp """'n<-Ily"inck_if1f"I.k-n b<-kilw-tkPZi'!<P.... \'OIUlllwzllllk. Fp!u--,ik. hc'I{)'<-'"U-,kd .. kJ>w'>rlt-l.PkPt vfl]to?... tlan f..lu-kkk IIlpllPlI
u-~.... snkszor ismo'1.clt<-n v"'gn' t",ljuk Mjta.lli. A -"'-ln~llit.a8 u-hAt a """tewa(;M azon
. . mely Il .....1f"I.J<.n to~~ ..k ~tatiloztilW Wrvfo.lIr-r1WgPit vU>oRllIjA.
16.1. Komb ina t ori ka

Egy Mlrnaz dnneib6l gy.ur.rlLll tudUnI hiwllyo'l W<'wIexlfLj Mlrnuok>ot Nk~ni. ."'-z ..iPDlPk PZf"II'ij 0..-Jdllta..... V1!lrt a~..ttirt<i(....ITf'Ild... In-I><~). a kmnhrruin6 (kivAlauw) hi Il ...........,.6 foglllmAhm_
A vari3rin fogalmAban <-1tY'""1I1l !IOIT1'nd "' kiv.u...r.ttluo. I1It'rt IlZ ..Ifom,.k kivAl-.tl.AN\nAl. -..k lIOITf'oojPt
j,; I.PkinlPtb<- _iik.
A kOlllbinatorikll ~ Art v~jA.. bogy"" "" lu,.lI,-f.Irki,.....n Wlf"t ..,;y v~... ha!Iw.zbO! biaol1yu>
Urnu .YlIIPl kivAl&~i Y>lfP' clw~li..
16 .1.1. Permuteciok
1. o..fi llic iO
n kiilnnbirrnplnn ep;y ~tt !IOfTf'oojCt J"'TlI,utaMl>n.&k
DPVPgl-ik,
2.
bme.tJes 1l ..1kiili permut aci6k n ama

n killOnbOali ..\Pm 0-.-..... p<'rIIlUt.iciOWaIr. ~I&:
p. :n'_
(16.11
.to. tIlnt<>rMnb..n"lO' IIOI"ban 16,il6kly van. 16 diik ~Ju., Il ~)"'"kl'f' 16! kUJ0nb0z6llOm'I1<lhPll tud
kUlni.
3. lsme-t le!les permutilc i6 k ..u ma
II .. a:t n l"k-m kOzi>tt k pgyforma cll"lu""" (I<
p. I~)
~
=0
:s: nl, Ilkkor l<-u..l.sloK.... lIClfn'Ildpk ~:
(16.2)
k!
A UUlt.Prcmb..n a 16 ul6hPly ..t " 16 dWr:" tar.kijaval fogla.ll.llip. dt-Il Hi tNolta kOzi>tt 4 "KYform",
Ekkor lI.]phPT..gcs sorrelld.k!!l'U.ma: 16'/4!.
4.
A ltalanosft is
II" a:t n dl"lD kiiziil (1<], 1<1, ... k...) d"1ll "S)'formll (k] + k1 + .. + k". = n), ..klwr a:t" pl..1ll ~
Io-Illt>oIog.... ""lTPndj<'-nek" ""klUl.'
Po
(~,.",._
..~_) -
"'.
(lb.3)
- k]'k1 ! ... I<m l '
Ad ott :> llZ8.1njegy: 4. 4. ,'J, 5, 5 . E~...kh'l l ,......:0....." p~(U)
hptli.
"
2'31 .. 10 kUlollhOzt'l otj .. gyli "".am kepez-
16.1.2. Ko mbinaclok
t , Definici6
n kii1onhO~ii dcmb61 I< pjf'm " 10' ]"'",t>.ig,." kivAI"..." tMllt k"lUbilll"'i'"l1,k 1Jt>Vt"'lziik. ha II. kival"""t.....
"'rrf'"djhf' Hem v><gy\ln k t<-killto-t1d.
Ezt k-adotlZl.Alyil kom bill"',ii.nll.k n.. vr"lziik, ""ltd,- Joolwl U<m<'-tlr.. uNkiili vl\gJo' iRml>t]"""".
716
2. Is m"tl{>~ ne lkiili ko mhin Adok n a m il

c'~~) """ ....... m. 1UIl1ly m..~lj,,- he'lO' n kii!<inhiYdi"l..mool J; clem", hAnyfN..k"pp<'TI ,,,,Junk kiwnni. h..
It kiilonw.6""Tf',,,lll''ffij<-I'lIt kliliilll.Y/iI ki\'A~tAst hl min~ik PWffif't cW: "lO"".... vffif'tjiik ki.
C~I~)
(:)
(t'
s "),
Egy gya].... JO n'oc.r:t ...voji116l4
( l b.4)
I~' ........1.OsoiI;et v&1ao<ttunk. Ezt (~)
= 27IO!).ffl..kfPl)('n whrljllk
ba" V"Zf'1<Wg"ll b"Jiil ~ "Y'''' fuukciOk d",..z t.&M.. m'rn ""KYunk c.ekintdtcl.
3. lsm"t le-.. kombinlldok uama
n kiilOnhOW..komhOl k ..),om.-l vi"foZAt..v......1viLlaooztllnk Iti (azaz egy clemet tOhI...... ir< kiv.u-tMl'Ulk)
;'gy. hogy"""'IT"ml tl<'m """'mit, A It-IJ..t~ kiviUa.<zt&ok"....una:
Inf'g.
> n i>ok-b.'1
u, .. duah koch! Wdohomk. u:knr C. '
e.. :-
(16.5)
16.1.4. A kombinatorikai keptctc k osszcfoRlalasa

16 I tAlll""",t A korubin...toriJa.i ko'l.lt-td" o....z.,.foglaJA,;a.
A kivltl&<:ztN<. II.ZI\Z
n hOI k ..... m kiilonOO-..o
~~",Hlp"
( I.-
o.-..rAllita..an..k mMj"
p.
KombinAciO
C. l" )
VA1iiw:j6
A ["h..t~,k ~lit.lll"
i><u,o't1o',..,.,..1
< n)
l'....r nulNW
....Ikiil
nl (k = n)
(;)
. ,,(;)
~
Po'
"'
iJ
. ("+:-1)
. . ..'
c.
I.
(I- :'::': n)
k>ni.~ld"-,,
k > n
i.~
\Pho>t
1) kUlOnbiu.6 ..re<lmo'-ny k-bct:.Cp;no. (U.. noak
.. f..lillr.. brill !<tiu.noJc...1 u-int J'lk. ) Pddaul2 korka 0I<."tkn C. I:)' =
(J
16.2. Valoszfmlseg szemltas

=
21
16 .2 .1. E semenyck. g)'akoTi~~ok es \"3I6!;;zlmisi-gf"k
16. 1.3 . Va ri fu:i6k
16.2 .1.1. E semenye k
Defin iciO
n kiilOnoow r!rm!>,,1 Ierk-m fY:.\' ~ kivAJ-taAAl VIU'iNiOnAk llf'W'J%llk..... kii1iitlbi'M6!1OfT1'nd
k,;IOnb0z6 ki,.u.-:t.N<nAk ""Am i! T..hal .. VlVWiO o/yJon komhiIJllo,iO.. ~ol .. 8OITeIldfot ill fi..veirulbr
.-;,k, f...h 1. itt V. IDf'8kiik-IflI>o'Y.tI.-tj iik lIZ j,q,1fo!Jeo. ni-lkiili i.. lIZ i~mi-t~~.
2. bmi>ll... ,," Ik iili ~...ri Ad "'k uAm a
n dl-wh61 I- ,.J<.1lI.-l klv~t 'U.k Ugy.11tlRY a"'U'l"uJct ill fi~m"" ~'.-z'-", Eklwr n l"J<.m ~-...doIutAly'"
Y>ll'iNi6i(lI.k a.w.ma:
1. Dt-finiciOk
:\ ....loo;;uIllt.,:.g,.z;uniwhAnWktwn ~wlo noly,," kf>,ko\PI.., ktiink. tutiVl>l'k ii~a.z a1taJunk
ligyo.-k-mhf. ..... hPffi f..lto'teJ..lr.,..,w w..w,>UAJr.1nf'& t<>1>-'n. A k.rld klll.PtlM..k-i" vo'IMkn..... mo<uyo:-k.
lllt'IY"'k a.z A .....-mfn~'w.J.lI1&t:1 aJkoljAlr._ .407. A twnlJU\ "wwo" '..In<t .. roiu-tu-n ~.J;nniR,d.:, ..I&.winl "
hzU ~,~nu'n,~" kJuottlIn. ~.n""""_
A bizt<Jll ,-,*m~n)' ...: Niott ki...rrlct mindm Wop;rrh"jtAA4nJJ hPkiivrtkrUk ... Jo-h,.t<>llPn ......mi'Il~' e,;yik
~bajtMnall'l'.'Ill ko.-etlu-zik..... " ....1o-tJ<on.-.nPny YIlIO" b...kt",plko-...ilr.. YIlY u..m. A kil<oTlct 0-...... Ie~.~t pNunk....t kUArO kilrWll<'t<'lriAZ r/nn. r.,""",n,~J:. 11.. 1l.Z A """rni-tlyhaJIDA:7."1Pmei Il.Z
A. B.C
mkl k. VAlamint A7. 1 hizt<Jll ""'" 0 kobo-l.-tlpn
"'my. aklw
16 .2 . t ilhl1i.7.a t t.AI't<\I.ma.zza" ddiniAit bof>""OlAtoMt.
1.
1 ~I~l"'k'G')""n(,,-I)(n-2)
H"(lyf~J<o
kivH.!AA;ttAo< "'h,'l,',,!:,"',
w.
liik "'" ..1(",ItOI. II. h..Jy""... t . .. titkNt
(,, - k _ l )
(Ii,j,i,j)
(k:'::':n)
d61>1>i g,\l11.....,u .. J() n'><lt.........,)iJOl .. 4-ct kiviUa><.t.tVl!. Ul~ klnii"rowt j" kiilOnoomkppp"n j<ololh<'tjUk? A m"&"l<l....:
(~l)
- 6<07120,
3. Isme l lhie6 va r iaci6 k nam a
n ,.j"mhOl k d"m"t kivAliW'.tllnk (lIlV. hogy /0 ""T",n<lM fillvd"mb<- v""s".iik "'" '"RY rl,,"1<'t ti>h'-iir i/O
kivAlI.." ,thatllnk. Ekk" l:n "Ipm k-Nl",oztAlyl\ i",n<-t!i_ vArian"i""k "".Am,,,
\~\~I., '" n~
( 1i,j,7)
~'
A: Egy T OTO -!<U[vio! ,y.u 1:.1 j"t"kr"" Id"'''''',!::,,,, til'P"k cinll\; 3'".
B: A sduuitog<'1' <ljll:it,;ji~ "l!.:"":'lI.": I 1>yt" = ~ bit. Ezert t"hit 1 hyl.<:' <:-zo.....n
j..l,t 1".1,;,lor';'w!lli.IU,ly..k ~ i.~m,,t ASCU tAbl""....tl'" Vl\llIlM I,frv".
'J!' - 2[,(; kiilullhu~il
J"IOI,~
J" wuth
2 . .4 ;." 8 _m<'ny..k "n-/~,,:
::l
A+B
A 1"'lIl'*AU..kkor ki'ovrtk......ik 1><.1... A ''''m kov..tk<~ik ....
3. A ... B ......mo'ny..k ~Wl=t ..:
AD
4. A ,;,. B """mcn Y" k kUliiul-..-
A-B
E1n....~
1. A ,,1l"IlV'tl esemenve-
.
5. El>.v lIul...I,{,1 kij"" tk"ll'i - .
""~ :
lwk:
6. Elemi ......ruenv:
7. {\;"~"-'t..tt '-"":" ;'i'"y:
l'l. EgYlflMI kizaro ,,,,,-milly..k
A ,,,,B :
lIl....
A~n
,:
AU = ()
A + 8 pont'"",," I\lr,knr kiiwtk'-lik I.... ha A '" B ki'o7.iil

1''11,,\111>1>,.,.. "lQ'ik l,,kov,tk"lik.
AlJ pont'....'" ekkor ki>wl.km'.ik hf.. ha mind A. mind B
l",kiiwllr,,-lik,
A _ B 11<11Iw-l1 akk", ki'o""tkr:/.ik tw, ha .4 l",koVl'l.kr:l.ik.
<I" 1J 1l"IIl_
A ~ B a;r.t j,l'uti. hogy A hrkowtk,"'J...... B l...kiWl't kt>7-"",1 11"' 1:" UlAn vnnj&.
E ns-m irll" '''' f"1 A ... IJ "","z"I\,'ko'nt, h.. E I- A ,-." E f H !
N"U1 d"lUi """IIl~llY,
A ;'" B m-ru ki'ov..tk,I.l".tupk I", pgy>-z..n "(',
77 6
2.
c~
rts
I..
"'"
a kiiloI
...,.
(
16
l iJtl~z,",I.' ''9 .: ''",,I 4.< f~ mal~mtlf,J:aI .tat~,ZIaJ:a
1. a )
2. a )
{.,;y. bo
(
(16.8)
A. .. 8 =8+A.
(16.10)
A + .-I- A.
2. b )
,-\.-I = A
( I b.tI)
(16.13)
(16.14)
4. b )
A.4 ", 0 ..
( l b.I;; }
A(B ...C ) = ..W ... AC .
(W.W)
5. b )
A + B C = (A + 8 )(A.... C)
( l b.! 1)
6. a )
:::r;-n _ A 11
( l b.11:!1
6. b ) A11=A+B
(16.19)
1. a )
B-A _81"
( 16-'2 0)
7. b ) A = / - A .
(16.21)
....W-C ) = ..W -..lC
(16.221
8. b )
.-W - C -= (A - G )(B - C) .
(16.23)
(16.21 )
9.b )
A ';; I.
(Ib.2:. )
4. a )
A+A
5. a)
=1
8 . a)
9 . a ) 0';; .-1
11. :\,."'.=0 (, ,, J:)
"'
(16,26)
(16,2 7 )
..l , T ....2 .. ~ A.- - = 1
kiv~
v;
E
A:
B: A
.' n
II.hol ~I
> lll"l-!<1lil,'I::'''' i<lo.I'-)'''''&).
A Qlo,qRWU ' .....m/'ny: a.z P!<'Il.!lrt.l\lul..gfplj,hb fl.::>t. al'~ A
L
_. A ~ .
16.2 .1.2 . Oyakorisegok es valoszinusege-k
.i<'1,'I, tud
1.
Gyakor isllgo k
I.... Klw n A ,.~ '....m~lly ~ A ,,,,,-m;'ny h,,lmll. 7.bo!. Ha. a kl.""r lct d n~~,'[ ;"mi1.<>!t"1l v{>jl;r<' h"JtVII.M A ........
Illi>n)" n .\-~1.<>l' ki}v"I!t<;.ik h,'. ak kor 0,,1 a:< A. l'-)'l Ikori""ganak . az nAjn = h ll R1it.mol 1',~\ijl; lUi A ll'lat.fv
I'-)'"kori..r"""-'n "k 1,..V<'~ziik.
Alt 1I ~""'1Il01.. 1I1lwly ki\l'iil ,,~y n .."....ion II. n.["tlv gy a koriAAg ~t. ..hi 1i,.a l(,rlik , ll(w'1.,.iik >v. A vlllh<I.lIJll
""'p;i>[l"k i.,. P(A)-v.. 1j,loljiik. (V.. l6r<zil,,1",,~ la tmnl: p rnhahilillll<,allllollll: pmhllhilil,y.) A n-l..tlv llY.. k<>
ri.Ni+;r.. hi'~l1lY'" "RY~"I'11111.O",~nk i'rvpn y,__ k , ",-;,,' k a lapjan adjn k lllPg II Pt A) v" l'....".lrll'l.-<g i\Xl<>matik\lR d ,h llidoj"l.
~lind..n
oS
2.
A E A ~mo1-nyl"1':
h~ S!. 0 S P(A.) S t .
"0=0 . h l = !.
3.
(16 .2S)
l..hctckn. il"'t ..... / hi:ttuo ......rnI>nvre:
(16.29)
P (O ) =:0. P(I) =.I
Ha .-t E A ... B E A ..gymAM kiw-o ....lnPnyt'k . akkor:

h .hB '" h ll.,. h a P(A ~ BJ = P(A )'" P(B ) .
A valOsl. in iiseg,.zam it a.~ a la pvet6 u onOMAgai. mel yek a d<>fink;obOl
ko vel kf'ln..k
Ha B ~ A. akkor P(B ) S P IA )
(16_30)
:2
P(A ) ~ P({) = 1
( 16.32)
3.
V~ >oOk. paronki-nt lW.&ro A. ......nli-nyno (I =: 1.
( 16.31)
. n : A.A . '" 0 . ii-ok) :
Pt A, --- ... + A,, ) '" P tA ,) . . . p(Aft) .

4.11.. T,,~ A, (. = '. n) '"""lIlpnYl"":
P(A , - ... - .-L,) = p(.-4. I ) .. .. P(A
P{A 1 A J ) - " . - p(A 1A.,)
- P(A J~) - P(A JA,,) - .. - p(AR_lA.. )
P (A 1 A JA,,) + ... + P(A IAJA. ) ... . + P (AR_JA.. _ I.-L,) R )
A : Ki-t o'rmk dob.mk f.-l.

,,"
F
Ha &:I: "nnt'lut kfllOll dohjllk rd. alkor az "It-mi ....,menyt>1wt a
.:Em..
All
Illf'IUoJu.lt tAhlAT.a1 mUl.!lljl\
A"
variariO
2. trill<' A"
Al. 1 k"tJl<' fddohMakot- ~1<'.t1 ......mi-nv:
I r "l ~ lJfu< vau f..!iil: A ll ... Au = r."
I;
2. Egy""n.... ""n fpj t... irfu< rpliil: A Il A'2 = 0 .
Ha a ki-t fu"rnf't ~IT'I' oiobjuk f..1. aklwr IIPgy ,.jcmi ......nK-ny ven:
. lI am
A'IA l 1 ; A 11 A.12 ; A '2A.l , : A :JAn
Ilik~' 1 o...~,'t~ ....... mi'ny pI. : 1. A~ l.o'rmpn fI.-j VlUl: A l1 A 2 , ~ A I1A12. 2. Vall \fogIoJ"hh ' 'lQ" f..j : AnAl l +
.-t"""12 + A'2Al l '
I' "" 65
B; b1iJla1Up4k N,-,Uar1.ama,
3. IRn
Aft ..Wmi '.-Infuy: a t pwt lart" m kidi-giti "7. ( n - 1).::>t < t S 1l ~1 (II - 1,2.... ). pg)'('nl6tIlIl....-g'I.
n ,-I..mb
1.
3.
10. H"A ';;8 akkor A =.4.B

....
8 =.4. -B:4
..... f'Zfordit"" .. ift~
TelP efl1I~nY"'lld>l."r: OlyAll. A, (I = l. 1, ... , 0, . .. ) ."..mh>~'l'OI'07At, 1....J!"':
A va lOsl.in L1seg d.-finkio j a
Az ......m;.ny.. k ha.hnaUn erl ..lm<'7Rtt P tA) v>lkwo fiiggv,'nyt Vl'L1Oot7;ln.ioCgllek monrlj'lk. ha c1eg<"1 1""2-""
alAh"i M lpl..l..kn ..k,
(Hi ll )
.l(8C ) = (ADj C .
a. wliil"
I . 0..
n kiilOn
kmiibbl
_fik
2. bn
ncJ.-mb
AB
3. b )
..t + ( B ...G ) _ ( A. .. 8 ) ...G.
Hak
16.1.2
=8A.
1. b )
(16.12)
3. a )
rnrg. h,;
3. b.
" kii100
2.
2 . S~Am 'tlt.~i u ahil lyok

(A BOOLE-~ ..hrll >WllI~ai) :
(16.33)
+ ( - I )R_l P (AI,-\J . . Aft) .
( Iti_J-la)
4b . SpcciNiAAn n = 2.....,ten: PIA, ... A l ) = PIAl ) + P(A J ) - P (A, A J )

(16.J.lb)
S. Egy.-nlO val6szin u"""g ii """mi>llyt' k : ha<~ tdj..........mfonyrffi<w.crb<."nV>LlamPnnyi A. (i = L 2. . ... n)
........nPny <'1Qforruii.n vll!o8ziIlll. II.kkor:
I
(16 .3a )
PiA,) "' -.
Ha
Il.Z
" fd[rhatO.lllillt m dArah A, n<Mt1<':uy ~ (m S n ) (i :

A ~lIlhl}'
1. 2 . .. . , n). akkor
P (A ) = ~
(16.36)
"
(A z t mondjllk. hogy m W! A ..""mpny .... ko .....tko~.....hPX r<Ziik""'l!f'fI kodveW kUIU'Il..tel..k ..,..ama. mig n
i'>AA:>_ k-hpt,....gCf< k im"lI"tel"k 81.Arna.)
a:<
4.
Peldak a. valOsl.imlsl-g
kiRl.1lmitiL~ara
A : Egy ~"",ba1Y08 koc kav lI.I <1obva lUU>a.k valfJol2[nil ....gp. hogy kM U,>,t d u b u nk : P{A ) =
B: Mi II. val6l<~imi"" I';'" bu lO' ..
'6 '
"'ij" 49-MI" LO'ITO j,,1Jokhlln pgy ..,..... Iv{>nyt kiwltve 4 tal4lal nnk
I.",z '!
Az oo7.f'S leh et segea kinl<'Il"td"k ~zAllla (~). A k,~ lv'I.6 killl"Ue t ple k "",Am "" 6jolr;.amh614-,'t eltelelnnk
(~).fpl ,'k"ppen . s ,,,.,,k mind.> !O'ik(,!le z (':::) = (~) ~1.11 1 vAh",z lott ..,.it.m tarto~ik.
'I" h a t a 4 talfJ a t vlI.loR:,.Jniiloi'I'.'"
PI A)
(~) (~l)
= 0 OO()<jti!! = 0 [l9G8"
~'
,10.
780
/ 6.'. Vnlriu'ntl. pg" ..,';m,t<i,
lI"""nl6an ka!,h"tj"k mrg" tj talAl.. t P (Ae ) Yl'\1""'zlniiYgi't:
P(Ae ) '" ~ = 0,715 10 -
2.
c: Hlltaror.'-1lk m<>g IiZt" PtA ) Vl'lIhoziml""gt't. ~ I: >lZelllE-ly kO:tOtI ">1.1,kdtO. akikIN'k 'IJISMIV,<>n
" TULpOfl Ykll" omilt-t,l,onllpjuk (a aliwr,l,oi .........k 11....n ko-llllll~.mi )!
l'<-kinl....ik ..16rozoX az .. llrntM. t A .-m;'ny [min denki '.zijkotfolnapja kiilOnbOzU napraaoik ) ~il"lIIi'~/ot
365 365 -1
P ( ) = 3GS
365
365 -2
36S_I"_1
365
3(;5
p(i) = I _ 365 , 3&t . 3&1 -
(3M - k - I)
365'
"'rt#k Mott l- -,i>n: ~l o.~~ 7 O,~l o.7117 O~ O~
!"PbAnyrlllmmk'....
Latluol.6. boto' mar 23 ....mMy . -U,ll "ll " ....u-.'n..i q nagyobh, mint 0.:', 1Wl2. ;,o%
16.2.1.3. FeltHI2'I<'S ,:alaszimisi-g. B ayes rerelc

1. f ..It""u ...... vaillnimi.,pg
.o\nnak val6or..l.inoWVl, IIOltY AI B t'M.'!Qiouy b<-kO....tkL"Zil: fdthT. hoto.4 bd:inortkr..-tt. De\'l".aiik a B
coocmeuv A k lt.kd mellctu P(O IA ) YaltY P",(D ) frl~ -"-.in,~k"""
P(BI 4. ) = P(AB )
.
P(A ) '
PtA )
(16.37)
k"p~t.-I doofinWjuk.
2.
F iigg.. tl .. n
Az A ....B
I- O
PIA I P( AIA,) = 0 2 0.05 = 0.31.

I
PIA )
. 0.1.132
16.2 .2. ValOszimisegi valtowk . e loszlA.<;fiiggvt"IlY
""'wI n-v....,{,f'ntiLlh..t6.
t .. n
A..) = P{A I )P(A1/A tl
P( AoO / A 1A 2 AoO _d
( 16.3tlh}
ftI.. m lony.. k
"""m(OJl~,>k fiiAA"tl'lIrk.l".
P( Alil) = P tA)
16 .2 .2 .1. Val6szimisegi va ltoz6
PtA )
H_ '1116lul P(A,A 2th .. . A,, )
P{A 1A1
bl PIA q l
.",z t'I.-mi"",mi-nyPk ~ JIdott ballllllZl\.t IrirltAljuk '110'.~ mindeu ..lrrui ......",..nyhl"Z ~liink
~ ~!<Z&rnot (~ E R). Ez a87.Am Adott wlptlrll f..Iti1 ..lrk kljPAlill'oli-tOl ll-lgg. Az Uyen, vek-tknt6l fiiggtS
~kPkct ft'lw-ooO valtm.61 mltSuintl.,<gi ,.u'nztiM.k " "lO' ~u-I1..n tltiilow..ak lK"VCZ:liilr..j.-lOl.bot': X.
T..hAt pgy vek-tit'n kiloPrlt't mi nd.. n 1r1w~"" kirnrn"td,,"lO' ~ -It'- ta.inulll\l Cl!. .. ll>Cfif..l dll ~in(\
( H;.
P(AB ) = P(A IB )P(D ) _ P (D jA)P(A) .
2.
JO %-<it .. mAAodikon. CoO %---AI A Iuu-,WItlilwn. A ,..loojtAriuly Il ~1r16llOl"r,,"dhrn: ::. %." %. 2 %.

A mi.n6too'gl-ll..OOr~ kct tipiku.. kL'Io.k'>tr: .\ \Pc"Artott tffml>k..krt f-'lO' hd}"'U tarolvae.. kiJz1l1iik
v+lctIrn,;zpniPn kiv4UL..nva
A) .\Ii .. Yl'Il6o<rinU>oo'gf-. bogy", ~"'jt"''''
b) HAt"J: Atl'rmt'-k...."'jt..... m; .. -"'-fn1Wll'l'. boo pI,,",,1 ~ ,,1006 gi'p It)'Artotta?
H_ nAljuk .. kO~keziS jPlOl'-kt't.;
.-\,: Az i-rdik gt'p tf'Tmt'k.> (; '" I. 2. 3) abo! P(A I ) ,. 0.2. P(A.,) = 0.3 , P(A J ) = 0.5 Tovabha
igaz. bor;y:
.-l,A, = O ..-l, + ,12 .... .-l3 = I.
.-l: A tnmfk ....lejses.
P{AIA l ) = 0.05 az f'l<IO gi'p ,...J,.jlAriuJy>l. b-mll:ww p(.-t1.42 ) = 0.G4 8 P(A IA] ) = 0.02.
Ie Il kk k~", aden v~
A) PiA l = P(A dP(A jA 1 ) + P(A l )P{.4]A, ) ... P{.-l])P(.-lIAl)
'" 0.20.05 + 0.30.0.1 -.- O. 5 O.O'l::::: 0.002 .
vaJ<-ulIl.~i~ .. lTlIltPlT\Iltibo.i 1UlJIli7.il< IOOloarrPit alblma.auk ... <.'"LiTt 1lZ\-tk...,;g.-rnk van A

vallOZ6", a fi:iggv<>n)" fogAlmiulak b r ~.
P( AID )
PCB) =
Egy iizelllben hizon~ lm";lu-Iwt J l1O'f"nllAKi'vt'n Alhtanu ..10: ~ "-""' l>'f,ru;k 20 %'M az eiloiin.
Ekko iga&. bogy;

1. Ha PtA ) ;Obo P(B );' O.akkor
P(BIA )
(Hi.H)
.l: '" I, . . n .
L
P(AIB,IP(ll,1
,.,
I..
~0
!'( ,1IBl)P(Bk)
-c
T..hat :
P tA ) = I _
BAy.... t .. t el e
P(Bl IA) =
7,l;' .1O - %.
781
(~
P(B IA)
P (B)
(16.:.!~ )
HIl IlZ X valOt<zint~ot'gi valtJ:yi> v(,g"" !<.tArml.. ""l!.Y IlltWQknW!u<t.6aJ., ""k i-rti-kt't (Il torlOO1i>l<zin'l""gi valto"~i> /<>1, .
to"",. ItA ~ "rU'kPi II:l "800 ""Ampgyr"""ht"J:. ""10' IUlnU PRY m.:.intl"rvallllm&1w'l tartoznllk. Pon tool
d"linidilt A 16.2.2.2. lLipolltban Ildunk. Ril kAn "l<'lfordllJ ig....rt (folyto ,1OOl bI di&krt"t) valtil<zinWoPgi
Vl\11.07i> is. A : 778. oldal. A p(oJda, R..ndrljiik hnuilll:.l All. AI', 04, 1"" ,122 ...... m..uyt>khw, IlZ 1. 2. J .
4 !OZ4m.okat. /..gy pgy di"..;kn't v"t.:-.iml,..;gi vfL.It<",i>t clcliniAltunk.
B ; Egy gyArha n " lpgyartott k,;",.lrth6J ..... lr ll..llll1.C'T l1..n kivfl.lNa toll izwJlunpa eJ"ttar\Am1l folytoval""zinii....gi wiJtO'J".t'>. jPloljiik T\lP1. EY t ",IoU v.uo..>rduu ' ...tkn T = t azt jd ellli. hogy l"Z l\7. ir.w
P<)l1tOO\all t ido alart ..g ki.
ll""
P(A il) = P( A)P(B).

3.
(l6.:.!!)h)
16 .2 .2.2 . Elosalasfiiggveny
T t>lj.,.,.eeetuenyr.. ndsa.. rre vOllll.tkozo tHe lek
Ha az A ~'!'If.'m~nyhal lllllz B, E A ......m..nyei Wlj.... '''''IIl~ nvrrnd~~.crt a1kot lla k

(i = 1, 2,
, n}, "kk"l' "gy t.'lwwl"g,'f! A E A ,,",'m <-nyrr ig;w.:
1. A t elj V8lo~7.lnt1 ..log Htel..
Pt A} =
.
L
,., P( AIB,)P(B, )
"'!'\Y. 1i< 'KY P(B;}
>
lJ
(16,40)
1.
Elosdasfilgv veny deflnldoj.. ~ tullljdonsAg.. i

X vaJilGzin([,.{'gi val to """..1""7.lfw\.t " r. ,.["" 1.1Mf,l Kl1v"'Il IlYl' l j l'Jll'llw~ziik :
F{ ~ ) = PI X :s: r )
- 00 < r < 00.
'!\,hft,t F(xl "rt l'k.. a;,::r h..lyf'lllL1.t ...-Ij"In",;, lIlC'kk()l''' vll!,_iwl....'AA"I ....... r. fd
- eM; "' :r kfu.oUi "rl"k..k"l.. Ar. dOf',JIIJ,fii/lllvioIlY t uJllj<l"I ~..l:
I.
F (-oo)= O,F( + oo) = 1.
A~
(16.42)
IL1.
X \"ali.o;zimi."'gi Vfl.1tO"d l
16.!. V,u6....i ... l, ~g,"4mita.'
2.
F(x) ,.,.. x-n..k n..m ""'kkooo fiiRI';Vi'ny<'.

F(x) min<lf'IlpontMn johhrOl fnlytOflO!l.
~ Iegj e gyze-s: Az irodelcmban az ..I.-l.\r.fiiggvpny d... finkiiljll-"Ok.Wr a kowtk..w: F(x)
P(X < x).
Ekkor Afemi tulAjrlonAAgok kilziil A3. vAltozik: "MImi" f<>lytollOl'.
2. D i~ 7. :,: ..pt e-s folyton(lOl vaI6llJi n.l"pgi vAhow elo8dasfiigg,,"' n)'"
D is z kri't val6llz lntl.,pgi vltlt07.o: HAM X VAln.ziml~i v3ltoWAZ z, (i = 1.2... ) .. rti>~krt P(X
x.) _ Po (i '" 1.2.. ,.) va!6.Ull'!lol'gt'l v....zi r..1. Aitkor
3.
F{x)
L Po.
(lliA3)
"Zin,iI<i'gliil. a "".iKnifikans ..!t Pc.... '~in(ls<,r;i>n~l l .....,;.liillk. _,,~""'o ;,rt;,kr kll<'k IIl'-W l"lclo kvantili.....k
a,;yakorlilthan lcgtOhbi<:7,.(ir ..lOforcl" lo ..I.-I""ukr" 21.1 4..161 21 . 11!l. tablazatokba n tal3lhatok.
16 .2. 2.3 , Vitr hat6 er tek. sz6ra.o;, CM"b iSl:'v-t>IO'CIlIt"it!c llseg

F-ltY ..~ ko't lrgfolltoAAbh j<>1l.. mW!""lI.mi'u'",: a /,l vArhll.tO "rti>k (kOzioI'i'rtekj e.. lI. (1 .wr"", Ezek
i.m....-tH....n kaphatnok a:z..1o&lra <"10' .LoU. d"rv/\ k,__ lfli'st, A vArha.t6rrti>1r. fogalmA m,-ogf...l d" medranikll.bOI i~m<'rt ~Ulypont fogalnll\nalr.lWIZ ~ltI""d folytonol< _lhl'n I' az III) fi~uy alatti IMlom.wy ,<ulypontjilrlJ\k al-.citRlajll. A ~ pe<.!ig I\:lI X Ya101ozin~ vitll<YLI'",dok & /,l viLrhatohto'ktOi
wit .. l~t. A jJ viLrhatil i'rti'k mnili illg",j,na...;.t jellemzi.
I.
FolytOl108 ,,,,108zln~ vltltoz6: .J". ~~ rillad>akIwr folytOlKll'. ira 1Ct<-7.i.k oI.WU1 ,,,,In I""
gativ f(x) fi"lgVf-lly.lll('lyT'" PI X E S) kJ[..Phct6mint: P(X E 5) = J j(x).u E U >l j(.r) fii~IlY
V h h a t 6 "'r! e k
Ha g( X I _ X VI\I6o.zinUsPgi vAlIozO mw"nyt'.
w.... g(X) oWait<\n vaIOtozi.lItl~ vAitozi>. g( X I v","hat i>-
kU'ko'nf'k drfiniciOj&:
1. Diszkri't ...... t:
A.uriL.~,.
f-"(g( X)) =
Annal: val<-inWooilft. hoto' X o'rti'kri..,;y ~ la. bl int <'fVlll lumbAn VAIlnAit azj( t) silrtt.'gfiiqvkm)'l'1
IWIjuk 1JIoI'll::
2 . Folytonoe f'Sf't:
P(a::; X::;II)= j l (X).u .
783
L q(.c~jPt
(g{X)) = /
g(z)J(z).u
( 16,471
- =<X< :x:
Abol I{.r) 2::0,
A megfd..1lS rol~ ...kezlaar'JJAAV"ny:

F(x) = PIX
s z) =
j 1(l)dt
( Iti, ~1
-.
zJ(.c).u
(1604&)
0< (lti4 'a.b)-b61 k6vet l-.7.O..n iRa:z, bogy
PI X =x.)=O.
3. A valo..Jlnol,.e.g, m int teruJ<.t

Fol)-w.- \'aI(,..zinl'boi-gi vAiI-oW......ti' n AP (X ::; x) = F (x ) ..1oI<z.l""fiiggv"ny"""~ftZ x h..lyen '10"-1\16
A s,ini,w.,;fi>W"fny .u...Ui wnik-w'la -~ < t ::; x Wk'rvalllUll f..letr (16.1.a abra) AJ utl a .....u:..d.
L x~Pt
JJX = E (X ) =
E(a X - II) ;; ajJx - b (a.b vnJO,o lIZAmok).
n-rorf'll,hl momentuma:
f(t)'
(t)
~ 't
E(X ~ )
2 n-ror e"dl1 ..,ntr(JU; mU"I<"t"",-",
3.
Szorasnegyzet
P (X >.c ) =o-.
( 16.4ti)
t .. lj"" iil. F:kko r a j (t ) "l"tti tniil.,t .c,,-tO) johhn\ i>1'p.. n a (16.1.b abra ) .
l\I..Jci..IO'Zfos: AT. irod "lolllh"n .ohmr 1I.~ -,".. -t61 balrll. ,...... tt"ii1ct m"",,kH hivjnk o- kv""tl)j~, ,,,k .
A matrmat ika i ~tati""tikll.hlllt Q ki>o {-rtt'l",i '-....te" (1'1. u = 0.0 5 = 5% ...... !O' u 0= 0,01 = 1%) hih"v"U..
E(( X - JJX )"1
( 1/;.490)
e.. 5>:6..""
D " -.d"
E ( (X - J' x )2) =LY(X ) o="'l =:o
"br" ,
nt'''> g-Prti'k ......ti'll l\7.tA1. r =:r ~ (-rt{- k"t n.......'l 'l.iik 1\7. d""")M n -arll'<'n<hi kv"ntili"'",.. k. " md yn'
( 16.49<1.)
.. = 2 _ t m a ....ntrMis mornenturuot ..wr....ll<'gyzotmk (varikwll><1r) n...,<=iik:
h}
lti. },
(I6 .-\1Sb)
2_ n-edrPndii mOl oentumok

Az X ~in;i,.;,gi v3ltmi> IDORlf"lItlllll&.:
ux-t
n~v"l~iik 3""ra.~nak ,
/"''''
(z-jJ,d/(:rj dx.
--
A koV<'t.k.w a <:l11H1AAAgok M-v~ IlY<''''' k :

V 1(X ) =:0 ui = E(X 2) - jJ\. V 1(aX + b),. f/~ [)1{ X)
4. S u lyoitOtt koze p, s>:Am t a n i k07,"P

Di.'7.krN. """t,*" a X val6t<lll1 ,l,.{>gi v"l t o'/,o v", hato iortfkl" 1LZ.c", .. _Xn M-t pko- k ~ u.ly<Ymtt
E(X ) = PI-'"l
+. + p~-'" ~
( 16 ,,,1 j
k&~elJ" rtekc:
( W.c>2)
".
>!hoI ..... X vll!Oocl.inWgi v,;.]t.w.6 All & . {,rtf!u.k"t 1'1< (k ; 0 I , ... ,,) val06zi",~1 v..... i rd. ,I.h...l ... p.
ertekPket ~U1y"lmak l<killlh..tjiik. D iool.lui1. .'JtYl'uk tc!l ..u-I"" "",,""n:
PI'" P'1 "" .. '" p.. =

M~zo',l:
11" .
E( X)
I , +.11 T ...
+ .E.
(16.;>3)
Folyk>no.-o l'1O'l'tll..t<..... k-IMrbI ..ldwf bn<zfI'-mk. hA
...-lott: P(.-t) = pc.. P(:l) --" I - p. i..<-gyffi I\Z X. Vl\I6mnillt.iti vNl<Ym

n vo'gn'hajtA.s ""Tan IlZ A lrkovrtk.,tt. Ekkor:
P{X~=k-) =(;)/(I-p)ft~.
-'-JIt
U =~, nt. "" --,-,(II _a)1
5.
{I G.;:"':;)
/I-II
J!
HAaz X valcmin11looil;i dJt0z6,. v4rMtl>kt"kPk (1!1Z1'>rliM 1Pu-.rik. akkor t<>L'lZOkg.... ~

....-ten:
-,.1 ~
Ad)
:S ~
> 0 wUllI&Nn
(16..:.6)
T..hM naY<>D IticlIi. .. ~11"""'w' NUJAk. hoKy ..... X -L6o<zimisCp;i ,-;\Ito..o t>rtfkri .. Il vlU-MtOktikt61
~ I). tullY /orti'!u ..... tfn) IIN'IIOZI'bb ....""1<..
..........
16 .2 .2.4 . T obbdlmenz ios ,alllszlnllsegi valtozok
_.....(n) _ n'
.I;
..u X
ft
- k'(n
E{X.)=f' =np.
2.
"ns.:
J
J
{I6.:'7J
F (r ,. .
. r~) = F,{r ,)F2(r 2) '
F~ ( .c. ) .
/(1" .... t ft) = !J(t,).
,~(t~)
(16.:.9)
16. 2.3 . Diszkret c1osz)i.o:;ok
1. K etilll a pot u .. lIlJ>!'Okadoll:loti az u rnamod.. l1

A kMAll"l'o til ~tnl i~tiW ""~ ;\" ..I,m' kM OfIZt.&l yha .....rolh"w: az "K)'ik .......talyb.'lJ V>U.I A! ,),om
hiwuyOlO A IlIl>.j,I"ll>lAl['kW." Ill.....i kh ll.l, ..... - M <'!f'Ill. mel yek lV, A t1l1l\jdonAAAAal ""Ill r..",I,l k,z"" k , A PIA } = p (... PIA ) = 1 - p vll./6<;ziJl,i>oi~, k Iottak . Eb b,;l " ""ka.'lilghOl n ..I..mf'! kH filf'k"pf" 'n
\'l\l"''<lt.lmtlLllk ki: vi""~~t, v,'_'l. ilkt V<' Vi"'W....Ie v nl-Ikiil. A kih uzctt n elemot, Ilmf'm,yilH'" mind"n
dcuwt "IlVUlN<t 61[lilQl;C't!"lliil, "p;yfoll n l\ vll./6/0z[nu"'gg e1 vll.la,nt u n k n -d",m' ,lil dlm mm t<i ,,,,k n...v("~
ziik , A f..nti ..k"t I\z IUnIl.lILt"ldl ""~it""~"'""l ~z"f1l1"'h~tjiik .
2. Urna mo d e ll
EIO'd o bort l"'ll vllgy urnAl "'II Il"KV...d llll1\ fpl,/or''''pin''' goly6 van. K..r-iik " " ,,"k " va!6f;zlnfu;{"l\{>t. b"KY
n vt'1..t !'1I8lwn1"1I kih'lzott Koly<'> km:ott pont"""n " pil"O<" golyo va n. H" m ind..gyik kihi,wtt l:"ly6t. miutAll .. lI'l.ilwt M j<>gyl'Xt iik, 1\ ki>VM kP7J1 ll1i~iuI .. lott "jrll vi,..,....l.ef;fI7.iik a d o bw. lm . akkor v~t"v(,....
pirotoat.
(16.61)
Ill'.AZ
Ioma",l4l.. pJaul,i. Az ..b<Qi,. p&C~ n;'" p.
"rora" D~z..-t
p2V'-.> <T'-n
116,(;,3,.)
p(l-p)
(16.63h)
Ha X ft hinomial;" ..........!Noli...Ideo,.<~
hm
A... j{t l ... t,,) fUg,;v+llyt al: n-,liuwfl7.iO,. ... """'Iao. 3TiniJ,~J"nd,Il<'V{"""""ik. I"'a.z Zl,' ,z. vft.I
tati>k Iu-ulil egy \"IIlP' tOhh .. ~hnl ...~ t...rt, kal.juk.ll.Z (Jgyne"'l'V'tt p"........-u..uU."k"t. FM'k v~tAt
... pc>IdAkat II. [16. -11 N 116.2;;1 irotWnm UU'W1nI\>".......
Az X, . . . . X~ wJ"-fnlWogi vAlto7i>k fiigtyt1~ n~!. h,,:
hoc vioKlatcv""",,1
06.611
.1- )
P(X.-EX
.-""
D{X..)
t.) filggvkly Ugy. ~
...
(16,60)
k)'
"rt..k b
...-D,,1t fd ..-\ ~J6 ..1o.z1",mgw"ny;
_,.c..) =
(.I;_O,I.2.. ... n)
.,.
.\"-.\1
P(Al--,-.- -1-p-'1
...uo..zmii~ vAlt07.il.. ~
Varhato
Ax X = (Xl' X 2 _ X . )
.,i1MTi>1 ""y nWI no'vPn....t.iuiR ....rg.....l tmrOl ..ldwd,..,.w.!link. Nt.
mioo",., P(lV"I' .. lPmi -mffiy .... kt'i~~kor lIZ X l , ... X " ~ii.~ v;\Jtozi>k II.
r. ktPkPl:
F(I... ,z.) = P(X1:s II. . . ,X.:s .c.)

..\z ..klto7.lW'"iQ;v'elly folytonooo. ba lkoozik "KY /(1 1"
~mi.fg..
AlIIlAk VJIlo'-jn,i.~. bogy All,,1!06 k fl~1r-D hluM ..l't'<lmo'"y" A l"A "tAM n - k .......n""'n~... A;
pl( 1 _ p)" -. I:gyanez" ...It'..o:zim. ...v"iik h411llf'lyd.~.'""'"" ri>g7;itf'tl .... rTI'tKI ..-M......
1.
"""tInt
A. e,; A. m..lyrk
"rlku lI.Z a..z&m. I\hAnys7.0r.v.
EnlH'k ~lr-l6o-n I\Z .. l6bbi ~Wi&tiklli ....~ .. ""-'..-n.v. All A ft...tu('uy.

hUnunk:
p('41 =\'"=p.
C..ebi!lev-~n16t iPnsI1l;
P{I.X
16.2.3 ,1. Binom iali s e!os zli...

T..kinUl,ink..,;y vCl.. tl"1l k&w''tk~.~. tuelyn..k """I< kk l<irnt"l",t,J,. 1<'1I<t:
- ' - haa:::;r:::;b.
/(r) = ( II-a
o
C!O'i'bkrnl.
EM..,;I ko....-tVorik. bogy
( X) =
Illi"t"vt'I ..ln'll t-7kliink. A7.okat" Vll.lOOilltlN~,k,t.Ul.lvpk ",..g",ljAk.!loRy;>;l." el"'lIli I1UIlt"b,," ponI<lOlIUl k- pi,""" ~l.,.., \'3.l'. 1\ binomiAl;" ,.J,-u. iT)" jp. fl~ .v. " lI.0l.,..,t vt-,... tc"",", ,"'lkiil Mzzuk. akkor
kapjllk .. hiP"l"II.<'Orrwtrik,L.... Ioo<zI....t.
oo~
",1"
J (-")d
-.
Pl:p
(I6,6Jc)
T..hAt .. ~ nagy n "",-,l.t-n .. binoluiali>< ,."-lA.~I 1''' - C'(X.) 1ot;,.,2

IJ2P:~) Jl""""II'k<Tli nonn;lli"
..ro..:zla..-...1 kOzdithMjiik. Ez AltalAhAt, "kkot p~ ponl..... kfq..li....... ha np > -4 k. n( 1 - p) > 4.
3. R .. ku rziOs k"pl.. t Gyllkorlllti ..Mmitkookhan o'rdMllMI/lZIIo1Ahbi r,lmrzi6o< k"p1M..-~ a1bJffiII7.ni:
P( Xft _.I; + 1) '"
~
k
e p(X~
+I q
l-)
(H;_GJ<l)
H.. X~ .... X", blnomlelis ..kJ,.7.IA.~i, wJooln'l""gi \'41t<>l'i>k n, p, ilkt\'.. m, p p"lIu"ct.en kkel. I\kkOl
X _ X~ + X .. \.,.]Ot<i:il1l;"'ogi \,utozi>;" hilHJlniA!ilo ..1,..zIAHIj n + m. p paramPt.. !"<'kk.. J.
Az 16 . 2 .a, b ,c a b r iin lui.tuUl biuOlllWilo ..loo<Zl""t !l.bnolt Ullk n - 5. P = 0,5; 0.2.'). i11Pt\'c u.t peremst<,!"<'kkd, LAt ha w , lLOKY P '" q --' 0.5 .... th, At. , loMl;\AIt ...~iIUIll"trikUli. Allogy p tevolodlk 1\ O.C>-tO!. llg)'
,,.okk''I1 " szim",,lria.
4.
At.
16.2 .3.2 . Hipe rgecm e-t rjk us f'los:r.la...

A billOmiiLlisf'IOO:lIAAh.-.-.: hasonloen .. " t,.. ti~ztilo.i ,."kl~ nu",t ill kHf,Jlllp"t", M ..l..m n:uddk,c/.ik "'" A
t "l"jdoll""AAaI." liibhi .\" - M elom proiR 1\7. A t" l"j,I"n""AA"11"'m r..nd..lkl'7.ik. A kiilonhsPg "bban
\'IlI1. bogy" IUl'gfddo nr"I\modplllwn IV,n-..!Plllu veh-th-nmintat Ill,,,,t v;,.,;~...t<v",", ,,(,Ik,il w .....ziik.
Annak val6t;zill\i.o;(,~",h"&j' az n kib(rwtt i\"ly" kij~;jtt " I'in'" VullO
(Nn-k
- .If)
(,If)
k
(~)
(16.64,,)
- - - - - - - - - - - ..
-----------~-~
.
786
Oh
Oh
0.5
0,4
0.5
0,4
p=O.so
p.{).25
0)
:~ LlLt-. 0'0,1
0-'
0.0
0 1 23 4 5
0.0 ~O-LLL--'-~-'
I 2 3 -I 5
l
b)
-)
0-'
0-'
~.
g~ Lp=o.25
0,7
0,7
0,'
0,7
0,7
0,7
Oh
Oh
0.5
0,4
c-c.to
O~
O~
0.0 ~0-1~2-3;-;4---,-5---.,.l
0,0
<)
-)
0'0,1
00-''
0,2
0,1
~O:+~-':-~-"
1 2 3 4 5
l
0.00 123 45
0,7
Oh
0.5
0,4
O~
0'0,1
O.o UJ-~~_
0 1 23 4 5
<)
b)
16.2. 4hr,,-
0:5.1;$:",
k'5.-'1.
n-/I;:::; .\'-.\1
(16,64h)
Art "" X -"-in~ viltO'.ll6t. mrlynrk ..~ .. (16.64&) ad.ia~ ~tnh....lo.M.rW/..I;

~ik.
P.......n o'wrri X, .\I. n. EkIIor

1. Varhato f rtfok", nor"' n@gylE't
. ('~) (: ~ n il
p:E( X)= ~k
(~)
(16.Ga.)
'''''x'
2. Ha X, e,; X 2 fiigg.. tJo:.n, POlsso~-f'loov:""'\i ~tWgi vl\.ltozOk A,. ill. ~2 P"J""lfIi'u...kkd. akb.r
,." X _ X , _ X 2 ~IIlli.~ valtmOlIO t'orssos-..l<.GlNoilk J"'f1l.llli'lpPo A ~ A, AJ.
3.
Rl"k urzi o.. kepi"
P( X = .l; -1) = _'_. PI X _ 1:)

'16,6.<,)
, - I
A POiSSOI'i~baJa.. a binolI1Wi,.o. ..1oI<diuo b..t.Viort..k... >I2'.all b.. .... X~ n'" P I""a.m,;t<."ni. hinomwv.
"o"'tI....il ~mi.-."gi >-alto'dlk Pk-I"-iualr. ~I to>kintJiik n - "X (JI - 0) f'H"'trn ligy. hoto'
lip _ A > 0 allandO. aklwI- X ...k-.lW .. A ,_amk<>rol POISSOS'~ tart. P :0::: O.
....
II <:: 15OOp..-i>na binorni6li~""""'.1""tk~lt6pol\~bdvrtlftlilill POI"'SOI'i-..lo<zlA>.. {.,.igy a
IJ>Cf:fck-1O vali>oozim1.~ck IU!<r.Bwiliwl 1kI\'f'@:.....-t1 ~!IZIf'I'11hh.
A 16.4. ab ra J PO ISSOI'i-f'~..w Qt ht"kfl muu.tjA. " 1~"jplO p&rami1ft<"k: ~ = lip = 2.;';
1.2;' &. 05; e"d. az m ..lwk f..lrlno.lr.lm'g II 16.2. (.,; 16.3. iibrlk nllk .
0,7
Oh
2.
(16.6:>1
0,7
0,'
0.5
0"
0-'
0,4
)\n
P {X = Ie+ 1) "" H'U .,,(l-+ I ) = (/I;

:- .1;)(,\/ - k) k
P(X == k ) .
.
+ 1 .\ - M
n+ + 1)
( 16.6~)
A 16. 3 .a .b .c 'bran J hLI ..-rgeom..tri ku....10f<ZIM lillhat6az .\' = 100 . M = !)O. 25 /,.. 10.11 - ~"""Ihrn.
m"ly..k 1\ 16 .2. Ab ril n IU p = 0.5 ; 0.25",0.1 ......' ..k" ..k f..l..1n"k meg. Eb.....n a haro m 1"'1<1"1... n nin(':ll
"".igni fik"n~ kiilonhloo'l\ II hi ,,<>miA]is"." hil" 'rgenrn",trikus .. IOOl7. lAA k07;;tt .
0,71
Oh
0.5
0,4
~,.1,25
O~
O~
O~
Reku r zi ..... k.plf't
00,1'
0,2
O.o ~OC-I~2-LUo--"
3 4 5
l
0.1
0,0
h)
-)
I 2 3 4 5
0,2
0,1
0,0
,)
;.=0,50
2 3 4
ltd. "!.>I".
16.2.3 .3. P ois son-clo szlas

16.2 .4 . Folytonos e lc szlasok
H",IIZ X di..,.kri>t v" I6f<:.< ln'l"" l!:i vAltty/.llrll
P(X = k) =~>-~
(ko::: O,1, 2, ... ;~>
O)
a kkor X POISSON ,/"..:J<i",l. Az <'!OIIzIM rmramfol...r..'

1. VAr ha t6 h ti-k k n"'rA~ n/>gy1'i ..t
E( X) ""~'
( 16.6 7'1)
(16.66)
~ .
( 16 ,67h}
16 .2.4 .1 . No r malis elosales

1. Elos zla s .... s u r usi-g ruggve ny E,.;y X v"!'",zln,,...'gi \'AII,w.6 I\""",,,lis ..ll.. dft.~i,. pontosa!>I",,,
(I', (T )-llorlllAl..l",,~lft.~il , ha d""z]'\.~fii ,.;p;vi'llY' :
) f'
P (X :0::: x) "" F(.r) = ~
<7y2 1r
('-p)'
,,--,;;r d',
( 16,&
...
------------=._~---------'88
2. Va lo.. z iml segint t>gr al A kiiVPtlwdi ddlnki"k ""~'rint" 4'(.1: ) l'illlJl:V<'UY 1U,~Mdu iUlPgrilljail az
irod.uomo.u, ~ini\.-w>giIl1Pj!;1'Ii.]llak.jUdv, GAUS-'l-hihNnIPjlrli.ht.akWvj.u...
.tinl""WiiAAV'lly":
/ (1) '"
l~
{ I(j,G!I}
= "'-,;;r
01\'2'/1'
oI>D{Z) '" - 1-
A .'lrii...'gfiigg....sny I""xillllll""" t = JJ Iwl)~on. inflo.xi..... pOlltjai a jJ ::i::". hd""ko,ll..."m..k (1.iwocI t6.5 .R.h
"bra}.
-
J2i
J't>-T" dt "" 4>(z ) - -2,
(16.14...)
5,r/"-"dl ",2 .<l>o(..r2r )
m (.r) '"
Ifj.i-lb)
16.2A.3. Logaelt mikus n ormalis elos1.la..s
01
e.
I . EIOllZ]....... sUru..egffiggvt'ny Az X ~nt'lPoi,,;l violloz6t Ioprit mi kll" normAli.~

~ rovideu lngnormAIi~ ~'lJWlk llf"V<"iIl>liik. I"' ~ ....
parAlUi"'rnkk..l, he. Ill:
bl
,,1
"k-.w.,ln.U
(1(>_t :-,)
}' '" 10,; X

,"",~nii,.>g:i vliltozi> P I.
k't.. krkM. wb<>t
e...i
I""'~
wI. SUni..qr'U~;
D..
nwil......._ ......~, .,,; X """'-in"i,.r~ Yliltcrd>.-k vazitiv
(16. 6 )
o
F {z ) =
IIa az X , k X ~ \~jn~i Y;\/tnwk fiiggPl 11"llpk ..... !Inrmali....1oor.rJ3><,w /.., . "). illet .....1'2 , " 2 I_lUI''''
t ...... kk..l. a.kkor lIZ X = k,X, + 1-'.\2 (A,. k1
ko<~..taus) v,,~i1l11,,(,gi Vl\l1.oZl> j,.llOf llW.j,;" ~li.
vu.:.-.
JJ = k ,pl - A"JIIl.11 - /l.,'''T'

A P(a 'S: X b) ~'Ill~t
:s
_l}",2 1...,-I\m"tt...,kk,1.
..
"willard uonuAli.< ..I""",IA,; du<ZIAMiI,ggv{>uy ""tI:it.oo1;i"vrlltaphl\t jllk
1_
{ 17_ L ,fii
I.
2.
ll -eXP(/JL+
3.
P(.\
.:s
'J'. J'
r) = 4>(.r} ... .;Ii
..- 2 ,It =
jJ
= 0 .... .,.2 '" I ,...,Ii'll MI.juk "'" ..l.-]A...fiiggvpuyl :
.;(t)<I'
( 1(;,;'2,,)
J....('l(p(-~)" ""
r > o.
--
2<1 L
( I6.;;)
Varhat6 "rtek e. swrb T...-lI1i flU't.<'tl l<>wUitffi'lIO .uWII~ .....liu:
( 16. 71)
t:IOIlzlk>- (>s lIu r ll....gfUKK:vl uy ( Iti,61l).t.o[
J' ~O .
A K,V..Jwrl>t.ti "'-kalllllLZAAokhan V"fO''' l.<'n~ot.fof>-, ~"ti~pi,loRaritI11""llwwaaijak.
"","'
16.2.4.2. Standard nor malis t>luszlA.", Oauss-hibaffiggveny
hA
~i)
( 1 6 . '~ )
~ Iegjegyz""" k
a) A ]ugnornwi" <>loRz]iI..~ ",ini..;,,;fiiAAvo'llyN kl'l k;Hi}nbi'.7A (/' L."J,) ,"' .. t..rm"'-'t"", Iogaritllllls "'-kal1l'lWiNt. """,th, /l 16 .6 . abr/l ""...mli>lt,ti.
b~ FiKy..!,m : PI. i...
lOll Y 0=- log.\ v.u'-iuiil'l<'1ti vAll-uW v!lrh.. th I'rtjoke .... "".i>ri""""~l.f'te. mil':!J i...
t1 (16.'S) """" rint az X V/l1o..zllJ,i""v;i viLIt'TI,i> v,;.,.h.. h',o'rtlk.. I... ~7.otMnf.g)7"'!A' .
c) A IOKnor"'''lil<c1.....l ]"" F{r) ..10I'I7.lii.~f;iAA'{1I.v"
.
f, lid",tt'>.. 4'(z) _t"lIlI"rll llorm;\.li~ !'l<-"'7.hi.><fii~"'ny
<7i
"'ll;it.s<'g';"c1:
(16.79)
(lb. 72!
d ) A 1000nmmAliK elm,,,l,,,, a]kahlJ""""(:c) frt"k..it tartaJrnazzal'm.itiv
.c-,,\u-, \ IllPrt Jl"~atfv r i'rti'ko'kT<' ,],1,1;]:
(-r ) - 1 - 4'(r )
( l(j,7J )
vi7'><ll;a]",t...
e ) M i" " llOru ",ji>. ..1""'1:1"" ""k. 'lO'llllt..~tbl fiiAA,'tl,'n v"l ....z;nilso'gi VlUt'YI.o 0AA7Agi>n,k. ",ldi" a IOKnor
mA.li!< d .....lW -aek "".or/J'ltfmak "],-",zlAAAt frjll 1,..
-------------~790
fIt)
r( z) a l':>umllafiiggvc.tll j.loli (IAA<:! 469 . "kl.):
[tt
2.0
r(x ) =
f t'- '~-' d'
hA r>O
(1(;_86)
(16_tlJ)_ban o -t alakpac3lIWt"",,,k, 8-t 101,\i'kl>''l"lLlIll-t..m ..k ioo bivjAk {JA,orl I 6 . l'l. .... 16.9. i b r a ).
1(1)
c-z
1,0
o~
01
1,0
13
16.(; ilhta.
1~
1~
16. 7. Abr...
16 .2..104. Exponeucialis el osalas

I. Sl1r~- eo. ek.o.. zJ.bmgg~4>ny Et;y f<>lytouor< X val.68zin1~ vAlt..w npmo<"ftCllilL. "",.:ltiJlri),
pnuuct....... 1 (.l. > 0). hu,1nt~ugv.. I1~. (aa...J 16.7. abra):
o
M 1< 0.
/(,) "'- { k-:ll hA
.... ilO'
a)
16.9. Abr1I-.
p.='A
(16.1'i2)
E4o' folytouOOl X
valwi.tlii,..:,,;i y;\,lt<.>zO WElBliL L-<-u-.l""' l " .....
!-",ram(w,-"kk"l, (n > o. Ii > OJ. hll ..11r([,...Jl:fii~v(IlY":

t
< n,
!l'l: {: (')"-'
( s')"
;l
,'1
- I>"I"lW}i-toord "p"""nri4J.i,< ,*-IAAnu frJ<o1 llV'fl-
"
ltolA>. m<"rt-Pkiot >ldja Inqt:
&>: ..
c ) A W E./ Bl' LL-r lOllZm..t 1'-1~ink&"b .. m"'8bfLhAli~,.[IU"Io,tbrn Il1MlmlL7.ziJ.k, ,illvel k;j!<>nhOW alkatI+"",f'k "" lIlka.tm.z--c>o:>port<>k v+lrtl..n ..1..tta.rt.ruIlAt ig"n rugAiTl1JllUUl irja Ie.
16.2.--1.6. x2-eloszlas
1. Sil n l ....g- es elosdasffiggv"ny Ha X l . X 2. ,., X~ fUIUWtl.'n, (0, 1 ~nom"iJ~~rl ......lAAu fiigg<>tlr n
VRl6lozinfuo"gi v,;Jtou,>k, ak kor a
\ 2 = X ,I+X22 + ... + X.2
( tG_Sil)
\"IL\ll87.in'i.'<i-Ri vaIt0z6 e I~I"-""'t n ~"",I_l.wi+:Jnk'1 \ 2_.. I,...,..!A><llJl-k u,veuilk. Elfwa;]"" fiw " nyM jdolje
f~,(r) ... mClI;fcl..16s(lru,.pgfiiggv<-ny ;
(16.&1)
"XI>--
f~,( t) =
h..
< U,
Ii
J'
2:
u':"' [r(I+ ~) -1"' (1+;)]
__
I_ I ~ -l e - ~
o2 j r(~)
b"
1>0,
b"
t:S 0
(16.M)
Vllrhat6 ertl-k e~ 8z(,rrn.ll"KYz..t
':$r(l+ n
= 1 """len .. WEIBl"LL--"~1fw; A =
(16.IS'1
11 E~.
S ik ii.... g- #os pIOIIzl A...fiigg\,pn y
i>
b ) \'llIl 3I"""ami.-tt-r... WEIBl"LL--':'k-1fw; ~~'''") MI,dY~I>"I"~M
\'arha to Iortfok k "ror b n,l.gyzf't

1
,1
hll
2.
0'
2.0
16.1'. ibra.
(Ui.lSl)
16 .2.4 .5. Wei b ull el oszlil.,';
{j
1,5
1l7... k-JA..~filgg\+n~
A.z "Xpun'll"iNi.~ ~lN<t .. kM'f"tkO"Zl'l ""'IfotLM, fnlylUll3l ok k-Jr-Wban alkNmazzl\lr.: l.<-k-fonhoow;!gt-u::..

....k id6\.Nt.alIUl, rlKlic'>lo.ktiv 1">Ill]'".... -t...n .. ~k"'k ... I'1.tart....m a, g..p miikOd.:...i Kkj<> k<'t wlMku
lcit.lW komlt, ...JJa.triol<r",k fWt\.&rt.ll.mA.
1.
1))
0,5
( 16.1lO)
t?: 0
;<0,
r2:0
2.
01
(.r>O).
2.
(16.85)
(I G_1l9)
{16. 90}
Varhato erlek "s 8Z0ra8
E{\2 ) = n .
( 16.9 Ia)
( 1ti_~ lb)
---------------=.--------------,
792
3.
X
4.
II" X, b!< Xl fiiWII..n. fl. ill,"'~ In ""....lmd..,;,gfOku. \ 2 dOl<o<Ia.." V".uo.."in(L~i valta,Aik, ..Jekor J1~
X , + X 2 ",,1<-ln,1"<-';i vl\lImil n ... m ~foku. \2 "Io.<zl""("
Ha Xl. X 2. ,_. X. fiilU(,tl<1l (O.<1)-ltormal..]""".J""{' vaJ"""fnii<t'>gi vaJt07i>k, &kkn..
3. Kva ntilisek Az Fp~IM f,,_'",

tAWI...ti>k.
.... kVlUltililoPi {16 . 11. Ab r a ) ...21.17. tablizatban (Id , 112I. o1r1.)
(16.92)
16 .2 .4.8 . St ude nt -e loszfas
(16.93)
SurUseg- es eloszla,;ffiggveny H.. X <'KY (U, l)-uonw\.li:lek-liu<li.. } .I>'"'iig egy X -to! fI-lggf'twn.
"' ""Ahact<.Agfokll ,l ~loto da.~li. valOtrzimWw. vl.Iwli>. a.!OO'f"
1.
/! L..'
~
,"
. -- I
,.,
,
5.
T=~
(16.100)
,fi7ffl
~lOR:1in;l,..;gi valtozii ,,1of,z1AAA.: ''''I<1~fok''l STtDE.'ITru...aa. ""10' t-do.. ~ E kkoc:
.-\Z In ~ol"i \2...-..-1-. a-adrmdt11m1ntili.. . lIZ ... \~ .. ,..a.m. lD<"1Y""

P(X;?:\~ .. )=n.
M'l ~
(Hi.9."
{Ia..d 16.10. ' b r al. A \2... ioooIlA.o k....lltilirrit kiOOu~a .... m M-ti-k"k..... 21.16. tilblhz.at tArtAI-
, r ( ~)
,
.;m. r(~)
(1 __,')"t'
2
00
,
P(T :s: t)
2.
t ....
01
= Fs (t } =
fs(t)dt =
3.
1.
Suru~g. "" .. IO!'ldA..~m",~ny Ha X I
ilk_ m:
Fi s he r- el osalas
F.
~foklW.likkor IlZ
-'"" -
X 2 fi}ggt1.rn. \ 2.,.iot<l.l&;u va1<'N.illl18Cgi valtudlk
'\\/.\'2
00, ""
....l""""imiloo'xi vllltoril m, m2 ""'.....h.vIf<IIgf"kt'l F ISH[ R..loo<zla~( v1I(!;Y F -elo,ua.11.0","1. Ekk"r,
m,)",n(m')"" /l r (T +T )
IT - I
[r(I) = {( :2
2
r(';')r(7) (~'t+"~2) -r+ T' ~t>O
u
he
mI.
(16.96)
'
(til)
r _:2
dI
.,
(16.1021
) ,
-'" (1 "
+-
00
rr(T)= ~ (m> 2)
00- .
(16. 103h)
K,-ant ili"" k A I-do,<zla..l...... illct .... , .. {"l .. kYIWldi>ori _,k a ozAmok. 1lll"1.....kn- ( 16 .1 2...a.b abra ) ;
P (T > t..,..) = a
....
r (00 --' ) ,
Vilrbato ertek @OS srorasn~R1

( HU03ft)
16.2 .4 .7.
I
=oo'
16.11. M!"ll..
16.10. 'bra.
(16.101)
(16.1o-ta)
A Sn:oE:"T-fOlOOlZWt (lIl('ly.-t GOS'>l, wzPtMt [... STl'n t;ST AI""" alAn) a "'....tiBztikahan .. ""kaMg
'-""illt ,?Thall>i>rtkki>f)f'k t<'!IT.tPl"""""' lw<:znA1jMc. "" /l vo'lrtlo-t, mint.l\ kilo clc'l1L'<:til.m,', "" Il ""~ f;."l.i.rAAni0gy7Rtf' rs-m jsmert., I\7,t ~~ .. mintAooI ~,ilj,ik,
f,(l )
{I ti.97)
t :5 0
o
16, 12. lIhfll.
16.2.5 . A n ag)' s za m ok t i;rven)'C'i, hat Ar{>r t lktN t>].. k

"'2
E(F...,..... ) = - - , '
"'2-
( 1G.9'J b)
A llaRY H...a..nok t orv"'ny<"i <"KY viI.,tl "n A ...... m~n l' .. ~/" r..lllt.lv gy"korit<llg.. i... P{ A) V"IOOZlllli ,..'-gf' kii-'l~ ;lti <--LefiiAA"""k.t vu-"l\lIljAk, hn" ""'I,tl "TI kiloi,rl"t i~n u'tf' ll vigrohajt.AAi\inak '1 ~zama ..l"g n"lQ'_
/ 6.1. Matn nalih ll .tali.ztila
19 4
3.
X
4.
ugy"""-
himllytJl' gyMtott termek "RY.... ,wahjai, Vl\p;J "10' m('r' -N.. 'rOZAt l'WIli m.lmeny"i. wcly<.'kM
;mn kL""rk1. ~.IIlddt ..egr.,haj~ .-tIon mi>rl"k, I::gy 1Il1l11llO~ elem..i",k ."j m.IlIlIg~n nagy If'hf't,
alcir ""'-'KtdCll i&.
1. A nagy ""am o k 8 ..rno ulli-fPl.. t o r vi'n y..

T"t..wl"K''''''" ",I'ltt c > 0 hi 'I :> 0 ......
'0'"
(16.10C0A)
h.. n:>-- U''1
( H; ,l o:>b)
Tov.. hbi tiir~-;'nVt'k "" [lli.tll.[ lti 201 iro<lalomlww_

HAnr-x krll ~ kockAt fPl<lohullUk. hORJo' II haU;ioO ool........k Tf'lativ gy.. kori.~" II ~Mdt~ v~
m\oo'gl't
~[nfi>.<:w:.1 0 Ot-IIt,1 I'onl<lfli\bb..n illl"gkozd.i.t.. ..'
Ekkof l: = 0.01 , 'I '" 0.05 ; t ..hoi.t -IE' '1 = 2 IO-~. A7= II BER>;Ol'LLI-tOrvi'lly _rill! .. ~ :;, If!".
Ee ilr:<,n u..g,v ",Anl. A b-onol....t fiuomitalli . """"'"n-e t oollintpni aklux tndjnk. ba IQ ..1o.r.1N.(;igvffiyt
~~mnj,lk (liwwt 116.101)
2. Lind .. be r g-Lo-vy-hatAr+rti-ktet..1
H.. AZ X l ._ ., X. fiiggl'tlrn VA1Ot<zlll1t~ Yl\I.toWk I07.oI>OOl ~'W ~ viu .....l.O ..r1o'kkrl... I1'IIIlOr....
9.:. "
5.
~11..t.
akkor lIZ
;; L X, - "
):, -
(16 .106)
'~l /rn
vaIUoWn,1,",,#vRltozb f".{V) .1ao:zllvoffig;v;'nY'" n _ X ~ .. (0 . 1 )_normBk-bodM OO.& W"t. AMZ
lilu F.(,l '" ~ j' , -~ dt

-.
(Ud 07J
,,~?:
16 .:
A gy..korlAtn..n az F. (r ) "J<-UW<fflggvi>nyt n > 30 ......-tklrotolhatjuk" (O. I).1t<>rtMJiIo .. ~ ..:,)

~nykfol. rovAhbi baWfo.ru>ktC~k, irodalum 116.11.116.lIJ, 116.101.ll(i.2OI.
EY iUflnhrll folyNlUlWll&llr;yArtott..Jk.nAlliL>k kOzill ICJO-<-imlol mintat ,...m ink, Tudjuk. hntr;y a:t
f'ltY1-~ .. ~nAI1.Uolr. hU'k'" filmlkon. l\7>OUOIl elooozliL~" vW<zimi...q,;i viltozt'>k. (~~rt" -,r ~ :
,i'f = l;,{l({f). A IUWtA ""I.j.i.u sroo elk-t,aua.. ~t.a.ui kOzep<.- X - 10500 Mily.-n tartQmlulyl><W
f..bW..Ir..?J '" ~l1~d.. ~ j-l VArhati>i>rtt'lu-?
.
L
ilk,
Tudjuk. ~ P(I}'
:5 .\) _ P (->.. :5 }' :5 >.. )
= X - j-l v..loMzintWr,l vilt"",", k'""di11\l<og
" I';;;
P(}' :5 >.. ) - PlY < ->..) . V,,"Illlllt. hnp;y,.;e
nonllilli~
"Io!<zw.u. Ezert P{Y S ->.. ) = 1 - P {}' S >.. )
S >') - 2P(r :5 >. ) - I.

Ez .. ~in\ito{'K Ill; Mntt 9'J % T"hat 2Q(>.) - 1 -= 0.99. <=t.Z Q(>..) = 0.9'J5. A stAll,li,rtl normAli.~
..lo.<r.l.... 21 . 15. t 4blazatib6l lutr jllk: .\ - 2.58. ~1iV<'111 i Ji(iii = 1.225. .......rt .. ?J '" ",",<zln!W-Rh,"
tart<uO int ..rvalluIU: 110511- j-ll < 1.5!l 1.225 .
I04G.SfI < j-l < IOaJ.2 fl.
"" ill.}' P {(}'j
16 .3. Matemat.ikai s t a t .i szt ika

A ml\t."lII1\t.ikRi ~l.>\ti>lZtiM" w,lo'>Hziml~:cilJlit.M alkalm""....... konkrH vi>l..tl,u t<im"'lti..1..n....'lt,krt, A
~tllt"'''t.iM to'\ ..1o-\ ''to' AlIII"",ka.-<Ag tnl"j<low.i'gll.inak VNOO7.i llu..;.g..it ki""rl.. t .. k V"IO' 1I1..glilO"'U",,'k ..,,,,I
m{'IlV<'ihOl hl\U\loU.4k m,'!:. GItZ.-I"""l\ot<l<!\gi okoklX,1 ci>ls7Rni. hogy II ki....rl..l' k. ilk-tv.. n,,!tfilO',.[k<k
!IZ;u;la min,;1ki",,hh 1"ItY'!L
a.
795
16 .3 .1. Mintafflggveuyok
16.3.1 .1. AlupsokasAII:, minta, ve le t le n vektor
1. Al ap..okllMAg
AI"I"".kAA4iln..k v~v "tl\ti~"tikAi ",,1wIft,~n..k n"vl";.zuk olyaIL d""u,k h"lm,,;();,t, m..IY'k,>f. hi'M>IlY'''' tll1l\jdoll""P,ok ~7RlLlllOlll.j4l""1 vi''''KAllltnak v<1.iink al....Tt'hft.t. "".0,,0>< til)\l~I'1 d",,,,'k egy ""kaMII;".I'1. "\0'
2.
~Iint ll
Hogy .. mink..t .... dck16 t ulajdon""K OCZ<'llll"'llljAMIhf' krlljt'Ll" ""kaMtlmin.-len ~ ..I..mo'-t IIll-gvi2&-gAlIll. kiVf'S:l'.iink "K" ndo>m,1 rftlut.lu"""t (n :5 V ). II.... kivAllII<Ztiuo "'1f't"'l\l'I7>f'n-"",l.Ortlnik. &ZlI:ii II.
"'~ minden "lO"CS d ..met "lO'lUlillor" V>LI6o<7:IIllWAA"1 ",""""tjuk ki, l\kknr Mrtlrn mmtrirol .....
""P1iink. A vi-lrtl<'Il kivitk'<rta..t a:t d ..ur..k i><mi>!..h JTlf'TI.kr....m.<-....1. "vakvAl"""tAA<af' VBQ pl.a "",1~t1~n
.:timokl'J;\it..q;hcl biztn<itjuk.
J.
V e le t jen ki,'illaszt as ve lt"tlen uAmok alkalm.azMAVll I
~,uN.ra halmozott. retP:g<'Zrtt detu"k. pl. ....touwmbOk. _oU-ll ~ ,+lrtlPn kiv.\J".""ti.. llafO'OU nrhh
va.I:Y Irbctctleu, EkkoI' Alkahna..;auk .. 21 .19. t AblAza tot

A {O. I) intfTVlillwnoll. azaz 0.00 .0", 0.99
9 kW,n viYtk-ll ~ t .i<lllok f'iOillitl\lli ~
lyi IlZl\mjt~liukOn .. IL""'''' YII.gy RA~OOM djAr......u . ll'lf'ly mmdrn .. 1b,lmuNot,mk.SoIuoaor .. -+k1.1Pn liZiLmok tAbl&utokbM ..Iottak. A;c 1124. okla1oo.. 2 1. 19. t abl>iz.atban .
kiot.i<"RYd ~tlcu!llWDok VlUIuak. mrlyrk u.-ilk-toz~l.Obb~ &tim cNnok j,. ki>p<'7:het&.
\0 eleIlln ,'elctlen mintA! kPll venn iink er;y szAlb t rnAn}b61. mrly 70 qo-ma..n.. hAlm,qo{\ o<irl'1>t tar~ EbOO a (;IiM>kf't ~ ,Ur. OO-tOl69-ig. EY kftffltI ,+lctlrn ~ L\hIVAt ~~l
m<'t':1utWoz.uuk pgy re nd'<ZCrt. arnely ><ZnInt .... f'fO'"' , IPIlI<'krt ki~tjllk, pl. vWizintei<'n. fiigg61eb""""l1 Vft8Y At\6Mn. Azt" vt'lctlen~. aJIM"ly iNnl1..-!t.;1lfmdul ..16""Yti9--ni':l nar;yobb. ~jtllr.,
Ezutan a -+lM:1rn mintAt a:w k a noOv<'k A.1kolj>U::. ltW'lyck dmai megI'.."'b...k a ....1Ptlcn......amokn.U..
lIa oW< tOhbozAmjPgyU vi-lctlcn ....a.w tAhlAz&ttlnk VlUI. l\kkor krttn.evel az.ooo::,Ntjllk .... ~'IJliisut.i.ni
..wnjq;yPkrt.
4.
\'."1etlt"D vekt or
.o\z a1Il.~ ru.-gfe"'16 V>LI6I<l:iIL1t~ ,-Altol>6,,~ " ~lr.kt-I IDPghatacozott ~

lMfiVW'ny irja. Ie. IW.<dy e1ootz1it;fiiggvklyt .. ooIwt1lg tub.J'l<>u"'ail>6l ken IDt'gbatAmzrnmk. E:r...k rt
Il tulajdonslOgokat a ~tat""'tib.i vW<g-Alat ..kojfon n..m ilIIDf"rjiik. " vt'ktlen rnintAh6llu-n minel tObb infnrtnAriOtkapni rolulr.. il1ta!.&b&n Df'W ~-..tJpn mintah61 kiYvM!u-;.....t,-mk, ban..m tOhh. awJ)(lfI n..J..m!<ZAJn,i mintAt vizsgahmk. Ekkor tcnn{..art. II. .. wklf'fl minta "lD"'"' mtIizBciOi kiilOnl.>o.Jzl,,>k. pl. II.Z
I. mint.. I. d"lDC kiilOnbOzik.. :2. mint.. I ,-l... ult't61. T..hAt Il miota 1. "lew" VRl6oWnL1toegi valtor.o; X I
H-:>nlOan .. 2.. 3... _. n mintl\('l''ntk,.;e Xl .X,.
X. V>LI6I<l:inillw'gi ,A1to:ti>k. mclyt"krt minta..i1towkn...k ;" nf'VO'7,iink ~...fngWva tcWt.t bpjlUr.""
X "- (Xl> X2... .. X~ )

vi>!f'llf'n wktort. M ind ..n konkrft
X
( T , . T 2" " .c.)
".,I ..mn mintat. amit llZ 1I.11IJ->kaAAghOl ' .... IMI,I"'IAn1<'u v,ttiink. >tZ X v""l,,tl"n wktor cgyes r<'aJi7ki6ina k t"kintiiuk.
;0
16 .3 .1.2 . Mintafilggvenyek , jelh-mzdk

Miwl '" ..gy aiap6olutAA,o;h61 "..It vl-!... th-n minrak ..gym......tol kiil<"mh(;.tlir-k, ""hi IS mint""l..m..kM I k'"
uA'k " !i':!:l'ittCkek f,'lfoglI..to k. mi nt. "8Y vajOfl711ll1""gl VAl107'" ...." lizll<'J', i J ..liilj.. <'7.t II. ""to..,.flll'W'j!:i vall.owt X , RUlt'ly a veletlen XI. X 2.. . , X.
mintl\vAlt<Yd>k fiiggv{>lly<..
>>:<-,,': It 7,...~mtani kiYti,pil1..k ;,. miul.ttk"n t k ijjiinhiYtll.

I. mint.,,: TIl
-ria,
2, mint.a: "'21. "'22.
"I
k07{>pfrt{>k...
ki,,,iI,"J'l.f.),,,J'2'
(IG.IOS)
796
/6}1. Mal", nahk", . tali....hka
Itt .c,] (i:< l. 2.... , m ; J '" I. 2..... n ) aa l...-dik ",inlA j-edik ell''''C.
A~ X == ( X1> X 2 , X~ ) w l<'tlffi wktor barmdy fiiggYfl.1yc "jIB v-dl6lrziu{tsfgi Vlilto7i>. n...ly..1. monti! fiig9"inpk. Ilf'vt'Zullk, A lrg(oul.to>Lhb willt&fii~ll,...k " mint&kO:rkp vag)' minl.Ni.tlag_"mintN<wrlwo.
.. mcdiiLn .... " l.<'r.i<'<iP]rm.
1.
:l.linta atlag
Az .II:, VftK.z.lniWgi
vil~')k
>UAiulauik<io:u'l"" &:<: :
1 -
X -- LX,
"
( Ui. 10'Ja)
4.
Te rj ed..l.. m
R =nuu;Xi-nUnX,
,
,
Prtfo~ ~
.-.aUk.
SoIu<zor ..Ic'iuy""''' mintAiltlAs kilUml~ f'KY r. ~t t'rtCkct ~ni. mdyM. WtlrW~

vUuzlun.lr.. dfo Joo~" vv bau. 7 ~ kOzrl. H... pl. qr.)" b<-zU It>fm.i ..,.....tbow IlZ e, mP.rt
~ ~ .amok. mMyt'k e-k uLobC -omjruiikbcn kiOOnbOrzlK'"k. akn oTdrrr- brbh
:; == r ,-r.
>IZi.moIi:ka1 doIgozni. Ekkor
( 16. 1O!k)
116.109<1)
2.
Minta-nbru nPgy ;ret
A2. X, """'-In ~ vAlu.'okllU:
CI:
P.t~kt6l YPl.I il.tl&goo< ..l~t lIZ
S2 == _ 1_ ~(X, _ X }2
n -I
vrJ6lrziD~
~,
vAltoWlrJAk. Egy ...tou (.e), ZJ.. . .c. ) minu ......ti>n" mintab61 bean-,jt ..wriumo'1o'7A'l.:
1
, ~--
"-1
L- (r, -
,.,
'I - I
l')a
'''I
HAl' ==.70 akkorY == 0 ", 19y

3.
( Hi.l IOa)
L..
(16. I1Obl
.
' L :;
,.,
( 16. I1 Or)
"
.
.
n+ 1
,"
dUU1)al'Arl\tlAn n ......tfm A1, -2-....-Ilk, roAr"" n ......t...n
Il;',
,II
2'-ootk "" 2'
.
+ I -oo,k
helY"lI ..116 />rt{'k,'k
ki'rd'phtfk,,:
r=
"",+!.
r"'~I + z ...
h.. n = 2rr"I+ I.
h
2n
Il tl =
I .
uu.r 11)
(16.1121,)
.c,... .,
""
Lelrc statiszt ika
16.3 .2.
16 .3.2 . 1. Ad o t t merki eredmenye k statisztikai kler te ke tese
\'~Iy IWnuoz fOgy tn l.. jrlon.~t ..,."", ~ ..... t_~ Uc ym.pIjuk. hue f'Zt a tulajdoo
&Agot ~ X ~n;l""gi \'I\It0:&6 hja 10-. .4.1. X iomkv n~bat&r......-.aratOblwair 'I ..u.mu r , mf-~i.
ill, ~iadlltunkVllfl"'~h61k"""tk!'t.t<'tlmkX ~
Eukt-t lIZ nh".~ ii""gil fl)i>ri.,.i- . ill. ~""-'rozal.Okal Ugy trkintjUk. mint .. ~"'ll alapf.oJw.ag.
h6l W'tl win"'" mintakat. ha a k&oi-rl..trl. il l. ~1rM ~
kOnilmkI,.,.k kOzOtt. ~t
""'iii io.mo>u-Ijiik.
Mi"..1'I i!:pn nag)Iriwt.....,. ..t "" a<I"tok kiktl-kr....... .. ki-~J"'II tOrti'nik:
1. JegF..okooyv . alaplma E~ t.vtaIlIIIv.7.A All~ t , mk1. II")' ~It Prti'kt-t.
2. Iotervallumok vagy O!Izt il.lyok A1. .. darah Il<lott z, (i = 1.2 . '. n ) miTt hU-kct l- inlPtVN'
h,mhA, ...." '" l- l<l.it.rIlli. h-I)(""l'd~~1 o~ztIU"'" ........l j"k. All. '*!IJiJynk IIlIlVrIA 411.Al1lh1\n 10 .... 20 wEu
VIlfI.1gy kelM.kezik <"gy "...tnn..dgt'lOf".
3. G yakonsagok es gyakoris.Ageloszla.. A h, at->h'l t ~1\kOriMg amn mi'rt o"rtCkpk ......un... IIl('-Iy<>k lIZ i..-dik. j,r, h<-:l:'WLgi. int<'r\'ll.llllmbll (OIOZtAly...... ) f'l<l!"k (i = I 2. . . . , 1-). a nwgfuJ..16 relativ
RYllkoriAAg h,/n ('JI',-!vuI ill nwg...-lh"til). Ha Il h,./n ITlatly &:fU0~kAA .. lIlf"gf,,1o-1O intcrvallulnok
fOlOtt megf...J..I6I"I'ti'kk...\ mini 1~I\()()Mt Ah rfl3o.oljllk. ul>jllk .. &Y'<koriMgPloozlAA gndikus k"p"t...
hu~"""" not ( 16 .13 .10 a b ra). A ho/n "rt"k"k lIZ f(z ) IIlir Wgfi;gg..,ony ~tAllI.ti kOzt-litil ,rtekl'in..k
fO\Vl"t6k f,,1.
4 . KumulAlt gyakorWgok A" ..lwhit. ill. ..d atlY lO'"koriM8ok ~ ....,v..l1 kll.pjl1 k .. kumu
16 3 t<ililazat Gv..ItoriAAgtAhl.w.1
.
'"
JI,f...J iil.n (m i nt llo ko1:lop)
un
70
jJ - 90
!.II - liD
H.... ",-lt1,1"11 mill!." n d,'m'!. ll"KYAAP; wM'riUl reudez:r.iik. ekkor az X median ffwk.. I'gy oly"" lfIJt.m.
lUlJ<'lyud 'IZ "'lott mintAlmn ngyl\nAllnyi ...I... m ki"",hh, mint Am...nnyi nagyoh!>. EK)' ",l"u milltA lIl'~
O!<7.ti.ly
= O.
(16.1l2]
,n)
A fPllti mintaf"uggvt'nycll; egy .pgy I'PIll izAciOja t.P!lllt azt j,.],nt i, hotr;y Ill: (r, .
ZR) rnl.llt&hoz hoz' z~ Ri-rto>kPlU't . (CsakRptjPlOljiiklll1g)'h.-tI1Vf'J. )
~ '7
A ~rlinamik'lI'Ih~.orok fo.lyanml""RYartaX,
X,
Xi
......b6l1:;..,J..1lI11 mintAt W'tt.lnk. A ~I X tu"'j.-\on.~
1 1,01 6 1.00 11 1.00
a B IrpinduktiO. taolA!vuI mkvfo. A minta alapjAn ~
7 0.99 12 1.00
2
mltott kti'krk:
3 1.00 8 1.01 13
l' = 1.0027. ill. l' _ 1.0021 ha Z. = 1.00;
0 ,98 9 1.01
1.00
,..z = 1.2l.J95 IO- t ill , ,..z "" 1.2016 10.... M:TO"" 1,00;
0.99 10 1.00
1.01
i = 1.00 ; R = 0 .(1..1.
LAWlldP r-k
JU
un
( 16. 109 1,)
(i = 1.2..
A.-\ou (:rl' :1'1. . . . ,erR) mint" .-.to'n Il mint... t"rj..rn-Iuw :

R =r-._ z_=nllu:r, _minr,
(i= I. 2.... , n).
~,
7 97
II I
130
131 1:>0
151 - 170
171 190
1!.11 210
211 :l:J0
231 2:>0
251
270
h,
I
I
2
9
I::.
22
30
27
9
6
3
h, " (%
F, %)
0.'
0.'
0.8
I.l.i
J.2
l,l.i
7.2
lOA
12.0
22.4
17,l.i
40,0
64,0
24.0
2 1Jj
7.2
' .8
2.'
san
!.I2.M
97.6
100 .0
Wt lO'akor~katill. kw"uWt relanv gyAkoriAAl::okat.
F, =h l+h,: ... +h/
(j=1,2 ... . , k ).
(16,113)
II" Ill, ~ o'rto'lwt II lll'1\fd"lo intl' rv"Hllm f('oo hatArl\n

" kont<linAtl\l'Pu,I>l7RrhPn fiigg<'il"gf'fW'Il fl'lm'orjii k "" " koV('tk<-M~ lllh'rV>lJhllll fdMli hlltArai~ vizszintl':to:,n folytat jllk. lvt.pjllk II t"I""",.tal"ti "loorJ.lAsfiiW'i>n~t.mely "" i!llll'f<tl'l[ F (.r) fiiggv"ny kii1RUt""" ( 16 .13.b iibra ) .
Egy kf","r!"!ni'l " = 125 m"r""t viI':("~t..k. A m"r""i
" 1'!~ h ll i' lly('k 50 i... 270 ko,}> ""t" k. "" f,ll;y k = II OfI'/.tit.lY!>1l
fIOrol"" ....,'kH.I..", "",.tAlv ",/;'1~... h = 20. Az itt lMImI"
16 .3 . tllblll7.at tl\lt,.Ju;""",,.,, m""fcld,; aJ"tokat.
16.:1. .\fM~mllf,.l:" i "t"ti.ztlk"
79'
~/%
n
FJ %
-I.
79')
Tprjedl"lt"m
(16.117)
R=z-..-.c_
100
5. " IOdusz
Az .. mprt mH. m..ly a Illcre".;.k""nw a kogt,-,b'-Or ..Wor<llll. J.. le: D.
20
16 .3.3 . Statisztikai pr6h Ak

A "IAt.. mMikffi ><tatisztiJa. f6 d-lja kfr".tk<=ti.....k l..vonA- a \+!Plwn mintAkhol az alapt'Oka..ag ck:>o<J:-
12
8
20
70 110 150 1'K) 230 270
7U 110 150 190 230 2-"'0
JI
JI
h)
.J
16.3 .2.2. Statisztikai paramererek

pout .:u-O.llt Mdolgmtnk.
~ u k.... ~ J>ILT"",,,t<--
I. MintaAllag
H.. -J.ameuyi lDl-rt ktiU, vnci!k:
1
r=- Lz,.
" ,
H.... j_.-uIy ..wlllf'it AZok 7, il.tL..,...... ~~iljiik:
..
.1." Tl1A1PTI1'ltikai stati><:r.tikah..n a nonnililo ~ v~41alAr. k;oonb0z6 IArZlPkPt .......... pri>00kat dol-ptAk ki. A k"t lPu.yakorihbm6d.....cr kmiil az qtyik "'KY ~alik .. "M:ozPl". TDPI)"Pt 11:1. a.e. GAUSS-I"'pU"
""II:i~h-cl hajtunk vo'gre. ma..ik "10' UlW"rik",, n~ r. a \ '-prnba
1.
1.
Statiszt ilcai vizsgalat Gau......pap ir ....,;it..e,;tvel

A Gauss-papi. "h'e Eft) der+k-)p;il koorrIi~b..lllIZ r-tengcly boo8zti.M ~~.
az y-w!W"r,'t II. ki'tvctkeWk",1X'"D ~ka1iw<\lk,..,;ym16 Z ~~. LUd)-clI.be:r.lI.ZX>Ilban lIZ
II="'(Z/ = 1-
(I6.1Ua)
./E
3.
..,
=;;:-j L.(Z,-?),
(Udl::"')
M .,.jjAIl
(H;.1I61\)
.'KYt,"I""''l\ ddiniAljll. (.,. di"'l.krft mintAk '....,trll:

hlln=2m+ l,
r .... 1.
i= ( .c.. +l+ Z ..
[","=2m,
:..::!.
(Hi.ll!lh)
'
Ii
"+
jJ-O
19y I k; Z kOzf>tt liIlf'''rj,. M-pr>'Ollrt VlU), A h..l)'f1-'....iu"M1 IPnl""",hll.tOk II. ki>< tabli1v1tbll.n
(iti,1l9b) Jr.lrt hozzAren<!f'l......k .
2. A Gaus....papir alkalmaz!L~1I.
2. x'_proba
A~.t Vi""l:a.ljllk, hogy "10' Ntatil<ztikoo.i !OO~lldr<J X v,",,,,d,,,'bJ1/;i vA!lmlOllorm"Ii><..IOllzli1s(l---<'. Ekkor
<L>. X "rt,'kk....zlcti-t k- Of<:I.talyha !OOruljnk ,..,. "j-,..lik .-ltUy (,,1>16 hlll"-ral{J-v,lj..101jiik (j "" I. 2."" k).
Annak -eh"H"ti- valoo in>i ,..'>gf'. hogy X "j... lik '''1.talyl", ,...jk:
PJ = F{{j)- F(~} . tl ,
(16.12Oaj
"'wi F(x) a:t. X elos~I""fiiAAv("yc. (j I 2.... k;'" {o lI.Z I. ""~t"ly .. l..o halluca. F(~o ) Uj. Mivcl X
norma l...10><~Jag (I> ezert
F(~J )=4> ( ~j; li)

(16. 1161,)
~I
(>,;.
<i)=~
z
1
Z =
Ezt a J>!'flllllN.,rt"
PIX
0' !""'"arnMP...kkpl. ..kkor ~.
(16.119..)
F(I) =<t>(r:jJ) = <t>(Z) ,
Z. " l i nta.~zOra~ nlogyiU't

II.. YIl1aiUl"flUyi ulht l'rti-u-t ..._Uk:
2
(16.11~)
.. ldt
(Hdl4l,)
"
f' -"
o<Z&uokat irjuk. Ha '-"KY X VlI.l6tc-cinl1......,p VlUWW IltJll'.alo:\o.-J&<u jJ n.

IiwJi~YCr" igaz. bog.. (Wd jS8. old.)
7=- ,.,
Lh,7,
16.3.3.1 . Xormalis c losalasre vonatkozo pr6h.i.k
HdJ.abra.
~lillIAn .. rnk1. m.;.~koot Ali"1OW

....,nrI< tA~ kO-lItJooooit:
Iilsoifa.
1. Egy ..looozJ.,;."t e1..-..'i kiXr.diw..b<-n "I'''' (71 peel'tURf'r"";.,]/og jc'>Illlf'ghAtar07.n.u. (mCrt ..rt&..k a;cti-n
jJ,"'nti A;I' ..16m. u.n. ni'vlpg.... ht"kM WfO' 1...vh1.i-kM. ll~ oJ &Z ptt61 ~"PU plt~""",k '.'gJ mo'rt"ke).
2 . A m~rt ~""RY ~h kVlwk .."-lAM IPgtOOhotmr A GAu<;s-~lr IlOrmaIi.~ pluozIa-t.l t:DO<ldk-zhO.
edrt a ~tuil ki-t a!ajn-TI.6lum.sn.,
a) Va.IOban no.mans .."-.!Mi,..., .. ""1:f..k-16 1l.....J,.1I?
b) ~Iffinyi... jl>I kOO-...litik az "7c..
wintapo&ral1lO'~rPk A ..,1a.M par>UIlk~t?
( Hi.1 20h)
ahnl 4>(r) II. standard norm"ldo,d"" ,l""zlAAfii ~vf"y .. (lA:wl 11:l1l. old.), A I' .... (12 p"ram<'tf'rek nem
ismert..k...",.,k"t l'KY v(I.tl'11 mintA""'] J' .... H~ rrtfk.-kk..1kozdltjilk.
16.3.
'00
VCJlS iink <V vf]rtlm mintAt "to' norm"I..IOllZIaft'l ""Jr.>,.~h61 . !<ULluil.lluk ki ..t.hOl .. kUllllw..tiv
I
l
l'l"llltiv gy,,!um,,*,I\ll.I. melyekce ordilll\.lAk<'llt
3 99,86
fehnhuuk AlII<"gfd"16 illtrrvll.llumok frlNl hAtAJ-
srrz
l\hoz. mint a l-a-a.t"TL ( Jt.i.1I 3) ko'pl,>t. Ekknr
1 84,13
<.'7.('k .. pontok U. ""kIM> ..Jth.......kt61..lt..kimve
egy CfO"'nau:'lIln.znrk. (1""01 16 .14 . a b r a ).
A 16 .14. aldbOl lAthat o, hosY Il. po'ldAhM__

rq>lO ...,kasagr.. a oormaJiaI clc:.zlMt. plfn,:""haljllk ,.. "'" 176, t1 '" 31,5 JMTAIlli>t#'r-kU-k..kk..t.
M~u..: A~ F, klimulAUv !'dat lv K,yUoriAA,t;okat ~ h h .. GAu-'-r"'f'irr" fr-Iml>rni.
ha .. ..ulA ~ <'&Y"JI1rt... Il% ,. U1lgp l)""ll.
do- ..kknr .. ..ut.o.-t-tAIo Df't1I "SY""fl~
>(t)
-i--t----i----i------t-,
: .-+----L: L
- l-
--+--.............--1---. --+-
50))0
-I 15,81
-2 2,28
-3 0,14
90
no
lJO
7l)
'--+;
I
110 150 190 230 270

Iol-Cl
150
170
230
250
270
I.l IJ.+O
16.14. ibn..
H.. ~ ~ (z ,_z, .
~rg,yt'O'~ : hJ
,.,
- 0. 11
0 .J7
0.92
1.46
27
9
2.01
ass
0.0019
0 .009-1
0.035 1
0.1038
O.~
0.432 ::;
0.&143
0.1:1212
0.9'279
0.9 778
0.~6
801
(h, - npJj2
p,
"PJ
0.0019
0.0075
0.02 57
0237' }
0.9375
...
3.2125
1~.9750
c.oest
0. 1320
0. 196 7
0. 2 118
0.1 769
0.1067
0.0499
O.OIt:>ll
"P,
O.QOO().j
8.5857
16.6500
24 .587 5
26.4750
22.1125
0.1635
0.27'23
0.4693
1.08OJ
1.4106
13.337::'
6.2375} S 33-5
2.10u0
. ,
0.0526
\~ = 3.4~S6
I , . . i:).ukorll
( 16. 12\lr)
P ( jX - 1'1 :o::; .!" ) =
24> (;) -I .
(16.121 )
llt~ on = 1 _ I ~oku. \'....11-1&.... kiiwt . EW- "",i~. ~
"I', ~ 5 )oogyooll. Ami! "lO ectAIyok <-UVOn....ilVaI mindig ..lPTlwtiink.

A nonn.aw. p~ ~A
2.Jk ..zUdi.8l 'po'liMt ,it;)' AlkAlflllLZ:tllk. ~ ...J.On. lDPlI.M" nk "lO"
A \
i- hiz~ I IIIf1!;bizhat.OMi VItQ' konfidf,ociaj IlZi nl4't v"y pg,ytl hihAvaJaozinii-.;gi (1I7~llIfik..Il.-iA)
.,zint.ol..... A 21 .16. I Ah1Aul b61 kikPr-;jk A ~ .~_I k'\"Alllili>.t , II)("lyre;ga:<. bogy p(\ 2 ~ \ .. .... I) = .
16.::'. tJ\l>liwu .
,\ rnint.alr.,m;.l'tMtiorzt ikloi
" P( IX - "I:-::;~cr)
Ha A l1lint.&bol KZAmil"tt \ ~ I'rti-lu-lu-e
\ ~ < \~"' _I '

( 16. 120<1)
'l.kkorplfopdjllk "".1 1IZ 1I.111tAAt. hogy A minta nmmaJi.. ..Io&I&lIi toOkA.""gOO1 !<1kmazik.
AI IIlabbi \2 I.ro! >l\t A 7'J7. old. pf'1dit.jiLnAlt MAtairA v<'!l:P"Ltiik. YIW pg,y n = 125 1'1",,,,1 v~lptlPh
mintank. &l,,,lyh61llw lII.,&1..,t-'"ruztuk a.z]' = 176 .32;'" -'~ = 36.70 "iWk"kM. F~kp! 11IIl<Zhitlj uk A
....""""'tI i><mprrtlpu
cr21>lU"A1ltkprl'i b.~ ...I""" T<'. A \~ prti>k ki><:ci.mita.Jo.t """ ..I~hb i 16 .4 . tAb lA7.at
"
"PI
v.OOo<r.ill'~ vAitoW k
-1.2ti
-0.72
I'
.(~)
,tali<iztik"
. z ~ l n....1rm11 y(olrtJm mintA! vrtllink .... az ..16bhi.-tAIyt.. ....roIN<.-u-n
li =
e = i: (h, - nPI )'

..
13
190 30
210
-.
- 2.90
- 2.3:'>
- 1,8 1
70
+ -~.+
-~
I
h,
(,
M"t~mat,.w.
1'"'
,
"
1
38.29 "
&(27 'lfj
16
9;;.-N %
98.76 %
99.96 %
49
Ebb61. kM-ctko.~. bo,;y n ~ 8Z

'-"IO're jubb ltc:0:li~~.
t....gy..n ( =
2+ (
~.jji)
~I'J
...
kkor ( Ui. 121).bOI P
- I . ~ " kiilnnb&d
trti'ttire a
mintAk07kp a /-I-lICk
(fX -
/-I I :-::;
~,,)
rncd..Jd~ k1."lwkf't A
I6 . ~.
t.iblhat tar tahn...-...

TPMt <10' n = ~9 ..J<ol1ulmillt& ,..nen 1loZ]' mintakiVRp 99.96 'l(, biz..
toli><ilggAl J<ogf..lj..bb
I
%'2".t
kiiliinhiizik ".to].
ri>lI:>;Wtf'7.i:
Az utul..o .:-<Z101' ~..: \ ~ "" 3.441'!6. A1. nPI ~ 5 kiiVPt.,lm<-ny mmtt "" ow.tJ\l~ok Ndun.. k ." )) ' 1'01
kO= k - 4 2 71'1" ookkf'nt. MiYf'l" ~ (1 hfoly<'ttA 117.alllit<is1mn azok '-"o,ilt ~rt(kCt 11I"",,"aJtuk. """'"
lw.",..I.""", illf':lQ;ko~li",vi7"'K1I.1"'t ",Will ...,....rt A "7.aha<l,<.i. wok 2'wl (oiikk"n: kO - 1 - 2
7- 3 = ~
a = 0.0;' ""ignifiluu"iM7.int ...... -ten \~'.' - 1 -2 = \~""4 = 9.5. (1"'-"':1 2 1. 16 . tabIAza! ). A "7.AllliloU \ ~
prt(okT<' l pM t : 3.44K6 < 9 .5. n"'rt II hipot....; .;"t dfol(Mjuk: a ""ka><ag notmatis 1'1..... 7.1"",1.
16.3 .3.2 . A mintakd ze p ek e losalasa

''ltV folyw llo" ""l<''''dnil''''gi vAltozl>. A megf..ldilllOkaAAf!:ool tpt>i~Jil"I\"'''li...-,k n-el.. millllintA l
vphetiink. Ekkur az "KY'''' min t"kiY......l'frt!k,k pgy .ij. ~ziTltj>n folyt<>nOfO X vaI6z i"''''''",i v1l.1t<>!i,iI"t{>k"j,
mdyll<'k ~t"tj~~tikll.i m'"'blzh" t <'lAAp;MII .... ll"rmAli~ "lo.;zJ;'''fu.... kii"et kP"/.o aJlit""u k i",,,,,,,k.
u,R'f" 1l X
A mintakoz"l'f"k st ll t illd ik h. i nll'gblz hat6sAga

Ii" X non",\I..JOOlzl""il J,I ,,,,,,.2 1>arl\wM"l'f'k k..l, akkor X ls Tlorm,i.lPOfi7.!illll'ljJ. <..
1.
I\Z3Z
3Z X
,,11'1 jmll\.lll1't''Tekk,I.
.....1"""'ln,1.....l(i vAltO'//J !(z) M'1n1>lil(fiiAAViuy<l1ljJ. koriil cr<'iscbl""l1 kouoentrelt , mini .. ",,~
A mintakozep nonruilu. 4"108ZI"'"

AL X vaJ6t<tilllhCgi ",\Jwdi" .... (11 In paramMrn1 normAliM ...I(Jf01.1Alot kovrt, h" IlL alapNOm'<.ilg" "" (11
1'MI\1Il(leni.6< t'''''zOIcg... d""zl"",i volt.
2.
16 .3.3.3 . l\Jegbizhatosagi (ko u ftd c ncin-) intorvallum a sokasag vftrhat6

crtekere
1. I\Ipgbi1.hllt6sAgi lntervallum " vArhllt 6 lor tl'krf! is m.. rt 0'2 u6rAsn"'gy~pt e"eten
U>gy<'n X Pgy normxlis "I""zlli.l, v",16.w.lnilioo'gi vft,!t.1'l(, I' (.,. (1~ l"'fl\IlI',tP!'lkkel. 16.3.3 .2. "'~"filit
folytollOli. llnfma!i""l""zlli.1<,'I/-I'''' 0 1 In l>aramH-<>fpkkp1. A
is
( Hi.I :.!'.!)
-------------=;.I)Si-------------.
802
16.1. J!"t.." ", tJ",i .lnI.,J:tik"
hdyt'ltcI<it....t iJka1mlLZVl'II' "t"utlMdnorm;\]i" ..\nsih\.""l ~ val.6I<~i",i"'-,;i valtmi>t kApjnk. molyn-
P( I:Z( ~ ) ,", j .;(.r)d.r= 2<I(.)-I.
{Ild 2:J)
-,
Adott ... hibflval6o<;d n~ .-1';'n 1\ ( H'. I23l kel'kt alal'jan a Rt1IfIdard nonnaw. ck.ou.W t.ahlhllt.. I>Ol
IDPghat.&ro./;haw U a>; (" = of{O) htik, U1dyrr
..
P( fZI :S of) = I -....

eo. ...llor (16. 12'2}-h61
(Iti.l2-1)
1l= 7 ~ J;ilf(nl
,>
\ ~~(n - 1) 2
...u6o.:<:iuli..cgi viLItoW m = n _ I ""AhM~f"k"l \2.

dotIzm..;,.abol n a vpl..tWn mint,,('llJl('i l~'k ............. (oK
,{l .. minta .wrBbnfogy'tf'U'. :\ 16 .15. a bra. mut"tj"
... \ '-t'Iflf<lIa.~ slini...'-gfii~nyH. l..hli.l
YRgy ~ia ....tArok
n.a.k u.mert 0 7 e-tm adoIt I - n ~ IlZint. vsgy n ~M.....wl .....,u;n.

M_ ........,.. azl;" momlhAtjuk: ... p drbAtOiort"k I - o ba:t~..J. ... (16.12';') Alt,.[ rtM"l{h"tAroxolt
lDCII;bizbatoMgi int.<orvalluw"-o f.-k.Wk.
"I~,""" H" A ~do',: MKY (n > 100). akkora fnIti konfidf.nria--mt~l"lDOt j,.me.
retko
_ ion i. .lblmazhatJuk." mintAb6l. btutilt " -Xa......g)''"lFtt..t n < 100 e. -werrtk-u ,,2
_ion ...konfideDria batarobot II I~ (J 6. 12g) >qit~1 hatarozzuk Ulf'8,-
~legbizhatOsagi int Pn'llllu m ... v lrhat6 b-tekrt'

eM'ten
lICl:D
iNn<-rt,
pOtoIjuk.... (16.112) bel~ 1 a
ismeretjen
.u:a lIZ .1.... ""m'1 vflctWn minta.bOl. kapott :fl mint.lOOZ6rN<lofo.cyzrtt,.j

(16.IW)
VlLlo'-.'niho/'gi vAll<JI6t kapjuk. llIdy " ~(I (\iuId 793. oM.) .... =t.hMMgfoka m '"
() ..u,;uifikanriA _Ill
-,
(16.13(1)
o
Hi.1:>. ahra.
f,(r)dx:: P
1rVlllttilisPi:
\~ = \~
lI6.131)
';.00-1
(\6.129) alapjNi ...~ ",IIM'T1'trn ",2"'....r....ni'K,ntl""'....lot I () hi'-lnN'g ....--ti'n "" ..w.hi h<..-,;lPst
kapjuk;
(n - 1),.2
1"1.~1
""''''
In -l),.l
~ :S: t1 '5 -1
\;'''2.00_1
\, __ b_.
A t 16.I3'ljlJlf'ghWlatilAAgi inl...-v..I.hun kilo.. lIIin~.-ti'tl n&)"OlI d"oa b....uo.lb< 1eb.1.

=- 5 _1.i'1I .. 21. 16 . tAbliz.atbOl \l
. = 0.t-31'"
'lr.u =
Iwi."""
12.,~. tehat 0,6 2:;.J:S: " :s: 2.453~ ...hoi.. - U.l,Jll;f.H.
16 .3 .3.5 . Hipo te zisvizsga la t
s e} =
P ( , ' > \~) =
0 /2
A ~.oIdalonlk6~Ida!lZAmi'rt ..
(1"2 swrasnE-cYz..t
_
T _ 1' - 1o' ven,
P (lTI
\; = \~_{]:.-l
.r
d6re megadott
2"
4Z113'" 21.16. tablazatbOl .. \] d .-lA.,
P(\' < X;)
~\rI<}
All .. ~.,,2
(\b,l29)
Ite. 12.:0)
Az.:r .;n(a) kttkPkPt tIl"VI!lIlIiik"ll ~;'rtfkwvt"ttWl"l':bi:dlAt<Ngi
2.
803
fl -
1. Ekkor '"lO'
,~Ion
eX:
fll..,r,;:s: () = I - 'L
(16.127)
EbbOl ( '" ((0, n) = ' ../2 . _1 (Hd 27). &hoi t .. rb _1 az n ~ 1 s:z.abadsagfOkli I ....lnrila.. 0/2 "rti>kllf'Z
t.art.<x<O hanti!iJoo. (2 I. HI . Ublbat ). A In '" 1,,11. _1 "KY"nl6o<Cgb61 kij.....~ kO'Zik:
I-' '" Y ..,r,;'a/J..-I

(1f.'-I 211)
Az "7
e t a/ 2
&U' kdwt u/"\'rUiik .. !' v4rhati> prtkk l"f' wU m"ll:bi7.ha~ ""lO" konli<l~"~i,, Il.. U
yn
.
._1
rokne k isme retlcn ,,2 .",,'l.(ll ... l" t t 1 _ ' t mpg hlzhatlAAgi !I7.int, ""!y Q t!Zignifikrmcia "" int """I,pn.
Egy 6 c!('n1l1 v~l ..tl('n mintll prl"k.. i 0,&12: 0,1I4G: 0,SJ.j: 0.l'!39; 0,843: 0,838. EhhOl 7 '" 0.1:40;' {",
s '" 0,00394.
Adjll k llWg "z:; % illpt ..... I % ,.zignifikau,,~int h,~ t"rl.o.."o konfidenci .. hatfu"oka t!
I . a'" 0.05: A 21.18. d,b la~lltl>6l l "/2;! = 2 ,5; tehet IX -1-'1 :s: 2,,,; .O,00394 /,J6 : 0.0042 . VWu.
a I-' vArrn.tO l'rt ('k ~ Y : 0, 8 405 "rV ktf;10,% val&ozill\1""'ggel legfpljehb 0,OO42-t,, 1 kiilonbO'~jk ,
2. ( l : O.O}: la /'l'S : 4,03 : IX- 1-'1 4,030,OO394 /,J6 = 0,()()6", az,,,, I-' ez ;rW I 0.\19 Vlllu.rI.lIllWAA~1
l('gfelj('hh O,OO6""t..1 kii1onhi~ik .
:s:
16 .3.3.4 . M egbtzhate sa g! iuterve llu m a so kasAg seoresneg vsetere

lA>gyen az X vaIOol:>:[niW'gi vll.ll.o'tO llOflUt.ld""zlfu<I, 1-' ""
<7
2 paramptPT<'kkpl. Ekkor a
EY ~tatisztib.i
1.
hip<>lhis-\;,.;,.gAlat, a:t.I1Z .... tat_tlkai
vrOlwo~
vao ~tM TnI"tM'tP:
FclaJlilu.nk egy H hipolhi.~t. bogy vi'l<'tlm mint4nk "KY' l6n'n~1 lu.l"jdoo-'ll\.gl'1 ,.,ka.~bOl
~VI.
H: A >IOkasBg nortIl.&liI< ~~"I J' i<
rr fW'I'~kk('l. va,:y
H: A ""kasag i!<meretk'll II paI"fllIl"l~ "'&\',.... kfmrlit<'l IT1i'kko-l
h....,oJjiik. 1Il"'1Y'" VI. az"J' min taAtlag
a1...p ja... nyoert iiuk.
2.
A keretll1.t par...met.e1Tf' a mintafiigg\+ny i< a tAhlNAtI.di hlkl"..k fdJu..,;.zn4!A."",al &dott ""'iwifi
luwda.szintre (pI. 0 = 0.0 1 \""gy ( l = 0,(5) f('lirjllk a D koulid..ucia-illt<>rvalhJTtlot.
3. A hil"'ll'Zi.st 32 edon sxint.." p[.....tjiik, haa r.. jtit,'],wlt 'r\i'k U('III" B int<>"",Uumbau f,k;l;ik .
T""",teljiik a varh"to o'rlpkl"P vonatk07i> H:!, "" ,.... hil><>w-.w.t ... lott () lIZiguifikanriN<ziullDeUPlt .
16.3 .3.3. ",...rint ..
T ,. X
-!' ..,r,; va1e-lnil"pgi vll.lt<,.";,", = " - I rr.u.J_I!'l\gfokfl
t-pl""zLi.~!
kiivM
EM...,I kovetkezik. h"ID' a hipot('Zist U ",iUI," "I k"l1 ""Iullnk. ha" h..lp''''' /'1I-t hdy,tt<-><ltvp:
rX -,....1 ~
J;;
t...~_l
adooik. AzT. lIlon djuk. hogy " mill l" a lapj';'n sl.i"uifikAll~ dU'I''''
t""'1... krp, pro hft.kra a IIG231 irooalo", tl\fT.allllN..
( lti. l33)
VitI] ,
'I'o v" bhi pildAka!. .. kiil'inoo?.o
16 .3.4 . Korrelacio es r egrcssaio

A k"n d <ici.;..." 'Jizi.' PjIJ" al"lJIlOka.""';'g k;ilonh< ~,..1 iHn,'rvpi kii1..itti {\AA,.. f;igg....... k ~r6sI<i'""t viz~"fJja ..
mert vagy mep;figyclt ertt-k,'k " Ial. jan. AI. i'lIli-r vpk k'r.-.<itti fiilU\vruykap",,,la t<,kat. O""zcfiigg6,...k.t "
rpg""",zi6anal lz;" viz"w>.lja.
?'..
'"'
16.3.4 .1. Ketvaltoz6s linearis korrelAcio
ert"ket.
4. A bipotezist e]V<"tjiik. ha
I.
K Hd im .,,,,,i6I!I VlI l6olzl ml !li>gi vAltorok

"'<'-t v.miWV<'t "8Y (X.}"J kJotninlf'llZ.illo< vlti6o<.r.iuit..i-,;j,,;\.Itozi> ..10f<7.1"'''''vaj trunk I... Az e!o.,z]A..'
..k-wfiiw;;ny<>k lut.t~ U"-S::
Flx"l'" P(X:s:.1:.}:S y)
Fl{.c) - PlX
:s r.}" < CJO).
IlJ4hhi
16.3.4.2 . Kewaltozos lint'aris reg rcssalo
Jf
J(.I:.,)tLrdy.
FJ(II)" PIx
< x. Y
1.
:s ,).
(16.1341.)
:\2. X """ r YI,. ..ili"boi'lti v4llnw,k l11AA<'tlPllPk. ba

F(x.,) = F,(z) F)(,)
A kkd~ ..k-.lluo kKfonu-hh f"V~;
1. Vtr ha t6 . rt. kook
,.. = E(Y) =
A regress",i&i egyeues
()')
L IJl,. -
(16.1371\1
II ...
f16.1-I.2)
f1..c
.,
(0 + U,) 2
,=
L (r . - :f)(1J; - fl
c'"-'- s-_
IldJ6h)
,/(r,lIld.rdll
-I'd).
r I{r ,)d.rdlf.
2 . S.wri:>n#-gym e k
lTi = E(IX
meghat Aroza.~
Ha 8Z empiriku" korrclaci6olt'lO'iitthAto .w..pjAn ~pitottuk. bogy u X ;.,. } ' j,.,nhvck kOzi>lt Iuop0I0iat ill Mill. ...klmra lr.6Yrlkez6r.-Lo.r!At Il7. Y = J( X) fiiqvolny lDl'&hll.~A icRClO'SZN\'i.hh C!il't.
Ila a kom-1ilrii>oI pgylltthatOk crti-klo lr.6zr11 ""IY -I. VllI:Y l"'<lilt ba u (.\' )") ~ normaJdo.<z\N;U.
Elr.kor ~lr rOttMt .c-Crt(o~
.<\;lmt-n-llen 0 o\s b par~lr. i-t1.o'kMa v.. lnl<-n mintA"6!. a
f
fJ
III - E(X) = /
ItI ~ t" .. . A r ~ "rl..k,t M111,irik'llI. v"ltYi.s ""j>N<l:t><!lIti kOTrpJ3.<-i6o; <1O'Ull
hawllak ueveznlk.
<7:.
= E((Y - I'd).
(I6.IJjh)
=:
(16.1-1.3
nl.i..n
.-1
__.'(1
_,-2 )
.. -2
..
(16.14-1.11.)
"--'(lIo-il
'1-1 L
(lI.i.H-I.b)
,.,
AJ:ii
2.
k!o' ..gyiitthatilk
n>gf.-zi6l< '1O'iittMI'.k.1I.Z
v(r) -
a + &r '10""'''''' a
n:grr....... zw" "'9".........
Kon fldencie-int .. r vall umo k a n-grt'$s-zi6ol .. gyfltt hatokra
f.
.
.
.
I } r, -
II.
= (b' - bI
"'.,;n=2
;r:-::r
~)Vl-,
(161.w...)
EzPkm =" -2 ~uhaJsagfoku/..1,_1"",,', v,.]o..~inibol'l4i v~ltvd>k. 'IH"'t.ogy ..!or.. a<!ntt o -"ziK"ifikal1dl\.

""int m"llMt a 21.18. tilblazatbOl kik..""""iik .. m"l\fddtll" .. kV"l1tili~ ht"kM. Mivd P( ItI < I" ... ) 1 - n . .,." ,rt 1 : t., ill. t = I. ......IPn:
~)x; - x){y, - y)
( lb. l~ll\)
:1)2 L (Y' _ y)2
{16. 14Ih)
Az itt m..gh at ArO"wtt konfid ..n" ill-int,l v,.]lumnk ....Klt.lw'gfv... l lU"ll....lhl<tjllk IlZ " :
pgy<-n .... knnfidcnem-t"rtnmallya' (116.41, 11 6.2:>1ilO<l,.]om).
a + br
n>gft>lll\7.io..
------------=:. ~----------...,
<06
( Hi 1,-,Od )_1>61:
16 .3.4 .3 . Tobbdlureuaios rcgrcsszi6

F Ilgg v.. ny kapc....,I"t
"l""y"k frl. hosY I\7..X r, X2,' .. X. i></U"rvpk"" lIZ
,-m CS)
1.
Y - / (.1: ,. .l'2. .r~ ) =
L 0) 9)( .rl'
,-
}' i~llli'fV klYY'u kaJlo.olat
f =
-
All fenn. IllP)Y >.:t
.1:2 . , .c~ )
( IG.14;)
~"nyt.
",.e,' -
.e,l "'!h
2 . Y.. ktor fr"~m6d

TOhh vAitaziO ......lioD
.! "" (r, ,r,.
r . )T
(l 0')
s
G =
0 .5
( 16 .1:>2)
5 0.3
n.a
k'sr.Y:
..lml'\f'ti ~ fHAAVrnnVf'l (thllto ko. A gAxl. .1'1. _. r. ) f;iggvpnyt'k nvalto:<6loadott liiw"ny.-k.

:\z <I) cgy'lltllu.t6k kolll"t....... lortI>k..k. ~hvd "'" "l,k (Hi.14;"}-Iwon lint-iu-i., "KY'-,tthat<'>k. f'7.Prl ~.. ktAk ~I
io-liIlt'Olrilo ..-,;r.-i<m"k r1<"W'Zni.
.-\2 ! (x,. .l",) = ... ... a lr, ... Il,.c, ... <1,.1:,' ...
d~.r ,r, . m&;odfok{, poIinomr,,~ - 1 .9'
.1: ,
!h "" I,.,,~ =
q., =
rl.1:1 '''~..n fplfoghatjuk. millt ~ .. lmo\lMi lirwAriM l"f'gn-.i6-
I,'.
3.5
6,2
3.2
k.".. . . "
_kt<>T_jf-IOlM.t ~ti:
(16.141\)
loi,o ..
1M" ...
(I ti.l 5J)
4) _U. 25.
a~
II .
6.-102 =- ~.6.
__
1.6iio + 6_4.ii ) .. O.~2 '" 5.32.
4.
r,n.
Go
1 6 a , ~ 1.6ii~='U.~
68a,
~1f.1tipgy1."""k
1.
A ~ egyijnb!>tilk n~tAr~lQI aJ
f,.lto'uolrkb61.;,. kiindulhaUllnk voIDA. ""-"Z
l (x )
I. 2.... X I int..q.oliorioJ.
C~ = { .
(lG. I.l.-I J
Ha ~ < '\". allor <-"&)" tUlolf'lf'ffi)inA!t liItl"&rVo '1O'<'flk-t~ink "'l-Il . m<'ly.... k kOz.elit6 ~t
HOl S~HOLDER-dja.-a.-.J. (Ii1.-.<! 9-13. old.) b.pjuk 11>rlI:- A~AtWf'~pt ( Hi.I ;>-I}-bOl. ""AZ(16.1;>-I) s:zordlC T -vd G"-\t:sstm...,,/~" nr\'f'UI-lk. H.. C mAtri K<-'opai l.i.uri~ frtggPtleslf'k. Vl'lgy~~
""t
, "" II!> '" 2: CI
,-
( 16 .U 9)
9,!.! )
3 . F..Iti-h.4nrll ka JX'SOl at #OS a

:\ (16.141) ..1rnl-lMi a[><">oOlalot /&1;
(.!:
( I '" i.a.
, j,)
nO!"ma:J~ ..n1Pt.....ndszer
. S)
( 16 1::&)
mi-rtfrWkpkhOla WJ,.tlrl' 11th..... hibAkmi>lu nem tudjuk pontu<an Inrni.. E7A'ort f.. Iti>l..l<-ziillk "llY ffiu y =' j (:!.} =:
,-L
.'1
( 1 6 _ I ~bJ
G IIjl3.)
... 81r,;kioo:-hb ~k
m~
(Ja,od ....o.::.. old. ) __ rint
I:
,-, [J,- J!J!" l]
( ](i.I:::.ue)
mlu
koV<'t<-lm"ny ,.]aI,jAn t",UVl>i'.mk
Dl~
"" ii, pgyf!tth...tilk!<t, melvek
1\Z ..lnWl.,ti
alabh; j ..lii~kJ.l:
.. (.' ' 1 ,,(. "'1

G '"
"" (~m)
q)
( '10, (~I."l)
kepjuk
a lIIf1I:olda.; lIteI:"&Y"Zik" HOl'Sl HOLDERfi-j.. kOzt 11ll> n"'lt~.

2 . Tohbdin.....w<.~t...n if; ~,.,ll"'tOk ( 16 . 14(;.,.,1,) ~j,,", A ~ o:vfnlbA.tOlua b,nb<lmcia. intrnallulloir. l INd 1I6.~ 1.
3.
....7. F--closzw. .....,;i'"'~1 (w.l ;'-1. old.) t<mt,.jh.-tjiilr. A frllk>-Wozdt fiigg.... ny~tot. . Ez
.. J.o';<Zt f'ldi;nti. botQ. 8 116.I :iOb) k...,knd..dotl fiiggvi-n ... rna.- k"w_-bb tag ~n ~,j61 kO:r.rl.it;-r A>:
Mmi'l..ti ~ fr~l1yt (lNotl]Hi.91l.
16 .3.5. Mome-Car!o modszerek
.....ll~"t:
.. C matrix r>on&ia - " ~ I. alr:kor .. ( 1 6. 1 ~ 1>UmlilI--<'O"'IPt~fqr;yo'l1 ..lIuoWu 1Dlll".lllAto.~ ez
(.!(~l)
.ql C1!:IN))
il. 1l",.h"lAf<:r~ ......r.rll "1. 'I,D. D"rnlo~I ..gy'lll,trol1d~Ztrt:
aJ 1""",,;lt "rt"li.
"1-
, . (!! ") )
9. (~i~l)
( 16 ,],:;0,1)
!I. (.!IN))
'10 + (/lrl
1"" . . .
16.3.5 .2 . Velcrlen szamok

A ,...It't!rll f<ZiwlOk o:-gy 1ll.-ghat.A:"w.olt ..1"""'1......) .."".....ill,h.:~ vRIww (lW i 81 . old. ) n....JizRcioi. Kii
lonl,o,-.o ..l"".la..oklla.k kUlOuhOzO lip"~(' ""'I..tlm ..-/.At,,,,k fd d ll.k Ill"!..
1. Egyenlt'tes t"lotlzh'.sl) 'o'.. I.. tl .. n " za m o k
A [n, I] inlRrvall111110ll "lO..,ul<~ .... IUt<,.]""(1 ",I.. t],-u "".At""k 1IJ1llak It;< X 'o'alu..zlnU>o'gi ,.,;.lto:Wuak a r"l1liwiOi, nl<'lyn" k /o( r) sli nit. i'l\Higg'o'i'lly...... fo(r) ..1<lIt:(l""'fii~illyt .. ko....'lk..w:
(16.1.-,0,,)
A GT C mAlri x "~illllll"t.likll". ,-,.I>,T I< C IIOLESKY-c!jAr""'.."j (16.1 50<,) kOllllY"lJ m"p;oldhl<w.

lI aw ozzllk lllPg IL2
,C.) =
+ "2'c2
;
'Il EU MA SN
0,;; 0,3
O.J
3 .5 6.2 3.2
lll"" kor;
. 10
Fo(.r) - . r
I
h.. J'<n ,
lIa O<J'S I,
hI<
(16.1.';.'
.r> 1
N eRYz..tkoz"p-moo!l1... r A ...(I"tlo'li ~~ftmuk ,'lMl1lt.Nt4rll M'l.oIj(itl6 ,,1.0 ''KY~/.nl 11lguritullI "

JA sost"l s.a rnmtik. E:.t .. "yyzd kii:,:p.""ld,-;u,'Y'rJr.u'...,,:.:.iik. ERY 2Il j''ll'o'il z pg"",,z "zAmhOl
iud nllllu k ki. K"IIC'/,ziik ,, : 2 """l"" t,""" flO" "KY4" j"l'Y,ll'I\{"q; ><;<81))"t Iml' \lllk. El,M If'lhagyju k i\7. pl..o
i.,. a.z nwl..o II ';zamj'-'g.wl., .... igy lll,,!,:iut "!O' 2,, j.'p,y,1 ''1':/''''' s'l.Amnt, ka l' t u llk . F:~l. a,," " ljarAAt iSll,,;l.d jiik .
Ha a kal'0tt c!':c..;t s""Illuk plf frjuk .... W-I, a kknT :.I,, j,'!O"il ti~.~l , ... tiirt<'k " t kApt.nnk. l1ldy.'kd ... i,l.t
1,," "z;"lIn" k" ak lRkintht1.iil1k . A :.I" s:u,m ...fJ"""t""", M " 1",.IIl",,,. ,1t kUIl'l'll lcr "".amabrAzoI"""lul fiig,g,
lA.'!O".u vI. :.I II = to. E hb'.'lI ~ """tI",U').I- NK<>\.'iltllflS !O"aIr:<>rl"ti NWmll.~A".. I1cm ...Alt bc, ""'r t a:t ily
1.
(H;'\51)
a
r"l\r..-...i"" fiip;gv"oy '1O'iil thl<wit, 1m I< ""I"tl"o mintenk
Szimulaci6
fo(.r) ={ 1 ha.OSJ'S ]",
G TG ;! = C T{
j(.r"
16 .3 .5 .1.
SrimulAci6r61 bcszt'liink. awlknrrgy fnly........t '''10' ""V tt"l.m...n ...~tJI rgy uok!<t }w>1.....t t.... ill>f{'IId
ozer ~tJ;iog{,,,1 tOrtklik. 01V&fl IIlIItrlIlllI,kai toOtlrllt!u1. alkalmlL211nk. lll"'I..... k II ktTCl't'tl fol..." "",tol
j6IlrirjAk"'" ..-.du:nl~ki.nn~...n ki.. rtiokrlh<'\<'k. Ekkor diglt.ftJ.i.. u.lmlllFtrioroI b...",.cI.-lJJ.k. HI< " oWmuw>6 tIOM vi-ktif'lllil viLlNo.tott pontok!<t "-.or n" Ullyi><l'K .-kr t
nAlllnk. Akkor "" a ~lulllf'-('.JIl"Jn
,"",ulIulkKi ""Y Vt'lPt:lrn ""imulariO.
808
T..gyij k wI. bogy 0 :5 gIrl :5 I. F.z tr",ll<l\foruJAt:;{.-' lIlimlig ..1"rhM'; ("""I
uwdoll cViaOJlitott ..,to<f.3t"kllM /I PlZii k~""1 tobb kin;iuy ...00 11 Va.Il. & .i..-t Ill"" mo.lw",n' krt lcPl1...u
kif,jl,....~to'ni,
2. Ko ngruenciam od s zer A konlt"",wiam.... b<7..... igf'n.. ltforjP<lt:.~ z, (i '" 0.1. 2....) ~ o;tNuok
( Hi.I63), &19. old.). Ekkor
l"g)' '''l'OZl\tat ..
:'.1=<: :, mcdm
(Hi. l56)
....kllni<'< kf.plf't -nIlI "zAmilJuk. Iu. .,. t<.~..... po:<itiv ""Am. re .... m ssinten pm;itlv I"gM lIZ'lI1l0Jr..
lIlf'ly..1a>t .IIW.llWOll.l' ~tw,k_ ::'.. 1 IlIlII"i~ .. lPRlr;U.phb nem rwgatlv..u.m. NDf"ly ... (l 6. 1::.6} Will':"
nlf'nriAl kif'l<'gitl. A :,1"1 ..u.w.>k 0 i I kOWtt VIll\nQ .... mint egyt'nk-tf'S du.WNnj ....-w~Ion lI'duuok
aJkalmAZh>l.ti>k.
3. :'o.1"&i.. gy~k
a ) \.u,...'ml: m _ 2' ....hol r.,r;y kOlllput......-.. hit.il'iDf'k".aau.u... pI. r = -10 . A c uAmoc vw-uk
.;m llAgy gr..lldjiol.~n_
b ) E71ic:l"t
oeh.ulOlot.t. Wf'l;t<'kM "1tY ...d ott kloplPthOl nynt Unk .... egy X vN6oJ.W,,~ viJto:W
PTti>k..it ""imllWj.&k. " ..r..Jmo.d..Urft-~l"moknM ~i k _
c ) nkotlffl ~bt /I_bo<ULiui~';I'I'..t lIl..t&llithAtunk Il.,ranw paranca;al (lloll aDKU1 random ....
2. 1\.1'" eloolz!Mu v..kotJ..n uamok

~- ~ F(x) ""-JA"f~klvurkInf'ld"clo-&6 ,"4Wtk -'mokat /I
"',
k.w.-tker.6kci>l ..",.&Ilitb..lunk
KLinduhmk ~Joo
Ju.Li,.it vrIMe AAlook "lQ" t:,.{J.... oorozat&b61.. Ezdb6l .z&tu.itj " k .... '" =
F-'{(.){. = 1.2
)~. ltt F - ' {s ) 1U\ F(z ) ~ny inw r'U'_ Eklwr:
, .,
P(",:5 r)
= P(r l ((' ) :5 r) = Pli.:5 F (.r)) =
J.{t)dt
= F (s ) ,
(16.1:;71
'I,. '11.
vMM.1m-'rook ..J..t!.-t InrzIK"ka:z F {z ) dot<l.u....riiAA>+nnY"-"IIIl<"fl;M.otI ..k-u..nllk.

FlI) fl'AA\'rny k,o'Y"ll foh'1Oft01; I. mc>ootolI nOwh-do'l.
lI7.lIZ II>:
3.
""7-
V e lpt lpll ,,>:A.mok UblAul. e. allutlnuu.Asa
I. A t'b lhat f'1t'illIIfIAM E~ v..!tot.,"I><:iAm_I"blb.alot pI.li kiiowl1<P7&i-l'p ..nOlinAl....I'lllk, 10 ..,;)'

rom", goly6r1l ni.irjuk II O. I . 2.
.9 ..wnokII1 ...\ golyOkal pgy uma h/ln jill o...z..k<owrjiik. uutAn M
ZUlIl egy golyo)!'"" II ""I>Ott dlUool r.. lirjllk. A gnlyi>1 Il7. "rnA"" vi....,....- .iik, "jrlllwvooriink .... luillll11k.
nyt'll lI.odun ""I.-.tlm l't.Nnjl"lO""k --..V ......>2:II1J\1 kIq.jllk. nwl )""kt>! "" al wk illl bPt o..eg IU'dvi+ rt ~
"",porth.. O!IZI\1nk (1Nwt 21.19. IA.blizat ),
A f"oti djara. hiztolliljll.. bngy" tAhlA7.11lnfogyj..oo ~Wtlllilll'lk m ind II. ni>gy helyen a 0.1. 2.. , 9107.A,ook '1O'<'nlO \'a1 '''''ld'''~ f'l f(millln"k ..1&.
2. A v..I..II.. n szll mok alb lmllzilsa A viI.tI..n~:o&lJl-tlthl.aM.l Il1kalm~t ..gy 1>"1<1..." Tlllltllljuk
ffi<>g, .\' = 250 Vi7...gftlt tArgyht'i1 II
20 ,j"'lIbot vCl,tl'lJ~Zt'f'lit.., n 1l kiV;\j....zlllllllllk . A tl<rr.YAMI 1Ilt'8~lllk QOO..tt'i1249-ill;, A 21 . 19 . tllb lAzat ban ki"41"",,t"lIk .-gy RZAmot Vll.l/lTl....lyik .-loJ>11IW ""RY
...,rh.. " 6< "'''K.... liu't",'''uk. bOKY" kiWPlk...,.... 19 "" 1.. tl"ll >Qkno t fiiggiilpg"""ll. vI1>l7.inu-n YII#lY All6tl.>l1l
fOltink Il tJ,hlA&.t1x'J kiv"nni. ,\ ....1,'1,1..n m rnllkll1\k O"Ik 1\Z pl!1l'l3

,....It 1lZ0kat .. "".;\lJlll!tllt ..J k"Jm~lIk .1\m.ly,k 250-n pl kj,,(,blxok,
~i<'gyet
""""ziik filO"'ll'mlw, ,...
/ g{s)dz ""
16.16. abra.
( J(.i.l ;~)
"'1\I.Al'O'1.<l1t in!<>grAl kii-,Altl'i

Il v"J..tJ.. n lI:>:imllIA.,j{",
(16. 1:;9)
~ ~Y ,gvjll~~w-o.utt . "ICc naY pon~t f'1frjiink . n-.-t ~t'll wog) '
rLAlo: ko-Il v&W:>;tani. EUrt hn~h rn6do<u:rt ~"'" adOtIik .. kiNt.1.k..m nl6tkt.. il!tot_ ..gy ..b
~k a:ll116. ISI irotWt""hIIn.
2. A vitrh a l o e rt ek alkalmazba
A (16. 1'-H) mt.egrt\! ki'<ZitmitA.W-: u~t az X. '0. 1:,,", ~ ..lo,<z14"'" ~n~ VNto:<O"
d/lrIIh ~" & ..... &, realizacit'ijAhOl indulnnk ki. Ekkor .. 90 = g{t:,) (. - 1.2.
. ,,) m t'-k.-k II g{X)
\'IIlo.':IIOZimi.oo{ogi violtozOn:alizaci6i. mrlyrwk VArMtO~ .. (l6. o&7a.h) (Iaood 71l3.old.):
(g(.\' )) = / g{.r)fe{.r)d.r = / g(r)dz ""';;

_'"
L:"
j',
ki~ult""'. "ID"'nl"t,'" dOllZlr..~(1 vN ..I.I.. n ~7.an}()k Ill kalmll7hA\'l\1

l>fold"
1lI .'~I""A' lllkalllll<lhAl'''. A ki;vdk",/~;k b.. n k"" l..hrt,...."....lIl"ll0ld....1 tr.rgylllunk,
(16.160)
...1
ut lIZ pljAri.-l. aII>t'ly II vo.'lMJ.m mintaAtlllgot inl"ltIioI kiooz4mit8lllAr3 Iwo7.nAlja.

MOD_ CArlo ~.
a Uk NlalAnoo<
l>t'.....
16 .3.5 .4 . A Monte-Carlo modszcrck a lk almazasa a numerikus

matematikaban
I. T o h bes int ..-gralok xisMmltba
EItW.or a.z "IO'v41tozt. fiiggvt'nyrk ... kP~lk .. tlllt.....q,'tt iILt.Pgr41n.ak
oIynn trl\Tl-~71ortnAciOj .. l,
Alll..lya:z
r --= /
uu u n)
h( x)dr
int.<wal kizrdunit-MAI az
/ =
g{r )dr
(l ti.162)
0:S g(I):5 1
r=a +( b -al u.
OIY/\'ll kloeu IpriU..tr. mdy 1.<'1
ill!<'llrAi k;"7iuni t"'..Ar" "f'7Rli Vj,...7~'. Em ' mAr IllluUmll.l'.h"tJ"k

kovdkN,o hcly<'It.. .. itk.st alIu.IIl1az~ "k
16 .3.5 .3 . P elda Monte-Car-lo sz im u lac lo ra
1 _ / g{r)ds
inl.<~Al ,'It)'
t'"'
rovidi~).
I'l:1. /
j""ry;<-i'b.'ll&': ,-gyMgn"gy7.<-l.btu fd,,,,,ik (16 . 16 . 'bra ) . A .0. lJ mit-f'

...,.JIUTllOll <1O""""h", c1'ltI",,'i ""I"t~'n ~llok ''KY 'O>rm,ataJ><'>1 k..t1C>1Cvd
"""""ii k II po ntoit'll,"" 110' P1.Pk "-l .~~v,...t ....lptl..n fIOntjaiua.k k"..
ordinitl4i WrozJ1<'k tt;Y ~t<'>ttnnk" .Wab P, (I = 1. 2.... ,,) ""'I"twn
pontot ea ~u. J,.\OIjt- rn Ilr.<lfl pontok><:t.furnl.t. lllIlf'l)""k "".-t
tlIrtornAnynn iwllli YlOfO' aull.ll.k hlItIIr4T11 nfi<...kkor II rt"lAliv &.vAk<>rislg
fot:Alm4ruUt. f..lh-.I.au.aa..,.J 1I ~"Ip~ 1 1!ct,
TTl
= lIlin h (x l ,
F~ldl
.\f ..
1<:1.
16,3.5.3. \!llnl.e- C" rl" ",i"isJ;,rt. A
Ill'''' h(r)
(16.163)
'fo..'1
Igy " (16.1611kpl'lct a ko....lk,~,'O k"l'l"tt,.. lIl"l>Y "I :
/"= (M - m )(b - al
h(" + (b -lIlu) - '"

If ".
du+(b-"lm,
,
(ltd 64)
808
"' 0
hole
h(a+(b-a}l.l)-m
.\1 _ m
A ti>h""'" ;nt.-grAlok
rekur
,~~
~..h
3. "
a ) V'
kti-kt
\'~
riividJ
a. ,
E<Y '
'"
K WxI
F - ' (l
~~,
a S .r S b. r
,..".,
1lY<-"1
""""'
A
:s: :
:s: 11 S d. 0 :s: : :S:.. (a. II.c, d
r-
if
g(lI.II'jdud..
unt
"
""'16.3" .
...;-:.. hogy n", k kiY/.iu Y"oo ' L<'lyikl... jill. 1/ 4,

2. Ha a """,,w("l;k,-'XV R, 1".UU-ponlhajlll.. IlIK,IY<ltll/;A.~ I vRlflMinil""AA pl IKr..j.-mJik,
Kiwutl\thato. h"I/;Y a ,<'.<""..... k" hArm<'ly PI.......; l><mlbOl ,-fog.... ""k IPJ"'" ut.',,, ' 10' R, balil.rpontbajut .
Aunal. vRl~ziIl11~M.hoRr.' P(L.y) pOfltlllUl k,..,~l.KlOtl h"IY''''I:MM. 11., hatArpontha ytI';"""'lik.j<-I;'ljP:
p(P. 11., ) = P((,r;.I/). R,)
(16 .17U)
Ekkor
p(R,. fl.) = I
p(R,. n,)-O h.. t)
(16.171)
"P{{,r;, sl, R,) = !,:p r - L ,), 11.,) ... pr ... I. gl. 11.,) ~ P(J'. Y- 1). n.) - p(r. 9 ... I), fl.)
(16.172)
A ( 16.172) trhat pgy ditf<TCocu.egy..n\P! .. P(r y). R,) VA1<'JoWtI~. H.... P(r . g) pontOOI .. rla,.,o.b
(16.166)
,,,,,t
"'KY 1\" tP.-t thfogllta. "lIlf'ly

az ~kn<i<An boohil Y>Ul.
A (HUlj6j in"-c:rAl ki"-"'lit6 m;.kfol Moo l ... c..r-lo mOO<0"fTl"I"ZAmiljllk ki:. :0.1; illttornUlllmnD vA
lMttoU
lIUmokat ~,...J. <-:<er~"k. ig)' rl da.-ab Po (i _ 1.1. . n) Il<)"tot u",",,'ink "'I:
"IO~k".-kal>IW.II. rbbQ m poul K - t~tb..~ tart<T.<ilr.. akkuc ( lti.l~9) owa!6r;i4J"""
""let"
I " "" ~
v"lctl<... bolyongAA indnl ki." <"Z<'kb'-i1 .... jm ..I R,I... (III.
"
:s n). akko...
P(r.y),R,)) ~ m;
(W.I 'j"J)
"
A (16. "J) "lO"'nJo>t" (16.16&1) .. ,lifI...... ~...-nl.-tllf'k"'J' kO-uolfto ~I AlIja. .. {l6.169 } f..lu'tft
IOl"llctt. A (16. 1680) I"'rnnf.-ltetdt.,..wg,,~ v_,ik 5,;yr"'mb... hoc-~:
ti P) = r(r.l/) =
(16. Hi7)
L f( R.)P{{r 1/) R,)
( 16.11,1)
M~'z", Eto'd!\uWoI fi"'U'-my balilr"zou in t"CT4ljAnAk ki....arnltilMr Ir&iobh. HI.3. f..;.--

1...1I lrirt r!jar';"'t tu-wUui. TOI.koI int~k.....-lPn" ~lonU'-CArio m6<k7n alJa.ltn.'lZilM.~.
llIiv..J (16, 171) mi an igllZ. ho,;y v(RJ I - L~"- ,f\n.)p(R~. n.) = J( R,).
A ~(z.y) ki...u..tui!JL~ {l ti.172)-at. ,UCPWlUDuI /(R........I f'fI az~ ulAn .. kiJm.kezOdrlfef"'!l-
2.
I.
<~nk-to.-t. kavjuk v(.2'. ,)-""
P a rc iilli... ditft>n-nciillf"g,y"'nl.. t .. k m.-.goldAsa

A ,.,!ol.. t,",n bolyongA~ mM"z.. rt' A ~lonlf"-c.vlo m<id~ .. p""iAlilo r1itf..~nlM.tok kO..liM ""'!oI<t.IuW......... 1M.1Pn hnlyonll:M fol}'Amawk frlha..~,'8l albln"""",,,k. P<-I.l.okkIt tduut~iik
kOwtiw.W I....-al,""..t+ttik fd ... Lotoc
iP"
~ " -_ +
ilr'
&
_ ..
or
_O
ba
(.2'.I/)E C.
11(.1'.1/)'" /(.1'.1/)
w. (r.y) E r
(16.1&l-h)
III G N: ,r;. V-~ik .-,;y.,;y_n.,..'1I'-........fi"J.ggotactomAnyAt. r a G tartom.mv haUU-i1tyloli ( 16. 1 1. 'bra )
,.
,.
y+l.
yol o
ll!C"lln,llO' mint Il Ifl,r..l . POllt.

han .. di lf"T<"nuoodl"'~'1 ...k .....t<-o
W..<ljijk ''10'
o<'gp .<"tracr...al, A z altaLin.-..lR m'll:!I7.nrltANo IIi-I
kiil fplw hptj iik. hogy .. !<'p<>f<k01. b = I.
A G tartnmanyt
mok.
""rI",
fo!tiu]
koruot.anllokl CKY.,..lOtkll>ll-"w'ldll[ L,W.tO 10-. A (Hi. ltiJ).
in~t tMt...lIMZ7.A.1\bnl \ "
,. ,
"7.iLm<
f'
0 S g(u,t'):S: I
frll
Illpg_
:s :s:
'I>'''
a:.<Ambdi
{16. U;'-,)-1lr7. h-'>nJn trllflllZfomwi<'>v>oJ olylUl kif..j007ht upnn k. IDf"l)'"
1. ,
form.
( Hdw)
tar1omallY. I",'l)~-t
S ' 'S Ito ... .., (I)
II
_"llr) "1O'<',,16tlo-n"''X..k h"l.li.JUUl'l.k 1UI'lI:. Ekkor \. annal< a r: M''R'"TI'''''ni ' ....lnd ti-rf,~ lUudy
.... r. v-l'ikr.. m..ml<-g<'IW'TI All'" 0
S h(.r. ,l- l...,;y.... PZ" te<t <"K".. Iran Q tJ-,;l.., , rnw-. IUndy """
F(z)
3.
""',,ls7.<'l;l'{'J tOrti-no k,;zd it6 kil<l.&IllLt""'" ..
b:ttONllt<'WII.II..ItI"j41l11l'lt"~J\lk Ult~_ltl S
rmo
b) u
c)
~1<)lIt ....C>U"ln
:s: g(..) :s I ft.ltPt"ln..k,
fl htr .lI )dJ dy ,.hol h(r.yl2:0
V
u,"y.
Q(u) inl.pg",nq'lII ",l'1l"t ~ a 0
, ,
,
Ily med o n hPl>i6 p (;r. y) r"""pontnkAt f'fI R.. h" I.a.r.

po nlokAt kAp' mk. A, 11., h" t-irTK,utn krhl, rnrlyt'k
pg)"ittal ril.c>;(Nutok i... "'" " !O'_ 'I111ol~ k,,,IV<'<"rt fd
I.p",,,,' ik. ho gy VIllo hall, !X,ul ..-D " G t"-ltolll'-'Ily r
hatAni u f<.h,..,lI..k. l'Vl.Z
(I6 .Hi9 )
u(R, ) = / (11., ) (i - 1.2. .. ,V)
2.
A mpgol<l is mP ll..tp
K i-I" ~' lj ii k
d. 1,,>I\Y '10'
ri",wc;k" "gy 1.>..1,.0 P(,r; . y) pout hoi ,lindll l""
I"" INlyolll';"" t
v~I,t.
k<v~d.
W.11, Alm\,
I::z IV,Ijd'Utl . h,'KY

1. A rW/""""k<' P P(..- .1/) 11Oul.l>ll1 vplptl<'II"l'prl! pn a 4 "7,Om.""Pd"" POlll, ..gyik'I... m..KY, Ann ak val'-"",illll -
t-{r.,) =
'I4 v(r -
1. 1/) " v(z - 1.,,) ... v(r., - I ) + t-{r., ... I)J.
( 16.1;:')
,.,..Am',
II .... P{ r .,) ponHOl..

bol~t indi tun\['.. rz<-kh6lm; ~k. IlIf'd'f"koJO 11., haWpolltok
bAn (I ---' 1. 2,
S). akkO
I
I(r.l/) "" ;;
m;/(R,)
L
,-,
(16.1;61
adj" .. P (.r. y ) ponllian a ( Iti.16R1l.01I"'rrrno'rt<'kMadat m<1:<'ldNcAwo.k rgy kwlltliht<-kM.
16.3.5.5 . A Monte-Carlo m cdszcrc k tovabbi alkah nazAsai

:\ MOI1t.----Ca rlo mOd."".......ht. mint vfl..tlr n ""LlUlIl",:i,,,, ul,,,I,,,,,,",,pkpl (wo.gy ~lAti""ti kai ki:oCrl..t j mO<l"""'rrkPt) a t ll.-JomAny \Pgk,ilonh07..i hh t .tiiJ.. l<'iu alkAl tt~k. r "ldAIlI:
At omteehnika: ~,,"tronok ,;,tbatoJN;", allrl.~~r'I <W'k..n (biol6gill.i vkI ..kPTkI kidolgo7.a..a),
Illfoma.t ika: .. je l ...... zavarA.~ ,..,Nv""""'tio.M;
O".r"',iOkutatii.: ""'rlian;i]la.~; ... kiw~,l ~fJ""i probl.-""",. t"rol,r"", k I..fuw; IP("V<"7....... k.

lly<'ll,.. hal.,ml" probll-mak 1lI<'g01<lA.<Vl.i a [w. I l:lI. 116.221 il"1:K mlomha.t1 tnWhatilk,
16.4. A meresi hibak elmelc tc

Mi", I" l1 tudfllw ln YOl' Ill;--""" """au
fiila\.-l!,uii! "ttlll. mily .'n golld""".. hajtj n k a;,t ",we - a 1Il<W! '
gy r lt. illetve !Ilht Crld"'kM
hih"k t<r!l,lik. A DIN "?..-rillt a IlIprhli hihAkat, al.az ""I",ncJy ad",
m"r;";psor"" fpll<-po hil"'k<.t. "",;,-",.,'k",,1: ""w -I.~iik, E1,1..-l Il.?, ml " n a ml'r,,,,i "r<~blJ"l1yrk !Il<'g..<lWnAl
a bennuk foglalt hioori,l mint hi~o"y'o/l",,,"..,ml( h ; "'Jo." t"tni~ 1" "",'4ii" k. E',7.d II. k'-,t foga!oIlHnal" 11'...
ri", j hihfl.k elmeletenek d>lj';'l. " kOv..l.k<",~;kil'l'Pti r"l!:almazhlltjuk tlwg:
1. A" ,'lt h __ kpt r ui.. ima1i7~.,lni kd l. ""''''' .. lIlh 'l. j~tIll'rv m,ghIl.I.Al'm"a,ua" l"h,l.o l/'giobh k01~'lltil pljarlt.~1. 1<1'11 kidolg<Yl.nunk , En" ><7,olg,;,l a 1::r"!1'J"..liM ~z4",il<i, plrllPI..t.. lrlflypt G "uss ota iSlllf"riink. E 7.
l~ Il Y'I';'; h ..n" I~gn,"bb ..':gy:;d,k ",,)d.,Z"ff_
Ill""""i
..
812
164 A
2 . A biwllytaLtu~..aw,t "lrI,,>til lrKjol>l""lI k..Umpg'*""l1llliink. es itt 1I11J.atcmatikai ~t"til<.<tila.lJl....I"".....

t<:'it alluWlla:f.,,,,k.
",",,~.
hibaJ; ..,1",,,I.t. 813
infl..xi.... pontok" 17. " ket fClwwllIAny 1\(IIYI">fItj.IU" " ..I-'u- rrti<krknN vannak_ A fiiuv;-ny
IIImUlll'IllIA"" x = 0 puhltYl VN'." lImxinllLlll Ptt,'k<' 1/((1".,12;:). No k,~li; <1 htfk """ti'u a fiiAAV<'U)'
Jl:orlX-j. ow'lt"l<'<lik. <If' lIZ IlWtfI J{>vc'i t .. nllM l1lill,l~ ''It.v''''~'nyi. Ez "'"
t..hat IlZt jrk-uti, hOlQ'
at~h"LtPrt"khen III""""" ki>< hihM ~Akr"hl>l<oil rordulll.... ,'I6.11><CY 1,j1W rilklt.ho.w..
,.k-w.
16 .4 .1 . l\Urbi hihak losa zok elo...zlilsa

16 .4 .1 .1 . A m hesi hihAk osztAl)'ozasa kvalitattv ismervck alapjan
Ha a U>Cri~ hihAkat IU I'l7.f>kAt ..lOi<l"'A ok<>\[ -nnt ()IlIZtN)'OZZuk. akkor .. kOvM.k.,.~.6lwom tiPll~' kilo
kinb<io<tctj'ik lll"l/;:
1. Oil....... mk... i hih4lt ob." hitw. \eoI--.a.. V"fO' fd~"",2. S~tcma!ik".. rrWrfotoi: hihAbt o~llAk f'OMlul bMillilott werolllw-,..,k. vNAmint olyall m"rn.a 1116<1"".......k, m.-I)"'kno'lar....a..1;Prh61 Ww:iO ",,-rhoihilwi.k """..-..pctjat-'<7.hatnak. Ezrlo-t" hihftkm IIf'III 11I<Ij,Ur.
mindiJl; bkiillzOOOlni.
3. A ..tAtilorti!u.i wgy
bihAk olu&i ~m.Ll .. mk....i f"ltrlcl....k 1<................folyMolhAtb ""Ioot"'o
i~. ~,,~ftJt II>O'Il.nyWvk """ ftof.mhiyck vi-Ictlo..n i1<rnhv<oi.
A mi'1'l'-<ikom1l kilr.iiluOoolniink. h II. baoa~k (hibahat&ruk) kiN.&.ruit.a.<an.il a<lIpM" statiloztikai t,iLoI~,Jg"t ,...
4. A hiba_normaJisel05zlas jellemeeee par"m"t..~kkPl

A biba--llOrwillj,; ..loti~1Ak jPllPUaMll' hNtz.I4!at"" ,,17 2 ordlrflolufKr"l.d. """'" .. 17 nOra,. parami-trr<-n
kiv{u .. h pon~. >o:il" AliAgOfl hihA .... ",. v~nll hih" is.
""""loon
,,>+h:-t1eD ~ hibAkat .,u...:.;JJuk.
16.4.1 .2 . A mi-r+si hiba sllr1isi'gfiiggvcnye

1. !\1e.-esijt-gywko n)Y
A hi~ lweli.t"itUa rrltivkai. boltv II. mi'rfti <'fftImi'nY"kfot "U ~ joogyz<'ikiifLYVlom. tAblazalba.n Iclrt&k.a.. rdatlv,r;y~ ""Y'" I(r) Rllril~y.
i'l1lIuWt rdativ gy....
~ \"'6Y "'" F(r) ..~lWirny rtl"'@:M4\"lIll'Zf'k ro-nde~~iillllAk (IUd 7'9i. old.). Az
r rilt.->n ilt A ~t iNno'-rw't Io-fn'> X ,"",,-fni!Mgi vAlt.ozii ff"IllizNiOjM irtjiiJr..
illM...,..
2.
{IXIl =2
.c/(x)dr <
P ontossag A (I"
N onnal.. IOfIzl b', hib..

S,lnl .....g los .. IOI'<zlA.~rnggv"ny A ~v"korIRthAn .. Irgrohh ......tbm kii"d"lh.. tunk .. hI....1, hogy"
m,mi hiha nOl"lmUi8 d,...zlNo'I.!' = 0 vArh"t" "rt..kkrl ... \'aliUIldy 172 smr......"..gyzo.'lt"l, ~"m ..r..... i
hib... I(r) "i1n""'!'\". IUd \'{' F(r) d<llll<ll".;fi;,lIJtVMly<"
~ ..-~ (W, 17~A)

(tv21f
,..,
F(r}= _'_j"
17,,12'ir
e-~dt=rp(~)
(1(;.1181
(I"
Itt <f>(r ) "8t"ud"nI Hul'llliili.>o:loda..,,!OOiZI...... fiijlJl;\'euyc ((16.72,,), 21.15. tablazat ). (Hi. lill...h) ,.,;d'11
hioo.lloruuu.i>o:.,loo<z!il.,roi i>< 1"...,Aiiuk.
A 16 .18. libra a hilmIII,l'lllii!i" lod ...... ~,'ril>o'lif[j&b....~uy'.n" sulypuutukat. ill"t infkxi':"'-P<>llt"kat
illul"tjll. A 16.19. "'bra II nUI'mAliB ~,1nt""gfiiggv"Hyt hMOll1 kiilollbO-W 17 "'ti-k
It" "hr,u.,lj". Az
-2
-I
16.19. ahra.
!lIf:'l1ett A 1KKI...w.. ..k.zlIi.rt ll7JoJnW.go't

(l6.l7'9)
f7.;'iic
ponto!<lAAgga.l is j<ollt'tilnlwtjiik. Min<'I Jwn;'.hh A G"l'SS-~. ann.iJ llAf(VObh .. ponl.of<!<iot!; i>rti'

( 16.1 9 . Ab r a). Ha .. ~it'tit'n mint... al..pjau l7t .. U, ilL iJ, hti-kt-kk<-! bely<'ttel<itjiik. illor h iTt<'\o:,
" ,n<'ti-ooi m6<b<:7.er ~iu joPlJormzi..

2 . E gy u eru atlagos hiba A hib.. A!J.q.nhil''I1-fk~I"k,, v!rhat6<'rti'k.-:
3.
3.
1.
-3
, ~_'_
'1 =- (IXI) = 2
E,...n tul".id",~ok lilO""l,.mlwv"td"vrl kiilOllho,.6 hiba-~o1ri1....cgfUggven)e k adOOllak,
1(1")=
I.
(Hi.l77J
IX.'.
O +y +O
+'1
16.18. &bra.
Hi ba- ..olrolMogfiiU\' lony
hihAk tllla~rll trtt ~~iAIi.~ r..ltfo\......k II hihao-Iotr:d&. "'~flJ.AAV~uyhllk Rprci41i..I

lu"'~t f..ltk.o-Irzik.
1. Fol y1.o n O!l ...lrl1.~ggvlony A v"""'1m m#of"l',<;j hihA.-gy bizonyosinl4"1'Val.lWU I~hti-lwll
.....lM'ti f..l. Akkof ..1oo<z1AAAt folytol1M I (r) Rt'll"ll>oPgfiiggvkly irjll ..,..
2. P 11VI!I RunblogfUgg1,kty ..\ utk... i bih.~ ...uo..:ziml..eggel """'" f,.IlIU>I_lIl~ul"rtik([.
<If' kiilOnb0z6..l6jo-hl "rt"k.-t. Alkol' II. 81I~J.ggY"ny p3t(Y1 flJ.gg'o"ny; I( - .c) = f{.c).
3 . ~Ionot on ClIOk k.. 1l6 s u nl"'gffiggvlon)' A UlI.I:Y a1.>t<ZOIUk'rtCkl1 m..rrm hiOOk k,\ ....I... ~.
llikk. mint. kil; a1l1'<W1lll.t'tikild,;. "kiwI I{r) J "> 0 ....\('ll wouotoo ooklwn/i filgg "v.
4 . V~ vlr hat 61rt.. k A hihA a~lllthti'k"o",k vMhatbi.-rti-kr It'g)",o vt!og l'lZlLZ
A
-o -,.
' '1
rl(x)tLr.
(lli. HIO)
Val6lizinu hiba A hihA ,,""".oll,t Prtiok,,".k "l' Itor""tj,;,t hivjuk v..Jl"q.fnii,.;.g; hihan"k. hal
P(lXI :S ,.) = 2"
(16.181....)
Ehbill ko..... tkc-~ik . hog}'
lIlX)d' ~ ,. (~) -
-,
~ j.
(16.18Ib)
"hoi .p(x ) a .ta",lanl nortlu'll~l""zlh><,I<"'l!Ih><fiiAAV('lL)"'.

4. Elilre adoU hibahatar Ha "KY a > () him.h"tlt.rt /llUit 'WIlL ""..alm<l tlill"pni ...16r.. ,ntogoouuk.
><kk"r a
P(IXI oS 0)
kpl'l~t anuak
'l</> (;) - 1
A valO"zl"'i....l>;f't Adj"
(lG . HI21
rn<'1(.
h,'RY" him. .. [-a, tI) ill!<'rva1lumm.....ik .

814
tldiniAljnk. winl .. l1lhCsi !IOrw.at. 1lZa>\" V"I'll,., mint.. /l~",t .... kOzP" hi ....... ja\. A (; i>rti>k az a1,,1"'O"
ka,:.;~ d<_IM" sWrWnak k<r/..Iitii htklre.
lIa lIZ ...Jo..zU... normiJiI<. akkor i'I = a ....-tfn;
(16.190)
P (IE I ~ tT ) = ~'1>( I } - I _ O,6ij
t .. hAt "lI1IJ'lk a ml""'zill'i.~ e. hogy" mlMi hiha/lho.ml(ltkti'IaIl<Ulll~bb.millt a, korlhehil
Esaerine
tJ,>,l %.
1.
P tlc ~ ..) =
{ lti.ll;l-l)
16.-1.1.3. A ml-rfsi hi bak osztalyozasa k va ntitetrv isrncrvck eseten

1- A valOdi " rt" k es. koulit6 .. 1'1,,11.
fy merilet6 IIll!llD~ VllIOdi "'"""" ~ r._ Ennrk }-..~ a ~..1r16-J<-iuoWKi viltmh
v,vhAtilhtl-ke. haKt.ualJuk.lI...Iyt't .. ~ Z, (I 1. 2. . . " ) vpk1;k-nminta Il1apjilnr-!iz....hm k. "' .. hilt
r . kOzdiUl i-rti-ket ILl: 1iohl>i k_prrti'lork adjAk:
1. Egyl'nl6 ,"i lyozA."I'i kOzioplort "k
y ~-
2>'
( 16 .18.),0.)
ba a rno'rt forU>l...krt J:.-tAIrl>ll ""lOltuk h,

i"'llil
2. Sulyozott ko;reP'!'rtpk
&1-oI(,t gy>Lk~al",YJ
(j = 1. 2. . . . k ) .-tAIvk<lz.,.
:t,
,,~o.6'-l5O'''''i07 -~ t ",2/ (ro - ll
( 16.11<6)
Itt az ~ z, mht hti'krkPt 9, (90 > 0) ~uhf,.ktorokkal"'llyoztuk (Ja..... ~ lj . old.).

A m"res; IIQroz.at t'gy0!'S Illfor+lw>inpk hibilja
A m ...-esi IIOrOUlt t'lO'et1 mprkf'in.. k VIll6di hibAja a mprt I . "rti'k('knck II valMi ' . htkkt<51
VPtt .. ltf,....... Mi....l .. ylOl6tJj "rtf!lt-t Tt"!'ln..Y1int""m i>oll'l'rjiik. al. 2", ;-<'dik m"'t.:.rwk vaIixI i C, hihajA'
(,=r.-r,.
(l6.11l7.. )
ktkk.
A Ill"""",; soro7.llt .. gyf'll m .. rt--;n.. k Itotszo lagO!ll h ibaja amen.f, i>rt ..1r;n"k azJ'mlnt >\k,.....kpl<'l1
2.
wu e[1hf>.op:
v,=J'-.c,
2<1> (;) - 1 - 0.:;', 6
(16 .l fI.;)
12 ~
(16_19::.)
:I. Egy meres! !IOrozat llza mtan i iltlagAnlllk hib.hja

A7. J! mintAAtlag hihAj.mak <!..nn"'iOi IlZPJIST"I'mi'"",,",k fPTlT (lo-finiAlth ihAi lI1"pjAn:
1.
Negyzeteskozep-hiba vagy szonb
(16. 11:171
n~/...UiKw~'K{t """'uitjuk ki:
(16.11S1la)
tTy_
2.
A gy" korl a t hm, c.... k ( W. I !9:!h)- ll\llul.lm,,",~\l k . mivd .. v, '"t "kt-k" m" ri",,k .. lapji\n Ilwgl."t"rud,1II6k,
t t'/ / (f1 - 1)
{ 1 6 .l 1;l~J
,.,
1T"'.
3
3.
v,2/ I fl- l l - ::n
ValooZi";"Ch~i~h:"
( H;.l lS1l h)
F.drt "
.-.
(W .l 93)
'1 - \ ' ; " - O.j9'SO- "" O.1S<7 _ 0.8
A v(.l.. t l.. n minta n(.gy ,,,,tt,.,koz(.p hibaja. azaz szoras negyz..t ...." "zorasa " tiwl .. v,,](.li
hib.\k. illetv.. " IJ,.T"",.oI"R"" hilw\.k ""'''mt.l'lni k&l<'p"" kiilonwl.o t'ioj..l...k miatt 'Will j,n"l1l1.i Iv. at!..,;,...
i'I=
lei s 'I ) -
(16.192)
o...".rmAA""..Iapj;i.n tl-Mt ""llak " v..Io.:t.lu~. hogy " hit... "bsw!(lti-rti"k<- r..-nA! nMII ""K}'Qbb. kb .
.j7.(i 'lI'- .~ '1 i>rt~k..k" TKJrITWi!< ~li~fiiAAVfny Alan. )"h!>. ill. hAl ol<ll\li lArtonliulyok ~l'llypontjai.
(16. 18 . abra).
. '~1;i"" hiha..-ti>n whAt
3.
c!t.:"(...t.l"'lA'rt,, hihAk
zf(z )dI
2.
1.
~. j,qn..... twn
.
f
~~uhiba."..~n'l-O.;-g ~
0&1
(I6_I\H )
E:.zerint lUill&k " va1o':Jo;zjn~. bogy" biblt. abowh,TPrtJok.. ,.-nA! 1lml ~.::.o 'K.. A
iorti'kPk"
~uuvi'ny..taui k<'-t ~rik ,.. jobb'" baI old"b W1.omAn}'t ~ tf'f11k-tli ~n' oor.lt }U.a:l.lI.:ZdM=ik. ( 16. 11i. Abra ).
H" a hibe. non:IJ..oili." ..lotrzW;,i . illo<- 1 b< tT kiRi>u " kOvt-t!u.sO o..-fliggo'B Allfmn;
( 16 .t S-j b)
ilktV1'
t g,r,/t g.
0.1
'2 '
,,- E (\e' ) - 2
" ".
r ::
Val6szimi h iba i\Z" '" ......un. """,,Iy",:
.
L ,2/
,.,
, ~..
n (n - l ) = -
3""
(16.196 )
(J(;.1~ 7)
At l ago~ h iba
r - --
'/.-""'0,8
t v;1/"(" - 1 ) = OJ"~
~.
( 1 6. P~ )
'16
4.
Az ele rhl"t6 hi ba uint f'k o pt irna liza lAAa Mivpll'ImintAAtlagMromfi']" hil>il,jal\lNlyoo< >\il '1{Yt'"
dft."uan a.r4nY"'" n npgyl';f'tgyilkPYf'1. P7in nem "rd"Ill""" l1Ii'""-k ~lLiIt hil
llalO'rll VllI.NtMi, A hil jrlf'llt<'ie< noilkb'nUW1. ,.....It .. m,m; rn6d:w:,r h l)()nt~uU< (16. 179) J..vi
tAAa .. O"<lmi>nyPZi.
4 . A bolLOlut. es re la rtv hi ba
1. A bszolu t. b izoll)'tala ras&g, . boo:/:o ! u t hiba F.gy m<'ri'oli ered me ny bizonytAi>m.~ ... m<'1)""l"'l: c..
t',. 11,. 1. ""y '/.; ilIdYf' Alt c. t',<1.1 YIIl!Y '1l1:M1nokklllj<-Ik-lDf"ZhM.imk,a ll~ mpgbiw..ti""'to;>I.Il'lk "lQ'
rnf-rti-k<-. Urn hihM!; ho .. hi.... vr~ 07.iunitluo:olch.w (1AAtI :::<11'1. oId.1 ......Itt,,k ll.. ~d,kJ 'n... huilIyd..
jelklllle.",r<' .........tll1k hr Alt 4b.unllit bumlflnl"M/i9. l\Z1\Z 4A.o:robil hi'- fogalruit. Az "'-..,hit 1111,. .Ii
wt..woja. ill. mrl1-~ '110'''''''''. mint a ml'rt lI"'lLnyi.~. Ad:rt Wvjuk abKwhit hit......... bnto' ne
~jiik o.-r ftll a1AhhWd... n ' - t t " t t I'f'lAtivhil04va1. J plOlc"", a1taW:......u, ""flJ ~f . AI. M
" I_ >lil l~,qh itt ma..t j.....nl. mint Il:I: ",'-'l'lthti'!l f~.,.hMh.an.l&lIW'Iya mkt lD<'nnY~lw'k" """k.v""ci't.
diijdt61. fllQrllrtuiljrlrnti.
2. Relauv b izoll)....la rn.Ag, rela tl... hiba A """Iiv hihA" ~ k mirJ<'i;o\ogi'l\f'k mPrt.. k.. A ,..,.taUv
.....1-.01.'''1 bit.. knzotl..,., " kl1li>n~. IlnY ""'t..tiv hiblWak ninoo diru..-nziOJ&. llX'rt ea l1:li ..t->hil
hiba ~. m<-rt "Vk bM.V>uk-. All1f'nnyihm l"l: ut6bbit llt"ID islllel"jUk... tuinlailtLagglLl p6toljuk.
D1h~k hil"'jiWN'" f
6r, =
-u' .
( 1(;,19'91'1.)
A m...tiv hihM
~ ~khM
Adj"k lOf1Il"' ~WaliJoo" ha.Nn.d- il< hivjuk_
h,"" '"' b, too%.

S.
2. Tt't,,7.OI.. g.... konfirl" ncill-hatirok m .. garli!tll AI "" ~ mf'llny;""t! S(I'."-) nonna);" ..I""".
6kanrialaint.
. ... Io)I .l.r,
l h.i.200)
2. R..lallv maximili5 h iba. Ed 610. lr:>l.l'juk. ~ ILZ ,.hoowl'lt maximali.. bil"" dOf07.tj"k" mi'11
lll..nn}';";";: i-rI.o'k........1(AltNAl>l\ll" llllillt.M~,.jI:
= -~ '-"
,- .
(16.203)
k,,"6dtnc.....I"'tAr<>""~ lut.pjuk. V"lO'1>I "" x .,.j,.Jt1i ('i1kk 1 - { l hizto!~.&<I\Z

I -" val6..zinu.";'Kll:d..,...do1t int<-n-..lluml"", fdu<.&ik.
A statiotztikahan k-gti>b~ az lIZ h-rl.-kiink. hoto" IlZ 11 mint<U~ a I..ht'tO If'1!:ki..<>hh IPgyf'n. A
21.../".,. b,-zl'AAgI' intt'n'll.llum /UlnA! k...... bb. min'" k~bh 1 - <> "' min<'>l ~hb 11. ~li,-..l.7 7 a v'n
DOvPk~nl ookkPn. V>\laminl " t.. / kV>Lfltil",.1IhoI J = 11 - I. !lZinti>n ooOkkf'll (11 = S p,. 11 - 10
kOzOtt .' . DP1lU'l\.nyt"""ll (IA-tl 21. HI. tAhlil'-llt l. " konfi~intnwtl.llLm 1 11'111'1 PC't'tlf>S al'lwyban
noiikkf'll_
16.--i.l .5. Azo uos pontossagu dirr-kt mCrCsl-k hlbaszamlrasa
Ilamind lIZ n ,ocr""'" URran"",a U7-X-.... waliMll...ti>. Ilkknr AllOlll.OII'0tl~, n......r...-kr61 beo:7.f.I'-UlIr:
h _ COIl-,1 Ebb<.ua>: ~')("lI lt-gki>oroh ~k tuO<lat'r..... ( 16. 1 ~'9 ) . (16.192 ) IT. ( 16 ,19-1)--banadott
hiba--ktfkeket. <=dn"'ny<"Zi.
.-\ ko"",~ 1iLhi;U.;V. n _ 10.-:>ntJI' pont'....f(ll durkt ,ocmJ..st iLlIO ~ 1IOmr.a1 ....romfnvrit
W"IJIlIDll7.zA:
aho!.r, },pirkl''' mioo..n kori ]', k07lj>i'rti'k"'- u-z,u...
6::....
r t .. r t1.,..
jJ -
m<'II:btt.hat~i. a:<a:<
...
..'
r
Abu o hi t k ~"'Hv IlUlXimAlis bib...
'" i:-, IO~/(II'.r,
""l{\'
~l....'gi"c1 ..
( 1li.l 9'Jh)
1. A btlzol u t maximAlia b iba II.... ~tarozan<iOil<mtrv" 'rWn ~n~k fi"~It,-m,... aItlr:nr

" kPlPtko'Z6 rn.uilrIAW< hibal .. ~Mty a1al'jAn kPll ~ni. Ez ""RY .. bi....t.-rjcdn. 1Orvt-ny..i
.....,ptl!oi-gi......J \.<-,rt/nik. AUl.iknr n...,.."..k r.,;y kirRyPulitOoet alblmazzuk. min" .. ~i""'Jb ~k
~n-wl" ~) r, - If minimumAt lr:.-.......,Ik; V"Y k-mondunk a 1ci<-to..-nlite.<roI..lT. CIlAk .. bib. 'ltY
feboO korlatjat kno:-\-Ik, al-..oJ.'11 hilwWak n<'W'l.ZI1k" ~"-u kti-lr:ct. H.... " dac",h I, fIlWt\.-n vAlIoW
V/l.D ..... kor.
~:-
f - " - 1 .....,.l-.lM,l;i f"k'. t,l~t (16,10'1) k<.>v."t. ElI'iw m<"g",Jott (> ezigniI - u kOll6d""cilll<7.int "",ti1l1lZ iIolll<'rMlt'U x . _ jJ _lo.li <-rtf-kn' a tool tkVl\lLtili"
[a..iJ. ,.j"l""'kat;,tgeso.tiu
"
.Il'
l' = 1.&-';;(1. &, ~ \
1.:>S1
"
.<4
,.
L 1:,1(( 11 -
1.;;14 I.;;c;(j
.6
.14
"'
1!l6
..003
I.~
"
;;2')
i.sn
1.:>s.1
1.:'>11
11
.,
1.5:>9
xt
<4'
121
21
I) - 0.0131.';- .., - i;.,fii = 0./141 ;
~,
Y<"lI.......I""o'''lly: 7' = x &7 = 1_5M) 0.04 1
16.4 .1.6. K iilonoo7Al
pO llt~sa.gil
dl re kt IlIt'orf>Mok hibasaamuasa
). Egy me"'"","'ly8
H" II. rnfoTiosi el'f'<lm(ony..k ki1lolloo.wlllo'-t....i djiu-......k1>011lMn11Amll-k. wogy pgy<"" olylUl m"rk>k k"",-'1>kti>kPilri>nt kP1<>tkffl:lf'k. II}f'ly..k ugyO\l"""-'1l z, kmi1,,rUk k!iriil <i, lIZOrMMl inIl.Nio:r.nak.l\kkor .. miul.&
k07"p k;,.,..amitAAAr",. ~'-llyozott atlllgt'l ....."mAlj"k:
(1(;.201)
:l''') =
L .q,I,/ L !).
,-I
16.4 .1.4 . A m ert. e rcd menye k megndasa hibahatarokkal
1.::092
(16.204)
... 1
"hoi
J'
A lll"rt "r<~ l llli'llY" k t"IUi>< l "~.,; l",,,,,~ ~ Id,,t,JogPll. h"" f<>lU'p6 hilm( i" IU"g1.tJ(lj" k h<'o<;illli:" mh1
",, '<1m"llY"k lllq;\"d""" Idld,t~n II. hih"",l"tok Ul'1looAAA no'1kiil. Ez<kb61 1LZ ...-J"IokM I f..li"TIl,r1...I';
k"l\. hogy 1.\O"n. llldyik Up","", 1Ii1", mily"n ,..Iou >Q.igni fikanci"".-.intf'n mely m<""l':hf"h"t~ lu.tAmlt
kal " ""lelk,,!.ik.
1. A d eflnialt hih" m ..g..d iula A In"rl er...lm",,}'t "" "KY"" lll.r......kr..
X = X , ~x '" X, ~,
(16202..)
.. "'....r,;.~llPgyZ<t ..k hAnya<lo,.".;;- h..lyi'rt, "8Y I..t"1h l..s..... d.. !'g!.i,hl...wr "I,~kc...bb a, i>rt"k..t hPlyMtl'-~itj,ik , Ez I....z" "(lly01.asi "P;Y""II: "".... ra.....: b" It, = ;;- "kk"r!), - I (W,203)-h61 kii.....tk .-zik: ..gy mfr""
~,, lyll. >Ulnal n"gyohh. min;'! ki""bh volt" It, hil""
2 . Sz6rasok
&.. kh....l I. 1\ lll intllki;~~' l'n'
A ,,'-Jlym!bi ..gy""g ""o r;;"';t a
X = '7 ~X7 "" Y ~y,
.q, =
;,T
(1(;,20210)
wakim!! I\I ljuk m''lI. It l ~ .r I"Ktohoo.nr Il mintAhOl k.1.pott I_"iilt szor'lI't jd"nt i. Leh..t "wnl~\n
""lO' ij-t ill "lk-.lmllZll l,
i-t
"i ~) =
(16,2O.'i)
L y,lI,2/(.. -I)
,.,
(16.2116)
lwo<16ht<'-k MJIL (j~) < (, kcll.l,,~ !,'10...-n. kiiloul,,nO' J > c eeten r, >lZi~t ...m"'tlk,,~ bihit.Vl\I t..rhrlt.
(1 , (0 )
~ ,."
v II.
kiiv,tlu"" kifpJe1......t ka.l'juk:

~f =
A? "KY"' lIlPr,,,,'k l<d,riWl,kk"r '

.
11(,l
i1 l _
-.-11,.
f (XI.Tl
.c.) - f(J'I:h
(16 .209n)
.J'.)
( l li.:.IOi)
( 16.2I1J h)
",hoi 01,1 1 < ti,.

A ~,'Ilyozou alJ..,t hi l';;'j..,
0
ITT
u =11
.
ahnI A Jf / a.cJ lJ"fciAlis d...-ivlLlt..w.t "". (1",]'1.

A h lha .wrkl uegy lA"tP:
"/g:
,.,
L- '/. =
(16.210 )
J . Hibameg adb
Mini 16A.IA.hm lAtlnk . " V"&Y" ,k{j nW, hihA.. ~ ou
tOnklik.
Adott .. _ ~ 1IIkfo,oj
(" .
1.:;73
1.:>80
1.:.91
0,010
0.001
0.00'
0.00')
0.011
(7 ,) ..
1.~9
1.~
..........
7,
I.,x';1
g, =
kli1On1>olrilJ', (i
.,
U,.
1.010-I.GI O- l
2.:;10- '
I ~.I IO-1
1.2110 --
0 .00')
a.,
-= 1.2.
J S7At-l~ fok"
"'
- 1.2-10 1 _9.;.10 - 3
5.Ob
_:>.O_lt) l
_ 2.:.-] 0- 1
3,2-1
-J.(J-IO- ~
1.00
"4.0 1O~1
-<). " IO~

.J,O-IO- 3
U.lh
-cn.ro-'
L
.., "
10.7
3.9_10- 1
.,
q, Z, 2
"
1.16\0- 1.26-10'"
2.91 -IO- s
U..
IA4-IU
2.;;010- '
9.0-10
1.6_10- 1
3.610 S
.ro--
~. -
r. _
3. A " J 2 s w r asn f-g)'I.. t k oz .. lile..e

~I in""",~, fiiggl"t1Pnv;;ltozOlr. ,qJ)r~t
D<'W ... ~."".t'rt
azo lw I\Z.cJl (I = 1 2.
ft-t<'kfokh61. bcc..ill.jUk:
"
' 16. 211)
"J("'
f.7>Pkkd az prti'lwkk'"
1)
tTl' kOzclfl&-t':
( Hi.212)
1.3:' 10- '
.
L t;.:,'
.,
J.I_IU - 4
3.&10- 1
,,2/n,2 " kkot !

(I "'
Ulin~.
L
..,"'
0 ,009 . f'hhP7. vAl.aloztjukaz
= - O.OO3G'' ' 1'
t-kvan tili., ~~l
5) mintMt!>w::a.!""<f:r.
.1kuI.tl>Ol (7.) .. = 1. .'XI3O'" (j
UJ)O!:\1l <
. J'. )I>out l>Al\ .....Ainit jn k,
. H,, :,. = r , - " .
I.W~k,",
Y - 1,51<2 A minla,,:dm\w!l::':;1, =
VL .fJ,l,JIf" - I ) =
,.,
If. '" 0",. '" 0,0027 A ~+,;m.hu'lJY ~ ", 1' ri. = 1,5085 O.OO2i.
16.4.2. Hibatcrjcdes fo.~ hibaaualtzis

:\ s\-l\ti~ztikAh..uAk...--'.t llllaj<lnll""f:RY..krau mert i~m"r\""k ~"llUlIily"n fiiggv""Y" . II" 1\ h ihAk .. liog
ki,,;ik ..kkur A fiw"nyt A hihAk ""...rint T...YLOR-,....rh" fpjtjiik. k .. Illf,...-..-!I'f'n,lli l.I'Koiull lllN 'Will
".,......liik ligyrl<",hr. Ekk.. r hrK/"liink hih..t'rjl...J''''r<;1.
(Hi.214)
( 16 2 1:
16.4 .2. 1. Gauss hibatt'rjNlh;i t.<irviu}"e

1. A felanat k itib"M"g kf'll Ju,.t.\r<",nllnk '''KY 1 ""lI11y;,.t!!Tl,,!(,l,""'gAt .... hihiljilt. h,,: a;< L j (j '" 1. 2.. . k) f;j~dkll vAltud,k : = f(Tl. Xl . . . , Td fiiW""lIV1", Itt,~ X; o'rl."4,,k.. t. melyek ''S.\' ~'al""'dlJ1i,,"'!!i W;Jt07/J r.....Ji,i.n..>I.
(110' hl\tMozznk m..!!. mint ,, ) m'lO'"",,{1 JlJinll\.k '1, min takiYlJ'!}('i t. S/imt><"'1O'",t.iik fT, l . A-I,! k"ll vize"AlUOlllk, bogy az ..gy.... vAlt.-w/Jk hihAi h,'I!)'I'" ],,-rolywljilk a;< f(Tl' X~, .. . , .c.) filggv"Tlyo'rl"k hih/,ji.t,
u 'KY'-' n M f(rl. TI, .. . .c.) filW',"Tly ,litT"r,!ltiAlhlltO. ,",\It.07~,i fiiM"t ],-n valu..~ill\i~ ".ltm,6k. lI",I}, k
kiiliillhi"dI p]....zlA..,u.k j" l,'l",tuo'k kiiJ<>nhi;I..; "'/"rt"k..kkf'1.
2, Taylor-eorf..jtloll
Mivf'l a hihilk 1\ fi;AAdl"n v{ilI.'Y/.6k vi~'WlIyll\l!. kis vAltm6i. ('"drt "" f(.c,. Tt ... . Tl) fiiAAv"lly7, l'0lltok
kilriil; 'l"AYLo R'lII ,rAn l<k liIL"Ni~ r~11'v P[ kii~dit"lI1k. m..lyn..k pgy;;tthatoit jdiilj" a J . 19y" ~f hilmrl\"
(1ti.216)
( 16 ,217)
1" 'J!;Y"Tl ",101.1. "z f (r l,J1,T3) fiiw.:v('n.v" kiiwtk'1.1> ,000"kh.. n : /{ r t.T1,T, ) '"
m''Kfd,li' ~/J>r"sok: "J, .... ~, .... (1~ , .
-.ffl + T1~
... T,"."

810
811
1T, Dinamikai rendszerek es kaosz
Ekkor " ..d atl.. hio..,.O.,...,.." _ -,:---;,_.,...,..,,

c7
6:", J ",
17 .1. K ozonseges differenci al cgye nlet ek es lckepczese k
/
5.
Elte n", a mu ;m Alis hi bAt 61:
A (16.200), (Iv.:.!OI) ..1-.,1,,1 \~" Illtlv 1luuil.wlli.~ hi"" IJll'gMMa lOl<t jl"lcnti. hoKr .. m"Ji>,llliti...IIl"1I\ ,.JWnlAZlIllk..-u ab,c",,""t~ ",llLtly hibAknak II. hihatpri<'<l""l tOrV"lly
",,,~rv,.1 torti>nt 1~",W,rMAAnAl.v.I I
IT.,. hn<'ny<'k kil'gyo,nlim.",! jPIPnti, hogy"WI!" '"10'
mn> Mot t "Z.i.uta Iwnfi<l..llri.... inl.TVIl1I11U1"t hlI.w"","nk 1l'\<"1;.
ljArasmOriot UiA.I A. it,ja Jo..
,ui".,,;
u.t "" ..
16.4 .2.2 . H iba a na lfzis

H iha a nallz i." 'lI ~ ..i r,) lllAA""""nv kiloM.lniT """"I'll frlJrpO hih&l~r,;roes ~ 1 Prtjilk. W. " mAlt",w,br....'!li ~bl '1<'111 , ....1.,[k htJ..t>lrml.... A hibAanalm..hMI tehAt "KY A!goritDlu.~ ....~l"':t\(.y ..I~,
hclnf'nO hlhft.lJAk a ..i .c.) ffllUr'''''I\+rti-khru 'U<1IJ"kno hAtA>w<.1 vl:<.'t';A.ljuk. F:bhPn IlZ<MQA ffi~I"'l1 dif
f.....lK"iAI. . h l ~ ... I~ijnk
A lIumm!m" IW'If'm"tih\lww Ill~~Il"lI:lAnlitN<i-. k..,...kltios.i- (.,. brmrn6-hihiumllk IlZ""",In",ov
pnll~" yAkoroII 11Aw-i.' ~jllk (tn..w.,mI19.271, 11!.l-31lJ.
17.1. 1. Dina m ikai rc n d szc rc k

17.1 .1 .1 . A la pfogalma k
1. Di nami kai rend sz...r ek tip u""i. pAly'k
." d",,,mlka. rn"k.... IiziW. hio~ "" wN< ..,.]h. lI-trM t1'Il,!s'.<t'n'k lo'lr>WLt" ~7.olIl:AIi> lW\tf'Ill.atikai
oojPktum. F.7.t "" .\f !4n../ir lllI}f')y II. toY4hbiAki0All &yMrOUl R ", anna.k r".,."h~ ~-..gy Y>\.lIunfoI)"
lIl<"lrikll"tiT "'"'" ~ J..k~k VlllAmrlyolvlI.ll ".... ,\/ - .\1 ~Ij~ ~ lll<1: ..ho1 at (<lZ iM)
I""A1Dk..,. fdytmw.. Uk]i rt"un-m,; --n
oI. . :h~f oJqi tf'D<W.rl't'k ....... I<U p<-..lig Z. ilktv,- l.
rIM"". Ez.-nfdii.l ~ z E .\ I ....[hI
a ) ",ll(z) "':r "'
b) ....(..... (z)) - ""- ' (:1") lu-U. bo,;}-lrljr.<iilJOfl mind<-n f wdlrtt. A ,,' iPkr!-""1 ro~'i<k-n ,; jclOli.
A wviLl,hiakhan a:l. iOOJ>OIIlok halma:t&t r-wJ fo,juk ,.\i>UlI. AhoI to>l,At r = It. r = IL . r
l ~'
I. "'!1M:. H,. = It. ..kkor .. dinAunw 1TIl<W.rt1 jol",'o>,lAk ill h1vJuk: M. = ~~Zt.
.... kor Ju$rif <linamibi r<:"U<~""".,ffl Ii..
""10"
=
kkor a ) &< b ) lJli.o"u minn.-n
t E r lnf'liPn ./_.....1. tViitl .. {.;!) 1 '" ,,-' ill\,,"", lo. k.,,....,... ;"Io\t..ak. Uyrltkor m~..t. aldw. t<.,...:WIoog,.,. .-I C \I rm.hahllAZ i..., 1.<"1-~ t > 0
.-t.'u ",-'p. ) "'" A halma;< ;I a1w l<'t.<"':MI.; Al - Ir E.\/ ,." ir E A} o" k"'P"t.iftOli. H>l
mmn.... t E r """,cr, ".;' .\1 _ .\1 Irlr.i-J...~i folytonoo.. i1lM.... 1:._._ (01) ~ <li!f......,.niUha1<.
(ilY"llkor J<-,g)...n .\1 C R " I ekkor A,hwuniw r"""""'lt /01.,1 ",,,.n"lr.. ,l~ ... C"......uiualr. n.....'r./',k: hA
.. "'~ ;u:" rhA Up 'ZO[ dilIerelldAl""t<'..Ir.k"" C"' . ... ,..;!IAk hhjuk.
T.. 1.A71i1PgP.o riigzit<-u r E .\1 mP/iPtt,,' ..- ,." I-"l. , E r Jook"'P'""-"" II clU"LIJUWH...... ~ 0 idOpolllMn
T
pontbOl in.-l,,Jil moZ<i.oat delinWj>l.. ,'0 i<it'>jlOlllllIW T l"mlh61 In.-lull> Il'lmJ!:AA "'I(r) k.,.... &ZAZ ,Is)
:=
{ ,."r)}.f:r "", ,I' porItoDilthalado p<il". (VIIg," 'ray.l16rl4). "~ i.'rt.lJllt"Uiik lIZ I polllollathaladO
,,)"(I) := (.;'(r)h~ pomi.. frlpcil~t ..... h.. r I- fl , YIIgy r I- l ... /lZ r I"'f'WII itluWulo ~ -Is) :{ .,..I(r)) .,." n"ft11.r:/flptilyti t.
A r(r) pillYIl nyugalmihd,z,-l (,,~ I.....",..,n.... pont), boo ,(I)
r. A ,(r) f"\JY" T ,...noJ'".1i-. (-flY T
"Zf"n"t po-nt>dt.bu) ha. li-wJ- lk oly..u T E r. lUI 11)"<"1 millck-n t E r _""'n "" ..T(Il = r"(r) :\ l"'l';ki"",hh
ily<"ll ",lajoon.....fI;l1 T E r pv.tiliv><tAm IlZ ,",,~ .....
2 . D iff.."enci;ilegy,n lt"t .. It.al i"dll k ~ 1t folyam
'n'killt~" k /lZ
ur.u
i- =/or,
n" ...
.-litf" rc n.. w eg)' <.,,,l,,, ,.t , .. hoi /lZ I .\1 .llonorul" r,,,,I" f"])'I-1"><''''''' diff" Tf'll"ialAAw l.. k<'I',"Ii",
.... M = fl " WLRY fl " uvilt """'halm"".... A hl\ a!JlJj" kl ....., H " l" ' ll lUllI.li!: a" E n; LlD ~:s zi ~ 1I1l<.II'1JlAl
hAAZlIAljllk , """'" td~"I:'''' IE 11" , I = (.r,. . ,.r~) ._ 'I i' ll

:= ~. Ha AA I Irki.'!" ' I; ",1
kOIlJIl<)lIPlL"",IHlI I I.rkint j iik : I _ (fl., ., I,,), ...kk"l' (17. 1) '''' II ,kaJAri, .-liffr f<'u ria!"!',.vPlL1NhO] al!,'
Urll
f,"" I,o("" . . . ,I,,), ; = 1. 2 . . . ll
T,,"<1~7I'r.
A lokali"","cgyhtclmu llH'!:ol<lhal <'WtflP ' VtHlillkerd , P ICAHD LI I"Il~, UWf"lc IN" ! hi a l:~z<ldiF1Utdek
"ul1"ti r.z~ f"VI d,ffr....n"iriIJ"d';"'i~r" vonatk" ,l , ti' l.,.[ (lfl....! 117,GI) gltl'>llltAlj... hOR)' minde" TO E M
l'onthozli-t.,,,,,ikolvan( > () ,MUu,D . (./'~ ) : = {I E.\I III -roll < .l}giimb''''''': (-(,() x BI(.c"j _ .'1
l"k"J>" ''''' , amely.:kr",
I . ,:0(". ) (r + 11N."" rolyt"lIOAA.Il ,Jitf"I.,."ci ~ll , .. tb a" ..1..0 aTj(flll"'lIl. llllLa (ILZ idol ,zer;llt ,'.,. r..,,'l' fo ly (.onoo<an .-lil"IClI"ialhaliJ" m"",,,Jik argHmclIt. llrn" (" i...ly) ~'I'rillt..
2, Mil,,]"l1 TOKzil.cU r E 8, ( r~ ) ,",,' ti'll " ",(-,r) fiiAAV""'v ,, 0 i'!<;I"," , l",n r I"m t.h"'l ;ndlllil l"hii~,,,,,
"'Hir/ .-I", a mr>g"j,/,i,a" ( 17.1) " KY~ll l<'l ,,,,k .. {-I:, I:} i.t6illt"r\'I!,lhull(Jn,IlI.1lZ 1I111<..-l" ll t E (-( .1:) ,...,t i'n
0-
; ; ( / . I) _ f(~'l,I. r )).
,:
ro. r)
I .... bArUl"ly ffiAAik
1\
0 idopontban ... po"t""'] in.1,,10 nl<'f!:0l.jA..
..1'1':M1,to.-n kio<iny itlOtll!"llUu"lr.ra n"'!l:"llVf"7.ik ","', ,1')-_-1.
Tegyuk fd. h"l\Y (11.1) min,lpli \"ka!i.M u\<1o,'OIcu..a egy<>rt..lm,1m kiterj,=,,tlJ..tO a;< "1(';""; R OlMm,'KY1'nesr c. EkkOl" li-t""ik oIyan .,:: It " .\f - .II kkPp<>;R.< ( kBrn.tt,...;.. ztik .... /UtJgvr",, ). a m..!y .. ko.....tk..w
t nlajdo llAAgl'L
1. minorn ... ,II

""n ,..-(0. I ) :: r .
2. mimlPflI . . E R
111111<10.'1'.1" .\1 ...... tIon y{t 8, r ) = ,..i t..,;: (". z )),
3 . ri , ) ft30 pJ,.,J .-cglLlIlm t 'l/na >Cf,i'rint (r ... 1)' r. a I1J.3>;oc\ik argnment uma ...eriu\ l><"liiK
folytollOAAll <lilf<'n"I.... i4lhali>.
4 . mindt-n rOp,Ll.1.t I e .\1 ......1.. 0 .,( -,.1') lU ~ R ~""""n l'ttdlll...M "tt lJK'fI:oI<iIIM II (17 1)
"C""n1<'tllfk.
R:
~livd" (11.(;) wll.-l~~"r f"I'M~n D,:(r. y)
(-~ ~)
Igy I.-I,>t D.,::{r . 1t)1
-= b. we! ( 17,6)
h.. II>l < I _os konz .."",tiv. h,, 11II I.

.
.'
,
__
AI. H E:"io s. lpkcP"""" "' lWutn l..k.. ~h,)J who-Io ,......... ( 11, 1. a b r .. ): A klll1<1lllNn kinyujtJ" H megh"jlitj", azutAu 8Z;r" = V,
'" _ if l..k.,...m. ax ..I"" t<>ng..l) irtlnyflba.l, ~nyomj .. (ha 1111 ~-,.; ..... rolvAUl ......1<

( I ' .I) ~It-t ai\.lo.l illdlikAlt fnJY>Un .."1 rl : R _ M
:\2
" [,-x) I/ = rr - r - r :
",it.,
1llOl~~ ...
<i",.zrfiilW"-l Mf;n ...lhoo....,. "
,'f1lil,........ l>fS hivJuk.
l'JI- 6:
reDd~ .. .lo,.... J;t".. h"i " _ " r ir6LoRE!'liZ-",nol..:rr
""II > 0 pll[a.u..:vr. A l.ORt.SI~lM'kaz M =
IWllS32.e;aNI .oldalt.). ltt c
n~ bAI~~C~fol:nuu
>0
(17.2)
r >0
<)
h)
0)
"""I DWK-
17.1. ,u,ra.
3 . O ;"zkrk dim.mibi rt"uJ""rek

T..kinl.....l k llZ
I,. , - i s,).
117.3)
c1iff,retKw,o ]".t<-t m.+.."'" I _
,.i x) ~"dr-I'-"I""lloatO~. Itt.,,: .\f - .H fo~1.oo<Io<~
r.....,- folvwn.-n oliff'""""-"IAl!l"w ..kt,.........; "" uli>bhi _bo.-n ~n .\f C R ~ II.. ,: im?rtAiw.1.O.
..llur (1i.3).
,." _,::
"' ~' . Iuo
1 > 0,
,..,l _
.,:: - ' . . .
.,::-1.
- 1.-.,-.
I ',.,...r.
Iuo
t < O....0
icI
f17.4 )
l1lO1!.au...I.ooMoaJ inwrtit.lhA'''',h"",kr+l dillAluibi ....ndl<7...rt rl.-finiAL H...., rwll1 ul\...nil1lur.t6. akkor" .,::'
It-k.,..-zi... k.,...& 1 ~ o.....tho- v..."n........fin}8h.,.. .-\ ;' lckrpc-zn.,....al.iMI<W\rOIINod ( ~ Mi) , 2'JJ. old.
A : Az
.r'+ I =o.r, (I-.r,) , I U.1.
l li.~)
c1itf"r..n~nl,llOZ" E (n. ~ IWOIHII"'l<,.....I " U>gull'J:u. '"9'Jf"nkt. In.\f - [O. IJ (>,. re.w:iwtt 0 ll..-Ilo-otl
.,:: o. II - :0. IJ " .,::( I)
"I( I - r) krpkl wi m<>gtUIou fiiggv"ny. :-;yi!vAnvaIOall 't' v''Kwl,," "..
c1ifl"wl"ihlh"w. ,10, l"'m illV<'rt41I",l!l. .-\ (11,:'ij '1!..V'llwl w!tilt ueru illWr1.iill,,,lb ,lilllUllikRi [l'U'WA:'rt
d,/iuilO!.
"";w,
B : At
y,.,
r ,+, = y, ... I - ar~ .

- I,r , ,
0, 1.
(11,1i)
difl"[l'nrw'0""nlrt ",", Ii > 0 .... b f 0 I'''rt\lui't''ud "" HESON-Irkipeze.. A (17,6) "p;y""lrtH"k n,,~f,I,.J<'I
,:: n 7 _ n 2 ",(.r.y ) := (1/ + I - a.r2 hr) I.k<'!,,--,,.. v,~t"I"H ""hwr diffewllriAlhatOi... im...rt.Alh""L
4. T "rfup;at,,_..okkpnt li k t l>rfogatmel!:orzo rellJszerek
A~ JI C H" ha!mawlI l],'fiIlIAh, 1...... },~1 illvntAlhat" dillfLmikai ... uJ~:<t,r U,ju<J"I':"ijll~"MVi'RY duz
"z'p"I"'. iUI'tw l~rf"""t",r9{jn&Vl1g)' h-",zen'"li~. iJ" mi nden olyall A C .\1 helmaa ,,,,,tin. I111l"lyll"k
vol(A.) ,,dilll,,,~i"'" u.rf"~,,tl1 pmitiv "" luimll'ul > O{t E 1") mellPlt f'>IlIlAIl" v.. l(;o'( A)} < vol(A) ,
illd...,,, vol(,f( A)} = vnl( A) ,..ll\.I'io,
A: L.IO"Il " (i 7,a}-!>I1""'"'''p)''''' fiiggv;'ll'y C'" -,j'fJromorfizr",~. (1l-7.LZ AI C R " n'yrlt,.,::: M - M

illv"rt"lhatb. .; (.., ",_' C' -~i ll l " 1,'kl'I"-I;"') ' .. I'"KY,'n D,,{r) 'i' JACOBl-lW,trix" "" r E 1lf l'''Utl>-ll. A
(11.a) di>!zkrt't " " ,I",, ,r di_l.ip,.,!,jv. It" HHUlI"" rEM ,,,,,,ti'll 1,1", D..-,V)) < I. e. kUll/A"l' Vl1ti V. hl1Ill,
J l lUIiln",..,,, I,let D,:(z ) I 51! 1
1 'j . 1. 1.2 . Invartens halmazok

1.
u- b
h"tirhalmazok, eln)'e16 halmau>k
~n { }.{t" dinamikai ....ll<!su-s .\f-f'n. Az A C .\/ bal",,,,,t II {,;'} Wi~zi~rr";lIlt m_~....nak

~iiIr., loa ..-' (A ) = A miJ..x-u I E f .....t.i-n. Qc" {,f} "V,..._rhrr ai.zl", po.alil>lJn ,,,",,,",,,,,,wok
l>f"\"t"".<iiIr.,ha ....(AI c A miucknl E f .I ~ 0.....u-1I.
Mm,h r E .\f.-ti>n;u: .rm filh<WuItl pdl,...I.h4ItirlwJ"....M

w'(r ) := {r E .\I ; 3 1. E f , I.-+x. / "(z ) - ,. ha n-+x}
(17.7)
.Itz ~ (z) bAlmaz pWllIci" v&1ya ...-hattirpunt ;.u. H" Inwrt Al,,,,,l 6 diulLlll-ikai ~ va..u ><ZO. Akkor
rniud.-n z E .\1 -u-n at
a (x}: ={yE.\I 31.f.
I~
_ _ oc
,:~ {.r )-"
hafl_ T:>U}
(17.~ )
lwlmaz llZ I .... <itJuolaM pdl,., OMltim.ullUU4: o(r ) ..kolll"'i a pill"" ".haMryoonljAi.
A tk"fogAu..nkl>nti...loka.lil< llllAjdOnAAKa ..... k fPIJ<NrnI"llLZZAijfll. hoc lM,'Zik" fiW.~lCrt...1l"&YoIy"",
korlit.to>b hlllmtlZ. am ..lylx- ;\Z id6 mul.......v..I mindrn IwUy....ljlll . loA otl j" m...-ad, A ( .... }.i'/" re nd""A:'r~...
ni'-~"" ~1"y~Mllf'k npw.,.. .iik azoIYI\lI knrlAtoR, nvnt. o....uf'"lggfiU C ),f halUlt\tt. am .. lyw UUlJd..n 1""~ltlV
t E r mlllt'tt ...-'(V) C U l<'1j<.,.iil. (Itt U ll>; U halma:<: l,ozArtjAt jloli,li.)
'll'kull",iik " ~fkon az
i~_y +z(I_.r2_y2 ) ,
-'r+, (I_r2_~).
(17.9...)
<Iiff"r"uriil'"l~.\''''111.. t.r<'ll,h7A:'rt. AI..r _ r ........ " . y = r ~iu" 1'"llirkoor<lillft.tAk I"'W"'lt"""""! (17.9a) m<'ll;ololAsa,,~ (r(O). !I(O)) = (re. do) k'/~I"ti f"lt.l-l"lmdl<-tt
l/2 , 11(/.110) = t + d"
r(/,ro) = [I + (r 2
(17,91,)
o _1}.,-2<r
nlakballl\(lhat6 Ill"!::. A nlegololfu< ily<'u,!iiAUil.......I"I] ki;v..tkcaik. hogy '" ( 17.9n) altai iuduksdt folya.lll
na k van 21T (l'.,riOd,,"" piUyAja. " ",ely 1((l.ll}) - {(,~ .. 1. "in t) : I E 10, 21TH "Iakban Allit!J"t{.,,)o. A p
pon ton atnll"uo piU'yak h"tArh"lma" ..... ir...:
(O.ll)
u(p) =
II PII i
I (x. y): r 7 + It' < r} p;0luh. "mrlyw r > I. ..hlY"Ii'i hahn"""" ( I Vl") -l", k.
.... ({I.O)).II p II = 1,
0.
Mind,'n oly"n B :=
T
2 . A z in varia n Rh.. lma7.ok ",t a b ili t As..

Lo-gycu A "'" (.\1. p) 1Tl'>trik,,~ Ipn'll ,\diuiA!t {;' j,v' <linnmikai Tf'llcl~'rn, llt~V<' i.llvari;\.ll~ ""ITlln>;...h
:l. h"lm""t.tahJ...nak n"vt'1.Zllk. hll A mill<l"Il[' kiirnV<"'tetp'*I1va ll A-wok ol~'an t.:J C U kOrJLY'",t('.
hoKY mi nrl"l1 t > U Wf'II<.!t ..rtC,) c i/. A {..Jl-ff' Ui-LV<> invariAII .~ A itaim"" .... :>tllptllli.l:'.....n.tahu....
ha ~ta"ili.~ .... (,""nAn .. kiiVttk<.-.dl:
3 j,>O
htdi.~l
vr ext
d;"t(,..A)
<~
,hst(,/(r)...t ) _
O.
ha
t _
+ :x:
(17.10)
Fplt ...vPs: ,\ tovahbiakballlllimlig [,It,;t<-l....r.ziik. I>Ol(V Il-tt-lIik ''RY 117.1) ,Utal iu.lukal t f" lyam .
2.
Fi :r.is portre
a) HII. .; lJIf'golrlAAaa H 7.1}rK)'Nu... tllf'k. akkOl tf>~ ...AlLu..\inr>I.I1 .... .,;(1 -+ c) ;" m"Gnl<.K""I ""n"k.
b ) A (17 I ) rgy'l'JIlM k/1 t<'I..wl"",,,,, palyiljanalr. ""10" lim'''' w';;" pfJlltja ""10" '"KYh, ~",ut'k . Az pgy1'nlrt
(liz;' t P!"f' I<'hiit di<:7.jun kt pft.!y,ur" bm"lik. A f;v.;"lrr dis'junkt INilyo.kr.. -10 fdh",,"""'t 1I......&.I:iik fn:~,p<>rlril1l\k.
c) Min<lpn nyugalmi brly-.....uOl ki1li'ubiT.W p61YII rt"ll.ul.Arioo ~i111A Jf->rl.... ",,,,,Iy "'bPI Wt vagy
(J" Al ,- inf p(r.,j.

~,
3 . Kom pa k t balmazo k
l<-gyoon (.\!. p) llwlrikll,. I';,. Az {/.i.l.tl uyill balIll>kbnl.uto ha1m.azrf'nd"".PT .\1 ",at lr/rtI,:.<" hA .\1
mioo." 1''''f1tja ..... ,.... irJtnlAbb ~ U, tuWU>IoZl.u. Az (.\/. p) mMriku.~ tn'n t mnf"Jit iWr. hivJ"k.llA.\I
mi..o..n {e/,JoEl 1efn:ICWI.\1 kiv.u-IIII" " vo',r:n "Okolyan L.,. ..('.. halmaz. hqr;y.\I F., u- -uU..
A K C .\/ h'lhnu kollll....Ji:l. h.. J\ ll,i,,1 A1ti'r koml"'kl.
4. Att ra kt or. vo nwi t artam any
l..-gyt'll h.J)<4'1 di",wlIw Tf'1I.ka-r &:t (.\1.p) mo-trik,l'- tfol<'Il.""'~""'..l. in-nao.. balJlIlOll ( .....}.,..
~_ A Iq A) ,_ (J' .\I ..>{r) C .-I} balmazt A ~ LoJrlomtIn,AnAI< Jlf'\I'f'ZZiik. A .\ C .\I
bfllll....z /Oil .\Irn dPhnilllt (.." )."r <liwu"iJ,;,o,.i rrn<1><7n otlna.ltor-e , ha .\ in-nan.. {..-'}.n- l>h; ..... ... ,t.
IUl.k \.,..,u1yAl' {" nYilt kOcDY'~"l4. "ulf'lVT1' (...LEBESGIT-mhto'k iTt<>!rnphrn) IDI\.j<inrw mindrn r E U
n...llrtt..J(r) =.\ Jf"'1l1.
A.\ = ~( I. 0)) l>&Iy.... (17.'''' } ~nk-t .li.ltHJ indukalt fol}"'lUltI"")[\<)JlI,. Itt 11"(.\) = U J ((0.0)).
BiZOllY"" <linamikN n-u.l..crI-rkh0"7. 41t...JAoo,.;Wb >Lttraktorfog,.]olllJ1l, van "",-,-lk,li1l;,ink. II'J [M'-l<Luil VU\.
n...koIyM A inVlltWIl' tu./1lla1.<.k. AludY']w k ll"ndrn kDl'TI)'PD"t';'b...n \'all olyan p<'rio<Iik.... p(IIy,,- Nn<'ly.. t .\ DffiI \"<>U% ([M'-JdA>lI F'EICEsBAUld- ltr"Jnor.) :\Z!Ol"lIl !<riik..~i. boKY'" A luJ.n"",t '1Q"M.
..... _~hat.Arhalmaz fr,qit lei. ,\ .\ kowp.],;t hallllA>'1 Q .\1....0 d<-fini.iIt {r-.l}lff rlilll'llLlJu,.j ~
MILSOR -fn, ... 1..., ""-'" tl Q.lt ...u:t.. n..lIlk lJjvJuk. h..-. _-\ in-rian.~ { ,..-' }..... n<-.n"(' .....\ \'nIJ7hi \Art.OllLAn\"ll tArtal.mz loo;{J.tj\ LUWSGIuwrtikd w.u-llal"t
3.
Liou ville tet ele
~D,
o
f"lytUllOfl fiiggv<'ny. 1\11Ll'llyd lUlI"hlI .c E n - nwll"!I, II f(r)1I S o.: (II rll) t plj."'(il .... "",dyr"
-eoc. " kkm (11,I ) uundeu Ul''l\ul<!A'''l ~ ... g....z
n ~ fI' I,'gy'~"'I'rP
7"
_1_",
a "'(r )
kilprj....zlhptU.
\\' INTNEIl CONTI krit"'l'i umlll,ak "j k..lmal'.AAAhO'~ piold'mlll. kiivPI.k..-tii fiiAAV{uy,k val""z th"lbk :
.....(r) '" Cr + I w(r) - Cr lill rl-+ l cahol C > 0 t",,../-<;l"l':"" iillAn<lb.
2. A fo lytatfL.i ...Iv H" (11. 1) v" !"mdy nl"l\0l'i rw. ILZ i<!o nov...kffitpvr! k"r1f1t.." me rad , akkor '"I. "
1""l~"ld""'1Jli",I' IlI"",it(v id';r" (IKl"'" "R{>,q. Il ~ ILlll m""~ >Il) i-rwl m<-'Z hptO.
~
~
h)
17.2. ihra.
I<'~ tE n
~
, Jdivf(rldro....z..fl~:\.zn:3
IDf'1J<>11 fOnnAlI ... di l~ =
..,l"IoolL IOl'VILLE
><:rill:
, JJJ
(17.12)
rlivf(rJ>rZ.r,) dr,dr,u,
Tt'
I.
""_.wti""....
'J
\"
A me gold Asok fo lyt...l hat68Aga

A (17.11 dif(,wt,..iaL<,o,oulM llIdlo:tt ....mrJ ..... t .. "tmu><llna.lr. u< w-~ iiu k. oI.y"" d if(....rt'n.-;ftk-gy,~,I ...tf>k iI'
[..Ilipo,k. AIIwh...kllf'k ...joht. old.w. '-XI>lkit.. fiigg az irlOt01. ..... an lt'IY"k,"!.drt nnna" tonritn <1O""nlf'..
l.<'Ju...k h'nm k:
r( t) '" f(t.r( t)).
(11. 11)
Itt l<>gy<'lL f: R x J/ - .If (.\f e n") 'ogy (""I<-kl' p."/;"' . Az r "~l . = t 'ij valtrtll>
1 (11.11)
minI 1L:1. r ~ f 0 (r."l' .c). j. t1 - I ""t"u6In uiff<'r"ll<:iAl<'gypnIM inlplpr<'IAlw..tO. A (1111 ) "R.Vf'ul,t
t., i<lopoutbow.co-I,,,I indlllb "'''!t" ld........l ..i. 10.. ro) f"Rill. jf-lOlni.
HII. ""'g "kArj'lk m'lt"t l,i. h''I!YII. (1" I) '''gY' ul.t' wk a nl"!t"I<I"""g lohaJiMU likLik (V>\ftVIS{rulm,-/,.;,.i
tartomAny" ki!<rj,,,,,,.lh,!O M. <>R'''''; n ~:tlt.nw'O", ,,,,,r<'} """ ...""It.. l liZ alta!" illd"kalt f"l yAln i~ 1o'1<." ik.
KY"krILn hAAzn, ,,,ullk hiMUlVlIln"k" kii.....lk,d! l it d ,'k,
1. \ Villtne r h Co nt i k ritl- r im "" H" (I i. I)- !>'n M ~ n i",!{t'zik oly" n ., : [0. + fX;l) _ [1 {oc]
7M.
Lrgyoon {.,;'}",R a (t 7.1) ~ altaI uKIuk&lt fuly..m. D C .\/ c n " ~ IrodatOfl. mi-th<-t<'>
balmaz. D, :: ~-' ( D ) .... \.-; : voI(D,) ... D, halmNl ......!~ t<'t-fo,:ata ( 17. 2.a ibra) , Akk...-
t<'tf>j.,
17.1 .2 . A ko zo nsl'gN> difr.. re ncialegycnletek kvalitat tv elme tc tc

17 .1 .2 .1 . A folyam 'l-tf';7-PM' k a ffizist cr szer kezere
Ilf'fll
Kovetkezmeoy: Ha " (11. 1) <'!O"'nwtIl' td j ,,,.'11, bogy minden r E .\1 .......t"n rliv fIr) < O. akko r ..
(IT.I) aJtal in<lnkAit folJam w rfu,;ataoi>kk...nt6. H.. nnndeu r E .H .... ""n div f(r) = O. "kk<>< .. (17.1'
AJul in<lukalt folyam t<'rfoga l1Jl<"go..w.
A: A (17.2) LORESZ-rl'Jld,,zl'm {,[ divf(.c.y.z) ;;: -(/7'" I + b). ~f iVf'1 (1 > 0;;" b > 0, l'7krt
di" f (r . y,:) < 0. LIOIJVILL-"= w tf> l... ",,,,rint t<-hfo.t tt' lZ61'W'" k"rll\.tOl'l r... m"rlwtli D C n' haln'lIZTa
~ v, :
JJJ~(a + l "' b) dr, dr2 d.I J
= -(... t i t b},. A
i~ '"
-r... ... I+ h) I', lin..iui" difI",,,ri_
c,
10 . f'-\~"I".Il, kii....tk,d"'k"I'I..-n V, _ O. h...1 _ +x.
..
,
.
a ll
u 'KI'('lI U C R " x 11" nyllt l",huM. i",I"R,
v<>n H . U _ Ii ' 'jI,)' Cl _rUIQI;V" ny. A" .c, = -.- 0 (x. y) .
<1y,
aJpgy..ule t
B:
,~, ~
mpgoldiiAA~ ; =
_ ~ll 0 (;t. y)
U' .
(i = 1.2, ... n) ,liff,.....
,,,i..II,l\y,,IlI,t("t ll AMILTON.r"k
,IljJm,,,cirn,",!y..,,Jd u,,k
nf'Vl'zziik. A H fii!'\Kvcny" re",lw,,r H A M 1 LTON fij19" ~"y,'Il " cnnek "dilf"I"<,,,,iAI,,!\y,nldll,,k ,, juh l,,,!.
" [i!iJ'H
iJ'JI (x,y) ] =0 .
da liitf j"liili. ak kor nyilvAllvnI6. h ngy "t(r.y)EUdivf(r,y}=- I:
" ., (r , y) ->"i!
_1
A I IAMILTONfd, diff"r..uri AIPKYPlll,wk t,hM Ihf"Il:III11l<1l;onl,;k.
r,vy,
171/,
r,
82'
17 .1 .2.2 . Li nearis liiff('rf" lIcialf1i;YPllle tek
b)
II p A U :5.
AI'
l. Al apt t-lt"lck
Legyen t 0 - A.(t ) = [... ,{I):' ' ..1 n..U wfin;ah. ruiltrixmggvi>ny. ahol a:.< CiI<K.to.,. QOJ: n - R kollll'<>1"'f1~
Iolytonos. (.,.!'1O""" b II f"Jvt"uoo< .....kto....r t.kll fijggvpny_Akkor "'"
i(l) _ .-t(t).r(t) + b(/)
(l i. n,,)
'V"nl"tl't "W",Moi ,nho.n.uqt'" I.nr,; ..... d'1J~;iiJ"l!I,..,u.tnf'k n.....=;ik. "'"
i{t) "" A(ljz tt l
(l1.l31.}
I"gy"'nIPt<>t (-lig a hov.7At>U'tmo ..1.6rMul,; 11m,"",", h...,ari.. diif,,",I.Oiil<"gyt'.Jdn..k,
I . A hOllloVn li n..Ari5 diffpl'*'nci.ilo>gyen l..t .. k re vonalkuwalapl H e1 A (17.13") ..,;y..n\PI min
.h D"'lt"k!ioIo>o kiuorr-zlbo16 AZ ~ R IWIO>II:/!Tll. ( 17_13h) m.-p;olda-inAk L u 1Wu_ ..... R -Pf1 do>nnw! CI'OOUn- VPkt"rr~ linriril< trw""k n-diIlli'nziOI< a1t,... {slwnw,<'n /"'I'd"", d'ff~'"
gynJr'"h.. ...'.... tk.oZD tUapfjl,,/j
2. Az in ho rnogl'n linearis diff
nd~ e nletekre n. na tkow " lapl.t .. 1 A (17.1300) ~"ll\PI ~nak ~ ..... R- do-finiAlt C' ima wktorfijggvrny.-k L , = - ... LII "]..11:,; ..(.
tm ..It.-1M ..ueo.j.a., ..hoi "'" "'" ~ 1o>f..w1PgPs 1llf"g01d...... (0..;: 'M""""':" I......."" J.JJ~"'-'<iJ,-
c)
-u
~(eA.t) -
("All' = Ae A '
-n-
In
3.
L<,
IllIl
ow
."
4.
L<,
...."'"
"'"'""
"'' '"'
....
",...vtr,,"" _th>.:.:i .u.,.IdrIJ. ~pn "".
. ,;~ " (I ', I3h) ~t tc~ ~ .... .,.

..-.... ~ W"tU1i> ,.. ~."ltru. ." -kknr" 4' mggWny R-<'1I. b-~t i. Z(I} " A(t)Z(t)
,,;,.
mlilru-d!iJ~"fW".vt
....,1Ibol ZIt) E RA> ~ . H" '; 1, ' ,';.. 1IoZ L N , .... ,..w.m.-IyIW_..kIwl:"'_
,;,
.;A Dr\'t" (IT.!3"l <Jl","""tru-. H" 1#'" (l ' .I3b) '-"K'TUk1. ~ lDf'goI<lil..mAtma. IIkkor 11 '(1) =
dct 4'(1)"
Bu.
~I[]
W ROI< ~I(I drt,.,.............
f.rTl' (mM.1l a lIOl'VILLE-/on,,"':
11 '(, ) = 51. -\(t )1I (I ) (t E R )
( IT.13c\
V"IO'minoirn t E R .... \t'-n W (, )

O. v&ym in<imt E R ......u-n 11' (, ) #- O. A ,;'h ' .;~ rrP<l-or
j>OntOMtl akkor ~ LwUAlr.. ha ....l...mily<"ll H ... (k igy mincWgyikrr)
,;,(t).
. ....(t), I- U.
3. AI: AII"noiok VOlri Ala.""'a vonatlwzi> titel ~pn " " (1. 13h 1 ~\M t.-'-,*"'nl aJA;"uAtnx .... Akkor A (I ' .13ol) t'lt.V<'nirl t idOJ>OIIlblw p-l>6l indlllt'> 1Il"gOldAAA.
nct
d ) .. r'~'J"
(I;?: Il);
=f'tAe'A
~ ... 1' A
(s.t E H);
p ) ,ninn.. n t E R __ tJon pM rPgulMi... '" (rl'j-I
..i t) - 1#'(1}4>(1")-1 p ...
4'(I}4> (
r ' b($)d.t
1.
.w.Jr.IJM 4llith.lb ..10 (az rill4ndM: ""nrila..d,n ,,.,naLWz6 tl'trl).
A (
2. Autonorn linf'ltru. dilfpn'nciA!PKYt"nINf>k

'["" k in' ''; ik M. Z n _ n"-111>lLq,\ fijgg> "n~...k....vOllll.t kow
,11'
w i",
1,, 1
(17.1:10:1)
(t E R )
P .. riodikus e-&,.viltthat6jl"llin..aris dilf..-nmciAlpgy.. n lf't.. k

bornottt'n IiI1<"Ni>t nift ..... ~ulrl<'t. abol t .... .-\(1) = a.,J(I)
T 1"'"0J ...,u .lUitru-~" ~ '11 E H , . j '" l. .," a.,J(t) - <1,J (I
t: h1,..u II.Z .....11x1I (1'. 13bJ
UrtM"" T pr:-nOd..... ..f!m ,onOl.",...u..t Ily.-nkur ( 17.Uh) ruind<"tl4> ,.]"J>ml\trixa 4i{l) = G(I)c'R aW<b..u aIlitlMto ..10, ahol G ";'ma. tt"II:,iliftri,. T pPrit'>tI,lIt,j mAtrWUgvt'1lY. R l""tiI: In, n)-til"L...., aJ\and6
"",,1m. (FLOQl'ET tnl'k). ~n 4'(1) ...(17.1Jb) T ",'Iiir<h..... 'W!t't'ndAlf'r;yf>nIet""k ... 0 idOpon tban
DtllllJ<iJt (~O) "" E,,) AlApmhtrixa. .... k,:ypn al1If'l 41(1) "" G(/)t"R "lO'''' FLOQlT Tte-td ><Urinti dO"'lita-. .-Ukor "
"In" m.ri.trixot (1 . 131.) mon.oJ...... "".,..;tnrli.uak hivjuk; Sdoj3\k1.<'-kf'i ( I ' _I 3h)
mlOltopii.LiI....-ai. " p E e ""Am pont.-n akluc u,ult'l'lilr.l.to...,." (17. 13b) ~nlctlld., ha l'1ltl<'k YOW
oIyan .." m...g..lda....... IIlll"lrw .. I T) '" I' ,.,(1) (I E I I) IP!jAoIiL
3.
Tpkinl~'-jk A ( IT_13b)
1 j .1.2,3. Stebllltesclmelet
I. Lj a p u no \'- f.. l e stabilita..~ ... orbit.lis IIlabilit'"
T" lrints w. A (17,11) tIf'mIIl1tooOm difff'Tf'ndltk'l't'rtUt-U't. Enne k ,.,(. 10,;r.) Il"I"'gtlIdioAA LJ APl 's o V-/ik
<'-r1~lnnhHt 't..t>uu.
'Vt, 2': to'h>O 36 =6{E.I,)
(1t. 14)
s:
""kli<l''''',HlOm,,u k,lJ "rt.'l1i,

l.",r;.w lI ..t .:~ 8 k"l td~'g'''' (II. ")-tipll!'ll mil.tri x. Akk ur:
a)
+ 811:5 nAf + IBII. h) IIAAn = IAIIiAII P Elt).
a1.
nA
c ) II ArH
ruly
+oc
c ) HAil ~ Jr.;;:. Ah"l A""", a Jo-~II"RYoh h "" jAt'" t"k.. ATA-nAk.

A ( I. I ,l) <'KY"nk t Il i<!I'i I" !Iltl "'ll E.. kezdet i "rt"k..t f..lwvD "I"plllal.rixa
,.A'=
~' ( r
",ri.l riI np<J" ~,." "ih'fiiq" ",;,, q . Am"]Y A kjiv..tk f"" ) t ill" jdo]l.~ok W r..ll<ld k.t.ik:
2.
a ) At
A'
I,.....
Ur.;rr) - ..- (C/o.x.) <
'11;?:t r .
( IT, I63)
."' "-(' . to,xe) ~ldA;;t L J A P U:-;ov J"I~ "rlrirm~.. Mnll.ptol.h.."... t<l"w...nak hjvjnk, ha.,'Abili.~ ....
v;rJEM }
lx, - ..-(II_ to. ro)1
< .1
I"
l",{t.I,.xrJ - .,.0(1, to,;re w- u.

+~
(I 7-; I6b)
A ( 1.,1) AntonOm di lI,....ndiLk-gyt'ul'''rrA LJ AJ'USOV-ft'1t- />rtP\f'ml.........,t HtAhilitNcIlldlptt vi7-"galhatj"k A p..u~'au"-'I'li (""RoV orhitltlis) SIAhilitA..t j,o, Ar. (17.1) ~n]M;(" ;ro) nu-I;o]wo.... uro.Itii",'m . 1,,"01...
(a..:im pwliJ.......... uro lllil':",," , tabu ). b... A ){;rol = (9(1. ;ra) . e s n f looy" ..tabi]i> (A.'<7.imptot ikuKIIfI
..I->tbili, ) millt invariAuH h al mez. A ( 17. 1) '1t,""n] .. t nyuJl:;tlmi hd)"lAI .-t Hp" -",,,talt'> 1h'1l0I<lAAa (,t",-i" ,,;\rill I'''nt ja ) pontoAA.n IIkkor . tAhililo L. JAPUNOV, (ik "rt<-]',ul..." . h.. o rbitiliAA-n stal>ili". A ( 11 1)
''KY,"],,t periodikus m<'gOloiA."l'Li konl b.-n """,.m.,,, " nu. r kii]iilll" rt h.. t" k"tf"l>' ~I-ll oi] i tAAfoga1o rn ,
':'661,f~2
.6:1 E u~\} . f1(')
0 f .(')
1 r l 2
il7.
'" A't '

- "'
_
L.
,. , i!
(l 7,I,i)
m~V" 'JlY j,,,lvAlly .. 'rA t." '.!t?1i)"I;"" koml'"kt idiiilll, 'rv"l hulJUll '1;3'"ullI.''''''ll "" ,.~{"" ,
...,iLm"RY'n< 11 .. I",.".,lnl k""wrgt'll.<;
<6
U 1lV"" ", 10 ft n 100,n '10' oiyen [oIYAm. Anlf'ly r",k A TJ tJITl w. iU"'tr i"'''' hltlm >tZa. T,;gyiik reI. hogy
. b " ks:r.6gii koordi uatlikh"ll" f,,]Yl1-ln n t H I 0 , ~ = h 0 H I Irjale, ,.Jlol h: n - R u]Yl1-l1 2 ,,- szerira
I w'rin<likH~ ..ima fiigj1;v'u)', lIlt'I)')',,:
s: 11-I1I 11;r1l (.r E W ). d ) HABI! s: Alln BII,

At
Al l2
E + _+
__
+
~
I'
2!
;;.rIE.I/}
X, _ ..'{IJ.~.ro)l
h.. t _
i = ,'l7.
:'.._1
4I(n ""
V/l;?:~ 3 ~= .1(I,)
diII,rrucia!''K.''''nl ..' ..' .b"l A f'gy (n ,,)- til>lLq'" aIllU100 matrix. Az A mAtnx o,.,....uo""'""lij.. t (1.....1
10637, ol<lltll i>o) 4!;)<dplil1i,;Jju k: H.II :- max I IlA;rU. ;r E R A. n;rll
I}, Aho] W ,.. kl " rll.i rlltk nonni,jlUl
i.m'"
..-v.
f ) hA :H" B (n. n)-tipll... ,H.. l<-N>"'lhrtOm.itMixuk,~ A.B '" B.-\ ..klwr D r'- _ ..A D e. <: ,..B = ..... ..11,
g) M A No B (n.n)-lip'l"ij ml\trixok'" D rr'II:lllAri>o. ,.J,;kor .. 1I A. /l'- 1 = D ..A D - J.
17.
17.
(, E R ),
A (B,{ U).B 2{U )j k""AI"ti fel t.;,.dt ki,U'git l'i m" goldr", ..
tOnr~nn fgy
...-Ih At" meg:
8 ,(1) = 8 , (U) . &.1(1} = B 2(0) + h(B,((I)}t (t E It) .

Ebbeil "" '!<''''llitA><lw,l ]athft1.<'>, hoRY lIliudl'n 1lI"~,,)di\>l urbitAliMrI ~taoi li~, ,if' L. JAI' Us o V-f" k ,'rtd"lnI", ,, " ..m ..t.abili~ (17,2 .b abra) .
'"
2 . Lj a p u no v a!'IZillll'totikll~ Ilta b ilita...ra von at Juy~6 tetele

A ~kn1an'-rli'k(l \/ HiU V"nyt 8. p e
c H ft ].>0111 U kiiruy.,.....,teUen pozitiv ""jimlnlk hlvjuk .lu.:
1. V : U C .If - It r"lytul1Ul<,",
2. minden x E U \ {pI ...... tJ>n l' (r} > O. tovlihh4 l'(P) = 0_
Legyen U C ,\1 n)'flt hAllllllZ k \<' : U .... n folytnn"" fijggWn~. A I" ffIggWny LJAf'UNOV-JiuR'~""A
.u
( 11. 1) .'10" ukllll'k
(!blw . M , . 0 '; n"UI n<'5. lnindNMig,lIJI1ig Il lIWgOldAAf3 ..i t) E C/ {.-,mAlL t..,o.u
R W"PtiSoVfiigKviuyr .. (17.1) '-'!O't'ul"lllt'k e. ~n \. pcearv d..tinil p va1Arn..ly l' kiifUy.-...,tfolot-ll. Ekkur p ~IAhlli8 _ H..........nklviillloZ its f.."nAlL bogy (17.1) V&1arOOY'" ,; (t . .l'" ) E U (t ~ 0)
ft-1tftt-h...k ..1etIct WV<5 me'io!,Ia>wV." V (,..-(t..,. )) _ alliwdO (t ;:: 0 ) ..........,fi"'AA~ ~I VOIlja u~ llt~, .
botor .."{I, z.) = p (I :': 0 ) ill llIinclig fcuuall ( V"ltY~~ h& a LJAPU:<IOV-ml'J{\o+nv l<'1jN; trajo;ktmu. mrnlkn
alland6. allor .... 8. t<'ljo~ lr ..j<k16ria c-k II. ~l.ariollAril1.'l pout khct ). a.kkor a p ~tacionAril~~ 1"'"1 1lI"K
aBZimptotilnl!lM !<t.Ilhilioo 0,
A (0. 0) pont l<larionflrill11 ponl ja "" = y. y = - r - z:, sikbcli diif"r<>ociA1oogy'nlo-tTlf'k. V{r ,) =
~ + ,; pMig ol)'lUl ff~y. 1Un<'ly (0. 0 ) nlludrn kiim~ pozitiv drfinit ...........lynrk .lrrivil l
" : {! ~
rfJ'1,-nlrt irja Ie. ~l ivd t ...... A(t ) := D / (.,,(1. s,,) (fl . ,,}-tipll"", T ....~'rint periodik1l8 folytollO!' matrixfii~v"ny. """'rt FU)Qt1ET to"t<'I{,I:H;llr.ii",lk~ik .IlUlt.Y. v...n.wiUto L'IlV<'ukt , = o.-nA1 nmnlAlt 4>.. (1)
;JalmJiltrixa ... (t) = G(tj.,1II al.aklwu, allithalo ..1<'i.1lhoI G olYl\1l T l"'ri<'>dll"il ....glllArj,. !lima matrix fiil'\l!;v"uy. AlII..ly .... G (O) = E~ tf>ljf'!;,il. {.,. R (n. ")-tlp",,,; alla.lIdo mAtrix. Alllf'ly nil,... egyi'f!.t'lnuif'll
lI~hat.aro:<v ... A 4>.~ (T) = rKT" mAlrix A "( .10) pn1nd.h..o pRlJl'!,......o.ad,.-m...<lm4trixtl. 6Z fHT mMriJI
......jath-tih-i .. 1'(r ol prriadiJou. pOi,.. mult,pI,t4I'mn fl ... ,.(ro ) P"lvAI t'f:! m>\o.ik .,,(-. r,) w.,golJa..,
wpl'f'7Pntlllj... =a:t.1'(r , ) = 1'("'1) , Akkor 1'(r ol "" ,.( x d Illllltivlilr.itt.torai. ~h..n.llek. r ,riotlikll" l"tlya
"lLvik nmltil'liluI.wra (.... A S DRONOV w rr-r -r ...1 ,un'mt) min.lie: I ,
u'g)'f"Ilf"k Pl .. p,._ ,.p,. = 1 A1'(.1',) i><'r)o,-lik,,,, poO.IY" 1ll.i1tiplilul.tot"ai...... Jo:,w-n 1'(..., ) monodrfuniamAtrixa 4> (T) . A.lr.kn
,;an.le~ ~ ~t.ki ~nr(t).rtl - ~2r(tjZrtl )2 < O. haI (t )r(t J t
r,..
_.k
io< n~oku-*rlL
A JACOlll
matrix _
jAt"rt~k.,j
FAzi"J",rt....
1lyt"11I
:;
forr""
1I)"'I"f'fJ)'llll
(~
<i.
P,
17,3. abrl'.
4 . Perio<ii k ll ~ pAlylak 6!abilitA...a
U1'J".lI .,,( ',.10) " (17.1) l'KY"n],'! T pf"riMH8(1 m..gol<lAAA .... ,.,(Xo) = {<pit. xo). t E [0. Tj} ..mwk" pr..
lyajl\. BiwlIY"'" f..JtHr!,k lUt'!ku " fkil'l>ort ....t ,.,(r,,) kmPlM...n HZ y(t) = D I(<p(t. so)) y{t) ,,,,"rinri.
Sp4>...{T ) ....
,-I
PI = <iM4>.. (11
,. "J: SpDI( ,;(t. ro )dt
= "'" div J (y(t. s, )dt .
Ot "';""iil. A (1I.0)
pont trhAt MfXimptntilo~ ~lahl1ia.

3 . A 5t<Kio nAri U!l pontok oedal Y0 J-Ma e.. st a b ilitha
Legyen
(17.1) "Y""'WtI'1.NinMrj'llIl"'l't;". Ennrlr.lr.o....-Li-bc.-n a p;Olya.lr.loJWi" vi....l~ hiwn,..,.
fd~~k 1IW'Uo-tI lIZ ; = D / (ro)' bfJre.oinD.o ......,.utt<>1 irha.\6 1<0. abo! D / (IO) "" I "1AA""'1ly JACOBI
w&l.ri:u. lIZ s , poo th..n. H.. D/ (r,}- naIr. nillNlP!l oIYAll A, ....ja~. amel)''''' n.,. AI _ O. ..kk<. lUI
r, I't.Acioo.VlUlf pUllt ",,~ .U .I', hil"'""bolilr.uutar-iooMiUll pont (m_k}-tlp'''''-'. "" D/ {.I',}-naIr.
pont.oroan m SAjilti-rWke IlfWlUv -l6o< rfo<l:li .... k .= n - m ",,~kie poa.itiv ,
riwa:/l. Az (m. k )tipusli hip<'rboIilr.'lf< "taciuuan... pull! n,.-loS". ba m ,.. n./orr6r.. ba k -;- n. is ~
m t- 0 .. k I- 0
( 17.3. ' b r.) . A nydo ,,"llUptotikll>'lill ~tAbili.<; '" forriu<. ...... n)"f'n-g iustAhilill (.... rhO kOuJitOWn ..-u
~tM&lWiOm .........t1mo I<'t.-l). A hil..,.,-l><>lik... ~taciowUiu:.poutckon (nyPlO. forri., .... nY""'1Q>O<lt ) brim
tovAbbi alvhrai kUliinl""'vb>t
k'nni.1RY '" nydO (forr ....) ~IMUi.o (~......o ( lR-<tal" lu r..am6). ha
'" JACOBI-mAlriX tnit><if"n "" jAlJortt'kr""""'..... ..tabJUl /6k.....( iR./lta.Mli.. I~z j. ha ,.....nak nrm "\,11>6
lr.l'pzetool!'M1l""jAti>rtJok..k. AI. n '"' 3.....-thc-u..bhol"']6dik. uY'"""!lP"ntok f"l<woztMa II)..r<lt.....ni.b..
A ,,'aMonAriu"
pont lipu....
1-'
H.. .nfog n
(17.17)
2 j,.tcljA<,-.t. Akkor PI = 1 .. PI = ~ r1iv/(
I. ..., .11
Lrgyen a ( 1 7.~) <tWnlM. 2", __ riDt pmo.l1lr.lI" ltJf'KoldAaa ..i , (1. 0) = (..... hin I). A variA<i6oo
~t A.(t ) miltr1xa
- 2 ~ t - 1-5iIl2t )
W);,Df(.,.il. {I . O))) = ( l-o.ill2t
_:?owlf
., ,;, a-na1 nonnaJt 4>.I,IlV) aJapmAtrix
4> 1.11(/)
~,
,,-lfmnt
( ,-.
-""')
cce e
_.
(~'
AnI -~,)
00t<1
('-.")
0 1
ahoI az utol..o SZOr.rAt A </I(' .I)(t ) mAtrix FLOQt'ET... lMlIitaaa. 'I0v4hb4P1 = e -I. io< PI = I . A multi!>"
Iikatorob.t a FLOQn : r " lOAllitk ul-Ik,-li;,; nK"Klo-hM ~i . A (I7 .g,r,) rt'lldszrrooMi-u div/{r , It) =
2-
-tr2 - -tr . EhOOI .liv /(00ll1. o.iu t) = -2 (I e H). A n-nti b'1'1f'l-nu! PI = eC" _ '2011
= ..- .
S. Pe r iod ik us pial)'ak osztalyoz8l;a

Ua .. (17.1) t'l':Y"nWt 1' pcriodiklL~ pIlIyAjAwJt p,. .. I..'u kiviU tovAbhi lllultiplikAtora nin"" Akomplex
l'l':Y""'gkOrOIl. akkor l' ",iprrOOlih.... A hi(>f"rholiku~ p+'riodilr.u.. l"IY" (171. k ).t..p ....... ha 171 ""Ami, mnlt,p-likatora lIZ egy..egwro., ""Iiil. k := n - 1 ""huil mu]tiplilr.itt.tor.. 1....11,1: "'" "RY"'"'RkOriin kiviil ff'b 'T.ik. II ...
171 > 0 ..... k > O ...klmr. l><'rlOO,k"" pili)'. (m . k }-tll>ll....1 "'''"'9.ZtTti
.o\NDROS OV .... W ITT <'gy tPl f'lf> ...,...riut ,,( 17.1) ''K'''II[,.t (fl - I .O}-Ut" ",,, hip.-rbol ik\llll><'rlOOik".. ......
lyAjAftIo,-/.imptoti ku""'n "tllhili><. AI. (m./r )-tf["",'i hil"'rh"lik"" l>f'T"io 0 ......t..n in..IAhili AAk.
A: A l' = {.,,(t) . t E [0 . TJ) "ikh..li I"'rio<lik,,,, l>My..
am,lyn"k mllll.il,lilr.itt.l.ora.i
f'2 = I
a.<"LimptotikuAAIi ~tahili". h"lpd < .. kollll'l"lt .ogyoi>gkiiriin f..kS'T.ik. akko r I'l7,
A N D RO ~ QV- Wrr-r-tctelnem aIW Tlll\Zh/\tO. A IHri".lik"" l\.Iy:.k "t.. hilit""i a"alizi....h ...L I' muhipllkatm-okrll vo""tko-w inform""io nom f'l''S'' nrl<'i .
c: r d dak" lJt tekint suk lIZ j = -II + rIo (r + ,i), 11 = J + Y I 0 (Xl
"fkhdi ,~""I""~, rt I'l7,
/: (0. +00) - R "inulfilggv"llu yd . amdy tr-lj'...iti Ill<-I::>\;/; I( 1) ,. f'(J) = O "i,,<I,'u.- '" J. r > 0.........
te n ez /(,')(r -I) < 0 fdti-tclf'k<'t i" l' yilv" nv"Ir">I\/l t ...... .,.,(t) := (nllil. sin t)" vi,...gilit H'l"l~wr 2:1" ",P-
P, "'"
f:
r)
rint pe riodik us me" " l.-Jiula "" 4>11.01(1) = ( ';;: : -:::: ) (ill
~ ) ~ 1I1"l'm Atrix F W Qu ET..,.]oollit""".
hUI"n IM'<"Li k. hogy PI = P2 = I . r olar knorrlinAtAkl'' ' AU"rw' " n'n<l"'l~'r III;U<.jl\ r = .-J 0 .-2, ,j = 1 .
Ehhii! "'" ,IOit.lIit.""h{,1 "",,,,ual k,,,.t,k,v,.ik. hOllY" .,(( I. Ojj 1"'liorlik"" pAlya,,,"zimptotikoAAn stahilis.
830
6.
A hat Arh>l.lmll:tok
tulaj<IOIl~~ai.
A 17.1.1.2. alponthM d r hl,iAlt

~lpt
fl
17.1 .2.4 . Invarians sokasaRok
lIatardklU.'lok
n ~ halmezon m<>gM"tt ( I j 1) <!jff<.rt>n ri
rend..lkeaik. I..egy.>n X E ,\I tct""~f'JI;"" pont.
t... _hatilrhalm...... az.\1 C
folYMlMA nhV<' AkOvt>tk.w tlllajdon,.agokkal
Akkor:
a ) .-\.1; a (r l k liZ ...:(r ) hllltn1\7. zArt.

b ) Ha i"( .e}. ilIctVf' "I-( I) korlitt...... ukor _(r ) f- I, ill..tvc o (r) oF e. E"""lltl v,u ebbt-u az ,,,,,,tl>f'n
-t(.c). illctvr a (r) II (17.1) "SY"nlp, fnIYl\mATa Ilk"... illV"..naru.. t"'''hba ~'fiW H.. p<'k1", u , *( .c) llPIII kur....tO& .llkkor_(r ) Ilf'In wlt"tlf'n'-ll~o(17. 4.a ilb ra) . A (17.1) ~ik -
I . Defintclok, sz..parat eixfelfllete k

lPgyt'I1 .. '" (1, .1) "RY"'nict ILipnbolikllll st"<"iouAri",, 1"'fI!.j/\ ""ltY biJ>'"l"l>ol;klL~ p"riotlikus paIyli.jA. Ell '
llf"k n" ( ")' ) .,t aW.,. ~""""' <ig" (n ' - (")') "~.I ..btl,, """"-'~l\) /\ fiuli.'k mintlazon pontjaiIl1\k h"IIIlIlZll.ILlllt'l)l'f"k.. n awk a pNyak athalatlnM. N!wl,...k t ----< +"I;C (I _ -('JQ) _Ih\ ... h<r>. ta.rta.UAk:
11" (1 ) := { :r Jf :_'(:r) _..,} ..... W" (.. ) {r st, rr(:r) =.., }

A ,,'abilioo. illct \.., instabilis >lUk....,iIg"Mt.: '1"'"'tnrf~IUlrlpknpk ill ~iik .
T... klIl' "iik a "ikban a.z

i= - s . ;_g~r
difft'...nriAl.-.,;y=lctct . En""k a
idOvont how......
..:>{t. r )I&) = (.. - 'r<t. f!' JIll
~ ~ k' - ..-l<))
(17. 18)
(17.19aJ
(:rft. JIll) J-X>ntbOl in<l ult\ lllf"gOItl.......
(17.19b)
A ( 17. 19a.) "JOTnJct (0 .0) 5tar>ont!.ri'1lI VUlltjlU~ "tabilis. IJkotvo! iIlltAbi lill ~A rzt kApjuk:
IP \\O.OIl- {(s . Jlt): lim
,- ~
.j
W " 0.0
- {(xo ..
lim
.it
,-- ~
!'A.. abra.
s, JIl): (O.oH = {(x., lit): Xo = O.
(1 7. !i.a ';"bra) . ~?II AI;... .\' '';'lDII. f.-l,-UrI Jl ... hf.u...... L, .\/ .
SiklwLi &lltooOm dUf.renc.:~nJ..u-k_ h i khat lIl'm ..het...-ges bonyolultAhh AttrUtot. milll II "tApont voor;y .. pt'IiodikUfl [>&UyA.
A (17.1) l1O'l'ukt 1 p<'rio.bku. p4ly4jAt MI6rnlJ,...uak DE....".zziik. ha va.II wpw x ;J 1 I"'fIt. bogy ~'
1 C _ (x) \"'10' "I C o (x ) I.f'l;-U. A Iwkcikhll'.rOO.u.. A.!ltirni:l..... hA van oIva.l1 U ki.om-''' "-nair..
""'.v mind"u x E l' _""' "'I = rr(x ). k ,,,,,tahJ... W4rrtkl'L'. ha \<Ul olYl\lI t" kOm\...,.RI" , -Mk. hot;:..
mind.... x U ""ti", ,, ,,, ~>(x ) .
A : A ( 1'.Sa) <'!tY'uk1.folyamAluU: 1 = {(:tlI;t . sin I), I E ,0 . 2:r)} periodikus jwl.lr;\.jAr.. rmudcu p f'
(0 . 0) ......ten t<'ljUOWl\"'I - _'(P)nil...id<>~. Tdili.t a Ii = H ' \ {O, O} p&lya1 olpn korny.......t.o. ameUY""1
I l1t11.h il ~ hatarriklUllI..,.z ( 17.4. b Ab r a ).
B : A~
-.\I.; = s lill"~ r1ilfPff'nriaJ<vt'lIlct t"N"'t"n a>.olll>ll.ll 1 - ({<n<I. sin f ). f E 0. 2lfJ}
pt'riotlik.." I..w.ya. rl"lI"m hawdkhl>o (17 .4. c Ab r a).
m-dim"nzio. b .. llgya zott t6ruIIl.ok mint in\<lrians halmazok
ElOfor<llllh ...t. bogy a (17.1) dilf'wll"W''lO',nl.-t invAriAJ.~~haJ.IIlIWI-"8Ym-dilll "llZi60- WnL'<7.. A7o.H C H "
fA7.i.~tfrf,., W911".wtt
m-d"",.lU>o" to".,,: "Iy'lll 9' Jl '" ----< R " (HI,'" .8...) .... 9(H l. . , 1':1...)
diff"r"n~iit.lhat6I"k"pf'7,,"" I-rtpkkl"fl1.l.tt, "'udy minden 1':1, koonliw,tAjAnAk 2:r saerint ]wrio<liku" {i;llJtwnye.
r-
e.
E !O'S>"A' rl1("II<t.kf,.,n /\ ( 11.1) rol"I><;'.tllllozK8M/\ ti>ru"".on tl..r!bdig'l koordillilt"n:''''!><7o''riwu "

=
~', (i '" 1. 2,
m) tlilfpt<'lIci41'1!:Y'1I1,!tkk..l lrlt",!.,., I". A ",nd.~"'A,r (81(0).. .8,..(0 ) k"MI..ti pOlltoll
MIll""O m,~l,]IL I7,(I} = ,""r + g,(O) (i = 1,2 ..... m;/ E Jl ) .
I: II _ I l ~ folY!.'H'"'' fiil(l:lv/'IlY k"ti:'1'<'riodiku". h.. I-n"k van I(t)
1/(,,-,,1, w,l . . . . ..,r..1} "I"hl

,.]oolhtiL....., "ho i g. /']>J><'u UIIY, millt f,nt., "IY"-Il d iff"n'Il"iaIb"tb fiiggv" ny, am,ly minden knmp"''' u......
I..." 2r. ",,-,'rint p,ri, .. 1ikll~. {". "hoi liZ (0,', frrk ....."dflk o,.",~",h"ddlrn"k. "70"" llin''N'Il''k uly""u Il, rg{'1'I~.
Az
"-/.a.u,,k. "1ll<'lyt'kr<>
f: ": > 0 ''''

,.,
U,_'l
+ ... + Tl ......... =
0.
E R}
ilItot..... L,X "" X"""Il &10...00. .\I-bPz..
~"
-
cioniui,,,,
x ",
\'II
y y....
bE-liautoD6m ditf~n\Mrr( ~. ha .\l C R~) ~Y""" '"

P oiecare-Bendlxson-tee.. l: ~ ~i '. p ) A (1j .1) "KYl"nk-t oIyac nem p<'riodilm... ~ amrl)'
"' , .(p) kor~tOlO. Ha _-(p) eem t/lrt.Ill~ (17.1) .tacioniu'ius ponti'", akkor ..-(p) IU'. f'lYPTlJoot P"'fiodikl.. pAlyi;"
7.
r,
-3 =O}.
.,:(1. :r<t ,.) .. (00 )} = {(-Ee. 1IlI ) .
L,M
hj
.j
17..i . Abr...
ilIt1...... s- ...." h,r1,ott "rint""ik. A1 .\I h
.....-t"" f..nnAn a kowtkt'Zi'i ~fiigg;"',
Ill:
S f,oliiIPt <'g)" mk<ta ,",,,,,,,,,......uilJ..,. ha minden r E .\1 n S
dim L,.11 ...dim L z .\ - 11 - di m (L.\1 n L.S) .

A 17.!i.b abr ,;"n b..mlltlltotl m"'~7ptrP dim L.M '" 2 . dim L .\" - 1 "" dim(L,JI n L,S ) _ O.
t"'LJ;r t "" .\f "" "" .\' ft'liilt't <>gynlAAra trAnlll7...... r7.1Lli".
2. H adamard ~ P .. rro1l t"I ..I..
A "z':l"'ratrixf"liil"u-k fonta< t.nlajdon"';"':-Ait lrj/\ lr H ADAMA!t ll i8 T'ErtROS tlfrEt':
L.<>gyt-n 1 l\ ( 17 .1) "KY"nlct hipcrl.. ,lik"" ~1.I,dunr.till" I><mtj>l Vl\gy hit"'rl>olikll'; I"'rio<likll" palyli.ja.
a) A 1\" (..,) .... " IP (1 ) ""k"AAR ;\.ltal';'n""lt.olt C' f..liil,'. "'lTl<'ly..k l..,kAh""n C' -~im" ..It'mi f..liil..t."kl1"k
L;.uw,nak. A ( 17.1) '1{V<,,,I,,t ",ind,'" olyan p...ly';'ja.
ly t .... -s cc w.gy t - -,'X" _ ."n n<'m 1-hO'"
l.. rt, "I _hull.,]y d",,;..ndo.n ki.. "iny ki>rn.....u t.i!. vagy I .... + 00 , v"lIY I ----< -00 .....t..n elhagyja.
b ) H" "I = .r~ (m , k}-tlpn,;u ~t"don,;,ri,~~ pOllt, akkor" I\ ' (:ro). ill<-tv,"" IF"(.ro) fd iill'! dill"'ll~iuja m,
ill.. tw k . A IP(xo), illt't\"t' A W"'(:ro) f"li;l,t .l~-h...n "'rinli "'. .Ii - Df(Jo)Y ' I\Y""I..t
,.,m..
E' =
Iv R " "V/I"'loy _
.,tahilis "ller!t, illt'tvr I\Z
.Ii =
O. ha f ....
+cc]
(H.20a)
D 1(J'o)Y ..!tY'lIld
E" = III En", ..1 Jf(",><y

"L.f"bili., "Jtfl~t.
----<
O. Ita t
----<
-Do)
(17.201,)
c) Ha 1 (w . k )tipu.~1i hipprI..,lik""I,,ri'HlikUllt,.;,]y... ",kkor ",11" (, ) k '" U .... (1 }frliilrt rlimt'nr.iojA m + I.
17. J.
83 2
ilI,'1.... k 1" I, ~ l'7.l'k'1'Jm""t "/ mMllJon trlLJU<ol ........tiiliI<a.u lIletl<Lik ( 1 7. 6 .... abr.. ),
A : Ahhoz, hotc; m!"Kh"tAmzzuk .. (17, 1~) J;ffeltlIciit.l<'lO'<'uld (0,0) ..tncion.,Uillll Jlontj"I1M IokAli..
~tabili.. ~t. f,-lto-ziik, hogy II i:.,((O.Uj) .. koV<'tlwL<'llliaku:
1rc.,((O, O)) ((z,y): y h(r). IJI < ~ . h ; (- ~. ~) - R difkwn.ciAlhatil) ~lll .... (r(t},y{t))
a (17,19>1.) ditf"l"'J1.ciAl.-gyt'IlI.'1 oly,", IlI<-1I:ol,ilWo. alll<'ly l\ n ;:.((O, 0) IWma:dliUl f..k:<:>;ik. A t- ....l AWIII'
......koiool ~ iMpolltolu. aio\ illvarliUlCi>\ al>l1'.tAn Mpjuk. hogy y(.o) '" h(z(.f)). Dc r ivillN-1 ;~ ""
,.;I;
iJ niggvPllyu.k .. (17. I!M.) wlltbw'rh61 Vl\ll> ..lMJ.litA.><aval >l:ol isw{'mkon h n~,;nytl' .. h'{x) (-x) =
Koz;,~19" . dilffff'"""il"9y"nJrtd.
I.' l..kl p<' zi.<..J:
833
y.
y,
z ....
"(x) + r.h(Oj = 0 b-7.cWtihtf'kkl"d"tot k>lpjuk. A lIK'Ko1d""t h{x)

JO.-majablw k..,..""",
~h->ulit-'M"",,
ad<'.lilr. Q2 '"
3.
B : Mil> 0 J"'I"amkfort tIlrt~

i = -y + x{ 1i), j - x .... r(1- x 2 - g2),: = az
(17.2l)
~..,
((coo;t,~int,O) t E .0.2",) J"'riodikllll pAly"jaa PI = ..- .. , P:I
P:I '" 1
multiplikit.l.orr"'.
1l""f: .. rkoordiuatAk..... l ...(I 7. 21) ~ttlf'lr. ...0 Mpontban "'" (...., d. zo) ko-o-kti f>OlIton i>.trnrOO tno1!.
oIdiwl t
(..(t, r.). tt( t, do), ..... :.a), AboII'(" ".) i>< lJ(., v.) a (17.9&) "lQ...ruct ~ poliu-kooJ<tiuati.~ AWt
17.7 Abr...
Mol. fig)'folMnlw ~uiik. boKY h'(O) = 0 ~ bootwly.-tte<itPNwl .... q rgyiittw.t<'>k

(IW ..hI....-. lIZ rgyllUrtlJ"'ldAhAu ...1r.,zd"tio'rt"k-&lNlat kOzYl'tiPn IlJPgololW"",, i!1
-j ~ 4,0 = O. hAl
hi
-}
~x2 .... 3ix' + ... "'al,,'l "'...
r-
P1lVUl>PteI:-
=...,. ......
l.lgy khAt
U' h ) = {( x ." z ): z = O) \ (O.O,O}) .... II --h ) = ((r.!I.z):

Min<ilr.i-t __,...eatrixfdliLM I4lbatO.u 17 .6 .b ' bra n.
r .. i
I}
A RtJw;-iooAri,,,,
pont tip'.....
tArtOlDliny
d.>O.q.>O.r.>O
-c 0
~ > O
._...
~lAtnlilo
Au.r.~
"<
.~,-
fok,_
(I....-.~.,.).
l'ar~t<'r-
tartomi>.lly
~<O
~
-I
>
"I
A 8tacio:.>DAri....
pout lip ......
in.'ltAhili8
._""
A u.r. polUiom
i1l81... ,ilill
f6&,_
Ilun..brly<'t
1m)" = 0
>0.J=1.2.3
R.->'I.2 > 0
" >
" ., , IUet""U "

dim.-rWoija
dim lP O.dim lP
17.6. Abr<'l .
3. Lokil is ra zu. po rt riok n "" 3 f'!If"tlon ... IIt a cio nariu s pont ko zt' Ii-J,.. n
T..kill!.>liik " {17.1) dilf'rcll,iilJ"!O".ul,t,'1 <'l 0 t,~",rholikllR ,.;tacionan,lI' pont t al n '" 3 .....!iu. ~n
..t := D f (O) (.,. lpgy"ll det l),E - AJ _),3 + P), + Q), 1" r "'" ~ .ma trix k.U'.. kl....r iszl.ik,, " 1",!mUlllJll. A
6 :: pq - r ,'" .0. :'" -PZf + 4p"r + 4<f - ISpqt" + 27.-2 J..lol.........1 ("-'A'k '" AAmkt ,rw .llkUl< 1",Jumm
dio:t: krimi ll,uLNU) .. "t.. d."I Will~ ]>outok kii!iiul.o/.<'5 Up""ai t a:t 17, I . tablazal.ba n ",' r<>lj"k mI.
4. lIomokJ i ll ik u ~ l-s h..te rokllni k us pAlyak
r..--~n "'rl "' "l'2 " (17.1) ,htf"rcn" iAi'RY.'nl"t hil"'rboli k" RM
tacio na ri" ,.; po u!ja Vag)' 1"'rio<liklL" lwyf.j...
H" aIP ("YI ) h<II. W (..,~ ) ";1A'I",r"tri xf,'liil.t mpw.i "lI.YlllMt.ll.k kora met...."'t ' 'l!:';'''-t J""y" kl,,',l ft.1I. St", io-
38 riigl1t!'tl l",,, vAlt ul.or \ ..... r<'l mH.. ,...rt..kPknw lktt t,'killt-
jiik. Enn..k (0. 0. 0) IIt,,,,i,,nilrillll l,,,,,tj,, 1 < r < 13,926 """wn II)"''''!,:. amdyd " KY IP kH, lill...ll1.i....
"lahi li" RO\w<Ag "" " K,Y f'llYrlir""Il1.i.... W~ ill"tahil i><",,~ j..l1..mf"/'.
.:1 > U:
<0:
Par l\lllrwr
lartomflny
>U,r<O.qO
I za
HAriulIpollto k V"lO' l><'ri." lik ulIpAlyilk.....,tl>ll""/ C II "("'rl)n H'~("'r2) I",ly ilt h~I~ ....A1i" ik"" lU,k ll,'v.>,.tiik ,
}"'"'rl 11'2 . '''' Io,,,,,,,k1il, jk'~' Il..k hivj uk , h""'rl '" "l'2 ( 1 7 .7 .a a bra). A "t",_ i"n llrit ~~ pon!"k h"lIl"kli llik,,~
I", lyajft.t. , ul""",lnrlo'm,kn" k i.. lJivjAk, ( 1 7. 7.b " b r a) .
A (17.2) Lo RENZ-r"ll,L...",rt a 11 .. 10, b '"
~ > O:
.l < O:
6<0;1'<0,.,>0
\I " . illctw U
nuU...bd';';'i
dimcnzi6ja
1m >" .. 0
dim \I ' 3 rllm II'"
<0.J=1.2.3
It<' AU < 0
<0
>u
A "t .....ioni>.ti""
I-"-'Ilt ttpu....
Jw-. I'0lilllltll
1l111l<'lh<'iy.. i
")"'''11:-
1m>., _ n
nY""'S-
),1.2 <0, >'J >0

11''''' 1,2 -c 0
),,, >0
,,,,,,no
fOk"""
.0. < 0 ,
.0. > 0;
11" . ilIel \'{. H' ~

dim..nzi<'>ja
dim II"" - 2 , dimll'" =\
r"n..l II.;t<rt....-loJmAllY
1'<O,r>O q:50
A Mt>..,iunAri""
puut til"~""
, <0
~r>O.q>O
,"""'~mO
I ~ >0
nY''T''ll;-
f(,k,_
, < 0,
A lear. polinom
lllillalu'lyci
Im AJ
0
Alz>0.A3<0
& ' '\ 1.2 > 0
A, <0
' > 0,
!bJP
W ',illrtVt' 1 '.
<Iimcmr;i"j"
dtm u' 1. dim II "
2.
So
E [e mod T} tcI.~..,;_ Akkor
L ....\1
P()[~CARt.lf"kpP""",Q; Klol>illj",'11 mint .1'0
0--
,,{s,,} trllll"zvrr?JJi>o,.jk (17.8 .b "hra ). A P. L - L

,,(80 T. -"0 .1,) ..<lIIati> tl,,'R ..hoi "'-'( " 'e, xo) a il , .11)
,lill""II<w.-gy..nlPt".. k"", ee idOf'ond>an Xo ';rt",k"t (. I~ ll~l<l""'"
17.1.2.6 . Differencialeg)"cnlctek topologikus e kvivalen r-ia ja

1.
H,. r _ 13.9'26. , .... IwI: .. (0, 0, 0) .....Illhoo.il ki'l >I7IJ>AI'"uicdlurnk kPJ<>tk....ik, IlM7. " " in.~tAhdj,.",,~
ki't;ijl;1I I - + :x.."""I"n II "IN'llh" ~ ffilollt vi---.IPr a:I: <:lI'ig6M f1io.<wl11 ,.-\-1, II
'.Im,
17.1 ,2.5 . F'oincere-Ickepezee

L
P o ;ncario-kok.. P'!'1'. ..... m ono m d iWp,...nci";' lfo.&..v pnletekniol
~ ") = {i"it,xo), lEO, T]}
(1,.1) ~ TprriochL"U paly;i.ja .... ~
oIy&lI(" - I).
dillK'llZiOf;
biporrl.. liilM, amrlv ") plIy';'t r ... hol.n t r>Ul.<zvt" ~ m<"tI<zi ( 17 .8.a ilbra)
"'IDII
Poiucare-]ek.. p .. z.... n.. maulo n6m id 6bPn " "riodiklls d ilflf'l'9nd flo lpK,Ye nld.'kn .. 1
~v oly"" (li.lt) ucuientonom <Ii ff"r..""itUcgy.nwt. M,..lvu ..k I j"hh "1,1,,1,, ~IOhrn T H7A'rinl j",riO.-lik'L~, azal', lU"..lyre I(t +- T,z) - l(t, xl (l" tE n. Vr E .\f) u 1J'"iil. iigy inl"'1,,,,tAlhattJ, mill' az
j - 10 (s. x) . . = I ""tun6m elilf'""''''''''icl{y<'ulo.t..:.: .\1 " l~ Illud T} dilldrik"" fii:7.i.~tfrrd. Leg.Vt'1i
kofin lc iO
'r<'!Oiik rd. bogy '" (1,_1) "lPT"llIMl.c1 ,.. IIboz:l.,i.t"rtO'li.{.,."', ,oeM (ub a.lumal "'@..Vl'11 Adott ~~. 100ahhi
.1 =gox,
11 t. n ,
,.uton<'>m diff"rt:'nci&lPgenwl is. abol g' S - u '*Y .\" C II - U~'i1t hailnawn ~lt C' -lr ki'pc7:i...
"1~lk frl.llOlQ" .. (I'.n) d.iff......n~lrt {eI}. R f, Iy>UM lit<~-1k.
A (l ; .1) .... a (17_nl.-liff.....-nciiIJ.'1O~nlt'" iI1..tvr P"1A k fulY'UlIl\l ~"'''''''''R rb",oaIrn.-. h.. V>\ll oIy""
h.\I- S ~.....tlWAi:h hi)f"kt,.h. h lfulytull''lI<'.lI/l1f'lv(I'.I)pR.l)ait 17".22 pAl)Aiha vWi at irauYlt& tArto (do- a j>IItarnk~! nMn Mt"Urni,l uqt.arto) ull><\twl. A 1 ; .1) (,. '" (I ,.n)
tt"hi.l topoklgikuSIIn .. k-viVllio:."".1uI 1\ h JI - S oolliPOlllorfi:mllll' mrllrtt ~ IlJiog ~ oIyan

It " .\1 ~ R folytnDOll ~ ioI. &lI1f"ly Pli"","" ...-,!t;:ltl'tl x E .\1 lllf"llrtt ~on'laD lUUDO!on
niwckrd6. R-..t n .... kPpn:i~, lIIoclyrr IlU.Ildf.n .1 E .\1 llltlktl 1'(0. x - 0 .... arnrly .... mind..n.1 E .\1
"" , E H .....-lionII h(.-"' r ) = , .-j', h , ) rrl"nO wljn<o11
I ,,~ ku
kvivalcnnA.u>iJ. (17.1\ t...-ion.viu" IKJiltj.III 117.T1 .tN1O,uin,~ JIOI"j",h>L. ),_1) pcriodikus 1'''.1\
1;.n I, ..riodik""
mr"tlll< lr. lit. mlkozhm ... J><"I'l"><llLU it< III f..h<-t\rniil q:o;yc-.m.-k
lD<l:: Td",it ba '" (I ; .1) ff. 1\ (Ii.n r.. nd_, 1<>j>olupkli-....n ..hi,""_. allot wl.'>li"tllk pAlyAlua ,-..JO
fplhont...~a.llak topoln~i.k,,~ oQ,f'fkf'7...." n"1!"l't''<"liJr...~ 17, I) ,." ... 1, 22) ,elJ<I~'r t"pnloglht-'WJn konJU-
",nodszo"f
,>AI,,,,""
!Jtilt. hA l'~' topologil<lI"'-"
..kvl\..u..ll....k .. h .\1 _ S hOlT\<'Olllnrfu.lnll-J.. hot!,.v h mfogl\J>"lll.l""t,wri t

l= J h(z) VI r,
A 1ol...logil[lJ~ Pk-vi,"lIklK'iA. ilI<t,~ konj'lgI\lt....og IU. .\1 c:~ S lki~!.f"Tk tt'-.lhAlrnaULta. ~~ vow<,k07..bat
II.. pl')d,UoJ (ll.l) lIZ U, c .\f "" (1'.2'1}"'(2 C X r"~lllI.IlIl"L.un ''JIll rl<.finia.!v-d. alkor Cli.1) "" (1;22)
tn~."n ~iri..u" (e l . U2}-n. b.. "'-to~k oIylUl h !', - F 1 hOlll'",,,lOm7mlls...llIely Ill.l) pA.ly;ii wU: Cj-g:v<'1 ,..-It me' t ..t (1,.22) ('ilIyiUu,u, (1vrl '" II m.. t.oa.'I'I... VWo--1AI >IZ ir""~-;tils m<'gt>uti.....' -,.].
A : A (17.1) 0',; {17.n} k07.oui hoJllN'lllurlUnu-.k 'rh.it,l "Iv..u J,-ki[KF.......... k. afllrl ....ku.1 p"1.-lanll.....1 ~"IIk flylljt...<.a &. iN<I.<n~'Uulii."" m"~ VIU' .ll!l,~lv,. f~l,waholfu."k "" ,,,,,,tlAlu'''lJ<IA..,,k ";w"h,,,n nrm. A
11 .9 Abra .... a t7.9.b Abra fiu;;"I><>rt,-{'J'Uj<!z tJU1mil folvlll,,<>k t"I><,loglk"AAn ehi,a1"Il""k: a 17 .9 .a
Ab ra '" 17 .9.c ,,;,hra fl\zispor+ri'jAh= ,,,rtnz,. folvll.ln"k ""nnhar,ll'fU.
j,;rnrgu<ctja.,;L7AZh ,:'(.1
-)
I'.S. AhrlL
Aklwr LQ'wU: '.,.n ulYal' U kiiruY""" \(' ,.. UlYll1l '1': U ~ R sima fiil;l';\'i'ny. IUndyr" '1'(.1'0) - T, ,...
lIlindcnx E l"uoetCt,,;>('I'(z).x) E L ' A P :
~ L
PCz ) :- "'{T (x). x ) lrk(]>'~ Il "l I'AI YII
POI S CARt lrk<'p"Z~'" r .... I>ll/l . II.. Ii (17.1) "'K."" ul..t I johh ol.-lala T-""",r fulytonOMll dilf",w..-i"lh.. til .
.. kkor P ponlo!;;w ",-,,lU\'Ulllyi.-,r ullf"tt'I..-i.ulmtO,A D 1'(70) J ACOBT-mmrix "",jAti>rti'k..i II prnnd,h",
p<ilyn mWt,plikriln m" F." r k , .. hAl ncm fiiAA"n"k ""lI,"tthl. hogyan vRl;L." ,tjuk llll"g -r-u Il.Z Zo pOlltot. ""m
IIltOl.llOg)M vflIlUl1.tj'lk mpg II IrllnllZWf7.AJj,; fdiil,wt .
A rOIN cAR t,- I~ki'I'(z""'h.-, IIl;. \1 - Un ,MiniAlt (l '.J) t~Illl""""'rt l'f'1l.-lplhptjiik.Il.I",ly lIli",J,.<ldig ,ldinialva v"".I\n,IK'" kh'I >o"tok U- ll>\n marudnuk . E 'A'n dL~zkn't re ndsz....r stari""",i"" lJOl,'jailuUr. Il ( I i. 1)
n'nd""Pt vrliu<liku" ('ill y;'; f,l"hwk "'''!!..... ""..kn,'k .. st.... i,,"ari ,," pontnk ",u, II Htahili l""" II (1,.11 rmel
szer p-nodikus pAly;'; >llllhili tAAAnllk f~I ..ln.. k meg .
vn E
A ( 17, %) n'tl<l~ 'r "",'t{'n "
= {(r, 11): ..
",j
> 0,11'"' llo}
tra nszv..nAli" hip"l"f'lkoJo., l><>lhrku" nl ini,till< ,llllkllllll taulllm{lllyuzzllk ~:z,' kll('z II "ik"khm.
vAIMztAsHaI i>lhd iink. Nyilv.... n'/lIt>..n ..(r) "" 271" ('Vr > 0). ''''; 'It
,-r '/
,I'. U = L
1
P(T) = II +- (r- 1 _ I )
,
aholll1ll.znRlt"k II(17.9,,) t!'U<l"'lA'l' ll"'!l"ldAAAnllk plMilitli.";'t . Tovahba f..llnall, hogy P(L) = L P( I) =
I i-.. P' (I ) = .-b < l .
h)
c)
B: Tegyiik fd, hop;y ",Iou ,,,. .i- ... Az i.. .i- = lJ. ~ikl)('Ji lill(""ris,liff"r<'llciill~gy"nl"t (1,,,,,11 17 191).
ahol A := (
::::~ ::::~ ) ;".
B := (
;~ _~ ) . E,.,kn..k II ro'1l<I~'."rckn<'k II fAz i'l'"rl.rejll '" (0, 0) po nt k"zd'~
hen a 11.9.<1, iU..t ve II 17.9.e Atm. " lAtI"M"
836
H ad am ard es Perron tet ..1..

HADAMARD ios P ERRON tfl,.]" Me n" -h..li rli.'I1,krk. ,<'II<1wr<k....1l....... rwo.ratrixf.. h",l..t,.k
2.
t"lltj,I.~
~t
irjltk-.
Ha IO'" (17.3) 1;.V.. nlet (m. k}-tff'l1"'" hip<'l"holikwo.tarionArill" f'<mtja. uk". 1I"tIo) ~ I\ '- (:r..) oIyan
no,. ill..l.... k-dim"1lZi.6o l\JtIliflnoooitott C' -. in", frIiiltt, l\II",ly.-k InMliNul C' 'Wl clemi fdiilrU'knek IAt><ZJIlIA1z. A (17.3) <"IO"'nk-1 olY"J1 I-"'lyfti. IUIlO'Iy.'k ,
'X) >\.IO' i -C>(.
I..-n
.e..-h...z tartalJ.o\.k.
ro -wll..lyr!rKt-lldOC" kic>oiny komY""'.. ti-t ""l(V I
;lQ. ""y i - x
t<'ll ,Iba,;,y,iik. A n-(Io).
illetYf' ~P(ro) f..hlk1.erl"w hinti ~ !I.. , = l}",{.e,)r,r, ~uJo.t E' '" {, E R
D..--(:ro)1' y
O. ""
j
-x} .ttllnll' tJilrr-M.. illr-IVf' E;- "" h II - .D..i .eo)'y n.w. j - -xl ,1I..I..bdlO <dtml .
T,.kinL~iik "" HEso ...- kk~k ..".,..]MJ.\hOI/I kiivMk.-di,"""k"t .linllrniJoo.i """"",N'I.:
"''IIl
--0
-)
--0
--0
li.!),4hn.
--0
.,.(t....) -= :2 t fltgg'i'Pll)' ftZ .-1M rt"f\f~ po\IyAit .. ma..xlik TPf1~ paI.vft.ilwo vil<:<lnlja p. - (J2 v 2) .... 1\ = l - J2. -11'2)

A P, pan 1oUJ.i.~ stabi\i.~ kI i", tal"h. ~'''lIIak ~lAroMM' -"",. .e, '" ~, ~ v'2. II; = ,~ - ..2
vliJtozOt.alll!lZf<>t'11W::Ktval (17.:l3la~.1 =
+2JU. ..."" 'hI = {, n.-rI.... lDl1O' ';'1.arudyllP" (0. 0)
<rtacionArius pontja. A D/((O. 0)) JACOBI-mio.lrix ~l '" J2 ,j3 .iat<'rt~brz""'", - (./1.-..)3. I
ilIrtw az ">: = (J2 -.j3. I) sajAlVf'ktorok lAJt<>J:nak. t'7ht E" _ {t"l t E R} kI E- = (ttl] . t E R I
A "I:.((U.O)) '" W:. "I' " '" 8(() ~ < d.,j (-S.1) - I-! rllfr..........wl~io} f..]r<"Vkc<e! <'\_ 3--r
a ,j({) = (.j3 - J2){ '"
M,1\.... IY1'<lt: ..IalrJ"lwo.n b-rf'M\lk.lla. (~,.",) E n;:'f{O 0). al:kor
(~., "'.1) E 111:.((0.0)). Ez a. fJ f,.lIlO11taooah..n ..,....,,\0'5 ~lttMtioIz. .... oIy>o.n <'&....n!Pt.., ad. amrlybOl.
lW.>Ir. n~<\rozhatOk. rnil:ijd...n" < U. A stahili.~ p" ,wotahllill...,kaM.r; dvi WUtAAA. ....thatOa. 17. 10.
~ r.. AI17JleeY"'u"t
Abran fJi"d 1IHij).
2. Grohm an " Hart m an tlol.. l..

Uog-n I' .. (I i.l) ,Wfrn-ocw.,,;y..llkot bip"rlJOlilu ~tl'll'lOll.8.lillS pontj....-\kkor a (.I 7.1) .hlfn<'!><iAk-!t".....1Mp ~ho'1lI.<'f><>loRiktll'lU' pkviV>LlrU>lliDl"ArUAlt,jAVAI.l\:t Y _ Df(P y (,~,....n "'tr..l.
]7.1.3. Diszkret dinamikai rcndszerek

17. 1.3. 1. Staclonarius pontok , periodikus pAl)'ak es hatArhalmazok
St ac ionhiu" pontok tipUMi
AhnI.1I c W
"tlk-ioniLri.... l"'lltja- A (17.3) iteriU101dtl''virorl~1
.... kiJu-loPhm hizon~, .. frlt<-vnook n...llPtt l\Z rr., - D..- (z,)" (I E r) ~ ~nld rnrghAtArolwt.
II;" D..i z.rMk uiDol ul.YIW ~ .... jA"'n;.k... l\UK"lyw JA,I = l. &l<kor l\:t.l"8 "l ....-ioniLri'''' pout (Il c1ilJ m~l.t'k ._\i-.....A h.Noonio'>Al,) 1u,..-rioldIU. ,'"
bip"'rholiklll' lltN"iowlrilll< pont (m, q-tip
La
D f (Iel-naII: pont<lf'l\ll m ""jlt.tk1<'kr .. knml'k-x l'&)'>it!;korou lx-I.-.I. k := n - m ""jAto'rliko p<~~ ..
koo'I'J,:." ~omn klv'-u r'*""ik. A" (m k}-tip'I"U hil>l"foolik""!<ta<"ionMiu" pont ..
m _ n.
j".-..iJc. w. k = ". ~ ","",. La m > () P.!<" > O. A nydo """imptotilm"OUl stahilis: II. forr .... i.... II. n)~
inI'I.II.bi.lis {du:h-it rr"d,zr....k rl...f kD""i1~,./;n, ""n .d<lhJ.t<iJ"inJ ...,.... th>ui tda).
2. Periodikua pal ya k
A (17_3) ~'ukt ..,(4) = { ... l{z,)" U. ., T - I} T p<'ri<'>d""i. poalyil.jll. (T ::?: 2) h,pnWliku.. ha.l"1I
1\ .,,7 Ieki'},...g.,. hi'....rholik,lIOI\'.....i ollArj"" I,outja.
A D ~_T(:rol - D."T(,;T -'("'O))' D.,,(.eo) lMtnx ... """wdromwmti.tru; 1I.l)"..T(~) matrix ""ji,#rti-k,',
ke.
r,
,.
,.In.I,,.
h)
.j
"'(r.o) mtJhpilLit......"j.
H.. ~ (.rol mind,'" n1llllil'likJo.t<.rll. 1 u;.[ h ...hh .. h.",...I',t o'rtfkii, akko. a ..,(.1"..) p<'rio<lik,ll' 1..u~1t "MimI"
uotik,
, .tltl,ili><,
17,10. .o.I,ta.
3.
Tra nszve rxlilis
ho mokliniku~
pontok
3. Az
hl\tA.hal maz
A (li.3) I'g),,.ul<t
h"I.\f .. II
min .t.ll .... (.e) ....I".tiLrhalut=ll ..art. "" .. (..,,(.1")) '" .... (r) H" It
)"(:r) fo'l loAlYIt k"t1At< "kkor _'(I) t- 0 r", ..,,(.e) ill"' ...iall.... .."..,.,. "hv". Anal6f: lllll\jdo".... R',k ';rv"'''Y'''''k
"".o-h"tArhalm..;ult.
T"!O"l k fd.llt'l'\Y ",tou Ii,." I\Z r", _ -r" t '" 0, J. ... , (tl'hat <,:'(r) = -I) ,lilf,.rtn,i"'l\Y"nl.t.
H.. r _ 1. akkor "rilv""v..I.... lll'RY ..,,(1) = {I. -t}. :..,(",(1)) = ..,,(-1) = _'(1) .... .;(...'(1)) - _'(1).
M,gj'lO'>\lI1'lO. "OltV""( I ). ,.Itflo.'f[ .. ,litTf'J'lIl,i';'If'~Y(IlI,, ..k '.....I't6!. lll'lH ON<",fii~.
A (17.3) ~","I ..I.Io hiV'r!."likll" ~'""i,,"lu-i(j~ f><lntjanu IP lI o) i'tIl\/('lO} ~"'l.....atrixf..liil,t<lntjai Im'~.z
,.. ,.~IiJu; lumwklmik.... l"'''''.1<,
J,:k,>Zh<'ll "lluilli.hOltv h.. Y tritlls".. r:r.AIi,, b"lllnkli"ikll~ I'""t. ukw a {';'(y)} rwUY" inv,.rt,uhato rt:'wl
""~'r "",tt" o;ak trll.l,~\'cf7.Ali.homokliniklll' 1"J1,t.,kl061 aU ( 17.10. b flb r a) .
17 .1 .3 .2 . luvar-ians sokasrigok
T..gyii k fd. hogy a (1 7.3) <m"'"l('ttt'l "lO'iitt ...Iou mr!l'~
1. Sz" p",,"trixf.. li i l.. t .. k

[,,'10" '" rc e (17.3) ''KY.'nld ~1 ....i,,"J.rill~ puulj ... A k ko r IP(xo) = {y E At: ",;{y } - -,,,.1,,.. i - +oo}
az I" 1-'0UI "I"I,il~, ."k""';g,, i~ W~ ( .e,, ) = {y E .\1: ',iIY)
IO, ha i
- e<:J} ...... FO pout ,,~.t<lbJ ...
,.ok,~.<ig". A .1"luli>< i"' ....., 1l",I"h1li~ ""~,,lutt ""IJ<Jmlnrj..Mld..kn ..k i. hlvjilk
IU1 = 1I'(:r,)
(17.2 4)
di.,,,hit rendsecr is. ah,,1 l{': X
miko,.IJt'l1 Se ll"
,JiI.. ~"" itaim"'..... ,.; olyl"nc,,' (.I f "" X
,iJtaliIhan lph..tn,.k m.,trikll~ I",.,.k i.) , A (1 7,3) i.. (17.24) .]i""kt/>!, r,.nd"l"'r (ill,.I.,,",,,,, (". a .:I"kil',v;i.. )
t"I",lnyik",..n konj"ytiJ.t. It.. l';t ..., ik Oly>\ll h: M
llnll""'tnorlizlllll" (n kon)"q,il6 h"m"",norfi.m,~.),
--0
--0
17 .1 .3. 3. Topologikusan konjugfllt di szkr(,j rr-ndsze-re k

1. D ..fin ici6
--0
.v.
"p,..
--0
.v
aln"Hy<>l " '" h- 1 " u" h. H.. (17.J) "" l17.:24} tol'ologiku.",.11 koujugah . ..kk"... h konJllRiUO hnm...->mortizrn,,~ (17.:1) l,.;JyAiI (17.H) l>A.lyai l....
At.
v,,,,,.
2. G r ohman ", H a r tma n l et..l"

lIa .. (17,3l ..g.1'''nlPth<-n """n"l~ ';' R ~ - n" fURll:viony .iifff'Omorfizmn~. Xe p<dig (17.3) hip".I>ohkn..
,.ta...ioru\ri'L~ pontja. akkOl''' (17.3) ~'lIl.'1 x" kiYtA'll>b<'n topologik'll'1\Il konjus'J,1 lin.....-WiJtj.. val ,
!II.. I = D.;(x,,)Y1 "&Vf'n]..U,,1.
b) A ( 17. l) <'gyf'nlM iiN<u.... .:(x) (x E V'j ..I-h"tArh.. lnllV"".,...Jr: .tNc innArius pout"kl.ol .... Jlf'riotliku."
p<\IyakloOl All.
A ndrollov es P ontrja gin tetele: A (17.1) ~ikl...h ,tiff<'l,'n~ii<l<l:>''!lI ..t.Ahol I E X ~ ( U ) , pontOl'l\ll
akkor strllktur&li"1l-llst"h;Ii~. h",
a ) lUI 0....."", r~bcli sIAcioru\,ri'L" POllt (... p<'riodik'l>! 1>41)'" hil>l'1'I>"llkll~. e..
h ) nillNl oiyall '''<''pal'Iltrix (..,.""" twt<'ruklillikll6 h homuklinikllll pAly..), N1,dy DY"'"'&hOI cr....J ios nyr',...gb<- torkoUik.
I j . 1.--1. Srruktura lis st abilit a... [ ro busz t ussag}
17 .1..-1 .2 . Srrukturallsan sta bilis d iszkret rl ' lllbl t-'rek
1 j . 1.--1 . 1. 51ruk t lIraliSllll st ahllis d iffereucialegyenlct
l " kints iinlr. olyan (17.3) aiAkit <tilo>:kn'l: "",,,llw rd""t (.....IIZ..; .\/ - .11 lk~k<tl l.1II,,1)'f'k re
t' c J! C n - korJa~. uyilt. i).,,<>:..ni!U haiIlIll&"irru< MI~. ~ Diff ' C) ,o.:t .II -mddiniill 00....... Jiff<"Om<lrfizmw; IDt"~rikll." tf>n' "" Ii-n. vouat~.ldiniAlt C'lllI'tn!tavllJ. Alljun .. Diff: (Ii) c
Dilf(U) balruaz llZUkOOlA ..; <liffn:>wortizm\l'li)kl>Ol. "ll><!)...k.... fl't"tA1I. bng ..-(D) C [" A .- E [)jlf~(l'
.....~ (....f'ZlA.'1 ~tt a (17.3) din..mikai """briIn) .tnJ;;ttU'dll< .. n.t..6il~-, h.. van nhan" :> 0 bo,;y
-.>Ir. II t' E Di t!~(l") kk~",,*,k. ;w... ly,Jr:n, PI..:. ) < 6. toJ>0Josik.~"", lr:"llj~A11J1k vV<'1.
I.
D<'fink ill
ViIg)' ~ J .\/ _ RR ....J n0rm,.z6,t.-...lt..ml~..ln.t4hall.. (~. mln... z,... j.

kjr,o.inv nlf'g"8Jlu",N...]r.Uf I...rulr~r) torooioKilm.""-lI ('h-I~nl<,n~ diff..... nciAI.~',.n"-t k<lo-tk.~
7.ik..~ ~'nlkt".A1.. ,.....hi.h,-", I",ntoo< drfinirioj,.~ l'IZ .'1 ..n d<>fini.ilt mrr.6k kimOni iAvolMll: fog,.]mArA
V>llI ~iik~. OlylOD AI-f"l' drtini41t ~I"'" W'kt.~.<unit I<IoOritkozni. AlIl"I....k k,"""(' C M d
n~~ ba1nuwo nyilt. k..-l4tnoo e--ffia6. ~'IJ " " U halmAZ i)C bAw.. ~,~ (n - 1}diwcwi6o<
blpt'Tf..liil<t....,. ~Uk M. hagy.." P\MIhIMtOiJ(' _ {x E
h(..,) = OJ aIAk""u. a1Jol h W _ 11
olyan C -fiigveuy. lW1<'lyrr 8(' ~lv kilm)'PR'tiol,..n gratl h(x) -;J:- O. Le,;y.>n .\ I (l, ) "Z"-"" M-e'll
d<>tini.alt ~'Wll wkl.... W<"di IUctriku" I...,... II C,... fn!<ival.:
A {17.1) <liff..... nriAlec',llM

ba
n-
pl.1 g)-~"p
~uI'ID/(x
flxl-g(x
~,
-Dg(xl
(17.2';)
J." juloh oldal " .... ~l>1Ul

l'IZ El'KLlDEsZl V<.homormat. a mAAo<likt.n A:t: <>pf'f1U<.-ourwM JC"
1OIi.) .o\z.olr: III I "i"", wktorn-ok. "l""i)...lr. .. it(} haW!. L' IrAnyAhan t~ W<"-'<l.Ilr: .....-.
;wocl.... lr:... gnul h(s T I{x) -F 0 (I E OV) n.. .;-'(x) E (I (x E iJU.t > 0). A1kot;alr: az x ~ (L') C X I(U )
hAlll\AZt Az f E Xl W) vrktomlf"7;<'l ,trWhonfl.""n .tahk... ha VlI.Il oI)'lLD 5 > O.lllIH'J)T1' 1<'1.;.,,011.~
DJ.ind<'l:lg E X ~ {(' J , ... k1.<mlln.l"...n...ly... P(f.g) < 6 t~u.-...n .. kvival.-"" Ifd.
t..,o..... ""'''I....-..mI'tr11 abo! <01 < 1 tartalm.."i>~ikhf'li
i __ 11
.r(n-r~-!f).
x-r(,,-~-llJ
17.1..-1.3. T ipikus tulajdonsagok

1. Ddln iciO
Az (.\t, p ID('trik,,,,, tio. rhn"illPk _Iamdy hll..~h,d:... (ftY~, . h>t. M il)...n t ulajdoo
"'', clrm..m..k B ~c ,...... ndd; BAIRE-.l4l<y6n4]'i
.l/I&ll B =; fL.-';;I. B.. a1ak.t.n.
ahnI minden B... halIllllZ milt n.. ~,iro1 .\1.""", .
A : Az n i.'S lIZ I c R unocionAlio< .,..AmoIr:) 1tA1maz mNon<Iik BIIIRE!tllf.-gOr'iAj{, balmaz. Q c n
V\l'IZ<>I,t I><'m az.
D: A s,~ 111l\ga. mint a_tip,ku"",,- jdl..uvJ5jr IIot'ID ..1.-gPn<16: .. Q e n .... az l en ha1mA7:
.-gyaranl sUrii. ~m J...... tIX"kcgyl<lf'j iloog lil',ku:.k
C ; F.go. vaI.Oti oaan,hAlma:>< A L E.BESCl!:-mhti'kc (IUd w7. old.) eo ...b.ool.maz. BAIRY.-fi-k-kat'llOrlAjlf
""'.-z.lOZIU. ..
--..n
lr:iizi,nninoo.:-z..fUgg"".lgy (1Iuoc11 17ill" B =
(I72lJ)
rho>:
diif...... lI~nlM"kjohh .,1.1.. 1..g( .0 .0\ 9 .hff",r,n<iAI''K.Vf'll1rt J""ldAnI X ~ ((

tartm:lk. I...l _
{(X,lI).:? . 11 < 2} ( t 7. 11.a iII bra). ~YllvlilJvRl"'. ho,;y P(.q(-.O).g(.a - 01(.,12..,. I) A g(.O)
....kloI'ITlf"7ii "'nlkturRl"""" ill,t"hilio<. unvel " '7(,.0} v"ktonnC7..5hOz t<'t...w~."...n k;;'-...l Jiot,'ilt oIyan
wktornwW. a",,,ly Inpologikll!<IUI Ilf'm ,kVIV..L<"'llI.q(. O)-vel ( 17 .t t.b,c a bra). EiI: vi~ l....t. I", ~t
!CIiink IlZ i '" -r' _ fir, iI
1 1'0IJukooIJilui-tAo. a1akr ... fl a 0 > O. >Utkor 1lIO'N'U; min<lil": lioktik N:
r = in ,tahili.. h"tArdklll>l.
... Q _
{a.,}:..... rACionAfu, orU<mok 1IOfUZIOt.... InAAodik
'\(B.) < - x . f'7i-rt A(B) = .~~ '\(B.)
~najit, ~14sr<-t. Ull_-..l
B.
:J
B._, i....
1
1- 1/2 = O.
2. Sik beli eends ze ....k t ipik u8 t ula j donl.i1gai. Hemilt on -rendsz..re k
.
)1-
2. St rukturAli~ .. n 6ta b i1i~ r t' Il, lut'r"k a Hikb an

T" !,:yiik f.l, h"l\y" (17.1) ,rkhdi <lilf.-rt'uriA\.ogyt'lIlt't (abol I E X ~ ( U )) ,tru kturAli.""" .<t"hili, Akk" r:
a ) A (17.1) '!IJ"'"I ,t",k ",,"k vl')l;.......ok 6wi,,"Ariu, poutja b< l"'IioJikull p31yAja van.
:5 .]~~
U (a.. - J: ~. a., .,. J: ~ ) .
.~
Sikl,.,li .liff""-'ll,iio!Pgyf'nk1. k "",ti'U><Z X~(U)-I",11 MtrllkllllAlw..ll sl.abil~~ r<'nd><7"I""k Imlmaza uyil l ;...
~,lnl X ~ ( U )-h<'ll . Td ";'I .. ~tr"kt"rAliNu,~lahili... rrl"I!<,.,,rk .. ~n til'ik'lllIlk. Az i" tipik'~<llllaj"01~..,;.g.
1"'lD'<"gy X~([ 'HJ6l wit sikhf'li r<:'uw....r min<l.n ImIy4J",o.:t id~ niiVl'k,~l ti'\'("lvPg"" ""k . l llClollarill,
pout i pf'riodik,~.. J.aIy.. vAianwlyi k;.ll<'ct l.at1. A kv,u;I"'rl'Klik'lll loAlyAk nMI' til',ku""k. " lcgh"tArtYL.Ul t
f,.jf<.v k mellen "".ollh"" H Aldll,TON-,.. ",illv r<'kn{ol " <lllf.-rtu.,lJrll.v<'nlf'l kvilz11-"n o.-likll" l-"'-lyAi ki~
""~"IlI ';'~ ,"",'I<'-n Illt,!':mlloradn.. k. A Il AMILTO N rtIl<l" Wrtk 1.lu\t nem tiplku~ HlIdll~A'T<'k.
'!'<.kiu1.>oiik Il
17.11. Ahr...
B. balnUlZ.llhnl B. :-
0. 12
_twn ..
.
alI,,
",0. 8 1 = iJj,' H2
iJHu
iJJ2'
H "M I LT ON -r.."dsz"rt (a ha1.';'",AI1.O'd ,k IqO'" ",,k 6~;;J.\"k), ><hol .. (j ,. h) .... H,,(j,. h} H IIMI LT ON- fi ij!,g
vi-ny "n"litik,,~. ElI1\t"k a reudsa...m('k nyil vAIIjI(r} I,. 12ft) = ~. H , (t) =' __', t+":J, H l (t ) = "''It +c, "
llll'gold"-"" a "I, .. l~ M1>llIdoval. mi khll)"Il ..l, i ... '-"2 filggll<'1 c,tlil "" 'lot,;!. A (j ,. h) = ( 'I, (':,0) r dAdo
t'R.V y2 invafilm s t6r< t~zt d.. fi,,;l\!. T..kiIltl'iik ulI.. l No hdy,n. a
lIo(j, .h ) + EH,U"h 8 ,. 8:1 )

l'''riurbAlt H II"ULTO:ol -fiiAAV(uyl. "hol ll, "1l,.Jit,k,~~. (
> lJ l'"lig l..gyr-n ki~ pozitiv I"'TiunH"r.
"'0
A KOLMOGOkOV AnNoLD M()SER-UI~1 ( KA M-tit~/) "bbt,IlIlZ C!lrtlwn a,zt mo/l<ljll Iti. b"ltV h.. H"
urm
~pnPT.. lt.""-",,dct (.)iJl~,'

f },' ).
)i
n, illor..JeK"IKIOcn kiOlie
> OllZli.mut vi'vcll,,,rt,,d"'.h HIr,MIL-
TON-rt"II~hrn "" inv.u-i"lIl' "",mr--.M"" tOn_ok lohlW'g" nem trlnik e 1, oWe kilofot. o,.formA]o.hk.
A ,,,....."9 oly,," ht"!<'ml,,'u "' ...".~. h,'@)'" Ibn"",ra vctt kc mpleme nter belu..... L EBESGI'F...mht"k..
nullal!m tArt. bat W1. o-h"K. f-l{\' '' fPTIlio-kl,..udc.-6niaJt t6n
ha """ oIYIUI (" > OAlI,,",IO. bolo' min<l..n l>oZitjV"K...... Pe,.q'"
II2:T-
r '" a,a2a~.
\.mIIlA/a<ll~ -
;1?: ;~
ex.vmlOtwNoo'!g
.... (U.)nU,.#l1I
(17 271
f': [0.1] -10. q.
f<nnMI. bogy PI(.) = P(h- I ( ,
mkU'k.
3 . A 'Dvaoo.rrM pontolt bAha...- ,-It "",,ioMrillll poot.oltbOJ ~ ptTiodiku>. pAlyAkOOl';']1.

P al is e.. Sma l.. tiot .. ifo: A ~ IORS SM"LF,..~ ....k !ltmktur>ilisan stAAili......
P"us k S"""LE ti-t.-]"no'k nl<'ldnrdiw... D<'Jn ..." 'fn)....: n ;:: 3 ..... ti-II J,r1ffl:l\O'k oIyow stn,kt"r.iliMn
,"tahil",.-..nd...-RTI'k....nlf'l)""'kno k vi-gtr\f'n..nlr prrio<lik,,,, p;Uyli.juk VlUI .
AL" 2: 3 ..... tt'"I" ~ll'uktUlli.l,-" MIJl"ili~ ""rlll-nk ....m tipikll""lc
(17.29)
.0\>: JI...D doonniAit, ...DIIl ...slonl>l'a6JiJU.l ~I {.,:'},~ .. dinamikai ~ M ORSE ~MAL~...,.d

':l'T. ba trl~ii1Ilf'k .. k",","'~ r..ltkf."'k:
1. A r~k "ioIl:... ook ~tN'ioll"I'l" pont;' PA fl"'Tindil..... l'8Jy;ijA Y>W PA rmnd hi... rl...uklll<.
2. ."" ~1.Jo<oioDari, .. p.. nt<>k. illPt....... ptTlUdikw. pAlyAk ~ stabib ... rn..tat,i1i.~~ tr_~
<"&.\u.........
I\Ll\Z
I<-Ir~" Iuizt"w.l,,!~:-'... kl .. LE8ESGI-' E-tn<'rt<'k ..tulf'k lllvariA.II~ nlhti'kP. ,' h (0.1) - [0.1).
h(r) :'" llTCliin.;z bom..omorfu:m'~~ .. (17.::i)-bM ~,~ ...- "'kf'po-zbIta ( 17.2'JHwlI 'QIPTf'plo1>P viszi
at. haa '" 4, Igy teMt ( 17 ..J~hO;o;a = .. .....-ti-n vaD oIYJ'l1 illv"riMun;'.ni>k. amrIy at-H,tt folytonoll A
(1t ,29)j,.~",(,) ;::0: III,iniloi-p;fwbo. (1 .51kkl,,"*,,,<l'" ~ 1>&r&mPU'l'frt&md.lctlip~,~
C:
..
2- ft (a. '" 0 v"!P' I) k,tt.~ """'llr<'tut'<l'.<'rhPli ..Jllkja IIZOIlO!oithat6 ,-uooJ:
B: A
A ~tariunArill" JK.IlItok"''' (W'rinrIik.1!O JM.Iyu o.nk nrmvlindoclO p<JlltokllOl A1lnM.

A ( 1 7_ 1 1 ~ altai ~41t dinamilrxirn).!-T<--l\f"IllvN!dorlOpontj;\n&l< ball1UWlwt. (;Itrr
or.zv.. m...,.,.iAa>o.", ~.v..., po-riodikuo'Wyat, tovNlba .\[ IIlin<hI pontji\nAk ..:-haUcluoJ.
-..
~ aft
-,
A 2r(mod I ) nnl lpt p...dmionY' i1lU' frhnto. mint. ,,'t. , .. ,.]wl a; = "'+1 '
minden sz1unjrgy ep;.v h"ll~1 h<o.Ir ltolMik..... "'"... h<o~ sz1unj<'JO""l. ..1hA.vj"k.
ILllI..lyopt ....1"'''''' j..llrlIM"L. n..n'r<"7.0III\nIo.
1...1,;.-.;;,1.
3. N ..mv a ndorlO pont ok. Mo n-- Sm a ....."'nd~z .. ~k
Lo,.;wll {...J I'dl d.irwIllJoo.i ~ 117. n-diITlPIIZ"'-' kornp&kt inl.nyithati>.\1 IIOlc>I.AAgon_ A p E AI ''''111
n...'.....ndorl.l { ..... }.n ul-~y,..Il>iZ6~ U. C .\/ kiimJf'Zf't"l"1" r.nna.lI.~_
'tT>o 31.
10, I ) 1rJ.fu:r,.r =
II- :=
))
I(h- l )'(,)1 . EI.l>6lAZoflUo"i NiMik.
haKY p(.r) '"
J .1'(1I
.1')
"" '" a {.,:-'. in~ ~ diruuniMi Tf'OI\>gq lItAbilio; p.-riodlkw< rontja. " klror
I T_t
T 1"" ..1 invarianlo vaI6oWo~ mltrti-kP {.......urk. abol'... az .l'rnl kann-ntr:ilt D IRAC-
2.
T.. emeeeeeee mertek

.If-ffi dPlilliAit {.,:'h~ r ~.ttrakkll'll,. II~tartomanllY"1. -r('tt<z6k-gn-.-t c HDORElrba/m.u ... ~.r. It ponl aoMff" k ~ .. kO....... kPZiIlIlPmI~:
~ .\az
)._ lim I{ T.A . .I'.)

,
1'(. .1'. '-T_ ",
T
(l '.:Il)
17.2 . A z a tt r a ktorok kvautitattv lefrasa
Itt II T.A _... l azO""Z""" .. helt T > id6nPk 1lZ .. rlat-. am ..nny it .. {..... (r.Hr..l'8Jy~ IlZ A hAl1IUll'ha.n WIt. Ii.. ~m. m. (m.a;dllPlJl minrlrn).I'o W ......-ti'n u~ ,,(.-4: .1'. ) = 0 ;,. tool';"'"1. aklror 1",&",,11
,,( A) := I'(A : .1'0)' ~ti ....1m. ar. ro E I\' k...adlif>""thi>l inolulil p4!y.. I - +x .-Im .\ -hm tArt. f'7Rrt "
.\ralwncentralt vaI<io<zin<Wgi u,trt/ok.
1 j .2. 1. Val 6szlnll si-gi IIIht{>kpk az atl raktorokon
17.2 .1.2. Aa ergodelmelct clemci
17 .2.1 .1 . Invarians mfrt ck
1.
Definici6 . A il: att raktorr.. ko nc.. ntril lt me rtik

tlilUUllik..i r<'IIr1""n "" (M,p) tCll'll. ~D 8 az .U halm"", DOIlL-h....tUA7..unak (1.
algPhr"'jll"" 1-': 8 - [0. +ooJ miortiok 8 ' 11. r..!t,'!<.""iik.11OIO' mind..n.,f l..kf ,...-,kI< I,mirll..t;;, .~ I' m,lrt1>k
...."'"".... h... },~/~n tlf'LVf', II" mind..n .4 E 8 ;." t > U' ...I/'n I'(",,-'( A)) '" 1-'(.1). Ii", '" {,:-'};I ,lin ..mikA.i r..nro.z..r ill....ttAJI".t1l.akk"r .. m/,-1.o'k 1LL<>tJ t"l"jd{H~""tl'I<. IIOK)' iuvar i"ns '" ,Iilti,,, " iluti ....H,I"7~rr ..
I.
~'''u {.."'},~ r
no''7.''''. 'lgy i~ kj(,'j,,,,h,,t,;. lI"'1tv 1.(.;'( Aj)

1'(.4) (.4 E 8 . t > 0). A",t mOlldj "k. IJOKY " I' m.-'t1i-k ....,
A C M BOREr.--I..",,,,lUm ,."" ~""H lIt "il,'<l. h" I'(M\ A) = O. Ha t .. hat .\ a {......
din"'lnik..i r<'lId..,..-r
",Uraktor.. fill' illv"riAn~ tlI,1rti'k {-;' }.r" nhVt', ak kor " m{>rti-k A-ra V"fl kOIlO'lItriLI",.. h" I.(D) :::l: 0
",ind""oly,,,, It B" IIl'.L-b,.Jml\L ,,,",'t"'Il. am..lyre A n B = 0 ,
A I' : 8 - [0. +<XlJme rtek Im'''ijrrt "111'1' jl- ....\ j-lohk: t"l M 1,'!:""" l kr hh olyan 7AA'""""'h..lm"".... "mrlyn>
'" p m''l' li'k k"IL','ul"'-'lv", Vl\tl.
A: 'I , 'ki llt~;ik a7.;\/::
IJ inu-rv.dhuuone ,,,,,,/l,M-ld e,,,,"",.l:
-,,+[ :2.r, ( modi).
(l 7.2!l)
""I
In,
Ellh.." "''''''''<'11.'11 y: [(I.
II.... 10. IJ.
'('I
( 2.r.
U~.r~ 1/2.
...
2.r-1, 1/2< .r :-:::: 1.
A d('finfrio al.. pjAIII"t1l1.t(J, bUIlV" LEttt:'1(;Ut;- ,,,iort,{>k inva.ri" ll" a modllJ6--I,ki-,,,",;,,,,-.,n<'--"v.., A L .r
Ergodikus dinamikal
rend ~ _N'k
Ail:(.\ /. p) tereu dffinWt {.....}.liT rlilllUJ1iluU rMI,h<tn 1<1' i"v...-i"-u>< mht;.kkPl ,-.yndtl:lu (az~;" lI1<>ndjAk.
lIogy .. mhtkk ('~ilru.~ ) . 1ta mind ..n olyan A DOREL-hailUil.:l.l'e, lLlmlyr., ,:-'( A) = A (If I > 0). v,,~
1'(04) '" U "''lD' 1'(:\[ \ A ) = O.
II.. {.,f} (17.3) aJ..ku rli>czkri-t dilll.mikA.i f"f].Iw.. r. y M - '\f bou""'lJl<ltfiztl"'~'J,f petlig kompa.kt
mptri kll~ ~i'r .
akkor min,lig I't'-Lik iuvllorwJ'!< ..rgotlik ulO- ml'rt-"k.
A : T..kint~iik az S' ko.- rlfotynt,i'''t:
:C'+I"':1', + <. ",kknr ( 17.31) .. rgod ik'lfi: h..

",ciull " lit<. a.kk" r (17. 31) nem prgod ikus .
2r.
2,, D: lI" a din"mikili TPtld"".<'r " UrM tuI" ML".,ili t",';oJtftriu , pont ""~ ~t",hiJiJ,; p..rio<iikus pa/ya, ..k
kor" Jinarnikai r..tl0s7.<'r a t<,rmL'W,(,t,.,. Ul"rl.ik, .. nh v(' ''fW''lik,,~.
Birk hoff prgodikllR t;'t..I..: T('l(Yiik f,1, loogy .. l vt.JEI' <liUlu" ikA.i rpnd"1n "rnod ikul' "'I' illv"ri",~~ "A
16o<7.!m'b;(lli tuf rt;;k r.Akkor mind" ll itlIPWA1h"I,O h f} (Jf . 8 . /J) fiiWf "y .....,t.f " a {y'(.r,,)}~
,,0,"".
1'000:itiv ("l]la/yak m"tl tC"
a:l
idOAt1"Jl:.
"",v. 1i(zo)
lim .!.jT h (y'(.ro)) dl (folyarnr") i" ii(.ro) '"

T-+""T "
"'0
lmnt"u .. ..,- ;::: 0 idopontl><l.ll" folYNlJ ""t(lk""",,lrirw~ fiUJ'I"<'1Iyf
AK
u,'m
~,
Ali
llulL
ba \O
""~
C~{-r ): =
iit IRgg,.J.
2.
,-
"'"
lim - '\" h (':>'(70) ) =

~ _,. " L..
zrr,
I.
2. A
"'l!..l"O
3. '\
P a li
PAC
_tal,
.'-' "
17.
Ii.:
17.:
I
1' -
- ;; L 6. .
117.J2h)
1l7.M
P,,{-' ) -
3. K.. l -..r6 dinamikai ",nd~ l,,",k

Ar; (M . p ) ' ......n do-finiAll {".-'}. f mlllllllilul.i f'f"lllI,.zrr jJ invariN.. ~WoI'tti mi-rt.. k! h.....-.f. ha tt-l~ ....A. Y C .\1 BORl.-halmAZ-u-n lim jJ( A. n ~--'(B));- jJ(.-\l!.(B)_K..,......... TPn<1><7.-k_m
.. ""
,-
AUIlI pOlltok hal~ A tn.. rt<':lr.... """,IY"'k t - O ......th\ A-ban p,. nagy t-I'" Yhffi w.nlll.k, ~ Il
jJ( A lI B ) II7,()l'V\tll>l fug .
K",,{'t<'ll1'lI'l:<;u1' "fl:u<liklU< j". U'RY"'U (r'. kl"\'''n'i n'lIti"",jC i... k-gyt'11 A OlyAU BoRELh"h"",;!. A1u"lvrr
,; - ' A.)
A (I > OJ. AkkUf jJ(A )2 = lilU jJ(.,.-'(A ) n .-\) = jJ(A). igy jJ(A ) ""y 0 Vl\fO' L
.-.
A {17. 1) ,Jiff"l"'nr~nWt {,.""} folY"InA pontOAAll akkor bow"';. ha

1~1.<""'1l iut"l':lAlIlIlto fiiKr,";'uY<'k ,...t..", f..nwul ..
,~~L~ f!Y( """(.r))- l1
t .. l...wI<'g""
(l i.33)
"
AC
A (1;,21') mo<llll,.. I"klI"~/i'/l. k'""ro. A (li.31) .-Iforgfl""''' -
.""'A
2,
A"'"
v;.Iu..~ill\;"-~
1Il1rti-kr'-
11('7""
nN"
k<'"",o.
-I.
f C.(.,.~-
.. - dT - 2
J "'~'''ll H.7. '\/.. n ,1.-finiAl l {"'}. ~!' dj",u"ilv<i n-ndszer a p invariAn, m..rt pkk"l ..rg....1ik"" U-gy<-ll h
.II ...... Il t..t"~ol.-~,.,. f"l~t"ll'''' fii)IJr;Vfny, {-,;'(:r) l,~ tf' tI'7Alkg, ,,, fflpAlyn ;...h..Jyd t,"'!t"iik" Ii t"I'At llll(ot
.-,
..
..!.!.T h(.p'(;l)} dt kif<.j ,'z.,"""d
T-"",T "
1\(- ) = C.(O) - 2
("h .... t.. lIIf"llM f
C.(. nal....' dr
L C.(I..)
COti.,l( I U:;b)
b'
Hit c .u-.nlllt intrgTaIhaw.,ag.... ilJ.-t..... konvrtlt""ciio..... u"m tUl r..nn.llkkor fontollnoM-l"kh.,u P" dW;t.
n!>"dokE-nt fogh..ti1 f,.j. Vabw....I) dLllllflUW r<'~ I-" nuJik"" ~nak ,,1)'AIl tdjalitlli<;lIY"l"-"kt
rum feifollll"'R. anwl""t ..kvi.li>;4;t-l\n.~ impuiz'L...:dc ,td k mrzllPk , Kvflzll""'l"i<"h k"" rn<n.g.v.olmN a u-l,....itmC"Y"j",ktnLmMnolyllll impuhl.l>'Ok Ippno-k fpl."m"I",,-10:. .. kviW(>f'rin<'Iik"" m0'7~ alapUlIj,ulZll"";'Mi
"~n(lliIlf'Ari,, koml>inN-iOiki'llt ad6<lnak. .$1./olnoo.H.Vtl "p',ktrulll.-,;yffli '''''If";'IOkk...r ,,,,,,",I ssemben
a kaotikllS vj""lkrdr.. indikittun\.llllok ,q,'\l1\it.
A : VgyPft .;: a (1,. 1) Jilf.'nIl<'iill<1Qpnlp, T pt'"Ti<'><hlllU v&ly';'ja. h oI~'an prt'>lvJti~,,-""~. IllDl'lp..
, .... "(-,;(t)) idOO.tlaga nulls, k< ~n h(""I )) FOCRIE R..lMllit.NtA h(.,:(t)) =(l~("'-' ...bnl
...... =
AkkOl'C. ( r ) =
lo.11 .....(t .... r ] h p.(..;j = :b
lu.12,\( ~. - l~~) . ahol,\ a
,\.di~ztrib\.,cj6t ,;clUli.
B: LPgyf'Tl';: a (I;, I) dill<'fPnciAll'gy"nlM kvtt.il>t'tit.. likllil pAlyAj... II o!yau pr6tmfiiggvi-n~. "Jl'wlyT<'
"'" id68.tlag.;: m..ntfn null... ~ legyen h( i t)) ..l<WUt"""(k,tt&o FOURII'Roor Alakjalmn)
h(<,;(t)) = L::,':_"" L:;;:_"'(}",..,.'("'..'
~. Akkul'
C.(r) - L::;:->< L:i:':-x lu",.. I~COfl(kl""
k'1""2)r p"
P,,(..,) = 271'
1(l..,... l l~ ( ",. - kl""l - kM ) .
z::;.,:""
';,..... ""
z::::_'"
Z:::;:_oo L'::': '"
At " uto korrt' IAd6!i fligg vo'n y
117. idi';"t l" gK" l. """'-' It lim
[ hll.
g. h E L2 (.\I_ ~. p )
"{.r)-1i jdp_O
"->'...fiigg..... lu 11 "" h .. lJorild~ot j ..I'.Ii. em..lyor flZ idoo.tla!'J':,,1 hd~'{'tt ....il.<-ttlillk,
A J!. :
r. WI! .Il'lOIik. .-\z idOh..n rolytoDO!'.-thrn" r: IC. (T)j<tr < -..:
mi.l..-lrn folytouooo II mg: '
lUi""
ruin.
T" l.i-itJllt-ny5pE'kt rum

.0\ C" nl~<'ny f'OtiRIER-u-ar""dotnWtjli.t frly.;trn.... ,..,..."',..... nak hi'vjik II>\lod .. ;at. o1dalt ilo) ....
uiht,q,.
~,e
eure
"- "
(l i .34h)
h (.;''''' (J: )} h ( ,:' (E - P
.~
A.z .. "tok~ fi"q;gv<!'nyt Ilf'gativ iol';I,o"I.<"'r" .. .-I..nuialJuk. amilwr i.~ C. ( }-t nunt Hen. il\M;""
Z-lI definWt ll-IggVffiyt fOKiuk f..L
I't'Tiodik'L~ vagy b;WJ>lriod.lkU!'> pAlyAk nortt-llC"lJ'f'TIO<liku... ilw.... kvwpl"riOdilO"'- Ha OOYf'kvo..,- ....
U'~ h pli)lvJ'r~,,"y ",,","'II C. (1") g)'OIl'all ~.1l2: lc1loI.lk,. 'I>!'Ih<Ie..r.. llW. H" riWl.ti.~ul
nO""ho r ,."..ti>n C.(..-) ..xpou..ncii.li.<o ....I~l OtUkkm, akkor rx .. h''''-'Ti'i vu..-Ik...-w,..i<"I<".
" r"lLl.tJto ..."tralt"' ......... iK.-v l...ktAul &lII E."'C"HUtrUtorra bebizonvitottAk. ho:IlQ' Ik..-uk SB f.J,
:\"'lW,y
I.
",.""
.-,
C. (r ):= lim.!. L
5.
~ _l
mo!rt<'krk ..>rUl'.I01A m. m r e .\I......u.n ~Pn konvPTgAIjon It-bOz.

>+rtvTt- f hd~ - J lui". '" n - - '>C tl'ljoo-.'11jOn.
L.-g-I
mil"
(I 7.32a)
hd!,
"
"'=
." I
wlrtH, i_il lv LEBf.SGl E-mhtfok,' . Ehlwz P\oogpnde5.
A (I
di>kri-t I"t'nd..,..rr """len I-iig
:\1. .. rK,.. liku s IM..I AlIil""".--k..kkor iU\Kll1&llmti>.ha .. JJ wirtH tarloj.. a k-hdu l<'I'\~vohh. 1A"&.V<'n
.; .11 - .\1 folvt<lllOt' 1,k...I.......... I" B - II in""l\il.l.... mmi'k. .-\1.1 mouolj'ill. (1Aott1 1 r;_~1l . h,,~y a"
mht.. k SBR ...r rlt'l;- (SI:-Al, Bow~:s k Rl'ELLE "f"""uIAn ). ba miu<kll II: .\1 - n fuly'''l.... fiiKKv('uy
",,",hi ftZnku.lr. ..,.; Ze e .11 1><lIlU>knAk .. hallWWL, amel}'f'kTP
"~
. A
Fi1.ikai Wlgy S R R -m />rtl>kt"k
3.
lim !!h(.,;' ... (r llh (.,;'(.r))JI-1i1,

r-: T
It
folyto llO!l i,!Pjol ",,,tl,,.ul.,. It
lim ..!. '\"' h (",,'{.r)) kif,-j'-li_-I " .li"zkrpl j'H'l ,""-tl"." A h fi,ggv('llyrc n'zV<' ..
~_""" L-
{"'(.r)),~"
17.2.2 . Ent rop iak

17.2 .2.1 . Topologikus entrop in
L ogy..n (Jr. p) kOll1pakt lll('lri k,," tfl' I... (,:" he!' ,ti"~kri't i,l.-jil f<>lyl."llOl'l d im. mikaj T<'I HI"z" r M"u.
[)(finiAljnk tc t ",,01<'gf'" n E N ",",t"ll il p~ Uv"lAAl:fii~vflly l ;If -ena kii""lk ('z ,Thfl' l'l'l1:
f'lpAlylt
p~( .r.y):= mex p(i/{.r),f"(Y))

O~':$n
(17.36)
11,g, .4z "umit" ro4' k,,,, .. tlIaliv Idni.".
'"
Legyrn tovabhfl ..... (E,p,,) IlZOknllk ILZ Mho-Ii poutoknak II max..irnali........,
aJ,... I)'{'k .. p. tIK'trikAb""
tp'(~
ill."-....... ~ [rki-J><"1h tn-
rgymiw<tollrgalAbh E tlt.VOIAAgr/l VNIn"k. A (17.3) Ji"",kri-l Jin<Wlikai. renew
_ Iirn8up~--. .:
n In S(E, p,,). A topokW.k'L nlropill... IPlWpn"" honY'>"
p%g1k. rntrop....j.. h (0;) :- .lim
ay{t,y
l"ltMgan"k ml-rtl-u. r..-gy..n (.\1 1, PI) "fl:I ma..ik knmp&k.t metrUl1Il tkr .... ;I: .\11 _ .\1 1 rolyt"""" ],k'"
P""d-I;. II...."kor ......
wk.."...~
tol""logiku,.;u} konjugl\lt, akkOl topolo,;iJullO rutn'>piAjuk m'1lJ'ltW7'ilo:.
Spo-ciaJiMn. /l topoJo,;ik,wo..nt piA IlPlll flig .. m..ttikilt.6L Te,""~,, E "' ......ten h (,y-) '" nh (.,,).
H.. .; I~ bulll<'OfIl<>rfi~m'lIO".uknr h (...... ) = 1.1:1 h (,;) mindPTd: E l ~"'. A k,;utuhbi llllAjdon
..ag .w.pjiw k1-"'n..-Duk lIZ .\1 C H ~-"" <\fofinWt ( 17.1) <l.iff..~nIM folylUlwa II topnloltiku.
M1trOpiit .. h(.,1) := h (,.,') kI1.lM:t..l.
hi"",
17.2. 2. 2.
l\I etrikns li'lltropia
~ {.,:J 100r ILZ .\1 t/>rPn dffinWt dinlU'tlikAi ff'nds:1..l-r 11. \ ...ttraktornd "" .. ,\ -11\ koonontrAit I' inwo
!"WJ,o ~'lIJ6ozin~ mkU'kJu.I. ~n ~( > O......-trn Q,(c).
.Q'O(./t)oly>W {(Xl.
.....).
k,t '$ s, < (i,
l) (I
I. 2. _...
(llbol i, E l ) korita.. allM'1)..... p.(Q,J > O. Ko -ii k I~
nn.
~ IE Q. w ku. {"'(xH:.o rd ,>lly4t nilvrkm IITIPilf"lt_ .,- > 0 (T '" 1 <1iszk!+l reD<~",k~1
idOkOsDkbnJ S -.-:r '"Y""" ulAn ~lk NIOknAk " koo:-k&kuak &ll ;" . '." ~1I4t. .ull .. I~
be". fflp&lya tart<"Wwdik. Lov"n ., .',' mintluon .\.Il<. kOzeli ~I\fkrk balu"-"lWI<'l)TkMI
kiinduVl Wp61ya I, = ,T (i = I. 2.
, ~) idOpnntnkbful Q" , . .. Q.,. lwrkabaD vow..... 1eR.V<"tI
p(i l ..... ,') = 1'(." ~. )AIlnU..~~. OOY"'O (tipikU!l) ~il-rt<"k ., ,.hm trbWk.
A7. ..mr6pi.oo uwosMja IIZt 112 infor-tnMi6rlOw'Juodhl..lIJllit '-"KY a1yan ki.""'rk-t atla,:oNw D~1'.jt. "m.. ly~
mutatja. ~. vo>va..-.k dilozjunkl-n.my kOzill vNlojat:..w lIIO"lyik Jrowolv..et l be..A" trllt; .w tuMii>han f'7. oTP'""
H,,=-
10,
p('J, . . ,.".) lnp (. ,i,v ),
( 17.37)
.~l
abo!. az o-..cr. oIr.... S oo-:(lfi4li (i l , . 'N) jPboorw.a.tr.~lnk. anlf'l..... kf't" Wnt Jt.jrt no6OOn A
~yak rnJi7.&lMk.
845
v)
L_----.....
'{l<.g+t:v)
b)
.)
1,.12. Ah,a.
Akkor ~ Al .<': ... .<': ).", >IZiunokn..Jr. olYNl lOOroIAtA. a LJAI'I,::>; O.... 4-!tndi, bo,;)'
In 0".(1. z) - A,_
hAI _ + x p-lllajdnrm mm'wI111tt L I.j,..li m .....mben. OsELEDOC tM.<"w -nnt i<'tnik it AIl.ltf>r1>inH:
oI.yan ...-.rozal.a., amo.-lyrc
R" = ;, ::> E;,,::>
.. ::> :.., = {OJ.

u,o-. boK.v I'-m. m. I......wn 11>\ f In IN(I)C. n....lIl~ ..
(11.38)
c:, \:,.,.bcu ~teIof'lI tart....wn.-ly
A., E (A,. . ,).",)cIPnmo-z.

3 . A Ljap u nov-kitevdk k i"zamol.ba
A \ .(x ) '" ,~ 'up ~ In ,,-,{I. I) kfpIrt. ..hoI. ".{I. x) j,.~
Ill!
I kOU-ppnntu pgyoorggomhbOl I>.;'(x)-vcl
~hAjtott drfonnaciO ut.ion Mi>'-'tt "Uil--*! f<'ltf11&"IY"kkot inu-rp....ulhati>, a WAPl'SO.... k.iw-vOlr.

1Woz4m. itAAAhoz~. lI)'m ko r nq vl\lAIl1i1)"'n DrtorIOrmIlJiMlifot' ...,ptlli'g\U wtIZ\mIr.. ""Wiu>l
A H..._ bokWr-f" lk. Az y( 1. I. v) := V .,J{I )v f~DY a {,,:'} <"l<1.'<Zf'r folyllmAna)q -'- (I ) wlpAlyajAhot: tal"tO'Zi> V>LriaciOto ~ olyall ~ IIlDt'ly a 0 id6po nthAn a v pontbOl indul. ValOban. ha
{,;'}.uA ( 11. 1) diH~fulyama.akkol:a~~:
j(l) = DJ( ..... {I))v(I). Enll<'k
"'" ~nlctll<'k .. 0 id6ponlbow a" J>ouWo it.tmm6 ~""" ,,( I, I . c) = 4>r(t )c AW<hAn Allithatil cl6.
. ttraktorAnAk h .....tn.bI ""tropttijll vagy KOLtoIoc;O RO V SI~A I .... tropuljll . I'

.
' .
in-nins mktPk,.. " fox...... h,. lim lim
-H"
, . ' IIl("llnv~.
(D UozkrPt .-..n<t....... l"k ....A T - x n,..lkoui
abo!. 4ir {l) .. ,....-i&CiOr; cgyoonIPt 0 iOOpoutbAn no nnlolt A1a(>mA.trixa. am<'ly

A kruJrti aIlapot l<Urinti
.hff""'IK"Wha~tft.<.-Ir""",rint ("""11121. old.) - A t( l) _ D!<..... {I)lZ{I) m3trix-<liff..,......,~
Z{O) = ~ k..,...df't.i f..ltft..lt kirl<w:t<iIIl<'lt"ku-.
hat.&n'-tti-k cltllnik,) A .p.\ - :\ kok<"~ h(.,) ~""""t ropiAjlicll ff'lln41l. bogy h,. :5 h(",).
Sok csctlx-ll h(",) = bllp{ h,.: ,...inVl'U"iAu>I -kIortillli>oi',;i ",<"l1kk .\.n }.
.4..: Tf1;.Y11k f<'l. ho,;y II (17, I ) d itf<"Tf'nriAIrg,wIl Irt .\ = (xo) "tabilj,; ~l.a<:ioDilri,,,, p.-.lltja.tlr"ktnr.....
kog,wn I' 11>\ Xrfl' kl}n....ntr/llt I.. nn""'zrt.... mo' r1~k. Az ihT" AUrakt.orokr.. h,. _ n
B: A (17.2!l) f'ltoIAro-l.. k<"[>M',",r.. h(.;) = h,. = In 2 . !\hoi I' 10('" i",'",-iau,} L EB ~ t; E- lIli-t tk .
.4. \(x. v) = lim ,;up - In ID..... {I)vl..uu. az z ...tv krW6i>'-'lltu l(X + EV)(O < t <: I ) p<iJY",;",,11...<1..
{.,,1}
~.\
.-0,,,_,,,
T.
17 .2 .3 . Ljapuuov-klt.evdk
I. M iotrix "iting u IAri" olorlolo k..i
~n L t<'w .ln..g,.. ~n.nl-UI""'(1 mAtrix. Az L mlotrix "' I
"'2 .<': . . . .<': "~ ~ZHl'l ,Jtin.. t'rlfkri"

(} ~ .<': 0 ""jiltkrtik.'iu..k nf'lll npgativ nPgy-,,,,tgyok,,. A
J><lZitiv """,middi nit L L miltrix 0 1 ?: ... ?:

""jat<'rtk k..k..t m1l1tiplid tMIlkka i '1!Yiiu !OOroljllk fd.
A ~zillgIlIAri~ "rt~ k.. kn..k geom ..t ri"i lnt .. rp.,-,.t"ciilju k i~ VlUI , Ha K, aO kuzo'pporltll. t > 0 ~IlI\MI K'",mh.
akkur ez L{K. l kep ulylUl dli l'""",id, " fllt'lyr"'k feltengely..i a (1,t (; = 1. 2 . . . . , n) ~~,ilmok (1 7. 12 .10
libra ) ,
2. A Ljlll'"nov.kit.. vt'ik d .. Rn kioj ll
L..gy..n { ,,",'},~I' ...., ,If C R ~ h...h ru\l'~ >U ddi llia lt ";111" diwllnikai r"IH],;~.cr. ,ulldyl1,k.\ ntt.n.kturn./.
pe<lig .. rr.. kOlIl'l'ntr,olt iIlV,..-i{'l1~ " I'It" dik,," "'ol"""jllli....." i m',rt'k. Tptsd H.." ,,,, I 2': () '''' rE A ,... t..'r<
lcgyc'lPk " 'Yo! [" ki>I"-';'" x l'''l1t1,,li D'Y"'( r) JA COBI-llJlotrixil.l1"k "zil1,,"lIui~ "" t"k,i O"I{ I.xl ?:
?:
",~ (t .
.r].
,_>\hrn: k"'l""'t . ,. irAnyhan. HII \ (I , v) < O. "'" ""t jPlr nti. bogy V irt\n yhan
t Iliowlu.-dtcvd .. p.i1yiok wzd... llIf.'k ,1tYllliw<hoz , ha "wuhan \ (I, t) > O. akkor a. ""'yak cl tilvolodnak
"'K,Yll.....tOI (17.12.b "bra) ,

Uogycll " { .;' }.~ ,. diulW ukai ren dszer Atl rulor" ,\. /' r-lig M I'T", kOTl<:t'I\uiolt ilIvtLrilw>< ..rgo<iik,...
Vl<.i6~:.dll u.""Ri mi'l\fk. Akkor "'" ~ LJAl'l'So\lkitt"v6 Ooow,pg.. p -m . m. E ,\ .....'!kn folY>UllokniJ
~ A, = .-""
lim ~f' divJ("," (.E))d~.
t
L 1
(17.391\)
,,( 17,3) di." l,krH [(nru.zer ,.,.,..to'n lwdil\
0- 1
c- A, = .--.
lim .!. " ' I" Idpt D",(",;(x ))I .
k L-
L-
,.1
(l7 .39n)
; .
E:a'
D~"IV.il'"tfv rends z..w k , "t(ll td", t

A, < () . FilO'..l..ml", vh". hngy f"ly.. mok .. gyik L JAI'UNO\l
kit ..v6j" null... ha lIZ at traktor n"", "I,,,,.iollMill" P"llt. " LJAPU N(tv-kit" vllk!Il'AmltJi..'Wl. l<"'~f\7, 'ni"ith ..t';
(li""l lli.161).
"'I"'
A: L..p;y,n ""0 " (17. 1) diff'I~n,iAI'IlV<'n l ..t f"ly""ul.llllk "l ..d olli..-ill>l pOlltj... Cs 1''RY'',wk 1\Z 11;
Illok az ""0 po llt lmn vt'tt JACOlil -mAtrix ...j"',i'rt....,i. A ~ xu l>IUI ken...nl r,ut n,i'rU-kkd .. LJAP USO\l
/7, t . .4 : "ttmktmvk hJ",.tlt"ti" Idr<i.."
'"
h'Krn A C .\f =u..k ri=Lalul>V.>\_ 'li'I"g;If'~"" d ~ 0 1.... "-luNcr I'!!< E
kiwv<'ikTf'f"nnMl.hogy>., :R,u. (. _1,2. . ,n).

B : ~"'1l1'(IO) = {","'(rD), I e In, 11} Il (I j I) dilfpr"llciAl.'g,ym!,,1 T p<'rioous(, p/J)'Aja. "" [f'KY"ut'k " Po ..za.tlluk -Y(IO) multiplikl\t"r.u.."' "l(rD}-r" knu",utrAlt mi-rti-kkd from\.lJ. hog)- A, '" In jp,I
(I -1.2 .... n).
:\1.. tri k ,,,, .. nt r6pia es Ljap ullov.kiw vok

H.. {..... h~r diJULlIlikAi L'PTl<l~pr l'I7. .If C n ~ hal111a:wll, attraktora ., _ ".\-... kQfl....mrAlt Prgtlthku><
vNOoczWI1!oo'gi l.lWrti'k JJ. akkor ... hI' lI1f't.rikll~ Prltr"'piar" f"IU1All" h,.:s L >.,. "lO'"nlO''''n''''ll; ..hoI ..
-I.
,~
I: \, "1O""nMoot~ (a PESI'-kpplM.) Alt.'L1Ahan I}('Ill all "'WI. II.. 11.'" mkt{>k mm<\f>wrJk.U l~
,~
at-l!U! folyt.ouut. .. " LEBESGl'E-lJoPrlJokff' no'zwo .... ;" .If ~ J! C1-dilf<,omorlUmu....Akkor ..rv"'n\.....
.. PESIS-kol-plvt.
1. f'r a kt a lo k
Din.vnikai ~ ....k IIoUTakt,,"", ~ llIAIo in""",,,,", lu.1rnA7.ai ~rW1A honyohiltAhb r.. ..,>ile","'k ... J..t.tnook. minI .. pont II.Z ~ ""C' " t6nJ..a. A jmJ:bilok. dilllUJlikiu.ol fiiU"tlo-n1il. oIY"l1
hAb.UllIoOk......... ~k "&y "".V loob j<'Utoum'ljiilld lr.itnm...lr.. mint amily<'ll II kimJ~.~.
bony<>l"lt.""&;. bnbAMn1ONte:. Mi-l II ~ diUll~Akxn. Abo,wul Art ,.jma f.-l;i~..k k garbi-k
n;nm b-niljAlr.. ftAktJUokrll nem allr.A1mAZl:ut.I6. a dimo.=.iO aIt.aIanoNtoU <imniriOil IwU ""lti'~;1
_ nni. A <!iIJl"ll7.iMmJ4o.t \+o:tL..tr.. lillVA1Wt ilJ..t&-n Ia.od 117.91. t17.~.
D.-llk WI II G, = o. II intf'n"A1ll1mol hArom f'C...n1Il ho-tu...agu
mah6I
1lQ' II G,
"" [0.
j]
~ra..",
l..llvo!i,."k rl II ki).
(~.l J hahnazt kApjuk. AZlItau G 1 "liudkft ri......u,T.<TVlIlI..
u~'IUlIRYtAvo!ft.~llk ..1II ~ hannArlot
Ekkor a G2 = [0
~]
(~.~] u H.~] u [~
I]
halm"" A<iixbk. FoIytA "k O'XI A2 .. ljArA>.t A G l Mlm.v.7...I. am ..l)...t ,igy kapunk, hogy G l I lUUl,,,,, ri""intf'l"\ll\llllmAhol ..ltavolitjllk II k.Ou'l...... Ilyilt hslnnArlot_ F.7.AltAl ol)'an Go :J G,:J
:J G. ::>
I
hAllT\A7..~or,.".....tho:cjlltllnk, Rhol miwtm G. halTllJl?, 2" ..,..Armi, 'F h"""dL~' int<"fWlllumt",Il\l1.
..-
A C CANTOR/mJ'...ut
lla.k..I,=..i.1U3l. C =
b< 1'...rf,kt (...uz
fTakw.lokr..._
2.
i1lo" ddilliJiJjuk,
n,
G~.
tIIi1Jt "",,",n J>OIl1.ok h",lmaUt, arlwly<'k A:1. ~~ ... G~ halll'~
A (' halmAZ kollll"'kt, "'lI1lIl...."<ZAn-l1Alhatt>. L E8 f.'SGUf'r m"'rt (k.- ",,11;.
C Ui.lt, (", unnden J>Outja1.orlOdA><.i pout). A CAI'TORhalmAZ I"'ldak,,"t "".olg*1I...t A
HausUorffdim.. nzl6
Ehh...~ a
dim"Il7.iMol':al<Jtllh,>"~
II motivAriot A hAromcllm""7j{,,; L t:t1~;SGl!g.mhtpk wwlg"lgl-lloljA Legy-u
"" A c R " k",U,t,Jt; halUlrn: kf,..IV<' lI1<'I{fQ.amtalh"to .ok. r, :0:: (Sligar', B" gombbel. t .. hilt ,igy. h,,1O'
U, B" ::> A tplj""iiljiin, Akkor A ..nYPf"lhfngAtArll" f'Zt kapjuk: L: ~".r~. K{'l,,l.ziik lIl<)l<t A Ol<IwA'" n,,-'!;
szAmlAlh.. ttl sok. r; :0:: (~llKllni K<>lllhb,.J valo If'f,~I''''''''rf''' >l,(A) := iuf{ L:
in-tl .dIlIlot, {", t ar t stluk
( -.ml J1ll11iil"M. akkc,r Iv. A h',]ll ll'" J."(A) kiU..; L~f1~SG II-rncrtckchp~jlltllJ1k, 1I.I1lf'ly m"rh.. M h"ln"'lAJk
...,,,,,t"'tl U1''ll"gyo"lik ... v"l( A) t"'l"f"ll"unl.

Lt-gyf'11 .\f
K:I,
J-l,I(A.):= limJ-l,i..,(.4) = ~uPJ-l4.A).
j17_40b)
.~
F.z I..bo.'l vo'ge; VlIg)' v<>gt..I<'n_ AI. A tu.J"'IllI ./H(.-I.) H"tSOORF'd."'''lWOja ...... ,k utan a H.-\t:SDORFfm<..-tfk.,k'1t\'htMmllPll m..ghal..ll.-.->ll kritiku~ es-Uolu-:
d (A) _ {
-
_ 'X. -
ha ,.~A);' 0 ",,"<1t"111 ~ 0 ......'hI
(17.40<:\
inf{d~O:J-l,I(AI=OJ
~ 1"&i"lO"l"": A J-lh(A) m<"llIly;,..;g.. krt..z r, :0:: c ..uS....., ~mMkb61..tkol.ott k{...,j(.,.Ml. ''''Y R R"""'kt
A1<'gf..IJ"hh E "lhooo<Lu.~u lw<blr.hOI ... "'hoot lV.Arlloini.
A H a usdorff-dim.. n l w alap v., td tulajdo n Mg a i
(H Dl)dulIitJ =O.
17 .2 ..1. 1. Merrtkus dhuenaiok
zo'pII6 IlyOT hann...dot
t)
~,
17 .2.4. Dlmenziok
> 0 m.. nMI k"jll"auk II
A C
B-:-"7, dilUllB, 'S
(17.408)
'C,
ll"-'Illl)i:>iogt>t. "hoi D, C .\f tl'l..wlpgo'" oIYAIl .-.'-mhah,lN:. lOm,.]ynf'k Attni>mjf': "lamB, "" sup P(I. y)-
LJAPlisovkit,...OkcI multi"liritAAllkkld ko-ll Vf'nni.
A h.. '"
J-l~..(A) = inf {f(diamB')~
IH7
R O EUI<L IPESZ, ti'r. V"!lV It.1t"la"OII><ubaIlIlZ<parabili>< mdrik", ter A p m"ttiki"'Al, ""
(H D 2) All A C W. "kkorO:O:: d H{.4) 'S fl.

(H D 3).-I. C BMl, kiM>tk""'ik Ju(A' 'S J,,(B/.
( H D ol) All A. =
A,. akkor du(A) ... bUI',JH(.-t.).
(H D 5) Ha A ""'R"" ""!Q' ~lAilwu.akk"tdHl.-4)
LC,
O.
{H OO) Ha -.'. M _'.\1 LIP'SCHrrz-.foIvtor..-.. (aMOI: liottzik OlyfUl L > 0 aIlanrli>. iVIl.. U,-d ~I.r E
.\1 fW"t<'nPl ..- {r) ..; y)) :5 Lp(z ,-)). akkor dH ,;>(.4 :5 J,,(.-4 HII 1k~'Zik a c-' inwn "'kc~.... O">!:
LIJ'SCHITZfolytt:>on<. Akkor rni'g du(AJ - dHl ,:-(AJlD; u-1,....ii1 _
A raciou.iJ.il< s:Wliok Q bal.1IIAZAr>t. (H D 5) mlAlt dH(Q} = /I . , C CASTOR-halrnaaa dll{e) =
In 2 "'" 0.63li9
1n3
3. Kapacitisdi.m..-nlio
~n.4 lIZ (.\I.p) wM.riku.~ t"r kotnl>altl bal.mlla. "'" l"SYftl ,'-.tAl AZOknak a ~d.i<'bb f ii.tm{>"'jll
halmazoknak a miIliUlaIi.~ ,.,.ama. '''ll1dy.kk.I.-t 1..r,~lh.t6. A
,u(. ()
u
A = uusup
,-eI
In,,""~.;,w.g..t _4
d ( ')
ec-
InS.(A)
- - ,-
In;
!"L.o hparit<i,di",.rnn6jlu,.. k. '"

r . luS,(A)
IlJlJllf~
(17.4lh)
a_.
mf'lluyi,..>gt'tpedig 114'; k<lpar,t<i.,d,mrnzwjAn..k hlvjllk. IIIl ~.(..t) = ~(A) := J,.{A.) . ..kkor <ic(A)
A helrnez k,'I"",>-ta,.,t",wnzi,ij,,_ n "-h..n .. kAp""itNo<lim"n~inl. nlyan korlAlooihaltna:<.okm is tckintbetjiik. am.. ly.. k nem zertak.
M. A. c R" ko rlbt-D halmazr'" a r..mi d..fillki<'>t>l\" "'/~'T'<'1111l -'",(A) "",",Im II ko\".. lk"".6k"'I'I,,'n i.. ddllliaJ.
hAl;" Ld l'd j iik R~ et ndilll,'nzi""'. (0I<l",lh.--1{' k"rkilkb6! "lin rfu"",,!. EwtAn "',(A)-Ilak V<'hd.jiik"
ni,,' azon kodcIDnak a "".amAt.. amd}..k ""\.></.ik "... A 1I,.111"""t,
A kapAdtAsdlmenzio alapvpto tul"jdun,mga i
(K D l) \ Iindig t.plj""iil, hogy <LII{ A) :5 <Id A).
(K D 2) A" TH-dilllf'n7.i"'" Fe n" f,-liil"IH' d l/{f') = ,JdFJ - m
(K D 3 ) Az A hallllaz A l...,.art.j f."" <let A) - <lc(A) Illig gyakran <JH(A) < </JI{A).
( K D 4) H" A = UA.. akkor "Ml''''dtA....!inll''''.iorA''lt,...IH.l''''"lwllI ..'rvpny''", hURY d,:..{.il} = "UPddA~).
...,
17.1. A z attmkioroJ: b"....llIati" lcir""a
T.Rgyf'II A :~
I I
(O.1.2'3"
).
Akknr dll( A) = 0 k< dc( A) =
2>
jf>lolis!wotot
d (.r) .e Iim inf
HaA .. :O.IJ itrrvallnnL r ....jnnAli>o l'0nljaiUM hllllllMA.Akkor KD2 "'" KD 3 lIlian drfA) = I . M"""""zt
dll( A) :0.
4.
OnhASO n l68Ag
S7..imooo olYNI j!;<UIlf'triAi ...JAbat kfv"'...... brz. lI.rudyrt Onha..onkina k neveenek. a kiM-\ k .....i .. lj.u-AA -.1gAlalapul: Valanul\.n ktin<iulA.oi ~lot olyan II; A!AkZS\tW hel)""lto:><itimk.lI.llIdy .. kiiooulMi A1..Jt;oat P .....w.,... 'I > I t" ny..w..!linr4riMn R~U mkooWAb6I
AI 0.-.......... k-Niik II>pklwn pl&llt
k-.o~ ~ki.IA7.ott kiimlu1iu1Z: p" 2. q '"' 3

B: KOCH relo- ~l~ p = ~ . , = 3. Az ..1106 3 1l-~ .. 17.13. a bni n I6tlo.w.
C: S IERI'ISS KI-MrIAny: p = 3, q "'" 2. Af. ..1.oo13l<-pP.<t a 17.14. ib ra W1ltatja. (A I'd..... hAr<,n-m-
p t il<mkclt<.-n ..JtI\.\'Olltjllk.)
0 : S I [ RPI ~S Kl-""""'n)"" p
I:i, 'I = 3 A7. ..1fl6 3 ~t
II.
17. 15. ibr ... IDlltAtjA. (A f<.bk ~
g..kM tAvoIltj'lA .... )
At A- D .....ttl hA1nwlukrll.:
de = dll
~:.
.....
'-<I
1n/l(8~(r))
(17..121
In d
01:..0 ponlon.knh dimt"mJrit. H.. g,,(r) = d..(.r) :=z d..(r) , ..kkor <1..(.1') all mirtiJ: d.mrnzuija "".r
ponthom_
Young I . ti't e le: Ha /l-m. m. r E .\ """t"n f.... nilJIs d..(.r) - ... iiooIv'fi"igg..... akkor o = 4H(IJ) :=
inf
{dl/( X)} A dl/(p) I1ll'lilly~t s /l mfrti.l: IIAl'SOOR rrd!mMUitijanAk IWVl"ZZiik.
&Z
X(.\.>o(X !-.
I...egy.n .\f
R A bI !cKYcn .\ C
n- oIyM
kntnl"'kt KOmb. AlDf'lynek >.(.\) LEBESGU E-mertik.,
A
positfv, A /l miortN< .\ '11l vrtt 1e8:zilkiUot;oo p\ = - ( \
A. I
2.
Allor p(8,(r ..... 6 "'" dH(IJ) = n.
In fo r m aciOd iIDt"oz}6
~n {....J},tt" a ttl1Ohor....\ Ugy lel...h'..
oItisltw-i~ Q,(!).
.Q.... (f) kO<":kakkaJ.. mini.
17.22.2.bm.Lf'gyoPn p in-mw.. ~ ~ mkto'k ,\n.

A QI(!)' .. Q"'<i(t) H.,o.:.,. rntropldja
....,
.,
H(c):- - L ", (c ) ln ", (c).
17. 13. &bra.
1149
aboI ",(t) =p(Q,(t.
I""
I.. .. ,o(t).
(17.43)
li s s 4,(1') = -lim H (c) lLAt.V-ktpk ~k . ..kkor n"tltl<-lkrllik .... dinto-nxiOtuJ...jdool;;igaival EkW "'-oIt
....,(1 Inc
a mrnn~~ m!~DAk nrYt"r.r.,ik.
YouogII. tetele-: HaP-ln. In. .r E .\....-ti>nf..nrWI.4..(X) "" a ....... ffigft.. ..kkora = d,,(p) - 4,(1').
A : T'1lY'i k fa. 00gy ap mo'-rti-k{....J} WI1.a.mt4y !<tArinnAri'1II ponl,l&rS ' ..... kuoo:-t-ntril__ ~Ii"'" e > 0
"""'""" H.(I') = -J In I = 0 i/; r..u uall.nkt d,(p) - o.
B: 'I<-gyiik fl"!. bogy " p mi-rt.. k {....J} VaiAlUdy balardkl""'a VAIl kon<rntr.i1-. Ha C > 0,
knr
H.(p)
-Inc. w'lt 4j(p) = J
3.
I7.H . Abril..
K o r ....(aciOdimE'nzi6
r".gy..11 {"}~, a {..;'},,,,. I"l'n.w..r.\ C na tltlr..ktorimAk ,.. >ntJa.ihOl.i1l6 l"OIW.p ill'"IlI"i;ins valt'-iUll
~ Il...rti>k ,\-n.N.1"RY= <11 E " l<1.t<W1E'g""" [),.finill1jllk a7. r, .= (lit,
,110...",) E n {", .. ljoo ....ktorok rs
.... tivobagot" dit(x;. Xj):= ll1IIX 1110.... - ,/ ..1 ki>plpttd. Ahnll I "'" ..uklidftezi _ktornonnlL II.. H
'~'~'"
jrlOlia HEAVISIOE-fiiW'pnyt:O{r):=
C-(!) =
lim~up~
.....r d{(r"rJ): di/;t(r,JJ) < e}
. .._ .. x .\
I
"
"" lim "lip ~
,...-"'-
17.1::', Ahra.
17.2.4.2. Inva r-ians rncrtekkcl dcfinialt dimenzi6k

1. Ml\rtl\k dimpn zi flj ll
LPgy"IL IJ" A luJ ulnun k"lIn'u lr Alt v" I{).,zfnt1~ mi>rti>k l\Z (M, p) tereu. H,. .l E A t.'t><t:m, '!I'~ pOllt .
B, (.l ) "". x kiTd 'I>IJ<>l1t(I, 6 ~ll~I\n'1 R<>mh, ukkor
d~(:T):= Iim Rup IlLJ.l( B,(.r))
'--0
In 6
{ ~: ~: ~;~. ak koT S
.\
H (r - diltt{.r. .lJ ))
kiftoj,,:ti.,.t wrn'l<iciointt'qnilnak
ll<",t~iik. A
d/\ := lim InC"'(c)

<-<lInE
men nyiseg [a mennyiben l{>t.t'7.ik )" .l:"n-l'l,i"'''d"n r,u iri.
4.
( l i.Ha)
,'; .. 1
( 17.44b)
Altalanosit ott dimen zi6

F...-l.j\ik I.. "z ,\f --('n dd i l1iillt. {';),tl" H'ntl M" r ,\ IIUraklu rlt.t
jJ. invarifu1ll vll1o..dml.'lCg1 Il1l'rte k
{opp'ig}'. mint I i .2,2.2. 1wLl , c oldaU """,d."'-gCI k<>< kAkksl. A q E It q # I P..,-I\I11i'tl'r Il1.lrt Oil-ge'O ert ek..
850
.,
'v-__
U 'gJI. 1J ( ...J 1"'11" ~im" dUl<u"ikai HI1u..:...r lIZ .\1 C

it Ah"'lluW>ll ..\ 1,,,ligkoUlI'..kt jn""l"iim~ h"l"'a><.
R,igzfhiink <'lO' t"l>IWl,,&'''' til ~ 0 i.-lopontm i':fllclO"'ll 4>
.......
tk>..a d v "'" O ""t .... 1<; t(.-I...I.,:
H.(t) - 'j"":'""" In L P> (t ) . ..1,<>1 p,(t ) = p(G,(t)).

q
,.,
aq-oo ,..nd,t filtBld,u",tl,,1I .... ".;p.""Q, (t ).

A qdn-n,!I1 Rt.'iYI-d",,,,nnd
J. -'" -lim
. Go.{. (t) W...-l"'l"f'nhw.
1I.(t)
IIIl
.-If
(Ij.I.:ih)
'
M.t.unt,;k I"'!~ik
A Re uyi-dim.. nzi6 s p...dl\1is ...... tpi :
q _0: do - dd~lIl'I'p )
I.
2. q =0 I
d,
lim d., 4,(pi
1iAI",l
(17 ~l.obl
4, _ dl<
(1t. 4(;<-
"'''''nnyib<-:n r"I!
do
q_2
..
."
dl/(."-} < d
~,
3.
u'IO"'u;k UI(Z ) 2:
2: (1~ x ) ,.. M (x )
I,k{l',-th ~z",gul8.r1fl i-rtPk<'1 ;.,. 1<,0"<'11 a d E
(0 "J ....~II dOA1lIt.>- d
de - .~ . ..Jlol
J., E {O.I
... -I} .... " ~ O.(. H"
~u l' U (r }t71(z)
(1""" z)<T.i,,_,(z ) < I. akkor
au
S Pft'iilli",
~n
au
(1 t , 1) ,lilfcr.",~ fo.
m"nMJt JACOBImoi!ru ....jllt.<'rt.. ko i 111"'-'7-<>100-g.... zE.\ponr.b.. n.Ha"dE On""Amd =4..w.:.\. Mol" E {O .n - I}. ~ E '0.1 ..,.
snp" L.r }
..-a r - ...... l.r <O .a!<-
Lj a p u no ...-dim...n >!ib
A
~ {...--'}O[r "'fIlA ,llllAll"llkAI rru,Loz,'r "'" .\1 C R h&lmazoD. <"IIDl"k ..Uraktor.. (ilJr.h 'r im.... w ll'
balm.vAl.\'" le&.-n jJ .\ra kuUt...,ltrAlt w-na.1l' crgodikW< ~nii~ mht<'k. II.... Al ~ ~ ~
,.,
!tmal diff., ....nciaJ ...Jo' ...nl ...t ...k....:
t, R"
iy""llA. .\ koml""'=t ... varian>. halmaz .... k,o......,k

" I z) ~
2: "A (Z)az a DJ .r)T. DJ(z ";:om
5.
. ~,\" ~k .. LJAPl;!'10\"kll ...ok jJ-... ll"-.t......c..
r..
,
.,
kotdH.\ ) <d
/; .. ~olyan indrx,IlmJ"I).... L: A, ~ lin.
.~
~~<OajdtiO...
,~ I
1'.16.lWra.
1;.2.4.3. Lokalls Hausdorff-diue -uzio Douad y es O esterle nyoman
U><'lJ.tIyi>ol-g a jJ ,,,<Tir'J; LJAJ'lSO\ -d",,""':wija.
.. ,
H"~A,
2: 0. >Lkkord l (J. j
JI;
I", Al <lI.ltkkordL(jJ) - O.
lA"drap p w r 1#011'1.. : ~'Il {",,"'} It (li.3) ,liIizktt't l"f'n<W.pr..,.. M C itA halmal'.otl. Mol,,: "8Jo' 01
fiigp;vo'ny..... jJ" frllti. {...... } _I""urly.\ "nnutor4r.. koo.-PJ)tr,;,11 ill\nri';'n.~~iklll' v..J"""lm\~i Rlo'r'
I"k . Akkor dl/ (p)
d/ (jJ).
A : Tegyuk f.-l.hogy" {...... } "imlt .lillltlllikai n'n,IIlZ<'f A C U 2 aUrnktonit Irf",lt"k r "lcI..JIK""","siIg'l
uPgyiUl..kk,!. u 'g) " l1 (1"1 > I > (I, .. D ...- kklI"-.ti.,. ""iugn!aJi" "rt"k... Akkor ;\7,lItlrllktor 'l.:..1iTllrlL~.i'"
t.<'rfog"t>\l'" f"ulI>\11. l"IIlY "'.t,- ~ S, r'" ~IiUdCll E o1<lall"_Z'-LN\g'1 UPgy7R(,'t "" km~'lil';~ oIY"lI
par.... l..llogr uuuAI". ...j"z, "ul"lyw'k "l<l"lh..,-~"l.Il.i U:JE {... '-',(. H.. " I..f...-l""t (1l< old.uh,_z'LMw". l'<>tnhu
....~,kh..,l "' ziik, ..kkm S~,. ::= S,~ Az S,I;"c ~ S..,.(EU2)... 'io<I<,,'fiigg,:.,.I.::i1 """,,,,,.u kal'jllk. 11,'10'
~(I",
<1,. ~ 1 - - - = I -+In(l"2
",
~,...
-I-I'
~2
"
~.~"k n h"\I1'I~~tlk\l' ">t'AA""doJ""" k ut.uuak .. l. J A ru sovd lllWll ~.I"( oldi
uihlo k"l'l" t ..n~l"th".

B: l " gyiik fel. h,'R.V ...I"u " (17.u) H ~ SO N'r<'lI"~"1' lIZ (I = 1,4 "" b = 0,3 pmlU nr-trrrd . A (I Vi)
rrl\ll ",.. rnek "'lrknfl " l"'r.."'.. trrirt.. k,kuo'l ....onyollilt "',." rk""...t,; ,\ a Uri\ktora ...a n: lIZ II E SOl" """,k r" r.
Enne k nllmrrikll"'''' mrll:l",I.Am7AOU ka['"<'itA."..j illwn ~ioj,, 'le( A) ~ 1.26 . M..p;m\lt" th "t' " h,ogy lIZ
HENON-lIltrAktorh....l U' lpzik SBRml-rti'k. A A, PI; A2 l.J ar-uxov-kitevokre f"nn ;\[l. j,,'HY At + A2 InU,l ~ - 1.204 A unru ..nk n-a n m"giilllll' ltot l ~ , ~ O.lz r,rt"'kbo'i]
- In Id('t V,,,(:r)1 ~ 111 /1
042
),2 ~ - 1.62 ad',dik. 1;:y t.du'l ,hlp) ':::' I +- 1:62 ::. 1.26 .
uo
(,). ~ { O . ha " ,( :r) < O

.
..-" ( x )
sup{d,O:s:d:S:",ul (z)-
( d- d )< 'loIl.d x) ~ O} . ~"hkPm l
1-
,.4t"
m<'Tlm'I..e,..;. ahol.r E .\ leISZO"lf,g..... j.-f. ['<""lip; d 'W'w. r',.-,.bt. ,..loJi. It DOVAllY ObTERlI': -Fl. d,m ..nnO
r l'''utl.>all. DOl.'DY .... O~ST Ullf. fr"l lIl"!!.f'Ilo\..ulll,:wlt ti'ftlpll.. k f..It""'lri mrll"11 .. kkor rliffrf''II-
I\Z
ciAk,::....u.Icto,kre r"unio.ll. hogy dl/('\) :5 "ILl> dno(.r )

A (17.2) LOIt.ESZ--r<'lI<l"",,n,,k U
10. b
3' r
- 21\''''''!i'U "Iyil.u.\ aUrltlr.!<>f1l ""n ("
LOR E~ z.-
",rmklnrj. alllt'lyn,'k uumertkusen mrgh"',;,m1A'lt,!im"llziojltdl/{A) ... 2.06 ( 17 .16 . a bra. amit M at~~
mu idval ;\[lftottwllo'lo). D O UAOY .... O~;sn. H I,~ tH .J,.J"l'jit.u t,t""""I,,&'" b > 1,(1" > 0 (... r ;:. 0<",<,-
t"r<'ka!,jllk"dlf('\):S:3_U+b-Ilt<~'Sli",!."hOI" :_![(I"-+-b_
2
VI(o_w+( v'bb-1 _2)"]
K
1; .2.4.4. Pi-Idak attraktorokra

A: A..;: patkrilr kf lJf'zf. a',. olyaH ['Ol N("An t~lrkil"1.i",,kk"[ "',['("solal balL U'l' roJ. ,m U'ly"k a stabilis PI; insl " hili" 00\;&""'1'( t.r"n~~", '(",. IJi>< Ilwt.s'IRI.<'i 1.. l"rtahIlM.zl,k. A1. ,If = [0, I I " lO, I I " !'Y""P;lll,!O'z..ld
,!u..1.or i~ az V ik koo rd inii.t a t ,u!\,I,v ir ii" ...h l"", lir",llrj,.,u lU'~IlY'Ljtj'lk. azntA ua m"" ik irAllyb.. Ll .....1.
O't.t," yomjuk. Viigii l " kal'oU t" l':ll llf" ,1 II k';'~"l t<"" lllOp,ll..jlit.juk ( 1 7. 1 7. Aura ). H" , -~t "" " ljii.r""'! fo
lyamatot<>ul
i~llLl-l.dj;ik. hal lllrlZo k o ly.. "
.\f :> ",Pf)
o.
"'l<rlA.ttol. bpjllk. "u lllyTP A :=
Ii ""k(,\ f)
,~
/7.l! . .4 : ntt",i"",.,k i.'an/./atie Idra.."
85'
oIYll.ll kolllpa!tt."" ",,--rlln"'''\'<' inVl'lrilLn... luumaz.!UI,,,ly M .....""" vontjat. Ul"l':MOZ VOIlZ7.f1.

kivi"l':,,,I.\ IokAliM.n "'"0'0'11"" x CA."TOIl-h.. llllJlZ~ ...wr.u ,...wr.....tkiul irbaw le.
i.e
l4'(M)
.j
"'' '
17 17. 41,r....
j)
17 I!.I, IIbr....
J"'I"UIW'tf'f N ~ .\1= 0.1 X '0. (
"'l
eg}'''''r;neg''ul. A",: .\1 -
.\1
Mn~r:::;I!::!.IIE<O.I.
),",,{{2!:,Ol/),
... J
,
,,
"
Icl<.,...,......
pont
D
B : ~ () (0,
Mol
~4o'M I.. n
853
(2r-lor+111) bal/2<r:::;LJ'E 0.1,
diMoz.iplOtiv ",lUlt?t'Z#'.. A 17. HI. li b ra a pdclrko'l..-z,;:.,. krl it...-iociOjat mlltlltj.A_ F,.jj,..1Ilf'l"1wt6 .. \rI!'f'jffiv .1r1Ylr~1~ .:1.. otnJ:tUnJ".
..ltrlL!<tor b<-.anti ir:\.nyl...u !wnlinllum,..,k Wir....I,,'ol..uJ. "lU<'I)"'k min<\oogyilu- s.il"ll .\-Mn k alflf'h...k
mi~ irJ,;tabilil.. .\w ItZ P'7A"f\ phi-krr tral_wonAl", "W't.~"IR1" CANTOR-llp'...... balmaz.
'0' A.\ IuoJllllll<ltU. VllIlolva.n t.-l.i"" kOmV<"'>""t.-.
:\ HAl's DORr r -dimPmiflr" f<>nnA1l. hoKY dHIA)
1- -,00
.
1lIlJPi)' ~ tartomany. wnkiv;ila.\ .. ttl
tur _t<.al IlAliMn "'ahll~~. IlZ.llZ a ft-nt rned"<:>iliMWlt
lr-tiWi\' tulajdon....ag.,k,; Cl-kiooi ~
M1111'W Yil.ll,.uWl.
D: A -*'notd INia "',-wlh... attmktMTI\.
17.2.5. Klilonos attraktoruk k kaosz
.j
hj
,..u.w...
<j
17.111. Abl"lL
A .\ '''"'
n ,."(.If) M1maz ilMll'iJu~.. i'-w nhv... "":\ llZ.\f halmaz min<k-n lJolltjill
VOJlZ7....
A Hw s -
~_ A {",..i} r1inamikai ... nd"".....bf'Z wtezik '\/-"'110 LEBESGVg..
DORrr,Iimem.iOirlikc: dH(A) = I t
-Ino
m{>rti'h6! kUlonh<>rdS IJ iuvl\fi....u." 1II/-lVl<. Ay.okl"'ll" pontokban. abol a <i<-riv,utlLk t<-I=m'k, II. JAC<lIU
matrix: D,.,..II((.r. y)) '"
(~ (~.)
o'rt"lwk. <'!In,,k kovt'tk.,zliI"'lI fA
EhbOl "d'.d"l\k .. "I\k. (.c.y)) =

jJ.
V<lTllltko"/." r ESIN-f"l.. ki-I'J'l.
IWL:t
2",<11(k. (r. yll - u
illv"filu... ",,'r\.ikn UOltvcl .. l.JAPu:-;o Y kil" v,jk: Al
ln a. wrt .. l.lA PU"O\,<!illl'II:tio: ddp) _ I
h"
:L
+~
-ITl o
""inglllli.ri,
In2.)'~
""
dll{."). Itt hv""Y'"'' Im1.rikll,; <>lltr/"l,il\,-"
A, _ III2.
,~
c: I-<'gY<'n T" t..lj"" thMl!<Z" (a,r, g) j.. kali" k..ordineta kkal. amint .. 17 .19... AbrAn lit.thalO,
Dd i lliit.ljllk a>." (0, 1/ 2) IIMllmH.rt<'l1 fiiggfi c: T _ T lekepezes t a kov.tk''7n kf pp'' n:
AH1=2a., (Fl'.l) = ~ ('~"'Hl)

,me" +0(")
u.
(k=O, I , ... ).
YO.I
2
A .,:>(1') k"p" ",{T)n D(H) N< ...~(T)nD(A) 1Il,I."'lAu,1 ,gyiitl .. 1 7 .19 . b 1'>1 1 7. 19 .c abraIl 14t ha tf> , At
it.'rf,,:iii 'I"dm'ny.-klpl'<>" 1\ A :=
..n
l. KaotikWl attraktor
Lo.-gym {;'}...r rlinamilao.i rrnel..,,n lIZ (M. p) IlI<'I:l"lkll" 1Prr-1L EIU...k to rrU<!<U'r,...k a.\ AnraktL>.... .Lw!.n... hA .\n hcliil f<>nna1J. a le:Jrh cillQplftoi:ttil...u; c'r-:r.l:.....' ~.,
_.I, ,.k.....ktiallapotc.>kt61-lO ..f7l...ny fi"w;~-.e-t. t.;bhf':'J.. mMnn ponte_hiM. fOftiuk k'lJJli. Ez fl'llnAll
pi-ldaul.. ha "" mbbi it':'t f!li't"l
lrtlll t..Jj<... it
a ) { ....J} min<ien ~ .\-n bi7.ol,,,,,,,m'!<-IllI...u illfCtAhi.1iII..
b ) {.;'} 1Pg",.gyobb WAPusovltilo;-vOj<> <'g,V .\r.. kUlJ('rntrA!t i"""li&rn< ..IE....likll" ~m1.~ m"rukf,. tl<'zyp lI"".iti,.
A.1. a ) ;.rtt-iPmbPn'"<'lt........lwny fil.~... A1.l f.nu .. -....nniehM.l. A b ) tulajelou....<gI.el<WdAZ H~.sos
attrAktomAl for.-llll.. lO.
-/(T) hfllm"". k"I"t k.,..tik...mdyct ~WI""Oldll..k I1{'vPUj"k, A . \
2 . Fraklalok es kulillfo" a tt ra k to rok

A {.,...J.},,;:r clinamika.i rrnru.z..r vaI.... lIdy .\ ..,tr""torlll jm.!;1<ilDAk llt"V<=iik. I... ue-m viog"" toOk pollth6I
~ ~lOllki'nt clilfl"rt'llci4lhaw 1l"rh{I....>1 -gy r.. liilt"lMI411. ~ ,K'lllolya" halm"".. amPly valamdy 7m. ~nki'nt clilf"....n ..iillhalO fdGktl<'l Vl\l' hl\tlu--nlw\. A7. attrllktor bU"nii,. ha ka"lik,~_.
fraktAl ''ag)' mindlttO. A k>!olik"". fIllktAl i.. kiiluu".' fOKalm"t an..Jl>g mOtlor, h....-l.Ill\Ijuk olYlll' kernloakt in....ri'"", halIlll\tUkr.. i>.. a111"Iy.-k n<>m attmkl<Jruk. A diu"fllikAi. re ncl"7PT ,b,<>tik",. b.. van komlmkl
inyariJlru< kaotik"" halmaza.
T" kint s" k az "lO''''W.i-gylA.t'n II"/.
F.+l=2I. ","y~ (100,11), 1ift... -J'.+Y~ (mn,1 1)
(17..19)
l"k"p<"/kst (M. A"oSwY- d'JJ~",,,,,rfil"""'I.). A tPUd"'A'llWk vtU"jfLImll" P lOnL,Zf\u"ogf"I,,!fifazi~l.'"'.
E z a ,,,,<I,../,("r kom,PIv"tiv. 1\ l. EDEsu Ul:rn ,, rli'k illVlUi(UI" m6ti,kc. lU"g><dlflflliJIJI,t&tlu vo'gt<>I"n ""k
p.-'ri()..liklL~ lwyaj,," v,,"u, l\lHd)""k "g)"N<il,....... "'1ril. lew;',!>!..... r.'lI'",""'' k<'wrfi.
M,,,,.r{=t A = P "!G' 2 (vagyi" "b"''''') dirn'lLzi"j"llLv".riA,," halmaz.
De -...all ey-fele kaot ik u~ r",,,rl"7... r .. k

dina ", i"""'; lPlfd"z~ r "" (M.p) lIl<'l ri kll" ti'!'l'u a i\ kompakt invnIi{Il~~ halma:t:'l.eu, A
{.,-"}.Er re n<l"7...r (illctv" al\ halma") D EVANEY-I d e ~rl~le",ben ~".,flk".. Ita:
a ) {.;').Ef t"pni"'lik" "nn Imnzili,' .'1.11, ..,,,.,, w.n uly"" l"nitlY f;.]lwy", ,,,,,,'Iy A-l.....J ,,'-irf\,
3.
k!G'{'!f {",,').Er
854
b) {,.,'),~r
V',,-j... lik\l~ [>iIlyAi
,\-M" ..1r.kk.
c) {",,-'},~, GUC"' f:" Hf:IM ~:R' Fir ,:rl~lm.lw" ~,-zi,l;M'~ a ,l;~z<kl. IrUi:trldc..., ".\ luu"",uon.. """"
3c>0 VrE.\ ve o.
3yE.\nU,(r) {z:p(r.z)<6}
3 t ~ U. p(,.,'(r) /(y)) ~ l:
Tpkinhiilr.1I0- l-....rtr.<IIL'lok
{~_'~1
~,E (O.i) (I
(17..'j(J)
CL. p) I"'" wlj<oo mrtnk,,~ tk-. lIlUdy Il~ kmp(Wn i~

O"{~) .. ~.
i=f"(z,E): =.b
tiklL~ In'""",,",, halnuo;t It:.-t<~n. lI~n
jo,~
boo-
f"I'lctAt kPli ~tt"n'-rnk,
Szinaj t"tt"W: ~'11'" 1 ~ 1 .. knm("lkt I mt,....ll1Iwp(vi-klau.l I = j{l. \') OnTJlll@:AhA-JO folyt.ulltll<

lPItiopP~, Allor _ I,."' } ~.PI' In p"ntol<>tQ illor kaotilm, DEv" NI':Y-f.owern-ltwl,...u. 1m,., ttJl....
k>gikw...utroplir.... l-n - .v_"( ..-\
1>0\" IIV
Sarkovllzkij teh..w: H"l1<l<?:riik" J>OZiliv ~ ~ "iw-tk....nkioppen:
3 ~,, ~ i ~
>- 2 3 >- 2 :; >>-fl 3~2~" >>- zl >-2 2 >- 2>- 1
i i.:;1)
~n ;' / - / az 1 k"ml"ul inl"",,-.ulllm i>11~Aba -10 foly\OUOf<~.k Jrgyoou {,..... } / n
n-penodilrou,; pft!!<A. Akknr {....... I-MIt n >- m.....-tkl 'nI.II ",-pcriodik'L~ p;ijy...jIO 1<0.
Block, GuckE-n llO-imn N ~ Ii~ill ri_icz tltt"w: Lt,orrn .;. J _ I;u: I komp..k:l m'","",l1um on
lIl3lifWa...,.)O fol.ytoI>OlO ... ktI~ 'J.g,\'. bo,;,v { ....}-nak ,.,." 2"m-]>PI"io.-likll~ pAI~""j.. (m > I j>!\rlllJ,w
'"'
"ZAffi)..-\kkor h(~) ~ '1""
17.3.1 . Bifurkaciok fl, lors_S malt>--rf> nd szprekbell

{";I,(r
IU:
.\1 C Il ~ IIIUIIU~ 'U ""~ diff,rPu,00<'K\....n l<1 ""!G' 1" kt'-pP7;""'k AI"" ~"ll''TAl I .Ii" ",
mikai rt'll,lIw-r. ",,,ply m.s IU: c E \ . C 11' I.......m j."tt& i~ filgg . 8 ,1"',*,,,:,orol ak kor ........... lunk. Illo..
diu,tIluk.t.i lI.!s>-n fi\1-i"I"'ttr"jA" ..k 1" 1",li>gi"i "'Ark<~.,..t(' lIZ ~ l'" rwui!.l'r ki, m('gv;\,II."" l.at,N;.", .... I{11
m''l:''''lt""ik. A1. C = 0 E \. ["'raml-f'" .. h,I".-k<ir,," irl~1:.. 1m 0 Illi"d.u mm}"",,,, fj.lwn 1';I<7.n"k olv"u
e E ~' I",rwu" I.t-rt'rt"k.k , h"I'IY It I';'} k Il {...-:.} <Iiullllliklli rendezer .\Ien .'!t" m""""l tOJ>0li~ia.i11lfl: ';"!Il
..kvivalcns-, ili<'IW U",," k" "jH~,.lt. Anllllk ... p><ra.lll''''tti-rn.. k '" dirn,uzi6ja. ...nd" ;0 ld ",wIp"ki>o'hh.....
a m.,l}nel biflltlw'ii, lU',!: n"'PiRY<lh,t<';." hifllrkiriO kod"iml'"flzitija.

!l.1, ~k iiliiuhijzt ,1.ilnk 1, .lotili. hifllrkA<'ii.kott, Itm" ly..k a rliu lllni kai.wuob-''''T('KY'''' l.aJy,u" a k ki;-,. .!rt",, uwn
''''k ...;"1" ,, ,... q/ohtiii. hifurlu\<-ihkotl" Itrwly.. k '!(j,",... rrt .. fkr.L't.i.,-na"yohh "';"'fN j.riut.ik.
A kozponti so kasa..:rtl vona tkczo t"t.. 1
'j\'killt"illlk "KY l>IIr>\II,,"I,prtlll fiiAAIl

j =f(.t,c),
il["t v,' j, =f,(rl, .. ,r~.l:, ... ,.'d
n'
(i = 1.2 .
")
j""-"
:=:
{Ii.::-.:J}
~l.ahol r(1) E R ' ,(1) E 11"' ", z(f) E

-t pffli~ (8.~) lip........ matrix. ",,,,,Iyno-k""jAI....l.i>kei Afo. A. ~ 9 ~ oIyan C" ffiy;v~ny. "lPO"Ir....g(0. 0) O. D.g(O.U) O.
,\ (i 7..).3) dOOJli.~ kOw1.kPZik. h<:olo' 117 :;2) Illf,uJdo"ibtt
=....u.nlf'ly
kOm)"l'".u ti-hPn
Ir Irhtt inu Jrj.
wnIaj ""
F(x.c)
li..>4\
,~1oM. td. A. ( l i ..>4) ~Il"'t (l i.53) """"'dlI.uJJ~rnu.wJ~t,,"H ~ = ((.t,y.:):

r - 0.: = O} Iok&ia uhp<mh wi4-0figon. A (i i,;)-t) rr-:1"Jgijt Jiff''T''''O<'~''' tM. gynkran \L'OlJ.y
lag ~'''l<'T111liakra (pt-ldAuij>Oliuuwi&lilo jobL oI<W u.. ) IPhMtlmni olya.n llt"tuiineAri<l Jl"U""ID"tprf,i~
koordinit.l<ttran.",form;M-i6>...J. IWl("ly" fktillport rt' to~iku" !CU'T!tru-t;'1 .. \ izl,galt "1-lIrionitTilL~ pont
kOCny<"Z"l.i>hPn llf'm ,-aJtOliCtatj.. II"";. El t og Il1akot ~nak uP\'{"J:Ziik. A oonw\lalAk U<'Tll h..1A-rorllat01Dl'1:"1Oof-rtf'lmiwn; n-nd.....rint kulOulr0&6 nortnAWakok f'ltviAJrw. modon wirhatjAk ll~ftllIl7.I
" biurlW-iOt.
2. N}.......gc..'IOTn~bi(lIrkilc i6 tl1l trann kriti ku.. bifuTkkiO
'I'kintloiik '" l1i.:;2) ~nJ,.,IM.1 '" I md k-tt; 1<.1O"n f l"8"lAbh k;'I,,",';, 'r (oI"to"'--ll tlill"....DriAlhalo ....
I-l"gyiik ,,1. hog:,' D.f{O. 0) <'IO-ik ......J...t krli\t. Al - 0", n -1ll7Amll A, ""j...t ktkk.w RPAJ t- Oall (""n. A
rillt ..hl,..n 3Z .-li>t"TI (i 7.,i2)mi",k'1l bifurkar-ifijh t k07.<'I;.\>t"
km j>Ont , ""~ wmal ko:r.o li-t..l
BF
a (17.54) <Vdilll..nzi6,; r...-lllkall diff"r""riAl"lO"'"kl i,ja]P, :"\yilvAnVlllih",o' F (O. UJ - ax \0 . 0) = 0,
u, mi-g an is fOlu-:..lik, hOKY ::;2 F {o, 0) F U{y,
a;'
(O,0) '" 0, hi (17.54) jobl, oltl"IAt. T AYLOR-""rhll
iN
f.,jtjii k. akkor ( l i.:>4) [17,131 szerin t koorrliIlAl-Iltr",,,,t.f,,rtIl1"'iova! JL~ (0.0)
( i7. :':.!)
d ilfpr.. nciAI"K.""" ]d,I" 'lhol AI C It " "" \' C

"yilt halmaz, az f: .\1 x V _ u n fiiKgvi'uyro]
l" " hg fd \ctlw. iik. holO' "-~1."r folytnn'.....u dllf,.,... miaIh..to. A (17.52) "RY.,uIM. >\l; M x V fA,i,ti-n' u a"
> 0 .....,te,,;u
( I i.;>:;)
~~ (0. 0 ) < 0)
......U'n 1",,<!ijI; az
r _ (f
? +
1",nnAl..:l.. kra hO""h"to. ab"l,
>->
r>(!) oly"" d ifT,,
,('uriAlhal.o fiiwi-ny, amely re r>(O) = O. A !"lIlt" k " 1l,,,!:,......hl,,,,,,lill.,,gok/,t j..li;lik, Ila " < O. ..kkor
a ( i 7,:;5) "K.V<'ul"t n..k.r = 0 ko-,...l;'\,,'u k'!. _t ... i" nhri"~ I'o ntj"
"" "'ly" k koziilaz cgyik "t."hili~.
" m{~<; k i,,"tahili". H" n- = O. a kkOl ,',,,,:k"" f , . () iU"l.lth ili" "t ad ollAri,," poult':" ol "oo u"k iiAA~". Ha
I> > O. "kkor a (17.,':;) ,gy,uld ll<.k nin...."l""i'mlirilL" pon tj" 0 ki;-f.dil",u ( 17 .20.b it.bra )
A t i,>IrI,,1i1lIPllZi6o< ",""'I.,,, VNO Att",~;" 0 ki)wl"h~n 07.,,2) '''irtY'9, .",,,ti-h'/urkdc'''jAt ,,<Ij lt, Az " = 2
,.. ~ ,
0. '\ 2 < 0 ..,...trP ...-1.1 " bifurk....iM a 11 .20.c Ah rAn liotj nk. A ny'rPlo\,""",6-- hifurka..,;,',t. " kiM"it..U. f""i"a'rb"" a 17 .2 0 .a !l.hr a m"t.lltj". Elcl-\'Il<UIt" _ml ( 17.n) ..Ink" ""kt" rm,'Z,;k """I.i-r., "
uy"rPl'",'om6-lrifurk"",ji,k t ipikllAA!<.
""l!.
17.3 .1.1. Lckali s hifu r ka ciok stncionar tus p ontok kozeleben

i.
iJ J
17.3. Bifurk a cic c lmelct cs a keoszhoz vezet6 a t menetek

~n
g(z.!)
n' ..
17.2.6 . Kaosz cgyd imf>lIl iOlo lek epceescknel

KOlII["'k t iIit....--lIWDull.lrlini41t folvtnno., kokI,.....e..-k OlPthl-....amo.. ..IPt!:PndO ffol ti>t<>l
A D,](O.O)
Plt:vivaklL" IlZ
=- .'t"1'~
...Iu, ............. (J ER~ OlJLLI -Jilr thQl""'f,"rp.-:;"
.U ..ltola>o-k-k;.I>f'7.....DEVANEYf<>'" kt.-l<"Ill...-n bw>t,kus
-
[~~' (0. 0)] ~
,,,,,trix """,n ....jati'ttck.i.

" .,j
1lI1....Iy.-krP R..)., = U. Ll'gyt-nf'Zl'llkh,il O./(u.o)-....k 'ur,; poutOfWl m <7.AmillW'Rati" ""l : = n - .. - m
"'I'Amll pozitiv val6ti reszu ......jAli-tti-k...
A diff,-,,",~k iO:prmt> ..,m,.-igcira .......u<lzO I~I<~ (SosrrAISvIU t,,'~k) (Wwl 117.121) ____
nul .. (I i .52) diff...... Ilciftkog)...."iP1 PlP,;<"tI,16rn b",uy llonllAj'\ l: lllt"11oM.t 0 kOn,},."",-,ti-bc" topolt'.giaila,;
o. i )}
2-;
:\z 19y k.opull

A rTC l~J'
_II.
pg"'''
IlOntj",. a:t.a:t 1(0.0) - 0 r...gy..llf'k Aj.
- ..
{o ,till....."iK.JII~hoIY1lf1in.-lPJ(.lW>clyrt"~J-J';.
pi .....) -
:i' = 1 0 (x, ej . i = 0 paramM..rt ""Ill (alt..h ..........,lilf..,...nriAI<1l.....III..tki-nt;,. inl'''I'r<'tA.lh..t6. P JC AllD

h. L J" DI::WF th<>1i-bOI ...... k' -'AI'1.i fdti,td,!t _ nn li <lllf''''''lIriAlIu-tt<~" vOllalkO"d, t<'tf>lht;l {1AA<1
1'! 21. oM.) kiivf1kni k. hoRY a (l i.c.2) ''KY<'"I.tll4'k l"t.. .wI"S... p e .\i .... c E l ' mdl<'U IMf'Zi k a 0 i<l6-pulll hau '" P I""nton Atrn<'Il6 .,,{ " p. !) lokali-.ll "lO""rt"ln1l1 lll'1tnl,\fu.;a. an",I}' 2 ..... 3, viUt<.:rWjit.ban (I'
..,.., .~rint) r -"".Pr folytoIlOl;a" tliff,reIKialh..ttl. T" s.y lik M, hOlO"" ( 17.c.2) r~Il<l>W'flI ..k mindPn 1l1<1':01
,18M IU:
It ~"""""'u "r1RhUO'Z","
t.o\Ili.hM t = U..,...li1I a 0 pont '" 1'1'110""..... tacimranll"
/7.3. O''''Tkdritirlmilrl b"
856
- .. -,.
~-
.-
lti,,~zhoz ,""utO atmrnrf,'l
857
nOluw..:J.. kra v","d. A:-DRONUV .... HOI'F t{t...k kir....tk..~trh.n (l7.:"\) Ipirja (17.::>7) hifmkat,iuit .. ,,1.. ciunAri'tll pont ki"rU'lelwne = ll-nal .
.lu a'(O) > 0 f"ll.o."""'" mejjeu .. (17.5l!) ''R..... n1,'I/"f" .. kiivM.ktWi ,...'\t.k",torln ..k
I ..(O) <0 (1 7.22 .a a b r 8).
2 01 (0 ) >0 (1 7 .22 .bab r .. )
u<O
oj
ueO
(01) e > 0: StRhili." hat;ireikilltl....

i"...tabili.~ ><ta.,jo"MlIIl pont.
u>O
bj
(II)
'--;:
t1t
u<O
0:
CikJ1L~
.... ~laciouiuill.>< pont .--......

-iQlliLri,~~ poutt&.
01""'" stahil" ".....
(e)O: t _ _ xo:-ti>nmimkupAlya
(0.0) kwlfotwn sl,;rnIlMn tNt a
ueO
oj
(a) e < 0,
stacioutUitl
Iu.~l"hilu. hsl.tArrikh...
(11)(=0' ('ikJu>< {".lItdOnArilis pont iiHw:-olYM iu>lt"hili:l "lNioouArilt~ ponttil..

(c)(>O: Spir>\li-n in:<tahi!if;
".....ioUMlISpont. mint (b)-Ix-n.
ponth07_ mint (b)-~,
u>O
}',20. "itT&.
Ha
of
A>:
F-Tr \'UWlt1roW
& (0.0) :
h)~ml>-hifllrPrii>hn:l_ 6
iPF
0 k iJzik (0.0)
b~. hJ-ritkWz _ or
f..!r{>uoleltl,pn ..
a:;
(0. OJ
,<0
fpl~t a
bj
oj
1i12 John..
ur..\I..w-I lJ,-1 ....tto.itjiik. alkor (1i..'>4}-b61.,.jO,lik .. tn~...u:intl.
_r 2 riivi<likl.t (~bb~
nflkUli) norma1aW<ja.. A 17 .21 . ' b ran "that<'>
n = 2;"'),1 < 0 fW'tk, .. trllll>'Zkritik.... huo.uwiO. II bifurkaciilfl iliIogramal.'"lO'iitL A

a tI"'lJ.'Q',kritilutll bifuruoo ~ 1 ko<liu~ bifurkari6lr. kiYd t.artozi.Ir..
-I 0
n~caoml>-
h<
A f."ti ftlM.f'1wt .. (17.52) kiinduJ4>oi I"O'IJd,.z Tn" v~Ot"dit_ut iMjuk. ho,;y Iw&ccikh ... jOn lH.,.., <'KY
"""'t...-tt ~lacionMin,'1'0llthOl. (1 mMlhpl...obi.oti ~.'.II """"""...,..t): M<t HOP FII,jtoriarwW<k (-r;:;
A~DROSOV HOJ'F-In.ft<r*'iriOnakJ lJf"Vf'ZZilk. ,'" 4(0) < 0 C'!<Ct<t _zuprrtnfth..nak. a:< a{O) > O.--trt
~:llUnt.h..nak hh'juk tfdl<"w. ~ 0'(0) > O)...u"
3. Al - 1; = l. AI -c 0.0'(0) > 0 .....(0) < 0
-.ot a 17.23. i b ea n \Athat".
17.21. ahn\.
3. lIopf-bifurkilci6
U-1{Y"11 n ~ 2, I = I .... r
~ ~. loA t,kint~iik a ( li.,,2) <'l!..ypnl..u>t. Tegyii k M.!logy
h"ll :5 Eo (0> 0
X; '" iJ..i
.,lpg"ut.liio,u kin.ilLy), akkul f(O,) .. o. L.1t,Yt,,,, k .. V./(O, 0) JACOBI -mAlrix ....jft.t{>rt<'hi)" =
(..' I- 0) ("Po 1,'KYpu', -
2 .......Ilui A, ""jft.ti'IUkn [leA, I- n. A kOZPOIlti >oo~grll von"tkO"/'otM,,1 ""...tint

.. bifurk... ji,t .. (17.:>4) r<~lHk"lt ,liff"I' IH'jAl.'!:y"u[,t irjal", aIm'ly ",,,,,t:
r" o(e). - ""(ely + !l1(1", lP),
",,{c).l + ,*)y ~ !1'1(;r,y.j,
(i7,;jlj)
IIhol (I, .... !h "" fh di!f"n'lldall",w fil!U!v'uy,k. I'll f'IlIti111 . hogy ... (0) '" """ n(O) = 0, A ( 17,.jl;) \'gy<"ukt
"'lUli",aru. kmupl"l< k,.. )nlillAt"ll"\.I~~d"rlll{"i"lV,,li... ;t~ (r. u) polarkoordinatak 1,,'v<'7At{""v,!1L;t
r '" u(e)r + lI(e)r't +"',
,..(!)
+ b{e)r l + .
(I 7.~,7)
normAlal"kr" hod,"to. "hnl" pontnk 1\ Ill",lIAAAhhr"ud'l tR'I0kAt j~l~nt ik. ( 17,;,7) ~gy ii lt.h"t.M;iAAv(."y,~
i",'k TAYLOI\-f;<,..ha f,jt.;"", a~
i = ,,'(O}eT
+ U(O)T", d ....{o) + ....'{O)( + b(O)r'"
( 17,~)
)7 ,2:.1, JohrA.
A H o r~. hi fmka.ciok til'ikw,ak ..... "" 1 kodilll"Uliltll hifllrkAl'iok kiy,j' taI'tf)',m"k A l><'lI111t.. t(>lt """t-
,w-tvA.l"""tA.<; ilhL'I"LtrlUj.. allt .. t"nyt. 1l<fltV .. Mlul"'rkririkll" lI o f' F!Jifur k"'i6 ..

[~ltpv""'k 1lli'1lrtt
["lit ,,~fog,uml\7,ott
Orvf'llY!-"llll .t.. hili ,""" ,ollll'jl1JI illulP,h"t1\ [r[:

T"llviik f..l. hogy ( ) 7.52) johl.nlJII]aO pontho'li JACoDl-ll,lItrixl1Jl"k A,() "'" AAe) ",.jit.li'rti'k"i" = O-nAi
I'll'.
l i"".tR kiopz<'t"" "''''mok.'' t o ltlti AI ""j",iort<'k...., 1'.~hl: H,,'AJ
i (]. kgypn tov';'hhil.;t;
H,,>. ,( )!<,.(l > 0
"" 1,'gy,,1t 0 II (17.::>2) "gy'lLlp'I'L."imptolik,~,,\1t "t."l.i\;" iirvi'uypo"tjll.lltlJikor E = 0, Ak kor" = ()-w,lll

(1 7.:;2) " !,-vl'llld bctl szupe-rk rjtikr u ll oP F !,irm kll.rio 11"'10' v(.!ll,,'.
Az (param" tcrt t..rtalmaz6 i +((x2 - I),i +.r .. 0 VAN DER j'OL-["!" ,Eff"",udfl!''RY",,!rt {,tirhat,"
'IZ
]=1/_
iJ= -e{:r~-I)y-:r
d5S
~ikt ...h ri ilfr tf>nd il ]''ltVO'lIk u ,',. II" f '" 0, Ilkkor PZ all pgyt'nkt " IuUIlJouik\l" OH7A'ilJilt or "lD"'nk,,I""1ll'1O'
at. an...lyrw k 'V , I ...hil~~. ,II- m"m ....~.jml.t()ti k,l><all ~talJili" , t.ociou..iriu>; poutja", klvii l <1lak ' M'r;<><lik,...
mpgol<1A.OIli Vlll11lJl.k. ( > U''''''''-''n Vt'grpbll j IVl'l 8:.l tl - Vi.I. t' = ,fi II tran,,",foml>W;lOt (17.:,9) w.
Ii _ v.
= - " - (,,~ - tIl'
(17M )
. i1d ....1i e,.:yrll kth<'ln"&)' ill,
A ( 17.1;0) "'R.Vt'nwl (ll 0) ~r""i"llAri"" l'olltj ",l>af\ Vf'tt J ACODl I1"'~rixiwak ""jatfrt;'k,-in ' ['-"M il . hOllY
A, Jlc) =
~ J~
I"'" ijtv AI J{O) = i tov" hbft
~ n..>',(E)
..0 =
~ > O.
Am int at 17.12.3. I. """k14Jahftn Il'lf'lI:IDut"lt uk , (0,0) .. [17.(0) "lO"'TI\f't "",illlVlot ikllNUl sl.'ohili... ~1.J\.
ciona.-i,~~ pontj.OlE
o.nAl. .-\ ( _ 0 pa1amrtpri'rt<'knel "",upcrkritiIrJL' HOI'f-bifurlr.A<i6 k'v rrt. k (O,ll)
~i c > 0 . -....1 in.~ta"llj,. r>rVfTlypolll. AlI'lf'ly<'1 n1yan h"tM..ikhL~ \"4"'<7. kOriil..,mdyllr k IUlll'htl1 <ll>ja
(";""' kP<l l~
nO
4. B ifurklki4 k kPtp4raml>lt""" d itr .. renc;;iIPg) t>nl f'1t>klH-D

I . Ooucs-hifurk.kiO I~n .. 1; .:;1. ! ditr'rL'lIC~lrtht"n r~4b l
21.qo~ ", "D,j (n o)
J ACOlllulAtnx "1Ql. ""JAlo'rt<.!uo A, - O. .... t.-gyW< fd.~" -1 ~7"mU AJ "ljat;'rt.ki'~: ItrA. j "" 0 H"
II 0 7 -"") rniuWl
tdJ.....ilI . akkor
H.
.. ,
oj
(j,
IGI
,htr'W1I<'~k-t1... F
{)F
0.0\ _ -
a...
F fiiiQf'pny (0 0) kOn-oIi I"AYU 'R-....,..., a.z
r= "I-n1... .. ~I~
fPF
(0. 0 ) = -
;}r
(0_0 ) - g .... tJ
IJr -
01
,N'
,Jr'
(11. 0) -; n
( i 1.u I )
Ax
Ml m"", ,, kil.,vitMt &ri<:t.kht"o oIyau Miil<1.d "'Itot . ...., ....ylM"k
ri>vldi ' M l {nllllt""""h ~()k no'lk;ilij nom~.w.kra -.oct (Wod II;.lll. Mol fl ,
{(a,. at . .r). a , ... 0 t'" .
{..,
" 17.24.d abran mlbiLl.o (liw<tl1 17.1:Jl).

,-\mikor lIZ (01 , oJ ) "" (0 . 0) ponton "'r""",tiil At. i .lkriw. h.l.ejl-I... jl1tulIk (11.24, b a~ra) , .. ~knr
\ 11 .52) <"-1.ctrtt ,-,;on",> tip"."" nl'lll hil"'rhnlik,1IO .wi..... Ari.lII pontj/\. 0, ..u-tll>'lll'<1 Mro~ bl,...rboliku"
,tacionArill" pontr... (kd .1lIhi1~" QIOulOr.. ;"'"'IO' nye-regr..) ( . : ..,...rknl ..w.. mlInlhft,,"i<kw ).
K"t.diilll"~ fAz~"l.l'ra ( 1; .,}2) rcu,\.o;u>r .-t"ll''' fUj,o,portre <Ul 17.24.c"" abran lAthaw. Amikor lIZ
S, \ {(o. On (i = 1. 2) halm",,001 ""'It P"U"lI.IIIft,'1pllr AIMWl 1b6\ 2-bt-, f'g)" ko'tN",:",,"*n o..w.et"u.
n)"'Jry;OIOmO-tip""" stadona.r;,,,, pont l-lptk l"Xik. A1'l<'ly utAM rnq;:warM, Egy "tahili." hiperbolik.."
,t.ilocionilrilll' pont megmar...l
2. BogdamJV ~Tak.. ns-bifurk.kiO ~ 1\ ( 17.52) ll'nJ-t {"lIf"trn" ~ 2. 1 "" 2 , r ~ 2 . ",
"ZAm"
k-gy.-n a Dzj(O.O ) matrix ki-1 ""jali>rtflu- Al _ At = O. h n - 2

AJ ""Jatht..krr.. tf'lj<os>lljOn.
bolo'lli-A., -!- O. TL-gyiik ft>l , bogy .. ( 17. ::.4) ""hiU!t kkdirnruUOoo diff...... ~nIct ~
..kviwUPD-" 'I:1i
i- =y, Ji = ol""0'2.r - .?-.ry
(17.62)
sikh<>li I'Pn<~L Alr.kor a.l. S , = {(Ol ' at) : o~ 0) gOrhPn 1I)..... ~ooJ<Il6-hifl1rk,;,;;-, jOn Ikn'.
~likOd><>n""~ = {( ol. at): 0 , = O,o J < O} p- ho'n.v. n, < O~Ml"tjulunkazo, > Osikm.:..l....
HOP F. hi.fllI lr.k -Kl rP~'i>n stAbilis hArArrikl ko:olptkf'"l"k. ""
({a" "t ) : 1 - -knj .} (l- > 0,
~1AAdO) #ir'ben po.-dig a Ir.iind UA.~i
rtll. ~at rixh.uka V>U1( 17. 2 5 . ' b ra) , AmPly ...3 ~ikr{..,2hP
JlIlva s
iii" DatArnkh....... bif"rk~ (wei li 7 1]J17 171).
F..z" bUlllkaciOgIoba1i> wI'lfli-<rRt\l . clc.ifordulAi or ~t worll'ljllk , ~ <"9J' 4,..-n"9 homoA-li,,,l.... pGJJ'fi ,.u.ot ~lJ.... ptTU>tlJ;u ptil,..l-&tkwl. vagy ~. 4 '~J'Grntrul< ..mlIOlJ.omlo!..
-It.,_
s.. '"
fl ~ ' _ II.II.i"t4T.
~~~~~
........ rrM( 1 1. 2 4.aAbra) .
"
3~
17.2"...Ior,,hili,rkill:;6 f..lt<.'tpl~i r
(.
0)
17.1.4. ab,,," ,
U'!tvPU" tOYI'hhil\kh .. nI~ < n. A (11.Gl) ","dSZ"T n~mhi!"'rh/llik\"~staci,,"ilJ;\Is "ontjai l "" (01 + "1.r2
(OJ - 3,r - 0 "RY"1111,t"'1I<1,~~', dchnift.lja. A , t.",,:iow'rilll' pontok '\? S , i'f' Sl gilr1';" vsnnnk.
,,"Ul,.Jy K'ir!s'kf't. Il~. j("" "l) 21<>~ - 1111 = O} halmez hati\[(y~z.. mq" {". <'!O'ii!.t"",'ll "KY "."'C.,,,!
("usp) ,.Jkolnllk (11. 24. 1> Ah r a), II.. ("I,"t) = (0,0), IIkkor "" (11.61) CK.Y"Tlld 0 st...-jo"Ariu' pontj"
., t" hili. (1;.;;2) fAzisl'0 1T"'j,, II kiiz,.]i,l" 'lJ. p,'ldA,,!. ha" "" 2, I. 0 '.....'I."n (hrirr" " .,,,m,,,, i;... . drll "y,n'y)
? '" Il,
0'
m
Altalflll06itott Hopf-bifurklkiO T.-g.viik fd. ho&.v a ( 17.5 2 ) rt'n~ tf'1jP.s.,-oI....k .. 1I0PF

> 6 mdlMt", 4 kH<!im P Il7.i6lo ""1,,Ult diffpl'f'lIdAl"RY"nk-t normflWakja (>Olar
k<>oIdinAtAA alakhan r--: ""Ir +C2r' - r-' +"' , J _ 1 + .... Ems-k ...rcud-eernek II hifurkaciMiagnulljll
(11.26 . ahra) tartAlm",.= a;l 5, "" {(CI,C, ): 1 = n, CJ " ll} !lorl';'!, amply.", k !-'Outjai B OPF
hilillkli<:-i6k...Tr"Plt"7RntMnl\k (1"",1 117.1]). A J silu ....,.;,11 k"l 1','ri",lik"" I'Aly" van....~"k ko-~ill llZ pg,y,k
"labili~, .. mAsik in."<t,,"i1i~ , A~ 5~ = {(CI '2) : t~ + 2 > 0, 1 < O} !':orb.'11 eze k a n"m Inperbolikus
cikht,S<,!< "l!:'>' """,,!'tfH pkluoNl ojw"lnl\k
",nply" 2 "lkri"""'11 .oIt,1uik.
". Saunm..trras..rt ....
Sok (11.;;2) alaku d iffNP n" ii' !'l(Y" IlI,,1 "Z.,,,,,,dri<ltull\j<lIlIlAAggl\l rt'nddkL'~ik" koYPtk...,.o htcl"lHl~'n:
li-t,",ik olyen T Iin<'Aris tran,dorm"";'" (",it ''';l'tl,'l': t,l\n"'/Jllfmft.d6k "RY ,sol'0rtja). hogy minden.r AI
"" ". E Y" ,,,,,,1.1>,, fIT .r.e) = T j (.r, e). A (1 7.52) 1"".1,..,..... .., pAlpijll " .,"'"..t,ik""T....nin'c, ha T"r = ..,.
A~l mondjuk, ho!O' e co n ,.....I.h.... i"""drl"-,rrltfhifurk',,,i6!1'1' f,.] l'''l,IAI1I (17.::>2)I><,n (I = l -nel), bll
e < 0 nwUf'tt slahili, sta..;oru... i"" 1",,11. VI'IO' "talril... 1".I.,u'dkl,," letcaik. emely mindig szinuuo trikus
T-n' nhyp. e = O-naIl""lig ki>t lovah!>i I<t.. hili" ~t.""i",,Arill' pont YI\gy batAl'cikllll' k,l..tkP7.ik, amely,'k
mft.r lwm "'l.inu""trik,""",k T -r" nhY".
3.
3.
U
..I,
. 1
,i_,,',
860
'.
17.26 . a br ...
r,
0>0
HII a (1,.:;2) n"l<b<t...rI",o f (r , t ) = r r illor T r .... -r <'l!:'" ""imIJlf'!riiot .1.fiuiAl. IJII"Tl

/ (-r ,t ) - -J(r .t ) {z E R t E R ) . tll\ t < O,akkorxl _ O sta.hi li~ starionilri !J" puut _ H.. > 0,
Nlkoc,c , _ 0 lI...
u..u m"',11 ko'1. st.vionJui '1II pool l"2 .3 _
x';;. Mnf'1yt'k pgyiko...-tIl ><.<i1ll1I>< tnkul'
17.21. Al.rlL
17.3 .1.2 . LokAlis bifu r kAci6k p e-r'iodik us palya kozeleben

A Ipk.. p<"Z ...... k klnpon t i lIObsA,:ira vo na l kozi> tetel
~ ( I ; ..32) f'&Y Jlf'ricwlik\!.'l pIIlyaja ,.. 1UIlW. t = O. ~ J<ogy<'llPk ennek " multi plikB.t.orftl Pl.
p., _l. p,. = I . A .., poft.Iya ki.i.rw.-uallor jOI"'l lh", hifmlW:iO. M e lDl'g\'tIltOllJ... tWu.il a nudt,!,hkAtomil; kilzill ~hb'lO' m llti II bnuph ~kOr1_ Ha ~ "I-ra t ~ ~ fdiilrtct. a11oJ.mN:unk.
ILkkOl" AZ
p - - P (x , )
( I' ,GJ)
paranWttTfiig8"\ POISCAR!.-J..k"p<.'ZJkillf"l.Julunk. A.tutan Jr,;y..n P: Ex \. _ (eo-- )
tWol c n--'
1.
no \ '
c. H' nyflt balnuq
P""~
hI
& 0 < O. allo.r r -= U kOzfoJiohrn ,...., ~V "tabilj,. ,..y illf<w.iliM ~t>orio>!Wi.", 1>OlI1. anwl~ ...k Otr.<
l<l.I'01VN1nAk All: r '" () iJl,.tAhili.o ~ta<:ionaril"'I>OlItt4. H.. a ;> II,akkOT.r '" 0 1rOruJ<;1...... uint-,,~tat:iouAr,.'"
l" ,nt. .It (17.tid) '-'1QY'w,-tIIPt, frl l"'I'0, ( 17 .lj(j) itltAl lrirt hifurk.u-v.t It-1:':pu<,,...A: .ra!olriI........ "!J"T' ..,m6" j lJt'f linOj an..k n<"W'ZZiik.
:\ ( 11.:i2) olilf~nlM"".,ti-u a ( r; .ljljl lrkl-\'...n. t ula~ A:,:h:m...N1 tioo>:<"kttjt'b~pw.w.
~ ptil'J"- InjrtrLic.ojdra utalwUr.:
< 0, Akkor Iftt-Uk "lD" 11 ~tahil'" perio.-likw. pM~'a "'" CftV
u.. ..
~ iuo<tabili.~ p"riodikll." piJ~.A, 1UDC1~.. k .. _
" ;>
u.nAI. "Y"
fi-l;~ tabiliN
pAly""",, n1YlW1n..k ......... 1lfI)I"1~'
O.....-fo1l r..lhomlik ( 1 7. 28.a.b .bra).
~'C"-Irk~.";I .. P: )( \ ' _ R- l x RI , P(x.! ) :_ ( P(.c.t) t) k-kf.
IecYo'n m'"& C' -diff.'t>IUOlfwn...... ~ tor.<iliM P (O. 0) = o. ~ \.f'O'11k rd. bogy a D,P(O, 0)
JA C08l--rnAtnX6..u.m u f'! , .. P.""';';'ti-rt"krn IPi I = l.mllZiirn.... p , . . P.+ .. ....jA~[p. l no p,1> 1 t.PljrotiIL .\kkor" 1~1:.).ni<~k 1:" .
ponti . ol:a.orfg<ira '.,.... th>ul t~td (l&ooo l li 1.1211 kirnondja.. ho,;y .. P k-kfpezi's (O.0) E f: x V kim- If,h,.u
topoklgikultll.ll koojuplt ~
(r, ,. : . c) 0 - - ( F( r .c). A'v, A.": . f )

1ek(V<"~1 (0. 0) E
(l Vj,J)
"',
0--
~ (0, 0)
, :r
0>0
<)
n..- I x n' k'>7.rlph...n,l'lI f ' (.r. C) '"
A'r + g(r.c) . f..kOd><'n 9 olyan C'"-diff"l"l>!.d .ftJhaw Irk~,lI.lJ1<'lyt.P1,rfti 3g(0.0 ) - 0 ...... D,g(O,O) """ Of..lli>t.. lt .:\7. A' , .4' , ill.. t .... >U; A" ma trix
(&, .), (m. m ), illrtve (k. k) ti[>l1~" .
A ( 17.64) .w.k bOl kiiVl'tk.-zik. bogy (1 7,63 ) hifllrwit'>i (O,O) k"".. \i>....n .. H'~ '" ((r . y . : ) : II _ O. e =
OJ 1t>1Mi.. wzpnntl.ooka.,rigou III
r o-- F(r .c)
( l1.w)
rnt.iMlt /...1:.'"":,:,,... 1wlj.-.n 1... lrhAt<'>k.
2 . K f h ;t.,re-n Oe./;owhtt fHill; ~t3b i lis periodik us p a lyflk b ifu r ka d 6j a
1.A'gy<'n " ( 11.:12) re l\tl"Qr _'1':'11 n ~ 2.r ~ 3 .... 1 _ 1. T.'gy ilk fd.l.Iugy c = 0 m...l1rtt .. ( 11.;;2)
rm.-lIl7.rrn...k l' (M'riMiku'I>AlyAj.. " PI - + I , Ip,1-I I (i '" 2,3 ..... n - 1) &<p~ .- 1 multil'likM<>rnkW .
A l..ki>P"1'''''''k kmp"nti ~<>k&<ilg"'rll vO"lI.tkod, tit,4 "",-'rillt II. (11.G3 ) POlSCAR&!"k ... p,......"t ....ll rdlh ~;
hifllrk""iokAt .. (11.6.) ..1OdilH..u7.i..... rt'<lukMt l,ki!"",,,, fogja leirui A' _ 1RJ-"1. H" .. kijzlN-lllll"~ Itl:t
[ill-'
iJF
& F
i. f..ltessziik. hogy Jr~ (0,0) f U ,'" lk (0,0) I- 0, akkor iJr 2 (0. 0) > O......t"'n
J
b)
t(r, .. ) = ..
+. + .2,
< 0 ......tm l'... di~ I\}', r
0--
(11.(>6)
H
+r-
.1"2
tl()rlll"'buakh,,~
j lltUIJk. A 17 .27.1l MJran ilktv.-
II.
1 7.2 7. h IlhrA n (1.....1 II 1. 1)) " ( 17,00) it"r""i"'" <'Ij ........ I,'fllli""" "'" a hmzatart-<w.<'> f,,-,iNporlrf IMh"t,'"
kiilonoo7.6n "rtpk..k ",..lI.. tt n ki.....Il-t..u.
3.
P " r iOd us k.. tto Wdes vagy fti p- h ifll rkil:c l/>
.. (17.:i2) reud_r ..... "'n " :2: 2.r ~ ~"'I = I. '1' killtlliik ( 17. :-'2 ) pgy'" l"'rindik,~~ l.atyajAf
c '" O
tiu .. p, = - 1. Ip,1 i 1 (i .. 2 .... f, - I)"... " . z I lllu1ti l' likAf<>t old<al . A f'lll:-("M'~_k-ki'I ;.,.o.-h,,,.. k;y/~'li I>ifurk... ,j{... vj,.. lk,~Ihti't .. l I 7 ur,) 'Wtlilll,uzii.. kko"-]N/ft<iJ.j.. 10- .4' = -1 "",II,tt.
r"ikozhrn az
Lt~,,,
t v.
a) '" (- I + a)r .. r'

(11.67 }
r 0----"nrnui.W,J",t krU fdtrtd,zniink. A (17.67) n'll,l""~'r r = n Hu,,.j"nlu"iu,; l'nlltj" ku. tl ~ 0 .",,t" " ,tahili,
i.. a < () _1pn illst"hili. A7. f2 nll.... Nlik it"r"'l!. 1.k"lw'......Il.k (} < fJ '....'a'u az L = 0 INJJltnn ki~o"ll
",log ki't nlyall ~1."I,ilis li>qmntj" van: rU _ J=(l + ,1{1"1l , 'uHdy,'k f"-u,'k nnIl fiXpo lltjai , Eunok
kovrtk,zt;.l"Il ('7~'klJ" k a (11. 61) l,kip'-I.<".. 'l prti....hl~{l I"'lltjll.i"ak kdll"Jllliiik.
:\1li<lMwUl s'l.ol"i<.l'gy ( 17 ,6.'.) "lllkl', C'-I,k"l",i,,, ,,,,,,,Iu 21N'ri""IIl~"'I"'lYIl k,j,t k,z{""'t.. k,'riil ""I' c '" 0
,.,..tlu. !ia t,'lj""iiln"k a kr,V!t k..z'; fdti't.-l,'k (1,;....1111.:.11):
sr
or
F(O,O) : 0 .
-(O.O) "- -I.
iPp2
iYf"l
~(O.O) #-O.
_ (U.fJ)
8.,'
0.
iH~J
-,-(n.U) - n,
(J
if' P
,r
...,--" (fl.O)
it)
(11.1;''1)
of
iJF2
Miv..l - (0,0) = -I mil\u - . (0.0) = + I. pzzplm..gfogallllll.Ztukaz 'llck..l....;;"'r .. .. 1Ifl1"hifi.~!4rill
&,
r
klti-klrit.
A (17.67) ]..ki-J.....,;". tlllaj<l"nMRai" (\7.;;2) diff"l"PIlCi41~ffllptr.. nhve azl volljil.k maguk IltM. hoKY
(} == 0 .-tl'n 1M1 "lO' kOriilbo>liil k..t.ooz........ p"'no.Ju.~iJ. stabilli ""riodikUll pruya h_1 t.. t,...ririd.... k..'
ww.u..). l:likOztwn "I ..\v..,.ziti .t..bilita..at ( 17. 28.<: Abra).
A TG' to.IJ - [0.11, ,:..(.r):- <lrO - r) 1ogi!lZlaUllleMJ>"Zi's < a ~ .....-f.. n ..
:s
r,., = nJ',(l- r.)

(1769)
&'lZmt dinamik..i ":'IIda..,.hfozI,,",*ik. A Itk.,-..... bin 'rk""",,, vi>oPIk...w..-111.10I_ri.l1t a kij.....lk.,.,.d,
H.. 0 < () :S I. aldwc (11.69)lll'k 0 "t.N.:ionAri'IlI pontja .. 10, 1] vonza..i tartolWiJ.l.lIvai. II.. I < .. < 3
akkor (17.69}-nek 0 i1<t.abil1ll "t.IIool:l.i.riUll VOn!j...... 1 - ;- st"bifu. Sta<:"iorWiUll pontja, ahoI u "tobb;
~ tartorniwya (0.1). Ha "I = 3. ukor lIZ 1- .; "tariouariUll J>OIIt "KY in..~tahili.~ .... <'llY IIlAbiw.2
prri6d,........ pUyan.<'l'ik !O'i-t.
Az <l2 == 1 - J6 ht%kntll a 2 p<'rilxlusoi pAIr- i& il1>oubiliMa v;;Jik..... ~ ,ot,oohili.. 'fl pori<'wl,...u pAIr"'''
C8t'1"H6dik. A pm6d..... t~folytAtMik..... _hit 2" p<'ric'wl,....u pAly>U kP"'tlw7n.-kn = 0. _Ion.
:"'Jumerilutll vizsplatokalal..f.ulaGtjQ, boKy '1- .CIl;'AOf"tion .... -"'x "" U.,O
Ha. = "'o.. ...kkor oIy..., F ll.!IrAktarboz jUllInk (F'E1GE..,"BAl),HIUru.lto.-). &IndyD<"li: .. ......,.Iwvt....
CAsTOR-hAlInlO7Jloboz bAMnlO, A% Attr...ktnl'tJ<x ~ Jti'wol V&nnAk olyau ~tok . ...,...Iyrk nrm
lIZ ..ttrAkta ....... h..nrm i""tAhil_ pmndikwl ~ iteralOdna.lr.. Az F attrulomU. V>ulW .\In'll'''Iy:ti. ~ HAlSOORFF-din>o-nziOjll. tl N( F) "" 0,5&
~I~ nem uv-z;tAljuk .. kcmrti iIl1apotnIctOl
-JO kv'b-ny fiiggft<t. AI 0", < 0 < -t tAltOmMyblw. va.o ~ oIyNl poz.iliv LEBESGt'E-llJk"ti'koi A
PM"rn"1f'1"hAlf1lll.l... bo&Y'" E A -.fon It. (I7.(9) n"ods:zc.-mc.-k po::titfvmm..ok,i bootikUll attr.u:tont. V>ul.
Az.~ halmaz ~ -n tlhdrl.... ..bIakok1r.al. am..lyekbc.-n pni6dW<h.-tL6-....xJno "'" fcl.
A Jogil<ztiklll' It-k~ hifurkNiOoo vWlk~ AZ <'9J'("ric.oli kl;iptdMi ( _
1 int"O,.,Ihllll olyan
OnmagihA -l6lt-~.IIIl>f'IY"kno-k[brD egy<-tlm ~ m&Ximum.ik
,) .-zl.6ly4bao _ IlIO"J:
lfflpl tAWni. H..~ "".. k II.Z .., f>IUlUl1"~rWkPk.lIIl>f'lY"ko"" It. p<'riOdu.~kPItOW<l"" Mwp... kiilOnh0z6
fOgy.,.,......., It-~nH klllOn~k. " knn""T'gP~. IlIDPilp'l f'7.Pi; ........Ami>t..,...l,; .. mill'
OOlkorio", "'rW~ t.olr\Il.IllIoI.lIZOfI<Jol: o. - ...", "" C6- .1\hoI.6 = Hi692 ... FElGE,"BAIJt.lA1l&ndQ
(C fiiAA a 1wukrM.Io'iu'~t&ll . \<1 F ILllrul.oruk HAUSDORFF<iirnE-oziOj" l. /lZ(l1l<J" (> = 00< '-'(!II:
a b re].
N..imark k Sacker at ele (1A....-l117.1!:I1.117,;ill kimondj... boRY (17.71) hifurkAri6llvi,'lk<..I""" hAAonlO
t_rlKYt;" r&illik {"z"prrl:nlih~. HOI'FbiJu,.-l;<ino '<k""..~",..kn"'I).
....1
,)
I ((I+f)T+y+J1-2Jl)
( Y "-,fi -.r+(I ... t)y+r-r .
&ltAl IDPgN!ott (1,.,0) Io-k"p<-a..uo'l f = 0 ......1.." nUp"tkritikU>l HOPFhi!urklociO Ipp fo-l.
~ a u-ny. hogy a (1,.70) k-kcpere,u{'k ~ik WI inVlll"iiwo phCje. " (I ;':,2) diff..rencialegyt>nlPtrp
wmatko:t.tatVllllZt jelmti. bogy a(O) < 0 f'OI<'ti'lI 111\1 pniodikll" p41y" i.w<tabilil< 6< abb61 c > O......-t..n
"I(V (17.;;2)fe nm... im-ariiU1.~ "tAbiliJI tOr\JIIZ krktk<-zik ( 17. 29.10 ibr.).
...
" -v., _ ~. - _ ...
.'
"
b)
17.29 Ahra.
17.3.1.3. Globalis blfurkaciek

."-TnPiI..u. bogy pPriod;ktL~ JM.IY" k.-k-tkrxltrt ~ -..plU'lLlrixhurok f..lhomw.ilVal." (H.::'2)~
hP" IJWog UMi.hhi giohAW< hifllrlW:iOl< iI' pWordIlIMIlWr:. b...k kOzill k"u<'it p8d/ivai vilagi~unk IDf'g
(liwili 7.I2Il
I. Period ikus pilly. ke l.. t k..u- nyp n>gCllOmo .. ltiI nPse r+vi>n
....1
i: _ r(l -z2 - ~l ~ y(l'" r -0).;:: -.r(1 + z + /0) + r(1- ,-1_~)

lIZ.r = rOOll It. II _ r Oln d ].>OIArkoontirui.tiLkhlon
tlH(F)""O,~
p,-;.mn.... fiiu6 n'lldszcr
4. Stabilill t6n u'l kpltotk~

TpkinlJ<.lk .. (17.::'2) ......o.z..n" ~ 3 r ~ 6 .... I = I ultnelt. T<-gyUk rd. IIO!O' HHnd"n f - - ' .. n
(H.::'2)-npk VAll p<'riocIik.1I' p41vAj.. 0 k,.,...Ifobf'n: i . 1.cKY<-I1lk ,.. lllulti].>!ikatorlloi P'.l = , ..... Ahol
" ~ {O. j.:'''}. PI
J ... n - I), .. hnl!PJI t- I N<p.. = 1.
A koeponti IlOkA"""cr.. VQWIlkoW Ii'to-l """,rint" """"han forgo hclyZl'tbrn olyau
z .......... F(x.t)
(11.7U)
kM.lim"lloUo" rcduk..h e-.Jo,k.:].>'--/ioo ..JOdik. IlJnE'lyrE' F(O,e) = O. ba e k&7...1 Van u-h=.
II" .. D.F(O.c) JACOBI'lIl1\,t rixllu miudcu u-h= kif""li e ~U'n p(c) .... p(c) konjull:ii.lt komplpx "".
i = d l - r1 ) . '; 'O' - {I + u + TlUHf )

(17.;'1)
..w.:u, ~yilvli.uwU6an t<;.I.Iw5lcg<" 0 ].>Nall..tto....rtJ>klll'11ll r = I k", inVl'lriAn (17.72)-", nh..... {,s mind..u ].>itJ)'" (ki""ve" (0.0) "ladunariU>l IK.utnt 1 I .....,tton ph~ " kOrbOz tart. Ila 0 < U. eklrur "l:Y lly<'Rog a. "lO' bt<o.bili.~ UIOIIIO bd)"-'Zk...tik "I It. koron. IUllplY"k " '" 0 .-1;" <-:rA'Oh-aolwU;- "10'
1lyt"r<'K(";fl(1mO-ti].>II.~{' ~trtt st....:iowi.rilll' l",uuA. H"" > 0. Akkurniu<'"I<lltarionArills pont a wrv<.>nll.len, am..ly akkor p<"riodik'L" paly" (17.30. Ab ril).
o-
+'"
DO
jAl"rti>kPi valln"k, MoIIp(Oll = I.ukor d := '::'1P(f)lI<..tI > 0 {os P(U) ""1Il q",lik r>gy,.(.ggyok (q de
_ ' .
1. 2. 3, 4).lI.kkur (17, 7U)~illl"e lol Wgg<; konrrlinAl.lt!n<llJt7.formwioVll.\T .... F(T.E) = F~(x, t)+O(II.rII'}
aI;.kra h=l",t.{) (it~ 0 .. LANDAU-fi'\<' 1I"K)' urJol<lilllbOhun), abol
polerkoord inetxkban
t.
,)
(lP(t)lr+<l(t)r )
(17, 71)
( " .......... Ii + ....(E) + b(E)r2
Itt 0 .......... b <!iH!'f"ndAlh"l,o fiiggv"nY"k. U>Wn '1(0) < 0 Akkor (17.71) r = O..t""im,,\.ri'I>II">IItjll
minden E < 0 """ t"n N11.imptotiku/II\I1 KtJlhiliK .... E > 0 ('I;('ti>n in"tJlbili". E1.pn kjviil C > 0 m,II.'t t l(,t,-tik
a7.
r =
J-,,~)
ki;r. 1U1,,'ly II (17.71) kkt'p<-;1",,'c 1l;-tVC illvariall" "" I\8Zllnptoliku",," "tl\h ilil< (17.29.a
0=0
ad)
0>0
17.:iO. Ahrl\.
2.
Ny",reg-nyereg-Mzeparatrix r..lbumIA..a all lko n
Tekintsuk
"7.
:C = u + 2.ry,
iJ = 1 +.r 2 _
y1
( H.7J)
'64
IWU"MIlMPl"f1Igg<) "ikbo'li <liff,r" I,,:i~Yt'lI lM; ..t. H" (l '"' O. akkol ( 1 7. 73)~Il ..k to. 1) .... (0. -I) 11)'0'011:pontj........ az V-tr ll,l\" ly iIlV....-i'lI'" hllhuN'.>\. E lIlM'k "" invarllill.~halIlu",~",k ''gy ri'w.f'/\ her..roklilliklllO 1"\'
1}1l. Hll la l .,. 0 ki''''i. ,oIlk"rIlIlY"'l"f'8J>OiIt"k l\l'''I:llI""... lllak. mig .. hetero klinikw l..uy" "Ii't<~ik ( 17.3 1.
ilbra ).
17.J I.4hra.
17.3 .2. Kaoszho z 'i{'l('t('5 armonorek

KiilOllo.. Attnoktorok gyAkri\ill>t"W hind.." kdrtkPzn<-k. hlwt-lllolYAIl bifuIkariOk ~w....k......-lmol
Dyt"kfpp<'1l. AllM't~k k~'-u. hl',I<,""';;"t " (17.3.1_1 "ZllkNozhan bnn"latl,!k. A kiilt-".o.. I\urAktnrok.
ilIctw .. k-oilOniifo in\-..riAW' luoW.......k ko'-I"",id""';'bf,,; Vf"7,l'To "'xfootn.;"hh iltn,,lI<"\<k<1 fOlti\lk Idnll" kiiw tkf'7&hm.
17 .3 .2. 1. Peri6duskett6zOdC1;t>k kaszkadja

A (17.(9) ~tik..... ~11rlbrx ~Ilwm. folytooooo id.-ju rnId.........kbrn '" j"thAtunk prriM,...lorttiiW ~kio<nl"'I. n""""....lilt" kcJw1:lct-7A rrq816ki>nyv --.-int. T'"l(Y'-lk f..t. hoRY a (11..52) ~Df'k
C < (1 Wf'1IM.t
..w.lilOl....;o.lik"" jwJyA,iL Az ( '" (1 ~k~1I ~ J kWrJIol>m I...nod'",krtt<R.6<ji.,. jdo-nik TlU1l. ""...lyDfol. .. ~;11 pniodil"", fMJy" el....-iti sULhilit..iIAA.t. IAJ..v-l ....l6Ior '''lIJ''
mill~ ~ Akkor" I>rri<Xh..u -..;1 po"rindiku," ~ya . .... rnikot-! =- fl' akkor N".... lIICItirwnik PK'f
pr.rii><lllN,MtOzildl... lmkozl...."..,.~ """Ziti ..1s'"'hiliu<.....t, h. kMM.kczik 'T.Y 1'::1st...bib ].alya kOnll1,..hll
k"t.rt.PrAkkor" p,o:ri<><!,-J, (I '.':i2j..:JAk'll"Putbczntok I'out... OI<Zt&ly.un..,z II. ~h~bolt<hO<n. folrtlltbdik, e. io'tlY'jOu 1IfU>l.I'........,.,.,.,..k"kllPk pgy [e-J} ""t"O'Oltl\.
Bizonyop< (I ' .':'2) Ai'U(I'1 dilf......~,ul<-t.-kre (pol-klAIlI " hi<Irodil1lllIlikai diff""" I<w.-gy..nlrtrlu"',"milp"n" Lo RENz.-l"PllfwPr j,.) vooalkord> ll'U1Wrik"" fl7Am.itAAok a1Atfun""ztjA.k. hoRY lo'1.<-zik"
..,:1)
lim
J- + "
!J+l - C,
",
!J.l
c,+l
6 1uo.1AJ<'rt<'k...1.0 1ol" i>on>i>t" f r.l<a :s ll" uM-A1I..ndo.
. h e. =- lim cJ ,;rti-klli-I.. \",~l .."
,-.
1 "ri"' h ls'l ri kl "~ ..lv..,.ziti SUl.hilitA"'t,"" ,,,,r k.-nl l "
kiiloll'''' ..ltr"ktor
kl-p-dicl"""'".
.... 17.32." ! b rim Ilt.th"to ft.Jm.. k .. ll''OlllC'tri"i batle"r.... hogy mikr,llt ko'l ~t.&ljk <'Z" ki.i!l,ul", "Ttr..ktnr ..
(17.,, 2) wncl""",rt>..n P""ti....t"s k<>ttt'W.6c lhw,k J<a..<t kiidjtu, k... rr"",lii L.-\ P01:"CIIRE-m...t."",.'t ,ko"~I K"n kmAk
Hleil"'ll; '10' ,...kl...k"IK'7hl mut"t . 1U,,,'ly Mr" lIl"". hngy a C ":"To R-halmll7. hoz ha.'IOnlO"""'tk,",! k..l..t
k,~jk.
;fhi
,)
17 .32 . iII"a.
1 T.3 .2.2. Intcrmittf'Ilcia

j'.killlsiik (17.....2) egy olyall slAhiJi.~ I,...rio<tik,,,, Iwtlylt.jAt . amely t
0 ,.,...I"n pI"""",ti ~lahili~.t. ami~
lwr "" pgy~kOroli lwli:ill"vo multiplikMural kmll1 pnnt<... w ~'IO' f,'h'.....; .l" 1 (-rt.-k..t ..... k""pont,
...,~ vona lkozO l<'-te-I_rint " P01 ~ C"R .. 1Iklop'''''"' ""'II:r,-.Je\6uy...n1!NIOmo'>-bifurkaciOj" J<-'rhat.<l
""'r ...... F(r.rl) = rl +r+r ... nonnAlA1aki''"lO',timp nzic'loo lc-kiop.,:tt""",1. It t r ...... rl(c)ol"'''lI~ny.
1ll,...ln.. f..nnil.lI. hogy 0(0) _ 0, Az 17 .3 2.b ! b ri n 1It.tluotO i (" n) lI:l"Mj.. poeinv n ..,...u.n.
Arni.nt A;n a 17.32. b i1bra lllOltatjA." ~ Onw.-v.n F(. 0) il.rrJl1tjaivi.-=>lIy1"'A ""b.i~ ioo..u...kll.2. aU.gUtronl\lwut. A t 17.':'2) "KY~nkt~ nfon"''''' 1Lf.1j......lItl.lJOlO'II mrgMdli ~yilk viszonyJa,:ookiUg waradnak
a kiioon\AAi J"'riodiku,' ",,",ya kom~..-xMi-I,,"n. Ebben "lI:Z-/llwIr.han (17.:::.3] vis.f'lk~ kau-I pmodi.ku.s
\It,,,..ncin.> /r;i..:;L.)_ Az aJ...,;Utuman Atjll""''' v~ft.ll p41ya..ltnrI iil.lOllll i.nq;uJari" mcngAAok~__
Zf't 'url"J""./ci....,.j. Egy hmexlyo< iUO pll-Plt"VPI"palv" uJOOI f.'l"><llk ..... ;"n....1 rnegintlul a IanJiniIri,.
fari:&.....kirt helV'U'tlwnAkkor kc-k-tlu.u kl1lon<i<o "Urule>r "'" "I>Prio<Iik"spA.l~a .It o1uik. &; ,tabilitAAit.t
II botilrus ~ OrOkli mrg. A lI)... n-g..>o<lmb-bifurWiOood-. "&Yilt.- a tif>llolS Iok>llis bifurk"':iOluuUr;.
AnW'h... k """''''I*t ~ II.Z intfftllitl-Pocja. f~"ti>kuuy\"btn. Klot t<W4hhi ily<'tl "I...nod L,!tMtOz6rl"'"
h. a icxu.:z fellm......-lA......
17.3 .2.3. Globalis homoklinikus b ifllrHC'i6k

I . Smal.. tet e le
l<1O'UJr. fPl.. bogy "" R 3 _bcli (17.':i2) c1iff~VI.IJ,"I r01NCAR..1r-kio~Df"k in'-ariAn.~~
a ~ p..riodi""t~ plt./va
oIy"". mint a 17.1 0 .b !bri n A PJ(zo) trall.'lZ~;'" bomokliui.ku.ponwk ,llt"&f"wIDPk (17.32) "KY ...no lli'zW bnmoklillilul>Il,.;JyAjinAk. H.. 1kr.t.ik "10' oomoldiniklls pAIva 17.':'l..,bPn. akkOl" JlZ II. k<-.Wt-tll-rti>lwl<t61 val6 ~'lIy fi"~","" """'". A v~ POINC"RItk-k~ o.--fiigg""""n ~k<-'b.1c'ik A S~IIILF. altai ~ t l>Il.lk~k. F..a: A kil-
klvA-"'' ' D
....-tkrzi'i &llital-boz W'Zt'!:
Smal.. lett-Ie: A (17.(;:;) POI~CARt-wk"I"""'" VIllJun<oly trA~ h"mokliIllJro", pontjanak unnden kOmyn<:'trb..u van em}rk " IPJ<iopP>-;"'nrII1,.,.""hkllll pnntJlL. F:nnfolf~ t.rlW!lZ\'P'TZAIi. homoklinik,," pont mind..n kOm~-ezM;'hPn" P"'(m e fl:j It-Jt,,...-.ri.,.,JPk....,. oIyan .\ invari4n.. h"IJIUlZIl. JUJ1<'ly
CII'iTOR-tiplIJc(1. A F-I... kfp<~ .\-rA V>!'It I<w.ilkit<.....tupologik"""" konjllll;alt cv BF.R:"OULU--..lto1It.KAAI... _~. k.......ro ~tTPl.
.0\ (] '.,j2) "iff..,...nciAI~{'"lu..tiu""fiAruo h"ll1laM" I....mokliniklll. rJdVll k<W.-1..lx-n oIy>Ln . mint" cssTORhftlm..... "'" a:r. "RV~kOr "7.01'?ft,",. H" f'"7. 'lOl invftfi!nll "ftIl1\11ll vonro. Akkor klilOnii attraktO!ll
(17.32)n..k.
2 . Silnyikov tete]..
'!"kint",iik JlZ le-lwli ( 17.Z,2) ,liff"",,'llrift.lo-wnlrt,-t 'lOlt,.JWJ.ri>o parftllli-t....r wL 'I(-grille r..J. hogy" ( 1,.::'1)
rend-zern..k = O..".,v." 0 uY'-r<:"gC"'Omo til''''''' "illC"tholikll" st ..... i.-."lt.riH" pontj.... 1LI"..ly ki.' I! 1uwllMt
'"'~Jl..rad. LPg,)."1'Il1l Dz/(U.0) JIICoBI-mA.trix....jlt.til1l-k, ''RY mat ).~ > O. mMrffizll"'lO"'"rk AI ~ a i ~' (a > 0) konjl1 ll;a1t kOllll' l,.. x ....jli.ti'rt..kMc. T'1tV iik frllclvli.bhA. hogy .. (1,.32) '1O,e uwl.nr k , - 0nil.la ill pft.!y""YI""ratrixhllrka.
uly,,,, h"uIl.ld inik",. pAlyii.ja. 1U1"+" I - - :><; "'" I ~ 't'?O """tm
O-hO'~ tart (17.. 33 .a ahra ).
Akknr (17.32) f;izi>olKlrl.n;j.. " "'.'I....ratrixh,lrnk ki~;.,l;'lwu" kiiwtk..,.JI:
a ) L..l:y..n >"1 + u < O. H.. " "-'RI"""trix],H f(.k t I U ......1111 11.1. AwoJ )plo]t vari...."' uak m"gf..I"I';"ll
(17.33.a a b r a ) h"sael fd. ek kor (; = 0 lJ ... lI,U fdl ..1' (17.::>2) 1""'tnI'OiUl '"I!:Y p,"ri6clikus vAlyaja . Ha a
""Rl"'ratrixlnuuk! I- 0 "",I"n " Hwl j l'li i! t Vlllih'll"n"k 1I,..ll,f..I..!n.'n ( 17 .33 .b abta ) ha><N:l fp1. ak kor
nom kllptkP7,ik per i",tiklls palya.
b ) L..!:.veu >." + a > O. Akk"r { = (l ' ....till [ilh-tv.. ki..~i lei m..Il~ l t) "'N " "I.~l'ar"t ri "hlllok koy,]..lwn
(jll,tv"" ~d,t(""; 10 "",,1"1\ ko,d ;.J",,, ) tu"ll;"1Jllnlillh"t-<'",n V<'~l.d' 11 "" k lly""'W";'''IIlI'' 'rioclikllS piI.Iy..
U-t",~ik. A valM"d y 1'tJra I. ran""<V'I"Ali~ ,.\kr" vClw,tk,y;.<,> l'olNCII Ht~I ,"kl-r ..../i.,. t = 0 ",.~t"n patkold ....]K'7A;"" k m~.Amtalhat""ll v"gt..I,'n hal""",,,t l:'lwrillja. l\U1dY"k kt,ziU kielli lei f (I """t"n vf.g.... !IOk
il""'"
marlld m"R.
866
trlUl"7.Vf'I7.A1is homoklinik,~~ POlltjJ<i vanllU.
17.3.2.4. A t6r usz fe lb om lasa

l. A t6rusztoll' kaosz ig
1. A tnrbule llcia H o p f- La nd au- rn od.. lIj.. Az kt'r<y.,. , bogy II. n-g<tliLris (IJlJ1l i",iri.~1 ,'i",'lWb
hogyan meg)' at ilTf'g<,liLri>I (t ur bll.ll"li!') vi.wlkoo,lo,oht- . kl1lonO"'u 10:' d ....ZlOtI lraraml't..n1 rl'llo,.......r..kn';1
iordr-1o-,;, ~1yt'1wt pl'klIi.1l1 ~ tlilf.."'uriAlt-sJ....nwl.<'kkcl lnw. 10-. Ebb6J." nI'zOpontoo! II. k"".<~ "FO'
&)
17.33."hrlL
3.
:\1t'lnikov m6dn.. N!
T..klf\t.Iik IlZ
rtf) _ !(I(t)) + 1:9( 1, .1'(t,
(17.74)
olkheli <lifff"l1'llCl~uJctct . .llhnI t ki.~ Jl"'rAlnkcT. "Ir,y,ik Nol. bogy c = 0 .",...1.Cu ( 11.:'4) HAI.lILTu",
&7.&Z lOt /
'" (/..12) f'~f" &Il,ion fcnn. bo,;y I, = aH ... h '" _iJH . ..huI. ..
fJz.
aZl
H {i C n 2 _ It fiiuvi-ny ~-h<'li. A 9 R " U _ n 2 idOtOl fiiu:o w~ tc-gyUk f.~.
bogy kkm.... foI)~ dilf..I't'flOA!Mt<'>, rA P\!M.'I riltozojahan T """,rint periodik-o"" ~ toYl\hb4 J
... 9 IwrlAtaII ha.I~ korUr.t<. l "Yfik fet boc I: = O......-u'n (17.74)-nak \''''lI homoklinikll" ,",v"j..
II. 0 IlY"TPgpOlltra nC:I:vt" no bog (17 14) rOl:"CARt-lllct..~, ~... az {( I I.f2.
fiWolt<;rb..u I ,,;. tr
DN oI.yan. mint a 17.33.b 'brAn...\ Po .. L:.. - L:.. POI!'OCARE-"k~k kicl<iIll' IEI _ tPn Po
n)~tJ& Va.lI r _ 0 Iu'.ouo"'hoou .. " -' (p..) 5 a II ~ (P. ) in,.,.,..w". ""kH...l igaL lis " J.>'"!1.OlrloiUal.lA,ll
~bolllOkfu.llkWlpall ..j"ll ...... ..i t -to) aJja mCll:. &llor .. w (p. ) ...... IP{p.) lOO~ tAv~.
;L7.<1f\"C"'ll"" lUf'ut'"D IOCrw. "",,"y ,;,tll'lf'!)' a ...
iO) ponton ... mnoM-gN' f (,..iO)}-no."
rend!Iza-.
tn
'("I =
I:
.\llto)
j(;,.:>{O))
M(lo):-
/(;;{I -
W'7lctbrtIM"lr..
3 . Afrl'imovic!l .... Siluyikov tet .. l.... s ima...aI!:Yellzle.m5J ka T' t6nl"-Z JM'rturbaciojarol LeI:.""D n ;::-: 3 I = 2. {.,. Je,;ynr {1 7.::;21 ~ "-'UiIO rrutJou.,.'r , r~k f<ot. ~ IOZ c. ~
.-.m.o~ l' (I ; ..'>2 ) Il"rKb<u..m<k P (c. ) vnra6 l'irna toJi _
lllPf'lyoot l' .. . !ttAnilis ~kll.~ IWYl'- 11
uY"~i ... periodik"" jMJya.'''' pz ut6bhi IP (..,.,, ) illt<l>lI>ililI!lO~ ff'f<Zi1 i i (""'"""nciotOr-...z).
.-\. 17 .34.a i b ra olJan Miik-t<'Ii ....u f' ot:-;cAnt-lt-ko'f>o'7;'" ~l tori<>nan ,1l' JM,"tJaib61. NlO m';uiAl\.<; ~.....
~ muta!.. """1<"ly fd'-II<.-t IIIimIllZt h<-a.nti irAl1ylila tT>ll11lZ~iMn1Tl<'UI7,i. A " .I>ily>I """"ll p m u ltipk-Kko.:. Itl,b ""1.1, ,.,.){:.. ... <"lP-~ ~'n t.ovilbhli t (): '0 . r - \ .
U"~ folyt.oDo!< giirhf. 11 P'U"<UI><'-wrti'l't...lI. alll,.]Yrt" c( U)
Ca
Affif'"lyTr 11 (17.::i2) Il"n~k
C : t( I )
nino< in".. ri"nfl l"I"7.... llIUK"...t1rl'Ula- Aklwr kl1nAl ...10- 1k.-m itllit....,
likat.ora. aUldy>lZ P'g.',.,.;gko..""" a
... O{,,)
k"vlnwl rwW>oIhAti> ki. Itt .\1 ..
illlPTprrtAlhatO. mint idOhl'll ,..,.....hAIytalan. 0 .. lJorht-n l'1'lI, lto7Rtt viooPl1o'fif><.

Ezul >QA'Ulht-n " tt.rlnJn>r14 ... l'1"ndwRr oIvan v\lOlIlu'<I<....., Amply iM I>rn ... lhht-n if; "".u"ihta.!IUl.
A HOPF LANDAl' -rn<><J..U"lurhulo'ncia k<-1~tk..,.f,;I't lI o f' F-lJifur kN 'iOk ~U"k-n Jw,zkMjit-J~...
r&i:zL Amikor t = c ) , aklwr "ltV "tadOIl"ri".. ponthiil b.to.l"r lUll1>o kt-W,lwzik. amely t~ > n
iu.~tahili""'" vii.lik "" a P ti>ru.~ W'Zf'I A k-...-hk 1.. (urwiOail "'Y k.-lilnt-mi&. \On~"" keletkezik.
lUllI'lyw l' eem \f'ziLrt pAly3.k r..Jl-o."kl'l't'<iIl"k. A HOl'f LA~DAU-m<>ti<'ll &It1ll.u....o. IIPrn _ I ol~'an ,,!tr.u.torhoz. aIllf'1)"f't a kl"7.dcti f..Jt<-l-o."kktOl-lO ~k..IlY fii~ ~ >I kcv..rcdi-oI,jPllo-lllf'Zlll'.
2. A Ru.. l1~ Takens :-.-..whom..... forgat6kon)v ~,, (I 7.::i2 r.. ,Ml.....,.bcu II ~ -t ... I = I
T~ fd. ~ all e panurtPt.. r lDf'ltViJ.WLIal"""'aAll' _tar innAn' ''' J>OIlt - p<'IioJik.... pAlyl'- t.:.ru..-l
TI _ ti>rust Tl biftlI"k~t ,-..k':.ntl u"'I h4rom "'SY'JW " t4n knvcth'30 flOPF-hifuri:itriO..orAn.
~ l' Poou ~tt kvUij>"riodik... foIY&l1llolrukt .MiMn iTJ!<tabiu... .o\kkor (17.'r2) lIN mPglut.~\ kiai perturbitriOl ]'J ~hrz /"(4 "'rll kt llIAbMrt ",.,.hili!< kii~ .."Im..... kelMk~"""
(Ii .1:::"')
~ IEL"I KO\'-I"I~ fUggtJi:n,.
......u-n
am<'l)""t
a) I.i'-t-<'-l;ik oIyan .'. E (0 . 1) hti-k. !LllM"lm..1 T1 ( t ( ~ . ll dwn.iti ",,~I. Ekmht-II ''''R'>' " p(~. ) mul
til'likittor lmml'wx,
11"'( "). ) m..t>lh,li s ""~ .. I"n a iti ..u~l ... kou,IPI"",_
b ) VKll mioog"'Y olyan to,,-.. bhi ~ E (.s. 1) para:nl-lO"!+rti-k, 1l<'li:Y .. ( 17.:. 2) "ll<l"' m ..k., E (. 1'
.....-tkn nines 1"I"7....ru\n.'t tOm..........0\ tUrll><Z ek&t... n ... k;" ...tkn.c'l f"rJl>t.I....kOnyv t<a"rinl ik I;Z{,t:
'""Y"
tall 1\ g(l. rit -
to)) at
( 11.7::;b)
dMiniAl. (Hl' a '" (a l . 0, )"'" ~ = ( ~h 1>,). ukoro" b : a,b:! - a,I>, .) Ha It:>: .11 Mn.NI Kov f\iAAVkiYlWk
to!>M egy""",nlllllIWIcly<' van. (l'1.v. .\1(10) - 0", Jl'(to) I- U). kkor l' \ P(P. )'" l' \P(P. ) 1IOk>!.AAg ..1"l!f'fI<l6e.l1 ki<"; > 0 ,. .ti'll tra.lUl:ll..... n.AliAA.n mt'tszi egytuil.., . Ha M -n..k ninn< null..hd)'f' ... kkor
n " (pt ) n 1I"' (p. ) = 0. >VAll nin"""",pk homoklinikuc pOIlI.(>k.
~1t'lti"lO'7k1: T<>gv iik M. h"KY " ( 11.14)
p"ltnrbAllI.tlan r.--ncis7.cm..k
VlUI
Ill'wwklillik\110 1..u\4 j.. . I ....
.,.,(t ~ to) ....md~11.01 "Y"""'Ith61l'II:1 ny,r.-glwll1"R..v. ~"'ll p; ,... P;" p". POI I'CA Il.f :-Iek;'l'",l.,. u:;O''''I':
pontj" kiClli lei m ..l1.. tt. fI" A f,,"ti ",<,><10" """,1Iolt M- ... k to-ban ,~"",,'r(lllllllal...lY" \"1Ll1, "kkUl t P (I' \ )
.... I P(~) ki.,.i > 0 m..I\fot t trlLlll!~v'ri.Alir<&u nl<'l-."zik "R}mil.._t.
li'kintl<;ik I\Z ill,ll;l' '10'.. nl .,ti-l1..k i + ~inI - e srn cr Iwriodikll>< pt"rt'lrt:..u tjli.t, .. 7,AZ IlJ. i = IJ.
iJ '" - bluL +t blll.oit o II<[""",rl,. "lInl C kill. P'U""ml't..r ""'''''''q tovebbi parameter. Az i = II. Y_ - .i ll J
l-'"rturlmlatl>U, o 'ntl"z" r II AMILTON-Tl'u d Il.7,..r a H(X.II) := i !l- COl! I H AMILTON-fiiggv(>t1l1yd . Ell1l<'k
Vall (tohl"'k kiiwH) " KY (-11'. O)'ll i'!! (11', O)-n Atm..uo h..teroklinikus pftl yapAr j" ("" S ' >( H rililldrikll"
fazi_t('rb"u "Zt.'k 1J"JllokliJlikll~ 1'fl.lyAk),
1L1lldy~krt .p-t(t) ::
1_)
(I E
(2lirrtg(sh t). 2_
It) ...n ""'K.
ch I
2"-si,, ,.It"
A MH S IKOV f;i~vi'lIY k;izVt"tl " lI ki""ArllOIAAA ~t adjll.: JI ()
to = 'f h(
I } ' M rvel '"
c 11',.1 2
.\{ -lI.. k pgys~ ...,1 ""nall,lye vall." 1"'r l".I..ut "'l1d",,",', POINCARE-Iek"p<"~"""'n..k kiaoi c > 0 m..lIel.t
0 ) .-\ ... periodikus piIly.. t (-',, )-ru\I .,)""""iti ..W.l.lhtAAAl UIT't"j<'>n
pg)'
InkAli:o hifur~il>. Iilllilyo-n 1',,1
JAuI.. JM"riOOU-..kPl~ vagy "10' 10rllla 101<>110. . ..

fJ) A i'. c"l' i . pericdikw ('Ii.ly"c (... . ) ""'Ii'll ~~."ik (uyt'rt"g......,Illh-hinlrkil.rlo) .... <:'"tAlw m"!:"lliuik.
or) A , . pAly" "IAnil;,. .... i:n"l.abili~ ltOka.~l' c(.... ) """'-Pn nem tIJuW\vc,LAIisau m f'L"r.i "IO'1lla..1 (1.....1a
b'flJ.-k<icw" d'o.gmmot IlZ 17 .3 -t.c fab rA n. A~ 5, OOT!<1...nl gOrhl'n 11'\-<'; IMm'oki'. ,.. "r~ ""'=....,I,,"'I.....An>lk
fddu"k meg (nyert"gOlOmo-hifnrkoci',). A c""'r C l ...."1,.,....pgy nl}"l<ll So I/;o..bill VlW. Amdy "KY torusz
f..lb"""d""""-,ak fel..1meg.
Az Sl god"'" va"".. k J<ZOk a J"'<"mN",--p'!IIl.ok, "lIld.....k"l"l " ..\UIll.AAg""""'.I..... r.. IIi'p. lUig az SJ -on levo
pontok l' T-' 1OIl"'~ felbomlasat j ..n..mzik. ~""Ill\l'.ok al"".. ,uft,'q"",t,,k wUIII"k. ",,,,dy,kI,,,. _, al:rili~
,.. illlil.a hili" "Ok.a><ftga egymA.<t" ,'m trlUll"ZVI'I'~li""n11l'I ~zi . u '8Y''Il Po I<>t,..,ill"".... I"",t" oor "",(,<::!<AI,..". (lgy hogy ..nn "l a l",rlUIli,,,,,i'Ui'ku,'1 a J wmnand"tOIllllZ joj"llj"n nU'I/;. A P\I"wl P,h<'Z vivo
IIIml'll..t a tM...l ll) """1.;'I,,,k fd d lUllt. Ha ekid,..n .~-n ... p 11lllltiplikAtor - I-KY;' valik, akkor pt'ri",lll>tkl'u w il di", IeI' r..1. Toyahhi """v " u'<,,b,,~ rt<atlak"d, l"'rii"lllsk,'uoz<'i<Ii",,'k k.lIIzk.i.dja klili;lI"'" attraktor
kCp7M """'h..-" "<'7...th.. t. l1a li:t 52'" VfOU, Mh"I",tf",kol''' /'\.:1 k"lljllg" lt kOlUpl,'" 111l1ltiplikAtof<>k I<'pn pk
fd az ..gy""Rkoron, nkkor a~ l'llYt ov" hhi t6rll"~ f"lIl"""'l .....aho~ v"'A'II",!. Illlll'IYrl' "~ll!.l'n A f RAlMOVICS
'"' SIL!l<V1KOV tH.,I... (ljhol alk>.Jmazh"t'J.
A Po-I,,1 P:Ihi"~ ",,10 Atmt'ul't " ti>td d ) ..... t.;t r"pr"IA'lIl,'Uj": A t{,r""l .,IVt"q,iti simf<.,,"<,II;iit, c" IlZ S\-
.'u val6 >ithalMfL"kor uY"H'II""01no-hifllrki,,'ii, li'p fd, A I.btll_Z oait<.. ik. IIllli ft'll;'l': fttmend" k",_hO'~
;5'
.'
.( )
..
'.
,\ ,
.}
, ,,
.. .
_,
" s,
If/l.uyitAAtart<'> hOIIl'~)1lI0rfi~.I"'''' pl.J) !"'Y"I,i",ui",n.: P(f) :s: pC F ) mod I . "hoi F tr-t",,~;lrgt'" rd"lIlrlt
"k......"..... / -n...k.
HII ( 17.77 )-1><>u /: 5' _ Sl irflnyltA.<IMto hom"'''Il"rmIWI>'. akknr II f"'l:"'A.~i S'l.iull " k(jy,.tk...i Jj tu\ll.j,louAAgol<kal n'lltMk....t.ik U"""-11 17.1211:
,,
,
.. ) H.. (lj.77 J-npk VIl.:l q ""rii"h",1i p;lJyl\j....>'<kkm I"t.rxik oly;oll p~'#""" "IZIlJll, ht>g,.v P(J) =
c.
,}
b}
'1 prriOtl""" f>Rl;.-aja.
Ij,J..I, ahe...
d)
intl'nmtl<'Tl<'iAIl k",""",l,i!. Vo'gUl a
Pt.-tOt
P3-boa ,-"'" atIIK'tK't a 1 ) .....tJlf'k
r..1rI fIlO"g:
Az
Sr' U Vft1i>
;;,lhAlNW lrmlwn ..Jvk .. ~ill~''" qo' lI,'lll rubu""'t'L~ bornoklilliku~ gOr.... IwIPtMtk, A ~ . ",ahil~
nkhl:' 1Uf'glDIU"".i, "" 'drllll rnJK'l"bolilu ... lwUlA1 kt-1"Ire..ik. ;unrly .. kOOhhi<-klwn Tlf'rn \'Oll71l . II".,
.-/tumk.Akkor d>t~ .. bAWlNd.>l k.-aouo.. at tf'>lktor kPIPt1t..>:I,..l.
2.
A z .. gy..egkar
ifok.r-~i
H a forgatasi sIAm
1. E kvivaknll fs fele rn.. ll w k"pt'z"-k .A 1~~I"" .. t,,"t~'"liI't~ .. rOINCAR!""k<,~ill........w..I'f>rI>MII

..ktll"')t~fnnu.. ........".'(jA~_H..... POI"'CAR-"'k~pn-
larkoonlinatM RWr;hM lrjllk f , uknr "iron_ r..h ...........k Ill('!k>tl II. ~t"Wk !<IktOlllt..h lo. k/ovo.".;..
"";1 lrapjuk. mint ho1 .....MIrk f""Z"Iwb-'c..z ro~oron. wi. "u..a invouiiw.<gO.-l>o'k .,...u,I,." ( 1 7. 3 4.a
abra)
~hat<'>k.nffl1l1ilTUllt,\rI>Iok_~(17. 34.bilbra)
n.zont ~11 inYf'ltilhIOt6k. A
e~+ ,
= F(rl. l
( 11.76\
dinamibU n-ud......r t KJ"lM"r,uo F- n _ II
F (B -.>- I ) - F {8 } - I {e E rq . I.!r." ...:ri'Sl , brN tld IUUNt
f>('\...>;r.iik. ~hnd<oll il,..n Irk"l~ b..uA'PI",,"n..t.OI<>: .-gy..Pg.kw- \..w.w.,ly f. 51 _ s ' J,rk.,~ .
..hoi 51 = n , Z = {61 mOO 1. 61 En) . Eki..,J",," / (I ) :- F(61). ha '" '8: ..kvival"'l>CI*,..ztA!ynd<'lu...u
1lZ:r = 'R , ,..,.,....frIgKi.,. F~ / /,.u",~lt /r.l-7.:.r,l-wk hh-julr.. Ez .. bo:<z.ar,..,Io:-lf,; uyilv,w\.,.j{ww U"l!I
f'lO""rtdm'l_IA'IY"'tl
:r,. ,=/(:r,)
(1i 77j
"" / -Iw.z tIu1.<n.6 dill"UllW rt1"f,q"r.
H.. ~ .... K ki-t I"'rlUlti't.........k kor It-gyffiI\Z iT . ..J. K) Ipk"J""7A'smindrn T E H ....-li1I a t(,, :~. K ) .
" .... _. - h' sin" k';I'''',tt>! timnW ........ A~ ..hhf'Z l'f"U<1..h dinl\mikai rt"nd""rr:
.. U K
"~+ 1
"~""""-Ksin"~
Z".61 K tr"l1><l:forlll""j,,,...,J ..
+, = e
n-
(Ii.7~ )
( 17,7'9)
2. sin2".61~
~
l'1..,I""..-r..... lrlUlI<f.fOlllLAJI,,\li'. /,.h,,1 fI :_ 2". A. F(8; f1, K):_ B
+n
K
Z; sin2r.B. I.k,;p.""........h iv...
ri"n-s.amdy .. w,-1pJ,ipr.h l",..,,,ikrt, ala.l-}ril gt'n..rAlp._

2 . Forll:l!.t ii.~ i H a m A (17,76) ''it,.... nkt l(H) .. {F"(8)} 1.aIY"j.. pontoAAlJ "kk"r (l7.ii) 'I ,....,M,,-,,j
prill/riJII 8'-[-,..n. h.. (1 7.7(j)-n... kp!'1-nH",,". '\>'1"'., h" vlUlolv"np,,!~""" ""illn. h,'l'Y 61n+q = 61"+ I'. (" E
l) ,... lj""iil. A" /: 8' .... 8 1 I..Hp." ..... ,.-rinydri.<t",t6. h" tart.mik ho~zA mouoton "ii""k,~l,j F f.. I" ttl"ll
1,'k"l'I";". HII .. (17.7G}-I...n ~1,"""l'llI F fii!Q!:vi-lIy moncton novo hOIll'~>lJ1nrfi1,mll~, IIkkor mi".I"n
,,,,,",,h,I';t!-/.ik,, lim F"(.r) I",Ull-{'rtl'k. b.
IR!-'" n
lim P'(.c} kif"j."",... 11/\ /
I ~ I ~ '"
8' .... 5\
" 1. ;)
en
h"tli.r"rt"k fiiAA"t1,n.r tJil. Ed 'rt , !,'liuia[hll.t''a I;(F) :=
hOl1lt~llJl"rfi1,'n"s,F
E.
b) fla pC/ ) = 0 , ><kkor ( 17.77 t- ll...k va.n st""j,>lIAri,.~ pontja.

c) H" P{J) = ~,abol p i U<og""': .... q trmlb.ou.\<", "'l.Nll (p b. '1 ",\>t.tiv priTllf'k}. M:kor (17. j7 j-n,.k ""-II
'"
P(fl pontOt'llll a1tkor irra.--:ionAli.... ha ( l j.77}-Il,k ....Ul
pt'rioolik'lJ; l~yaj .... ""' u ",<IcioniLnll~ ponti"
nutnlt"ll.
DPnjoy a -t .. I.. , II.. /: 5 ' _ 5' u3.uyltMtMloCl .tlllJ,utUorfu.u"", b< l\;4 o ~ P(fl forg"''''~i ",.am .na-<'g)' t iwt>l f"'lt"LA-a1. ILlUt'lyll,'k .. r..lt-n\f')t "'k~ /-- I
=
..ioMJi.. Altkoc / topol6Riailag kouj ugAlt
s n.
3. Dilffft'ncialf'gyt>nl.. t .. k .. T' t c eusaon
~""~
8, / , o {8,.R:! ). 8,=h o (A, .8, )

( 17,-:11)
oikbt!i dilf~...ulrt...mrlvl><'tl / ,;", 17 diff."l"f'ttt"iAIhatil I l"orio,,1 ".n ffi~T mindkM. ~ltUt'utlltwwalt, Ebben I!.Z ..,...t1><>o ( l i ,80 ) "lyM fol\'llJnt'>!. o...tinW
Iy ~ i.~ int"'l'r.-tAllwi>. minth..
B, t... ~"p = 5 ' ,,5' tOnll<llOu ,-A!t, rwi'k_H" miDtim (8; ~ ) "-"n It A ,.8,) > O... kkor .. 11 7.:!(lJ
<'!lw-u!MUt:"k Din<':-- ~t"""""""'" JI"'Dljll.. ~ ...iyo"""",,,,, ..
de:
.18 1
/AA I.8;:)
f1{B,.8;:)
(17....1 )
~bUari.~ ..l.....lldiit'g,Vl"nlrttcl. A 611 :
Hz _ r;.. /
!2 j<'~" 1 1 7,"'I) ~" nIM iotirhllti'/IZ

t.
x(t ) =- / (t .:r{t) )
{J;.~.! l
nrmalltonOmdiff.....nciiUf'gymlPtur, NIlf'lynrk .. johh "MalA uUIl<1ki" \'I\!tnzlljihan 1 'OZt"rint l'.. riUtl,,~.
~'ll ...i,'. I . ) II (l j.S2) egymlPt 0 ;,J61>ol,tlww .l I.oI ju.lulilllwsnkl"'-- Ehl>tv. ho-aion... lt-lhMii ~
",,' 0
...'1
= ..i
l.) Itk,;p'u... anlt'ly ",damrly / . 5 '
Uogyrll -". -'2 e n I\!l>tndO "" 61, = ...',
u;rtiulkvi\,w...=
lIZ j-
= -'2
....,
5 1 It'k'-I''ozA.< fpl"lII...hji>l\f'k tl'kllllm'!o.

j
= -'2
01...." '[iIJ"","r-i31~lrt .. tonl'lZOll.
~1uJ""j,; diff,,,u,jl\!''lO"'''IlJrtu'l.
pi, F) = pi. i') + k, .. hoI A r!l~ ltl'.Am. A Il'JI:utohhi tnlajdon"",!\: alll.pjan ,It-fillia]hlltO lIZ /
s' .... s'
I n ....
~',
",'(I) = -'2 .c.

~.
4.
1.
korll'k"pez~
kallo nik lls a lakj..

K a nonik us alak .J, (17.7'9)-oo.n "'/,('n1,I,'; F t<'k(oI""I,i.,. U ~ K
fiZUHl".
mi""'! : : 1- K fx",2lftl > 0, H" K - I ... kk"r
<
""''''''ll irit.llyltii.~l<lrtildilf"""Ill(}r
Flohf"'nl'lllditk"morfi1,lJl,,~.d.. m(oghtlm<'f)-
IIl0rli~lllu.~. mig Itl\
K > I. ll.l"k';p.. ti.. 'i ibl'" 1l11l1' IWIlI i.. iUIII'rtAIl, .. t<1 "" P'/.i>rt 'Will is h",,,,~)m"rlizIUu.,,.
A () 5: K ::::: I p'lrl<mN"rtl\rWmAllyl",n F(, n. K)-r.. " for"'.. ' ....i S''''lIl"t p(O. K) :'" P(F(; n, K)) d"1i
uiAlja, U 1\...Y' ll K E (O. I) r<>gzit.... tt. Akknr pC'. K} IO.J!"Il,. kt",,,k'"I)'i tlll"j<loIlAAg()kkill r"mltlk""ik ,
II) A p('. K) Inggveny uem ookk"",', folytoll'''' <1,. ''''Ill diff"l"1"lIdlllh"to,

b ) Mill<!" [)
r. E [0,1) r""iollalis S'/..amhm U!,""ik olrltll 1,,1, i1lI.'TV/,I],,,n. 1I1tl<'[ytwk" I,,'!sej ...n"Ill iil'1"'.
,
lIZ / fiiggv"ny kiol fd'mdtj,, l.kkot
IIITl I~'
Ek kor ,,{I . .c(l) _ -'2, +
i.,., xmelyr.. min d...n il E 1,,1< meJl,'!t f'llUit.II, h"IO' PIn, K)
-.
c) Mill<l..U0 E (0.1) irr"C1onali~ s'IAm],,,,, ['-""I,ik 1,,'UI........, ''lI;)' "!y .. n n. "welly...l p(ll. K ) = a.
871
870
2. A z o r dOg \Iop<Mjp es I'lZ A rnoltl-n)'f'l v Min.I"" II: E (0, 1) "",, 1m p(". K) .. CANTORfl1Ii\KV<-"Y.
p( ", 1\ ) grilfja. ","lit .. 17.35. b a b ran mutemuk n.., .z Ordiig lipc;ujj~ ( dpt.J . t",.......,~)_ A (17.1'J ) trllll-.r bUllrMciOo< dUWl\lllja Il 17 .35 ./1 lib ril n IAlhaw. Az O-t..ngely minden rociollM'" p<>utjAhOl CIO'ir
3Wr.u. 1l"lIl iira; bd...jl1 ~ik"""" inn "l ki (~ A RNOLD- "!ld~). amelyen bdiila (orll:at....i.....un IiJlMdO.....
mcg.'ft)'.,..Li!r. IU ..d"n rR<"ionAli.~ ~uIlUll.
1 1
3
1
3
1
2
p(X
18.1.1.1. A linear-is programoeasi feledat alakjai
111--- - - --,----,
\t
0$
0$
,-
0,'
O~
,-
"
~,--,,':;--,.t;;-m---hr
c,., ...
C F: fW ~
+ ~~ T.
F:
",,-'"I + ... + ..,...-'".
17.JS. Ahc",-
."-uy..lv bYt~ob .. f~k ....lIci&kIIlI:mkl'Oll~Urd~~. Y.\f(Y Jrnitu'nrylorh..,J.

Ha 0 :'5 II: < I. un"""'" .. lOikr+-k Ul'lU [..!ik ilt egnuL~t_ .-\z ll~~y mintJeo im.rionAli.<o pontj&OOI. folytoDol< 80Th<- moul ki. Awdy wilItlill: cirri II r.: = I ~. A L M..o ARSOL[).nl""lv~ . &hoi
p = 0. .. (1 7.79) rlilLAlUiM.i rt'lld.rruck ~UocionArillll p<>ntjll van. Ha riigLitjiu. 1\-1 h U 00. akkor ~
..l"" ARSOLo.D,..lv P'"""mPn I'7JI'k kl.;fU II ~tarioMriu" pontok kOziil kl'tt6 ~vad. <.o.1g.v ~jl1
~ lDCfl;Ilinik. ~ ily.-n IIY""'l!o......l oo.hUUTkMii> f"r'Pdrni-n)l'f'kPppPn ~ 5 '..,.. ...ini pal,... kMo-tkf'Zik.
H.....,nIO jl-Jo.~k filO""'lhPtOk Tn"1& lObb; ARSOLD-ny<>lv ..1h"YN.1LIr.or i8.
A ",. > 1 .....' trr ro~t Alli lIl'.Am<:>lI: ..IDWI..tp mAr IX"m alka1mazhati:L A .-lir\lllllib. ho>u)"luh..J,b k-.
eo. ff'lJi:op. klOccboa; va1041mrl1f'1 . Ek021:won -" FEIGESBAl'IoI -AlIand6 .-ti>hpz h"-"Oll!6a.t, tovlU>hi
allanook 101>....k ft.!. Amf'1)"'k le-VI..-zftoo-k ~lAmzott OII'Zt.ily&irA (il)""n ,"'1&111" -.l"""'y"" kOrJo..
kP~;,. ) "1O'"!1<"'k. &.rk kcl'llil ~I az ..LIt.bbiakban Idrunk.
A rany m .. hu.., F ibo nacd-u iu nok
.,/5 -1
_wnok
F.
1+
I
I
A kw ..wrt
I. -I .I-
k."..Il.toI< noonkilA.'<A..,.] r....i"tlAli>< "".Auwk oll-a:l

r~
F.
(r~} "'"'rw....tilt kapjuk. amdy .;g2-
",I..klmn 4l1fth"tt.k ..16, ahol
.. .. +I
~ F~_ I
,"-,I X l
n",lI"U. u '!O''' n Ill,..t All""
!~~ g:.~ Il{;~
Il:;I;
+ . . . + ~...T ..
""
...
F~
1bm:
tNt.
A1.
"1O~.n)"t ( 17.79) olYlln l'",ramCt"rfrt {>kP, a m..lyr.. p(1l",. I)
h..tit.r/>rtJok.-t "<lj ,,.
( HU b)
...
,,+ a-..r.
""\'
l
A ll.! ' _ A ,.i'
b
}
A I,.!' ... A %:l~? =
IJ2
a ' 2: U, .!: ,lOjo-Ikot.<'tl..n_
C F : 1 (.!.) = rlT.!I ... 2T~ = m&X!
( 1 ~ 2b)
a'
An =
(~: :~ .: :~.:)
~"1 a. 2
_ ./52- 1, /,..
II
( l ~. l a)
a,...r. < b,
s
".+'.'.
""'~' ~ b.+"
........+1.' + ........r. .
.... 1 . ' .
xl2:. .r.2:0;
r~
olylU' F IBONACCI-,.,.Ji.m"k, Il.u ...lY"k "" F I
a....l r '
ro-
lI ,. IJm. 1"Kki;';~'I,'hhi " Iya" I>rt{>k. am ..lyre p(HR.l) = r~. Nuull'rik" . d"m.u'f<
= -2,83:16
\ 1
Az ~t. wrnOrebb fom\&:
(fJ = 1.2.' ,) il...tlvi.... .lj....AAtW h"Wozh"wk nl"8 iL7. Fo = 0"" F I = 1 k~l,tj (rti,k,k
!"8)"'n n~ min<lig
..
-+- .. 1
...... . . ".+1 ," .\
". ,Irl
"_ 1.1T l
~~.,
..rs2- I iTTArionAli~ l'IZoIimo' "ru"Y'""Lo~':.. dll""dOnak
h1vjak ..... a IWvdko,.,o cp;ylI>'. ..." l/mcmrt..I6RJJiv..... VIUl: - - , -
T ilrgya A linrAri!< progrllIJXlZlill~" ~.... lIOk v41t0:&6I.nni..... co'lflifgl>o'fUJi'rtf'k l C F) minima-lizAIAA& ""Y 1ll.llXin~""viogftO ~"., 1"le,:"I ( F) n",llrtt. md,....k Iiu."r,n" <'gf'~. ill. Pgyf'IlIOt Imf;Pg aW<ban adottalr:.
.., hrTf'"",, p~~ ;"lffit6oo'gf' nbban rrjlik. hoKY ~ ~\a.ti f<'!NlAl n-..vetJctlx-Ui Iincari8p~.q f..\a.dalra. ill. Iit>e&rio rnnd.-Ilrkt-n
till kb-Iit..... hlW'ilriRoptimalix1>.loW f<>ladatki-nt
kUhat6M .... A IIIpgoldiut.. ""......loHrt {.,. atliotbnlo
2. AltalimOOl alak E.gy hIlf'Arls I'fOlV'8InazUi r.-lNiAl ...11.,,140001 nWtja:
1.
h)
0)
3.
18 . 1. Linee ris p rogrumozas

18.1 .1. Problemafelvetes es gcometj-ial abrazolas
,
,
18. Optimalizal as
AJ , =
..
a.+1.1 <1.+2,2 .. " 2.'

:
11",,2 ' "
..
'
".n,",.."". "...,)
(
"m.l
12
" .. ,r
(;~:: :: :~:::: . : :~::::),

, , a " :
..
(",n,.,".n." , ,")
. A:n '"
a.n, , a.. 2, :
.
,.
<1.. ,"'1
. . " .. ,ft
<I...... J
I\.a~
3. Feltetelek Awn f..Jtt't"l"kot , abol" .,2:"r..I"'illl<"]> M. "JO' (- I),'f< .<wrdl\"Ri" fl'tlt i alakra tr"n~z
[ormAlju k.
4 . Minimum feladat A Ie!!,.) '" ruin ! [.IMll tol "1... kvivRi''I~ UllU<im Ulll [..Ia.-llltra ve/AOtjiik "i>;>;~,,:
-J(~) = max !
( HI.3)
18.1.
5. Egb "'fotl ek lh ,;g i f..lle t.. l.. k ~Plll\IlY vAitmilr/l mi.,!,: .,.;,,,,,,...rt.ek'-L"''lli f,.]IN ..I i~ vall. Ilyr ll ''1':..../1.1"ti-k,1 f..l>wlatokW II tovAhhi"khN, IWIIl f..ltWko-~,,"k.
6. ElOj.. lk o t o tt H ki<>gklziM v Alt ozOs 1ll<'gf~aIIllazh A ""'X0I.-lomfx!s;.Rr 1><ow7.., .,... ..\OtI "
frlMlltot .... I..-~pnl olvlLlI..u.krll h"'mi, ah<>l" fe!tftd..k rl'lld_-re ( 11l.lb). (t K 2h).."".. ~nIMrPn.l,,",.f'l"
..lOjrlkototl vAlt071>klW.
12z 1 + 6F, +
8.r 1
-,.
"
12"' J
IO"'J
-"
Mmn." .. 16j.-lkot<>I~11 .t ....... t,n/)4 ....I'/O"\tt~ililuk

k"t llf'm''''W'tiv villt<wiJ kiili\n~;.y,.j r. rl- ... ~.
.v. ~lOt"'~..kool "lQ" no-lllTwgllliv .I:r"":~",M
mllowb<uzMot.;Mv,U&WF;itjllk ~"'l k""'. bo II
Ii....an.~ "I,timaliMlMoi koboctll! II frnti &\akJ,t OIti,
..
'-'.'.
......,r, -,. ... + a... ~r.

rl ?: O,
"}
'" b..
11.x} = l;;T!. = mllX!

fd1.<'1x-tO. bugy rfl S ". ki,I.;"I.,1
(I~,;"'l
CF:
F:
A!. = ~
(I/OA],)
,r,?:O
.1I"!!"'fJu'<:Eh ...... ~ ,.J".kt-aha tovahl.iAkl>Al\1IZ .". jPifo"t,- (t ~ .l.ahl aJakbm k.,..... ,

In "a ~it/i vA]loz,:,kbJ ~""iu ..... 0..-:-,. v>i.hoai> ""-"mi<1 jrlmtl. A tOmOr..w.:
m<'gVAlI.~ik,
(1/0 :'h)
ill ,.J.... ntl"'..,,10~......w.-,
!. ?:Q .
~ ~"'I""""","" IiIlf"AriMn ~.. fijm>.
'. ,
O'FS
+"
A.."
873
r, = Ill""!
(i3l1
620
"+
''''
"ploltiA ....-w
2. A linea ris op t imalil.alhi fe ladat t ulajdonsAg/li .0\

~L~PvPIkOoIlY"ll""...ml"lt<1 hctjiik ,;tllfik'Ii\;U, .. ln ...Arj,;0l,timalaa- x J
1kk n"i>Any t llla jdo"""":At . Eht..-z .It.kiutiinlt a ~lo'\
vaitozOk bt'vl-z"tiWtOI..
35 h-fi~",]
a ).o\: a,r, ~aJ.r2 = b~1lf"'1IZ rl. r2 ~ikol kk fIoWklllu,utJ4- Awn
(.r" F,) pontok. ItIl"IY""k kirli-gitika a,zl -o,rJ S bpVlll6t~t. 25
~ itZ rgyt'ne>III'n, ill. a fH...w k "'Cikht helY"zUtl.ll.. k ..1. A ponlhA1-mll:ll grafikr~~ ~l"""fltV o.-...-...-m.-f"J" ko<x-oliuft"",~bffi II.
~ berajzolaN\.>-a.i "' a ~oldMl,..[IIlA1:1 tartalruazl> fPl.i\; irilnvAha mutatO m;\ak l,..r..jzolao,iw,.j l.OrtJouUr.. .-\I
fdUot..l
o...:u..
t<>kM. INt&h ........

7.
C F I (ti ) = 20 r , + 60FJ ... 0 'F] + Or. +
L in~lif"1.';pmgm",oz6.,
grafiku;'Ahr~ uian a JI>CW''W"'''"'-t>o<',;i!ll I&rton.Allyt a f....l1:ok

m<1....-t<okPnt ( 18 . 1. abra) kapjuk.
-lO
x,
l fi.l . Ahrn.
A P"'JtlAban lU.\I rgy !lOk~. ElMordulhat.I>OtO' .\1 nrmkoc-IA"", >"'CY iift-,;. AOW'DDyil "'1l ...~
"ttY OIl)N,iin tiibb. m1rnko'\ ~ IOO"d~. akkur <kw-1l<r I ~ ( 11'1.2. abra) hP-o:?...\ii"k .
:\ 1"1;t'ngedoeU l-aJ"t011l8lhY
norm~ativ _Irt<>mk !. ?: Q hall11Mil.. lIl"IY"kmillOrD f..I1.i-tr-l!
aJlwtjU. lOX .\1 ~~tt tmt......... Jl:
ki<-~tt"IJCk.
!. ~ Q. A ll; =
_\I - {!. e R '

fy
!!l.
a' e .\11" ...1<>1. an...lv r-rn.-J,rlknik II

/(!.') ~ f(!.
mil",,",, !. e .\1
(11'>.tih)
t"iAjdon.'>i.IW'i, II h"""",, "I.tinIA1i7.AlAAi f"""lIIt
n\4n......"p<>ntj.(w..k
vag,y .,..,.,..ua:.:w..k hivj1lk.
18 .1.1 .2 . Egy pi-Ida Cs grafi k us me gnldasa

1. P e lda: K lot I.. nnlok gyArtfL..... A kioT E , ;... E1 t<'rll....k t'ioAilitiLo;Ahoo: <Q. R,. Hz .... /i1 ""Y"lI"k
f<J:,ik".,.,.,...k ..0\ I S.t . tAhlAlat IllH"'tj.. lIZ E , .,. ~ "nuPk..k d>oCabj"b07. (,n) lq;,ik*l:'''' ..u..1"""Y"ll.
ffiPJlll~f'1 (",~) ..... "'" '""1Mi,UY"K0lr,h"II-..u.\ojh-""""'-l ,...10 lIl" llIlyiWp'l.
;\,. '"It\''':'ll-Il~ i EI, ill. F4. to'nui-k rI

11'1,;,....1,,>1 20. ill. W p'IUA'l1..V...t,;:!w.e
(F! )jlllllllk
Oly,m t'1uw!'.,.i I'lTlgtlLlII<>t ke~
,......;;uk. nlllv llllutillli"'j,; 1""'-t,'lt
],i"t,,,,U. f"h',v,', 1,,'lO' ,.hllll'1\
I s.i . tAb""",,,!
Rllll" db
12
l~ lit<' .II,
E,
E,
12
~tl"'n,,,'i.""K
630
620
J.:'O
R , me ri b
....A],I, 10 ''R.I'''-W't J!,.V"rtHllk.
fl.,'v"f,""'" "'. F" ill. -'1 j"lm""t

fd l\d a !", AAl' j n k,
CF: I(ti) - 20r,
F,
GIl), = max!
12 1 1 + 6 '~1 S
S
S" +
ia -
IUJ', S
"
"". " ill. E, t"I'Ill/' k.'kl,,>1 gyarl.>Ill"'o " " Iluyi"'g.kll '. "kkul n k;i""t,k,.,;\
>
G:lU
"
J/O.2, Al>ra,
b ) Mind..ll olyan !'Out"" I,.I, ~i1r.lNw. 1I..1Y"'k k~'I<'ldtik az I{x) - 2Or, + 6OI2 = Q) .-,;y<:'IU'\A't.t'gy
'"10""10"""', az un. CO m.l!K"i-n:v"t1ikl...~ tNt<..w..uutV\>l....Ir"I"HlI.. k. A CO vAll<-,ztJ\tA,.;A...,.J "10' 1"irru""aulO'
"RY""~'""Khl"Z jllt\lnk, "",I~...k millOl''lQ'ik';lla "HfiilU,'YhlY rrtt" l' "'1...11.1,. SZt>ll1""k-t......n "",.on I'o lll"k
,>ptilll"'i..m"fl:0lr1aAA.i. a f..ladatllak. m,lyrk I"'nll" ""1111...... Il>: M lU<l:<IJg,..I..u"'~ tartoulAnyh.w b; '10.
olyan :lO I I ~ 6Or2 = 'l> "" i"tV\>ua).rI\",,,,,k , lI,dy lw~" 1''J:II''!:Y"hIH'(I " rt i>k tartoxik . A ko" krct 1"'ldAhH.n
II k"r.-1""'" s:t,intvonal a Wr, + 6Ox: '" 260 0 .'~ a llllWlllllllll"",t 1\ (II. r,) _ (25: 35 ) . A S7.intvOltal;..... t
a 18.3. ;\'b r a nln \.;\tj a . ahol" "yilak. a c+lfiiAA\','u yhti' k uiiv"k,.lc:"":'II"k ir"uv"t jdl.ik.
Ha l\Z .\1 tertomeny nem fir... .... karlA!...... hll!lIU\7., "kkm I'"l!.alabb ..",y ,,,,(u...h,u, " ,(Ifii~"ny "t1i' k~
lIlwllu'li". Ell<IUr.<~,-,;I'1\. n..mkorlAt ..... ,\l m.. g~ng' .. l~lt 1,:u1<>!llAny ..,;I>!in .. I kppl..-Ih ~to, h,'K.v 1\ ,'ilfii~
v"llyhti'k 1\ v'1':tt'I"IlIU"~ tart"
18.1 .2, A Hneerls programoze s alapfognhnal , nor-malalak

T.'kinh,;ik II (1 (\.;;"' ,1,) f.,I"d " t" t
1\1. Jlllwg"lIK,.I ..u
t",tnrnAlIlly"l.
G'lO
18,1.2,1. Csilcses bezls
350
1. A cecce definici6ja Egy ti e M p<>lltot l.nn! .....\l1;.kk<>, hivjuk ,If ~~,k.,po"tj;"n"k. loa mind""
ll;j '2S.:/ e M, alw l ;s:, 'I !S!tdj~,,;iL
.! '!),!.\+ { t -), )2S.:/ , VO<),<1.
(11l,7)
."
Iii. I. L i"~<i",, pro'lrmlllwi..
11i. OpllmnJi:IiIM
5. t
u;k,l J
4 . :\Iaximalis ci,(fiiggve ny"rt#-kol <:16 tortd j ....
]pnt6<Wgo't" kiiv.. t!w-'<utcl-PI vilAgit;" m.~.
.
HII .11 uem ii.......... az I(!. ) -'" !i,;TX .\l-pn f"h1lrt'll korWOII, "kkor 10:7\1 \t'JI:ll13bb .~ik onicsa hla)UhllllIl-
P,=-(O.O.l )
6. I
Mad,
"Mj"l
P,a(O,2;O)
"
25
Mind
..
01
C F:
F,
.\I"!l}
IU It
'1<.3, abra,
C F:
7.
""
lulaj
18.]
I.
!lZiik
I~ ,~.
!. DC'OI r..kl<tik "!Y""'I", ).J . bto.l baWto 1'Zaka.u ~],IpjPl:>E'n !W"ID.

2. Tet f'l . aninpontr61 E'.Y!. E M p<>nl poIlUlMn allOl' ""...."J">ftlja .H -n<'k. ha AZ A .....Irix!.
pm.;tiv knolllirui.tAilioiIt/lrtOU>.-1npai li~ ruggetkn..k.
Amn f.-ltiV...... utclk-t1. hog A TlUl&i4 m . A rn&trixna.k i<!gf<'ijPhh m hlririNw ffiAAM),.n ~
J..hct, F..-ht "Y alUooJ>VuIWlk ~..I1"'h h m poenrv koontinAlAja
A m"n.d.;k'l _ m knnnlinAta
nu lla. ;->orm.l ......t ku pont<-n m koordinAtA pozitiv. H...... pmitiv koorwnAlJU:.....vn.. kilorbl> m-nM.
..Jo:koo- ~rrGh r ......roI bnaiolijnk.
3. AiLz.. '-llIldnI. lie'.
ho,r;.v " pozitiv koo,.lu,,;.tAkbm; uu-tn:r/l Oi'<ZloJ>Vk IDind "'-"""f>""lllf'k. F~ ... Ij~ f;'ilOl.-twn vektoe...rxb:r.Prt " ........ ~ hivjllk . ~ormAI ......"Ib.-n '-"KY ,.,.,1t"Shoo: pgyf'rtf'imll"D ~11...t6 f"&Y
"'bPt_
"""i~. EsY ~l'1"'rAlt "",,,,,,bm; vllozotll tObb lWi.~ i.~ mcp;;vlh"tir. LPgf.,lj.. hh
Az ""
Ct: Ibi) =
llo"
fl'lal
C F:
F.
2r 1 ... 3r, + -1"-3 _ 'u""'!
rl
"-1
+ ..-"
"-1
+2.r"
2rl-3..-1 +2"-j
- rl
-"-0
Z,.
.0, ."
t.nmAny a<~. A norm~l"ld__ "" "-1.

. S .. _'" Vl\lto~"'bt ~'"'UI><i/tn.zri.l:nAk,az "-..- .. _ 1. . . S ..
vAlt,lIZiJka.l prdil!: brizi.,mltoZ<i.l:nak hivjuk. F.hhPz" ""Inlboz t.&rtoIW dlfi1ggvkl)....rti'k r-o. num a c8fiiuvo'nybPn MIfpO..- koo...lin.i.tAk. azAZ" nffllblU-,io;YAitmilk. kil1ullAwduak.
2. A no rmalalak t'Plirasa H.. "".\/ '10' ....,'w'- il<mt'rt. >t.kknr" kOwlkt-di u>OdoDkapb..tjuk IDPg"
1in...m.~ op~imalizAIN:i fPladllt "l!J' nonu&W&Ir..Ji>t . V~lmk l\Z A .-.IopaibOl "RY "I.t.e: ... O<~
tartozti l>li.z.i..I. A bazi.~bmviJtozOluot lIZ !.n. " ,...mhAzi,oVl\lt<llZiJluot.vi ,!.\ V't'ktorha ftJRJ uk .-..e..-\ lJ,i.
zi.~ha.t. t3rt<Yd:> .-lopok a1kotjak lIZ A ~ bi.zi><ll"'~rixol , .. lTUU'>Io<'lPk .-lopokbOi ki-J--"u uu\.t.rix AZ A , , .
Ekkor frtlll.ill
A!. = A \ !. ,. ' .. A I/!.n = 2.

(1 ~.9 )
A~ A n mAtrix 1'f'gt11Ari.. .... im-rrv- "" A IlI. ( IS.9)", A ii' f<ZtIl'ZltUl .... " <+lfiilQf;Vt'-ny a~fr"'- "lWfIIbazu.Vl\1t07.<lkkal" lillPfI.m; optimalidWW r..iNl"t "lO' kAnoniku.. a1II.kj"t "<lj,,,
(HI,l o..)
CF :
I(!.) = ~ !..\+r-o .
=
+ rs
+r~
+
+ ... '"
C ' ''-l
A 'LE I
,S._ .. . S .. _
I.
..-.. ~O .
Az qyunilA,o mAtrix uto
~ ... llYJh-Anvalol:..on liI~ fiillltMIm "" hilzi..... ...:Jkot.
.4.z ("-''''-2'
. ..-.._... ..-R_.._]. ...-.. ) - (0.
.!r". )
"'..,..u.ut ...~~nd.<zerbo.'il
IIWlmN 1oooIV>L~ha.tjllk. Ha h ~ 2. akkor (Is.~h}-t II I,,,,,;
opl",."lwU';"'I frlntlat ~"""
""y !anonll...._ ald]linoi- hivjuk. Eh",," ... .--.th.-o.! ~ 0 ~1o:lAA. io" az .\/ ~1.t tN-
=2
= 2
+"-7=2
A 1'"lif.<j"r F'l - (0, I,ll) l'olitjAnak" ki"b>M;zitdt reml s"" , h" 11 HZ!. = (JI.J"l.r;I..r. ..- ~,J ..-T) =
= (O.1.0.U, 1,2.5) 1"'lIt fd,,1 meg. Az A 2. 5. (; Ct< 7 1"".101'' '; "lkotjAk" ]lIYI.Z"turt()~1> hA,.iHt, P L <I...
",n..rAlt IS{'..... k"..r<liuH.taj ( I. (I, o. O. 2, 3, OJ. EZ"1l
"10' h{",i"" l'Z I, 5. (; ...... 2. -I v"KY 7 OIll'.lol"Jk
..!O'ik"MI All.
..hoI
a,
(18.lOh)
Q, !. /J ~ Q
A f..nti peld"ball !. = (0 . 1, O.0. 1 2.5)pgy""'L"", 110':
AII =(~ ! ~ ~)
A f.!t,'t<I.k A1U1I111pgl'I<tArowtt.1I lll~'lll::...-l ..tt l.artomAnyt" HI.". flbra llIllt.lItj".

A,. ~ . r s. J rT kipl(,''''zito vAltozi,k 1"""'7Rti>llP IItAn:
F,
I (!. ) =
F,
-:r,
+ 2"-1:5 2
2.r1 - 3..-, + 2rl :5 2
''II''''''
A'
ki1'f>"1l JooJw.t IU.
"-1 +"-1 +..-~~1

rl
:5 2
F:
01y
co ...",
hi"t.
ai,,)'
(0) fN"
'" LII. oo.'lnW>k !<ZAlll"

A mAtrix n 0'0:.:101'41.01 m lin<'AriMn tiigg.otkllt ki\'!la&taui.I RY ...k;;'lOnh07/i hAz.i8uk.
k-r;f"Jj.. . hl, (:,). H.. M ,...m flr..... "ll", .\{-u.k lcKalAbb'-"KY 0I1irsa ''7UI.
(Ft'l
at
Ahr....
IW\Z
1I1"'U
",l ..._
A Iin..iuioo "1'~lfU",]j~ f..wl..t mindi,:. M1k,!; ...v.aJtozok
_~.
linri<
.....
.....
:sormalalak ..... bazismegokih

ilyen ...:Jakr... borllatir:
1.
"",,0
F..tt<>
t:;~'alapjAn pgy Iin,,;\ris progr"m.,.,..;...i fo>iNlAtot ll<qli: Itohpt {tgy old'lhi, hotu" Oll......k kil:l:'-Ii kivAlall>o.tjnk .. k-gnAgy'Ohb cflfiiy,g>+llyPrtPklwl ....,.. I..lkodil, '-llwl" p;yaknrl1lti frl~"tokhan az .H. rs',=UnaJr.
.,.~-una. nag)'<)n nagy kohct. (".w.-t ~ziik~ van '-"KY OlyOlll Dl6<l~. alllt'ly blZtOONW ""1:taWJ" ~ optl1I1iJi. .,..il"""t. llyn mOtl.o<zPr" . nmplrz moo.zrr ""C U1A:.n......n Auomplu nJ9""tm..... .-\z a!gontmll':'''
li.....o.ruc optimaiiz1U1lsi rd..J..t f'gy 01Y"" f..\(riu<li.l iW'nyli. "lJIf"lyMl "lO' OItialo~ ~b6I"'I..h..t ol"""-DI_
18. 1.2. 2 . A Ilnearfs prugra mozAsi feladat normAlaJakja
ko'tl)O
A~
875
_,
A ll =
- 3 0 U 1
,.
:r2
A Ii'A,,, =
..-~
.T~
'
A ,.'
( -~ ~ -~)
2 2
(HU b)
(I
.Tt
(-:-: -:)
-1
5
0)
1 n
-I I o 6
0 0 I 6
(
3 ,
2
0
5 -;j
..-, .7,
..-.
( Iil.llb)
18.1. Linni..upmgnmwuit
876
pi,,.,,
Ebh6ladooik
+ .r2 +
-.I",
II
.r~
1"3 1"3
+ .1"5
.1',
2..c]
+SZ,-1I'l
-l"l
...
r.
= I }
= 1
= 2
+1=5
(UU2)
:ie l
tW '" hI + 3.1"2 + 4.rJ-b61 AO\.. 66 ,>llk..] hAromswl'flllAnak ]pvonA..a.V>I.! kapjulF: altl'mww"valtud>kr"
lil.!&mitott dllilgp;vfnyt
!(i> = - I I 1- l", + 3.c. + 3.
(UqJ)
A~ ..", delll..t p.""t "IMT1n..k. ""KY '1""...-.iIo d ..m"d:" p-dik lOOrt 1'11>"1 ...,,-n..k"''' q--<Iik """Iopat
"8z1t>puM. hivjuk. A pivot lOOT...... I.i""t 001;I;\"1-' kiva\.N<:!tAMnlLl kk .-Inlgot kdl filO"'wmb<- YMIIl1:
a) Az tihl....... at 1"KY"" lll~''flgl:'OJptt. AZAZ f! 2: Qt..I.i-lljOn: ..d<rt a,.q > 0
b) T..ljN<,-,[jOn" c.. 2: C(J'1O"'n!Otl.. lI."<'g.
f.kkor S\7, li:.~" &1) = (Q. bJ '-10' lIf'llIkillo-"" dlfiiuv"nyl>rt"kl1 I(~) = r.. llj a;;'....... Ezd, a r..lti-t .. kk a
",j
I'ivut ..I.. m megvl\J1IS7,taAAn millnai::
a) Egy oly>m q--t v.ua....znnk pi .....toszlollllJlk. melyre 0; > 0;

b) Un"..... hog)' oly"" 100ft V~llnk l' l,ivotJoomAk. nwlYT"
~=
18.1.3. Szimple x modszcr

18 ,1.3,1.
Szimplex ta b la
IS.2 . ~ .
~ A'i
C'l
<,\rl++l"__..r. __
..
"
"
"
( HU 4A)
. . "'.
",,/W-Co.
( 11:U 4 h )
s:
00.
c ) Min<1.. n j-ft', 1UTI.. ly", C , > O. 1{>t.P7.ik IpgtllfLhb"lO' i, hORY u;) > 0: Az 11: 0'11':",b61 pgy mA>oik i 01(",,10...
at I..h..t m..nni ('g)'. hosY l(j.1 2: l(iJ. Egy TII'Ill<lpg..n.. ralt 11: cs(",sn, mindig .. ">"all.
18.1 ,3 ,2. Atnwnf>t f>KY mastk sz.implex tablara

1. Nemdegeneralt " .. t Ii.. rgy tlll>l""""t lIl''llIlt1U cldontheto (c) ......t , IIkkor ..kk"r '"KY mAAik
tAblAzatot (11!l.3. tAbl".....t) k"U ,u''gh.. tluozlli.lIlelyb.-negy I, bazisvaltozi,t pgy I, T1"mtw.iI<vi\!t<r'....r"
cscrelunk ki flgy..I'IllI... v;v.. 1I kiiwtlw.w """,bll1yolwt:
b)
_
I
a.. = - ;
( Uj.J~)
jiq.
<)
iipl=apjii
ii'i' = -a'i'.ii
d)
U;j=U.)+<lr,.ii..,
~,=b;+b,ii...
b,::b,.ii..;
i fP,
( lll.I;")
(, :-c,ii,.. ;
ifP'
'-11'.
(lll. l;'h)
j#q,
(:) - c,
+ <:1 ,, ' (:"
il-q,i'''=CU+ b,'(:,.
(1~. I:;'I)
Ill.4.b t&bIAzat
18.4.a t.ablUat
tl'lj<ooIiiI. A IlZimpk-x tAh1Ab6l AI <.I." .&/1) = (Q.bJ ~ olV&8hatl> le. E7.f'JI "",in< <+lfiiW"nymH:r
= Ql.
Minden IiWIkr...t A;t alAh"i hJi.rom ..... >I. <'lQ'iko't "" 0I>I.k <"I:Yikl'\ digiti ki:
a) Cj ~ O. j = I, ... ,,, - m: A Ut,J!lz"t 0l'tin~. Az ~".!!s) = (Q. h) m"Ximllmpollt.
b ) ~abb '"ttY j-~ t<>lj..,.m. hog)' c) > 0 AI a..,
0" = 1. .... m: A lineilrill optimum,rJunnMi
fdadatn..k nilK2O<'T1 OJ>timJ.lilllllf'gOl<l1wl.. mere ...cflfiiAAv"ny az I) ktPk{>n..k nOv..I"""""'1 korliltlMllll
".
tAWt DOrII1&Iformi.b kiilwyo:-D kNtltb<'tiink ~mp\f'x t4b14.t (18 .4 .a tilbliut )

I,
I,
fW
a)
.0\ Ill.I.2.-lw-n
18.3. tAbw.at
rc
~ ~alIlOk ~
hf'n~ eldOntOtL ~t"" (A) ""cy b ) ......tJ IMlI.
c.._... -.,.
..\ uiblizAl /;-dik llOri.t

ol-"};:
:r~_..............II1 +.
+ ....._...,1'.__
A oioifUggvklyno
( 1~.16)
Ii... " rnegrngnlctt""'r;j t&rtoIlW:J.y at.~ Ilf'mOoog.....r41tak. akkor a IrLlUlpkx
11l.2.bt.ahliwl.t
I,
,:u. {~} .
~~
A '~mpU:z ntMu....--ef~"""l ... uq"~k-tt lartoI:nimy anin<polltjaillllk er;y uUvo'!r....o ...,1ff!AA"'j,uy-
lorti'kQ ~t bAtkozh"tjulr. llll'll:..u qoU ~rOI. .. m.v.ik,.,.atti>TP'o oIy m6Joo tUltktlUr.. btY az
egyik aUa.boz ~ Durm&lalakut atai&kitjuk a mAAik ....,i<'1Ihr:r.!: tart<Ui> noruaiolalAlla. S....'UIJI>Jr.t<,.
....bbC tdrl6 .. tni>dBz,,-r t.. ... tlZAmit.iloi f'lj4riwlformlll.iz4l4sai8 k&w)'f'bb. ba .. ~t D<>nWi.lfonu&t
(Iii.8&, b) ~Gi.mplex ul>l&b. (1 !J.2. 1 ~ .2 . b tab lw t) fodaljuk:
877
I~
I,
,
;, -1 s
-1-1
-I
I,
'.
"
"
-I -1
-1 1
"
I,
"I
I
,
2
2 3
1 3
a
I
2
8
2:2
8 2
A t4blAzal DMll. optimlilifo. IIlO"rt az llkok> ""rbAU mIos. n'lfiigvmynpk pozitiv pgy11tthauli "".......pd-....k. A Wu-madik _"'opot viWu<ztjuk I-'ivot O!'ZIol'nak (a mModik.-lop ill mrgf.. Iel.llf'). A pivot __ lop
miudno k~C11 J>mitivckwl'ro' Wvo=iik _ "'/a" hBuy..oo..t. A b&uyado8okAt _ t4btazat uWOOllOI""
"tAn iftuk. A Jegkilocbb h.iny..oo.. ~ l1><'K" p,,'ut ..rt. Ha " vi_ lIOf ~ ~ IlE'm egyff'
tl'lnnl. Akko.- liZ "j tAbw...t iLltai ~taolladrw:",,-rloIt . A ~Jn.i or.&IIb&l.y """,,~l
"qlwpj"ka 18.4b tiiblAt. Ez a tilblU.IIt a (0. 2.0.1.0,2, 8) at.Uooot ~ ~ ami a P, [>Olltn.u.
rdel JIlf'g lIZ 18.4. Abrim. Mivcl az lij t&hL..nm, optim4lilo. ki<W'fi'ljiik.e..-ot .e;rTa ( 18 .4.c tablilIat). A
3. UhIA:1.at CS(1OWl a 18.4. "bra P& pontj.tIlM f..I.,1 ""'8. A kOvr-tvJA';ooen'nd mAr ol,tirnAli>< tabliwLtot
( 1 8 .4..d tabliut ) k"l'unk.... lIlIlXimuUlpol1t 11:" = (2.2,2.5.0.0,0). ami Pi POllt l(z") :: 18 ci>lf'IAAY{nyi'rt"klwl.
18.4..<1 L.thl"""t.
Ill.::', tablAMt.
18.4.rt;\.bw-.at.
I,
'.
"
"
I, I.
II
1 2
I
-- 2
2
~
-1
"I
I
2
2
, ,
0
"
"
.:l. - 2 - 3 -10
6:3
"
"
" ""
0
0
0
6
I
3
3
I
3
s
2
I
I,
"
Y.
CF
C F"
I.
a,.,
",.
b,
"-.,
"-.
b.
. .
L")., Ea"n f
c,
,.,
c.
,.,
,., b, = -g(l!, !!)
_.: -~-7 - 18
3
2. Del/:pneTalt ......t 11" .. nZillll'l.~ tAhl""", tll&Il""I,iv"t <lfIlllopvltb'll.ztAAt ki;v.-t6o'n 3 pivot I"lf limn
'1(.v,-,.td""i. " kkoT az u.j t"bl""",' hIIn o"ll:",,,,ri\!t ,n,i....ot Iwl'unk, A <I"K"'I "'Ti\!~ ,,,u.o< g('<'m.. tri>o.ijod..nu...."
ti>hha<{lClO <'RY1............, "10' IMl1ltlwu,. llyeu nu"...h",,, tilbb I""'-i.~ laJl.ortik. 1RY ..l6fo"lull",t. h,'IO' lIduwy
IW.~", "tan nO'1Il ju lunk uj nollC~lt,,_ S<;t, kOll"ln,!lJ.hat6olvan ""lda.mclyl"'llll,-hally "1"... 11 ... Iii!
~jlltl.mk pgy korllhhi tAhlllut.thoz f,o,Pl. v,;.gul.. n eiklushoa v""Rlhet.
Do-g.',,,r&ll aol'u' .....'1... nl..lwt "lO' e' (. 1LboI ( > OaIka1nJ.ll."zAm) tag b,-bea ad&.'<AVJlI a;z pgyelllr'l nu,k..Tt
1'10' w6<lUMilnni. buKY <'Z .... enndeu wIlsik OIl..... nl"mdeg..n ..n\'lttil vaIjon e. a moo""itotl r,t...t...I''''..z
M"<'tl,ti r,l>.tml optilLlili>< nl,~,,1,1NIa lI11"lo\''KY'-''l-ik. ba a llil"gokla."t.a c '" O-t iru nk. A:t ~l)ritl1l""lwuI~:t
a m<'>doo.iw .. lI7.impk-x tAhllr. ki<'l!:~t. .....'-vd ti>rto'nik,amit mot<t. ncm ri=IcWz'lllk.
Alll<"Ullyih.-n a pivot oor;dol>Qt ~ UO'W ''lO'htdluil "",'11x"1l a pivot lIOrt ~,i'''1.1 ''ww;'rtkll MvaJN,;,;t.jllk. Akknr
.. Irgti>hb Ito-Morlati prld.llba.u rikhlll k"I""i<w..e Ut'lll va1OoI:rin,l.
18,1 .3,3 . Egy kezdd sa itnplex tabla mcghararozasa

1.
s..gkU..lad.. t H tno'IOt""""g... , ilto .... k
Gyakran. fo1Pg nagp,u.r111i f..ltiolf>I_"'", ""hP-l.-.,;y
"',IOIOt .... IL>:1Ul00z ~ ou:iml'k-x tilhlAt ~ni. &.kt ..I&"IIi>r <'g)' '''9''dpmvrnmot llIl;t1luk ""'-'.
A )S. = !! .... !! ~
.m) m....tr,..;'1"' ...ut"zrit .,.junk ~ ..
1Jlf'Iyn..lt mf'ROJdN;AhOI ..... rr-r<lrli friNlat. "Y >lZullplcx tAblia.a.tiIt kapjuk . F..am
!! ~1I't"""""-"f mi.m..n
kOwtkn6~p~
C yo :
F" ,
g{.! l ) = -" 0 , 11", -
"",Abo:!.-.,;y,. ~ 0 ( A' '" 1.2.

kapjuk:
IlZ
"
'."
r1 r l
'.
1 ! 1 1 1
0 1 0 0
2
"IF
2 -3 2
IF'
0
1
0
1
- 1
"
ea
I.
indulO szimpk-x tilblal ( 18 .5 . tablazat ). A tAhw..t

utolltUIoOCa a C F" ""'l"<!-n"If,iWk!y Tl<'lIl lW.ilol".Ji vAlto:l'.oira AtszlUnitotl "IO'"'-,t1luot1>kat tMlaltll.l\:tU.
Sz,oomlUf"llAthat6Au U.r ) ~ O. H.. " ""II:klf..!a<ta.t "RY o -. r O) maximUWPOlllja.-.. sta'. rO ) - O. akkot
= 0 .... kCI',-Mkrz.noki-p\-,,Il .! lltl'KOkU- &Z A!: - !! egy<'Ilk-nl"'Ilrl.'<1'plll<'k. KiiJOnhooll lL>: A!. - h
~nIMrcoo-.-n.,k g(z". r ") < 0 --ten nu,,,, ,fIt"IoI<l"",,2 . E8t-t s~ vil .....' 1is ... -sklJll"'"T..rn .irnrlrx ~ tOr1i-n6Ill.-go~uoll":t ...... Ija. loogy..
rn",~", vIlIl0z6 kl.1 pltAvolJ" 11k a bA.ziflMl.. AlllPllnyi h.-n <>gy IDn'!<"l>o'g<'l;viJtozO kilwnil IIbA.z1l<b61,
Ilkkor a ....ki lll<,d el..I6..woI' kili>ro\ht-l<'Ia IAhlAMlhOL l,r;y ~taroz"llkPgy ()S. '. )'" ) mexnnurnpoeto t .... oont;;llk:
I . gt!:". r' ) < 0: M. A )S. = !! ClO"'Ill<otll"U.w....cDf'lt oiflOil lllf'go!dasa..
2. g{! o, y") = 0: II " .. lokWoviJtm6k ko'X1.o'Ml nin.--n..k m""l~~'''' ,iLIt<ni>k...kkor <'g)'hol! .v. " n'<lr-t i
fpllldat ~ tAhlllj" VIln a k~ii ukh.. n. EgyfhkCllt ..ddig ,'llJa.'<Ztll nk a me"lcr>oo'1:('01 \iLlt07i>k fOOI"llhOl
I- 0 ...lemet PI< ,..-gziillk wlp bA.zillnw-rt'l. mig 'uiIL<kll lllel<t<'l""i'gPS vllltozil kik"riil a biLzit<hOl .... 1f:Y II
t.i.bliwolb61 ilo.
!>t""t.,-noCg,,,, v1i.!krwk Iwv...,,..t.<IooPvpl IllW'gklMNlal ,!illl.,tzi6ja uegyon nagyra ",)1,, '1. N"m ll7.iik...'s.....
mi",I,," ''lO''n],thn m....t .. ~ .... vIl1t07i.1 I......,.tlli. 1111 a fdt"t",l...k wnd"""".. a ki''"h'<'-,,;i;[t<'\ \"A1 I<>I.ok t........,"""""d6tt. A ,)S. ~
A ll = !b . A .l.! ~ fr,. abol Q\ . ~. !b ~ 0 ""'k" volt. a.kkoc a.kkor ,.,.aIr,all .. I.....
kct """,Ixu VillI ""ijk"':~ lll...." nJogt"'O v!IJ.t<Yt.okrll.. A hlU'm...lik ri"'-!x'n a kipgffizitO vllll wi ,kat w\l"""ztjl1k
k,-,.dli b<i.l;it<llak.
A 18.1.2. rI'>I:t 1"' ldlljAn...n ......ue l'U: plo<'l pR'!'nl,'I h....;. k('1! m,.. t.,.-,.(-g"" VliJlmot h..,""I~"'fli:
r"
a,.
r,
rl
1"J - TO
= max !
Ih
+ Vl
= 1
+~
- rj
+2.cJ
21"1 - 3rl
+ 2 1"3
= 2
= 2
+6
rT = 2
A ki. :t3ll1o]t l,,-h]A1.at ( l S, 6. b tM>laat ) y(x ". r' ) = 0 m..gold';''''''li orti mlll i~. A m,;..ooik ,,,,,,1,, 1' kitl)rl("":'wlll kiiud1l11lloi f..l"<l,,t ''lO' k,w ]<'lt." bJiw, t';'t. ""'pj1lk.
1
0
zr-
3
0
1
1
1
2
5
3
0
.\IOO08i tott s ai m p l.. x t "bl.. L.-:gyru ali....""" ovtlm.al~ f,.J1lda.1 DOI'lllIl1form3ban lldott:
IW = ..
+ c,,~ .. 1"~~.. "- - max!
( IS_Il:\a)
CY :
F:
,r, _...
0uI,
+ .. + a, ...
1"~ _ ..
.,.
I._.....
;'}
( HU Sh)
....
. . ... 11',&1".... "
&1
-I - I -1 1
-1 0 2 0
e 3 , -3
"IF
"'1"
Zh '
.1".~O: " .. ' ... ~O.
Az r , .. "'" ~ ....llItozl>lr:ka1 f,ollll.ljuk fmi
"1 "1 '.1 "1
'.
1
18 .1.3..t . M6dositott sz implex mod szcr
1
8i9
18 6.h t"hl.k.<at
18.6.11 tiLhlA1...t.
. - II- = max!
(l1o.lib )
CY": g(~. r)
y o:
L,n...-'n.. pmqrnmoza..
I II I .
J8. Opt...",lutiUli
H"IO' ~ 1M ik lIOflJIioWakol .... AT.l'.aI "1!3'ilt~ miwolk ",:.>1. kapjunk...1o'1: IlZ( HU Sb) <'gy<'lllPtWOO'<1;f'ft a m<>gf..1PlO hiLzi.<i.m-.-ra.cl ~Ili. :\ ><tiwl'!.-x lI""M...-rt lD6<toIlill\atjllk flgY. bogy nMIl
OIEiunoljuk mindfon ~ 1',jraa l<i&imvln tAblAt. ballo'llI noakIlZ i1J !M.zj"iDVft"VI bll.rAlnm:uk IJl<'II:. Ax
".ro..t, tAhL\zatb61 c<.ak "'"
pivut w lI><'#...l.iu"o"~ ""Uk.~ PJ.-nwok..l k<oI.l kio<7Junolni. Ha a
vIl1hll7A'>k lI7Ama a f..lt"t<'1rk szAmiIl...
llyitva DafO'OlIl~ (n > 3m). .u:kor a Il:lt'>do>;ilott llZimplPx
mi>AA:u1TP1 figyplP-mfPDwIto "'AmitMi itJrn ~ tArolo'>kaf"""itr IPhPt ~t<t.ni. a lU.Ii.wit.&.i. pont.....
,.,j
~ oOvPw-.... nll'l.l.. lt.

:\ rnO<Ic-..ilOl~ saimplex IAbla A1tA1An"" ,.JakjAl .. HI,i. ta bI Ar.... mlltatj&.
1/;t. tAhlAzal
r,'
..:
"
..
Z~ ~ ..
1"~ _ ... ,
'"
~_ .... 1
."
..
'.
'", , -,
'
"-0 ..._.... 1 .. ........
c, ..
....
.. ....-... ,
c,
>,
>.
~
-..
'
A tlilila:.:atl....." SVc"1l"I<'i jdol"""k:

AkluA1i>< bA.z;"\"A1towk.
rl .... c...
:-l('ml>Azisvo\ltO"w kr ll a l",.<N"ft"U "'lfuAAV'UY .'!O'Ulthalili.
, b",
bl
A1. ak tllali.. flormAlal" k johh 01,111.1...
r?
rZ
'. (.,. _,.: ~;?
~,:'.~)I ~ (>" ...,>.J <>,,,.I~,,, "'If;;",.,", ,,~k_
A'
a"u ~"' +1
. ..
a......
A :t ..k t ",;,I i~ b>l.zi~iHV"rz ...hol l\:t A' ....:tlop.. i I<Z 1"~_", .. j

valtO"d>kll<r tart-uw OKlopok ..ktl1A1i>< 1I0""A1ala kj".
,Z..
! = (rl"'" r ",}T
;Akt uH.li~ pivoT. ' ''1.I,,!,.
2. Medosttott s1.im pl px 1.. 1'....
a ) ,.\ t" hlAmt lJ('1ll o"lim"'i~. " mIg l"glllAhh ~Il:Y l"J > I) (j 1. 2" . " nl.
ER)' q Ilivol 0.,,,101' ki va]".~"l';''''' ''gy '". > (I-m.
b ) Az ,'-<l ik pivot """ lor S...,-LIflit......... (1 ~ . Hlh) ' l!Y illl h" t'>IlI!t.l rix q-r1ik "":tlop';'lJak '''' A' w"W,.ata.kCllt
.... IIk><pott v"k tor h<'vitd, .. tAllI" ul.olM ....7.1"I...k.."t..
18.1. L",..<i,..,. progromoza..
880
A pivot ""'" m<>gtu.~ llgyanllk)' uuut a IUiUllu a!.Roritmllll """ten (1I:l. 16).
c) A:r. uj tAhliwlt kwAmltNolt." ( 1I:i.I"" (1) a18pjanhol a.. -t formali.'la1I. T,-wl h..lyM.tft<itjiik/"'"z ind...
ltpk.. n-m..;.j j :s; n t..mxIlAnyl"'''''''ltk. A~ i', m<'nnyiloPgpla>t nem irj'lk he. A ~ ~ (i''' ~''''l , ' ' ' .i'..)T
llf'gfbofog"""\ J '" 1, . .. , n - "I-W m"lthatl\.r~ukr-, = ", + 2.J-t. ahol!!j .. (IlUSb) <'g)'ilttlu.tom!lri
x&naJr. j-dik
j..Joli.
:s.
ooWo,,,,t
A 18 ,1.2. pIolcl" normaw..kjllhA r..t krllIH,....nni. A hoz:t<\l.artoziI Q." pivot """.Iopot.. ( 11l.S.8 tIlblazat ) tAbIAn... ~ k..u vennl.
11:1.1:1.,. tAb~l.
.TIIS.!'.
'.
.1'2 "3
'.
.r.
0 0 0
o
o
o
I ,
0 I 0
0 0 I
0 0 0
I I x] r.
2 1 2 2 1
"
"
,,
5
3
''..
"
"I
IS
T,
I, = 0
J'f
0 0
0 0
"2
-1
, ,1
2 2 1 2
0
0
3 0 I
3 0 0
.'.I - A~ - (!
..\ toYabbi. a&mitAloob.l .. 18. 1.32.
2 2
, 2
lm(-i) (l)
I{~.} =
F:
,T3' "'~ JJ
Dvtil/~laJ4t
:::Z ruex! (lS.l9A)
C F ":
A I.1 ~l + A 1.-& '$ h,.

AU!.I + Aa..t3J: '" !b.
.&1 2: O.
!oJ ..16j<>lkiikllcu. ( IS.I % )
F ":
gful = h iY, +
bi.!b = min'
(I Il.2Oft)
A T,!!: ~ Ai l!!:J 2:!<-I '
u , :::-: o.
!!.l pl" j<'lkhl('tlpn. ( HU Ohl
fd",l.a~imn,
2 . Du al itlult H ",I.,k
a) H" mint! Ii kH fd dlltnM IN.~.t ik m''ll''uR",lctt n"'l':0 l<!""".1LZaZ Jf l' 0. M ' l' 0, ..kkor
/(!.) s g{y)
minden X E u. y E sr,
(H:l.211\)
"'" mind e, kN f..]Nllltllll-k IN'"tik 01,tilllA)iJ< Illl'K"ld"""'.
b) Az.& EM .... y E M " v,'hornk I"'nt._u akk,,!' optimalil< meR0J.!a.sai .. megf..l..l<'i f.1... 1"lw,k. h"
I,..Ij.",iil:
/(3) '" g(y).

c ) Ha f(.&) f\Z .\f hllhn...um fdilJrill, ill, q(y)
A!
=0,
PnmDl/..laJ4t
CF:
(lli.21h)
a:I.
M " ha.lmawn alul r61nelllkorIM, .... ..Jr:lmr M" :< 0. ill.
/1~}
DouiJ/..Uul41
C F ":
F ":
= Zr, + 3.r 2 ~ -II. '" max'
-"'1- "'l-
z.:S-1
E2
:s 2
-...\
~ 2.I',:s
2
2r, - 3... ~ + 2.l'3:S 2
Z I .... l.E.2:
0
!rt!!l :.
- "I
-II, -.- 2~ ~ 2lO3 -.- 2.... =

-
11.-.-2
2:2
-3
:::-:3
+2~+2
:::-:-I
-101+113
-Ill
min!
Ak~tt'5vA1tnW1<~"l.ADboakczd6qjmpkoxtAhlllf..WlitMa'ltAn~juk .. d,aAlf..1Adatot o:z.impln lll6d'<7.f"m4.ma.jd .. ~tOY\'ktorolut.l ..Ik""jlYf'M Y" '" (Il l . "2. " ...... ) '" (O.7.2/3. -1/3)
llll'goldN<t kapjuk. ahol g{y \ = 18. EbbOl .. primAl ltot!at egy 3' optim41ill ~ 1r.~'<Z&milhat6az
( A ~ - h ). = 0, abol ... > 0 rendlrz<o1" ""'lP~. _:1'2 .. 2. -rl + 2.1'3 = 2, 2.1'1 - 3"' J + 2r. '" 2.
19y ~ll r = (2. 2. 2). ahoI It.!:) "" 18.
r..
18.1 .4. Speclells llncaris o ptimalizalfL..i ft> ladatok

18.1.4.1. Szallitasi fe lada t
1.
ALy, + A~,:o!!.r :< ~
Az ''KYik fdlid,,~ ,+If(i)llt...{,nyfl",k ''lO'ijuh"ti>i alkotjAk a lu""ik f,I..d," fPl\kt",I";npk johh old"J.. 1. Mind('II "lOjdkiit<:twn VliJl.,ti,h,,7. "lO""nl<'ltoi1l; k minden ..ldjdkotiiu "alto'dilJuz t-gy<'nl(;t).. n";'g t>t.ltU'.tik Il
IIIMik
b ) H.. a primiIl f..bvlathan .. frlt.<-to-l<-k,.zAma Il Vl\It<J7I>k'-: krproIt~. akkor Il duil f<oiM&t m6o'ka!Jitotl llrimpla ~ tOrt-PnO ~aoi>kkl'llti ll.umitANllItll)'t.
A 18.1.2, pfkla kiPg""zitO YiltaWIF: ,,",lkill:
J"'kl" Ai>lp.i4n (1Nwl1l 77. okl.) Yo>gezziik.
I . Hoz ~ndE'l", M,ndm lilJMri" nptilWlliMlNli f..........that (primal f..1NW) kOk...oniWn "SY'"rtC'im(kon ll."lJ<k>lbd.llllO' uw.ik "I>tillul1i7.4\N.i MArlIlI (duM r--Iadat),
CF:
(1~.22c)
+ AI ,!b - ,l. F 0,
",.
F:
18 .1.3.5 . DualitAs a lin eAri lie pt imaliaala sban
l'rimdJ /..ww.
h.. (A J 'Y I
A d,litJ.fdNtlU IDPgOIdaMboz h....maIh&lQ "lIZimpl.-x mlxl.rzo:r.

3. A dual f.. ladat alkalm>u:hatbsAg" A duili. C1atJa1 m.-goldJlM" kiMotkrm ftlrickhnJ ddnyiil<:
a) H& aduilMaclatra kiiIlll)'<'bba oormA1A1Alco& Mimi. akkurhetru- a primal f..!Adatri>!attiorni .. .-lu-
J == 1.3.4-p !u.pjnk:;', = e, - 3<:>:l1' (c, ,~,(',) = (2 . .a.O).

A bpott .! = (0. 2. 0, 1. 0. 2. 2) ........ poul .. 18 ... . ' bra g pontjanak ..wl IIl<'fl. A kmptknJll pivot .....,
8) -; 31ec. ..\1: t -t .. 2 t.ablazatl",m.ir hrlnuk ( 18 .8 .b tablaut ) :
pi',
d) Az.& E .\1 Ct; !! E M " Vf"ktorok p<>TlI.-n ekkor ul>tim.ll.l~ llI4'gold"-i .. llKWClelO fdad6tIlilk. ha
...Iio"'ijlrwk az
!!J (A t.1~I + A I~ ~!!I ) = U "" !.J( A:,!!" A L .!b - s l) :< O
(lK2lc)
f<-I ....tt-!<k. .-\z lltol"" kPl <--~,f1JAAi'" Nl\pjAn Mlu...1f..lwt..t "10' !! 11I'llIfwog"nCn\!t <>ptimA.l~~ m<'goldasaohOi
.. primAl fd..tlat egy .& nptirruiJiII m"K"ldaNo >rlAnlithatO ki Nl ,I.1Ahbi liuciri!legytoniPu.. nd't7Rth61:
A;I. ''&, ~ Au .!:> - ~ = Q.
(18.n..)
( A I j ~, -.- A ,.1& - h i )' = Q
ha. ... > O.
(1l'!.22h)
IRKb u.hw.>U.
It
88 1
A modell
Ey m lO'artO I'~"'" E... AltAI al. "2.' . a,.. rn'llllyiaCgl,,u lO'art"u tprm"ko>t kdl dlCZAllitani "'" n
fogy""".ti>hm: \ 'I. \'2... , \ : . &kik &ol.b,. .. . b~ tIl<'nn}'i,;i'~'" ilC!"uyt'h,,k. C'J je!oli ILZ "IO.,.{,gnyi Rn' ~7.aJ.
lil.N.iUI..Jr: kolt.""'gft iIZ E; gy"rt6 i... ft \~ f..lh....znAIO kOl'i>H. Az E"uiI V~.hl"z Z" Al"I,t ll'I.allitollk. Ol)'/Ul
oziIllitAAt krn...,ink. IIIdylll'k u-zkOl.... g<> minimAlill. F,lt fot.-!.-u iik. bogy &gyan"k o-rkapacit.i\AA meg -
"&.V""lk az "I'UlI"-'Kiit ko.'r""lcttt'l. azJ\Z

(H!.23)
K6punk "10' C k01Wogllliltrixnt ..... Pgy X
..t..""l.1\Ki uu'trixot,
E,
C;" ". C;'~ ) ~' ( 18,2.1.. )

( c",.1 ". C_. E",
ft
xe
( :l ~' 1
:1'... 1
X~'~ )
X .. ,.
V:
v; .v;
L::
bl,,b,,
HII " (18.23) fc1t.t;... IIWm t ..lj""ii!. akkor k;;t .. ....wt kii!iillhi""t,tiillk Ill<'ll:
"
a".
(HI .24h)
881
lli.l.
18 , Opt""all1.NtiJ<
a ) A La,> L: 1>, ('>Ot'li'll ''lO' ~~ ~ 1 liktiv V1"V/it v tiink hP b~ ..l = I: a, - L !l1 iKi'"llyd
, = 0
,.,.a]Utasi kiilw~ ..L
b ) A La, -c L 6, -.-tI"'11 '10' E.... , liktiv gyArti>t vezenlnk be Ill.... , "" L b) - L flo gyiu-t""i Ju.racita.-u .... c",H,J = 0 ....Allithi kolt".;ggd. Az "I'~inu<li>l .-!"t<tt&,hoz a:f. alAhhi optifTl.il.li7AJw.i f..],.. I.. ~..t
ltdl mq,;old...ll;:
! lXj = L L" ,Z,,=min!
CF :
_1,. 1
.
L:>'J=a,
(18.2:...)
( i = l.
hiW.~t :
b )H.
llI '</)I.kihlwuku X.-M"""'t.

(I!!'.26h)
HII <:I , > ~ . kih,'lUuk X 1'),,6..dopiu..
(II' 2ti<' )
H.. ,,) = ~ , kihURUk X "W ""fat ""I.Y d>o6 .-\opit.t. U>t",.ot..g",,", _
( 1 ~ , 2l.id1
H.. awJ: <'C""'" ,.,..., do- mIog Iilbb
ak.kor lIlClIopol kdl kiwrolni "" "rdih.....
c) Hd yo.1.wNtl'l'ik Ar~t Al - Zll"sy..l", 1I, r!. Il, - z u-KY"'I", ;,.rnCtcljUk II.Z djAriu<1 a ~k ....tl'u tAhu..
zattal.
Mindl' n ....n ..lj...."'-! potitlv i>rtJ-kct r..]V'M'6 ,-6Jt0z6 bAzil<viJ.ta1ii. mindf>n mAIo valto>tD .... m hiW.,vftI
tmO .... ig). htiokiik O.
..wop.
0-
9 2 6 3
\'t\,
x=
(~;:: ~~~ ;;~ ~~,:)
L: .
ZJ"I
ZJ.2
Zu
ZH
1.1(-1"'00
IIj =4b:1 = 6b:i =5b l =7

to..."hbi
x=(j ) ro ~
o
('l)
(I)
(11
'2
(3)
p, =O
P:I - I
P:I- I
0005)
( 3Q]30
t -
~ 0 00
a:7. adott
X -ollil.... "ptinJ.iW,j; k1l1iml...., z.. t vAl-:tljuk uJ v41t.>zOuooJr...-\ ,,.r.lrlilll>\ll
" Chan ac,..,~ a o.w..v41tori>ltbnr.t>Lrtcoll kolt.~""'IJiik
mAtrix-..w addi,; fo!rtatjuk t'7:1
o;
('4 \O) (
Olyan k...,~loik i""7.t"""k, m..1ypk " fdt.lJlIAl<i kiill.""g".k.'l i~ figyelesuh.. w",tik (pI. VOGELfi!, "1'1Jl"<JXimacio.. mOO~7Rr, Id, liS ,1;;1). johh k..?,loll,.-.golilMt "w!gAlIl\lnak.
3. A ~zallitA~i felariat mpKoldbll pOI".nc:iAlokka!
A h" z i.w "lt'm>Ju.t it"r " t fv mo<!oll ki,""'rpljiik n,'mhA,-is.../i.!tozrikra "!D'. bogy minden """,It",n "l':Y mo.l!>
"itott kiilt"<gmAtri xnt ~1,Amlt"n k !"Il'i'~ A, A R1,Am ll,AA meuete t egy l'i-1da ",'git,.::"cv"l arljllk m"'l.
"",."'!litt"",, C M Ic
(I.s:17..)
ll:ll
(1~. 2 7..
(0)
(0)
3 ( - 2)
d ) ., IJl"glfUlnvlt lI~t c,/ e-k'IJl("kbrz 1Jlrt..... z 'J.k ..,;y <:ikl""t a1kolnak. Legym r .. = .I > O.
MmdPll tovibhi ~ I r'J-~ Wtou> i , _I iiY 1w.......llnk IDPg. bou .. fclt<'1.d<-k tdjt.,.iiljfi""k .-\
~,.
(18.27f)
6 = .l'" = m.ill{z'J i'J = r" - 6 )

qr;y,..nk-tbOl~jllk.>lboI Z kiWpa tw.;,.I.-". A 1.rJ<1Al"'l', fl
3 -6
5
(3)
( ')
(I)
q, =
-~q 2
H'
s
1
~-<'i
r')
H'
C m:.l rix npm
A kOvd k,.,..~ m.", ha t "tV""'ll<U,
p,
I"
p,
(1)
6
(3)
= -3 q, = _.J q, __ 4
, 5- ' -
c>~)
f (~ =
08.27!l; l
53,
(5)
9
X=(
)'0
9
1'16 5 4,6
min{1.3} = 1_
(45
c=(
ll~ . .'lIll'flnyilwn C f'I(\--ik!'Or"'~

t./V1.l\1nuu.. akkor ~'3<t .. ",>rt vagy .....,. lopot k,hlr:!::luk. A fIlaI1OdBr.
".ljiLr t , mil': wbb kih.:u.v. 'uM '1f'1111clwt~.
~ .."..ljcbbc.v ~lt ..1".1lIPt
10 3
. m.l= I... ,1I).
c)
IcJ><""'k
O & ~ l
(1= 1. .
H", i... 2:. O...kkor
X=
x = (I h ~ ) ~~ ~U
~ 6 5 7
r-'J="J~p , + qJ
r,.. = ru.in{r.
, J}.
" I ",9
"2 = III
"J = 3
k"".dO """ .... kw..o.mft...... fov.Ak.nYlll\...u "'lrOIr. _1Ml!yal:
a ) A t 1116d"..a ou 1W1 t "''!l:Iwi.trix
(3)
i,.. = i:l:! =-"1.

( 1 ~ 2tiAJ
c= ( : ; i ;) te;
(5)
ql = -S'h - -39;1 _ - 2ql--2
=min(_ I '!>' )
v. \', Fl
b) Szirnit>i",:
2. Eg)' Illf"g.. nged.. tt bbi.omt"Koldas ku.:zamith.ll

Az. .i.'xkn,.,., .-.unI; U46<iJ, ~~ mind~ tAWIUlk ~ 1IM'gl"llp'<"""
' lO
- (
A t:+lfiJgr+ny .. lllWinUllM' .. rtl<'lI:",&",l...n tlUtolwi.ny '1tY "","KMban """"i fpl. Ax m + " frlu-tPIMI
m -.- n - llinrAriMn ffiAAI"tWn.1gy 1~~raIt ~b..n aa<uama!< m + n - 1 pori!i\':l v koor<linAtid
kPll ~ AI, Of>1imAliA oaiIJliw moogM1Moz&lt. .. ><l.Iilliu..i ~tm"" ..-gi~ ..11O,..t i"ik.
I U
c'J = 0 mind en (,.) )-n". aho! r' J "" ....tualifl h.v.i",,41tozO.

(18,27h)
Ehbes. a C- bcn .. bJi.zisv,;.]tnz6kbor; Illrto-w k;;ll.Ioi~.Iu1 ul'_"ftit'I"ljiik ~ p, = O-t rOKziljilk. A tovilhhi P,
'''' q, ltIf'nllyi"'1';c!-t - . rnelVt'ko-t !OU>k"" potcnd.unalr.. ill. ".;impt.-x ,,z,,l7i>tJAk hlvlli
~""'llitjllk
ki. bogy" mPgjclolt k61tsi.-F:.'kh.,t tllrtmi> pl . q, ~" '"'J k"l""''!i: ~ nullAt arljon:
C
,-,
883
..J.ft.bbi fdtiot".l..kk".1
:~:>" J - bJ (j = L . . n) . :1"'1 2:0)
,m)
p '
a) ~
>0:1:
L",~rin..proqm",o"""
' -2
cr
H3
(0)
_ C"3 )
X "'"
'1 (0) (0)
37
I,,,,t"'m,,,, ''''",atlv "kmd. Ezi'rt X
(0)
(1S,2ih )
fi X) =19.
I'IlV
(l8.2 7i)
optilllali" """,Hit,,,",,,
884
18.1.4.2 . Hoazarcndcleai foladat
18.1.4 .5. Sorbarendczesi feladat
Az i~lIlf'rtf't"'" pgy I....ld" '""1'~1I tortfllik.

I. "".liJliwi m.-gp;hI1.....1 In-ll kilulni n ..z&Ilitman)'OZ&li v>ill&lal.uak oly mOtlOll. boKY mind<'ll viLIWAt
" killOnbmo'l tprmCk mq;nH1I1kA!A...... tort-hlik "t"rll1{>kt61 fiiufl ""1TM1,n"'!J m k,lli\nhfflii 1:<'1""11. ElQ'ik
gi'pcn e-m l..hM: pgywRrW tob1:> tl'ftJli-k<>t m.-p;rnlinkAllii. ~tm<l"n l<'nllH mllJ<I'"ll g"l'''" tiirti-no Ill'''''
m,mkAlWnM iOPjf' il<IJl<'Tl. A term..lPAi ..Ij........h...n "l!'''-Il..k vA.-aln""""i idok. mplynpk olea. hoJ!:y ... g<'p
~. Iw-ly<>D" IDPgII!,mkaWr...oor lwnil
;'1'1"'" rugWt, .II' v4rbllh...k ... g"ppk i~.
OIY"1I ...-.m'mkt kcll t..J31lli. owly" g""'kl'll lI",gm"okAlt w"hok <-:<atfutAooi idPjo't. ""'~.,. vli.r...
k<n.k.i i<1Ot \""flY ... K""leoillliII<i iMk """"U'llminill...w.AJjll.,A R,,",,~ <+Iokt.... f,lQ6Pn. Ell:}' t<mi.1,bi
<+1 j,.bM;. hA. ..lOirjuk. bogy nem lPh<-t....k vfu-~-" IP41Wti i<lOk .... "lIl"'Il"u minimaJ.i...aJ.juk" t.eljeatfutAai.idOt_
ponl.oAAn "8Y rnrr;hbk t bl,j"ll. K~""",ii.k .. \ql;kOl~kim"k;hb oo;.:d.rmd..l....t. ha "" ..nik viJWAt ..
j-dik ,.,.A1litA.... rt (., kOlt""'r:t't ordoruoI frl.
Egy ~'lI(kJn,1 f('L... "1W<-iA!ilo ""AIlit""i fPl... \At. Mol m = n ..... a, =~, = 1 minden I,Jre.
C F:
.
It!fJ: L L
.
l >.}
.-1,."
,.,
mt
("l~" = min!
= I (I = I.
,n)
(1~,2S>o)
18.2. Nemlineatis programozas
L x., = 1 0 - 1. .. n).
(11'l.28b)
-,
A lD<W'fI~t roM-wi matrixnk min<'-'n ll<>fA .... lllind.. n.-lopa. p<>DtnM.n "RY I __t tArta.1nuu.. .. tOObt
lDfll:'"Il~lt f'w-.tMi mAlnxhOl kiindul_ .. bo=ar.nddi".j &lM"t "'" ~ht/>k,Wgi
klnll ~'" ~,"Ih.lIZiillftMi alpit=-al. r.....r.hbil min<J..n ~~I
~(
101) ~A1t. IIrrt n - 1 bUinll.1ww nuJL;,,-J.~. wrt ..rikh......Ikmi~
kiilOn '-~ni k.-Il.
rho O. I::Y X
....lti-t.o-It 6Y"
18.1.4.3 . E10!';ztA...i feledet

A fpI....tAtot "IY ~ krrtooon>il Ullll&lJ'Uo; I....
.\ z m nAllui E l . E,.
. E..ttnnfkct al.~. . a.. .......ny;,.rgb.>n boll f'IOiLIlitAni. Mindf'n Uonniok~
Iftlf'1 ft7. " dArAh MI. -"2.. . .\1_ ~ b&nu<olyik~n KYiLrtani. Az Jl, gi-p "" E, WI'1IWk "8Y ~
.,lOftllitioMhollo" lfW'&IlllI11kAllMoi. itl&.. van~" fto t".,J kOI.~ p.r. Az .\1,
ren<J..1~ &116
mllnJWM ",. Az .\1, #'t>c'1I E, I.<'nIIi'kh61 tt'rlll<'!t LV mrnn~-i.~ Ug1.' ull m<'gV~tAni. bosY ~
11:""'"
<-kO]~ 111l.lI.imal~.
.\.1: eiofrrtAai frlftdatr",.z .1i,I.hi IlIO<"'U AdooXlik:

CF
F:
I~) =
LL
.-1 I_I
LL,,=a,
I'
<""I" '"
(.""1,
!'i..mJif>P"",, I'ro,;r~ f,,","ton "'"

/W '" min~.
MoI.!:E R~ f..!to""'"
(1....31"'1
g;1.!.)~O.
iE/={l.
.m).
h/(!.l=O lEi-{1. . r}
(IS_3Ib)
..Jaki> prubW-mitt ertjiii. hA. ~ rgy I. 90 h, fi~IY D<'1TI lin....ria. A ~tt pomok M
I.
N .. mlin eiris optimulrulwnitu
M ={.!:E R~: 9oWS:O. E/.h,{.!:)
O.lEi},
{lS.32}
.... mioinmmJlODtok~.MA" fcladat.

2 . :\Iinimumpontok Egy.!:' E .\I ....ktort ".....,~. m......""..
\'niink. M. mindni ;! E JIw
tt-Ijn.ii.l az /1..;!.) ~ /l.!:!. Ha ez.-lt 1l7.l!i.. J>lIIIll'lO" U k~ ......k! tn<W"'~t J"ODtjAir" tel;c..Ul.
Ilklror If ~ WtilU ....... m.ml"""1- A llIininm"'I"""l ,\f'fi.nic;Oj4hnI,..Jl><lrnr.k lIZ O\.timalitAi f..ItkclNl:.
~liVl'I" h,(;!) = 0 E'gy"n\oottip,....., r..!tiotrlrk kk ~"'t~
-h,!...!:) O.
h,~) ~ 0
{18.3J)
bonthawk.l"1i'rt II tov,wbi..k.bAn r..lt..h<>tjfik. bo,;y i{i it) ha.lm..~ 'If<'JL
,.....,uak ....
18.2 .1.2. Optimalitasi fclt etelck

.. m),
Lh,II,,~b, U-l, ... n).
L"
0 mind<.>t, I.j
(18.2%)
'.1
18.1.4.4 . Utazo ilgyndk problemaja
Ad\"1l. _" n ,'i\mo. 01, 0,.... . ()~. H,'KY 0,-1>61 0,-1,, j"""unk "" iigyuoku('k c'J V",ol""g"t 1u>1I111'W.'U
IIi<', 4, I- c" ;,. llI''lt''IlIo:,~[,otl
K""",,,iik " lpgrf>\"i,l"hh ut,,1 ,"KY. hog.\" "" ,iR,Yuok mi"J.u virotlt ClII\k ''KY='r liItog.. t llI"K i.,. v{'l{i.il
vi,.,.".....I;.r" kiindulMi h.,lyl't'.
Mint" ho"~""""nd..I""i f..l",l"I],,",. itt. i. IIC tA\"nL,.,;,gmillrix mind..n >IOrAl"'1I e.. miu,ku ""tlnl"'],"'l "Ilv
d'm,t k..1\ klVAl"""t'Uli 1"lltv. ho!O' II ki\"III....7tnU d"ID"k OR~'lRg" minimalis logyen. Az utll.Z6 iigyniik
k l"dat m,'80ld......in...k 1l111llf'rikll" !CI'.lImftAAAt j,,!pnt6Rf.n megnehezlti. bogy e n",gj"lol t Cv .. lo'n...kl",k ki
kPll "Mgit "ni "'" "IAhhi f"II,/ot..lt;
C;, ,0" ...~,.;., ....... ,~, .. ",
1I11,,! ;. ". i l k ". I "" in+! = ;1.
(IR,JU)
A,. "t"".o ligyniik protMm..."IAgIl1.N< {of< ~1J.tVAlI\llZtAA tip\~'''IP]jArA....,kkal (brand, MId bound} "Jdhl\tl>
Ill"ll.
18 .2.1 .1. Problemafelvetes
s:
min!
A>: "IOl<I:t....i r"l..vi.R.t " "".AIli,"""i f..]IWlM pgy AIt.alAnOf'j~ PA ID"lI:ol<lh"ti>" IIZimplMl: m6clM7.o.m!. H...
minden /)" = l. Rkkor"lO' ".1 fiktlv trnn;'k 1x......'Z"~ ut.m (1A...-l &12. oM.) .... pff,kUvt<MlHtAAi
alll:"ritmu~t (IA...-l ~2 ol<l.jlu"'zIlAlh...tjuk" nlt'gol.Iiu<Rh01..
L8.2 .1. Problemafelvetes es elmelet i alapok
SpeciaJi9 irilDyok
A megengedert irilDyok k u pj a l 'ogy! E .'II'''ntl>l\l1''
Zl!.) ={4E R~:
s u .!: ... "gEJ/.O~(t:S"}'
:lSt.H.
(18.34)
df'finiAlj....Mol"" irlUlynkat ~- ....l j..Ioltiik. H.. d E Z~) .......kor ""'! + n rl,""gfu- lllludpn pontja megf....
1..11IPn belli n ..rtlkr.. ,H.t...li.
2 . Egy c9i'>kk.. nb.li irany "". 1!.ronth"n '"!\Y ,,1)'Ml l.!. Ii ~ wktor. ,udyr.. l;'tezik "lQ' Q > O. hoK,v
1.
I.
ss
I(;! + o!!)< Il!.)
'IaE(O,ii)
(HI.J.:o)
Eto- uuuiruumpontban ""lll \(,t,~.tik il)'l'll m'"K"lIK,~I,tt ooiikkpll""i irll.ny.
1181 diff"r"m'iAlhato,akkor V'/(.!:)T!! < O..gy,,"J,;t l'Il""'Ilt~~1 kiiVltk,'Zik. hngy ~ ookk"n,,,,i lrany. V'-val
.. ru,bl""peratort jf'loljiik. MOO] V I()) IU 1 "ki,l"" fiiAAvi'l1Y! 1",IY"1l rp!""tt RT"di"m.,',t jcliili.
2.
Ii"
S~iik""g""
optimalitaai felt.. t .. l
1 diff"reneiitJh"tl>.... If lokfJ.Iis miuunumpont, "kkur

V'/(:zs")T!J..:?: 0
",i"d"l1 !! E ~C2i:)mdl(-'lt.
'lb\"i<bl>A ig"".
V'/ (:zs" ) = Q ,
ru..!:' ,,1, .11 t...I"'d" b"'l fP]'Sl<ik.
(11:\3(",)
(IS.36b)
Hi. OptmuJwilM
886
3. LaJ(rang... fi:iggv" lly b nYf'~gpon l

liwll.hhi ff'ltd.d(~k m.. l1..n " ( lll.:J6a.h) optimalit.t..l!Akr.. k,.JIIl(Y~ "i. EhhPz "'" ''1O'''u~t ipll,,(j r..lti'to!t tartalmazil ""k!>wXrt"Ju,.o<ffinillw<.... u IlIIt<.
nAI",t".. LACRASGE-/r'l.. ,mJt,pl,J;,jt01' ",M.:.,...n.. k (l""'-1 40'. old.) nwgf..t..l6<-u kl"l><-.<Z;ik .. LAGIVr. :<lGE
fiiggv<'uyl:
L(A. g) - f(:1,)'"
Egy (!f0 ~. ) E
n" )(
.
L
,.,
1I,g,~)
n ~ poiliot
!l.!)'" y Tg(X) ,
(lll.J7)
!f ERY ER:'
L ",......."..,..tjiuw hivunk. ha
(11l_J.'l)
Global;" Kuhn Tuck..r-fe ItH o;>I.. k

~' :1, " E 1-1" I'0UI kidl~ili .. ~k>h.\.li" !\lHS-TucI(ERr..ltk.....krt. ha.1~ ulyan u' E H:' .....ktor.
~ O. bo&Y \.3". yO) .u L n~><">I'Itj ...
:\ Kl"H."-TI,JCKERf.. [tit, k-k hl7.OlI);tiw!. mo-p..whati>a ij.I.j . oIdaJou..
::;. El~",optillUllitkoi f..lt'-!"I
fu (!f', yO) E n ~ " R ';' "'" L IIY""""'1Q'<>'IJ.... altIwr .! " .. 1 ~_31I\..b)nak ~1Wi." mmlmumpcutj...
H.. f;'" 'I. fi"~k .hlf.-r.-Dci4lJw.oWi:.llkkor-lokA.Ii..oplirMliMla..i. f",ltct.<-Irlwt j.o. Ir
t V'f'ZMlIi.
6. Lok.li.. Kuhn -Tuck.. r-f..ltk.. kk
40' x' E .\1 pont kl<'~f(i .. JnkA.IiIo K CHS "Il.CXI'.R-f<'lt.....'"'kl1.. "" W,tl"zm>k oIYAf1ll, ~ n. I E l ot!." )
_ !!.
"'1o..
=Unok. hogy
1l,vg,t..!.).
(I~.J9A)
...
I .3.) = {. E { l..
m} g,l!.)-O}
iud<'Xhal,,,,,,,, ""' :Iiboon akti." r,!tit<Wb-t )p1OI.i.
IS.J9b)
:"'- .3.' pOlliot KCH:" TtC1\ER,..,..tnak wy ~~n.... prmtnak hfvjuk.

G<"OUIrtriailAgf'l,)' a ' E .\1 pOllt kir-~iti .. Ic.kfili,.
KC HS TIX'KERf<'!.ti'I.. kkM. h.. II - 'I;"J( x ) ll{'~~iv Rf...Jir-n" A7. a' -IWt.11 ..letiY r..lti't .."'k v~g, {1!. ) .
i E I.{!. ") gr1K.lwnooi ilw kifnrxit.." klll'''''u YIW
(18 .5 . f1hr.. ). Gyakrllll hAA7nlUjAk "" al"hhi ..kvi,...l"ll~ formhl (IS.J!bI..h) h..lyMt: 1U :Ii. E n"
ki.. lCgiti .. loMliM Kt' H~ Tl TK~. H f..h"I",I..l,,-t, I",
"'tl'llik I"g)' y ' E R : . m..lyre
( I ~. llJ,,) gh:)=O"''"'"'~U---;
g(!. ') :5 0,
.
+ L '..
...,g,(!.')_O.
v 1(' )
,-,
;"' I. .... m .
v g.(.!" )
L( x. ll)
-
= min L{~, !!}}.
(lS A lb)
I~ n "
2. Dualitasi t et elek Ha!. LE Mho. (.!.:l !!l ) E "" , ekkor

a ) L{~. !b) c;:: I(:!I)
(HlAOh)
o.
"""
18.2 .2.
Speciitlis nemllnearls opt imalizalA..,i ft" adalok
1.
K onVE'X feladat Illlk a
1(:Ii) = min!
fdti-w g,(!.):5 0 (0 - I.
. fIl)
( l q 21
I'robl<'rnAl hivjuk.. "" I ....90 fii~\'<'k kollvex.k. I' 90 fii~mY'"k Jr~.t~k li~ ..an-k i~ A wu....x
foolAdAtnt. u-1;r..Ul: a ) _
-u I min<I..n .\1 iPlrui lokiliM 'uiuWHUua globilio. mmlmnm Ifl "Chl'n.
b ) Ha .\1 llPftl u........... ko.-latob. akkur ( ISA 2)nf'k llol:f"Zik \rJt,.J.il.b "IJ'~'
0; ) II.. / ,w!:orila.u joevex. Akkor j}i(42)-....k ~l""'b "'IY 1U<"'8.-Md.iM Ji,tezh<,t.
2. Optimalitasi ("It';'t.. lek
a) H.. I fo1ytonoowtn ~difI"n 'll< WhAt/>. akkor ! " .\1 ponu-nakkor mo:gol<L\AA. (11i.42)-....k.
W. t.Plp'll:
tx - ~. }T~ 1(:Ii") ~ 0
mln<Wn x E \1
( l l!.iJ)
h) A ~ UTER -/dtitdegJI rl'gnMtA."I f..lti'IPIAX M n>eR..~...len tIlrt<'>OJJVlyrA.- Akko.- t<'l;""'-u, ha l..teUk
..,;y ! E .\1. bo,;y g,W < min<l<-n Il<'In affin !ilK'''"'' 90 I'ii~UY"" .
, .
0; ) H.. a ~UTER fdti"!<"1 t.-1';""'ll.llkkor s: !""',,-n akkornunimAlJ>t>DIJIl (1~.42)-1l<'I<. "" K'U"ZIk .1I ~ O.
bolo' (1!.' .11" ) II LAC!U'i C E-n1w rn)' n)...rf'lQ.out...._ H.. "",n 11.l~t1l U
90 rii~I1~ ...k d~,",:~W.
bll16k is, alr.kor a- l-'0utOAAllIlkImt ~,>I<lN<& (IS.42)udi;, b11 2!i. kl<'~tl"lok;ilj,. KCH S- l't: C1\ERr..lli'ld.. k..t .
90 fiigWll)'f'k <litf.......w::iAI.hati>aIr... (I S,41... b)
d) OlyAlIlwnVl'"xoptimalizAlA."; M",iAtokr....AboI. az f
f..ladat "lO~hl'n;"ml'gfop.\lIuo:dlAt<'>:
(I8 .44a.)
L( !.. !!) = max".
l!.. Y) : Jr ah,,1
!'.
,,"AI.
\
!
szintvonala k
ftx )=iiUand 6
(IIiUb)
M ' = ((:Ii Y) E W" R';' 'l;"I,L (!.y) - Qt ,
Az L gradil',~t.--lt :Ii-re \IOllll.tkozOlw k""'"auk.
,,) A kouw,x optimAlizilAAi f..l.viAtokr/lhvfn)'"' a:t ~rii. d1Ull.tMttt..t
.'
..
Ha..\1 ki..u,.;iti a S LATER felti>I.. lt .... 3.' E .\f I< (18.42) <'It)" 1II1og"ltl"",,- .. kkor 1f"t<"Zlk "lO' .1I E ft ~ . ho,;y
(1!.' .y ") a (18.44a.b) <l uAI f<oI,..jat nak mf'll;ol.w.a (,. ldj....iil:
f{ !.") = min f(.~J = lIUllt L(3:.y ) - L(X....If ) .
(18.4:;)
..~ ,\/
18.2 .1.3 . DlialitA...; uz o p t im a JizAIAsh an

D"M ft>l a d l<t A (IS ,31...h}-hm." LAG n ANG E-fiil\lt;vi>ny (HU 7) MhM'llHWI>!AVal .. kijwt K("~/i diliol
fllUllll, "'''''l'k.""dl ",t,o;:
L( !.. y) _ 1Il1U:!
f(ltht> Cl1:,J.!) E M ' ...hol
( 1:lA la)
\J.-JI10P
18 .2.2.2. Kvadratlkus optimali;-:a.1as

I.
ie.s. Mmo.
7. Szak~cg..... optiml<l itfl~i f..lt !ott'! ,... I< K uhn TlIcke r- rdti>t ..I..k
Ha:li' E ;\/ (l11..11>1..h) loWi_ millim' ulll>O llljll (>p. /I llJ.g' Ilf':<~I<\.t tartollUWy 1!."1"'11 kid/'lI;ili /I
ft
3 9 E 11 : v !I,l!." j'g < n 1IIi1l<1"1); E 1,,(1!." ) rrg"l"nlli.i fl'lt';t~lt" akkor 1!.'kili'Riti I< I()ka li~ K l 'HN
TUCKEn fdtit(]PK..t
1.
x R ':
18,2 .2.1 . K onvex optimalizAlas
uUuJ..n !fE Il ~ .!! E R ':'
-I.
0(1
= {( li.!!) : R "
h ) Ha L~ . !h)= f( :Ii:). akkor ~I minimump<>utja( Is .:JJ...h)-n ..k ....(!..I.!!l) rruOOnmm!)()utj.. (I i:'! AIII)-
L(:1," !!J S L(ll;". y") S Lt! y" )
-v/(:Ii') =
M"
Fela d a tm.. ghatilroza s A kv...-lr..lik,,~ oplim.. lilJil....."" I<IAhhi ..J..kli f.l...-l..t"kkal f()l<;l..Jkrrti k:
I (!. ) '" a'ca + ~T1!. = min'.
! E M C Il ~
.u
" hoi
M '" M / :
= {!.E W
A !. :::;; 12. .x. ?:!I}
A C "KY s:liIllIll.tr iku.p. {n . n ) ma tri x, p E R ~ . A ,'gy (,.n,n) mAtrix"" !! E ll".
Az .\f m..g..nged..tt tart<>m fmy t<"' ''b l>1 ,.Jt<-tlllltlv l<1/1kJaI'
M = J/I/ .
M '" {z, A !. = !l:- !. ?:!!},
Ai = M il l
M - (3 . A .1I: :::;; hI
2. A La grange-Itlggveny e~ a K uhn -TI,,,,k.. r-{.ltlthl.. k
(l H,4Ga)
( 18.46h)
(H<.47.. )
(tl >A7b)
A ( l S,4fia..h) fdIUjat LAGRA"GtAiip;RY' n y.,
L(~. y ) "' :liTe !.
+ .e'l\. + y T(A ;! - h).
(l il,48)
IS, Opt""iilmU4.0
888
v~aL= n+:lCX+ A'r u

KliH~
r =Jy =-A ~ ... ~
hI 2C:!- ~~ At y.=- F.
=!!
( I~.:;o.,.)
2C !:+ A T
(11<,501
y = - .e
hI
:'' C.!._ y+ ATy = - z
hI
<)
.ll.2:: !!. '!
<I y. 2:: Q r 2:: Q
(18.5Ol":)
til
;s:Ty = O
r Ty= O.
(18.;,Qd)
2::,Q
(1.'\..J6r)
y 2:Q ;
.!Ty '" O.
II. ......t :
A ;s + r - h
.! 2:Q .
/l8.49)
'h.rC KERfP!tk ..l.. k,
I. ...... t ;
'1
iJL
,."
-8;11:-joolOl"-.'l a
(11l.ii6h)
2C.!- y+ A T!! = -e .
A lTI<'gPllgf'<io>tt to....tullI.. l1ylll"
d)
Kon vexitu .v./W ~ y pnI't<"WWl akkm (<Tl'iooru) kon\I'PX. ha a C (purtitiv drlillit) vozitiv
~t. MiDdrn konw-x optimAliz/UMi u-t..-I kOnnY"-"n rmogfogalmazlw.6klr3dnl.lik... fd""lalolml"
",",illY ..-rru,lo.lillit C mAtriXl'lUl. tM'ihbl a SLATER f..JtiWl mindig tf'Ijoo:ouU...un "10" a - ponl optimalilMalla.k .u~ "' ..~ fo-lthfolr. hoc ~ <"gy {2\:0. y .y . il polIt. tnrly kidl,(iti "loko\IiIo
(18.5 7)
A ( l!I.ii6a,b.c) kfplptpk pgy m ... n "llY""',\Ot;I""lOfolthlil411O lill"hri>o "IO"".U6tkn~ l'PIl<b<zPrt alkoln1lk

2n +m valtozi:wflJ. A (1."l-.j7) f<>ltiotP\ mi"tt VJ:! .!, = Uvagy Yo = U (i _ 1. 2.... II). E li'rt (l ll.~h.c),
(IS.::'7) minJen mego~~pljfohh m + n Pf'fI\7.h-wo kompou"tllIb61 &1I"'llO''' (lll.5611-.b.c) bazi>lrrJf'~bz.
2. A megoldas me_t.. A ....impWx mO<l.rr ""&i~ t'\&oWr AZ A !, - !! Tf'n<Lozrr 'V !. 1Ilf'g"",gpdPtt ~ (D<l>cM~) halkuallk~..\1: X ~u.f>ioo. tAn<q{) indexek AikotjAk
az IB indahalIIIAZI. Hogy a (1~.::.6&.b.~) rm<boct-t "lO' olyan ~1A;.&bozj .......UJi. 1ll<"ly (11l.5')-eI. ill
b-~ti.lIW'll: kpil oId>Lni AZ "J... bbi wrgklfd... J..l-Ot:
(1 ~,;"''(1
(I' E R );
-I'- = min!.
3.
K Utt ~ Tt!CKEJlretJ<illllrrfrltrt.,.,"t
DuiJ fE'ladat Ii.. C ~tiv driinit, akkor

m6don foK..J.nuozhAtjuk mr&'
L~.!.y) = max!
(,1'-.\1.) EO.W
4.
sr
= {( !. y ) E n- ", R ':
HAil -2C-1{ATy ... .el kift,.iM'J"M
.I '"
IU'. .!
( l~A6a1
dual .. ffol>ldatAt
(1~.44a1
IIlakjat Ju.pjuk. m..lyn:: H II~' E

nwgokUso.", t<-Ijoolil:
-~ C~I(ATy' + e l}-
(IS.;:'lbj
G AC-I ~ _ h) l !! - ~E:l~-I p: = max~
u 2: Q
(ULj2j
.\1 11I<'g01d&-a (l8,46a.. b)-n..k. Akkor VIllI (lS.:J2)n.. k ",;y !f 2: Q.
f(~"),,, ,:0(9')
( IS.:.3)
" (I S."2) ll-lad.'I.t b..lyMt....ith..tli ~
= ~ AC-I A 1
4
,..
ahol
( HI.~II)
~AC-I ...
u ... -b
2
{ HI.~1,1
u >0
h=
" kviva l" f\lllLlakka l.
18 .2.3.
1~ .2.3.1 .
r..l e~old Asi modszerek kvadrat.ikus opt.imallzalas!

feladatokrn
Wolfe-djArAs
I. Fel"d"tllwg"dA.~ #OS mfOKoldfulj elv W OLFE modszere az alAhhi al"kl, kVll.d rllt ik \l~ f..laoJ"t"k
m.."o ldAAAr" alAAl IllI\II:
f(rJ= j1T C3+ p:l'~"'min l,
A j1 -l! ,
3 2: Q.
Az itt lrirt vAlt07J\"n..n C plYl.i llv ddl uit. Az "1"1'011",, h,lIO' "",ullltsuk ki
T UCKER fdtft<-lr,nd"","'u,,k.'KY (2\', y' . y ' ) 1Il'1/;"ld;Wt:
A.1!,
= !l,
zz
abo!.
9. -2C~ +e .
(11\.:>!Jh)
{18.59c)
o . 1'2:0:
(I ~bO)
!;Ty = O.
(1:00,:>1_)
hrl~t l,"rjuk az ~_ y ) <+)fi"~y"". Akkur" r..ledat clrvi-
~,(y) = yTEy ... hTy _ nun! .
.! ~Q.
rXpOCiwn al< alAbt>i
..t<n.
ri g) = -~Jl AC- IA'u _
111.~)
A !, = !! .
T
2C !,- y- A !! - /'-9 = - e
( l ll.55)
1\
( 18.55) f"laoJ" t K UHN
(lll.56a)
f-rwt,lr.. ftoWI.Rto.1lk "8Y ~. y. !!. I'-) IIlfW>kiWrA. lIJ"l;y kiPlt1I:iti(IS.c.6a.b.c)-t &. (11l.:i7J-.,.\.t<"1jt-.<iilniP
kPll jJ = 0 ll-1u.u-1nPk.
1\ldjuk, bogy"" (.1!,. y. !! . 1') = ~. Q.. Q.. I) ~...lrtt ~ a (l8.::'9a.b.c) Tf'f~k kie~ti (18.60) fd tnclt . E,;y dili<-L a ~lNo1lo4 tart<gO MQ,. .1Ww-tkn.6 'giitthawm;itrix.-..
IopaibOlAllilMti> dO:
AOO O)
(2C ~ I AT ~
(1~.61)
(18.6 1)-1><'n az I az '-1tV~rix..t. 0 1lll'IIlrnAtrixot ~ 2 a Inf'gfo-k-I<'I dilllf"llw. nullvrhortj<'lOli.

a) m...wop. IDl"lyek lI.Z
tartoz.n. ..lr..aboll E Iii.
b ) " - m.-.lop. lDl'lyrk a t',bt-.t tMto..w.n.Alc. in 1 f IB.
c) mind<-n u; -brz tartozi> m oeWop.
d ) lIZ lltoJ.oOOfll'Jop. "" <'7krt "8Y m.,.;frl"M b) v..,;,v c:) Altai m<'lI:batArozott <-.Iopot rUI>'fO'mk.
Ha 9. = Q, ak kor a d )-t n<'ID Irh'" kiol'.....lni: d
!; mAt m"l~ol<l.u..
Fd tu<lunk inri "to' krzd6 llZimpl"" tli,hl"t. A Ifiiggv.."'y rnillill~ a ""illl!,I"x djior""""'-l t':ir1iuik
"8Y k~ooit6 frl tftdlel. nr V<'"(.{'te!I<'n "" !; TY = 0 "IQ...nl<ottd. ami I>iztoo.itj,",
lIa <'KY ,,,,"'r('!,,,,i ICp"'<lI'.1 x, (i = 1, 2 , ... , 'I) lliuj,.vAltu"d>, .Ieor Vi II<'''' 1t'Il.. t hAmoVl\.IUui> &. fordit"". p ozil lv d"finit C matrix .....'t<'" .. ""illll,l..x rn'><Lw. r II 1,1,_ f..ltitplligyl"I,'m.....
vd .. ( 11).[,8).
(18.'l.la.b.c), (18.60) f..lN:l...t <'RY I' = o-t kidfglt6 ur' 'K01, u",at ..,jjll.. [" Yl.il lv """lIlid ,'linit C matrix ,""-~
Ii'n .. IlZij::Oritott pivotd,' m"""",,,ztiw< rnmtt rlMordulhll.t, hORY '" > 0 ..n"lli'l'{' u..m tudnn k lW.i",,,,,rl't
\'<'w-..h",jt a lli anclkiil. h"KY /I l'lill<l r,llit,.]t 1ll''R Ill' .,(>rt<'l"uk. BizmryftlllllO. hogy ..hboon "" """lll<'n I'
"RYiJtnl lul n" m csiikk''IIt h..t<i.
I,""'"
""'"I..
J(!!J
= x~ + 4x~ - l Ox , - 32F2 = min!
1 2 1 0)
A = ( 2
1 01
'
Mol
XI+2r 2 + xJ = 7 .
2XJ +;["2+1"4 = 8,
c _ (~o ~ n~ n: ), e =( =J~)
0
),;1>1>1'11 I\Z ."",tI><,,, II. C <:><ak l' 07.iUv ~7Rmiddinit, A ~ A!, "" h pgy Ill"ll.. ng,~l,tt hAzi><Jll"golda..a
(0. O.7. 8)T. 9. = 2C !. ... p: _ (- W , -:1:.1. I). O)T. I'lhi~v<kt'"'Il..k viih_I,I1k:
8: '"
888
Am
Iii. 0l'l"",JUtiUo
!l9U
II) A
(2~ )
3. (.,.1. OKl'I"l'at.
U<iIIlul'"t" (
~I )
b)
_ 1 ) 1. .... 2. O!'7.lopiit.
1\ (
c) "
(1,)
"""1"I',,,il
f:.....khnl /&>;
,,,
.<I0I'0k1>01 ,;Jhljuk """-' '" lW:i>lmatrixot
.... lI7iunilj" k ki Il.l in",,",;" (1horl
1~_ I. ) .
B-7.ornzwo
Il
h)
hftzj,.ju\..-ra .d " ( I ~.tj l ) 1II4trixot ...... (
0)
kapj"k" l-xd6102implo-x tAW! ( 11S.9. tabl4zIIt ).

A plu,qlrlAh&ly mUtl!" lAl~tww .l'1""'''Ilk r, -re Jr..
be! kiool-ri'lni. Si-I.&IlY !OWlll'l<'X kpo-'" ut"" ~
kl-nt .ll; =- (2. 5 2. u. 32)T
2C!. ..... Y + A 1 ~ _
Jill =
utoloo(, kioL~,~: 1P! '" l "'. = "2E<Crt .. odm>oIU..1<-"'1> .. frlNiAl rni'rfoti't IPh<-t I":'i>kko'Dtl'1U III ... ~ ,'4Il.<.raik klkij,annol...,..........
d)
3.
....,
".,.
_!!)
Vl'ktort.
.,,'<i.m;.
-e
I,
I,
I,
I,
2
1
rnJ
..," ,u
~
"
10
2
10
t.a},~
"U
,.,
,.,
U
U
U
U
fd...u.than hNl1.ll4l1o>l.tMk kirn-!lI<'i ml"golda..ok kis1.amitA.w..

"""k"ly cimitiL~i igfnnyt'l. U-u~"'b,'n riJAAv"'ny"rtf1<Pk ........h"""nliv..;,u ,.J...V"".auak.
12
"
u
u
10
iii
1
2
to
1
10
10
10
10
1
10
0
E gy d iJllPIlzi6s kereses
Sok OJItimaliz.ici<i8 .. ljArA.~ tartalmazolylUl ~(,'lad...lot. hoY k~;ik O'gy f(~ ) fii~"ny lllillllllumat.
hn r E .a. b!. GyllltrlUl<#g a:r. r minimUlllpo.ut"llV"1 kt_bu......
I. A f..lad a t megfogalm azasa Legyen I IU <l bln lllUmodill>l r.. ,c' '-10' globaIi.~ minimUlIiliely.
MpghAtAroza.udO egy [c.d] <; [<l.b! inWr\-..J.llllll {IIO'. IICW r' E [c,d] '" d - c < ahol r > O. .-\Z
I {r ). r E R ffiuvmY' egy m6du.a'tll-l\k hivunk II:Il ill, /). ' nt"o-..J.huubau. ha I miuden J <; [a. /)J :.art
n-..zinlPTV>L11umhanc-gvrtl<-o!'1.Y lolr.311>l1ll1llllllllmponttAl rt'lldrikd.
/) _ A
'
2. EgyE'olE'tes kereses Ugy VAJ-ztllnk togy 'Hot (n ~). hoc II = n + I < 2 fPllIl8Jljon;'"
HI.2.4. 1\ umcrikus ke resesi t>lj ArA.<iok

Ker~ pljArA...-.ok sz;imOll optinwiUlMi
18.2 .4.1.
0
32
10
KUI
m6d
_.2
L ,...zlup'" twly.>!.!.
I l'1.9.
.)
"' d) .. (
0
0
~ljuk IlZ I(~ ) crtfJu.Ju.~ ~ _ A + koS. K .. 1.

, n -m. H" l!U"Il fiiQ;v....y..rti-h-k kowtt I(r) a
ltP-~bb. Akkor ll.Z r miniwumpoot u !r - 6.:r ...11 int<'TV>lilumhAn van. A Ill"'gkOvrtdt pontotNgOOz
"'Iliik-oPgt-s kiRz.amita0d6 fiiuvffiy+rtWok ~

n>2(/) -a) _1
( IlH it.i)
~I
,..-gi~ ...1b...-:siillJPtjiik 1TK'g..
Az a ra ny m .. tsze" e" a F'IBOsAOCJ--<o IjArlL.. "z 'G,III = [GI' /)" 1ll~I"'Dot {'IO' 1IZ,-.kitJiik k-1J'f"""ki-nl, bogJ.' a kapott ro:-.t..inlo'1"VAilum mindig tArtaJnt.IIl'-ZI\U z minimumpootot. ,\z ja ' . /)'J mV1'Vll1
3.
18.2 .3.2 . Hitdrerh.....d Esop c...d j a ra...
10m
I . Eh-
/ (~
H. .
"""
....
"",,'
A~kuu,...",
_ a'cs ~ e
O,,(i.l1"W~i.
( 11:i.ti2)
! "" uuu! ;
r..!Ada, du&lJ" (Jiu,J
1~
(110,63><)
~ AC- I AI
( I S.6Jb)
..\ 7, E lIlAtriJt I"..:itjvddiuit h.,uatIOltAll ..lhPlynk...-lO" M

Y vaItod>l k,- ",,;tt >I. kiivrt!u-.t6 bl"""],..' .aI f..nn:
> O. (,
1.2.
. m) "1,,n... 1 f'outiVllk. A~
i~
A(l
"kVil
18 .:
18 .:
I.
m ,'I':'
Az it
'rue
(111.64 )
2.
It .. rAc i6ll m.. goIdA~ A
{ l ~ . W,,)
<101M f..INlat. mdyn" k <'RY"tlPn frlti-t.. \P 1lZ !:!.
Q. A koW't k...,1i
~""A'I,ll!"r""Kw< djfLrft.._J oldh.. tO lIlt'll,:

II) Lcgyen y l 2:!:! (pI. u ' - !:!) . ~. I.
b) S~~,mit~"k ki .. :.+1 ....,
1.1 = -;-:1 (,_I

L
,
U';
= 1.2.
, ~1
,,:+1 "" 1Il1\X
I.' + "2h, + L...
In. "':~'}
(18.67.)
ahnl
(18.67b )
k)
<:;,u)
Kiot......u-t kdllDt'gkwonbciol:telni:
a) I(A,) < /(/1,): Ioogyton

"'J = " I
"-2 = PI ..... 1-12 = AI'
(18.ti83)
b) /(A') ~ f(PI): k1o=
"2 - A"
"-2 '" /), "' A2 = Pl '
{18.GBb)
H...~ - "2 2: c. Akkor ll.Z .. 1j3r""t mrgi.'OJIIo'wljiik 11:.\ l"'J. "-2] iut<TViJluUU'&. ...hol "" egyilr. ~rt"k 1{A2) (a )
......t l. ill. /(/12) (b ) """t) a:r. plmi5I<-pffiMi u.m<'Tt. Egy z -ot \.zI.rtII.I1lIll.z6 fa...b..] iuU1'V!Lllmn kW.amiti.,"",oz <ioo<z<_n" filggvPnyPrtPk kiI<7AlnitA........ "1lII ,.zlik~. Az
c > /)~ _ a~ = T~- I (bl - al)
( HL69)
~nlgg""h<'Il
klLl'hatunk b...-:sli-sl ,,""iik....J{f"/I n 1"''''-AI1lm.

A7.lU"anym"t.........djar""""-ll.,.;fdj.l>h.,.y fl1wi-uy(o,ukkUQ.liJ:"it"""'" tObbo-t k..ll ..lvPge=i. mi nt a F l
BONAOCI -.eJjfLr~. Az ill rvellumf..I""ZIA.~t nplll"" IU"llIIym..t,.,.h ~7AbAiy" ""...rin t, h", ,,'m it FTBO--NACCHu1l1U1k(liL<od 32'J
IH O. old.) IlPgitl<iw".....l v<'l\,,giik.
18.2.4.2 . Mlnimumkcrese s n-d inw md 6s euklldesai v~ ktorterhe n
.. 17H'" a.z aiahhiak !<l.l'fillt:
<"J")
P, _ A, + r {/), - a d
pontj";t .....a.m:itjuk 10. Ez ll.Z anwynwt-mn<'k nwat.."'1<'i f,.lo"'Ilw.
2.2.2.)
iV(y) = y ' Ey ... h 1!! = min'
E =
A, = GI -.- ( I - r )(~ - "I )

1
T = 2 (\,'5 - 1) '" O.61l!
:h I(~) = m iu' . ,! E R~ fdadat~' mininmmpont je n...k k,~ vi"""...,...,..-th...to pgytlim<'llzio..kc rt~
....k ....Ttl'l.atM....
[,. &.,V""
1L,+1
( I ", . ~ h )
c ) Ha " U"l:it.!M.i k l' it"' ri ll " ' . I ,I. I ~) (yl +l ) - ~ty'}1 < e. c > 0 nom t elj.,.iil. "kknl' v(~nhaj tj"k": =
A- + 1-rl''' Il) j('p(...t .
Fplth 'l'. h,>ro' U'!I'zik !,. rr...lyTf> A2I: < h- II {1i'IY')} MT07.at konvergaln i fOll: a ~" ...,. minill"ll"... rl.... kl...~
........ (l KM) all'lpjAn k"'IYIN t I!'" } sol'm",l ;\OJ .! ' oll'timali~ pOllth'YI f~ kOll w rllil lni . A 1Allll ~1ll '1:1. (y'}
""ro7",t npm mimliK k"llV"'I'K'.:J.
8)
.!=,!I,
k=l , ah"I .ll:I ..l\Ylllk,,!lnltl< ktWUlk,Y;...lH...... j1r....
b) IIlq!.oldjllk r = 1,2 , . . n-r " ,,,. "I\Yrli ll" 'IlZii", f.'l", l... toltat
(I 8.70a.)
.;(0,) = f(x~+ l.
.l:~~:, z~ + " . .r~+I'" , ,I~} :Ill mill! ,
u, En.
111\n. miuiHlalp"ntja, ill. kiY,\< !it...... ,,~ r dik f,I...-Iat nak , IIkkor !t-!O',u r;+1 = ..~ + 6 , .
(18.70b)
c ) Anll'llnyilwll k{" .. gynlli.~T kiivdo kiYlI, !ft.... tilv"l""'R" k"l1r..ll

1 1.!~-O- l
_ ,!kll < ,
"lOgy
I(.ll:>+ll- n !) < 2.
ki(' ~i. I\:t.I\Z
" "0rt"AjUkrll igaz
(18.7Uc)
IS. OptmuJutiltio
892
rt,
.ukor
~!.' f'IY k07...liVloo!. KiilOn..... n J: := l: + I v4!NozUL.-u" b io'pA;r<' teriink. Az rgydim ..nzi....
r..lAdatokat .. b If.p;.,,.lwn tOhhook kOzioU /l 18.2.4.1.-.....n [..ift kp"""",i rljArA.""kkall.. !wt m<'golruwi.
18.2.5. EljArAsfelretel nelkfili feladatokra

T.. kinttiu.~ az
f(!J = min!
AboI !,E W
(HI.71 )
Ntaliwool optima.li7.AlUi fr-lMlAtot, ahoI ! fiiW'''ny folyt<>rlO8>W Jiffo=nciaJl....t6. Ebl....n .. ~1 ..Ul
lrirt ..ljAr'" pgy 1LlW/lMn vlogtPlpn (!t} n" pont..oormatot kon.~tJ"lwllnk. m<'I)'lIf'k torlOrlMipoutjN
~rWill" pontolr: Joo"znN. A ponthalmll7.t -c s ' E R ponthnlll
.g"'=~+O. !!" ,
,1, .. 1. 2. . . .
( 111 .72)
lIZ i'-boul "ltV !!" E R iTilIyt hAtAroznnk fIlf'g'" lQ..oou 6 , e R

/t'pt'.M.iind. mcly we&adja u r: . Mk az !t.t61 vrtt LAvo!sat:at a !!h l iranyban. F.v i1ycn r..lrvili.. l1
d j u Mt cMiH~ Jni .... ..I]IiNPDAk llM'PSiiuk. ba
leg ' )< lfJ!'l (I: = 1.2...).
{ 11I.73)
A -.;; fW = Oh-lti-t<ol.aboI ~ .. nabUl0IK'J';'tor (1Mrl67'8 . okI. ).~a 1<tacioniLri,,,, pontobt ~ W11i
fultktelkhlt h-wUhatO u it.rJiciOs cljarMolw&l.
"",ahilIy ..lApjan Il7.AmoIjllk. _
A2. akt...w.. t' pootb61 kiiDdulva a !i.wok a IokAliNw~kt-'boOkkeOO iriDyt v~tjllk:
. .. -vux:
( 18.744)
T..hAt
I! . 1 = 5,. -a.Vfl1/' ).
Az fW .. f~) IOZintvoualaklW mllwj.... 18.6 . '-bra
( 1l1.14b)
a ~ ~rgy V/WAtOR kiopk.
diln<'-w:i<'l!I fl'l.adatnak:
2: 0 .(18.15)
Ehhez Iwrlnillhatjn k 18.2.4. I'ljAr"""it. A

~ ,n.-id..ur ( 18. 14b) vil<7.,nylag 1M-
""" konvergal. Az {to } lIOro7.at mindc u !..

torlOdasi po tltjAca I (!. ) = O. Kvs.dr..ti kus d'-Ullgg"fny - alol\2; f (l.,) :: &TC!. +
pT~
......tkn 3Z cljilriu< IlZ ,.]Abbi aWwt
olt i:
Hl.G. '-bra.
('\-:: 1.2, . . J,
( 18.7&)
UlU:
~" = - H- I(t' lv f(~)
,... n":: L
A :'<E....'TO >;-~ gyorsan kon....... ~a1 . dl''''' ..JAAhi hAtr",l1yokW l"f'ndrllu-zik:
.. l A H ~ ) miltrixlli\k pmitiv drfinittl<'k k<-IllMmi<'.
b) A ~r aoak Ill<"gi"eIclOCn jO b-z<WrtH: ......vu knn\l'l'1"pt.
c) :"inao ",-"mmifcM- \CpCf<ko-.. ..... Iw~
d ) A mOds:1.e-r a1ta1iLOOn l1('lll aoOklu-n<'5 irAny(, djarN<.
e) A H - I (!." ) matrix!<WnitMi ~:vc clfR W!IfO'.
~"hAny k..lM-mrtiPn tllLAjdonMg ... mlPg....idwt<'5 Q l\ n. InmpitMl ~EWTON-rl}dni<AAl:
t-o-l = t -a . H ~ I(!,Jv/UI,")
( 1/'I .78 b)
(M .nll
(,\;:: 1, 2 . . .).
/u. o. tompitb ti-n)'l"Z61 tObbl-k kOzOtt ,pnuinimalidl"'..al itoboot IIMmoIni (1N>d Hl .2..'i.I.) .
18.2 .5.3 . A konjugalt gradiensek m6dszere

bo
~ I TC41= O
( 11l.SO)
HIll:1 ' . !i' ..... ~~ pilroW;"ut konjlllltak "C C wAtrw:.. vnuatkal.l-n. akkor .. f{A) = lI;TClI; -t ~T!. .
!. E W konYf')[. kvIIdratiku.. frilloJat D~I ... tb n w,,,'~)t'u, bA "'RY ~ !.1-bOI i<Cp<=lik a
~ . I = t'
al~ ""tmAtoI. ahnl
AZ "I,tunAliR""""" a ...okkruiooi irAnyba. H.. f..I-uk. bogy
a.
fUl,l AZ !. minimumpont km.Pu.lwn roz..li~n k_If).tikwo
Az a. io'pe<kOct a C AUCHY..-!v
._
f.ik n.,.;:....... ~.. ..J"nrk .. - aIa.pjan ..u.mitjuk........,; a " lIt<"ROldNw. az..g
f(~"+ o ~) = min!.
l<.-o-I = ~_ H- I (!." ) Vf(!." )
Kk ~ ' .~! E n~ v.-ktar konJ"f<ilt ....kl<>rc>ot l'CY ><l.UIlUIf'tM.... ~tl ...,k-fini! C lIlIi.trixra vouatkozO.t.n.
18.2.5.1. A Iegmeredekebb CsOkken6 ir a nyu eljaras (gr a d ie ns m6dszer)

~
Itt H lt' ) " HESSE me snx. "l'.A7. 0l0Z I-nl'k "'I' X" ponthM VM.t m/wMlik (l'\I"ril\.li~.-I ..rivilltjl\inalt: IImAtrix".
H" H~ ) pmiti... ,jpfinit.llkkor qUl,) -n"l. az 1.... +1 hool}'1'11 ~10h4lilllllilliml1rM. ....1ll vq( t'I) = 0 ......
~EWTOS-ltl6d'lZl"Titer;iciUto 1epe.et bI[)jlll.:
C "" ~ H(!.) - akkor .. kvadr ..ti-
10"" <+Ifii~yt' krt" kitAWt djAr.... kitfTjno>;ttwt<'5 illt.alu- fW lligp'onY""kn-aoPl kill.

luatri:>:ol cxplicilm ~na.nk.
-' koujugalt ~ wOo:~ az ..l"hl,i Ji.""",,kb61 all:
a) a' E n- .
g l : - V f (z l ) .
ahoI !.1 l\Z !.. '10' ...Ik.a.lmlll< lrezd6 k5"....-!lu"".
b)
!.IN- l =
r: + a.~~ ,
( l' = I , .... n)
~ ' : _Vf(Jf" ' ) + "'.~' ,
~ / (x' . ' )'~ / (x'. ' )
vf(~. )t v /(J' )
1'. =
~'
.. H (z' )
( 11!.!H)
ehol n . ~ 0 oIyM, IIOIY flJ.J, + " l:1.) ntinimalis 1..~>!:l2a)
'\- : I , ... , n - I
....
.....-0-1
l.I
"hoi
"' _ IJ/ (.... H

...
(18.821,)
) .
( 18 8 2 )
.
e ) A b ) l{.p{'fI i"mctl""" !., "" it 1 wktornkW 5,1.... l!' b..l)"'tt.
18.2.5.4. Davidon, Fletcher h Powell modszere (D F P)

( 18. 7tia)
( 18 .16 0 )
18.2.5.2. A Newton-modezer alkalmazesa

A~
fiiggv~nyt az ~ Ak tul\.lu. ki>z<'lIUl pontben pgy kVfl<lratiku. fiiggvfumyclkOZl'litjiik:
1
q(!.) = 1(1.") + (X - ~" )lVI ~J, ) + 2l!. - I! )T H {r: )~ - !.J, ).
( 18.77)
A DFP-cljar AAAAl ~ X' E
n ponth61 kiindulv
gy [>fIllt/lOJll1.ltt<-,t I<du:Zlltlluk .. ki>vctk.../,O m6<lon:
~. , = ~. - a .!\I.IJ/ (!. )
(k:: 1.2
I.
( 18.&3)
A~ M ~ matrix ..ximm..triku...... poxiU....\Plinit . A x ..ljMN< (itl.w ,.,.., h.'K)'k...aclr"ti klll' I(!.) fiiggv"nyrc
RZ r.l. rua trixokkfll I"""""'nki,nt .. pprnximAljuk IOZ in "'f'r~ HESSE llIatl"ixo!, EIO' szimmetrikus I'm itiv
<!"finit M , matr ixbol kiind ulva.jrl. M , "" 1 (I f1~ "8YfJ'gn,Atrix) ,,,~ M . _I-M I M ...-t f'gy kmtOflUlg{1
J.....itilm ,;,l rix hozlWtdAAA......I kepjuk :
" _,
n
.1"_1 +
:l y"T
-,-.- y.
( M. _I W~)( M. _I W ... ) 1
t
'!t." M ..'!t.~
(18.84)
"n.. progrnmozti.
Jii-I!. N..",I", ..
Hi. O" ftmal w w io
'94
ahoI ~
"" ~~ _ t< - l (... :!!.~
_ v!i.l!i-l). (I.- =
V I~~)
f(t' -o~t. v!(i') '"' tninl,
g, (~=O
2. 3...). Az o~ I.."""ko-<;III
0 ~ 0.
( I':!,t'.,)
sug3nnininuwu!""l>6I \uq>juk. H.. i( }!) <'gy Imlratik"s fiil/;gV<'l1Y, akkor II DF B f'lj"r"" ~ M , = I

v>lliu<t1.&>< llwlWtt II konj"g~t ~ll<'Ii""",,k mOct....... ri-t "dj...
-~-----
1-
18.2 .6. G radie ns modsze r t>8yenl6t lensegfcl tct cles felad atokra
1111 "'"
J(~ = mill!
..001 90(.1):::; 0 (i = I.
.m)
(l-=1.2. .)
(1!:C,':l7)
A1ak" itl't'oIciOIo .. ljWa.-! oldjuk ~, Akknr" mPgpngro<,u tartorru\ny kodMol; vnItA llllAtt AI: ..J&bhi
kd dOC..J1.Ct...lt krll liY-''''ml'No wnm:
1. A st" irlin)1. "8Y r -hM ~I':f'<k-\tOoollinftl.i u.wynalr. krll vala",ztani.
2 .U o. Jiori"'ki>Jo;t ulP' kP.Il ~W<rau, b<.v .!l . , u. "'" M be,"-"0.
KUlOnh(q,6 ..IJAJAIook .. ( l~-I',l dUU ... "",,-'rillt; g' irany ~hM ti>mPk ~_ Az {.!O} C .\f.xuz,at
~ t 1........... k hizt<JooitAM ~t az <t~ -I. ill. att l'IZ aloibbi m6don VAWGtjllk:
.. ~#orl,"".. tJl!.
""'"
n. =
Ha
II
+ "!I') = will! . 0 ~ O.
ill.
e:tZ - rnax{o
E R _?! .,. (~ .. E .\I}
min(Q~,Q:}
._.-- g,(li)"'-t:
- - - - - . g~~}=o-t:
_. ..
1/:C.'.A!>rA.
(HI.bti)
fplNlatot a:i:
3""' - t'+o.!,t.
895
i l/:C.94A}
!!,Tsl S: O.
Ilrl s L
( 1 ~.9-Ih)
.-\ nortI'lAk kiilOnh0z6 megv~taMna.k

lIU~.a.b Abra IIIl.ltatja.
I!I '
-c "'!' ~.!----t-:'l'"
(1~-
~ :S l ha~ ..
4'
(l~l'(~)
k-dill. ~Jo<'tIlIi!l<'M'!I g' IDf'8~t....ol<krnn.i inWv, akkor- t' "tacioolIrius pool.
18.2 .6.1. M egengedct t iran.1'ok I1IOdsze re

1. [rin)'kt'~; r.. ladat F)'
malidlesj MMattAI n1""Thrt'lnk:
<7 "" min !
d'
W<'W'uo,.k-u ClOOkk",nPI;; irAn)" AZ i' pont"""" a k<iYo..t u-,w 01>11(1)1.90)
BilIon)'Ol' Prt,.w.mbrn k,tiohh ~t"" a ~ I
H4 h :z ~ JDo'rt lIZ iriwy~i &!Niattal art a
4' iran).. taWjulr. IUCR. lWK'lyik. a- \" l<r)--J .. \oog~bb ~ wjll hf'. t:w...n "" <'!<ctJx.n lLZ ir1\.u.y
s
'\"1(&~{11 s: <7 .
'\g, l!;~ )Tl1
1l!1IJ
( I~.!)la)
(1.
O....';J lbj
(lK91c)
s I.
lr
HA<=n ini"~i-"",,,,~, Jnadnt d .. sl' nwgoJ<l&<aUa<7 < O. alkor /I ( 1 ~ .9 1a) " rl lII,-g<'tl~f'<I"' I ""'g'" ,.....
(I8.9Ih) .. ookkmAoi ~1lb.j<lOIu<ARllt bil t.....i~jll. A (18.!lk) nonnalasi fcltetel hi~w.itjA AZ irAnyk,-rc"""i
pWW"ll.1ll 1Ill'gl"ng...-lMt tartolllAnyllulOk kurLAt<-..lgAt . H.. o = 0, ILkkor 1f' b l..... ionAri"', pont, u...rt Xlr
baJluillnl lIl"'gffig""'Mt ooiik k,,.....i ir8uy,
E4:Y (Hl,!llll.h,.-)t...n ri,.fininll irAuykn.........i f",INiat .. kurlatooi ""ro"" loou ~ "ikk""kk \"i.....lk,~U.. l
~Altha~ ki. E~ elk..riilhM<'I. M iOl: l,,(1flr) iud.>xhaJmll><t II><
1 (~)={i{1..>., m}: -c ~s:g,( 1!:~)::;U}, es u

( I~!l21
un. :x ~- oo.n c,lLktfv f.-ltch kk in<!.-xh"lm""Arll '''''fi'\jiik. EzaII.III ki~.ar u nk minricll ulya.lllukn.li~ ".;; kk,..
nf;<i"Trlinyt. m..ly.-kM' 'E,~ . tl>1 indulve II>< M c.-lLktfv r,!t,'td,i MtaJ aJkowu hatimu,oz k';',,-]"!>b keniliink
( HI.7.lIbra),
Ha /I moo""il"" utan (1 "" 0 .. ( I il.tl l h.r) IU'RO\JA..a. ><kkor 'E,~ "kkor"'" CAAk akkur . t ... i",,"'i,," I..mt, ha
1o(11l ) .. I (Xl ) tdj....iil. Ell..nk..1
,tlM,u alkahn"""" f..okk"ntjiik ( k-t "" ",", ir8nyk,n".{...i f..1M"t,,'
ml'gi"rn"tcljiik.
2. Lin ..Ari" feltetelek IIpt'<'lAli" allt't .. II.... Y;{1f) liu.,ftri><. azaz g,(:!l = J!,I:! - b,. akkor cItY " !!Y"".."lhl> ifl'lLyk,' n~i f"I",lllt '1CIOtlik:
11 ""
V f{~ )Trl '" min!
ahol
( l l:I.9:.1)
k..~ fl"Iad>u llf'TIllinf'iu-ilo. igr ~bh lI>Wiu1ita." igt'uY"' Elleubcn a It!! - _ I,. = max{1d. } :S I
villA."'7.tA-J -1 d, :S 1. (. = I,
, nlli"..tu-i!< fdlit.-l.,Jg,l Ir.apllnlr.. ~ lIZ ini.IlY~ f..la<lat III<'K.
oldhato "I. .. 'lZimp\f':x mOti"""1T1'"1.
Hogy lLZ I( :!) = :!TC.! + pT.! = min! A .!
!! IIlAllli lr.Vir..tlk .... optin..uizilkoi r..1Nlal.Okrll .. W<1!:'
"Ilgfflo>tt irilnyok ~-veg"" lOOk ~~ n vfKct t'rjen. IU: irAllykl'f........i fcladawt 1r.it"g""'jtj,lk <1Q'
lw"jug&1 Ml,.>tell..l: Ha <'gy I"p'-'"hf'n 0 l I = ";_1' 1l1.lLZ X "!y ..brIto6I><>nt" .ulwr az iriLnyk............ i
f"l",I"thozCAA.toIj"k ..
s:
:s
( l ~.%)
!!H TCsl= O
f.lt"I,lt , .-\ tovilhhiakM.n" korAhhi1"""""kMI m..IltArtj"k .. IU<'jtr,I,'I<'I f..llN... I..k..t. A (11( 9::;)f" l ti-t.. l.. k
t,;1 NIItk akkor t"kil1tiin k ..\. hIt "K.v
= .. : Irl ..... t t,...,.,'mk.
fl,
1( 3} = r~ + 4F~ - l OTI - 32x7 = min! g,{&} - -FI

~( .!) -.r, +2.r2 - '::; O. Yt(li) = 2",\ +.r. -8::; 0,
s: n.
9"1( ~):Z
-X l
:s n.
u'!O""n a' =
(3 0)\ v I{x') _ (-4. -32)", 10 (3 \) '" {2}

-4d, - 32d2 = min! }
irAnyk,r<.-....."'i fdatl ltt:
11: "" (1. 1)'r
{ -d2 s o. lUll",::; I
k
=
d , " V/ (li ) ..hoI C '" ( ' 0)
~, T Cdk
0 4
J. I"r"""
~llRitrminilllali1.aci6: o~
N-
maximA, j~ Ul<eg""I':,>d,>!.t 'r pi,..

kuz; u l
'{
111111
-~J;(1!:')
.
T'
}
---:r-:r
, : ..hoi ,-rt"
ll , sl > Il
L
~
I
lIS
,0, - c '
~
~1 = :;2
J
==>
II1,t. Nmdin..ririA pmgm'''''u1..
896
S97
b)
.)
IS .IO. AbrIL
11411.,. s 1 }
-=- ~J
3.
., kOvctk...:; irM~'~ C"iadAt (1 = 0-1ad. &Jort

3:' 1l1lIiuimumpont ( 18.9. libra) .
"
a"
18.2.6.2. A ve t rt e t t gradlensek medszere
1. A feladat nwgadisa es meguldu i elve Ad"" YIlII

u
:s.,.
I (.! ) = min!
bei
~T~
(Il.l.96 )
konvn opt~ ft-bdAl. Mol i = I , .... "'. Ax
IU4hhi mOdon hatirozzuk IIlf'g t\Z ~ E M pontbM Ad
~"'taoOk~ iranyt;
~t ira.ny. allor
"" M haw.... V>W
"
IS.9. AI......
H3 -V/(x" ) qo" movn-
"-"KYm g. "" - VftI: ) K,llOnhoou 'C

(,; - ' ;
fr.r! )
AZ
M hOl kiM..
UllllloC
Egy P. lill('ari.~ kk{-pcv:.-II.-wtitjuk - V / (,&)-1 At

bat.i:rMak~ "" ~.h.u, ..ktlv
.\/
r..ltkt,,]..kMl Aile) liJ>f'''ru.
r~Al:a..
nltlllJiAj>ra VPtiw..1 " 18.10.b ibrao mllt&t . A fl('m<kogrll.. r4l~

minden X E R " _ku:>ml "" ;!, E loU) vektorok liIlPArir.a.l, fiiggl't l<'f...k. "lO'
Egy iolrr ...-tit....t .. 18.10... Ab r a,
&oltfotf'ko m..l],pu, _
ilYfil vMitht megaJb.al.lluk ...kovrtkt'6 kepleuel:
\I' =
- z, VJr.r! l _ -
(I- A.T(A.A.Tf l A.)Vj{t').
(l8~m
'j.v..
Az A . /lZ ~ olyen fI. T.M! All, mply<"kn,'k mpgfddo f<'1tkl.<k!r...z;t" linear;" r&<~~ .t ..lk..
m,..Jyn-&
I {.!. )-! lull vrtih'lli.
2 . A lgo ritmuR A wUt"U gn.. li..,...... k m<'><W",ri'uh"" a kiw"tk...t iI algoritlll'lI' l llrto't ik:
Legyeu
E .\f "'" Ie "" I K.w-iik tl7. "'Ilhhi Ii-pfw,lu,t:
1: H" - V f(t'J rneg..ng... t..U irAny, I\.kkoT 1"g)'l'U !!i '" - V flIt) "" m,,"jiink .. Ill . li'p;"'n'. f.y(hk""t
"Ilit.~lIk ..1O tl7. A . mlltr;xut Ill<.!l, T .....hnTokMI; E [g(It) l... menjiink 11 1"<'.
-v
~ If'gjegyze-k az aIgoritmu...hoI; H.. - V f~ )
II : U,1O"'1l 11" = - ( I - A~ f (A.A. T(I A. ) V f(x~). H.. !!'
# Q. akkor rolyt.lW'llk I II- m"'. H.. !!' "" o
u,.!l, :; A ~ 'r:y' l,,_
;('o(J, )
MIL. KUHN TUCIU:Rr..!tM.<-l..k nyilvAllmlo..ll tdj.",iilll<k. Ha !!
1:. Q. akkor vaJ""ztllnk .. gy ; t.
u; < O. kih1"lzzllk Ill< A~ i-dik "'>rllt I'Ol Il-t 1ll,gi~Il1Hdjiik.

III , Ki"".amoljnk o~-t i", "l:1!ihl ,.
+ a,~t ,\j I><'nl.ot. majd k = k
r/
+ I -Wi 1' 11' lll"KYiink.
mdyl"<'
~t , Akknl-f'Zt ........Ictort ~
(A ,_, A,_,Tl -' matm:ot.

A. korAhhi pPIda ( LW. ~. old. ) IDl"gUIdA-.
I.M-po<..; XI = (3. 0)T

I: ~ f f.!') = ( - 4. _32 )T. -'V ft3.l ) Im!8"nl.....u . d l = (4. 32)T
III A~kOzt
..
ko.-i.bbi~ldaalap.fllTl ~"ktll<"ll
UI
= ~. t ,., (I; .~)
2, 1i-pt'to:
16 - ~96)' (Df'IIl lllf'gf'ngOOM\), lot!.' ) '" (4. " A 2 '" (2 1).

(,vf~ ) = (-T
I1: P2=~(~2 ~2) .l12 =(-~.~:r i- ll
5 x'
III: o-2 = S
'_ = (3. 2)-r.
J.I"~:
I:
!:I,
Vf(~l) = (- 4. _ 16)T (nMll m"X..'W"l<-tL/.lo (K' ) -
6)'
" ' -'3

= (0.0)-r. !!= (3
a'
&. !! = _( A. A,f) -I A Ir V f(!/) ;:: 0, ,.\(kOT l!.~ tninirnurupont. A - V/(7/) =
IIt"IU
.. lrogki.ot-bbdimeu:OOju~ ... n...l.y brn!.' VAll. Jookf.p<ou>lk. H.. !t = Q. ill.,.- -Vf~) IllE"ro.
leg.... f'lT1!'" re..z..okaMgr... Ha !! 2: Q lIPm t-ol""ll. akkor ev aktiv ~tf-t.-l ..lh..gJa..aval ookkentjiik a
~dimc.-=iOj&t. ~k ki>m~n f"WoroJulbAt. boc' dO i- Q ( I S. I O.hilbra) (oIdallas.ra
_ itio<o ). ~Iivd A, AZ A.-_,-bul.C ak ran !lOl" ~v.I , ill . ..ltiiI-~ kP!fotkP7ik.
ezkt AZ {A.-A.-Yf ' mAtrix ki>I.~ kNAmitWt s;yonit.batjuk, ba frlhaszn&ijuk . bogy i!<m<'rjUk AZ
JI: P a
=!( 4
5
-2
-l
' )' d =
{J.4} . A ) =
0n
102 <0 : A , = (1 2) .
(_~5' ~)
5 '
IIl: o- J =15 , :!. = (2,~)T.

6
4. ]('p'''':
I: 'Vf( x) = (-6. _1 2)T (!lem m.>gtlLgo><l..tt). lg(.l!i4) '"' {J}, A 4 = A l ,
It P 4 = z; !:I' = {O.O)Y, tl = 6;:: u
KOvl't k..-"""k"r-n X4 minilllumpont.
. 11: P 3 ""
(~ ~)
898
!1J.2. " ...."'li"ran. p rog.... "'"za"
Hi. Opt .. nnlouiLi..
18.2 .7. Blint('t 6- Cs korlato1.6 modszere k

Ezen djiu-"""""-tAIy ...1"1""1"", hogy pgy [plti-,..!.... ul'tun..li"'al......i dadawt a .....lfiiAA""'ny m6<t~itAMYIll
f..ltm] ....Ikiili [,,),.datok >lOf<rt/l.Wa a.l.o.kitjllk at. .J, mbdooritott fciMatokat 1'1. .. lK2.;;. m6<lI'7Rr.. kk,,1
l..brt m .. gol<llUli. M"8C..ld&n ..ljArVllo olYl&n lll'-'l':0ld

rw.atot kapunI< a mOOoo,;tott dlfijwfny'l f..I,,
<1"'lokl>6l. melyu..k welodJl,q !Jo<lIlt..,u a:.\
I"ti r.- l..t optimAl~~ megok!;\.<"i-
1'". .
18 .2.7 .1. Bunte t6 d j ArA...
p"ulax'{O.I -II-I,}
A .mi~ optimalitivli fdw\.cl:
,,)=(2.r1-2P>lI1axlo,I-II-I2})~(0)
'H(x.
- P
2.r, -2Pl- Ulax O.I - I I - I 7}
0
A H gr..d~k .......k 117. ~ koc,lmAWlll\k m..,j"rlrlO rnozM. k"r-iik. A h;t l"g)'E'uI<-t kiilimb..Cgcb61
..dOtlik I, = I,. Az 2r, - 2Pl mu{O.1 - 2I,} - 0 pgyrnlrtue
J(!J = min' abo! g,(.!):S;O (.=1.2.

ff'1adAtot [..[Ik" Di'lkiili wWlUIUlUf..l>r.J&tok
H (.! . p>- ) =
SI3l-{""O
-
,m)
rn<'l!:01,""""- A k _ x haWaurlf'n..tt .. 1al.j"k .. I;
!(!J +,..S(1S:) =
~va1 hdY'~l.<Wtjilk.
(18,99)
min! ahoI ,! EW. p>->O{I.- =1.2. .)

A p>-.-gy l..mt; v plI1Nl'lkPr. S(.!H" teljt..w.:
&EJ/ .
( 1 ~ I OO)
11 ~ M.
>0
~t "'''-gJ
-x>-be:iI tNt6 p>- biin!<:td 1~-""I'OI'AttAl nklJuk
H.. ~ .. "...t,k blint..t6 f..ww ~ Akkm:

H~ .,.)
?: H( :1,H ,P._I).
flAt)
ft; &z { ~) ""1U&At
mindm .! " tor1Odi

llK"KoItljaa.z ~i frwu.tot.
2:
f(~-'),
(lS.lOll
,,,.,,tjA (I8.9S)rwk 0l'timAli.~ 1lIf'g01dA._ _ Ha a'
S~)
,g",(lS.,)}
= L wax{o.g,l!J } (r _
~ rrwgolcL',M.
2
H( ?;'.'l") =/ l:!l ~qlB(lS.,)=min!.
,,,>0
(lS. I04)
..Wui I""'-f,,\AAAtoIr !lO(OZBtiI.~. A q.BuJ tAIl.uw.W)"O'IU- mP8, hoKY a { 1~.1041 UJ~ ...........lhagy.
jnk &< M 1l1f'g"ngMM.t tartolllAnyt. miwl .\1 w.tAlAboz Jr.nIo,...... I....... ,...Ifi"lUY"'nY a viogtrlntb<-.. tart.
T"'~"iljOO a "'f'Ilanw. ~b"td
.'~={.!:E.\I
9iC~:l<O('31.2.
. m)},.,
h.
W=.H
(I~.l(),j)
.\1 lxftjr DP ~'ID'>i e. .\f'l Wt hurblrtt.vru M,

A D( xl fiiggvo'nvt .\I"--on foIY1~1 ~niAlj"k. A:t .\J w.tAriul cc- ... pO. A ( ' ....104 \ pOtf<'!adalot ql;,V
mll~ I-al\i>,~ I"'f'llIM't..,.,:..... -.-ttaloL-ljok DorK...... k4k r.. L.o<Lo.t /1 1'<.1(4) a' ~w..
E .\1, ..Jekoc
r/
(r=1.2. .l
Is.IOJa)
VIIgy
J{ t)SJ ~'j,
tl'lj<ool'u "" { ~} ""I'OZa1 mioo..u ,5.' torli><llw.j rontj.<l (18.~)
A 18.12 . abr.. lIZf'T1l,,",wti a h>rJ.i.tozi'fiiwrn\"UO rlj-N,,",,-,
BW fiiggv rD)'kfnt t.-tnitlato<oU:
(Itl.lOJb)
1.2 ...).
Bl.!.)
1 C!lctin ...\1 b....t.O.T"n L~ ,hffrrelll:W hatO

.. lf~.p,,) biin\.ct6 fiiAA vPn\'. ~ ,,( ltl.!l'J) ~cla.t.Iat llleg~Oll aUltlitik'J>I ""8"'Io:...u<:r.Wk,1. iIO
ig"nyhr V<'hMiiuk. A 18 .11 . 'br. 1CU1Ili<')trti" biilll.ct6 fiigg\'''n~ ..lj"rAst.
~H(j;, . q. )
,
~
z
~
(1~.107a)
(r= 1.2.
(ll'lO'b)
).
I-g,(:!l
. f(~) = .ri + ~ = lliill ! ahoI I I + Il :::: l ,
JUCIOI<tA:<a
B ~) = L -"- -.
,_1
{J 1",106}
L - In( - g, ~l)
.-,
= -
g,W ~nVf'k <lilf"l'f'tltiNhAtOAk. akko.- r >
18.2 .7.2 . K or la ro aasl eljA.-a.o;
~,
H... lIZ /W r..
lim
"-'" I -.- 2""
= 1 :;". az CKYPr\.clmll
UAZ AZ
5l.!.}-'" hN<w&Ia.toMk:
5~)=D>IlX{O.91( ,5.),.
Ii =
.t1 - r;
TMiDL~iik ..
tartolua.uy clb<oyl\Mt f'IO" ,..S(.!} uggal rnlnLf'tjiik ..., (!o'l.9'J) f.lNt.o\tot

mPg_ Er.. ffiY"'"
(I~ 101
!~ H(:!_p>-) = I(&}
! E .\1.
IWQ IQI ...,
l'gy
. f(:!) = Ii ~ J1 = min' ahoI II +I7:::: 1 H ~. p,, ) - I : "' Ii
899
" ,- q" , :,' ' )

( 2.r, _ q. I,+r,,-,...c_~
I
H(&.q,,)=r,+~
,-/.(-In(I, -.-I,-I)).
TI~Xl> l.
= ( 0)
0
A H grll<li"n""n r k C>II\k ..:< !: ko r<linlltNllH n"'jI;f,l.-11l fr..1J.1 kiI...... ziik, A ki'l ~~nlet kulollo,.;.gPll<;1
",16dik Xl = I l .
I
1
,
TI 'II
I
:lII - 'll-- - = O. I, > - ...... II - -, - -4 = 0, -', > -,"
2Xl -I
I
I
16+'4'!h k - Xl.q. - O: .f 1 "" .r1 "" '2
A (18.!19) "" ( 1 8. 1O~) r..la-datok m"l!;oldr.......i a k...-lik l" IM'",h"1l nom m~",k .. korabbl lo'pN'kl"'"M '
pot! nwp;ohl"""kti,l. Gy"kr l\n lo'p"' >k f"j k" n\'<'TII'>lll'i"I"",,hlhuAk U<'I/;Y h;; "t,(," . ill. kicsi kOfJatl' arami.
1
rj=ri='4 +
18, 11. "hr..,
18.12, ah,...
t .. rt'k _ l,{on (18.99) i", (18.10 4) (18.2 4.} .. Jj4r

>klotl Wrti'nll m..~ol(Jo\.oa "Of11011.h" az o l' t im1l1nt Oltavul
inO'llnnk, Gyakorlathan """,t h""z nAljllk II k lik 1'.>tfd",I"t ru"II"J,I.-......l .. k + J.P<lik fcl"d"t luc~A lo.
p"ntjakilli.
900
18 .2. 8.
I.
M t"t~ z6s fkok
m 6d szcre
18.3 .1.1. n-lepcsze dii ntesi folyamato k
(~Iadat
ismertetke . . . m .-go ld u ..Ive T..kintlliik ..:l

f( ~) '" T!. = minl,
s E H~
( I!U~)
optirwUizi.JAsi r..lN:latot IlWU .. korlAlQI.H C R~ Iu.lm.v.on, m<>lyrt a. konvex g,(~ (i = 1,2, ... m)
fiiggv"Ilyt'1F: g, W 5: 0 AltAI h.. t~ 0"'1{. E,;y lWIJ1lilK'"iLril<. 0.. koll""Xf (!.) ""lfftggVPtlDYl"1 r<'U.ldlu0z<5
feladN.ot ilY"'lI alAkr. hm:hlUunk. hll
f(!J-;r~+I:SO.
uj Mu-u-lt \'02Ctiink lxoc..
r u l E"
A I " .Ii-paotitontl>l\1l indul ' '\0' . = !o kf"MlM lI" I.,/tt...I "" I . 2.
. n - 1 1"pA.<-k
" l2 .... , L._ l kOzU'fl A11"'1,,>taill k"""<diil v...-.ct "'" . = Le X. <;;; n '" vi>gAllapothoz. Ai: J tiUa
p" t""ktnrn* "" X J <;;; R - AllapottiU"to n ui.uybl>. vllilWt. A,. "-,_IbOl az l. , li.n"l'0t hA "sy ~ dOnti. 'ltj"n
jn t1luk. A I , - 1 an..pothAn "'hP~""!!oJ dli" 't' ,,,..-ktnro l"Y U,aJ_I) <;;; R' <tolrtP.<balmart slkot n..k.
. u ,_I'bOI ~ J-t az ..w:.hi IraJ1l<ZforlllA.ril>v...:l (1 8 .14 . ilbr.) kspjuk:
(114. 109)
, =gJu.J_I' !!.)'
= l(l )n ,
( l1:i.1I 6)
ftolao:ll.totmin&>n ! =(&. .c... ,)E R .. 1
700= r l=win'
:s
( llU IO)
~ g,W = g.(!.)
0 f.-ltk.-Ioo. Ulf'lktt ~juk.
~ ..lj""""A1.oIj~tA. hogy kooyt'x poliidM-rd ;tl'n.tiv mi>don
kw...IiL~'-jk IJlP!I .\1..., ..:Ill ' O>UUIIilUnI'Ol't kOmyrko'n. 18Y a kiil><luliwoi f..u.Mt.ot litll'liril< fclatlato k ""rozatMa vt'>'.Ptj'-ik viMZ4- ""I'1>ZAtAra..
ElOszOr ~bAtAmlo;\lnk "Y
P,= t!.e w !,T5 S Ilo , _ I.. .. ,,}
(HU ll)
JX>link-rt. Az
fW = win!
abo! .! E P,
(IIU I 2)
Iitriril< prop;ramOOl. kapj uk P1-llf'k 'TJ J( ~t.UI
fijgQ optilnalilo a' ",inW.. H... 5 ' E .\f. lIlcknr
IlK'f{taWtuk ... cn.'dcti f..t..dat o ptimili. ~ld4
Mt. El.....kl'Z6",,"b<>o pgy H , = Ia . 1.+, TX ,.
110....1, ~. , T r' > 6.+,} hil"""'ilrot ~ nW , wi.. lU"ly
rivioWztja ,!' -ct. f.. .\1..., . '\2 uj p<>liMtor
H.
L-_ _'-/IH,
P2 ={,!EPz a, ...,T.!S b.+, ),

(IS,1I3)
A 18. 13. a b r.. ......m J<>lt..ti .. 1lW"bI7/iIq"knk ~
IS,13. Abril..
"'.
2. Ke lk-y -t' ljaras .... kiilOnbi0'5 ..ljAriOoook .. H. clv.w..r..tO hip<'f"ik m~aJ.- t.fI""h"'lI ti'ffil'k ..I. A
KELL[Yf{>lr ..ljfln\l<hAn H. t A:l ..:JAbbi ru6<k>n Mtflrozzuk llJrg : Ogy vAll"'zt juk i.t. bogy
!h. ~) = lll&J;{g,(t'> (I _ I, .... m)) .
(1 11.1 101)
k-gyo>n. A g).(~) filggv ;'ny ~ = X4 po nt twli kint&o.lkjIl.
TIA) = gJ'(t'> + <3
- 4 )TV g" (!O).
( HI.I 1<:0 )
A H. = Ia E It- . T(&l = O. hipf,....fk ..lvAJ.ow<ztj" "'I!t poIloot az g)o(.1U :s: 0 fdtftf'lt kic-IO'l!,it<'i ~
pontoktOl. Euu"k
Jo.!61.'ll" 1: + l -dik lilll-l\.ri8 l"d"tban "7Rl"f']>f'] " TIA) 0 tovAhhi f.Il" t,-1. At.
{If'} ..oW'......llIlill.I.u 3' ~0l, 16dMi po utj" " kiiudulNl<.l1 ... 1ll000,..... r ._ k"ly kelllv,'r gellciNoo-lx_'gd mlltAt. Tova bbi h/i~ rflilY. 11OlO'''' fplt;'t<-].,k
~U"'lIlilld"1l ''KY.... it'l i,d bl>lloll1l6.
l!l.gr..
r..
:s:
18.3.1 .2. Dinamikus o p ti m alizalfLsi fcladatok

A <ioI.. bogy ~t."tlIJ.l.l"g)' oIyan U!.l' .!!a) .tmlo'rd l, m<"ly mino:J..n ft-Itftdt ~1I'm""""""" UllY
viHz L.- bOlL-Iw. bogy ep;y JUIl!., !!l)"
. f.<L.41'JL,)) rlolfi"lQ"koyt ~ kiilL>igJ~ millima-w.aI.. AI .fJ.~-I' y,) fiitr.KWllWUl j;p'JI~", ",.Jl hivjuk. Ezv.I .. rl.ill<Wtil(1L~ optiInali:dUMi fplAAAtot
.... ...Iahhi IlW< bA ir MtJuk:
C F:
Optiullolid.lMi ft-l,..I"tok...,il....kiil''' "1.lh,,to 11"'1\ ,hnalllikll" I'roRTlUllO'~a..sa1. A ff'la,]at"kat "lya./li<l6tlll

wllu;.,,:.rett.... n VIllO' fOllllAlil<H.ll fiiKllo folynruatoknek fcgjuk fel, melyek<t i<loniggll diilltiw'k irAllyit",
nak. Hit" folyl\llll,t"t viw'" "uk 1/>l'n"~rt~
hink. egy;.hkPnt Julyto..". di",,,,,,kt,,, ophmal,zdI""<riIl. Ehben" rffizhsm <':llAk n- k-PC>ltiM .mzkrH f,'I",I" .
toluot vil,sgl\lunk.
min!
(18. H 7,,)
J = gJILrl' !!)'
j .. I (I )" , }
41 '" ., L. = L EX"
e XJ ~ R" . j = 1(1"'.
(18.117b)
", e UAzJ_d <;;; R"' .
i s 1(1"'.
Az L" f...tti'td ck di..."'..h..,l! .... A;I\ !o. II, frl trlt-kk , talu.-u.. frttt'I~j,1. A ( lll. ll i ,,) twIyPt t ~m.u-
s,
Wow llW[imsJuaIi> f<-I..dat ill. Egy mindPn fe!tfot<'!t ki<-Ji.gitt'l (!il"" .!!o.). Irtr"tkp;iat ~tt ""k
blvun k. Hogy" dinamik ll" optimAli;r.AI.M 1I....."""""rit ..IkAlm""",i t"djnk ... 18.3.3 rPorztwu " Irolt.>ologf"ugg
""n y ..wr.j""lI. kilrot<....ket te>ozijnk.
18.3 .2. P eldak dlszkret d o nt es i m od ellekre

18.3 .2.1. Bevasarl asi felad at
Egy n-I""Pi"'"' 08Zthat.6idoilll..rvAllnlll j -dik p"ri6<!ll....tw..n " vAll... lAtnRlt vJ uWllllyilw'gre y...., "~llk""ge
"KY hi:oonyuo tf>mli'khOL A i -olik j><'ri.... IUI< p],'j" l1 <,hl..'II " l.<'mti'kb61r;_l IIwnnyiN',l; vall r"ktaron. "I-"""i
a.IillltllIQ '" I ...-lott. Am'll kelldiint..nunk , ~ " "J !roll u...kkor"",lll..nnyi....K'tvL'K)'i ink. A Y"'laI<.<t.....
"" rion l"'IllIi-l'lwtj'lk t'll" K rakt1lrkap1\l'itA>;t. AZa;( -1')_1 + U :s: K . Olyan ( u], .. .. u,,) VAAa.rIA.~i ~tra
tfll;i"t ken.. unk. ui.. ly lllinillla.li~.Nj""" ..... zk"']t~,t . E~ '1:e "(,,bhi oliul\miknM f..l...-latra ,","""t:
18.3. Diszkret dinamikus c pt ima liza las
18.3 .1. Dl sekret di nnmik us op t jmalizalas
JU'/.~ J!I) ..... J.~I'!Lo)) -
F:
C F:
F:
J(" l , . .. , "~) '" L JJ(Uj ) = L /~ ljJ _

J.I
,_I
rj
= .rj_l + ", -
.co'"
I ..
V j,
o:s: r , :s: K .
(18 .11 &.)
min!
j
= 1(1)"' )
j '" 1(1)t1.
{I ll. W I!:
v, - rl_l } :s: Ul :s: K - rj_l }, i "" 1(1)".

( IK 118h ) trkint,th.. ,"",,~j. bOKY all IK"nyt minden itlul'ill.umthll.n ki tndjnk ..Ii",itcni'" 1\raktarkal'''';t""t MOba llt'llllo'pjiik t'<1. Ha V1m raktAr<r........i kolt*'lt. "1i\Y,.{oJ!:.. uke'nt 1, Rltktlr a;( atlllgO" ra!ttArkoILjr; II.
Uj (:rJ~ I ) =
{UJ
IIHtx{O.
901
/lUI. o...zml d",amikl.. (}l'li",a/iuUlis
IS, Opt"'''uu<il....
f(I. "z,.
.-1>
u,,) =
L k,u, +
,.,
(ZJ_I .. LlJ -
~'J/2) -I).
H,-
{I11.lHI)
H; -
.". ~",lyU .oi,.
. A..
!.llf~k ki),.;iij
ki k..Ilneheuy..t vfWu<.<t;U1i 'IllS. hogy
11lt'R. A kivil;woztott tirgyAk Iwcz~t maxiJIJA1iJ.Aljuk. Ea A

prnhlknAt .J",."ot<'~. dirwnuAljllk_ \lind..-l1 k-po.,.jO<-n doot\;nk "l-
O-OSidyu. "lIS ". ""ly! rw hal...tJOll
k.lad.or. lH"Ul fflAA ax ill&t<l1, "

A, tNgyrOl... <Ionu...t "" ", j<oIWI\W. "J
1. ha A,-t kiVllJAsztjuk. ~bk<-nt ", = 0. H..
J.,:.pn.
1 ~.3.3.2 .
ZJ
. ....) =
"',-1 -
.1". _ W.
L
,.,
"JIt}.
O~"'J:::;
J =
}J
f lll.12:;)
ill .
{/Jll:; _,.J!}).
mllX
_1*'('100
(11<.126)
A(L,'I.JU,I}
A Iunkcionalegyenle t ek m cgfoga lmaza...a

min
F:,(fh::,_l'!!')'"
f..<L._l'J!.., );; 1(1)n.
(1~.127)
(I,..,u..) =
(l ~.lzg)
0.
H.. llf"llllkn.i.k oIyan (J!"

.. !e.) !<t,.,.t~ DlC'ly Ill; '_1 41~hOI ..... ~ E X. ~,;JJapothA W7.M.
akkor Jegy..no}l!J_') = -c. A lIZ':'pMAl.... ~ e.. .. IIl.Uliw"mk~l~ eo. a dinamikw. Mti>-
l(1)II' }
j -l(1)n,
'" E {O.l}. ha J"rl ~ "',

11,-0.
har,_,<"'I'
AC!._I~)'
... H, .lo_')
"1\1100
lllA,Y,;!
CJ"J -
= lilllX
_Jll:,_l) =
/(",.
DdiniAljuk a;z a1Ahbi fiiggvcnyekd.:
"*"i"o n"l"lo-~ A1Io lIi,lykAl""'ritAAl Z J-I-gyd j'-]olj'-lk, Aklmr AZ a1Abhi diu"Ulil,,~. f..w:u.tot ""pjnk:
CI' :
~I'"
18.3 .2.2. Ha tlzsak-foladat

.-\(', ... c. .,.tik/\ ...."'"
= IA}_I.J!)
903
(1.... 12Qb)
= 1(I)n.
tddu-1. kOw-tkrzt'il<bM-. haIIznAljuk k,. j "" If 1)1'1:

O}ll:, _l) =
min
H,U.{.L;_IJlJI. min f~.IUJ.l<L..liJ.,I,
s,~L,li._
... fl.",, _
.f~(L._,.L)))
_ , .. 'I)e.
18.3.3. Bellmann-fele (unkcionAlf"l'D'pnlptek
18.3.3.1. A koltsl-KfiiIl;gVt"I1)' t ulajdonsagai

..\ nELLW..... ~~ -fi>Io. funk.-~uktclr. r..WlitAMboz ki>t kikotM Ju-U t<.-lll.l.i .. kOlt"';";fiiAAvrn~",:
I. Suopar'lhat o...a.g A !1!l(U.!J.l)..... I~C&'_I'.!!a)) fliggVi'ny ~::<"f'dnilhatn. tu. II Ill>
. H.._l ki-t....gllm<"rltumfl ffJUWuy..kkMto< IO<l F l,.
F~ fl~}'f'kkMaz lIWlbi..wm. bo:.thaI.O;
1(f,(L,J!,)
. I~(.-l'!!")) .. fl(fl~,J!,J.. . I ..lr.._,!!")).
f',I/l/.Lo.l!.,),. . /..(0_1'11... = HI (1,1/1
J!,).
aEA
~ll
(11\,112)
Es '" t u ll. jd o ll""g ,,<-1<1,;.,,1 ,,101""1"': '....-tbcn w l';"";i!. ha. H mind." '! E A ,,,,,I.t>J'l< lIlA''''Hli k M!t',m"lItu
mA .....n 1l1011nt<>u ll'lV''1. ~ uunde-n '! E ..t .....t<"nf"n n l\ll:

(1~,123)
A di""'TIlikll~ "l'limll1i1.AlAAi f" i",ll1l, 1 kiilt"'ogfiigp...uy.rol t ovAh bi"kh an fd t ,,,,,,,,,ii k. hogy ~'/,('l"'r"1I1"t"
"" min<l"n Hj j .. 1{I )n - J fiiRl{'l1u y ro l. hUK,Y Illill illl lllll ki." "r.lh d o . Min dk"l r" ltft" lt ki,U'p;ft <l l\Y"kran elkahuezou kiilt ""gfiilQlv," uY"Jr<;',tllly "" " IAb h i;
rr ,.,
L IJ(LJ-I'!!J)'
IOJll:J_ I ) =
min
s,tU,tr.,_,)
,_,
1.. (._I'J,l,,)
H(i(!1J,i@)_minH(i(!!).l1linF(!l)).
A~ (18.129) ~k. i 18.128 ) ~Iktt.-l'Viilt ILlkotjAk ... BU.MAssfik f..rWtmuU~ld.ct.

f kOl.~"'y 0l'timun.rrtiU>.
... ~) a.z
H} (J11!1-l.J!J),QJ.. ,(,rJ))
(18.130)
f\lllk"ion~nlPt ki.~.a.mitl\M llK'gMrl 'ogy oly...n (J!;.

.~) ""tmoo;,.. trat<'gill. m<'RhaWmiL""nak.
mdyhro; llZ
aJl"potw indlllO ~ """"folylUllat.(.. mi a vljM fulYlUlillt utobO 1'1 - j -.- I U'#ool
2. ~linimu mf",Ic....",l h ..I& l>g A H(j(!!). Fill) mm"".."'/~lo" ..':l1...!O. hI' ,,I.r-siiL
mill
(HU2'J)
18 .3.4 . Bell mann-fele optimalitA."i kruerl um
F~-I(f..-I<L._2.L 1).UL._l'!e.)) = H.._1 (I.. '("-l!!., -') F~ (f~ u.._ 1"-!!..)))
l&.lKA.lI
s, ~t,lL,_,1
.,
f Z<h tL,.!b). . I~(:!..._, ..L)))

(ItU21)
f;'(f.. (L._l'lI,.))
OJll:;-I) =
,IL,_,1 H J (J,ll:'_I .... )'., 11L,)

J:?in H J U, ll:I _ l ' !!J I -IHlJ,tL,..,.J.,)))
min
..,~,
(IIU2l)
All) ....""
F,(f}ll:.j-l' J!j )... , f~lL._I'!!...)) - - min!
(l tU31)
k01L""gfiiggvkly "".olgA! alai"'!. Az L1_I k..,.AtMl IAl'c>t!1 P, rolyaUlI01. optilll"li~ ~trllti'll,iaj .. fiiggptk'lIa P
I'L-.'l j _ 1 1"~1;H>n h01.ot t .!!l" .. , .!!.;_l dOllt"'-'ktli], mclwk ~ :l.J-' 411.. ....,thll v..,....t!<'k. A 0/, _1) k,
cimitAMho"" iMncrni k,,11 0}' Ill:I ) m;'kiot. II" ill;", ..u;.) 0l'timAli~~trAt<,r;ia .. PI foly"matluYL. akkor
llyil vAllVal6an lIZ (!!"+1' ... ,~) {'IlV ul,timA]i.o ~trllt(1til\";( J ". QI(,r,_I,.!i.;} k..,..dMI1"'potl"1 Pj -,-, r....~ f<>
ly"mat.rA. Ezt II m,,~fI1lal'lta,;t l\lIWNIOllltj ..... 3 ~: Ll.MANN,"J~ " 1"lfllalJIMi m l"ri"",.
8 .. lIma nn- .. lv : H.. (!!i... , ~) .. P f" lyAIll"l. o pl im fl!i1i ~tl'<. ti'KiAj" {"'l'hl"'lllZ (lfi,. , o) l\lL.!K,t""ro,J\ t t"l'u YLik, akkor mi n d" n ~ , (j = 1(1 )11 ) r/o,.,.f"ly"uUitr.. (lll.-lyn ,k k' -l d <WI" I' 0 taL;_ I) "'" (!!.;, ... . u;.)
.trati>gia ol'timAli .
1 8 .3 .5. Bellmann-fele funk cionalt>gyf"ulet -1lI6dszer
18. 3.5 .1. A minimal is kiil t j;(>g nll'J;ha t Aro7.Asa
A ( 1~ . 12S, l ll , 129) fu nk d o llAI" R.v" n l,I" k "'-gI I.....'j(rwl .. lPft .,Ct..) ,., 0 " lQ'l'lIliW'l(h iil kiilldulva" j illc!<'x
n;(ik k"lI u ....,V<,1 1ll.-ghat Aro "zll k " 1P,(;tj_l) !1ilU/;Viuyi'rti'krt... hi'll L1_I E X ,_ l . E h he a mind"n
90.
18, Optnnalwila..
)-1 E XJ _ 1 .'rt.fkrl' PRY 0l'tim..Ji;Uds..i r,'l..datot kell rrwgol<laui "'" UJC!, ~I) ""1l'llgro.!.>tt tlVtomAl1Y
fdrtt. MillOI'll LJ-I ,ill"I,,,tr.. ",lIwlik "ItV!!J uunimurnhely, lIlply IlZJ-I ki-#I<WlApotil
r......rOI~IUlI .. 1
o ptimAlis 1I1CKU1u.:...... Amf'llnyil..ulO;\ X} Iwmamk u-m ve,.;,.,...k ""10' nagyon MgyOk. akkor .. .;, ~rt'"
fi
A BELLMANN-f~l.. funkrioniWxY~nltt-m6dl<Z ..r 2 . vfJtmAta .......ri nt noak "4llI(1"~) ..rtf'>k~k krriil.....k ..

UhlA>.at u to1l<61lOraha. Nl<laul fll.(O) D"-g.h..~
min (3u. + ~( "'4 - 2))
fll.(O) =
boit .....-t1o'K nwok L.,_l E '\' _1 kijdo]t ...."loj'nutuk l.Ilcimitjuk ki. ...",.k ~tI,jWvt'l .. kii-,.tN' Iwl)'l'k.'u
inwrpow;m-'" v{>piink bo..~li... kM.. A 4l1lL,) ...Jj
P folylLlllat kol~UAAVi'DyfIlf'koptimA1i>oiorti'kM.
f.Ky (Mi... L) OIotim&lill ~tl'>\lfogi". ill. qo' b'rQAtJICtOZOllO..... ~) aJlapo~tkiuAllIitw.-Ilkk
lelwt&oeg ill _u.
2,.; "; ' 0
J -
18.3.5.2 . Az o pr imalis st ra tegia meghararozasa

I.
EI!16 ri lt ou t : A f'lIIkdonAl~J..t..k kii-rti'Itr~n<'llIZ ~ L J -
.......
(l,lL; _I) =
Olin.
a,E{"W; _,1
HJ (JJlr.;_I '.!!J)'.J+ll9,CL;_I'.'!J)))
(HUJ2)
A Mada t m egfogal mazisa A Ill.3 ,2.1. fpje'wtbOl;"mITl optimAlil< hf'vNWla..i "tr"tf.gia JnPgh.-
tiuvzNoA.
X,
X,_l
+ uJ
1.
min
:s: ", :s: Jo: -
X,_l},
= to ,
k,ll; + fll,+,(r,_1 + ",

(', =4.
r.a 2,
_ O. Ezt JU: .. ljArist ~tdjiik,..,(O}-r...
(18. 133&)
,-,
J = 1(1)0 , }
OS .c,S n'.
J'"' I( I)n.
", E {O, I }, ha .c,_1 ~ "'J' } J = 1(1)0.
x, = r _1 - "',", ,
X. = \(
",=0.
(18 1331,)
bar,_I<""
M l ,," m mllualir.iUsi fu1adatrol. VIllI RD. ~rt. nLutA ~ "'f..ifo fll n~k-tek AZ aW>biak
) = 1(I )n
-Vj),
j = 1(I )n.
I)=~. 1'.= 3. c.\ = 4. "t=2.

7, "3=4. v.= 2. 1.'.\ =4, vG=3.
1. Vi...... zaf.. M u a mo llts: A dI, (r , _l ) niggvl"uyhtl'k"k"t "" r,_l = 0, I, ... , 10 o><ztO[>lmtokl",.n IO"P;hatllnw.zuk . EMg a miuinnuuot ,!l:....., ...rU-kll "I- k kiiziitt ke ..... ni.
i=6: a(r~) .. mi n '~""=("<lllIltX{O,~"- L~} = 2mltX{0.3-I~} .
J.:
=.c; + If; - "I
.}
1',=6.
. .EVol ... )
~ (ci"i +~,+l{rJ_' -11',",)),

", L,'2,_,1
j a 1(I)n.
A oon\hl vagy 0 vagy 1,"";'rt "j,wW08 AZ fu n krionAlrltv4'flIrt-mO<I-r 1. vl!.1tozAt.At N kalmazni. j =

n, n - I , ... , 1-.... ad6dik:
2. Szampeld.
= 6.
0
0
0
f{Ub .... ) = L CJu, _max!
""~ ""3.
I'l ""
_{e, . .
_{I.M.ol
1
<>,(rJ_,) -
4lJ +I(Zj - l - a:,) ,~~ 1",_1 ~ V', "" ("J

<>J+l{r J_,)
kulonhrn,
", (r J _ ,
0 kl1loul>rn
):01( 1)0
mu{O, v, - r}-l }
",u,'J,_,)
9
0
0
0
A f,..ladat megfogalmazha ~ .... _18.3,2.2. rftIz fe1adat"
CF:
<;.'>~+l(r~) = 0,
10
18
15
18.3 .6.2. Harizsak-feladat
fu llkciunAl'1O"' nlctr kr<' V<~I>"t
fll,(rr1)
18
ca zs
fll.-.,( r.) = 0 ,
r u =x. , O S .c, S Jo: .
Ui(xi-') = {"J
21
15
(ui. ...;. ..;. " :. U;.";) = (4.10. 1.6.0.3).
"J(rJ -
j = 1(1)0 ,
t'J '
21
~jd. tov8hbi. ~kbn1....... optimAbllltr~
min!
,-,
-
53
4";.,";8
L ",u, -
2. E1<'lre . zamit....,
<>1(2) = 7S = min (4", + "J{v, - 4)).
18.3.6. P eldak fllnkcionalf'gy~nlet-mOdszeralkalmaz.isara

18.3 .6_1. Optimalis vasAriAsi st ra ti>gia
f{Ul .. u.,,)
39
If' = 4 ..oodik minimumbdykmt ~ ~ ri
flm~Urt~~ bat&rua.uk m<'lI.!!.;-<>t. Ebb6I aOOdik~; = giL;-I'!!;)' Az ilb" Ii?

~kor milldil ~ ujahbopti~klat\AlDlltMl~.
3. A kH viltout .:..u.huonlftha .v. I . vA/touthow./lKt&nu:ta..i igiony botbb.lD<"I1 uiD<1<lIZii~
a 2 . vAlt.m.AI.boI.n"'~ I "I>timaliz&llwa. EUrnI>f'n mindffiLJ_1 &llapotbnzrgy!iJ ,lObi"",, In-IJ tArolni.
'Uui mag......bhdi~ UJ(&,,_1 ) di'nltftot<oro'kDIA - a 2. vAltoa>o.tbnrl vYcaooyi! .... ahol.,.,.J,; a fllllL, _ ,}-t
Ju-U tAroLni ~....-.J na>'obb t.Alilt"nyt jl-kn!. E.nn<-k IJIf'gfde~n /ll<l.&ru.itiWr-1Df"gOkiiwon'rlkl
/l 2. vA/taMt IIDlF: ftlMl>f'tl ..lOOyOtorhh.
1.
se
17S
as as
,.
"
'"
"
"
'" " 12 9 " 12,
a 0 0
a
0 0 0 0 0 0
"
'"
, ,."aa
E XJ _ 1 A1lapotr.. kiooMmf-
tou!!, mWlw'unb<-lyrt tiu'oIjllk. A r>l(h.) lriAzAmit8Nl utan <!gy optimAlL~ llt.r~ jutunk. tu."'"
.:> -; Z; k.-zd6&llApolt.e> tArolt.l!.l = !!;-hOI ki>Urnoljuk a kiMotko.-W i = 9l<L;.!!j) 4l1A.....,tot. AI
Phoo U.l; illApoth<c tArolt.l!::i ~~ljA Li-ot ~tb.
2. M Uod ik valtou t : ~1i0000ta L, _, E X J _ 1 Iillapotra kiilOn tAroIjuk a fllllL,_I ) htfokrt. Mi_1 I1I1n.
df'lI C1J lL,_1 ) iNurrt...,...,." lIZ.iluolhat'l1lk 1\;& in<k-xa.lapjin nOvf>kvt'I "'-'fn"l>dlX"D.) = 1....i kndUi'ftc'krok
- ,
= min( 28 V 26 25 24 25 26 V 30 ) - 24
+ fll,+I(X,_,
-u'J)
> 4l,H(XJ_,)
rJ_l ~wl""("j+41,+,(1",_I-U',fllJ+I(zi_I)'
..
..,= 1, "2= 2, 1)= 3, ... = 1, c~=5 . ("<1= 4. A
Szampelda " = 10, n= 6
11" ",, 2. 11':1=4 , " ':1 a 6. 1/14=3. 11'1; = 7, U!G= 6.
IL'j M
ulyok Cf;~CszCrt"kw..::1,-e mifltt r , E {O, 1. .. " IO}, i = 1(1)0, ro = 10.,A t "'blAUlot mi.uo~n l""':,,r~~ c..
minden ZJ-' aIlaJlotra tllItalma:m. ;(rj_l) fiiggv"nY"rU>k.. t "" al: aktlliJ.1II tJj(Lj_') dout.,;t . Pddalll
hatal"O'lZlIk meg a kovetkl"w (>rtkk~ krt : rG(r~), <>3(2), <>:1(6). k oM8)
2.
<o( x,) =
a,
r ~ <1I 'o =4
{ ~ = 6. kii loDh':ll,
4>J( 2):
X2
= 2<
U',
= 3
'
",,(x~) *'
( o , r ~ <~
0, k ii]im h. 'n
J(2) = fll~(2) .. 3, u,(2) '"' O.
904
907
906
.:!j-l
frlnl
0l'tir
lI:..it,
in"'.
f.o<y I
k4>rt
.~J
1 8.~
I. I
totl!
......
a.
..........
,
!4""
'm.
"""'
3. ",
(>,(6).
,c]
> 11':1
~(8)
.1]
> 1I'J ;.,..
< "'.(T]) = 10:

6 + 9 > o.(r2) '" 10:
i",C3'" 4>1(J"] - u-.) = 6 + 3

l'3
+ o:P:i{r]
~ u,&) =
<:>:.(6) = 10. 11.(6) .. 0,
oP:l(8) =
l~,
u-ll8) _ I.
optimAlif; .trlll~
(ui,'';.'';.'':'~
,,
,
4
";)_{O,l.I.LO.l).
0;0
0;0
0;0
0;0
0;0
7; I
9:0
3:0 3:0 6; I
3.1 3; 1 3: 1
0;0 0:0 0:0
0;0 0:0 0;0
9; I
3:0 4; I
IIldIO) = 19.
6;0
6;0
6; 1
"
10: 1
13; I
13: I
>..
>.,
10; 0
12: 1
I:>, I
10; 1
10; I
10: 1
1; 1
1,1
li: I
6: I
6: 1
6; 1
,; I
t.
1:>:0
1(;;0
ll.i;1
1:3:0
", u
19: I
16:0
iu. I
13: I 13: 1
6; 1
G: 1
19. Numerikus m6dszerek

Ehbt-n " fpjrzrtl>CII .. numertkus ..ljMNook ,"",1I-h't',1 fottWjuk o...z... A gyakoriAti rplnda.tok sziunitf>.
.u:P(>p1l torti'OOlIlcgOlrl"-""'hoz" prOf(Ialllki'"Y'/tAlllt k..l1 i><1ll"'m'ink bo A1Wnwmunk. N"hiwy ilym pro-
~~ot" 19.8.3. pont t>Lrt.. lm..... A~ .w.J>Vt't6, "1--iAliJI progrMlrf'llt!A7.rl'f'k: .. M~t~~tiu e..
" ,..b p"'... bnrniik alkalm"".ott mm,..nku.~ l,ruglJl1okft,t .. 20.1. f"j~"''' 19 .8 .4 . ~ UjAIe. A
lluJllf'"riku" ....amit.N.okn41 mindig MJi.p6 hil.alr h.,folyAM.t N kP-~1Wt a 19 .5 2 . 117.a.kao--z t.artalllli\Z"J:&.
19.1. Egyismeretlenes nemlincar-is egyen let numerikus

megoldasa
Minden ~isme~tkolll'fl~PIl~" kOv.-th-J6 oom.alalakolr ~ikerl/' bozh&tlmk:
U r w;he ly-egye n let: ffr) = 0
(19.1)
F ix pont -eg)en let:
I = ..i r).
(19.2)
T~lk f.... bogy" (19.1) n. (19.2) ~1~kIlf'k I;>tnik ~ A lJlf'll.o!da..okatjdOljr rO. Az rO
ID'i'kl"flY 1/'1..0 kWlitAoPt ~ p.-6b&ljuk lD<1Iatlni.loos,y .. ~~"'tpt !I(z) "" h(z) Alakr"
boauk. aholllZ' "" !I(r) ....' = h{r) pbiok kOUIIY"U Ahrlw>Ihal6k h. 'tu-kintbPtOk.
fIr) ""
sin.r "" O. Az, =
= Nor pbi-kPt.brW..... litIozik. bogy xi"" 0 .... xi"'" O.8j
(19. 1. abra ).
r-
r",
a 2.v
IUllin
kt-U 1:
.. 2 . \
18.3
18.3
I.
"'=
-2
-1
10
~ " , =O
funk..
3 ,
~1 O.s7
19 2. 4h rA.
19.1. !Lb'A.
19.1 .1. Iteracios e lja rasok

A~ egyenletek kro,f'litom,,!\oldAAiLJlhl..Iknlmll.ZOtt itrrAri600 m6dAP:-l"f'k hltll.IAnOllpI"" Ahban All.hOfl'S u.mert Xk (k :::: O.1.... n) kro-,f'lit~ prt<'krk frllu"'~JlfUM'\V1II t.ovAhhi ko-<\Cllt6 (ort,;k"k lIOI'CtZl\tJ\t kpp<'"7.z,lk.
mrlypk l"po'><r6I-I"p""'I"f'.lphrtOkg J!YOTAAn A \'Io](><li ltV;;kforti'kl ,,'~ tattll.luUt.
19 .1.1.1. Saukcessztv approximaclo
a.
n=(;
1. V ~
hatim
Ha ~ "gyt'nl,'t J; "" ,o(;r ) tixpont.,.j"kl",," ",j ott , akkor a k,\,..'ufdvo'i it"I'""i"" djiu-iv;:
X"+, ""<;(x") (Tl=0. 1,2, .. :Xo ",Iou),
~
(i9.:J)
Illdy" t "zllkct'!i><Ziv approximacionak (IIO'U;....t o. kO-'...ltt..... n..k) 1l"W"liillk. A ~ .r ~ ""rO?,,,t a~ ;r" mpl\oldAA--hO"t kOllwrgal, hI< >o.:t xO-lla k va,., olyan korny",.'t" ( 19 . 2 . Abra) , ahol
I' {' l - ' {'l[ ::; h. <

;r
;r O
(h = ko,,,,tnlll')
(19.4)
908
1.;'(r)1 ~ K < I
lr.. kon\l'rgo:'IICUO ... ~ a.uu&l ll"'lO'oob.Uliut'-I kiooebb K .
r=~inz._
%.+ 1
"
'.
VZ!Ulz.
IIinz.
~1"&iegyz""
0.81
O.81~2
0.8758
0.8 164
0.8766
0.8767
O.7WJ 0.7670
O.7b1'l1
O.7~
O.7ti/j(j O.76t\(j
1 : KomplMo: p;yf>knk .-tpn z = ..... it _ A ..,....... {os
lfIf'golrlAnOOf'lY"II~h61 <'gy
k~
ri'!<r. oqo>tvA1Mr.UNt. utiw a
kkil<lJlf'!'1"t\fom,o pg)"'fIlM:~ Uplink "'l U"" r valOai1w1l,"",k-nrkkrl.
:\IPgj.-gy u.. 2 : A nrmlillPArilo. "'Y""Ik-tl"l'!l<'iAZf'l"Pk iurallv rIlf"gOld&'rH 19.2.2.
tart.alll~
194. abra.
19.3. ibra.
19 .1 .1.2 . X ewt on-elja ra s

1. A
N~wto~J.i'.r"
kepk-t.. Az l Iz) = u tip....... ~nktn." az it<.Tativ _'\E....'TOs~ljA ..... t
..
ki'M:t -
~a1b1m...Q;uk:
!lz.)
1"... I = Z .
('1 = 0, 1.2. . s.o ..oott)
f '(z.)
(19.6)
to-hAr AZ lij, r .- 1 k<lulit6S)'MkVk killz4mi~~'lI1k lwll M fir ) fiiuvmYf""k ;""1Ul!lAk I'(r )

eitll5 derivaltj.Nulk kUkPt u r .. hooj~n.
2. A lIO.. wtolH'ljAru kon~ llCi8jll " S[\l,TOs-f'ljal~jUlAk_-I~f..1Vt.. Ioo:
{ (rli O
/ {ZW (ZII < II: <

1'2(z )
r-
I ..
r ..+, = I . - I (I. )
l (x )=r-siur=O .
n
0
1
2
3
3
I.H4213G
4
3. Geometria i ~", .. ml"ltf>t ~ A :-Jt;WTON"'ljArMgr'01nMriai R'lA,mJ.. ltctCto't a 19.3 . flbra mUl>!.tj.. : A~
djMN< NlIl'j.. t ..bAt, hogy >Woll "" f(r) fiiAAv<''lly /:orbCjM JokaIiAA.n az hintO"",J kot",lltjilk.
4 . l\tMO!Ift ott Ne wton....ljaru Jill II.;< it,rl\cio.ltm\ n II.;< I'(x n) ,<rtfk"k ._k j"l"nl,;;kt<>]"ll lu<"rt..ktwn
veltoa nek ...kkor ..,t ItlllUu\l>n..k hl\RYjuk.
'iRY"...""" ''tlm6tl.....t tott :'< EW TO N -..ljAr""""1 Ol7.Amolllllk
tcvabb:
' II ""
I(x~)
In+! = In - I'(X ...)
(m rOIr"(t"U, m < n).
A kOllvcrg'lId .. j~i\.t 0"l1lll"10'~7...n1slt'" nom IM'folyfLMJja 1{,nycgCll{'Il.
( 19.10)
3, K onvergeod a A ( 19.10) IOOIlI(I.ll.t b~toaAil lI.!)'OiF:hO:r. bmw-rgAl, ba I(x. ) i. I (z .. ) kiilOnb07.6

clt'ijdl1l"k, H.. II.Z it<-raciO.. gy(ikOt m4r ~"" j6l ~lltrttt'. akkor U .. l6jPJ-.f"Iti<t.r!tiil fllAAMIrn,-,j
1'.. = l' A_ I vaJ.asztilNW II ltonWfX"'uciit iO"Jl"ilh..tjuk.
( 19.8)
a = 2 "",,!kn:
; m< n; I., rl ..don ),
2. Geometriai 5umleletE-tes A"'8,ula w....1~ polUl1riaillZl"llllloltMMII 19 .4 . a bnlo n IAthAtli.

A ~r Irllyt'gC what IIlO8t 11.:I:, bof:y , '"' 1(1) giil-I":'jk 1oUli-u <"fO' ~f'I,-l6 humU kOz<olitj,-ilt.
..;u (a > 0) hWk kfr.r...liUllu>QAl.llil.ilMr""
I~"I =~(I~+:J
-x...
) (
2
I (r .. / tr..
.. = 1. ..
( 19.7h)
A (19.7A.b) f..lto>tcoJooknrk ftZ Z <'gy<:>ly"II kOm)........-ct'brn kell teljt,.,1\njlik,lWX"ly AZ o..c-.r. pont...1 w

gyof". bogy mioo,.n ill'rlwi6o<
~1 .. potlt.olo ti~jeg)'f"k ...AmI! binll""l'd mrgdupLiWdik. EbbPn AZ """thffi ~z,pW!o lwuvt'r
~~hlnk.
I . A n-gula falsi. <u<u: burmM!uer klopl"t e Ax f(I ) = 0 ~ uqolda..arII.II. ko.-..tlre:u5 ouro.iJlitjuk d6:
raW!:
VqyilIII. '\E.....TOS-f'lj&rN<tQI Vl'tt W.n~ kiiJO~ ..bban All. boo itt fMk IIfl~keltrtb>uqnAljuk. II.ZII.Z " " f (r. ) diHet1"Dci.ilhauyaobot u 1(; ) fiigrIonyl"lt'k u r ... <'gy eI6z6 z . (m < n ) pout
kmOtti diffl'WnciAhiuJydoewivai pOtoIjllk.
tA1m&r.z&. lI.... ;-;EWT'OS...jAr... b>ll....flII:iol, akkor.. konwtgf'Dcia oIYA:I

Az I (z ) _
II = 0 <'gyPflk-t mf'KOldWra, 11:I'_ All:
;'O E....- ros.s..1r it<-r4ciOt lWl''''t;
19 .1. 1.3 , Regula fal si
(19.7.. )
~""l~:
5 . K ompiE-x uilt<nOsdiffert' nciillhat6 fiiggvfllyek A :'iEYo'TOs--cljAr'" kompln. .-iltoz<ioI diH=

<:What<'> fiiU""llY'-"k...eti-n is ~tO.
( 19.9)
.l.r.. =
I. -
'.
r~~ l
I (z..)
0.87
0,0'167
-0.0074
o.coss
[8iGS
0,876m
-0,000252
0.000003
-O.OOOOOJ
ii"]"76"726
0.'
-0,3
O.ooom
HII. " 'l'/.Ainluv; ""Till"

llldlroh,"jiik.
AI~ /Ay.. "rtrkck
~1Io.
= I (z. ) - f(,TA_I)
-0.0341
0,007 148
0.000255
mar ("",k negyon kin,it
vAllo~f... k, lI.'l.Ok
.u.
.:J. y.
0,8798
0.9093
0,_
;"m;t<'lt
h~'.arllltaMt
4. S t e lfe nSf'Q-e lj arA8

H.. " regula f" Wt. ""-"Z " h(lrmM~,,,,Il. II.<! 1(1') '"' I - ,(I) .. 0 <'gy.."l,tr" I .. = X~_l vAla.<~tAIlIIai
,.lltalllll\Z~\1k , a k kor,. konv crg',"'i.. l...ny..g..... ll r..1RY'll"!'''1. E~ "" djlt.t"" STEFF ENSE N -d)'arris U<'vCll vAlt
;"llwrttP,
A~ I 2 _ ~i"I = 0 CK.v<'llJ.'l hdy..1t

oldjuk Ill"ll.
I\l:
STEFFENSENdjl\.rMAAlIw. f(r) = x - vsinx = () cgy.. uletet
910
~.T~
- 0.03
0.""",,
~ 1I
ffr.)
0,014942
0.9
["81
- 0,004239
O.8166M -nooooss
0.816727
0.000001
0
I
'.
= r. - r._1
-o.01!Y.!01
0,004 213
P4(X) = x 4 +2.r -J..r - 7.

t1atarozzuk meg & p, (.r) po-linom Nt <.lcri~"'tja.i h..ly..tt.....
lIiiNli eTti>keit az.l'o = 2lw1y<'Il.
~"
'" f ( ) - }(;,.-,)
1.562419
1.r.7'JJ<J i
2
2
:2 -3 U - 7
2810 20
A tAhl krA lbOl kio l.......h alO:
p~(2)
S 10 13
2 12 34
~( 2)
"" 66,
~( 2)
= 60.
17 4..1
19 .1.2 . P olinomegyculetck megoldasa
,,K\foki, polinornqo'rnlrtlll"k Df"iO!ZZiik &:Ii
ra.
= 4l,
2 16
p. (2 } =
p~41(2) = 24
33
2
10
f(r) .. p.(z) _ 4" Z R + 4,,_,z--' ...... +
alI'" "" =
O.
(l~Ul)
A1Aku eg)nIkcltt-t. Il)("I)"'K boo.! oldala zhm l1IrioMIiI< ~ kiffojooz,P.; . Az egyrnlE't jIl haw.folr.li 1I~'
oIdN<aboa ~nk van olyan rljAr1lltnkr4. Inf'l)"'k rgyrkrt a p-(z) fiigxvi-ny ~ dmvNt.fll.a ~uit
..dott brlym br.WnitjAk. mfuonioozt A r;yf>kOk ,.jlll'l~ """-k kezdeti mz..litbok llit"gbAtAroaAk.
19 .1.2.1 . Homer-elrcndezes
1. ValOe ftotfokl1 ffiggto1 wO viltozb
Az tH'dfUKU p,,(z) polinom r = z, ho-lY"lI vMl brIycttn<ite.i ~k"~k ki.'<ZoimitilMhoP." kOwl:kf'll6
~""t haszoaljuk fM:
p,,(r) = .... r" ......._IZ- 1 + ... + a,.r2 _ alI '" Go '" (;r - ;[,)p.,_I(r) .......(;r.)
(1912)
Abo! p,._I(Z)
"y
n - 1....tlok6 poIinnm:
(1')13)
{19.12)h61 z" '-'&YiitthatbulAk <-z.otJ->nlit4M.va1 &:Ii aLibbi ....k UJ"ZiOol k<'pIrl fOdMik:
a~_l.r~~"'a.
(1: ....... - 1,... , 0;:,=0, "'.-1 =1>-("',)),
mP:g
""_I (r }-1X'il.:
",{rl)
ItOvrtItn.c"i ~hPn ;o. p._ 2(r ) polinocuut IllIotArozzult
P-l(r) '"' (:I' - :1'0 )""- 2(:1') + P-I(:I'I)
..
'. c..
. -, ,
19ypoJinomolt"lO' IIWlRAtAt bpjlLk: p~(r). p,._l(r),.
"
" .._2
G~_L
roll~_l
,
a.._2
roa~
a~_J
ito .Jblmazhatjult. ha 119.16)han min<k....,;yn< eg"viitthatOn.~ -Jo,. """ "lO' Itrpxrt<".-lopol It;.pt"&iinlt.
2. Komplf.'x....rt.. lt li fiigg.. tlf.'n ~ 'JtoW
Ha. (19.11)--bcn "'" a., egyUuhlotOk -u-k. ..JtItot" ",,(I.) bPIy.-tlPflitftli kti"imd< lIZ -4 = u. "" "bPIyrn tOrtn>6 ki.<zNni~ <:Kftk -Jo,. -amokkal kroU ml1~ ~iink. A p,,(I) polil)()l1JOl.
Ata.lakitjuk:
p~(I) = .....r"+"" _II~-I ....
+<lII+'"
= (~ _
?-pr-q =(X -xI)(J'-:r.)
a.
0, 0,
... :l'oa; r0'4 rna', '"
' ..0
PI(S) =
q = -So
... G3
.. ..;
3'''''':_2
rOG:_3 .. rOC;
<1:_3
(1.. _4
.. a~
-5
aj ~ J~~~
:l'oar x~
.; Ip~_L(XO)
.
J'4
"..:
(HI.Hi)
<1,,_ 2
'1<_2
19 .1.2.2.
.. OJ
19 . I&.)
A7AZp=:2,,-, q __ ( ..1 ....1).
<J:I
(19. I 1:lb)
P'4 pa'L1JO~
7.
-,
2 -3
0
- 5 -30 -80
4 24
( 19.1&)
0L ao
qo; tIG2 qa'L
pa~ 3
zr - 3r -
SzAm!I.~\1k Iti" fiiAAvr nyf rt<'kM "" 3'0 '" 2 -
( 19.1tld)
i h..ly.. n.ll:l.I'IO': p = 4 ....
A tAhlAMlh61 Itiol..-b.. w;
P4(ZO) = :WXD- ij7 = - J9 - 34i .
" "
A gyokok e lhclyezkedese
I 6 16
34
I. Val"'" RYok, Sturm-lime

A DESCARTES'f"l~ ~16J<'L,zIlOOly IlllWm""''''''''~,.] t'1&<7iir ..ldontjilk. VIUl-P \'1l.I"'" gy ok.. I'l7. M ott ""h llo m
nok .
I. A IJtYLiti~ gy o ko k s 7.itm " vll/tY "1(VC1l11l H.l!:
(19. 19<1)
a~, <l" _ I , .. . <l ), a"
.,:." ) = PtJ (;10)
..gyiitt l1.. \ooHYt.Ilol cllljd w\Jtil.."Il.in.~k "".itlJLI;' ~,.] . ~..gy I<I ULa J "RY P""'" 87,;UlllllIlJ ki,..,bb.
2 . A Il"gati~ gyokok ,q,Ilrl1ame&e!O',-.t.ik tll!
(l 9 . l ti)-hOl p,,(xol kijz ~"IJ .. niillti "l ~AAh"tb Nt ;IIILZ , hogy:
p~ (xol " t'P,, _I(:I'O) , p:(ro) = 2Ip~ _ 1 ( XO ) " ' " P'~ft)( Xo) = n!PtJ(xo)
a.-I
(I!l.lS)
. Pl(r) , PtJ(x). A ..........'utkltAhlAz.a!()MaU.k.I>tllL:
px - q)(a~_lI ..-l + ..... ~) + ~II .. ~.
F:l<kor
p,,(x.) = ~lS ~ ~. = (~IU. -+- ~.) .... i~I'"
A ( 19.11.ta) clwn~l _
az un . cou..n zff-\o> kk>oornlo H ORSER ~ ~"'l jA fpJ :
( 19.14)
Igy" p,.(z) polioom CIo "I."iitthAUril>6l m<'lI:hatirozzukp,._,(r),,~ pgJo" lt ha tOit es kilozarll it juk .
fiigs"fny o''rt.<'!cft. u t N .. ljAl-AIot u.mkpljult.1WU &
I
~I~zk: A H OR."ER -f'1~""'1 komplM: a ....,;yiiuhatt'>k _k1
( 19.17)
/Ij). - U I .
<J:I ..
,(- lrun
( 19. 19h)
.-gyiiuhatOo!ol'07.l\t"l6j"JvAltJu..unu l<7.AmAV>II. ""10' .... ,..aJ "10' paro.. ""AmnlJll ki.sehh.

~(.r) = z - 6r 6 + 1Or3 ... 13r2 - l~ - Hj !,olillOlnnlLk I Vag)'3 pozitiv. 0 vag)' 2 "''g"t(v
19.2. Egyenletrendszcrek numerikus mcgoldasa

ftV',!u
A STURM-IAn" (lMd 44. old.) ..tW1l......AMV>II. l>OIltolwl. IJII'ghatArodVl.tjuk II.Z x '" a .... x :lit b It" l)"'k
kawtt Ji>v6 wU6to gyOkOk ><Utlu4t.
.....z 1/ '" p.{x) tu,;gvrny Ai...I",j<'n'II at t<>kinu...t kaphat.un.k. ha a H OR." ER-("I~ ~t,,{ogP 11lZOf>OOO
t-'volMgU x~ ,. ~ + II ' h (h = knl1f<tAllll) pnntokha.u a fiIggvftlyert<'k..kct ki><zAmitjllk. H
fiiggvfn\'
kt<'kt- 1LZ.r = a ", x = b IlPlyoouli killiilloow d llj..I,l ..kkor .. kk. ""'Iy kii7,(ju biztoAAn Yllfl k-galAbb ,~
val60t gyOk.
2. Komple:r; gyok"k
AllOO. kumpln..flrbcli t.ArtomAny tw-IwArolA.<l4ho7.. amdybcn a...oo... iU. kom pJ<ox COk....k J,,-!,..t .... k. a
(19. 11) poliuo~ .. kiiVt"tluoztil,,'ptM"u lllkithaljuk iLl:
r Cr) =
\o..-llr~-I ... 1ot.._21r"~2 + . . +
la.1r + Iaol
6; ~ probilk...u-l ~lIka pur.itiv

(t '" J.2..... n)~~ILZ.bolo
~;I
=:::
fa..1r
( 19 .21)
I (x ) = p~ (r) = x~ + 4 . ~r3 - 2O.01r2 - SO.I2.c + 29.45 = O. f" (r ) = 4.4r3 -.- 2O.01r2 + too.l2r +
f" (6) = 2000 .93 > 1296 = r4.
/" (7) = 21)00.% > 24l1l = ,-4.
/" (8 ) '" 3963 .1i5 < 4(196 _ ,-4.
x~)
( 19.23)
..
I"'"P'"k . Ax j,;;mrrrt lrn<-lt ><Z4ma k ItZ ~"'II"'t k ~ r~r1nI IDtll'1O""'Zik. >oZtI.Z m = n. A 7. m

_ brn a. (19.231 fltWw..tl"f'll<i",,-,," lli~t1uM. m < n.,.t.hI alulhAtArozottnak llt!Vt"E7.iik.
..\
t(d~t ~,..n,~k
t.t.,..kOrzrp
TPn<\xaPrwt
uiDnI~"""..-Mrt ~ftj flk
L ~ (rl .x,. .
-,
.z~ ) '" min
19 .2.1 . Linearts egyenletrendszcrck

lIZ
AlAbbi IiIW'iLri!< .,.:rrnJ.-tfffld'0r'l";

1"al~I~
+..,.I~
=0,.
o" z, -'- lI72Z, '"
...., Zl ... tl,,:/z, +
a..r~
"" ,,-.
aU Zt - O" r z -
::11,.
( 19.22)
itt.'raci6V>11." oi>kot m'-d>...l l\ronllk.
2 . Sp'CiAli8 f' ljArAII

A BAIRSTOWpljilrfll, gyokl'ilrok.
19y "I. k"ujugll.lt k"",!,lex gyOkuk - Ul,-,ghatAroziIAAr" O'u'lg4l. Ai>hoI indul ki. hogy ItZ MnU p"lin"m "KYllloJO'z~ks tenye-.wjet levaIasztja Ugy. millt It HORNER,.]rr",l,z{'"
( 19.1&.-<.1 ). A c...l"p ..... q "lQ'iiuhllli,!l>tt (lgy llwghlttiuvtuJ. hogy ItZ r. '''' rl lHltrad"k pgyul thltt6k nullak
Iegyenek (11!J.J71. jI9. 11]. ]1!.I.3I{1).
H" c"" k Itl,gn"lQ'Ohb v"tlY !<gki>othh ,,~,Iu.t(ort,kl1 vltlo..gyokok,t k.",,,,,iik. "kkot'~""kd" BER~OUL'
LI-m6rl"l'Rrl"f'1pg)""z"n1pn mpgkAph"tjnk (jl!.l..17j).
Mindenek..liltt" tortl-n..ti hagyomll.ny mie tt meg kpn meg ..mliteniink a GRAEFFErlj"rw,t. mdy'gyi
d..jl11pg I\ll .....1"" Wll..... k komplex gyiikot m..ghaUroz1A.-i.. is ..n sok ""Amfti\..~i munkit ig'lIy..l (119. I I I.
119.3!l1).
A '"
(::::~
( 19.2:
(19 .26&)
A !. =~
A lt ...IAnOll ~Ijarasok
VaiAllU'nnyi, " 19.1.1.tw-n l't<iott ..ljArluo IllIlltllIl"'lhatO ... polinom---egy<'Ill<"tf'lr. ".,.u". ,;yOuilwk U1~h.
~a A ~EWTO~- ..lj4rluo kiilOne-njO. mivel gy<lnoan konV<'rRfJ .... a.:z I(z ~ ) .... f'{r~ ) fortl-kok ...
HOR~ER ...ll"f'ndf"l.ftt ~t>i<'gfV<'1 (O'U1'lWI kUwi.mfthatOk. Ha a.:z I {x ) = 0 polinom-<"g)'f'"fllpt r " lQi, lu'lI" k
I~ kwl!t6-frtJokfbOl iudulunk ki. ><ilkoc a 6 = z " - z. ';"-lol;"'t hPv<>z,ptvt!"
aW>bi ~
:V 'u llwNmot t _ thorn A1taiAb&n n - tn i><rr1<"Wllomt 1_r.mM.f'tnf'k ~bAtunk. {,.. fgy a (19.23 )
f'lU"Ilct .....d><ut- ~ n - In....amu par..mPtPTto'il ffiQ. _
~ (n - tn) diIJlMtZ!6o, ~
balnwt.z adja " m,gold 4M.
~"I':ltl-00cOOzti-l iink Ii"""""' ....lM"mlinMri>< ''It"' nlM.~ kct _ lwt. boer ,,",niik "" ismrrrtwDPIt
<>taIt 1iur3ri>.an. vagy Ilf'fIllil1Ot'&riM.n io o<ZtT<"J>"lrtf'lF:.
A ( 19.25) ~1"Ild..., r m.a.troo..,.w"b..n f..IJfVIt:
..] "" ..i 6)
(19 .2-')
19 .1.2 .3 . :"OumcrikuscljarAsok
f'(~~) [/(r~) + ~r{z ..)<l2 ...
Il3;
>
r..!tiotPUrl:
EbMI. kOYrtkt7ilr.. bocy Ix;1 < II (t = 1.2.3.4 ). V..J6OAn. a ~ "'-'IlitPrti-kl1COkn' ipI.:

z;:-7 <zj <-6 .
~I~zik; :\"K"lfv vUno.rPItzt1 komplrx gyOkOk ~ ~~"' I"'klaul. lIZ ..... ktrut<'clJ.
nikab.t.o Yllfl ""~. &hoi ........ ktonl~rnok t!lmflft PbooIi "P"ciAIilI ..ljIri>;olw ~tA.Ir. ki. mr lyrb-t
"w.ili t<W..JtiYkkurk ilIll<'V1"lUlf'k (1 19.111.119.381).
k" {19.2J) "KY'ul... t~ "8Y uwgoldMat g,.
(19 .20)
29A5=r~ .
= 6:
r =;;
r '" 8;
F,(x" z !
F:{r"Iz
1D'8k0lr: "R.V re .o1Ml kor1Jil:jA1. Ekknr lIZ " - z;
s r. .
A gyu orlathltn" mrgol.laudof..l...-l"tok igrn ""k"",,'r ...hhltn A11nAk. hoRY n iNrnrrtl..n r , (i

m<'IlHYi>o<'grP adoll m frlti-lrl ''KY '1O'"nkot l"f'II.wn ..J...Itj" houJ:
:~)
!! -
(::)
: !=
b"
<l"l <1", ... ......
(::)
:
z.
(l 9 .26h)
Ha IU A = (a",) (i. k = I, 2, .. n ) n'-gy....l.eK rn4tr1x rt>glll.iu"Vo..Itltor " (19 2: re"d..,...r .-gy<'rt..lm,lc"

"" ogoldhato (\iI.'o<1 272. old. ). (19.2;;) mpgnldWr" rl viIt,: kHr'I, 11l11l1<'r1k,,~ m..gol<l"" lH'l.ik.
l. Dirckt eljara.~. am..ly"", '1O"lll,t,.u.l~urt ..INni II.lllllLkail><okkai olYl\I1 AllLkr... h0'7:7.3. a},olllJall"
1ll.'K0ld.......k ki)zv..tl..niilWnlva"lmt6k
ki>nll)'Pn kj",o.AlIlit.h"tbk. 1,1. tNtmik " h..l)'Ptt"",ti"".,...ljaril.><
(1Md 210. old. ) .:... a 19.2.1.1. 3 .-1>11" !l'irt ,ljarfll,nk.
2. It ~ritcio.. c ljaras, llllldy a<lott k,.,...l,ti ko-u)(1<'1 hifok<-kMl kiimlulva" ko-~..,llt.o m<"gol<lAAok olylUl
""rvwtiit ...Ij". Indy (19 .2Z,) nlPgol<lll.AAhm: kOl!wrgM.
' II
19.2.1 .1 . Matrix haromszdg-faktorizacieja

l. A Gauss-fMe eliminacio.. eljara.. .. l v~
At A lS = !! ..gy.. nlrtrc"d"Z<'r1 "l"mi "t..Iklt""',kkltl. "110' mhu
1. ..-.rok f..I,""r',I.... .
2 . ..10' >lOr s:wrtA"" nul],;,t"'l kiilonhi>1,(j ~zarulll4i.
914
3. '1O'ik oar tohhorWriil'li 'n..k h(>,~", llliwIik _hoz. ilgyIlf'W'U'tt U>pi:$ihd"$ tgy..n/tttr.uLu""..L.k
j&nl. hoo;:,luk:
<s
U .!
.....
u_
)
'
C' ''" '"
OJdjuk
'"
,~
.."
,~
(19.21)
'-
t rl)
r..
(19,2lj)
'-
~ Ix-IY'lt1"';~n..l("
hivbatjuk. miwl itt "" "l!J"'nkpk for<\f-
tdt ....... ndbm. ~II kilw-tko-mo-k.
Az &1IIl1r'!Wt A b61 R b!- n - l ..limW/lcil ll1~n tOWnilr.. """,k

Wjnk lI><'R~. Ez u A m4trixot IIoZ A , mit.trixba vi.'<Zi 61;
a~~~ a~~J
o
(..,
."
fI~1
A '"
Al
G1~l
a!ii..~
~';i.
..:;:
a!.:l-
-~
lrivit.f'~
itt
A>:
~ ~
mil-
b~l)
=;,- ~1~1
1,\
(19.29 )
=!l.,
'"
( i.1< = 2. 3... ,n).
(19.30)
(19. 2'J )-lwn M A ,-Iwn I""k.. rM..,ptt rllozm4tri x (n _ I n - 1) mi-retii k YlOd r" t ikwo mAtrix. r..." kiJv,.t.
k..:r..6ICpn.1wn..rre l\Ik...lmM1.11 k u I. . 2.. 3. ~ kPt. Ezt "" dj.u-""1 uevesik GAl'ss f"I, ..liminAciOM
elj.u-iLI<lIl1k vagy G AuSS-lllguritlll'lIIU&k (lIwl27:;. old.].
2. lIaromnogfakt orizAci6
A GAussf(I.. ,lim inN'i60.djAr4/. matrix j..liil<'--Ia kiJv<tkt-wkippell ir ba tO I",: m in,j," ....K"IIAri~ n"'t
rixra alkalnll~z.h...tli ...... (lgyll<''''"''''U hi\l'o llll<lhK V"IQ' LUfa.kto rz ifLrili:
(19.31)
PA =LU
""01
'"
u ~
::). L ~(:::
r~~
1"1
o
I~~
;)
A uul.lrix "'TOlPr"it. m",ly..kM az
(~i) = (~) egyeulctreudszert.
f'g}'iitthatlimAtrixot",,, jubh oJJalj wktoTt ..,;yiitt. az ..lJO"n............. tt l;ioo.,it,1t
I~ ..._
~1 ~4 ) ~ ( ';3
1 ~ ~1 1 ':/3) ~ ( 2/31/20
173 2~3 ~I Ilg/3~ )
1/3 ~ -I 10/3
P o (~o gI 0~)
=-
PA = (~2
3,
A harorns zOg fakt orizaciO 1l.lblm...u.a

A ll; = !!: ~t~ ~t 3l<-po'sknirhatjuk Ie:
1. P A =
MromszOg-fAlttorizAriO ~jtAN
2. P!!: = L !:;: A!:: "jjobbol<W ~tAro&iwoa.

3.
v s : Az .!mcgoku..~... ~k'hdyMU'JIi~1.
H..." Iiflf'iui,< <"gY"nlct",n~ ~ M ( A !iI kiMvitctt ..,;y,,1thatO malixra .. GAl'SS-AigoritmlL~t Alkalmaz:zuk. aklwr "'" L .u..:. hAron-'&!t"'trixot Ilf'm b.tw.uAljllk. Vilozoul L-pl ~ alkal-"1Al'.hatjuk alkor. arniloor <"gy!tUm" IObh oiyan linrarv. t"lO'l"Ioktl1"lI<lIw.'I1 kPII DJI"ll,oklauunk.mrlyrknrk
n,;yana:< "'" A "'1;)'Utlhati> rnAtriXII.. dr .. !!:johb oklalak k,l1Ou biJW wktomk.
ua
-t. A pivot-elemek k iv a l.."zta..a

..\ A;.M1ik ..lillTinilciOt< ICpiol vi'gr1'hajthWmr IlZ A k_l nul.trix .. lIo6 ooqJopilnRk minoit-ll DllllAtlillnilODooro
":~~'l ",kolllf' ",.oba jOhct. Aki.......u.ulott m~ pontOliMgNLA1r. r"kk"i"""ll a k,;,,'lkrzii kk ~t,""li>giA
a,i&.uk>tt:
J, D iagonill-strateg;a P ivot ....lrawkm.J<. Itw.Jig a {Mtllihan IPv6 kovMkrz<'i..kIll..1 v~j"k. F.z
..kkor-;o ....u.....zw. Ii.... fMIIO"""- A110 rlrm a;/; a.lol1 lIOfbau a l..gm'lgynhb at->lI,tCrt<'kii.
2.
Oszlop-pivotizalas
A Irarlik ..liminiocio.. Icpi.. v~rehlljlJL.... ",l6tt l"ltO' vA1.Mlo;tlluk "lQ' r ...[indPx.. t.I>~:
10;:-ll1= max lo~~' ) l.

. .":k
!rRY'ru. H... r -I- Ir, akkor l\Z r -roi k "" .. Ir-...lik ,'ort fo-l""'rilj',k. M<'gIllutath"tO. bogy
hihak 1...rjl"ll......jel"'nu;..,.n """'kk.. "t1",tO.
(19.33)
il(Y a k.,...kit.i>i
19,2.1.2. Cholesky-cljaras szimmcu-ikus matrixokra

Sok .....tl ..." (19.2tia)-ban az A "'gyii t thllt<'mll\trix n'Uln,...k ,wIlUll<'l rikus. ha,n..tIl mi>g pmi tiv <l~finit i.
aza:t II. hou .an,nd..lhct6 Q(3) kvMlll..tik ,,~ "I akra iK''''.. huRY'
(19.3 4)
( I!U2)
alml U f,.i.Io<' bAmnl! ll'hK Ull\ t ri X (Ul'l"rr t r i>ml'\llla r mat rix), L 11.1"" h;'lf"Jll""~;K mat rix (Iow<r tri",,!,:ulllf
matri x), P ].... lig {llO'nr"""~>t t [,,'rmllt fLriliM mat rix. P alya" nfgp"''''''' ma trix. ,IltJylll'k mill ,Ir'1l ""T"-
~) , L =(1~3
~ ~) . u=(~0 2~30 -1/2
~I).
2/3 1/2 1
.0\kib6vite-tt egiittbatOruatrixbao tJK"Itieloltuk ~ A . A , h. A J matrixokat "" .. pivot-('ko~ket.
LU,.o\
A" ........lmkly U A l mAtrix ~"lllI"gft-koM'l uj h , ,iobb ol<lal. lIZAlahhi .. lp!Tlf'k u]:
iJ." - 1'1<1,..
lIZ
."-.J; LU fakt orizAciO ~t.~ az
Az elj""""" ko....t~
I . VaJ.-tunk ~ 0.1 f. 0 "llY'lttlw.Ot. HIl nil)nl ilY"'ll. Akkor ~top: A >Wngll""", H.. VIllI. Akkor 4rj-t't
pn.mrkm"..k D.....,zzlik.
2. r.. k-mjUk alo A mUrix 1..... r-edik llOTM. Az ,'Ij malrixot jdOljc A .
3. Az A matrix i-roik j = 2.3, . ,n.....-AMI kivonjulr.u I. lOOI" 101,_""""",
a~1 =
GAuss--a1goritJll'L~ albtJll~V'" a (~
(qI
.!l)
(.an- l.n-2.... l: Z.. = ~ ) _
."
."
."
A v;\,zlatool.ido~hell
(A.
l_ .. '
A (19.28) kO-plvttool.viott pljArMl
IIll"g
ll;Z
m<itnrhM foglaltllk ~
'-li_ l itt ..kvivalell>l iWUil.Nlolult Yiw'ztiink PZi'rt lIZ R x

~ugy~_(19_27}-b.'IIbpJuk:
-
Z.=~(c,-
biw", OIlZIop;ihan J'OntoMn ~'KY ek-m I. "ti,!>h; min,] O. P iTjal..

..liminilrilill djAra.~han a pivotdclll viUNozt""",,-1 M1tllllk 1Tl<'lt.
minden 2 E R~ , 2 -I Q ...,...t" n . Mi vr-I mi wl" ll ~Zi lllllldTlkll". j>ozillv d~finit A IllAt rixrll a h"runJ~lijg.
fflktorizac:io "KJo'crt dmll :
A '" LL T
( 19.35)
916
l\l>rmft.I--<'lO"'nwtr<'ml>ra'f megol,\ft.....anAi num..rikll" pTuhlhuAk J"ph<"tll...k f...J. h.. ~ ATA mft.trix k""di
Mgy_ Ekkor "" ! lD"Ij;'ll,w. r..L<tlv hibiljll ill"n nagy I.. !o..t. bkrt nHm'"
rikWWl lw.-lVf"Ziihh. ha" lill......il'I ki<"K.v<'ullt<5 ff'LvUt.lok m~nldMAr" <>rto~>I""iz80:i6o< ..ljio.r.\...,kat ..Ikalu"","uk.
"'wi
L =
I"
I"
I"
I~
l~l I. I.
..., = W
au
d"""Jlma (Jiu;d 1t9. 271J uegyon
I~
2.
119.;jljh}
( 19.Jbr}
, ..
'--~k.""
I ~-II
I... = ~
I~
I I )0
a 'l~ , = a,}~- ll - "
(. = t.t ... 1
, n):
OrtogonaliUu:io.. ..Ijflrbok
.-\ (19.40) li"..Ari." ~ ....k07"'1' fpl",wok m''Il:"ld,'',.<r1l a1Ml nltLUllt ort.~nllli7.i1c"'" ..Ijit.rn....>k ...ta1'y.1
AkoV<'tkr'Z6 tct..J..k fogW jit.k aw.z..:
I . E~ ""let.,.. oo-..a iuYllli.NllI A;/l ortogonAlu. tr>Ull'7i<>rtnAo.IUkW ..:zrmhPn. """"'" az ~ .... .! == Qo~ ,...ktor
(.I. ) = , + I." ... . .
.n)
rzk1 ... ~Jo.I6 A .& - b liiW'ftr ill '-'KY"ulct"".... l~ .. C HOLESKY-"l"ljMfw<t alkalm.a7.Vl!o " kiiwtlw1.6
""'ri-Ut bpjnk:
1. A = LL T CHOLESKYf,.k~"lO.
2. L l;; -"' !!: A l;; (Ij johb oloW n...,;hlol-VoaiM3 . LT.! -'" s. A~.! mow>ldNo mr'llM.~ v-rr... hPIY"'1"t..,qt~t
:'\"fO' n nw....k...vn II C HoLESKV-<"i.iAr rmmb.i~Y"' koriil..... Ul f.... " ( 19.J I) I.\J-d~.
(I~AJ I
2 . !.IiJJdoon nlY"ll (m, n) tlpul'u A wIotru:.......un ..,...j",tJPk ~ n l.n

1"""' ~ mft.trix ';&y. ~
19.2.1.3. OrtogonalizAIft...i cljara..;;ok
< m) Ikezikf'gy Q (m. m) ti-
( 19.4::')
I . Li_Joris kiPgyP nll 16 fooIadlltok

Adou '10' tilU...tAn..ott Iin<-Nio"Il;Y"l1rt~
L "",.r . - ~
(. _ 1-2... , ... ; m> n),
( 19.37)
~,
let~"'" IIK'Ilnrk it: .
milt"" aW<hAn:
A.!
'" R ~ (n . n) tiI"L~", hArol"""'-~ nx. 0 ~ (m - n. n) lil" lI'ti Il,"'-'uiot rix. .Iv. A matrU ily<>n falr~jAt QR-tmn.ufonn.rwnalr 1>I:'VI'ZZWr._~' A (HI.3'J) hi ~k llu lablJi.""'wivall-tl>l~
-= !!:
( 19.JIl)
:\z (m. n ) u';'''-til A -= ((I",) wiltru rl\ULia \rgWlj...tJ. n ...hrt. l\ZAZ 8Z OI<',/,Ioi".j linMri.""ll 111gV1.k-I><'k. Mi l " t 'Uh.al.NUM.tt lin.."",, ''It)T1l1rt,,mls:t.rrurk nilK'1!l ~y,.zpri'j lI~ololAAo.. ~ il.tUorU"k
az {!K"
...-"Mt "~~t~i l't'l"lKu-riTr
r, -=
L
ovr.- b,
,.,
( I = I 2.
, m. m > n)
r l ,z l
+ rllzl
rn r l -
.. -
..
r l.r ~ -I'll
+ r:laz~ -~
= "I
"1 ,
=:
r ... r.
-ii. =
f~
( 19A6)
-I'I~+ 1 - i~ .. 1
( 19 .39)
....ILZ r, ....n d.... m"k n~"'"''-~I-If~Hk minim...JizRlni:
, x. ) = min!
( 19.40 )
A (19.40) fd.... I..",,' linNl"" n"'l!Iut..~!ii:<:p'Jd",illJll..k V"IQ' I",rtin. h"9".uil<l' fdllMIruJ< llPv..,.,.iik.
(lli....-l m~ 407. 01.1.). Annllk M~;ik"'1l'''' fdti-h,l ..i. hoKY az F(.1I' .1" . .. ,T. ) hiha-nr,.;,vll',w....Ml\ ",'llltlv
minimumAl f..lv"SY";
or == ll
(k sL2 . . .. n)
a"
&,.'kool a" " F;}.. nIM,..khlll Jo..pjllk ~
( HJ.41)
A TA 2I: =A Tb
( IH:.!)
lill<,Ari~ ..~nlpt"'".I.,,,rt. A (IH_3Il)_},ll1 (19.4:.!)I ..' ",,1,', Iltlll<'U<'tfot htvjuk G",u~s-tm"<zf"n",ir-"lll"k,
luiwlll ( UIA2) f'1O"'"1.'tn'n<l.'Art (l9.3I! )-h"l" GAuss f"l.. hil....ru;gy7Rt -mixi~,-"r "1k;,lJl",~"""v,,llly"r
tilk. A- rl,1 fd !",.,,~iik, h0lO' r>Ulgj" lUAlti",.l.1i., t"hat ATA (n. n) tip".", """ittv d,'finit mAt,rix, I\l: "110'".........".1.1 ll<muAlqo.'nl.'t,k p<~lig llulIll'rik,LIi>U\ mpgol.-lh"tok " C HOLES I(Y-"ljAr"" ..IMlm"".......v.. 1. A
AIli'lkiil. hogy .. reaiduumok nl'Q7...w....,.~('m~nJt..l ll (19 ,.J6)h61kovrtk<'!ljk. hoKY '0" a n"gp.<"tOt;:.:i l = r, = ... == r. == 0 ......1.... k... lIlillill1A1i><,
minimum MtJ>k.. Il:1 " . .. I-hOI. r_-~ li>vo t~k
llCgyo'tt-'gogt>. Az 3 k.........-tt "'''Il:oIdNct I\Z
>VA'g
( 194 7)
hu "
"RY'1l1..tr"",bzt.'1'h61 vi><'<zafel'" h..ly"lt.<>I<it.-......1 uY" rjilk. Itt

(19Ati)-MIlI"vl) &1, ~,. . &. "rt{~
k"k wktoni.t jdi">li . A (19_J\l}-ool (19.4(j)-h.. w"l" Ii.tUll"l"l "lgortittl111AArA IpggyakrahhilTl ~ ..Ift.hhi k't
",b,L.z,rt alkahIll\Zzuk:
1. (; IVENS-tnul!lzformoc i6,
2. HOL'SEIlOLDER-trarJ><zf" n llK.r io ,
Az ... )..0 tra,,-w.fomillc ib forg"t"""kk;,l. a ll".",,,lik tiikl'ii".""",1 kll.t'~.i ,,~. A ",,,trix QRtraJlf<Zfolmli.ltjflt.
A rfflzl..t"" nnmcrikUl' cljlirAAt a 119,2til ir"d...l"lU tllrta.!U1><;f.za,
Lin..f\zi>l 1l"'IJ'"lCl.",kil7Rj>- hrn!U"",k,'! I..giukiihh " HVL'SEIIO LDER-Ir""""foruul.t'iovaloldnnk meg. Ekkor
...,k ......t h," kiha.-w.ru'lJhat.juk a:1. A f'~y;iuhat"'m"'tri" "l"...iAiI" ~t ,' "k t ,\ n"j"t , igy I"'I.-lft.ul ~7AiagmAlrix
19.f. Egy.....lrlrrnJ.oz~J't4; n ume" k"." "'~.g<"d.i.",
918
3.
wogy rit M matrix .....'1..11.
I. Jocob i-" lja rb

u-g,y..n" (19 2:') lin'oArj"''g)'''llktn'lI'w..'T '1tyiitthati>mAtrix.ihM minden ..... (i = 1, 2.. ..,,) fMtlOhdi
..IPIllII1l)lAti>l kiilOnoow. Ekkur "" ,-.-.JilI; ....r b..u ao:L, ill'lK'rrtlrnt kif..plwtjiik..... igy lQ."'''hhi it..raci6o<
formlllil.t kApjllk. ol"lyl ...u JJ "l. Il.r... i600 illflrx:
G"
_ L.
~
._1
a,~ ~.(."'
(i
lI"
= 1.2.... ,'1)
I.... )
(po = O. 1.2.
...,.
<1
~.
. r\e},,1"~ ..... , r"e} i<l"zdeti crwluk).
-dot~rdtiVJ
( 19A9)
-, .
~,
~-f,ohk..l.
(19.::.0)
fp!tPtPl uoI';"''-il.
2. G a us.s---SE'idt"klj arb
I\"*1 1 Pl.oo6 koml>ODf'nst a J AOO BI-dj&J"'-I nqhat.8nYduk. Akkor I<i7.rnf('kw. bogy z!;'HI kimar l'Zt IOZ kVJu,t alkahllAl<Zuk. Ita "" ......... tObbi kom poJlf'fl~ 1tW.olmlt.WnAI ''YAlUgy
jN-Juik d. Allor .. b.p<" I I~ kiopwt,
H"
(~ _ ~
"'" rloL~
a..
I~_n =.J"~"I+J."l
~
.... 1 a..
) _
~
~r"'l)
L"
.,.., ....
(i: 1. 2, .. _.n;jl=O. 1. 2.",)
(19.::;2)
mer;felcl6 ..; Il"lsuilci08 J"'l"amft.-r vP.laooztAAAval ( 19.52) .... al&bbi k"vlM.lM' tIl"IU .it:
I~~ll = z~) + .:J.~l
"""
{i = 1. 2.
. ,n; jl = 0. 1. 2.
.J
O<w'<2
(19.,').,1,)
-m k~t:oeg"t'- ",'
= 1 .....-ten kapjuk .. GAUSS SEIDEL-djarAAt. ",' > I .....,1..11 1~r6l. bO's7k-hillk... ~ekl6i~~rt SOR-~k (.~""'OVO'I"rclaxalioo) hivjuk. :\~ ilpriori6lo
~~Ut .. linO'w~lrt~k~rl>Dorbanakko.ba>cwBlj nk.&Uliknr"""lO"itt

hali>mAtrix .... fMtJOOooli ..1Pmei ..t-oillt kvklM'lI " IMloi a.. (I t- k) fioomnPI 1i'n~ nagyohlwU:.
YAY ~ ba all '1tV"'" f'g)"'fIln..-k lOUITI"Ddj'lIO'k At~ AS lI"D"D~r il)'O'll aWrr.. boz-
19 ,2,2. Xemlinearis egyenlet rendszcrck

T<g1l k f..J, ~ llZ II1lO'IlllinO'Ari!<"&'"'1<-tbOi ..JIll
F,(rh h ... ,.c,,) =O (,=1,2.
,11)
(19.::.5)
II.' IIIf'"T"tlenu XI, X 2 .J". "lO"'n1<-t~'k ""II ~ A ~.. iIltAlArlOfl1<Zab;il}"1. C"IIAk
DlIm<'riklls mOd.'CZfff"kkf'l. TO. it~ rljal'" "''P~I karohatunk.
A:I
oz4mi~
._1
"I....
; _.. _ ,
. ~ IJ
L- ~ ~lI'
....
/rool
a..
cL-
~~(,o.'
~
(I~I.~1)
"-.1 ....
(i ~ 1. 2.. , n; r\01.I10 I... .r~(I1 ",k>tt Iwzd6ertkkek: jl '" O. I. 2. __ )

A ( 19.~ 1) kf"lrt.ct GAUSS SEIDEL-~IJ,;:rn.l1a1t V"fO" tgyentjnli Upjb~1.: .n6o:Uu..... ll3k l
rljarN< A1tali1.... n a JACOBIdjAJAAliAllO"'rMhhAn kml,...'XiIl. vU<zont a ravotlllllknzOk"n
lik. Ez ftZ
rl':..nri .. tM.<~
19,2 .2.1 , Alra la nos itcradbs e ljArA.o;

.U iltA1AllO!l il..rAci08clj&r ......bOOl inilnllri. ~ .. ( 19.:;:}) "1J"'IllM.<-k
r. = I .(x l. .J"l. .. . . X.) (i-= 1. 2. . . 11)
(19.36)
II'I.
fuq>Oll!<lk Alakra hozhatil k. Ekkor a ","ol1ilt

r 2'1.. , ~Ol krzdt'ti kDz.-litli..rtkk..khOl kiind ulva ..
fo!<OZl\t<.. kOzoolit ....t a:r. ..Jilbbi mOdoezooTf'kk..] j ..yjthaljll k:
1. Teljesle-pest1 it e ri..; ;6
(19.57)
valattlL......loonyol lllt...:blo.
(19.;"1)
'-'C"" ~k kollvcr~rtto:i&-tlJlajdorL~tjavithatjllk Mpgmlllat ha t6 . bo,;y kou""'tw"nrill
.....
(..l
w:u: t I~I n Akkor koa~. b.. &:
i: 1::1
rlJo+l) '" / ,,) +
(194.':1)
Ezt "'" ..ljArfwol J"C08HIJliniouak ""lO' t .. '?~"pt'. -tlJ<ini..TIAk JIf"V1"ZZUk. miV1"l /l.Z uj x !Jo ll Yl'ktQr vaLvJwnnyi lrom[><>T"'fllWt Xl .. l wilt .. kompolll'UM-ib61llZAmitjuk. A JACOBI-f'lj4do.~ t.-t..;olrs.... ! tJ ~
ReiaxAci6ll eljl\rasok
A (19.::;1) GA USS-SEIDEL itorli.ciUo ..Ijar>l.-.t .......Jahbi korr ..ktMa- ""KY hih aj. wlto alakhfln j~ frlirhatjuk :
19.2 .1 .4 . Ite ra cto tdjes- ios t'R,),t'llki-nti lepesekkcl
,", .11
919
4.'"3 + 2.r4 =
+ 5.r3 .14 =
- 4.rl" 5.r1 + 16.r3 " 5.14 =
IOrl -
- 3.11
3.r1 -
26 .11
14 ,
..."
2 . Egy....l.. pi!su iterad6
22.
17
3r: - 4r 3 - 1'2.1. = -'20
A ( 19.5 1}-mk n><Wd..Jtl il<'rilo'i<'", lr'I"""'k:
I~~,l= I, (.J"i"+ll,
2.1 1 "
rl~+tl
= ..!.. ( 14 + 3.r(,,1 ..
I
10
1
.r!r+ 11 =
4 .1(" ) _
(22 + J.r\' .+11 -
51'YO)
2.1("1)
rr
1'\,,+1) .. ~ (17 + 4.r\,,+1 1 _ 5.r!r+ 1I _
J)
SIrl)
.r\".lj = ~ ( '211 + 2.r\,,+11 + J r !r +l) _ 4I,+ I))
E~ "
t Abl.v..at ni'hAny kif,,,,litr..t .....
m("gnlilr..'llart lm"",z/,;
l41
X(O)
)till
X
0
0
0
0
1.4
1.00 77
1.00J7l.i
1.7b61
1,5053
O,fI946
O,5();j9
1,!f.l76
XI ~ I
1,;,()\ 2
1,::;
0.9'J8!J 1
0.5014 0 ,5
1.999;, 2
,z:~~I),r~~l,I~:ll. ",.r: I)
(i= I,'2, ... ,n;p=O.1, 2....).
(19.::.8)
E1Rtl .. ljar ilsoknak kunv .. rg..ndAja I\nnAl IO'0I.,...l,h , 111ill~1 ko-vAilli' fiilQ:" ue k a>: I, fiiW " nycrtt!uk az
u.m,retl"!Jikt6l " m("gol.-lA.~ "l'.Y kijnLY'~/.dil tl.I\7."". h.. Ill: I.k <liff'HU<ilt.l ha lOak, a kkor ott" i>'L1:ciiiJi~
J ,'r ivt\.lt ak .. I-",wlt"lt ~rt"kl",n m inH k",,J,I k. A kOl1wr"" lld .. "Itl-t.' lo ki'ul kal' jllk :
K 9)
K m"uuY;"':'ggp l a ko-IA!ft 6 g.v" k hihal...."'ll....~:
m~lx(..-+ 1)
"
_xl' <- -.!:i...1I1~ Ir

1 - /\ .
'
h .... ) _
J'J~II
.'
(19.60)
920
Itt "" z, hti-k"k .. k<-r.....>tt j"'utul n...II:0I,L..... az r :"J .... .r~"+ 1 ) o'rVk..k p<o'<lilI" ~,~lik. ilL (,.
!t.';'wlibl koml>Ol'<'II>lf'i .
+ 1Hill.
19 .2.2.2 . i'Of'wton-djarA...
.ri
GI
.\ xewros....lj""""" ( 1 ~ ..N ) lIO'r""II<'IY"'RV''1IIM~ indul ki ..-\z
, I~U) ... .r!.") I:w-<-s,ill k..",lOo'rtl>Iu'k
lll<'Jl:oI<l......ulAn .... F, n ,"""uyrkrt ..., rl. "1. . r. filu..t\..u valloWk ......,.int TAyLOR......."" f" J' J,-lk.
(1""'-1 423. old,). II.. " TAYWR-"",t...u <">IAk II hu.-an.. tAgokat .-ilk figy..lmb. .lill.'An.. '1Q'<'nlM",ndl<Z<"Jt kapllnk. m<'1YfJf'k "'''I:.i~vd " k...... !it.... iIPT,,'iv jl'lVil,;,."i a JWv.ctk..wkrprwn nY"'l"~:
r.' ().rh')
.t....,
'2
, s.lJo\)
\.':. .
JF,
+ L.. ~
1
, r.'.:" ') (,,

(.00..-11 _ ~.,'"') ~. 0
(.rl"
.,
(i= L 2..
F'~""I) =
( "'
J"
(r\"I.4
Dlt"g
.).
un oldAllImk. ""
(" '= 1 2,. . . n )
~fitt ""li).
( Hl.li2)
......IWI. JACOBI-ffiAtrinlAk llM'Plliiuk. A :\I!WTON ~ljilrU ~ ltomTr~. A2.az A kon~
~ ..,-&-:on 1l1Q .. kl"7~j,.(i kt<'krk ~61 H" ( 19.61)-1wn r~+ l l - r ~ = fI';) b..I~lrIoitr.<t
alkallll'U:unk. Alr.kur " :"iE\\"T(J:<i..I.iUN't u ..u.hl>i k.orn-kt.:m.- ( hib..ja~;til) aWd>A irhAtjull :
rt
- rrl ....f."l (.=- 1.2. . n.p= 0. 1. 2. .)

(19 63)
Hog " kr3<ki ~krkt6l ,rt t <"t& ff~ ..nrhi lAiik . .. n.-laxiIriOo. dj.va.. ~ h-m16M ~ llllk..,;y
- ...~t ....uJ....J,>iUt<1tionyr'7iit:
(~I )1 1~- I . "_.

. ,r_
rno':-n........ lIkkor f'Z'f'kM
,.
"
-~I'
..
. m.
" I'l~,......:--"
'" ., '
" 1011' ' . ,n) P " IT...
... " v,,",la II"
n;zaInJ./W\tll
iR= ~il .. ~..l<-I",liff''Tf'I'''WaAn~okkaJ kmrht..,ni:
:~:(rrl,. . :1":;).. .J~I)""h:"l [F,(X\'"
.z:;_.>a.zt"l ... h~l,r~\ , .. j:')
_F,(zi"l.....z~l .. _. r~l )]
(.= 1. 2.
,m; .I: .. 1.2.
. , n;p= O.I. :.1 .
.).
.-\ hr) ,~t disLJmotizAlO ~ u it.. r~ "'l"'"'tliI .... .. viJ tozOktOl fi"1gg<>Pn pt'OAIiAAn
villa>oltiultOk.
H.. A ( 19.68) ko..ditn.:.M-t AlkalIDA7.'l"k.lIkkoc .. GAl'55 ;';t:\\,TO", ...{j&r'" IOly.wWI ........ az F, fI~
wny..rti>b-kPt kPU ki.'lZMn.il.a.ni. ~ Il7. ..ljM'" ,liff~lllf'fIt....
19.3 . Numerik us integralas

19.3 .1. A lta la nos kvadraruraformula
'
rr-' ) = r~l
.,,1:1 (I - 1.2 ... n,
= 0.1.2. .,
l'
> 0) .
'"
19.2.2 .3. Gause-Newron-eljares djffere ncialas nelkiil

:\ ( 19.24) D<'1o"2M.<'o<kwp-r..l...l". n"1to~ IH"mliIriris l'>O?tlx-n (lI..rnlill<'iLnl< k~l it6-r..J,.,W )
"'" i\.n"BriOt .. ki'>W'tkn.6 roOdoIl ,.[~uk:

0 ..
I(tJo,wokl>6l kllooul\l1l.
'
I ."UO
ZI1&) 1"1
r (01
_ I "'" I..tl I 'rl/,P
All. F,(z " rl . ... . z _) (i = 1.2.
, m ) !WillIil"~ "'KI>'i't,}-..krl .. (19.(,1 )) ;';L\\'"TO~ .. ljM""ruUi: lIJegft>l....lI 8Z t, (r" rl. ' . r _) lif)f'!ln>o kOzrlitio-",kk..I "l'l,ruximliljuk. 1IH"1r--k.1. llun,j,-n itt"rMiOI< 1o'pi-su..lll\Z
F,(r l. . . , r _) -
'"
ki'pIMtt"1!<l'A111itnnk.
(i
1. 2..
.n: I' - 0.1.2. . .)
"rt..
2. ( 1~ . Ij.:+ 1-w\1l AlluUULMtllk .. "':) = r~ _ r~ ) hf'I}-..UA<itffit r.. a "':'

k..k itl-riori<'ll< j..v!UWt.t
G At'ssfiI, hil"'Il(1O'1~1.m""b"M1Tf'1 v{>gPr.l.iik. ami I<Z ..labbi 1<'gkiAf'hb--n(>gy7.M: ff'IMl"t
V" .,
~ F, (J' I , . ..
. r ~)
=ll1in
ll.
(19 .(j{j)
""'1':"1<1,,,,,, l"mnlll 'IO"nl"t...k (l......194:J. "I,\.) V"!:y" H OU SEHOLDER-tT>'I1~l.forll1Ad,', "'.l\it.....I\,v...!.

3. A kN'''''Tluw!/;old....rn 1\1. aJi,hhi kM.... llt""'kM kapjuk:
ri"'I) = ri"' ... J:l,

xi"~ l) = ri"l + i ,t: 1
ill.
( 1 ~1 . 67 ..)
I'
1. 2.
. 11 ) .
( 19 ,(;1hl
( 19.69l
f (x )dz
h.v<:r.nA1juk. mk Iiltll!Anolo AW:jll:

Q (f) '"
ehol
( 19.00)
hatanw:>tt in~ kim-litO ki~l-WnI akioor VlUI ~,;~. hoi lIZ f (z ) int~",lIol,ll' l.rimitiv fij~
ny<' d ..mi Ul.OO. re-m irhAtil r..!. ti.ll.ooyulult ' ">ICY l\Z la. b] illtt'TV1illUUU..... O"lk f'gyPA kiva1ll.<:o<tott r "
poutjaiu..n az ian. A4ppontokb"n iMllI.. rt. ( 19 ,69) kn.-..!itl; k-awitA.WII >IZ nn. Jr;"....-Iral'muocm"IAbtt
.1', ... ..
F, (r\"I.4 1
..... r:."') + t ~~' (r\"l....r~)) (r. - r~l)
f(/) =
(19.6-1)
A'} Uon)...w 1I~~ \rlrwaI19.271 iro<WomhowtaWhatil.
,.,
""""'n "E.. .
"'(x,b.l, .
H""or.
(19.6 1)
,n;1" = 0,1.2"
A {I 9.6 1) eg:....llkl""OO"'.-mo'k, m.. I)'O"I; 1Uiu<~ i~ariQo.loi""'~

miLtnxll:
b > 0) a. Nlillapilill.pjuk" GAl'SS
"TO~--f'IjAl" ...st.IRY
" knz..!itli ,orti>keknd, 01)"" ""l"\mI.tAl n)'<'rj,;k . llldyll"k konvPrlVTldAja
rulU>; " k'''1AIM i i'Tt'k,k
~~t01. " 1 .-sillapitMi 1"'I"1UI1,o\.n" ...,,;lt~ ....1,I' lhI'tli .. billll-nPgy7.M'_'lA~ ookk"nt<-.
,.ooj i
- -
L Ql,.y.. + L c,,,i + ... + L c,...i!'l
yl:) = r- )(:.-,, ) (p =
1. 2 . . .. . p;
II ..
( 19.70)
1. 2 .... n ), y.. II: fIx,, ). r.... <'OTIlIt .
I {f) = Q(f) + R .
(19.71)
R j<'101i II h-aJr"tClJal"ormllJa hihiljat. A k....h ...tilr ...kJopIPlPk AlkaJlllllzh"~M,,\k fdl<'t...w. I,ogy fI:1:
f (z ) int.-gr.. ndlllmalr, "" <\f'rivAltjanak lllln"'t"ikll""rt"kPi az aIAj'loollt."kl>;,u "dollak Wgyf'n..k. :\"." kal
.. krpl,t<Iu-t. melyo>k 0\iIk fii,lUl;V..ny... t<;kPkko,I ....AlIl"lllllk. b'iu'"N1~i-f"..,,,'Wn,,k. 1\1.0""1, ",,Iy..k ..
<If'rivallirtkk...it iIo f..lhMZnaljiik. tl~RM IT [,-fi'l .. kv",l r"tllrll fOmJUlAkll..Jr. U'"V<"1,zI,k.
19.3 .2 . Interpol a cios kva dra t urak

Az aiahbi ki'plt't<'k fI:1: ''-K.YflI'''-tdt int ..rl'"lfIdo.. kVlI<hl\turhbtl irjAk I.. Ekkor ",. fer) iul<'gn'lldll~t"
l..h...Iiil,,(': kevf1l) alappoulou alh"h"l,'" nllW..1dil r"k..,A1111' ,>(r ) inuq><>L'.do.. polinolluual t,,lyet!.f'l<itjuk. lI:1~l'" l\ rCt<:.<iutprvAlI\llunkrIl" p(r) poliruuuot. iut,,~"ljllk, A tdj,'11 illt"f\"lhlllll'al\Z int... gral rrtrkH
o...zegz{.,..;t,1 kapjuk. A lovAhhiakhall vall\llwnrlyi kipl,tl"ll fl'lt,,,,,,,,iik. hoKY II:l " l"I,pnntok pg)'pu lo tii.vnlAAglll.k:
(II=O.I.2,. ... n ) ,
ro ""<I, r _,", h,
b ~"
h ~ --
"
( 19.72)
19.:/.
"2
ht.
kw.-
19.
Minrl .. TWgy .... k"",ln.tllrl.fonTlll lA!l"z ta>tfY~ik '10' IRI 8Zfwl, ,u",lv a hiha "hIlwhilhtckkl..k "lIS f..llo6
knr lAtJ4. A~ LlI~"IN<i tartoUUlUYOU.. lfl")(r)1 f..),,(j kocl.&tj.. M...
"J
....
(19.Th)
f (r ),u .. " 1M.
f (z )dr ""It(.-, .;. v, "' !n -e .
..,. v_ ,)
f (z )dr ""It(" .;. J':z ..... ... r..).
H.,
."
r..
Az [ro, Zo _ 2hj inlf'nl'l,\l"ruOlJ J (r )... t pgy mNw"lr"k" 1" .liIlOI"ma1 hPIyrltooitjiik .....'ely J (r}--fl 2'0 '
= .1'0 - " i"!l
= r o -+ 2h .w.l-'llOntokn...n illt<'rT....w.j>o.:
r,
..f
r,
J(.r),u ""
SJMPSO~- forrn"Wwm
J (r )d.r "" ~(. - -'JI' - 2)h .. 1!/:1 -+
/I - o)" \/
IRI
2
. I
... 2"'_2'"
~l/oo- I
-+ .., ) .
( 19 .1:IO)
( 19. i3h)
Rl <
-
(b - 0 )'" .\l .
180
Itt.\!. &Z If 1 ) (.r) ~llf'k azalappolltok l-dJf'-l'lartorniulyArti-o+tr.yno fd....5korlit~ AI ~t SWPSO!i '

fonnu1a. hibaja ~,l"" a k,r;f.-lj.....b lllOruuuilok,i polioomokra poutotl frljokt"t ad.
(/I - a) h
IRJ :s --,- .\1,.
( 19. 74)
19.3.2 .2 . Trapezfoemula
Az [Z". r
.;."Jinl.-rvallllmhan f (z }-f1.d..oeok,;. pnlinotnlD.'ll belyrttf'Olitjiik. anwIy J(z}-M az z, H. z , ""
.,.
J
19
A(
J (r )d.r "" ~ (~ -+
"
~I..dOdik
I-
lill'
ok
f {r )dz ... "
.\fl
II:>: al"l'pvut..,k
, d.
( 19 .7;:')
o... ~d .. lt trnphf"""uU. ""10' tmplw...< "",:
(!i" VI '" In'"
19.3.3 . Gauss-rtpusa kvadr atureformulak
J
.
f (.1' )dr-:<:
12
... ljo,; tIIJ"I"mAllyK.ll lIZ Ir(El l r.. I.o korlAljatjrlOli. A tra~~ hihAja h'I<IIlJa..
ee ),lIkkor .. tr"ph;;"""J1l:" h"w<Y&<>tl
mt"lP"A1 t'rti-kHocz tart. pllJOk'nlv" .. k.",kit;;"i hit"'kwl.
Ml'j<lk:
n = 1:
r~
n =
(*
+ 1.',
+!h
+ ... + Yn_l + !{f) +
IRI < (b-<l)I1'.1I

-
721)
(l9.7ij)
=0.5773502(;9 .
rl = 0 .
lI=3:
~~ (!4 - Y~).
.;3
1'-0 '"
r2 ""
f( r)d.1''''' II
2:
( 1\1.77)
t')",qA'gzi"s,,[ luo.pjllk" H r;n MITlH ra pi"i iAA7"' g.. t :
.... = 1
'" - Z l ,
-' , =
inl"rvalh"n"" f(x)-''1..-.gy ha.nHlulfoku polillommal h.IYl'u,,,,itjiik. IIJTld y J(x )-,t .....

(.1)-.-t >U:.10 '.,..rl "" .1'0 ';' '' IIl"PI',olltukl"""llll"rpolaJ ja:
",,= f(z~)
H.. ( 19 .81)-1.....11 lIZin'gr>\riiw< in\f>rWI.lh,mot'lftY vAla.szljuk. bogy [a.b: = [- 1. I J [,-"10""". lIZalappo"tok

r....-lig a I.EGE~DR E-poliIlOlll"k gyok.-i (v...rl ;:'20., 1093. okWIIk), IIkkor .. c... pg)"'IltthatOkal 'Jgy 1...hM
1Ill'ghatArozni. bogy ,, (19.81) k..." l.t a k-gf"lj ..hh 2n + Illc\f" kl, ...,ullOlliOk wtegr&J.jat polltoslW Mja
A L ec ex ona-joucom gyok<'i lIZorigi>r.. "'ill1mrtrik"....IlI...I~h....k .. I. Az n '" 1, 2 "'" 3 ....."'khf'n
"1
ahoI
Itt lIMuo<ak.. Coo Pgy'-l.thatOkal. hlu,...wa z~ 1I1apJ>< ," tok...l .. _hAd pIU">UIH'l<'I'kfnt v"",lj'-lk. iJgj-' M IAro:r::r.u k IIll'g Ok..t. hogy .. (19. 8 1) kfl,k-!<" n!lui'] IH"tl....... ,h f"lor;r.Am,i pnliUOlllca p<>llt.oso-& U'&.vi:ik.
A Ial"""'talal 11:>:1 lI111tatja. ho,;y .. G.HSSlil"~~I"t lcv".jr"uir....."ru.. l1iJ< wbhnyirl' nagyon pont<ll< kOzeI.fthw-kt"t ... lnllk. <if'..hhrz az a1aI-'I>OlJtoIu.1 ilt<'11 ~1 ..... iAIiMn kdl ~lJiUi.
19.3.2 .3. Hct-mlte-fele t.rapezformula

A/ [ro , r o -+
-i:.. .
19.3 .3.1 . Gauss-kvadrature Iormulak
IRI < (b - oW \I
~yor<." tr.. ~-"lt hil"'Tf>ll<lJ'" 2. " " hAt , h" h ..... 0 (vagyib II
3.
n mindig pArt!oo:
A G Auss-tipu...., k\'adrat{m,l.-.p1eu-kk~"k formHIAk:
A1
m'
(19.7'91
" !h),
r. + I. .u...,..(>OUtoklwm intl'fT>OWj4. Ellor
~(I/Il + -'"
,1/, az alai,pnn uHi: lJOljo-.. tArt<>tuAny"n.u /,(r)1ft-l..o korlatj';'l jeIOli.

A~ rui><too !uoJ'I"k a ...... OOUJ. ~.z~:
923
ltl .\I,M IP ')( r)l-nek az ala l' l'0ntok tclj... tMt<.mAnyilllM"v"llY'''' L06kotlfltj... A H I:: RM ITE- tral"-~m.z
"", -g hiha.ja tclu\.t n..-gy...lrf'll'll1..... a Wgfrljphh harlllNIf"kil. ]>OlillOl"ukr.. pontOA "rtfk<-t ",I.
Az ~t
~""""'l kapJlIk a hal <)!<Wi tfg1Auy~t:
A (
mtegnil""
19.3.2.4. Simpson-fo rmula
19.3 .2 .1, T eglanYOsszcg

Az [zo. ro '"
iUl<Tvallllm"n f (r )-t "" JI = ~ = f(ro } kon.~talL""ni>k,l fiiggVPllll.ycl p6toIjllk. 1U1ldy
f {r)-rt az r o a1&1J1>t>uln...n,1I:t.az a r;"'zlIlt.-rvallum W oldali vCRpontjAhlm ("lvi'll i-rtikrkk..l iut"rpo.
1.&ljA. J~ ktopjuk .. MJ oId4l. tf'9itin"wUJf<'t:
S"",~nl: ....
= 0,7745%669.
r o =- -' J.
9"
s
", = g'
1'2 "" (Q.
0.347il54il54.
0,6521 45 154 .
-', = -rJ.
1'.., ""
1', E
.1, =0,339981043
rJ =IL&l1136311
C2 '" {'"
rJ
-'"<>
( 19 .82 )
19. .V"",~ nkw m"d.<.:r,..t
92 4
b-a
o+b
. "..
~ 1<."gJf'gyl "": A t '" - , - H - ,- tr".ll"~fnnl\ano,, [-I, l ) mt..r,,,Il1lJllnak..,..
fcldtrli meg. A
f.,,,t; [- I. 1 .h'11 &V61....... J'~ "",,~
"rto'kkd
l\Z
[a. hI mtrrV>l.lIUlllnt
(19.113)
19 .3.3.2 . Loharto-Ie le kvad rat ilrafo rIu u lak

Egyoo< ......""kb<>n dl'<Zf'l1.1u rntervellum v;,g>Ulltjait j,. a\appontkCnt ...u-..talli: Ekkor (19_1<1)_1>,,,,, 2n
sW:wl P"f"m<'I~\1lll_& ...kfO't t'lgyh.o.t.Armlluk 1Jlf'II:. bogy a !egfdj<-bb2n-I -cdfol", polinomokTl'pontu
~yt b.pjunk. NldIwl n = 2"" = 3 ......I..n:
"",,2:
,,-3:
I
z. -- I~=3
<"I'"'
3"
:ro =-I
{I9~l
z, = -"2.
I
I2 = --00 =
';5
Zl = I .
<'l=~
T(h,, ) = TUll
T(I.,) == TOl T"
T( h ~ ) ::: Tor:! Til Tu
T(h 3) =TIQ T'3 Tx. T:a
itltf'gf31 kCizf'lit il prt i>k..:
~ /I; a ~ ~J C;a;rvT ;b)
f1r).u
A (19.87) !I7.l'l"int kL"".am'tott fu1,.;k,,!u1..ogy lu.r"llll'l7iiR.....mM.vl fOftWjllk '-"...:
<0"'6
O.~ ;
A,IoIl folyt.\tj uk ",r..le" J<TarnitAlc>W. "mig v"Lofn.. ly fOOt k/ot lltoboO ..1m><' mAl' kicli'gltOo'n ~~ik.
A rniI.oooxlik.-lop T" (i == 1. 2. ..) k-ti-kM fddn.. k 1Ul'K" S IMPSO:"l !OUMly 41W lIl'.AmitoI.WILIlk.
19.3A .2. Extra polAci 6 el ve

A RO MBERG... ljuas lIZ PXtl'1lpowiho ..Iv <"r;Y AikalmaWhnak tt-kiudwt6. U l a ( 19}~;'J ko'v\f't k = I
......"bnl ~I "'-t~1 iliu..nralj"k. J,.1OIj<' 1 A k,'O'M"!t U1~&It. T(h) pPdl Il bozzatArtozO (19.7li)
tr~. HAfIZ iut<"grlllld,.,.llZ in~ intrrvAilumbAu (2m.,. 2)-"""-"1' foly tu~ tlifft'n.'l:K"'i.&l
bath. allor IDf'g idlf" mutatni. ho,;y a tr~ R k"",lraldrAiu:v1Pt hib4rao-gy h--nnt i-mnp-
toea"..llOIf..jtb. arlMl.i>~:
'" '"' 6"
( 19_ ~U.)
213 595
R{h) '" 1 - T (h)
",hZ'" "'Jh' ......
A RoMB ERG-eI~ aIka1JDA8 1l1l11lDf'rik'lfl intf'gr4lM pon~iwak nm...loot'n-. Tr.. ~ u1Yall
iDtepAlMi int4'1'VJUlllm ~'YJ1Mutani r..-......".,.,.,..,I n,..,.-unk.
(I9, ~9bl T( h)-t ;";' T
= I "'"
T,(h) '" - !T( h)"" iT

f(r)iU int<v& kO:r.ellti..e1
(1'.8'Ja)
II.
119.891:
tt-kintlnlk all .w.l.hi burn kombinioci6l;
=(<>1 +(OZ)/-", (<>1 -
~~)hZ-"'J((tl + ~D h~ -
(1'.90)
(01 + : Z= 0 Akkor T1(h) h,hArrndjf' 4. mil: T (h) no T(hj2) hibart'tldje 2. T..IW
eljara..1l kovetk~ ~M1I11I;

A tra phOsllu-g m pgh a tArozAsa Az [
(D-l ~
TI\h) =<>I T(h)"'<>lT(~)

H~ <>, _ <>~
19 .3 .4. 1. A R o m berg...ljArAs algoritmusa

1.
+ a-h:l>oo + O(h:l>oo+')
"""
}\ct>o=iik
At.
T(h) =I-<l1hl-"lh'- .. _ ....h1.. +O(h",,')

A:.t. <II."'J .....O" er;yiittiJ.OlU,k h-ti>l. f'-lggf' t lPn konIotAnlook.
19 .3.4 . R omh er g-..lj a rA...

~ k~. 1Df'1~ q
(I 9..&lJ
(~) ~ (~) G) T
+ T
T (h)
{HU l l)
Ez A (19.87) k"I'IPl k '" I _ w n. Az itt!Pirt ..1j~M11lOt'O&lLt<lMn iflmio1tol.... T", kO"...Ii~ \1 9.8;')

h;_b;a
(i-O,L 2..
(HI,.....; )
m)
1;'f""'kOz,iikk.,J ITM'lJhlltAr07.mk Il T(h,) t rllphii-:t.egd. A ....kun.lO" kpplf't:
h;l Hf(G)+ I(a + ~,) + I(a -J-h;_,J + I(a+ ~h,_ ' )

+ l( a+2h,_d + ... + I (a+ 2'1 ; Ih;_,) -.- ~f(b)]
= ~T{hi_ d + Ii;' I:I (a + \ ' + jh
(i = U .. . . . m; n= r ').
T(h, ) - T
(~I)
HIltAroz,,,, k m.-g "" 1 =

(1',1:lti)
sin r
dx h"wnwU illI.f"JUAI (illt rg:rAb.t.hm.'IZ. 1AA<l 467, 01<1.) ki>:r...lilO;'r
'
ti-ko'l b ti7....-l""jf>gypon~"L
k= O
1r= 1
k =2
k=3
U .9207~49
A (19 ,8(;) n,kur'ti,;" H'I,I"t ~~"'ri lll,,, T (h, )-nllk" T(h,_,J -h61 val" "~'''m't;,,",IJU/.lll in<l ig "",k >\Z o'lj"nl1><J1
hl"Mt "I" ppunt."klmn k,I\ ..
ny...rl....k..t kis1.AmitMi.
2 . llaromll~Ogf'l r .. n<l.. 7."'~ 1"'10" '1> 70. "" T(It,) (i = 0, 1.2. . .) <
'" H'k u rz!v mooon ll'l.ilmll." k ki ..
ressv..
;'rtfk ..k..t.
1. Romb .. r g--eljarAs, O.9:J<J;'93 28

0.944513;;2
(k::: L 2..... m.i= k. k + I .... ).
J.
,~
T", = 1i._ l., +T.- , ~~T;- \o- ,
(19.92)
ad6dik.
,.......-int
T.. = 1 ... O(h~+~)
(19.87)
0.945(j~
U.94liI 4.'>I'IIl
U,94W1:11.i93
O,94(i0ll3JI
k "" 3 """t(lI " kiY/..-)itO l-rtfk : 0.9 1608307.
l\
O.9~1i01l3UU
O.94\iOl\.11l7 11.9460830;'
IU J.'&.vI'1 IH,"t"" (,rt.-k, 0.9460830704, A hi!>" a (( 1/8 n
1"'RYO';W"f'n,lj.. '" 6 10- ".

2. T'rAp"z es S im ps<>n-fo r mu la: A HOMBEn Od jM M f,nti ..l",n<l,-,;"';hOlkiolvl\..hatfJ. hogy h'l = 1/8
O.94.j(j~ . '" S IMPSON formula ki;zrli ttl frtfk~ O,94G08:l31.
o3Ull6!W'.
A HETl MTTE-..ljflr....."""1 ja,"itutt t rap&.r"tllluIAl><iI: 1 '" 0 ,94 51;001'l6 + ""
64 12
""""''fl'' Irllp''7.-formu!", kirlA, t6 t-rti'k,'
;::cc;,;::
926
= O,!U6118301.
lUIl..ly.-t l'ZutAn
3. G" .. lI..... fo rmuJ," A (Hl.I:\3) k"pl..t ,.z,.rillt:
D]
~ (ctJ OZO" + rd GZI ~

= 0.9-l604113;
0;' I,e2
[~t(e,.+e)
+c,t(e,,_e)
_Cd(e".e)]
22
22
2 2_0=1'
'
.
n
= I:
n = 3:
==
~ ~ ("0/ Oz...
D.. . ~/
OZ3 +
D]
liZ
EULER-ff'" POli"l,,"vfllla.l-.-ljIirM Il1WAnO!lll:
(i=0.1.2.
Y._J=II.+hJ(z"y.)
y<k)
,(r,) = r(zo" h) =
!f(n
JJ& ~ J(rQ.JIojh - _,_,1,2
O,94f~~~li
TA'o'WR,.orf..ju-..l
LAthati>. bogy .. GAl:s!l-fonnllt.. n = 3 ......th!. lWI:I' NIAk ~ Il-igg'o'ffi~+rti>k f",w-nil!&'OlI.Vft! mAr f'I,Y ~
~ kOzelltc'l kt/ok.-t ...-I. U~ '" p<>ntil!Ngot tr,,~..I..-k n > 1000 ..... th\ ....
bPt elklli-
19.4. Kdzonscgcs diffcrencialcgyenlctck kozclitd mcgoldasa
19.4.1 .1 . EuIN-fNI! poligonvonal-eljaras
I . SuUnita.~i vaz lat A (19.93) kw'-!"tww-kr..lArlAt kiolDf,lltll nlf"llold~ "'rh61. ZJ = ~

_ I I ""t>k ~t.iL..aw.k vllzl>"l.a.:
,1,/2
"r.Z. - h/2
~
.... _,I,
"'J
= Zo
,
"
"
fq,
...
..
0,
0,
...... "d2
"' ... 1::,/2
+ h 'J =
I/O
/(z,lJ(z))dz ,
.7'
(l9_9'J)
0.
6(1:: 1
21::~
2"~
1::4 )
,,;w.,.l """,r;lll fo.,J)'tatJlIk. A Rl'SGE Kl'TTAU~.l' hihaja. {19.9!l}

....erme h~ D~nd'l ..... ezi>rt .. lforf"ohoMIZ ltIf'gf.J..16 vfWuozu..a-J 19PO DAllY ponu-ag ","h.. t6el.
I
I
Ii = - ( z~ + i'j .... g(0) - 0 Az V(O.~) i>rti-k<>t h",tAnYJ; r ,
k = -(~ + i'l
ug)'aue;u'u
"nk
"'''F: "8Y If,,,,,,bm. 87.1lZ 1.-,;yl'1' h =
2.
~ I.-gjegyzes..k
0,5 (IN.-I .. m c- llo'k.-l1

tahlazatot). A 8 tizl'd ... j"KY.... I""'t... o'rtJ.k; O.OllJ.ll!'(i{l.
I. " = J( ... ) sp<'<'i"li.~ ditfrrpn..iAI'1O'('nIMllo'1 '" lh'NG t;

KU'!'TA-rn<'>ds7.<'r " SJMI'SOS -forrnulit.rn. mplO' At (IMd
saa old.).
0.25
0.23
0.OOi8IHI
O.OO7,s12:i1
0,031257tiJ
0.5
0,5
0.01041S:>B
2 . 1,1\.. n nt<gy li'''''''7~iJn(1 >IlROritmus ......"'u ,",l",,~'nl .tit !<Ziik....'lI:.... I..h ..t ,,1i>p+'sh.-:7. m"!r'"lt07.I,,,tAAA.
E.mil" him.t."c"I""",,!,:it"'1',i'....1dilnliillk. lIldy"l '"4lv uyoruuk. hORY" 87.arnitiult mpgiHmo't.Pljiik pi>1<lAul
01'11'1".2" Ii>pi<hrm;z>ll. li n pN,lKuJ u y(zo + 2,1,) ~rt.<k,~ "l\ Y:I(I,} ("I0'",..,.i lo'p....h"""z(, SZAmitAAj i...
.v..(2h) (d'lpl.. I.;pc"h......d, bzK.o.uitM) "rli>k,hl "'''Khat KHy/.tllk, ..kkor lIZ R 2(h) = y(xo + 2h) - !h(h)
hiha h""sl"""r.. kepjuk:
\""7. a kiindlllop"lltja Iv. >Ilflhhi kiY/.dlli~",k:

y(zi j = !A, +
f(r .1J(X) d.l' .,. Yo + hJ(zo. Yo) = y,.
hha
,,= h JIr, ')
A (19.93) f..l...-1atol int...!t'"A1a/akI.... u r,'llr"" kal'juk:
y(x)=y,,+
tneltuld__ gi>rl... kOriiJhMijli ala.lr.j&IDl..
19.4.1.2 . a-edeendn Hunge-Kut ta -eljaras
A w..u.bi ~kt'l
II' '" /(r.II), y(zQj '" loJu

(l~.93)
lwz&tihti>k-f..lNl",t lIlf'goldw,-" ...-Iolt lTIt'><br1...r ..I,... Ahball AIL ~ a k...n ...."1 y(r) fiiAA""'n}' y, k',.lA'
Iit.O<rlkkei~ ~""mi~juk ki ~1/VOZtoll r, N"'l'rlOutoldW\n. lIt TPlId""...rint chiJi"ZWi" ""'-I>p<mtokat NkaI
Ula;,!unk ..lilre "'\olt h \l'I~'
z."'rQ+ih (;=0.1.2.. ,j
(19,~J~)
jiik, Gy..korlati ooz4mitA>oolt ~ $U>rilll ah ~fpkW-az"hihAjM I\It,,-
19.,,_ ..bra.
ban Wn w.,;y pon~. MiyoJ II:,< .-]..onlw.uufol ~bwndii dilI<'r1'n~nk-t<'klJi>\ kiilOuJ>.

~M hidunk lenni bw:\Mi. LiJ"ino p<'r<'uurlt.i-teltk kOzOtt. eeere eere l!I ki>l f..I...-I",t-ooortA!yn k,iliinl><io.c'l
l"\jAr.......b.1 l'..jJ.-trtwk ki
"
hibi-J kiWohti lfl<'ll- ..\ p<>ntolO--
AR El:LER-ro'''' pohgonYOllAl--eljara.. ...,pL....

!",-llg.. n kOnn)"'Tl n)'I'Tbnijok auekintest ..
mlIDt'li.kllfl ..ijAriolukIW k..tl ~t&rou.lIlik. amt'IJllyihnl A ~ A11A1Ano1l ff'!I<'t<'lci (lNod

-196. old.) t..ljesUlllf>k_ A IllUurrik"" ..Jj&tMoltlJ ouUl poutik<l1Ari:o ~iL~T tud.wk llN1\...-Ini. P7:1 1lMIl-
~'l
IAhM ffO!f.sj.
Egy ~dltr..,..~1<'t ~u kPpki>t llOk.-tbPn tl<'tlI t,idj,.k 0Iy>LD zArt alUtwu,

f..limi. Illllf'Iy ...... k iNnPrt ..Iml.i ""Y ~oM.! fiiWPnyo'bot tartal.rn.u. f:l>bni ov;.....-thm .. It><"SoI<liwot
19.4.1 . Kt>zeleti ert ek-fdadatok
~w....onlitjuk. ",kkor
III az y(ZI) -JOdi i>rti>kpt h1
"'W>t a ,I, ~ Noi>kk'""tP>oi>-J 1JOwo\heT..
~Iegjegyz",,-,k:
1. A P'"riodik.... ru~V<'k int~ .. fOURIUhULa!i:<i"I"'I1 ~7LZIj<oIeIIt&."""'''''p<' lNwI IT..oloJ.).

A nuJIM'rilm" ~itJw;t harmonikll" Nllllizis MIIl-"7i> IIUIlt ....wjuk (lA....,j 949. okL . "'.AmitllVpt'1i '"
gy<>T!' fOURIl-:ktr...-formAriO, Hi F 1 FOl:RIERTr;uWorm.ation) ...-Ija.",IDt'll<:Jl<!A, t [ld. XoO. old.).
2. Sok _~ ~ '" IIUltlO'rikUS int~ a.z UI"'WlWdll"~]j" tulajdouMgait kil.....zw\ltll.
1lQ' &01eddi& t.irrJalt k-.lJalilrJortIIu1&koli kjviil mty; .ok wasibt io< kif...jl..izt.-ttt"k. A krplo-th.lwo I...."..
~I kirtrD6 kon'II't'tVlKia kiordNoi-urk ,;.,. II:l oplim&la kvadra hirakiopletdr. ~ti~ ..... ~''11
WIftY irudaIma Y1W (l6ood 11931).
3. A tObbno in~ tlUlUMik .. k-.auula..aboz itt a<ak a.z irodaIolIlnl utalunk (l8NII19.3Oj)
(19.98)
hnKY
IAthAto.
ro
(19,9i)
g(zo)-\II.
:\ g....lJ\<'lriai !<7Rml...1u"....t a 19 .5 . a b ra mlll"tj". 11.. (19.96)-Q~ ""
(19.!!I;)
R 2(h) "'" -{y:!(II) - y..(2h)).

15
'lhviihhi
illformaci6ka~ az
Ul'.Y",",-/.,U III"',/",.u-,,rtlrll<rc'll II 119.271 irodnlolll lmt>llmaz .
(19.100)
3 . Mag"-oMhrendt1 dilfPT,,"ciA!l>&.Vt'hlf>tt>kl""lIlkalmllWtt R UNGE- KUTTA-mi" l"",,' r (WwlI19.2711. A",,,

g"-....hhrt"IlChl dilf"rt""c;,\]"8Y"'hl<'tpkpt pgy+hk"nt mindlg atirhAtjuk ..L-,,;rclldli uiff,....., ...iaJ<.R.v.:uld e-nd!lZPft'kkio (1Md :.oti. old.). Ekkor ...kl,....lit6 "ljilrA>o (19.?"J) szerint pii.lhll~ viwr""jtou ~lIlrtii
""kbol oil!. mdy<:k"t l\Z t>gyt... tlitf',..ndAWgyeru..t..k bvnoln...k~.
illlplil'it itl'rAcino ki>pl.. tt.. ljllvitVl\ ""pjnk ..... lij(yll.'........ tt 1t>n-rkt..,1. Sp""iali~ prrdiktor-korr...ktor k"'plI't ..k" ki>wtk..l.6k:
,.
Y I =
!Io~'
-T ""_1110 _1 - O._2!1o. __ 2 -
h(a.J.~. +
-TO" .. , ...
(19,101)
~o \Il\laQtotl oJ ... dJ (; & 0.1. .. k. a-~ : 1). kon'ltM......kM1 (19.101)--f't k-v,.;.,.~ "/]'i.
..u..n...k ....---dr;. ha IaGt ... li~1 # o. EzpIlCdtll'k bivjulr., 1... Jr. : 0, llil"11. ckkur .. (19101) jobb oI<IaL...
I'. J = I(I"'rl/o~J) kto'kriho-tle-ka nw iI<mo-'I1.l/o,
1/0 - 1iorti-k"k ron lulw M . H... 10- I- O.
ILkkof ...... ljiu"fII<t
mnl:..tjtlk.
1... k.rn-lt " fu1i-k (19.101) rnindket uI<.WA.n~.
EY k-~ ..IjAr4lo ..lbtllllMAM .....ti-n " kr7.drti iorti-b-t krll i.'lIllTIIiink: Jlio. fl. JIlt-I. ~ ~
= .....
A (19_93) ~iPrt"'kr..IM ...1 ~ Ugy bplultlmk ~i!o tOOb~)&rirIonIoo" IlOIY

(l9.93}-hAn az "(I.) dmVllllAt dilf.....nciNll"l.IM..Irb-l (1asd;;o;;. ol.-Il t...~t"";tj;dr;'" (19.~I-loan ""
inttogrAit ...k-dr)l!:(mJOfIII"IAvN (liood 921 old.) kOlro"litj'lk_
PioI<WI ~'" ~ ..ljAr.....nlna:
1. Kou-ppont-5UIbily 119.93}-b.w,.... ,'(I ,) dcriv&lt-U ..z I.

mr.-"""'k>oq(i-vcl h..1~'t'1 tftlitJiik: Ekkor
e. E,.2 ...u.ppontokhoo:1-ATto7.O ....... ~
1'0.1-"=211/ r .
2. :\t ilne mOdsz ....e (19.95}-h.w ..... Ul~l SllolPSOSrOllllU13va1 kwlitJ;ik,
h
i(j, + 4.1,. , + / 2)'
(19102)
y.... - y... ~-I
..'[f... ]
L,(r)dr I(I,.y,.,)
J-
A (19, liM) rljAr"" y
to'
(I~.l03)
, _ ,
.-,
L aJI(.I'~J.I/o+J)
J_
h,v... Y'l ''(j,licit...\ ,iJ '1D';ltth~tok kis7.ii.mitii,.,\.h w liLood 119,11
19 .4 ,1.4 , Prcdiktor-koTTekto r-m6dszerek
._1
h L fJJ I,., - L n,lh., = F(Y'H )'
,-
ha tilJ"0'7.llnk "10" 1I:~1. k"I.<IM rtikc,t . " ,. ,iRY''' 'Vl'''''I'tt pn'diktl>r' . mlljo ""t II:<
(~ .. (),J. 2.. .}.
(19.10Ni.)
~/.'" l,l:l) (~- O.
(19.1~b)
19.1(9)
19.-1 ,1.5 , K onve rgen eia . ko nziszteucla, 5tabilitAs

I . G lobalill d illzkretizircK... hiba h ko n Vfl'glP"nda
.-\z <'gylo'J>i-s eljiu-i."" altaW>I\Il,
!J;.
_ l/; ~ h F( I,, !I. h) (I
41.1.2.
"Moll)
(I!l.llO)
...w:han irhati>k M.
Itt ... F(r.,. h) ~""nyt. lIZ '10'''''~ rIjArlu< "".....hrr""-r-.f1if9-'ari"nrk ""lO' IuaIadaN. iriwylWalr DO",......,,,11...-\ (19.1101-001 n)-..rt kiTa-ut.:i ~1<Iiu< fiiar; ... h ~1Il ... r;rht ,(I h)--' krU jcIOIniink,
Ell"""" ... ponto.. yt.c) ~ .Ii- a g(,.c. h) p.bAIl!' d.illzkrt"tiz4cirM hihAt (13ood. (19.111)) h< 11:<1
mondj'lk.bou ...(19.II01<1fJ'~r1jlu-""p- ....~.brn~,luop ...~holy"",~
!1i..I.h) = !J(I.h) -lo'(.I) = OW)

(19.11I)
"" /19.111) kPpkt JlZt ii.lIitj..., hog).... k..ro..t;,oI1"kf.. lNW o'Ttdn...m.. WtoULlinyaI.wr.n minlk .r-re &
h '"
,Ie
,I -
"
Ii'po'skw.7.c1. mrp;w..t"""""n PIx II) Iuwut.:i htiolt ... rrlorr~l."" bilnllely lioomiliL"" melt.-tt
h - 0 ......, .. n "<I y{I) lll<"gokl';'~haJ;kon~al.

A (19,9;I El-LERf'I,' voIigouV<.ll..JlI\...od....... -r k<lllV<'rSCllc-i...rondj<': p = I. A RUSG E-KUTTA lllOd-
4..
2. Lckalis diszkretizirci6s h iba ffi kon zi~zl .. ndl'l

" (1!1.I11) ezerint ...konY'l'rg''lCi... rl"lldj<' m"ll;:...-ij lI1<'llnyir.. ji>1 kmd(ti lIZl/(I. h) k.:;...... Iit6 mrgold"-,,"'"
y(.I) I"'nl ..... m<'goklii.sl E7.rnkiv;i l f..lm..riil kPro-l : nw-nnvire ji>1 kt".... llti lIZ F(.I. y. h) n""...kmo'llvlii ..,;g
vi'ny 1lZ" = I(I. y) ,I,riv"'lt"t. Ehb
, ,Atjiik lIZ /(.I. h) lig)'n~_tt W:tilu di.ozh..liui<";,: ~I"il ""
a:.<t tuoudjuk: A (19.110) o>gy!"l"""'" ..IjAr 1'"l'<'n<l1>..n kon1.l.w.tm><. lui p IIlr)r;nalO",l>b oly"" l.I'rm'-""'.clr><
"ZJUll,"ll'lyn'
1(. hi _ y(.I + h) - y(.I) _ F(

r.
II
I.y.
hi
OW}
( 191Ul.i)
(19 ,112)
(19, 1l2}-ool kiYl,w1.] ..mil ",V><li k. hogy

l~F(.I.lI,h) = {(.I.y)
(19. m;}
A (19,1(5 ) lll",~ol d""'" it,rkim.-..J torti>nik ~ kOW"tk"7."k "p l,('n, 10' explicit t o hhl"p;""'" .. ljIt.tAlo",1 meg-
y~:~I)= F(y~:t)
J,).
Iwto,
,Q
(19.1071
A SIMPSOl'i-fornmla mint korr<'kto! n,mK'Ttk'lMn ili'tahi!. k r""'''-."I '" ...JAboi ki!..~l brl}cl.tt'l>it-
!<Zf'm'p-
(19. liM)
A K)'akurl Ml)lU1 ~ implicit tohhl/'phll'" mo d r<'k rlon yo..cbbek lU ex plicit m6<lF<7.<'l'kllH. 111"1'1 wliik
lll\YaJloly".11 IlOntoe<N>g ll"nY''g''''''n l'lI.gyohh l..r k07.'R! "'rh..t6 el. E7.:r.c1 ""~'Illl><,n V;SWllt ''10" illlphcl!
tiiohlfpe,o.... d jli.r....nAl,.... 1/ k.:;....d it6-iorti-k kill7.Am fl.AAA.hro. <'gy iiltaLl.ban n"mlilleiu"i" "lO"'111.,t,'\ k"!1
m.~ol <!aJ1i. &. (19.101)-1>01 kOVl'tkczik c"fl ... koW"tk<'7.o IIlllklLO
YH' :
-+-
(I' = 0.1 . .)
.....Am. mrlyrr
3. Ad .......-B...hfort hmOd"zt"r (l~.%}-bao RZ in~"s t k danr.b E" EHI '". E" '_I ""'1>pontokhm; t-Nt<mO LAGRANGE-f"k inlRrpo\iIcilwi polinommAl hclyrttcs.itjiik. I.~._1 ... r kiiwll ill~VlI.kapj"k:
: " -1 + ~(f'-l
(19,107..)
I/o., .... ,
dAnl ~ "KY~j.vMW t,wijuk .. l&llitAni.
,,~~ - 110 :
1I~., : JI,. -l 9J1,._1 - 9y, - 6h(j,_1 -
,~::'
Qel/o
a..-tf.-I -T .. -T J , J,. , +80J.)
.",,,w,thf'lF:
h
+ 12(~/H ~ 161._1 + 231.).
=".. 1~( -J'-1 ~ '0/, "'~/.I::)
y;:~'
19.4.1 .3 . T ohblepeses e ljATA...ok

A (19.97) EULER-ff.t.- Jloliaonvonal-IIIc'l<l_t ....... (19.99) Rn;GE: K UTTA-O>I"><l..7...... {~ylll'Vr7.l'lt nwl"p.:. ~~-d"J..u..ok.. IIIlV.. I"., k.....a.ni~&Z pv.w 1..p;-kb6l. CMk >l,Z 110 .. rtPk~ ha.'<7.nAIju frI, En....1
"V'mbo-o Ill: AltAI"""" ro/Mipbn ..IJlin/.ot>l; l\Z IIlAhhi 1I1Ak""n ~ha.tOk tnPg'
Y,
A~
E ULER-U'le l'"li,,'mvorml-m(.. I,.... -r k"lI/.i~l, ! .. Il"illrfIl,lj,. p
(19 ,113)
1 " llVNGE- K UTTA-n,,'l< l"zl'r(, p '" 4
Stabilit...." a k .. zu..t i-t rt"k.. k 7.IIVJtrA~lIval ,"z.. m b .. n

Az I'Rv]('P.....'" d jAriL.nk gyakml .. ti ,.llvll1,,""......\.u...! a:.< O{II') <li>r/.kr..t,iuv;o.. hibAhnz mfg rgy O{ I/h)
k<'''''kit""ihiba i~ oou....... lc".. lik E z{rt lIhat "/Q'llrlll t,',1ki,m. vi'~'" h > 0 1o'p""kiYn.e1 k..U s7.Amnlllllllk.
Itt rOlltoN ",,'r"I..'t j"t''l.ik ~. hOl()' hOll.)"lIll vilo:lk,~lik at .'ltv l,]l<.........ljiiTAA y, num..rikns megoldAAa a
3.
930
kPul<>tiPrt/>k :r.AYIlrWVIlJ "7.i'mll<"1l. m"'R AI', r, _ 00 """t.... n i.~.

A 1r.07.MliPg'" dilfprf'nri4ll'tO"""l.-wk ...1m1-1.-t......n <'gy (19.93) k...7.dct.imf,k-fpmw.tol ~llIbd,mk lUouduulr.
a howell tni'kt w""rbd...u8<Wmo...n. hac
hitx) - y(l.r)1 S IIiD - lilot.
(Hl.Il4)
Itt !Xx) (19.93) Il'IPgnldiwl.hllMu hplyPtt y(rG) = Y.1l7.1lvart kl'7..-l<>ti fdtct.cJ.. A (19, 114) ~ U111tAlja.
hog)' a noegoldAA ill~'lIZAM at-.ohlt<'rtfkt><l.tfcJad".tot;
g~AJ"
.... r1~)"'!A> (A ItonfIt.A'$O)

(19.11~)
aurly _bit f8 C"lUItIr. II ~~ ~)kU.kvrobIknftDalt<1tV~ DW'8'Oldli>oi 1.M.o:r.Prk ~ja.
Azt moodjuk; "t::I Ilonzi,~ t'ftYJrIw.- pljAf"" h > 0 Ji.......ki>:l:w "'''''whit tAhjI /l kPZtWti htfk """
~VIlJ IftIIIW1I. ha a (19.11:;) 1iD<'ilrl>' t..,qtkPp\fot""n >oil I&UlIl >lUimitoU va1sunennyi II> u;U'litr,;..
k"Wn~lI.:l.
1,,1 'S IJtI
(I9,llti)
~.
A diffpft"nci!tlPg1.'..ulf-u,k ""';at<'rtt'k- I,rohlt'lIuut 11<1. :;24. old.) h--.ulllIU1'IHU1r.<....... ljiik. E k kOl Il ( 1\1.119)tHur,; (1\11ZOa..h )-be-u ],-llt di!ft"I'<'Uciarllo.-W",," IIIAlrixok""jil.tI-rt;'kl"uhlrllIJi.jlLllAk nwgul<lllwa vt"H'1.
.u y" ...A7y = 0 hUIlI<.>gi-n ditf..... ".-i,u.-,;yPIIJr.IIIU-'ltoltl""" "" !I(O) _ If{ I) - 0 percmf"lli'l"lPk m .. lI,lt
sajAu.rt<'k-rrohli>ma. U>t'gOI~ra "",,~l. A. 'h.W.r<'T1Cl.lIllli><l""...r Il dlff, [lto,;.u.'gyt'nl..\,t at. y,... l - 2!J~ .'"
!/~~ I -.- h~), y,. = 0 tliff'[lIlt'IN'gyt'nktb.. VLll7.1 AI I L.r"Ul bcoL..o I"mtot ,"" ..,,,,.tVII.. Il:f.aZ h - I,~. <'>'<'!.i'1I
az l/lI '" !I(O) == O. 1/' = Ill: l ) = 0 t;gv<-1t'luh" vl-ve- k..j.julr. lIZ ~nlPt""I.J,q.rt:
(-2+~)~ -
Y1
O.
!/l-
(-2 -~:)Y1
YI-O.
lI2 + (-2+
ft) ..
=0
Ennr1r. a bumogt'~..,..}rtre~ akkoc VI.." nullAtOI kulOOOOdi nqt>ldA.-. ha. a>: ~ii\thati>k
<lr-t~ a-val ep;ynOO. Ehh61 a fdli1.e-lIw'i1.. ....-rtikM< kapju1r.: A,2 - 93;. A7
3:2 ....
~2 _ 54.63. lIH'lyt-k kiiziil ntal< a Jt,i:1r.
1>1> k...-lih a val6Ji \I ..", ttiJg",.
(19. 1171
l"'Itiegyzes: .-\ ditf..... oc:ia.l~ l nt<-.iAl nn-IbM.JUIr.. ha

1. A h ~ki4t aoOkkrutjii1r..
2. M'W'--bbn-ooo. kOzPlftO ""w'" tlitf<"l't'l\riAkat ..ll<a1a\a;<uu.1r. Il (I!J.l2Oa.b Ir.Ozdit~ hibawndjP
0(117 )1.
3 . A tOl>~ mOd"7.A'rt a1b1mazzuk {1A>o<192.". okl).
A lX'lIl1iDPilris .....rcIIllktt'k-wwu.lOkn.alkalm..:A<.tt <ldJ,'frnriAmi:>oito>lw ......lt"n az y. IMltt"l'Ptlen k"...e-1it6
i-rt;.1r.c1r.rP ....llAtk.-> n"U1liDMri.~ rgyo.ukt.. u. 1. krll ~lUmk (u",.11!J.221
aho1AI < O. ~ < OM IA,I IA,I. two. po'\dAl>l Al = -I. ~ = -1000. akkor a ArOOz tArtaIO t"lI; ~
bPfolyMolja a n~ kt<'kk. tiP..ro..n ~oIy>Voolja a ko.:.-litO P1jara1. h Jrpo'""kOzi-nrk v.u-t4t.
;". igy a Ir.cr6ithi biba MotAMl IlIICYOn ~. Ekkof f" lt<>t lrn'-u ... ~ <'lO' rn<gfPlt-I6 ki'ozPlit6
mcidIrr.n 1UvAlaorttA>.a (lAood II!-l261).
A (1911l'l\ I"'f"'IDi'rtflr.-f"(lOd..t kO:ilt'lito 1Ilf'll:olrliuoakh,t ""1!:Y,lk qt;ln a11uW..........u w\1a.""mtl.'I; r) fiiW....

n..... k linriri!o kumhirWitljAt. lDt"I)'O'It lilK"ArI'lllll fi"lltV"'lt'IIc1r. '''' "1""re-mf..lt<1..-k1r.,1 "'!lY1'IIk;'nt kicliVt ,k
(19.11:;)-ruz
bogy (19.llti) 11
F:l L ER fl-\P l"'ligon\'OllAl ~ "" 1
= ( I",U)1/; (.
= 0.1. .. ) ",VKliIr.,
).hI S 1 .....vn isa7....... f&v a -2 S Ah S 0 IrpMOz-kor~~adOdi.Ir...
UtMlo.
-I. :\Ip~v diff

ncia l.-gy.n lf't . k
SooIr. a1ka1maz.M....n.hl. vo'ldAuI a krmw kiIMotilu\ban. a II\IltPmAtikaimodPI\fok olyan dilf..... ~u
Jr.t..lr.rf' W'U't ....Ir..IlH'I.....k ~ lr.iilOfll>iq.Ol'J~lp~i.""" lrucngo ~ool au.r"'l<lAuI
lIZ
alAbbi pEok!Ahfl.n;
IC,. C~.A" A7 1uxl.~l)
r(...) = C,c..... + C:re.l.,
19.4.2.2 . Probafiigg\-'i'ny-m6dsze r
19.4.2. Peremertek-fcladatok
A kOziinooi,g.... dilf..... nci&kgytu!M<'klli1 r..!l<\p6 J>"rf'fllPrtf>k-re-latla.tok megoMa...m. YnIIJltknz6lPgfout...
AAhb mOt1lo7"l'<'lr.r-t a kOwl!r.t-,W, lu.&oo..u..udu .liff..I'f'llriA"'s.,VPru..tqy!<ZcrlllinP.ari!< peremsrtek-f..1.lItUttAn
"".l'Tllwlt..ljiik,
,'-(.r)-+-p(.r)'(.r)+q(.I')y(,r)uf(.r) (a~.r'$b) abol y(a)=n.y(b)=J1
(19. 111'1)
Atlott..Jr. a p(...). q(r) "" f(.r) fl"iKKwn)'1"k. V>W.minl "" a i... J szAmok.
A lr.iiv.1.!r.t'm!lh,n ldrt u16tI>riA.... l-t ;'rlrwm",wnwn l\Jta.lanotlith.. tjuk maga.......hhrcuJ,idilf"w''''W''RV'''nl..tek percme,-tik fd ...lat;UlIl.
19.4.2.1. Differenciam6dsz r-rek

Az [".b] illteCV>illUlIlut ..kvi<l il'7.t..n" r .. = rG -+- vh (v "" 0. 1 2.... n; rG = a. J: A - b) a11l\,p<>ntnkkal"
''lO'''n1ii roo.. ' co;ztjnk kilO twWlIlt...l'l'ontokhall f..llrt
J/(J~) +p(.l.)y'(.r~) + q(I.)y(r..) '" f(T ..) (v == 1. 2, . . . n - I)
(HI.II"')
di tft'....nriit.J'1O"nktlHu " ,1,rivAlt.nlu..t az alAboi. {11O'n" vl";'''U ""g~., diffen'"c;allnl h,'ly,t t,""itJ'ik:
'(
yr.
) ... '_ Y l - 1.'._1
"( I
1.'. n
I.' ". ~ Y. '"
2h
'
Y"'I- 2!1~+Y~_1
/,2
(1'01.1 20..)
.
(1!L120 ,)
[gy ''', [a.bl illt'rval hlllll,..l...~h,11 '" 11 - 111.711",,', .'1. ~ !I( r~ ) kirt t"lit(; ,rtfkre-" - 1 ~'lilrll,i lilll'Arir<
"Rve-nl,t.,! kapnnk . h" fi.gy<lpml.,.. W'II/lZii k. holO' Yl, = (0 (.,. Yn = (J, Ha lO J>P1"t'mf,)ti-t,I"kl",,, .1',iv"h>t.k
ill .....lln..Jr.. " kk", "~~'kpt U. w,.;"" di!fpt,n"iAklu..ll...IY'I,I..,.itj'l k.
,(x) '" g(...) =
L a,g,(r)
(19.121)
-,
H.. g(z}---et .. {19.11i:l} dilf.......neiAk~\Pt. .... IMbMy<1.troolljiik. akkur f"I"'p ""

c(r:<I,.":!.. .a..) '" g"{z) ,,(J:)g'(2')'" '1(J:).'1(r) - fIr}
(19,122)
hitw... lIZ 'ig',"Ilt'Vt:'"tctt <l..f..kt. A f..lt,'telf"tf'u nlPRolu.;... a, "l';Yiitthati.i ll...ghatAro-d....w..k m6tl~,...it az
nW>biakbM i.'<mt"rtptjiik.
1. K oll okiiciom6dszer A .....du:u,1.r~ >W'!'I"lUlhll". 1l3.111O-U.."'....\1 J:,w/"k<i";,;" h,ly<'t .. U3 d.. r..kt
tflllj<>Il"1. F.k kor az ~"g)'flll.h"tOkrallZ
19 123 )
((T~."I.a~ ..... II~) =O (v-1,2....... ).
a<J:I<.l~<
1ine-ilri.~
2.
"g,},lll..trf'nds:I... rt uY'rjiik.
Az .. ,I-h'uk. hogy m:
HiI.xUlegyze-t-m6J~l .. r
F("I.":!.
""~) =
f(2(r;"I.,,~
.... 'I~).I.r
(19.124)
'I; ~gy ;it thatbk ti)1 fii~o int..p;r w "rt" k" llIiui"u'li.' 1<-I\.I"u, A ~;i"""'~'''' f,.Jti>t..l,k:
nF
a",
= 0
(i - 1.2.
. . ,l)
m,ly.k .. >. a. ,gyiitt hatokr a li'lt'Arill "l/;""UklJ"Il.~,rt ...Ill"k.
( l~I .12Zi)
932
3.
GaJ.. rk i nmM~z .. r
A kiiv"lR]mhly
~ l'IlO'U.'V,vL,ttt
hiba-arlog<>nal""", I\Z>\Z t .. lj.,.'11juu. 11010'
t(.c:QI,"~.
.<l,,)9'.(r)d.r
(. _ 1.2.
n).
(1!J.l2t.i)
lly ,ni>donII. "'lti>t..","~tt u..~>I,I"" <1tYflllhlltnir.. liJl"~ e,;yrnkt,....n<l""...rt kaj>unk.

4. Rit z- mOrl~ z ..r Snit p,n"","rtrkf,l",l"tTu\!,.z y(.l') m.~kL\..~ 'W,1l1A! f"gy Ugy,,,........1.1
frltJdatnM~' 11lfW1I<14-. _
v(.r) rninirnNUAlj......
I y' =
H(r.,.,')dz
".,nN-lli.
11~1.I271
int<>gr~ ht"Iu'.l (......1 (10..&)) II~ ;"'~"rr,,, 11(.c.1I.y') fii~...o'ny. &kkor y(.c}-t (19.121) ,..,... nnl" g(r)
k~...h~<> fllg!!;\'<"Dnrc-l h<-lyrtr-ltJuk..,. Il.Z 1 II, _ / ", 11<2.
.....) fl:lggv.... rt millimal~j"k ,1,7...hho-z
"""k~
~ parlllll(>tprt IIJlJ kdlmrglmt.ilrmni. hOllY y{.c,')

Ehhpz meg ken old"uulIk >U
A>:
y{b. . j "" d ,~lik pt"fPmfpltt'1:p]t L'" kid~it""_
F(.) =y(/>.s)-3
(1:1.13.",)
<'1O"'nlPt!'t a n-gula-felsi-modsc-rrcl. Ehlltoz ...,.,.k 1\7. f'(~) r.1!1J:vt'nyt'rt"kpk,,' va" ""'ok-eg. .-Ip az r = I>
IHlntil!: min,I"lIegyt'" mggvi>nyht.t'k ki><dlmft""" " lI913-1) k,Nl.,IPtikto'k_f.,\;.. lat,mk .. I!JA.1. m6tl"U'f
'<l.I'rinti lIK'l/;ol.!aIIli.t [elenel ~r-:iaJ;" ~ 1....."IlI"t....kt.. l<t>krt".
2.
T o b bci'l-moo" l ......k AI. 'LIO''''--'V1''f'1t
ti>hIH+Iruo.J,w>r.>kno'1 A2. .<l.b] illt~Ari(>,. inlPnn1lnwot
rfta.intnv>L1lILmokra06Ztjuk .... tullltlen"C"'" rfo.<ilLtff..,.))mnr.. IliWnl'lXl."k az ~n'I_m<'>d......r t. .,g...

rinr a. ~u mego\d.ilsoly>Ul ~)l<ik.okhOl t!'~Ii.k ......... InPly<'!rr<''' m.:.<iut<n"lllluruok hatariu,
loi>:U>!<iLw'w kEU 11. folytoooo< allllt"Ittpl. Ez 1\ kO\IM4,Uut>lIY (rj f.. lti'tpJ,rkct ,,'liwi-1Iyt"L- A ti>hh<+l~
djArN t t>lsOfoorban tt<"UllinPA,.;,. I"""'mi-rtilt.f..u.&t<>knAl ~lLk. ;-';1Lm<'riIt,,,, n'~ubt 11\....-]
119.121
19.5. Parcialis diffcrencial egycnlctek kdzcllt d integra lasa
81
I.:.t. n)
&; - 0
fo:-!ti'l..wk lU! a, ",&""ttMlokrll n
(1!J.I2S)
'<Zllmil'~'lIlMrt
MllAk.
.'\ p .,.j "", ff~"I""""'t<II I>UOJ\\.... kikiit'-k lDf'Ilt-U ..

-p(.r;(r 'qiry(r)=J(r)
,(a)-o.g(b)=J
t><=ll>i-rliIoA'L.d",,1 ........
Ir,- [p<zlY"{rj+<rtrJilr)-2f/J')r(r u=min
(19.129)
y(a)-a.g(b)_3
(19.130)
A(19.1'11)~I~b..]yrlt~..\I:l"'Il"
L o.g,(x)
-,
19 .5.1 . Differenciamodsze r
Az inlf'!::ricit>oo t>I.rtOmanyt ...~,1lo-) v.i1&atolt l><X1toldw r'
~It viI\A.rtj,tIr.:
~ f<>\AM1 ..kv,vQ'l.... "'/m" (19,129) ~"l !""'1'f"IIlI'rtikr...l&dat H(;r. y.') ffiWPnv(>t (I~UXl)hoi k07.W1Jrniil kiol"""lwjuk.
.
g{;r) - 9O(;r) +
Az A1AhbWdHUI <T;.V p8dM nlnta.tj1lk rnrII; A ,owriA!iIo .-I,tf"",,,,-~n""- .. k nllmeril"... rnegolt1,M.;\nAit

nYPt. F-'l a pi-ltIa. qo' wA,.odrnw:!fi Iif>t'iu-IlI l....mAli!< ,htfrr.'!""iflkosyrDlo I k"l mQ:rll.n Vl\!tt>:riw"', rn<:'KM ..10'5 prtt'IIl-"" .-..gy kl"ZdPtifplti't.-k-kkrl.
';0 h
.c,,=.c. -J!h. ,.. =~
1.2. . . 11)
{19,1:J'1)
f..lli't< I..ku..k. 19ypf1<l",,1 .. (l!I, liS) l""luht{k-f"lada,b,,,,a
(19.1J6)
hit...rPnd
I
I (U~., ... - U~ I...)
;;(U~~I
~ - u...~) Va,;.\ 2h
O(h) v...:.v O(h
1m
I
I
T(U...~.L-It .....) V8ItY 2l{u...'OI-u.....-Ll
0(1) \'AgyO(P)
[fl..
(J.rJy{r... y~)
iJlu
"'hl (u..-' ....., - U~.,.~_I
U.. _l .... '
+ U~
19.137}
I...
tl
0(111)
(J.cJ'(1'~. y~)
h1{U,.+I.~ - 2l1..,~
I.r',l",fii!;gvi'uyt vN~th"tj'lk,
if'o
!\1..gjegyzt'1l: Lin"l..-i" 1''' r<'m,;rt.'' k f..I"<I"tl,A1,, (HU21) b< (19,131) pwl"'fuwi-ny..kb611lZ "ll.yijtt.
h"tok r""~lll,I"ro...i"""r,, "l1,.V Iir,,lll'j,; ,'ltv""l"t",ud"""rt kepunk. ~ ..mlin..it.ri" V"n'm"rt"k-f..l,..j"toklH'l
nemliu..im"''lO'''ILI,1;I'''IlOI''''~r<k,t l\;'l",nk. m,'ly..k"'. 1\ 1 ~J. 2. 2 . hPn edott modszorr-kk..l oldha tunk tlWII
I
ji(lI...H, - 2u...~ _ u....._,}
(HI.137J-hcll" LiJ-m r..nrljH a L A ~DAU f"k () ""imhi,l"rulilai (rjnk f,1.
"
(t
9(I(r)="+ I>_,,(r-<l)
19..1.2.3.
(I'I. IXI)
Celmodsxcrck
.-\. cO'bu'"l",,)'..kkd II 1"'"'ui)'t{k-fd,,<I,,I.ok flwlloldiiAA.t kf'7.1,t iertek-fdatl"t"k l1l,,!\,,I.l"""m vr"otjiik

VI""''''", A ",t"I.t<~,'r "I v.,! ,,~, "'~YI"'V,~,t.t, "y",-f!.",tid.,z,,'fV'.f'I mutatjuk lH"lI.
L t:gyc{, I-llIOd ~l, .. r ek 1\ (I!UI I!) 1"'r<'m(>rtf>k-f..l/1til\tok IJU'l hozullcuddjiik .....,
Y" + 1>{.c)r/ + '1(.c)y" /(1') ..,.. y(a) = n, ti(a) =- ~
(19.1;11)
kl"/,<I<>ti;>,.ti'k.fpla.-l"t"t.l gy x "KY IWlm",,'I.r >lJwlyMI liigg"" (1 9.13~J kl"/.tlt'li-f.rt"k-f..lllll"t mpK"ldit.....I,

""-"Z y = y(r, .) ..o\~ g(r,~) fiiKKV""Y (l!l.Ia4) """"rint ki,'li'lt:iti az y(a ..,) = Q eWlIH'fem f..lti>h,lt. At.
'(J.c(.c...
"
y..)
ay(.c... y..)
I'
,'i",.. <Idf..r<'OCiIo.
lWllriAlis drriVNt
n'AA\fn:,t {plt",.. k-r.i;,ik ~.IJ.'l{V .",,(x) .. p'r<'ll1r"It<t"I..l<t>t t<>lj"";ti N. "9,("') fliw"n}l'k ..l''I\,t l.t'!Ii<l>Pk
{~.1I=1.2.
"",'tkt ll"gp.M~ kal.unk. Aa" kr....... -u rnq:oltlUt ..(r.,) J"101i. illor.tlilf~fl1p.

u.-Itbrn..... "1"'f"lI'-. ilk,,,,, lwl.detIMtN"kkhrll f,U<,.o J'I'friiIIilo <JrnV>iJtakal \ .-litfPft'Ilciillllll...1}'<'t101itjiik .. 1tO\...tkP'.l.oJu'ppcn. aLol u_ lUi "(1'".,..) ~lyPrt"k kOztlitO ;.rnki.-t j<.>lffltj:
(HI I:.!\)
'1,(a)=09o(b)-O
III
iIIU'I1'It'O f........ 'jul...\ riInoot .....Kku..-int
Uy2{r,..y~)
Ni-\u'ny _1I... u k",h~'71jbh. II"
t 1<.. _1 ...)
O(h
0(12)
/I
",... I..... ' - '1"...~+L+"!,_l ... ,

)'I.. ",.-2". ~~""I."
aL~:T .. Y~)"'(1
112
+(1-<1"
h~
,F o(
(l(l.I38)
ki)~" llt""t alkalml\Zwk. "h,,1 (J rl)g?;lt..U '1,,<11,,"1,'1' (n :::; ,. :::; I) , A (ID, 1:\1".) k"l'kt kt,t v.W'"differpllci"
kom....x kOlHhinwiojl\, mlldy,t a (19,137 ) k"l'l<'ll~;l g y ..... y ... 11... , h tkk.. k ,,,,.tell kat't!!llk.
A (19.1:17) ki' p lc t!' kk.. ll\ p ,\ITi[ll i>. ,li ff" l't'uri>i.I' l'\Y,nl,t mi,,<!,'rll'RY'" 1,..\1; nu 's!,ontb"n di fk,,'u..ill'gy,uI.th. "" '1lY at , a mclyll(>1 fiRVPlcml", kt1I ""lIl1i;"k III" n",!... k.-"d..l.if.. ltit.l'!.. kl'l. , 1K.)' az ".... k&'>Rlit o i>rIik.k,... "lO' olyan '1O'pnktrcnd_ ,-t 1t,'11 jtPrl\tlv ",,'><l"~,'r.. khl mt'gol.-1arnmk. mdy""k dilllPllZii"'7.it.m"
934
19.5 .2. P robaftiggveny-mod szer
ki., h .... I ..rt.. k.,k .....I{>n lj\"lL 111\10' j,hpl (1Md l!j.~.1.4.).
"u
A : A, u(r y) fiilQl:vi'ny ,,1"11:'" """" II.:l.U

~ un = ~l <l.iffl,.... lI<~nl ..tn.,k nuu.b-n "[pUl
(''.If) polllhan...hull.!"1 < I. r.. hll < 1. IWl.Z 'w ~1,.J"p bel-....ji>tw". A ,,,rf'mf..ltM,,I..k 1"IO""u<-k:
" = II ba IFI 1 (".1111 = 1. F:rlllfk" .1i",I~I",lW'RY"7lJ... tnek Di<'gfddodiffr.......,i""ID"'nlM-Il:U<I.'<,nCKY
II !"~kmli ni-gy...lr.on.''OW'!...na. ki'V1"lk,0z6: 4,,~ ... = 1.l.. " ... -UHI-'-rt.._l ....... PJ..... l .... h 2 h _ 1lrl,,;,.,k;y.
( 19 .6. Ab ril ) ti'n kftpjl,kllf''l':II:v,'uyh1i-k"k ..boII,jllO'"koz'''itkCt" hamm ""\...~ ri,,;,,\,,"'tOOn:
4Uo.l =0-0 0 "-"tG I 4"0.11 0 .. ",1,1 O+uo_, - l 4....._ 1 =0-'-uo-0+0 I.
s
0 ,.,;".
-'"~
"G.-l=T.i""
l
3
29..... 1
Eo"~:;:Ilo.'-7""fl4
U 11
lPTPnMAr~k "-,,~nt ~pn--i.ili.~ &lfopn.....1Pk. Eat u .w.hhi.lI.l

~itolt lK'frllliTtpk-f..la<l..r.on uunatjllk n~. :h iut.,,;rano..t.vtonWaY~nIlG.~t:O5 r::S 1.0:S y:S I K."...iillk
~ t>lvoVl .,.(.c,y) f'-JAAV"nyl. lllC."ly",,,,~.M hooLoo-.I"Oo:o 1f;U. b<'lQ'
j " = II...... u".. ""
r.,) Glw.arallpN'l!: ... r.,)
g(r r)." J
9 nlQ"''''Y'f'k ..dottak_ " - j - 1/11 aoM';o .. ~ IPIO,llikr<'l"~
U'l..o
' 'II
"'IO""l'
lfJ
1 0 0
1 -. 1 0
0 1 -. 1
0 0 1 -.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
, - - t l l.....
-;;i!(r.. ,.,
~k
-.
(JJ." - l. 2.
. II - I). H
- <>. a.kkor <'ZI'II tlilff'f1"~l<-t1'O"Dd-czrr bo.l ow.w. .. -t )( -t bPktO pontOOn IlZ a...... kOzrI.i16 t'rti'krk", "
kiiw-rk..lI6al-k6 '-<. IUIM'flnyil>m ... """"'0 ,......,.,k;"'l M1riiljobl.r.. m..,,8,llnk ~ fic,y<-Io'lnbr ''''''''''''Ik. ~ .. p<'rcru<'1l A fi"~DY"rti'kt-k iNI_
19.6. Iil>no.
t:
+U...... I _ .... ~I
u... j
0
0
U
1
1 0 0 0
1 U 0
0 1 U
0
0
n 0 0
1 -,
o 1 -.
0
0
n 1 0
1 U 0
1 -.
U
U
U
U
n n
1 o 0
1 -. 1 U
0 1 -. 1
0 0 1 -.
U
I
U
U
n 0
0
0
0
1
.lilf'",I""~V<'TII"ld""
.<1 ""
I. 2.. : ,,) l'rol....f,lggkPll ..\Pgitf'u.... ~

2 . ~'ll{s,,}-pak II:< inbo~l1l""rPfIlf..lti-tpl..kf't.... 1.<Jhh, V (s,y) (i "" 1.2.
. n) probaf'i.AA"kl~"Ilt"k ..
bomogpp P"Tf'mfrll~t"'ck..t Iri kcll..Ji-git,nie.
H...At(r.,) kiic.ditO fiiAAvfll)t (19.I3"J} .......rint l'l<io0.ir It 1... Tf'tJ1ft"JtPI..~kt ..., nu.jd nw.o.l-.zorrIlA diff"..
",nc~"'t ..k"" hcIJ<'I.tf't<iljiik ..aloe mln,JIWt _tI)f'Il r"nq. <'lD" hibll,;t;t ,..~"",...'ll tkftit
fl
t,,!>hi. t (r. y)
hozz,;,tar/.a7i> bo,IKIl':.... difff'1"l'll' ~nl..t'l (,...... ... "iM,:n-) kl
If;o eiz.Y;<I,.<l2..
. a,,).
.., I'r6b.JiiUVpn) ... "lrr"ttbatOit .. knVt'tb>W tno'xk-.l'....k 1t:UTUl! bat.4.rm.MtJuk ""1:,'
l. Konokacii)JnOd~ .. r
..\L ( .. k lPt" \Phf'tOkop: knIVf'Z.tiou. I...,ztotl (r~ l/..
..c..
.l:Gn<i_
k~.l:pn
V _
I. 2.
(19.1-10
. n) I"0lllhow. "'" ugyP"'"f'"Z('1t kollo-
fl.va! !"""",iik ~ ~
dr~,,,,;<1,.&2..
. a,,)
= 0
"'" 1.2.
n)
.4.1 piI;ii _ben a kollokftdi... ltf"lyook lwt,t-'rpolliok (batarkollok4rii>}...
19.14I}
ma.oodik _""0 ""
in~ic"",
tArtomAn" !>f'M pontja.i (tar1.OIDAr')Illrollc>lo:MiO).

\19 HI )-1.:.Ifl;l q;yiittbati>k ..... n ~1M"t bvuuk. A halArkolloUClot r.......... rint<'l6nybrn ....~tjiik
A tArtominvi ~iOwo.IlQlf'mhrn
.
A 19.:;,1: difI~rrd k..z<.lt l>E-kWlftll ..llaU1nlU21UUt <"RY olYN! priiha!UlQlvfll~-t.lWlf'ly ki~iti .. difI.r<'ocialPgyPn...... t
J";Gloll2.G3) =
+ y) + <I, ... G2(r2 - v') + lIt(r' - (;r2i1_ y'). Az .,,;yiinMliJlw. UKY
hAt-'ro>:Zl1km.-g.hogyA[>PI"f'lllff'Jti't"IM(r\.,,) - {1.O.$).(Z2.JnJ. - (l.I.5)~(r3:Y:') = (0$.2)
h><lilrponlokb.w tel.i<"""lljOn. A~ alAbbi bu,,&n.. "IO"'nlPt",ll<iII>'nt kftpJ"k:
_O.312f> +
0.502 - 0.~1'5o! = 0,
-(I,~12$ +!ll -1.25<12 7..tJi503 =0,
-1.062$
-3.75a, - H1Jl62'>a3 =0
mdYIlf'k m.-goldfIAA. a, = 0.1562,
-U.2UOO. U3 = -0.f1l43 A k07~ht~ fI-~C.llY .""'l?L.... c!....,
,u(''K'8<io.. tertornenv IM"".6l"ll"" V'-'lllJ/t.lI"", k'~7.azllillll.tJllkll 1ll.-g"IJiI,; ~""h~o "rVk<'ll. A Mp"n
,,(0: 1) - 0.3919 ~ dO; 0) = O.-t562 iottikPkPI <-.l'hN.>ulidu'(Jllk .. "hlf,'I"f'unalllotl.....m'1 ka()f>tt PTt"dm''1'Y'kk..L
_(,rJ
a,
1
0
0
0
-,
0
1
U
U
U
1
u u
1 0
1 -. 1
0 1 -,
0 0 1 -
U
U
0
1
0
0
1
Latjnk. hOllY A~ p"ynutll,tI>HlI'tJ'IX ""Il'Hlll'tnkus ' 'I< nlk.>. Az IIY"1l a1aku matnx"t. 1,loUln<I"'9"n,u",
mAtrixnak IlPVO'~ziik, A~ "l\Yiittj,,,t{m,,'Ltnx AlakjllllWlIban fiigg attOI. hogy m ilY"lI ir[u,yoon nn-ntuuk
vi-gig" fAtc~P"llt"k"ll.
A mA...-.tlrPlldil plIl'''~' liil dilf"ll"ll<'iAl"IlYt"lIl"t"kd tartaJma:zo kiilonbo-t,; tip"",, f"I...d al."krl\. <,J..o...JrI~UI
az plIipt ikll. pl\I""holiku" (", hil "'rhnli kus d ilfp!" ll" iru"Kyl'IlI" I,pkrl' "Okf"I, a1k111m"-,, d itY'"'!lli"fIl"',],.-,.,'rt
dolgnztak ki, llI..Jy,k..t ill.ilbilit..... h; k"nvpfg,,",'ia ""'lJlllOnl.jli.hOlv;z"giiltltk , A ""....k irodl\lmll igeu ~M'
,lap;. "" 1111\1',",,1,1'1 111l1wk 119 1:'1, II!l.271.
I1r.loe 'MAul
1. ....( i'j.nak "'" adott inhowOt;{'ll
!I, ...
1 0 0 0
1 0 U
U o 1 U
0 n 0 1
0
{l!l.l~j)
",r
u(r. y) k"n"",tt m<'gol<lA~ra'" a1ahhi /,Hll...fiiAAv"llyt Irjuk fel .
vfllV""k
B: .\ !""rWi., Jiff"rPllciAl~-klIM'l':~sA1..JMIn.........tt dif-
A~
2.
u, _
"i.. .
Hi banegy ze t-medsze r
A"",'rint. bog)' II. (19. 139) rroh..r"AA"'llY"k IIclilf,""",iJ\J'lO"'u!t-t..t vagy ...1....,...lllfelt!/.<!pk,t..t"!':itik ki.
In''Rklvanjuk. hogy
i . A C hlttArvonaloll "'"
1=
,'(r(t).y(t); al . . , .... Jul.
(19,142a)
(C)
vollll!int"wal !-rlc k" (itt .r _ T(I). Y = y(t)" C hlltflrgiir\,,, l'arallli'!<'1'''' 1U''l\ol,IAx>.). vagy
2. A G (IIrtomiiny [,,\Mti
1=
ff
I")
,2(.r.y; al.
'''n)dTdy
(1!l.142bl
9 36
_.
iJJ
A>< rhl,,~ """ k.""Xf:S Da.
hltlMolt tartomiulyt ( 19. 7. a bra) ,

~ Iegjegyz",,: A nlllnNlklllO J",hi>z,;oPg..k ..lk..,.iil ..... ~rtt" fdb"lItl'",
0 (i = 1.2 .
".> Wtltlm...-.zon tlil t<>ml'"harom
..,..iwkM..
'-Z
AmiOt" JUO\11'lj....itnwn...,1!OZIUuilWp<'kkrll""llltlk"'Liink. " fEM- 1Jl<'x\!<zpr IMt II parrwi.. <Iiffc'tf'nd

Al..,;wnlM..k I"ll;fontc-hh Dlllll"rik Ull'goldNan if.. "k-gigion)"""'i'.'bha. k-gtOhlx-t mornM IWltNnatika.i
moJdINwI,.,..ol,i:A1tAtja.
.~ ""kfpl.. A1luIlI.l~ uuntt .. n :M .... t kiiJnnl>i)WkPl'l,..n realizaJ.jak. d.. itt ~ Il:l: II1ApgondolAtob,t
vRwljuk. E2.
~ folvtN.
P1nlpko-xtt! .. p<""'ll.lo'.,.ti:-k-f..lNiatok nnmeriku.... DlO"gQicl6t.AuA1ll1kloJn~>tt RrT1.- ~ (1aoo<I932 nI<l.l .........I'lin~-~ (1;1..1 %4. old.).
.'- v""""'lnn~A'ru..wM>i 1i-pn-.kholll1l
1. EIO' variacit'xo Madal r.. lillit.... A~ A<\ott l"'"'mk-to'k r..l.loWol!>uz lD<'l': .....1flJlltll.1n.-olluk "I)"
~ f..1NiAtot. AI. AlabbII,,klalllJl<'lUllUtAIJllk. f"1. hogy>w tOn..nil<:
I,...,..
~ " - llu + "'" -
II G t>U'U>nWly
"""""'.iE'bm.
II =-0 .. G
J>l'Tnnt'n
Sroroo:zuk mrc" (19.143) .ufl,~Wvt "Y ~Me16ffi ... irna v(z.rl

batAran plt,inik. Il\Ajd" kAJ....U f'~nyt iIlU~r41jllk G fek-t t;
( 19 143)
r;,AAwnn~. ~Jy
- w,, "' QtI.,) _
IlZ
"(r,y) --",,,, ~nlr -1I3Y
(19.U h)
linmn. pr6bafiiAA'"""nyt ....u-.t:t..lli.... pro.... l'IiggWortyt'knrk I\:t rgyik b"mUL-'f:b61 " ~ hArom~
!lIZOghr vall> ,;,unrnctnCl ~ f<>lytoll<."..l!lk k..lllm"ilik.~ a leIJ'''; ~ IOlytoDffi Irgym.
(19. 1-W}-hanI\:t "I' "l';'; "3 <-lO'utthalhb,t ~Imf\t"nnlPghA~a ~..WO lWorrt.v.Og !"S11t'!'l"'utjAiblw f",Iw-t T III. U2 .... ..., fii.U''''Il~k_ ~I It foIytontMAlIn<'Df't '" bizloo<.it_ YNI. A { I ~ 1-l6
IRY i.><mrretJ..n ~Pnt ,,~I fiilQtvfoDyr-rt.Ju.k ... ki'lulit",,"' tAna1maz:rA.\ 1..1,..,. G t.vto-miwyon a ~t II(I.,) ~ Itii>lrlfl6ktrkk.. "Z
.V_I.'_1
i(r.y)
=0
L L n_u_(.r III
(19.H 7)
.....
bt-l~t
prOhnfl~nyt
AikairDIU:Zl,k.
.o\zn .... ..,;y;iuhatOI<at 1.<-11 ~ ~ n..-gbAtArolm.. nk. A2. .....{r.') r.~Y"kl'f'U'lj<'<.iilni k...ll,
bogy -.k 19.146) ""....-lnt a G~ wiu,lt~ ~ linr4rioc fi~yt abriw>ljAoAk "" p~
~ k ... km...lkP7A3 fr ltkrJ..knrk:
..(u,l') = b(v)
YlU"iri6II ~\Ptoot kApjllJr.. Mol
(I9. 14.iAj
fJ (....
I.
..~(rl.M) = { 0
2.
U....(I.II) :::OO
ba k =I'.I=v.
wi"""" oW.G.... r....puutl/llU
(19.1-l&)
(19. J4/<.h)
hA(z.II) I/.G~
( J9,14:>hj
-iJr iJr
'c
''''gr.
vAitoWk polinomjai. Sok ......d.>f'D
( J ~ .I .w)
A GAtss-in~formlllAh..n (lMl (),>.... '*I.), (l3.116}-hAu" P (I . , ) ;t&.it(-,;t a1M,hnAzvA ( 19.J.w}-tw.~ ~
a(u.v)_ -
..--="0-'
fui + "'
or0) rudlJ '" fJ jl'drd,.
fJ (.Po
~
Az ~>t bArot'nrWgf"'-'U.. ;n tA......t .. !vo',t. w.etj'ik ,, 19 . 8 . Abrim ) l... mllt>l!<>U moo.m. Ekkol
= ph, y" = vh (/,. v _ O. I. 2... , S; h - I j S ) r,,",pontukhol iu<llIlunk ki. "" (S - 1)2 ,.,-..i.mir
I-...~ p<>nl<>t kapunk. A I'fobafiIggvpny yflWq.tAlulk.lt--krt..." <"'6-.wrUILZ (x ..' y,,) l....nthAniioos""fnl.O h1
h.Vom""iig f't <>gy G.... rfs:<tartowiwuy,; Ooo<:>...'ntmi,
3. P n'>bafiiggve ny A 1.<-.......,11 u(r.lI) fi"lgVl-"yrt' mimk-n M.roIll.'lWgbton f..litllDk "l!Y prooaf;igg......yt. E!l" ~t a bmzi,.tartoz<'> prObafl~"Y"1
~I"'''/lf"k Ilt"Yl"1.;ink. F.7Rk az r "" y
19,5.3 . Vl'gcsc!f'III-m lxl s1.t>r (F Et\ l)
A 19.9. abra u....(z. II)'! 1l111l.&tjlt" G"" t.i\I1.OlruUty f,k'll.

,,_ ki...,..AtniU\M.1 C....- re. ""-"",,, 1 9 .8 . ,;,bra 1_ 6. harOlD"";;'
gl-rt' itt.--lt AZ I. hArolll"ziiKtt"lIl11IJtTJ"k ITWJ!::
tl9.U~ 11
"....(I,II)-"I."2I+<l3. >oh<>1
y.
HI, t. " hr...
1t~~(r.II)=
~G
y"V-Y.5):
0
{ o
IItY It>! I. 1"' rolliJ'ziiKr.-,
"....(r, lI) '" I
19.1'1. Mn'n.
2 . IU ro m~ ~og f. l boll t fu< A G int...ll:rAd ..... t."rt<>lllAllyt egy>tt-<.>ril r{"ztartoma.IJy"km otI/,tJ" k. lu. n,lezerint hAt" llI" l,iig r,!h.. utlu<t Itlk" hlllll,t ll "k, ltrnik<>r q-t. (lgy fNljllk I.... hArt>m"".6j;:,'kk,,1. hogy n ""..11"'70....
.-lOll hAr<>lll"tiig,kw'k vngy ,.~ ..1,1"1,,. VItI{)' ' I1:.V' -';( 1""" k&/.&<.lgy jill t udunk kir/,l'Ut"ll i "gy gorl ,..vnn"II,,1
(1~I.l 30)
haz;I",II-Y...-l_
(19. 1:>0)1>(,1 k,.""lk..aik. ~"<l1 = I - v. <l-.l = O. "3 - l / h .

N;
19.9.l\hrlt.
h"r=r~.Y _II.
har=r..~I.II-y,._l
(X - II)
( 19.1:>1)
936
AnalOg ~aJJlil""""'l u...rlwt<'i:

"I,ll
19,[
u....(.c.lI) =
All ...
"00
""'"
""
"""
A vA
1.
..,;,;
a2barom... '.i>grr.
l-(f-,,)
1- (*- 11)
,.3_haroll~.
1+
mod<
.~
l-(~-I') +(* -II)
I+
wbl)(lim'llZi.... integriU kw.ilmiti\AA "l!Y"7.,nihh. rni"r1 ",il"h'u t,>l.Jr,Wkl..... Wl.rollu;Wg nagJ"ll cgy""......
nit., '10' pgy"ig;.hilrolJlll7~ trl'Ulll:'f"muiJIuU".
3. HI> I> ko-a -liw fliy,g"i-uy J->OlI~it.t y"'lt&ni ""lO' rlilf..... llf'i4lh.. l.ilM,::it.1 hiztool,tAni .. Juu-jnk. &kk"r
urtomauyonki-nt llCgyzct.no ""lO' kOlM-'" p~Y" lr.r.. k<'11 it.t~mii nk (1M<l1I9 . 2~).
( 1' ,1;;;2 )
al.baroll1l<f.ilKrc,
(~-.H*-v) ~5hM_
(f- 1')
a 6. !u\rom,,-d>gn- .
A probllmgg~f>ny .-gyiiU h at 6 inak kiszAmitasa .<\2 a ... pgyiittlut.WkAt IIIZOU koV'l'te!we"y,.)t

AiAj,jan haJ ....nuuk m~. ho'ya 1 1 ~. 1 4 ') " \ I~_I..&""") vari.AoiOol f<oLa.ilW:>t mllld"ll ll_ ..,...tiou kirli'git"" ,
_
( I !l l ~l lwt. u lT y ) t,,-IYO'I\ Ii r r 1, v( r, y) h..lyo.-ll II...(X. Y)\ irunk.IIYlllo,km .. 1>I..,I...c~ ("tly
-I.
"Yiitt hatilu lAk ~1Ar<~1l"
19.6. Approxima cio, kiegyenlitf szam lt as, harmonikus analizis

19 .6.1 . P olinom-interpolAci6
:\1 into>rpolMi6 ala.pf..lad..ta /oz. ~ ..u:hrii pontok adot t (J' ~, ... ) (v = O. I ,
0) """"".a.W>I <'gy
folytoJl(lfl gi>rbct m.--n. CrNiiUMll ezt I~juk ~ plw!-~. nllmerik'lMl\ "lQ' !rlr)
fiigg"Pny -..git.~, Arllely az r~ ...,.,.....totid.. ftZ ... fiiu>+n}'oiotti'kt-krl WIOZi f<o-I, aza>l !rlz) t<>ljP!<iti
"'" int...-poIariOo; wltftrlt :
v 1.'- l
LL n.... i . ...... "W) :b(lIwl
,.- .
-t. CylOkorl&li probl;'mAk m<'golrl~ iRl'll m"lt:"" rlim",~,i f"lath.tok ko-Ietke:l.ilf't,...k_ &.ht
""k Rr-i.Alis m6d.,....rt ~artaIr. ki pl. <'Y ""wlIudik'l>< hi.roI llllZOgMb"utN<ra .... I\ll .. lelDf'k f'liifIyo..
it.t>wi.n~ (f'l.t61 fiiAA "lIK'l':oki>lndO~lIlctl'<'II<Iow.'f ll ..k ~trulr.tUrit.j .. l. A ~1nI tiu'gyalAAt Wod
1I9.13I. 11991'" IJ9.2'>I.
(t l - I. ::!...... - 1) .
..."
g(r~)=
t 19.1:>4 )
Ax .. a (
lIot) IoJVk..lc hv.ArJlitAMlIJ\l ~lt.zni k..Il, bogy lIZ int-,:riJ kti'ke azon .....-trkbo:-n uino'o'ko..:!
J"'k. lu m lmr .. G...."" C", taetnmAnynk ll){'I !IZif" P Ilf"lIl ii"",_ fuk..' " t.vtomMyokl\t a 19 .1 . t lblAul
.-\G.
rilO'ZV1l y lOl;.
"""
Ax inhW.w.., mmclig~ hJ 12 U'I'1UM..1 ~~
iIc".bogy IlZ ;r,,_nut1IJAlriAlJ.,. tkri""!
whOlNiMik:
h'
l;i P llOl - 2<' h l - 2<' O-IJ) "1'
-\nN6g mMon Ni6rl ik .v. .. _rinti
I (.kI OI hi
b( u.. ) =
I
2.
/I
t..,.........,.'nh,o
20 1 ) .
b(UI )
II
, -
to.I _ I )
( 19 1::":"')
A ( 19 ,1:>11 ) intl'll><>li.r.n Mad~ megol<lWcalrj""k fd ~ n...J.foku polinomot
( 19.1::':'1.)
g(...) : p,.(r) : ae --- 4,(I - IO) + "l(r - ro)(.r - ..." + ... .;."",(...- "'o)(s - rll ... (r - I"~I) ( 19.1:>9 )
Ez I> p.-oo..fiiAAwny, IlZ Un. ~ E"""TO!f ,f"le illtn"l><>LOri600 !W1.1et, l.. hn6W- to'tlZi !\Z a, (i : 0.1. . n)
'-'KYulllmti>k '-'KY......rt1 ~ta..ilt, uli"" a ( 19.1:>11 ) int<-rpolAr...... r..
'-'KY l;'p<'JIl'\7R\.fo;lin..ar;,. "KY"""
~i~ ~ti\l>\lUlkhOl:
2"
IV;
A1Ahhi lIiAkhAD:
It""
lctrt"nd.'W'I'" ....,....-1..
jul.!>u]tW ki","",-uit.....a.h61 >ldOdilr.:
" = 2 <'>OCI.C., ( 19. 158)h61 """ ill IlIrlP'J(zo) "" Q(J

= III>
I..b]t ~lctrt'Ild..,....rt kap juk. A p,.(r ) P2(rd :ao+"I("'I-rO)
illt<-rpulaci6o< polinom a (19. 158) iutrll>O()
(_)
(_)( _
) ::!l1
l""w.. f",ltetdlcl e,;yfrtdmr,,'1' ""W",totn>P'J r2 "' ..... + 4 1 r1 2'0 + 41 2'1 "'0:1"1 rJ - !tJ
rol t. A fiiAA"""yPni>kPk kiI'TAmitiIAA. rgyw...nirn" }{o R" ER. lrroo ...tiwor1tOrti'nh..t (ta.d 910. 01<1.).
! (... II)ul/( r . lI) dr dy ::::: ! lo.I l j , .
t: ..
aJ~)1 \ j.
( 1 9. 1 ~ )
(v : o. l.2.. ., 0) ,
I 9.6 .!.!. X e wton-fele interpolacios for m ula
{19.1:.J)1...u ..
..
.-U in~ fUggvPuyrk ..u.r-.... ho.u poIillOmoIr., illPt ..... ptriorlik,... fllU""nY"'k....,.u.., lm. t~ooo-
lI..... rik". poIinorook. A z lltilhhi......-t1>O"n
""~rOl b......rIUnk (1iw:J 9-.10. old. ). H"
...... 1 a!.a.pI>Ollto( hAA:zD&1unk.llkkor n--tl'<'ooli illt~ ""'-'"I'-Ink iYo rhb.-n az nonbrn IIIlZ inter
pown. polinom WdPijffih n-lfok-"'. Miwl.i>Owkro poIinom-fok..am ....thi IlZ inu-rp<>lMiOI< polinom
(O<Z('i1lMiOj.. ~nl lK'Illkh1lnAt.ool n.odon Mer&oo.>dik. cai'rt az iut<TpoliriOoo intervalluwol...&ez,e.
nlo-n rkzinl.f"r\'1lll1lmokraao::ztjuk .... ..,.uru'tnJ,.~ 1\lki\l1lloVUnk (Iaood 954. old. ).
G w foliin " .. (r, II ) Altalll'ilt 1 Ul~""""".-u gw.. Iklfogau. (19.9. abr e}.
\'p _!'6.!h 1
3
2
,",.ht
b(uu) ::::: ! ., h1
{l9.J:::.<ia)
"'i. .
1
( 1 9, I ~Jlih )
lgy a pro',hIIf;ilQ,rV{-lly "!lV;;l th .. lbiu;u': IU<'ldmliU<r...aAA.J.a a (19.1:>3 ) vari';':ib,,, ,"!tYul,-t"k Iv. ,ui\hhi li,...llri.
'1\..y,nl.-ln-ll<l"/.,rt ... lji\k :
I" . , - o, . u - n, l.l- n l ,I .I~ "' .J _ I = h 2 hl (k./= 1.2. ... , X - I )
( 19.1:>7 )
~leR.i ..gyaeee-k:
I . Ha .. pn',hllfiiKS"('uy ,-!!y iit t h a tbit (19.1:>7) ,zl'riul llatlu-ozzuk Illl'g_ IIkkor (19. H7)- IM',l il(x, y) "RY
"Iy"" I'xplidt ki>,.-!il,!'i n"'K"I<lM, m,-Iyw-k "rt,-k,'i G tdswl,-W'" (x, y) p()nljailmu ki>;,;'mit!",tl,k.
2. Ha I\Z int ..grAl;.... tartum"",yt '-gy 1.,'I.zol,-!!,,,, "zaoolytalau hMo(])",;~hlUuv..J f,dtiilr. 1<-... kkor ",'01.
,z,'nl II;< ,"R)'''I''',";wlt harolll"iiRk,,"nlinMillu,t. (l'Irin'ntrik\\" k'MmlinAtA\r..llt) IM'VWAI.Ill: EzAh."j "gy
l"",tn"k " hlt.rom..,.i\RhAIOl",/. vi. mnyilol.t Iwlyzd" kannyen megilll"pfthlllo {", II ( HI. I:> 4 )-g,,] lItlll!"'!!
19.6 .1.2 . Lagrnnge-fele interpolacio

+ I ~7JunII (x~. y~) (v = 0 , I. ... , ,,) p,mtrll 'H"lf" k,i polinomot o iIlN<7tiink,
A,. n
Il(~ lLZ a1l\.bbi
LAGRANGE-fi-l.. proha fiiw-rny t h.....,.n!iJjnk,
9(;7) : PM(r) = L y~ l. ..(;l)
(19. lfiO)
.~
Itt 117. l.~( )e k (I' = 0 ,1 , ... , n) " LAGRANGE f('I< 1Il1l1'!'" linmnok. A ( HI. HiO) int "rpoIAci..... fdtm]
akkor U'lj iil . 11>\
I h,, 1-' = v ,
( ) = b.... = { Oh"l-'l-v.
l.~I~
(19. 161)
19_6 Appm n m.viti. h"9~~n1il& u,i ,,"H... harmo"i.b... anaUzi..
940
941
Itt 6""" K ROSE CKER-l<lim bOhl m . A {19.IOI I fplti-tf'llllLAtt" mi_1 a L...GRANGE-f(oJ., a1appolinomok
n.....lfok,w ......; rt
191 t,u,llwot FEM "".AmitA.~i tit.blAzat

F..loiletd...-ah
Graftk....
kivlW-tUa
""mula..
IJ
= 1<
-I
, 1
.-.
Wi
2. 11 ",,/ -1
,. _1< ... 1
11 =1
,.=1< ... 1
11 = 1 +1
5. II = / ... I
6.
!' _ 1<_ 1
. ,/
H~"k
11 =/ -1
m
Em
m
is
cOle,.,
(hl/d
iJu_
fu
ih
"
- ll h
- l /h
- l/h
- l/h
5 5
6 6
1/'
1/'
1/'
1/'
1/'
-llh
2 2
3 3
L a;; ~;
u
0
(.e
(.e,.
,.
'nt.. c poWj
(19.162)
uka.z 11 ~
~ ~ tAh~ttal..dott
(x (0
(x L , (.r) = ( I
(x L1 (.r) =
(3
h'
Lo(.r)
l)(I l )lO
0).r 0)(1
O}(x OJt3
3)
1
3) = i (.r - I) (.r - 3 ) .
31
1
3) "'-2.r(.r-3},
I)
I
'" -.r(.r - I)
I)
p.z(r) = 1 - L:r).,. 3 L,(.r) ... :2 L,(.r) =
2 6
3
-l /h
-l lh
17
-6.,.7 + "6x + I
r,.
-hi
A L...GR...SG E in~ poI.ioom az..Jott

fflQV#'ny",""kPk II!:Xf'liot.lincirio fiiQ;vt'n)"'_ Erux-k
cluM'lrti ~1-. VIUl jel,,"t(,,;oPge (lIuwl A D"'~lS SASH FORTH~, 928_old.). Gyalor-lati
><inlitAA>k1ww a L-\GRASG E inl~~ fonn ..", krv~ alluWn.v._
Gyako<"lali frladatoknaJ. a p",(.r) intcrpolicii. puJ.ioollwair. nrm krU utmdinpocit kif..~k Wonnw.
~ oWr. az ill~ tar10mAny "lO' ..doct .r hel)"'11 poIinom ~t'nyk-Uokt'1. Vtm<'f1liink. EO'lI
fiiwi-"nvi'rtt'k ki=Unit"""- .... AITKES :"iVI LLE-l~ -,nut Cl'kur.titWai t&t.t'nik. Ehbea ....ll'V'ril
;u alAhbi j..1Olo'.<t baw.n.ilni;
1/'
1/'
pontoMt. w.GR...S GE-fik intc.-polaciOto ke-pWtwl!
Ekkor:
19.6. 1.3. Aitke n -:""e ville- int l'rpola cio

3
-l /h
1/'
p. (x ) = 1'O.,
.{.r).
(19 _163)
m<>l",bPn i\;>; in<if>x..k "" al kallllJUX}1t alapl'"mtoJa.l", "Y'-IUallUi intcrpolNit'ioo poIi:nom fok....wn.. t..d)&k
5 2
I
1/'
- l/h
~ .~Il
"""
' 1=
-,. 1
(2" - Xn )p12 . f2") - (.r - .ra l"l.,. ,.- _1(1')

.r.
.1'0
( 19 .164 )
a ~. l ._-,,(X ) DIggYi>nyi>rti>k II. p~ (r ) .... ~(1') Wp;f... lj..hb (fl - I)....-Ifokil poIinomok fiigg"';nyi>rti>k..i
km-.otti IiUt'Mll< intcrpolN-iOwlJ lI<lO<lik. (Hl.1ti4) AikaJm....a..ok vlLzlatAt 'I = 4 ..... tbPn icjuk fel;
a:I.<LZ
5 3
6 2
1 3
1/'
1/'
l I lt
0
1/'
-ll h
- 11"
-hi
2"0
~ =Po
y, '"
1'2 !/1 =
1'3 11:, '"
1', y, '"
II
P,
Pol
1'2 P,2 Pol2

pj 1'13 P,2.' 1'0123
p, 1'3< P7:U P12:W
(19.1tiS)
PolZ-14 ,.
P4(r).
(19.1ij[,) ,I"mpit llI<ZlOl' ~7...rint ...d ..m itjuk , A {"uti .. lrtI" I,"M'!oh.n lij tlrtl'kt't mind ijl, 1\ tOl... balm allo t'" It
kOzwtlen;i1 "f<>Ii>U "lit'> frt(, klx'illlytTiiu k. 1'1 ,
P2J '"
(x - .r')1"l - (I' - ,c,,)p,

2"3 - 2",
I' -
1'.1
= p., + --(1):1-1'7).
q -x,
(.r - .r,)P23 - (x - X,,}PI2

.r - Xet
"' 1'2;' + - - - (P13 - PI2).
:c,,-.r,
I,,-;r,
{I - x,JP2:1< - (r - ,.,)PI::.I
.r - J.
PI23' ----,
'" P2:w + - - -{Puo -I'l::.t)
I , - .rl
Pl~' =
. ., -r,
( lfl,l (i6a)
(19,I Wb)
(19.1l.i(k)
942
e.
H" ..... A ITKEN ~EV I LLE-lIJtlf itUIW>ra llZAmithgPPi'mgrlUllOt irunk. akkOl lllindiitmo' "lO'
n + J.
kompo"l'11I111 "",ktorr a vl\llllt iiktolog (1MrI1 19.3J), &Ind y "llYma.mtaD felvesai a ( 19.1w) <'g)'N' ow.10I..uMk
fortkla-it. In ft-lu -uk. hosY A Ii'Mik <R.In1' A_l ,,_"' l, _~, (i = k. Ii + 1. .. . . n)"Wnw" ""hO I i-...lik
P, koml"""'..........k froio-I 1Il<'ll:- tRY (19.l w) OI<ZlnJ"\it f..]ii[rl\1 \f>&1e .....a.lIlitjuk . hogy nwgkapjuk " loh hi
"'liik."'w'-;.rn.kM. Az algontmlUllQ AlAhhi Il>pP>lPk hi'il ill:

1 ; = 0. 1.. , n _otionk-gyoon p, "", .
2 , k =1.2..... n fto' : n.n - l . k ...lkn
alguri t lll WO v~"n
A (19 .16Th)
Po> f1t#b
( 19. 167..)
~lI p,,"' p, -.- ~(p, - P,.)

z, -
I._.
(19.1611
Ortonorrnalt Tt"n<:l~""rr6I ..klwr ~liink, ha
(g... 9Ir) = {~ i::~:'
A p,,(r ) fiiAAV"nybt"k lIZ .. dott I ~IY"D.
19.2. tfl.bWAt . OrtogouAlil> pol inomok
[- I,
19.6.2.1. Folytonos feladat , nOTmAIt>gyenletek
...-( r)U(z) - g(z )j'lr
WtAlmax. ~'(z ) <"0 adott ...uyffiuvi'n)"t
, 101. ~ rg...... in~ intt-rvallumon _.( r ) > O.
"" g(z}-... fpIlrjuk.
L ca.g,(x )
(19. 1(9)
=0 (i= O.I, ... , n)
(19 ,110)
L 4,(9o . g. ) = U . g,, ) (,\; =O. I, . . .. n)
(l9. l7l)
.~
m..lyhOl IV.4, rgyiitthllt.<1kl1t m.~h"Wouuk. Itt rovi.-lil.-tt j ..lol.....!ut hA.~7.n ..ltUllk:
(1\l.I1 'l4)
.,;{z).q,(r)g. (z)d.r
h..
i l k.
LAGl'ERR'E-I">l.iDom L. (z )
IIERMITE-pQhnom H. (r )
:>22. oM.
(19. 176)
522. .ri.
(i. k '" 0.1 ... , n}.
1I:'gfontaW>b~
1Prii\f'fA,
eg..,. approxim.vi6l< int.rn-al.lWl.l.
2. f.yoIdal " vi>gt...lcnap pruxin.aci6fl intn...ulum, I'dtlAul iMli"~ pro~ .

3. ~Iindk"'t nkWolt,~ approxllnAriC.. intMYallUlll. ~II a..var_ ~_
'"ecUk ~be. bo,;.v mindm [a. bj w-g... int . . - uUUl Ig
b -"
' ~ _
,_ _ ' _ 2 _ I
(r E
''',b!, I E
-I, I )
(19.177)
bl-lyd ~1hooel At,-j!l<'T.6 a 1- 1. 1] llltf'n..ulumha., at... ly"' ",ok pr6b&fiill:RVC"yt tkfinialtAk.
19.6.2.2. Diszkret foladar, normalcgyenlerek , Hc uschol d er-m edszer
F : L :3t~ - 9( .l ~W
( l !U 72h)
(19 173)
(19 .178)
l~tiiA!I7.Pg, mint" .,(z) f'lggv#-ny P"'""m""'r<'ill,k Wggvi-nyp , minimAl~~ k1O""n . A (19.17S) k;."l,,'
.. kl"""".ikl~~ hiba-""g~z,otiiM;P!1- " hi""'II,'IO"...I~ mininl1\liZllJa...;,t .. rdativ """'IAOCrt<:-k q.iik,..;g.""
fpllktpl"n..k a1kalmau.Vui.val ... l"!}h. rhb rJo'gy;.'lrk mri.t.zrn'npk n"",=.iik. (19.lti9)-oo l a rclattv mini
iJF = 0 (i
iio,
mely kif..j..., ;....kd e k"" fiiAAV"ny glWAJiII gWfZatMak i>o 1l1'\"'l.iink.

A Jl"nlJal.pgy..nlMT..ncl",,~'r "R,vf'rt..lmilpn m..!!:"ldb"t6. mivel fp!t<>ttiik a .fJo(z). 91(Z) , ,9"(1') I,r(>bafiil'!(vi'ny..k lin..f\rig ii!()t,'t!I'Iu'g"" .. A (19.171) .-gyIlJI..l.l"f'n.-l~?",r "RYiitth"t6mfo.trixa .....immdriku>I,
[gy ez "gy<>n!..trt a C HOLESKY-m<'><\w.rrrd ill ""'b",I.-lhatjnk. A7. a, clO'iit, that6ka', a . "!O.."l.trN,,t...7..'r
1Il.-go1d...... nclkiil ekko r tlldjllk m~h.. tArO"lIIi, hila prOhafiiW'c")~'k nn,,,,"!.,,," ortoKonr.li". ~
(g...9. ) =0
I. \
mum _
w(z)f (r)gl-(z )d:r
946 . old.
~n a<lo\t S lIZI\m" (z~. ,.. ) kWkpt.r , poIM..nl rgy lUi,,", c-,....-dm...nyei. K.........tt &Z a 9(z ) fiiggv~ny.
mrlynck g( z~) ffiggv~nyo'rti'kriaz ..JoU ~ "rt"k..k~t jOl 1<&t.<litik ..bb&ll1lZ forUolcmlx-n. hngy az
lIZiik...;.gn. fdtft.o:okkb6l...-IMik M. ligyTlf"Vt"Z<1.t oonnAl~lct",n~
(f. g.) =
I """"
;;20. old.
C<;EbISEV polioom T. (r )
Eat-I. v~kbl 1<eZl"Ibct6i. a
b---a
prObaruggv<onyt. IinMriMn f~1ffi 91(:1" ) , gl (z ) , . _ , g,,(z) fiiggvfnJl"'kk.... ukor II. (19. U..."l) ,...l...tiv
mini.wunWa YOflAtkoaO
f
J
P. (1')
(19. 161'1 )
ki.f..~ ~b- minimali. WgyO'U. ~ig"7Llll parlLlI>i'toer-ek fiigg\+n)l"'kklt , mrIyo-kM g( x) ~ny
(9o . g.) =
il
e-
(' -r/1
(-0;:, 00)
Az ortogonAli>o looIinom!lf'W'
LW[I"IJR[ pol.lIIoCIl
1
';1 -
(0. x )
OF
80,
II
- 1.1
Apprm:im&lj uk Ai< f( II ~ t II.Z 4. III intf'1'V1l1lulDOII <."KY g(Il fUgxvhwY"'l Ugy. bov lIZ
g(.r) '"
_'(.r)
(a.bi
A k~ W'tt approxirnMiOt . mrI~'nrl mrdr;iilOnOOzU'tiink diltzkri-t.... ktIyt.o1lO1' (Pl.odatulo:..t . G At'SSfik Aillom'fIIuj.r...s.u""rflf'k ilo Ilf"WUiik. VBY p<'di,: .. htwm'it6 U<im.lt4i.. foglLlomrnal fottWJuk e-..-.
(19.1 i 4)
normak-gy('D\f't.. k .....
a, = (/.g. ) (i = 0, l. .... n)
(19.17;; )
Makra ~-n1>oOOllf'k. Lin..a.-uww fiiggPtlton fiiuvi'nyn~P!I: mindill; o~iJ-ilhatOk.A g..(r ) =
.r" (i = 0.1, ... . n) hAtv;\n~'ffiggv';'Il)l"'kMi ",'llvfiin;v"'nY"'k ", into'lt!"fw,iQ,. tartolllanyok VllIaI<zt.&>i;ival-.z
ala b bi or tol!:oMli>o polinoIIK>kal Jt>,.pjnk ,
19.6 .2. KOlcpbcn vett approximaclo
F '"
(i.k= O.I. ., 1\).
( 1 9. l i4.)--~..J. a (19_17 1)
= O. I. .... ,, ) !lZiik~
f"ltH<-!dv,'1&.zkriot ,.,...t.....n .. pr6hafiiggvi>ny "gyiitth.. toire,
.. "Hrm:U-rg)'lnlctrellJ,;l.rrt klIpjuk:
L tl; [g, g~1 = [yy.]
(19. 179)
( k = 0, 1, ... , n)
.~
,
[g,9.] "" L q; ( Z . )!I~ ( T v) , ( 19. 100.. )
..,
[Y.'loJ -
,
-,
L y.90(.rv)
(i,k _U.I,. .. ,n).
(19.180b)
1!/6, "/'I,mn,,,,in". ki"9Vrnlil<f ud""lti.. h"nn",,,.l:us anali:...
944
Ren<lsu-rint iga>:, hugy"
:0'"
1-
A (19.1791 UOIw4I~IM~e.." (19.171i) hihll.-ni'gyze~m&trixokkaJ

uokinth.-tiI alakrll bmh1l1l>:
G TG! =GTr .
,"' .I
9tl. r rl
9J.;3)
G =
r..lirvaaz alabbi ilt-
.. )
F=(r - G!)T(t- G ! )
gill',)
g,{;I',)
9,(r3)
9l(Z,)
SOl{.r,)
(,,)
g,,{rr)
9f(Z,)
g..(.e,)
(J~U!lI ..)
.....(.1".... )
(19.1!llb)
H" a hiba-~ minim.lid!. bo-lY"'t a>: S!lZAru.6. (1"~. y..) j>OIIll"ll. AZ ill~ djiu"A8l ....
ka.lma:auk. Akluw n < S - 1 .-U-n:
(19.1112)
Fe tli!.hAtArw.ntt lilll"ilria <'C"'nIrt~r
"-. IDf'lyno-k n-ud......-rint nillOl mrgn!dw. G T .....I b&lr0J

ill. (19,1!lI"j nonn,oij-egy<'nIrt~kapjuk.
B: g(r) = aoe""roo;<l,r . Itt "I m<l,.,..m liDP4ritlI~'

.~ g(r) pri>lW'igK"rnyck az i! "" (ao al
....)T !W'Nni-tM" ....,.kktrt61 vall> "IAA"'" a
9 = g(r.~ = g(r, ao,"l'
.... )
~.cfiir.K,:.,. jt-1OI.i. ~ .\" st.imil (r... ",l (I' = 1. 2., . S) o't1.i-lr.p.v. A
L .lo - g(r~ .....
~ ("'hol,..
, r ,,)T
z '" = (ol\~). r~~l..
, r!,"I)T;
= (h. h-, . t.. . )T
" , ""
" " " ""'
" ... \
"
'.", '.'"
l,"'l
Zll)
T..kint"iik " kOw1lu-z6 lohhdilllPll7M.oo kiP&Y-'nlitQ fcladAtot: k<-r<'SPt~ U I(r,. r1,.

,r~) fiiw+ny kl-plo>t.. (rl. r'.. . r. ffig.
g<'1\Pn ~t0z6Ir.), hA adottAk AZ I~ "'8I""'uyforti'kt.Ir.. m..!)"'k.iJ
tala.hAn mk"ft!"Olt jt-lOk'oot ~IWva" f..lN:l....t )P{rAlta a.tttok.intlwtUbb ....
johhAn f..u.~llll"Jhl't6A;t ...w<'lgiA Il:l: <'gymm."ai,'. . ~t<'I:
.!
'.
f
f,
oI,llw.jllk
(."\
(l9.ISJ)
'.
j..
n. I.
2.
(19.181)
~lrp;oldjuk
A: n -vAl tm.n.. Iit",Ari" prohafiiggv <'lly: .q(ollo ol~.
Iv.
alkalrna<an v,;,]"szto U prflhaffl!'J:Ir('uy,",>(
ut 1>1. q ItpTAriOoo SWTOsmM.""........1 (I;;"od 920. old.)
'1(r. il'O))-
i: :::
(r. :!!'Ol)(a, _ a:O l).
(l9.IS9)
..
" [!I~ ~ g("v. eW

L
-,
(1!1.l90)
= mill'
"ri.. ki"RY""lito froI"datut A
lin..
G TC<loa =
fiiAAV""Y
. n) ""uk.~ f.. ltmWkkrllll.iu.iIDAiizA1jllk. IDl"1~1r. egy
.. , 11) mAl"ti iorto>lr.rk<'t
g(r ..l!) ". Yir. il)
.. """,hk aJAppontlim: eenceo vektcr (I' '" I , . . .'i),

I\;f. S aJ..PI>ontlim: lartm.o fiiggvpnyert'<kck v,'klorA.
(I9.1~)
.0.,,)
lIIf'g.
A niggMIo'D IrAltozOk ""ktora.
+ I ....Arnll g.(r), r" ... , r.) ...9,(3)
c"<loy
(HoWIl)
!i:,v'"' v..gy A tl OUSEHOLDER lll{" I"z,' rr..1. (t9, 191 )1... " ua i's uy v..k-
normil.l--f'RY"IlIf'tT'f'nols'. . r ""jl;it...
towk kullll'orwn"";
,r.)
B: 3--v,;,]tO'l.n.. t ..lj.....upgy1.f'l. pmh,Jil!'J:lri'uy :

g{XI, x~, r~) '" "0 + "IX, ... 'I,., ... "Jr,l + II,X,' + ",xl
A pr6Imfil!'J:v;' uy.'k ('lQ'iltdlJ\t6i t """
..., h"tArm.z"k m..g '
min t .. lj....iiljon.
0 (I - O. I.
f,
au
aF
an, -
F(oo "I,
I. A q(r. ill prol..uuggv'<nyt Al', a.-k "".....i nti TAYLOR..-.rTailill..aril..olJuk. Ehhn ;"TJl{'ru'-lIIk k<'1I1'1Z ",IJ)
(I =
g(rl,:rl ..... r.) = L a, g,(ol' , ol" .......,,)

IlZ . 11
,0.,,)' -
EY lILMik. A gyakol"!Ati f..lad."to!r.llOUl gyakTAn baowlAIt "!ja.rlu<. hoc A (1924) DPIIlliTl"iui!< ~

Ir.Uzfp f""""tokraaz GAUSS SE w TOS-m6d!07.rt 1"""1920. old.) ivuozn&ljunk. Ezt AlTKII<t ~do
(19.IM) Ilf'mli~ approxim*,iiIlllP!Juiatra" kOIrrl~ li-p#-k --nnt allr.alJIlA3:imk:
Az I(zl . ..." .,., ....J :z I(.!) filwlonyPrti'k kin-Alit..,....,... "" al"lilii pr<'>OO.fiiggvl'l,vt a1ka1maZ'l.llk:
Itt
a(, ..
1>O'Ulli~ normAl--<-"KJ..nrtr...oo--rt lldnak.
f..ladat
(19.llljl
hil-~~M. a
19.6.2.3. Tbbbdimenztos feladatok

K~..nlit 6
(19.11:'6)
A m~i rn6do;zpr ..lv<'t "1.Y Ji><t.kri-t. ".Vditll<"!WOoo vf1Jhn mlltatjuk Inq. A 91") proo'Af'-'U"enynek
vanw oIyaD 1>flI"Allli't..m. melyt'ktQi neru lirwa.ri>.&u fUg.
A : g(r) = age"" ... a#",2 EbbPn RZ f'XJ'<-'DO-ut:ul1i1O ~bm Gl f" ll3 DPTn Iincan..a.c ~16
~"mrnkU/lI<Vll.lI"olllh61uonbNI" Wwzilbb" (19.1in) kipgyt'nlitll f..wIalolm

HOUSEHOI.Df.Rmo'><l><un albJ.mawi. unrly" ( 1~.)jll) ~brbb h,ha-~kt..lmebnI IJA A Il~t.
1.
(19.1b5)
aL.kh,,,.n U-1>",t6. "agy P'"lilt II.

G;! = I
tillhatiLr07ntt line&ri~ Pg)'f"TIWtT'f'nd--rt a1ka1n-uw:uk.
Tbhhdim<'Tl7.i61; rcgr..-ziOrA pi'lda: ("""I~. old.).
JI"'l"~Ir..
9..(r,,)
~ {1'J11l2}-b61a (19.179).
IIwu...n RZ I~ a1aPI>Olltok h.. I~"'T'f' !:'~I (I'

Tt'mi""A"I" A tObhdirn<"uio.. ...-tl><'n l>o
G TG:;l = G Tf
19.6.2.4. Xemlinearis nplO'7.t"tf'SkOlCp-feladatok
Gil! :
Normal-.. gy e nl .. tr<."nds"er II" (I!J, 1~ lh)-vl\ll,w"<ij; !liMon k"I".Q:iik .. G mlt.triltot. melyl>c for1,2, . X) a1al-""'ktomlao.t lnlllk, akkor IlOrmAl--<"gy<'lu.. t-
2,
X.
air +. + .... r" 1",!illomprohA.f;iggv"nyrea lIonoak'!O""nl..t<>k

..... !IVall~hll++4~z"~I.., Ixlll) (k '" 0,1, ... ,'1). ahollz") = L:",r~, (:r~l = S. lr 4y] =
= L:~~I r~ y~. (III a L_I1t~ A (19.179) uomlKl-t'lO""IIIMJ1'lld""RrmMrixa '<l.imm.'triku>;. PTJon m"!t"
oldhAtill""l<lAIlI" C HOLESKYmM""...rrel.
A g(I)
945
= "0
+ " IX' + a,..., +. . + a.l".
+ 'l(IIl + " Tr lr , + """lrJ + '",r,.f],
If -" (:r(~) .r(~1
b'~.-v"
" N
~ "'L. .....)~
.(~I)l'
.~I'l'' "
j,,,; = u; _ ulOl
(i=O. 1,2,. .. ,n)
Ay. =yv-y(I. -,!I" I )
(I'=I, ~, ... ,N)
/or<
A C matrixot " (H1.I81 b)-hdi G llIAtrixhoz IUWlll){"'1l

(i_O.J..
,n;v=1.2,. .. ,S)kmil.
(19.192,,)
(19.192b)
k~I'''1.1.ilk, mnikor g,(r~) Ij~lypT<' ::: (r~, !!'.")j

'
94 6
T1(:o;j
3. Az tlj kwliti'll kiloMlnitw:
(I~ l) _a~O) +.1a"
ill, a:I ) EIl~") + 1'ULl.
(; = O, 1. L . . , n ) .
1\
( Hl.l!J:J)
lLhol , > 0 egy 1(;''''''kUz-!'''t"mPIf'\'.

A 2. 81" 3 l..J>i-lu-t ioollld..-Ijiik: a: 1l hfolykfo o~O ) ....t [runk. "" lR)' tovit.bb folytAt_ m<>gbpjnlr." ktl'l",HtII
iTti-lwk egy ..,!'<WOW, lIl<'lyupk konvf'\'lVndAj.. iI\"lI ...ro.c-n n'AA" ke7.df'tj kin.Plito h1kJuk .iO vft.I""",t'"
....to!. Viw.om "11"po'oIkiU-J.*l.rnk<'fM'gfWgo'w1l1lin<fiK ...li-rhct.6 a hiba-~ c,.,5Idlelltnoe.
-I
-I
,
0
19.6. 3 . Csebisev-approxlmacin
19.6 .3. 1. A fe ladat ki tuzese es az alternA lAsi tete!
A C"':"bi!lC"v-a p p rox imaci6
CSEBISEV'appn>ZI~YIIC .."..rJ..,.." "P1""'n'""ribll foIytoDo!< C!'iMhf,n a kOvf'tkr7fi ff'!AdAtol fortjUk; EfO'o:5 z :::; 6in~ulllh"1I~/ (z )filuW'nrt~g{r ) "" g(r . .... .. 1. , a"l kiiu...litM ,-igv+ny
n~ iiY kdI approximAln'lllJr.. ~
max 1/(.1") - g(r . Go.a !>. . 0.)1 'Mao. (II.
.... )
( 19. 19ot)
.~~:!;.
~
1uhA-"'-'Iiltirti-k U
II,
(I = 0, l. .
h)
-)
T (:o;lt
T,{:o;}
f 1\
. n) l""amk.c... k ~u..o...;.VlI1 .. ~ ~kiloM>b
~ H" / (r )-br& livzik ~ ilyo-n kOuIIl6-rrlUV"n~. a.lr.kor "" "lthi''k .. maxiJnlunot lIZ in~'
-I
lumnAk Jo,t;IL1Ahb n ... 2..u.w.q z~ pnntj4'-a. lIZ ('Yll'''W"I.ctt a1k'1'n<Uo pontoklMn, d1t&kwi> rkljrlkol
(19 .10. 'bra) _ i fd. Ez.. li-nY""llf' II CSEBISEVf..... "PProxiInaci6oIMa&t ~J<'1Io'lllU
....., ~ilIO aJt....nA1IuQ tiot..1u<'k.
T. (:o;)
,
1
-I
1\ ;
-I
-I
\
-I
f)
d)
19.II.Ah......
o
-j
')
r~ "'ros~ (v = O. 1. 2. . . n) .
19 .10. AI",.
Ha a [- 1. 1] in!.<"TVllJlumo" IIoZ fIr ) - x" f<JoMvcllylegy 1c-,;fdj<-bb(n - l}-OOfokl' polinomm..J kW.dit .
j',k. "kkr,r Iut." hil....fiilJliV"nyt "lIP' normKJjuk, IKllO' maxlmnIIllIo 1 ~rn . ... T. (z ) CS EBIS ~V-p"lillomol
kapjuk. Az .ut.<-rnAl6 ponUlk. lnO' l).,.k .. I....t!o.rpollto k ~ n - 1 pont ax int..rv>tJhun n.-h...jrt""l1.... T. (r )
~l>oOirtikl,,I}.il ...k f~l.-ll>< k m"'R ( 19 . 1 1 .11-r AbrAk).
4.
19 .6 .3.2 . A Cse b isev- polino m o k t u lajdonsagal
F.h hOl kii..... t krzik prl"''''!. hov;y
1.
AbrAwl fl.,.ok
T. (r) = (u.(nB.r'lOo>.I"),
(19.19::"')
(1!J.195h)
' ( )
r
{ cos nl . .I" "" .'llIt

ch nt. .c z=d lt
hl\lrl 1
(n = I.2 , . .. ) .
( W , I ~x)
(2", - 1)l!"
2n
("' =1 ,2, . . . '1)
R ..k urzio.. keplet

(19 .19l< )
T2 (r ) '" 2x 2 - 1,
T4 (r ) = 8.1" ' - 8 ?
T3{.cl =- 4.r3 - Jx.

+ I . T\ (r ) _ \lir s - 20r 3 + 5r ,
( 19. 1 ~16 )
( 19.19':1...)
(l9.19'Jh)
T.(r) = 32x" - 48.r' -t 18r 2 - I .

T, {r ) = 64.r' _ 112c s+ 56x J -r.
T,,(x ) '" 12&-" - 2,',6x"
+ 16(J;,.4 -
( 19.19'J...)
( 19.199<1)
32.r 2 + I ,
I g(r ) = 2 5fu-~ - 576x 7 + 432r s - 120..." + 9 .

TIO(r) = 512r'" _ 128lJr 8 + 1120..." - 400 ,f' + ~)rt
2. T..(:c) gyo k..'

.c.""""
(19.19 7)
( 19.19'..1'-')
(19. 199f)
-
(19.19!l!,;l
94 '
folvtoTl<lltCSEtl ISV "l'l.roximli.<oi.u.. f.I...latho!" h0Z7.it.t.art.t>:I'iarlill-.<kri't klNl"tot (,gy kapjnk m"K. hll. S
19 .6.3. 3 . R emes-algoritmus
A z a lt.. rn Alb i t e t el kOvt'tke"m"ny.. i
Az H.lu>mAIII..~i l/>Ipl" folytonO!O C~ .:I"sEvf"l .. "pprmtim.vio.. fdadal n1'ffi('rik'LO lTI"'I':"I<li....'uuuc.. kiilL1.
.aAll'uiI.. jv = 1.2, .. X . .\" ~ n + 2) ,"",,,pon tol ..z a S

vAlAAZ~unk. hogy
du\6pontjl\. H.. " prhh"flLAAw-nvn..k"
q(.c) =
L a,g,(z )
(I~200)
L
.'\z.c ~ J>OIltok
Il:Z
0, ' g'(.c~ )
= J'(r~ )
(v - 1. 2.
", ..... 2 )
(19 .2O,j )
...-~..,.lf(Z,,) - ~ a,g,(z~)1
(19.206)
< Z.n
:!:~ .
") =
bt-Iyrttcl<iWtit alkalmfaz"" kapjuk:
I/(I..) ~ ~ a,g,(I~)I:s"
(19.201)
(19.202 )
"" .. wlrr-al]"W bn.lkl",ntJIt.l az ,.Jlt"flllUO pOlllboz t.vtmMk." """v../IAk " &ltM..wk....k nrm krll
wlpiilniiilr..
2. A m ini ma lmPKOld u m"'ll: lul t~ Rem .... llU'r in t
RU.IES ...A'rint" minim41~ lVi l\lAhhi..lt --Om tu.taro.:z"k IIM."l'r1. M~~w.l ''IY z ..l. l (II
L 2_ .. n T 2) a11.<"miJi>.-pont ko...litiost. (19.202) ""...nnt. mrlyt"k
pMda.,J ,.)o:v"Iw.wlI' pontok "".y" T... 1(r) ~rel~khf'I}"'; (1A.<d 946. old. ).
2. M"3okijuk .. lil1<'/u-ioI "'S.V"'J<.t~:
(11 _1.2 ..... n + 2 )
A:l;
a,(0)
(.
= 0.1 .
.n -.- 2) ...JomAl<'>-pont k07Rlit....t. 1""1<1,,111 mint IlZ
h""",nNunk.
A 2 . '''' J It1";,,,,\,t "'lI,(>I,]jiik. Il.mik"r r ..W (0,. a,(ll hplyi'r<' I ..lO) <'sa, (Ol k,rill. i .. ezt f"lylAh'.. 1l.Z ''KYllttru.tOkra c.. "'" .u!.<rnAli'l'u!lt"krll. ki,"'!Jt k ... l"OZIt.tAt Mpjllk. mt'lyll{'k kUllW'rgpllc;AjAt "119.291 if0daloml.hrgy..Jjll.. A n EMES-""Koritrllll~t lkAlmll1.o pljArR..t m"~7.akithatjllk. ha pt"ld",,1 "RY hiwuyo" iJ
itt r... i..... ill<I"xt<'l1 ko-",IW':
oSS
If(Z) -
,....
'(J)1
'j, lI'1 9
19.6.3.4. Disakrct C sobisev-approxlmaoin f>S opt.iruiznlas

A
max 1/(r1 -
oSzS
t "'9'(Zll
,....
= min!
/ (I.) .
) - 1: a,g, (I..) ~ -ts..),
(11- 1. 2 .
, S) .
(19.201.i )
7I'11~k t.ckin~bctjiik.
H.... liIK"AriI< y(I) _
O;9o(I ) lWzrlilo fiiW+n}" hrlvrtl "KY <>Iya" g{z ) = g{z;<lo,a". . .....) fllgg-
.~
. .... jlI'TllI'fJOoll'1'l'krtf'k lll'tlllul<'llfi>o fi"~I1"", akkor IlZf'l,iizOpkb-l

opto....Iu.<IU<./rlaoltUot . kapunI.. a.I....ly miar l"l(Vl<Zl'ru. urIll!llio-ari>; probaft-'AA""'nv....,u;1l R'ucl_rinI1lf'tll k"".....x. f;";" tion)'Ih,)~kur)at0u.6a urrnlillt.,:"n,; 01.timalir.A1;Watokr" "Ikalrnazott n'uuPriklJ>' rnqoidNo.i tn<'><irw"f't'k ,"4Ja,o:Ii'k&t. (1Mtl &'7. old.) .
_+"yt ..Ikalruazunk.
lll<'ly az lIe.G ,.
~ mi>donrg.......u:r....iTl-"
Egy fonwlli.'<lUl VIlgy lAllIl.'C?t.al"tiiAg lllPf!;/llluu !(J ) 2". ><'IA'rit,li p',-i",lik,.,. fiiggv"nrt ..
y(z)
.~
1ll1\X
~ ~.~ a,g,(I..) ~
A (19.208) ~Irt ....k) > 0 eotka mind;'; ~ minIlMl-mo~1A.- H...... aI..I'1'olltok S "".it.ma .. 1fp;
naY. Akkor bizoll)"OM frlti-I~1Mc IlJf"I),ptt" di:'l7.kn't f..ww. ~~l .. blytoDOlO f<"b.dat ~ lID-
/ (r ) _ ~ a, "19,(r) hilwlfii,l!Jl;\"''''' ....;.W>i'rtik-h..ly.il Itt ,Ii-g. "" '" ,q... t<;{;i>rt..kh .. l""k .... k07.. lili....k,1
1(l~1 =
ha
")=miu!
IlZ ...
19.6 .4. Harmonikus anallais
. n) k eo k07...liu;,.,-kct.
3 . ~1~\1nk ~ Ici'>w~lwlii r .. 1\ (II = 1.2.
( 19 .20 71
) -na Ps
"U'ltthawkra iIgy. ~ ( 19 .2l.}- bOl a lIlPgf..J<.lI5lillt"Ari>o <>plit~, frIatlat (1Md ~71. old.)
A ( 19 .20 1) <"!O"'t',"ck 20 ... -I Giomu f<'ltnd! ;.- Iltt k ...CSEBlSE...f...... "I'l'nwullOci6oo-r.........t 2n"'-I
iNIX"Il"tIr,........ + I l~vi'lly~iiltlll.tO
"
2 "'11.." rwuollOlllno
r! minimAli.<o ~t;'''''''""
.... igy Dl"'R Ppjllk
(II = 1.2. . . . S ) .
{19.207r-bow az N-oIiltfrVk r..Iholl1NoA "tAn lineAria "tl.Y"u16d..u."::'Cr<'IHbun k><.p'mk
a1l#'Tl1lU6 pontok. IDPl)'f'kl't"
a:::;:I", < 12 <
< Z, < z, S btulaj<lulIsAAAaI"R)"
~~'ff'" ,. !/(z..} - ~ a,g,(I..)! = mill!
.~
fii,q;viouyt Vl\INtztjuk n ... I _An"i Iin ..4riAAn filggt'tiPn. i...IDPrt g,(z ) pnihAfiiWNHly<'l. ..klwr ll,"
(i .: 0.1. .... 'I ) jelOO ... CSEDISEV (i-k- apprullimacihl (..lariat mego\dA.~ f'gyiitth>W>it p,. (J9. 194 )
~i.n! l! - #(aoo . 4L,
.a,, 0) joolOli" hnal\t~ minimAli>' pltiorPst. AbhAn &:lI_tlwn. hA 1\7. f ....
90 (i = O. I. . . fI) r~uyt."k <IifJ,'t"O'lIdlUhatOk. Iloll altern&lasi ti>T. eIMI.kilYPtkerilr.,
ZI
..
~ -t- t
(G. roe;b --+-
~ sin b),
l.rigonolllPtrik,,~ polillommal V"fO' FOURIEn-;~..'KRP] ktm!'lltjiik . ..hol ''G.a l- .... III valU<,.zAmok A bar
monikus analizis tit.rp;ya a l,r6ImfiiAAV"'IlY '-'tQ'iill!l.. t1'lI,,,k Ult,&h"t"'ro1Ja>;ArA.
19.6.4.1. A t r-igrmornet.r-iku s int.t'rpolft.ri6 ki>plC'tC'i

A Foueler-egyfltthatok k"pl..t .. i
Mivl'! ~ 1 , CO" b . "in b (Ie = 1,2..... n) fiiWi'uyr<'u,I'M'f"
2".] illtp]"\",lI"lI\onllZ'" '" h {tl}fii l'!':
WilY """t{>ll ortoKoll"li~. " hil"",~gy1A't-1I\<'><!~'~'f ,,1lu.llTIItlIAAAvAI ( 1~U 7 1 )_hol Il prohafii~lIY
"!IYiitthat{'i ra ,,,.
1.
(1~).203)
(19 .209)
In.
2.
Il k 'O'; !/(X)<:06bdr.
l.
b.'O'; !/(.r:)~illb'h
(.. =0. \.2, .... n)
(19.210)
ki'p ld "k"t ka pj llk. A (19.210) k~I.I"t ..,,,,, illt ki"".iunftt,U "k .... b. "K)'iitth"li,kat l1..vezzuk lIZ /(I) p ..ri
.>tlik".. fflgg' '''ny F OURtER ..gy iitt ha liaill" k (lAAd 427. 0 1<1.).
950
( Hl.21O) hl.1I Ml.,>15 int"ll;l'll.1oka~ uem l.. hfot. ""lO' ~ n bonyolult ..iemi uton h"'''''mitAni. ""lO"
"1(ff'!1o p<>ntnkhM Nlnttak.l\kkor II FOURlI>R-f-gyiitthAtO!IAt kOzrht~
h.1r.~ u k m"ll nlln,..rikn" inl.-gr4l~ .
A Irllp.....lormllI.. (lNwl ~U2, okl. ) ,.]k.o.lmllv.AAra ..... ~ I !lZIun;\
Ha
117.
II
J(z J ft'lQI;\'fny (ort"k,.j CNlk
r ~_ l'
(V= 0 .I.
, '.)
,
h =
~
\"
( 19.2 11)
2 . A Fo .. rier
aeg komplex alakja
Hogy A1. f FT .. l H .. l.,hM6 1o'l;''IO'!<Z('nl hht-n lolth ""uk. iltlllkftj,lk .. (19,209 } FOIJR IER-e-z,.gt't II
COIlK.r '"
k{oplf'tfok srg:i~veI
2"
b,""ba.-s L /(l'..l sin h
... ,
..
(1- = 0. 1. 2.
0)
(19.212)
font.. approxm L4c-no t n"'YIon-"'nkb.ll't"nOPlmn.-k. Kptt6 ....k kilEw:
Int..rpolkiO
9' (Z ) =
.-,
~ lll h)
( 19 213)
~,
~pl'T'i61;" t~ ri kwo
f'Ohnnm .. (19 212) ..,;yfI1thAti>l<kAl lI2 r .. AlAppontnld"'ll

(v .. I 2. . . .... )
int~ ft-Itkf'lt . Il.r ) p<'"rin<l)rit'-miA!.t I (;r, ) = I (;r.~ )_
~jNti"
(I~U14 )
' I (Z. ) = f (z ..)
2.
Ko z"pbo-n _ t a p p roxim4do
I
.,
'
~n
S - 2n .,
(I921 S)
sp.... iMi~ trionomrtrikl l!< roI innm '" < n .-lion .. (19.111\ <'gyllttha.ti>I<ka11l:>; I (:r) IiliW'+n~-t ,ti.'<7. kri't
kiizo1>hPn "I'pt'I-.xim4lj... .v,M AT.
F= L lf( r~ ) - 9':{ ;r. )I '
(I!12Ui )
hihA-n<',07.rt.iilo<7.PR ;'rtJ.k" minimAlil<. A (19 .112) I<"plrwl< Adjak a kiind ulOpontot .. FOUIlIER.-gyiiu
Mt.-'k "H~hi" kiw...mil.iwoilT.. . ml~riJi> kiilonl~ rljArN,okr...
19.6.4.2. Gycrs Four-ier-t rnnszformae.io (FFT)
1.
A Fouri..r "lO'iitthat6k ki ll7.AmitAAJ.nllk u .Am it Asi i~n~
A (19 212) kJ.pl"',,kht-n f"lIJ.pJl ~~..k .. </i"",krH FOl'R IF.R-tra"""fonI1NiQ\'llI <-7RfiiKl\....1>Pt1 i>o
,0\6-
fonlulfll1.k, l""lrla<ll ,"" "l"ktrnt nrhniw...n. "" impll!;"'''- "" miml.nckd6tt a k;'l'fddolg<y;.Nookh.-.n. Irt
.\' ip;.,n ""lQ' l.,h<>t . ..,ht .. rn"Kf.,l..ltl iWo:1Rg.,k..t ig..n r.....ionAli.""n kel l ><cilnitN11Iuk. Illi"pl" FOI;R lt;n
"lQ'iitthl1.tokr".\' .>Un!'1 (19.1 l1) km~'lftOPrt;'k kw.amit"-"" .\'~ o..wRad""t (>;, ,\'18'.0017.. .1 i~i'lIYpJ. AI.
.\" = 2" "I..>riali"
",ht-n lC',onl"'ll "" nn. g~M,' FOURIEIt-!,..,n., ,InT'l"'!"C FFT (Fa.,' F Ol' R1ER T n uu-fo rnmt iun) ...'!!;i..... ~(,W"l a
"2'-,,,
"wrzMok.\"'1 = 21p "UUlIit pN =

,1Ii'k k'lltl",tjiik. A mel l('kd t "UllJ!,i lrllllllllt.. Lj" !'llll,'k" !<'<!llkdilrlllk II lJ" KY"" R1'pnd jCt.
.\'2
akkoc (19 2 10) milltt
" 1."
4 - -1
iY. (19.2 19) ilt IDPgY II fOl'R1ER ~ komplex 1l1akjAha:
g(r) =
mit
c. =
I(J"~
(19 ,2201
(19.221)
e,
HII .. ... kompk-x l'gylltthatObt. llif1l,pptuk. Nt kor .,z.rkbOl ioo ItIP'llkal'batjuk .. VAlO8 FOl:R1 ER-f"O''-,ttbAtOkat:
ee =2Q>. 4l.=2RJ>(q) . b,, "'-21m{q ) ("_ 1. 2. . n ) .
( 19.Xn)
3. A komplex Fourier-f:'g)'iittbatOk nUJlJf'rik ..s kiaPinftilsa

A ... "&)'UtlhatOk 11llIlJerikll~ kiszBnlitAMho1; (19,22Ob)-", a1bJrnAT.tuk II ttapPz-fonDUlAt (19.211) ....
(19,212)-haz analOg mOdon .... igv a ,liI<zlu iF:omplf!x r-.. f Ot'R IER'f'gllUhat<'>k:
10 '" lif '" 10"

12
:2(J _ 10
'" J(f
s_.
L I {r~ )c~-' '" L 1_'":;
~-,
,,"
J"~ :T
(.I: = 0.1.1,
(I~L2 17)
llhol
. n)
(19.22J,.)
(l9.221b )
(11= 0. 1 2 . , , ,\' - 1),
A (19.223&) kif",jczkt ( I 9.223h) fiKYcloml""",,...1"_1 all: I~ (II c 0, 1,2.

~(asIlgl"1 di,.zkret komplPx FOliRlER-tr..-f.. rmilriOjiu
llM""ZZiik
Az _j; '" I (" = 0,1. 2. ... . fl' - I ) Mtv....yok P~ to
k II : '~
S -iik ~okoknE'k ill 11<'VM:1.,lk, MiVf'\ .. - J" = I. <'Tht :
...~ = 1 , ..:~+' '" _' ~" "'Z+2 = _.;., . . .

(19. 2'24)
A (19.:i23a) ~ ..fkkti" "'.'.miliwo ahh61 NlOolik. hoKY pgy = 2.. oo...a'if;I\gI" disl.ktH koml,l.'X
FOURIER-t ran....d onn"ri" ki't . S / 2 = t'l b<W1Z,'lIIAgIi tr"ll~forlllJV;hr" YI'1'.cthMo "ioo<"... II wW"tk..,.6kt,!-'"
I""n:
11. ) A pilros indexll
c. egyutth.. t ....kra k .. 'U:

0 - ,
.. _I
2~ _1
- " I......,. = "L.. [I..... . + I
'-'2i = L..
1'..
.~
','1
-""1 L 1I. + I~Hl",'~
~""""'-
In figyd ..mh.> vpttiik. hol';Y ,",~I~"'~ ) .. "'~".r,:.
I',\'
t, 'rj,~ l.lll l<' (", (I:Y II"'/.alllit<'uIO kk'Il. hog)' '1\Y'''' fOllt<", alk.. l
IllIl.1.""i L~r(i1"t<-k"ll kj,...hb "".allLltJ~{,!",k i>< alkaJulJ>.:dmwk.
Az f fT fplhJ\.oznA]j.. ",..'V...-tik "SY..... AA."'iki>k. >lZaZ IN = 1 ..gy.-1L1.. t gyi>k..in,k IItll l.. jdon,..;gait "hlUM,
hogy (19.212)-1mn I\Z iiItf<1o" ... lM"kat I<'/,,,k,,.....1.i..... n ,'iAA1...foglalj,,-
& ...It..I II "l.J\Jnit"""k
-ill"
,,~
e __
, ~ . (I9.22Olt.)
c.. =
9':{r J ~ 20,,+ L (a., u. h "' '' li!U h )

~
(19 .2 19)
bl
~-.
.... - 2n. A
~a. -+ L (a.(..... ir
(19.218)
.... J
a. . . .
_ ..~ )
1w1lljJlpx kiopl.-ttf:
~I
A ~klJll fUggW'uy..k Itt iIolUf' rtrl<'tt ..... tkl...n II tr>q>i'-.donnula ;uIDI'nt "" ~ '1,dRn~"" .
Ez ..hhoPn >IZ ew' tl>m DAY POll~ot bil:talit. lUI..... II t rapo'o'.formnla hihftrrndj.., O (h :lo.+2 )
2. TtilConom..tri kwo in tnpolac ill
~ "l-""-i&fu, t nl':.JCIOI....t rikOl" I,,>linomok. ~ "'"
b. k<ru-litO f'gyiiU hati>ll:1uoI ki-p<'>:li nk. il!l"'
1.
AI> ,.J.. hbi
sinh "" ~ (..-
1
~
I
~ ( - .~ . . . . . . . _ ~)
g(J" )=2..... "-{aa. ('O< h + b~ !il.n b ) "" 2 ... + L. - - , - '. + - -,- t'
..kvi<l i:ozuruo.w.prom-.-to\tl 112 ..tAhbi kilzo'!iUl form uliLl. kapjuk:
2 ~
.... "'<i.- ); L/( J'~) rooI k1'~.
~ (t''''~ + ,._in).
(19 ,12::;)
.~
.'t'". Hil """
1/. =1. +/0+" (v =O.I,2.... 11- 1)
(l!J. 226)
hl'lypt t_it"'t. ..lv~"'l.tiik . (", fiwlf-mh., ..._.ii k, hollS ",~, = "'0' akk or
0-'
C'JI "' L~.,J:
(1I =0. 1.2.... , n - 1)
(19.227)
Il.1. Y. (I' '" 0, t . 2..... n-I) crt<k.k,!iszkl'i-t kOlllpl"x FO li lllt;11 n = ..... /2 h...-1.liAAgt", tr'\lL~Zforlllaci6jll .
19.6'. Appmn",,jri,i. kl"'lyrrdiM .:,j"Il't,i,. hannmub", anali""
952
h) A paratla n ind e x ll
c. *,R,Yli tt h a t6k ra. k '" 2l -+
200-'
I. b az clohl>irkkf'II\llAIOg llIix!oll:
.. -1
- -
- -- "L.. I -',.(2',1'" = L..

'~ [ I I
t'JI.,
I .... )_....'( ~....~
_.
l\:t.1/OH~ (II = 0 .1 2.
A lC7.iu:uitMnalt a:z II)
( 19 ,2'l. 1)
-..J.
alkor
(11- 0. 1. 2. ... n-I )
..
...
b). pnntokbM Jp(rt "",lllUlasa./UllZ egy dis?hPt komv"'x fOfJRIERhAl__

formkill n-aYnl'h' kk. fpJp hoMzIl.""t!:u di~drrk kompJooll: trAll-"ZfOltIlAri6nl. foly1albali>. ba lUI .\"
IIZim 2 hMv4nywut irbaUl frI: .\" - 2" (p tt.-~ .a.am ). " fl.'d,lk&I.al. ~-.-r ;"1Ilo'tw,... A? FfT
Mi,...1m~_ .....lllkAlO w,.r..1>f'f\ ( HI ,22'J ) ullatl S /2 komp"'ll: ~ ........ c:<Crt "" Fn' ,,"1_lrti
1. ],1.....
f.
i.
C,
000
000
i;,
LOO
oUJ
f.
OLL
f.
f.
f.
f.
LOO
e,
f,
f.
"
UJL
LUJ
"
"
1.1.1.
"
OUJ
LUJ
OOL
UJL
OLL
LLL
. n - I) i,,\i-bk .u....krk FOlTRIER n = S /2 tx-z."tAAg1"1I1'1\Il'....fonw'icioja.
:I. wpM; In<i,x
L 1l-vi-"
.',
wP"'"
hanna.dik utall
1tf'1tl"l< saamrendsee-eben atljuk
.kkm Iittruoti>.
~I '-lO'iiltha.ti>k oorn-nd';"
f'lQ"l'Zf'r-ilf'll
bil-tiil~1
3.
lU<'I':kaplu.tO. mint ~
tab lAz.at mlltAtja.
""".
IndPx
e"
HII a:r. I. tablazathan Ielirjuk

inn ....
f. ..,;yiittruoti>kal.
x..iltf't
a:r. ..boO rrouk~io,..
dliTt
1/.... (f. - f...~}-~ (V - O. 1.2. . n-I)

hdyf'U ....iti-l<t .. lv~P7-l11ik. ~ fiKy,l<~ul ... ........,.,Ik. bullY ~.~ =
c.".'- L .........:
( 19 ,m )
3. tilb lbat;
f.
f,
"
" "
f.
953
Hajlsuk v~ a tfu<.t:kJ+l: Fot'RlER tr........t"o<lIl.... iOt Il7. fIT aIkah~,,""<l:I
~1l<.I';":
".
:..-
~P = ~q2.\"
( 19 Z31)
4.
A:z fFT vblatll

All: .\" '" 8 _ ~ t<prciAIu. ....-tOft, ( 19 .T.a;1#a ( 19.229 ) szrint a:z FIT IWnm n-dukci6l< 10'),"""-.,, alAbhi
taOLV...lbM f.t,Ilr._:
I . ti bllu:.at:
I.
Jo>"""
2 ~
f.
It
f,
YI =!J+/i
11:1=12-+1,
12
f.... f.
Jt:
3.""'"
Jt+~
1h;"' (!II--'Il}~~
YI '=Y'---Y3
1':I"" (III-Ih,l..:4
/J lIJ""'h+f,
l/'1=Ih+~
1/3:-- (y,-1/:I)...l
1/3: "'(!I'2-1/:IJ<.;;
f.
1/4 - (fa - 1, );,;'1
Y, := ll'. -+1/5
y, :'" Y. + ~
f,
lis = (11 - 1$ )~~
113 := lis + II':
!Is:= (Y. - !b)""~
ff
h
YI =
(12 -
1' )~'f
"'" ,-
(Y. -IM)-'~
l/': =(f~-h)<"Z
l/':: -(Y3-l/':)...l
.v _ 8, ,,:_~, ..... ,., .. -'If'
S:_ 4.
,,:= 2. ~', =
=~
!lIII''''III-"'-Y!
1/11:= 1M +
rr.: -("",
~.~
-"
-",),",.~
'"
....
C..., .2
",,,,1
(k =OI,.
_7)
I'
c"
0,
I. 2. J)
(1!l,232)
\ c".,
..... J
(b. O. I)
_ 3.701102
1
= 8f{.r~) (II =0.1.2.
-O.''lJ710j(l+ i) a a:u11lbbi 4 . tah lAut
n.
3. .,...,.
- 0,
,. _ 13.2622e:1
1, = 0.077106
h = 0.30~25
h = 0.693957
1. '" 1.233701
II, '" 2.004763
'1""
Ib = 3.OM25}
!1'2 = 0.61&'>-';1
!h = 0.61&<51 ~ 2,4ti7-t02i = ~
lh = Hi2IGt<
lh - 2 ,16 740'1 ,
Y:t -
0.61t>'t51- 2.467-102i =
" = 1.233700
110 - 1.233iOO
II.
2.106058 + 5.9568J.3i = C,
A '"
!15 = -1.308-53'(l-i)
113
O.3613~2 - 1.02':.'031 i =
6.~769'2ij
1I -
o.31lN25
r.
+2AG7.un i
1.927657
= O.Si"2358
i\
+3.41l9432 i
Ie =
A 3. 1<,-~n. ahol v-"rt.{>kh,~ 1,":ak"llIo..ljiik a k...-lt kompb-x fOl'RIER-<'"gylitthat<.kat. ],;.ehatj"k.

Wrtrnik a:r. ''lO'''" rrd"kd(.. lil" ...kh.n 1\ pAroo< k l>.4.ratla.n illOf'Xl1 pgyiitthatok ki......llllt......... A
kov,'tk.'?.o 2. ttohl flza than ennok 8 v~latAt IWij"k mrg
2. tab lazat;
c~
,-..
_~ = -i. ~~ =
"" ':
= ..~
ho~y
= 0.70,107(1- i) .
a:z f'IftI"","yo-krt
4. tihlhat
= rr,
II';
.v: = 2. ,,:= l. -'-'2
~.~ "" ~-~
2".
g' t.
2.7751\26
1M = 2A67401 i
1M - 1.23.1700
!tI = 2,1&18% (1 -+ i]
VI - -1).872358
J.- = O.J(i13~2
+ 1.02'2031 i
= C3
-2.467401 i
1> = 3.771lW8
s-
2.10ti0t>8-a,%6833i=;;'
+3.~ijfJ4J2i
A ha rma<lik (111.01,.',) ,....juk"i<".. I'IM.,.ht:i11ta1,jllk (1\1.2"12)

MfA'rinl II~ itt I';'thato val"'" Fo umen ..~iit thlll.('kat.
E~" pi-ldl\ lr/... mlo'iwti II rocmm " "-Y litt h llt 6 kllKk K~t 1<:1.
i\lta.1Antl!l t nlajdoIlMgat. hogy
<1, =
~'{j,,,2~
562
4.2121161 =-11.913666
= 1 .2~1 7(J2
II] = 0.722684
a,1 = O.6161laO
"2
/}.J
= -
4.93~ 1l0~
1>" "" - 2,0 44062

1>, = 0
(10. 2.13)
C-'I_* = f.
Itt k = 1,2.3"",t(IlIAthato.hogyc. "" Ct . ce
u.,
~.
i"$ ",t,.
956
j "" O. L . . m) rfu'>;ponlnkl<lll. m..J:wk....
(1:'<"<"'1 < "
~
~<1I1<
< .r._ b
<y... =d
( 1 ~1_ 2-lJ)
R" ri'otzt.art<>m.\.nvokr...ooo:tjllk. I.h<>1 Rv "'"'11 (r. Y) IJQllwkat t&rtaI.mazza, 1Il..1y.krf" r , :::: r :::: r, t l
1I, :::: II Ibtl (I '"' O. I.
. 11 - 1. ) _ O. I.
m - I ). A riK'spolJtokbMl<'gyf'flf'k III!ott..u: ~ f{r . ,I)
:s
m!\gVfo1l" "rti'k<'i:
(i .. 0, I
, n, j = 0.1. . . . m )
f (.c, II, ) = / "
K.....-.tt R (..\Pit "'C' Jp1wt61'1l ~.n1 . ..ima fdiilct. arudy
( 1 ~ , 2-UJ
II.
(19.244) potJwk&t appruxU.uAlja.
19 .7.2 .2 . K etdimenztos harmadfoku interpolacios spline-ok

I . Tula jdo nsigok
Az SIr. , ) kMdimrtlzi<.M b.u'm.llolfoku..pline-I .. kO~keziI tll~~k~;'~lmGPD DIf"tMw..-.41co
S (r .,) k~lI&Z interpolkx.f.,jt~k.l"

5 (,["11, )=1,,
(' = 0, 1.
, fI , J - O, 1. .. . m ).
/19.24.
2..-\.1 R ~tartomIulymi~ R" ~yftn 5 (,[,11') aD>I>OM.lI r,;vrnI6"KY .thootJ,..,
..ban barmadfoku poI.ioommal. IdaZ iW'7~ tqy
1.
S {r., ) = 5" (",,,)
L L G" .. (z - r,l (!I ""
,,)1
( 1 ~ 2.w)
1-0
Itt AZ S,, (Z, II) prOO.rlqVeuybom ]6 egy\ittbtO Y1llI b! igy 5 (.... , ) fulirAAAAoz 16 . m . n "Y'ltth.tbt
kPU ~tArozni .
3. ..\
as
as
IPs
ar '
8y '
ar&,
ar (x"YJ) -P,J
85
ay {"" 'YJ) .. q'J
iPs
a...iJy("" 'YJ)-r'J
ha
M
fu,.
O.l. .... n; j=O.m.
{19 .2+')1
p~y
a hannadlolt(l n--"plill"""Okkal:
. _~
5 (r .,) -
L L 4o,S.(r) .' ).( ,).

... ,
L L a,J.q,{ ...)hAY)
(19.2:JO)
J~I
(.1') "' J., (.) fflU""'DY"1r. norntA1i1.4lt ~1r<'nd1l Ihpline-ok jdUli.u r iran)"l. p I~
iranyis <2IOIDOpontolt l!IZftm&t 4. NIOID<'>pootok -.l:wo<Inri ....u-that6k. de lIZ i n ~ M"d"t
~ kdo-k,;.t",.n hW>II)'05 kikiite..rkM. kdl U'1111i anoow6poDtok ""u intf'll'OlAri<ls JIlap.
Itt
lIZ'
pootok hPlyu1he vooatktGiwul.

Az. wl ..rpoliIci6tl fdad&tok ~ ll1kNlMWlt B-opliDt'prObarugv+-nyPisJuol oIYIlll egyl."nlPtrPnd-..rt kapuni. lIlf'1YD"k .-gyUtthatOmAtrixau.vrnidJix. t<'hat nWDf'rikU-""lllr.iJcInY"'" k.-lbfotO.
KiiIOnbUz6 f..Larla1oItraa kPtrliITlf'rW<- 8-flI,lill<' .rhlmu"';' 1Md 119.151
ki~'gyenllt6 spline
Aa <1O'rlimctW<' harmadfoltll ~ J M"plillf'-t" (19 .241) ~kr.-J~ je/lt'mes. A itetdiIrlf'n..
,.;0" <:lICtben <10'~ oar 1Df'gf.....16llP1>~kf..ltkelt A1llthatMnk fd. de ~k klr.t;U1 a.ak Jr.""",haw.
"':t "&)-frtelmu ~l. .'-lk>.lnllu< ce\s<6ktolkf..lthrl<>1r.o>t "" ..Jsoritrnl...,b.t akCtdilI)('nzi(,., harmadfok{1 B-splinc-okno le,,;d [19.21J. [19.201.
1. Bernsh'in alappolinomok
GO-rbi>k &!, f..hiJ..t..k BER.>;STEIN-D tZlER-abrAwu.- (riJvi<ksJ B B-Abr1bolM) A B..m.-n..in-fi'l.. JL1a1>"
pulinornot ba&n.ilja:
Bu(l) =
I . lg..n n/\IOII,,j"1Il1. o..w....-n (2n + m + 5) linfll\ri>o !'KY"nlmr<'nd..,....rt Ir.dl m"Kold...-lllllk. vi>lzonl JIlin.l
<>gyilr. "1O'iittluotOIlIAtrix/\ tridil\g"nAli~.
2. A JincAri>o "RY"1I1.1.r.-I"L0:7...r ..k l(>nytog<>hclI..,.,.)( .. johh okla/ban kiilOubmllf'k.
AltaLI.lmlllLZt Illondhlltjnk, hogy a kHdinll'll>\i6e< Imrnmdfokl1 int ..rpol....io.. sl'linl'-ok ""ilJllltA.oi id6.'>1
pont.-llg "'t<'rnll<lnt.jAhOl iR"1I k.~lv("Mkk (", 19y II gyllkorlati f..larlatokha ll ""k"Wf jol ..IblUllI.Zh"t6k.
Az '-'KY iitt lmt6k m.-ghatArm:Wnak "".AlIlH.A.ot.~,llIlikai kivit e lt-re<t 1A.<o<\: 119.61.11 9.281.
2, T..nllOfS;\Orlla t probBfil ggv,,"ny .. k
A ki>trlimc",.i""hllrlll",lf" kl1 splin "'l'rohllfiiW"lIy "Roy poelJ" volt lIZ ugyn ..v..zett t' llzn.... ~~)rM tpr61" .
fiiggvi'lIyl"". ",dYIl,'k a1,.1r,j,,:
.-'1 , ,,,,,
Egy fOlltOfl U'l12IOr-lI7.OI'7.at

,...l
O.n:j =O.m
In p". q,J'" r'J d6r<' ...Iou ~Ili'rtpll<'k.

Al' a'JIIl "IO",tthllwlr. 1I11'KhawozWnAl f..lh_.nAlhatjllk "" pgydimcm:i68 harmNlfoku. "1'IiIlP-in!.f'l1W1liIl:i(maJ Ir.apot t"r",lmpuy..k"t. VilAs"", hogy
5( ..., y) ""
nUlll<"rik us ""...mpoutbOlllZULl ~ ..lOluI)"'1 To:lldPlkPuiPk, bogy 1'1. a (19 .245) ki'tdimc=.i60.

Madat mpgol<lAAA. viM>oAVf"~ ...tJl.,~ <'!O'dinl"llZi68 f..l..datok m<'gOI<lAMrIL &RIIkivrtl igaz.
bogv: A (19.24;') kptdilllf'Tl1.i011 int .. rpoliw:ii>H fe)"'lJ,.t a ( 19 .249 ) prohRf,sggvi>nny>'J cgWrtc-lmtkn meg
oIdhatil. ha
1. ILZ e,;ydinl('1IZio.. inlR~ f..laAAtok II;/. .... . S /. r. abq>poutoltMk 1TlPlif..lf>16 9o(r) prOhafi"il\KWn"",kk..J no:
2. lIZ "8YdimcnziOB in~ f..ladatolr.u iii, '1 , ' . .... ~toltnakmct:fekMjh, (, ) prob..r\lAA'
vo'n"",kkcl qr;yfrtelmtkn mPgoldh&t6lr..
intt~
19.7 .3. GorbCk es felfilerek Bernstein-Bezit>r-abrazoIAsa
i "'O.n:J~O.I.. , m
I ..
.n) i>s hAy) (j '"
fiiggv"'n~k
19 .7.2 .3 . Ketdimenzios harmadfoku

( 19 .2-1 7)
parciau.. d..rivalloU: foIy~ RfOll. Igy bizt..itjllk. ~ /\ kl'n'N'tt fcliilct minlolsimilbb Icgytou.
4. 5 (x .,) Ir.;"~ti a:c aJAhbl "IK""iAlilI peremf..ltoit.....kl"t:
85
f6IPg d..r;'k"lliig1i raa.ok fdetti al'l'roxUll""iora albo.lnl/lll. A 9o(r) (i = 0. 1,.
0.1 . ... m) fiiggw lly..k ki>t lin,~ fii~~kn t'iiggWnYf"IJ<i,qA'ft alkotnllk. A Wnzol>lZOnat--proha-
(19.24!1)
(7)
1'(1 -
tr-'
(I
= 0, I. .. . , n)
(19.2:.1)
..".u alAbbi tulajoolu.a.,'Oloo.t w....znAlj/\ ki:
1.
2.
.
L
0:5 B....(I)
ha 0:5 I
1,
B;,..(I) '" I .
(19.2::'Z)
(19.Z:-.J)
A ( l9. 2;~1 ) ki'l'l..t kmVf1. I~ lliil a hiuOIlliAlill ti>t"'b.~1 kovt'tke-Lik.

B~I1(t) = 1 - I. Bu(l) = 1 ( 19 . 12 . 'bra)
B: 11",,(t) = (I - I}J, Bu(t) = 31(1 _ I)~, 11J .;I(I) = 3,2(1 _I} ill .3 (t ) = 13 (19,13. abre ].
2. V.. kto r Ahrazolasok
A kiiwl.kf"lOkb"Il "P;Y ti'rKorh',t. m.lYIIlk PlY"lIll1(>t.rf'!O 11I"8"1,1"",, J "" :1:(1) . g = g(t). z = :(1), w klnr
"lRkhM fnlll k fd :
i'= i tt ) '" T(I) e, + g(t) e_ + :(t) e,
(19 .254)
In t "gurllt' par"IIlH"It". r..liil..t ......th'lI mcgf..I,J<'I ""hor'... a1..k:
i ", i (l' . v) = .c(u, .') e. + Y(I1 ') e. + :(u, v) e,
(19.2:;':')
A:
19,1j , Sw",.t<igi""k hwczruilala
959
ki>plf'ttf'1. A ( 19. 2:' 7) kipl.t..Ikal111.." f..liikttf'l'W7';"". miv.. l " IL>\IOzioti poutck \"I\Itozt1ltAAA~'1I1 "KY"""'"
ni"n kaphatju k f"hil"t"k,ogy v....iNioj.it. A hiUI>7.... ti ]K,ntuk IK,r"lylWia itt l':1ot.4l;". Pli' rt t .. hat (19.2'> 7)hf.n is At k..lwrw u>mi It OERSSTEISalaVI",linnmml 1\ B-Rl'lillr-ok rL
B~ (I }
I
i=O
19.8. Szemltogepek haszn al ata

19.8 .1. Bchojel ah razo la.<;
o'''-- - -->:'--,
A "z.i.lIli~k.i<"lf..ldnlgn>".6 Mx'k. A j<'k-k3b~! "" Mdolg<'Idf<At I\Z lLlkallDlW.>t! ""fl"'llI"E'!J>ro-
19.12,llbT1\.
111
k~' a
f..liilrt
1'\I&1ll] riigziti ..... iriLnyitjl\- .\ kiiL06j<'k-k. bct,1k ... !lZAmj<'gYf'k binluil< kOdolNoMl. mint hit-o;orozatok
",umalr. abc8:wI~.... E gy .11 [binary .-ligit) .. k-gkiM-hb l\hrilwlbatt. egy,.;.g. Ill"ly a 0 ""KY I hti-kt-I \'0'hni fel.. 8 bit allwtja a kii...... th':W egy""grt . ~.....ot . E,o- hyt<'-OD IAhat Z'" bilkomhinAci6 Ahr""""ha.ti>.
.....ILZ "KY bvtt--bal; 256 kiiJOOb0z6 jf'\f't
hoa.Vrn.k-lni. EY ilY"'D ltoairf'ndf'w.... hivunk bJdna.k.
19.13. WI\-
""tIM
KUlOnbaW kbdn'~n'k 1kf'zDf'k ... 1Pg..Itf'Tjetu.I>b" kil.6'dMt ASC II (A lnf'I"i<-JU1 S tan<1a.-d Cod..
for I nforIIlat ion In \.t"rm..ng,,).
par~;
19 .7.3 .1. A B -B-gorlwAhrA7.o1As e lvc

Adou ~ to'rbrii polip n + 1 p. DIlDpootja (.
0.1. . . . n) a bozzAt.vtazi> P . brlyvrktorukW.
Ekkor~ a ~t ~n.u.. n'VO'Zlllik. Az
ill) '"
L 8.....(tl P.
(19.2:;(;)
19.8.1 .1. Szamrendszc rek

1.
K E-p z.esi sz.abaly

A !lZAm.i~ a ~ tiiUb. qo"uwt kO<vt-t6 hyt<'-On AbrUnlj,.k. A hrl.5sduuabr~ alapja a
krtteJ<~,.......Iv a lw-.. ~""'" haMnliWl.l,. po!._IIir.UK ..u.mrmds1"A'....k hn tarto--
>:ik.
ul.a><itNoMll'Z<"II pnntnkboz boaan..Miink "IY ~brt. az IIp;y~tt B B-r:arbo'l. ( 19 .2') miMI

(19 ,2:.ti)-ot az Adott pontok _vAlttlD'> kon\IPxknmbiniw"iO"jAnak ItO"W'ZZiilr.. A (19 2::06) ~iir"" font.M
l'oIiadik'L' ~mrcntlst.erhE-na
(rn > O, n~O , rn .n~ )
lu1a~l\i:
I . Po P:!'~ interpoW.....1n2.
2. A Pgg P8 p._IP... wktorok
~
P' P,
P
P,
p.
1 9 1 ~ . 4br ...
f(f ) ","nta wktorll.i Po-
A \Am>lRl:poIil':OII <... /l B B gi)r bfo kii'zOtti kapnoolatut a

19 . 101 . Abra mutatja.
A B B-AhrA7.olMt d"o..u rbM. gOrhi-k "'rv<"J.......rr h_
nAljak. mert itt a polijtOl.... '''J.~-..>k \'A\tr"'t1ItAAAVflI IgPfl
<"!O"'l'ril..n .... folyiwoolhalj,lk" giir.... lIlakjit.t.
A BER:>iSTEIN-.w.!,pollllUIJl(lk h..lrM-t ...,hzor Il"rmllli,wt B-~Vlill.-(}ka.t h....znal lluk. A n wgfr l..l0 tRrgnrlM'k..t
..kkor B-Rp lirw l':iirbi'kllt'k hlvjllk. Al..u:jnk "lvil<"K 1l1egpgy<'7.ik a ll- B-gi;rl><'k lI1akjaval, <i., ,,:wkW,.,...mben 1\ \W..... lk""'Oc],;ny<'ikkrl n'n<l"lk ,,>:nrk:
I. A tll.lJl>ll'zpoli!,:ont jobl"ul a l. pru xim AljAk.
2 . A p<>ligon_n.'I""poutok vAlttr~t"tAAAvII1" n _Vliu,. gor be <'Rfl.k lolci.liAAll val ttuik.
3. A gorhf.lIl"kjAn..u: lokal;" vAlw-LIWlti>AAgi~ .... fo lyiwoollJato. [gy 1''-1,],'1,,1 ,.~~
" l'AA-Juu.zok k< I.i'>r<'>;o-k kh....tllt'tOk.
19.7.3.2. Il -B fl'liil tU,hr ft.1.OIfts

Adottak 1\ P" (i ~ 0,1 . , . , .n; j .. n, I, . ., 1>1) po ntok a p,) hclp.ctvektm okkal. rnely poutok>.t ..
feliil..t panunNnvollltl" iultk hAlojAn mint ''''lk~pl)llt"kat k"p7<>lhetiink d . A ( 19 .2::.6) B Ih torhi'k 'Ullt100iAjarl\ a hf,.Urt.ati pout"kho>: h""li7.AtI' nddilnk "10' ft>lii!..t " t l\7.
i (n, v) '"
L L B"..(ll)lJ/,,,,(t') P,,
-,~
( 19 . ~)
:s: :,
/l
tw.n. ill. p..-ben.

P,
~ ~y:
(19.2[,7)
B a ~r ab.pja ( ~). z,k t-lis .. !lZAm.1"<"Il<w....-1O:4.w~ (0

< BJ. A..wn,;.-gy.-k
~ O~" a sMm ~ ~ . I < 0 .. ,;zAm tonrh7Jo1 kPpnik .
A ,.,.-.it.mitOgi>p t>a."".ruWr.lA.....J kal'....olAtban IQ a1Abbi 19. 3. tJrhlAzatha n "-zrfogIa.It ~.....r..Ir.a
~"koribb..k.
Szarn....nd""Rr
Kpt tf':< ""'.Am.... ndv.rr
' \],.1'
~1'1&'ugnlt1t ~ k
0. 1
;'llynit-..... ~""lJlr"'l"wRr
Ti7Rnha toil ,.,.-.Am",,,",,,,,,r
16
0. 1.2,3. 4.5,6,7,1:1,9. A.B.C.D,E. F

( A~ A F httilk .. 10 I ,j " rt."k..ket jclolik.)
Ti7o"" ~zfuu... "d""r
10
0. 1.Z. 3.4.5.6, 7.8.9
0. 1.2.3,45.6,7
2. KOl>vert lllils
A70 egyik "ziu nrp" rl' 7Rrrol ll mA.~i kra v...toatt.t'rp"t hrvjuk k",,,,rrl<il<i'll..u:. Ha rgyl"wrr<> t i'> bb ....it.ml"<'nrl~7Rrt h "" t.u ah ",k, akkor II tf\"l~!{""'k "lk"rtll""",' v,lg..tt a ",.Ium"IHl~t,,1' " l"pjAl indexn..k feltuntetjiik .
A I.i,..... 07:.... l1n,.lu~"'..rl"'ll ... lnu 139, 81 25 _zAlIll'a t.-ll>'t: 139 ,8 125 \0 ,.. 10001011.1101 1 '" 213.64. =
.. 8fl. D I6
I . Atti'r es II kettes "~ir.lJlre,,,h~.. r b6J It n yolc" " . ill. ti :ttm h llto!l !lZllmre n d!l~errp Ez il':" n ''lO'""Rfl1. II p<>ntt61kiinuulvll 1,,,11'1\ k< johbra 1,,'ImPl vag)' Ilf'gy bitt .. (~'l.ortoka.t k(!,.,.~ii"k mdy,.k ('r tCh,!
l>l"ghatarO"~zuk , E .,..k 1\Z"rt.-bk l<zu"k a nvolr,.... . ill.-lv, lu.lllI"t<:o>- n,," [,q,'rb~'l) " sz"lIljcgy<,k.
9<10
Atten. a tit.... uamr ..nd" z....h61 a kertee- , nyol cas- va gy tizenhatoe u 8 m N'ndnerbe A
tizctl n-nd........rh61 "sy nuWk t ..1IO_."," VIl10 IwIlWl1:.J""11l""'~l "" II wrttiznl""""JullOkr"azll!l\],],j
2.
a1goritm'L'OOkk>ol..v.molllnlr:.
a ) Eg k il resz: HAG "8~ "".Am a t\zlolo ,q,&,uwuu..z..rheu. akkur a B
k(.pzi1si -.hAIy .....rint:
(Il
bH.zi.~u.lIZfunJ1'lItk<rrh..n ..
~O ) .
( 19.2511)
( 19.2;;9)
(l9.M )
Fu.p<mt os sziunok
.\ fiXJ>ontOll&H "brilzolt llZlUuok N '
ta! f..l....hdo f-J1.i!uk tarlOlnMy'" ea
,..-Jott pararnM...-rekkd:
(I:::; 1" I :::; '! - I
( 19.2ti3)
.\ ITN'Il.,k..Jt "bra mutatja a fixpontoo<
l.
~razou...t.
2. Lt-~opontO'l szamok
A kbrgOl'0llt08 szarn..braz.ow.ra e1v~ kt't "'boot~
Itt 1e .0,1. . . B - I kt;.kP!lrt _~i fpl"'PZ IAoz a ~bb kU-k,j..-r.amro "" uj tiZiunn'IHkrrbrU_
Ezt az ..I,iArlu<t u. ~ oortlIZf>toMn il'rnk<'I_ bpjuk a I.Obbi. ....am~.
b ) T on re.z: H& tJ...JUdi tl7.rdnotOrt. lllkknr" 8h4D<Ii !lZAml'f'Dd_rtt" az Alahbiall: --nut konvrrta-
.
..,
lunk:
9 8 =Z-I+ "L.,.Z-, 8 - 1
A : AWdtl'HkAt. I39ti~a4mnl
binArilo IlZAmmiL
139.2 69 m",. .1 I (1 = :.)
69 '2 =34 muad 1 ( I _ %\)
34 '2 17 oll.n.d 0 (0 =.:.,)
H .2
II muM 1
8. 2
-I D,. n.d 0
4 -2
'2 muad 0
'2 : 2
1 rnano<l 0
1:2
0 marM I (1=:T)
139 1,
E kite-.o
%_3 .
_ fortiok..!r:M..
B : " Wc:iumJr. ht
binAri!< !'I:Z&mrna.
O,81 2;j '2= 1.6X>
0.(;2::; -2 1.2::>
0. 25 . '2 = O,S
0..;:.
- 2= l.0
0.0
- 2=0.0
. O.ll l ~ tizA ......
a kil{"\'o v,
elOjP"-'
tOrtM
(I = : ,1
(1 = 2 - 2 )
(0 = z~)
(l = L_~I
'1M.
M m.ln ti<l.o;u,
1.
(19.2l.i1)
A h-1et~t~",u.rJj4rt ilImi'U'lV1' kApjuk" :_2,
19,1~.Ahl"J\.-
a mantiss za v..
elOjele
19.16. &Ion..
A:r: adotl
~ t & fi4!.gQPn
r" s I a I s (1 -
N ormalizalt fe llogaritm ik us
.I.k Ennfol a:I' ...... tArolMi fonnA-uAI az a IIZoim E ki~,jruPIr ... .\1
UI&lltilroozli.}ioM f'iOjoo!.Pl k,i1On tanJuk:
,, =MB"-f
(19.2&1)
E kill'Vl'it (l'xporIf'nt) ,;g,.

\-AlNozljuk. hngy A7. .\1 manlis><za U'-I
jPonU<'&:l! 1/ B s: .\f < If...lti:otl''lt, E kllior
l\Z
kor t-7PI'mk n<>rtJUL!iz,&It fi-llogvit

Illilu~. aWtr6I ( 19 .16 . .. bra ).
a lffi<ogopontoll!llZAmok . '-nI' Ith1:" kpjllf'k tArt<ruWya.::
2- ') ,:fP- 11
( 1 9 ~1
IEEE-s t a n d ard A Iel...go[>Ol'tolo 'OZal1lMrf\;o.o! ( wa ~1 alakj.<t .... Hl.\;)befl kiborMjtolt

IEEE-~tan<iIu"d(I nst it llU'- of E ko.-t ri......t ..",1 E I...-tro ILiOl E" J!:ill....." ') ..dja U'''lI., Ez" '......mitog.. pi aritU>fL
tip "7JIhviuIyo,;,iIA<;;\.,...:J foglalk07ik {.,.. .. IOONo;>k; ,~ t..rWu"",,, fonuAtulUllkra. a h-l'1"kilhtikai m,h...!<'t<'kre. a !<7.;Uni-rtf lU'k k<>n'~ rtAlNoAra, ill< e-...luvoonlltO "'lI....If'I.. kre "" .. lci,+t<>I"",
.....--t,ok. mint pfldAlll .. tartomauyt,..Ili'p.....k Iu"'l........r<:. A kll<"gl'ipouto.. ><dunA.br.v.olMraa 19.17 ,- i bran bc",utatott &1akot rja ..10.
2.
10001011:
3. B inaris, oktal i.~ "'" hE'x arlf'Cim'l ~ uam o k konvprtalasa tjzedes sziunokU . A IU'U.,.. . nvol
r....... vagy tif.enhatilfl lOdun",ndlW'1'~n ",Iou 'lZAmok&t ...ka rjuk t i7.ro"" IY.a.mk"l,t MIm i. A mrgf':kM
elgoritmna:
a=
~ B'
{HI.262j
h' kon~lllnst hoz7Aa<1unk. Ezt "i'\Y

vAlAA7tju k. hOj/J' a C karaktori"t.tib.
""Ilk poziti" "rt<'k,11f'hf't. Az Ahrawl -
Mol ...ti7R<l....pontot Zo utAn k..ll kit..nni. A !OzAmitNIt ....\!Oz.f'l"Ii ... HORNER-m6d"".. m:-1 v"'K<"Lui,
\ 1 1
. 11101 .., \ . 2' + 1 2"1 + I :f + 0.2 1 + I ~ =29.

A m..gr..I..I~ HORNER,,!r..!HI.,zht INN! a ot7JunltAA mellen.
A C karakl.f'ri.~tikat. Il7. E kiwv6Ml '111J' b.pjuk. hO!G' 'It\' alkal",....
(l
2 6 14 28
1 3 7142<)
hato ".,.am ..kkor:
a= (-Ij'-" 2f: l.b 1bz b._I'

ahol E "" C - K ( l ~ . 2ti(j)
1 ~ , 17. "torll.
19 .8.1. 2. Be ls/) szA IIIAhrazo l~

A ,.dllnitb!I''' 1la k"tt ,,,. ><1AIlLf<U,IlrM rl,,U flhrkwlt hi u{>riM ...dllllOk."t <'ICY vagy tiihh hyt"",, flhl'Mnljuk.
Itt ki>tflhr""...IAAi mM I"l.,.,t..... ~" n jirp<"'tlM,"' ... Id,~9,;po n toH, Az <>1,.0 """ t l>"l1 a t i,~~ I''''I"mt riit-:"I.it"tt
h"ly"n lJ l ("K""'" ~.a.lJlo kuAl l.t'hA t" ",.Am v{og,"" j . a IllModik .~ b<,u ,J.. l...&,'" kit<>v6 vitlt'Yl,wul..k UI',!!'
f..ldo..n.
Ekknr i~II?. hogy
em'" =
\.
em.. -
2!">4 ; C - 0 .... C
255 t"rt"l{k -(rtik,k ,
A ~1"'n<tar<t-Ahrit.7.o1AAhan kH a1"vformfltum vau ("KY~~"'r<'"1 ">IIt, >MIi.~ll p,., <tnrla pn nt """"'g' 1I" ....go p on tool ""A"\mok) . el,' tOvl\l,hi fOTm Atu m o k ;" l"t<>zn~k , A 19 .4. tltblAza t " lmzffiformA tllIllnk para m d ('Tcit
tl\Jt"'m>t:tl~.
962
~rnAkn'>l itt rovid Attf>kinti",r ..dunk. T~'lik frI. bogy r
p""""",",
~ .....
Ai>"'-z biwkb.,n
nuuimAlis kit<'\'o E.minirnA1i.~ kiu-vo E_
pont.n<AAg
,
"
m,
1023
II
G~. = 0
OJ
(19,2\;7)
ij,
r..lAtiv hiha.:
GpUtl"'ll Ill': ..w.bi jorlOU-kct.... hal<zwUjllk:

'(r)zr-i
~-i
.... . .....(r) = - - .
1 ~'I = I' ~ i l
~
(19.2GI)
119.M)
I'iormaliu.lt
&nudy r
tiz~~
tort.. k
t- 0 -Jo,. cAm ft.lirhAtiI t~ tOrt .L...kj4ben:

O, ~b,. . 10 (Ih t- 0)
r =
(19.270)
lit O. b1b, ... a IIlNltu-a., &lrn'I}'1"ta b" {O.1. 2,
. 9) ..Mm~k a1kotnAk. AJ. E rgi"'Z ~U" 10..w.1'IWt mqr;frl..[o kitl'v6. ~1iYf'1 IJ, t- 0 (19,270)-<1. rwm"Jlwilt Ii.,*~ tOrtrwk hiyjuk.
A ""Amft~{'I"''' "",k -.+go.,.. ,.-,k ~zit.mjrggyool Irhrl dolK07.ni .,.d-rt korl&tozVII VIITIlllllal1t~...wo. mwjl~
gy'I'ilwk I It7.o\m" {.,. .... E kitcvu i'rto'kk....zwt... 19y I\l z I'ZI\mbOl (19.270) _-rillt kPl"f'kit,'-'\ ClIO". ahogy
I\Zt" gyuOf\..t!",,1 iMll",rjiik. edodik:
jO,bLb,b,.loE
ha b'~I:S~ (I..krrrkites).
r '"
(o. bib" lit + 10-')10 h.. b'~1 > 5 (rolk.-rcklw..).
"".az .. k.. r..kftPl< Al taI oko7.0tt a l"''l.Ollit hit....,
_
I ~rl =
Ix-
11 :5
o.s . 10-'10.
( 19.211)
(19.272)
A n u m .. rik1l9 AZam it ftso k al apml1wl f't.. i

Mind..n nnnc-riku.... ljMM mpu111.....\t'tf'k >IIlr"""'t4h,,1 tl'v6<lik0-"". A prohl" I111,k l<'ginkAohh "hool MI.'"I
nll.k. hogy a Irhcg6pontoto IUitllwtikAob.<u1 iII ......k ~<'tI ""k hrlyiillk 'rdll .....uiJ.tlAhr.u~>l""r", E7...kml ..
2.
to.
(19.2731,)
Y>Igy
Y>ogy
Y<\IJ
B-lllA K>I
(19,2T.k)
(i=1.2).
B- I
0.%0-4 io' + 0.5873 11)2 = 0,9604 Ill,L + O.05li73 16' = 1,01913 10,1 = 0,10 19 llJ4.
2 . K ivonfl s Ugyall'lg)' tiirti>llik, miut az <M<7Rad..... " IIll\lltlAA7.4kat krvcnjuk. Ha
1m,
- "'lB -1F:J-F:,)
1< 1 - tr'
(lD.27,j",)
c..
t m,
mln-(l~,-F:,)
1< B- 1
(19.27,j),)
..kkor a ti'l~~I'",p"nT."t maximum , h"lly,'l j"hhrn \;,.,."iik "" a kitrv6t 1lI"lt;f"I.. lt"'1I """kk,utjiik.
0.1004 . 1ft! - U,99fjfj HJl = OJ!MI4 10" - O,O<J\llltl Hi' = O,t~M)52 ill" = O,521)(l 100. E z " 1"'1<1..
.. kritik"s ......-I, amikor a W'/~'t,; IlI!UIOk k'lorlOtlnrk. A holy..k ",",ott "".Ama wiatt (itt 1) jobhrol nnl1Ak
jiitt<k I..,. '"" igy >17. f'rrollli'lly ,,...j<'>kAn ,I ;t1Q'''' l><>llt'-";nlLk l"-"".ik.
3. Swnas A kilf'Vllk,'! o.-~,...Ijllk." mlUll;,.,.w..1 ~7,Orrrl:.<uk. Ha
1
mlm1 < B -
(19.27(;)
..kk"r II. tizM""ponwl .. kil.'V<'I.-gyid('jli,,.:;kkrllt...........1qr;y hdl)'O'l jnhhrn YMuk (lIZOr7A~ allllCHOrtlU'
Iiuo) .
0.3176 loJ 0.2aMto' = 0.07'9Ci27O-t 10": 0.7953 10'
4. 09zt b A kitev6kc1 ki\'unjnk,1l tlI'I.uIi-dlJw: Of'7.tjuk. Ha
~ > B- 1
"" - .
akkor
(19.277,
a t~tot & kilRVl'i ~idrj.l rKi...........Y'I'1 "RY bl-Il)'f'l h.alra v-.liik (OO'IIItAA-tt"Uaoort!,.IAA)
0.3176 lO'/0.2504 103 - 126S-37'U6 .10-1 = 0.126t- IO-L
5. Az ..redmeny b ibaj'" ." ~ aiAf>mil....k";,.. hihamrntt'sopcnwdL~...,k I'N'th. "", .. rrom61~ hlh<\ja
oWI;4I kn--l-kithohOl N1i><:Iik. I ~uu b.-Iy k nl..w.. eoPthl a ..-lAliy hihlt. kor1Alja;
19 .8.2 .2 . Xor mallza lt t tzcdes t br tek i-s ke rek rtes

1.
(19.2i3a)
:51rnL rn1B-u::,-J:,l 1< 2 (19.27,1..)

.... 1J1l1 + m 1 B Ii",-,.,) I~ I.
(19.27-41,)
ubK" rized ....pontqr;y h.,llyd halr" lol"dik "" ugyan;J:kor" kilM'Il~Il>l~(o-.wMjAA--t',la<ordu1a..).
H"
19 .8 .2.1 . Bevezetes . h ihatlpusok
lr -
"~l
abo!
I . OssZf'a<lils H.. E , > 1:.'1 ..kkor E l N" ki'>zOfo kit("Yu. uiiwl a nonnaJW.1.A" wiatt a tiX<'dcsI>Olltol
hNr" vibf'tjiik. A mant;-.rAJa.1 e--..:ljuk.
A II7.iImitll,l;"']>!K1 ",,16 ""alIlolfllm, dvil,'!o: tlKYlUllOlo'.k" !<H'llI]>olltok <'rv...ny.... ,k. lllillt /l khi "",RrllO!r",ra.
mfR... <"IA'I< fOlL~"t f..J,'r6o;itik" kij.....t k,dlk,,, "".AIJlAhrA:lolA.~IlAI a riig7.itNt.t....llI,tArolt tllrt"lJlRIly.
a Kzamok k(tfi'I.. 4hr""",I""modja, valalUillt.. ""Amil('I\i'I' hienyzo kritilu\i "17.I>k.. IIf,%"I'~ hihAkkllI ~''''IIl
I",u. Ehh,,. i<>n tut'K, ho!O';. szam;tb"I'p"u II'n}~'Il''''''lI nagyo!>!> terjedelmri feJa<lllt"k;.t fUtt.<,tllllk, lIliut
amilyen..ket k~zi ~zlunol""""l me g t"dn;'lUk oldani.
Ez/> rt k/ord.......k..t ken rn..gvalaszolmmk /l K'",mit""i hilmk 1..r(}I~;""'t (.. lllt'gitt'l.:"">t, " lllnt.. ml\tikailag
''lW""l>rtfkil..ijArA.'OOk k01,iil a uum ..riknsen 1,'Rk..<l.........i lhh kival"""ta.4t. VlLK..V pHd/ul! ..1O' it"rArit'w< ..1jill..... Uj,ogf.,\..l6<'n torti'no m<'gllZAkitilAAt ill,t/'jl,~.
A wv!hhi"klM"LLIl hib.i.k megadAAArall. kOVf"tkP1i1jPUil'-kM hlWizrui.ljllk. mdy.. kl.. 'n ~ 'ltV Ik>ntoo. m..nyllyilti-g. 4.. "rlR\reAltalAhan ismererlen. r-li8 "&y r-r... vctt kiW...litii ern'k:
1.1~1:
= L o.~l o- .
~BI::
....' kk uonwoJizAll1rbt,t;5polltoo<. hiM"'"
t- 0).
~,
19 .8 .2. Gepl szamitasokRiil fd li>pli numertkus hlbak
ab!7...I'Lt hiha:
,_
~JH23
127
l..rbclt!<ZNn. UODOI' P1Ujc\llrk ...."IYik ""'" 0 (z ., 0, y
r = m I BL 1 .
-urn
-I"
K Jwn.otarul
..
dtll"i>lpnnt~
J2
...127
A kit-'vo bitjooino'-k.w.nla
A lIi&lItu-a uitj.. u..-k ~
DelIl
!!.B-'
2
.
(l9.m)
A n u llak kitor!eM-llf'k .. lk.. r ii Wow LAttnk. bogy .. kril,k'\Il mrlwl..t kM.. ki_liUi!cgcg)'f'Jll6lch....
Ha l..""t.rzt lilY k..niljf,k d. bogy .. milw\.f'tRk""ItY "'" Ol><".. mdl~....k >oOITf'ntlj<'1
f..k.... ri>ljiik.
6.
W>ntolllU.iun kivon.il>.a.
19 .8.2 ,3 . Numeriku s szAlllftflsok p ont os saga

I. Hi hatipusok
A uumerikus szemt tasokat lI1im\iR him. t",l... h. A~ "lii.hbi hil.... tll"""'k Il-t'''w,k. PI< "'/~,kb6 1 tevodlk e-Y~'
11.1, rr"dm"lIy kumulii..lt hilll'.ja,.. T.lj"" hil.... ( 1 9. 1 ~ . flbra ):
2, Bemen.. ti hiba
I , A b emel1..ti hi ba Iog alma A ~Uo.LlIit"tt ..rf'<!m';nynrk >l7.t a hiMj>i,t l",v,'uiik hrm..ncti hib&.llk.
",,,,I,,,,,,t.. hihJi.vai urh..lt hruwllll ",Ialok okm:nak, A hrmf'nti hil",""k a l"'m"ltll ",",,,tok hibajAh.-i1 tOr_
ti'n'; ki"""'mit&o<At llf'Vf>ZZuk a h.b,.r/",I/rl d",'klj..ladaUillak. EIU"'k lllt'gf,'lrJ,1 inw17. fdad"t..:t. "Il\ikor
lY,8, Suim,t6g"pd: htL;znlil."t"
96-1
965
nto'!:oi.-l.il.sa.
H<.v "" itf'rAci6o< mOrl,.,....rt ft.u..kiuth..usbhi- .... hidol,"hlm T..-gyflk.... ki.....t Lw VlnN"sokat kdilllPgfof1admmk.
a ) Hogy " sr,;tc"'n itcr4ciilt ..llu-riiljiilr.. filr.y..ljiik IU il.PrAciOol \i-p'.....k lI:7Antat ......., ,! is vonjuk he"
llIfVZ"l<it"-"i fdt.etcwkhP. (Az iwr... iOt akkOl: j" m..........JtitJ'lIt"&Y l,iz"nVOfl nkl""--llI'IlPt.'I7.r.m ulan. 1m
"lriv4nt pon~ollllPgeem "rt,ik ..I.)
b ).J. r'''z..w<bno'n}"f''k nUIUerikll" ""lQ" p;rllfikll" kijP~1 kn..-uJr Illltf'gOldAo TIl<'n"ti-I .. kpf>'.'""Iyon
c) H.....m41jllk ki a. probY.rna-m.-goklR.~""'1.~,~;o1 ~,,",,Tt lllJaJ<~t. p<'klBul monotonif'ita>.. gradif.....,><tb.
d ) V~juk fIlf'ft a. ,.,;jt<Y.<6lr. ;"'lUggvpny.-k ..k41A;W.Aflak 1PhM.~,'il.
e) Hgpzzunk tObb t<:'N:tt'I"l"pfskOralk. ~!tAAi frlt"'U'kk. kl"Zll<ti "'rt"'lr...k. !'tb. kiil<illl>i&O ""ItoM
Eljiu-;""hiha
191f<.~.
IIZt I,,,..........ilr..m..lr.kor.. hit.Alr.Rl f'tlK, .. Uto1.liuk 0"11:" ~..m.toknil.l.113 .... <.....,.-IIDi.-ny h.-'lD<'I>M' hihaj.
qo- aololl Ir.odatot ......, II-ph..t tul. A !>ftutup!.i hibA I~ n.o--tO'U feWlawlr.nN ig.--u hw.:roI.l.Il""
ritkAn ki,';tplrzl...tO.
Altaliobftn..,;v, = /(.r) Abul s
~ hi.... "'-nI,\t"rt,l-kr
t~J!
1/(T.S1,
-IL,a'
.r~)
a-({I,(J.
8/
.r,
- /(i 1
i.
( m.u:j-a
8/ (.r) ) ~.1
. (,.){s,-i,}::5 L
... ,
.r,
ha/lZ, '" /(z) - / .rl>.r2. ,s~l ruuvt'~I'fl't'. LWWR--lOOI' (1Asd 422. old.) ~ n:-'t alb.lmAZlIllk_ Itt {1.U.. ,{~. kUtlnik06 hrl....k..... i, r2
i~;u: I" r2.. . L" ~k kO.-Il~jdOIik. Itt
kO:r.elit6kti-kdc.D. hil""lU lPr .... lt lMomPtod",lal"b.t "rtj'ik. Ehb..n .....o.-dl~ ~J..m'" kPll
\"PIlIIi." c.coss-r...... hiba1<r,.,.1i-N 100+nyt." (1NorI Illll. '*1_).
2. B<>m.. n..ti hiha <'gyu.. nl at"ih n .. t ib i mo'lv..... t .. k eseten .4.7. ~ 8rit.nl<."tlkN w,lv'"'......k....
i<JlM'Tt ... hfouwoDf'ti bil... ll~~ {19.2ti7) "" (19.2'69) jPlOI"-b-t ...~ ..u.pmil ....I01.....bpjllk'
f(I,)=f(I)F(,)
(,) - ,'(I) - Y',(,)
("lfs,) '"
.,
(W~}
ry} = Jff(s)
fl>1U1 IllfLKMAhh....n d,l ~k.
n ....(.r): !J" ....(,) ,( 19:Pl.l)
"",(.1',)
(.-.1(':) - '<c/(.r) - ..... (,) T f-I"UIIll"!l ........ hbn!I,hi tagok
n(,)
.(r). ,).
()112J:;1)
(J9.U2)
"",(.1')+ ,....:(y) +<....(.1'.......:(,) .(1'J.21\4)
(1'J.~)
E k"pl<'kk "",t lIlUl.->IljiUr.. h"Jt,.v ...1"Ill<'n<l ","wk kiP. ,""Jatlv hihAi ~7'01'7A~nAr ..... ot<'I-t';";IllU "" eredm..IlV
Ir.i~ !lI"Il.. hil"'jli.t ..,....im...nY"'7.ik, Eu...I ...wm.....n IlZ 0...,-"1': .... kiilonWg ...,l..t'v hih"j" ;1':"" mql;n<l. h~
Ir ~I <: 1.1'1 + JYI. Ekk", ".11 r"llI' " h.lykitorlf.,.v....,.;.iy...
3 . F.IjArAs h ib ll
1. A z .. ljarb hirn. rogll imll Az dj"'rit.t;hiblt.k ,,1>1>61 "ll.Ziik..c~ni."'l':bol a<\6dnak. h,'ltv r"lyt<>II011""got ..... w.tA....rt ..k..t nuult'riku""11 k"Il"I'I'l'(lx;uu,lmmk, Ehh61 "d6<lik" m<,g..akiM" hlha (1',,,ld.4o,,1 fl,z
;t,'raci"" dj"'rAAoknal) ..... folyT,on",. I'whlo'nu\k y{W'" d;~zkr<'t !l'Il,i"z{,Cl'<,1 uirt(,nll "l'proxinli",ioj"nAI "
di.,zkrrliuiri".h'/", (pl'ldAnlllll\lUlI'r ik\l" int ..gIAlA><nAl). Az e1j"r';";i hihak" !wm{'II<,tj "" 1\ k..r..kit.A!i hi
b"ktbl fiiAAd.l"niillo'lnlwk; ..."ht r ....k >\1...lkalmesott m..goldli.l<i lllouv"'rrd o.-.diiAA{,..l"1l Yi~"'Il",jj\lk
nmlmt,
2. ItE'ra ci6ll Illod ""e..ek m "Kr<'l<'lo k..".. le.... Hn n n"'K01c\MrnO'gy itO'rfu-i"'" 1lI&ls7...rt "Ikahuw.ullk.
akkor tudcuuk 1to11. lu'I{Y ,lvilo1l ki'l kiIJlCIll't<'! I"h,'!.>liw'" "lO' hPl)'f'l1 m'1l0lrl"". illO'tV<' pgy h"lIlilo 1l11~
olda... A"",,,,h<UIII kntikll" ......1. ill (dU'l'h..t, h"lO' n"m ka[,tnnk m~otc\R..t, l....-lig 1\ fpIn.<i"tnlOk I......tik ''l!Y
"",tAira.
4. K.....,kitesi hiha
A krrcIr.itboi. hiW a ...............ImPnvrk k<-n-klt",",",h6l &d6dDAlr. &hI "cy nWemi\tibi l~ megitfo-\(o,;ion{>l~.... fObw-X: az l':I'<"<itnrny JutUzi>'1 po<.~t .Jkot}.m. A bcm<'ncti eo ll7. ..1J"ra,..bibA tucllMt
" kP...,kite.oi bil.u. hPfolvA.'lOI.j&k azl. buc f'lO' nlln...nk tn6<Ltzft era..'fl ..tabil. gyo'!l;g"'n ~tabil "aY
i... tAhil. En'i.. ilJM;.... ~ ..t.abilitWOl tw-.'hWk. b. t .. l,;- hl""....oo,.. oo....kw'51i-pi-.am ~ ... u
,.".(,kkPn. iIIM.... DPtD v4ltm:ik. iu..t_ oo..-lu<z.k, Ill>Itabt.htM ......If.n ko't. .-trt k'-oollhliztptijnk~""lO"
~t lr.rrrli:itPs ..... rli>ckree.iW.'ii> '*-.... (n"m,nk.. lDAhiliw). ""fO' "" ",bo.wkat lPrhcl6 hibU:
okm::r.4k (w~ instahilita..). ftt). ..uni\AN II.... l'W'f akkor
ni. b.a.. nummk'L~ iIL~t.ahilitA>
nnn ~ h .. t~I""Vlhilil""'fl.il.
A IwreItit"'i hiMk loJWi,. tt'r~, ......,. ...: 'VI1r. IlllAmltN<! ~ .. uooWk ,...10 at..ere.Di-1 fpl 1o'v6 kPf,okit<'t<i b.ibak. ~ l~ " ~ ....lAa..k .... l..............k kv ........-Ir.. mint arnih-I a
b..1JW'rlPti hihAnal ~"'tunk.
5. Pe jdak numerikus ~zam lt..bokra
A nnmmk.... '<ZAmiu...ok <+1.ow...1l ~Jut,jt.iWuuUr prohwwatikaj.4oT Itfoh.'m}ltfo1<h\.>'>l! vil4gitjllk~.
,\: A mbodroku t'g).. n l.. t gy okM:
ar ... itT + r = 0 II. b..... c vNiJoo pgyiin.....ti>lr "" D tr' - 4tv ;::: 0 (........ KYOki>li::). Kritik,,,, ><rillliwiOk
Irpfl..1r. M. hAa ) 14ac 1< I:Jl ~ b ) 40c "" I:Jl A m<~r, 1<-16 ..ljArluonlr.:
It ... sign(It)J1)
r
11) .1'1 = . r2 = (VIET" l\Yokto'l.PIr).
'"
~,
b) A rli...,kt ~1<IiuCtiintl'tni. Mi""i awno.w
It ..rtfkl' esl jO'wnt<N-fl n""l':h..I..<lj...... (It + siKl.{It) JD) <-.-...ght'n .. h,l... j.'klit.4 NliikkPn......!<'t' fp[,
B : Kesk..ny gombhej t{-rfogata ha h
AV
4.. (r +
V = 4..
h)~
-,....
3
3r2h -.-3rh2
C: Az 5 =
+ h3
<
k""I..t (r + h) "" r miatl ilt"n "rO< 'I!\"III....1 O'rrom"ny,~, d. ..

.
ki>plM nl'm t\"luik ..I.
~ _ 1_ "'"""-"II ki,.,.....mitJ.,...:J
L- P +I
,.,
li~...],..,.j,1'S I"ml<-"AA'" (5
1
'" 1.0i667 . .) S.j''lOll

1
,,,t""t k~II .."" fill~'l'I"lIll", vr-nni. Az k' + 1 - k1 -
"7iImolt...m ru kiY~~,ljt<.ii"g (j()(I(J iif<.~,...
P(P
+ I)
"ww'"
966
. la k m ..gszunt e t be. pi'IMIl I. : = ( l - VI _
0: A%
r)~ =~ f,1Q:V"nynolol r
Y }-u-1.
E: P~lda imtabil ....kun: iv ..1jAr"'r. A" ~. , = ..... ~ bJ,, -1 (.. "" 1,2.
cooNn. A tiIrU1 Mvitjiik ( 1 ->- JI 'f
aklror IIlabilak. ""
/LX
- y_ 0
c{h)....
l~ J~ +61<
r..lto'l" t.-I;-il- Pioldiul a.. "'0- 1
'I
.) .I,u{li A!.fJfll"itlJJUl'lOk
= -3". + 4"' _1 (n =
J:z.". lis.,... .
..
"""'ionin-'Mhil.
F : D iff,,",ndAlf'gy.. n lelE'k num ..r ikull in t f'g r AIAsa A1.
,, =
f (r .g) "hoi f(r ,y) = ay

( 19 .286)
..k/'ir<"!I<h1 k'Ywn"'lt... tli!I".... ncialpgy.. nl..II"('.1t:t I/{ru) _ !/rI k,.,..<lptj f..]ti-t,.J ...... li1I a nlm...nku" 117.f1mitA""knAI fdU'I"~ I'ro],Ii'lIu\Kat 1'ogj1lk itt """~l"t ......,. IU<~lJIl1talni_
a) T" rmk zpt es in" t a hil itits Az y(.r) )l<JljlIlOl lUq1;<>I,!,ir< m..ll"tt 1<>gy''>lJ u(..-) ILZ a mq~"I,IM. IIm.. l.,. nem
ill' y{rn) = Yo' pUlIt"" k"I.(/<'l i f..ltH..lhee, hlU"'UI ''KY IJib"m! Irrh.. ]t kf'Z,!..ti f,.JaI,.]!l'l l'llt "".ik, j.;rn>"
.,..a"",rt" 1Il''ll"ld''''ra..,. al ullan~g m'1l!l7~'tjt.A.<a Il"ikiil f..lirh"tjllk >\Z
11(.r) "" y(.r) + (,/(.r)
(19.2Si a)
p,ohafii!U:vinyt. Rhol .. gy paralJJ'tcI 0 < ( m.~,Il;v"nv. "l iv,'!
~zl _!(.r.u),~>\Z
u'(r) = ! (z. y(x ) + '1(xl ) "" !(1'.yl + ( ,/(x ) M r ..v)

+ mag.......hh l't'wh1 \.afl;ok
TA'LOR-lIOrf.JI.......l kapjllk a:l.
( 19 ,28 7h)
'1'(r) - !.(r. ' ),,(1').
119.28i c)
""tt ditf,"",llCiAl-v~~. .t1..td.:h ! I.r ,g ) .., all' probl<'ma u:.egol~ dlwc:
,, (.r ) "" ", .. ol~-..l. &hoI '" "" ',(.... ) .

( 19.2'1i o)
II. o. ultof ki>l UZddi:<aVlllllshi>l korlAtlanlll ni:"....h o ,,( r ) :tavv.... ..dcXlik. Td w . in ~
iRl<tAhilit. ""II.
b) All l"ljii.ru. h iba vizsgalata a tra~ - aUlbilly nA l H", a ;= - 1, 1\kkoc Ill< r' {r ) _ - y( r )!<W>i1
diff<'f1"~k.-t kftpjltk. tuclytwk J>01I"M ~
r(tl '"' ,...-{2 - ...1 Ahol ,. = y(r. ) .
09.28&l}
A tr>lf""aformlllA:
y{r)dr "" "
-t
...hoI h =
h.
.1:, +\ _
1', .
(19.2
b)
"
F..zt a.z1IlI,.tt.hff..l't'lI<'iAk,twn!..In>a1ka1m"""" k..pj"k:
p. +
7~-Y)d.r
"
ii, =
~liv,'l.l: ,
ii,
.. 1'0 + ih .......hMI i
2 _ h)(2' -'"1I~
= ( 2+ h
;=
ii. - ii, +2ii.' h
ill.
(2-h)'Yo.
2+h
(19.2x&)
(x; - "'o)/h. 0 :5 h < 2 .... t.;n ooOdik:
iiu =
~~ ~~, - "' I ,
..!lui
All;' = III fcllM tf'ljfo;iiJn....-ti'o tf'bAl "
<!IT . crkr1 h..h
h1
12 -
- 0,
hI
&1-
( 19.2bSd)
uknr j, a pont .... ~bcn. Q
c) Boom"lH"ti hiba b ) alan f"'t<1tiik. bo;y a polito!< .... a kOz.-!it<'5 knd<-ti i-rti-kck D~k. Jot....t
y~j"k an lIZC8l"t,,-t.lWtiknr ,. f: ,-. ,10- ip&. bogy I j" - Jlil 1< .
2-h
(j,~I - JI;.~ I) :'S: T:h{j, - ,,) ltuatt (j,.I-JI;.. d:5
(2-h)''
27'h {j" -,,l
( 19.21'< 9a}
kOvrllu.tik. T..h1i.t ,+1 ~udj .. !.-gf..lj..hh akkora.. mint 0 ~~u,lJe volt ..... igy "'" djM"" '"
1u"",!<1i "rt<'k t .. kintl'tihcu ~l>!.hiL
Fr lhivjuk AWUb<m ... figy.-lm..I . lwgy 1m '" r.."ti di ffi'n'I1.. iaI~n[..t nllltwrik". Ul<'R"ldAAAraa SIMPSONmM.....<'rt alkalmazzll k. akkor Iti<"'t'n<i'g ...... n illstahilit1l.~t hoannk l'-tr.., tRY l'ildA.lll ..hh..n az ..,ldl"11
h _ 0 ......tin az altalim.....1ll'1l"j.I"":
!I,
= C 1, , -
"
+ C1(_ I)'e~_ I;t
(HI.2I'l!lh)
EILl L..k I\Z ill, oka, h,'IG' " lluJlJ"ri k,,~ llWIl"l,!""i llJ6d~z,>r mall """bh""l!,!tl di lfpfl'n.. iMtallll,-,zIl A.l. min t
emie, rlilfrr"ll~ iilk~,,,,l,t """djo'rwk Ill,,!,:f.. l..!.
19.8 .3. N u mcr ikus modsaerekc t ta rtalmaz6 program kfinyvtarak
Ujo!lt....
= -1-
.... -1.. - ... ' .. rti'khez t&n.
hibftja t, ill. - . akkor

4,
~
': 2: ) ",><'riitli.~.-t in><tabil. H"llIO"lI.l.Ul< It. ill.
hihftk .i . - 2Sc. 103c. -409<. 1639, .. . 'li-hAr l'& AlIZAlnitAN IIii><k&rr .. "" -3 III IJ '" .. plUA.l"fto.,...k
~ ,. ,
'" (~)
2-h
h
0-
Az id<lk fnlYIUIlAn a kiilolllKi'i.<'l 1"'<>Kramm"",i nv..lwk",u O'gylll""tI>l f'IAA<'tI"lliil a nlllll..rikw< lIlow.zr.

tl"kre vur",tk0z6 fijgg\''''n~...kbOl'''' "ljA.rlwookhOl progrllJ.UkOnyvtAr'lbllto.rtllok Irtr<'. Kif,.jl......tt.6<,..k"Pl
fi!tY"l..mh.. venek ~ l12Aiuit6\l."t- t"f"'l'Z'tNatol. hogy a kOllyvW pruw-a.wjlli jOl a.1kalrnazh"'tok
~lIl"k a gy"koTlatOOl ... k>d6 nUlIlPl'ik'L~ f..lAdatok I1M'gOIdAMrll- E progrlUukOuyvtAr..ktiihhoyin.- miod..u tip"...... ""Amiw,;cprc fdvib..tOlt"' hi7m1Y<- kUUW"Ilcii>k ~ '''''1''11 ..->hho'-k........hCCK.\""",rilPn
f,olt,_ualh.w'>k.
A ~amkOOyvt&nlk ..ljAraiu..k ~ f)NIl lDCllt.i f<.-J a Mhao:tn3I6t "" alOI.. bogy '" ~
d...ndOproh1hua ~t ~ d g...odolk<=kk. Ebbrn IlOl': a figyo-lT'Dt"Z........ j,.
van. boc a
r..~ lIZ a1kalmazou matf'tnatilW.lU6do;uor gy'I'Jlg~ .... ~in'il. kazck-bbi inf~
u..nn..
ciUkal boD JIZO"I'1'ZItj.,.
19.8 .3.1 .
~ AG -ko"yv tarak
A SAG-1i>nptar (:-lllllll"ri<-a.1 A ~ri thm" G rou p} ollInerik"" ru6<!-r..k II'oJi>l..ookOril .)"ijtmWo)T fi"1ggvell)"'k ....... uhrutinok ..ljA.r4>ook fnrmilj'b"l1 A PASCAl. ADA. ALGOL 68 .... FORTRAN T7 nyrlvm. A
vkW.t"" tartalolD;
I . Knmpl...., aritmctika
14. S",jat.;rtl.lwk, ""jA.t...ktoruk
2. Pnlmomok lO'0khcl,..,i
15 . o..tenuiuAwluk
3 . Tr " n......... ndcns egyt'nlM:"k gy<'ikri
16. SzimultAn lin..Ari. "'RY''tl],'I<'k
4. Sorok
17. C>rt.ogouali7.Al""
5. IntrgralA>;
18. Li"..... ri.. algrhta
6 . K,;-w " ........ ~ diff......lldlil..!O'pnl,,(ok

i . Pan :i:.:!;" diff"r cndlil.. gy.. nl..t ,'k
~. Nllnll'ri kll.. difft'r" nd A.l......
Il. Int." Krill''K.vt'ul..t .. k
19. Statu.ztihU "d..t"k l'gy"?",,,, r..ld"l~U'~.AAA

20. Kun-d Ad o .,. n'i/;f<_ 1.i<>l\III\!izi.
10. lnt..r!,,,l"";"
11 . Gor bi'k {-.; f..\iil"tc k aJ",t.. iuak nppwxiLuiw'ioja
12. Fii.ggvelly<,k mi";""",,,, 'maximume
13 . MAtrix -mii".. I"t..k. u"Wf"'.tib
21. VCl,tl'>lJM.AmWI'<'L" iltnruk

22 . ;'<.. ml',uflmi>t... n ....t"ti.1.tika
23. Id<'ie<ornul\ll?.i.
24 . 0 1',>r".-.illk\lt" t A..
25 . SJ*<'ilili~ fiiAAV{'1IY'k
26. MItt "llL><t;kai .... ll{'! .i kon..tAn""k
968
19. f,'lImrnhu< '''''d..~"
19.8. Sui",it';'i~l".k ha.mrnata
...l'
1~ISL S~TS LIBRARY 8p''''Wj,. ffill;gVcuy<'kr<'.

A m.zkOnyvtArllk mgg'i/ony<'ko1. .... ,,~.t tArtalnl'lZuAk FORTRAN n nyd....e. A vft;t.1Atooo tNta-
10m;
MATH /LIBRARY
1. LilM"iu"il< rvnd.~
6.
SajAt"rt"kPk
Int...rpula<'iui"III'I"nximAril>
~Al", tLff<"trnciAl/wo
5.
DiffPn'D<"ial<"R.WlIJdrk
7.
8.
9.
10 .
TrAAArl<>nnAciOk
Alap....t.'.braktrriloztikiJI
12.
13 .
14.
R~
K<lI'Tf'lkiO
4.
VIlrllLPria~
5.
C.....porroo. ~ ,\i.ozkn"1
6.
7.
S","~"",,,~ll>oatlb
15.
r..J,~
~uggvfnY"k
MiJ,....v ...t.-1
f'JoottanAm~"" ~l~ ...lrni-IM
iohhdilJlf'tlZibo ..uJiIzM
S;I~-. hA7Ard ....rmlu'>fiigvh!y
t-:.Iw-_
SornYOllltatO-~b.
Di.zkrilnw <'i.lWIIIhWo
W , MlW'm.tikai ~0z01r.
11.
C1Uldc-r-
\'~nl~ ....~k
~ ..IlIpr'itlllUlllOil:
h ..
3.
4.
5.
9.
Dr--l-fii!:R'....Y"k
K..lvinftl~Pn~ k
u.-I -rn~y k (tOrt ",n.hi)
W.........tr __ ffI.. ..llil'tiklJ.'< fiiAAYfn....k
10.
K'ilo"II07.o n'AAVi'ny..k
E!Pmi fiiMv+n)..-k
6.
lhgooolllf'trik'ItINo hip"rholikUII
7.
tliggvi>n....k
F..xpon..~ciAli.. fijAAv;'Il~...k
G1lOl1l\ll.-mggv'uy,.J,;
8.
Hiha-fiiggv"n)~'k
19.8.3.3. FORTRA:" SSL JI

At SS L lI- konyvt Ar (Sd,'''' ih.. Sllhrollt illf' Lihr.vy II) FORTRAN 77 n~...IV('lllrt alprogr..mobt tartaIJ""". A """I.. t< .. \.MtiW:.m;
1. l.in"Ari~ .. lg..hr..
6. Tram<zfonw'ciOk
2. SajAti>rtjok,k. ""jilt""kt<,,'ok
7. '" lllllm..rik"" diff"Huci,wo,. (." iu!.<-grfll""
3. N..mlineAril'l ''&Y,ul,t..k
8 . Diff"n'ncial"IDwlll.'!.<k
4. S"-',l..ri<'rt<k,k
9. SJ'f'Cialis fiigg""nyck
5. Inl"rpolli,..,j(, i... "1'IIl'JXimt,,:Lf.,
10. P""..."do-v{>l"t!""S7.amok
19.8.3.4. Aachcni kon yvtAr
,""pj"" Ullllll'rikll" lllat,",,,tikA,,ak. G E!'iG~; LN M OLLGJ,;S (A""h..ni ,.,....k

I.lldnmAuYI [,il.k"I,,) i" F REUTTER (iUlaju"- W.. l.f" li" ~f \i~zaki Foi, kola . Aa..h..n). ,;,h,,1 ,..jot.t kl'I"
I"l,gyiijt'>llliny". E~" k<">nyvtAr ... BASIC. TURBO BASIC, FORTRAN 77, PL/l, APL. C, MODULA 2 PI<
TURBO PASCAL ny..lv..k'IlI",,-tik, A vA~IIll< .. tlUtlllolll'
AI. Aach ".ni k ony vtAr
1.
2.
.., 19. 5. t ilblhat mutatj.A ... nuIJlf"rik,,~ 117.Ami~ ~}pI6PijArNookat:
V~gt'neri1ntok
SF U N , LlBRAR'f
1.
2.
alkalmaza."il
" ,.bthnn;otiu kompulf'l"-algphrJI......o...cr tarWll_ ...1'......" 1'-' ..."drlkezi.k !OOlipj,. 1D31..lt\1llikaiMa<!.ol.l nurrwrilrus <IK."flO~ EkDo:l>P1l a Mathnn;otiu ..1j/lr;m6djll ~ ruJ... " !<f.i.rub<>lik,,,, !l7,AmitAAok ......u-ben. A Mathematiu hizonyoo.. ..!o5r,' 1I1l0ghatAr0znu r1_k IIVTint a V~I fiiggwny"bOl
~klist&1 Ad llgJoaniJK.v. mint gNilrus f'ljMMokMl. n. C'ZL'kb61az kti'b-kb61 w.tAruaa Illf1l a mindffikori IIlf'gnIdA~t. Mi..,,1 a r.'lluw.n4It pontolt..-duM IlWl<lic~. ~. fiiu;vfnY'kue!. ~
1fvhM.D<"k f.t A M"thnn;olia ugy>on Itt 111 tnf'gk&<kli at ~ ~ . bngy. ~rnalikll5 b<'1)"f'kf'll
00vdi.lIZa1a~ 1I'riun.a1. de ~ hialnyoo tArtomanyukbau f.-l k<-U t<"u-Inni A fol~. III
Icl>rt.az~yhI f,.11PpO hilM oUt Ju.....-i. MindPn --"bru mlnn... .. ~I ohjo>k-tumrc'J1 tnineI
IObb kvalitlltiv informAciOt hq:yUjtew.'" bA \<'hoot , I<'c..labha frIadat rktl\rtl>l'Tlill1yail"", ,.-..imbolik,1l'
1fl.6mi~ e1WgPZlli.
YE'ktor b matm-lllli....lrt..k
10.
9.
rl"IlIISZPT('k
;';PTD.IinfoiIri..~k
It-ocI;u-k
1<liilu>LD&ID
KOVN"ianria- ~ ru~
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19.8.4. Seamrtogcp-algebrai
0l'titnali-d];;~
16.
17.
18.
19.
IIJ,."z~
4.
19.8.4.1 . Mathcrnarica
STAT / LI BR ARY
1.
2.
3.
:-;emlin..Ari.~ pg).. nl"tr<'IllI

k
Matrixok ""jAtkrtfk,~
j .. tVt'ktorai
5. Liu......ilI ko Il<'mlin<'AriI< IIpl'l'OXlmA<-i<J
6. PolinolIli.ti.li.~ .... "";"nAli~ inwrpow:iO. vooht.Inint pnIinnm- ~plill<'-Ok
1. .'iwU"rUWl difl"wnciAIM
8 . "'.w>erikll~ inl<>gri.1No
9. Ko-~ difJ...... nci~tek IF:<~tiforU-k pmhli-mAi
1O. K~ .-liff...-..nri~llk-teir. I.......molrt/>k prnhli-ul4i.
3.
19.8.3.2 . lMSL-konyvt Ar
Az I lIolSL-ko ny vt a r II1It.>n",tinn..:J :\ !sI, h" lllat i<Ill IUKi S t"ti~l ical Library) hamm. "'IlYfflAlwoAl """,.
""",h>ul/otUlt rfw.b61 .oJl:
L\tSL MATI! LIBRARY AlwAIl'" 1I11\1~nw.ikai rljariw<okra..
1~ISL STAT LlBRAH\' ~tAtitozlibi I'rohlpu.w....
2.
3.
4.
969
N''l"li'''',;,ris "" sl"",iAlis aljl;..hr.u "R,V.. uletek m.gnld&Amut moo"",,-,l"t'i

Lin"Rris ''KY.'"I,t"'n.I~1,,,r..k m<'g<>ldlw'lnak dir<'kt'" iteratlv m&ls"..rci
IIntegrilU
hAlArtIzott in1<"RTiUukat orU>moI
,,~
E:', 1 (1 ) ~,k.tIlZAnIOl
IIProduct
"""'I7.Atokat~
ISoin
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.-lilf~nl<t<It<'I old l1l<'8. nulnf"rik'L.......
"l'O"':tII..tdwl old IJlt1I: nUm<'rik,,,",,,,
,=
A M~them~tiot hMnditftM utlW IU<VI""ik a .J'romt" In[l j

kijelzi-o<. Vl'Ig)';" A l'<'fld..ur k......,...n.ill"
lwvit"I ..... A7. ..lAO bcvit.-l ulAn" lll.-gf..],.J.'5 ........ lminy j"It, Outill. Alt,aJfuloo;an, .. ~...r ~ Inlnl :=
;..1Ie11wul0.-l0 ...rokha u-juk I.... A Vl\.INlUlIuot" M~them~tie~ "" O"Ilnl j ..h'l...rokhau ...Ija 1Jl<'I;. A kift'jo.-""""kben &l1{>p6 -> nyil pduaull\Zt ;..],"ti: hrlyMtnQl><iik I-be lIZ fll'rt"k.t.
1. G orb.. iIl<>s,.t........ int..rpolaci 6ol m{",iHz..r
1. I . Gorbeillesztk : A Ipgki.....hh m"IC,7,M,.k lll.... """lh..1 (INorl 40::;. ol.-l.}'" di"",kn't f"ladatokra a
kiY~.i-I.b<-fJ vPlt approximArion,;,1 (lA><d 9,13, 01<1.) >\ r-.bthem;otic~ v,oltf<'h>\jtja il kiv,a",.~lnrtniAAY{>Il)"'k""k
lIZ ,..j"llIalmazra i1ll,,;~tl.,..'t. .'1.1. altalA""" Ill;u<it"",
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Itt y.. k "z atlatlist.... /unkt aeon ki,AIa.<7.t"tt fii!Q!;v,;"yck lisl.Ajll. melvok..t "'l'0ntokrll ...karunk ill""".t.eni
;.., I a fii!Ql;Vl'uy"k fiiggetlen Val107.oil",k tMI.<>lIlH.ny>\, H>\ pI. lunkt-ha ""I 'rjuk: Tablerr'i. {i. O. n}).
IIkk<>r n-,~lfok(j polinom ill.... zt.......-t h...jl.jll v,08"''
L<'K'>~'lt atlott "" alAh!>i ,,,l...tli.~la:
Inl ll := I = {1.7()().l5. 12~Z:i. 06.1-8803.(), ~23H9. 02491191.() 160321.0.08&3432.U.0570776.
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A muuerikus inu-grAlA>- .h~ lIZII llt egra.t e 1It&siU",,.zoIgAI. E1;all inu-,;r.u.nd6 fiigvi-llyr<' ...Ion
..rl~tAi mfu;.kepp..11 <Wgr.ik. nuut a az.i.mi>olikw;~. NkWcklt aIljon iu ko't impropi"'"
inu-,;ral (JiI,d 400. okl.) kiszAmitAM..
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"I
kcJ.,;.",. .. vaIOd.i rngK-
..... nY"k~ IwoooI6an t.Ort.t'lIa. AJt. U1WUtat4o< 1~Hi_ tAbl.&za1 UIlUJrl'\AU.ll. InlJI = Plot[lnterpob.uoD.[l},r). {r. I. 101)lUlja.. 19.19.b .. brAt liotbAw. h<>RV" M~t Mm.tiaI
U; ,.."'tli~Wa pr<"f'fz= i!k-szkrdIl r.~"";'llyt Mott_
.1
e
1
A
"
I,
T
lDterpolation!b" 11:- . J]
.... II< ertiolwkb-I.-gy k...""itdmQ:v"l1y kf.J>i"t .. mindfollkori

.1', _ i eg""z "n"kPkrp
Interpolation~{{Il.y,}.{II . .Y2}.
.}] ~ (r ,. y,) polItoha km.dit6fflAA'"kIvt k"J-
2 . P olinome gye n lete k nume ri k UII m .. goldlula

A ~1"'THEMATICA "l'oliuumok gyi>kpit nll""'rik"""n mf'jl; tlldja batilfly~ni (1;'",,1101 1 ,,1<1,). E ITPS?.nlgA!
~ NSolv e[p[xJ == O. r,>1] lIl....iT.AA. 1\.1>,,1 n /I ..,.illnfliwlkivant J>Ollt'lAAIiliti,t Aollj1'l1l "'I{. H" n i" ti-kd d
IU'IO'juk.ll-kk" r gi'l'i ponu-Agg...:J "AAnlol, ~lill<!ilit /\ " "!\"l rlA.",,k t<-Ij, ...h" lm""Jit kIIl,j'll.. a7= tJl..-lfokll
1~,lill<>llL .,..'I.~tl m gyiiki>t,
l ull J := NSolve [.l'" ~ 6
+ 3r~2 -
"
~tIJI'Jlill!\ .I".. In
1.- of I'",.:i,ioll. A..bi"VMII,,ith"l tl", l'f"<J"""tod
P rw:i. ;"nG ",,1nor A,~nr",yG""I:,,,sl ....t
abra.
I
A
= to).
boc- a f,-lAA""ny "'" r = 0 ho-IY"'ll nem
!otytonu< .... VlOJ....~1vm

...b them;otica a prob1+"mAtiklllO tMtolwWyl..... "'" alAppontok ,""..\milt ,.ow-Iie. igy a"':t>llwWoih"I}'f't lll+"gWAlja. lkwnyo<~pkhf.n """"1I1wWlllegu.,J,>hM, bogy itt
hihJu< vft.11lI<7.t kapw,k. A M athemat ic~ " lIulUprik'L" intcKrA!a.-nA! bizollyoI'lnpri"Iu.l .,lore l:w-31lit, rrwly
IIPAl1!tMnk "KY"" ~pt'CiA1j" _,tt>kn' lWIll lllPgfPlpltiek. t RY ""MAul a "i.~.curS1 on "' HuRecuui on
1.......\llIf>t ......k.l\Lal/\ r" klll7.iiloo 1.p......1e minirnelis. ill. maximAl'-"!r&Ama. rn,.,lyt'kk,la Mat~matica proDklll>ltil.'l~ I.artoma.nvok,, " szAmoI I\lJntt.. k. (-rnkiik mindig 0 Ct< 6. II,. nPk"t m..g"m ..ljiik, ak kor II Mathematin la."AAhhlln \11'0 '1111.
""kkni joh!> "r<~ ltn'''l}"{' kN .1.01gllltat,
Inl31 := Nlnt egr a t .. [Exp [ - r~ 21 . {.r. -lOIlO. l()(J(J}]
A Mat hema tic a nem k~p''''' ;l:'. l' '" U l~!llthm, " h,'KY''''' maximumot ',"U-'V! lllli. mlvel "" int" !\r{",i (,,,
t.....torn{my lii l n" gy. "" II wila._"",
NIllt"g llloW: :ploo.~'
== OJ
'>.Il" uf til<' f"lloo;inll:hiltbly Q.dll"t.ory int.,,;rand
or thr tm.. value "ftlJ.. illtpgr...:J ifI O.

OutlJ) = 1.3494610~
,.Jo,J1U..
2. A :\I.. t he rna t ica interpoilld o
<'I"'OlIUtnNl.
M~them~tiCi fdiau,,'ri.
"fro' 1iK""'lmczWt. Ez aZZAl fiigg~. twgy a
" B prlda.lww a
pont.,kr.. <"Z A RliThe u-ljeso.l1 ki('~itll. A ].>OlI1.ok llZel-.u< rugg'''fony TAYLOR/IOrAnak .. 1IoIl ni1o' ta!tiab61
~Int<w.. te.unum: In~ C.. mplexlnfinitv ill nol nwnffl(oAlIlt{.r1
,I,
b)
N u me rikus int eg rila...
H" \'lI<Wnt Ill; llt.lL'li1.Ji..<:t kih'kitjiik:

IU[4] := I I ntegr at e Exp - Jt2.
Aklwr bopjuk;
O"tl~1
(.1'. -1000. 1000)
Minll.ecuU i on - > 3.l'laxR.ecu rSlOll -> 10).
I.mn
U&)'IUlIlZt "" .......tmh:Iyt. ruiut A:iI uto""" I""kWww kapMijuk a kib6viU'1.IIItN<.i~:

IlIntegr auJun. (.I', .1' .1'1 ,.1".
r ,,) 1
( 19.2'JI)
lIt A:l; illtpgrAl ai>;Ok- f..1M haUrin leivill az intf'grilciOo< inkrv.oJh>mOll todhbi r, pootobt ad!Iatunk
u"'C. IDf'lY"'k a prohlPmAtileu.. WtoUl4.nyt "zt1kftik .... pontoMbbrw llZAmolnAk,
-I.
Di lJeN"ncialegyenif.tf'k n UlIlf'ri k ulI m egoldasa
KiiWwoi'll'-'"' dilferelK~wk \I"lQ' .WlcrenciAlpgyniPt-rrndK&t>rck llIUlK'rikUIIllll"p;oltLWwAIa Mal

I>em~tiu lIZ rrcdnWn~..,kM O'gy Interpo h t ingFun cti Qn--PljA:rM fr~va1 Allitj.. d6.lgy I"he--l-ffi.,I VlOJik. ho,;y "'" int<IV1L1I11Jll Ipt/lZiil.,t.... pontjalwuJ A RlllllPTik'lll nll-~"I,1Aoo "n;;kM. lIle,ll,!",wmzuk
Vll+l;.V" m<"lloltla..gijrbt't AhrA7.oljllk. A l'1\RYMorihh nlA.<ftMnIu.l a 19.7. tAb lAza t lI\utatja.
Ol<ljuk lll''K IIZt 1'1 rlilfpl'Pn"W ''lO'.'n l,ot<,l. llI<'ly "KY nche-~ t.....t InuzgWt lrj.. l.. "lO' ulyan km-Rghen.
abol .'lrIMM ill VI'IIl. K~trli m.n7.i,," .....thPn a mm:!\AArl{Y<'uld.ek;
i=-1Vil+iri,
ij=-.Q-1Vi 2+V!.y.
A "llrl<'>cl""t itt /\ >lCh"'....,gg..1MflnY'''11Jl.k tctelezzuk [PI. Legye n 9 .. 10, 1 .. 0 .1 lRY M r(O) = y(O ) = U
(.,. ,;'(O) = 100. li (0) = WO k+>~~\" t i ('rti'k "k kd 1\ kovetkezd h..vit<>lt Irjuk rd .. IllwgAAPgy<'nIPtt>k mCl(ol.
o!il.ItI\rll;
Ontl IJ'" {r-> - IU7432}. (r-> -U.8672(;2 - l ,15292I }. {r-> -0,X67262 + 1.l :':l92I} .
1111 11 := dg = NDSolve [{ r~ ltJ == -O,ISqrt[r'[t]"2
{r-> 0l!67'.?62 - U :.m I }. {r-> 0.1:'067262 + I ,J:':l92 I }. {r-> 1.07432}} .
-O.ISqrt~I'lfJ"Z + V'[t] "~l v'[t l,r[O]
+ y'IW 21.r'[tJ,y~lfl == -10
== y!Ol == O.x';OJ sea l OO. lt' [O) _
2001,
19.8. S: ,;" ..1ogi pd , h""~naiat,,
972
973
so
I e ....r. kOzOUi 1.aI1.oiillwyban ..djll II
ditff'T1"llriAlf'gy<'nlf't egy mun..,ikUl< IlJ'W'I,I......t
25
lUi
1D.~ .. rpolUingf\llIet1OIl [I...I,
[.lJ
Plot :Ev&1uau[w[rl/ ~.'n . {.r,Za. .... J]
az
..
ponthf'li mpgol<lAst 1Idj3
n~ldAAt
Ahrfur.olja
20
te
to
5
{z Ill. {1 .ISll
05
" Mathemuica II ~..I<-1I5int~ ffigvkly ~vaI.val-.<ol:

Out[ll "" {{z-> IllterpolatlnV'unetiOll. [{O.,15 .}. < >]
t.s
25
b)
.J
1~.20.
Ahra.
s -o- h1ta.rpobuq;f'uA<:t1onj{O. 151. <> } I

A megolda.l az
Inl21 .= Pu_tncPlot i{z t .11 t ) f. dg, {t, 0, 2}.PlotRanga.-> A l1~
ul.aolit.iltoBal mint puunk"",, flOi'hk Ahr4zoIju k ( 19. 20 '- b ra).
IIOSoln opciO.k~ llOtlllIIat3t t.)({ja PlfnllN fni, 1Jll"i~ az ~ny pou~t bPfoly.v.oljAk.
-\1; AccuncyGoal utuilAlwlJ ~ ~IM.ljllk" Dounm.k.... mt'KoIdao.MI .. """"",itNli fl'O<l~
AJta1aban a M.1I~tic.1 a pmOlrmA1ik.1>O tArtom&oyuk ~ df~""t6An rti"Moli ItlI A1AI'[>OP"
t<JIF: oWnat.. Ez viIolcont a llai,,u lMitUnk kom~bmII ~t.art.a1o<kkiJno,ni~ W"7.I"th<ot .
llY"' ......t dtbeD ~ van .. a KuStep. ~ ~ Io'-~ ..lOirni. KaxStep.-f't
~k-n"' ...... Jo.hct a1lltAni.
A rOUCAULTr"lrinp.dilf~I.-i;
i (t ) ~ .Jr(I) = 2Ilj(1 ) . ;(1) t " " r(f ) '" - 211*).
H.. ,., = I . 11 = oms",,, kf'7"""i &lU'trl..k z (O) = 0 , r(O) = IOr(O) '" 1O . r (O) _ ; (0) _ O. akkur II
~ I no lIZ M'O'dmmy:
10131 '". "'13 = IlDSolvel{z ltl == -rlt, -+ o.05'lt].y"'t] "' = - i t" - O,OSr"(
rO] = = o,YlO' == 10. r IO] =
,[OJ -- O) .{r.r}, {t.O.40}]
oul131 '" ({r-> IllteI']XIhtlngFIUl<:tion llo. , 10.) . c c-].

,-> IllteI']XIbtlDgFIUlCtiolll{O., -IO.} . <> l}
10141 :"" PUUI.t ri<:Plot [{r itj, r[t"} /'dgJ. {t, O.40}. Aspe<:tRatio - > (
akkor kApjuk .. 19 .20 .b Ab r AI .
19 .8 .4 .2 . Maple
M apl~ R7.... mlt6gi-p-"'g..ImJ tl"l1rwn is.." ...,kfr'le mat ..matikai fdadl'ltot tud lllf'gol.-ll\lli 1\ 1""'pit.. H
kiYl...liM ..lj&rAAok ....glt.'*'g{.""l. A IOU\.w(ta..ok",il .. liz.t'<!""I", Iy<'k S'~iik""!,:r .. K7.amAla Digi U glnhAliK
VliJtoWvaI iIllitl"otjllk I... wt..wI.'W... 'H'. An a ~i><=llt min.-ligiigydni kdl, hOg)' nd ,.... <'t,...k ti 1...';'1\(.
tAsnAI nllgyObhr.. ~,"""ztottuk. "kko, ,.~ a ,dUlllt""i wi.. """,!,: rov'''''''a lortCnik.
1. KifejeztoMk t>ll f(iKKv"ny..k nUlll e ri kuH k iszamita.a
A Maple imllt"INI uLAn rn<ltid'llik a ,J'r<>tlll't" > , ami ""t muth tjll . hogy " nmdS7,f'r I>e~i t.,'ln' ~A1 A
I>..~ild .... all " ...... lmr"y kilr"" " gy",kr"n ''ll}' ",' rhan j..l..nik meg . _ tl" g r>gy __ n}'f\np"rll.!,orr"I ..Ivit.
I""zt~ ..,
1. ev a l f o p..rAtor Dlyen ki{"j,t.....,k """rnht{'k"i, mdy..k "11:,;"z"n altalan"", hd'l,ft"tt VI'lO''' fdhll"lI1131l> Altai d"filliAlt fliggV{'lly"k" I I",taIlJuoznllk. liZ
.vu f(bf~)~n)
(19 ,2'12)
kaphaWk
............
1Ill"g.
Itt .. hf~z a n'ulI"nkllMO kWorUkrll"Dd6 kift,~t jdOh, lIZ opcioio n arxubcft1lit.w.t61 plth6ffl
k br,:6pout 08 aritlIl<'tika........
TIl('llIUmot azCrt.a1ka1maz:zuk. hoc .. Digl til
n-m"
TalK-ll&zzuk az, = f (z ) = .,ji -+ 10r ffigv~y ktJ'Jg,.jt.

d..finiAljuk a 11~"nyt nyll-olX'fll.tor ""Cf~I:
'> f :=: - > sqrt: (: ) . In( : ); - f :- : - > ,fi + Inz .
oo-x
EzUWt a "'I:ii~ ~':'1I,-ert.o"b>b-t >lZ ..... U {f(r )). ue.-iu-l hAWuzzuk ~ ahoI Z" h.dyfbo- a
nun...nkll" "Iti>uk<>t beI,-ctl.cllitjiik be,
A 1Wwtkn.6 uUro<it"-l ....id&,,1 kaphatunk a fiip;vOonr"ti"krk",'C tiblaz.atot I ....... mwtt. 0.2];'pIoI--
kOzu-l:
'> t or r tre. 1 by 0.2 t o '" do pr ill t (fir ] - .valf(J (z ), 12J) ocl;
Ebhf.n a ....kW>an 12 lOZoin,jqQo-d tOrtf.ot a UinfW. A M~~ .u <"ffthuCuyt ec" ~r<-' t.ahlAzatbM adjA. ahol p{>id&ul f'tU! = 2,%2Oll519181.
2. eval llf operator : Az. nalf IIIclk11 liotnik AI. nalh t npprA.tor. II~ alkNrn.lw:uk. mint AZ
..-al f-ot. Az argulDf'lrtumol< itt;" ffiQiVenY"k, DJO'Iy.-k ffiggvi'nrm.f.k.. -u.. A 1P~lO!Il'I7ilmokr ..
viIIzont a ~i pon~ m-h1)""'. mind"h cilulU>o ~I t.OrthUk 8 Yi-gtil AZ ..rod""'ny a Ma,,", MjAt
lM~pontoti~ r + ~kl'Tlil. 11& <"I:t a Jl&C"Ul<"'Ot b>vozMljllk. akknr .. 1tAgyttT~llllil nllIDf'riklL~
!lZilmiti..ooknal jell'llt.&.Wit lM'rtink. vilownt vigyiuli keD. IUf'rt II. 9(;2. okI>Uon hM'rt problknU .....to'n
II. hihiJ: j<-k'Ut.&rcn lllf'gIlur"'k:
2 . Egyenl..tek numerik u s megoklas.
Mint .. .u.mft6grp-alll"hr&i n'Il.I.uen'k c. (..j.-7..-th..n, Ill! 1023 . oloWon l"mlftd l,ik ... M apl~ ij;l"n "" kfPl..
f'gyf"nl.. t';" ~nlctn'nd__r m.-gold:WU-.. a11uL1Irll\1\. E mwk a1tkor kiilOlIi....n nagy a j,.["nt<it<b...... amikor
trllAA7"'''ncI"ru< "lQ'{'nl..t,,kro! vagy olY"'h ,.J.g..hrai ~nlrt,'kr61 VlUl wdJ. rn..l)""k..t """k II. v.ws.."".amok
IJIrtomAnyAn tudunk llwgoloJani.
Ern' a eflrll. "zolgllJ >\Z f sol v. l",rIUlClf. S.iut",ktikAj" '" kowlk.-.dl:
fIIolv.(glli. ,'ar. option)
(1!J.293)
f".. " par"""" aJtal'UIOti ..gy"nl" t..krt' r..",I><7",rint ''gy"ti"u cokiit h",tArm meg, A poliIlDm--cgy""I..t re
"""nhah ea """"~'" vale.. !U'okiit ..16aJlitj ... AI. a1Ahhi tAhl~tl""lll\ ro'n<l,-1k..u..re Al l,', 0l'd,',kal ad t nk
mpg : . A : lI a t Arozzllk mq t; u:.! I~ + 3..- 2 - 5 = 0 '1D"'III" t 0-....'" RYiikl-t. H..
> eq:=xft,6 + 3 *T" 2-5 =0:
..kk", k.o.l'j"k
> fIIo1v e (f'q, x ) , _
-\.074323739, 1,074323739
A Maple """k II h t vale.. gyoktit ,,,It .. h'''g. A eomp ln ()I'"io~"l Ml'jnk n,,g .. komplex gyokiikct ill:
> tsolv e(eq,.r.cOIIphx);
1 ~. 1;I .
cOlllpln
tAhlAzat. AL f . oln parlUlCl!opci6i
rgyt'l O'IL kOlllpJ.'x RYiikOt (vlllU '10' po inom 0...:,..". komp t'X gyii k"t) hAl ftro".:z;t,
~,
aaxsols = PI
lq;;..L\hh 'l1O'0kiit mpglllltAlYl\I; (nli\k polinomegyeuletekre}
full dl/Pts
i " ten'all
1I1<'ft..Jwll\l}'O'Q-lO" r'-'rl.amit>iOl<hAn a ponu-iLg adott Prti'k..L\

IUt
"'" l'Z" h"IY"" ..rt>rlm"ny. Itt" harmadik I\rgnm"n'''Ill'' puult-'gr.. vnnatk"w ..el.. ~, &0< utol""" kWRlito
..ljoir.... bool,..; jelOl.....,.
Diff"re nci alegyenle'ek kiYzelit6 m e gold A!lIl

Az 1023. oldelon tftl"gyal tnk a k;,wwoo'g,~,hlfer"lIciAlegyrnlrto'k 1Il<"XO!.u...At a daol va M~plf,-..Jj.ir&-.J .
A !f'gtObhelll~L..-n 1IWflMn Pf"m lchrt>oi>g, /t.L .. ,,'<!mfnyt zIu1. aJllkl"," ull'g... lni. E zek ben a:< """tckb<'U
4,
noOkkr~t
At"ioctinIPrvallllmhlw. krrl'Oli Il o ~
~ki""r..Jhr~jiik l\Z f'g)"f'Illetrt ollmcrilr,,,, 11 mrgolcll\nl. r\r .. hhr-L lU'-WdrlO kezel"'i f..ltt'I.. I"k JIWKatw.,.
>lZii~.
- 1074323739. -0.!l67'26202-H - 1.1529220121 . -O.86 726202U

O.86726202H - 1
1 ~29220 1 2 I ,
B: IIlLt.irouuk mpg.u .. -~
E:lOoozOr Itog,yoon:
0.i:l67'1620'2-H .... Ll52922012I. 1.074323739
-.\r = 0 mindk" ~ .
> eq:= exp( -"""3) - 4

> : " h . ("'l . .r); -
~ l.l~29220 12 1.
~~2 _ 0
lll.IIjd t=<"1
0.47.\062357'1
adja.a paU'iv~.
> :'oh.("'l.r. r = -2..0), _
-0.541254-....:>4-4
lldja a miuoodik (!M'KlltiV) yukot.
r := proc: . dso l ve . D.-rici r aA\ll t 2 ' (z, 1592392, I ) eD4
3. Numerikus intpgrllA!l
A ~tt iotow.uok kWknitMa 1lOb:rnr.-k nulllf'riku""ll "'hPtl'i>gP!l. Es "" ..,..., All frnn, hIlllZ
in~lIl' '10' ,,~l oonyolult fiiW+ny ""lJ hA .. primitiv fiiggWnrt ""m ,",het ,",",mi fllgYki~kkrl
f..hmi. A M~pIto .. h"t.Iu-owtt in!f'T&I kiloumJtAMra.u tlnlt in~ puan......t 1J".qn41jA:
nalf( Ult(f(Z). z = "..11). nl.
(19.294)
Ekkor " M~pIe az ink1tClIt ko..-litO ~rk qi~.....1 a llK"gkivanl VOo~ 1IIt'g1l.at-Arozu.
E:. Ill! clja.-a.. rmt....rim jOl...nwlWlWalO.
S1.Amitsllk ki.u
t, . -r dr in~41 prU-ki>t! Mivt'l .. prim iti\' ruRg\-eov nnn iNut:rt. rl6orUir-OrIrjllk:

J_
> in t (up( - z ' 3). .r '" -2. 2); Ha n}(lOt
>
t.,,-.'
d.r
~irjuk;
avalt (i.Dt {n p{ -r ~ 3 ) , z
= -2..2), 15);
Ilkkor ..l'O"drn"n}'lll 1\ 27 1.14 584 169 5583 iort" lwt kapjuk.

Itt 10 M~pJe 11 bt":'I,i""tt k ine!itll ..ljArM r..th lW.nA1AAAvaJ 1[, jt>gy pon~al sziunolt
Bi7.0n)'Ol' ......tr kh..n no a m....w...r NJl<liit mo no, foJ"ft akkor , amikor n "l{YOIl UIIg)"in trrV>\lIn m ok riili-'tt
k..Uintpgrll.lni. Ekkor 1\
read l lb ( 'evalf /int ' ) :

kiinyv t Ni 1U"1".,..)l lu'''~llll.1v.. 'ogy ,ij k'YU'](t& mO<.I"l.t'rt hivunk be . ernelv "gy mrllfdrlo ~~:WTO N '
clj iu Mt .. 1Ja.b nM .
Il"" hr vit<1
>
IIv aH(i nt( exp{-r~2},;r
Ekkor" dso l n parlUlCOOt a:I\ a1ahhi ..t..khtu....cljuk n"",'

dao lva(dilI e, t'ar. numeri.c )
(19.29.i)
aboIa bartnNlik arg'llm<"ltum .. DuHr i c 0J.>ri6. Itt .. dil /~ lllRUUl<!Il~UUI".Wf"~"f'IIlMm..tku
.. k...t.drti fd~kt>t ill tanalrDAZM.. ElllI..k >Ui ll'_itiwlak ... f'f"d!1)I'uyr"'Y pljaria. IlTnf'ly Jut, p1...n
/ jr-lOli, az 1(11 mpghiv.W.val 1\ lDl'gOlditofrtioki't a nllQt;t>Urn..at"'-" I Crto'k.. .-tkllldja rDf'lI:.
A M~pIe iU" n cvce KtrTT,,--clj.va.4~(1A....i 'fa. 0101.). A~ ..l0",,,,iou porI~a:>;at->
I"t e. ....13'iv hilMnl.: IO-D;p-3. A _ RELERll. .... _ABSElIR sJoMliA IItlilDoolwuokkalll f..lha.... ruU6 1I>CfI:"
v&lta.<Lathatja.az ('~Ia\t'n hloAllitott poa~. H.... cAmilNlrLll.l probliomiJ< liv...k fd., Ilkko __k
kaarli..Wa II. M~ple killOObOzO ~ "'luo.Imu.
... 'fl, okWon .. R l:sGt:- K"Tt"-U1od...rAdott I"'kw-a .. M~~ , aJkA1mau.A:
> r: = dSCll ve ({ d iff()I(z),~) "" (1/4) . ("""2 .. r(z)"2), ItO) = OJ. r(z). nu.r ic:);
.. - llIOO .1(00)) ;
a kkor hihaii7.('n d r l luIp llUk. E~ lltAu il'ink,
> readlib ( ' avaH /int ' ) :

> ' IIYaH li nt' (up( -r~ 2), r
-I(M)l) .11)llO, IO,_NCr ule):
> r (0.5): - {z(.5J = .5000000000,r(~)(.5) - .Ola4 II'\604721

akko pi'ldAul kiirhatjuk .. mrp;<di.erti-ki-t az r ,. 0,5 pontban.
20.1,
976
20.1. Bcvczctes
20 .1 .1 . A matematikai prograllU'somllKok riivid jellemzese
1. A mat..mat ikai progra mcllOmagok a halAnOll dlk it w esei A rnawrnatikai lO'akorlathan ~VTt'
tOhh !lXAmftQgf>p"" ""nd'<1A'rt A1blUlII.Znak.llyt"lI rendeeerekkel, mint poi'l<lAulll. M~m . RO!duce. Deri~. M.p/<e. M.thcad, ,.bt~"Ii<: .., SPSS. BMDP vifaooy1lt kio< kaparitA.<rii lIZ"m;.lyi -'miUlgt'l,..krn ill
meg tudnalr. oldani DCI""" 1I1Alt'llIatib fdadll.tokat. mint pf-ldaul bonyolu.!I kifl:io"zi-k ~~jthor.
dcri...altAk a. in~k kilo7.MtitAM. "'IQ""'nkt<>k ... <>gy.... wrend"7RI'f"k~.cgy- h tOl,l,VJ\Itw.U<
f1'AA"fuyd: "Illikllll "'rb.lAM..... mi'II: lOOk IlIM f<oINintot. Ez..n ...00,.,........1. !W-gi~rv,.1 bu(h,tpi!"
lIlIltemalib.i. Ir.if..~kd.. lUlU MOb! a InAtrmatib l.Or'W!nyri IIZPrint oUaIakit1Lllljuk .... ~l'1.d"
hrtj,ik. IWK'Ilnyiben "" mt a1Akhan ~ ...._ E.... nk!v.->.l .......1< '" ~ m'mPnk,l" ~
kiWnt poo~ kilozami~a,fI~"ybs>aoolatok"afikllS .. bnizoliuW-.. ill albllIUlNlk.
2. A mat~t ikai programa.omago k Alkalmaz'g;j n a k spK:wis I.. h .. t~i A ~-""h ll)lt"ll
...00..,..". kI-r-k,iJ.6 ...1AtokMi ,.,.a<!At...oo,.,.......-kkr1 kommunikMni.. a:r.az khct,;,,;.,; """ MlAtok 'UlI>Ort
jar.... "xportjMa. AJIOO d<'finki6k No utitMolr; A!Ap~ IIM"ilett. IIK"lwk<..... Tf'oo....er mi.>d<-u ..linditMnAllwti>lt ..Mrnolo. .. !<p<'riAIi8 llI4U'm4tikai tl'ffUPt.-k....k ~IO kicW-i16 f'ro,;rNnno<... ~
tArtalm..w ~yvw '" l>r.t<ijth,:t6 (i'Mi irod. I2(UI).
E7Rk Il ... oo..z..n.lr. k-~~. bocY 1'fOlU"'~ _jat progIl\Il>QIO~tboaunk Ik....
Ucn InIltl'ln&lIkai ~ k Irhrt6MVi1 1lZOIlb&n UftI.l ><Zab.d toilhPoolllni_ All "'lO" bat.ftroz,.tlAn integr&l1K'1D~;ezbct6 k.i Wt aW;bIm. aUor il)'ffit ez a ~ >PlD tud ~ni.
A ~hibib.t i1~ UWIUlkll :';lUQIri!mll prob1kn.U.. az&mjtOgi-l>f'Il<:' fo-jPl.Pt... (M . 9l><!, rWI .).
3. K orl'tozOd as a MathMDatic.a &! "Iapl.. n"ndsu..... m .o\z l"ddiK io<mt'rt fl'I.u-rek wv'bb
"'j\l'!<rtbrt6k. Miftd,on ironkrk "'irN< uonhan r.oIAk IlZ ..ktnliJi~ .ulapotot tiiluUdJrli.-\ t.uvahbiakb&n
lIZ i1~D ren&rz.er.ok alap... 16 f..Wop'I~ ill. a fontoA mat<>matikai tn'l"ilM .. krn tOrtin6 a1kAi~kha
DyujllUlk bepil1autlWt. !o.lou.lAuiva16ukAt" Milple f'gJ vNnnylag uj valtozAwa. Il Mil~ 7n- alalJUUllk.
<k ni-hAny fouto!< ki....tdt61 ..Ilfokintvoo ooAk aaoIrat II.Z "M-rn.-it ism<'ru-tjiik. A1Ilf"Iycl< mAr .... .,M .......b
Iro.-I,..odt.et-j<-dl Mil~ V n..~ -I vAlt<4l<tMn is ~Itak_ HAAOnl6an Il Mill~iltlUl \"m<>ull -I UOII
""""rit t..-kintjiilr "t.lllIlt'lyrk miu" Il V""'iort 2.2-bo:-n is lIZel'O"l"'lto>k. Mindkrt ~ r nIl"IiI"lIrouk
..
konyvnhrwt. illrt_jr-Irn ~ ~itl<-Fo~ Il ~jahh va.lt07Atok. A MilIflermttC.1f..a Mil~
kiv.w-tiwr. oulr~ .i<''''1l1rg uoab&n ~ Il k"l oo..z.-r tiinik .. I..pbhh kOcI,..u dl.. rjnlt ....k. A
Milthernilla. oaAtoou...;. l're<1ullnY'lt at IrbM kon rtAlui .. Milpk-bc..o\z ..Iilirz llZllbo"g"" f'r<:JlI7"lII"k
~h..tOk "10' CD- ROMOII \(>v61rrL.ikollyvb..11 (1d.I:.lO~)
977
""hbi 1u.Ll'I....n" alka.llll>l-~"'akra h07.AAi1t htjiik. ilO' !><-].IAu\ ~l'Ilil'tl'k V>tgy pg)'f'nll'trpnd..".:rck algehrai
m"l':"I<I."""t. filggvffiyt'k dilfpwnciAlAAA.t. l tAn"""tllW inll'll:rAlok m"1:h..tArov.AAil.t, t1ilfrrcucialegypnletl>k m.ogoldA.....t. ""&tel.." .... rok k"rzi':oi't th,
Oldjllk m"ll: "'" ..IAl.>bi miuoodfok" pg)'f'nl .. tM;
20. l\Iatemat ikai programcsomagok
B""rut<i~
4. B..- .... kivit..1a MllttMomlltica .... Maplto ee ndseerekben

Ehbrn "'" ;"1lK'ruti1Il)('n 0"11I U.l'gyaljuk. It''lO' hogyan VAll .. ""i>hall forgo l>"'K'"IUII"""'m"l" ~wui
~.,. ....jM "p'rilciOlo rt'll''''''''''',I... \xillr-o<ztvr. Ahbnl indnlunk ki. hogy 1\7. oprrllcio.. I'<'nrl""A'rbOl ''lO'
IltaRitNwLlrlin<!ltjuk A n'lul>rMrt, "mdyl1. 1~uUn..,;y ut8llitA.-.rral ""!O'~. a Wlndows-hO",o; lu"."nl(,
mnnkaf..liilrtt..1irllnyltAni t ll<l llllil.
A'*" .... kivit..1 A k"!J<'Ttly.'ln .. Milt hemil tid-Illill (1<1. 9(;9. old.) "" a M il pleI"~1 (Id ~n. olrl.) Illilt<hll.
kUlonltOrhan j,,!Pllik mrS, hogy .. t.i'.l>hi !l7iivrgrOO.t61jOll'lkiiliinUljen..k. pMda,,1
x2+0-J'~II =O.
A MillMmiltici-ban a
ahoI
-.s e n .
(20 .211.)
~it<"l:
Solv'-.r"2 .,.. II x + II _= O. .cj

A oocg&lr.-l6 ~itl'ii u~tii.~ (SHIFT E~TEH)I...iill'-' tltaUIl M..themilta. f"Zt" IIOrt IlZ
Inlll:=~o1v .. .r'2~ 11 r+1I
O:rl
""rral. belY'"~te.iti (>,0 e Ikn.di ~ni. Hiivid idu 1I1.&D e&Y lij..,r ,,\Pnik 1Df'l!::
I - {I ..- ->
O lit II
-a+Sqrt'IIJ--Ib!}I
. x ->
'1 .
- .. -Sqrt,.2-~b!)}
'1
(20.2b)
(20.2<: )
(20.2<1)
A Miltflemiltiu az "llJ"nlctct ""imbolik......... IIlO!I"lOotta. .. k~t 8.)oiikiit "C olyan &"1411'<11 adtA 1Ilf'g
IWM'ly i.i1. rNW."tah61 All.S f'ZI'k Olintlr.-,;yiJ.<. c,;,'t~'lO' (.,.." kol tarta!mllZ. Itt Sqrt t.-~ua nE-gy'
~kj..lr.-.
" Milple--boon a JM.vitl'I" xiivrtkrW N..kl..... Wrti'llik :

> .ulV9(r'-l- II. r -0- II = 0 . ..-) .
(:.lO.3a)
Itt font<l511.Z lItobO jrI. U1.&o a ponto"'''.,.,zO. Ha ..lw-l~...lt lI:1......-pr1nr.llJ':.r.al ~)trL.u&uk. kiir".q.
... ~IPIt a lI:1Amlt<W'1> ,,1t...J kiirt > )rI '">Ull kar.. kt<'lT<'1 kPZiljllx k u t:"HER ....lt~ r..jE'zzftk .....
PZl,tA.n Il ,-,.. pi<, ~ .. 1.. "'lIt kpJ>lo't ..t. k Il kOvo1.~",," irja ki:
1 "2 _ II + 11 2 _ ill '17) I /2 ( _II _ (a 2 - -lb) l/~
(20.31,)
.\2. crl'<1mi-uyt ki1. kif..jeUo..l'l.UlZ a ki>t lIlf'goklJu<"""'t4'" .dja.
Az e&Y"" ~k ~i.. ~16I..1t.-kinl_ lIZ lltaoojta..:>k ~ r..ll-pit...... igl'll DaRY baIoonIcIo.a,;ot wUtaI., Az t'iejffi min.hl'; "1:)' "Z-I~.. m All. "",t" rr......,. opr-nU...-k~nt en..lmPZi. m<"l)'1't lIZ 6t
kii....16. u.rojel.h<'n a1l6"1:)' VI\f!.Y Wbh o,...,..""... r.. kdlalknhllA<Llri./u ..r...-Imklyt a ~'lOIr Iist.Aja
\I"lO' ...Ht>Zlltaqo/gAlta~ja.. A kfplPtl=clo'-k milv..lrt<l1...k i.brAzt,lMa h-.n1Mn tOrti-nik.
20 .1 .2 .2 . Xumcrikus suimitA...ok
"..zamiti>gi'p"'" lllAt.-matikai rrndw.......k" ull!Ucrik"" IIlAt.eu1.II.tikA f..lNiatAillAk kM-...!6ti-TP ~ ..Ii<\n;,,,1 tartAlm.I\.;.t;n&k. Ilyen f..lNJ.>,.tok pi-kLi.lll lIZa1Kchrai "KY"U1<:t.-k. a IinrAri:.egy em..tr<'lld57Rn-k. 1f1ill-'<Za:ll<l..ns pg)'f'n1.. I.. k llll'gold"-...... haW07.<>t I int<-grliJnlc Ilil'..auu\.l'-. t1jff'n'rl.-iAI'1O"'nll't.-k ntlmcrilr.u-~
lll,og"ltIlt.sa. illtl.,-poJaci6s "robl<'miLk ... rnl>g ""k mAM.
Olrljllk meg "'" alAhhi "ID...nJ..trt
3Ox' _ 36.cJ -0- l!Jill.? - 36x - lao = o.
(:.lOA,,}
. .- _2r _
Ez <'gy h"todfok" pgyt'TIll't. am..lvn ..k .. Itvok"i 'tArt "luh.. u ncm ",lI,,,t"k mI"@:. p<'<iig 6 _10.. gyok.. '....n.
m.. ly..k.. t i.gy nllm ..rikll' lltoll krll m..R!",W.Mui.
A MiIMm iltid-I>aII" l,..villl:
InI11:= Soln[3 .c - a ~: O,xJ II. Milthemiltici-iHLn,

> solv.(3 . r - a _ 0, r)
.. Milple--I><'n.
(:llJI)
d.. mi 1,,'lyt~1-Agi okokh61 1\1. "IO'Uvi't".rtmiJ lJc. ,... kivitt,lek.t gyl\krall '10' ""r!",u k,odl"l'~ - j<:\lt'l dviil....ztv..) foglllljllk iilof<7....
A rt'llu",-,l'11>I,,'dlikll" !<lilllhblillnokat (lltMitAMok, t illll"j..lii}(",,k. stb.) " "'li;V<'~h"n
IwtllUpllHH,,1
..moljrik ki.
i"""""
20 .1 .2. Bevezetd peldak a legfoutosebb n lkalmezasi teruletekrol

20. 1.2. 1. Kep!(tkt'zelk
Kipl..tJ:l'ulbpll itt" l'1l:t ag" h h ht ..l,",l,.."" m.. t .. m..tikai kifPj"".....k <'&Y""pnt~jti....t v"!tY "10', .. to-
Inl21 := IlSo1v..::r"6 - 2.c"a - :.IOx"~
+ 36r"3 + 1911.c"2 - Y>x - 150 == O,x]
(20Ah)
A vAl""z:
0"t121 = {{z-> -4.4222~}, {x-> -2.1421!5}. {J-> -0.9373!l7}, {.c-> 0.972291},
{J-> 3.3t>8U2} , {J-> 5.172J7}}
(20Ac)
Ez .. lista tartalmazz.. " 6. ",loU l",ut.---Agg ..l M.ft.mflou gy"kot. Mivrllll'llJ s:t.illll",lik,c~. henem uu-
m..rik".. adatl\ink ""nnak. llUnll'rik,," lII..go]'-IAMt lI:1,,r~tn"lIk. E"'rt
a:f,
NSolve "t""lt""t """~""lj"k. AI
WAUl'" alakja: NSolvo[h...loldl\1 ='" johhnl.I,,1. v"ltml>]

miut .. f<-nti iII~, .. h"la hal ,;,. johi>oldal
"l/.Y'''l!:Y polinoen. IlSolv,,'''K.v..nl,l. viilt,,"".
1\ lO'<>kilkrt n jC'KY Jl<-'1l~ ..1"djlllJleg.
"J
20,1, D.....-:..ti.,
978
pri"",mUl. "tho
A f>Oll~ targy...Ja.4rl' ki",obb v_....ti-rii"k.

(:.!{lAd)
" lrbego'ipont""l'7-Amokat el6irt pont.-.-'lAAN h.....z.nAlhaljllk. A 1't'l1,Isz.'T"k AltlliAhnn ..lore urcghatercwtt 1"'1lll.<:tiNigg&l tlolgO'I.nak. lUucly ..ziik",,&""'rint pgy ... lcrt h"tanll: 1l1''K''lilt"zt"tw.tO.
Itt a vfog"" A:l:.'" lY hiAnyozMt."-az lltimll irt.r' vAlt0z6nh" i.~ dhaKYbal.6 .....cgyfItdm"boCg liliAn. A
M.pl~ "",..nou kif"JP'1ht ,,"tomAtikllAAn nullA"'" tn<zi l'gYCnJ6ve. A kiirt l'l1."lirneny .. 6 cok >tt>ro;n.II.tA.
Ai t.ol.... utM.ltM IL:I:t jP\<>nti. hosY tI.Z .. rffimfonyt \f'boogOpontool alakban v.ujuk.
" uuJ&e....k ism..rik .. mAt"Ul/ltiW "7.<'mllOl,tbO! aU.t,wtl'i j<-k-Il~,l "2.li.mok;o.t .... ><zilllholulI'lokal.
mint ""Maul e. J' "" OCJ. E:r~'kl'\ .wmbolik'lM(l kc7.rlik. <lr A"2.li.mobt ....t><Wkog.... pont~Nlllm... rik,l" lI:7.IunitMokl:ta.D ill a1kalrna=\k.
20.1.2.3. Grafikus abrazolasok
3.
A IcgtOOb IlZimit.6lpo.'ll ... lI<Lrur ItIit't6vf l....-zi mind .. bo+pito'1t. mind ,. ff>ll\A.<lz.wo Altai eWi.niAlt
1Ilt.ll. ~ ..... 'J.v.riut~. A f..lh-%tiAlo.utAI u,.,gh>LI.:.r.--,u ~:t;imooltuu jdOIi

.....,lut.t. ;-;-..m orl'<Zf'lll a:wultAll ( .... mf'lIl ioc 11>0I1 udlf'it .....) A tl'lltl-r foplnwnak ....~re lMoglall ll.......I<o-.t IIl\ni_ AmiI' A ...;.ItoWll1tlt: IlPIIl .ltma i'f1:rlkP'. II. mil,,"'ukori .....imbolnm lIlal!,'at It ,<iJ.!.<ywt pnti.
A Mllple-lx'1l11lwvitd:
:> hohe(r"6 _ 2 . r"S _ 30 . z"4
+ 36 .c'3 + 190 . z"2 - 36 *.c - 150 '" O,z);
fiiggvfuyt'kgrafik .....abrUo!lWol. ~ rf'uJ,q,erint ~ ~ fiigg k1yPk ;ilirAwlA.... dPTfk!<7.Og(l. illPt_

poIarkooniinl\.tal~""'I.I_IVIIi'tr
...... ~~. ill... t iml.bdt fl1ggWl.l)'f'k Ahl:1.z.o........ A
ulvAltozc'M fiigWny.-krt mint thbf.li frliilo-u-Ju,l Abra:wlja.k, itt is mOd VlIJl par.....""1.<OfnI "1,ri.:wIA,on.
LPbn .. h&romdilll<'lWOoo thbrn pbi'kct abrkol..ul. A kiilOOb0z6 rcnd,r...ff'kbeu V>U:lW wi'c f'Zffikf
Ylil t<m\hbi uafiku ~ k filq;vmy~toI<ibra...oIaAAra., pi-Idaul dia,;rlUIllIlok funnRjAt-l.
Min~k n-ndR:r
"" AhriwlUi opci6k,w.leo dJa"z1i'kiwlTIl.rIkLik. mclyt'k
naL.>. "hrftzoolA,.to!
.. ~itd grAfik'III..lmwk. po'l<l4111 "..ktorok '-'pit"""'" at .. r"liratoza..ig'" ..w ~ t.cr,..tnrk

A If.t...-boaottg,.filli ... nciMftint .. P05t$c,ipt. R~,.., ""Y Plott,.., kitcrjcsl:~ eXI~."'
ma..l'ropamokbA t.../opithrt6lr.. illM .... kii:llvrlleniilA nyoml.At6ra Y1IY ArajwlOra kiil<lbrtt1k.
icY
20 .1 .2.4 . ProgramozAs a ~za mft6ge-JWS kOTn.yezt>tben

Mindo.vik ~ n lroboottW& \IlUl Am, bog lIpf'ci.iIi5 fclMIatok megoldM&ra ....j&t ~ Irjunk_ Ez ~t AI olyan~. ilomm ..1j4r~k Mh.ow<>-.nalAsat jeh-nti. mint. cikl......... koclt
roIlut.allitAouk. peldaul 00. IF
THE~. WHILE. FOR. .<lh. ma.-Wszt a fun~ ..... ob".klulIl
orXollt.ilt a. ~kai. progrAlDOdui tOblW-kf.v~ iNnf'rt mi>dI<r.erf'it. IDl"ly.-k d prol>lMlWa
nwg~AdMk.
" relluwanAlO A1tA11rt p~.

mindig IwtOltlwt6k.
".11'
1'=<"''' kou~bA bevihet6k.."' e2:ul.iI.n
OUQAll
"",ik",, lIII'...nnt
20 .1 .3 . A m a te m a t ikai programcsomagok Ielepnese es ha....zualara

20 . 1.3 .1 . A lapvetd szerkezet] olc mck
1. ObjPktllmt lp",.o k
A """'UllitiJgr[1<'a tlIl<hri!<-:rd. ~ ohj<-ktllnJlll'll""k 1<1#1"" villll&tl<'-kd.val dolgo:.."ak. 01>1<',[1""",.1:11",1. ne-
9 7'9
W7Z1ik A n"ud,.-"rr 4.ltAll"w;IIAll IUkll"",,"t. valtOZ,"''''''-l. m~lIY'h-t. o!-"'r8.\.oruJg,.l. ~tt, .. ru.. ly.k,1 A
J'f'lId"".....illditNw.kor 1><.1.8lt..... IUll"I)'<'k III'rogf1l.rtlhA hrirhAwk vag}' II f..lh,..<q.uli.l", AltAI A R7.illt.lui~llak
mpg f..IPI&>n rlmllili.lhAtOk.
"Z objektumok """t.AlyAit. mint 1"'ld';"II. 8'l.aIllOk 'lAKY .. Ii~tik fajta.il nf'wzxuk rip,~,".. k.
A lCl:whh O],j.. ktumct II. 0 .. " .......1 Mill\O!;itjllk. mdy'I .... ouj.'ktulIlOl"1.tAly ""imhOltlulflwtk ukintiillk.
A f..lhAA7.rui.lo A Ix"itdi ""rf"'ll obj"ktum"k
pgy ,..-,rO'l,Atit adja Ill'K.
l\UI,Z
"".ok n"""1- .. ....:illt.<txi.>ollak
m.";f..l.. lo.,,,. m"jl!" 1""II ..lt 1.'7.ArjAI'gY err" a e{>[ra. d..fi"iaJl jclld e.< . "I\gy "!Lv ~p<'CiaIi.>o I<lltWNUWj
~. n,,ly ~7.Irillt a r.. utl""...r I\ll ""I"tok fdd(}h~07"""'t1Il1'I'.hl.di.es """ f'r...-lm{'nyt a t<"'lthhi ""1'01.]"."
ahrkr.olja. (A h.....it '[ whh ""rhOl i~ Allhat.)
" kii.....tk,.,,;khNI tArgy...It ol.j..ktulIlok. ill. ohj..ktulIltil'"SOk "" -OI>/.t lJ.y"k rnindegyik r.."d"".<'rhPTl nn
c\..lk..,;"'iinkr.. AlIn"k. ,",,,,,,t l'~!" l ' ''''n t.... llllll,atjnk /l.l'. "g)''''' r"lIds'l~""k ,.[t(o[-6 "l'f'<'ialitA.....it.
2. Szamok
A mat ..matikai 1>r<'Kralll',...'Ill"lo:uk A!t,,!M""1 " kuwtkpzo !l1-Amtil'"SOkat U<lJll'rik: <:y';.: .:0:",,,1.:. me",
mUM ".o:",,,k. "aM .:":m"k (1"l.<-y6,,,,ol"~ ,. .":"wk). /;""1/'1..., .zam"k; 'K"'''' n "J"""uk i~IJl(Ill..k ll,fg
,Jg..bm, ua",,,l.:ot. gyi'/rJ:;,j"1":':,,,'k ..t. Mth,
Tlp""viuglJ.al. i mli .....1M..kkd vi~AlI",tjuk ...JoU ..ztuno k tulajrlolL""Kait. mint pHdaul "mm_yuh",
V:Mtoz.6k
eo. ertekad6 opt'riitorok
A VlIJlO7i>kll1tlt: neviik
A v4.1toKOkll1tlt: crtCket adbatnnk "f'CCiAlD if'tihJJ4 opmitoro.l:~it.~LA valtozOkftWkf':i.lPbetlM'k

dwok. mA.~ v;O.jtoKOk. tniut Jl""lAAlIl oI.jPktllmok "P""wilt 1I01't.WIota. mo-l)"I't a1t.alAban kif..;e-re-nek brvunk...u. ktfMdO lltaNtok kierte~....k ioJ6Ioont". kiili>nhiilrO icbM.. AZ..:I..z Prti'~ tOrti'ubPt
..ur ~ll 8Z Prti'1<>o<iM beira..anAl.. AkAr. v;O.jt<:qO ~bi hPhivMainAl.
4 . Operiitorok
~IiJlde~vik I'f'fld""..... ope.-.'wl'l>l .w..l'ktlorzk1.i"d rf'U'kllwtik We Wtootuak II. IllOIot.. matikai ml1l1f'lPt...k
no lPwiOk, +. _. . {. ~ ("")' ) >. <. - . IDf"Iy<'k kJ,~ II. nlf"'ld"ltl6. ;, wrrt ""lTMI,ll>en
ttirthtik. Ha
t...t;rkliinlr..
AZ
operawruk az
op<'I'An<h...... ki.U.-.1l Alltutk. Akkm mfU jP~ (.u..krol. ~ )
A p"fis tip'~u ~torok - mely .."."1 ..... az OJ>efAlor ~ opftlu>.ht_ 01< ..JOlt iill
mi~-ik rend
"p"t.<J,; >iZitmbAn ,....IUL.k. Idr tltrt<>:>!tutk ~..nnt. ~J>r<..w""ohj<-kt'lIIl-uta.l.yukW mm!
J"'ltlaul-wx.lr.. polinomok.lWlIllWIOII.. w.1J\.Ir:. rnAtnJlok.,~.nlrtJ'f'tlt . .,..k ~oper;\.ton>k .... It
flmkcioniilisoptr&t.<>rok. mint ""Idiud ilff,.,..,>riAJN,. illl.<-,;r,;.a,.. tb. &.mkiYlil ilY"'lPk ItO! "rMrrWlI)"t"k
lll"&i<'],.llitf:si [orwA.tnmtuw. me~ha1..r.r.rzA.W",jPllAl>n.k
..,;:v"!> 1"'fl{!><t. .. .tiJ.t.IIl hMzllAit obj<-hu
muir k..,.,..."""'re ~ oV"l'il.torolr:. ~H"'.ll) r"',d..... t. pl
MilMmil;u u~~i~ ,lpf'riItorok
' ..l fu irftMt.oojat.ll.lllikoI' 8Z OJ'P'fAtor "" UI"'fIUl.'i.1IO 01< lniip:Ott ...11. A:z operfttorolr: ~..kran OJrorionAIis
arp;un,..1.ttllmolw: ~~ h..&nioIu...ir.. mely..k sl""'uw.. h..I)'V'tPlr,"- kt-1.Ph...k.
07.P!' ....
:>. KirejEozbek ffl fiiU""nye k

Kij,,)":;" ..n obj<-ktumok olyltll ..ITO'lIt1n........' r:rt.Jiik. Inf'Iy<"k Ilrl<>U IUJ,u'Iw,tiklti lll,1wl'l,kk..1 V'UlruUi:
iitl.PkApn.oh... il)"'o..k T*I<li"ll .. lllIOt.cr,,,,likAl>6I;ol i.~mr'T't. alAI,ki-!-'!ct-<'k .-\ progrlUu..,...,magok "ltvik
iii cklja A kif..j""""""k ataiakitA..... pfl.laul ''ZY'ul,",..k m-w,ldiwl..
Kif..jP7;.,. pi'I<liLllllU..IAbbi,
f" 4 - 5. 1'"3'" 2 . 1'~2-M
"h,,1 r pgy
,,"'to,.o.
r...<'k.. fl"d"".'n:'k Lsll,..rik a ,..wk......... '[rllli fi"1,,,;v/ny,.)ut.miut "" "xlw'll .. nciAIi~. a I"I-:"ritruu.< fii!'J:vcuy.
.. tri~o"01U"IIikll" ftiggveuy..k '''' illWCZ,'ik.""Iamilll "II;)' ....'f ~1,,~iAli.~ fliggvplIyt. E7....k"t" fiiggo.;'nyPk"t
ht'lrh>ttjuk "fllt.ozi>kh..ly.......tRY irj.lw>lI)'ollllt"hh fiiAAvllly...k,t lu.l'llnk.
6.
Listllk es halmazok
~ti"J"gyik rendsz...r i,n,,'ri a ii"ta ohj,'k llllll""7.tAly l: li~tflll a~ ohj"kt'm,uk " J.:y dr"udP'lf.sM htjiik.
A li~t .. r-lemeihez "p ....i,i1i~ op...,\.tolOkluo.ll..hd h07.7.hflrni. fLnrU<l ..rint nUJ.:"'W"ldl...k a listAkhol r.ll6
listAk i~. lgy ..~'mill<ha ,katulyol.wlt listAkat ",,"punk. m"lY"k..l, "1'",-'iAli~ohj,kto"'l.i"ill,ok.lllint pI. milt
rixok .... !<'n7.llrok k;'p,,p,,(,rt. h",,,,,nAlhatllllk; NIP "dlr.. mind ..gyik l'tudS7~r sl"..,iAlis Ohj.. ktllmot<~ta
l)'Ok"'ll Ie,,,I.,[k,,,,,ik. E bl..;] ""Mik .....k turt,""k ""ktnr"i {", liw'"",, lekl" .."'... i (l...n7.orai) ""imbolikus
to
9KU
j,.
li". Arill..Iw'hrll w....zIl&alA.

n.nl<"lik .... bl\lm.v.. hn"l..t mll~I ..{";.lln pl"U1"nl"h", v'' '''IlU,
981
""'t .........
20 ,2. M athcmatica
.~ M~ t ~m~tioc~....n<Wnt /I WnlfrlU" nn,,...... b. In". n'K f"jJ<..cztnw ki. A Mnb-l~l iu" VlOItOZ>lot
I",,,, 'Argyllllwo !21J~ bton taWbJ,,1O.
M"th ~matim
A l<timl>6lumok" ,.1.t~m~ti<~I >lUl l\:ll " l"p"h j"k t llllluk jPI01 i; .",...k !>M,ik i.. "" mo k 'lOT07.<1tai. 01"
"" ba"..m kf"l<loo lwtll"k "....... nm.u .0\ $ j,,1 iI' 11l"l1:'1'W..1..1t. A ki
llIlRYh..1 Ilk,1
ud........ me"k,iliin
bmt<-ti, A , ..ndszer bf'1.6 ""~Jll],61Ilm"; .
t,,(l _VMUAl" lIlAAo<hk. h.. nn hk tago!< ~. ""lO'bct,l .....11u-zJ6dnt>1t (h"'Il7.ok on u...,;uk.h....ll is ht.. ln--k).
h""'~lI.u..t""",k 1<,1" ~'" AI!/I.lA!>.. " ..
A rMldl'7......k ...hlL!u.,.;t; f"l!:IL!IllKt
e.
20.2.2 . Szamahrazolas a Mat hemet iea-han

20 .2.2 .1. A szamok alapt lpusai a !\ I a t h('ma tica~ha n
A M~tMm.ti<. Il "".amok ~ f...jtAjAt iIomrri. lll.. I~...krt
20.2. 1. Ala p w t 6 szer koze t i e lomek
/I
20 . 1. t 'hlh.a l tact.a1mAz7A.
A M.tb-l.li<. ~r aL..pw1i1 l<J'.t'Tko",A't.1 ""'IDf'iT ~""'"l hf~]~zUdnrk hivjnk. t::z.-.k '7~ntari,."
obj ,:obJ,.obj7'
obj.
(20.G)
Itt objo Il fmti Iaf'1 kifrj<-Uoo f"Jr (lind). <'ll:Y'itwll n,d\NIik IU'gtIlllO"I:ltllma. amit lIe Ad l"f"1 hatAMr...
kapunk lJtf'lIt Ax obJ, (.
U.
.n) Il kif..,...~...,. n'~zn..lfIf'I)"'kpt 3- ~"k16 Part Ia/r] ....1 ""lO"
Iaf'7
iuq>!mk ~ ba 11.. ,;"li..
obJ.~I_. "'" rTft'Irnkly.
:\ kifo:-jt-zh< frjr ...>It e.w11><'h <'ll:Y <>pf'I"Af..... Yl'IY "lO' fiiggvo'nY.Il,...,.,.,..,k "'" op<"I"Ill>rln,.ok Yl'IY .. -"JtaIi>k.
mrIy..kkrl. ~ k.
-m
ukur
w,
....
IIndIr" - f: He Ad. + ~ - Plu.IINd I - Inuger: Hn( r ] - Sr-bol

EK), hf,,~bm mind Il fooj. m'J\<11l n'to2.-k m~i,,' khetDl'"k kir"Fm-k. A .....iig\f't"" ~;jrrk a M. tlw:.....tra n-tltWorn..n Il k,f<',;..u--k lririlNV'O uu,nIIJt f.-nnlalt .........a<:rt o-a.k..bb<-n "" iiMozPfliggkbton I
.
naIha1j lk 6krt.
A:t r '1 - 2 0 r --- i k1f"J"7i",nrk.lUllf'ly'O ""~tb-l~tidban ,,!'lx'll;u iIJ.fu: al..klww iIo ~n.u../I
ko<n'lh:z6 Fullfora ulallitJV<AAI kapb ..lO lIM'& /I l.<.ljo... alakj... ami a kiN-ti-kffi...""""'pontjAOOl .... V1 ..a!...""
a;t; .......It'lr....!: f ullf ora r '1 + 2 0 r ... I . 1UIl..i... II ~" \ A1aKt.a.:
Plu I. Ta..2 r Poverr.2'
kiwp-",. A Plus. Pover />A Tl lI:&IIVIIk. /I mer;frldO wa.k'matikai Iflli....In"h-t jrIOlik
(M. /I 20.2. tablUatot )
1IIllJ.1l&l$;" "l(V
Ehh61. pi'IoW>OlliOttu.ljllk. 110"", Ilhnlr;,v A1tJUAhan II kifoo~. \~Dyi ~"'7... rll n"'....,... tikai mll....1.>1 h.-I..o.I'1'O'1ix AWtI"'fl'" "'!<":Uk. k b<.,;y ...krprmvOn ~"'n6 ......-;'.-li..w..........k "K"..-rl1o<ilh.
}'Iar "wlitctliik. 1>0,0.... klfoo}rzo"Ark ~ t"'-toi 1Li,,"tdbo.-l.6k . Part/ k'f'!'] . i \"'lQ' Iorf"] I "t.".dl.a-..!
IorFJ. i.j. . - kifQ I Ii
t.-hAt ..... i. r""'z]. tf,oziollf'k...
~R1 ,..-jj... hf") {'I. '2. .} J>... !if(
/I llKl:!dd6 ri",.kif"i<'ziw'k lif;tAjAt ",tjll ~. PTmrk ..rtrl..m"lA'f11.u......t" miL~k"'l"'n bf'1.lWI.ge I.j
f orUW WU' l'" iKY ..... u"k-X< I..... ~IlI>ontjAhi>l;" "fl:Y lrif..~ 1~~tAk ~1wt.~Ju..tllh>lwtl u,,1.aj.... Al\lf'IY"I '-"""n ..lIIJr.hall "" "lluitdt f.ulfoI1ll ul.aolitM mlllAt n>Pg.
HII '" M.t~m.t id- I N<.lI '" 1."\"11.0.+

Inll l
r'2---2 0r-1
IIholll
JPI.t ...k;\.{" I;" h"XYhaljuk. iJIk"r
SM.m tip"....
fo"..j
E...
I nt 8gt1 r
R.atioul
ValO..
....,
Kom pk-x
ee-plu
RaciooA!.iIo
.-.
kl
tf"tlll6l.-g.... n.-il
Bevit..1
nnn ....
~tao 1I'@;;a1f1..am
Integer /Int eger &!aku ~hctnI..n tot1

poot<-..A\l ~loataAm
,z,;m 01 ..Jaltli kowpl.-x..u.m
~wm
.. l6i:tt
""'-
nnnn.mmmm
A vaIOo.. """'"'" ...~Oponto!<!<liLmok b<--... t~ Irbrt.. H...om' ...... ~ ~>1. nnn . ..Ja.kban
M.tI~n\~tiu JE.~taoo. -...: .......... ....&mkktt k'll'\IIlt'"Li,
.0\ Hnd ..r]llJPglll pi tJll "" I lWi.l.n Upt....u. 110' J>''101il,r1 lalil '- lind 51. ......u-nll vA!ll.~, Outl tl =
Inuger . dr In[21
Head r.i ....... thJ O"tl21 = fteal " ..~ EY h>mplrx s.Mw valO,.;.,. k" p7R\(';.
...... t ~ tip'L~{1 ....a.w JE.bM. All; ;, 73i ~ 0 I ~ /I M.tI~n\niu ll ileal tiptL~t rrndt-li. dr
az 5.731 ~ O. / mir Co.., l ,"" til
I. IJM'tt 0\ 1rl>ql,61>Oll1< IlZAmk"nt "wlo-li. mr1rrlf'k "t1..k.. aoa.k
kOuIi~ O. t.-hat ... ...am~
m tilruk,.J .
\ '1UI.llak. 1.oIo&hbi m'h...wt...k. mcI~ k1u:1 to "".Amokrol fcl.. ~tMt MI,lw:unk. IRY pi'ldilul
lul31 ;= lltlaberlJ'r]
0"~131 so True. h... r 'V......am.
(20., ...)
ec..hkiont 0"t131
fal ... It t II True ", hI .. II BOOLE-fo'Ir .~",,'''' hr..rni~ k>,;iIW i'rti-.k.rI< ,.,.jmbOlumai.
.'0.2 IDugerll :I ] art tr><.<t.d..i. YaJOn r ~<-I<I".Ii.l.ll .... 1'7i'r1. hA
In loll :=- Integer~ '21 .
..k.kur
Out[41"" f al. .
(20.Th)
imnk.. akkoI" f'7.t
,=
H"""nlO. nvil.. tr.nval6 jele nt ....'llP.1<r.k'k az tvenO. OddO ~ Pr i . .~ frykk'" adhllt6l< m.-,::. 19y I>i'ldillll:
O"tl::']
True.
('20.7c)
Inl::'1 := Pr i meQ .10756-13]
.1.> {...;..gy-~ - .... l&Y lung......"".... m ;,.
J t"l>I~)
Inltil
PriJM~ 11O ,5IH1 ]
OUll!>1
Fabs
(20.701)
E:t.rk...' -w k Il pr""lik.itulllok OIOportj.... o:t t.arl.<.y~lI,J;.lllr!Y"k mind Q.- va.lv''gZ',,!IIPk i';; nUl1<1ig" True
\"I'lgy fa.h e ~ (rtikf"t N\jAk vA1Mzk';ut.
,=
AZ
sllI vr
E'\TER- t I.'i itn- II
M itl>em~tic~
v"I"...".....
O l1t ll l - 1 + 2r + r 2.
A M.tMm.ti<;a f.. li~f1,..rt" ...I",vit,h ,..,. ~tlt.f1d "'l'd luat.IlJ.. t ikai a.Iakba ll lld\.a v~ HI< I< ],.,\"It,ltI'""'tllk
\"01"" "SY l'0 nl '....,.."..,..o""1. ... kkor " kilrft..t
torU'ut \"oln", meg: ~ -"J t.aliu,,-,,, ........hl\.ly.
II " lI..... t " '.t lrj " k lit':
In l21 := fu llfoI1ll I'* ]
akko!' I< v"I",,~:
,,,ut
Out2 = Plu s il . TiIl. . [2. .r), POlIsr l.r. 2J]

A ~Wgl,t,... ,,~-.rojdl ,, Irt, % j"l M t k;;'~)\It< " M.th,.m. tic~-va.l , hogy I<'l .. 107.0 kivit..1 a n" .. t"ni ul "" il",
ar".'lHJ<'ll.t ullla (IV. u(" J,...,,.[illti p rt .. I"',ll}'i'l'f'%%-kal. ..... Outl] kivit.. lre %n'11<'1hivl<tk....z het unk ]. El,l ",l
.. k,f.W"' ..l...ll...I,l", II" IiMlw .. lik ,k l11<'t. "Illi ...~iut~ 1l <'r;:j kif..jf"z..... ki..mdh"tjiik:
0 "t[31 '" Pov8t' lr .2) .
In l31:- Put l%,3],
20 .2.2.2 . Specialis szamok
A M n~m .tioc~ tartahnltZ n;;h",,}' ~l ....,ii. l;" nfunot. nl" ly,'kw KYakrllll v"u ~z;i k ....l': .... aIu..ly"k.. t 1,' 1.1;7.6-I,".... ponl.""""lQIa.1 Jll{'ghlvh...tll nk. lI}"'ll" 1f ,.zA,n. lU"lyn" k jrl" Pl . " 7. '
"".a'l]"" E j..lIel, "
180 " ~gne
jrlld (a ..wwllert~khol jvrn"rt",kl,... v...l f! " "'",,.mH,...... faktur..). lilt tn ity " 00 j,I.. a m"r tMgyNI k"p7...t ""
!1G.""gi, p'.. lif/; I.
20.2.2.3. Szumok Ahrazolasa es kon vert alasu

A -eamok " fOrlll-,'cb'l1 \It""itilllOkka l kiil,i"holil lL!/lkhlUl AhrAmlhlll&k. llIdY"kd " gymiL~ha l..h<1 konwrtAln i. 110' pi'ldaul miml"n .r v"I'.. ..7J1 mot "" HI... , III hpl.... fii~vPny "gy nj.~vr.. pOllt,,.. lebpgOpolll.OIt
""." mba. ko"v"rt. AI.
(20,&)
Inl'l := NrE . t 9J
'"
20,2, Jlalbmwl;""
A RatlOnll.11u j.l.
.u. I....W\ fiiWffiy ""'.I
Inl81 := RatiOIl....l1Z. j%. HI' - 5
,q.Nllol dr pon~l!II rocioUM" "".Anlll'" aWtitjll:

1457
Out/l'll - 536
(20.1:1 11)
H.o. 0 l>OQt~ol adnnk lTl"&. Kkkor " t.bth.emat;ca l\7, ;r lIVi.Iuol !('hMo l<1tiobhan )g.,.,J'lirl5 n,dmiAlUo
.......nol AllitJ....III.tiplpmho> vI-Vt' .. ciu. p<>ut~t.llffiiri-I<lR heW "hrazol"""""..k.
~lilonhOz.'j 1WUn""1l~!W"~kl ..-u",Iou ,w\mok ;,. '1Q~"""" kouv..n31hatOk. A Suer0":.1, b;Il7. :t kifcjl-............1mrgMOI t <IN'lmAW. ,q,,!,lIlot 1\ " (:s 36) .w.p,11Wmll'1'n<il<zAorb..-n ILcbmrgfl'1P1O "Z'imhA k"DwrtiJja.
II.. 1>;. 1O . ..Jr:kor a ~11i'1 M!O".I>hIlT.l\mjoogy.-kj<'1Pi """WI AZ o. b. c.
hM-iik; AZ uj AlaI' aJ,oO iudrxko"'nt
IIl<"gjoolffiik .. "zAm vi'Xi'n. 1""lU .",1.,.,.l<l.AIn """'''n. ha ""'" ..JOirt potltooAAg. azt "'" (Ij ala.k orOldi.
A : Igy po'IrlAlll
Inll,'}1 ,= flu.foB2:>:> , 11,;
o.,I!lS[ = fi ll
(21.1.9)
InrIGj:= auaFoB.'i.E. 10 ~
01111161 = :2 55;60521~
(20.91.)
,\,x iO\"f'I"L l.nlu>(onllanol"", b' ' mmm m ~ kPU imi. aboI. mmmm IIIlIal'li!<&m. Amf'lyM 10-- ,.,..Am~br "b.runk (v- " lA1AkitMi.
B : Ellmlt'M.1
Inll7}.=I:I
7J5 ~_
120.U<cJ
'9 a1Akb..u.
20.2.3 . A fontos o po ra t n rok

Sok aiAl"'I... rktoc~ Illakbou. fr""ti> .. IJ\IlUoIIUL!iMba.n ~ < ..ymb, np "YrJI~ :> i.um:,.],.k.
han . Ez"zunb!ui 1lUll.1t-n"""'-....n .. tolrs frA..,mod11llk aoak '-"KV c:gyszc"t~ilPn szinouiIn YltJ.to:<.lt.t". A~
gyu:r/lhbe.u diifonlulil wilwlrti", rdAriOoo op<'!"at.ul"olo:..t ~ uok tdin<. """"' ....1fIII A1llkjM" 20.2 . 1..6.btaut t.artaln~
201. liWlaz...t. A Mithemitic~ ront"""t.n Of>"l"AtoI"al e. -..k Ful1Fo~j"
" .,. b
"b""lD'".b
,,'b
,,/b
11.-:> t'
,- ="
PIll_ :". b,
II.
n ...!". li
Pover ja. bl
TIM"I'" Po~rlb.
RIlle: ... ('i
S.t[,-,
"J
-III
Equal!u. t'j
"" =1/
Uoequal[u', 1I:
r :> t
Greate r [r. (
Greate rEqual !,-, /1
Lessr,'!, tj
Les 6Equal [. , (
r:>- t
"<t
,. <= I
A 20.2. t a h lb a t ba n "I"gtiil>h HiH'''' ,.,. mf'!':nf'Vf'Z..... magAtol prtptMii (vag)' ''gyik .. lIIf11oikl",1 k',wt.
kl'7.ik). A "lIOnIlt II b lll"kjA.nAl ViR)'lUUi kd!: n kh Irm'l'7.o kmott "Ziik,.;.g,.... t>gy "7.i>koz.
Vi~""!l"ljuk 1II"1:" Rille ..... Set f,.upl k'f.di;d,~ kif..jt~;",,k.t! [,, 'KY" " a halol.-lali r kif..jl'7'''' rrt,pk.' p/'1.IAlll
(.gy valtO'w. ;. J0l.l>ol<l".Ii . kif<'jm."", I' .,.jill: "gy ~lJl, A S"t ;",.ouuali hon.ft.r..nd..I..... hnl"""I". lUm..k
liirl......ig r ;" IHe KZ fKY hunAnr"I,jt ". A I,orl.... vRgy lij (-rtik hO'f.d;cCllddi'Si>\"f'1 val't,Y "1. r - ., ill,
Clear[x) lll""it.... ha l""'in< .. I.M mind"ll f'ddigi hozzh,..'wld':", t.Orl.'.,.lv,.] torti>nik. A Rule k"H"trukrill "l~wl "",<'ml,..IlO't\.v h"U"I.("l'IH.... i.... >l7.nhAly. Illply j''gtOl.>l ",w r KZ "lAbl>i I- hpjy,>It<",ftii"I"'rhtmh"n
fordul ..jr;.
Reph.cdlllt, "
h"]~','b,
-> vi VIl-KY riividf'n II- u-:> I' KZt jcl,,"ti. 1",!lY a , kif..j"",;.,;hf.n ..
". kerfi].
Inl-.I := 7 + yZ/. y _> a + b
A Rule "" II. R" pla ceAll op<'rAtorT"ill j<>1l..mw.11Ogy ll-l: lItMitiu< -...gy " tr;un"JormAt:iii!< ""...lWy b<.'vit,,1e
utan anHAk,iohboldml rOgtiin kii>rtpkrli. Ed-rt" IwJol.w..J,; htik" minof'n.."t ko~tl6 hiva.-uk ut.ar, mAr
R mf'lI,frlclO jobbolJalak (>rn;kp"",1 hplyl"tw.;it&lik.
YIUI vi,aonl kPl a1tnnRtjV ofl"l"Ator. nL<'ly<'k ki...IeltRtl'tt hRt/wo{I/UC
11 :'"
1"
(FullFora-RlakjR = SetOehyed :u, vn
(20_10...)
u::> r: ~""IO' u:- t' (Full Fo raAl..kja = RIlleOehyed !u.v])

(20 .1Ob)
Itt iOI kvenyesaz utAAitiul. illPtVf''' trll.lU<7.fOflnarj6,o. "'lAhlUy f..hllfrAAA.ig. hop;y" bNoldalt .. jobbol..wIal
b<.'lycttmtjiik. viseont .. johhol<W IlituNiOI kilrn;k--U-......k A haIoI<WutllAJiI; m<>ghiv"""-kor Wr1i-nik
",",.
Az. u == t. FullFon-&1ak blln EquU !II. r J Itif..~ />t1A:.. pontoNW akkur True. Amikor u .... t' IIl".nrJOOo
AJ. Equll.1t ",,1dA1I1 ~rn..U'k b-7.r........nrl b-I.naljllk. Jo 11Ioni. hoto' lWn",h' 1 opcI'awrnak ........ ~
ri<vi~..wn.. / / I. 1ItOk~ alakja iA:
InI6l: =r "-1I//1
o.ltl6l-/n.rj
20 .2 .1. Listak
Oll~171=-I;;
A.....arnok .ihrb.ol4M .. mill<konlton. cl6l<' briUlitott ponu-Agal t.iirthli.I. AlIl.i alal*rt. I~,,", ti fr o
to'keti.i<l:Yrt )rImt. 6-nAIli\hh ro,irk ~D pnli,; I\Z 1m. tudom4.nyoo. iril.>wOdba.n. azAl'
nn",._mmmlDl()~
983
Outl"l=r +(a+b)l
o..,.z,.,. .IM"...I"I...."
20.2.4.1. Fogalom es jclcntes

A M..themnci-han a 1i>;tiU<at rillo:Wlr. """IlOrtjaiMk .. kr7...~ haIwLAljuk. ..,. ...........r han" 1i.,..Ari.~
alffir4Jvw.k ~bPn iw:-n fouta.. Mivo-I iltaWww A kiw~ .. li><tAkkN .. ,k IwoonlcNgot mUlat W ... \i<.uU 1w7.F~ mintaul ~ .. kif..jPr.oWk l>in>tl,... ...-talyamu ~ re. nrllatt a !i...tamu_wk'- n~'on ba.onlOO.k .. StriIll!i.
,,1,,1[l~, karaktl'l"U...e<>kra VOIwkudl "ta.~it"'ook.
A Jil;la tObb obj..ktu.rn Oto<ufoglalAAa ~ ol>;"ktununi ioo< .. BotMww mind<-n objehum egy\'ni'rt-Pk'l.
oW; .. bt&n dfogWt h<--1Y'lk JriilOnhOrtt<1.lltI<!K 6krl . c.v Jil;tAt IY ....."nlt Il1.re Ildatokb61.:
Lia<.. r. ..2. 03....] 0= {aI, ,,2, <13.
I
A !i.~ta ~t ~ konkrPt liOlt&n Ulllla.tjult rtlf'g. mf'lyno>k j<>t., II:
IIIPI :=1I
Lin ."t, 02. <13...-t. a5. a6]
(20.11)
OutlIl = tal ..2.03. at <15. a6} (20. 12)
..\ M..tMm ..tic.. a Iisla. kiir......ul.1 a bo.p"""" 1ki>j<'lM. h""",uAlJA..

A 20.3 . tAb laza tban awn utAsita.<;okat f~Wtllk 0.-.., m..l)pk "to" li!otAOOl '10' m.zli~tAt krp""'llf'k.
20,3. tAhlA7...t
LiI<t"d''lll"krl kivNMZtO lItru<it"""k "" ,rt'tlmfuyilk: 11j"t.At j..t.,nt ... wbhi a.Igllmf'ntnm kif..j",-Lf',<I.
IlldYll<k
tl>TmmM.... ""Am
"rt"""
kivaJ.."ztja KZ ..],.(i ,,1..m,1.

Hut[l]
La s t [Ij
kivAIAhZlja M \11"1>;<'> d'ulIt
Part!/' 1IJ V"K.V f[[Il]] kivAl~tj.. M ,,-,~lik ,I'uwt
PutlE. {nI, n2 .... }] 1i>lrrh"z ' '10' liOItit.1. A? "duu nt~',.Anrir .I"uukbUI
"KY'''1<IZ. lUillt 11.7. pl&/.I'i mtlvf'l"t
l il{n!. n2 .... }]]
Tab [l, m]
a:o Eli><t.. "1"'1 '" "kruil><'ll hm; 1M,, llj li><tM
"list" IIt"l",', m ,I'JljM><'I! h'Yf.IM,f!' ,ij 1i"I,At
Taka[l, -m]
"",lli..t" ..j"lIlf'it ""OlzAnr ~ ..rint I/lTJjI,.. iK" KY {,j li~t-AI", teszi
Takall, [m. ll
I\Z p]M" clcru kivi,d,.v"llroz INn' ,Ij li.tAt
Dro pl', n]
"" .. I",~ In - I t>.< ~ n-llpln"!SY0hh "OI"<Um'; Ii"I.<,,,lf'm,,kMI h(}"~ I,'trp 'lj Ii."'t
Drop[I. {tri. Il}]
\1~"'UlZ. uriu!. Drop[!. I]
flu t[I]
98<
PHdald(20_II~tx-.:.azllli.~w-",
In12l Ftrn:ll]
In13l'" II' 3:
In]"'l = 1I {2. -I. 6),
Inj,)j = Tab
Out!:Z1 '"' 01
Ollt[31 - 03
0.41.1'"' {o:.?
n. 2
Ollll:>l
{/ 1. 112,.
04 06}
(ol. 02)
20.2.-1.2. Tobbs ainr u list ak
killiinhrologii!!ZAmtani ,.."..,.tnak
{!'f..,. bf~. .. hjrj)
mu... ho,;y .. li>;tak clcmci UUtUk Ih Irhetu..k ~.Igy f'g,ylfIA><~ ~katlllyiv..,U. tObbs<intiI
~f41 ai> volt

l~ tAblt bpuni:.
Ha p"ldaul
= {eu. bI2. 613.614. illS}
111m
a2 - {IIZ1. 1/22. b23. 624. b25}
Inllli = oJ", {b.-n. fl.1:.? eaa. /13.1., b35}
IlllGI
"" 19y tovAb!>. w...onlo..n .. -I . as &. ... 6. akkor II Ji.-tu ''10' w.t"j"t M p juk. md yt'l U" 1O' t>'rjPdplmr mu.U
itt ''''m (tunk ki ""pli..;t IIjakhan . A Put II. I. 11 "1""1\ """,,1,,,, i,...Jik n'l<zli,tl\ j ,~ hk ..I..mlot l..h..1
kit>lIlplni, Ugy" " "",, 117. lTNlm" uy" a:I. I[[i. )JJ nl;utMlI"k. A 9~4, oldalon vi~",gAlt 1"'1,1.1.1,,, ,,:
Inl!:.!1 :-11[[3, -l]

0 1111121_ 631
APart [/' {i l. i2 .. J. {j L ]2 . .. }], u'r"''"lI.kl....uK7. I[[{il. i2, . . J. {j l. j 2,
)IlUtI",ftfuo"lmnliHtat "lIil ..III, lI11wly 1\7. I J, ;2. ,..-,rs7i1m{, lil<tiUI mind"lQ'ikr'll<kj l,j2 , .. ""11<?Alll',plpmpi l t "rtnlm"",?II..
f,:cv " f'-ut i !""ld ....11/I.Jl (1A.<i(19M . old.)
l ul131 :_1l[[{3. ~}, {2 . 3 . ~ } 11
O lltl 131 = {lb32, b33. b34J, {b52. b53. b5411
Ezt'khol" ....,l,lakl><,lj61 Mism"rh <"l,o 1I.1;~lJ\.k pgymAl<hll. ~k"tul}'l.;,.a..a Ilak e!\1.. A liIot....k><t h"fu lNl- Wlgy
II.
loht-i nhi li~tilb.t
i\
1IL<'!olf"1<'16 kivAllw:t 6
mo'l"""',pkJ.llo-hMIu:-z;,.I"i,
20 ,2 .4 .3, Mu vcl ctck listekkal

A M.. themuiu mo'l ....lo-t..k <W- ""rat t~lI"'""'.DKIV<"kkf.'ll~~t&t\ffif-t "'kPrrl~lli.
rftri<lftmi:
POlla1oll,l. -;:
"-.bltrQ
t.
II.
Fr M I. II)
Pnpelld"l. II]
Appeod (l . II
Itl..rt [1. II,
j'
Debe. I, {i. j .... J!

RephclI Partll. a. il
h"h1t<-ni~""'fO"
tnPII:M.I" U II f'I<1n l"Uici6ja' A:7-1 hstAhul

..tJ.-n6ni. boc.Y II f'Ioo[Of"'-<' &7.1Ii~tAnak
l"llrn6ni. bosY II "" llifitalww l)l"Ul foedul rI<l
lIZ lli.~tA f'Iooyt<' bMrja <1-1
IlZ llilota ~;r(' beirj& Gt
>\Z llifiLII. j ..... lilt bcI~re bfoilj....,..t; <>-t
(- ..-ti>n. ~roIlOZAmoI,",,)
klwrli "" I,},. "-'T!'"J'';utI1'pkIIll''lu-t azllistAhnI
a:< i,dik .. I"mf't ..",,1 h..lyrttcsiti a:< Ili..tAMIl
A Debu lIlil""l..ltf'1 p(>ltl aul /l f.."t d,filli;,.]t 1I1ist"t rovidlth..tjii k 1L7. .. 6 ..Iem tod;""'.....!:
lul14I:= 12 = Deb t .. :ll. 6)
O\ltll4l {.. I. a2, a3. " 4, a5}
Ez t.. rnu"'7A'.-.n """k "?illlholiku.~ M irAs, hi-,,,,',, a l, ..2 .... a3 mar "j "rt{'kM kapott Illlu) I",,,. lu171 -hf'll
f'l< I ll l ~J tmll .
20.2.4.4. Spccirilis list.ak

A Mathemu iclIl'<I.NwiJtaI (... crt"k" ik t.....,pt>rf.OIlIll"Ri,.["lllt........,.,"1 naRY
"".. r.,..
-t
--
-= "I
mllll/lAAhhrm<llwn i.. '1OmiL.~b.. M Itt i1I'".;l'''I,i .... ..,....kpt
jal&t;ik,,, Tabb o
J rmc.r }
{f',mm,
.f .......r.}
{J '171m ,J...ru.n + d. .. }, AUlt"lyhru a WT.to\.<ol ~JD<'TItllm
a ~ imar-ruU kilo<-bb--~ (d. < 0 -wn l..,:k:i...I>h. mJIlr-nAl ~cl61 drlllf" U ,min ~Jni. d,
A biooll1illfu. egyiitthatl>li: lAhlAzlLla n = j ..... -tI'n;

1,,11:'1:= iabl e :BitlOlll i al [7, I, II. o. 7}ll
O " t (1:' 1 = {I, 7. 21 3.'). 3~. 21. 7. 1}
ci- ...
A Bi.nOllli. al [n , 171)
Ija ' lWlt. A bble m,lVl'l.. tt..1tohhdim"lJzi6M tAhl.w.t"k ~~ 1<'tr<'hOl'.hat6k .IRY
!"'MAlll
Table lf {i. n , i2}, {j, jl, ) 2},
tiih,,"?i nt,l , "1O'" "",b,"\ ska tll lyrmitt tAh!""... t"kat "n"<lm"ny,~:
In llf>l := Tab l o [Bi llOlll i al [i. j), {i, I. 1} , {j, u, ill,
"lll in.. k hatft&ml m ..~ k."pj \lk "" 1I-,~lrt'l"hi hin omiAli" cgy iiU lmwkat "
I, '1 .
7 ......t(-n:
Ollt 116) = {It. I }. It. 2. I}. {L 3. 3. J}. {I, 4. G. 4, I },
,I
I I,
s, to . 10. :>. 1}. {I, 6. 15. 20.
I ~.
6. I }.
(r. 7. 2!. 35. 35, 21. 7. I )}
A Range IUll.....let spt'fi.l\Ju. !isUklLt hm Iftre;

~ .. ;if1l4.Cj 1Pt",h<rz7~;w.
{1.2... ,,} u..til.t.
ahol n az if1l4.C valOto sd.m "llp"zrl!ouo: muU" < o ......ti-n iires fu;tAt Ml"mk, Il- .tU6ou:I . Range ,ll !. n2:
h. II ~e !nl . n2. dnl fu,tllkt'nt lkrt"hm.f'KY l<dunl-ani ...,rozaIoI I. ill ..t\'f' dn k'ilOn~eL Nll<"IYll<"k
bo7,d,{j.,l.-mcaz 'I I kif"jl--doI tl.ld. \aI&o~l. lltoKH....m.. p<'di,; .. \I~n-wltAni~ t lltol"'lIZOD
"'""'". amc!). rnC,; bot"~nlt'I (I~IO) a:< '12 wU6o;~.
2U.2,5 . Vektorok es marrixok min t listak

20 .2 .5.1 . MatrixlistAk Il-tTl'hoza......
.cy...... ~ (lista-) utNIitM .. woklorukh. malrixokdMin~ . . .iI.. EY i1y"\pg:;.wntti 1i>.I-ll:
r = {d. 1'2.
t
}
(20,13)
rnindic r..lf~ti>. mint n--d~ tt'r <'gy vf'ittora. ID<'Iyn<"k lwalPOU<'lll't"i ......2.. . t"Il. A ~ .....
riAli>o Arn y :., n]lltal<ita.., abol diigwnr.lI:I: Prtt'kf'k !istaja . ha.<z.1i'!.l":": {d',,, 2'
. V'II,}. Ily<'ll
, ...ktomklutJ )Ph"" a !<Zimbolilt .... ....,k~ilJ\ioob.t f'I\'iogM"Jli_
A I'mt hrv..zcteu /l {Li.Id 9N. oM.) "'12 (ltl. 9M. old.) IifitAk MfoshaU>k. mint ..... >11:, ;.,. jo<>;loI'(1
rnA~rixok. Ebben az """theu bi} "mAtrix ....<Iikoorahan 0'11 j-<"<Iik """'101...1.... , AliO ..)Pm. 1,10' II egy (v.:')
t(I'\l~,'1 ttIogI,.J"p-matrix.12 '10' (~,5) t(p"'('llt'gy7.M"", matrix.
{'I. III tl uu..,.J tiIAAII.I "lQ' (n, mrtfp""", malrixo! hOZllllk IHl'r h,'akt'nt, m.. ly",k ,I'll,,i
m"!{llk ;" 1u.1.Ak:"""rok r..hilrt"il l<-f..1o'. A mhtrix ..l"meit loll. j] jdiili. i "" ''lO''''' ",'rok "'-'rs><Amiat ",Ij.
rn"l'; I .... 'I kro,6t t, j a z """J"I",k"1 I ffi m kiT,,6It. Ehl>t' ll a l<:tlmh6lik,,,, a1nkl","11.,t 19y irhatjllk
II = Array [b, {6, 5})
(20.1111.)
Ahhn?. hUKYaz /l (6. 5)0.. mAtrixul <'[', . I.ti r"rmAjAban vi""zakapj\lk./I-,t fgy k..11 ddi llir.lni:
/1 = Array[bf# 1. #2) &. {6. st).
(20.141,)
II . v,,,ktorrol WIn 87.0. azaz n "" I. akkor Array[/>. m]....t trunk. A fpnl.i..kl><'llllyilvNwalu.llUgy aI. Array
ri'vidphh. a Table h"t<'konvahb Iuvouul,",{!okra.
,1,1. .I.rra y ~b,
98'
20 . ~
Mr.r
li,tAt
A.z IdelltltyMnfu n " ta.~ita.~II.Z ....... lcM /t ~ot ~lk",.

..\ Du.goulJl.l.trix l IMa' oIyan diatr;onAlmiltli xot boz i<'tTf'. rorI ylll'k fMt lOjAbau a lil<taplt-wri 6llUAk
A DaellSlOll .lula J n",g...lja a.nnak .. m AlriXnM. .. dimo-tWi>jAt. llIO'iynH: IItnatw-ajal" l.,.ta e...rtftlmazza. Hogiil ~ dl"'trbfo r.)i~fal ulA8itMW '-"KY fu;tit.t miltr iuJak",,"jrlcnitb<'tlillk Inc,:- Mivolk
k-h..\.<'io;i>g rnlitnxok ,j"finiAja...ara: ~ j(I ,j ) l\Z i .... ) <'lI:~ ~nok fiiggWnY". Eklwr II.
Tl.ble~f, {i . "}. () . m} ) lIt1L~itA.~ "RY olYlI.1I (Il. m )-Iipu.~u matrixot ,1<'finiAl. mclyIl<'k ..It-mri "" ! (i ,j )
{>rti-k..k,
20 .2 .5.2 . Mrlvclc tek mAt rixokkal {os voktorokkal

A M. t....m. tic. M"'!ovr t(",~i uiatrixok i... vckturok formiili, k..z"ll""!.. r hl...,.." 20. 6. t a bl ilzat b"n I";rl.
iljgpbrai 1I1\1w-]..t .. k,,! h"",,",\!j...
:~.Uj.
c,
"""
k...,
Det: II'
Itt '"
IDve;G& ~II .
TT1>!OSpoae .11
M"t:rixPover!, "
Eigenvalue. 1I]
Elgenvec t:or, ...:
tAhl"""'l. A fllllh mlt.trixu"tv..I..I... k j ...I,iU.... ......rMIllc"}',,
A : Lt-gyru
InIl81 :- r -
O utliS I =
{I "II.
rovi l!
Iu l191 := Transpoae[r)
hatA.","",
O"I,WII""
'I' 'II'
I I. u[L 2). a [I , 3]. ,,[I 4

3
II
2,
2).. , [3. 31...
' 3.'
,3. \ ...[3.21
2 0.~
AM,
II'u~2.
1I~2.
1}
!.
{a4, I), 'Ji4. 2). a[-t. 3). <114, -t

{{ <I II, I I
I ). " 13. Ij, a[4. 1
{<I.1. 2j.II,2. 2\.,,[3. 2i.1I14. 2
a12.
{ a I. 31
' 1I!2, 3,. a13. 3:. a -to 3
{a !1.
1 ,11,2. 4.1I .3_l]'''4. 4
.
}
Ez
t~
<.. Inl
20.~
AM,
Ul ,h~
~.
I -21
3 , ,
20 .2.6. Fuggvpu)'ek
20 .2 .6.1. Alapfilggvenyek
L.~antm'", fo.-1ggVi'ny
Tr~. fiiggVfon)'rk
ArkU><d'IU,..;'n:~",k
Hipt'rhol. ffi~nv..k
Al't'ltniKl!""'")",k
,;plr]
l.oI::r], Logi60. rl
l~. iIkt.... II AlAril)

Sin '.r]. eos,rJ. Tan ..r], ~t [.rl, See[rl. Csc !r!
Ar cS i n 1z . ArcCo:s[r ]. ArcTlln rrl. Al'CCo( r J. M cSe< lr l. ArCCs C:.r]
SiDh'r]. Cosh :rj, TIlnb ~zj . Cotb. 'z l, Sec b.:r]. Cacb. ~r]
Ar cS1Dh!r j. AH Cos b.[r ;. AccTIlnb;r ]. AH e Ot:b.1r ]. ArCSe Cb.[I j. Ar cCs cb.(.c]
A Matlle mat ici miutl<"l.t'k.,t 1\ fih!Jlv""y"k"t a v"ltm1> kOIllI,I,x "rt"kPrp iI' ki",JU""lj", z
k.'lllllpgadnu llk ,
+ iy-t:r. y-k"nt
A Mathem at ica il Log fiiAA\''''ny"nannilk " !tal""".....r, O'l f"g",lott, foly tOIll.'" i" inv"rt,illh"t" magAt h ti. a
tiihhi fiiAA\'t'-nyl'<' 1"",1 az alAhhi honl .."ot.
20 .2.6 .2. Special is fiiFCKv{>nyck
.-\ Matllema tiu ""k "pt'<'iMil< rii W ;'Il)1: ls i"m.-r . ~t"Iu'J.ly,.t f'Zt'k kilziil a 20.8. t 6blbltt Wt/\!>ru<;<:
-i; .
..Hor IS:< '-'""lmi'ny
1 "1
(' \3)
..djll az r mAtrix r T t r"'lIll:1: pon.iL1t jiLl.

H.. egy ~dim.iWlwo ....ktort ilO' d<-finiA:hmk:
In l20l := ,' = Array!tI.
=z
"" '" wktorok

InI2:!1 := t = Ar.-ay iz , 3) Outl23J = {z lI I, 1'12\ , r [3H
In12-t1:= 60 = {fl . - 2, 7} (hlt1 241 = {9, -2. 7
Miv.l d"t(p) oF O. II. .... ntl'<1.t'!' "I':Y..-,.'r(j"tl lllegolrlh'lt1>: I = p - I60. 1\7.11112:;1 := I nv en ,,[p) 60, "" "" "rrxlmcny
Olltl2:i1 = {- I. 2, 3 .
ExJ.oooenriAl'" fiiF:lt"-.'ny
1lZ .. ~I"" mAtrix Mj&t<"rti'kri

.... .. ~tao. matrix ....jat_ktor.li. az
Mjati-rtCkht-z taJ'tOX<)k .llK'g'
(..1..10"",j;i,t all;'r ~ tw.iMt adjiLk: ...... ktoroe 8J tA1A1ww nin<1lf'llI'k nnrmN.Vl'
Array!a. {-to 4} )
Ou t jnlI IKatrirl'o"
A Mit hemitiu .. mar t'mlit,tuk"lllli[ miog""k ma.u'ull'ltiW aJ...pfiiwt'-nyt isrue r , 1Il,,1Y"khOl n"hAnyal
...20.7. tliblli~t lanaJm"".
..,. " matrix "7i>nIoM '" (' ~k/l.IArr"J

1I.l. .. e.. b uui.trixnk !Wlru.ta
Il7. II mAtrix rI"U'mliliaUM
Il7. II malrix inYf'"""
.... II watrix trAlll\XI""lI4It j..
.... II matrix n-<.'dill batvAnyll.
Eack
"'''''
mil'"
Inl221 = p = M~t:ri.Fo"H {2. 1. 3}. {I. -2. I}, (3. 2. 2U ]
0"t I2Ol - {ti ll . u;2. 1I!3~. 11'4.

~I""'t k"I"'-"""" .It IIJl r matrix e. .. t' Yf'klor BZOttAtAt. lUooynpk I'f'f'<UI';'n)"" rgy w ktor (Id. MilYf'lM..k
wit.t rix ok kal.. f.j<ozrI . 2jJ. oId .l .
Inl2ll :=r t'
0"t I211 - { lIll. l1 "!I: -<- lI,1. 21
" tI ?\+ 1I!1 31 11 3 + 11 1 41 " "
II 2. 1 II I i ~ ".2.
U" + II 2 31 tl31 + 112, 4 ..
f
,,3. I II -<- 11:3.
+0 13 3] 11[31 + 113 4j 114 .
" 14. 1 u 1 + 11[4. 2
+ II 4. 3J u[3: + II 4 41 u 4 }
A ~b t h~m~tiu " "m t""" kiilouhtlPg..t Otl'/Jop_ ,,. .'-'rvt' ktor ki;"-;'tl. A mA.tril<l<l.Or~, ~f>t'<:Wi....u UlAtrix
i" ....kl.or.wr""""/\z.ml"'n alt/\lll.bJul nem kommutattv (Itl. ~hlVt'I.t~k matrix"kkalo::. fO'j..,.1:, 2:.J. 01.1. ).
Az ",",zl0l'wktortl\110 r "kif"j..., h llwgfdd /\ IillPAri. aJgd>rA.hlUl/\ ..l Iu'trix .wrv'wl. ow.l"l'v,ktorraJ
johhror nnl\'..!"tl",k. /\ ""rwkt<>rt ",It'> v r kifPjt'."t''''I'<,<lig ..matrix ~1.,r"""" ""rYt'ktorral Wrn!" lIu1v.,.
It'tn"k,
B : Arion It pi = 60 lin..hri~ <'gY"fIl.'t""IJtl.~...r miltrixll (ezt ...,>i>ltlAt II. CRAMF.R--I<Zabaly Mmfl aJl>0tll
him,,, 274 . nltW,," ito tMgyaltllk ):
ll
l
il "'I
lit:?
41
BE!'~El-fi~nY'"'k: J. (r ) ~ Y. {z )
MOOoI<itott DFSSEL f, i~nY"k: I ..{:) K a{z}
LEGE....'DRE-voIinnmnk : p. (z )
G;Hnhfo.1ggvt'n~...k: Y,{d. _)
BeuelJ [n,z!. Bessen[n . z]

Be...U [n. : " Be.".lk,n . :
1A!8DdrePln .r)
SphericalHu.oni,Y!I. m. tlvtll.pln'
TnvAhhi fiiggvi>ny..k rn~drl<1 ~1",,i"li.<I konyvtMakhOI ....tQlt ht't6lr (ltl. II 7. 11 i5)..-\jilol juk "" OlvtllOO
61O"'Im",....... "l-""ci"li~ fiilUl:vI'uY"k kimrrithrtt'tlt'11 kill....tilrilt II- b.tt:p: / /tunCtiOlll, \loltro . co. hon
l" pOll.
20 .2 .6.3 . Tiszta fiiggv{>nyi"k

A Mat hemat ica l.-h,.t&i'I:~t ", I 'iR)'u.vt"rett tillZt/\ fiiggv"'nyO'k bil.~,mal iltiu"" E~.'k olylUl fiiW-"lly,.k.
Uldyrkr....k llrm kdl u~v,t Illlnonk, J"!"I""iik: Functton! r. ft"rt ]. It t ft ...rt ln-lyere Irjuk It:7, MWOllk
tl.'filli;\.l t fiiggvi'uy ...rt ...kiol. I\Z z helven .
lu l11:= Fun ct:i on !.T,
/ 3 + r~ 2J
Out l1l
hn,tiOD. lZ. r J
...
r~
(W .I ::')
,<8
!!o.~.
{,,; .'bloOl
In!21 := FU.llctioD Z, J" ~3
+ .r~21 e] hAtAAAm Olltl ZI =
+ <1-.
(21). 16)
A tiloztA fiiwnyrk j<-].,l.....n lH<~k qo' ..-gy~l ..nl it ..n ir....~mixI_ Enn..k alakp. ~J1 &, ..hoi " b<-l\l ~
lyrlt.,.it"n.-!<1 \IllI,"""'t jf'b:i (1,1. (20.141>)). Al ... Io"bbi ket input hely""! t .. hAt irru.tjuk <Y.t:
<,1
+"
ce.m
Inl.>j :'" (41!~ 3 ... # "2 ) &.: [<'). Allii n> o.tt!JI "'''
TObbvAltozilo< 1i.'IZtA tiiwf'hyrk<'t ill ,kliniAlhatwtll.:
Functl on: {sJ, ;r2. ,). pm YllIO' rOviJtu /tom &:, ahoI It"'" vAltmOit 41.#2. . . .if'1'->l.i. A &.:
bcirMa a ~ ig..n fontoll. pZ mutAlj". bolo' a:.< cl6u...aIlO kifu~t (o'p(M'flMfd ig !) tiI<rtAfiiJ!,l{Vi"ll)'III 'k
hol! t..-lunlt'w.
J'"
20.2.i. MintA7..at
A Mn~tiu Io-ho-t6vio t.'OW. Cdh""" nAIOnak. bop;y AAjAt fiigg,'fnrkrt definwjon "" azobl ,,~
t.ao&i~
r..l bAI'IIlIAlpt.. AI
Inlll :_ f s J
Polim:
(20.I1'l)
ntasit.wal, abo!. Pulicrt ~.r val V<16 !l"I.~ polillOmp..... r~ ilW <J<.6.ulAlt
\ ";nyt
bazt ,mk leur.
lIJ><'riAIiIl fi"1K"
.w.
..\ z f fii~y dmiuiriO,iAbIw Ut"lll .r

luwt-m r_ (ki<'J I.... r-aJah<a.a..). Az. z_ oWmh61um jPloout......
.vala.w.i sa r llP\......r, Ettill kr7~I ...... M.them.1tiCll.amiknr rgy f ...Ill".. kifcj<-4b< ~wk.l'Q;t .. ff'Trti
defink.Kwal ~l)..., tnQ' i. A ,"'nioOuak~1 amOd,lioJ. Ilf"W'DUk .... ~.o\z _ trci.wOOlUIIllIlAl re mini"
~ jrliilj,ik; , _ jclrov..; "lY r- 1lt'\'\1 mime. AI: is ko~cs. boio a .JefillkiOll&(l.--k ftJ _ '1
in.mk a (2U.l tl)- hdi ~ T'ol"""~'n<'k 1I~,",clc'ijobbold4l n;.Ijnil: pf4dAul 0/'_' U a lIIU,lA , YIl1AInd yl
~ kilrvc'ijil bal ...... v41 jdl'l.t1, IclJ&t ~Vl\ll ~tl'lktilli,ju kifc~krK-k..gy uoIjroo .-uly4t
A mint&bow u adOOt6. hoY lIZ"Y tl'lktUrat hatMuz~. H... a ,..bth.-.n~tic~ "lY kiIcjcseo;t ~ m t...... 1"ODAIkozta.t.... vizsgAl.lwz<-twwmlltjA a kikjrzio; dMnPiIll"k ~t"'kt(mi.jAt a minUl P'tl'lktUri-jAvai .
A '-'athmlatic.l lM"llI a IIl"-l<'lnAlikN f'lO""n.J6,.i,g~1. .. iz.-.g&lja! Ezr .. kOwtlmWkt'pI'<"Il \~i\.bAtJ .. k m<'C~ I u alabbi li"Ul:
InlZI := I - II , , . y"". ,~Sqrt rr' (flJ(' (r/q) , Z'J' ) }
(20. 19)
Itjuk
meg ..tt:
111131 ' = / j. ,~_
- > '9"'1
(20.20)
ckkor a '-'at'-'natica .. iI1ooN.a:

OUl131 = ( I. 1/. 'gffl , i9"'". If :.y<....... 2" )}
12O.ZI)
A M~th.-.natica II Iil<ta. elem..ill\:l 71'_ minte "tmkuirijJi.,.,.J haIoonlitott-ll~ ", llli,,<l..u ,I)"'" <'INn
hclyf},p igpn-t In. Aot Il~ , ..lrlU"'lwt uem h..I}"ItA<it.1.l<'. m .. rt 117.ok ''''mll:< ,,"ol~ "lmh1",ra"1I1 IPn.t..!
Mil"';. pPdig I = 71', {". 11 _ ,', trhAt 6k i~ 1/ h..lvanyai.
Megjegyzes: A mill~~'llllt.No uuudig a Fu llfo~a.laJr. "Zf'rin~ tOrti'nik. u,..,VPIl 1... 1,1,.,,1
Ix-vitrl ('SPtkn "" ..n'<lmi>ny

Ou1171 .. f [a l ->- r 3
I.,tt vol"... A lIIintazatot uem Iuv<>;niI!O <lpfinlriO
miR"frntiazrEDJ.J (.x)= . .-nAk.
Mathn ru./im
989
(2O.Z3<-)
11
Mat ~m.lid..hll.u az
J(r,,) :..
. a1akllak fpl'" meg.
20.2.8, Fflggvenymdvel etek

A rllg\"Pn)"'k "Cgl1rnt'ntumai JiJtalaban -ullok vagy lIlg..brai
lr.iI..~k, .0\ Mat'-'natic. "zimi>olikll:'
j+'lltw' l17.onbAn kohct<h.., tctW. ~ fflQVi'u)'C'U! ill ..AltorotOknAk l<'kintJw-'-mk, .. fflgVPn)"Ilf'V"'k.. l.

mi nt kif~krt !u=ljiik .... l"l.O'kk,,1. mint klr..j
kkPlOOlgoD1Ink,
1. I nvere fiiggve lly Egy adott J fiiRRVCnY in n f~~t I\:l I DVI!rleFWl.ct i oll. filggvklymil .......
iM: tO'/ kapjuk_
I
A : lnlil:" IDverseFllDct i on .Jj ;l! (),ltlll = J- ~s]
S : inIZl: = I nverseFUflc t i on :Exp: (M!ZI - LoS
2. Diff"",IlC~ A t.b thema tic.l kit.-uAijaut a ~~, ~ adiff,,~ fpJfoghati>, mint
"'0 ...~ rgy fiiggvfnythbeo. A dif(~ OI...ator .. Mat he matid-ban: Der i va t 1 ve :1, t] Vgy
ri"widm
htIllOnloiAn .. Derivativ.Zllfi J m"'",.-lik drriviUtjAt;....III, 8th..... "" f fiiuvmy dt-finiiM
Y1W, Akkor r mer;l'dj/\ a oPriYli.ltjAt.
r:
Inl3 1:= f :s '-: := Sln:.xj eo_ ;.x/

111141:= f' ~IIY" Out 4] - COII I#I' - SitI.:*l' A.: .
tclIAt r' ~ ti.'<ZtA ~II)". a. MlliCk ~.. koi<XD
In I5];= " ~r: Out];;] = eo_,r ]' - Si ll ~rl2
3. !'Oeost :\ Ii.st ll, r , nl ~""'.i<'lcflli. hoY lOll f ~kl}'.u r v,\\toziw& nl<U1" egymJi.>l utAo
a1kaImazanoo. Az etOOmClly: f ,f l. f r I"."
4. !IOest Lis t A lIestLi st J , z , n ' r,,"kciooaJ, opt'ritor ~ {z , f [or] , ( fir] . .. .) lisw bozzaInIP.
a.rn<'1yn<'kutoboO ..lrm.-"wlltil.njJ. r . II,.
5 . F i,,;f 'dPo int A FindPo i Dt J , r ) fiiQ\"fnyov<'1"';'tor baLUAr.. &% f ~~t addig it=,;,[jaa Mat hematic.l. amig "CglUllf'ntnmkfot fixpontot IIM1l Iuq"Lnk, uhAt U ,"rnl",""y oW lK'ffi riltorik, q ...
ilOhbi.~ az akt uAfu.an "rvion~ pont.-Agon },phil.
6 . F ixedPo intList A Fin d Po i Dt L.i s t l!, r ] ffi~yoprri.tora l . .t Li n !w:tru...on1Oa.u ""f fiigg.
WilY ilt..-A1ljait I<i.I\rnolja miud...ldig,lIlItig a fiigg .....nyforu'k nlAl nem Yli.ltozik. dP tMda.'<ul mittIi.,ta=.
i>l~t.
.. kkor Oul!41 - b ifJ"f'

('lO.22]
bill Fullfo~..w.j,," Tilllesllt, POlle rly, -I ] ] p,." "lrukt',r...
iio<t<l.clllwmlitAAnAl .. Tiau IllA"odik argum..nlulIlll. lIl<'I':fd..lt" minlA "trukt'lrJi.j';'RI..k,
A fentialAk'l ftiggWlI~-opr:ratorok""..-m1<'1l<1bol't-c
... I .. t .lksh'l",,;"..al"~ E"'''TO!'i~ kO--7... lit6\Pg megoldunk "KY J (:r ) = 0 rgyml..1M (Id . 16. 1.1.Z), A:l. ZC'uU = sinr ~ik gyfikPr61 "'bt..
a!l<l'j>i.n tudjuk. bogy kfu-...I ''''n II. 4.5 I'rt"k/w;t:
InI6 ] := f jr ...J := r - Tan ;z )
Inl ;1 := f ' jr ]
OU117) = 1 - S.c [rj2
InI91 '= NeetLut[g, .f.S, -II
Inl81 == g:r...J := r - f ir l/f ' lr )
01lt19) = {H. 4A93.;2. U934 I, 4.49341. 4.4934 1)
In[101 :.. Fixe<iP oint19, HI
OutlJOI = 4.49.141.
.-\,...n'<lrnfnyt t rrm""'At..,...ll n"lO"'hh 1..-AlIit<>t t l'''U~a1 i>< 1Ill'l!kll.l'hattu k volnll..
7. A pp ly LrgyPn ...lou <'KY J fiiAAv<-ny. /..,'XY {a, b. c, " .J li><tA. Ekko r , ha J "'1llyi vllJt.<:>"l.Ot: , " hJi.ny
A,.
plt-m\i .. listJ!., ak kor
In14] :=
itv f. ,I~ _ - >
igrn
Ez IUU13k.1I kiiv.-tknmiuy', 11Olt..
II
Inial :"" f [;lJ ;- r~3

d"fmkio....1"" "d"tt mintAu/\k lllPpJP!t' Ir..'ll 'IZ
In16) f ir ] h..tAAAr... Olltl(;1
r 3 Rth.
jdcnik (Jwg, E kkor pI.
111171 := fill ] + fir) 1'T,~ lllli'uyt' 01lt17] = ,,3
H/\ mintil nflkiil, P'tt <lrfilliAltllk voln/\:
Inl81 := f[x) :'" e -a . Akkot uRY"n,,:wn 1017]
Appl y!!, {a, II, c, ... )J
(20,Z:I,, )
(20,1:$1
hlllN<iV... Jla, II, c, .. . jt M l' juk
(20. 24)
t" wll
In[l ] :=Appl ylplus , {It,

Out,\II "'''+ tI + w
IllI2]: = Apply lList , ,,+ II + c
Out 2] = la, b, l"}
Itt jill fdism,..-h..t li 11 fpldo l!,:o zM Alt"lallOf' m&I~7"'''''. E hln-a Irjuk IlZ ut,,\>i, op..nkiot Full FozllI-a1aklm,
hi.zen mat tu+lju k, bogy" H',u l><M'1' ~mAr" P? "" r!t<&U"I!:'''':
Inl:l l :.. Appl y!List, Pl us[a. II, ,,11
0111131 = Lin[a, b,
Az Apply fiilQ,'Vi-llY< ' p<'rfltOt whAt II. pl ul kifrjp-/"'" f,'j+" 1 .. k"rl 1",1';'..", pOloljll., "" altal...1>1III iI<
Appl y iJ , k-ihl YaKY /Y@ -lIkif<.j,c!.i".rrj+"tJ-N' .....-r..h
eJ
.c'
(2O.Z:IoI)
to,! Jf"thmwtiro
8.
~("p
A P\.Ip mol,...101
P\.Ip[j.
n~1O
/ frlAA"'rllY ftr. 1iKl.a ('tIMi'n &Z >Uahtoi f'f'f'flmklyt ..lja :
{a. II. <: .}; {f 'a. f.":. / rl. .J
A Map k'lait-t "'Q Qj l.tAt AIlitott ..10. rnrlyn<"k <'k-u.-IU /
(20 .2;)
fiigv~y ~,*",kt.o'b-i.
~ .dult uJ ffigvE-ny: J (r ) '"

. 1::1lI", k 1.....,1.<''''
Inl41 = f [r_ :_ r '2
Ekknr II Pl&p albh"B',,"'...J. kapjuk:
Inl~ := ltapif. (II. to....)]
Olltl:>1 = fill. toJ 11..21
A Map ot-flt<lr1 iro IdIM, A1taLinoMbban IllluLln1lllmi.
11I16J ;- Ma.p[j. a ~ II-.- c1
Olltltil a ' _ Ii' + ~ .
tl'b"-t P\.Ip[j. b/<:}l
'""lO" JI~ allWmaz:f..a / ... t A klf,'jezP<o f'ull FOI'-al.Ujll .. M ~1~lltji'Il"k llJiud..u
..1<'nlhr.
20.2.9.
Progra moz fi.s
A M~lh~m~lic~ Uom..ri " tohhi prOji';raIUUY"lvt"'1l uwg]"vo ..ljarft..'lOkat. p<'ldi'lld " dklll~"t"~it,,,.,kat. A
k.,t Ili"l'v,'t.<; l"ik]Il~ll l""it;\...,
Do[h/"}. {,.iI.i2,diI1
1Ih1l.[t~8t.
(20.2til\)
h/'i 1
(20. 2Gh)
.-u,.M rikhL~\ll.MII"'" di Irp6;ki"Yl.1.d kh'u'kdi "z Altl\lilh..11 ;-tol fi,M'" A;,f,'} kif,'j,d.,.,t"'l11 ,-... i2 kOziitti
tar1.olllAllyl}l\/l. HIl. ,fi-t n..m "djnk m,og. akkor "KY""gll)'i l."..,.ko-l.1...1 "",amot 11... rI i>< IliAllyzik. akkor
1>:1 Ill"" haw L H II i is hianyzik. A;f""'. Do[L,/.-}. {lmOJ}] Mott <:AA.k, akkor h .. tJi.;,A1 ... II ';,I,} kifd"''''''''
ima.r-flT,or kil'rt<'k..l6dik. ~fil.~tio>;;zf "Do~tiJ<:). {i mUll. illl<lI}. {j. jrrnn, J"la.J"}.
, (.".,tl<'g di.
dj, . rn<'gI\'lAM\1!J) t.<ihh.,zmtii cikhllllltAAiUl< kio'rti-k..1ia;t; il.OI. j.l.OI . . . filggll ti/r) kif"j""""'- "'" imino
)rnltl. . """'k..kkcl k.-zdv.. &. a:r. ima.r. jmar .. ,,"<"k..kk..1~ve.
~tig /l Do-<"ikhL~hM .. ve,;n-hajtNoolF: >IZiun/l MIlff'/ldntt ... lIhi.leuta..ititl<IllI<lig "'""k..li kl"~" t.."t
tn<ztt-l. majd. kif..pM. 1UIli,;. t.."t htflv True Itt b/"1"n.-k ll<'In i~ 1r.0to"J.",6 ..,..,..,...IIli<'.
S>Amit",1k ki r' kiiv..!ito.>rti>kk.&Z ~I>Olll"llf"i&lio fi.i&gvo'ny TAYLOR-.....r .. l"Wi 10 l.aftiAnaIr f<-11uuoznA.-
"""-J!
Inlll = ,,.<In _1.0;
Do $Urn = ,~m - (2""1" ). {,. I. 101
nm
Ontlll = 1.:k-~99
,[nlll .= n _ 11; WhilP[(n
(20.27
floor[n. 2 )' = o. pflZlt[nll
2
I
Itt Floor t<"m"'"""t<....lJ a:r. pgoor....1.fl1ggvplly."n =z Floor ... ~.ogy "1,,\cntIAIl ,,1k,;.ln"""........
.]IiiL..o
..Iujll "lI1lU lW.'W],,11 Se t[r.. ] fL:I.onllAli hO'~u\.i,,'u,],li.,.n ..k, klJ<:)1 = klJ<"J p"'lig" lUlU >q,illt"'n sz~w
1*lt Un&qual:kl/,j. klh1..kiiL""' al"kj,..
A M iltl>~m at ic~ l,'h..tovf> tl'Szi lokfJi" ..Mtod,k d"fjn;"IAAiit 6< h,,",zIlalaU\.t. Ez " kiiw-t!'1)l "t""lta...-!
tiirtl'llik:
Modul e [{. l. y2... . 1, proced)
(20.2S)
A li"tAhJul r..t...,roll vl\ltorok vl\ID' kOll"t",,,,,,k .. p,."rea ..lj"rh..ra n.... Y<' lokAli-k, .. j,ouAjnk I-..n.-l..lt
ht"k.. k.u djJ\.ra..uu klvm Iwm "rv""Y""'"k. jo;,"""IO':'rt..k..k<>t z = "'0, Y = I/l.o, . fOl'll"i.l"'-lI",UI"tunk m"lf:.
9'JI
Earl"", nt>lllita.-l ~1l1hJ\1uIlk a Do.. mlitert kOtOtL"'w'tu!; ~ .....MAlII,..' ll-nli ki..-d\mitN.;ilmu

.....w kPll bm~ ~ln'mk. hvKy Il .... "Wi twly ..1emCt akarjnk WlIwc&nR.lni.
A : DcliniAIjnllk <'to" djarMI (f"iW'Il)"t) ........Iy HOI n-i& kl!lZAwitja Il ~ ""-"mok no'g)'vtg.W'>k..il1<'k ~t!
Inltl
:~
alunq!,,""::=
Module[{"um = I.).
Oo'""m = ,,"'''
X 'Sqr-f.
{i.2. nl_.
(20 2'J)
Ekkor peld4nl a ~30: My"" o:'!"l't!UWU)'1" 112.083.

A M.. tMm~tig prog~ <'f"":''!. az ",Ij ... hogy n-nd..Ure- iinkl'1'A1l .. I.at. Apply. Map p.,. m"g""A_
mr:wo f'J\Y"b l'rogrll1l1OZAAi P"'f"""igll"lJlOll tArtozO fiiq;v""y
a parlllli~l\k" r,'''''lat ib":'u)"'iu..k rn.-gf...
\I'J&.n \-.,oitl...to'1r..
R: ",ov..lj.-Ik az A ]...lrlA....n ..Irrt ]"mt..-o\go! 10
II Table. Plna, Apply. MnMm.. ti<;;o.f/iwrnY'k fdh~.r:"ijil.AA\'Ill:
,."mq:"J := N~Apply[Plua.Table:Sqrt[i1. {r, 1,,, Ill. 101
E~\ItAn .,urnq[30j .. r<~llll"uyo' ]1:l,~2.'\..1;)2,
A r{.,.,,,l<-l,,kd I....,.-J 120 61
row
20 ,2. 10. Ki ell;es zit l> s ek a s ahu.axis hoz, informac iok , uzc n c te k
20 .2.10 .1. K ont e xt.usok , a t t r-i b ut.u mok
,,," M~ IMm. li<: il mAr ,I..V" ",.k -zimholmnmal d"lguzik. ""- f",,,,"kiviilllli'K "",iib{'jl, swnnl tovabui 1'10-gr"mki'np-t{m.k 1.)(..hi~'I""iJk. Az
tl"'" ... t<:'ul>{<rt<>lm,i""'g dk,'riiU""'V<'],, MIIMm~ lid-lmu" ,.zimhOlum"k ll" ...,i h,t r{=h61 A1ln.. k..., k .. knU""XI' .... "mi tohl-...k kiV~,tt "'" ..,.]':'ri"'i1)1 it.ItIIl{""",it~. M"
rovjd n....
A rOY"l "",'I'!r: Il k,f~k r..jffl<ok k "Wm.-iu.. k (ld. 9..'<0. oI<l.) flf"Vl!i. A M~themati<:i -tw.n <'1A'nkivU! a
-=hoI"mok n~"'I41'~"""/lZ ..ootl p~r'"-...l VAl6 kal""OWA' ~ adatolu...
ut r..n.i l.-ht>t6W 1l1wntn:t"" 1ll"S...v.-. Affi('ly lll<"l!-""'W'Zi II ~""I6I>ruotll\,[l11+lt..!t. T..w.t e,;y ...im
h6!nm t,.j;"" f1<'V1''' komn:l'...bOl..... rovl.-l oo'-vb& all. 1l1f'1)'1'kM: "C' vAlao.t ....
.... l.b lt-rutK:~ indit.WW&l minclis kfol knntPXt,lI';'-k-nik IIJPg:" S,~tnn' "" a CIoPaI', t<'hAt <"KY IokA
w. .,. ez:y sk>hiIi>;. A tcMi.hhi p~ ..lhhe~ Il CoIIUXU lltMIt.-L-J bphatunk
IDm....iOt.
.... Mllhemnig va!an:Konnyi t...lorII f1~)f". S,..t...... ' kontt-rtUll..u..n fi,I." frIluuwla10 &ItAI ddini&lt
fiigYl'nvrIr: .. CIoMI' kont..nf~ lIlA k","lri. uaz ..\i>rllf't'~'k doMJjs.
HIl~' ,..Jott kontt-xtus altuali.o. /lZl'-l a m..,,/;Md6 p~ hP IPtt tohv".l\kkor" !<ZiwbOlumobt
uw" rO,-lrllM'Vlikkd hivhatj"k ""'S.
Eto- l-ovAhhi '.h tt-n~ tia-pr<Jftfau,noonIAg b..ol~ a 1 _ P.c&~e' nta.<r/ta:. nyiljalIlf'g a
bouAtllrt07.6 kontn:tuzookat .... [fJa hotI.... azokat a rw\r Illpgli'villiootilhoz. El<'lro"jllihat. ho,;y k""'libh
"lO' "j kOllrvtil.r .... hiva.....ava! oly"" no-wt loltO!t"nk ..... ern..ly .. rIl.-..t ~yit<>tt kontf'Xt'L"b&n mAl"
1I1""'''p''1. minI <'R)' """'-ik J ..6nido nMl1'. 1:::<\ .. Matl>em~tiu.i<'1<'nti. Ekltol- vJOg,)' to!<ilj"k az ..lOreddiniAlt
u""M a fleIaoyelClob al 'lIa.:U1l 'IIMitA..<al, '""lO"" l,..tOltOlt >l7.imMlnmra .. t.lj, ... n..""t ha.'I7.naJjuk.
Amn tlllajdofll'ii,<tok m,.II,It. 1I1.. ly..kk..l" ~7,iIllOOhuu(lk,J.. finkiO lI1<!rint f1'I"Mk'"f,,k. A1talano..ahhakkaI. '''''~''' "ttnb"tllmokknl i:< r"lrllh~h"tjuk ,;!'I. [gy ",,1.-IAlIl Orderle..: " ......illlh"hufllnall"f'pl"f"'.. ntMt
f/iggvi'uy k"IIlllmtativ. lllahix ""illUU,trik,,~, l"I.~7iil<!g"""n ""k vf.!t<"i,j" (ii&!lvo'IlY kommlltati\', ""'...,..
i1olwum'llbunai automat ik"''''Il'' k<\lIulliku"""rl"f'nrlo.. iltr"lld~I~,,<l,;k; Prot.cted: vo'rl.. u, I17, " rt " k,'k",
W'lH 1,.[,..t 1ll<,!\vaJtoztl\tni: Locked: az "I.trih(,tmnok<,t fl,'m 1"I",t Ill<',l(v41t<YI.tatui. Berruely / ohj..ktulU
a!t.rihM\llllairOl "" Attribuu a if l ",1 r..lviII\,ll;OI,;U",t ; Attr ibute _ if l '"' {<lttrl. "tI~ 2, .} ..]..... R"~i"
li"I."Mn s7~''''plU "ttrih(ltumok h.rt-1Ar..",j,I""'" / -h(,7..
?rOUCt ~81. ~2 .... J" Protected attrilll',h,mmalIAtj....11>:1, 81. 32..
..,.,imhOlulUokllt, AUriblH.umo\cnt
lIZ Unprotect u!->L<oiu-al tiiri>ll...uiuk. fRY <'Z .. lI;Yf"jtll illwl"Z<' lIZ Attribuuanak.
:!O.3. J/" plr
992
r.gy 00] ohj"ktlUll tlpu.'IJ\1 II
20 .2.10 .2. Infor uraclek

.... b<+pitett. ~ obj<ktlllllokrOl. "" [II InJ"j,I<>TlAAgAikr61" koV!"t kPZ6 Ilt""itA.<.,ldw infonnltl',dll>\lllnk,
R<'>vj.l infnrmlO<'>! ... l " .,,uml>6l,,m n.. vlI objeknnnrol.

Ri_J"tAI i:nfol'll'lMi6t ad . 01,._
8. illetve ? 8 . JnformAriOt Ad " B-Vf'1 k.....dOdO. m..tV<' WgW<it'I. illrh... B-1 WtaJ
nev1i objool(tumokri>L (Itt B kAlakU>nool'mn.t ito \l'hrt.)
SJl"ci.".IiIoILn joolOlt op..rAtomkrol i>o inlonnaciOt kAphl\l.unk. peldaul ? := "" rr1fkadO opr.';'tonOl nY'-Ljl
wl~wt. V~fl! OpUOU[lItiuil.uj ki&t.lj.. iI.Z ula.ou.a.. opci6it... Help p<"<lig ....k '"!O"rhll",liPu (pl.
II twpitfot t "-IggV"u)'f'kJ t..rWII~ ~ <."K'~ &\ttuAl.io.J20. lfIj--f't.
? ~z1mb<il"",
:!. nmb.ji"m
7B., illM:..... ?
II""'"
20 .2.10.3. Oz e ne te k
A
M~th<Ml~liuo
olyan fl7A"f\f"l:formAlizm'lIOMI. I'I"ndo-lkl"Z.ik. mel.y..t kUlOnbOrW cflokra alloalm..,dw'lhk.
Ezook "'"'-l7JI'lWb'k II.lIZIlmltUok kOzlwll jdruurl< uq. Ki..irlMuk mindig .. Jf~ _ log: (~ = cimlw)
karlLktt!nloro&atwltP7.d6dik.l'7i'ft .. t<>ribbiakhftn"1'I" Ichrt hi""tkm:ni. S7A'ffi1#ol~"ik....I " ~kr7A
;>
(:lO.3O)
wbllttype (obj ) :
1ItN<ita.-J Imphatjuk~.
;>
type (obj . I)
(20.J I)
iorti-kc~ pontoNw akkor true . tu.f lWlW).... til"",kif'.in""k oh]bo.].>t&rtmik II I til'U."u.ob jf'ktnmok
~'g'::bf':t>gy"hkcnt i-rt"'k" f . l s . (" DOOLE-v4ltm''o1r: ugyll.lll\Ulk. nunl II M.them~tlC.- ban) .

.-\;1. ,,16rJjpkb61 mar kUv<"tkP7.ik. bo,;y .. -.h41,..,.. tiJ>Il"Jl.If,.~k~-gi'll..k i" ko-ll "K" kollt-ktlv ti pu.-.lI"f'ndr-lmnifo. NIli Il<'m ~'loQpn II t ype , t:..-nnl type(T. type) ",",ok.. ponl"""'" allor- true.
ba T <lIZItMlvoll tip....w..jP7r.o.. amill<'k "I.....W .. __I"kklt t""""-'I' ....II type( type. t ype } - t rue .
Dizoo.y<lIl kOrnvt"~khf'n t ype(obJ I) ~1Y"tt obj '''' b-n41ha.tO.
Lc,;ikAila,:11.2. ilo kovetkczik lIZ ~\Ozijpkbo'il. hu,:y "IY ohJPktllmllAk l-Cil>t> tip"..... ill k-h<'t. pfJdA'l1 AlIlikor
~ objdttuIDn!'T.ti>lynalr: tovahhi ~kJg,J kl)<,IOlJlIk.-,;y foul"" ~yAt. 110'a Ij ",..Am11.:I, integu... .. poalnt tip""haz;" htTaatll.l"to7.ik, Ex lUiOI,.... n tiro''' n}('glOrtl>nhf't. holr;y~ik ~A1y ""m m-e.
~:
poi'kLU.bJ.:
A: In.j ll:= f
(20.32)
<J
= I/z;
Inrll := f ,0
I
pg... r : : l ll!y : lII tllll U npr." loa ij _ coUD'un<l
B:
tnPI := Lo~ l.
> type(a + b.'pol yn_). _
o.ltl21 .. C<aplexln f i ni ty
16. 25'
toe: :ar(t: lo&call-.l. 1I 1Ul.3 U , - I I .U

Outl31 = Los:'3. 16. 2::')
I or" ar,-...u .... eIpKt-.l. .
C: lnJ.,\[:= Multp ly jr rAn]

G-lI.eral ' :I~ll l: Poni ble .~1 11 1l1 error : U II ' ,-01 11.- .,J!ult pl y" U .i.a.ilu
t o eIntlllS . ,-ol.,P!v,l u pl y'. Olltl.,\[ = l'Iultply r. r"nj
llw.AMr..
Az A ~ .. M~t~.tiet ~trt. bo,;y .. f..~ foIyarn.i.n

~lmt .. X
esv-k. A IlZAwlt.ilot .. t.bt~~bC.I ....IY~too~ k mt ..... r
iI< J..bet... ~Imo'nyII. kOfUl'l..x..ik
ideAlilo putltja. U t balO. bogy itt "lI"ibol = Powu . f"9 = inf y. A B J"'IriAhftn .. !oworitm"..r,irnyt
hamill ,&!tomYII.I hl''tllk~ ...mi II. .wfini<'ibhftn niOClllllf"gf'flgffive_ A l.btMm..tic. wMt nem noinAll
.....lllllit. A C 1>i-IdAban .. Mu~ .. t iao ely n _ mh61Ilnulf"'f" t.aW.t. Ami q;y j,.1IH'ft ""illllx>lllmn....Tt"
......""l1llt. Ern: liJr;yeb,,~t..t.k l....m O'inAl mmit. "".... m.-,;int ,-i.'<IIIZlOII.clta lIZiOlllltot.
993
mmpn
A wlh""7.niJO lIZ Ot f[,vmW .. tagJ ul ita.-lkiiktatlut.tjll. az Uzellt'l e t ...mrly .. tovAhhill.lllNUI10<'10

fog Illl."gjf'IPlmi. A til tao.t fdoldw.ljlllr: az On!'lJI7ibol . : '<.191 utaIli~.
A "e nage ymbal] lIZ< - ii1","" t<-t nll'&i<'l.. nrti, anwl)'f'k .. "lImhol n" Yli .....im b{,l,,"'r. \l(",...tko7.11Nr:
true
(20.33)
A ti~ "IY mru A1avti\-,u.~ Isurface type). lI.lJ1i IIZ\ jclo-uIi. bolO'''~ ~izI<galni II kif..~ rAjAnII.k II tct..jk II............forp;o.'>tipu. "'......pontjAbOl.lIyP1ll""M4ul. liat. set . al g e braic. Ev-Jr AltaW:IlUI
;I M.pIe ~ ,annalr:'" .. hau.Aj"k III.l'tuzN< ..n..n<'iro'oo<' 1lI:"" &)'<>I'll.idPjo: AllaudO.reMf IK'fII fiigg
kif",iczn< tK-z,;.ti>1. lI a o=d ><U'tIlbf'n .. ki"'jo:..:",lA ~
.... Jroplabhjo ~. V'U'ji'1.
"" kMI
jArni e-tll'g wkur7."",--,1 az Ado<t til"l'<bu:r: t<U"loz/wo ... ~. un ~lI.Wt, npu..ri>I (nest ed
t ype l ..........i>h-lIlJr.. Ern' ....Id.... cOllStant. W-'D a kif~ uljN bo-j.v4M. nrlk.-tI....m diinthct6<'!.. bogy
YiW.... ltf'IIlkon.tam< rCstA.-. A ~ttak~ ~tl\IYII.. "t ruklunUt t il" l>IOkf.:n.l,kM" fPIh-1:nAJO
bozza IftI"1". u-hAl: P7. "R)' .11) ilt ~tAIy. ldo:- IlI.l"t<wk","1dA-ul .. H.t( PO'i llt). A 20 .9 . tAbhh.at IIlftAl.
lllllUa & M.,* l ip usa.il . t"hill II ~ kAl'".>I-t alRp-'" ~uott tipuookat.. Az d6hb,..kPt """~
........-ltiik.
H.. <:'g,'i tipus""" ~UtW t>gy Of><'riI.tor
U<'YP Y"lQ"..,;;y f""tartotl..u.. mAll ni'v<'11 ....jAt "ZimOOlnm. Rk

kor II type utasit& ~mPfltl1ltl11kml for-dlto't i<lh.6j,,1<'k kl'rd kPl1 tPllIIL Jd. (20.32). H.. IIrt AkRcjllk.
bogy M ~pl~ progn"nllnk roh'l!<1t'L~ kf;y .'tI. I"hilt II -'>bRj<M'i inputt>k mine-I __k-hh kOn'= jOl makOOjOO. akkor M'lZ<'fli lllL-gRiwlAI}'OZoi .. tiplWuf..j<'"1hhton """"1'1c'I... kilr MjAt 1M....,k kWrti'kP16d<.....t
.-..=U. bogy '11""" AiRkhRn rn...zUNjllk 6k<'t" typell&lI. Jd. (20.33).
20 .3.1 .2 . Bcvitcl ~ k ivitel

A M ~ pk-bcn .. bf'yit.pllcAA:..-.Iu-.. l>u..1I ..lOfordlllb alakj..:
20 .3. M aple
A M.p~ r<'1"bcz<,rt .. W..t<-rl. ... EIO" !.<IIl" 1I (Ontario. KlI.IlN!a ) f"jl,,,,,,t<tti-k ki. ~ " W" '.. rloo M.. pltSoflwa.rl l,rj... ~li. 0.'\',..,.1.6 ir(Ml>.lnllm.u.: ..jAlIlott ]20.6].
20 .3.1 . Alapvct 6 "zcr kcz('t i e lc mek

20.3. 1. 1. T tp uso k (~S ob jekt.umo k
A M . pl~ Il('1l mill ,I"n kif" j""""' l1"k. I\Jt alAlmli minden ohj"ktumnNr: van t ip n"". IIm"ly m'1'\hlll."r<>1,1.1\.
hogy Rl', o hj " k!.n m m"lyik "hj..kt"lnOOl1.t Aly h<Y1,tRrt<w:ik "" IImi " llY"n"" Ul"r...-l " kknr I". h" "" ohj,' k
tum o'rti'k " m"!0'AIt<y~ik. ERY tfpll" jd,nth,1.1'<'1<lA1l1 ko,.,oo Mat_~tnlk!.ilrAI. - IIY ki;1;;" lHlIl.('IllIl',ilu.i tul/\jdon,;,Agolmt. 110' " I'S k if"j,..,..... po,illt t.ip""'I. h" <'rt,okiot. /\ pozit.iv t "rm""Z<,t"" "d u" o k i.... M""'~
bOt Y""'I.i. Snk M.pl~lll""ft.Mn..Jc ~iik ""RP Y" n prr" "" ilifo rmAdnra. hog,v "klont.",, II !' H>KrlUO "'''III,un
m<'g"nj\...-1"tt-" "I'S hcv itl. k tJok v"sy hogy t.ll<lj A, mit. kPU c-.inAllli/\ 1\7. Argll lll" lll.n mRiva l. Ez ntbhhirll
r''1(1). /\ ' ., ,,,o i " ll"lnk"mmut.llt.fv "7,Or/.l\M 0ll('ri.t<lra . Ez m.i.<t. cs in RJ mAtr ixokkal .... Y"k to loklo\l (...
"""'t. ...d llIlnk knl. ''''''rt iIonu-rn i.- kd l lU"1':""lO'lItll ll1Jlinak t ip""" t .
..
objg( obj" o bh . obj~l

(20.3-1)
Itt" kifpjP7b " 00. =a.z "n)'i to 1.aroj,! ,16ui rf.f<1.P n'Il<w~'rill t '10' op.. rAt.or. "KY ut AAitAs \'ag)' pgy
fiiKb...<'ny. "m"I)' a ~(tr6j,11""11 Allo IIrgulIl"ulUlliokkAI t1ol~01.ik, Diwll.V'" ......1."kh..11 lIZ "rgmll"ululIlOk
"l"~'iAli"0f'<'iok i.ld ,,1""k. IIwly<'k az operAtor \'~'" f;j~{'IlY MI"'(i4li",,,lkAlmA:dw . il Yezi'rlik FOIlI ""
'" IwAro: POllt(lf<Y("'-"W. IImi "",t jd"llti, h"!C" '" hcvit<'ll,,ft-jt-d"wliil.l H II A h"Yit..l t t'gy : 1.itrjll 1,-,. "kkor
II M~pl~ .,-/.t {lgy " rldlU.'Zi. bOR\' " l,..v i!,'l t lIjtVlU'f,1kdl dol~"ll1i. <lp H,'T. pl"f'(lrn" llylllt'm keU AhrAzohii.
A ~:unb61"mok, ""''''' 11 "" " "k /\ M.pl~ l "'ll 1,,l.l1kMI, ....AUlokh"'l i... lIZ al.. I>'lwhO! Cl a1lhal lla k. A1.
"1.0 h" lyPII lI"m Allha l "",,'IIll. ."- ki... ,... ""KYlw l.l1k kiiliiuh<l'l..oll,k ~lllilan",k. A !I7.i>kiizt. 11 M.pl~ (...1.....
!l"/,ilJlb&llllllu kb an h A<ZIlal ja. (>'t <'r t "'" t\.1'-"lllnk d ,fin iltlt OI7.im hoh llll" kb"ll kt'riilni k" IL
Kam kl erlancokat. ""~lZ &tring ti l"'"'l ohj"k t\lmokllt. f,.},..'S ",_zt1k. IlZIIZ IlpOllzt rilfo k koz iitt fogl aiunk
liMz,':
> 5:= '<'7. "10' ,,1.I1nl':

S: = ,vt
I'gY
IIt riug
(W ,:Wl
99.
H.. _
'11
4J#!1Il
....urn
1UlyfuOC
array
huilt in
cx_iufm.ity
<,m'-l<Jr,Ult1ajtinary
.........
'_f
f'X(N\.I ltlm
diu""IIIIKIIl
nOllll.,pnt
nonposint
noth ing
0 p"Tlltor
0,
p.tlilrt
P oint
poIl itivt>
poszero
quadratic
tnlf'f..J>w.
u lH'....
~to r
U.~IO.
alge braic
""rig
boolea n
.....,."
,fu,jcy..
..mlwd,u..I_1'f'AI eq ua tiou
ex prseq
f'Xtf'I"t..d_"llm..nr ..:nen<l...-l rlltionlll
fl ~,
flOl'11] finite
uegzero
tab~
,j~ndent
I",gint
Pl"otN"tN.!
rad..lgnuul
radnum
ratroly
RootOf
lW'rif>s
~ifi ....C root fof
strin g
-'OX!
~"...,.
~p""
iueege r
list
mat hfunc
mo d u l..d..l\ni tion
n ot '
4h.otrftM_rootof
a1nlln...xt
a ny thing
lluriOllt4'<l.
.~
""""
fu nction
ind..xa bl..
inters ec t
lis t lis t
Mat rix
monomial
im Slgin.vy
-c "
. <= .
..."'"
;,,<I..x...l
l....t_ M m.._"VlII
hlt,,,,
m atrix
MVllI< kx
1Jt>g,)lI fin ity
ll ''''l"",i!;'...
r...mull)('xt
_''""''.
nabl..
!<JMrindPI
~1l'-t
""""'"
nam e
;-';ONNEGATIVE
. .
....
~.
a nd '
Arr..y
Boolo-anOpt
"11m.:
"lIlbftl<l...C.w..
,~/lf"lI"
r..c int
frltCt io n
icIMlti",t.i
infini ty
lin .... e
lo g iC'll
' m o d u l..
n..gl!. tiv..
nonueg ..tive
IW nT P<l.1
No'
p<.in t
J>Of'_inlillity
'Iuart;.
Q1IPllP
r..unUl
radI'mexl
ra nge
"""U.Ilfiuity
,,,I,l flll'"
p.. tll"l,:r
,,,,,,iut
p rocaJure
r..d..lp;flln
r lld k ,.,]
rli tion ll.l
ff' 1.. tioo
..............-,
n.....
"
""'l'~tia.l
"J>f'd1'o"
llquare
"I"
,ymbol
lypo:fllu':
TEXT
'W
union
unet
typeinoiP:r
IIn;I _"""'"
verification
""ri(y
with_unit
hoKY a kJii"'" IlpO!IZtror rWlkilli.II\/ba t t ype
_.
O<aIM
Siml'leStad.
.,ltlind
taylor
1ip'I~vi7~alat
vmmlilO"
t rig
11l1drfinffi
V...-wr
Il'poly
....ro,n<-llyt" stflng .
Am ig llllZimbOlllmhoz ne m rend.. Ii;l1k prtrkf't, ",ldilll1 "zimoo[um V""IO' at ri ng V"fO' n/lllll IiI"""!. 111"'"
> t ype (. vm b. nue );
vagy &
type(s lf"lb. etri.ng};
"I
l\kkor .. \/bilt t ype (r l ):-f1'''
odd
patti",,!,olyno",
prim..
n \lll lO-r ic
'0'
,..kn
" farTlly
lnd e xedfun
lau re nt
lut:a1
minus
rl_k '1(V......"..Am<rt 1I<hmk irtPkk"ot:
> xl :=5:
(ZO.:J6)
tlp,,,,v;7,8g ,ijl1t "rt..k.. true .
H/\ '" f..lhllll?I1A1o n..m t",ljll.. ho gy" M. pl... IIt'IlI','hlilUl " !O" Nevhto'k,1 ~~imh',I"mh'>1'.lHAr v..,,.. "rtt>k
hoz?fln r"I..I"", II.kkor II. ?Me v n..v it.. J1..1rllk{'nl"zl,,t. Il.... '"bpi.. val",;"",..~, h0K,v ,"1-1."' llI'vd " "m i~rnf'ri.
ak kor /\ ~? illlhOh r m ~7....rn..loll fdh"",,-,,,Uh,,tb, I I.... b~illlJ,<">\nmboz.. :", cr t/'k"",, Ilwit.N<>v,1"rl.,;k,t r"Ild..liink, /\ ~?lmhOlllm lI.11t.(}mal.ikl1" .~n f.-lv,...z; 1I.1"~?l\.r<I,,I<,lt h t" k l.fl' usAt,
u '!O" '1l " I "gy v,;,]hyw ocimhohrma. H"' II. I"", itfol
> Ilbat t ype (r l ); ", M..pl.. vAlAAza:
ayabol
M . p1~ v~:
integ er
A M .~ igf'tl nag'o-"'' ' '.mu uta..ila..t. fiilQ.tWIl\t "" UI-"-'1'3l.OC1 ismPr. ~::..rk urtll IDIncit>gyike hivbato rogt'->n
.....lI<it<ln indiU.-mr. ,acrt ylrot<'ifo
"I>eci.ili- fUggvt'n}" W. OI"'IAlor .. M.~ kOoyvwll.iba.n All
wndclko.~_ VArlllakpfldaulli,JtfttU; A111l"!..-a. _t~.....tib. ,Ih. 1'~""">olJIUOICOk.:;z"k"",,- .",.1.in....iA'"
Ut .. ~rnagob.I 1l1t h (r -..w.griLlf)-. U1JL.,jtilA'wtl tOltj(<.kbe (I&;d k~t, .....k llu.wuwsba:z 100::>. old.).
CMk ""W, .illnak i\Z a1tAhlk l.lII1<t1Ul4Ott lOliwwl.l>k .... fUgg\+uY"'k
wOolou .. f~
f1'nddk""n,,'Te.
lIZI\m"
"'...a.,.;..,
20 .3 .2. Szamebrazolas a Maple-ben

20.3.2. 1. A s zamo k a lapt fp usai a Maple-bell
,\ M.. ple "'"
iWrAzoIit~
>r,-"mp<>utjA1>Ol 20. 1O. t1lbl a za t ba n f,I>0:-""lt A1"'I,til',,,,,>bt i.-ll... ri.

21),10. tAbw...l . S7JullOk "Iakjlli /\ M.. pl...... ,lI
SlAm r"jt Aj"

"g{"'z "dUll
l.;;rt"7~im
1, b~g opo nt '''' SZillll
Tfl"~'
integer
fract io n
fl oat
hr",,~,w
"'lnmln I.f'If<1,O'rg'''' ~K ."~.a" lJ' 'I!Y ",IT,,,,,,tit.
Jll'l'IQQQ kk "8"'"-7. "duu hAuYII<lOAA

''''.",mlll v"!0' l \ldomr"IY''''' jd;;I,'"l ,,'u ".m", ](1"(1'1')
A li['''SV1?",!,:,,16 f;iAA\'~HY"k ....!':it...!':rv<'! >11. " !-\{.,.z ",".Amok tov ahl>i t!, llIj,I""""",,,ira is " ikh<l'zlJ<'ti'rnk:
ig.v !>i'ldi",1
I . Racio nalis s za m ok (not i onal ): A M..pi<' I"," it. " ..:iol<';']i~ "lAwok "" ,.!\,-.,.q. ~dI.lnok'''''' w rl.lk. ,I,.
hll .. tort <'gOO ~7~imma L'KY"""n'b<ith..to. uknr czt .. M..pi<' l>f'mlnrt><>-Amn..k (fraction) tfokillti.
2 . L<:>ho-gopootos s"am ok ( fIOllt): H.. ,~ <W-"".....IlllliOg.. kil"""",iik .. tiZ<.J<"'I,outot.1lIlo"k til" .......
/\lIu,n""ilm,uwlor!xwiI'Olltoo.lPto?.
3 . K nzOs t ul ajdonsigok: Mind " hAmm ........ r..jt. r ... l con. nUMrlC i' conatant tip"s,'. A k'1.
1IUJl,,& til""''' kompb ~ t j,. jrllrnW.
4. Ko mp lex sz1l.rnok, A komplo':r -'tuoMt ""II I llllaf'inilrilJ>l "lQ'~1 k"I'"Zlik. Az t ><:<lwl tip",'"
r adDtDl, ~i>< nt.eiorVJi,.lIl<Ilni ltv...... Drfilli<"iOja. ID<"ly a l.4..pIein.hl~ ,,,"tomAt,kl-.D hPciiltOdik:
> l.1iu(t = ( - I)"(l/2))

2U.37)
At itt A1ka.lrua;wtt &l iu n"""i"'" \.<'oI;l.j kht1.'wp. bog). niWTllY<'k. ,k-fillkiOk. kif..j.w.-k "'" "'&}-,.h m.. \<'1IWikAi """mOOluillok ri'widirf'1t Yliilk<1. brvCZl.,..,.iik. AI &liu ut;>N""',.J,.kja
.> allu(.. Le2. .).
2O.J,>;}
III q ...k a ff'lllil'kht-z h......:>n16~1rtrk. l.....yt'k ...M.ple---fii!F.R'" pu yt k rin-..lit-tt ,..~t ,"'finWj3k
A'J. ali as fiiggvfnv ~""""'nr" M..pIe "'" Pppm. <WinWt r<Witli""""k.-u kiviil /\ tOhhi. mar korAl ..
t...., t1Mioiait al i as ...-...tmt'n~+t j,. m''1tm"tatjol.. H.. VIliamPly ri'widil.''''\ v _ akf,mk vullll.i...kkor a>:
al1U(AY"' = ~!lm)t hivjuk. P"IdAul,lvt. t hdy<1t t-wl 'O:7A'f1'tnPnkJ<'1011ll1l (-I) (1/2}-t. ""kor..,..t
ir..v prli<'tj,ik ..I: aliu(l = I I; aliu( i .. (-1)"( 1/2)).
20.3 .2.2. Specialis sza mn k

A M.p,," "l!.Y "o r sp<ri.il~~ ......AUl"t j,,'""r '" lIlittf'Hlatikab"J. 1'1. Pi. g_
, 1\7"'" '1" .,
knn_tltllS. FOllt Ob tudni. hogy .. 1"11:,*\1>1> valtlY""than ~e" h.. ly~t! up( 1) !t,~'r"]>d_
lI1<.hhi IlZ El'LUt-
20 .3.2. 3. 5za m o k i bra 1.o [a.o;a CS konvcrt al a s a

L Le be gdpo nt oe sdullok
Az a v a H (Aza",J: Ut.II.SiI.AA .. rncio"Ali" "7JullOkr.t. ~zimholikm'illl Alm,wlt ......ruu<>knl. "" ,.,..... mi tfls"k " r<~ l
m"uY"it "Ion' (n'ud,,:wrillt 10 j'KV"'} IH~llftou ]KlIlta<sagl' l..h'1:ol'oUlo,.;Hliu"o kk" ..i<okitjll.
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po"~,, Ironkrfl frJ,,,j,,tlWUl rl .. m m"Jl,fp!<16. alkol' m.'!{Valw.ct.athatjuk a koV<'tkt"m lutKlou:
> Digita"- me
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S;rAmok ataWr.iu...... ~ koll'~ pgyik >W.j,liI.o61l"gy ml\bik 1I1"l'ut"".. convert UtNJlN<>u.lIi>rt""nik. amply a:wn1>IUI "QIlI'I COutu hl>. I!lprl ""kkftl ~J-hb kilrlwn ro...-zMlh..to kiwjfo1.....k iowllkit/t..
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tipu<lh/ C-iPg lloi'l1: Qry.'''''',''kh61j filM .... ill,
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lniIInokbO[ a110 Mia ....,.;y rllCionalill '1!Yiinh><tiio<. I,,.f. lj<:hh 1Il"",><lfo!t" polinolllnk hatvAnyaihol Alii.
!AnetOr-!. conv .rsio o~tl.ble: fi"jMi , ~ek kft li>;t..iJAl>OlAilitj....1O "" litVll.lt.Nlm... liII\.;\f>Mokra. di_nsioos: ''llY kifr~ .......imhuhkU!UOlIIUowulntt fiziklli fll(mll,'i"''Rrit ';'Iilj& ..
lI~e~kkf'1 (1'1. le ngtb)...tric. /lug,,1 1Ill,.-nMib._liMp; "'t"'fQ@;IIt<>gy~rt,,"ropaivA,~
willJ'ajta angol a.mcrikaiv" alakit. sylt. .: ...tou dinu'Ilzi,;j'. fWkai IUPnnyi~ lIZ 1I1ap--. ~... f,-!
lwczuNO altai m<"gIIllott~'1li-K o<7AU1.<,;t,OrOlw,-,'nl frjM'. ki. ''''It.v ll"'J1,Iu'~1 kinorrioli Molt rrnd."""",IK-li
;.-..,..,.1 (pld. leogtb _ m). units: a brvitl fWkai rg:v~k kOxi>tti Jt,mwni<J,..egyijtthl<UI adja ,.;...,.....
{ha .w.rjuk./IZ iij ~I "lIY'itt). W1i L fre.: a fizikAi tlW'nlLv~bOl., ll"",-vj&f1Z ~ mpgnf'\"f'Zio-.oM.. \/i ndcbi l l : .. KZ8ho116ba!Mil.tfrj<!,<t kJ.. (Fllhrewlt"'I(T). mo'rIoIc! Oraj Vl)pB.-oL...Jr. .. F..hr.-oheil.
hPn kih-p,rtI1at...wlagu<M~klMl .. lIWtit.MAv,.J.>wul "1!Y Tt<fl. V -I~ .... JV-tOl~.rni<:-l, fumS
kOz<.HtO kit..~ ad ~.' .. ',,,, ,.zonAt ~t o..~. ill.." ... ~ ..wnwi ' ~.olOZ7A: ha
nillf'" m1lvool..t. akkor .. kif..jr7h;bm __ "'PI6~.mrnt'llnnkluo1t.-i Ulr"r-:t. [), <\PriVlOJ"''<t fl"jn: ki a D
opn3Wrr&. DI tt; D(f{r))-M dIU (J(r) .l)kf,nt.,.j v_..hoI diU = Or. d.g:re..: racliit.nOOl fokh..
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RilviclPfli>lm<'TU'tjiik >U "fO"'" tfpll"ok ;,'I"llli"",I;" logibiIlLg ~1.art07.okat <'\O",'u l>\.~A/jllk.

aba: a ki!"jc-....:... aignu.-jait at>.ukkJ\. ..u.kitj... InW'f7"''' sigDUlI. Airy: .. ki!e.iezi's BESSEL-i... II...NKt.I...
fiigKYfny"it ("""'" BESSEL,'k L'KYMlll'rl\ hll<'Ari.~ komhinAciojat) atalakitj.. A lRYf,I W pnyl-ku '.. and ....
.or ': ha.hu;o.:.ol "" [",tat ,'JK,Y ",I vi.-."'U'. hogy <,l<,lIlC'it "lJl<'II:f~1<>1611"hde1tcl o."""",k..pcsolja. array: tomb I,,
....10' "";'trid,,, kOllVl'rt&l. ba .., conv.rt(n, b..... b) "" n dC'<"im&il; Kf->\mol Nlj" vu-.a a b h4~i~I~l.l1.
coov.rt(l. bas., c, b) ..... i Iii-lAval ",lolt a tw.illhfoli "",runot b I,w.whan...-lj" vWr/'" ""iut"11 li~t .. ki'lLt. It!
li~\.;\ "".tj,-l,'nti, hc'R,v I", .. !I;'.Alll al..lr.jll: :l(t...W')~ + Z2(OO,''')' + ... akk"r a [... _'2. ~lJ li,titv..1 r"l'l<'-"",ntaljuk. b inary: ;, ti/~", "".alllrt'ud"",,'rlKi! konv..rlaJ a hin"'risha. dec ilLll: hArmilyeTl "l ..k,i r", al"I"',
(emit .. 3, argum-ntum Illon.t nwp;l lI'l.iUllot {,tlr d,~'ilIl&i""", he x: po""i t.jv d(",im"'1i~1 ..Iaklt 1"'lI"d,,,,irnft,
!iAAIt.. octal: d'~'imft,li~ ""An",I, okl{ui~r .....Iakit. Benel: Bes nl -fiiggvpnyl frj,-,.ki BesselI-, BunlJ.
BesseIK. BeanlY v><,iI,Y IlANKt:L-fiiAAvi,"y,'k ",'","t"':-gl'w!. bi oomial: g"mmaflil-\l';v('uy,'k ,.. faktmi
"'Ii,.-,k egm kit"viij'l """r".,I"it at.,kilj" M IoH,..fiiAA''''lly"kd (ma.~ neven hinomi,aj~ fiiMV"u.wk,t v"lI;Y
t"rtt~; beu(I, y)
f(x) + f(y) , 'bytes ': karnk t<'llft,lll"Ot

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{.Aring") alakil ill ,,["Illpnk'-ut c1.. ,imKli"'l.l1 (0 :l::.5) nlf'gaclott hyti"-""l"O'/AUA vagy fonJitvl< .. 3,
n"~ltumllaJ,; lIl''Rfl'ldOrIl. c::ontrac: IIIg<>hr..i kif..j...,....t ..lllkit AI kiO.diw \ft.nctiirttk, ami vagy r..d<ll,ft,li~
dsOf"ju EULERillt"Klft,J"lu>t) tatt"l",,,,,o
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Iwa.....rtil: invoerze II ndian.a. amrly IOk!Ml1 ,.j,oMok.i kitp~ atir r...wwn.. .dlSJCyC:: f""TII'LfMlOI
dilv:junkl rilclu.....It "llIOt"UlI.akf-nt AIlit ..16.III""",,," 'pel'ltst' 1. triltnlJOlDl"trik.lI'<. hil><>rholikn<;. ~
ritmik"" iu~t ~ illt~khtl aJlil..16. equality; .. 3. ~lm<:'1Il"IIl_1 eut!lan-. ill<>l.....
leuequel- irtpk"!"If'k ~<'If.I6nt .. kifc..i'"z"'"'...., ....M'1"pl6 <. illrt_:5 ~ t "'!irja ~ ~
erf "" eri c kump1Ptnfo1lL\rilo hihafi"il"'i'n)1. erf fc-l frJ"'Ei ki k< "->nloo, "'" uf hib..fiigg>+nyt AtirJll
u fcwI (erfc(r) = I - erf(rJl. up. a kir"jnlo'1<t...n.....,-M lripoomr-lrikll~fiiuw+n)""'kM. """xpo-........wi.<..wr.j.Jkbd bf'lyt-tt,.,qti. RAor.Iwn ,n-ru a tri,. 1l.ID"1y .. ,......"I6 ..xpotK'll<'Wi~~)'I'ltM:
Mirj .... sin. COb. h. ell ~nY"'kkf'i. explo .. klf~bl"n,.zrnopl6 PIrm, fii~) ...k " "'tirj.. az ul.....
Df'tlrillli.~ ...... ~arilmikU fiiggWnVf'kkPIkiff,pt t a1akjllm .>:psincos .: .. kir..,;..z;,. t~ooomr-t rik-.~
fiiAAv<'n~t a oaiuu...-z;'" .. k"""tnl"'" f'-l~n)TlrC'~ kJ.a .. hiI-hnlik-.....,kat p""1i~ "'" rxpr>ll<'lJ("i"'''''''''''.
f ..ctorial: a ki!..~ ",l\.lIItlII\f'\>w+nyril. hlllUlw6lj,o. fl6t lIZ ft,J!A1A"""",hh mllltinrHuiAJi.< risl.kif..jr7J',...il .. f~ff,;niki. "11....nlltivaWtja.: con .. ert In/..) t'.I"'"'""' .. Ga:aa.lUD<"!.... aki!~f .. ktoriAli8. hinomiaIi, iIlt...lil.lu-J>hom mllllillomi4l1>1 ~l!<'J't""'t Atirja a ~... nmMl'AAV"nn)-d. f l oat
iLtir lPbrgOpontotl alakr... ugyan.a:z" hal""". mmt "'" awaif lI~nVll"'k fraction: In<'l"J,robftlj.. "'I!:......
!tZil.lnok hany~1 vi>owuwlni a hfoviu ~llll"'ut 'UllOt fullpar1" raC: parri1Wl. tOrt.-krr houtjl<" ""viti rariowiJi>o kif..jf"Zi'<;t. ~tindkM.tOtartalu,,~t FlootOt(hf'1)-t, 1I-.nlOaO'llk poIiuomnbt elf~adO
parUl'IC (le!. 2OA.1.2.Q ,. glob&l ~ ""''Vitt M..ple-ohjelttum 1oItAI... "",imbOluIlllliI ~i>w'r. aW:itJAIn"""",;n.-k te kiJttllf't 6 ,.. local ~ ./Ul,..ly,k",.Qlul.6I,mot YAgY kMIlil"'I'I.AI...ot&o\ ..dott kOmVf"7<'t millrn-n
Ill.... IWYftOl k,,wnbi.n6l,,kAli""-"t a1A.kiL H.anaid.: ... piec.\/n.~-......l. abs-",-..l. Ilgnu.-m:U kif,.jc-/rtt
"""""""'.onkrnt !oIytu""" IIlggWn}'1 H ~V1s t[). fiiuv" IlY"kkl.'l rr~i ki. ~lnVf'r7r a pi.ce vu e. amdy a
He..viside- ...bs. signWl llil!Z""nnyel ......... >t>r:dtvtlJ"""!l.NNU rlrfinialt n-lgp;Wnyt ~>Ilkpllt folvtun'-"A/..kitja .. pr ecevt se ,.,zintuj,,;;,nak m<1l:f,ldo.,u (1<1. pvlbt). bOMler, polinolllot ",,,kit HORNER,
..Iakr Ha "1""linulJllltguu"'ntuma m"'trill.llkkol hdy.-tt<, .. _tboMler opt"iot hIlw.",\.lhatjllk a kifrtl~
!wI
hyp argeo:a: aWlmll! vagy Su.maJ Jt,']I'lAott (1lkAr Wogtrl..n)..-m: prohiIJ hil,..,~~'Onl<'lrik'L~ n!AA'
wnny;'. t<>h,;,t gan"nafiiggvt'nY"k >lZOf7...tMrt1~'tl:i'"\ "]"kill.u!. int: IIm..1 (pic! t our i ar-. _lIle ll i"l
mpgNlott in~iJtrallS'dorlll;<.-,iolinl.-gr"-Ialllkr" ".",. 1iat: li,I';'vilal><kil t ...hl""...lol.....hort. kar"kt,.,-IAn....t vag)' kifcjC"d...t (uUhhinAlllZ .......-lmi'ny "" Mgll lll"ut,",,,,k 1i~IAja). lhtliat: li~t"l Vl>g}' tnmhi">t
li~tAk liI<ti.j""'"><!akU int:" kif..jr>.h<t.... li ill"'r~ Iril:""olt\Ptrik'L~ "" h;I'''rholik", !iiAAyi'1lyt>kM Atirja a
Ingaritmik,,~ fiiI'(gVi'lllly>'1. Mat r ix: array. Array. li.t, ...trh, MatriX. v.c tor, Vector tip""'t kiff'jC"d",t ...bo.!dt Matri " tipU""V.... Itt M.. tr i x ..ljfltAA><aJ l"l",ho",ott. k...u ldi 'lIt"!,:I"~)U '-rl;'k"kk..!. .. l,~
"",i ...t"tHI'Il""""'!. t!\rnla.~i nta><it,,-" ..J1"'"lt. __11"gal~ift,lia "Iow.thlyha tarlmo. IliUmik"l ki;nuY"n
1ll0el""ithaU IIl"trLxot j..l..ul; ha".,,,lo,, ,j,fjl1ih,',j.... Vector ,\s "" Array ", Iat ti l",~"ak i~ , lIlatrlx: Ii...
I;,k ]i><IAj"t. Matri x.-.t. tnmlK",t a lakit ,,,M.lill~1.i,. Vtc::tor ,-" ..Imiuvr : Arr .. y, lj~t" . lIlat r i x. Matr i x.
1.i;lllh. w ktOl. Vect or At.-..lakitA><a Vector'IA; ~1.ahi..lyU/.lt"tjllk. h,'lt.Y milY"1l sorr""dl", u kapjuk IlZ r 1<'-m ~kf't. vect or hal,;..... h"I<o"lo. el,'" v;'ltrr~dtl"lt.Y vektor. Me i j t re : Illrgprcihl,ljall kif,-j.'".i",t Me i j ere,
al"ha "tlmi. "bol Mei j .re glUJLlu"fiiAA"i'lly<'khill AII\.ljll v"larn~ly komp lex siklM,li
i,tnn; Modifi edMe ijerC "I",vitt (iigp;v(>tlY It'''d,,,,il<)!.t M ~.tJ~:Ilr1'pr1'",rnl,li...iojAt,adjll vi...",,,.. la<>d2: 11002
"lakra rcdukal egy kiftj.-zPst . trhat "" ~lO'iitlhati,k~"t""10' h" lvAuyk('nt """'l"f'I,lo ~g""".ck", o.v..I vag)"
20. 3.
20. Mal rmatiia. progn.......onmngoj:
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_ 1 ... r ). _ltun: a bo.."ill t&b!lU&tot. ~ebrai k.if..~ wog}"]istat "talAkitja mll.Jtib.alullll<ZA.
-...IvlM'!l1l tAhlBzatrlo-mrk. ri.ltorWki~. illtt... 1i><lMYlJ)f'l ek'ifonlulA.'IilOZ4nuIi" ~nIl mllhiplirit lilonk. llaM' .. kif~l ni>vv~. """"'" .....uub...! uuulI.alaIr.ilja: ~ mint .,.-.01 . lI....ricproc:
ki>T.~taa'JII... mbol.il"". n'llPi'nyt dj&l""-l ~ t nlUDlerikwo fl~m.l"" l\Wcit . PL0T300pticns
II f<'l~ 3D-plot lItN<;Wiokat .. taU.kitj& ....J,oO rormijllkr"- UgyAJlPZt tftI:li" PurrOptl0flS .. pl ot
utAAi~b.I , polar: _~..w.bow brv\lt 1ww... 1o-x lrlAmol pol ar(r. thn" Il'il"l><>InMnk,...
bAn "oljA..--. POLYGDIS: a GRID ft< IlESH !'tMtiu"AkAl ''''Y il~"1'Ilf'k lif.tAjAt, t<'MI.hhoi .. PLOT3D ,-too'
t,ir4t iltalUitjA PO LYGO....S stMtlm"'" V"It)' ilY"'DO'k IotajaYl!.- polynoao LAI Rt:~T-fl<>Th6I Mh"ftV';"
.. mar...-lpktae;ot. pv li llt : .. pi" cewi ..- U, ll / fl. /rI12. /2.... . fdtB, In ) (dtft.. 1i~v/Wua;lA<;.
....1 .It-finWt ~,I)flki'TIt folytollO'l fiiggvo'uyt ~it.ia "" lJ L ti. J2. r.:.
./n. tn. J(n.,- I )
Ji,;t..,... r adi cal : trigon'>flll'trikll>l fiiAAvi'lI~"kf'1 ill t.artallllaW Ioogfeljcl>h 4-.~I!"kil voIillOU\lU"Jl:1lI111'utUllll'lllootO f kif"j .../ hIt megpmhAl ......tlpglO7.inlL"'
ko.<zinllS7...rti'k.,Iu1. IS tlU"Wll.........R.vokk.. p.
!Mtd ki{"J""Ill: 1ll<'glWlhS\t,"- hogy .. tohn gynkMI m..lvik
'""lQ' m.. lv ""Juun".., lu-wA'[lf1' V>llL ,.z.l k.....
,;iink. ratpoly; ",I"tt VOlltuo<~..:J mt"g",ljll LAl;IU':ST-!lOf P AOCJ-a pI,roxlmAri6ja t (td ,,', ' ''10" r",-,ionAl;~ fiiAAV'llyt ). CS EBISEV-lIOr CS EIltSEV PADV-lll'l'rox;mAriojat (CSEDlSl>v-fiiggvPIly-r-k nw';on;u;,.
f;i~"uyd) . RootOf, gy'ikkif,'j'"'.,.t Root Ot ,.J." kl) k;nf ...-l vi.'III'lJ<. s et : t,;,hlfur",t .'" t"mh .I"",,;t, ki
kj,,,i,. ,lj'KUlLl< 'utIUllai t ",lj .. vi"""" h"hll,.;,k"lIt. lineol; " kif..j..-,N triR'>nmn .. trikll~ fiiAAv(ny.jt ><>:i ,
llll"~',-><1 i... k,"'1.illll"".....I . h;l", r holik"""it sh~-l.IIl ,.... dl~'...:J (pj"'!i ki. sqr fre l : 1\ I...vin p"li,,,,,,, ll"!O',. t llwut "" [..!hollti\Hat ",ij" Ill,,!:. t.luit "n",lyhpll lll ill<J,'n t~lly ...,;;n ..k ,'"" k "l!Y><t,'n... lolvilk.-i v"ll uak.
Stillld udfunctio lll; .. kif,'j,-",,,, H" i jerG ..... lJip.'r!\.",m..t rikns f;iggv~nwit Atlljakitja ~t,,"daI'<J ek'lll;
'''' .I'",;;ui. FiiAA"'lly.'klu'-. Bt d; liu""ru. egy"ul......l!.khtil "" "ID"'llI,it!<m""gpkhiil Mlo l'<'t"I.'A"t .tamla,,1
ajak rn h,>:'. "lLldyh"Il" knll"t<llL>ook" j"hh"I.I..:Jon ~,...n'I...ln..k. stdle; masfajta ~t"ll<I",c1..l.u.r.. I".~
'-'10" ily"u L"nO-'r( ''!O''lrl~,il...k ..gy,nllltl..t""'xl..u-r"alakit;""'val. St l' ing: "k'f'l k.i[,j"~,,,t kH.r.u. lrrlilll("('a, ''''.lIl': "kif, j"-ji alakilja. tll.ble: li-~tI\l VI\gy t"moot. .. lAkit IiIhw.... lta, tilll : .. kir,j<...'" trig<>n"m..tnk">1 RiAA\,;'uwit ,;.tirj" a l-<w!\''L~ f'-.ggvi-,my-r-L 'trudabe': BOOLF.ki(,'j<-;.i",t <r!ik<l k;: 1..~ljlirAArR IlJkalnlJ\7.7.Hk. "" "" FAIL-i-rt;.k.1 atl , ,J,;k....r faIn .. \-eg.redmfuV(',
_\ La],!lWo.tl.;,1 ].;,t1",ti>. ~ nW 1IZol\ntok "t-llJakiliotwi.r.. ;,. ip;..n ....H;.J<. koll:..crtak\ fiiJI:K"'uy,o;Jj rendelke""",lHk.r<,
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conv.rt(,.jub(zl~.m(.;T).exp);
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hMy.-t teN t i be.
20 .3 ..J. Al gc b rai k ifeje zesck

A.t; llntmrtika! 0p"ratornk ~it",,#,Y<'1 -,"t07i>kbOl al~hrai kif..j. -dH'k 10'0 tn"'llut.ti>k. &k til""'"
m iMig I1geb raic. ruelynek ....:Jtil-"" ...t integer. traCtl Oll , fl oat , ,trl-Ilg . lll dned , s eries,
t Wlct i oll , lllIeval v.. lanunt llTitLudiluU 0l"'r,;,torti",~""k bI pont0l'f'n,lor'ok,
L;', t l",ti>, h<>gJo' PRY"tl"1l vAltmil (I'JO" "tring ) ......int;.o "" alge bra i c til"lSl"r~ wt,y,.ik. A7. al..p-~dlluti
l"l~"k ""iot<'n. miv.,lawkhm a l ubl IIt""it""""j .u!,:cbrai kif..j",,;""'k i'rti'k. r..nd ..lh..t';.
>
p:_.r~3 _4
.r~2+3 .r+~ ;
Itt " KVkif"j,d<sl.df'fi llifJt nllk. IUlli AA.r ""Jt.m":' Itl\rma.-lfok,', volinolllj". ,\ lubl l", jy..I.t,,,it;'"i o]le"itol"
r.u" p"linOl ll (kifej...~"")f v<iJ t,,,l,jAh,y, (or lik,k,.t ("7.amok",tj l'!',,<lcliillk "" " kif,'j,"d."t kio'l't.{kdjiik :
34 j
> Ill b s(.r
='
> subs(r =
3.p);
> Bubs(.r = 3/4.p); -
--05
I "4.p ); _
3,jK.N>4
op(p) ;
n"g"'lj.... knt defilli3lt p rmJtjr'1'~1 ",>m7./ltAt(Id . 99'J_ old_)
20.3 .5. Sorozatok (os li!;t ftk

A M",*. b<-n >'mIlton nlpa kifp~k '1O"ma.~lltilnjiLt irtj,-ri . nlf'lyrk ~ """nak ..1dlN<Zt_.
A7. d''llPk ..:>m"tl<ljr \i>ny~",. tf' bat ~...wm..kkiilOnbilit.6I<>1'11'1><Ir1">lOZAtlli kIiJOubiYl.oohrk
t umok , A IIOro'Z.tlt a M"pk ..,;yik aiAptlf><""": npruq.
> /1 ;=/3. -4. . z '2.3 .r. 5
20 .3. 3. Fontes opeeatorok a Maple-ben
Ps
It
n-lflriM op,rH.t"rok:
SI'.",iAIi~ j<'i'nt,io<{p;' VllU " konkae..nAcior" ~'""Ip;"lo clt"I",rAtornak. m..jyu<kiulixforru r;ivi.!it...tt "I"k E7.l'A! Ill< "1,,rlilorr..:J i;,.,.:"d ,I\I" .....l haurnk kiot w~imhi>lllmot (newt).
jll:
(20 ,41)
r '.-4...-2.J.r."
{2O.42)
A" op(i.pl : AWe: "'" i-rdik l-aK" t Nlj.. vu-a. I'..Jdalll op (2.p) l"n'<'Imi'nyr - 4...-2. A kif..jr-;n. ...1-..5 ",illnl
n-kifcjo-"'"..irlf'k...amil.t .. nopa(p )u!al<itaN<llJ kllphatjuk lHeJ:.
f,
A7.op 0l""awrrnl pgy kif..j.-LkooII61 Nw:kif.j..........k..t vaJ.at,;ztlmtullk ki, lu
A1Ilkiwlk " t .. 3:">1 okt&lil< ciruot.lwxa<ko:i,ni<! .......mrrui.!

> cOIl"en{i1 ",3).bll.H. S, 16), _
[9. 14 . Ilmi "!JW8"7.0koujrIOlftol"'1l Il7. ~
-, <, <=. >. >=, <>.
'llf'".
nMIK*
I><-Ul
~ "&Y!iOI'OZlltol. d..!in iAlt'uri. lAbAt
FOll"'" ol"r"'..rnk "" i~mm Ilritmf'tikai nlllvd.,tf'k: + , -. "
999
29
cOllven (I.~5, traction ) :
COll"el't (FF..t2".dec~l
Jlapi~
'II'.
> .r:= t;ut"i"bI,:. /, := uur :

> cat(h.z): _ u,umr;ubi"
Eli-g h.. lmi 1\ cat(h. r ) h..lyctt. hogy lIhn.r; lIZ pr.-vlm~ny Ilkkor i" au:noar;nbh, Vigylil<ni kdl, h"l{V
IlZ..jpj/'n kN nvito i<lh.<lj..1.uljon':'" ki;-diik ...llllni. k;iliinhPo Il M~ pk ""...1>06 OI"'''I"I".t m'm "ldj" fel.
> 1:y pe(/ L ex p n eq l .

> leq{f(i ) . = L .n ) :
",,,,y,,,,,t,,t AlHtjuk ..10.
........Im'lly.
" t....ita.-! ""
> leq(i7.i= 1__ 5):."(~h,,hLy,'1
(20. 43tl)
true
/ (1 )./ (2 ), .... / (n )
(2U.-t:lb)
(20 A,l)
. 4,9.16.25.
Ef:No-d'rli 'k,l v<iJt<.wJ>k ;'rh,l"l,-,f",; 1.1U1omA"yilt n..m dP!illiAljll, alt"j " No '" kif,j,,i",,k. I'd " ;'" ,1 e~
..ljArMbnn i = n. ,m Illnkh",) h""zu"lh"tj"k. >UHiu"k ha t-ft.""", Ill. i iu<l<'XvAIt""o"~VlH"'" Ul.';'ll fd"''I'1.i M.
n . n + I, II + 2..... '" h t<'-k,,\tot, E r.,u ~l.nlkHIrl\ tll'''';a.:
.
A ,..-,ro7,/ltok ..IOiJ.litMa.ra ( 20 .4 1) ~,4 ..kvivlll"l1"";' .. IAhhi ''ro-'"7A"lhlo IrMm,,,I:
> f(i)!i
n ..m:
(20 A"J
1000
Nud:-- ><rillt"" "" f(n).f(n

I).
.f(m) i:rt<'-!lwt 8.llitj.. rIO. Ennrk ""'t!f..I..Jiim t<>hlit $" ,m: ..I'f'<i.
m..n...... IlZ n. n + I... '" ."TO'I.><I.... 1...1<1",,1 .clJ, ,-nurni'ny<" X.I.X.
A "",""",Il.toAAT ki~ilh"IJiik t.ov4hbi l"W'kkal:
> .,m:4t"= I 2.3: II.mi utAn
(20.46)
> ....roZ4l.1.5.6. rn:hll"n~.... I
2.3_~.;'.6.
AT imlcxrit az indices(T);.
HiI. "" J ffi~+nv "l"U'kPillPk ..... lWIUi.t ~ 1.iri>jel~ teooaiik. "",,, e,;y lin til"''''' I...,. Jg!o:tJu..
zik.
>
1:~',$r_L6.
1=1.23.4,;'6
A mAr ~ I op "f'""il!<>IT1lI1l7. op<ltotq); lll.N<it4>< v~ja .. u..la ""vii >'Ol'OIZdwt
H.. Ij,;tilit h6vitmi ak>LTomk. 1Ikkm- ..Ill-ior '!"'l<lA'I] .... t>p-]tJ) 'OOl'OZlltoki... kdl iWWLkilllui 1U,DJu,.I,
lWIj<lo-riM hm-ilt"lll'" 1tf.<'JR......... ,.Arojrlo-k~ lijl"lllill "';' A1It.kiuw.
A lioItak ..krnt-i Irhrtu<'ir. ,jJt" 11l<tiJ:. IlZ [~ ka('Ott kf>~intl1. Mrolll-"2.i.ntll. -tb. li~tak tif>UM li.Uin
Eu-Ir. '" ~truka>dlt .. n";'tmulr. 1ro1l"trukrilljArui.l j;\.L'<Z.IlllAk~.
.0\ li~ta '10' rk-u"'iw....... op{n 1,.llI) ""y
n . "lNoit.NoAAl fhllof'tiink bozU. Ez a Ii..... n...tiIt ..Jrm,;t
ad';" E,;y,,;uonIbb. ba.. ~ t'IO' "'"""'" ..,junk. p<'lditul L. ... utAM. L 'n "I hivjuk. f.y Ir.h>rwitu L
li.~lli.n&I .... aloo1UlUt dl'fll<-'1t U op( .... op( .. L)): WlftV AZ~ ~k/I L:P1. fJI: hiv"""'" kApJuk.
..\ t~innlli.o~k r.-Uoplt..... ill ~u ~..".G.
'._to
~,...mtii
w.ta k't""~
> Li
...,6.( d.~.I.
A Jj, ta 4. n.'~ Il~hiv.wu.:
LI =- [... 6...,d
> op(-I. L)' YaY > L -I

Kcb:l.i.ntiilista IM.""~
~,fl
L22 3.
>
indic.slT):
... b.cj [d.r,f , .. f
A Mapleh.n t.<hlAz..l"k i... lIl';'trixuk
1<.1"
x.yl [u'.;
li1.r,I~ II table""
"'" array
ula.~ita.""kkal turlillik.
Uble(ifr.II.'I,,)
> e:ntries(R);
ko
>
lndices(Rj.
("r... ln"'nyP
[a).lfl.l[r.
~n)'f'
,.
array{ifc,botmds.li"'J;
('lO.4l'i)
ut.<iw spo.-cWi;.. AkiI- whbdiTDnzao,. ~t<lka1 (16mhUb-t) boa k'trr, ..,..... "'" inrlrxhatArokat.
/i.., pP<lijl; .. t.Ab~kPt jr-Wib
F.l! uwbbiak ~ "Vikf- krIl. b<r ....",...pdjE'u. Ax..w.t>W;1M.n
~~ f~koz".nk"" u"""l~.
20.3 .6.2. Egydimenxios tombOk

Az arr..y(I ..5): utll.-.jw f'lU.) hoooozU>6ltU. "VdimmaiOootiimOOt boa l;,tre ~.1lUoZ~lirit "Innd<
nNkiil, l' := array! I .. a..~. 6. 2. 9. ~); .. l.Omoot nWllZMuU e1cult'kkcl M i8 tOlti. Az ih-..n.-gydimt-n
lli6t< timlbOkM:lII Maplo:o rgyllttAl ....ktoroluul.lt. ill tt-kinti.l*'ba\ Atype(t' . .,ector /. tip,IS\v...~fiiU'...lly
.. true erti'l<t"tMja. Ha. viszont .. vh&t t ype ( ~' ) .. ~. ukuu ~ syabol .. kifortt'kf'lo'o;!Cnti hala.,;"r;.
ton mOd';"lIlian. Emialt. ha ~ tiimbuut AkMjuk A "".. ple-vcl f"li--mrrt.. tm, ukOl" a fnrti<-k rIDalt
tTt6I kfoon l!:<JIldo,.kodnllnk kf'tI. Ezl pi'klilulllZ .....1 D!MitJuwWkh<-tjiik d;~ iY ..h..n ype l .,al(...));
> x: = ar:ray( L 3. [.r1..r2. .r3);
Az .......-lm..ny .. wntick SZf't'int l\Z
I:- [xI .1'2. x3]
A
(10047')
IIwitk. egy t"hla:u.l-~tlllkt'ir';'t hU>: l<'-t,,; ill "'" if{' rv;y - IIW a f"llllil<f.lla!O liltAI <lpfilli"h
iud.x
fuggveuy... Ii~ttl p",ligolYlUl kir..j,,~'k ll>ot4jA. Jll<'lyckd{''''ci {'!O"C1l1<'l('k. E hl>eu lIZ_ t l>o>UA Maple "'"
rgy,nl.-.t.k bal "ldlllli.la l';'bl~thc~it.I,,,,,,l"IIUlllozMakillt."j obboldalakat Ii tAbhullt I>f>viptl<M.l.. tHt~
ikent h"-,,znlLlja. HIIII. lb<tli.l"'u.......k ..1'IU"k ""!luRk...kiwI' Ii t"hlazathan az l~el k<""'lII<:\/lt.. rmk"'t....
Vi"".{)f1t mit.trixot kaphatullk I-"'l<l"'ullll'. .-gytlim"lI~.i,'" ,....t
>
> T:=tabhl!lI.b.r)):
T:=-Ubh([I=-a2 =b3 =c])
> R:=-table([u _ .T.b:cy, .. =~));
R:=tabh(!lI=r b=!I c=zj)
"'T1"'~ ~iill,,,",.atJmll.k
m<'!':fd.llij<'v..l:
A :=- a.rny(1 ,.3.1 A, 0)

?I1 'II !11 '11 ! f1 .J1 '! llA1]
> .vd( A);
T I,s R ,'tjl"jJi biv,;";"r",,k II T i.,. R ,~i1l1hol"",<>k"t adja vwza. Valam..ly kifpj<'?h tlwg",lol.I. szintil ..... "",
'M'ltJ\t d{'J[1<'t 'l>. cp--I".] k"l'h"tjuk n",!!.. lIlY lIU'Kat a tilbl,,,,,,lo t a M a pl~ a~ c p(T); lut.tiulAraMja Vi.""1.a:
l<Z op(op(T)); \JtiL"ita>. <I\!:Y<'ll1ll,ly<hh,.-l.illll<' uuIt'.." tnlM'1.-f.t ko mpo n..n.'lf'itMjll. (Jnc, Iisl.a) alll.kt",n,
11I1I~1I1"!Io.. ti>.h.'IO' '~It1 Hll'uh(U'Ak f,.[,I(JII\"~ dtl'r Il:l 61taUmO!l t<Zabalyti>1. a""'lym'k crtdw,'h"/L a
Maple "ltV kifo-j........... t l'~,,<l"",rin' vl>,j:iK ki"rtik.. l. l<U'7. ""Idil\. iUnfg 11IM ""'JUnuJyell tov"bbi kiirti,kdn.
"'.,<tur.
.-t;=arny(I ..:J.I.AO).
sza.rl1ok !('l<Zl",k a ""'H:t.8It1"k,
.1.. !Z:.!3~
",.'dn,"n",
~A1"lI1iu'
.-t: =array{Lm.l..n.[a(I.I) . a{Ln)

.la(m.l), ... III(m.n;
('lOAm
utN<it""""'-l rlPfinialhat.mk..-\z 19y dofiniAlt ~t"lltt(lr"t. Maplo:o (n x mt-\iJlW'll ",li.trixkcnt 'rt..lmn.iAI. III(I.J)-k" megfrlrlO mat.rix<-...IIL<'k.
20 .3 .6 . Tablazat- b tombstru kt urak , vektorok es m atrtx ok

20 .3.6 .1. Tablazet- (os tom bsrrukturak
M.l'juk lI1rg.
KfoIdim"ll7.i6I< \Omoolo:ct &Z
lIarmn!<l.int,ll ta WoIrPhoz.aW.:
> L3:=
T tagjait IlZ.ntri.s{n; uUuoitiwot..
A knti ""ldAkban,
20 .3.6.3 . Ket d lm cnzlos lo mbOk
\.". kifra..llllo:-.<iu-O kou....poutl4l Io-tiitoUllk!) A 1 A1lilota J, ..I<-mmck I"'r"-:

"'"lO'
~nWar:ray.
> L'1:= .... 6.cj. d. I

> op(3.op(1,L1)),
""m Id"."t;o(ogf's (.full .. val1ta'ioll~). Ehbt,n lIZ ..... tben "",~,nl"'Il.I..v a <k-finkiM f..l.lolgoztA. rnt'W" /l w.
'''hbi ki..rti-k~lk.t f..lfi'AA"",,,UtU. vi.......mt IlZ op lltMitN< l",tN.iI.r.. vi-gr<'h>.jtuU./l. Ez Il7Rrt van. Illtl1. /l
tl'ljc8 ki....tekelb valojAh.:w .J&~t name "valUlltiuuM."mdyik m..gMJ .... array. table. _t ru:. prcc I.ip,'-"'*,llil. 11t<'ft IlZOk urerere eem korlAtozott "" lJQ' ,....tl..-g rl..m i/o fhnhwk d /l ki1"fUynn. A ti>nyl~....
t.. ljc8 kil'rti-kdi'oltki tudjnk IWnY'"'"R'I"it'-ni ,....l uaul lIZ op ""8Y Il7. eval lltltt'ItN-l.
A Maple" tomh. a,= a m{,trix ""og n"lll

;rtl'k,k.t r.. nd..];in k ho~"",;
'1 11,11 '!IUI ?P-l] '!IH

'J
'IUI ./'IUI
")
> .40[1. 1] := 1 , .40[2.2] :- I : A~:J.3):-= U:
'.
'IUI'f3-~j
mp~hAt.Ar"mtt ..\pm"it
"!IIJIw1j,,16li. nil nlba.llY ('l"mh"" mo"t
10 00
20:/.
1002
1003
20 12 tilLikult A fOhh a!As,fiiAAVi'nV..k loA j..lOl.....rlk
am.. l
mm'
> eval (.4 ).
> D
H
T.ik.
MflpJ~
,= uay(LhiU12. hl3). ["
u n .023). :b3U :" . eaa
j,
ExpoUCI....iA!i" fiiggvpny
u p
Logaritn"", ffiggvpuy
Trigonorn.. trikll" f'lggv"nyrk
l eg . In
dn. COl. t an. cot. sec, CIIC
A rkm<zfii AAV" nY"k
ar C 'l ~ . ar C C O. ,& r ctan ,ar c c ot
H ip<>rholill1L~
&lnh.COlh.tanh,cot h. l .ch.CIICh
ar cI l nh .arCI O.h.arctanh.arcc eth
fiiAAV"n)'l'k
Areafiiggv"nyrk
ll tNIi t ""-lll
601 1 blHl:J]
8 ,,,, b21 bn b23
Aw
H... ti
~j<
A I..
f..7Rk
A I;,.
,.
""'
"
AWl
[ ~1 b32M3
m"lrix.>t.~ ...1"'&Yilt! I_tuk lM:rf". miwl PUle a d..hnicii>

"""" ..dottAk wltAk. Lo\t""IQ. bo,;y"
W<-Wok n"1l:...i"-0l'ri'".N.~~"" m<l"t ... ijl<-~k>n.mi 1'" mAtrix'" MMII";lI<,k 1..1)<... f..\M...,,a,.,,.
1~ tAroaA. H.. ~>lLt '"Y millrixhOlllf'fll mili<lPn .. lern iorti-ki-t i!<lJKTjiik, ..lie.., 1I~ kNl .. tui..z
U"I"lltArlolllAnyl; .. M~pIe" no-In <lM:inWt kt"krkrt azoi< forInafu< .wmOOl............J hdyl"lte-oih.
,lm
>
...
.-\
Ii~
arTay(1 3 I -to dl.r-12.r13' ....11.1'2"1'.
-n
..21
d2
[ CI'- I) C u
);
C~
, ("; ' 11 C ti
.~k,
H""
20 .:
A kowtkrzU in.kxfiiQ;\'i'lI~~-k IrbellM."k oprion&i.~ ~l1unok: diit,!!;cllal. idelltIty . I,-tnc.

antu;r-Ulc . _par. u..:-lld "'PIK"U" nqfdd6 tipu1'u n.lllkdii matnxokAt ul'juk lJW>&; sparse
}wA...." n. " tlf'fl,
rlt-linWt hrl"",krr 0 bon,L Ezrk IlZ opriOk qo',Ual w..la..unOololw
> arny(!..3.!. .3. antillr-tric )
A 1iT><'Iui~ A1~<"ml n"lY<'kl.<"i kmiil itt ...,ak ""'I Mnlil.jUk llll"g. bogy ruAtrixok "I',ol'7JlMr.... k. fiw"ny
.v.u. fiiAA''llll~...1"rtt'kclUnk ki.
Swr07.z11k ~"'1L7. pI61111"'I<1>1.1"'1\ ~~""r<'plO B rnii.trixol.II nw kOflwballlWnti'lL ,kfiuiAll..f ""ktonal:
Ibll .f l + ~12.f2 + hl3 x3. b21 xl
''lU''''
iki:lI'l
"''''''
re,
~/.a1Il
"z of
Illll'"
M.".
[ _?Ol~ ?~:I ;~; ]
,.,..oIp;"1. k rnin<!<'n rnilY<'I<""'l ""
>
""'"
MiruAk.
20 .3.6. -1 . Vcktorokra fos marr'ixokra vonatknzo spf'ciali s utasttasok
AM,
fltAA'
j"
- :' ,..>1 - :' 2..11 0
20 .:
ltVat-(lJ,l;:. x ):
+ b22r2 -+- b23x3. 631 xl
+ b.12 x2 + b.13r3 1.
"pkt<'r"k .... lllli.lru",k pIMilitH..was]>ffiA1i.~ Htasiliisok """lIlal<. ,vLOk .. v.ctor (.,......trill:.

11ldyrk,1. mIlT .. Unalg f'rogrAtn"""llJAgg"I;~"" l ll<lunk t<iJtI'ni.
BelldJ (n , :), a.1I,U(n , '; )

BeI. .U (n, e ). B. .. . 111: (n . : )
Gammafiiggviony
G.UIMA(.f)
IntegriJ"'xpoOf"fl<'iAIj" ffiltJtVf<nv
i (.f)
20.3.;.2 . Opeeatoeok
A I.bple-bo.-n II ~k uy vi>ooolk...-lQOl'k.
C"]
CIUI
-n
C1 11CO,Cfl..JI C f< <Il
K.. tlo
BE.'>S EL-fiiAAvfonY"'lr.: J~ {: ) ior. }~ (.; )

~t6dol<itott B ESSEL-fiilQ(VkI)"l'k: /~ (: ) , K~ ( : )
M,pl~I""ll
20 .3.7. Ftlggvenyek es op er e t oro k

20.3.7 ,1. Fiil;~V ('lI Y('k
mint A LISP JlrOI"~ nyrlvMn a A~yek. Ez

egyaenien &Zt jeknti.. bo,;y ~ l'iJggvffiy IW"W', miboolyt U A I.b~,,", dPfiniAl_ll'1.t. opcz>Uorkbrt
mukOdik. ~I&< """vaIl..kal ... t JP<l{sin . o..,.rator ); ......... mfohY'" t ru. Ha U Op<'1"&tor men;:. egy \'alO' lObb
argllll>=IUIllOt irunlr. g.;;ruOOlyil zArO';"Ib... alr:kor n mAr u Adot t v,utazOk nq:fr1M6 ~"Y'"
> type (COb. operator ); Credmt-ll)'l' trll' e..

> tJP<l (coa. f llDct i Oll); ~nY" hJ.....
_-, ,.b pl.: lclK-tOvl- tcs:Li. bogy a rclh.uwJaJ6i Nggo+t1Y"'k<"t OJ>"'tlltarok aWi:jahAD boz:plk JiotTt'. Ha
> F: =.f- > ...t hkif a j
(20 .ao)
alr:k.... az r valt0z6 2ilthkife j A1Rcbrlli kif.'jezo'ool'b6! "'IY F I~. OfM"rUor lllAkIi ll-Jgg\'~Y jOtt Jiotrp.
ht &7. IlIebrlli ki&~ t.vtaImazhat ... fdh&at.nilO jJtlll ..1&.. ddi.ui&lt e. 1,..1>06 ffigvo'ny.-kfot j,,_ H&
&7. operatar-ozimOOlum llK"11f gOmOOl.yt1 wojelboon "IY fii&lVtJoon vt.l~ lrunk.llkknr...-n fiiggetJtotl
vAltozil fiigg..-i>nyk. kapjuk.
> F := r -c- Nin(;r) . <.nr ) + 7"3 I.s(r) + r"2

0
> F(y );
F (y ) := ~ill(y)."OIl(r ) +
II tg (, ) + yJ
.... itt """ MgtlIlli'lLtu.nu..u. (VI. "">f'g6pontofl ) "".Am"rt"kf't ..dunk ...... kor
/l1;
> F (nn.mmm );
hiviL<.tW" "",.pI., a mqif..kl6 ftiRKv'nY"rt{ok,o\ ..Jjll.
Egy kifp~hOI (gomloljunk pl. <'I'J r v;\lt<.d,j'i l'0lillOlntll) "'" llDappl y(funa ion. loar) utasit.a-t.l
rn..gkA.pjuk a bro:7AlArtoo".oop"r"tort. P" l<1" IU:
> p:=7"2:
p:=r1
> f:= una pp1y(p.r);
f: : r _ r2
.-'1 M. pl~ ili,tl ""k "I{;r<' .I,'liltili.lt fiiAA"i>uyt IArtalmil7.. mdyrk vegy '''Wllll>U "li'rh" t,;k .. r<lI.l~;t.N m<1jt.a.",~nA1. v"K" "J"d"Ii" prol(I'IllllOlOllJagokk,,1 hetolthd6k. E""k ;, fiigg" i'nY" k " lIIath{llnc tll',,"hnz
A" o]><'nitorokkaJ. .. """Liboo< """UAlyok __ rint ,Iolgmh.. htnk. KH IIp''rli.tori'iAA1.Pgp. kiilonWg" 61,..wr
1J\1A "ljra ol",rM. ar 1t'!<Z. He kH fiiggvrnyt a knnm k "'~RIl1.orowi. t1tplypk op" rAtor-al Aklmn van uak fl.brholva. akkor a meg f.. lp!o ir Mmoo: ( f" * G)( x), "nn" k - I'MA kcmmut.. tivitiul m;"tt II(G 0 F )(x ) nek i>I
l\Z - (,l'rom"ny" /lZ F(x )oC (.r) !'iiAAvpny. KH ol,.--rat..,r kompm.id(,jAn <'rtjiik, h"KY" kd op<" "torl cgy
Ill;\>; IlI.An alW llla:i:z"k. A M, pl,,-t>I'n "JLIU'k" komIM''I,fri<'nnilvpl"l.npk a jpI,,: Cl . E~ a m,ivd" t a1t a lAban
".v,kro'l.
A "J,,~,iA1i" fiiu:v;'ny,klwzlArlo'l,n..k a FlllOs.n:L-fi iAAVpny<'k iN.
At nrt"gnlllt.li. polinntnok """tn...,ja toblM'k ki'm'itt lartalm"u... az HERMITE-, LAGUERRE-. L EGEI'DRE- JAe. IDl /ot. Cs~:ttIS t;vI'(Jlin",,,<>ka t. A ......~l,t.,k"t 1<1.120.61.
LPgy"!J F := r -: cO/\( 2 .r) i," G := .r-> x"2. Ekkor

> (GCl F}(x);
c0!;2(2.r).
> (FClG)(x );
c'1OI(2r1)
tart'Y/.ll"k. rd,.. ",l''''ll!<at"z ?initcIIII djar"""," ki>rh ptjiik .

A ki>\"<'tk,vI1I 20. 12 . i", 211.13. tflblaLatoklmn vaz latoo; "U"kiul.i""t adunk az ,,1"1>- ,.,. "1""';Ali" fiiAA\p..
JU 'Jll
komrnutenv .
20.3. M IlpU-
1004
20 .3 .i .3.
A cikJusok;" lobbKWrOooPli egymA/>.ho. .kft,tlllykhat(,k.
O iffE"rf>ll ciAlopt>ra to rok
A rlilfPn'nciiLlM o,><'raw r" " M ~p1e-kJl: C. Ilrnf'lyt'l a:>. op"'''tor alakb.w aJott f'lggVi>n}"'krt' /I Of F ).
ill. D[.](G ) A1Aktw..n ..JkRllll<=uk. A~ ..66 "KY "PJ'Y41t<mitl fiiuvmy dcriVliJ.tj"l <>!*T"l.Or ,.J"ldloftll "Ullj..
MO. H.. II. viltm.ot nwlt.' irjuk w ...j<'Ib.-n.l\kknr /I df,rivilt"'-. mint kifcjt2C>l1 k..pjuk nlrg. ~l"""ik II/wImod : O(F )(.c) = diff{F(z ). s ). M~hrt'ndll dmvaJtakal a D opt'fl,ror tObt-iin;.. 1I11...J!TUW\AA.v..J
kapunk .lUTIit<'g)'-.t'1'1m (0 II O,, )(F) jrlOl . abol II' n /I diff<'ff'ncialopcrat.or n.,.jill. ,..h>.tvimyiLt" j..lc-nti.
H/I G tOhhv"ltol<hl fiiu".'eny, _ll"I''' O'j (e) "Gtlf'k llZ i-nlik vitJ.t0z6 _rinti pIll'ciAlil' dM-ivAitjAt
Allltp...US. f.... IL7... redml>uy iI4 Ujra 0P'""Atnr. A 011.) (C) a O[i](DU](G )}-t.1IZA:Z C"..k /I rnNoo<li k ,....-ri4l1h
derivAltjAt Allitja ..16A}
lI~jd AI. Hdik viltndJ .....f'Tillt.
A 0 differ~DCWop..d .torT
rli!f....uc...J,r"Am itMbi>! lid. 3lS:;. old.) iND<'rt ...... M.lyok ",""lly-It. M f "
a. II fUgY"l!Y"k <htfPf"l'tlciAlhatOlt
D(F + H ) O(F) + D(H ) .
121,!.:'1..)
10m;
"I<.
Hog y OnlIll'lgllkhan 7Art progr>UIlokat t",ljullk IHrrb<l1.ui. >I M.ple--l"'ll "'" djAr';"'lItallitA/;t bAAzllll.ljuk
(p rot."..ltm.). Ez tobb "Ort ;,. ..lfogl'llhat. m"Kt..IrloWn tAmIVl\ >I ....jAt n""" alntt ""jat vi,;:rchajtAAaOOn
b&rmikor I1."kur.tiW'n meghtvh..tb. Ali .w.p..tnlktl"n>l:
pro<: (a"9~ )
local
options
(20.:>-1)
,da..it<iM>k
and :
M ..ljar.... ar~t,Illl&iDaIl!lZ.i.l1lA lIPUI ull. busY lIll'K~k a hPnl\f' fpllwtznAlt YAltoWk ozAmA~-aI.
A l ocal tfpullli yAltozOk.....ur.lIZeljWAlton twliillk....l\f'k.
l rj unk .. J~ az ..L..,j n tc~ s:t.Am ~1.yOkr~ ki><M.mit........'"
> , unlq't' := pro<; (n )
D(F . H) '" (D(F) . H ) ...( F . D(H ,
(20. 51h)
D(Ft JI ) _ D(F )tH oO(H )
/211 :;1<)
>
20 .3 .7.4 . A map u ta.-'tAs

:\ ,.bpk--h.-n. _p lILao<it&-t Akkor ~rWjuk. bA qo' opl"caton. ill. "'&Y f,'ggWnyt <V kifc~. lll,
annAl< kompo~rr akanmk &1bdnvu:ni. I..<-gyrn prkl.iu.l. F rgy ffiggvion)'. Ekkor ... p(F .:r ... r'"2 of"
:r. ,); nmml-nyo:: az F (r ) + F(r ) + F (r ,) kifcjczio.. .J,. _p(F., . :) . .......tmmY'-"chh<'z~'
F,,) . F{:) .
_P</. [... h. c. d)).
[J(Cll. /( b). /(r). /I J)!
lo<;al s. j :
,!OJ:= 0;
>
>
>
>
> ....de
f or i t o n
do , i.:= ,!i - I]-+- Mir t(l ) od:
en1f (" in ]):
lIa _ dj&ra..1 a ........hd meghhjuk a kiviDt AIglltllPnt~"':
>
.mmqtt~30 ) ;
ukOl" lIZ ...-airno'ny: 112.
24'> 2
~itM>g
20 .3 .8. P rograrnozas a Maple-ben
20 .3 .9. Kiegeeettesek a szintaxishca, informAci6k k

20 .3.9.1. A Maple-kfinyvtar hasznalata
A M~pIe ... Mj'-t cl~ 8. p ~ f..li-piUW-bcz. ~ cikhll\- ... ...tlm6rt.6 ~uuktUrilw...

ciAJi,. f<>nnAlww tartalllIau&.
.J,. l,bple indit3sa utan a f..~ ook twloo& lIt,"""tAII All f"'Iltlplkf'2hoi'Tp. riPf'V'k<-n kiviil vanrW<
~ ligyn.-vezrtt ~ konyvtAri fUggvffiyt'k h utllNtNonk. Il'If'IY""kpt .. rndlib(J ) utMitNll;,.] l ud llllk
I::sctd: uqkwonhozll'tJofor
1f
lell
tllu
R7.
uti
if -u\Alli'""'-l t.Octfonik. Enn..k ;W,.""tmItllrij..,
at..
..t2 I i
au
(20 .:-'2)
A: els. . . hiA,nyozhlot,
A: at..Afl ..l6tt tM.l0'I~'~ll ...,1. ..IAgIwUI !01A",...,,,,lhct "'" a1abbi mOdon:
ali f / eIt. thaD Idi .
( 20.~)
aholwi lIZ,--f'<lik "tN<itAr<l. Ielt< &Z i-..<lik f..ltiot.-Jt j<-kuti. M utasitA.,.-,k kiY.iil ftZ ftC\ott "-'ITI"lI<II",",,~
iglLit. fcltet..lhee tart"".{, hejtodik vlogrto. Cikh"",ki ,t" f or . ill. wh i l e f,,"nt.vWtt ><Zl\Vl\kJa.l kip....:flllk: "
cikh", ..ljarWt" do .. lltNlltNook . . od aWr.han irjllk.
A f or-ciklu. han a fllt',ind,xd
R>;
i fr o. n to '" by di
..laklmn irju k. Mol <Ii.. ll-pi.,.kiY".I",ldAlll..,.. alAbhi ciklus kilrj.. .. -"7Jt.mobt 1-1.61 llJ-ig:
,"",mi. Ezell utasitiwlok fc hoxolAMt ", rovid lPirWt a 120.101 t&rtA1mazzII..

A M.p!e-- hPn a >qM'ciAlil< p~ ~11 lI7i'~kOril konyvtir... fl"nddk...r..unkI1.".
Egy il}""l1 "1~~0'I0tnIlg lIW'gbivli... .....
> Ili t h lbamt") :
(20.:':')
par>U,<'"O'lI.l wnffiik. Itt fllIflil" a nl'1'ghivot t 0'I0UlA&llf'VP. vhAt poIldAllllinaly a lil"l<'AriI< algc hrai specWi>l
OIOlIlag ~"n. A CllOIIUIg lwhJvw ulAn ... M.ple fpb.ornlj....nuM.:-z,." uwitAAAt .... fiKYCIm..ztrl . ha
.. oomagben uj o..finki6k mAr meglolv05 ' lt_ iu...ok kAI~u"k"
Ha a konyvtari aoomagb61 """,k CKY ~p.'('iAIi>o lIta>oitAoot .w.runk haa::znlllni. ak kor en n..k hfY"",,:
C',somag!uta si t a.l
A Maple kiviteleit <'gy!'Or kOrllY""Rt i V,ut<rd,Vl\I_I.i'Tdh,tjiik MAr b<'mlltattuk a Digits vAitozOt (ld ,
9!l ;', old .) . mf'Ily<'I .. ],.I.,..(,:o pon1 "" R/....'" kifra.n<l6 "~"ULj "IO'Mll" k O1AmAt h a t Aroz hatj u k nlCll;.
A~
..redmeuy kiir"""'nak ll.ItalatlOO'llllO<\jA.t .. prettyprillt hll.tArmu meg. It1 lIZ.. lll.piwllllitA~,
> f or . trOll I to 10 by I d o i od;
> illter!ace{pret typriDt = t I"tla )
amit cRY~/....nlhh ,.J.. khnn i~ 1ll"11""lhatuu k:
EZ'A,i
> f o r i to 10 do j 0<1:
H" IlZn kc zd M rt ,<k ..-..gy.. lolp".kiY. hiallyzik. akkor ..zek o'rtolkca llto mat iku.",,,, I.
aUitjll k be. a kkor
A IIhilat:ikh1>' ..I,...; rOO.
Az ut asi tflllok .... a k lll"""l'",v" k jelf'n l"""rol "
f or
md IIh l1 a
1..11
(20.a6)
20 .3. 9.2. K or nyc ecr i vAltoz6k
kiY~"'pt"f'
hi~to.,[t l",t U llk 1lI"tA'm "tikai fr....mMlmll. Hil. /l.Z oprint

l\ kih-a.~" hal~,kl<,n k'F"dritlik
''RY ir61!/ 'P tl plIR\i Ir....mMot bAAznAI.
igazitott kimeuetet
20. 3.9 .3. Informa ciok es scgtteeg

"IOfJ"Im,,;
r.,.
(20.:>1)
!ah e- II"":
1006
lltMitAAAA.l kaph Alullk Mvil~o,dt""l. A kl-r06.i<'1 h..lyttt irt...ljuk: help( J ogaI om ). Ek kor ''RY "'-'lo:i1.6ki>l"'m}'<'\ jdcwk Ilil-og. ll.ult'ly Il kiinyvtiri khikollYVlllk '" kerdezett. fogalomr a vOII"tkozO rt'><dt larw,
.. p &1gebra.i kif..j~l ...n .lv"I{M ,,~wrLil.>oo,b.t "" a ha tvAnY07A<.okat; wIt

.....,t" n nwU:" dimAIOI..,,'!
mint E.z:p-an(pJ. ,I..-....k p awn ""'-i.....1. mply..k rod. t... ~
Expand p . -l
......01"7.... 1 nem '11.....,. kit pmJilluol""ny.\t i:o ll7J-tlxxltja"".or.t.arra., ><Wnat Joga.Pe...e r Expan d :a]
rit rnUN'lt ~ "untja.lu.t \'io.n.v ~itmll""'l '.zoru.tt.ii.alakitja. hat va.uy
w.lvl\.nyil.l AWAkilja luolvA.!my3
lion)'f'7.oJmo hontja ~ a1~..I)fI,.j ktf"Jt"7ho ZAmW6jat ........ \...wjCt a.z "li-"k
-e Il GAlSS-~"""'..k f.-l.-lt. 1I11UtAll"~ o-,"""01lUl <'g)",tiPn tOrttiwn.-I~ pot r hatv"'nva.i _nnt
Collect~.r;
Coll l!cty. {r.,... . J]
~'1lll.ILZ mint"" ..I&n. 0Iftk .. v&ltw.6lr. batvAnvaiwok laoOI'7A!Jl.!<Z<'rint
a>: r racionfllj,o kif..jP7h Il7Au,wujat IOZOl'UUIO ki
ExpandJh:~ rato r [rl
bpandDene:ainato. [r) n.aIc" ~jiot ~ ki
b.pa.:>dA ll
mind a !IZlirn1A5bt. 1ll1l..11l DM"I".wi ~
Tegl!t he. r:
a hfej<-u't.t kOzOo;, tlf'\"P7JIw hou.a a..., 0....tlrlllUrtte alAkit';'" lIPojd ~
m_
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HAA M .pl~ t Windows IIlAt! fllttl\lJuk. a.kk"",, HELP hiv3AA.llWgIlril egy <"RY1l" melyrbhell k.......hM<'l
meniit.lUUt~ybo.-lI a "'"@Mki>I><'ttIyt'lll""'lt'-rIdakjvlllll foglLlom ~an'zatAr .. Hikkell ...nlnk.
20.4. A ma t cmat .ikai p rogramcsomagok alkalrnazasa

EnIlf'k .. rrj<'Zf'tnrk .. ~A: l\os)'lUl Irhrt IllBt<'matibi prohwrnnkiirOkct i1yl'u rt'llCl_"...kktol kf'7Ani.
Az in tAl"gyalt proo"'makOriiktot "S)~t .. ~alwrl..thul "' AZ olctataoohan mut.&Wtt )-alroriMguk.
~t .u ilyen ~"'kkrl YIlI6 m....Jh.. ~ figyele.w~ w\JAlrrtottuk ki. Dt-wutatjuk
az ~ ~I"f'k ~Y""it, lltNlitAMit. 0P""'"atonl.it, t<J\-"8bbA kiPgi'smo !tZintAxi><--i1tlUlIlAl.Mokat
.dunk. va14mint ....Idik..t oldll.llk 1Ilf'I- AhoIlI7;\-,~ ott rovidO"ll bf'mutatjuk A vonAlkmi> "J>"Ciali>l
:r;
~Ptia.
20.-U . Algebrai kifej(' zNk k~7.E>IPse
Apar. r '
Cancel:r;
Si ..,l ify.r'
.~
gyakorlAtban ~ Irpn ..k I'd oI)'>U1 ~bra.i kif..~ (IlWIIO. old.). IlM."1,.,krt .. ltl'Yihhi M<IoIpM. mint ~Idaul diff.."",~. mtq(rNaoo. !O:)(lvof..jt..... hAtAmVkki-pzi.,.~ UUJDf'riklll' k)Pn~
~ a t krU a1U.ilani. Eu-!1 a kir.,~ rendsaeri m ... ~.....amok &yl1n1';" lid. 320. n1d.)
-e a r~ Qiunok trJ'It<l: (Id. 32Q. uld.) M.-lt o1'rn-bn."ZZii k. HangsUl)u~ni kt-U llZIOnhlul,hnY,,!I24.
mitt.,..,.. ~k .. W@ftIUootri:,illM.... a r..d... n.iJ~ lIZAmolt gyO kki f,,~kkd b<'ivito>tr tP.tP fOIOt l
kt.e\rnoozM.t poIinorllobt j,. keselnl tlldjlUl. A ~ hdt-kJ6Mk oIvwMk ... "" KJ.-vonarkuW ..-.uilirotla.lmat.
illet ..... o#vit 1JIf'lI:" moogf.....16 ~ (a t,4nhematidb.-n az Algebr a. a I.l.. ~ b.,n .. GF). f nn toll
!tZot'ff"1>M j&tvA.nAk .. nw:::tuuaw, ><tAmoIr: r....tf' fc-ku l-~ t poIinomokkal ~u 1II11........ tdF:. (kl.
320. old.).
fullSi.2pI ~ t ylr;
A ,..b lhemaUu ,, 20 .14 . tablbatb.a.n ho>mutatotr ruw-';uyekPt Ps op<'ra.torokat buznAl.ja

kif.j............1r. Ar.aWrltWra.
luli l : = Expand (.e t , , - :)"4'

Outlll "".e' + 4rl/ +6r"1I' + 4 .eV' + If' -4r: -12.?l/z -I2.r~: - 4 V' :
--I--6r:2 + 12 . 1/ : 2 +6j:2 _ l .e: ] _4 1/ : J + : 4
Ha
poIioom .. nIrionAlil<komplr-x Il7.Amok !.AIU fiili>tt t<'1........11[, lboerheto.ekkor Prt a t<>ljr-s Mbolla Gauss ianInt"8"" opriiwlll kaphAtjuk 1tl<'II:.
In!41:", f a ct er ::r2 - 2r --.- 5]
Outl4j '" ,,- 2.e ... .?
d..
Inl''>I: = Fact er l':ll._GausaianInt l!gl!n - > True ]
Out[51 = (-1- 21+ .1:)(- 1 + 21 +r)
wt
J. !>.liive letek VOlillOfOOkkal

.-\ 20 . 15. tablitzat oIyan "I->'o'<ita.."kI\t t>U'tAlllllOl<. A1n"l)'t'kkPl" pol;no t!lokb.l " raciolL>\Ji.. "".fLmok l.<'t;tt
rolOtt "-4,,,,lmli muvel"tek,t \'~'g"'lh.tiillk.
In l2l : = Exp&nd[(a r ... 1I1I"2)(r r"3 - d y"2l)

On tl 21 "" a c.e4 _ II d r ~ + b/;r'; _ bd yO
P ol in o m ok u o r t ...ttA Illllk itfull
A polinomok (,>kto rizN'i6jAt "1\......1. /.., r..l'iollAli~ "lAmok frilntt a M..t hem..tic.. e-k ak kor hlljtjll vf-grt>.
h.. PZ ..z "I\''''~ v"lO' r i"nAli~ """llluk t.. rtom AnyAh..n l..h"t."'W'5 , Egy" bkl'nt a M..t h"m.. tin II kif,j..-, I'!<t
vAltozat lall ul vil!illz lj".
it .. k...... ti-nw-.wako-l
al~d'lnl ,;,tIOlakftAoookbi Io-o,o"""PI'111o;t; r...-t. 0pri0i.:
ee.pln.ity FUlIct1011 - f, ......UY"'1 f IW"ltil~ ....11Il1 irbatJuk ..16a kif....
;...r....k bonyolulta,;A.!",k rr~t; TtaeConstr u nt - bf~, wdlYP1.
clOirw.tjuk. ~ bAuy rnUodp<'l1' iS ~bat a kddkd> ~k.ifl"~
ken {frti-kr Irlf i n1t y .... Jooh.. t): Tr 1 _ Tru e 'Fal.... mclIyd l"ldOuhPtjiik.
hoc ~ -.. lngonnplf'l riku" .\tAl..IdtNooluot ill.
lIZ ..I6zOnH t.OOh trlUl><Z formAM6t hNoznaI fo-I. Az. .m.~ hokkH>pn lIZ
b c lude<lFonu opriiM\! ID<"W"ihAtil. hqr;y a Mathemat a milyt'n rklkif....
.J~hrai
1. Kif..jrl ......k ki uonba

A.z I\lgoohrai kif..~k ki.~ mindifli vlw.hajtll"tO. Itt "'" "l'J"littw.rSk i.~ "'hf'tn..k klf.j...........-k.
2.
~'--n'
~kt1. lie v8J.to:lr-t
20 .4 .1 .1 . Mat hematlca
.--ii...J1
a kifp~" k1M1.6 ~lbb hM-ez6kk..1 ~ tOiWrn hon tja
In\21:= p = r "6 + 7r "f> +1 2r "4 + 6r' J -2f>r '2 -30", -2,,;

InI31:= Factor[p] . " r<'< IIllI'nY"
Ont 131 = ((5 + :r) (I + r + r) (_ " + r 2 + :rJ )}
A Math~ ..t ic.. .. l'olinomut hli,rulLI.

oontotta.
II
r,...ionil.1i~ ~7.ii.mok t,,~k
fOI6tt irrPrlllcihili. rolinom 1l7,o17.1ltAr"
Pe l ynell i a l GClly l p2....J

II pl. 1'2.. 1",lin'>l1,nk l+'gn"&.vuhh km iiol OfOzt 6jAt hataro~7'" m,'ll:
Pel yne lli alLCM[pI.p2, .1
1I }'I.p2. . l'0 linl>lllnk l''gk u..j,h kiyWo< wbl:wl<ir"""t h"tarm,,""m"g
Pel YlICllialQueti ent [pl . p2. r] a pi r",iin"'Il"1 (ruilll r fiiW~lly(>t) O"ztja p2-v,,1 "" Viss7.a.adja a
hlt.ny>lll""'t
Pelynelli al ReJlla i nder ~,l , p2 . rl m<'ghlllAro-;w... 111'1 polinom p2-vd v" l& OOIltlo.><a lll/lra<IPkM
Definieljunk kH polin oIllot:

In ll l := p = rA G + 7r "" + 12r " 4 + 6:r"3 - 2;;r"2 - :IUr - 2,,;
q = rA,j + r'3 -6r"2 -7r -7;
1008
Ez..kpo albJmazzuk ~ lI14bbi. mUY'leJ.-uolu-t:
Inj21:= Pcl JD..~alGCD~. ql
Out121=
upandl,p.ql.q2 ...)
I~I-r
IIljJI:- Pol y;l..iuI.O(p, q]
Outl31 = (-. -.-.r)(l-.- I

lnl41''''
.... r}(-~
tactorl,p.K)
-:;..r + li.T 2 .,.. Gr + r')
Pol yuoau.lQuot iellt lP. q, r l
Oml__1'"' 12 _ 6.r ... r
InlSI ;- Polyn_u.lResalllder jp, q. .l']

OUIlsl = 59 + 96z + !l6.? .,.. 37?
A Jr.", IItol..o..l"f'<Inli'ny filO""l..mhPvi't.-[Io.....1Nilwiik,
r' ... 1~ ... 12I 4 ... u.rJ
rt+r
25r 30z
6r I.e 7
2~
U~lit1(P''11.'12.. .)
udsi"'P(p)
37...-' ... 96-1 2
"'r +G.c.... 12 .... z'+r
...
6.12
%r.f 59
7r
4. PardAlill tort.. kre bont""

A "..bt~mJ t ic~ kH polin",,, 1"."y",l<:o<iIt 11."]"'" jlll.l"iAIj,. 1<;11.<'11. iJo;t<o?Rg""' },nUUlni.
A't... l~,t; fl"'lrl " p .... q pohnomj i\n\ kal' j uk:
-6
_ r.5+ 11.r+ 6r 2
lnlul := Apart !'!!p] - O"t lt;1 = 35 (:>+.r) + 35 (- 5+ :r2 +r_ell
6. Nempolino miAlis kifejezeeek keze l"_

A Siapl ify l>a1IU'<'UlII.I olYlIoll Uollyolult kif"jl"Zhtl'kpt t udu nk "",k"",or f'g}.......-ri\>;{t'ni, 1\.111<'1)'<'11. "''111 I"'"
linomokhOll\Ilnak. A M ~thematica miudig m..&kLohli. hogy az a1gpbrai kif"j..,.;""'k,1." lI7.imlK,likll...V>i.I-
to'.!6k tprnu..,.,....tM~ fiigg<'ll..niil m... Jjr. E hl,,-, bl..... l.ikU ..Il(Cbra.iazonO'iAAgow h_nhl. 19y p"lda"la
Mathffl,n ic;l if'nwri .. hatv;\.nY"'7.... IIZOI~1 (1<1. 1. old.):
Inlll:= Siaphfy i.."n!a"m)] _

Outlil = a(- ... .)
(20.59)
A TUI -> TI'\l. upcicMUaz ExpuG to. Factor fi"i3sWny.-kll. trigonomctrilm>< .... ,~k>t.t IlIf..!h-znilYl10 .JAkitjAk At. kif..~ct. HIVlOlll6 hata:.ll. Tr igExp.and p,. ... lrigFa<;tor fiiuWny i>'.
Ie ~ tJi&onomo'trikuR~ok(Iri. 81. old.) .. wegkapbAti>k:
Illlzl's F&<;tor 'Sill ~4rj , TriS - > Tru. ; -
<>utl21 =
InPI:= Fac t or [Coa ,5r ]. Tr ig - > lru.; _
Outl3J = <XI8{z) (I - 2 COl> 2r) + 2 Nl(l(4r)).
" Matlwn'uot ia 2.2.

niil it f'lhbnd.
riJtozata~J<'lfpllo~
II.
4~r)~ o;in(;c) - 4 <Ul(r)><lII(r)1
Tr 1S - > TrIM QlKiO. TrigExpand Ul.a>lju-.!In&r kWw:t1r-
Vloglll mi1l: ana m...lunk. bo,;y. ee.plexEzpand. hh] ntARitM VaK.. vAltor.6bt tlLrtAlmll7ll kifp~1
fpIt>'uol<os. m18" CoIIplnEzpand[h f'7 . [s-L rL .}] rl. r2. _vAltmlOi komplPx:nrk V>Ulnak t .. kint.....
Illli l := Collple:lExpand:Sin:2 r].{r)]
Outlil = roM (2 IIn(z sin(2 Re(z)) T 000;(2 R<!(x)) emh (2 Im(x ))
20.4.1.2 . Maple
A M..pl~ II. 20 .16 . t Ablazatban
p,. .. gy"" A'r1'l><ftJ~." re.
I.
Kifl'jl' z~ k
..... mnl.atntt
1I1l' .... I~I.~k>t
h""znAlja algcbrai k if..jl"tfw,k fal.al"kitAAAr"
ki"zorzasa
A !"K''KYII"'A'rolhb .....-tben a Ma pl~ a kifej...,.....1. " t",l.vl\nyo k e;",.~A-g':'lC boutj,,;
> upand((x + 1/- :)"4):
ll.oru.l(P)
4ry- 4 r J : ... 6x2r ... 6 X2: 2 + 4 xv' _ 4 Xl" _ 4l1z + 6rz2 - 4 yz" + x + y. +- z
_ 12xJyz - 12.cylz + 12xyz7
ac rt(p)
cce tt(p,r.i)
colhct{p.v)
..1""1;T~ II. -..rztUoo.>bt p,. II. hatvAnyoz&duat II. p ,.Jg..hra.i kifpjezC!lboon. A.z
nprnwilo 'I' ~UI1l('l:l111I1lOk """kif";.-a.,,.,k.lI.IIIf'lyPJ...t a Maple nem. bonl
reI.
II. p kikjo>z.ftot UaIt-torUialja. K ~ oprinnAIilO 11I'1.4("1Q" vaY tOhh
RoctOf'(k,f..jP7h}-....1. mwt dmanlt'l.lI.fl"lt'lV't'k ~vOkri dmnWjAJr .. w,otb6vlt ....t , artlt'ly frlMl rakt.o1UAlniAkAnmk. K bel)'."!.t"""'V"1hM. "real ""lO'
c_phz argumnatum i.~...kkor ~kkif..~k b<-!)"'U ~ponU;&<. GAmoll: _po>l....k '1O"iitthtl.t6kkPnt .. ~lmfoUyl)('u.
bd!<6~t"'i ,......b.l.lyoklltalkllllM7! p-rr. A:a: opc3on.a.!;" argtJlIlf'ntllruok jdt'nJ.lIP ......tfn a;ak ..;:eket Iw<znAija f..1.
I't)'......."""lti P iQ'Okkifcjc"""""'il.
.. p rlvionAli>< riljQ,'VM'yt nnrmAJalsakra lIt"""- It'bftt vo'gP'luajta= mAn ..
szAmlAlo", al"......w relatLv prim I........
!"<'wl.ozi 1'1 p polinofll t.aK.iail <.-....-.kk..no kih'vllk s7Arilll.
r ..
g yiit thKtUj"t lldjl'l meg .

..gy tiihhvhlt07i", poliuom v vAlt'Ylnl. l."rtKluuw',
IlZ
u.!ti"';'t gy'ljti 0....70.. .
11.1. t...mutatjn k a M ~pl .. mtik,;<!{",,'t "I!Y "l'rionAlis ar~\lI1l" [jhl1u hilu ly". iUd."" n"'K IH c ""d {-u:
> n pand ((u .r~3 + b . y~ 4 ) ., i,,(3 . x). cvs(2 . r));
ijax" sin(x) "oti(r) - Gar'! "m(x) COIx)2 + liz'! sill(x) + ij by. 8in(r)OOIx)'
~6by~ sill(x) cos{r)2 + by. "in(r)
II.. tilt<.... w,m""1wDot i.~ llll'gNlunk:

> n pu da . r"2 - b. 11'3) 1'1(3. r). ro..{2 . x),,, . r"2 -II . ""3);
Ii (ar J - W) Mit(x)rot;(x)' - 6 (ar 2 ~ by') li.in(x)eo>(x)2 .... (ar - bv')si.n(x)
" t.,4;1p1e "" opcionaJi.. ~unltUmol- vIaJIOIMt1An,,1
haRYja..
ht ta.-mutAtjuk .. M;lple IlftYOIl fpjlMt k~t:
> upaD<:l(erp( 2 ." . r) ..,lh(2 . x) -In(i') . ..n(4 . z;

2.... J sb(r)ch(r) +- 24 In(r)llUl(x)C08(rr - 12 lu(r)siu(;r)c-ae(x)
2. Pulinumok s owrzatti . I.kit...... UlU fakto ri.z.ilasa

.J. t.,4;1p1e k.,...,. polinomokat ~tA alakft.uai n..ma.a.k .. n ...ou&li.~..wnoIr:-... fOIOtt. ha "" ..~
............
> p:_ r'6 -7.r'S 1Z.r"4 + 6 . r"3- 25 .r"2 -30 . r -25

'1:= r"01 ~ r"3 - 6 . r"2 - 7 . r - ...
> pi
:= ta<;tcr(p);
(x ... 5)(r'l+x+ I ) (r' +r-5)
> 'II ;"" tactcr (q):
(x 2 + :r I )( x 2_7 )
;."
El~iir a M a p~ mind ket l'nliu<>mot irr"'!lldhi!i11 t';llye-mk._wr,.atam IXlllt<ltta " rad n nAli. ~zAmnk 1.....1<'
f,jPlt. ' I.. tovAhhi fd oo nt a._1. akarolllk, Kkk"r " kiiV('l.k.w" 1.t~'lJdi):
> 112 :.... ta ct or (p, ( ~3 }~ (l /2 )) ;

(r +x 2 -5) (2r + 1 - R) (2.r + I + A){.c + 5)
A M;lple" f..nti mNoodik t"lly,-,/it t<lVI\l>h oontoUa (.. hhl'Z" r""i"ultli81W1.a"tn<t.. t Mvlt<'ttc v'-1-mall.
101O
AltalAl...'" IWIII tudjuk. IlOC (.'lO' ilyen Mv(t,b. kLc\.loCgelt-c. Ha a talA/I faklorok fokHzlullA 1~,lj(..Lf,
4.
&!:",hrai lufl"J<'7b<'kkl-nt ",UlatJllk 1U<'jt.
A pareWilI tortpkre bont.........bple-I,.,ua lllRr IAr,;yllit COllvert

lllRr tudjnk. bogy a pa r frac of'<"iOv,J kdllll.'Rh!vni.
4. &kkor Van gyOkk"plt't. ttohAt ily.nl>1 mmdig I<'h<'~' A Root Of fiiW"l1t1)'"1 !""lIlUrI "gyi,k'ik.1.
> r:= RootOf(r +

> kllJ;
r -I
k:: allYl-lllu(r).
,'r' :-:33-.;m"''",'' ,/3-;;' -r-"';'= ==

, , ' --,,- +
~.j3
133
"
> cOllurt{p/q.par frac.I):

3i r ... :>9
IJ-6I+12+---
> convert(q/p.puf rac.r).

6
-~+ Ilr+6r
lS,r ... liS'" 35r ... 35I 2 17'5
\8
-7'~.:..,:",~ -
'33 ... .;m,/3

--
Itl
A,/3
"
('liE .JmJi _
\
If!
1).4
5 . Aitalilllos k if",;.-ze-k kezele-
1/3
.-\ kiWPtk..w pi'kiakbow lx-wut&tott utN<it&>.ok 1... 1<.JtlA1it ~ a1gPhnoi fi~Y"kct. t.Ivta1w.vi>alvhrlli
he. trlUll<7.n"1ldco.~ kifl"~k ataWo:itaMt t601~k idlt.1.O"I-. Rrtlno-r;nt nwp;... I.... li>k bl"nnrlk OflMoo.it.lio.
algUJDPlltumok. Jnf'1y<"k.,. "taWr.it"""M.ll\do{t frltrt..w.k tuI'Urtt v~jtjit.k.
"
133
.,,1655v'3
9 - . -- -
,,-_.L.,,"'--_,,"'--'-
+ _ _--'
2
A k!3] biviM. wmp" I<12J k"l:ljll~t kuOlpl..xfrti-ko"t adj~ tnivel 113gyOl:3 kifpjfo?;.-.J VllJt rnt'pdva.
.;=T.PIl kivl1l az ~ """"Pill COIl "SY-PlY (pozltiv) - b ~ ,i<-l=t.
~l~. boltv ... v..u.m..lyik '-"ltYiiUiut.tO ll"bl"xulJOllt08!1ZNnk.fnt ""lIllwg...h ..... "kkor II gyi'ikokt't
j,o lPbegt'ipont08 aW:boui
r_
r ..
> l ca (p . q);
210I + 5x6 - 43r~ - 109 .1" - 72T' + l !iO r ... liS + i I 1 + ri'
A non.a1 IltAAitNwtI kPt. rllrinllflli~ ......MlIt....t f..l..lti polinolll forlllali8 hanyllli<lMiit normalelakra IlOl':hatjuk. """'" kk, t"gylIZ"n1~il.l'lt l"'linmn h..ny..d.--....kfnt kapjnk llleg.
Az "1,;,/..0 ...Id" polinomjair..:

> noaat(p/q);
I' + 6 r1 + 5 I ~ _ 5 r _ 25
,> 7
A lllllDer ho dell OIl " HumlAlo N<" n""'"".15 dkiil'inltd.t fdho "t,,,,,,,,, swIgAlnfl.!<.." mar " 'ulit"ttl,,,,thl'ivi
\hit iH megengedve.
> hctor(denoll(%),(7)"(1/2)):
(, + J7)(,
P,,!rlaklont tf'lcint.~iik II ai2pl i t)' Ilt...~itA;;1

Az pgJo'!W't\1 ai.apli fy(hf'1)..wr.
M~~ ~Pl~ja .. hrt'opfWt ~""",n1~,tO-iszabAlyokal "
kif.~ allWm=ni:
_"n.
- J7)
>t,= ...nh(3 _x)+roIIh(4 0 r )

> aillpli fy(f):
4 sh(I)ch(I)~ - Sh(I) + 11 <:b(L)' -
1\
m{Lf ... 1
"""""""".
> r ' = ,~m(2 . I) ' n:>.t(J. X)

> ai2pli fy(..-);
MpJuk lt1f1I:.
3. ~(U:vplt'tek polinoulOkb l
A mAr iAmPft.PtPU ffiW+ll)'f'k mPil..u i@...nfont08.gcd"" le:.fiiwfny.wkkiot pniin<>Dl ~1"Y"bb
k07.o.. ~it.t .... lPgkiloPhb kOziio, ti>h~ iut.l.li.lU'ati.k lI"W'g. A qUQ{p. q. I) Il<ijA "'" z.tOl fijAAI5 P
polinom q-Vll.! VJl1O.-tM.. bAlly...." -it.t ... r . .{p.q. r)l-"...tig II ml\.lllli"\cot.
> p:=.r' _ , . r + 12. I' + 6 0
25 0 Z2 - JO 0 X - 25:
q:= r' +r-6 0 r -7 or-7:
> gcd (p. q);
r+ l
ti>rtJonik (1,1. 996. old.).lgy
'"
r-,
-1/3
'1'r.'' 33-Jm
'"''''''Ji''''
\ s:i" - - \.-
nt,..~itNo<xl
. u ..16z6 pi'ldAk p'" q l'ounomj""Il. Iuo.pjnk:
-+---
> k'2;;
P arcia l;" to rt" k re bomas
II siD(I)CO;(.r)' - 6 sin(I) (..-.;{r)2
>t:=tan(2 0 I f '
> tl := expand(t);
"
~ "in(Ifrot>(I)2
(2COS(I}2
I }l
> COllb i ne(tl. t rig);

C06(2.c)-2 _I
Itt" coabine -t a tri g ol","ioval hi"tuk Ill"!. "Illf'ly KOll<l(...k<~lik ..noJ.lJugy" t ri gonolllMri k,., &"1'''''.0",,,..,,Agok~. "lkalll",zhatok ICKY'Il.. k. H.. Tn""t a aillpl if)' ut""it""t ..IJo.lIll"zzllk:
> t2:= l i llp1 ity(l}: -
'-""'(2:r)1 _ I
.
2
."",( o! J")
Itt .. Maple a t"ng"n~fiiW",'ny l" """in,,~fii~vhllLyd f.'j" zl , ki. L' '''''lluk Illi'!: egy otyen ""Iriat is. "hol
t'rri"m"" " ceebaae-t " KY lll;'",ik "r~m,,'ut'llIlUl,.] i~ un-ghtvui.
> f :c= 32 0 .in(:r)"'3. <Yl.~(:rYJ 0 ~Lp(.r) 0 t:rp(y);

f:= 32s.iIL{:r)3("fl(x)3~Xjl(:r),'XI'(Y)
> combine(J):
CXp(T'" y)~i,,((j:r) + J f'XI"{J
--I-
II) .in(2:r)
211. M"t~",,,hk,,, 1""9"''''"''''''''''g.,J;
1012
> ccabin.(J. trig};

""P(x)""p(y)";n(6x) T ;t<'Xp(x)l'xp(y) ~ill(2x)
0,,114] '" {{x->
> ccabin.(J.np).
-.
"3
32bill(X)3 t'Utl(.ct cxp(.c + y).

lI"""nl6 iltAI.. kilAAnk
v~brt<'ik ~ ~xpo, .."riAfu<,
IngaritllllL'O-"'" "RVi'b fi"~K,.-i'nY"h.".
20.4 .2. Egy cnlctck es ogycnl ot r endszc rok m egoldasa

A tfLrx'.1Il1 j.p. .. ~1c'I ~ k II.Z .-gy<"nlt-u-k ",~III<"t,....nds.u.-rrk ""'l':oIdiwo.ara l.....]>it.U r1lli",okbJ..",KJ..lkP2""k. HallZ "'IY"n).-.trkllZ,.Jg.-hr.ufIZIunok tI'ooVlI b<-,,-ucxl>Licitel1l~IcLLatOlr.. akkora ""'IIioIclA.....bt gyOkkir,.~kkltbol'juk IIJl"g. H" Il<'lIl ...bt1..>oiog.......1Q'OkOkrt;W-t NakI...11 1nOl\*11Il. ..kknr
ariolt po"kK<4gU lIlllll..rik,UI lIlf'ROldM>bt bol'unk. A t.oviLbhia.khan lli'hAny alap"t;u;iIMt m"r..lu"k
""_ A 1i1lf'ilri,o"lY"w..t",n(w,....k ~lr.iilo" f..j<-z<-trtSZNIt..hink (Id. 101~.<M)
20.4.2.1. Marhematlca
l.
:\
Eg)o..-nlt-t e k
Mnhem~tlU..z ~1ol.rk !u-a ]n.<t
thern~tiu
0. IUlW'ldMat
korbrn tnozi Irbctii..... Az
~nlf'trl ..
1.4...
... }
n,,"IO' ...
:\ ~ "'-zu.~mi"t.tt II. ~t<iJlAD.--k 1Ul ..~m.,~oIcJMt tiinIMl'-,k [ft.

Ioua.b.,"
flYiitth<uOji. ~nlM.<-t akII.nmk m~Li ...kknr jobb ~lllZt'(Y"IlM.rta Sol n ulMoit.Wsal k<"ZlPlni.
mint IlZ a. b, c ~ket" ozimbolik'L~ lU<'1';Ol<lioolOA u~ ht-J.dydte<j!f"!li.
A : Aharmadfoku~("I..w.old.l~
In/5]:= Solve.r"3'" 6s 2 ==0 . .1'
Out151'" {{x-; -O.:t.?74St.{x-:> 0.16374
lugikoo..i kif,jcru.."..k q,ja rd. II.. at.t lrJlIk:
Inlll'= 9 =.r"2 - 2r - 9 -- O.
(20tiOa)
akkOl'nt .. M,them,liu u1yan lIyOt IUOllo'lAtu;o.lr.ht<-lru.cozi.lUndybcn r a ...kOtMh ..A.ltaW. lIa w."IAn
a bPvil..l:
Inl2J'= 'K./. r- 2. akkor ~ik 01ltl21- Filbe,
{20.60b)
00...... llZ r f'Zl'n (orVk.,... a j"hb ~ hal "kW ""m a>:<mo,,_
A RooU''l.x ut.,viliw<
..hoi 9 r == ~ .w.J,:il. r;"' . kir,.~k
a f<'tiIL I\Z<~ olylUl a.1a.krll
00z:r.a.. ami xoM PXJ>lirit rnMnn wtAlm-. A hobthernnic, llZ ""-"<!mmytA losik..i YAGY.1Oa! n-ukapooolt "!Yffilt-trk fnrmAjAbau ...Ija. "'....Iytok rgyfitt kiaoljak 9 !t\~il.
IlI121 - Roou~.1 .,.,..hui-UY'
~ 1>1_ -2.j. Sqn 4(1
-2 - Sqn'40!
v,II
- r:c_
111
- -
B:
O Jll 13J = (Ir
_>
-2 + irti W]) {. -o -2 - i r t.[40]ll
(20tiOcl)
2. Egy.. nl ..t .. k m egold klllO

A M.. I"~m'lju -1w.1l A Solve \llMil"" "".oIj\A1It:1. "l'Jlf'nletek mpgoldil.wa. Bimny.." ht,I'IUl,..u'l Solve
a Root ...... II. ToRd.. milw\..!.. k~! hAjtjll v(ogr~ '"g}'Tn"" utan.
A Mathem'tiu" IK>ljlJOllLi""i~('lO"'uktd~!'t !<Zimboliku"an ':sI'ok akkor tlldja lll"ll:0Jolaui, lJa ,-~ "j!,\"lmu
Jakimu"1:YJ\.!l.a!J\.u Idwt,.,lW'l<. ILVI:f. I,-wl'lj'hb u{'l\Yl~lfok{, (""'11",,, . II.. 1\ IImg,,,,,,!>b fOk-1oM"ll kif,j."'.....k
al!,:d""i "'jan"illokk,,!. llIiut plldA,,1 fak\.nri...i,,i"""l. 'RY""",.,lbbahJUI\ hO"t.llI\wk. akkm 'l M, them,tic,
itt i~ tml " ...gul,Iii.>t<,Jo,.l ,q~Ullll\lli. A Solve IW'gkW',Ji "'" Expand ,.,. Deco<l.poae l,..l>16 fil""v{-uY"kkd 1\
u"'I':("'.-l,; !<d-thulltA>.t d~"I\',tui.
Elvil.'R ~ hiw"y... f.lt{,ukk tP!j,...ii!{",,' J"",U'1l
a M, them,tic.. numniklls meltoldfl.soki,t is tJld ... Ini.
Egy hl\rm".-lfokl\ "IO'~,d.t AII,JAllo" n"'l:ol<l""";
Inl41 :" SOlv.[r'3
+" r
2 + b .1' ...
C --
O,z]
[s--c- 0.16374 - 2,~;I)}
EY hatodfokti ~t lOf'gOldlw.:
.-\ M, themuin-Ml< ~ilwnilt .. B po'klA "l!Y"'lr'i-t ..hoMoki\ ~k", f;.ktoriZl!i.Ini. ~"titn a. ~

pmbIi-rnamen'.....
H" num..rik"," mrp;oIda><roI VAll om.. akko.- u IIS01u ullll'itMt johh b>-.nalwmk."....kkaI ~".
mint lIZ.:Solve: ... ,.
OJdjuk IDf'K a kovptk....,'i honyoluIl ''lO'''Il}.-IM 1l:/.1I501.... a.l~",d:
(20.60(')
{ToRltle.!%]}
2 4~ q.
In161: '" SOlu[r A6 - 6r A5 + 6.r"4 - u'3.j. Mr 2 - J.e.x - 120 -'" O.I

Oul/i)1 '" {(x -> - l ) . {.c-> 41. (x-> 3). (x-> 2), {z-> -1 - 2 I}. [a c-> -1 + 2 I)}
IIlI7] . '" I Solve,xAij - -lrA~. + 6.x~ ~ _ 5.r"3 + 3f2 - 4x ...2 == 0, .1'1

Ollt] 71'" ({x-> _0.37'}567_U.i6941\:I}.{x_> -11.379!l6i + O.i6fl48 I }.
EhhPn a,. "n..\rml>PnllZ rgy,,"Wt<kk..lqiluU mll ....kt<>Jo.t ~~t,-jTlk.

.4. ToRule. f,-lfIg'...nyf'"f.JltAn AIo!ibi YAGY -lO'aI o....z..Ju.poa;olt egyeulet..kpt hP1)..-tt8<ithi ~lwiJY',kkit.
"Wdtjll'" II.IOOk<>ikM rgy li~tAl>llJ11lZ "jil!>!>i m6don f<:-l'lOrolj&:
In13]
{x ->
0.641~5}.lx->
L - L I }. {x-> 1 + LI}. (.c-> 211 76!lJ)
3. Transzce nd ..ns egyenletek m .-g o l<1 it..sa

A M, thematiu tranezcendens "S.wlll..t<'k,! ;.. 1II~ tud old""i. E~ illt...Jii.I>lIJ' ><Zimhnlik"" nl6<lon 1J('IlII.~
h,-l""J:..... :\z ilyen "SY"""J<otrkn"k ,...-nkf..ii1 n~h .. \,{W<"I.'u ",.k ul<1.'UldAM V'UI. E7hl ilyon """trkl...n
a M,tMmatidv..J kw.ljiik a k..n.,.'.. ,.j",; ""BY ~ ko/~I""'rt;'ki't. Ez 1\ Fi ndRoot Lq {r. r.}] \'~.v "
FindRoot lq. {., {x~. rlll]n tAAitAssIII l,h"''''''g''''. IIhol x. ill,t.... .co a KYokk..""""" k......10 '!"t.;;k... Itt .q
mPRlllt ii/-i l "'= kifrj2 .. I,",,;. FiDdRoot L'1. l x , ,r. X_.:T ..... IJ hntAAilrll " kl.'rrst", r.hol indJll ... IV.
1:<"'100' x......l intervallumoll kiviUr<' jil t"", mrgi\JL FiDdRoot!{<''7YI,"YIn... ).Ix. .1'0/. {yo Yo}. .) nwl';'
l'r6h.uj" "'" egy, khOl All" ('RYculd reuds,...,t nUlI"Tik".....n ull'I""I,I""i lIZ TO. !AI,
k....~dOolrVk,. kMI in dill"" . Ha mind..n "gyrllid &l k...;.dt",,t'-k ~'lll , " kk", Hnd Root N<ak ""I"'" Ill"l.::oldA,o;<>knt krrl'S. Ha
bermelyikuk kompl r x vaRY harll'I'lyik k,-/,<!';"It kh...;. hO'/,u'i....hmk O. I-I. ak koT kOllll'l,'x gyukoket is k.~
r,,,..
InI81 '=
O utl!:! j =
Inl(Jl. =
0"t191 =
Fi ndRoot [r + ItrCCot h.[rl-4 "'= (I, {x, l 1)1

{r -> ! .(l(J502} ,,,.
FiDdRoot [r + ArcCo thlr)- 4 -= 0, {x,5)]
{r-> 3.i2478}
(20.61)
10 14
.t . E RY.. nl .. t ",n d~" .. rf' k m ..golrl A""

A Mathema tiu kio]>..... Uihh .~..."l .,t; ! ~zilllllltAll IIl.,,;oldlUli. Az l"rr<' "".oIgAl<> b.. t..5 fliAAv,'uyd...t . II""
l~...k I\Z egytIU<'trt'Il.!suor ""lIl1hohk,,~. r"Mt IWIll .. 11l1ll"'TiI"'li m.,,;old"-'ait AdjAk. II 20. 17 . t Ah lAult
ISw + 27. j + 4nf3Ji
t..rtalllllWl.ll..
SOlve [{I, == r, .12 ~O-' r 2 . . . ) . (.1' .

Elllll"te ~{l, - r l. ' .}, (.1' .
Reduce ,{l, _=
{.1'. }J
.}I
rrwgolrljll'lZ f'gy..nktrcll<ilrt.<n ""...-Iott i>llllf>l"Pr ,,"hf' !r.!'<'
kik'-l!<WhUli "" x . . . ,a1to:1i>b.t "" rgyffilMcl"f'n<iszrrh61

pgy_'rlWti. ";1 ba Wwt. m<"g ill ololjll &Z ~n1t,tl'f"ll.l.
"il"rt .... dio<t.kutAlj.. a r..1J<.fl<'i .....r..k..t , 1It<'g akkUl u.. w.
l>l'0l tlldj.. ~.-lani. Akkor tIZOka. w.......uitJui. ba Solve
kudut"Ot vall.
r,.. .}
",~. &Z
~Jm,>,., ~"l<'r
~ IPl"R~II
.....r.hI.. 8it 'Solve itt if; mmlf'rilol;o illf'gOklaKt..d. Un<-ari>- ~J,>r .

pPldAbt .. 20.-1.3. f,,~ l.Arxval a>: IOlli oI.-lA1on.
20.4 .2 .2 . Maple
I.
kPZ6 kif...it"Lhht-lI;
k : ""RootOfCZ3-5 _Z~ 7 )
k:=RootOf (/3 -5 .1'+7,.I') -
klfeJ...u..t ~llU111bb a1akra ht>U.l!.. he .. _ Z lI:lobAIi:< valto-..oV&! tUIi~j " ..16. A.z al lvalu...(k ) fiiggv~IIY
m<-ghiv....... vaI bpjuk" llY0\(iik ...-Ur
A ao lv. 1I1_itM t1J"'S"'lj..."" "to',-uh't gy<,u'it. tu.i1ypllf'k wtf>Zn..k ffi gyokkif,,~'k1u'1d6AlIilhati>k.

> k '", 1J01v.(.1" 4 + r"3 - 6 . r"2 - 7 .1' - 7, x):
I
I
I
1
-2" -.. 2"IJi-2" - 2"1.;'3. ,ff. -,ff ,
vi.'<:o<Onl
>r:-lJolv.(.1"6+-I .r'~-3 .J + 2. ,r): _
r: = Root OfLZ"+ -I_Z'-3_Z+2)
"'RI',
Elln" k ,.,.. 'og,""" pgyiit.that6ol. ij.tOl k,"tl<>uhQ/.6 "",... l~ .. t

"lO""JlI" tn"k nin..... rf\(" ionAli~ gyo k... mert u...
n"." t, hogy ekkor Pgy ilyennek rg~ llY01u' V311 (".ILZ otI/.tja a""" ha.-lt agot , Az allvillun fiiggv"'ll llvei
kap hat Juk meg a kjiLt-llM lJ(llll <'l'lku~ ullguldi""-'''',I.
.
2.
u.
E gy islIl"r.. t1e llf'lj "RY.. n l.. t .. k m ..goldAsll.
1. P o l ino ll\t'gye n lt,te k A ~ 'K'{ iM,,,rd l..,,..,,,. Ipgf,Ij..hh !wgycdfuko', poliu""",...w nl..t Il'" M~ple ~1.iru.
bcliku lllt'g uldAl<t ...I.
2.
> 10Ive(.1"-I- 5 . r"2 - 6): -
I. - 1. .;6, - v'6
Har madfoku ..gy.. n l.. t .. k A,. "ltnlru"", "lO'iit that6ol harm arifokli f'gy('ul"r .. k rn..~"I,I""'.t
alakhan tud)a II Maple ..IM1J(taui.
"
,
3
27
"
18
A~
r f2:. Ct;. r.J; ha.;ouiO kif..~-k. mdYf'1u-c h<-1:~()k uliall r1w.g...-tunlr..

A lt a la n os negy.. tUoku egypnl .. t .\z AJIA1Auo<o ~folo:", '10''1110:-1<"1. j,. prohli-mAm..nl ....ll okl ja
1IK'l':" Maple.
Ha .. aoln UtAAilAst ~ oIy...... ~nJ,>l!1' alkalJuau-lk. mrlY1""k rRYurtw.loi IPbr,;6pontoo; o<ZAmok .
ald....r .. Mapl(' lIZ f'gyPfIk>tet IlUln...-ik'lMIl n1djllIPl"R.
> ao lve (l. . r"3 .... 6 . x+ 2".1 ).
-3.27-1~ .. 1637400010- :?~2jl. .16374(0))0 ... 2.4~111
3.
-t. " "mis gyokok. nY"'D """Tbt-n v~ kPli. IDI'I"t lIZ (_ Joog ti>OONOn ) DPgy7Rt,...-mrI6rllilllj
~k-t.<-k kdclknnt'k. mrlyrk lDflI:oIdioM. ftZ ..,...,,"11"1tVt'llktllf'k ......tlt,l: 1><'tIIIIIf'gOIdk.a. Ezert a Mapa.,
AltaJ!.aWt g,yi}kOkM: min.-lcn aoctben..llm6ri:mi krU.
Oldjukmeg .. Jr~ 7 ~ 'o,1r -) - I _ 0 <'&Y'"nlPtrl! Ehb.:z a bPvitf'l.,
> p: = aqn: (.1' ~ 7) ~ s q,n : (2 .r - I) - I I ... 1J01n(p _ 0. .1')
A.. > $ := allvduea (I): lIll'gAdjll" kk 1rh<''''''V'' gyiikot
(20.62J
r - 5.r ... 7 "" 0 "K)'rIllo-r gyok,.jllt'k f'gy(jt~1 jclrnti. Itt. ha IchcL~ a Maple .. t,,'vil,1
k :=
A Mapl(' oIylUl.-gy<'ll1ctl'kct;,. I1~ Iud oktani. lI,,I,..kh.-n All i"!UN-,.tJ,>llf'k gy.>k.'i<o kikjczioo;<-khPn s:l'Rre-
A Maple-""'-"n "'" "'CY'uIct..k I<Ulllb..l.ik'l~ ~><WIgilU k" t """pfiiAAv..... y a 1J01v. ~ II RootOf . ill .
root a Ez.-kkr! ....~""k kll<"~", V>u1.Iu'iOi,,,,[. 1'll7.ouyuo< op<iouaIi.~ llfKUIDMltumok hMzflli.lll.tA,'>tJ. ....kIele
~",,:- . uK,t; t~..-"-k iI< mrsol.-lh..t.Ok. H.. ry;;y .,r;)T'lIlct:riu1 A1akhan flf'II1 oIdM.I<, 1Dt'g. akkur
kPrbt-llwk .. Ma~-t& klr7~'1i16 "un..-nlm.. lIIO'go1.-Ja,.t.
..\ Root Of fiiggy"uy 'V 'VIIUf'rMk-I..... rgy.-nWt ~ gyiikm VOMlkad>gy,ijt<l l<ZimbOlllm. A kOo,...t
,,~
p"'1IM'k.
Fon t os ffiggv "ny..k
ak""
c
2
b
3
~Art
$:( :=
~ ~ ~(2 + vU)2 ~
. 2:.=
~ + ~(2 _
....'1:' )2
:\ > auba(.1' = si ).p): i = 1. 2 uta>.ira.-I ..liPn<'lriuiik. hogllZf'lt}.... nIrtnl'kt'gyik ....m ...'oko (a

K)okOlr. ~ i>rtfk......." v~_ dleu6nu...r.j(ik. OOKY tioyleg..,...k ....-rk IrLO'tnffi<>k a RYokok.
tduil umes All pgyrnl..t".. k m<'goMN<al
3 . Tranli"cenden9 t"gJot" nlt"l.. k m egold asa.
Azok 4Z egy.-nwt..k. m..ly..kben Ira""".....n'],olll' kif..j.o>"........k ;,. "",m",k. "'t"lAhan ,,,,,,k n"m ..riku.~ 'lion
ol.thal...k lilt'll:. T..l'iWI"ll:.... lip,L~li "'lO"'nlM: nllln"rik'LolllrgoldM4ra" Maple-1>f'n All f aol n \1t""iw-zol~itJ. EUIlf:'k ~L""gi>Yf'1 probalja Ill"!!: a M ~pl~ a VIZMgll.}r ..,;vrnl"t val"", cok..it m"l{kn,"'ni. IRY I.z<;nhan
aItalit.hall csnk '1:Y gyiikOt ""pu"k. . A trarl><M1'nJ" llI< "&.v.-nl..l<>k",'k vilozont !1'lIli'l:Zl'rint wbL gyOlkiik
"an. Eli'rt Io;l taolve "t""it..... b3l"m...-lik 0lkiow'iw. ....gummtumaltilll mrg...-lhatjuk az int..,vaI lurnot.
al1ld}b.,n .. gyokok..t k.........iik.
> taolve (.1' + ar ccot h (x ) - ~ = 0. .1); _
:1.n-l7s..1fi2~,
"'L<>lll"'ll
(20.63)
> faolve (r + ar cc otb (.1' ) - ~ = 0, r, L I . ~) ; _
1.1)()502U09\l
4.
Ne mli nearis egye nl.. trenJ nt> rpk m"Ko l,\>isa
' II
Az "~nl"tr"(ld""",.,,k rn..golda...:u-.. is a .01VIJ

I<Z h olv e "t""it"""k ",wlgiuuak. Eu k '''''''1UU l'Ut ",
rna k"'nt doo.or ""1"""-'" Vi.rojdlH''' m"Il:".!j"k "'. 'gy'lll,t"k"t, It m;";"dik urgnmen tum I',..lil', H~i1Jti>n
""1'''''08 IJ""jclO.." az i., rn"""tl'll..k" t tal'l.n!lUIl:t.Za:
(20.(4)
>sol ve({"yy l,egy 2 .. },{rl..r2.",}):
(ZO.t;:-,)
> lJ olve{{.r' Z-y' Z ",Z. .1"2+y'2 =-I}.{.rd/}):
{y - Lx
.,Ii} . {y
= I,:r -
-v'3}. {y ..
-1..1'
= .,13") . (I.' = -I. -J3}
10 16
A z f'gypnlM:rMIckr...-r llI"'trixl' a (3. ")-tip",,,. .,.1 lH';'lrix. johb ol,jaLza ,,1>1 ",-hur. A ","yjtf'l:
20.4. 3 . A linearis a1~cbra elemei
Inl31:= m l = {Il. -2. 3. -1. 2}. [a. InI41:= bl = 12.6.ll}:
20..1.3.1. Mathcmatica
A 2U.:l.~. fryvt.!J<'lI" w.tak .w.1.jiln OMiniAltuk. matrix fugahuAt .... <'KY IIOC mat rixnnlV<'l..tPl.. A 1-.4.I....m.tiu elin......1K ''R.V.ulolnII,\><I.'rrk rlm{oIPl.{o!\f'k k..~I,il1 h.. h,l.,..kTl" II <kfillki6knl. {opil. A kiiwt.
kf'7.01rlwn ""finiA1unkt~ (m x ,,)-lil"IK" m';'trixol. melynek .,leu:...i: PoJ --" pU. }]]:
p - Array[p.lm. 'It
(2O.l.i6)
ill.1...... kk. flo. ill, m..<!im..lUi".. ""xtort:

:r = Arrayj.... {'I.]
i.,. "
Array b. 1m}]
(20.67)
&.rkx,.J a o..tinlciOkkal r..lirhaljux ""' A1w.u_lil"","" inho~n. ill. ~ qo-fiIwtrt"lI<Jw.rrt (Id.
4.4.2. f..jn.f>t. m. old.) .. 1r:.w.,llu~.r.6 ..wr.hAn:
p .... """" "
1.
Z ""-
(20.tiX)
SJWCiaI.i. ...... t : n '" m , detp # 0

t 0 ~1M"<;iAI. ........tlK'lI;g: inho~ "'1!Y"lI1fotn-ud>ez.et- e,;ycrtclll.l1kll ~h.ali>...
Az n "" m. dPtp
...."".,...
Z _ Illnrs. Pi ,.
(2O.lB)
A ',obt .... m.niu ilY"ll eg)',,"klr"~k'" mPg IEb. ;;0 iMmerrtlPnnd if<- a lIZfunitO,;CpIOi f,'gg';"lI
,-i!<>.onylag mvid i.<IO ....1t IU<"K t,ad oldAni_ Egy I"J:'A'I ..kvi~. meg;.. hWJlayo.; ....-t..kbm Vll1amivool.
&vo"",hbu
t.iLoo .. Lllle&rSolY.LP.b'.
2.
Ah a Uo nos f'W"t
lIla1oitJaMokkai ~hM-ol: a Liflf"Ari,< Algebra f<o,joozo't 4.4.2, ~tIUI

k-irt .....-t..k. ~ lU..~ln.j,ilh.. tjllk. hoRY ~Jk..- ~ k; ha igen. akkor ...d a llI'1tol<lMt lIH'lI ..
k>aphatJux. A xov."vdl..u t.. lr:inl"ijllk ni'hilny pi>ldAt 11 4.4.2. OZ&!w;:zbOl.
A : A 2. ~ 1"''''''jA (1<1. 2fJ. old.)
A LillearSolTe ,." .... ns~ce
ZI
Z,
3.r 1 -
Z~ + 5"'1 -
"'4 "" 0
"'2 -
"" 0
"'4 = 0
A7::
lul ll := p .. {{ I. - U. -I}. I I. 1. -2. 3}. p. -1. e. 1J. II, 3. -9, "ll

","vit..llPlAkkorl'gy olytt.l, ~'tu.II.,tl<""""r matrix,;,1 IIodlnk meg, m..lyn<>k c1rt....miniln"" n"ll,;,v'" '10"'1,.
10. IIll1it" Det 1P]1l!N<1t/w.a1 dl..uuri~l,..tii"k. A kiivPllwu'l ....vitf'l:
E~
miltrix ki1,,1i1ll"n~i"" magt.f'r~hf'n. Eeen kH vektor oorn L<'ly IiIl<'Mi~ k<llnhiu"

ci<,jastint 'n .. 1l,,1j{1,,rt,,'u f,'kszik. l<'Iu'lt" homoge n egyenlet rendsz eruck stint" n 1II.gold"""'. A vi~"f/.il1 t
]>{ol<1" ul<golda,.,,;,val (kl. 273. ol,l.) v"lt> O""'l.,h,Wltll ilAAAAI "",on o~AA.got kapllnk .
H: A "In , old,.) A 1""ld,,jl\:
ket v"x lur
l>iI~i~ .. p
"'1 - 2J1 + 3J . 3,1:1

2.rt
J. + 2.r, "" 2
Zl .... S..." - 3,1:. - "'s-6
1'2 + 2.rl - 21'. - 3....\ ~ il
In[6l;= /)2 == {1.2.3. -"'.:

~trVfI...t.bt"n lIZ eo<'"thfon
lIZ ~n'ndorIrrIt\lbaU.ro:lotl,A Malbema tiU- - ' ~"'tAljllk.bo,:y

Wlf'!..-az m2 matrix ltOCAlt linean..fl~alapjAn r<'d'.uIni. E.z ,,~alat AZ
InliJ: = RovReduce [m2::
l...\'it..n..l tOrt{onik. amm,
Out/i] '" {{1. O.OJ. (0_1. OJ.{O.O.I}. to.o. On

M oort
mar kCtbetjGk a
~1:
0u 111ll
10
"" {"7' - 7' - '7.
Sa jiato',r1e kt"k {os sajat ...k lorok
. '
~tAtrixox Mjill i>ni-ml .... ""jalVP'ktorAit" 4.::'. ~ (1<1, 277 oldal) d .. fimA1mk. A Malbema ;'U'
ru"f ..
sj>t'MiUilI tltal<i~ lehrlOvt' !f'oRZik I'Zf'X IJl<"KllAtArozM.Rl, KM. tt'll

mlitt:ttGnk:,~ Elg"'IlV.'al ll"'~ ~~
lI!N<iw>tZ m kvaclrAtaWOtnatrix ""jati'rtfktu,,k. lIZ El ge llnctcrs m] prdrgm ""'J"I""kt.<,r>Uwak: lL~ta
jilt ..djll eTf'c1mi'nyii.l; nl1&Ei gnIYlt",. I",] ~'r~ azoIgIlltAtj." ....j"'irt<'k~kPl .... a ""j~t v..ktoroX:-t.
H.. m h..l.....tt . '
{nua. kor A ""jiatirti!l.<k u"m<'t"lkUll kii7.t!iti.".t bl>Jllk. HII " u,-gp"'''' mat
rix ntad~ 4-uPl nagyobh. illor llf'III vArhllt"nk a.4\dm... ltwgol.wt. m<'11 a mpgf.. l..l0 poliuosnegw-nk-r
fohz;'un" lI"ftVObb. mini 4. &i-rt ilY"u ,.....II...n 11 mnn .. rik,,,, lI1"'KOI<lil>:t k..ll khuiink.
"'I--ct
:= h = Tabh jl / ( i + j - I), {i.5. 1},5}]

Enn..k ....mmi-nvc <'KY :i-<lim..nzio... ,'m, HILBERT-m4t rilt:
.
1 11 1
1 1 1 1 1
11 11 1
Inl91
I I III
1 1 11 1
0111191 = HI. 2' 3<i' ~), { 2' '3<i' S'G}' {3' 4'~' 6' '7 1.{4"'5' G' '7' 8}' 15' 6' 7 '~ ' gil
li~tIl.j a:
3 1
O"tl :ll = {{ -2.2, 1,OJ. {- I, -2.0. 1}}.
II
"'1- "'2+2rS= I
Xt-2:r 2 Xs'" 2
lr, - "'1 + :irs '" 3
-2r, + 2:r2 + 3.r J = -4
A b",ntd:
Inj;,j := m:! '" {{I. -I. 2}.( 1, -2. -I}. {3. -I. S}, {-2. 2.3.};
3.
ZI + 3Z2 - 9 r , + i1'4 '" 0

EIII...k" bo!nogo'n Tf'ml,.,.-"rtlf'K Ik,,7.lI.. k UI-'lltri"iJt!ioa III<'Kold"-i. 11)("1)-..1<" p n1<\trix magtpn> hil:r.illV<'ktorAi lin..Mi~ kombHw-iOjAki-nl irbati>k M. E~ It>: n--dim..nzi<'>o< vplct.ortflIK'k lIZ ..... ..JI .... p. IIn...lyM "p
mialri~. mint Iran..zforlllAciU 11 uullv..lr:tutrA ki'Pf~ Ie. A l 1JllSpace;pJ utal<il"" m<>ghatiarm.-g.v I>&t.io<l.
Inl21 := llullSpacej,]
1II'1lir",k M "",,,Im~n\'" A1"1I;yrlinwnzi<'lfo tl't kM lirlt'AriAAl, fiilQ-,...,tl,'n wkto r" nak
InI51:= Lin",arSolY",.m l. bl ]
"I""ila.. Ix-vil.el.. utArt m<'KY1..nik "" iW-!\f'I:
Llne&rSol Ye : : n..,...-,l,: Lillf'Al" "1.laliol1 ....collnl",""" which II- no .. >illt}on.
Ezut.iln ujra tDCRielcun..lr." bfovltt adAtox.
C : A m . oldal I ~ B pM<iA,ia:
Inllll: = Ll llearSolY",:m2,b2 . -
2J 1 + lr 4
"'1 + il r ~ t
I,:>. -3. -I}. (2. I. 2, -2, -3} l,
Az
l ullOl :"" Eig",nYalues [h]

lIl""itil><l"''' Math", m atica v;',IM7.1\:
Ei~"llval",~ : : ..i\"aL Unal,l.. to find "'I ro<>t~ or tbe ..h....."'t..ristir [",lynoHlial.
Ha
""'O Ubll ll
a l,..vit<>l:
lull1 l := Ei g",nva l uu
iS [h]1'
akkor
O " t ll 1\ = { 1.5670[,. 0.208531. O.(1l1,107S. O.l)l1l)3lJ5l:l9ll. 3 2ll7931l)1}
10 16
JO l t!
20 "
20 ,<
20.4. 3.2 . Ma p le
A20
,I<.
"'"
ilk-t,
w k
4.4,2
I.
A"
A M"pk-kiinyvll\r b""""Ii> .....Iokr.. a lindg ~l'cciaJis progrlilllNIOmlLgot hIL.'<7;nAljll (8 M"pIe i .I..-u VIUI
''10" (Ij . tu.t<'kOllyllhb . fcjl.. tt.. hh LinellrUg.bn. U.'Vl; <><onlaK i.~. dc "".t ncm tArllYaJjllk), A
> 1I1th (li.nalg )
(20.1'0)
"t""
"llUck .. "",,1TIIIgll3k mind" 100 ulNlitaM fs ruAAYfnY'" rcndclk~iinkn> All.

Eseknek t"Ij<'" f,koorolaMl fs " 'in\""t I:?lUil tal1almazu. EllllCk .. CSO[""l(>uU: II w..."llIW.lanAi ~fLz"i
kt'11. hog " m,;,trixokat .... " v" ktoroka.t nc "'" alta.llinoo<nhb array , Wu"'lI1" unix ...... nctor lItNd
Ill.N<itilo< UIf'll;",1Ma
null s~c. (A)
.."'"
,
2.
.-\ Li
,..,lcol (A .~ .
m<'lI:""ja "'" .-t mAtnx t nr.rJOOZpouAltja t

~lja II ~""'.-t miLtrix do-tt-rmin3n:JLt
bfrJ )
IMllrov (A. r. bfrJ )
k-irt
"ph
IIqbal4roua a ~ ..... ~ .... matrix iuvtTl.k

uqbA~a ~ . IlPm;oz~ A lI...... rix ...IiWllt'hjilt. Niu,...
lI.djoint \A l k .4 = A 1: . adjoin't (A ) = ~ I'g)~w.rix de't (A l--->r.-.
az A matrix ..--Nik 0Kd0fW. \'r,;;I1:~ a kif..~l
A" A auOlm..---rdiIr .... v~Ill"".on=.a a klf..~
"'t
\".. ktomlt"' ffiAtnxok ~a" u.t.add(u . l. k./ ) llta.~itM lIWlgQJ: f'Z o..z.:....ljll 8 k h< 1 Malirolr
k>J - - .tt. II "" I' .....l ttorobt V~ ,u3trixoltat. .It l- ..... l oprionAlil<lICgl'JIIrlltumok hilwy<*'wruUt. A~
~
.--k..Itkor w. jl<idilr vf,tno. lI>l" mil.lmolt awooo tipW<u..l..

'oogy" b rovid aWr.(r iufut ,u!-,,!Cilwrrs<! _>roli!h>otunk
MAtrixok>t.t vag)' a _ ltl ply (w. (I) utaMitA-al.

0...:.-....
1.
L int"Ar is t"gyt' n l.. t .....nd,,1.f re-k megoldasa
A ,. - r
(2O.i l )
1<h<,1 A "n'u,\><;t<'r l1l';'tr ivo.. ,. a r..u.-l",,"'r jobb ol.-lal';'llak wkwr...

II" II rrn.-l,.,.",m..k nill<'!O mow.I.I......,. kkor "lQ' ii....". ""rwAt " val"-",,.... mi" ..k " fenut...r tott. 1"J,,i\ 1l"V"
wu.. II " " n'h,lfq...n",k tiibb. Ji,U'.u-i ll fiil\ll;"tl"ll Ifl<'gold...... VlU', ILkkor ...,...ht par ..m'-tcr.... .,J..Itbau
kllpjuk .
.It Dul hpll.c e (..1) fiiJI:Rvi-ny "lt} bA7.i.I ",I a:z A raatrix
20 19 tablazat. A GAuss-aIplritnllll nIl1n-1rtri nojdl"lllt.<iii

pi",o't\A. i.j ) az ..t m&trixb61 lIZ .-cdik ... r 1tM'l<'...~tOb~it .. ti>bbi _boz ~ <'gy
nlyan mAtrixol boz Irt...., UIPlynck j....Jik ~ A.,.n klvUllIlindt-n ek-m O.
gau... 1i.( A ) a sorok pivotillfrMvallo<-t!""bo:&z.a II GAl!ss-~triJ:ot. Fcl~le. bor;y a mat.
ri><dl""ll"k nra.k raciolliilioo ~ k-ho-tno-It,
gau. _}or d ( .4 ) li-tf'l"bm:z.a .. GAUSS JOROAl" f'ijArfue<aJ IIG Atl S'l - JORDAS alakot, ami..ioit-Alis- ......t bl"n f...L06 ~ri><. Itt a mAlrix ..1<'m<'k I<'bM.nrk ~toti <IZiwJolt ..
a ugaen't ( A... ) Io<-twho=a a ItiMviktt witrixol UCY,.boo' u A miUmb<. bozxMU:ti az ......ktort.
Ha nlyan ~n-nd.'<.crfUlltVNI. 1Uf'lybm Q ~,"",k "" .. ~k.dma~lk ~ a

....n dan mau1xa ncm "l.illl'w;,.,..kkor . . II I i-nao l .... "taBtu-al Wdjllk 1Df"lt.
B : Oldjuk IDf'g 11 2. ""Akasz (Id. 91 ~, old. ) ~lda"t lti-tIl'kk"'PP"n:
lOr, ~ 3I2 - -leJ '" 2I. = 14
-h, -.- 26I2 ~ ;,xJ z" = 22
- -lI , -.- 5.r1 .... 16r, + ;,z" = 11'
2r, -.- lrz - ~xJ - 12r" = -20
"
..
> A
:=
u t ru (![IO. - 3. -4. 2J. [- 3. 26,;', -1 ), [-4,5. 16.;'), 12.3. -4. - 12m:
A hlllloh. er-t'drn<-nye;
(~
> linllclve(A, v); -
.""HB
.ltl "&.v..n),tr<'ll<f,o~~r<k
m ..gb"t.ill....zAAAt i!<,
llH~ol<l"""rll
3,1' [ -
:q + [,,1'1 -
,1'..
,.~ -2rl+3,...
,1'1
!<-"
,1'1 +3.1,-9-,:\
.I..
+ ir"
= U
-
(I
= 0
2]
> F: = gau njord (augaellt (A . t' )l : -
F ;""
1 00 0~
o10 0 1
00 1 0
tlUl~'[~;I"'Il,
",[wly
S,.ill~lllfu-i" mAtnx
.....1..11 ..
fdhillv.lIA1hlltjllk Il mMrix,.zOlw lllfiwld"it i.,. az ill""r/. mat rix
A : ~.4 , :l.I . 2 . M I. :ln, "l ,l,.] E pi 'ld" (hOlll"l\ {'" r('n".zrr):
,1'1 ,1'1+
A GAuss--algont lllUl<Sa1:
000 1 2
llllJlwkturt61 kiil(>nhi~/.", ...'-"3. Mv..hb,

rioja
-~.~, 1.0] ,[- 1.-2.0.1 )}
> v;= vector ([l4. 22. 17. -20])
A lillrfl.riJo .-gyrlll<"tCt"Il.b.t.>'C"k Iu-uli"""" a M"pl~ ben sp<'rialis opcn\t(>u,k I\llu..k ,...u.lcllu"liw.., rnrl",,"
kM .. JinrArilo II11t1'1mu prngrlU",,,,,nll.g !.MtJIJmaz. A lilN'iLri.~ cgvrnl..trendszer a1akja:
E" "
11 := { [
wk.
tnIl_po.. (A)
d.'t (A )
lIlve . . . . (Aj
adjou,t (A )
..
II :=
Az 1llt.al&no;.-t M"pk-- fiiAA>+n yei a GAUSs-~ntm\l" IIIk>J~II" 20 .19. Ublazat ban tal1lJM.-
AM
>
A ..-...il~ia.", ke-rjii k II InAgti'T bazi...at, amilx'il
A u.trlX (m . n . ~ ) ul ""ilM "'8Y m " n..,. matr",ot h': ktiolwlMI "~pOtolhatjukaz .{iJ: = . t1tN<itAAokka.1. H" . "'8Y / z: / (1.) )
iTKhfiiWhry kkor f'2l"k IlZ t'Tti-krk """"nrk" matrix rl<mci. \';,gill ~ I<'brt. ,...U .. k.ll.k. ill ......ktorolt
listAiruUt I;,.u j A V1'ktort >k do'!iuk l6ja tr-onlO: Yec'tor{n ... ).
A 20.18. UblitLilI II ilo&fonf.....bb u....trix- 6< vrktonnii.....l rtckrt tartal~.
"""
I>cvi'
> A:= TMt r i x([ll, - 1. 5, -I;, [I. 1. -2. 31 . [3. - I ,8. 1J, [1.3. -9. iJl) :
.~ d. t {A } ll-IggVi'nm cl meggyWOdllf'tiink am'>J. b<lf{Y
IAt>l:Xik. h"lO' aa kiotdimrnzio..,
tkooklu.l hau'lk liotr<'.
A rt"llfl"Zf'r mAtrixa l<Z.inguh\ri>l. igy .. bomog"n l'gyt'lll<'trt'lld...'Cuek V>U[ IlI'n,tnvillli>l lll<'gOldii.AA.. A lIl"l\ oldMhm .. lo...wr az .4 miltrixot d<>fini,;,ljuk:
C: Oldjnk meg a 1. !lZAkR."'I (Id , 2n. old ,) B po'l<liljAn",k inh<>m0l!"n ''IO".'nll'trend"wrft:

Xl- -"2 +2.1,,
XI- 2"1- I,
all - x 2 + [,r3
- 2I, + 2.11 + 3.1:3
2
=
3
= - 4
Ehhez .,[60<";;1' tlefiniMnnnk kr lJ a lll"lif"!"llI mllt rix" t ....johh oldali v..ktort :
> A ;= ....trix ([[l, - 1.21, [1. -2. -11, [3. - I, 5]. [- 2. 2, 3]]) :
1020
A Da .1iff"renc;lUoV<"l'Morok'-""'-'J'OrljAhOJIlArtoZi k. m.. ly l1IO(>tlrtol .. 2 0.2 0 . t Abl bat nmlatja be.
:> to;: vector([L 2. 3, -4 )
""rt lIl''gol<l.iAAr" nem t-;..rui.lru..tjuk Il.liIlSolv. HI"'~lt""t, 19v kiho"i"'itjilk
A TPTlo,..,,,r t,ml"Wl):wtt...
" m"trixot;
'>
- aup.nt (A, e): -
F ,- [
i=t-! ~]
-2
A gauujord lItMiu... A7. F rnAltixul fd.,6
3-4
h&ro.Ill~";~raIranszformAlja:
1U
100 -e-
lIZ f(r) f'-lWPnY r --nnti n.....tilr: t1..ri ...a 1tjat adja. n

f'N'tion {r.1} ht>lyflt .. lrh"tO.
D l/ i~r "1." .J, {X,. nd {..2.1l1}. ] lUI fiiQwny .. , (i '"' J. 2, " ) w\ltmilk _rinti n, -..dik de--
DJ[r],{".ll})
ri"""tj,u ",ljA ebl..m" "')frt'utloo,
Dtil]
.... I
01;!!,..~
dl, IlU'Z /lZ .....41tozn-nnli J"'fci.iJi>o <Il'1iv41t.Mwl.. lPzv...
~. lOhbi Po .. fUgvkl)'f'
:> FI ~ sau. .jordiF) . -
Fl '""
Wbh...&1~ fUgvffiy alAhhi parci4llo nmv41tjao
az
001 - ;
dz 1dr,
000
A ~_ktur Fl b61 wrsint k&,n...tlt1,iil kioIWOIhaw.

2 . Sajatertekek 8 sajAh .. ktorok
Egy~mAtlU... jM/'r1fboiht"kl'l< ..jAtW'lr.toralnak~~&Maple-IJeD"P"'""WiR
~
riilorok i1lnak rl"lldP~ rl{O'"'lni k..UIlZOIIhan /UT&, bogy ItA.. matrix modje 4'ufol ~hh. Akknr
a ~ikUlO ~"'I .iJtalAl'wt nt'm okthaw ID01: Urt Makhan. Ekkor a Maple a ....jA,#orti..Jcp~
kli&t-I:M ,",tM,I;6pont.<* tramokkh" adja TIlf"lII: H..tAro~7.uk ~ lOX .>-dinlf'W.i6o; HI LBERT m At ri", (Id. 1017. old. ) ""jAlert..k.. it'
.". hulS OIO~ VlU1 Cf:Y "P"'ciftIilI 1I1AAitAo. lOX n--tlimenzi68 HILPERT-maim ..105Al1iu.aca. &
hilt>e'rt.{n . .. ). F.JIll"lI mAtru f'kmt-i : I / {I + j - r ) . Ha r~ DeIIJ adjuk JDt'll:. Aklwo- .. Maple ..,,101Mtilr:llII&U az r = 1 iorVlcM ~jL T..bIt,l /l f..1N!a.tot &
.> eigellvah (hi.1bert. (5 .

oItljuk WP.lI:. A Maple v~
R.ootOf(-I ... 30750S_Z - 1lJ2'2AA1200_P ...927tk'406000_z3
_476703.WlIUl_Z I + 266716!'iO(l(IOO_ZS )
ht>~-jtt>ll..l
Ezt .. &11v41u .. J"'TAnC.-ltlldJllk .. kw..-lit6 ....jli.l.. rtfk..k ""roz.atil~a Makit&n.l.
20.4.4. Diffc rcncial- los in lcgrAlszam itAs

20 .4 .4 .1. Ma rh ema tica
A 2O.2.!l. ~han (1<1 , 9!!9. old. )" tl"rh'41t ff!AA'"i'nV0p"'r"torkhlt ...,m "rt..llWZVt' A MlIthem'lIid
ban l1'!1Kct,'\I: Id,'t.oWg n" nllltf'1IUltikai IUlallzi1l 01)"1Ul muvd.u.-in"k ~hajtiLw".",i"t It'I,,,,1i11'lV'!'
l'1'nd,' diff.....I"i4l lu.ny l
k. I>IU"<'li>li~ tl,ri ...41Ulk. t..lj"" di!I"nlldAlok . h",t"ro:wlt ;,. tu..V"o,...tl ",n in
t<>p;ralok k{"li""', fiilQl;Vfnyt'k "',rI"'{,jt........ diff"l1'ndN"It)",.,I"u.-k m<>gold.......
Diff
nciA lhA ny"t10f'0k ki..:-Amitha
A d iff
n ci a lAt! op"rAtora A dilf,r.',,,,ifJ....i OI'><'I""tor .. Der iv ativ e. "'1I",ly It'h,,t fiiggv""yt ,,,I
(']",~lll1"ltyfil. Az frMm{"lj,,:
o.. rivllt iv.[nl'~ . .
(20.72)
Az "rgum"ntlllll<,k 1\2;1 ...-ijft.k Il"'~. !IiulyM""r kell az ,,1,;0. ",illKX1ik,... vft1tozo """rjut <I..ri ...Alni 1>1"11"
"'nd
"Orrt'Tldl",n. Ebben "z olor!rhrwli"h"1l1'Z.'gy I"'rdit.lil< d,'ri..." ltat...-i meg. M'Kic!'S"'-'Il.!<'I. hogy
men...n "k a <!,rivi\!A.""kllOrr..n.ljN..;f ,,16 fiiwtl..nsi'I'I'" t"hM 11 Y OJ.:N G-tktd i'r'ft,uy,""':'g..
.. 2[1.20 .
tablazat lIt....ltMil.i ......U'lwll - fd 1U1 t!'1... I..zv... A MlIt hemllt iclI ft,? .. ,.." h ll(nyl Ill.-gki""rli ,.I",,,; fiill.!:"
...pny<>kk..l kif.j'-I.ni, H.. f ..R......."ltuw..... kkor DerivatiVIl[I][fl nyilv",,- f' -I "dj".
2. Ffi ggv o'ny.. k diff.. n ll c iAIIui.B. Egy ",lou fiiltl:...~ny ...Jntt hely..n ...,.(6 ,hlf..r"lwi"l';'.",,, D0l,,r>\tur
raJ torti'llik.
IVI
010- ;
,
1.
1.
fliAA"Y"ny f&riw.t
A 6.1.2 2, l!G'.llkasz (]d . 3lj7 old. ) pi4<\AjAra k...rojuk:

A : In/ II : = D:Sq rt r 3 Exp'b1Sin xl , :rOutll] = E'~
:+
(I CoI:r] + 3S1Il 'r

~"Slll. lJ' )
2Sqrt. ,Eh r Sl ll.[J'
In121 ' = D[(2r ... 1}"( 3J'), I ]
0111121 = 6J" (I ~ 2 .. r ' ''~
..
3 (I .,. 2z )h log 'l + 2r]

01;)...) IDf'VAitOlr.....o Jdw .
C : In13l: = Ot 'r ' 3 _ ,~3:
OutlJI = 3r Ot J' + 3~ Dtlvl
D InI41:=Dt Ir" 3 + J'3_x ] _ OutI41 =3r1+3~DtlJrJ
....Ot ~)'f'
f.m-- ..
A ~bt~liCll "" utoloo6 pfldi.bM feltkcMoztr. bogy ,U r..,ijl.ollb fiiuv"n~, ~ IK'Dl i>omPrjiik .. fI-lQvPnykl\pooolatot. f'Zi>rt .; drriv41tjiuWc nWoothk tCli)"'lA5ji't I1.iwhol.ilr:.-n !ria. /l 2 0.20. tiblbat 4.
OOf'Anak lllf'gf"wl6rn.
H.... MlIll>emll tiu a rliff......nciiWnItlCf:Y lCZimhulikl1ll fii~llyt ta1AI. aldwr IlZ A1ta1ioo<; Makh.\n bagyja
.... .. dt'Iiw\ltat J'-Vf'1;"1OIi.
E : Inp:'1 := Dlr f l..].. . 3. I ] _ OUII51 = f [I II .. 3rt ::I:[2f !~]
LAthaM, bogy a Mllthematiu ismen '" 1t1'.o\"1....t ... " h4n)"lViolo dPri ...41MArmk ""....b iIy.. l ko .. linNl7....h 4lyt,
II6t ezt"k..t i.. tlldja formaliMll "lJwIJlIl.>'.ni:
F : In [6[ := D;f[ulxll xJ
G:
2.
In l7 l :=
---0
D[u[xl /v)x], x]
Ollt[ti] "" t ' [u[x)] lI'lrJ
- u'IJ') _ 11["] v'[..)

0"'1'1 - vir)
v[J']'
Hatlu- ozatlan integral
Az Int eg r a t e!!. ")lltMiw b"t,w"r""
MlIt~mlltica 11l<'lI:p ro l>4lj " ~
I(r) d.. h"tiIr.,.......t l"n in t <.w "lt
illt~'grari"lfI kOllktl\n"Ok niolkiil kiw....i.lIlolui, Alt ll1" I"'lI l1ljll<!" 1lolY"1l h"lAmzat llUl int"gra1t lUCK t ud ha
tilm" ni. am"ly elemi fiiggvi'ny. t dlli.t k if..j ...~h"M r....i<>ll"li>o. "XI>Ollt'lIl'iAlil<, IOKarih lllllO-. tr igon oll",trik 'IIl
fiiggv ..nyekk..l .... inv" r7Rik k.1. H" " MlI th~m.l ic. n"m t'lflj .. " h" IAroz"tl"'j illtt'grlih. kicrU' kcl ni, ... ;,..;"".
",lja" Iw... itt fiiAAv'nyl. Tovilh ha .. M.th~m.licll ;Huwr ""hAny ~1'''''iAli" n..m ..r.. mi fijgg""uyt, p ior<l"n]
It>: .'l1i" tik"" b; .. Df- SSEL- fiigg...{,uy..k"t.
A MlIt~mlltiu I..hc l o..cg.im,k ll"Rm1pl t ..t.,lo,;;'I1' h"lllllt"tUllk n" hAny l ....l<lilt, m" lyr k..t mat.rmat ika.ilag ..
H..t.A,..,.""tlM int"graJok c, e rf"j......tht'n (1<1." 4:.t.l. ol<lllltt'll) tArlO'll1tllUk.
1022
1.
Ra d onAli. t onfiiggveDYE'k iD1E"grililsa (8.1 3.3. -ue....z. 4JI:j . oId.)
1I1Noit~ ~lwt jlik". A fp~ jo""r61 boalat.<"'>tWnik: d6a0t Q, _

~. f'Uliatt .u 110 p.,'1 haWnk z fii,u;\+n~ U. kU1DE'k. amikct . primit!v
luIyt.t<idi.k &I z szPrinti in~lJ.
Inil l " Illugrau '{2.r-.-3 )/{f3 ~ .r"2- 'lr). II

O\Itl1l =:' Los 1 + z ' _ 3Logrj _ Log'2 + II
3
2
6
Trkit'LooUkal'l.U.2 . .....~ (Id. 4!'(l . okl.) .-t p"ldajat .ahoI~ ,..-\ott ~ "'.-,;v. rT.I 2pont t..n
wM D5 ~DI.'!I kOzOtti u-rii1M..t krlku kiIoz.ti.witani:
Inl:il = IDugrau !(f3 - l )f (r{ I - 1('3). I
Out2
I I =-( - I
I
~ I) -1 - ~
+
rinli U11~.hajti><l ik
tilpWnylw ....I)'II'1lA'8it V<'
2 Log' I +I I -Logr
..
(20_73'
In131:- Illtegrate jx >/ 2 {z , 0. 2) . (W, I A 2 . 2r }J -
Oul l3I
32
5
4. DiW......ncia1<>gy.. n wt.. k rnegoklAN

2.
Trigo nomO'1rik"" fUggveny.. k in tegrAIAsa {k1. 8.1 .5.~. 44-1. old .)

A : T..kinUilik a 8.1.5. 5.
!liu' I('OtIS Ilir =
(I
.......w...z (k1. 44;;. 0101.) "i'l<lAj ,;,~ :

,in' I ( I - ~inl Z )l COIl r dr =
:\ M.them..tiu" kiYU>n.~.-litf~kvlu:-t IlZimholiklJlllW. ilo InPIl l1olj.. ol<lnn,. M .. megoldAt<

WI alU. be.1l kif..;..zhtot6. Ebh<>n IloZ .....tt...n .. MatMm..t ic.. ..,ndHzrrillt " lIj<'ltUl<lMfUAAvi-nyt adja. A x
j<l,~ vuna tko:W lIta.~jta..okat /I 20 .21. t Ab IA",a! tartJLlma>:&lI..
f (1 - tZi dt
= al Cllin t h..ly..tl-nliti'MolI )
DSolve ldiJJtyy. yjr), I I
InlJI = Illu gn u ISi nlr J"2Co. \r J"5. ,rJ

5Sin[xl Si o[3x ) 3S i.ll[5rl Sio[7 I I
Outl31 = ~ - l92' 320
- ~
DSolveld'JJ"911. y. xl
B : T..kint..iik" 1U.5.. 5. "~Z (1.-1. 44;;. nld.) p{I'[,'jM:
~j UI tLr =
....,....
\/f'<l&r
J"
-
.ji
DSolvel{ diJJ~!JYr. diffe9'fJ' " .}, y . xl
(r = aru."" t hely..U ....it<'fl/l<>l)

A ~ lIta1<it.AAok a diflcl""ndN.-gy..nl." .. k AJt"JAlln!l mpgol<la.",it " e lil knn"tar1l."kkal (Id. 9.1. aif"j'c....-t.
4~. old. ) h.ataruzzak U1rg. A Iu~l..ti i-rt~ktok vr>gJ peremfeltetelek h<>[rh.. t',k "" "lQ'lnl<1., ill. "KY"Ilk-
I..."."
Inl41: =
Integrat,,:S i ll !rI!Sqn ~Co. lrl
. ,1'1
Ek. .
Oull41 = -2Sqnleoa:z'l
~1~ re.:
H.. az int<>gr..oous ueru .....D,i fiitlgWny. aklwc a Mathem.UC-I OAlpAu

kpple!l'\ a....xu.:. irMmOdha.
3.
~ilja
II
lnl.'ij := I llt egrat e 'z~ r . Il ~ Outl :io/ = Intelnu [T'.r'

3.
H..t Arozott
tobbsrorOs int egralok
1. H a t i rosott integralok ."u I nt egrate J. (I . I . o ll ut.v.it.a.....J.a M. thematiu 11M"fl.bat&.-ouaaz

f (z ) filgv"ny bat.U-uo!ott in~jAt lIZ ,1'. ....... c... I I f..looO .....t&.- kOziitt. lJW'1Y"'k ~k-UO'k iIold.l'\nrk.
A.
IDlil := Illtegrau'Up. -r'j, {I . -InI1Ili.ty . IDtilll t f }j
=_
Ollt II
1
~ FWlCtlOn
Itt .. Slct ....-imbOlllm..
Sec Slot 11
( 4q l)~ S iD. .2 S l ot )) . 2 S1otl l

~
'Ill
hrlyPtl AJI. /Ul l1Ak hllFor2-l\Iakja . Slot " a tillrta fU,;gvi'ny n-ed ik Il1gu
:=, I Jf. ';1;1
~oI<IMt.
akkur.
0 "t121 = (
Sec lx (2 I ~ 4 C(l) -'- S UI,2I) 1

.
4
VJIgy "
Oull21 "" 00
Vt'tt
f<">,'"t{ki1..
A I... Urozot t int.'l{l'iJok killZioJn[\.';'<u'mil.I i~ ruindig 6v..1.0IWl k..ll ,.[jm-mmk. HII. ''''' iul "grnll,hu< tulajdoll'
~'';llwm ism..rjiik, ,.[ilt.~.or rajzoltllAAuk m''jI; lIZ .... Iult inlRrval1umhan" fiil(.l!;Viuy flhrfljAt.
2. T obb...., orrn. in t<"Jl,;ralok Kelt"" ru..tA....u.1.t int.q;:r&lok killZl\.mitfL""t az
I nteguta jf )r . II]. {I , X. I/} . {y. fh, fJ! II
I{,
Ehh<>u a pi-ldaban a helyt'!t~il""t III' .... 1Y"'tt 1'1. 1111)-11' i....tvi'gf'll:hrttiik voln ...
XI heir.....,.,.}..
,1" rivaItat kaptuk volna 11m3.
.0\ diff..rencialegy ..nletek llZimholikn.. lIl"llold....kur. '~Il,.'RY. mint /I hMA
tLan inkgralnAl. nMfl
' ....u.z.,n1 .. M.tMrnatidot tulterh..lni.ll" n"111 t ud j" lluKol.-lani, m..rt 1...I,tAlll..,. rMmi'lly n"m irhato wi
.-I'm; fiiggv~ILY" k algebrai kif,ojP7........ k...nt ..kkur kumm,-ntm- llclk,il vi_ _ lj
nllHll'l"ikul' mpgnl.-lAAt
{I, - I , I }) ,
Ilt Il Mathern. tin hcIY"'''''lJ ki><zamnl1Jl ''lQ' illll'l'ul'rilL' in l~grAl t"K"bb ('rtdeurhpn
IIN'n111 rna.
IllIZI
Ax Unprol.rill" int<-gt&l&t.tki-t k1. 2 1.6. tiblhal . 10!l3. nkL 9. ha " = I .
B : lia N:<1lLtHUI .. h<>vit-PJ;

111121: ::0: Ill ugrat .ll/z~2,
akknr
kkf"! tactJ-o.lmazO w.ta ,,;.gi-Cl. Ehloo-u Ill; ."">tl>..ll kapjllk" partiklllArilo lI"'Il,>!.w.t.
PilolaJr.ilIll<kiulsiik/\ 9.I.l.2. ....,.k-z (1<1. 497. cld.] diff~n[,.l..it .
A : Oldjllk~ az Jl ( J")-II(X ) I I:J" CUl X tlifft't<'1lC~nkt..-~.
In!11:= DSolve [J I . - ,. r ! ree rJ
Coelr .y. r.
A Mathoom..tica m.-gol.-lja .. .-Iilf~j"IM ""' '' ~ tj"z"" ~ykCllt~ C !I inl<V'ci600 ~ Nlj.. Il"IPI'
II .. lIKIIIt II x -.., kcrjiik "
Outll l '" Sqn lPil
h/\ l..h..I.,..'-g"", " .-lilf".-..nd"I"lQ"llkt 1lll1(uldAAilII..k iIllI.licit

,,1/\kjAool kil'rj"" i y!xlt
" .-li!f'r<nrifll'K}rnll't Ul<'Kol<l"",',t t i"~l .. fiiAAV('Uy alakjA.lmll
Ntj ... y r -n..k fiiAA\-'cny"
ko-;;,n,,;,g"" d ilf"rf'nrifllv,' uktn'r" b<~~l't "ld Ill"'"
(20.74)
k..t] k,...... ni.
20.4 .4 .2 . Maple
A Maple"" I\naJizUo f"llIdal.ain"k ulI'K"ldi"",ir/l,."k kh..tiW>gg.-1 n'll,ldk,-tik A fiiggvi'uy"kdiff"rcueiaIAIlilll kiviH i<l,' tartuzik .. h"t';'rm.u t t i ... t".ll\r",,,,,t],Ul int<>grl\Jnk ki."".!\lllllAM. " filK\:v(,.,,)'t,k hllt.vfluy""rI ...
f,'jt~. lit .. M.. pl~ l..J[{t~t nyr\jt lIZ/\l1/\lit ik rlll fiiAAV"'ny"k .. 1nlf'1..tJ.lI.. k .. 1b.lmllZiu<Ar/\ lgen ""kfpl..
ciilf..r..nrial<'jl;yl"nl,1. lll<'gnl<liw\.rll iIo "'hrt<Wg V1>l.
to.
1024
M(Jll"malthu pmgmmr.<o ......,.,!
l. Diffl"f'f'nciAlb
A 10.3.7. ~ lid. 1002. okl) lx-...... UiikA D.wr.....-nciAlMioperatort. aud .Ikalr"uMA kiiJOabOzO <>pcionalis ~m<'nt'UlIOkkal
t.-i. boKY a fllQ;'+c~MoI: ~hM d1ff..rn>ri&ljul.
.0\ V'ljfto _inlAXio. A kOvrtkrUi,
"'hPtm+
D;. (f)
2.
Irracionalis (gyokOs) ffiggvpny ., k int egrAljai ,\
Lan 1Ilt<'gniJ. Jt.AbiAzAthAn lIdnn ko'l,lr1..kndt lIl<,;!e IPkWn

HA> X: = sqn:(T2 - a 2) ftitn
> iJ1t(X,r):
(20.7;;"")
Ezaz I (OJ"'fAtor) f'-lgg"iony i-roik v.i!toaO;'lIU"Ii.uti ~ derivRltat ~ ~ . A" .,numi-uy
""""
~(r2
.> iJ1t(X . r.x). _
(20.7~)
lit as I aquffiPnt',m ~ oper.i.tol-.w.Itt-a Adoll ~enyltif..;ez.;,.. u tarWmu}w.u rlUr.-drfini3l1

brlB6fiiqv(>v.y<'b-u klv;il Alta.hUlk dPfinWt ~yll<"Yt'b:1..nyllop.. nUorokkAId..hniAlt fii~'Y""ket.
~t1. M~V'gy"'Il<i05, bogy Dm /) = I.
~ ~r\-~ - ~a2ln{S ~ ./r _ ,,2)
I
,I.
Ha.Q I(s) filQ;vlollJo"t IIPm d<-finWtuk. AkkorA dI U
~lh/(x).
O[-"'TAtor A
ih/(r) _ I(s)-g(x)
g(I)
g(iJ:-r
> dl tt{S . f(r).r): -
1(.1) +.- (Jr/(I)
f..lJi-p6<1..rivAllWllOl'imhnlikn"N,MjA
Ha tAroz At la n int egrilok

HA <"gy ..oott I{r) f'-~~llY F(z ) primitiv mltgY(.IlY" ..komi ffiggV~ny, Akkor.."Ll a Mi ple ..... lD.t(/. .I)
m<"ghlvWYl'LI ki tutlja ~.lIlollli. Az inl.-grAi:i6M It<"",h\l",t neru irja ki. II;" a. priwit(v fi'iAAV"ny n.m
irhat/> f.-I W\ .w.khM,lIltkor A Miple A:1. int<1l:rNJ<ltP<t viM:1......-lj...
x'd.. ,
lI a t a rozott es tobbszo rO!o in lf' gr fll" k

lIa l ltrozott intt"grAlok H"tflm7.olt, inl.. gralok kl,,,"'..
ill AZ int llt...~itAAt a1kalrna:t':<llk,
rrwh'npk m';'...,,{ik alF;llIll('nIIUUK1Il.",1 r
(I . b AIak,i. Itt r Al inl~l';'no.. vWl-oJw. a k II1\2. inU>gr,;".i.....
intervellum a1""' .... f..I"" haw".
,,,t.........
.A
> lD.t(I"2.r -
(I
.11).
!""_!"i
3
3
26
J
> illt(upi-r"::! .r - -mJin,"
. C
>illt(lr'4.r=-Ll)_x
".b~ v~jA
L J)
hPviu
klfp~.
m]inl"): -
I)
. B : > i ct((.>:A3+ 1)/(x .(x-W3),r);_ -In(1:)- -I- I_, _ _I_ + 2 111(r - l )

.7-1)
x-I
M,'!ti..VS.....ntll'i. hotlY A fdru...znAlo".. k kPll mrgh ..tArO'l.ui... hogy mely "rt ..l~ WwIUNlyokhA:> ....
hOKY1U1 mM.....ftanao A kavott formula.
..F
Altlwr rrx-gkL~j'lk "'Il1AJn,.lyik m"n..riltu.~ iIlt"",illMi
lllt'>rl>o.ert (1<1. 19.3. ~. ~21 old) A1bllllAZni.

2. T obbszorOs in tegrAlok A lobl...ror,... ml~kt'rt"kPt AMiple, bAf"1. rxpli<~t m6<IoD "'ht'"t.~,
II.Z ill t o[-'f'T>i.tor tObhR7.i>ri ..,;ym....b. ~bltllly<izotthfv';"""va1 "2.Arn(tjA ki ( B1lf'7.I,-j. A (20. 7'4) u! ani pt'lrlat.
A
> Ill t(illt(.r A2 .,.JI' 2 . exp{.r + lt). r ). y);
!rJy ~ ,,-,s~(x + Yl2 _ 2(.1 y}#"'. + 2C'. _ 2 ((r _ y)fo'u _f"H.) r + t!'~.r2
3
> ict(int(r.y'2,y=r A 2 2 . r ) , r
R adonlll bl to rt ffiggvimye k in t..grlllj ll.i
-~ In(z ) - ~ 11I(r + 2) + }Ill(r -
(J
3.
1.
H..
A : > int((2 .- + 3)/(x A3 + r A2 - 2 . r),r); _
''M't;'UllVAlII._Z
> iDt(X'::!.x
2,
I,
i llt(.rA.Lr);
cosis )
> di U(f(x)/g(r)): -
I ln(' :';<:(ll.r ) - dg(as)
-,~+2(Js;"(,,r)
2
mi""I .." a:r. i"t('~"jJ [,,'m ,I"llli fiiAAY~ny.
......,.."'It...
> dl tt(ll ll(x).rS5); ( = dI ft( Il C(S),S,S,X,X,X)) -
1 co:o;(a.r)
r-,t" IU" KY Zes: :\ f,'ut l"mlito-tl,pk i'rt,'1"""I",,, I'M.
>
d'ff (ki/ r) , xl. .-2, ... , .rn)

(2lJ.76A)
Itt A k'/~l ....It\ullPJ'11l1D IIoZ x l. .12, ... vRltnmkl'll \.NtAImaz6 elg..lmu kif..jfozAl. A7. l"W<!mi1'y" kif,jc'II&<
xl,. ., XTJ lOl\I"I"illti pAJ'ciAlioo rlffi vAltjA... hhPn A
n. HA" > i ...kkor 1l1!Y1lflf'rt All .. W<!mi-nyt
"10' ill D1<1\kal,h"ljllk. hogy" dift fiiggWollyt "lUn..... ut&D whi>lrl.oX A1WIAAl'",zuk,
d lt1 (a , xl. .12) = di tt( di t1{a, .II). 1"2)
(10. 701,)
E,;y..tlrn aquD,",lum -nnti tObbolZi>riM difl"r~1 A S"'-'T'OZ&topcrRl.o.-raJ vfvt.hPt,lnk,.J,
,,'
. 1I II IIIl(a.r
.
))")
> lnt
.. r,
Ekkor
(r,y) -> y exp(ry)-,-col(r+y)

> 0121(n (r,y) -> x exp(ry)+coI(r+y)
> 0[1.21(/); (x .y) -> exp(r y) + r yexp (x Y) - lic(J + Y)
A rlilf"f"nfiRlNci 0f><'r"Loron kiviil mi-g f"nrl..lkP1hrl" All Adi U fiilQl;Yi'ny. ,lltlyllf'k"zint/lxi.'A:
(2)i 2
3. Trigonometrik.... ffiggvPlly"k integra lja i

A
A
> illt(r 3 ill{a .I). x):
-(J.'x" cr-..(a.r) ... 3a2 sin(ax) - 6~in(Jr) + fia.nu;{a.r)
> I ,"'(r.y)-> exp{r. Y) + I ID. (S + Y)

> oWn > 0ll](n -
(20.;;)
illt(Xjr.r): ~ ~-aa=.cc(;)
>
i>rmk f'O 01)O'tAt0l1wutlw... Mott fiiuvi-ny. A D,I.}!(/) ulafoiw eltvi-wn.. A kOv'l"'l.b'7.Oltk<+
Di.](DliM)).
Mi~ All ]fiji). Ol<lwD t.aIalhatO (hlt.tArn7At.

~ IIU'l': >I:t IDtAVil1oltal
O.,2); ~
32
5"
M e !tiegy z.... ' Mint IAtru.t6,'" A l'o"l,jaMI, f'hl",n a7.f'St't1wn is hNl7.11l\.lhn'.jnk Al illt(/, J) ,"Altm.at.ot
t,<ihh""iirO!l hatfll"07.atlan illt,ogrAl ki,,?lImiI.AAAra,
4, D iff" rpn cial"lG'"nlt,t ..k m"K"ld"""
A dlolve op'ni.t.-.rr.. l. mf'lyllt'k kii1i;llhi;~; ,.j1\kj.u """"aIt a Mi p~.h.'t" !tiiw llI'''Il'''' dilfl'WIlCiAlc!tY',,,
I"'"k"t"" difff'ccneial"gY"lll'1.rl"n,IR",,,,'kf't 1\1.lunk IIll'b'OlJlllli. A~ .n~IUJillY kiv,u~ ~""'JilJt Ii'll.. ! &Z
AlW"""", m"K"IJ8.:;, v..gy "". ",loti k,,,,<I'>li ff'ltpu-ll"kd kidiogitli partiklll>i.rj" "-"1l,,1clN<. Ezi a II1t'l-,'OI<1';""
l!C!.J_
102 6
hlll,,~.
",",. &t &

kinti.
"xl,lidtNAkI"", ",Ij" " n .. 'gOld.....t. Ha o.. w. ak ko.- impli<-it mf1!Ul<lMt I....

opci<'>t
IJ,. ....m.. lyik ~il}("1l Mtiinwh...
Il ds clve .. lrv, llK1I,..,JouwU: l,>
h p l .ce
...1l\f'KOldMhOlla LAPLACE-lrlLl"",fol"luaciOt ~
se ri es
lluae :nc
... m~<IMt ImtvfuJy",." mMMr ktag..we""" adj... nwg.

...llW"g<l1<l..... llllTn<'tik.1lO kilwUnltNJt.t .-r... lm'D)...u,
qrnjika
102 7
Il~ffi", ""in _
2O.:n, tAhl""""". A dl olve op<'T"'tor opciOi Cs hat.8l<uk

expli ci t
S:(im ,.trig~pt'_.
A Mllt hemllt iu ""Rnkh-iil ""I. oIya.n o"rio-ll>' 1....,I..lk<?ik. llldy..k Tnl'll..djak. hogy .. gr..fik'L"obj...kl OL
mokat mily<>o IrOrny<'"...:tbell ko milvru 11.0.1011 1l/Ull'~nR.lJulr_
A Graph ics :Ji>ota] uta><itNo<Al, Nlol a I."fa gratik,1lO ..kll,,k \i~tA.jlL a Mllthemllti<;;~-t uta>;itjuk. holO" a
f,.lroorult~"'m.. kb6lll:fafikit.t IIIk<WlOo. E~t .. 1i..Li\t k';vdl...li Illi" ft7. Ahrit.wl..... lll(ocij..n..wmalk..,.d>"priOk
1istAja.
A~ "Iabbi hrviwl:
lnl 11
,= 9 '" Graphi c .
Tert.font fo ra[..po>lda~
{line.f {o.O} [s. s}. {IO. 3)}]. C i rc h [( ~. s}. 4
;rin,..,.M 16
parllllJl'>t.pr f'Xpbrit VIllO" implirit fiIq;VtllY"W'lIt Ju.pjuk. A d lOI "'e OJ""1"'-tor utoWl ~lIn<'lltlllllA
ItPnt m<'lII:..dhatjuk" 20 .22. t'blAUlt~n lMrt op,:iOkat.
I . .4.It.llli~ mpgoldas
> dl o l ....(d i ff(,(x).x) -,.{x) . t an(r) '" COI("-) M(X));
flU.7
{~.6}
}.hpectR.atio-;> Alit a_t i c
(20_81,,)
lU.81hl
I'gy
.".) __ lroo(r)~o(x)+r+2
,.\~
2
a-(r)
CI
(2O.7sh)
~ D8k ~ kii...2O.4..u... bdi Mllt~tiu- ~ti>L A kiMotkPz,O prl<W>an "lIl<1:ooWt. ........ iwplicit
AlAkban tudja f'l6AUitAni (bA" jobbo&daI ninno lllf'@:.Il<lva.Art" Mllple""tomAtikllMUO-uak l<'lUutl)
> u olv. (dlff (,.{s ). x) . (r - r{r)) + r<x}"2. r(r)):
(20."""-)
.-\ Mllple a .ilt.Il1Auoxo llIt'IDk\Not "plio-it AWi:IMn. "KY kODl'tan!w<llJ
t-~Z+ E1(1._'_)'"
,.s)
ahol Ei (a. /)) s 20 .13 .
CI
(lU.7'Jb)
UbliUlt~n ~pl6 Ei(s) vR.ltozllota:
f ~dt;"
t
"" /) DClll<....... lIwuok. "",...m
fi"lf/gVf>oy<'k ioolehct.u.. k.
2. :\tegoldb kezdet i feltetelekkel P ro h4.lj uk IIIt'g y - e" - II = O. y(0) = 0 diffrn-fJ{i/t.k'KY""ll.
k-tM ... l eries <>pcii>viIIIl m.-gtlld"ui. Ilt ligyrl.lli kr11 acre., bogy a kez<lMi fpItMr! batMo:a.a U"'II:. bogy ..
polinom 1I'\Ml\tli>ktAl!; iIIIWlt'i m"K<>!,lN< n..-ly pout kOriUi bah7ul)""Ort I"t'pr=:"IItAlJIL UgylUl''7 "rvfu~
a Laphc.-npriOr....
;> ds olYe ({diff (.,(z ). r ) - u p(r ) - r(r)"2,y(0)

!I(z) '" r
O},y( r). series );
..oott
2O_La.tna..
E>: AZ zicinyli .... y--inlnyli~t>W... I 1,1.61.'\ - I 0.61~ ..riw}1 jdrnt. Mivpl <"DI"I a beA.l1l1Noaal a kOr eli~ tormlt lIOhl/L U opci6 Allt ....t re-r...A1lft.ftM....J />rtiik ..I a tonltad"u "'ho\>'A)\A.t, Ez "" opriO.iltAiAbJw1\ ljtt"afiku..nhJf'kllllll "'uylo'll:"'" I- "" ,..,t&lIyu kit""~ it.lIApitj" Im'I!:;n
IIlll.lJYl; J-<l.imruziOo, grllfilm...obj<-ktlllllolmlll..,.t
n<'1l' 1>1
""l1tYl.tAlMtjuk lrWlI:-
20 .5.1.2. Grafikus e lcll w k

A Mlll hemlltiu a 20.23. U .blitzathan r..""'rolt kO-tJirnrm:i/IIIlt'"alikll." ohj<'lrlnmokat tMtAlm1<7.7A.
(20 !'lOll)
31
+ -r + _Z1 + - r ' + _zs + O( z')
(2O.SOb)
2 24 120
A peldit.b6l i>l1it.ts7.ik. hogy" 20 .22 . U .b IAz"t ()p~i6i alIuUma:r.a....kor lIZ pgyrnlrtet {..... tol. ~",,1
..lvAJa,.ztott k"L<I{ti fdt....d .kd k>q>oooR ~rOj ..l..k k07Rk"l1 irni. Ugy"I1{'7 hvpnY"" diff.ron,illl''R.v,t,].-t
rcn<l""",",k lIlegoldk......t(on i~. M pgj"8Y7A'I1d~ t,m\.hhA, ho gy a Imt vit.nY""'l" Iriln ......~i,J<>k

Ordu fJ.-vil ~lithal6 parl\lll" lRr {>rtJolr.. h"t....07.7.... m..g.
... k<i'trtkPZ6"IPmekI..i1.,>it fool grldiUl:

8) Ki>t ~_..ue-:t IlIjzo1" (0. O)--hOI. kiindul.....lQ; (5. 5)
ponton at ,,(10.3) t-'tlfl.
b ) JUpol~ lOrt.lIllPlvnrk kOao'ppnmjrl(S.5). ~ ol_
e) A .po'1da~~ Tl1nn<hrtuti,,,-J l l.> ponlo!< mi-... lhPn
ft7. (5.6) poIIt fOUo frjll..
A Sbov..'I] "tllllOit<Ws.I" Mllthemlltic.ll" 9 2- ~-..o. J-<l.itllf'rtzXlo,
,;rMkurc obrk'"moe a l<-V"'tI:vfuo' kiildi ( 20. 1. i b ra)
Illl<hrt bizotJ)"OIgafikUl op<iOb.t clOre hcBlliUDi. A~
_lI>l't1 aa A. pa ct lat 10 0I>ciOt Aut oaat l C... R.lhUlU'Uc; ...... nrk ..rtt!rtll...lllliu......1 GoldenRatic
h.-~li.t I\>:
Poi lltj{I.!lll
Lille[{{Ild/l}, {I~.1h} ... .}]

Rectangl. [{s ,. !II.}. (r.....u..)J
Pol yg on :! {It yd. {r2. !/;l}.. Ii
Cmle!{r. y l . r J
20 .5 . Szamltogepes gra fika

A m",l..rn l'~r"lIl''''' 'Ul''ll"k l '''Il'' lnl\!"m"tikAi O"'.~,fiiAA......k ,..;rafik, u; .. hrawl"""-ra ~ikh..li fiiggvpny
gr li.fo k, t erhdi giir lX'k {:,. M iil.t, k Allnak rmrl..lke/.c..iillkrc."" """Il~ist<51 ,... a vckt oralg..htAtol k'wlw"
<Iilf",..nciAigpOIn"lriAi!l:, A j!:fllii\vl ... tvbth~m lltid' o"k ij!:('fJ era.. oldllla.
c acleL!r. s}. r. {<>1. <>~})

Cacle] r , y}. {a.b}]
Ci rc le[{r. y}. {a . b}. {nl-<11}]
Oisk \{.c. y}, r ]
Text ]!"x! , [z, y}]
(I.II)koordinAtAj(II'0llt
"" ...lott l"'lll<'lk n--r!ri;t{.... egyrn...........Ira.<mkkal ..hb"u .. ""1"r,,,,,It...o

Jutiilti "" ....l ou 1"N\I.w.." ill. joloh r..I..o koo"lilll,tAj(, t{~u..pot
kitiilti.v. .,t,hrn .. eorrvndben ..dolt ""'"...poutokkal.--J..li"iAl1. po-liRo"t
(s. y) kWp,I<>IlI,(I.r ~,,~ ..n i kor
.. f"ut i krir (V<'" k"t ....I"lt ",Jij!; kii'/.('t1
1 r..utj . l1iI'~/.i~ iv" ..l ",I"t! "",;gc'k k,y~t
kit01t0t! k',r, ill. ,'li,,,,,,.iK ("kkor r- hdy..u {a. b})
kilrj" " leTt ~/.iivry;'>t (llmil, i,I'~/.oj.l,.k ki;/.QU k..ll m''lv,dni) .."
' II /)
(r. y) ....ntrummal
20 .5 .1. Grafika a Mathematica- val

20 .5 .1.1 . A gra fika alapjai
&" '0 ohJ"kt umokolt kIVul .. Mat .. ~mlll'd lmll t.,\"AIJI1l, Iw. Almu"IM lu6<IJf.t,...fol)"""",,lo RTaiik,,~ ntAA' -
A Mlllh~mllticl" gt"fiku~ ohj ,ktumokAt ...brfpltrU gtafikl1ll ..It>mek billpl>i!,i rd. F:7-<>k II>< .. I.uwlr 1\ 1'''1110k {Po i nt). II vonl\lak (Li D.) ....... po lill:<>llOk (Polygon). v.. lenunt ely...n tll l"j<ion~"k . mint I',j,\it.u!
tluookal iK lta.>cln"lbatunk ( 20.24. tilhlAz...t) .

E ,.rok lviil va",,,,k "".inl"l.;"'Ic ...ou .. tk.m.. ut""il.A.....,k iA. m..lyfk"t ilt nrm
r~l~!.<o'"~iink.
102ij
In
PointSizelaJ
Ab. ol utePo i llt Si z. ,b,
"toYl\M.. [>VlLlnlr. a MIn"rujii korOk.lLboJ"" I/;I"lLfika Irlj<oo< "';10........

~n .. k tl>rhi........:-t .i<'1 ..nli
..z ,.Mor.<". ,I<. 1ll0'" "" IUJ\lllllPnturn ,,1-.0/'11 i>rti>kH jelemi. 1\Z..gyrJ-g
Th i clm ..n',,Aba ol u totThi c kll.... b

Das h l llg'{aJ_"2_
"nvom'-"I'" [1'OnUtrni>n'i.i<'
"IovAllhi vnn..wr. IlZ a ,,l..tiv ..:t8~1 ~"..k kir.. j"",!""
"fpnti. itt b ,,1>o<zoI(lt ,.z,;.J~
1l7.Agg'11nlt VOWLIIlt boz Iet~. ft-lv.\l.h.,. ........jzolt "" br rs-m I"IlJl.o11
~qokW. 1II..1)'\.'k ~ cikliklL-.all G . G~.
.l;
' 1'J-"k I\. >I>'.Amnk

19i1l>r.. ~.:'Ddt G,", Gr., _-~joo,",tik_ f 'l gvkl)t1' IlI~va KtaggaIoU w",,,llaI tajzolja ki " Pfj"'1 " koin mi>doo
(I"'IVK11ln<'lltllm "rlkiil V>W rn.-gaoi-. Akknrfolyt<)l1(lOI YOwoI..t bur;
~'ro')
"lO'llIlAZ. mlllt Dub lllg. .....zaI I\. kiiJOn~. ~ ""l':"m<"tll IllW
.. nyoml.At'" l>oDtll,(oretc..d ,. nella a k<,perny'l'i k"'flP"'llm"",,"""k
.,-.10::-. ........,., jdo-Jrtik
~Nnhjcltun><>k""ill~' (akh ~rti>k:p = 0
frU't'. P '" 1 f.-bk I
&I.
objpkt nmok I1utgllk i111..lwlll,k jl;1I.tiku" <lbJ"kt'IJIl"k Jil<TAi. Pr ltl" ul lpgy<'n obJf_kt, .. kiivM: k.....iI:
Illi ll := 01 = {Ci rc h[{5.5}. {5. 3} . Llll fli{j o, 5}. {1O.S}U

;.,., h""",ll6M.
In121'- 02 = {Ci rcl.. :{5.S}.3}_

H" U)OflI "" "K,\'ik grlLfi k'''' ohjooklllrnot. 1>Nt].,;.lJ 021 ..,.....W'" ut-itAAoklaLl fl1II.rjuk mi><mtalli '''lQ'
IljAllh tlllajdoll.~okkal f..1ruh8.zni.l\lI:kor ""I lUt'fl,int pgy k~ l~ !A,.,.] k'ill-rjillr. meg.
In131 := 03 = { Tb iclm " . . ;O.oI]. o2}

Ez lIZ IltAAiw Il zarojooi<-n .... 1,-.1 mi"fit-n ~ frLoo",lt ohjt-klllllUIl VUUAlkm:ik Il [l"-ldaba.n k'hA' o<ak
o2.~). -Ie,; a :r.ar6je1Pn hPl.iil rg)"1IW........ kal1,Jy"'wU objookllltu"kra .... .-1.. ILl\O(I kiviil uiUl:S bIllAAA..
M"", bouunk li>trcaz ohjekt1lmokOOl. ki1 kiiJnnht.-.w lUalikwow.w.;
Inl4o] := gl
= Graphi c. :{0 1. o2 1 . y2 - GraphIC . {01.u3}
Jllf'Iyt'k .. mModik ohj<>ktUlD." kiirvoolll """~ kiil&lIt>UlJlPk_ 1':"" tAu ..
Sboll[gl : "'" Sllollff.!.bn -> Trufl '

\20.~2h)
mqtirIMJ.itO uta><,ta:<ok .......-Irno'ny..I"..,t lu.pjuk" 20. 2 ... ilb r/m hoom"l.Awtt ki>pf'bt_
_" ZO.2 .b ilb rinil "" b n _> True opoi>t b-T-M.ltuk_ Uirt Il k"" I""poly P.<" l .. ngplw-lu-n" sM.!at-t.as ~f","""n j001Ol.v.- i>o VlUl_
20 .5 .1 .3 . Grafikus o pci6 k
M~It-n~tlC~~' !W)f iVMk.... "I><il>va1 ... 1"l:'IKk-1~. lIK'l.yt"k b..fol}......ljak" k'JjnI k.,. kinkf-k't_ A
qifont.......hAkat" 20. 25 . tAhlftut mn'-"tja ......'tf"80M, t&rgyal&t t.artaIm.a..120. .'>I_
.,
b pectRauo
> .
l....ulitja .. ftrAfib h<R<z(L~a b;...eJowi-ga It oVllnyAt.1U'Ili

b<'l)"'\t Aut ou.tl c ItHM,k az 1 &tCkM atlja.: Ala!",nt'ltn<"Zfs
It EO 1 Golde nll.atlo.1LboI Gol de n Ratio
(l 2 ""
... 1.1\1"'11
J5:)
h)
" M ~tlwm~ lici--r" hi73A " tPflg.. lyook """"jz.olM4nlllk t'<"yk.
Axu -> Tru ..

h u - > Fd...
h u - > {Tru e. Fallfl}
FraIH -> True

Gri d!..inu -> Aut
h ea Labfll -> {z
.... mhljAt
h. rajrolj.. a koonlilliWok'n~l,...k"'l
Ut IU r"JowI kuotdi,J.8.t3-Il"Itgl'l,...kPI
'"",k Z I"ngt'lyt r.. jwl; {Fd . ... True } rsak 1,1-(
k,'n''''''~
tic
.I.y.......... l
Ti ck. -> Au t omati c
rfto;o>t r"j""l
rAirjll" wnll:..ly..kr .. Il7. adott kif,'j"''''",,k..t ; I", 0..<1< >'gy ..... U
"'''It...-l..... "" I,.. ~ik""'rr".,.. y-. "'r"""IH,Jig " :- !<'ulI:<'1ylf' t,!<7.i: ~"":W"ll;. 1l7...,.. karaJct".n<orO"~.at ....WWK -k.:'ut ...J"udo meg.
1I11I<>lIl"tiklll< ~kAlahco,,"""". "",il Tick s -> lone S('Jl)I,'1:".it t,;,,;l
Iv. Z . ilIdvc az y-t<:"g,'ly (';7.f' Il IwJy"iu lJj"gj"I"uiti "
20_2 Abril2. fuJtKVen yek grafikus abrazollL'lll

A M~l""'m~tiu II f<lggv<'''yt''I v;nofiku" All!"b.oIiuoAr" 81~"'if, IltNliLA"ok1ll'l1 TPI1d..lk...<ik_ A
Pl ot :! [r], [z .X_, I -..1
(20.83)
ur.."IM IlZJ fiiggvi'" yt gr afi k lL...aJ' tU>r0i.7.olja 11:0< X
.1"_"'.1" = z-. ,!,ti>k..k k07.otti UlI .. rvalJUlIlha.n _:\
M~th~m~t iu hcbO Bigorilmw."jvall"1lf'1Iw. "13 {\~v ..ny.. rti>k-tiihuw..tut .... "" ,hhOl ...Jiodo f<-wc;vi'ny grAfot a KI""fiklll'l elem .. k f..rha&'m1.fi...Aval li,hrl"""lj...
f\
1\
"kM..h...",,,t"",,kat
-s
20.5. 1.4. A graflk us ftbrflzol{\l'i l'iziutax il'ia
1. A graffkus obj"ktu OIok f"li'pft""'"

H" az ,l,"",kh,;] ~t<>!lku>< "bj,hllll",t kdl fdipft<lli;llk...k k"r c1o..,.i'r m" 'll!u nk "IIJ' Ii.lnt II m'1tf"lplo
"hj,..kt uul<lkr6! ",wk fillul"t";VlJ:
{obJdt",.obFlt~ .. . l.
(:lO,ij2,,)
~.
' f\
,,
Iul:;]:= P lot,Si n~2.c1. [z. -
o.
V
V,
20 .3, all,,,,
ZPi 2Pi}]
A M~them .liu "k kor a 20.3. flbrat rlljzolja ki.

L Athll t 6 , hngy itt " M~ lhem.tic~ ,,]011' !>f';i.l!it oU ~IILfi "
k u~ o p<"io'lkllt h""".m\l t .
~ ,
AhrA7.0ljuk IlSill2z m~v"nyt". - 211". 2"'1in1.<,tval-
lul1lhllll!
A t,ul\l"1Ylkt't aUlolllllt jkl1,.. n t",:~mj zo1t.a . h""UI"".t"

..... ['I,lIta Il mogf..lplll J'-i-:< .If""k,..l....rt i,k..k~t_ A,. i.~ la l
11"",,>. hOI'S It" ,I,;ro h,,,,llit,,tl A.p" ct Rlltio ,,",,ri ut "
It'l.i'l,......ltk1ll"lt"""""a"..lly.. : I 0.618.
2/} ,tj,
1030
Az IlIputFonl;% lI~t"-u kl-thptjiik a ~rafiltUllobjf>kt"m pamlll"wI1'illck r~IM<"7.i-N"t. A f"nti ._;1<1"

~1."'I1 crt1' IL7. "I..bhi vA],vrt.t kl\pjllk :
CrapblCl a {Lll1ell l -6,2K.111l531171795137. 4.9Oll5938196.J.t..m. lit - 16}.
{62J:\31b53071795."l;. - (4.911059JS1963WI . HI' _ lo ))}]}}.

!P lotR.&nge-> AUtou.tIC . AapeCtfl.atI0-> Gold..nllat lOA( - 1).
DilplayFuncti.oll > SDb ph yFun ct i oll . Col orOut put - > Auto:uti c .
hn - > Aut CIIU.ti. c .lJ:eIOngll1 - > Aut ou.t i.c . Pl otLabd - > lOll".
A
Sl:lo,,[g.oprui.tj
(20.llti)
tjT"l m"ltiel"wti a 9 gra.lik'IIIobj..ktUUKlt. ,I.. Ugy. hogy 01_iOifdiilirjB.lt 9 ..".,,,u,ti ,,['dolt.
A grafik\L~ objektumok li~tajAr.. vunatk07.o
Sho,,:Craph iCBArrey :lL.taJ
(2O.S;)
IltNIitN!ooal egymA.~ mel);. lOU- ""ID' """lO.-li~ lwi-lrixformAl...u t",ljult P1.....' obj<'ktWlIoknt plf('1Idt-"ui,
20.5. 1.5. Ket dlmenzios gorbek

I.
Ex poot"nci <i.lu. fiigg~'''oyt''k
F.Y-'m' tOOb l"IJMXIPnciilIi>I fi'AA'-..:-uyt
Epllog - > {}. .I..IuStyle-> Autou.ttc. BackgrOUl:ld-> Auto...tic.
~dt.-16m
OefaultColor-> AutcalOtlc Dehult Follt > SDefaul t Follt .

Fn . .Tl ckl - > Aut.....tic .Fr_l.Ibel - > IMe. Plo tRegion-> Aut out i c .
tFo ~tType }
T"""'t"srAiikll""brltt"m lrfr4NoItolt ~1AbOIli.ll Ax plM .. Lane ~"" ..~ tartIIiJ.- alW'mrntulfl&i {z. I/o} ""lO' (z .. z,) root,toIt. mclrr-It "bb..n .. lIOJTf'Ddben~ko.I WllIlIAII <--Itot...,.
JrkI-.hrn 2,.... l1t ~V>l.i Itilll jzo!ja .. fi~y ktP!~ tilrtomftn~'at. A rnNoodik ~U1
IL7. adoll ,r;ra.lilo:Aban.lwv:nAIt OJ,,iOIuo.l WWnlAQll- LiltbatO. bogy ."....It mind,.J&p he V1WMk allit,,"
PlotRaAg" !lUhAlyo.",.s .. ""'!J"lPnit'" ~t'''KWapjat : M IIfK1llD"'lII1lIIla Aut out i c . Akkrn- .. "llUt""hy
griofj"bOl .. kfprrnym. CMI\k " liI.vulo.~. iwWl rontok nw-...m..Jr.Iti. do> ~hkPut "grftfol DmI ,,~It>
"'m ..:J u!rol-&liilr61. ""w b..:Jrol-j<,I.hrot . DilphyFunctlon MK'llYlPI1tlllllAi .. tno:Vlmit~ tkry.>t '" lIP'
I~t ( .Iti-prm~.,o; ..oot t ltit('J';...;tt....'1 fijlok . "h.l hAt.\rozz.ilrrI<"f1;. AI>\pi'rt.. I~" SihlphyFUllct lOA.
aw.i .. Jti.p<Tn~iit j<>IPlIti. ColorOutput " m,,&j..4,,"it{o,ot<tinct allitja h... ami Iffio:.t .. ""w-Itr Amyalal. ""y
3 . ill. 4 ~ kc""ttko' bUDrI!lll AZ Aut ou.t i c ArgllrIlf'lItllmmal a Mathoem"tici--r.. hl7.7A" bo,;y
hoi ~k "IlYn ....... t .. t<I~,.]WIt : hPIV\"!lP {z . V} ~...ottle..z ...mP1szi-<pont. Plotl.lbella
irno'1 ...-lj.. IDf'!. ami 1r;>Il.uaI ..IlIl.Ar...-l. A l~ _bA.lyAi ugyAnll7,Ok. mint Ax. .l.Ibel/-i. Prolo! ...
Epil o g ..-gft;o{>gh-eI ..16lrtu.ljlllt. !loltv mily.." ~t.6l1:ra.lik\L~ obj.. kturu Ill'nll"on "15-...10
ilJ..t...
llt<'>ia,I{ .. fOohjPkt,"Ub.t.:
ArJl,'IlI"'l111lm. miut jf>knieg i". "'...k hiiur"", rrmtatj .I..Iu St yl
wlIlI:'"
1,.1t u"ltirl.."itn-i 1ll....\jiLl qal"'-lyu-.a.l\: f<l PM"""''''ff'i .... nw i~Wlro.. Dul:liD& Thi ckne "" . V>LWlliul
a""inam~'alat<'t h.."'WO Kue, BacltgroUDd .. hAtt<'r l<7.i.tJ'l iillitj.. l>c. DefaultCol or a pOlltok. "".WLi.u:.
"tb. S7.iru"n"k h..illil-A><.V.. "Ni" Detaul tFollt " hPll1kffllt"t ltiv.ilaRtt.aMr-a "".o4t;aJ6 rg)'ik "I"'W (" lUi!<ill. a Tu:t St yl e ). RctateLabel -> Tru. ,,al,]id,,tjiik. hogy a fiil',golrg<'" wllJl:..IY'lI """lI'Vlt'I dm!fiiggi'llr'V",,ujd ..n,jrn m..". Frue - > Fd". bat:.......;"lIZ "br.. n"m 1<=. k,,",lt ..1 koriil""....,. Fr u eSt yle
a k..n't 4 "l<l.wul;.k lll"'Ri.. I..nftJ-ooo! I<ZI\hluy,,""'..... Fru.Ticks a k,,", t 4 ok\AlAnak ~kAI ..t...oo;r" l""""" valo.
Fr u ..l.Ibe l ,,4 n!,Wr" k"r;ll<lrlmkl-kr61 gtJuuo<k()<lik, Plo t Regi oll l'7.ahitJY07;7~'\. hORr a kl-!, h"hy...l~t tol\.l;< Iti M "hta.
!IZI",..J a grllfika mar"oit I..h..l ....1.. l...it.llitAni. I u.geSiz:e " k~1' ml-t<"'t
Imt"'",,,,,,, lIl('g. n,'nml-.'l.tA~i l'''l1t"kkailtif,-j,,,..\'('. Tut St yle a feliretok 1... 1(Iki~I"'H. 1...l l1t il' '''''' t . 87.1
nf-t "l'AbA.lyuaa. V"w'il Foru.tTyp" aldpl,t<k "tihL"';'nak h..it..llilil.siLr" "1116. Ml'llIll"!ti<1t\'f"'tziik. h"lO'
" l. i ll" 'rtl'k,k kiY"ill ouJr. PlI,Y"" ... hunk Ill"!:. II fiiggveny grMja.t ..Jlwt6 ~., k l<"ir"""'t kihalO'tnk"
"ii.II\.~~I,ul. Ha "" a.lm'mIMoIl k,'....:;!>!> vi\!w"t"tni "kar unk. ak kor 3 tll'1l"ii.ltll'~tatolt <>1",i"t,""oJlitlwoola,t
"Plr;> tut""it""twl a lt~t, f(; IItll1ltlll'nt""I: .. fiif:K\''''Il'' i"II a7.illt..rv-dlum utitu kd l fd "" rului, IllY a7.
IU[61 := Plot[Si llj2r) . {r. - :lPi. 2Pi}. Asp41ctRltio-> I J
(:.ItJ.I:4)
uta><il""" kim,"pt i AhrM IlZOW'" r _'''' y_ . krll" l><'o!<'ltAA"'" jl'l..nftc",; 111' '1': .
A Plo t -ha n 'g)'flZprr.. to],], "pdbt is 1ll,",~lltatlll\k.
A kiivrtk ..tli t..."i l..l:
Pl ot [{fl!Z). MrJ.. .}. {:r,.r....n........ 11
'10' Ilrafikn8 >l.hrAn ltiY.<o.. lntervallumon liihh fiiAAVI-llyt >l.htkwl.
(Id.
n.
old .) ' brBzol >l t.bttlem"t ica & kovrtk...m bevit ..lnek
( 20 .4... ibra);
In lll := f \z J := 1" r: g
kotatel.lbel-> True. Fr.... -> FaIn. FrIl2eS tyle-> Aut oaa t i c .
103 1
I'c ldlUr.;'ntMr4=ljuk" r iiggvl-nvr k ,.. ihr>bolNutk ~. f,jor.lPtbPn (101. "7. old.) I"'mlllil.tlltt ~[l>PkM .
.ulll.lbel-> lOll" . TICkl-> Aut o_ tt c . CudL l nel -> lone. Prolog-> {}.
IugeSae - > .lutoutlC . TutSty1e > rr" xt St yl e . For.sa.tT ype :>
Sz,i""t6gfpr.' gnlfika
or"": :_ 10"r ;
In!ll: = h,r"";:= (1/ 2tr :j!z ..j:= (1 E( .... k ,r ....: ._ (1/ 10)"r :
E7kir voI.tak
&;<
,u,rizol,....oo fi"lggvftl,.,1t <k-tinlci6i.. Az e*
rup;..r-Ilyt
unll kpll df'finiiUnunk. rcert
ll7.
MlIt~tica lx+pitett,.ot bdIoO NqvPu)"'. A mNoo<hIr. 1rphlh..n a ltovct\r<7J.l gnUilrWt ........."k loOt...,
Inl31 := pi
-= Plot J t 'rJ.h z ). {.r. -4.4} Pl otS t yl e - > DuhIl11.(O.OI.O.0'2}'
In I41:= p2 = Plo<{fJ?[r ' j z }. (or . -4. 4}

Inl5J :-=p3 = Plot '{g ... . k r }. {z. -4. 41. PlotStyle- > Duhilll {OOOa. 0.02.0.01. O.02}.
... If'ljt-<t.'' ( 20 .4 .a) abrio hE-muUltoIt Itrl""' .kk", kApjllk. b.a uq 0'7:t ill hrvit&lziik:
Inl6J := Sl:lO" :{P1.p2p3}. PlotRang.->
h>}. hpenRatio-> 1 21
A ~kwncm frtunk !<liiVPgf't. ok e:I i>o ...lJn, s lorn.." & lPf'gftojPl/I ,;noli.It'III "Iem<-It f~"",,.
A PlotStyle opci6i~."j tudjnk .. firggvi'nygrMok ~iliH'-t bd'n1Y""':'l~i. ("Z("1t .-gyike a flI/U'
Oalhilll' ... Pl otRange a Sho" "I)'ik Opci{IJA.. PlotRaDge-> {d.b} M1MAta lIZ "bLOI, a llZPfIlp<>ntbOl
mCR "'-"Ill do>linWt tCDg<"ly d (.,. 6'm-i> k It,xtr n.--!P003lAt!W.o.
to.
i>'lD':t
'ITt..
m""
-4
hi
20.... Abra.
2. Az y = x + arcth xfil gg"'my

Az [.rl > I_re ,-jdin i"l t "rdh r fiiAA"hly (2.10 "z"m~" Ill. 9~. 01<1:) t ul"jdotlAAg"-oi fi~,I~"flll ...~{>td~"('1
az y = .r + arc th z fiil(g"o"nyt a kiivd k"z(;kl-p)l('ll tudjuk iihl'"",ull1l (uIlv,llIz IIrrth 1" ~'''lt.,u. rllggV""y.
a Mathematic" AAj M c11l"V<''l''''''''!. kdllr>l.~""r,lt,,,nk):
Inlll:" J I = Pl ot [:r + ArcCoth (r) .{ r, U)I)l)llOOOO()l)lI,'l, ; 11
1..(2):= J 2 = Pl ot [r + ArcCot l:l [...j, ( r. -7. -1.000lll)lltllJtJtltJ5)]
1032
Aspe ctRat i o - > Autoaatic!
Inl3j :_ Sbow (fl . 12}. Plot Range-> {- 10. IO}. "'s~ ctRati o -> 1,2. Ti cks - >
{{{-6, -6}. {-1, - I}. {I. i} . {6. 6}}. {{2.5. 2,5}. {lO.lO}}}
Az r';'rlilukh<-, I .... -I k'-lI'liol"'!l n,.,;yon kO'l.1'1 mentfink. hogy a kivi\.nt Ittllrtomilnyloall pleg Il"lO'
y-crtfkrkrl t",ljllnk ilhrfll',olni. Az <"fP<lm;'nyt a 20 A. b libra mutaljlfl.
Inl31 := Paraatn cPl ot :{t - 2 Sini/j, I - 2 Cos t ), {to -Pl, II P1}. h~ ctRati o -> 0.3]
hPv(t .. Upl a 2, 13.2.-ban \foirt tl'O"hoidot (1.-1. 104. ,,1,1.) A1>r1':fAlltuk, ( 20 .7 . ilbra ).
3 . Bessel-Jiiggvi- nyek
Az ..tabbi h(..,w,kbJ plMlHtjuk Il J~ ( : ) BESSEL ffiggv;'llyt'k grafjilt a.z n _ 0.2. I ... 11 = 1. 3. 5 M-Vhk,....,
2
0
Ia[11 '= /)JU _ Pl ot [{Bes n l J ,0.: . s.nelJ 2. : . Be..elJ ~~ . z]}.{:. 0.10).

Plott.atNIl-> _1( 11 :) 11 = 0.2,4"1
(a!'ll := IlJ\ = Plot {Be...lJ I.: Be ne lJ ~3 . I ]. BesH lJ 5. 1j}. [a. O. !O}.
Plott.abd-> . )(11. :) " = 1.3.5(20.Nl)
IaIJI . Sbo,,:Crap.blCSArra)' (/))41 /))11
Emwk bat""".. a M..t"em..llU ...-.kM. Il fUu;W1lY'!'kPt ~ mellett kk kour-di~hI'Dill..
rilzoljA (20.5. "bra ). Crapb1csArra)' {fl. 'h. .} . ill. CraphicaArn y {{g,.. !1l2.... I. .} ~D
I lluai grafik\110 objd:tllU>olr.. aulI'tyrkM " Muhem.. tiu egy~ ~kon. <'gym-. lUI'lIt-tt ""10'
tAbWAthAn hoi; INw. A Crapbic.-boz ki-J-t "C 1,j opciOjll van. AlllPII}'f'i """'"" tiogWa look tAYt>idAt
(ffipl ~hiu. A ti-EIY~ llJC'lUrlmit..... Il seev M,I"""'" tOr1hrik 1Dl"g.
25
~2
h)
.)
Jln. z) ... 1.3.:1
e
ce
"02
10
1-5
20 .5.1. i . Fdii lf'tek es tergor bCk a brfLzola..;a

20.::'. wr&.
20.5.1 .6 . Go rbek parame t eres a brazo lasa

A Ma l"em ..tiu wn,lPlk<'uk eJ.:Y <>IY"II Mp',,i"ij,. gr..ti.kUllut..... itill<t<llJ.. llJ<,Uyd I.....""... l.n'" 1\I..lr.1""I1 ""IoU
fjj~"'i'ny ,ko.tldL<'t Mmu"lui. Az ulN;il"" ""~ rlu.,..clt &. hal<tm,lata lllcgatOl "rtpt,,,lo:
Par ~ tr1cPlot IUr(/), 1.\111. {t.l l t2}]
(:ltJ,tl9)
I...h" t"""'g ~1\n t.ol>h rmrl\mH.."", gilrl,, ki\7i't1< grllfikAn """6 AhrAwrnMrll. Eh h"". " f,," ti ut.....lt....I"'"
egyetlen piLrhplyMl1l nl<'lIJ,-.I"]~ fiiggvo'UYI ",ruk lislajilt lu.,11 lll<'gadnuuk. 0l't'ii>i IlgylUl"mk.mill t" Pl e>t
opcioi. A1: .hpect R&tie>-> Aut o_ t i c 01"'i(,_11I M ~th .,m~t ;c .. ..,.. ",,," yt lhb,,,>L7.......tl ...n i~ 1\7. "Iahllt
""nyl'1\.... r "" v-irAnYII kil' rJ, ~I,.,.;br,] 1l1l1.ArozUl m"K ,
A 20 .6 . 'brAn ""r",-ol t 1.... lIl1lit,r<'I< &;irl>i'k "" anhi""..I,,,,i "pi n\! (Id, 107.01<1. ) A< IOl:aritmih>t Sl'il'N
(1.--1. Hill. ol.-l.): 1l7. ot tani 1'0IiU"kooriHnM"" "lakh<ll a = I "" k = 0,1 vAl""zt""""" ti-r l.illlk li.t a rmr"'nH....
r"" rp.
A m<,p;f,-,!,'lo hpvjl,,-.I,,k
Inlt] :- Par&lle tricP lot I{t Coalt). t S1n[/H.
it. o. :JPi }, JlspectRlltio - > Autollatic1
Inl:.!1 :"" Par....tricP lot I{Exp[O, It! Cos)]. ExP:O,ltj Si nit]}. {t. O.:.IPi}
A M..t"em.tiu Ieb.,l.<ioi~t ny'ijt hAromdim<"ll7.i<'wIltr..tikUM ..k-ulPk Ilhrkr.n\N;ftra. A ki'ulilIK'llZii.. .....-1:h.".1J.Ilsonl&w.."illilPk rpl" hilromdifTWTI7......ltrAfiUk. UlPl"...kpt kl1lonOOaii opd6k alkallU;wL"';'VAl kliJOnoodi IX'ThIX'k!ivakl>6J \AthH-t unk. l.ch.>tJiIo{'K ''lUI " IrArol1ldilIl''f\zi,'" "'rlIPn fpliil,,!.<k. ""'-"" ki>\ ,11.1107.0,;
fiiAAV"fl~ k, V&1alllilillerbell p"<lun;.l.c ~r1,{'k .. 1>rli;~...lMAr.... A hArom<lim(,,,,..c..j.,'Tafik'I~,-.I"lJK'k ~.
,,"'.... Imr t ... 120.::.1 tarW~. f", kPt I\Z .. l,m,k<t u,v"'llut;)' kpU kl'7.. lni. mint "zl l\ k;.t<lim"mcii,..
_hf'ntMtiik ,
1. f plUll'tl'k grafl k us abrAzolllsa

A Ple>t30 ula.siliLl\ "g)' kl'lvNWw.. fUll8vo'ny .... "'rtdll"'~ t.. rtouU<IlY"n"k (ami PR.V li~lalap) mpgadli."al. vArja pi:
Inll :0= Plot3D it !r . sl, [z, I",; r .... I. {y, II", y..... 11
(20.90)
h I mindpn opciora 11.7. alaph..a.lliti\l'l ('rv;'lly"'"
Az : 0= r 2 + i fiiAAVr,uyre IlZ
Inl 1I ; 0= Plot3D [r " 2 + y"2. {r. -5. Sf. {yo -5. 5 I. Ple>tRang.-> {0. 25}]
bevit-la 20 .8 .a ahrat aIlitj .. do. ahola Ple>tRallge "lwir, II klv'''ll : _ 25 htH kel s:2 ylJ.lz. - 2. 2}, (Y. -2. 2)]
II 20 .8.1. abrat ", Ij ".
1032
eo.s.
1031
Sui",iltJ,gipe. grujika
1035
.e
','f m
Au
yo';"
3.
.-\ZII
kelt!"
-r
-,- 0 . S
.,
.)
h)
20.9, aI,r...
2. A Plot3D opdoi
E.zm utNoil:Uw-n
opOi:>v.J n-udrlkcrilr...... 20.26. t;!,blazatban .,...J,; nfhAuY"l "oxohmlr. frl . 20jtl"AliItAhOI ~Itrt It I
iIIrni-tt'ljiik """ft. 1Ilf'r'1 """k ...3-dimrm:~""....-t11" ht<-~n AtvibM~
,.\ Mit~.tici---ban tavibbi lIlattita.ooll: """Ioakn1lrt1Mol-, kont1lt. oaIop-'" -Jttordillgramok. -Jamint

a kioonhO&t'l dlAgiamtiptl"Ok Iwmbiniri6i ilriaoIUar... ~ ...... toYabbi a lVafikU& ob.iE'ktlllIlOll:
tOhbfaj u. k rt.--~u kivitclfr.. a krp.,myoo klvlil m4lo a&tbotdozlJra;" {pI. ra j2ol6}.
A LoR ~:o; z..Att raktor almi.jAt (Id. ~ I, old.) a "bt~itiu ra polta.
',,"Ill
2tl2ti tAh14zll.t A Pl ot 3D fObb opdoi P>. bt....llk
eo..d
Hlddu.SurflOte
Vi.IIPoi Dt
.,1h1o hoNiJlllo!t kti'kP True. fehUM kOri.iI bAromrliIllf'rWl>o lu-met rajzol

f'l&e bMUil WI. True , felillM atlat.szatlan~4t en<ilnPnyoozi.
~t.4ro=a. tk i1.ZOll. (z r,:) potItjiU. . melybo5l. f.IUktt-t Pf'l"lIJ'f'ktiv ilr.u-n
.....uMIJiik. EJ6n, t.ea.llftott I-rtfk {1.3. ~H .

PlotbD& e
AM
fugg
~;I
A21
(1<1 ,
rr!<n
A
Ill'
h)
2O.S. iWra.
"'*
20. :
2.
..1&.. l....uJit_ Trua... ..l.iilM.Pl AA.tirozza. hhe ."..,u.n f..bk frIflwlf'1 kIIi"mlr..
If'1lli\d... pAI'h,,~ fiiAA~ sikok &. ... f..liiIct u~ vaI.
" UU arguulf'nlunmu 3 kti'k<- ka..t: All: {;:,g. z..,..}. ilk-t wo
{{z_,.c... }. {I/W II-.} . {::.mm. z.....}}. Az ibra koor<ilnAW",14nOlI "Uitjllk
be p-k lNw1:ll"k {_ iD. AutOlla ti c} aUtkUak i. . ElUre l>t-41lit ",,: Allt o..t i c.
II...J)"lf'k b><UWUIl. a Uvoli izoWt ponl.ok kimar ...hllLk.
lit kii!<'ll i/o fd hh'jllk" n ~ lm'1: .. VlI'lIPoiDt opt:"iOrll. m"llycl a mind"o kori frmkot<-l l'~ JM'I""
p..kttv.......l lndjll k Ithr41.olni.
3. H Aromd im ..n l i6lo obj..ktumok p>lram"teres ;ibrazolisa
:\ 2,1i1llf'nzi"" ('Mth P1: h......Ilk't.ll itl is t"dun k 1',u-am{tI.',,,,,,n lllegNlot t ohj pktumokal "hrltwlni. A
un.
PU&MItrl cPlot3D !{/z:t. Il], Iwll. 11.], I.[t,

{I, t m in , t.....}. {II. . '......., 1I,...... }]
III""itM 'ogy l"'rl\lIl(>tf'[ffIala khau ".-Inn f~lii lptrt raj zol ki. a
Par&MItr i cPl ot3D !{Jz[t], I.[t], I,
I'. t mm, m... l]
l>Nli!\ "IlV hAromdi mrn zi{110 1l/IT!Ull<'t." rr!< Riiroct !thrA""'!.
A 20 .9 .a ;""20 .9 .1. i1brAknt Il."
Inp ] := Puuet r l cPl ot3D [{Cos ;tj Cos ln], SiD[t ] Cost'll], Sin;u]}, {I. O.2Pi} ,
{u, -Pl /2 ,P i / 2 }] ftl
lul4] :"" Pu ..-tricPlc t3D[{Ccsilj. Si nlt], t/ 4}. {to 0, 20}]
HtMjt.....,k hfYI.7it.k Ipu...
In.
(20,91)
(:ro .~2)
(20.!lJ)
20 .5.2 . Grafi ka a Maple-vel

20 .5.2 .1. Ketdimenzlos grafika
fiiuven~k grafik ,,,, ilhr&zolAMt a IlZAruoIo opOOvaI ~11tt'Z6 plot ulattititl batMA:ra ""Pi
PI. A brment"ti fiiggvt"nyek JE.bM.~k ~tosOo< nplicit fiig vklyelt. paramt'te""",n..totl fiiggvionyelt:
i'A ~ poutok ti!<tAi. A Mi~ a ....m..ueti ff,",,",yb61 bironp ""1M IIlgoritmUllOk lIZt'rint
lTtt' lrtiblAzatot keoWt . mel)'1lE'k POlltjain "KY apU-ljkNNJ IiUlII.st'irbh ~tt't iI.t. A lVafika JE.i:r......
"1!Y iinAU6 kOrnyt"Z"tbcn van..... ~"k16 If'lKLczrTlltulu..oltW b..ort.tT........ thetO ... munbdolmJJlt'!ltumoItha. ill. megft.ld6 fonrni.t umban ... nyorut&\.(ira v..,;y 10 ra j-ora kivihtt6. A kfilOnOOzlj kit.erjntzUsoJ
lik-k;'m tOrti'n6 kivite l a plotaetup llt....iu.-J tfutl>nik;t"ltut4n u upon mmiipontot h-ll baltzn4lni..
.0\ Miple
1. A U t di m..nziOs g rafika 8zin tax isa

A kkdimcnzio.. plot ut.N<itM .u...ptrukt,:U-i ja.;
p lot (funrl. hb . tob . opIiOJUJ );
(20 .94)
A plot ~Wi ergumentuma e kiiVPtkf'Z6kt>t jPl"ndwU '
a) ''lO' valo. v3lt0z6 valOoo erti'koJ filggvM.)'f', 1,1 1(; ):
b) egy fiiggvt'nYUpe!Cli.tor. Ul,.]yet pl. a lIyl1>o7.imbOhlhlh.al IPt,..llM.....bo-41i;
c) pgy valo.. fiiggv;'ny p>U'ami>tpr"" aWtja. am..l)'f't /lZ (,,(t), v(t ), t = a..bj liAtJlll 1<-. IIhoII = a..b"
1"""lllM.'ttartonumyt jeloli:
d ) to!>b . ''!:Yiitt ahn\zomnd6 fiiggvi'ny halllll\:1A, vag)'
"hoi I\Idm4ci6 esetfn a eorrend ill fOlllo8 1u.I.Aj ,,;
e) "".Amok (I"'''... ..ok dCIIl\l) Ii><Uja. mely.. k PgyUlM ul.4ni pontok (r, If)-koordinAtAitjelentik: f\ kepernY'; l1 Il. K7-(>n,~zMOO' ,rertfk,>khf'Z lart07.ok ff1"' Jw;,c,A1 1.....l.llf'k"""'7."'ilit ve,
A t<.,lj,.,w.g ketlvc.:"t Ill'1\' htr!......tt"""ilk, hogy djltrAlookkal ,1..lilliAitfiiggv('l1yt'k i>l kepc-Lh"tik az utaBlt""
,,1,..'1 arglln,,nIHmAt.
A hb nulsoflik arli\mIll'l1tulll 1\ fUggptl..n vAlto-;.o illl.prvIIlJuml\, <'"I.t r = <l. ,b elekban kell m..gadni. Ha mt
I\1i argulH.'ntumot nom a<ijuk mPp;. ..kknr a Miple "ul<1m"tiku>Il\lI '" -10.. 10 inh'rvallumot has'!.l1Alja.
l.Rb",-""!:'""" egyik hat.Arholl" - 00 l.</vaKY a mAl<ikho-l." + 00 nzilllholiku.~"rt~k..t hO'Ll.Mm,ddni. A 1'1>
h,u"lJU>.d ik I\rp;umenlum n fiiggO. (.<lI,;,t 1\ fiiggill,'K'''' t'>nK"lyenltbrkwlt viltO'w rrt..lm<'"l.rm tllrtomAllyilt
"!.ahA/yo-I.""'. Ezt iK If = a..b a1akhall k..llm''K"dlli; ha Mit ..Ihagyjllk ..Jrkora Miple 6KY hti, h<>KY C'!.t"
20.5.
1036
tartorn..v.yt Il fiiKll~twn valt.<w'k tNt<uuAuyAlUlk !>Olltja.ihoz hoz~.Ar~ndclt fiij~R"'''',y&t/-k~k hatAr0z7.Ak

lJl<."R. Ez ukor ok",z l,rohli'nLlIt.I" ..,d d All[..bbt1l a tartolllAny ban van <'KY p',lll,J, ..ly. t..hAt Ilhol "'RlllAhh
lIZ "IO.;k oIdali hatAri'rto'k cc E~ht . ha kllt~"". korlilt.m:zll k a fii~6~ tIlrlOIlU\llyt!
ToVRhbi ....gmr...ntlllnoklu'nl Ill~",lh ..runk I'lQ ""RY whb opciOt. mclyr'kct a 20.27. tliblbat tllrtN~.
polArknn r<linAW ~liIAt rlctinW; "'" f'Ir.O l"'l"mM",,'''''. oriW>t61 vctl

nWoodik .. >IZiill
IlIf'P'IjIl. Il pfibl kidmilntt NlOIIlOpootjamllk minimAli' ,.zAmAt
(aIArtw-AllitM 49 ).
az al..-li.zda< vlmozintl'll irAny6 ""ll>ontaN\.t adjll. ki-ppootllD lI.u.vb.31li
tNo m .. 200)
bMllitJall3 rtnw'!y.-D bl-jo-lOIl s~ti>ook lIZNMt (&0 l.-..oo.w
ytl<;UuU 'I ""Jt"t<'~ly '--ta-Wa.k..-.tArn&t)
a J>OfIwk o-.".kolP.oo're hamw:lfokll "\>liM-inI#'POIAdot lwwW
Ii,""" inl~llwtznAlllff'llti riolrIl
.-k a polltobt ;.IOIi
<imo't wi .. ~k4nalt; ill T ~trilJ,-tipll,r"l vAltom
> rticb4rk. '" 2,yticilaarks = 2):
re.olutiOll = m
rt i ckauu
_ p
style _ SPLIIE
style _ L1JE
s tyle '" P01JT
t it le
rr:
)'
20
> plClt ({. i nh(.r). co sh (z). tanh(:r). cotb (rll , s = - 2 1..2.l. ~ = - 2.5 ..2.5 );
llr.-ita.. no'gy hipl'TbolikUII f;iggv/>nyt (10. 90. 01<1.) k~ Abrfwolll. 2O.10.b abrAD. ( Az L .... '" III.
sikllClQ"-"dI:M" ""'; ki>t KOrbe ..g)'liU Nk otj a a ctb(z ) m~illYt.)
2.
Besselruggvenyek Az ..u.bhi kk utNoit.M

> plot t{Besse lJ(O . ~). Beaad J (2. z). hudJ(4 , Il }. : = 0 . 10) ;
---
----:--
-4
-)
ki .....,....
,
z
bJ
IlAAOnl6lln icbM: "lQ';'b. II. M~plehen ,1<finiAlt "[>""iAIilo ff~nY"'k<t AbrAzolni .

P araIlle t " ...... Abrllzolill A
> plot ([t . co.(t ),t io(t) , 1 :c 0 ..3. P i ]) ;
3.
(20.97",)
hi v"'-J. ka..,juk" 20 .12 ... i bra Ror hi-jrt .

A kOYrtkez6 ut...JW eredmeny.. (20 .1 2 .b abrll ).-,;y tr .... hoid (Id. 104. oM.; A = I. tf>hAt ""'..It06 kf't.t.6Iipou kok I\Z .r-tengelyre ..,;nck ). .. r.ueov..tk~ l1O' hi l"'rbolik UII 8pirAI (Id . lOS. oM., 20 .12.c a bra ).
> plot (!t - sin(2 1).1 - cos (2. I),' - - 2 Pi..2. P i]);
(W.97b)
> plot ([I /t.t,t = 0..2 . Pi] ,r ". -.5..3.5,<;ootd. '" polar ) ;
(ZQ.'J7,,)
A coords = polar ol'd6 h...l rwvll1l1 ',bple 1< IlMllm('t<'r<" Abrfw>l....l l>"lackoordiniltii.qnak int<>rpretAlj1<. MCRi'KYWllJU.hogy .. M~ple k(,!.... 1< 1>6lll""k kow'U".""" : <1O" 'nC!lM"-,,Iwttr~N h..lyl'1lf'l'1iti f'gy kiiz","
fogo pontl'Mhoz tartozo p;rMl"'lltok kot~)lt 1< iiAAvi'nyL A jel"11 '... ll ,.. II"Z,," blUl m"'g P/Tf'~inc~ .../.iikf....g .
4 X
' )
m'n "'..... = 3,t. mi"tt
Peldak kHdi m ,'llzi6,. grl!.f1kArA
Ex pone-ncia lia P.t! hi p..rbolikm, fiilal:v"ny...k Az ..Lib!>i utasita..;

> plot t {:t' T, Hi ':r , (1/2r"r, ( lj IO)">:.exp{L), I je>:p{r )} , .r = - 4..4. Y
20. 11. .bra.
2 X
20 .10 . Ab ril..
2.
1.
(20.96>1.)
> plot t {Bu .. lJ (1. I). BeudJ{3, I). Be... U (S. z)). z = 0 , 10):
l2096b)
az .. booS bAmm-bArom J(n. z) BESSEL-fiiu vm y1 rajzolja
(20.11.& il.bra) ee pAI"Iltlftn n..-lkl
(20. 11.b 'bra).
.J
-2
(20.!K>b)
H-mU:wl.Il 1l
Ha ~ P"'fikAMn f'IYl<U'lT" tOhb fiill.rklyt .u..n.nk AbrUolni. akkor a M~pk ezcl: jl;o,h;'it rrndIozrru,t
kUlODbOzl5l<1.iDl'kb-l YlIgy " tProm nagatott VOIl1lWi:b.ljelmiti fIIf'g.
GTllfilru.. ..hilct.M1 flit<) M~~V'l'niOban k ~ van arra.~. k>.'ixvrlleniil a grafikAu luojllk '" Pl ot
opcionAIiIo P"J'UTM't..m",,1 (!<Winlii16 mrn'll"'"to1r.kt<nt ulOia is) beallitlWi a ~iu.. blZOlly<M~
kotl."it: a mhetllrilu}-t ....... lIlaWi: "",,~I. fcIirataz.v.t. 3 dimcnriOba.n a ~I, a rd w..t&v1<ho!r;
wr4zolAM.t. '" t11g8~.1Do1;inl"'" miT'ti'k "l'iul'.";'t, a k;'p ~ . stb.
1037
,, 20 .10 ... il b ran hemu t ",tot t c.x!>o,,,,,n riAliAfilggvl>nyc kct h<Y/:l a Io't rc.
r.avoba&. a
DllapOl o t . - n
S~rimitdg~pt' . gmfika
!, kotletos me r... 1.
3. A plot s csomag
=
0..211.
A plots csomag ki...g""".ito'i gratikll~ ntMft...." kat 1~.rtll1u"\l\. A

poluplot (L.options)
(2O.91!)
103M
20. M"trmalah"
1"''9'''''''''''''''''!}'';;
20 2!:1 ti.hlAza.t A p lot3d "t...,.jIM r,o;hh 0J><'iOi .... hat....lIk
f\ f\ f\ (\
IIWIpO i nt s _ n
0.8
c.
.4
.2
-6
0)
o
6
b)
20.12. .ibra..
ut&oita.-l &Ol:btkd toouuk pol6rkoor<fiuAt.Aooa1a.kbaa &bc~. Az L !wI)"'>", tObbr( r'r ....1jrli'>h fi"lAA'
Wouvt irhal.unk. ka~ :W-6jdlwn frl.onWva. A M..plo: a .; v.i.lt.-'>t sz5gUnt iort..IIIW"Zi""" lI:iirbfllM. ..
mA.<ilr.tAnornAnyt. A!opriOIr.
- ". S r' S'" .....-~)bout4hr.bolja..hAl)PfJladtllOIr.IDPgegy
~. mim .. plot l.IWlil.NJol.
A
confo..-J. {F. r l, r2, opion,,)
(20.99)
l.It.v-iUfo az F komploox fiigvfny q l ~ "'Y dm-~ racs vonalai.t gOrbt-vouaIu .-....be; k~ Ir.
Az uj rBo<vooalak ....intiou drrt~bm mrt><zik rcm/u.1.. A kOt"'lezO r l alakja: z '" : , ,.z, . ..ooI ZI "' z,
az~ Lao1.omi.uy._a ~bal"'~jobbirWO'Iiaia.. A ll"'m kote....w:r2az4brat tal1.A1muO
AhW< ~t hA!ILrozzA n....11;. Itt All ..... phPA1Iitiort az AbriI.hOl ..dodO mAXimmnok ... minimumnk
..djAi<.
t...iUlitj.. " kilWlmft<ltt pout"k UlinimAlill !OZiI.mat (...:J" p!W1JJj"'" n

= 6 2.5)
grId = [m. nl
lIx-ghlltarozz,.. ... d..ro'luomg>1 rAoo <Iim..=iOjil.t; a trarn;zformAJa..~ uti..n
abrio;w1tuldo vfzRzint ..... illM.... fij~II'R."''''O''-''l1.."..jr 'IZ&rM m. il1ct....n
labe ls _ [Z. ll. :]
& t<'.W'I,...k lU''gDf'V~t ..dja m<'l!.. ha v..wudyik"pl"CiAlis kl..-akto>rekct tNtaIn~ . ...:t "J><l"Ztrofok kW krU "'llIU
ItJl. "',
.,
"rti-Ir.<i:
PO IlIT, HIDDEJl . PATCH. IIIREFlU.XE. OJITOUR,
PATalIOGRID, PATCIlCOITOORL IIE. aftll"lyci.krl a fcliill"l. Abrazo.
lumoojat ...Jjllk IIlI'lJ
u" '" j
j k1;'~ IPboot BOUIl. ' OMAL. FRAKE vagy 101E. Illlli_l a U'ng<'ty..k
abr~ II<ljuk It"'
coo r ds = e
.. It-1.uA1AudO koordiM~'rl pt'<'ifikItJj... 1PbPt.~ ert"k"i:
carteu . spheric al , c)'liDdrical: ..Iap~jt"": carteu an
pro j .el: lon '" p
p ~ 0 fool 1 1cO:.J,Otti lO7Jun, .. lI'U'IDi<'olol,i pl"np'-"ktlvlt.1 ~ 1DefI;:;
.....pbPAllitho) (~"' UPt;tAl). O ~ ~ ha.17Iz.Pmf>"T"p"'k
tiva
o n ellUtlOIl '" 'thda. phil IIZOIt ti-rbrii pont pnhi lronnIinittA<1 adJ& uq, arno"lybUla fo>hilPto>l
.....mIMJ11k. aluilror "pf>f'II .. ka.pnt 1 gnfikAt IAtjw.
"ieu '" :1 __ ~2
~j& _
.......... ziorti-krllM.. ~kkrl meg:IW:ArozotI vU:;zinte.<
..ckolr.kAl .. fo.Iijlovt I..viIJukft. '0' a 1r.i>at... rh7t bpjuk; alapbriJlita..:
azep fo.Iiik-t
wukiviil a plot3d llUL";u...
"f'ciOi
itt ... m~nR"'Iol\<,k. IIolIICIlIly ,l,..o
'-"ITt"
u ....-t.... ...:JlWffUlZhati>1r..
'1Ov,;,bbi infunuacii>kf'ITOIa .....~ 1Ll'. ir(l<WomhM WAlIIIOl6k.
20 .5 .2.2 . Haromdime nzilts grafika

Ki1. ffiAArlk-n vill.oZO fii~)+II",k, miur t.frlwli r..lw.-tll<'k a2. 4b~1l VIIY to>riwli &rirbi-k ""r f..
zolAMr.... M..plo:-. lw n .. plo t 3d llWitM 1IOW1gAl. Az run utal<it.lW;a! \i,tr-.,hozolt objPlrtUlDokat .. M..plo:
... la>tdim..n7.ic'J1l.-t1tf"l bAMllIlwl itt ill <'JO' kiilon .. bLo.kban AbriLzolj&. A;t ii.brftz<.>1&'VlAI rPlh. -nJi.lIII>tio
opci6Ir!<Z4rnA IUIOnhrm itt ""kbll\.lOKY0bb; kiiJ,OpO,. jdl"Ill<it<o"gii.k van .. llZf'mwl..ti P""'p"ktivAt t.A1llto
lr.i<'lIu;it6 opciOlr.nAk..
1. A p lot3d ut...it b n in talli&a
Ez ..... uWitJioo ~ kij!OuhOW !LWIh...1l Iuur.mAlhatl>;
a ) plot3d(f und , z = a..b,II = r:.d) . lIt ju,1d '-"R}' Ir.i1.vAIl<Y..... fiiggvffiy. .. f;igp;rtlrn vltJ\.07i>k "'-11.<>mAny'" x = a.. b, 11 ,. c..d . Az PT'f'<lm" ny rgy ti'Tlwli f..liilrt.
b) plot3d (f. a..b. c..d). Itt j ''lO' 2 -val t0:zi>8 0l><'ra tor Vft&Y elj iLriLs. p(>ldAullU1l it .. lIyilo l><'I'a tor !ow.otl
lfot,... A tartomAnynk m~nt llll Wddo vAll.o'LOkr... vuI", tkoz,,,,k.
c) plot3d ( [u(, . t ) . l'( " t ) , u " , t )l , ~ = 0 .. 1>, / = c..d). Az ~ .... t argn m..ntm n o', u.t ", u' k"tv"lt<",,{..
ruAAVhly<'1r. a ti'rl.di (dul"t Iwu.. ml'l!'Tt'l' n""g l'lliMluu\k koordineta- fuggveny.. i.
d ) pl ot 3d ([J . g , hl ,a,.b, c. ,I) AT, ,I&fiv..l ,kviv..J ,u,,; itt j, 9 0'.. h ketval t<Yw.. " ,)('r "t.orok . ill. ..lj"riu."k.
A p lot3d " vc r';'t.or o.o;u .. t.ovAhbi arp;lI111.. ul,llm.. a M..ploe-- o..n o pd o. A l<h~"" 0J><'iO""t .. 20.28. til l.
Ibat fogJ...Ijll o-tA'. E:e<'1u-t option _ "ri"! ll1..kban k..U hN<l, n"llli.
AT, o pc io k mlljd u <'mm illdl' lO'ik"lIlll llukafd iilt-t u''-'Kfddii llJ""lijc l>,," dcrhet<'l .~At.Alljth"',o. ll y mo. lo n
II f..liil..t AbriLwlWt. 1lt.ol"ll; mo.l<...ithn tjllk ""-IRY1{,uyl'i\''lICnjavlt.ha tj uk.
2. K i"ge..zft ll uta~itfu<ok a plot s clIOIlIagb61
A Illl\r l'lnlit.. tt pi ot. kiinyv tiLri...... 'mAg atprt,..li 7\laJr~",tDk ';'hrAl,oI"-""'r...tovft.h hi ld,,'l.o..rg.'k, t j,. "yi,jt.
El>l6AorMn ..mll tjiik II t./>q~or""k IIhrku>lw..alllu ,lp:iJ6 .pac.cu rve ntallit....t. E n!l<k ..lKO .. rgumeutuuw
hilmm '1O'p"r/llDft..r"" fiiAAV "ny li>;ti"ja, II 'll'i>Io<li k ,..-glUlll'IltUIll a J"'Ial llitcrLartomfl.l,yt 1I<\j1l m..g.
,
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"
-"
-,
I,)
~O ,' 3,
>
-I
-I
IIhra.
plot3d( [co. (/ j . cos{lI), d n(l) eos( 11). u II(II)I. t = 0 ..2 . Pi, u = 0..2. Pi )
(20. 100a}
> " pa ce cu rve([c os(/), . i n(t). 1/41, t "" ll..7 P I)

(20. 100b)
UtAAitlllll'iO" p<''''p'''ktivik' L'''U' M,rll",,11 gi;lI,h':it (20.13 .&il o rR) "' <>gy perepeknvikusen fthrft.;o-,olt t"rl".li
"Viral l ( 20. 13 .b ,;,bra ) bO't lM.r.. (ld, 20.9. Abra) .
fl .2. Fllw" rill",,,j,;k
104 0
21. Tablazatok
Gnwitacio'll' Al\an<l6
11I<l ukri6ll .-JlanclO
IlIll'I"fI("ia allauoo
M "l'.u L&glIt' tnn
21.1. Gyakran elOford ulo a lla ndok
,.,
1 -
.,
,~ ,
"l
F"",~ ..ak uwban
-O .OOO29OtI~. --
648iiOO
I&t' ..
Kw-.ikw;..lektronsug....
O.0l7WJ29J .
1' . - ' , '0<l0ll
LOSCHJt.IIDT-Al.IAnoo
~lagil(11l' lOl.knok
--
EIo-ktlOD
P"...
~l'Ut lOD
~lo1iuio. tkfopt
1n1O =.!.
,If
2~ ..
0.S7i21:ib6S ...
I'a
r;
h
11
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21.2. Fi zika i allandok

A tAhlJWIt mi ndAzon kt"krkpt tarta.lmiUtA, IlWlyook II. CODATA Bu llrtin ~o. 63 . ~OVl'luher 191-16 .w. pjAn a ~oot.-bb fi7.i1uW "11alltl6k 1~~ (E.R.- Cohen und B.~. T"yJor. Review of ~totlt"fll Ph)'>liol.
YoI.. :>9, :'in. 4. OlI:to/-N'r 19l'l7) kiM Y>Ulyb..n .......r"P"lllf'k.
P ion
AVOG"OItO al llln'j,6
Atorui ti'>~,.(>g
BOHR-lU;lf'(ll"tnll
Botln-~lIg"'"
BOLTZM"NN-A1111.fl(1O
COMPTON hullAlIlhOtV<l
EI"ktron
Neu troll
Proton
EI" kt w IllOOl tOlt"""'gy","g
N,IJ(-z.....gi gy"l1<ullw<
FAJU,DAYAlII\1I<16
Fillolflszerk..""ti ..11,,11<16
V llivt'rzlUi!l gll7.A1.ll<l1 ,iIl
1
S"' - 6,022 136 7(36) loD mol-
~ yugelmi
m,
I'I1Prgill.
E\fokl ron
P roton
III (II mol-IllS", = 1.6605--102(10) IO- T. k~

931,49432(28) ~1t'Ve-2 1ST!.!:!'J rn.
I
e "/2~ 9.27401S4(31) 10-1< JTS ,788;~1G3(52) .1O- 5 " V r 1
...._ fi2/Eu(e).? 1'. /..2 = 0,529117249(24) 10- '0 m
R..IX.. . 1.3&1 658(1:2) .1O- XI JK- I
8,617385 (73) 10-' ....K- I
Alom i lom<'gpg'o'!Iil:
RYDBERG-ililamI6
RYDTlERG-pn"rgi"
x, "Imc
x, 3,86159323(35) . 1O- 1J ill
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2.10019-14"(19) .1O- IGm

2.10308937(19) .1O- 1GUl
1,602 17733(49) .10- 10 C
2,41798836(72) . lOB Ar 1
9,~066S m.- 2
:..'....., % 485,309(29) ceor-'
1,-<!N' 2/2h = 7,2973S308(33) .10- 3
137,n35 989 5(61)
N.. . k 8,314 510(70) Jrnol -I K- 1
STEFA~ -DoLTzMANS- Al.lamlo
Vall o7.ll"i ha tfll; al ialld 6k

Er6o< ValWI.a,..; bat""
Elpkt rom, vi;'itoz""i ha t""
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2,~1 79-1092(3I$) 10- 1$ 01

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h 2". I 0&-1 57266(63) IO-:MJ.
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12.,>66 370614
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9.1093-!<9 7(S4) 10-31 kg !> ~e.r.i9903(13) I O-----t ' 1

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1.00727(>470\12) II
1.6.-191'6(10) 10-71' kg I SJ8. 61'0 662(.JO)m.
1 Olk! 6&Hlll4( 14) II
I ~S32 i(l1} 10 21' q
206.'&c262(30)~
0. llH1~ 91l{17) II
2,-1"',10-:1> kg 273.19m,
2.-106 . 10- 311 kg 2&I.2Orn.
O.51ll9991J6( 15) ~I ~\'

Eo(P) - 93S.272 31(28) M"V
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e(n) 939.56563(28) a.v

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'rI lfr, 2/ :l O,665246 16(l S) Io-:ll' m2
O.OIl... 14
1/1 37
3 ,10- 12
5.1 1O .1II
371i,7:lU 31l
104'
21. TdbUwtolc
21.3. Neha ny filggve ny hatvanyso ra

FiIggV~uy
KonW>Tgf'nriA-
Socf"jte..
larto'U"lIy
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, ,
5
5 7
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(m > 0)
(I %.1")1
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rll
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a
bat olti,
;:)'" ..wen>
bam> 0
P o zitlv kit.. ,,6jol binomial;" sorok

I
f1l(m - I)z-2 m(m-l)(m- 2)r
mz+
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... ( Itm(m-Il .. (m-n-+l) z ~ ......
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I
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Trigonom..trikuAfUggv"nYf'k
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1 _ ..1
9-1I~
( .. ~............m ~~ 1IZiI.w)
16.
.n-
'2u2 -
,,",~(~_2&in2.l + ~~ .. ,)
...
II = ..-(11- r). bAO S r S'"
-.-
( .. to~ .......... ~.umJ
_1,1111[[
-n- jOlt2713It-ln-5n-6lt711
2.. ";:11 till' [ I
II = ..-CUbr .1...
- 11"
< X<
1t
1 _
hiu 2r
y= - -MIl..-
l
J lt / 4
'2
;~
_
1
1
, = ..... ..- .. _'c<;IOi ZI+_lUti3r+
2
J
10. y=.r(,,-..-).w..OSrSlf
II = (" - r)(2'" -.r). hI''' S r S 2'1:"
6sin3x
S(_.'lllx+ Ji1sm Jz+5Jsi

1 n ;X+)
11=;
II
19,
= ,',..., - -l-,...21 + - cllI<3x _.

2
J
Y"' 2 In ct g 2 , hIlO< x < ,..

Y = n-.r +
8 sin-t..-
+- --1 - -31-- -22_

1 . --11_
1
1
-1 ,.",3, + _....
5..- +J
s
...
11>
10 50
t J S. Hatarow tla" inleg.-.iJ
21. 1'ribl4z"rnl
10 51
21.5. Ha ta rozat.lan integral

(A t"blAl-...1 .........nAI.. tAb<>II1Aow14~. ot,Wt }.
2 1.S.1. RadollAlis fiigg \'cll)'f'k integra.lasa

21.5 . 1.1 . Az ax + b kifejezest tartah naz6 integralo k
IJdiil""; X
1.
7.
a
3
J_,. ~d.r
= a(..
'+11'\"-+1
ax .j.
(n
3h'
2).\' ..-2 + (n - I)X ..- I
/II
(n
(n = - l-r..
(n " - 1);
I
I- 1. i 2./3.# 4).
let 2..t ).
f dIX = .!.ln
t
'"
l-r-
0 2(n ... 2 )
X " +1 _
II
a J( n ... I )
X "~l
(11 1- -1.-;<- -2);
(n = - I.= - Z1l'
1d.5~6.-ot J .
(n
1).
7
8.
1
10 .
11
(n?: 3) .
12 .
13
14
IS
30
dx
.r"'X"
b"'+ft -l
-- ~---
.. +..-2
L
.
(m + n- 2)
1
(m
X ...- - I( - a);
i
1);/"...- - 1 .
HII ll. ~zumlJ",jel a!>.tt ~'l"'It'l,l/'i A1 tal""",, t llll ll'V(dij<' zl'rti....A vAlik, /lkkor hdydtt> ..
m + n - 2)( _a)"-IIIl ~.
kif,'j,-u",
m-I
""","n.I'i.
1052
IJ.5. Hat tim zatUmmtcgrtiJ
il . 1'tiblriza/i>k
rdz= 2;;I lu >':. - 2a' fdz

fX
"fdz
f
- x X-
U ,
3L f
ar + b dr
Jr ....
f
f
"f
32
33
35
36
7"" r ln(/ r + g ).
~
r+ g
rU
= .!. Iu/
(a.r + b){fr+ g)
~
a.r +b
rU
(a.r+ I {/r+ g)
(,j,
I- 0 ).
-iij
rd..(III"" I )(I> .... r )2 =
III
C(.:-;:;,I~(,,_C3rl - -( .---,p- ln
III "" r
-'+-r
(l), # 0).
( ,j,
v'X
v:::s....
(h..
v'X '
I 2tlr .... b -
.,!='3" 11 2tu + b ....
(n - m}b
(2n m 1)4
(ll t b).
42 .
43 .
2/l.f+i>( I
(m t 2n - I) ;
52
f:'x=~ln~-~f~
-I
"
f~
'!- ' .:':
_ -'- + (~
- ~)f dz
ZlX ; 2r
z2 rz
Zr2 c
X
(m
= 2n -lw ld. 51.).
(1d.4O.).
dz = 2c(n
f ;X;
=
( In
<II
53
u
f z:;;x;
56 f dz -
l)X..-1 -
'fdzX" + CIfdz
.l"X"-' ,
;z;:
(1d. 4O.).
f2'n + m - 3)cI f
I)cr-""-IX..-I -
(m
l )c
dz
r""~2X"
-
(JI+g) X - 2{cp -ghl+g'-a)
dz
(,, + m - 2 )b f
(m - I )'
.....-I X"
[lin {/z X+ g)21

29"-bl
gbl + .rfa)
4'
f dz
X-
21.5.1.3. Az 0 2 ;l:2 kifejez est t artalmaz6 int egralok
.,!='3"
3)2tl
X" '"'
- 1 d.z
roo-3
u _~f~-3tU
_~fr>-'dz
f rooX~ '"dz -_!f
a
X ..
a
X"
X .. '
I
[ld. -0."" 46.).
----x;-
f ----x;r-
51 .
55,
# 1 .
3}1I
(m-I)<fZ .. -2 dz
{2n - In - 1)11I
.> 0) ,
J p]ol......k: X _ a1 x 2 ,
[h.. C), < 0).
2lU .... b 2afdz

f Xd 2 = --:n:+ C),
X
f X ., = -~- 2.\'"2"" C),X + 6(l2fdr
C),2
XdI
2a.c + b
(2n f X~-l'
dr
(n I) C),X~-1 + (" l )~
dr
l)aX"~1 +
In
(a 'F b).
(h.. C), < 0),
41.
..... _ 1
(2n
(-'~frdz
(2n
.... 2{cP
; __
'_ erth 2a.r
.... I>
..;=:!.
=
--x;;-
(!d. 40.).
(2n _ 3)11I
3}<l X" - '
r"' d..SO f
21 .5 .1.2 . Az X = a;l:2 + b;l: + c k ifcj ezest t a rtal maro in tegr Alok

IJ..IOl......k:X Ear+I>I+r;~ -lac Il-I
X
(2n
49
0).
iii
a2
1i1-2ab
C(',c.~J(.'c_cr"J + -( ,-_-.p-In(III .... I ) .... -" ---.-f In(. .... .c)
d.r .. ...!..llI"etg 2a.r .... b
(1.-l. 4O.)
( f12 - 2Ar)I + be
(a
dz
I d..b+2c
1I(2n-3) f
X. = - (n 1)A.\""' - (n _ l)..l
X ....I '
fru
=~-~lnx+';-~fdz
X
242
X
"" . fru
=
~fdz
Xl
a.lX
+~ X
I'dz
-r
, fdzX" f ---x;- =
+
(a t b).
40 .
(kl. 4O.).
a2<>l
= .!.
[~ln(a.r+ b)- !/ ]Il(Jr + 9l]
~ III
(1d.40).
I b _
I1r +2I"
xr- - -~X
d.r
E .!. ( _ ' _ .... L1n/r .... )
(a.r + bj2{/I + g )
~
a.r ... 1>
..l a.r +1>
f (III'" Irdz
)(I> + Z)2
erctg ~ , ha X h,u..
(lJ.40.) .
y =
(1,1. 40.).
1053
"+"
jpl "rv"UYf'l",
artht=
!lll~,haX.I)(,1I"
a 2 ,,-x
,,-"jd ... rv... lly"" .....
lxl < " ,
x
1 .1"+"
'..
tl.ITth-=
-ln
- - , h.. X I..-n .. ,,-"
J..I<"rv,'nycsClO Ixl:>tI.
tI
H.. '" k"plpt l><'n M'U6tip16jpl fIZO'r..p..l, ekko r .. fdllll ..16jd..z X = a1 + x ,a.z .. I""
2
II;>; X - tI
tre vODatkmik.
r .....
(m :> I).
(Id. 4{J.).
1054
f 1.S. Hat,irozalla .. mtegnJ
21 Triblrizatnt
10 55
(n # 0).
(n
t-
0).
( Id. ~ .).
(l<l. 8,'J.).
(n> 1).
(ld. 83.).
(ld. 83.).
1056
2/.;l. HnttimwUan int.".-ti1
! I. Tdb/dw tn*,
I
..hoi A - (b-a)(c-a}(d
(1.1. Sol.).
I
108 (a .... br)(f .,-gr)
I
0;
flo-afT
(b
,)
a+bz'- 1+9r'
,...--c",-'--."".
C
b)(c b)(d b)
a)' B -- (a
2 1.5.2. Irracionali s fiigK\-'en}"ek int eg ralj a i

(Id. tlJ.).
2 1.5 .2.1. A
Vi es 0 2 lJ2z k ifej e 7.f>s4> kf't tartalmaz6 intcgral o k
(ld.l:I3.).
J..IOI........ k,
(1d.83.).
X=a , It' z. Y =
b,ji
~,.-,
L-
,_ L _
M ;..I
<__ ~
,.... ""'u .... l',nY<"IIye><.
a
o+b.,fi
_ In --;-"jII. lur. X b.11 M_ M jd m~nye.

2 II - bvr
Ha .. k~t~n ko-tt& ..lOjool_n'pf"I,Mklx .. frW~ X -'=
1i2:r
.... .u..o ~ X - 0' tilr f'fW't.... vollAtnik.
a' ...
21.5 .1.6. Az o - x kifej f"Z kt tartalmaz6 iutegrelok
10 1.
10 2 .
103
rU
II ... Z
- = -In
- - + - , Mctl. -.
j114_r"
411 3 a-z
2a
a
=....:..
lnll'<I' _
. . rr"
j ....!.!!::.....
II" _ r"
411)
j ardz
= .!.ln~-..!..arctl.~'
4 _ r"
4a
II-Z
2u
<l
104
21.5 .1. 7. NehAny to rt parcialis t brtekre bonrasa

105
106
1
(a+b7)(/"'9 z)
1
iii
Ib-a.q
(;r+a)(;r ... b)(z+c)
(b
,)
<l+b.t - 1+9;r .
A
B
C
+ - - +--,
z+a r +b x+c
:!i - -
1
I
,8 =
' C""( _~"'~
(b-<l}(c a)
(<l-b}(c-b)
a (')(10-(')'
A
8
C
D
-- + -- + - - + -d'
r+a .c+b r+c x+
..hoI A=
107.
I
(z+<l)(x+b)(r+(')(;r+d)
iii
105 7
10:>8
!]. Tlibl4=to.t
21.5.2.3. A .,fax
+ bkifej ezest tartalmaz6 integralok

IJ..IOlfoo<: X
+b I
131
 0,
'"
121 .
ha b < O.
J"
rX~1"1
'" (n
2 - 2 1 12
2)hXI~
IJ "
+b
.X,~ -2)12
1<,
1211.
(leI. 127.).
129
(I.t 127.).
13<1
(101.127.).
21.5.2 .4. A .,fax
+ bt'>s .,f!x + 9 k ifejezeseket tartalmaz6 integralok
IJ..IOW-k: X
"" 0,
hA 0/ >0
132
(Id . U 6.).
1-11.
133
'"
134.
hll j,I <O ,
1<'
13:>.
136
ha 61 > (J
(1<1. 127.).
IS"
(101. 146.).
11.$. Halamuatl.... "'t.-gnil
1060
I vs~dz",, !..r.rr- ~/~

v'IT
I .;xdz 2v'X ~/~
y.;x
1'--'''")
./x
I .;x =(2n~l)G
154 J;p=-(n_\).l { }~I~(n-DoJ 5~.-1 }'
151
152
t'
155
1 v'X )"'dx
156
I-IX,,"
-y.;-
21.5.2 .5 . A
158
159
160
161 .
162
163
164
165 .
Y" ,,"
153
151
2a
(2,fXY.l+.l/Pdx)
JX
, ( -IX + "I
2" JX ).-l
= ~
dJ
- y;::T
JZ2JX
I r.fX
I ..rx,
l
l
dJ:-
x 2 kifcjczest tartahna1.6 intcgralok
IJ..]iill'll: X "" ,,1 rll
-~VXi .. ~ (.r./X
5
(ld. ls.J.).
172
174
175.
178
111
TQ2
AmlIn;)
118
179
160
-arC'lin~.
II
,[Xdr - - ,[X ~ 1... ln ll ~ JX

rl
2r 2
2a
.r'
~ = llI"Ulin ! ,
17l
v'X _ II In 11...- v':r
.fXdr = _ ,[X
r1
I
, d,
110.
dr = ,fXt _ ,,1 .,(\"1
dr
1 v'.\
169
113
_!v"X'3.
3
tU =
(1d. 149.).
f .fX d.r = ~ (nIX + "'l\Ccsill~)
t-:
169
(.;xl
. . . -n.l
(2"+3)J
va 2
(let. 146.).
18 1
rea
162
IX = -v X.
-IX + 7X,)
I "" = ;;i'( ----;11m
184
166.
167.
21.5.2 .6. A
v'x 2 + a 2 kif<,jt>z{ost tartalmaz6 integralok

IJ..IOI;"': x _x7 + al l
10tH
tl.5.
1062
1115.
Jv'X
i (~v'X
IU "
-+ 113 ar~h;) -+ C
w,
- 2 [.l..IX -+ u"In (r -+ .,IX)] +Cl

186
187 .
JdXdr .. ~v'Xi,
J?v'X ~,ffi
dz =
'02
~ (r..IX .,. a3 arsh ; ) -+ C
~JXi - ~ {r..IX ul]n (r.,.
203
./X)J + c..
189
190
19'
192
19 3
'94
195
196
197,
'96
j r ..IXdz = JXI _ a v'X',
r:,
::.
IU =
208
J~ ~.;x-~aBb; +C =}JX-~ln(x -+~ C1

3
212
dx
2ul r~
xmb -
;r
n.
213.
~ (r/.V+ a(~r JX + 3;'ln(x+ ..IX)) +C1.
~.,!Xi.
16
+CI
a..--IX
,
2
3
nc,.
2
a
3 2,_
w ( s~v .\
=,,) C ,.
+ -a
I -IX' ~ -IX' ~"" _ ~.In (0+ ,fX)

f :;=a2~.\"'
../'X
I
+ =)
I JX1'
'/x'
I r..f.\'1lh =./X. .. i:JX
a2JX
I .:!=- - -'Ir~ ~-~ (V;" ;,)
-+
I r3..f.\1
dz
' dz
,fXi =
2r2
-rdz
- = -
,i7'
'IX
r + C = - """;'!'!
' +(
~ AN ln :r
"X
-..!..In I I -
r,fXi -
a4
v'x 2
214
215.
'1.\
.,.Cl
r'
1
3
2a2;ilv'X - 2a'.jX
3
a+,[X
2a3 111 - -, - '
a2 kifejezest tartalmaz6 in te gj-a lok
x ..r _a
f ../X dz= ~ (rJX - al Rlrh ~ ) + C

=
JX + 3a' IU'l<h:') + c
v'X'
r.:,~ _ a'In - - _
_ + a 2 Y.\
IJrlol"":
2113
1m d.l = ~ (rJXl -+ 3a:2

-I
./Xi
21.5.2.7. A
JrldJx =-~'
I ;c3\!X =_ n, +..!...lll
.r
i6ltn>h;;
16
m.
s
..JX'f ~ a
t
dr
~ = _ ~ ln a + ,fX .
210
211 .
r dz = ,[Xi -a'''/x,
'00
206
207
'
199
~) ~C,.
24
,3
r'
-;r-Ih----;- +anu;
-: ..- C ", - -;-.."" In ( .l~v.\
1 r.[X
dz
I "" "" ~ ~
..IX,
r
I ./x
I a:.. . =anh: ~C=ln(r-+,;X) .e,.
J~ =.;x,
I JX
_ _
u'
a'r../'X
-16- -
x& alrJX'l a'rJX a', (

~,,)
~------ - ----n .1+'1.\
~---"'-xv.\
JX _GlnG+.,IX
,
V.\"
1m
1 .I'
IU = _.,IX _ ..!..ln G
21" 3
20
7\1.,'1 a1r&
- 6-' - - - ,-, - -
dx =
.[Xi
JXl3nc32
X
--dr= - - - + -xy.\ + - 0 arllh- +C
186
I ?JX'i
i-r-
HIlt<im2otlon mt"9T,u
f xJX ar
J
~ [x./X _alln (x + JX)] +Cl.
x2./x d:t ..
~m.
~JX'i + ~ (rJX - a 2Rll"h; ) + C

a
=~m -+;- [x./X _a2 11l (.I -+ .,!X)] -+ C
1063
106<
Ins.
2 /. Trih/tl. nt nk
21 6 .
233
217.
23-1
21 8
235
210
236
220
2"
221
JlIl t<Jro zul!f1R tnt"'1fal
1065
238
222
239
22'
22.
" 0
21.5.2 .8 . A
vax 2 + bz + c k iff'jf>1. ht tarlalmaz6 lntegra lo k
225
IJPIOW-k: X ~ a.? +u + r, ~ = w-/il. k = ~I
226
:a1n(z.,.t;;X" .l.2o.r+b)
227 .
24 1,
J~ =
229
..ra Ill1<h ,fE + C

1
..ra
In(2= + /I).
,2ar
228
231.
232.
ba
a >0,
hA(I>O, ~>O,
+"
- .;=a 1In'S.l1l J=3 '
'"
dx
X,;x =
2(2= + II)
~v'X .
~ , 2(2~+') (.!. +2k)

'" / .p .,(X
3 ~ .,IX
230
...C,
2a.c+/I
'"
'"
2(21.... + h)
X I2ft+l l/2 = (2"
I j AX I2ft- Il! 2
fix
JX dx = (2ax + b)JX
'.!k (n - I) /
211 I
"
X l"' - l l/2 "
+..!. / 7X
d.
(1.1. 241. ).
210
.ill
X .;x dr = {2ar + b) .,IX (X + ~) + -"- / "

JX
'" /
&>
210
8(2
(Id 241.).
1064
1066
21 6 .
Ul',
217.
21.:;, H" Jrim mtlll " intrgr&
21, TrihltlzaJok
... b)VX ( : +5X

- .... -15 ) + - 5 j -"
j .,.,v.\~,. d _ (:ror 12a
.
a
8,p
16k
VX
(2u.r +
20-..
2" ...
j '(20-_,,',
+ I)
2k(" + 1)
.
'" j ,
.ft ' j"
j '"
7X=7-:ro
-IX
~
r_
b)X l
-Ia("
' I"".. ll(ld
Z""
ll
(l
...
);
1067
(ld.24 1.).
263
' dz
ae.
(ld. 241.).
265
~
j v2a.l
- :r -
ZtU
~;;;;~
.j2tu _ xl
= <It<"biu -'-- '

II
- - v<!a.r -
r-II
r' ...
<lara.lII-Q
219
'66
'20
(1d.244.).
221
267
vi~
I
jld. 241.).
-
'"
(1d.2 41.).
223 ,
'26
227,
1
--In
.;r
22~ .
ass
,,.
.u,... =
.lv.\
br+2r
-.;r
- .... - r.;J.
- + C,,
I I
br+2r
- 7 11 - - .
>I"
r
I
.
b.l+2c
230.
232 .
(Z
..;cx
- + -ze +b) ... C.
.;=;: ercsm r .;::3'
259
23,1
261'
j vn
X l :"+ l l/:
II j
j X l :"- ' }fl
X l:" - 11/: d:.r + ,' - - -d,
j - --d>o---+J'
2,,+ 1
2
r
(ag-IIJ<Ol.
,,(ar ... b)~

var ... 6o
In - 1)0
" 1U-6o)
i.:=:";2
(,,-1)<.
1
~1I.l" ... b'
v'Id:r
~ Iltu,in I/(!)'
II
273 j .l"(ar a "' " )"dJ
~ =O ,
.fX - ~
' j"
j r1d,J'X = --;:;;rVX
.ji:~+.lv~
2:::r~ln v'i\-/JJ3 ... g r.;rr=tii
21 .5.2 .10 . Hekur-ztv formulak a blnomialis dilfereucial integraljimak

kisza.m ita..<;<\hoz
bac>O.~:>O.
h.. e ci
(<lg-IIJ>O).
271
ba c>O,
ba r>O,
r~
v"vlJr1 +g
21 .5 .2.9 . Egys-b lr rac io na lis kiff'jf' z~kN t arta lmalo integralok
(1d. 241.).
'"
""'I~
;
(Id. ~.).
{ld. 241.
''II 2~ . ) .
,
[r .....'(a.r~+lIr ... npbj.l..(<U~+b)l'-ldr]
m +np + 1
; _ _' _ [_r .. .. ,(ar~ + b)"'1

b,,(p + I)
___
'_
(m+ 1)11
[rm~l(<I.1"ft + h),...1
(I,t. 241.h 2:>IJ.).

=
II m+,,1'+ 1)
(1.1. 24/!. No 200.).
+ (m
!- " "P+
1)
_ <1('" + n + IIp + I)
r"'(ax
ft
.... h)""
l:..~ft(".T~ +
dr]
1I)'<1r]
[.1"m~n..-l(".r"+h}~'I_(m_n+ l)b j.l"-~((I.rft +lIY'd.T]
21.
Td~ulol;
21.5, Hatti",:nJlu" j"kgHil
21 .5 .3. 'Irtgouomctrikus
fiiggv{~IIYlk
illt egrflljai
(, \ .illI . ~'U> I fiiAA"~Hl"t'kt'l .. hjIH'rbolik,~~ {"," XIHll"" ",i"oJ i.~ fi:iAA\'''~IY<'k kd 'W iil l l"IlaJll~L:W kir<:j<:"~'J,;
ilLl<"gJ"tljail 112 ~"'b Ir lUlS7n ll,kl... kif.jtr,u,,;!ul lurl u1UlltzO illl''I'..,Uok lablAzm WrllLl",aa.l (1......1 107;"
old).
28'
'00
dr
I
(n; ,u
11 - 2
sin~ a.r == - (1( " - I ) hin~ - l or + " - 1
,I,
1069
(n> I ).
~in~- ' aI
1 _:_:_
~_ :~ (<u ~ _;
_._;_: +_;_(,_:_~_
1! +_:1_{_~_._~
21 .5 .3 .1. Sz illusz Higg\'c ny t t artalmaz6 iutcgralok

27 4 .
-;wr.a.1".
,,;1l<lIdI -
275 . l "jll24-1" dJ ..
2 76 .
277
27 8 .
I ..
I
4..
291
I C(tiar+_<n<ar.
I
~
,
I
I'
I .
Jr.J I
...
Jo
292
_lOUI~-lazCUl>"'" +" -I
'IG
WIlIU
II
l oill"'.. .
dx
(n IHWliv.
>lll<Uob: _
2 8 1.
.r">lllCll'tU _
28 2 ,
""nCll'tU -
" . ("')
("" '). (r'",)
-~ ~
Jr--
-"UICll'dr
".",aI.
In> 0).
+ (or)' _ (OL)T -.- .

5,:;"
286.
~d.r '"' _ _ I_si",u + -'1l _ 1
,r~ - 1
I ~ -I"l%t,utl.
"lIl a ,r
(n > 2 ).
l J(n
300
302
n-I
(td. J:./:l, )
303
~d.l"
J.~-l
1
II'"
I
- ~ III II(T - ~ In (C't N-'Cw ' - (tg"r) .
(1.1. :121.).
"'
(1"1 t- Ibl;
3U5
287.
300
288.
(n
""
sill aL
siua,r
I r,...".nlJ:
--bo---+. - - r"
I ).,,;.in~ - [ a.r
299
7.'
(ld . 467 01<1>11).
2ll5.
,uu. tU'
In
298.
,rJ
La.
";n"a.r:
291
'\ 7. illt''grM h'<Zfulllt"-"'t' I il l
l
I
196
.si:,l dl hlarowlt iUlegrl\l1 jllt rgr aL-;zilllL'<lll>1k (1;",,116t . old.) ll<:,-e-aiik &. ,.j(r) -><It'ljtlUljiik,
28.1.
a.
sin24Z= - ;;r:-r.l:az -'- ;;i"In ~lUo:r.
295
n",4Z.
a3
..... ar + ;;
Sill <lIdr _ .....- _ (az)J

r
JJ1
283 ,
II
oj
(lJ
I
I
ru.lU
.'
(2n+ I )!
""eu. >.U.ln).
rWll4Zdr '"' - - - - - -.
2SO .
+ '1 (:?,-1 - I ) B. (a.cj2lo +1 + ...)
A B~,,k .. BE Rl'iOULLI /i'lt .......... llok (lNorl 41'. nlel.),
3
I I
>In ardz ... -r-- ..n2ur+-sin4uz.
II
40
32<.
I Sill~ ll,J dr
+ ..
3 [, 9'
~r_!.wn2az.
'1
L
sm~ .....a.r
27 9 ,
+ _I'_7_('_'_J_'
b +('~jll<ll"
hll
--'~''"'"
btg,u /2 + f'
-="n-tg Vb" ,~
a~
I
f":'r""""TI
uv ,-- - a-
III
btllar/2 +{'- .;cr=T;!

,
+ (' + ';c'l bl
btRar /2
h>t. (I? < ? ) .
lal = Ibl ld , 21;>.).
fl. Tlil>lrizatnk
10 70
I
I
I
I
307
308.
309
310
~illaz.u
b-t- c5in~
bl
=;- J
d.
dJ
:>ina..r(b+ c sm aJ)
\1.1. :JOl.i. I.
b+ cllillaJ
"
a1IIUH-]o (1AA<l 4f,s. old.).
..!.hllg~
- ~I
1
b
b...- csinaJ
ab
rU
(b "'c si n aJ) ~ - a(1Il
b
b2 -c2
c,.....ll-F
,.:l){b -t-c inar )
wn ll-F rU
huo;a.r
(b +r si n az)Z= a(~
lIl )(b +"~in<U" ) "'i2 -ti-l
Ah"tvAny"" rI'l' Ci\r ) = C - lll S -
{lo l. JOb.).
I "
I "
3 31
I~dr
=
,"
"
_al 5inardr
,
=.. - --. l_illudJ
----
(n
I )r" -
,,- I
(c: > ,;
0)
/:
El'lER-f"J,
( n I- 1)(1<\, 2S-;. ).
.r" l
OJ
'
, =- -In(s<<a.r
0).
O)
fI.Z
(1<1 . 283.).
325
(tr > c: . /:
(l&w-14tiM, told.). "hoI C
(I<L :JOl.i.).
b+c.rna.r
(/:
sA
-6 .6! +
~rU = - ~
323
(M. :JOlj ).
b"'cMnaJ
r4
r2
2 2,+"'j'""""""j"i
tgar ).
..
3'
32S
> I ).
13-'(ax )"
10 ~1
+
329
E_ (ar ,:r.-~
!r _ ..!.. sin 2ar.

2
..
. .
315
3 16
sill 2ar
lCOfi~orrU = ~.c .L
..
COfi
az.u =
1 -
I
aie
I
317
<U<-a.cu =
32 1.
'
A_
jijk.
32a
--
.c~inaJ
co~nLd
: =In(nr) - - - . - J
2.2
4. 4
'
'
(U ;!
("06
C~2 ~ )n"aJ + (~- ~:) sincz.
=- z"<>.ina.c
____ -;;
331.
sin
(or)6
---+
1
6.6
_ ,_ dl h"ti\r"t.... tt illt"~rlilt illl..gr41kOlQ,inllszll"k (IMd 72:1. oM.) nev<'7.'l,iik''l< Ci(r) >v..1 jdi>!-
or
332
('Ol;oa.r = {n
dr
J_
+ ---.
02
(~"aJdJ
n-II __ar.. .
"
2
2r C'Ofiar _ (::
J'n.. "rdr =
I
I ,"
I
COfi-
... -'- sin -4a.:r
. .
C'Ofid.T
rCQllaJ<L.I' - - -
J
I ,r.
I
I
322,
:~
=.---'::":":=
"""
=
319 ,
320
( 1n ~)
Az o--('"k ILZ EelER - fCk sU.wok 1No<l U ~ oM}

I dr
r
1
330.
~.- = - tgar
"""'j1nca.lU.
-filn ar.
-Nnd.T -
(21'1 - 1
IsinllI
1)1Icu;--11IJ
lllI
l-COfi<lr = ;;tgT'
7-",,'-~'='-=CC
{n I)(n 2 )GZ N....- 2 a.r
" --2
+n -1
I ,,,
- - - (n > 2)
eot>.. -2
ar
21. Hhld..,t"l
1072
('1 -F -I).
340
34 1
,in~(Ut""""(JJd..r = -
34 2
l>ill~-I arl'Ot<--+1 (JJ
a(n_ ... )
"in...'
"
~in~ 2 lU
('0'<'"
er dr
io n > OJ,
tit
lUC'Ol'"' ) Q.T _ _
tit -_
I
Q("
'1+'"
(ILZ " kiu\{j (x;kko'u'i~;
343
,,-
+ --
sifl"(JJ('()!'",-2a.rd.r
". m
fIl)
34.
339
343
J-::c'C"'':::-C": - .!.
~iu <Ll CUt> a.r
II
In
lU
360
(b4 "'I = Ibi "".3H.J.
346
361
34 7
J '"
.
!<In a.r
I(Inlg-"2 ... -I)

-
/ Sm!::~(JJ
~7.).
348
(k1.
349
(Id 347.).
(ld 347.).
331
(1<1 J.l7.).
353
sinQI~Qr
cu. <j.C
C(lnll(JJ_~)
25m a.r
C(IntIQJ . . __1_,_)
4
2.'UI o.r
361
3 t (-'
-In
363
~)l
366
3l:i7
(b > 0).
332
363
=<-
...... 2 l U "
l ) n ",- - l (JJ +
(!Jl>.--J.b>O).
l )1sill"- I" r
a(n
J
'"
+J
.IJ
Sln".ll'''' 2 ar
,in- 'U.l"C<Jf>ur
(n -F I)
(" I- III kl. aso. ffi 362.).
I
- ,,(n - I) . ,iu"
21.5.3 .3. A salnusz- es

33.
Int egra lok
J~in aX tn< ,u'd.l =.!.. ~il? 'l.I'.
355 . J
356 .
k oszinll!izfii~v{>tlyeket rartalmazc
~lll
a.lln< u"
'"
X
~ill -lu.l"
""8-~'
J ..iIJ ur """ ".l" dr ", u{.)

-_Isill~ l ax
+ I)
(n, '" kilt'v" ,Wikk'nl.o"",,': 'I

(n1'- I).
370
sinaTd..r
('OO'2"r
1
=< ~ -
;;",,,'a.l.
(Id. 361. ~ Jl.i31.
> n, III > I).
371 .
372
373
1
1
1
oill lU d.f
- - -
cos' /U'
2a 006~ a.r
"ill a.r d.f
I
l
+C=-II =+C,.
2<l
300
1 ';" ~ '" " ~[~ -~1",,(,,:. ~)]
375 .
1I
..... a.;r
2o;uo'a..r
,;in' a.r d.r
CO!i~
l>lIHU
a.;r
'"
c( n _ I) fnIl"-
a.;r -
;;-=j
391
1 '"
roo;'"
(n
l' 1
o;uon ardI
=-;::~ -
sin"'.....
" - m
I ) si u" - l /U -
ar
21
,,-1 1
"-11<'011"
1
1
1
1
dr
o..r(I
396.
397
39'
1 ""~
'"
811l'ar
1~
~a.L'"
sin]
a~inar
2asin'ar
~in~4J
smur
- -- - - --COfif'Car.
j~ 1 ~'. ~ d'
399
,
cll':ar
... C - ----z;;- + C I
1 ) 8in~ - \ ar '
4111.
I (l'Ollar+llltg-;~)
"
2
oc_
j c< ..l ar'lr

sinjar =
- 20'
(."".a
sin',u -
1
I
386 j OO<J 1lI dI
,innar =-(,,- 1)
192
'IT) .
I\t!\ T
(a"ill~l,u+
,'"o;ar j
j ('(lllJar d,r _ -1 (~ ..l(1r

'
)
- . Illsm,u
"illar
a
2
40 3
<lr
"il1~-2a.r
(1i #- I )
(ld.
2tl~.).
2a( 1
>Illl"o..r
'ardr
:n..- 2ar
= ~ln I
<1
..mardI
o..r(I ::l: en; o..r)
COI><LI'dI
_ _ ~ In
sinarlsinar)
<1
sinardr
C06ar(l :I:Sin lU )
1
1.wI
1
1 '"
1
1
<D>ardr
2a
U]'I<U")
";nard..-
ar ('()6 er
2a
-c
lU><U.
('OS IlJ"
o.iU4--l'
1WU4--l'
In(sina.r CtlOl "t)
a./2
d.
f!
- ~ln(Ilg~)
2
,u,8
=
nl~---,
bsinar + ft'Q8ar,,~
2
1
= - -
In(b + ,'u",ur),
cos u.r d.c

I
.)
.
.
= -In(b + r SIll ,,.r ,
CMn a.r
""
';)
~ _I- Ill tg (~ :i ~ )
<I.e
"in=d.c
b +fc06a.r
';)
r
1
.
- ... -In(sln4r ,,,,,ar}.
2 Z"
cos e.r sinax
1""''''=1+
(mol-I)
I
::l:..!-lnlll~
2a(I('(.Ooa.r) 2a
2
~-"'::::::::=-- = - 'f ~Ula.rd.:r
(m.,. .. ).
I
1 1
('
-nll!
2a(l ::l:"'ua.r)
2a
-I
sinar( l l.'OIi4.r} -
sin ur cos ar
rm -11).
_..!-Intl!~'
dr
='f
I
... ..!-Inll!(":
u.o:.a.r(1 sin ar}
20.(1 ::l: >011""")
2a
4
~illa.r coo;<1r
."
C'OS ar)
(W" a.r d.f

"m",-2 ar
C011n - 2 ar .h
CO!'n-l a r
39::;
3I'l7,
.illlU
-- - a (m _ l ) &in- l ll-f - m _1
(n\
- a{m
(n-;I.,,-I--3).
COl'~-2 <II dr (n t I)
a(n -m}Nn"-:4r m- l
394
38 '
1]
COtiH1a.r
(Id. 32" 32t>. :U . I
393
38<
(n_3)sin~iar-("-I)Kin,,-1/U'
COIi~ ar dr _ roo;,,-I ar _
sinar
a(,,-I)
Sill
383
Milar
o:oo;,,-I
lU
392
382
l [
+ _ 1_)
OJ
~mnar
I
--MIl<1r
__I lntg ('~)
_ ... <l
<1
4
2
roo,a.;r
"{,,,3= dz
l":OI<~a.;r -a(n_I)ln<~-lar'
\.i1l~<1rdr
1'",~:,',:;~""'''' -~ (~in
1 = ;;
1
1
1
sin'=
3"
38 1
1075
2/.!;. l1..I';1'O;:;. ll a .. ",t"gnil
1014
'", Ig ll-
1076
+,n
I
I
I
'" l .u
422
J,i+p~in(fU+8)'
(Iuo. .. '= I> 101.
HI
tlC"r
'"
..~r
2.I'rr
3- ~"'lii5+
I tllC CLl dr '=IU
(.u)l
I -,,,,,1<U- .u
t g" ar
J:..I.J
= -
(~t 2~;;t -
"; -
z2..8 ..{..... ):loo-1

(2t,
I )(Z.. )!
("1-- 1).
t!lar<~r
(1<1 . 417.).
~g ou 1
21 .5.-1 . Egy eb t ra nszcendens fijggvcnyek integraljai

21.5.4. 1. A hipe ebnlikus fiiggv{' lIyek in te gra.lj a i
426
.J27
IdilUdr =; sbar.
sb ..... dT
=;
;d1ar.
1;,,' r9
~( 2200 _l)8oa200-I~.t
:hm ... . . .
9
I
= ---1
u(n+ I)
2(urt. 17(arf
7;>
2205
Idl
430
IShOarb
(2,., 1)1
"r
~( ~
..!..
,;IJ ..... duU" 2a
! 7.
/U dr = ..!.. sh ou d lllJ _ ! 7.
2.1
:2
1
I urrnar
,= -~h"-
'I-II '
'71.
I 2/"
- - .h"- artU,
an
"
= - (- I sha _I .....dlar - - sh" IUdr.
an -4- 1)
-4- 1
_ I lB../u}bo-l
(2n
1)(2n I)
..131
(II;' -I ).
"- 1/,"_2 '-
"
, ,,-I.. r+ - - "
""
"
= __(_ I _ ShfUt:ho' ..r-.. _'1 ...._
- - = -Inth-.
~
I cha.r
j .-t!ltlr,lr _; lllsinlu,
43 4,
435
(,., I- 1).
11+ 1
l .u , ""
sh a..
436 .
I
I
r~h
(>
lUlU.
11
a n + l)
t~ .. r dr
r
I
- - - - - =F - In(sin ar mII.....),
tg0) .
(M .. <0)(,,01- - 1)
j dJ-,rdr
'= -~ ,a.r'1
21.5 .3.5, A kota ude nsftlggvenyt tart a lmaz6 int cgralok

.JI 8
~-
424
"6 / tg
~
,= :2:""
... ~ 11I(sill ar .~", UJ).
ar :t 1
(2,,+ 1)1
t1g"ar
1
~ = - -_- t1Ii:" ' '' T
bin ar
11("'" I)
.\ 8 ..--<'k a DERSUl'UI (............lIIok (If....<! 417. old.).
HI
:P" 8 ....:100-1 ,r2"01
2"l5
,jllC;dr
' " I Sh2(lTdr
I tllC~ lU dr _..!.. ti <U _!IIl ('l"IU.
<If"
U 5
aJr"
- -- -
tg tudr - -"- -"
--'-)t,"-'a.r _It,,--2 tu U .
"(71 - I
n.
423
1t1g a:r =
u.r"
A 8 . ...k " B ER.,"OI:LLlf..l<, "".iullo k (1.....1 417 . old.}.
(10 n.).
.Jl O
II
rc-tg ..rdr '= - - -
: l\To:tg ~""
"
"
...rd;c = -rdltJr - '"1 ~h "J,
'
z ch arll.7 = -.c sh ar - "'l' char,
"
jlh aT d"' = ~ln rh =.
"
c-h o.. 2 " r tl...,
(1m
11
> 0),
(hI<
'1
<U)(n -I - I)
10 78
21. "ftibltl:..lo k
J
I
I
J
I
J
I
J
J
,137
..nol C az EULER-f"J.- .ill.at,,10 (1)'1.. . 1-1-&\. 01<1.).
cth .....dr = ;lllSh'U,

th 1 a.r dr
,h~
'"
l~
d, ~_I_(_
~
+o/ ~"')
r'
n ~l
r"-l
.r~-I
453
I~
=!.a ln ~
1 ... e&'
1 -;- ....
-:r - - , - .
ctba.r
ctb ...cdr _:r - - , - .
sh a.r oJ. ludr = a2 ~ 112 (a,;h b.r dl<1.:r
(n
l'
1).
~ IIrh bnhar)
m a.r rh lu d.t .. -,-'- (a. h a.n.h 1I:r - hh,.,. ma:r)

, - t?
ch a.r dllt.r d.r - ..
~ ~ 112 (ub b.rsh a.r -
I .
.h .....S1D<U"4r = 2,;(ma.nm oI
(k < 0)
oha.rOV;oI).
:.!a (Ib .....005a:r ... rnOI "inOII
dJ a.r OOIIa:r d:r
4.1:;
(/lr:> 0).
IIchIlH':ba:r)
Irl, ui
sha:rCOf'<U"u
I
Je~
"I I
e"" sinhd.r -
21 .5.4 .2 . Exponencialis fiiKR\-'enlek inlegraljai
t-:
U 7
4r = ; ....
Ju-tLr
448
.60
"
450
451.
..
"I"
,
dr =ln r +
"r
(ar) l
"-'dr
464 .
improprius inlpgrAI ,liv..rg..ns. mert al. llJ!.<'w"lallrlo tiiggv(>lJyu,k "

I ~ 0 l'<>lJtl .....IlI,(,lll" ', VI' Il; ,bl"'ll Il2 l'!<{'tl,...11 Ei(r} pn I\Z improprius int..gral f,j.('rt'ki,thtjiik (1,.....14Q<,
old.).
I' "
t"dt=('+ ln1rl
a2
2 (asinr - 'H1JI<.r)
... 11
... n~n -
~)
1.,. .- sin~-2
:r
d.t
[ld. 447. .....
~.-, 9 . )
(Iel. Hi. &< 460. ).

(ar)~
463,
1\7.
f""si.n~ I .
<6'
--+ --+ - - +
I II 2 2'
3:~1
szel j<-loljiik. HI' r :> o...kkor
dr _
a +"
.0)
-1r " ,--"", - -
"ro..b.r)
OOllbrd:r = ..:"': b2(acot>lt.r... hmb:r).
""'-sin~ r
:;(a.:r- I)
~(aljln":r
f,l
oJ ~
2/.". H"t,imznlJ,,,, i,,lt>tjTriI
IOSO
'
'" I
.J. B. ..k " BER:-Ol-LLI fpl.. "';)'m"k (1A."" 4 1, . old.).
(llIr) tir=r(lnr) -3r(l nr) +6rlnr-6r
'63
j (lu r ) dr = r(hlr) -
j (lfu
t - l dr
(n
(Inr)3
(Inr)~
22'
3 3'
'84
h>t.r.ar0'Wt1 IUw,.rAll
W'""KrAllutvuilm~
-170 j (In~)o.
4071 ,
II..,;
=-(u
r " InZU _
i-v-r-
Li(r)-,.,....I)"lOIji;k,
III"" az intf'gl'lUandO ft\gjr;v;;'ny II. I ,., 1 ""1)'0'11

imf'rupri,~~ in[~ forni-k,;t ktjuk (tt-! 4(,1:;. old.).
Lnt""rllkxJKlU"uriAli~ r.i,,l;vmy lr.iJzott o-.r..:-f1~ iill fMln (!Norl 461'. old.),
1); l n r )" - I '"
.r""+1
(w..I ~. ,tloL) {.,.
n~l j {hl~"-L
[~
- __1__
",+ 1 (m ... I)!
(m
(n;' I).
(Id, -169.).
+I
m ... 1
I'
- I).
I
I zI
I
Iur dr
(m
r""
" J, '"
hLI"
no -r- 1 .
(lnl)"'
... _ '_
' _ / (1 n s )- - l dr
I )r "' - '
m _ 1
r""
I -'~ dl/.
,.holll= -(m+ l)bu.
(Il
4 79.
480
.,\8 1.
"\M2 .
I , "'
I
I ,"
I
I
'Ir
(k1.474.).
493
(k l.4;;1.1,
'95
I ).
I
I
I
l
I
I:
Z
?r
. I
II.l'<'>IIn -dr =
..
fiigp;v~n)'f'k
lnv eraeinek inlf'gniljai
II HN1I -
l~
2 ~
-(r -+ 2a jV. z - r
<I
r
I ~
1 3
1 3 ~ r
"';; ~2.3.3;;i~2' 4 ;;.::. ..s"'2. 4.6. ,. 7<1,-t ..
I
_ r
= - - lIlniIU- - - 11l
SZ
lU:=-O ': flr =
"
.. +~
CIa
Z IU'CCOIi :' dr
"
II
4,7.
-1.78
(m t I)
(Id.
",
=: d.t ~ lI.l"n.in': +- ,,;;;r=-;:J

"
I r am;in:.. d.t = (~2 - ~)
"r<~I1 ':...,\
+':";..J_rl.
.,\
arn.Lu
. ,
lV'NIIn; u
I " )
In.rI
= - (m
I )z .. -I - (m _ I )Jr ...-1
(lu .r-l" dr = _
476
.191.
1 -!lOft..-... , ..... _
-+ I)!
~(8i1l1nz -...,,,Inz).
"
lLr<"N.Il ; .t:r
(Inr) dr= (I"r)-I.

Z
n+1
"(2..
dr = }(siUIn r +- <1>1>111 r).
en;
,,,. I
{Id. fro.}.
-+ :?'I:P'
-lSI)
21 .5AA . A trigonomcrrikus
490
I' - I.
I ,,&r ln .c d.t = ~ ln s - !/ '-" d.t;
'"
(m
~ + 7r +- ...
-tS7
- 1).
= .r-+l(lnr)" - _ "_ 1 r'"'(lnr )-' oU
rlllI _ r'"
n(2 n +- I )!
315
-tS6
r~f'l"'.
H.. r > I. .....kO( n Ail impr0l'rillil inl'WA! (h

n,:t,,1f'lwi vRJik: ..hl..-u """l""u U(r)-t-n
...... in[..,;r~lUi. tll1ll>l
Li(r) = Ei(luz).
_ a uk
I ln \ g r dr
60
j ,;jnlnrdI
j lUI
.,\li5
." J ~'0<
I In {'()l,Llh = - ~ -!. _ .!.... - .. _:P"-I(:P'- I)B"~.I_ ...

6
- I).
Inlnr + lnr+ - - + - - .
469
XIIJ"('('f"a;:- ~
= ( ::
.c lU:l'COS -r dr '" _r'

"
"
- ~) Moc<"'': -
a ':";a
" -r
,I
.c
I J
-(r
..
1I.["(('OlI- -
-+ 2,1
I ,r1
2 33,,1
r
..
II"
1 )var-r-r-x
-
r,
13 r
2 4 5 ::. ..
- In ..r - - - - - - - , ,;'::;'-, '
.. Inlnr .
tU
(n _ 1)z(lnr)Z
- 1- = luln r - (n - I ) llLr +
a
r" u r
2 ,
- I
(n
r (ln r )" = (n _ 1}(IIlJ)"-L

dr
rp(ln r)"' ./"....1("
I )(ln ,r )" I - ; = ]
r1
IIIS;l1z-,I..r = J lur - r - -
IS
.1,\
~
gill)
(Il _ l )'I(lllr)J
33!
_.
d,
"(lnr)-I
2Z. -
IB. r'l>+1
n(2n + I )'
,
+ ....
f I ).
P- II
- I
iost
(fl II) .
I
I
I
soc
I
.,\9 7.
.,\99 ,
III C'C06 ;; dr
x2
.r
..r
..
I
a
--lI.rl~;oe;-+ -lu
.. +~
.I
r
.r "
'j
2}
lUTt g;;d.r = ..rnntll. ;; - "2I11{fI +-.r .
.I
I
..r fl.r
r nn 'l g - fI..r = _ (.. 3 + a 2)lI n'lK - - _, .
"2
.. Z M d g _
"
r"
dr = -:-
.'
"
fl., 3
"
'UTtg _ - - ,
,.-I
'
+- - lu(" Z + r~).
1 3 ~
I'
2461', <1'
1~1.1_
IOS2
501
21 6. Hllt li.rn w tt m l eqnil
:!t, T<ihlri:"t"l
lO S 3
21.6. Ha tarozott integral
(n I-I).
21.6. 1. Trigonomet rikus ffiggvenyck hatamzott int e gralj ai

4
502
.Ir..1: m, n term""'z_ szamokr/\ t .. lj....ilI;
Uri < luI).
S03
;
II
""
SO,
506
/
/
.rUI:~ dr
'
I)~"_ l arct g ;;'
= - (n
r'
'
, ,
..
..
(n
or' 1)
-l
j sin nr sin m.ru
II
r
r
rar
2
rart'dg-dr '" - anT I & - +
..
r
r AIU1g-dr
/
..
:2
..3
66
Inla l _
"
r . . / _r-1dI
--aITtlll - "- _ _
__
n .... 1
a'_r
7.
/
5Il
(21.3)
(n
(21.5)
(2 1.ti)
2) .
- 1.a + I ) .
f2U ..\
r(,) .. bkaruggvhJy. ~ ..l.o6r..ju EtLER. li'1Pin~. r (x ) "g&lllIllA-fiiggWnv. wgy
as -
(n
I )r ..-
512 /an;h':dr
,
.r.. /
aren: ga
n -1
.r"
'"
' (a1_r )
(n l- I) .
/ ard, ': dr = r lltrh ': - J .i1 - a1
514
,
erth -' dr ""' .r arth _r ... _lnfal
_ 1).
U
a :2
/
JIl1cth~dJ
7b
'"
:Ia
2.'l-<-1
Sin
7Qi:x
!<th.
X<Xlb
a!j!
"' 2(o+{1+ 1)'.
( 7b)
21.
ha e > 0,
"
sl\r<t h;.
A pozitiv ftl egkIz o. t1R7iunoh.. ad6e:Iik:
rlU'Sh':-v';r2 ..- ..1.

a
513
l~Hin X U '
f ';SinXU .
2 " r1
..
21 .5..1.5 . A hipcrbolikus fligg\"f>lIye k iuverzeinck intcgraljai
515
r x + ~
I lU"dg_+_ln
r
1 41 ... z7.
M<'rtll ii
r"
O.
nWodfllj(1 EtTLER-Uk in~ (lAAd 469. old.).

A (21.7..) ki'plct ~ n. {3 IIlf"llctt t<o\piil: II.Z AlAhhi in~A1oIr: kiGArnitMiu-.. hal<mAIjuk 6lu.-t;
Ilm:tll
;; d.r
.,
510
0:
.., ham "'n
r(;)
B(x.,,) '"
sinnx"""J1U"dI
O, ba m -l- n.
2r (o+iJ+2)
(n #- - I) .
(21.4)
/ sin"' -l xcof'S+l xU '" r (o - I )r (d + I ) .. !B(n
Aff<1& - tb:
509
ll". ba m = n
.,
~I
r~ l
n+1
. -_1 , hot. n I*ratlan ,

2-l61S _
35 79
35
_ . ha n paro..
-..22-l
-I --- _.-1
6
:2
1 ~
1
r tU
- (r _ /I ) aln'l lI( _ ..- _
(21.2)
O. hAm -l-n.
0:
&loct,; - d.r = r 1lJ'OCt& _ ... -lu(,,: ~ ~ ).
11:2
CCl'HU",u:z 0
,.
rarttll! -as -
S07
sos
:2
1 j Sin nr d.c = O. (21.1)
h a ll
~ln(r2_al).
jOO6a;th =oo
(21.9)
to
t j!; ax
11.
/
"
j,
dx = {
-2"'
:r
<u; lU -
(21.8)
< o.
006b:r
11Il U > 0,
(2l .10)
h... c u .
b
d:r o:ln -.
{21.1l)
1O,'H
12 .
tl . T,i blriul l ok
I"" .iUZCUlilU
dr '"
r
21.6. H"lIim:otl .n lrgrri1
h"1,,1 I .
21 .6.2 . E xponenetalis riiggv{>nyek hatArowtt integraljai

(21. 12)
{Az inu-gra.ndusl>aJl "Zf"T<'l""lJl('k Alll;..hr>a.i.. t riKnnonlt'trila.""fot,. . i tmik'lII fiWrnyrk ia;.)
u,
23 .
(2 1 13)
I'" r~p -W>'dz
= nn + I ) .
a~l
.!
a~~l
(2 1 14)
Jr;:a; u
15
16
iiUl'.....
~u
~t'
(21. 1::;)
.j
I'
- 2181
(21.IG)
25
"I
..;I
Ioi.nzu
1-2 oin(r
1 In I ... ~-
.. 2r
')":"'k
(2 U t<)
sin'rdr
';1
F.
k'Kill:lr
~ (K
- 1::).
ha Ik) O .n>-I .
?"~'a" ' f2
ba n (n = 2.1;) ,
.w-. para.
ha n(n = 2k + I) ,
~ pArAtIAn.
(21.24b)
(2 1.2-1<')
(2 1.25)
baa>O .
I. ].. .
re
~~-
u.r= ~ .
(21.26)
baa>O .
(2 1.19)
Eh ho>n ;""" koVl'tk..w .......:hPn "" E '''' K tdj.... dliptiku.~ iut<cwidok (1M<! 444. o kl .);
=
"
I
(21.28 )
(21.2:Jh)
I l I .Tt)
M lkl <l
20
hAn> O.
26
M jkl < 1
(2 1.23&)
'" 200""
(2 1.1;)
.,
Ma>O ,n>-1.
nn ) A gAffiIllII-ff1ggvPnyl (w..! 469. 01.-1.) jl'lol.i:

(1Nod g>Illlma-fiiggvrny UbW.at , 1090. old .).
24
1085
- ..!.E _( I _ k2jK].
A-2
"./1'
2bf"Oll.r+1i2 = 1 - 1fJ
(21.21 )
'"
I
I
r dr
,,-J
(2 1.29 )
;;+i = 12
t - "' si I1I
dz
= Meetlt"
I
= arct!\ -.
1",,, > 0 .
31 . J ,,- ln .l d:r=-C <::: - O. 5112

(2 1.22)
C [eloli "'" EUl ER-f{l" it.ll,u,di,t (1l\Hc14ti1l. 01<1. ).
(21.30)
(21.3 1)
21.6. HalliroUJt!
1086
44
(At. imegrendua tarlAInuu:hat a!gf-brai "" lrlgODomMrikus fiiggvpny.. kPt i>I.)
In lin z
lu '" -c ""
,
l~dI
"" ~6
z - I
/ In( l + tg:r) d.c= ~8 ln 2 .
34
(vi
VP7.. tjiik
a 21.J 1-ft').
(21:m
21.6.4 . Alge-hrai fUgg\o'-nyek hatArozo tt int('gralja
z + 1
(v..,.......,... tjiik 21.Z'(-r"') .
(viMza_ _jl1k 21.2'...... ) _
12
(21.33)
(2 1.34)
II.
46 /
1 111(1-.;. z) ,u z -lr lo 2
36.
Zl .;. I
8
(21.36 )
-17.
(';)" U : r(o+ I )
.,
dz
;:( 1_ z )r" - sinaz'
T(z) II. gll.Dlma-fUggWoyt (1Nod 469. oM. ) (lNod prnrrlII.--fiiggvo'ny~. 1090. ~l

36
InsiozdJ =
39 .
j _
Lnroszdz =
-~ln2
' u
(:2 1.38)
(21.39)
40 .
.u
lu(a bcou)dr = ,..11l
(:21040 )
1
a+v~
In(a' - 2abCOli r + b:l)dz =
j lll tIt ZdZ=O.

u
= -:atlta 1l".
(2 1.46)
baa 0) ,
(b =:: a > 0) .
(:21. 41)
(:21.42)
"n
43
hAa < 1
./1- ..... = ar(\ :a)"
-19 /
42
..w.6f"jil EIiLERf.... iJlt..~&It (Ia..d 108J. old.) jeIOO, T(r )
r (l") "llll.l:lllllll.ffiggvo',uyt (lNod 469, uld,) j<"1oli (lNod lI:NIllWl--fuAAV"ny tAh\A:t&t. 1090 . old. ).
rln2
zlnlilllzdz"" - - , -
n
j 8inr ln~illzdr '" 1n2 -
(2U 5 )
mNoodfaj" Io:l LERf,*, int<>yAlt (1Uo14l. old. ) jdOI.i
(1 1.37)
ba (-I<o<.)O ) .
hPtAf,->ggV",)"t. \'''l!Y
(vi!lcAYl"Zl'tj iik 21,1.rA)
3 7. /
.c-.- , )
j;;'Ic"U::.C.)~O
(21.J.:,)
~:) r (y ) "
~fii~,'..nyt , \"'(0'
--U ' z' - I
'" B (0 - I. J _ I).
B(.c.,) =
r" ..
35
/ 7"(1 _ :rldz = 2/:r:l-' -1 (1_ c?! dz _ no + I)r(J.,.. I )

r(1l.;.;3-t2)
"
I ~ ,u ",, _ r
(2 1.4-l )
-0, S172
C j<-1Ol.i u EtTLEJIf"\oo Albu"ll:>t (Wool 4&1. oW.).

33
1081
.,.
21 .6 .3. Logaritmikus riiggv{>nye-k hararozott lntegraljai
32 .
Int~.grtiI
(2UJ)
1+
Zrcosa -+- .
2 =
1 ... 2rCOl>a +:r 2
"
(0<. <;)
(2I.aO)
(o <a <i)
(21.;i l)
2 ~in a
~inx
2J. 'ftibbi zlIl"i
W88
21.7. Elliptikus integral
nr
,r
0
10
'" '" '"
so
00
0.<.000
0,OO
0
10
0.OO
0.OO
0.<.000
0,OO
U.17~
U.17-lti
0.17016
'"30
so
'"
00
0.M91
O.523ti
U.ti9lIl
O.34~
O.M9'J
O.I74!! 0.l H9 0.1751

0,,,", 0.3520 0 ; =
0.52<1;'
0.6991
0.521>3
0.70043
o_ ~m
O,1l7!Jti
O.,,..!l.102
l.fMn
1.:mT I.~:.:
I.~
1U
'"so
0.<.000
1U
1.!JJ:i6
2. 1~
0
10
30
30
'"""
eo
1U
'"
so
10
'"
30
0.OO
0.OO
0.OO
0,OO
O,17c.
0.3491
O.I7-V.o
M2JtI
O.lMIl
O.tln7
I.(l4n
1,2217
1.3963
1.S1U!!
0.1744
0.34 ....) 0.34&3
O.5Z2'J O.52U'J
O.Wti6 O,b'l21
O.llt>~ O.llt>14
1.11426 i.eao
1.21 49 1.19-19
1~1U 1,3.'>97
1.~9
I.S2:Rl
'"
0."'"
O.bl"51
O.lH.l!3
1J)(17t;
r.reaa
1.3161
l. 4tin
J5
36
J7
......
1.;;,;;1
1.;;767
1.::.6-19
I,;;7~
I.;MlU
1=
I.W I~
I.T~
,.....
' .2ti.U 2..tJb2

x
3.1~
;
8
9
1.:i61l
11
1.::>."2:1.5/<.j4
1.;;'-.064
I'
1.~'l2
10
"
70
eo
so
"
0.OO
0,OO
o.woo
0,OO
0,OO
I'
0,1739 0.1738
O.3431! 0.3429
0"""
0"'"
O.67ti3 O.ti6ti7 O,6.'>'S 0,b4.9'i
O,N5-I
O.ll317 0.111 34
O.'I:lIJI
O.\lllIli 0.9-1\13 0.9I M O. ~914
1,0750
UI266
O.~
1.122 1
1.2[,9(l 1.1926 1.122S I." "
i .nu 1.1IM
1,3931
0,173. O.I1Jt;
O.JU::! O.3-l;/()
O..'iU07
0.b4..IQ
0.7tfJ?
O,llnll
0,%1 4
u.:.ouo
O.t>l2ll
0. 7bliO
U."660
U_9;19'
LOOM 0 , _
I.{I4UI i.ocoo
r.sees
1."-'lO.i
00
1._
1..:067ll
"
1..119
J.7:lU
0""""
0,1629
1.0107
1.317U
sc
0.1743 0. 17-12 0.17-10

O..ll7J O,,1.M;2 0 _
0:017'9 D.SHI 0.5100
1.::;717
I. ,~!.I
31
I.;;'~
r
0
1.694 1
21 .7 .2 . hlAsodfajiJ e llip ri ku s intcJ;;rfl.l E (;P,k ) k = sin ()
I.lk.~~
31
0_
''''''
.....
3Q
l.~
:~
1..j70ll
1.;;707
1.;;7W
1..j (;97
0,OO
1.6200
U.
l'::j70ll
1.::;700
1."71J
1.5719
O.17s.4
I,UU
''''''
lOr
0,OO
o.rsas
so
0.17:.4
0.3561
0,_
1).760-1
1. .10:>6
1.2"~
so
16
II
19
'0
'1
2'1
,.'"
as
26
'17
as
29
0,OO
0.1752 0.17:;3
0."" 0 . =
0.5294 0 , = 0.537'9 0." " 0.5459
O,7U6 0.7213 O,TJ23 0. 7-(36
O.l'I ~2
0,9173 0.9401 0. 9&1. O.9!l76
~
I.Int> 1.1&.13 1.2126 1.2619
1.331'2 L IbI'I U!:144 r." "
P I2.'> 2.0119
1,"1146
.."
,,,,.,
,:;;;;;
2 1. i. 3. Teljes c llipt ikus in t egral

< < k - si n Q
21.7 .1. EIs6rajti cllipt ikus int egral F (lp, k ) k = sin (}
LS913
1.309-l6
1.;;'~1
1.0020
1.ti061
1,61(),',
1.61,,1
1.6100
l.l.i2;;Z
1.6J07
1.63W
1.6-t26
1.6-t9lJ
1,w.57
1.66 27
1.670 1
1.6 777
1.;;;;~
1.;);)37
1.;;'-.07
I,~ ,b
1..j-t..j2
l .iHO::i
1.::.:J67
1.:>326
1.;:;2~
I.;:;~
1.;;191
1.;; 14 1
1..:.090
UOO7
1,491l1
1,4\124
1A;lii4
1Ai'lOJ
1.4740
sz
""
."
"
"
"
""
"
J9
.
.
I'
J.j1W<
1.7312
1.,41;;
1.7[,22
1. 7633
1.77411
1.786S
I.~
UI22
1.~2'>6
L8J96
1$:..11
l,l"6lIl
1.s.'.4~
1.9011
1.91t'O
"r
1.4t;j;J
I A OOS
1,4_;;\9
60
2. 1".0;,
1,2 11 1
"I
2.111-12
1.20U
1 ,4-';~
1>3
1.4:\'.1,
"'
"'es
""us
2. 2132 1.1920
2.243.:> 1.1826
2.27.::.4 UT32
l.-W"lJ
1.424S
1.4171
U092
)..1013
.' .3931
1.:h49
1.3 , ti5
I.JY.l.I
1,J.:.oti
1.3411;
1.J:fl'J
ca
67
70
2,~
2.G.'lZ1
1.0927
"
2.~1
J.0N4
75
76
T7
i.aaas
ts
I.JU7
"
I.JO:>:i
eo
'I
I.~
1.2'J6:J
'I
1.!.I72'J
UI!rl7
1.1~70
1.2776
2.01J:J
I. 2QlI
"sa
:H
2.0347
2.0;;71
1.0ilO4
2.IW7
'1.IJUJ
1.1~7
1.149'2
1.23'.17
I.ZJlJI
I .ZM
1.111'-1
ta
I.~
'"
,.es
""os
2.:i046
2.;.ao7
I.HiV'
1.1.::.4;;
1,I.wJ
1.1362
1.1272
1.1096
1.1011
50
;;2
2.:JJNS
2.3439
2.3..'<09
2,419S
2,4610
'"
.,"
"""ss
90
2.7b0'41
2.!U27
2.!U.!l.i
2.97s(;
J.Oli17
I.07b4
I."""
1.0611
r.esas
1.046Il
3.1.:.34
3.2:;;;:]
J.3ti!1J
3.;)00.1
J.wIY
1.(1.1(11
J.IlJ17
4.0Ct2'!
4.331>7
4,74 27
;:;.434'.1
1.0 127
-c
I.~
1.02 71'1
I.ImJ
\.01 72
r.-
I .oo.:.:i
1.0026
0.000>
0.11IIOO
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21 Tab/lizll/at
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-0.4164
-0.3995
--0.2851
-0.0411
+-0.3727
1.00t1O
-{).IIJO
l;;r);
...o.Ob~
o.zea
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OX'"
0.2101>
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+0,0112
1.00110
2/ ./ /. lA.pllla-trn'~'zJ"rmarw
1094
21 .11 . Laplace-trenszformacio
(M.
T~
F(P)= j " -" f (l ) dl .
r(pI
I
,-
,
;
,
v
10
11
15
f(t)=ll. h.. 1<0.
.4. til.hiAultb .n _replO C "" EU U:Rf..... 41l1ulCm (lMrI4bS. old.) C
~ O.5.nI6.
16
17
"
l~-I
".
(n-I)!
I
(p-n)-
---.-
In-I)'
(P
oliP
P'
(P al(p
--.--
"
2Q
(p2 +
a'
J{p2 +.P)
31
""-'"
21
(P
ol(P
"I
....
22
p([il _ -In' )
23
r- 2n z
P! -.- a'
a
(ni
,J ... p,.jn;J
,r ~ a'
+ 2"p+ Jl
-'+ ,,'
Ii'
"-0
J-o
JdLl)
~mJ.P-a"
~ill at
21
~ill(a/
pCOll{j-<l~in,l
P'
P
-a'
Jf
W - n'llP" + ,Il)
01(P
,l)'
(P 01(P ,:I)'
(P
p!+2ap-.-'p
d)(p
l~-I
p2 + a'
0
13
p2 - ,,'
1l
(P oJ(P
fIt)
0
+- l)
25
(~JJ'"='- ~'i"J,p-O")'-
,r-.- 20-'
p(y -.- 40 ')
20'
PIP' '"'I
20'
PIP' '"'I
20',
p' -.- .la'
a(r -.- 20-')
p' + 4<>'
,I
(;:1--.)<-'" +h
(0
(~;("t -+-
ill
p' + 40'
P'
28
p' + 40-'
2!l
lP" + n Z) 2
~h "l
cllot
a(y _ 20- 2 )
",
J)(p
a~+(a
1)(-' - n)
..... -[I + (n - 3)fl":(0 01'

a ~ - ~n + J(n - ))(""
(0 dl'
a'e'" - i2a - J + J{o - J)ti Y

(u -/:If
a.inJl- JllIn'"
od(O' ,pI
.... Jr - ......,,'
(a' J'I
..... 0'
siJI' at
d,Zof
.h 2 or
.in,,/ . ..JIll/
~il'Qf
. chat
~ "'
. "h rtt
~o,
-chor
n;"t
27
l2
f(1)
r (pi
oldal)
2sillaf
"~"
1095
n.n.
21. T<iMti:"t"k
1096
F(P1
ac
Jl
32
'"
'2 ~h tlt
(pi _ ( 2 ) 2
IP'
a,I
(2)(Y - .fl)
IP'
Ql){pl
a'
.;7rf
J.l
,,;;;
'-h
(2n' Ji' tA-t
P"'vP
1
.;1' . . 0
Jti"
"
'"
,./Jfl ~fl2_p
.;p:i:l1
V#='-,
r
+n 2
+
., Iv!.;pr;:?
ril ...
()2
"
42
1#='-,
Ii'
.'
1, ("
- d ')
..--,
-,
arctg-
~.,
-~mn:t
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- , - ...nJI
~
11,,,1
Inp
-r-lnt
':'"""t
fIr'I''''
"'
a
;)7 ln P-
p -8
_1 (.,/11 _ p"')
t
":':'d,,,t
~"
dr
7~hot
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,,- -' OT
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t'-"Jr
okl.)
1.{"t) (mixl"lIitott 111l1lN:ttf'fl<hl Br.sSEl.mQv(,ny

:J18 oM.)
/!;"'
Vi;;
V' + o).jp"+'iJ
ei
SIT " '
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'v!-t
/!;..
p_T
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'" ,-."
,;;;
21~'=i
pl- ,,'
(n:> O. glUtZ)
_1_ (..-oSI _ ....... )
r,"'
I~+p
IV
43
n!
vJi7'i -
as
JtP - 0 2
.P
,rp
36
,'/P' ... 0 2
,P
(>~
3J
J(t)
11'
dl<l-rn,jt
"I
.-'.;;r; ~ 7"-,2 -
3~htll- o~hjt
J."j
F(pi
/(1)
LApJnrr.tmn.u!on"tid6
eh <it
, dLOI
1097
~l.
1104
21.12. Fo"riM"-tmn.n/"n'''ki6
Tfihlmatolc
I J(t) OO8(t",,) dt
~
Fo(~)
J(t)
"
47.
Sill2 (at)
-,-,-
~ (a- ~",,),
~< 2a
sin3(at)
-,-,-
{ ("" + 3a) In {~+3a)

+ ("" - 3a) In j.... - 3aj- ("" + a) In (.... + a )
- (.... -a)lnj.... -al}
, , ,
4'.
si1l 3(at)
-e-
-.
"" =a
~(3a_~)2
16
<>0 ,
CO!!(al)
.>'"
I .'I
-2I III I -_,

-
I - cos (al )
'2 (a -",, ) ,
51,
(at)
Ir + t 2
CUI
52. e-I< cos (at )
sa.
e-I<' CUI (at )
54,
Ir + /2 tg (at)
55.
til +t 2 ctg(at)
-<.
.>.
0,
rh(b...r)
2
b
~..-lw ch(ab)
2
b
aD
"
6 [
'2
Ir + (a
....
Sill [a(l- t2))
-'2 ;rOl<
se
sin (aI
--,,-
, s
'2""
sin (a/2)
2)
59.
,If ( , .')
a +'4 + 4a
[ ("')
4a ~C (-')]
4,; + .fi(. sin ('
4" + -')
4a
0-[c (~:) r-[s(~)]')
.fii- (a2 + b2 )-i e-i .....,2 (a 2 + 1r)- 1

till
e- "" sin (bt2)
ch(lx.i) (e- _1) - 1
[3 (D - 4 {a~
arctg
61.
<x'" (aI2)
~If [= (~)+." (~:)]
62
"",,[a(1- /2)1
-I
2
_>.
a+- + 4 4a
- sill
a
.fii- {a2 + b2 )-i e

63
2b
e- A " cu; (bt )
. cu;
64.
I.
Ism
es ~sin
b2 )]
If ( , -')
..:<a
a 2 +..?
-e
4b c b
(~)
11 ch (Ix.i )(l +e 2ot ) - 1
1f
57.
)2 + 1r + (~ + ;<I).]
' ji -
_
2
~ If ("'(~) -"i"(~:))
. sin
"
sin (aI2)
a<",,<3a
'
0,
49
:>6.
0< .... < a
g(3a - .... ) .
I (t ) cos(t",)dt
F .... )
>'"
0,
l (t )
~ J o (2 .,/tiW)
2
(7)
If
66.
(~)' .i" Gl
3/
67,
~=Gl
68
(~)' = Gl
-i aw2(a2 + 1>')- 1
[4 (a~~ til ) -
3 (D}
arctg
[sin (2 .,;<iW) + COO (2 va;;) - e-'..r.:;]

(Sill (2 .,/tiW ) + CtJti (2 jiiW) + e"
If
~ If [COl>
2';;]
[cQ!; (2 ..;ii:J) - sin (2 ..;ii:J) + e- 2';;]

(2.,;<iW) - sin (2 v'/iW) + e-
2.,r-;]
1105
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II
f J. lJ. Laplncr-rm nlJZjDnOOciO
1098
1ft )
F{P)
p-""
62
....!...{'-...". . n-e z o
63
.
w
flton>O
r
(p- JP'"=r
/P'
L....
.'
(J >
. -'/"
R..-v>-I
e- J~(ol)
(lMlIlESSF.L-~"uy.,'jlo'l.old.)
Rrv>-!
a~l~(<lt)
(lalod BESSELrumvkly. ';19. old.)
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o. """'")
.;
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""
.._4.;,..... ,...Jl
J{p ... nj(p ... Jj
69
;0
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.-.,;"..,(
Y+lll
hat<3
lu.t>J
{~(ovI,'-iP)
Jp'+a 2
J+
,,-4"'r-0' (11+
l
p'2 - n
71
p-"" _('-fJ,jr
72
,.-i'V"'-a' _ ,. -8p
'
r
{'J,'.r
hat <;;1
hal:>,j
bAt < d
hat:> J
hAt < j
..--la+61jl0 ( ) ; ,1
I )
Jfil+a
J
v'r
oj )
Jt2 -.fl). hat> 3

hA t < J
.1' J, (.J,' _.1')
h..t>d
hat <#
~Il (aJt1-.fl).
h.. t >;3
{ O,
hAI<iJ
Jo
~JI(aJt2-tP), h"I>/'
{o.
h,, ' < J

(}n
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(
t>
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_
ii2)
.
1I,, '>d
2
1
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.. _
;,
,r;i
..-11,;". ....
66
ta
2,fi t.;l
,fP
( y'P'"7Q' - P
y'P'"7Q'
........ /41.
til
iP
I(f)
F (p )
_ ("- h
{ o , !lll t > n
I , he u c ec c
{a,
haO<f<a
l.h4o<l<fj
0,1141>5
1099
1106
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fit)
Fr ( ",, )
~ san (.v7)
'If [C (:] ,i. (~) -s (~)

-i
II)~
,_
1l
",- "mn (,.., '
n.
.;; COB (a
Vi
73.
('Of;
Ji)
.. -a ,/i
,ji lOJOi(d .,fj) -llin (lIv'i )l
'0.
21 122
I ,
0<1< 1
1 < 1< 2
O.
'> ,
0,
O<t.
./ia (2..J)-je-E
II
(4 - W '
(a >0 )
If'
12
a,
..-1:
- 2I .,.ctg
nj
-;;
13
f Itt) sin(L...) dt
14
is
4..i-
sin .... sin'
(~ )
16
11.
Si(",,",)
IS
~ I - 2 S(,,-' )
\,
To
112 + II
(a' _ "' )-1
! [sm (tJ;,J) CI (Q.J) -
t;I
+ (a
I-COII(....:)
4.
<0)
F.(~)
0<
O.
O.
I
0<1 < 0
(a + tr l
O.
v7'
10.
[~~
4 (a2 +~.2j
Fou rier ..
sainus z.' tre nszformacjc
J (t )
C,)'
(bJi )
((la(1I
v7
ii '
",-i oJ? (0 2 + ';)_1
- COOl
74, .. - ~...f
<> "
,ji (,,2 + ...:z)-i
,-.
J /(I ) Ilin(t~' )dt
0 <1 < II
..
~'
o.
I
()l
~
~ ,,(~."')
-I
L:
.;;)
5.
6.
[s (~).C (~)]
sin (.. .,Ii)
71
(~)]
b(b2 -.- ~.2) _ 1
. ' _.2)-2arctg
3
cu., [
4 (f12-=-
3.
n.
70
F. (",,)
f it )
~II! -
'J'
.. t
b1 + (0. + If
02 + (<1+1)2
I>'l + (II
,
fl'
<12 _I'
'la 2 "I
I
t (a l + t 1)
,-.-,If
1-/'-""
('QIJ {a..:) Si(a-')
llOO
! 1.1!. F".. rir:r.tmruz!onruin n
21. 1'd61d:"I"J;
21.12. Fourler-transzformacio
! l' 't'ldt.
r (: )
10:,,( : )
C( s)
::
(gam ma- fiiggYiony. 1Md 4li9. okI.),
L
Ir (
)
_no v+ n+ 1
(B ESSEL-fiiJwen y. 1a..d S18. okI. ),
t "' (liill (U n- I [ L ~( :) -1~( : )I ,
AhoI
1~( : )
(II>I'>do&itott BESSEL-t1~y. 1Nw:I S19, okI.).
t- t, J,,(:.,i '-)
U
~ 17f dt }
,
(f RESS EL-integri.l. 1oVod 7'l<f,. old .),
.ji'; I ~
iiiI "
S(z )
j ~"
llin
Si(z )
e.
".
Ci(z )
-~I
f -dt
(im..griJ u-in'- . Wod 723. okL)o
F.<...)
Itt)
1.
I.
O.
I,
'2- t ,
O.
3.
O.
I
i'
I ,.
0<t < 1
1< t < 2
I>2
I>,
[- iii (a...r) sin (.....) - a (a..o) <Uo(a..:)]
s.
(0 _ 1)-1.
0> 0
[CXl&(a....) Ci (.....) + An (a...r)
0,
,, ( 00ll";5in2~ ) ;.0-2
t2 ) ~ 1
(,,2 -+-
10.
(02 _ r2)- 1
11.
j,2 ___ {a
12
11
...
Ioin(a""l
- Ci( ..",,)
';;'
'2,;:;
Ii '
f 1(1) moi(t..;)dt
O< t <"
t
>'
~ 2C(""")
2~
:;::
0> 0
"
tjl
,+ I
Iil+ (o + tf
t- ~
.. An {....)
+ 1iI-T- (a+tf
,-I
boI+ (o
11
,,-.'
17.
e "'- ,,t
".
,fi.,,,,
e-
Ii
O ,
.
'-.-,-
ell' - t1)-1 .
O.
16.
19
(or -+- t 2 )-1
0<t< a
7t
I
o< t <4
'='
V'2
(a+W 1 ,
A tAbllwotbRn ~J,6 rOvidfu..i: ~Ir: a k-~k~n -=PI6definici6lcbfw baowIaItAkkal.
21 12 .1. Fourierkos zinusz..t

. ranszror mAcio
f! 1 -2 C (.... )
I>,
7.
-f-dl.
,. Si(z ) - -2
I
00
0< 1 <<1
O.
1
Ii '
( - I)"(i:)~'2K
..
J~( : )
Rl' : > O
f 1 (1) ooa(t _')dI
F, (..,)
I (t )
A t4h1Az4tokbM Iwr./;I.al t j<'1iili-ark,

C: EULf:Rfl>w 1l11ando (C o.crra rs . . )
O<R.- " <I
G+
Si (.....})]
1101
tl. 1"dMtfro tok
1108
t l. l!. Founer-mm"z/ormacw
J( t)
,
t- ~
19.
22.
.-.-.-- .-
23
vt ~-"
2Q.
21.
f J(t) sin(t"")dt
F. (",,)
O<Rrv <2
~(';J
F(l-V) ....... - l
3'1.
t {t2 _ ..2)-'
as.
t
t {t2_ ..2)- I Jn (_ )
36
~ - ID
+blLlctg
.')-1
~.-
Z6.
r- l~ .....
rtv) (,,2 + _~)-i sin [v alrtJ:
-;
37
!O~"l (,,~
.......~)--i ....ll
... z O
(Or"
(- 1)- ( 1 )
2m+J"
C;;)]
- 21 th(lf";)
If....::!-~-f
aa.
t~-'"
29
ri
,fft'-~ [cal ~ +
30
t-~ ~ ~~
~c-'''!Z sin.;z;;:;
, p -~
0,
n]
..2 + ~.2
.d t (1 _ ~-')-l
In t ,
-aarctl
"
3 1.
nb
G~, (;)1
Co' + -,)1-.)'
27.
0<t< 1
,>1
H [~ - C - ", ..)
34
012+ .2
Ci(",,)-C-ln ,.;
sin
~]
It t) Bin{t ...)dt
~,t;)
(b'+-')
"",;i
V; (.'
,;i
33.
.--
24.
I.
..2 +,.,2
[I2,.;m
F.(",,) '"
Itt)
m{bt)
-: {m
(i)
+ CUl (Lr ) Q (Lr ) - COOI(lLo')

...Bin{b...l Si(b..:) - Nn (....,) 51(""' )
.-,
'" 1''1
a (.....)
+ ~ lain (b.I) + aiu (ll.oI)] }
.-,
" "' I~I
29
.!.t m (~r
a- t
so
ln
,I.
I+~I
43..
In ( .. ~+ (I> +t)2)
..2+ (1) 1)2
43.
!, In 11_ ..2t 21
"
("d+<)
a2+t
t
1 in
t
II- .'I
IT
211" _ _1 Y
-~
lC + In (....,) - OOII (aw) Ci(.....) - sin (....,) Si(""' )]
- . Ci
II"
i "'11. (")
-
(~)
[C + III (aw) - Ci{.....) ]
1109
21.12.
21. T<ibllkalok
1102
oc
F,(w)
f(l)
20.
t~
1"-1 e-ot
22.
-t(-- + - -)
21e' - 1
--In(1 _
2
"-.,,
T a rc ...
23
.fi
ac.

rie-'
,>
2m
er
a
_1
.z
33.
~)
ee
(t J_a1}-1In
29
(IJ _ a1)-1 In (bt)
In(l
+ I)
G)
J2
Inl~1
b- ,
e -O<
III I
tJ
.:(cOb(tw) -e-....')
w
3::>.
1"+"1
-cln ("+')'
-I
t
- 2 11" oi(""-')
In(a2 + t2)
- [(C+ln(':)) KoI~)]
a- I
:J7. 1"
38 ,
(1 ... t2"')
In l l- ~I
, 1--"- -
"
:19.
, ! (sin ("'-') C i (""'-') ~ cos (aw) si (aw))

2 ,
~!
2 a
40.
{sin(aw) lCi(aw) - In(ah)j- ,n;(aw)si(aw)}
[(Ci
+(., (~))']
41.
!",' {~lcoo(bN)-coo(ll<o.I)]
2
+ coo (bN) Si (tw) + C06 (""'-') Si ("",.)

-sio("",,) Ci(aw) - sill(bN) Ci(bw)}
I [aC+"21u(a
-a 2+w"
" +w)+",'arctg (")]

-;;
43.
44
4::>.
",' < a
.....=a
4'
o.
~
t sill (at)
/2 + b2
sin (at)
e-' sin t
,
,(at)
Sil?
sjll(at) sill(bt)
t
w>n
,,_.Il ch(tw) ,
'
w>a
- 2 e- ~ 8h(ab).
sio(a/)
t (t 2 + 1>2)
"
"
Hin(at)
e-
coo(aw)
,
,
_ Si (w)
w
(e-I>.> - ,,--)
"
III I? _ tJ
42.
31.
(,,+,,)
II" +
Itt) ':oK(tw)dt
3~ ,
36.
sin
In
F,(w)
Itt)
-If (C+ %+ ln "")
27
0< t < 1
In t ,
O.
(n+ I)
~ e-~ cos ..;'2(i:I
In'/i
30.
(-I)'"
,,_2w~)
AJwf-~{Coo; ..rza:; -
24. t -ie-'
as.
O:Sl"':SA~l
r(v) (a J + wJ)-f <Xl" (v an:tg (:;;:))
21.
1 1
oc
Itt) C08(t,,')dt
,,!a~+1(a2+.:2)-I~+11
e-'
F()"n~r-tmn.'4()rmtici';
~ b- J (1 _ ,,- " ch(bw)),
<"
~b-2"-,,," oh{ab),
>'
I[
,+w
n-w
"2 1>2+(a+~'f +I>2+(a
~2 arctg(~)
w'
I 1
"I
- ln l -4 4
I
<a
"2
w'
l(a+W-"':l1
b)2 w"
In (a
]
w)2
1103
111 0
1(1)
c.
-16_
2 /.12, ""'"n"-Irnmzlormano
21. Trlbld.:al"J;
J 1(1) bill(t _')dt
F.(;.!)
sill (1I1)
" I'HI
.' "
:2
n -
2 ...r ,
2
..u, (at)
- ,-,
55.
~.
1_
ea
...<~
0,
4~
. ",--
..
l>in(at)
iii- .,.. t 2
.,
'"
",_w "'Il(at)
",-W";n{ot)
51. ",_w bill(at)
1" [
'2
I>in 2 (at)
.;>4.
bin (at) hin (bt)
sill (at}
"
0<":<0
tJi(ab).
.: > 0
iii- +(0
/il
-+ ( _'
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a.-lrnitt.",ru,""'trix. 3::'9
"dll7..orp<jo.. ~zahAly
balma7.ok. 290
AGNESI-{;'!c kiirt . 96
lU RY-fiiAAVl-tly. 996
a ktiv . zlI.haly. 379
,''' '
kvadra tik \L~,
::;l.J!.l
A!aJlfIO~, i94
~11.7S-1
.w..znIil1 konW1"gf"fll'. 463
In,.,>uQlUptrikWl fiiggvi>ny<'k.
143
llUq>inU1lralok
i'rtrll1lf'U", 434
LAI>l.bR.tol. 43-1
..t..pki-pl<'tck
~brfl,/o.-I3
clrwi ..wurln.rkt. 32;'

illt~itM.448
komplex fiigg""nytan. 714
a1"l...... kt<>r. l~
......il' l'nk,IIS:>. 11l6
,",!o-u,nwIIAII", ass
o-h...l.ArMlTlW'. !l23.llJO.!136
ll_~~illthallUaz.
3ti'l
!I1:igoril.3ti8
ov~II.t.36ll
""igori>.3ti8
lJ~hr"
DW L-. 346. 1711

v(ogt'l> . 347
[,\.I<tor-.345
MI'."",l""i. 3-1(;, 350

kij"l..ntAo-. J.lG
v"l,"'. 280
kvad mtikus. ""lOt<, I'ozi tiv definit , 21~J

ni-!O'zet .",. 915
".la p
komlTLlIt llt fv.11.:i1

LIE-- . :lO6
lill'-ki><. 251
nnnn4lt.631
Tafl}'I"lli,tat6
Ttiryvrmlulo
1126
n... 344
florn.:.- . J44
!<iAha<\.. 346
tr-. ().;;(j
IUInllitAi;tOrl... zt...... 23
BOREL-f"k .w,
1UI111111Ator.6H
A ,,"o sw v diH,"'morfizm'.... s.)J
1I.1I1.<'cnl.(,W1.3'6
IUIIKlPriviIJt. 433 . 434
u.uivenali>..344
.ul':oritm'IfI
_\/TKES \"EVILLE .942
DA~TZIG .3ti:l
~ lkli.-l~. 2. U.
:>5,
32,
.\ f"OLL6~It:Sz..
GAtiss-f...... 2,;'. 914
tctd. 191i
approxim1oci6. 939
KRl"KAL- .3;;9
IIIIlXimiUilI fol)&UI. 3ti3
Qn..~l
SC HAl:DER.
R,ilyto.ott.817
6.t\Ooo ..1jAriu;. M AXWELL-ft-k . 710
.....hortk. 322. tiO'J

~iJ;iIL\WZ.Il ':I
6.t.",,-o. 1:J9
hA7.i>cwktor
.--ILi~. I9S
hipl"fbola. 202
ROMBmG . !Y.!4
~ritl1ltlllbrr.t .
f..liilPt. m. 2.:.0
l ;>t
il;.lt-t.2~
tiLblaza~. 1040
au.w.lOk~ .
.310
i1lapol
..Ifajull. :;;;0
~I
"""~\'
BASACH -tPr.64ll
ApproximaciOproblrmA. 634
approximaciOo. mOd",,"""
LoRENz....s.l I
"'~~Pny,l'<43
....
a.nah. meW. bb6

~
AilIebr.. 631
bnooroLi<.. -to,
ovlLffili.-'gg.....ny.70,
....lUIymeL-"', I!Y.!. Sm
IIIf'I.rikuu..... til;'
.....-malt LCr. 626
Ilyilt hallIlAZ.617
....iLn~
~t\"l'ktortPr.612
<'gy1"n ..... (j.J
~t.632
forditott.65
VPktorti'r. 606
Wt ha1InlIz. 6 17
ARCHI ~I I':D ESZl ~piril.
l<I.>I.ciouAriU>l. ;,.ul
~.21
hipnbolikn..... s.53
kaotik-. S53
1rii1OOOs. g.;,J
art\n~.16
....~k:M,
.........
,,,,,",,,,,za
intcgr~.~'6
..:Ikotil
XI" 9<J!l
'-'"lIt o1ort#-k. ,9ti. sea
Ht s os-. sse, S53
rii lf~nlovJr..;';O.'>
aIgoritrnu:ook
ItIM..1mi-IK .3;;1
~von..:Iil.
32"
Miilct.9.:1'
SOrb<:,
6-fU~,..<'n\. ,
k07i-pIwn _ I. 942
Uold az .... l~
\r.oYariIt.J>,.. 265
BB~
frAktiI. !Xo3
4.3
107
,.. alJAndOk
tct.-l. 826
(j.J{i
kontr ..VAti.It.no..265
CSF.8/SEV -.9-16
egy<.'~. 9-ki
RAYLEIGH-RITz.. . 21;1
RndF. .94l!
kOlltrllvAriAl\1O. ll.'ti
ktNl\fil\.l",. 2W
>\.I1ag
konj,lgAI t
..1li~19i'
hipl"l"boIa.. 202
,......... 203
" l t raktor. il24
amikink-llZ<>lium. ~
"llti.-..litoo.
fORD fl'LKERSOS .:I6.1
..:Iknti> (~).
. !landO
"'1JI.1akiw. llWnot<. 10
li.!fogo. 132
harm.-mikn".9-t!J
tbhl....k a.lio.>< . IT2
lI.Imuitas. Z2
&.,....koribb. 22
..........,...."
u~,22
b<-f. . . . . mdlrtti. 132

ho--~
uOgd l0"IIlJr.iir:ti. 132

brlrt Jr.... 134
..., , _ 143
hd>o6 -..nAt. 632
br-tt.-nrt, fobADl. 3.32
BERG E t<'-tt-k-. 360
BERNOl:LLIQAmok. 411
ti>o+ny. M
LH os r ITAL-fi>le ...wwv. 5.'i
BER SSTEISf.. le Aiappolinornok. 9 ':', -
BER~OULLI
BESSE.L-rflf'
riiff(',..r"'~IlIM..Z,17.
al..o hAroIl1S7.ng mAtrix. 914
""'" k""7.inm'7. hiJ>Pl"holikllllZ. 9J

An'. kO\.JUlgt'I1>' hiperbolilr.-... ~
107.
It.ltal.Mooo ~f'IIl ..t

lll&M)(ln'uctu KtJr!Xk. 2lJ.I
i1taLm"" !ta.tvanyfiiuvrny. 7'1.3
It.ltalAno;h..lyt'tl ....
444
act'" ..,..inll><Z wpn-bolilr. .."". 93

Art'Atan& .'"" hil'crbolikll"z. ~
"'",afiiggvpn}. ~
""Unut. 160
l17.imtltali.~ egy<'nlct. a51
a1.oflOAAJ1 tpljffiiil. 10
!Xlaf,lw-i'ny.9'J6. 101:0
An'ug...lmpny. 21
llW~. 1O
l>lfllrJr.M'iO
altallt.nOflitM.2'J7
.uIPr.311
..Hill. G01
,ltoll.OO1
IU"gwnclltwll. 47 .1 21
A RNOLD-nydv.870
i"".
ASCII. % 9
,,,,,,,,,,ociativ~~~...h,\.I.y
BOOLE-.ug,'hra, 316
iu"t"bili.~.llJl, 1131
invlU"mn._, JOI
limAri.
halma>',ok. 289
it.;'lptkal klllns. 21:l4
t:i()j
.tahili~. 831,837
al tkrkri lprillm.3:1"2
al lt 'lUalMi t't,I, !l4G
mat rixc k. 2;>t

t<lLzurok. 2ti3
,.,....~."c i""t iv t lll"jdtll l"'~
,,It<,,-,,,u,i I"'ut. !).lG

mHI,lit.t",d6. 76 . 8:1
mHplitl"l6-fij~vi'Il).k .
v"k toriAliRsw,..~.A.~. 1114

7:il
II.mpliH"iOsppk lnlltl.7::.t.i
analf1.i~
234
dpfinkio.2:l4
giirh<. 231
il/lZtfOi~. 106.482
",,~;rnpt,o ta,
0rd0,.; lCpcs6jc. 870
,:II
f'ltY<'IIJ&Io'woo'K.6JZ>
13 E-"S F.L-fiigKYfny.:l11:l
mMOIIit"H.519
BooLE-fiiggveny.34S
UOGDANOV TAK E,"",S-. S:>9
L AG RA ~G E-. IS;;
s.'>S
lIip-, I:\G l
BA lIISTOw -..ljarM. 9 12
h..J o ldali lIIPHpkoo<ztaly. 297

M.l o ld .. li "",,in~ulArilo .....k tor. 211 1
hAl............r , 241
ba1rt'no:l..~,('r . 207
B AriACH-t er, 6 29
pe ld flk. 6 29
""r . 6 2'J
harioll ok ""zt,uyozasa, 318

BAYES-l(kl. 780
b"zi~. 1l7"
H AMEL-.l)(f.l
(':1<1'11':10-.
II;lohftli:l. ~.:>4 .
sea
hUllluklinikll". I:!G5
Ho r-r -, 1:\.36. ~Z,9
kodi n..'uz io. s:M
lo k;\.l.i~. 1154
nyf'I'1K""'''"O. S;;"
t r"IL~~ krit ik \lII. II"G
vill.... II::;!). 862
hillom
k......lr .. ti ku". 70
lin..Ari~. 70
hillomiM;" ('!O'iitth.. tO. 12
1127
Ttinn/fn,,!n!6
1128
bin<llnialil< ('1<-1..... 71:14
f6<'rt..k.46-1
binormAli/o. ~~rl.... 239. 241

hil. !),j9
hiwllyiw
ilirekl. 4
..11..ntmowlNo<.Al.4
indirekr. 4. ~
kow<tl'llkti\l. :J
kO....uu".t<-w.. n-rOI n ~ I-I'<'.:J
tdjno indllkriOval..:J
'la
int"Kl'aIformnJAk.
alWm.....AAok.721
iD~kritkrilJll.l. 414
CAUC"'''- RIEMASS..diffrr<'l",iA.l'lU"'nl<'t, fi9.j
CAUCHY SCHW"'RZ BUNY...KOYSZKU,,'l!.Y"'U
IOt"'n.~. 633
CAtrellY Scnw...~n1OtJ..1I~. 30
C ...YLEY tJotMo:-. 2'99. 3.'>9
.... lff~;.ny.1:l71
....lm6.b<zt,r. 932
bram)'t.A1aI....o,;
al-oh't. ~16
~u.932
cnItn'li.~ fdUJrt.,k.
fw:<y.3W
mo'. ............1"*11)"'11.. I; II
220
biz'l~ sl.&tilozti.kai..liOO
<FDtrali/olU"Z<"i.66a
CPfltriftlgaJi>o nyotllftti-lt. 26J
N'Iltnun. :i04
hiztOl<itAN ml\l.Mnatim. 20
O!"ll\rtlll.l
B~IDP.
vrJuom...w.667
\ 1.ilkn.lt...u...-pri>blo.llOO
1'1"11\11\1.816
9.6
bol~i folyftnlA!ok.1;1O
BoUANO W E1ERSTllAss-ttlla;dor~.
uocrsa1J:ffira. J.j(,. 7711

viogP5. 34.
fiiggvo"ny. 2S-4.;wI
,.. ..iUlariJI<. :us

kif('p.n.. :wi
..iUtoolil. :wi
bOoot',t. fornVo. W I
bnorliiw.todlrool'robWoulft. :J62
BRAVA'5-rIw'3. JI4
BREIT-WIG.'<ERfl-J.. K")thoo. 9ti. 7(;()
BRO[)~I(Y SMEAlrfioJ.. lul><brl.<'r. H
hllrkoli>.2J7
om'"
1w1l\'<'x.610
lin<~6tJ7
z.vt liut'Aril<. UJ4

byt<-.9:J9
CANTORfiiggv'uy.8'0
CASTORhl'l1tl1l1:t.1:I4l,;- 1:I41:1.1:Ia2
CA RATHEoDOR\' ..ltil,l,k. 6aJ
CARDANo.kPI,I('t.40
esc
\1.~.791
\ ltft<l:t. 799
\ 1.l'rOOa. 799
CHOLESK..1,jArM.277. 915
fdhotltiul. 916
<-ikloi>o. 102
alap.l02
<'gYlwvAgi>.I02
bllrkolt. 103
k~l02
nyujtoU. 103
ciklU>o
di>rr.jllnkt.9'J7
hat..an:ikIWl. ~
Ian<-.361
ci>o->i,1, 97
CL"'IRAUT-fflc diffcrm.. i&I.,.;y<'JII..t, au . ,j2/;
CLB~CII GORD ....'II-
pgyf,tthaw. :JO'!
""r. :102
u-t<.,1. 302
COULOMB-n,,'w. volltwlti.... l.06Il. 6!11

CRAMER"t<t.aIMly.274
CAUCllyf(I"
,1<k6lloiAol.3Jtj
drkl'l'tIl""tuUI. ~...itll>.ikll". &;
OF.L"'MBRE-f'I" "llY"lllrtek. 16.
.l-dilol\trihlici6.662
6funkrionaJ.64.1
6-fUiv"ny. ti51. 662
albJnuaAlook,746
Al'proxuu'c)6.74:J
DIRACfd.,742
.><illapiw.i parlUll<'tf>r. 9'lO

OlOIIlO. IlJ3
WOll1lWJrotOlW Oolt<:.tt'llU. ~
n)"'rt'g<'1lOJIlO.82S.1133
stAhili><. ll2S
C>lODl6pont. 50J
dikritikW<. sor
f""",,, 363
DE MURCASlCII\M!y. 2t'4. 2'JO
izoWt.3.'>2
drriv4liuo
nydO.363
hoollo6.
...unr.. J,)8
_<ok
~vil~
tiovol...ag. J.j:J
"pproxi"'''''i'''.94G
diNzkrM.948
p o liu o m . !).t(j
kepl"t. S8
SOT.
fl'J8
tkt..l, 44 1
fiia'ff'n:-. JlS.l
ftrnu ffiuvrll:-<"lr.. J&':o
aoomOpont fobz8.ru. 352
n~y
intrn'>oJluIDO&,9:;..1
iml'litit. JNl
panunk........IIW<.31<9
~"\.~
nontlb'i..... 153
nIOIlp--lWrkf,l'. pg'1'llf"'.
15.
k.pnt.wkUll, Jog7
~,,""Ill
~-.2'96
J"'"'ltJ<'I....... a.1aIt, 392
faJrtor.2"J9
(oI~JOO
bomo<n<>rfiatkl-1. 299
Lre-. JOO
eoa
v+gt<>\Pn.
nooportbomomorfu.m.ltO. 2'.19
oopurtizoIllOCfi:t.mwo. 29'J
~t.8oI.11
,-..oporttioblaza~.
fflgvo"nv.:N
lr.,,w.31I'
ooopott.2'Jti
ABEL-. 296
rk7.-.297
3lS'
<U.r.itritKri6. .t2
296
~t
ffigv"ny.
tOrt. JII'
drrivjJMi tcIahAI)"Ok
tiohW<at. 390
df'rivilt
3':<.
AltA1annoitntt. fjG2
baJ oIdah. J8.:J
fRtcHET. eoa
fiig,v;'ny
""",01.130.1,,1
komplex vAlt0z68. 694
rlliptlZil<. 197
hiu'OmoldaJu. 151
wnw:...l:J1
l'Zi'nln<otrikus. 1,,1
OlliO'lpont
hifX bola. 200
pac bola. 200
"ilt gorh<'. 2.12
tohhvlllto?h.
hMyll.d....... 3ll.
johh o1<1ll1i. J.l',5

koulltll..-.l"zormtt fiiggv;'nyio. 3Ki
ko'lllltaW":-'3..'\5
m"ll....,..,h ,.,,,tl,1. 3!1I. 401
in\'<'rz fiiggvi'll}'. 393
o....z..g;.. 3..'16
l....rdAliH. 3'J1:I
3117
lah]""".t. :JStj
v''KY''''.401
Dortve. (lUi
.......rl.l\~,
f'AAvarvnllal, 241
CSEBISEY
doooltll.t#lIZt>r.2G4
gM.:i:i1
......,"""',Og. 131
CARSoNtnulII>:oTlfilido.13t1
CARTAN- WEYL-l>fai~. JOS
CASSIN I-(iol"ll orh<-.101
CAUCHY<'Iv. 619
f..l"d...t. a21
int ..grill.6OJ
""roz"t.6111
CSEIIlSI>Y P"'OO-apl'rwcim"',i<'.!l'.il!
ooilill.l"itAA. reag.....k... 85
D' AL EMBEHT-formll1n, 545
DE MOItGAN-~,.ahAlV
BOOL~;.nlg~l>ra. -34 7
d~f~kt, 9J I, 935
,\tofinit. :lSO
pozitiv.91ii
ddllZZyfikilci6.371:1
OE~C"'RTES
Jt.vN.96
DE~C:",J(fES.fH('
dCijdt<t".I"'ly.44. (III
1129
Targ!/",ulalu
1130
u..tf'l"lllinAn._,2;J9
.liff"!<',u,iaI"".2t.iO
JACOBIfH.. , 676
kWArnitN<, 260
Dulli...,;' vAl...., 2W
'<ZOnM,260
....am.it&i ..:t.abftlyok. 259
t uknni20 . 2tiO
\\lROSSKI- . 7>09, 826
rliagonaImatrix .2,;)2
d.iaKowi.l-~tr ...Wp;i.Il. 91"
dirorrnlOport. 296
8Z'l
Avoszov- .'S:.:J
~b
Il."lIdil dcrivalt. J91

tablazat.390
wbbvAitozilll fiiuv....Y"k . 3Ii<>. 40t
""ktomiU....n)..k.6&I
4~
aiftprPoo-r.;jO'J
&llaudO et;.Viitth...tOju.:;OO. 7;-,0
irMyitiAartl>. llti9
diJf.,...l>riIo
""'immrtrik..... 2'JO
<lilI""'~ . 7b2. 9JJ
afuwdOk~'::'1O
AltaW.o..~. 496
.. utonOm.n.f
BER."OlJLLIfd~.
~.7b7
i~.
5tltI
BESSEL-fele.i17
CUIRAl,,'T-wJoo. :;01.i28
769
l'"""Jli'rt'"'kn . ili9
~t. 49!l
diff..~y..n.. 9'21
diJfl....nriak~
dliptikus. <>J2
cllipt ikus tipu.... 5031
eboOn-n<hi,496
E ULER-ff-r. '::'13
vuiAci6w.Amiw. .)6.1
norm4lill reudsscr. :;2l\
mpt"tf>1.1l2ij
..1...,r..n..! >i.499
r-"WiII. 52:>
Iullnogion. ass
illhomogpn.
~26
IllNotxil"f'n..hi, ,,16
nt'dr..n<hl. ;jO'J
j>l"riodik'l>'pgyiitthat6f,.827
megoldlill.496
1ft..,."""". 4%
I~f..liikt . ::;26
n.... wv. 930
nul.uix. 1"2ti
n' lllK"rik.... into'graw..:i06
~na.liw.. 524
Onatlju lllI:l\!t. 523
P"f"holikllll. <>J2
.-..oobk"" tip"". 53l
p;oc<:iAliA. " 2,,. 7::;1. 761
I"f'nrl.o7Rl"f'k.5Oli
tfon>lm"'lrt.. 6')2
diff"n>~W, .....m"lriA. 224
,liff"",llCiAlhAny..oo..
ir&ny rtwllt i. 6 71
thb.:1i.673
tl-tfnv,ti .671
.....k torrugWolly.li64
," ff.... 'II<"i&lhi<uy..,Jo, (liffivalM). 3S-t
rl iffPr<'ll<":WhAt~
.. k...m.-ci f.-lw"",1<'Ir ~nt . 821

rgyv AltmJ6Jl bigvi>ny. 3'<4
kocuple. viho.o:.. fUgvkly. G94
tOblJViltu.lilo< filUYffiy.-tOO
<!iff<'Wl>ciil.lol>Pri.torok
thbcli.671'
ditf~nitM,
~ii.::;:l5
e u..kint
k"iWlirririo!l. ,,2.::.
Iilldvv.. .::.2::;
lIIAfiodu.ndl1 .::.JO
3.-..&
&II
bb "''''''''k. J<J3
If.sfo nt
..--....fi~k.~1
sss
folYIUllA.821
FOURIER-tflLf\SZformAciO.7(1O
1...,.-~ - feladat . 523
POIssos -fi'Ie.;.46. 690. 693
iv, 246
WAg_hh ren,h1.'WO
lIWood rr-ndtl.401
gnoJikll" inu~faJA.. :.06
I'PdllkAlt.1:::i
rliffli:r.io ~ulrt .::.59
112::;. !:I(i6
HELMHOLTZf",,". ::i4S
RICCATlf"'''".5UO
~.J9'J
HEIUIITE fr r .
hip<'rholilnu<.532
hip"roolik'L< tip,n;. 5031
diff" r<>nriAI
f~ .:l~
fObh tlllajdon",ok. 39':1

inU>gr~47t>
H AMILTO N-f" l...
"n
wlp.,..400
mNoodT1' nrl,1, 40 1
n......l rtn..IoJ, 401
hill<'rw-'OlI...tnkus. ::;21
di!fn,-ncialNo
.w.r-<haIyok, ~
"l; illtRgrAlj<ol mOgf>U. 4t,(;
fi~\'~IIY.
fiiggvi-nyt'k. JIj.,
egyvAlt.m.ilfI
..k-lUi
31'4
filggv pny
imrlkit,JI:\I:l
mwre, J,'Ilj
kornpl ..x vA!lou... /lJ4
[\IR.lllPt.... .... ..J"k. 3tI:1
hj h hv ii.lt <Y.w... J!.m
I:lafiku,. J89
ilJLl'hd t flil:Jr'l('lly'-k, 402
kirl.v('tctt fiiggvi'uY"k, 401
logaritmikll,,3li1
magl\AAhh rpm\(1
hom"ln. 49!.l
implicit. 496. SOl
ind"x"g}"'nl..t ,.it 7
intpgrl\!o tknyP7/i, -tW
integriU. 4~16
intpgriUf..lul..t. ::;26
intpg riUgorhP,497
irenym..?';;.4%
k<Y.>,on""g"", 496
k<y'>Rlitil intpgrAlft..... 926
lin..arls . 760
kvadrutur... ,,10
LAG RANGE Me. [jot
LAGU ERRE-fi,I c. ,,22
LA I'LAC E-fi'k,692
L F-G ESDRE-ft,I... 5W
llorllllll,.J,ak,513
lin..i\ri~. 826
!d.utitUi .-bAIyok.loti2
thh.1i. 671
vt'ktnrkomp<>nf'll"<'k, 681
dilf........... iAItrAntlZformfoci6. Affin. 6'J.'l
diff""'lt<"iarIl6c~. #3. 9:11. 933
diff"rt'llci......lllA, II:!
~ lr.ifc~k . 9;1)
Z-tT...-fomu0ci6.7&1
diff.'rcociWMi. ..zaMlvoir.
.-gyva.l1.ozi:t< ffigg~"lI,..k. ~
d iff..ff"~n\Pt.
difJf'OffiOC'ti~mll".
ma..odreDdii,
invera fiiggv"ny. 393

paramPt"fffi piMllitAA. ~l2
o.-.tl-tl fiiggvpnytk. 40 1
to!>hvalta......, WI
tOrt. 3111
Vf'ktorfiiggvpny.6&l
1131
U<"m lin cAril;.
u-Ijn<illtegr>iJ , ,,27
pa.rrial' kiiztoliw int<>grA1N<. 933
rwt ikll1&ri8 rnegoIdall. 496
hAromrIilTlf'm:in... S46
,...j"tfiiggv<'ny. '::'24.549
.....jilti-rtCIr. . 524 . .'>-19
>l2. ill l~UIarill pont. aoJ
t.<-ljnw-n il'UW>iJhato. 530
tol'OlogikuAAII.. kvi-:J..I\.~. tlJ,)
t6n1l<ZOn. ~2'. sss

lllt ra hiperbolikn". 53'l
VAN DER POLof"I"
.sz..
,,"'tad! <"R)'iitthati>ju.751
DOUADY O t:STt;RLt-.I:l.j l
HAUSOO RH '-, 846 . 1:'14.
ill(ormAo-i6- . l'4 !l
ill~llIiAlI"
m,rtJ.kk,1 ol..finift.1t.
k><,.....ita..-, SoI7
LJA I'U!>io.850
..I"". 510
CAUCHY -RIEMAl'N -.539
(dhout""i tdd. 510

k;UI"llikl1~ I<'lld""""r. ,,28
\cR,r"kt-"l'i><zt ik,,~ egy..nl.. t . 51 4
k.>.rflkt..ri,.., tik\l~ r..nrl"7i'r..,26

k.>.rl\kt...ri", t ikll~~ft." , 52 7
ka.rl'lkt..ri...., t ibk.52(;
lilWAl'i" r..nd"",'l. 513
m"ll:aAAhh r<>ndi'i.
<likrilikUll .....1I6pout.504
dimc1l7.w, S46
Alw.a...".jt<>tl. ~9
k<,rro:'1f\<i<I- , "-19
WEBEI\-fN". :>53
d iff.....nri;\.I..gy<>nl..t<,k
1\ !Q,lll"'rJlO"~kio
diffl\zi6o< "CiittluM. S4(j
:;o(i
In''t.rikll~.I:!4(j
ln~rtfokfo.1:!41:!
pontollkpllti. """'" I:'I4I:l

[>'mt<mkfollti. r"lflil, 84.~
R tNYI ',
sse
" ..hort "l, 32:.1. (;0';1

din,,'nzi6Vt<'l.322
OlllAC'
rli",tril'lkio.ljij2
","rtf-k, (;;)7
1132
t.<;tcl. :1
",nk:>Iok. I:' 1
u"m ezouoe ert..l"mhen. 13:.
DIR ICHLIITf.. lNl"t, 5.17, Wl

DtRICHLrT-f"l<- r..!ti>tfo]. ~2S
...1<id omok. 136

f'gJIdl-rn6d'<Y'l". 932
egyf'I1f'll.63. 130
qo'"nlct.217
,,;kl...li. l93
u'rhfoli. 2 17
dWjunhiO.2l<I
rlilozjunkl,289
di!cWel.u.i.<jQ, hibo
Pob&lill, 929
1okAfuL. 929
d~'<7,.kT1"tizAlO ~ii&,
dWtribUciO. 661. 662. 7~~

dcrivAlUA. 662
irinytkl)lftl6. m:bo-Ii. 194

sil.. 193
.ilt.aian<M. 194
qo' ponton at. 194
H t:SSE-ffolr llOl'lD.ilAWl.
kk ponton &to 194
~bi.i2
disEtribOCiOl-ln&t.
disnributiv l'I:Iat1&ly
7~ 2
BOO LE-~ J.I(j
(.Yllr1Ik. t..o.Itfok. 320

balmBlo. 29O
it&tkA.lkulwo. 2N
mAtriltoe. 2:>4
tcllWl'Oll.76J
d i ~ 67/j
""'lltr'lill mra6. 616

ddinici6.675
ba1amt8t~. ~ I O
koonii~k.
kUlOnI.oO:z.Q
DilX1O~.k.4 10
110I". 414
~.410
utal&...67J
Vl'k torlrompot><"lUOl"k. 6HI
w ktollllf'V."i, 61:'
doddw d ,r. l5S
domhonl<t.696
duAlill.347
duaiitho
lin..;"-illOf,titnAiizAW. &10
n..mlin..Arilo"l'tin....li1.AlNo. AA6
dnaiitMi .. Iv
BOOLE-alg..tm 347
duali tJ\.llto't<>], ..ro.., ~1
duai iUJA><. 347
DUHAMEL- fonllull 1S1
.og(....i,rUkll,,(gi Cdti>td . ~rl

"Kziruc~t'lJ(,i"n..Jitfutztik" 277 , 50J

k.ij..lr-nt~ ..hr 346
KORTE.....EG DE VRIE 5-. 556
kvadratikUII.39
linriris. 39
IogAritmil",,,, megoldA-. ~5
Iogiolztik Wl.l'! Z2. 862
mModfajl1. 6:>1
ma.-ifokl1,39. 63
.............
..-lfokl1. 42"
I~
6 76
~fokil.~1
polarh.>rdi.nata.<, 195
Ilf'mliJririr.. nUIllf'rik"" ~ . 907

OOI'ln&1alaIr:ja.. 38
~1~194
~,6S 1
\kben..2 li
..,......k
k.itk6. 1;;0
krl '10"'"",,~. 196
meroq."., 130. 196
rnetl<'li-I<J'OfItja. ikbMi..I9.'>
mct.szO. ISO
disEtributiv tula~
_ktoriiilillGOnAt. IM
~ 17
irlJi:ai'.866
lnbomogen, 6.'>1
...,....,....,..,.....
DlRAO, ti61
ortogonAliti........ I :J)
ortogonAliol. 196
p4rbHz"mOfl. 130. 1;;0. 1!J(i

tl'l\lLl!llifocmiICiO. :zo:.
qtVt' nki-nti I~k ruOdlw.-n-. 91/j
rgyrnIM., 10
f'gyl"l1eSpN.
a1gphrai. 38. 42
D IO PHA~TOSZI. 3 29
lirlf'liri.~,
329
...,."~
slk. 193
egy .. ,1Cb egy.:.nlet.e
tkr ben .217

" llif"'Zi>I,l9ll
"L..of"j,i, sst
..l>iOfokll ,39
"l;I' 0nP1ld RJit<. m..gold......, ~ "
f..liil..t ,213
normAlall\kja., 2"lO
terben. 24J
f"Im.38
p;ornb . 243
gyok". 38
harmad fokfl, .w. 64
itnAci6olm6<l..u "!", 913

t(llh"tArnzott. 9 13
~I"",
honJOKi'n, 6.'>1
ind"l;-.
ko'pz<"te'I. 2U5
th.I;;o
tkbeli.214
vutorngymll't. 188
921
~.~
hiperbole, 200
hipnoolik'", fiiggvhlyre, m pgol<l......, 4(;
_ iml"totikus, 42:'
kompln !IZAmok.... 3:.
mAtrixok, 2jJ
r "RS EV"I.-, 42'l. 52"1. 590. 636
..... toro k... 11:lO
~kapaIoIAt
AM>~. 1O
1!&Y"'n1&1f'IIAPfl. 2'l
B Ell.loOULLI.30
BESSElr.63S
binomi.il'" 30
C AUC HY- SCH.....ARZ- . 30
CS EBISEV., 31. 7!H

.. ~u.33
~ 2!l
HOWER , 32
kf]ji)nhOzl\
~k;'.
rend-n-k, 38
miolodfoeu, 33
SCH RODISG ER-
"JWci'liA. 29
1inf'iLrio<. :>47
1lf'lIl1inf'&ris. 555. ~7
IlZinUl<ll-GORDOS. 55ll
30
MINKOWSK.. ,32
aimtani
No IIlk1&ni k~, 30
m~k~. 30
~tA1
~, 2 14, 2JIj
~it""ki6,9 1 9
fuzzy halmazok;.. 369, 370
.+JUI18.noo<. 214
terbf'n. 214
bAJnw;, 2~
....ktor alak, 238
fOCw,........ djAriA. 928
t ..... l'I'Uf'nd<'ll!I. 38
f'lO'I'l'r mml-.Am ~oo-r (E KO ;';S). 337
trigODOfllf"triku.... rrwgol<iAsA. 45
~h. 62'6
~k.g:i l
wlnor-.
1~7
<"gyffil<-t4"k
DELAMBRE-f' k
~"trix.
167
MOLLWEIDE-fi-lc. 142
'lAPIER-fel" ,167
.-gy<>nl.-t rc ndsz<'r
":u lh..tirozott ,913
homogo'n . 272
hArom!l1.i>gmiltrixl1, 27~
inhomogi'n. 272
li>pao.'i7,<,t cs . 913
line8.ri>l, 270. 272. 913
a1"p"nd,,,cr.273
..1..mao:'n....JjAnl.... 213
triviA/is lIlcgoldA><. 213
mlh..ti"Yl.Ott. 276. 916
nemlinearis. 913. 919
llHlll.. rikuSlll~,old"". 913
di,...kt m6<v.ZO"T. 913
2:.3
~ktor. 1 8 1
"BY iitt ....tO 38
algt'hr&i kif"jrL.CNi'. II
C LEBSCH- GORDAN, 302
lIwtrik 'llI, 1805. 1116

Vf'ktn rf..lho nt M, 181
f'gJIi itt hAtnrnAtrix.
kiM vlt" u .272

kih<'l vlti-u.915
E INST E IN-f,l" kOllv"ncio. 261
i>k.l53
('kM"dlp;,161
,'kv i""I"lld"
hif.'lI1yltAA oon\.n, 4
ip; ~tAhl". 2&.1
logikai..2.'l4
..kvi"",l"lld .. .."..~tAly. 294
TriryV'lIIdato
1134
rkvl ......uciA 1"'1Ari6. 2"J3
"
BooL E-fUuvPny.
AiU7.A1. 1;)1
:w..
rlhprzis. 19,
"tmhO.l98
hinom. 70
dApzNrhiilP'ti kori' nr k "lll\>\1". 1:1.1
lvtt<-.I 9'J
n"'l trolJiIt.2"J.l
l>O'Zitlv. M2
lUillR'IIAri>< .jO'l
til'ikll>l.I:l3'J
v",;,.".9;li
t .. rlll ..t.
'lO5
..lem..k k;'I""",I"t 11. 21:'1 7

"I" mi ,li.zj llllkrill. 3-19
elemi .....'meuy, ii7
m"""drt,,<!(\.224
..I..mi Iortnul... 21:lti

..I,'m; intervellum. 447
k"p",..t"" .224
..lliptikus fiigg" pn y. 'k . 7i!1
..I.,,,,; kouj'm kc-ill. 349
" I1il't i k ll~
d .'",i It'nll.. t r/o!<t
d ".'l f.. ju. T'JO

l<'lj..".. 73 1
e. . . . .
tAhlAT.... to k.
..lforll'tM.1:\41
..lfo'lt"tUi I""t nx .
~l'3
I~.
211
P]hPl~'f'7h
!Cl.AhAd.147
.-I.uwu/lril:loo ..lv, G Arss- f"le. 27"
PlillliuAco )l.pIoo. 9 14
e1.jArIuo
B AIRSTOW"912
inl<'grAI. 707
binomiu. 7~
\2 791
<li!<Zkn't. 7144
.-xponrnc:iAli~.
GAUSS .-';[ \\Tor; -. 920
P OISSOS- . ~
ST1:DE 'I T, 793
IopritrniktL~ nonuali-~.
71\'1
924
RUNG E K UTTA . 927
STEr rEJ"sEN.909
TJZ>
bnJ~.n 7
DOrn:W;". 78.7
hi~ml"trik,
1-.793
W E!BULL-,790
.. IOfl7.IAAfiij~K""ny. 78 1
fol}ton"", 7S2
..I""",t""; fdadat , &'!4
..k"'~tA.~i malrix .1:lS1

..loj..lfiigF;Vcny. 41S
.,joj..I"7.... hsily
DESCAIITES-fcl".44
,I,;mM" 7h
.. K0IItOO". 171
;rfmy...AAlli-lk,j1. 14$
in
"""lllillyr.. noi~1.. r.lrlj''f;. 7~

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IS:H
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r~,27l)
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rn
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~ILI.SZTOSZ TH ESES ZH<likl. 32':>

.......o..ti fi~y . 73.:>
....u,t.U
fr\P7.6. 2lcl,"'itott, !lOS
biztoA.77i
...komi. T,7
CAUCHY-<-I" . 6 19
t r t d. 64::,"nc!ornor fiz mlls. orI
"Ilt,ropi "
"It " j"u.." jt ott . IS"!)
lut'll';kw. . 1S44
t"I,,,logiku_. S4J. S::;.t
'1,i.-ikl"i>.. IU4
hur kolt. 106
nY"Jtott. l06
I'ltlOrhoi<l . 100
'1..wloul<'lU.Or, 26Z>
.'!'<'tJf.1I tArtom.any.
. j 8-4.
GRAtnF.-, !J12
HOUSEHOLDER . 2 77. 943
il'r ....i...., 21\1
J.\COB1, 2Sl, ~ 18
LANCZOs..,2M
:"< E....'TON-, ~ M ll< , 920
i>T7"'k.-ny":'JI:" kt!Zdrti f.-ltk.. l.okr... 'lZH

.....-rno'n}. Ti7
,..il\nilik;\,n~.1!03
.... ~lf'tlli_ (1IIk'i.,;,j jPgy7i>kiinyv 797,
790
hilvt.-. in 2
oiitf.. ft>ll<it\.!No n;.lkiil. 921
haIrnaz.4"
op<"r"tor.I,;IO
..It.. IA.~inVlllians. 62ti
F ISHER-.792
folytoDO!<. 7S7
CHOLES KY', 277 . 91::~~92S
G AUS't SEI DEL-. 9 11:'1
TI)olton.L4
in. J:H
iArt. J.;..I
rhoo llOu1it'" ~1f.u. :.0.:.
.;..; IIvadrootiku.-. IW\l,f'mII><
rlillrt.246
..It"",,,
lIlfort-ool. biha. sn
rIV"],I>I~t{I>Ii
220
....n1.r"li., f..hil.'I, n ,1
f,'liil..t
'itJ".u.I23
"rt<-ln~ W'1om';'ny.lZ2
fiigvkty. ~ 7
<>Iv
IW
tralJ~dl>rtl1M;O,
,' Ilil'~;wid ,
,I"llw""l't'-;'/'nll'.. 270
kte~tAhilUal
,'h"h"~I ..k(oI"-.w,. . <:44.
kPTul",. I ~J
..1.. m"...."~rljIuM, 270. 2TJ

,I<'JIlr""n"-l~po's. 270
Prti-kr<"fld;......... 121
ki..-. 3,j.l
..ll.-nt TJt<>n<iA.~
h...-.:.t::.4
~ik.
lIi1. f~~1.147
M.w:>roZ&t. L4
dPmi 110.-. 3::H
r11rn6no'i kOd. 3J6
p;rM,3,.1
IU<1t.;keJ,r,.. L4
~.
tOhhl.,..,...,.. m
lrlWllZfonruit'i60.. ~ I
IIUt.19i
"lgoTi tm\ls, 2, I-I
nor ma . ;32;1
vektomormn. 2'-,1'1
v.k torl h . 31:3
E ULER -
12.-.
foc",,,Ia.
fiigg"'''n.v. ;J3~
kpp1Pr,247
sd~. 211
o'lt,3,jt,;
vollAi.3.'>I.i
~12
o.-.-~'f;.J.::.
dift'PTrud.;J"IIY"1J,I. '-'13
rl.oof.. jo', i1l1<'I\I4I. 996. 10I:l3

fonnllWt.42 j
mt.,,;rlU. 2_ Lol'i.
kOll"14ll!O. ~
~(,6
><ik pbo-. 226

tiT&iirlw. 239. 241
/orint6IrilnY"'Wl!;'" 3':l-I
forlll1oiol,r>.h, 1'17
....,rol"'i '\fIl<,ikk~
rt'lIlt<'iu,,ri,liilll. lTl
{'vol",<,;o.. "lO'"!loot.;),)6
~I"'lf"I. I::..l
poIigouvouaJ-...I,ilOr.... m
owimoIr..~ 17
rrillt<'ill~.13o'i
e--vohki"'" fiiggv""y.;)j(j
rrillt""'ik.I58 . 400
"VOlllkl.236
f,,];ilrt. 244. 245
,'1illtc""'''''g. 139
rrc;vnllru. 671
"'I'f.{k;,.m nO!<. 2S4
i'lti'Iu'~O Il"" kifrjr~""",k . 3IS
/'rt i'kk.:."tJ"t
f\~v /'ny~,
47
h..lm"",. 48
Ol><'r"tnr. (i1O
I ~A:'-I) 337
('vol""",,,23(,
kOTP . l OX
.. x .... ntr;riIAA. lnlm.. rikus
elli l)!,zis.l Y7
hilH'rtll>IIl, 200
m{I>I. .t!,,'uc!i\ gi;rl".. 2(),}
paraholl1 , 203
<'Xp li" it "IMlIitM. 4!J
t'Xpo n<'ll<'iMiA d.-lluo. 700
1135
Targym"t"to
1136
exponenciAiis fiiggv"uy. 703
a1II.vu. 125
pxponclJewill "-'11. 13
~
cxtrlLJ>OlaciO "I"". 925
I'xtremAli8. :::.63
ex tl'f'mA1i8ok
~rbiilcti
Sligar. 568
ass
faktoriAliA. 12. "..

~J6
fAl.K:-"'"ma.. 2:>4
fAviz.alt, J:.ll. J:.9
fhia.83
.wm..... ro
fdbolJt.M
ort"l'::0nAl is. 634
fplbontM i tRwl
ditfpr..ndh.l<>gy<'nlp""k. ::'10
fel"",rfll>8
cikliku"
old,.11Lk 1>8 ",/~ ..k, 142

vpkt oro k. 20'
fel"""rfl....i tRt .. l
SCHWA RZ-f..1... 40 1
f..IOIPn'lhM.......gi "",.hAly.2Il5
f"laooporto k,29::'
fel..gyeues. l JO
19j
luI-'""bola. '200
povohob. 203
f6kl_hOIlriindulO ~&r. 200
foly>&ltl
bt-nger.154
bordOtcst. 151l
~
gi>mblWo~.
kup. l au
few, 21
f..lbo mlA.... tOrlllq. 1:ll.i7
..ru~i8.
t~.s:JI
di<Izkrft.9-IJ
tObbdilI"llZiOo.944
f6k.-,:i04..~~.1'l33
Ilf'g"tiv.l:!21
pazitiv.1l21
f"'par~<'J. 197
kPtt61 imegTa.!. 4S3
STU RM LIOUV ILl.B-.li24
mNr:>dr.-n<hl. 220. 22.1
nortnAlvPktor.244
DIR IC Hl.ET-. 537, ti92
korreltt kit1bhnl, S43

~ EUM AN N-, 692
lPfE,jlbc.-t6.2:iO
mPtrib. 2~7
..JWArfIlIXlIll.6S'
....ktorf!lJXUIii. till
fok.131
foluwUmn.a.trix. J..">9
invvi.in.d dOjdci. 224
WtrI.. 294
..klI14rmP7JI.68'
vPktol'TDP7li
benger-. 213
felp&l~
,lifl'.~.d21
~.2.iO
Iv. 363
fpliilrti
folyt.....
~m.246
914
r1ijiPtd&rM~. 246
~1Pmi,
39
kom"kot v.iJ~. 694
r.,liitetdPm.246
.-:Or"" fulUk-t. 491
kOl!W'tMI.60
ti>hhvl\lt<Ytillo. 12S
in~ilk&mit&
polieder.152
tOru..oc:r.. 1508
f..l...zOg-to"td
!,:Omb~. lw
siltlwli t rigonomct ria . 142

f~I~1
tAbWAt. tt't-. 491

pN'lUtli>I ......... aIa..Ir..490
....ktorkompot>PIl8. ~2
felUlcti in~81. -1M. (;l(;. U!l7
r. tipusli. 4&1
2. tip111<11, 492
aJUlIArlOl' tipul<1i. 494
~lijlptino~.244.24(i
C ARATHEoOORY . (i.5.J
d il13DUkUll.901
fdiileti POfJt. 249

e1li"tikWl.249
biperoolikW<.249
!"U'"boliku.;., 249
~ZillKUl"';". 24:>
FEM . 936
D IRICHLET-f.1<-, 42S
KU HN-TuC KER-. 886
f"nl.."I,vRgott h..ngpr.
f....ziilt.>oeg""nzor, W:~
m1:bcli t rigonometrie, 82
f..ltf>r. 646
r..lt"t<>1
st at iklls. 90 1
feltiotplpk
..gypnlotlp n""g..k, "Il.v..o1tWp;..k. 1l11

fpliilpt ,24.1
Abr li7,oIA.. 81'lin l'-<>kkl<l. %4
8 8- Ahrli7,oIA.'. 9(i1
..gy..n....vonalu alkotc , 'J~
pgypnln p. 2 lJ
f\igvkJy.:>1j
:>Ii
~v'!tcw.<ioo.
nWodn-D<lii. ZLJ
DOlIl1&Ia1aIr.ja. 22Q
164. 168
&lItllitiku.... 1Il'l
rol~.
r..I~
~h. 157
folytuUOlO. ~2
inbomogi-n. ;)4'>
f6g0mijIPt181l!,:ar.247
f<'iOrbijlPti sugar, 247

gw.olptiklt. vnnaI. 2;)()
~n4
tiT. 212
f~ ~matrix.
sea. ~
BANACH. ti19. coa

BROUWER-. W4
SC HAUDER-. W4
Ihlx'lll
"""'.223
192
'doolo
f..liiJ..t<l&rab.246
~rf. t!25
~trum. 7;)6
fE IGE.'I;BAUIolilLIwdO,
.......
kw..o, l92
fe~
fixpoottk..l
hint&:ik. 244. 245
ir.i.nyitott.49'2
kilJ>-.213
...,...,.., ;u
f.w....ItoI<XIM. 83
k""'"
CAUCHY. 52.
ti>r, 212
r"lig l'PII<lt'ZI'tt luIlJnaz. 2'.+4
f..\nonna. 626
fdoldal-tkd. 166
~iIr..
,,),,0 kvarlr,,'iku.. .. Iarforma. 246
forgAA-.213
~b06. 192
"'"""""-
fiziootior, 821
.......
"..192
..uIandO.
lO'i>kk. :Li8
""gll!iri>o binArio..3.:>S
fAktor&1g..bra. ~
faktolCOOpOrt.. 299
fa.ktorK)'linl.32 1
fixpont<'" ow.Alu. 9(jO,96 1
t" r""n.243
""""""
r.. ""
bin3ris,3.:>S
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f..l.,..leg.gombi. 164
f..lt.-didj...."".281
fd .ozOpont
fOMiU'U Irk.,..."..,.. 293

forg.....lli~tid. 120
fOll:Mp!Lt&bt:*>id. Z21
fUll:~,212
forgMt....t. pnIN<t-fo-I""in. 437

forg,.iM"""",", SO(3). 309
fortl"tMi JlZ4m.1:ll.i9
rorKata..iuV>trifuIs. 264. zoa
fOTK"t"'lIoAtrix. 2Z>ti
nrtog0n4Ii8.262
foTlt""fphl1pt.2 13
formulll
1.~;j
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KlIlC It Horr-,54'::'
I.' Hu ILl t: lI- f"lP. 168
FFT. 9,'oO
L I::IlI Slz-f,,!p, 391
F IBONACCI
LIOUVILl.E- , ;)(I9. sao

Pl. EMEW-SZO HOCK IJ-. OO3
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fiXl'oul
lill,,iri>o l..k;;p "".6<, 699

stahil;". S61
llxpont -t'KY"lllet.!Kl7
1' 00~~ON-.
543
R IEMASN-.539
SIMPSos, 923
STIRLING-.470
TAYLOR-.395
11 3 7
Trirgvmutllt6
11 38
fomnil.4.k . EUL ERfrl.'. 427
Hlax .<tOI'ZAS,
di",.km.ll)l
illt"'lt'">i.I.
folyton<.... lln
illll'ro"ri'L~, 46 1
invtT>; hip"fboliktl.~ fiiggn'ny, i'26
forr~.t.6
i>rvf.nylIM"Iltftl. roo
ti><l;tA.tiOO
forn"'''ln1Ioi'g. 690
F'Ol' RJER...wi:Qo.. ~:l,
fOI RIER-.-g,yijtthat.6lr.. 427. 949
IIlf'Shatilrw.iuo. 407
nuruomkwo uwgha~. 430

fOURJ ER-ir,~.
431. 7:iJ
..hivak-""dMllit.liooolF:. 7:>3
Iwmpln ..l&UhtNI. ,,')3
f()UR1 F.R~.
42'l.949
IwmpJ,.,;..u.k. % 1
FOI;RIER-IIO[. 427
HILBERt" th. 635
Iromplrx..Iak.427
lrgjoI>b JioIo.!iI.....6J:>
FOURJER.orf<-jthl. 427
IOnrmUk.430
FOt:RIER-t~.7:.3
addkx.. tftool. 7r.ti

IItt<'kintno.73,;
inv .. n: trigooom..rrikus fiiggvi-uy. ~

kompk'x twi.m arllllllPlItUSuAl-. J;j
~l.mu.~.
72:>, i'2f.j
ffoh-llO't. 24 7
f~.320
fi'jkOc.I~.l n
fOIll'''flllyilw"g. II
239. 241. 242
tfto.l.
,,,7
tss
FU lIRIEn- ~in llo:zt r"l_f"rlll"': iO. 7f>.!

F'oliRIER-""ill'l/Cf.tnu"",.f'lTmfl.<:IO. 7Z04
gyoll'l. %0
hll/lOnlOMgi u-t<-I, 7i17

int<>grillAA
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k"l't" rto rnl\.uy, 757
ill""r~ . 754
konv"Uld 6.
7~
kHo ld"Ii.741
kil'fiiAAVrlly.759
lill..Jl.rit....i t f t",1. 756
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1\
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~pr ktrll.lifi
int ..rprrtA.-io. 7:16
BESSEL-, 511'1
u'od....[t..o. il I9
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t'JO'v&lta&i:o>o.4 7
clo-rni, til
"",,",I, tr~lttl......., 7"1:::'
.. lIiJ>likll~. 443. 719. 731
""'-1fI>t.. ,:<1
ht"kkfsz1,M... 47
EnER-.
J,j,'i
O"XJ>OIl''nO'iAJj". 62. ra
knml'lrx. 703
foly~.~'"
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lu,.-.<kt.-rizAci<iR "'1"1, 369

....uboormiful. J6lj
"p&-lIIk'ut. ::;,...,.
fO~yok.264
fo~lytralll<l.fOl'lllolioi>.26-1.
279
fOti'td
int~Amiw. 465
fraktAl. Nt.i
FREcH ET--dn-i~-&lt,
ssa
FREDHOLM-wr
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wi
ti-tO'wk.579
"~p<>T}f'nriilli~.
.ukll_,~
fo.-klp. 171
diff~
ki1>1.artulllAIlY. ,57
di....kri-t kompl .. x. % 1
ij!).j
f&.or.271
lnegr>ktAAi. mOd,,",f, 579
e tE'<iM.i 1.... ,.tumAuy. 757
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ar.-.... 93
wlAciOrnAtrix. 3,4
-..",
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(may haIrnaz
di><zJr.m. J6z.
lwmplnrr""",373
JDaII:-a,;a. ~
foffolAriAt
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2., haro~Me.. 149
nrillApitMi ti-t<>1. 75 7
rlrlinlci(), ,;)<I
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1oRika.3W
CAU C Hy -fd... 4(,.1
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3,6
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kiiwtkl"lt..w n,".bzero"k. 3,1;
f......rt.. k
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ooumOjJ'Ont. 363
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I.;\,h\il;rJl.tok. 755
fo..wm. 271
forr"".I'l:lll.~
inl~nwt.:;,n.~'.621
ftt"kwncia. 76 . S3
kiJrfrek ...... nciA. S3
fl'<'k..... ocm.:-tolAA. I'l,O
fwkV<>nci""I'(ktnllll. 756
di""k ri't.431
folytonos . 431
FRESETkf p l<:>to>k ,24 :.1
F RESS EL-inl..,.;r,iJ. 724

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fun kcional. 47. .iG3. (;'1,
lin<:>Aris. 61O,611
liu"Ari>< . folytono- . 642
lj't<'rl>eIl,64 4
fIlUk,'iollalaUII!izis, (j()(;
fuzz y
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lim<. J6.'i
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if,ll'rWl1IuwlWUl. :y.
fii811MIrn. 126
f'-lQ.o, 126
,ouinmf'1:rW, ,5
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HAMILTtJI'I" 52'-.~"':-'
~365
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ltatvAuy.7I
1woon~,369
kompkmffi..... 369
llX'tIoz<.1.e, 36~. 37'0
m'i Ictci.369
"niOj 369. 3,0
fuuy rewi(>
biuAris.374
fu73.y l'<'la.ci6k
luotAr<'-rtfk. ::'2
Il vr,;t ..kui ..-n. j.j,
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l'AYLOll-ll<,Jf..jti",. ""
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kOPlp07.iri6ja. 3,;;
fUZ2y ~lyhazi~, 376
fIlLZyfik,;,\...... :.1 79
fiigg...... J><)l.4.ri~. 145
II"Wfrtik'''tRl"k, .>4
fii~.tl"u""g
hil"rt."lik". I'l~. 133. 726

hi!'.rR'~>lI ...t rikUl'. ~jl'l
h"I(J1lI"lL 69::'
h"m'~n. 126. 567
iR>ll',aAg-, 21'13. 2S4
intpgra. i"" lltth], 4,6 . 713

1in..ari.~ . 271. 60 9
>ill,
fiiRP,'N'jt
lin"""';". :171. :.122

fiil\h"'''ny
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Am'f -.99ti
all(..h rai, 6 1
lt EAVISIDE . Lt;:j. 99 7
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hil ..., 4ijl'l.99 7
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1139
1140
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sa. ~. T.!t.i
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ki>!.lIze""""ll p<'ri".liku... 7JI
lu>mplPll1"I\.~. J,J
kompl..)\".41
ll!g..brai.724
k,or1ir.\.uto.696
~.699
li....,u;" tOrt. 700

rna..odfokli.701
komplooxi'rtikii.41
Iwriaw.., 50
lu-i.m-. i6
k0lJWll;_. rt
k ~ vAitoD'i, Jl:(i
k~i>k.450
kiMVM.<:1t
vAlt.aW>. JJl7
hiJ,..jll~ .J&j,
hi~~.942
kif"""" a. viogW"'nhf'. "'"

lllO'gllZUntetlx-tO l<&llIww.;;9
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hiha.tnjPdi>!ny. 819
ollllapiloll ~k.ll;;
~ugr"",.:>8
koordinAtik, 244
."..""
""""'....... ;5
UU1~1l!', ifj
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WEiE~"R.Ass-f<+.133
II:">mh.la,
~...-itll1"".
konlJ.lrx fllq;v;"'v. 700
lottantm,...fiiAA';kw. (,2. 72
Iok'lli.o;an illlR.fUAlhllto. 1>61
MACDONALl>-, ;;19
m..romorf. 71!1. TJI. 741j

mintAfUg,gWony.7');;
moncton
uo"kkouu,49
ui;\"ck,,,M ... 9
mr.h"'/', 6,.8
uagy,..AgrPlIo, ,j(;
uem ..l..mi, til
~EliMAN N'.
i~~~'I..tt.
518
63
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I"'riooi k".., ;; I. i 4.',
rArl\tll\ll. ;>0
pAr""'~
p,,-jotu,li" ,.gi",~" fjI

eWfokll.(>::I
f<alma..
4, 2W. ....;2, stu
tObbvliltozOti, 126
fiiuvenvpap&~ Iogaritmikn,.-. 119
61, 6.".
J4
~rir..l:JO
f"lllllrna, 119
ko'l.-. klgari~lllilt.,.... 120
ft'CiVrok skilla. 120
fiiggvo'nyr"nd"ZO"r
ortogoo,iUis.942
~1.97
Df.SCARTES--(~lt-Iovl-l.96
th.2U
GAliss-KRl'G ERkoonIin6tiIJr.IM
GAUSS ~ E',\,TOS--cljaril><.920
tbt'ta,
tObbvAlt<TdJll. -Ii. 121
tCIWl<X"I><kn:o. 62
l~rikUll.62. id. 132.i2b
valOo.. 47
''''''''''''''mi.~ vAitoWk. 7111
WEa~:R -, diS
~~.
,&j
~boIiluo..943
.......w..~ik.
_1r..in..<.77
f<-'-WPnyd<>t#>nniIWJ~.
liJ~ tOrtft~y.
:;'''
qoro....u monol.on. 49
LAGRAI'G&-, sse
LAGUERR'-.6J4
lind"i.. i",luwan.. tiirtfiiMVP.nV ~. 701
CAsslsj..(;.]".lOl
rikloiA. 102. 103
RIEMA:"i:"i -.5J9
fUw'iny kor1ir.1........ ;;o
LAJ'LAcr,.. &.;12
..liminiil"io..dv.21;'
..liminilci6ll ~...r. 913
~hdy.58
kiMvtVtt ......".AlI.. ~"i

k-d""lik"".61
li~,{iI.63
M.. pl~. 1019
bar..uggOrbO'. n. ,88
~u...;~
RIlZimpt<ltik'lll pont. 2.13

lII'Ztrois. IOfi
O-B-'br.u.olM. %7
algorumus. 21;" !l14
n-gu!ari", (lli
~.onk;"'t folytOllOfl.
~o<rllO'Ok. 701
tiirtlilW'ftri,o. 100
kompl<-x riltozOo. 69-1
harmarlfok.i, 64
miI.'IO<lfokll.63
n.-...-lfok,.......
r.....-ionAli tOrtfiiggv~IlY, fj2. 6.'>
921
""""'-itik,.... liSO
sOr.. 1!'l9
th.20'
dijf~g<'<Illl<-"tria.n4
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p;1oboi.ii~~k~ 3 9 7
ftllpirkll11, 110
~ikloil<, 104
."itrodtoid. lOti
f'v"luL&. 23(i
M'll1_.23b
f'l[~",.72
GAl;ss-fPi.. WlUlII:" 72. ,~

phfrhill"ti. Idl.'. In
~hiiIrt" 229
"'""",m
bannadnll<hi. (16, ss
hipffl>olik... !lpir41. 107
hil"'JboIikll1l tip. '1.1>"9. 7t
barom alM....,. 243

616
mint ..1lir-*l. 220
Pnookk, Id'
hirKX".ildois. roc
~mbfiiw+ny,;;;;J
invoIuta.236
UloWt pont. 233
kardioid, 100
klotrnoid. 109
~nIMc
Itlf'tri1nL~~.
clooUla.ju. ;'20
mMod!a.ju.521
gOmbi kootrlillAill
bipound:loid. 106
~. I. tiI'U"" vonalinlq::r&l...
inflrxit'"opont. 231
....kto~.(169
g<'>mhkl'tlaiig, 161
gi>mhkoordinatak.209
gi)mhllW'l'.o. 66a
k"'JrM'Uoo. 193
Iuot t&I'''nt. 23J
fUggv~ny>lOr. 419
j.,.i)IDb~. 151
f\iuv<-ny
goml..kal.ulyRzli.>oi tctel. 619
konkllv. 22/\
kou...-x.2'!1'
k,"""'kAl.... 71l
ortoncrmelt. 94J
ho=aI.art0"dl/!i.364
tagsagi.364
GAaOR-trl\ll""forrn.fl.cio,773
GALERKI:-,mOO'lZl.'r, 932
glUlUllaftiggv"nv. 466 . 469 . 9'J(i

GAUSS-
""''''''"k,IOOi
lI:orhill..t, felulet. 249
hibanegyzetmod-ecr. 9W
integreltetel, ~8
I"J-><'!l. 27::J
papir.199
trenszforruecic. 276.M7. 9lU
cxoss-ra
gomlv=k-t.la,
gOrl...
II.hr*",oI.... spline-okk.otl. ~1;)4
Illg..hrl\i, %. 193
n -...-lren<l,1.234
ARCHIMEDESZ! "piraJ.. lOi
.........kO'CZilltl"" hip<,,-lmlik\ll'7..9:1
art'.. kotengens hil"'rlml;k,c~7.,~).j
ar,,,, s~inusz hip..rlmlikus7., 9J
l\n>I\ tangens hip,rboliku,,~.!l4
ark"..... kosainusz, 8<~

ar k"", koteugens, 85
ar kll'" s~.in",,~. 8,~
Mkll"",tan!,:""s. 80.
""'l.imptota. 23 1. 234
klulofd. 109
KOCH,f"I.., lWl!
k.-inll>lZ. 7L
klllll'.inll'" hip<rh"!ik,,,,,,. ~J
kotan~.. jU;,
77
kotAnp;"Il" hi,,,rholik,,,,,,. 90
kiir ,volv,,,,,,.l(ll;
k-mnl...~kt.lll.. 102
IORaritmik''''.l'i"i.I,I{18
]ogaril,mus. 72
L o n E; ~ 1wl,gi;rh ...
Ju,~z\1"i...i
oc
pont., 2:J;J
,,,,It."'ud,l, (;4,193
Hf'R)',~Ir<'lJ,h1, !oIIl
;><F.IL-1""rllhola.. !i;,
~IKO[lUIF.S-f;'[" konkoid. 98
11-11
1',;rg11'",dat,;
114 2
oni>rilll,."i ]><Jill. 23J

I"'l'l\hvliku.. til,,,..'i. &1
PASCAL f;'[~ Oli~Il,!r.J
~I'iril!.
101
'Wkiu 77
""Ji-rikll fil.>.J
""inu..". jti
""lU'~"'il w",,,,hvhk'l><J..1'I'1
.....trofoid.9j
~ik. 21:;
nniolj>OIlI. zn
"nlll.U.126
W'ktorkomponpm,,k. ti!'!1
gr",liPru< m6d.~7Rr. :\!J1
Rr...-l;"n.~~.Z,71
GRAEFFE-cljara.._ 912
",>i
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ml>rhp!<'i. ij..-,7
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n-l..ti .... knlllpltkt. ti,j(J
r<'I"k~' ,,<"tVP k"rlil.IOfl. til3
ltVa koriAAjl;e lord a.. . 79 7
ttVUk
"'lO""nWtJo.42
f'W'lltJ ... 1::I
gyiilw..... fa. L8
gynkjfoilliani nl<'nnyilq;.
~.21'~
RZin~.m
""r". 61~
ll'ttll
gynkkritPrium.413
j(Yokt..tel. \"IETA -wl<>. n
Pl. Jz.l
normid .... 226
~D
vi>gtl'f,n. 2fI,j
Wt.611
komplex >Wtmok". 3tI
n,omOpont.J.:ol
<'RY1<7JeTli. 3-:>1. Jz.:l
.-..-...fiiAAd. 362
RYUni. 3'.!0
f..kto~Un1.
!l7.Amok.I
,i
2N1
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ciklus. 361
ir"",,-.m
i~...lffiI. 1'1:;
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321
bAllDAUlmflct. lSi
horoomorfiatctcl.321
ro'ooz 3".!O
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f... L2
,Jiu,1homomorfizmtlll. 321
dir.-kt-'<ZOnl\l.2'90
~<'1I!>.jti
felooczL;i,,~. 361
~ti.,..:z-..9
~ wpn-hoIik"'.... 'AI
~n1i=morfumu.~.
folyam.363
tObl-e;n;,.
inwyi1.Atlan. ~,I
iranyitott. 3.~1
HA AKKOR -.balr. 37ti

tlizAol6.37")
i....... Ll
hadronok ..... t&I~.
ix.omorlia. J.:.3
k. ,m. 3:.1
h>t.ifw.A<. IiI
1urt-rt.2'-!.l
,.,;immruik,i,; Jiff..-~-ia, 2\lO
bAhnlU'.olt "v&lam~ ti--0
HAMEL-lWiI<.6O')
h.Imu
HAMILTON
..cr-.23tl
p<mt. :llJ
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!rR(JlOU'f'udt-DI<.I93
IrodJutd. 103
vu-..~ poot. 233
~"""lW"1f't<o
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~fuggO.lz.;;. 362
ti..-.2U
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mrt......hporltjal.l'ro
Irl>i>k~]<'tf'
kOllll'lfox ..1M. j27

gilrhPk vi1..ogau.11l, il!I>I!il.uuoo. 23:.
b".rI"l'o.ul. "ik ~;rI .... 231
b.;:.rI,,--l"'ll;. Imrk .. l<i. 237
~;rhiil,t
f<.liilrt. '24t, 2-1!.l

llIiuiml\li>< o...l.l:vrl,ii],t.
,ik (l;vrbc. ~l
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gorhiikti kor. 2:.10
km"l'l>ontj".230
giirhiil,>ti kiir _lll\ar"
pxtl.,.ml\lj,..,k. Still
giirhiil..ti SIlI\JU. 230
gi)rhfk ,!tV f"l1il""'II, '147
Korl><" 229
,lk g;irl .... Z2'i1
t<'rl':;;,l,,,,2-IO
K<>rhiil,l.i vo",,!. :NS
,ik-. :'2. 361

"r-:iJUi..'-"'ttalyAi. J.:i2
~'llyo::rwtt. 3.'i-I
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I.Plj..". J.J2
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v,',;t.<ku.3.:.2
3.,1
gra"itA.ciflt< ti-r. pont"7Rni ,.,-,ka.~.li\JI
GREEN
iflt~r,ulclplei.
koml>lPm<....2:.'c'9
kiilOn""'i!; 290
31~
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... ~ "",Amok halma:uL, I
.. ..art Mimazok axiOrniU. 61;
a.z ~ lOZftmok halIllJ\7..... 1
diJJ~lM;. 82Z,. !l39.1!W
fiiuv"ny. Z,21S,
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lIlixb""r, Z,40. au
1:,11". 1z.J
153
1I-old"]'I. Iz.J
",,,hAlya;;. 1z.J
"I:}''''''''.
gy"k",i""g, jill. j9j

"h,;,,,,,I{,t. i9i
k"",ulalt. i9i
~2z.
lOr. J,ji
azonoo;~ haI~. 29:>
I':rar~lllli':IM. ,ul':0ritmu,.-,I<.
~l.-~I
311
haj~.H3
kompouffi>'. J,:;z.
ko.-.361
Il<"Q"lK-.361
~hchalO.ti9..'"
l':Tadi"n".678
,Miniei<'>. ti73
kii]iinhOzOk"""liuAlarlllol.......,..k. 67-1
..WitrmezO. 673. 6j-l
IltaW.67:1
rrudtr.!.<.r. 1139
HAMN1NG-tAvoltoA.61:;
BOREL-.6:.j
HANI\t;L-fiill;RVruy.996
di>c:tjunkt. ~J
"k-m.2S7
HAS" EL-trAllJQ'JormAciO. TJ:.

hRuy...x.. omvitltja. Jl;.j
plnv'l'16.
""'1I_.2'-JI
~23
faktor1u<lnlllZ.29-I
hAm_ mt<'R!ftl.-IKl
flluy. 364
llllimllZfogaiom.
h"lvany.2M
in,'"riiuu<.823
boumOl,ik,c, """lizilI. !139

harluouiku>I fiiggvi>ny. ti(l:;
..Ikahna;,<...... -II\/!
2~j
hArom..q
l...Irt kiir, 134
"Pr<'~1. 13:.
"lQ'h"vAKO. Uti
fraktliJ.853
M.-.likus.~1
~lAhilis.1:124
irr&<,ioIlAli.. lI7.JUllok".
knmp<tkt..650.1l24
kompl"", """mokl>. 34
"R\"'nloo..Mu. 134
''lO''lll6old"lu. lJ.l
konw-x.610
ll;iill,hbilr<lUlI'WI':
F,\'I,f:ll-f"I,. 163
kcordinet.ak (.T. y). 2')1

k",I"t.613
korlAto""k un-tnkns \.{'l'h~u. til7
1,"Moras. GI8
meb"'T)\mlAllmtlltlar, v"gt"l,'n.
1I111]'f('ll1d",ok, iss
,1.. r"k'7~iJ!:\1. lGil
f,"I....'1~>g,1. 170
Ul(~ol,l"''''. IWl
~,,-.
""g><zAmolhat.6.2%
""'g>l'Momolh"t6"n \regt,j"".:rJ"
Romhi.lli2
EULf:R-fek, Hi:!
kiiriiUrt k;;r, 134
1143
T';'yy'n1.t"I';
11 44
kiT...p"''''..J. 13-1
IllIljl;~t.l:J..l
komplex valtozOfi. ti94

fiwl-nY"Orok.419
hatMozott intf>gr>\!. 447
m"R!ut.tAroall ..... tok. 13-1
n.-~.eg..k. 41~
I1~""""K ... 134
ol<lalf..l..w. 1:J..l
PASCAL-. 12
lwirt kor ~'lglV 143

~ri'k.~. loll
El:KLElDf..sz 1O>t,,~,. 141
f<.rdrtv.ogol. 142
looillrt i'-It ~'~Il. 143
taJ1gt'lIIJuplMck. 142
to.-nilM.. 141. 143

tn1i.1oot.193
","Iypont. 134
~626
IlOflIlMxi"'mu.. 2.:.-~
ooith ti-r. 633
-no ......unokra.. 2')
.....k toroll.ISI
bArolD!0ig"'k
tI->ulO. IJ6
hAro~1l.o
1I ... r+.rt....h n ikA. 141
MroITll'>".iig-fAktoriz.kiO. 913. 914
hArorwq,Og- f..lhonl""
FEM.9J(i
bArotlll<liJg-koor<liI1lltAk. 'JJ')
bArom.....i'JRrru\.trix.2,jJ
.w.o. 2:;J
r..boO. ~
11......1>.152
"K)"'"..... 1::>2
""...hAI)'O'1. 152
hll......nl<'JM.gi tnu..d"rmiiri.... 21'J
HASSE-.ii..gr"",.2'JI
hatAr
hi-wllytal"1l,374
hlltflt<'ikl,,". &10. RSI'
in"tahiti",8.10
.t.. bil;..,.oS:lO
fUggvl'ny
,'IO'v..lt.........., ;;2
wbbvaJ.tozilI<. 121
haWirt"ktPu>k-k
f..-IggVfnY"'Ir.. :H
LI:-DEBERG-LEVY . i94
~tok.41U
hatarpont. TJi
hilt~
U~
14~
hil ~ilr\b..'KfiiAAvflly. /l12

hiho.lnj...-l...... IIIII
hil...1ip,lMk. !!6J
hMw'~k-r..l55
HE"'O~-lcki.j>czi'tl.lln.SJ7
H ~;KMrrE-polinoDlok. ;;n.,'i.54
H E!iSt;.f"'k> norm.iJala.lr.
~ pgy1'n""".!lik. 19-1
.~n"'t.214
HESSE-malrix. ~92
hiba. S14
aboozoIut, 816. 962
hihAmaxinnun.816
iI.l1fttp<. ~13. 81;;
~.1l14.SI;;
~ti.963
definiAlt.816
<lisr.krPt~i.964.
K'ciprok.69
I!.I
kllDlploox ,&mokno.. 2'J

n..-trikll" Uor. 61::'
h"tMhti'k
~aIma. 1
1Wo1Il!laOll:~~
611
batvany
~.I34
barollL..mg~I~.
hf'Ilgerkoordinatik. 209
""ktomlw.669
""roz,al IDl"trikus w-rh<-n.

llZ&ru>o.>rozat.
0
C"ssl:-I-ff ,
sxeu.ius.s
.ikbc-li
hihA-nnrmAl..IOII1.la... oS 12
hib ortoKlmaliw.932
154. 213
beng..rf!IAAV""Y. 51~
llOT,411
,.ik-.I34
.w.pf..1N:iatok.143
hcn~erfdiiltl.
batvil.n~i-nv. .il~.
hatvil.nyMiII1ll.Z.~
i2:.
_.;>;.t
hatvil.nyozM
kompln. II7Amok... 37
...uc.. sU.molr.e.1
batvil.nr"Of.421
IlII:z.imptotikUl'. 42S. 42(;
inVO'rZ.422
hAtvil.ny!oorha vN6 f~tklo. 422
llIl3IitikUb fiiAAvi'UY'f'I. 116
hatvNl)'MUruk
lwmpk-x.716
h&zt.et6-k-k~.MI
HEAVISIDE-["....
~,.(,gfii~"uy, 142
kif..jtksi ti>1.. 1. 747
9'J7
HEAV'SID&filggvhly. 663.
H ELMHOLTZf"'k> tlilI..nl}(,iikKYmlrt. ~
h..Jy
In<'rtani.l93
helykoordinetek. tiikr&......, 2tiS
n4.
'""Iyv,kt.or
.. komplf'X S7.it.m~ik"n. 34
hPllI\PT, 17>4.
dliptikllS, '1'1:1.
hip<'rholikus.
invarift.w.ok ..ll'>jPl,i
plliptiklls. :rJ. 4
hipcrholiku". '1:1.4
p>traholik,"., 224
paraholik,,~. 222
In'llgCn'll kitCTj"""t...., ::177
zn
aaa
96S
Atla<Jo;.1'l13
...jar.-. 9&1
f'n."dmmy-.963
bo.....kitau:.965
kOlo'Ip
k-dratiInL".428
~
~,428
!At ><36lA.... 814
~itfo:si.964
hj~.tH2
hil ... v~o1Ht'l:. 7SJ. 1!100

hidr.-tatib.i nyomM. ~
HILBEtrrnw.r1x.l017.1020
H II.BERTtk. ti33
izoroorf.636
~.ti:.f1.
hilM'fldtk.M5
hif>"!l"hcM. 200
AMlmptnUi.201
atmk6.202
btnom.7O
".ilQlJ>Olll. '200
"'IY"'1r'i okWil. tiS
~l6oIrWu. 202
rrull6. 200
kiut6r1alAb.201
fi>l~.200
f6k~>JO
fl>klUlMnak tulajdonMpi.. 200

pbli\Pti kOri'nr'k ,",","&. 202
koojllplt.201
lft1i\Pt. 202
trauafortnAciO. :lO;;
<:-zt,~. hihAtip'IlOOk k<ir.Ott. 814

rclativ./l16.962
hiha.ruaximuDI.1l16
h'l><'t"hol~,..u kt. 1U(J
~Jr.og.816
hiprrhoWv.202
lIZ6rM.814
~~",_.2f(1
bil~Ifot.202
fii~kJy. 132.
lI:l.l:ris&tlagoR. 81"
hil""rholikus
-JOdi./l14
hip....holo,d.
valQo::zimi. 813. 81;'

hilwuo.n.uiw..820
hil... l:w-o<l....
it.eracio.. m6dSZf'T. ~I~
kiYd'plrn'kt.etel. ;m
hihat'R}cul'1..916
hilmrlmdct
dirckt fpJ..J.. ~. 963
in"" ..~ ["Iad"t. 963
hibadotlzU",./l12
hih,Jii!\i,'V''''Y' 4&!. 9'J7
hihaintcll;rii.!, GAussf"'I.., -If.;/>, 7&!
hibt'lk n"gy7.ctiR"Zt'lif'. 27ti
hiball';gy7A-m6d~zt'r. 111 . sn. 9>. W2
GAuss-fel.
",,><I.1...r.407
hil...-ni>gy?.ctiis8zt'g. 916. 943
"lO'kilpf'nyil, 220.
OI'fItrAli>o f..liilfot, 224
ki'tkOS>f'llyfi. ZJ.Q
,..utr.ilil< fpJijlPt. 224
hll""rf"hll,t. 122
hip,rgt'Oll ...t rik u.~
fi~vi'IlY. 9!1~
hil"'r~'~>nl/'tl'ik""
pJ",,~I""', 7!14
hil't'rslk.64,;
hil'0dklniJI. lOG
hurknlt l OG
llyl'~tott. l{)(j
l,il",tl-t.iH I'T6ho.
~l .. tUr~tiW,
799
hil.. 'th;"vi~""I:Alat, SOJ

hil.. 't....:hoitl,
]()tj
133. ;"26
1 14 :;
114 6
h_t.'II;I'IUD. j97
hll14.21
hn<\nsrllf. _horfiiAAVi"ny.1J64
hulli'.lllhO!<llZ. !l3
huU,un. ><ilr.. 77U
HOU.ADA~-ti'tf'l.
bUr~.533
%-I
hoIo:-tlll\.. JJ(j
hirr-i'rintoaii,t.I39
hi,r~.l3l'l
bou""OIDOIiiun"".1'IJ.:>
ll>lnyitaootartO. t'69
hoomo-omorfilm"'"
k.. njugNO. :(J7
hon~f'lIlu.. fok>l. 12(;
blIrolr.
WPtlIZ6.
hnrok. graf. 352
MJ"tWg. 139
q;.YUL&.t
0i0J><>l1. 2'.l'9
gv>ln1.3'11
34.::.. 611
..\1":,hr>\ll<'.6J1
ltY'lril. :.121
'.
U6.~7
fdIoo5. -W7
wt~
" l'lU''''-l<t,.,... l'J'J . 321. 323

wkt"rillU<">k. til 3
II(lI'F-bifmk""i,) . KIti
H01'F LAN[JAU-m",:I"lI
I""'AIDO'V'rtOI fiigg6. 467

l~
u,t.Pgr~
intrrvallUlll. ~7
inl<'grici68 komIta.ns. 43-1
in~(lt.4 iO
irlf.Al.3W
fOld..A!. J20
id..ml>otffi('i>I ""","illy
BOOU:.-a1i/;"hr.., 347
li..lm..,,"ok.29O
iti>l"tkalkllhll\. 21l4
i<li, flf'kw'nrlll IU ,.. li"i". 173
IEEE-,t."ll<lani . %1
ig= ..agert ik. 2!l3
i"a;>.>;;ll(fiil\l:vc uy. 2113. 21:14
turl>ul"uciAi'. 1%7
h"rc!b to""" 15li
l"ll'.. h..,likll". l~
kl-tlo<m,... su
Vl'kt.>r.l89
'-,.~
I til"""; vonAlintfW'l\.!. ~72

fOIdrapi. a. 24~
....inkAlt.ITJ
Hut,;~EHOLDER
..1,iAr.....277.!/o4J
trl<~~l
htrv.Arrlld,,!o'N f<'!ada.t. &l-I

~ f'-'W'<'ny.J64
bo'i_t.... "&Y'.~
'lO',hulM,zi"".537
hAr""llllim"nzio... E>-l6
h';"'/~I ..... i <'fO'<'111"t
''KY. lilT l<'I'7.ii>f<. 752
l: HulU[Ilf<'I, form"I... 1S
h"l lfm'''IO','nl,t
"fl;,Vdim'Il7.i,'.... 761
n-di",,,,,,,i""'. ;~H
21:l.J
-eo
tabl.wu.. 1010
kotAnx",~~f;w"ny
tAhlA>",t, 1016
1000aritm,,,,fiilQ!;v" llyrk
tAblA:lat. . I07'J
S7.iml""" .... korr/.in,,~diiuvrnY"k

tft.hl""at , 1072
nemel..mi fiiggvffi",..k,\ 437. 467

paamet..Ro;. 466
primitiv fii~y.
RIEMAN!"-. ~ 7
ikoruoMer.l;:';'
ilJ,_kl"<Ji.,... J,j2
illo=krdb<i. m"trix. J.::..I

illo"qrhoi f..lMlat
klilOnhilzli mo'."-"r ..k. W7
irnl.li..it f'l&iJbtN.. 4~
implikiociO. 2~
i,,!:... h""". fiiAAV"uy. 6 1
tabiAzllt. 106ll
trigonouwtrikllll fiilQ{Vkl:wk inVl":f'Z('i
ig~la.2&1
illga,gy,"J,k.llt;{;
517
kooainlllOl\fiiAAvrny
alJflZOlut konv...rg" ll~ .jlj(j

"l"mi fiijQ(veny" k, ~3-I
EtlLER-f<'J.,. 4G6. 46!.l
('xI">l>..nriAli~ , 997
fdiiJd i. 4118
FOUlllER. 431
FOURIEIliut.egrAl, 753
igAZ.""gva.1tl1Zi>. 2&1
mat('matik..i. 730
.:;4.,
Ion
tAblft.7J\t, 106ll
tAug..ru<fiWr lly
tabl&ult. 1076
trigoOOl1lPtrikllfl fii~f>n:w k
F OUCAULT-f" I.,. !.I71
hlh...MI.....f'IO"'lll"tf',.::.-t6
klAAl'7.ikll" f"IOO..L
tAb1iu.1.
biperl>olikllll fii~~n",..1r. in""""';

tAbl&zat. 1082
iIT...,iowi.h. li.l~"nY"'k
UhIkt.at, 10CJ7
.zilllll'l1,fiiAA"(,lly
lllga
hlllilunfiiw<'ny
tahLbat. 1m
hipt"fholik ... fiiuv""yrk
FRt:.SNEL.-. 714
hizonyiwnAl.4
ilUl'll]z'j>;fiiggvPny. 742
in..idMlcia matra. J.:H
in.. idf.nciafi~ny, ;1;1
ind..xfel.. nl"""'. 2t>6
indukri6o< kii",t.vtt<""'.:;
iufinit.pzimAlI~.447
infix jdol""mM. 2!1~.
iullt-xiOt; pont.. Z31.2;Jti. J%. :I!l7
m.."hatann:"",.3%
HOLDER- folytOlI<--.og. WI
PrtPm-.N.434
~ff'"""'Y"'k
l":orl,...m'llti. 470
komplex fiiggvpny. 6t>S
ko.-, 470. 476
LEBESG tE-. WI!
.--z..ha.. .... litiwl a RI E~ "SNint"1UA/la/.
ut"glicit>. ~
:-;ORfiiggvellY. Zs.:>
iut<TI'>l!luIDi'.656
eiMni fiiggvfnyek,.u.&
t.6blaz.IIt. 1050
di~7.jnll k,.jo, 2S3
:-;A~D-fiiggv"ny.
h_
~1H>~. 43-1
illtrgrat. -V:04
int.-,;r'"
tr~""'"fiiggWnydl:
taI>W&t. 1077
..hival"nda.283
iml'likaciO. ~
konjllnkcio, 2&.1
1:I()It!' t.K...IIl'Il~. (:110. 900
SCH llt"l I)INGr. R-"~M,I ,t.
b>l.tarok. 447
illtegr4ri6o< vl\.!tozO. 447
Iioluou><.rti.ti-!.PI. J.W
I
I
rg]>'eb
kPrt-kitki. nnmMilolll....amiw. 965

i,,~iciOlo haW
hw-,l-tO
bowAl~.J64
h"m"m<>rli7,mu~. 2'J'J.
~tAbiliv...
433
e-.eha.ouul.itiwl a sneer JES- int"lillal.

."
SnHTJES-. &13
fogalom. 400
~w a RI E"(A N !' int~A/lai .
-ec
utalalo.6-l9
lOZilljl;nlArifl. 502
ronal-...170
Illt"K"Al. "Ili pti ku.~. 4-tJ, 70,
I. faj", 0137. 443
2. fllj", 443
3. fajl'" 443
..j,,(Ifllju.730
hl\tArozat.lan, 443
lll,tllrozot.t.. H3
.or fejt...... 4 70
t .. lj...., 731
Int..,;rAI. hatMw",tlan. 433
aJ..p inugrl\.!. 4J4
tAhl&z&t. 1~1
tilhlazaI. 1050
tabIU&t./Ilapinl<'gr4lok.434
integriJ, ~t. 447

dilIPr1'llci41.U, 4-49
~433
tabIazat.
I~
aigPhrlli fii~llyt'k. 108.

eJ:~io fiigppnyook. 10&5
lo,:lIl'itmik\lllfiilW'i>nY"'k. 1086
trlgont>Ul<'trikll" ff~",..k. 1083
inU>gTiU. impropn,1J<. 447
<li~~llfI, 461. 464
fogaIom,4tiO
f6Prt<'k.46 1. 464
konvPTlI:"WI. -WI, 464
integral, kOlllplo'x
liat/u'07",d "n , 712
ha w om tt ,711
illu' gl'A1ful
MLalitn"" lt7J\hAly. 434
"'" intcgrAlj..len .... mr, 467
fiiAAV"UY. u..m..l"mi. 167
gr,.fikWl. 437.4.",,1
11 4l'l
TaryymulatO
inWrvallnTIll<l'AhAly. u~
komp1PJI.721
kompk-x ~lkon, ill
iutegrlillog....itIllW<. 437. 461'l

tabl"""t Dawu-.....
iutry;ral"k. 1079
ll't.'gralnorma.661
ll,t.cp;:r.uo tfuyczO. 499
tw.
kolll'UIWI lIZOrIO, 434
illtcgrA1."".iun;tiL~.
1ogaritl1lilr.Ul>.436
l~""l~ _bAly, 4::.0
mmwrikulI.9'21
tilbt- intfogrAlok. 9'lti
~y . .j,3;j
pan:~. -lJ6
rAcionAlu. fflggYfoll)'"'k. -437
llIJ[ftojte-1. 437. .wJ. 46,
thf"ltat. -&57
4JJ
GREEN-.&l'J
in'in"L.611
STOKES-. fuI<
inwn~y.51
dcliuicio,73a
~aJtooIilf<. 73S
dfajult magti. ~7
~i
fREDHOLWf.. Ioo.621
fOURJER-tr&ll.'lZform8ciO. Bttt-lLi.ut..... i3a
tart<>mAl\y. 73::.
GABORtr...-forn.ano. m
RfOI'S ...",,1ct4r&l"""'forml.ciO.
712
HA"IKUr tflUl.'fd<>l'lllaci6. 7J;}

k;'ptAnomAny. 'iJ.J
~,;,7'2
it..r1Y:i6o.~. ;}'6.;j~
LAPLACE-tnw!lZfOl"lllaciO. ft1tdtlli~. jJ.,j
kaTakt..n.ztikUl<. W2
linearia,572
ma. ;,73
liu.earit&. 735
n~ itIt<'VAI~,:>X9
speciaJis, 73.'i
....jAtfiiwkly, ;,74
MjAtfort<'k. ;j,'"
STlELTJFS-lfAllll2formiciO.7J:j
t.Ohh<7.oro... 7'3,
~.600
whhvfIJt.a1.66. ,37
WALSH -trarlllZf<>enW:iO.773
tr~ponAIt.
mag. 73a
;}7::', W2
coofaj1",. [,7'2,~::'
mIwoo<lfajli, ;}9[,
intRgr~"'''''k.ortonormAlt
zas
WlLVf'wt -traa."",fonnArii,. ;;0. i71

intcKraruIWl.434
iutl'gralfonnulik
nondltZPr.~.
[,93
inttwalcxp<lIl('n"iAIi11 fiilu:""'uy
U.blA7AI haU.ro1.MIM. intrgrAluk. 1078
intRgrll.ll'xponl'nriAlill fiiw{>ny. 4(;1'1
iutegralfcluler. ::'2\i
intt!!;nllfunuul..
GAUSS"~
integnil,R;orhc, -197. 822

int"!/;riJb,,,t.6I<fI+\
wlj.... ",10
tcljCII ,liff"f('fl(,iiJi', 4 if;
intcl':riJha~i F,IUtd, 4ifi. 477
integrMkOf<l.imll'7.,4lKl
intl'gr"lkritfriulTl. CAUCHYf"l,', 414
CAUCHY -f..w,71:;
intt'll7.i.tAs.fOlTa... fi91
in\.(nmltcncia. 865. ~
intcrpolaci6
AITKEN :"'F:VILLE-. 9~1
fuzzy rendsserek. JIll. 3S3

LAGRANGE.felc.939
sl'lillL~. 939
lri!,:ollomelrikus. 939. 949. 950
luJasalal'u.381
iuu'rl'0laci68 ff'ltCtd, 939
iulcrl'ollo.ci6s formula
:"'EWTONfl-l... 939
illttrpola.:i6s kv"dr"t(m. 921
inlcrpol;i,ciOo; spline. 954
22'>
'-'-tiJlUllU vonaIinU>grAl. 412

1.
",1li~199
~.I40
t~riJru,..,s.:;
inwn tl"allS:dorm3ciO. jJ.,j
.......... 204
llikpblf'.I40.4.l.'i
in'in"L, aoportdcm.. 296
~be.246
~.472
in~iOO
do-ri-~
koonlinatN..oo--r.
th.2&l
in-.luta. 2J6
Lriwr
Ivmk1<ik. 131
Ivl:PO'\O!'t.149
........
,~,J61
1111: gfube,:n:;
~.231'l
tiorbeli. 180. 210

irAny~
~1El.L1'1:-transzformAciO,
VOLTERRAf{>].. ,621
j~kUl.
bipe1"boIik"" ~k. 93
ABElrrl-lo:,600
mModfaju. ;j7'3
ltomotVn. ,,72
bi]><'rbola.202
jvJi1flf'n'UciaJ.246
tr~iO-.2b4
t~.264
,3,
doOfajli, ::.t!,
00-.3.'">4
1Aoc,36 1
ma..uJn,ndu giirbe. 2U:i

...kAlM.lll-1.212
intepaJtnw>clormiciO. 7J5. 997

.Jkahnavis,
CARSOS-tramozfonnaciO.7L
~tul~,.wl
w_
_
grlJ. J[,J
449
foq;,,",,-. 2b4
CAl:CHY. i14
GAUSs.-.6I<!l
batAnrl.atLan in~. 431:!
2$
i.
intnvNl~y.
ll,-n.ul>l.~. TJ3
inu-gralthel. 688
inuogrAlMi _M1yok
intcrprct&ci6. kifcj....~.
intervallum. 2. 797
(0)-.613
alapti>tel. 44il
f61fte!. -IW
kiY.r.i,xrtl.'ktCtcl. 4::.0
ll,t.cp;:r<i.l&iuUSZ, 467. 723
..... k~.61r.2
lII n.2l!1
wlj Iiopo'o!'l.919
itf'!"acil!8",!jAr&, zst. 907. 913. 9111
AltaiAuooo.919
!w"ma<lfokli.954
kkllimenzi60l hMmN\fokli. 9.'i6
~.3S3
izomorfiuu... m. 34;'
BooL~bnL. 347
Yr'k~".611
fOM"'izi.l69
~ikw.. I69
ir.wy~. 181
dm-1tsWgIi koordinatl\.k. !tl2
JACOB I
_.306
JACOB I-
iranyiw. 269
koordin&tarendszt-r. 207
drott,rminau.. 12'6
cl,iir". 281. 918
~~n"""'.1
irli..u~koIlzi.UWlZ.
210
mAtrix, 920
wr.
irAnYlllI'fIti dilfel"f"IlcWMlly"d"". 671. lJ73

..w..rmez/'l.671
.....ktonnez6.672
irAllym..w.497
ininyllZOg.145
irAllyVnY"Z6. ee. 1 ~
slkbt-li. l94
irr"",iollal iw , ...Igl'h rai. 2
irAny....Dg, 31'14
Itc'lct,283
d"A1i.~,
347
Ili' Il't kal k\llu" , 283

...t"p.a a lJaJyok.284
kif"j..-/ks . 283
it;'lf'tyAitoz.,, 283
ilcrAcil>,007
pgyf'S1i>I',,,,u..919
fli~n)'"'k.
731
jATat\{>k
orOk-,24
lltOl>t"" knll!llJu1>;. 24
jATatk,k...<'p;o--..-g.24
ja.raclikiWozlf'g,24
jArad;'k107Amlw,14
j'IO'Wknnyv.1'J7
jrl, 770
j,'labrv.ola.., I,..LKl. 959
jel.. nalizill, 770
jf'lolo?t<
f,>t<lltott lengyel. 3.'>9
l"ngyr1.35!l
1.....ztfix-, J,';!l
jrlll1.illtl-zilo, 770
johb nldali 1lJ<'IU'kOOlztAly. 297
job!>oM""i M:<iuli:u I4n.. Vl'ktur. 28 1
1149
1I 50
TrirgV'1lIdato
TIi'"9ym"tat6
~tO[VREf"l ..
jobl:>O!3vl\l". 241. 68:)
komplex llZiImokra, 31
jobbki'z-..uMly.lllJ
johhki'z-lWObaly.6lj.,}
johh ...nd,.,....r, 201
JORDA;>!-!emm... 1n
PESIS -. 846. 852

ki'pwtk...,....Ji".,976
ki'ptArtomiuly, i'35
halma2.. 4~
k<.vzete><
Io:amat.21
karna.tlhb.21
"RY"<-';.34
lwn.atoo 1wwt.t. 21
~.34
kama&or.lo:amatllZAmltU.21
kamAtteny=6.21
ko'puotes rese, 34
k..rc.kiu...962
KAMtiot<oI.840
boonik'lIl A!&k. 531
ko-rPkitoo hiba.. 96..i

~ djarMok. ntlnwri]r;,L~. ",91
krreor.<tl... \'rtt JlOI"'iioli-ok~.t>t\4
kanonik.." aiAk.k.xlook"prt..foo.
blDoniku,.""OO""-'.528
86ll.llW
boez. ~21, 867

t6r1Jlqt61 .. ~.l.!61
'-"IO'diruPrW600 lo-k"P""-lmH, ~
int"mllttmnAli ~.-tfll. ~
ka.-hoz ~ iotm..~k. 854. 1'164
!F:ii1OoOol ..ttrakt<Jrok. b53
bp.;ita.
k~
YOUSG-.303
b-riilf.t
..llipt<Uo. 199
kOri'.I39
ilooniWti lOZOg. 139
kn. ft'lsOr.. 151
kPtiorti'kt.,.;:.g ..I"",. 2llJ
kapo:'8OlaRi A1@:.. br... 346, 350
k~.~bi.161
kt'ttEs szAmTf'Pdv,.,r, 9::i9
ImpaooIaN kti'k, 350
krtta;tprobikna.. ::;28
bpno:>lMi n1JlXVeny. 350
kctt&~, 2Q;j
Iv. :J6,J
......
kptto.. irW'graJ. 479
kot.noktf'ri1<1;tib.IO
..J.Wma:>'.No. 483
krtt&pont. g6rlw. 233
k.-zdctiCrt.fkft>1adat.926
ka.....kt....-isztik,," "SYffi1o:-t, 514

kar..Jr.tcrilr.l;tikUll nlg!ffily. J64
bLrAkt....-iIti.lF:u.. ... v, ;;21
k..... dopont. 3.52

kPZ<lOfAzis. 76. sa
kO"Zdof>Ollt. koortlinatan-ndszooT
wk~Xl1
aooporn-k-m.301
kArAktm7ki60 tMcl. 3(;9
"ik.l~
kacdiMlitA.~.
tl-r. 2OI:i
288. 29::;
kacdioid. 100
kategorill.
nWoxI.ik. BAlRE-fl-k.llJ9
IW
kat<'noid.~.
KDl"F,349
Hp
tiiggv'lly.4l!
k"p, ...Jtkr. 322
k"l'fiiggvi>ny.135
k"'V IM
hinomiAli d!l6, 12
binomiali. mAloodik, 12
CARDM~o-, 40
HERONfoil.. , 143
M01VREhiperbolikus fiiw'ny"k. n
trig""olllf'1.riku" fiiW"lty..k. S l
k...,....I""
slg..brai kif"j('"~k.lOO6
ncmpolinomialis kif,'.i....~k. lUOI:!
ki.....,r ..I""i djarAs
pal"OAitfL~, 360
kitW'...zM sWg. 131
ki''Kt'=it<'i vl\.ltO'li>, 872
ki"Ki't<:tit&<wgtetel.. k,79
ki"R)'enliU",i fdadat
nemIiIt"ari>;, III
ki"jl;Y"nlitO fcladat
lioearis .916
ki'm'"nlito "".ul1itA.~, 93~j, 942
di"" kret fdad1tt, 943
kiegyt'ulit6 eplin.... 9:N
hanuadfoku.9<>::;
kPtdimPItzi6tt harllll.dfoku. 9:07
ki..m..\P.o. 11
kic"rti-k..Iios. 2M. 378. 797
vonaJ....lista. 7117
kif...;....N
algd>r>";.l0
kP7...Ifo,;..IOO6
Alt.alAnool pr""u)"li. 28.'i. ass

lI.Itaiitiklls.48
p~i tnrtomMV. 48
"xplicit dt'iitllita.., 49
implici~ dOallitil;. 49
pal"~..wJlitilll. 49
ki:tArt wm,..Jik, 264
KKNF,349
KLEIS!"'" ~port,
29l!
klol.oitl, 100
KOCHUk ~rbe, 84ll

koc!ra.l::;J
k<>ckAzatf'Imi'IPt, 20
kUdo JJ6
ASCII. %9
pyilv.v.o. kula. 336
RSA.336
kodil1M"tWl>. s:>4
ktitloli.. 336, 339
kt'><WiolQ m<'>dKu-t-, RSA. JJ6
koIlinf'ariUlo.. ....ktorokr. 1M
BooLE-A1@:..hrai_J41j
k0U0k6eiO
iUolnkaJ.kulus. zsa
mnltinomiiolilo.997
h4t.ar-,9J,)
t4r\t>minyi. 93.'>
kollok~, 931. 935
kolk>kacilbtoly, 931. 935
intf'rp..,t.i0ci6. z::.o
irnocionilis. It. 17
Dm>polioomi&li.;
ko.-zoolfto. 100I:!
predikalwnkalkull"'-. zse
pn"tlilWunOOgika, 2:>6
racionalis~.
II
rarion.ilio tOrt. II. 14
uanNa'Ddcns. 11
_kttmuIalitikus. 681
~930,933
ki{"jtb.I~
kif..jtioli tclc!. LAPLAcE-few. 259

kij<ok-ntiwLlg.. bra. 346
kiml'l)/\ fok.'<7.Am. 3:;2
kiMi \Pviolhord6 prohwnui.j", J.j(i
kiMi roaradt-ktt"td. 333

kiuk-szoliWit. .iSS
KIRCHHOff-formula. :;45
kilo ~omhi kor. 176
ivh0M7., J7f.i
mer.......... polttok. 177
"ugAr. gomhfeliil..ti. 176
'itir"ny""iig. 176
kit.. rj"""'t....
lillPAri~
koIloluici6o~, ~
komhinlociO. 11:)
iNnk ni1kUli. <75
175
iNnfot
!F:ombin..tnrika. 175
kommut&tiv llZab4ly
Boou-.br&. 34{i
~k.2~
iuo.lrtUikul....,2l:\4
mAtrixok,254
vdr;toI'Ok.255
koUUIIUtatjV
tuJ""jdonMg
y,ktorWi>o~. 184
knn'II"rn<'1UO,2I19
fllZZy ballllJU',ok". 36"9
baIUlA/:, 2~
SUGENQ-,373
YAGER-,313
knmplellU'lUIfiiwpny
funy halmw. 373
knml,l..m..ntum
II.1gPhrai. 2[,9
ortogonAlis. 634. 64 4
funkcioru\.l, 645
kitt>rj""".ti>!oi ~7",haIy, 3i3

kit..rj ...zw..i ti-t..l
BANACH H A H;>!- , (;4 ::;
kil.pvo, t
kivonM.96.1
kOlUplcx fiiIUl;Vetlyl.an, 694

kOllll'lt-X ItU\.lllok,34
kcmpl..xifik"I"".611
km"pozfci6,3 7::;
mal( -min. 376
IIl1U
W....... ,
376
m..r.....i hilla, 811
kOlllpl..x ",amok". 36
poliuomoki>. 11
IllaX-At[,'1I:,376
ko"t1kin.911
tobbdimcnzi6ll fd...l1tt, 944
r""i"nA1i~
ko"litl<'Ilda-intervalh,m. 80.:.
folytOIlOll fela.olat. !.l42
"".Amok... I
1151
1U2
r~"i611
'1O'litthato, Nfl :)
konlid..nt";.... hatM
..IOn- ...iou, 1:1 17
lfliIr..."Tli'gy7.t't.I:!4!.l
"Mhat.:. ~rtfok.1:!01
Iwnfid<-nci&-tarton"IlY.1lO5
kotanW'",,-
ko-...n&lS. 187
1wta.ngt"l\fI hifN"l"holiklU"',1\9
WEIERSTRAss- kriu,rium.420
pnlackomdinauk.189 19 1
thb<>li.209
pout. IS')
lrul.a.llKt'IWiiggv{>ny. t:t.l
konV<'l'genciakriwrinm
CAUCHY-.::.J,I2l:l
331
kvadratikua. 3JJ
liIrirU..332
lO'iikkriwium.413
poIinomkongnll'llCi... 3J.I
L EIB NIz..fiole. oil':;

a-.,ha>oonJjt6., 411
szimllltan linearla. 33J

tWmllltaD lineario ~
r~.
1WOft.34.)
konjqAn komplex..amok. J6
konjunkciO.21:!3
konUv. 22ll
.......
.iltaJanos. 99
""'-.99
kOri-, !J'J
~IKOD EMES-f"w. ~
EU U:Rfploo.4(iS
itWt.21:!3
poIinomokbcu. 61
WllI'tADIo dc.-riv.il tja. JI:!S
Wl\fItIlnI<~. 272
kowotllnNW aonott f;i~y . l<-riv 41tja . JI:!S
itontrakrih>lv. 619 . 620
konVl'nt"i<'>. E I~ STEI !'l f"1 .. . 26 1
konvergrnrilo.. 929
..u..wlll.t. 414 . 421, 716
DANACHth. 62'9
kon~J.gir.411
konV'l'f'gf'llciatartomArl.y. 419
kon~u;uok-k. 6QI
konV'f'rt&1M..~.
~.7.l1l
tho 2tlil
k<>OTflinAtM< mrg>o<IA...
p-ad rnK111. 92'J

koordinata
~"'16,)
t iRzta kontr.. ~ 167
tiszta lwvlwiAnoo. 2'67
~. 26 7
Iwordin8tacgyffiWt
",-'kbcli giirl...... 193
t<-I"Kocbe. 14 1. 142
koordinatafdUl.t. 2OIj. 2(i,'j
koordinAt.ainveni6.M
koonlinAtAk
""ri<xn.trikus.939
kr it{>rinrn , 412
tl'aIlflZformAc.2'61
Ii'. 207
kiotokWi. 7;;8
LAPLACE.-tnlWlZf<>nlloiO{). 14 1
Z-trlW!<Zl"onniOciO. 7&.:.
allin. 181. 1&:0
p-",l rc ll<hl. 92'J

""r. 41 1, 414
"Orok, kompl..x t"l!l1. 716
&fml""l'mIlt,4 1O
kOl~rix.~1
kiinyvtAt
~kn.OOpoIIl~
deri>k...,..ogli. 181, 1~. I I:!'J . 191

xik, 189
ter. 208
fi>ldrap.i. l 60
G Auss f"I... 244

G Auss -KR OGM -, I60
gl'O<!i,zia.1 43
gomh . 109
go rl",volmlu.. l 90
hArou"linwnziu.e.2OIj
gor!wvonal11,144
ha romsaog-, !l39
h".nger koor<linAtak. 200
k02l-pkt"kt"1.f'1. 60
lrobsYOk.1:I
kiilo,ouJu"lko
-.ljtouolr.:>..:>d
kiiIooOubatOrro. ;;.47
GAUSS-KRtG ER-.143
FOl:Rl ER-trans:r.formaciO. 7~
koIl7Jf"~. 3 76
lwrW8ztf'Dria.
k""lII"iArI"i. .
ko'ttlimrlt7.i ....."loo<t.lM. ~
johlw>rl....". 20;
k ~ k>gacitmikll.... 120
or1ugonau...181
or1"oonn&il<. 1 ~ 1
SOLDSER -.143
",,1I:""'i. I tl'.l
fiiggv{>uy"OrOZAtok, (;17
fd t('1<'''.... 414. 7W
/O'clll':c.6<>l
;;",,~'h""JILHto
9::.'J
konW'x.12S
kouOiUciO
I'g,)'I'nl......... 419. 421
gyii k krithiullI.413
hAnyNl ""krit " ri lllll.412
in l.<1\r Alk rit h in m. 4 14
konv..rgel\ria I.Hrl.. k.4 11
k01RI"rt."k hen , 4:lll
ncm egy<'lll"t..,. , 4 19
vrktor.l1tl
koonlinAtarmd><.o,.,r
baI!!o<lra..i,. 207
'-'C"ZM" IogMitmik..... 119
bauy..oo..lui.terium. .nz
1l.ongruffic:W~.lIOl
~1aciO.34;'
.......
SOLDNER. ItiO
inuya1kriti>ritlm.414
JJJ
kontr...""'riiLns. 187
konVCIgcncia.i.ntcrvallum. 421
konvergcnt"iakiir. 717
~~
~f'h rlli.
tt
sV.lIl>lOl'OZ3t. kompll'X tIlgok. 716

vc,;u.-k1l !lOr. komplex l.<ogok. 71(;
~K.6ti6
wolrtonnrzoi:. ij6il
k<><>rdi~.189
koordinar.u~f~.100.110.166. tJW
m8I<odr't'D<il1 giirhPk. 2O;j
ma.-irendti pbi-lr "fO'llJk-t(.i. 2tlb
koonlinAtAvonal,208. 16,)
koclAt
baJ.ma.z. 613
'""""". -os
AlIoChrni. 9l>1l
IMSL-,~
:-.l AG-.967
IIU11wrilrllf;~.967
SSL II-.~
km.l39
AroLl.('iSIUSZ-, jug
kinto.l".197
MlrOc-.Ir..,. In
yil!.3b1
HAMILTOs.3:>7
kiaIOmbi.I~.ljti
1lik1odi.l%
YnlZtIY"". 149
lrnr~
dfo",k~l
koordinAtAkban. 196
lroc. kiol sOmbi.I;>I:l

k.-.....wu...tolr. ..abeli. 139
knrrikk.140
kiirl"gy<-l\IlO. 700
korlAtn7.0tt. kwLntifikAciO. 1lol7

knrTrkt kitilzi'!<'l.J.4J
kort"t'ktoe. m
lrot"l'g)"'n\ct
korrclar>b-lLlLIl1izi.... 803
k;;rf..Jiil<1., 14~
kocfrckvl."Tlcu... SJ
korl'l"lAri6
lin".Ari... S04
korl'l"lArio.. <'gyiitthati>. 804

tAf""'Zt"Jati.80:'
parlUui'\'<'u", el6lill..it&<. l !lj

polArlwordinAt.AA, 197
korfUf:gV'uy, 132
k'-"1Rkft.n.. hip<'rholikIL"7.. 89
k""1Rkft.n"fiiMV"uy, 131
lrOtK,V(Jr(J. I40,I;>l:l
lri.ilh,t1g'r,I5.>
kiirh"rd6\.<",t.I;>I:l
korint''KrioJ, 470, 476
d t(JIt....... ,\7S
v,'kt<'ml'''IiI.684
k...1inlls:l. 7f;
kiirk'lp.l::.6
KORTEWfXl N; V RlE~!O',ul.t.;;z,.z,
k....7.. ki\n... 78
ko,.zillllflZ hil''''rholi kusz, 89
korlek~I''''lh.
k'lr'ziuu...diiggv<'ny , 131
k<>nw-,,6, {;ijS
k<>t'l'''nt, 249
hiperho likus. 13:l

k,..zinu"z t<'t d. 141
gotllhi , 164
o1<1..lak ra vonat koziJ, 16 4
1X'1i\rj,>,. 165
Still. !It.i!l
ki>t...~d,t, 14(J
koriilf rt kiir, lJ.I, 131\, 1\3

s<lll.J\T<'I. 14.1
koriiljMAA
1'argr/....utatO
11 :>4
A1ak:r.a.t. 1:J.:j
tijk~i
lOI:imm..tri... I:J.:j
kou... 34(;
cfuoztrihntlv. 346
koY1"tkt-ztnn." fm::ilY Iogiub.w. 3i6
koY1"tkt"tctftoJI.r61 .. + I-re, 5
kOJ:hij~kUot.PJ.129
kCi'u-litft,. -.iruptoti1r.~. IS
kOzclit.6 fdMlatok
~~k~tArmIuoW.
. .wi
kilzPllt6 formuWt
lOI'>rf<!,jth.424
k_
ki>zPIit.6 ~
..mpirikUlO ~m;.k. 110
-'"
barmonilr...... 20
lDkt.a.n.i. 19
fiiuvt'ny.4.'iO
~eoy,196
m.mtani. illJ
~idyn'l"u. illJ.lll4
~kkepk,921
k~k-~r.ll1
k~Wtd
dllf~iw..394
41U1UinoooiUilo. J%
IntegillszMlitiu<,4::.o
41ta1Ano1<itott.4:1O
ki:tzippollt
giJmbfdil1ni. 176
.......
192
ki"rJ"A>p(>Oflti~, 131. 140

kOzi>p(>OfIt-s:r.a.bAly.9'18
kO:tk1J"l5 ertkk. luiutafiiAAV"ny.'k. 7!Ji.i
kw.i'pvonal. hAroll~, 134
kiizponti gyi>gy!W'rq4:m. 3.17
kOzl-'OlLti oolwJlg, l'l:;'}
dill ....... nci8.l~nkot ..V. !'154
l"k"'l""d"""k",8W
lokitJilI. !l6O
kril,toaoali7.iM, kl_iku"
mi><l"l''''l"f'k.341
KASISKI rlm:DMAN- l'roh... 341
~tatil'l? tiku" ... nl\li1.iI<. 341
kriptol<'>!,<ia. :i31l
D ES-Il.Igorlt mu~.
k6<iolA>l
kOrnyP'l"tfiigg..tlPn. 33!'l
kOrnyezrlfiigg6,33!'l
kriptolOgiai ""OO"Z'rt"k. 33i'l
kript.ol6giai r<'DIls:wn-k bizto",,,IIjr;... 339
rn>LlRlIllUiMi pontoolita.~. 338
nyilv&DoBkulCl!l.... dj&rli8ok. 341
O__ TimP-Tape,342
RSA....ljaroV.. 34J
kriptoJ6gia.1r.l-w.k....
Iwly.-tte!liti.... 339
--wt"M<>t.ik...., 339
1IlOIX>gl'LfiJru,.. 3J<J
poIiaHabPtik..... J39
poligrafikus. JJ9
~
0IZAmtani. 19
fpllOrlat. 33!'l
IDEA-algoritm"". J
~.J39
k~k.19.814
~lk.
l'<i'Yy",,,.tato
343
DI FFlE- H ELLMAN-ko llN' J><" iO, 342

'-'lO'ir.. lly.... fiiggvl-u.\""k, 343
vept!:t tilkoo<itM. 3.w

HILL-k6d. J40
mAlrixhelyMtn.irn., J40
\'ICE."-EM-ki>d.34O
trlWllZpoziciO. JJ9
kri~ ,.jfrirm.a.<. 33!'l
kristAlyoRztitJ.ynk.316
kriooUlY"'nd8zenok. J 16
krilolltallogr&fia
riocm<tru.lr.tw-a. 313
lOI:imIlll'triac1ooport.313
krit<'rium
WEIERSTRASS-. 419
krithi.mnok
n-'AA"enY""rok.419
oo<ZthatOsagi.327
oorok kOllWTKlllciAja.411
~rm"'"tok kon.....rl'\"lK-i&j.I\, oliO
KRO!'EC KER:lZimhO)lIm.264
KRONECKER-!<WlZat.2;,7
KUAN. J:;6
K UH:'<iTUCKER- f..Jtft"kk./!$
"tal..... 64;'
kllmlilitJt gyakoriMg. 79i'
1.'11', 156 , 220 . 631

""ntraJis fdii!,"', 224
g..n..rii.lo.612
kepz..tf'!I, 224
uormelis. 631
r<>gularis.631
uilllor, 631
wktorter. ij lO
k,"l'fdii)d, 156,21 3
k,"l'po"t, 244. 24;'
k .... p.<l...IM..k. 1;'7. 204. 2OC>

~.205
Kt:RATOWSKI tPtPw. 361

kiilOnl-:-g.2!J(l
IIZlnulI.. trikns. 290
kiilOnlWg
Iwrl>\too<, 3iO
kijrt
Agnesif..IP."Gs&<;l-ft'w.9(j
kvadr......~.79
lrvMratik.... ..Ja.k
.....n.. aso
vN6r.. pozitiv ddinit.:L'iO

k......-irat'muormu!a. 921
GAUSS-ti"''''''.923
HERMITE-feIP.921
iIttqp"~.~1
iIt~ kvadratoir&.!J21
LoSATro-fi.k.924
kVll.llt.&lMi fpjti1.PWk. .x..t
kva.ntilis.71'-2
...."W"OOu.782
kvantor.2S6
~tnIci41i8.2..~
WJ.i~.2~
kvaottun8ZluIl. .:>49
~.;;,j2
pAlya-i.mpublh'o)'OlIU't<'k. ;;,jl
~.5.'>4
kva.<iP"riodil"L~.
830
LAGRA:'<iGE~~I10
fii!QtVrIlY. sse
fii!QtVrny<k. -W1
iolt'rvowiOti form"I... 9J9
multiplik"-tor-moo..'IZl'f.40 7
tet ..1. 2'J7
LAGl'ERRE-polinornok,522
IAuc.294
R!"af. 361
~JpUli. J61
liutcllorl.... &I.I09,565
lfu'<=aI>3ly,61i5
O""zet..t t fiiW'cny, JIl1
lan~tOrt. 2
L,;;" c zos- clj.... ii>< . 281
LANDAUfi>l" s:z11llb6lumok. [)7
LA PLACE-<liff"rcllciM"g,Wlll"t. 692
I,AI'LACE-Pg}'PlIld,546
LAP LAcE-fi>lp kifpjte..i l<'teL 259
LAP LAcE-0p"ra.tor. ijtj8
1155
hlllll\.ll"-'!O'<lll"t. r.44
kulOnhOz/l koordiru\.t.vrnd>ez<r. 680

IKllhkoordinAtAlr..41X>
v,ktorkomporK'o""k.681
LAI'LACE-tr... lI<oIfom...... iO. 73l'
aclcli<ci(..,. t<'t,.1. 739
Attdcilll ..... TJ.:i
ooillapltNii t<'wl. 739
<lrtillido.7J.S
dilf~..-nkt.749
Allandi>P8Yijtth.ot.tilji,.7.:;o
JMrMAIir<. 7,,1
vliJta.Eo Pgyiitth.ot.t6j'" 751
ohll..I'ffi<'iA1lM<....... lcti taitonWty. 74\J

dill,.~. ki>ptaoonwn. 7.J()
<iW.kri't.71
..Jto!N<itt'lrl, 7J9
f'ff'flcti ~"ny. 738
fl"'d,.ti t...-tomAny. 7J1!l
t.->ll~ ti1..P1. 7:19
wt"SfAlNo ........JMi tartomiwy. 7.)0
inl~41N<, k"'ptartornAnv. 7-Kl

invera. 73S. 746
inVf'nl iu'<.vaJ,. 74~
konvPt"8"'nMA, iJI',
Iwhvohido. 741
'"'lO"'I<Wi.741
kompln.742
ki1liiftgvi"y.7;j,S
ki>plartom".II)".7J1l
Ji""N-iWi wtd. ,J'J

MllplP. \{)2(i
.-.tA6i tCtI"l. 741
i"Mtufi"tgg...... Ztn,""",fOCIn3t:io,aJ. 76.'>
~h-'>lIlitM" FOURIEIl-traru;;dorm4<cwv"'. 7~
m-ztort"kr.. bollt'..... 147
"',tHt"".741
,q....lou<wllkrllt <lill,l"t'nciillh",to, i43
tAbJazat, IO'J.I
1ll'\t""mAAV"uy.742
l"I.ooq,i~,
lSI
LAUIlENT",,, . il ll. 7lj,j. !1.J$

LAURENT""r f,.j t ...., 711l
J.,l>f'IIr;p"'"t,,~ tw1lu. soo. ~1
f{>[)oKa.ritlll ik,~. ",lak, 961
I EEl-;"~t>",dl\rd. 9li1
MI\1'1(. 9%
M..th''1Il"ti''".9IH
LEBESCUEillt~t41. G.'>1l
1156
T""!1y",,,fal,;
7"'9Y"'''I'''''
........,I"""'ulit.... " Rn:MANS-iul"'II:-
rlilla! .ffiO
whto'k.6,)i
ldnw.,.
uyill.82,1
k1"jtCt<iROt..... 236
LEGESO/tf',difff'I't'OCWegy.IUo't. :;20
....t..u-awtt inl<'gl"A1. ol47
~IAcDmiALD-fiiggvpny.
....... 411
MACI.ACRJNoor. ,12j
kOlltraktlv.619
~"perior.
liucilri:l. 322. 610

LIPScltlTZ-folytOllOll.62.;
l<7.Arn80ro-~t. ,I 10
_.m
-.o<"iAIt,
:;21
module. 1>40
Il<"ill f'kvivak"". 3lXl
POISCARt-.~.
b.:il
pl.oo/if"ji., :;20
rffiukilt. t'tiO
miL<oodf"ju. :;21
!<I:iir;..ktiv.293.610
,qimbO/llill.3J3
Iegjobb kir.ocllr.n.. 63.i
~bb r.-1.00 kor"t. 613
U'ljP.o r...J"ribili.... 302

topoklgik..-n koujug&lt. ~i
I,w.;don>;agok. JOO
(lklr.t) . Jp.
"~bh no'p;y'7.M"k~.;Ziti
~bb 11.0..;". tObt-)1'OI'I
~.-W7
k~llt~
,10i
~""""i7.u..so.::.
k,twogyubb.u.o karIM, lol3

1Pg~ kiirliil<.-I6 (1nko). :sJi
hDl"ilri>o Iwlubiu4ni>. 3z..
"'wo\-idrob i,t. J.')j
LEIBSIZ.formll!A. 391
!Pir..... 2:;
digiUJi".2'b
linriu:ia. zs
oonkluonll, 2i
"".amI",,; !Clmult ,.,...nnl no5kk"'J6.:''6
ldram nw,.ro,.luoo>g.2'b
LPk."..,....... 2'Jl. 2'J:J
m .. rtAni ........t __ ri~
...-lj,utg';'h. JOO
slIer, 301
hijt-kth. 293. 610
alOport. m
.,..,port"k kWiiUi. 2':)!1
din-kt ~Wnll.t. 301
din>kt
;101
p&.v..... gkor, ~
"CYprtdmil. 2"JJ
ekviv,wIl". 300. ~
dl.,}{",. M4
fd"llll'lt.1l6S
furll"t..... lWl
fiiAAV';lIy. ,IS
hMtd".l'!oll
liP-NON. S3i
hl1. :Xl
injekuv. 2'J:l. (j1U
in....rz lek..I'.'h.2'JJ
"""""'S.
' mitk. JOO

LPk~. koof..-w. &97
_.699
f'X~~y.i03
lWi.lw..... 1111
kfOOuOOa6I~k.
lr.~t~.iOO
IIlIPAriol .... lillf"An,. tOrtfl~o'ny~. 701

linriris ffIggVPny.li99
linMri:<~v. iOO
~;tillW'. 703
miuoorlfok" fl~y. 701

nt,r;yZPtgyOk. 701
rf'dprok f>-Igg'Poy<'. ti9'J
Wokp~ ti-r. 299
k-DlJnll
JORDAs-.712
WonUliotzkata. 102. 234
Ielle>oeal.a.k. ellil ....; wid.:no
k-llg""iJ6. 731
ll'J>C""it<fUAAvhl~-. i6J. 773
Irpiil<h.--..
421
lillf'fui.~
fiig~dlelL..:-g.
p"tki>.~l
l>O!inol.uok
!uv>tikus. !l<>4
komplex ~ik. ill
.....,.h""". 927
322
1ll,f'Ar\lo f.......... 610. 611

folytonoo.642
\ineiu-i>l intf'grAl"tQ'f'llIct. 571

Iirririto komhinilcii>
... lr.toroIr..~. 1~1. 11:14
form.,la.. 509. 826

tetel. >q:;
Llr5CHrnillar>OO. 625
fpItkPl. 496_ 507
folytOllQl. 62S
loIF:iIliMn.62:.
LJAPUSOV
kitfrv6lr.. M-l
o--f1~.
~tmilm"
J"bi
MreI.ll<'l1tUffi. ~
Iog>uitnnL~
BRiGGs--~k.
fOo'.uk. n:;
ki'ltao a1I.pU. IU
komplex fiiggvo'ny. 703

~"rr~R-f';"". 9
l.cmlP>c7RtP.II. 9.
o.-...fiigg<i. JOti
I.""'" alaI"'. 9
\ogIlritm""k..""",,"-.9
logaritmik"" skala.. II II
logika.2S3
f>,xzy.364
int~r4ltr,.."..l,,(m&cii>.
~,"",~iO. 3-1';
7J:J
tM-"'I'pr0ximAci6
iIlt~Ir..<.IH
"1,Jiuoo-pt"'>IvOOff'jnn. :>IJ5
to ~"f'Pm:rllruicio. ~
som~lj7
~.134
~al.u:7AtoIt.
I~
~t.l3-I
majorillB. ,lIS
ma.nl ......... 10, %2
~ 6 ..... ..,.kMrti ..-Iem<-k. 9')2
algt-brl\i kif..~k. 999

Vuift,.I~
lOOt'.
"ttrihlltumolr..Il.U.':t
hf'- '" kivitel. 972. 97ti. ~JJ
ditff'",~lc't<"k. 1O"l:J
diJI""lI r i4!"p.. ";'torolr..lOO4
diff,"uriAiM. 10',24
''1Q'<IlI<1... k
L"lr;)'n.'".n-tl.. n..... lm1
h"l"lu....lf"kil.IOI1
it<'lf'tkalkulw<.28:J
pt"f'dikAtnmkalkulus. m
l>OlillOlll.1014
tr"'u"", .. ",I..ns.lOl::'
LORENTZ..-ROrl><,. %
LOn I' NTZ-gi)rbe. 700
LORf:SZ.r('ud><ll"r. I:l'l2, 1'\27,. il64
"1Q"f,nktnud"'l,c["f'k.l0Ij
L 1I;."lgehr", :}l)ti
AIH:I..{ple. JOti
antikommut"tlv. J(J(j
kommuteeorkopzes. :JU(j
lillf'l\I"itM. ::106
loxodroma. 177
iV!1l""'Z.l i8
ki>t loxodroma m"t><~''''J>olJl.jai.17!'!
mpt.""i'I'p"nt.. 179
lilIl""'~
U-tir. titiO
fiiAAvcny.52
57J
"lfAjuit. :;73. 5.'<4

i tf'rIlI1. ';77. 5!Ji
kNor~
725
logl\l"lP<o.1O
kompakt. :j(J(i
ill~~LPI.
M"I''''
i_wniO.976
dt-linicii>;"" 9
logl\Iilmll"l3bLa.:....t. 10
fNetf;y""...ni. 308
gyl1n1.321
k,il~I.->t>
l~tnk.l~,2
fi"'AA"i'nY. ~
Irrokckm.. 926
L [E--csoport
.,Jlh.322
0l..,p,tor. 611
LIOUVILLE-
llpi",kOz.- J>M1UltCt<-r. 9"lQ

Irpti>k, 1
l"r,t"kV"yez6. 1l~.I.fij
Io-i.Ari...
h"lmaik. ere
M8<'!Iym".976
11m&. 2')'J, J6lj
boulOInorfizm'Ill.34:;
f>1~.322
lnb> '" Ikkt
';19
'ltirAny"'l.iig.17S
LU_fak tori7k io. 914
liurAril'. 101~
fiiggv~nY"k.
1002
,,1"1'.1002
\,,,L...... l00:J
.jti,,t!,fiuildt.l002
f"nt ..... 1014
komp",.ici(,j".lom
A.lOOJ
"tM"iAh~. HJ02
11 57
II SS
GAUSS-a1R"ritm1t~, IOI~
gr&fika. 103:>
BE:Sst:Lfiiggv"'ny.lo:J7
1wwo-...u...97l:!
..IlPTl<'iI"7,o strukturek. 1004

992
rovid jell.. mre.. 976
AAj"tt'nkkt'k eo. jatvrktorok, 1020
"'-w"""R "" infonn i6k. 100.:;
hahnllZOk.979
infix alak. 91'J
kif,'j..."""'.979
"'rozatok.999
li~tak. 979
Tf'nd'Qol'1"wirA..~.
"xpoIlt'nciAlu.1lLAA",;ny. 1037
biP<"rboJ.ikll. folRl(Vrny. 1037
biJ>f'rbolik""~pirAi. 1u:J7
baromdilTlt'lWl. 10JIj
k"t<limeuxM. 1035
r-~a"r~.1037
""Amil.hriW>IAs. 9'J,j
........
szamkonvt"rziO.killOnhoZ15 aIapok. 9'J6

komplex. 995
tuuw..~okOlF:.IOIS
1PbeR6pontoll. 9'~
racioM.li... 9'J:;
in<Wx1l'W....y. IOI~
~.995
Lruchoid. 1037
int.y&l
hAtArazAtl"ll. 11124
""Amok konwrt&lasa. 995

.w.mb61umok.993
hatArmott. IO"L
!IIOnalta alakita.
t~I02}
brAi:tf'risztikll"'~I.Irt, 1020
karakwrlaDcok (1II.ri!l), 993

ko"plctlon:c:lh.. J::,rv.,..,1"-. 9i6
~. A1tA1An<. kl...~. lOll
k~it'-k a >Wi.u~
1005
hf..~ raja. 99J
VRr~0I.9;ti
mnl.cxtlL'IOk. 100l
kOrn~......f'ti vAltmil. I()().}
1P~Oj>Ollt.olO
.u.mok. kooV'f'l'V6. 99S
wlf'ilri,..b.... ,.J<.mM.IOlS
lW.ak. 999
kM.sdntll.III." .. UO)
1I11mW..hi\Pt.97G
m,;"",J<.t,.k
poIinomokkAl, 1010
mAtrixok. 1000
nuUlf'rik'''' maWmatib. 972
Jilfere I~IJ,l.ck,97~
"R)'I'IIJ<.wk,973
inl.cgrAl"".9701
kif,jl'7.......k ~
fuggv~lly,k.
972
lllLlll.. rikw. llZ,;'llIita.., 9n

oujchulUuk. ~12
til'...... 99J
obj..ktulIl<.>t<l'.t.<Uyok.9\12
oW'H'torok
font .... 991'
fiillRvrnyrk. rooa
hdycu.,,,,itr..i. !l9\J
pont'. 9':19
par"i"li~
tOrt...km lIont."". WI I
poJinomok f..kt.ori1,ft.IIw!.. ](JO<J
l'rogrlUllnlOml\,<l;ok, ~J~
prugtlUllO'dI><. 1004
cikJUl'"truktiuAk. 1004
pdinomok. IOt:rJ
tAbliIzawruktlrilr.. 100J
tipwoulr..992
ala!" 993. 99-&
bcaRYa~,n, 993
.truktUl'll.lt.993
ti>mb6truktUrak. lOOJ
tiLroU.<i. mod, 1002
YPktorok. WOO
mMwk.l;ti
marao.lo"k. ui1:Yzctul m<><:Iulo m. 333
marwwuru. 320. 331
modulo m. 332
maradf"'-tiJ}.331
])rimitiv,m
prim,332
maradrko.-.ead"".331
maradrkl'XOl7.Af..331
mararli>k>;]>"ktnlm.6oI2
DlMado'ktag.411
Ix'CSles .J.l8
mAAod'''n<h; f..liilN iuv"riAn.....;. ZlJ
mA.<iodTf'ndu f..liil..wk. 220
mModrt-nJIi gorbc
,"talanot' ~'KY'-nlct. 2Q.I
pollircKY''IlJ.. t. :206
1"'IIJ'; Rorhi-k. 2Q.I
1I1.........
1U",t<'lUl\tikai p'Of/;!"ILInnlOlfll\,<l;ok. !J76

al",pv,to """rk,,.;,..ti ..l..m..k, !J7l:l
algcbrai kifcj"'''''''',k kczd""",,, 1tJO(i
alka!lluvio.sok. 1006
c('lkiu;zi"",k 976
diff,r"n.. iru- intcgrli.l"zam(t."".1020
cKYclIll'tck Cs cKYpnl..trpnd""prpk. 1012
fiiggv"ny..k.979
grafika. lOW
r",
tio:l:ta. ~7
fii~rllYlu,l ....I.. I .. k.
kit ..rj<>szt...... 978
\in.. iLri>I a1goohra..\pm ..i, 1016

~ba~kalulyAzott.
~llritullk,
l_ami1.t"
979
li~takb61 ano. 979

IMolf'lJ1ll.tikai miiwk'k'k. 979
"pira!. 1032
AhnUolN;. 1032
~...nA.\026
BES~E:L-ffiggvfn)'f'k.1032
"""--'1ft.. 978
objf'ktumok.97g
oprionAlis argnmcntumok. 91'J
..iPm<k. 1026. 10'li

f'X~Il~y.I031
fi'~.m.""k. 1O'1'J
op<"rl\1t>rnk.979
m<'kadO. 979
flmkriorl1>l;". 979
profu. aW:. 979
P""f':T&lI>OZ&<o.97'\
fii~y~ok
1'PIMiOk.979
~rflixir.i~.979
objrktwnolF:. 1026
"I>ci6k.llm
'<Zivnok.9;3
!M:wog"Pontas. 979
llZintaxi>l.
w"""
hat.&n::u.tl"ll. 1021
~tt.l022
MAthowl.976
UUl'"'J.ri,.... 1022
~Iath<-matica
~1022
alaf'W'16 """rkz.et.i ,.\enwk. 9!lO

aI>r"; kif~lr.
kPZl'1<\<. 1006
ki>pl<'tke.__ w-...............-tn.. 976

kif<-""'" 980
f<oj<-.980
ki.~1006
~.9N)
uno
<liffprMlriAI"". 9~
dilff'T<"llri,ijA.~ o]>"ratora. 1020
",;yrnl,'U'k
krzrlnl. 1012
mpgoJdA."".IOI2
trallS1cndcflb.1013
pg)... nlMrt
szi.lllholjk,," ""'l:0\JN<,.. 977

~nlpt['('nJ....re['('k.1014
A1t...:JAn08 ....."" 1016
inhomog(lI. 101(;
sP"'"iali" ,....t. 1016
ft-j.9110
f"Hil"tpk. 1033
f;iAAVlllypk.987
"lap-. !k\7
cl.. lIli tran"1,,,plld,,"". 98i
inverl, ses
"P"..iNi",987
1~
brIVO't'-tOOpmltol'. %2
ti~t.!J'h'
.... in!<'l':r~ni"""
Jiff<=DciilJ.pgy<"l"Ilpt..k.1023
c1itf<TnI.. ia.lh&nvad<"lll. 1020
10301
ohjc-ktmnok. 102;
~w.lo-!7
v&ltolri>. 979
Jilf~-
nM"&.i"\Pnit""". HOI
Mrom<li~.
tiplL'OOk. 97~
...ttribUtlllIlOlr..991
~ ~ kivil.cl. 969. 97(;. seo
!J8!J
gnr......k
I\t't'hilllf'<l....i "l'irM. 103'2
krtJilllPnzi<'ill, HJ31
kolIt...xtwoolr.. ~J1
lI-~nl.<XllOZNnok.
konvnzK:!. !Jtll
lill'"luito IlJsrbra ..k-Illet. 10 1(i

lioMk. 9n, 'lli3
<'K}'lllo&oM Kbo.tHJ}""......... 9l.4
"I""ci"liM.~
tohtoozint,;. ~
Iottikai ktpkrk. 9S1
tuAtrillok mint li>ot.ak. 91'>:>
sse
luilltfw<t.
munW.. liilpt.9iG
nlllv,\"tck
liMt.Akkal, tl~
m,o\,trix"kkal.9t'(j
pohnollloklutl. 1007
_klorokkal. cso
nutn"fikH" mnt... m"tilo\. !It.!l
,lilf",pnd,"I"Ryl'IlJ"t.t>k. !J71
R"rh ..iU.....I.t.i"'. %9
illl ..grAln... !l7I
illl,q>o!arii>.9iO
1'"lillOIlWlQ"<'l1l,t.ek.970
T"'Y'J'""tfltO
B OO
lluu,,riku........,vnit....,9n
objrktumok
hilromdim..nzi..... l~
opcrAtorok
lIamrn.'<7j)g-.2M
incidencia, JZ>.l
inv..rUIAs,271
inverz. 256. 259
komplex. 251
..Jap-.91:12
funkriouAli><,9I'9
konj~tkomp~.2~1
fiiQvi'ny-,9ll9
ki"lcltctctt "",....<'1, m
miiVf"lco.ti.m
reJacio\oo. 91;2
IltOki>f>"1o'5" alaIr.,j&. 91lJ
~-Wi.~ wrtd"T1' bumtN;,
puIinomok
f...ktot'Ww-i6~.
~...noMio. 9'.10
cikhL~lltA8itA8ok.
kv>o.dratiku.~.
n<>rIll4.I.2:>2
Dull-.251
kOr-. ti6ll
~w;".m
Int.'tIIbran~. ;)3;j
iW.-.D<"Wk.9'J2
wktorok mint lil<Uk.~

Vcnoion 2.2. 916
V..... ion 4. 9,(;
matn,.. 2~1
....tja<~.1Id. ... 3,M
"djung",Jt. 2:>1. 'l.:i9

al...o hiLroJIlllWg. 914
hlokk-tridi..goILilllll.934
d..(..ktue. J2J
d{rik!<7.Qg(1, 2,~1
<li"I1"",;,]-,252
CIO'''''X', 2",1
f"l"" hAromniig. 914

f,-rdi-" h..rm itik,,~. 2:.J
f"ni"" ",imm..lriklU" 2:>2
~pw--.:Z;;2
RpuT.
1~b1'>4
<'okal4r-. 66.'J
tIlnIJM"fPOI'liciO.ool
mo'ri>.i~"Onyv.
:Z;;2
812
!lZinunt"l.ru:us.252
IIZingu\ari.<l. m
nlt"ritiiM. 100. 244
1.&volMi.3;;a
gi"imbi. 170
mt'rt iTti'k.1cl1l
1I'\okt<'i..657
1Il<Tid.i.iw.~.1li9
IQ<'1"~.
uoljotl ~ 276
trlWSl<pon&It, :Z;;I
unitkr. 2.Xi
dm,..~.~
DIRAC-.w7
v.UOo..251
mAtrix-f,, to>U"I.359
~\ll<.~1
mitrilr:-~x~fIJ'''.S2(i
fizi..b.i.. S-t2
rMlri:rok
No'IZOCiII.l.iv &a.baJ.Y. 2:;.1
oiis/;t.-ibutiv -m&Iv. 2:H
"1O't'n1~ 253 v a n yo!< . 257
n..t
kornmut.ativital3
m(lwl",i S7.3!M.1yok. 2'>7
00I2.t&. 2:>4.
....ja.t.CrtCk..k, 277
_jil.terti>k-f,.laMt.
_jil.twktorok.277
.....a.Illok, 254
lIlax:",wn"" ko m J>O"l,iri n . J76
HESS&.~92
maximum kriteriulll
m,1;rika..615
MUlct. 247
''KY'''n.....,k terben. 219
dtUllc...2';'7
fMt]ol...li ,l"Ill. 252

hAcomo@!gfnkt"riz,ki6,913
h"nuitik"",253
halmazralwut:nltr81t. ~
HAl'SOORFF-.846
invari3ns.840
kolllplt-t.t.6Zo':l
LEBESGl'E-. 6<>7, t'4O
SIlR-. 8-42
o-\'<'g..-oI,660
t.artOjtl. t40
U"rIIl00E-tet;. S-tI
VIl100...l.i1l11""gi. (j(j()
m'1.I<Ih<pout
L'KY'Il"",-'k. 19~
ozorW.254
miltrix.~zorLl\t
harom "ik,:" 2 16
ufRY "ike. 216
.ik e. Logy...n' .... 21t!

mPl~?J>AA'lOjl;,
160
",elKtA.2,.,9
UIl",ztikus, 370
fuzzy hahIla:l",k~, :ili9. :170
halm"?.. 289
Illo.i~'lr, 371:1
~EWTUNfHP.tfil
.IEL"'IKOV~.llU6
227
",..I"1",t-fu"\lmaz. 2ll\.l
ti66
~tiv.~
!l.IELLlNlllUllIZfornli0ci6.73S
~ . CrintO.
1tJiri,;l. hiha.. 811
rit"- 934
'WlXlnmm
"b,.-ml'l t, 5O. J!J(j
p;l"hil.lis, aee
p;lohMis.50
lokAlis. 50. J'J5
I'f'latlv.5O
fok.7o';'m. :N9
forgllt""",2,',l.i
lhIXI. &s7
forr4a-. b90
~Qmb-. 665
bPn~urtrii.U/l.
lDt"IIfobzOg. 131
lfotn>hoW. 910
COULOMJl.-lU""w. J'OIlltOltPs.~. b91
lIqol.Ja.,f~lw.-t.~2'6
poennuta<.-o..914
ran,;. 2:..5
K'Ciprok. 2.Xi
u1.al<;lMok
1U.i81~~.lititi
""ntr&\lq.jllllll..trikus. (i6.)
meg>Une.i pont. 2J3

m..-Ui-kfdtn..-I. 561. z.w
onadjungaJt.2:>3
!riIAm&brUoUo<. !}tj I
tudom&uyu. inONni>d. 91'2
dwell. IwnwrtA1Mlt. ssI
l'IZintArilo, kw-go'Mjtftoo>k. 9!f1
-.natu.a1AkitAoo, poliu.. mok. 1006
wi';'" irioelOOd. ~
thgOrl":k. 103J
traru;Jortni.n6Io -.MIv. ~2
......
nulliw.323
I~
990
MEUSSIER tftek, 2H
mt"7",nok <l!tZtAlyoz/lsa. 318
ortogowlli....2::.6
looti
1oUIi valtudlk. 990

T1'lldol.n1loU-"'. 9!iO
Mid.idJo=zi'a, 9,6
n-.-k.!NJ
...jft1iTt.I4<..k "" ....jAt >'rktorolr.. 1011
~"tilbt
2:>L 2~2
rn..xinnIludv.600
rna>: min komvozkin. 37G
M"xwELL-ffi..ilt.....ljAr..... no
m.-!iAn
mint.afi''AA\'t'm..k.796
rn"ri>si ........mnillyt-k ki"rt ..k..ln...-. 79l!
ITIf'Ii:hi.. ha.~. st.ati><ltikai.1lOO
llKl:tigyt'!t t'rt.Ck.IcllI
lIlCII: olda.. . 8 j2
MIL....E mt'odlruor... 9"11'1

mmmuiMa J,';~
lIlirtlmUfdiU..-t, 24'
mInimum
.u-nllit. 00. 396
&lob'lilo. 3'.16
slob'lis. ;;0
Iok.i.ba. ;;0. J9lvillt<n6.7';';
u,u.u.....'f
ADA.. s-BASHFORTII-. !fbi

IiHMtl6k vllTiAIW, ,,10
B~:KNOULLI-. 912
BKO[lt~KY-SMEALf".l... -l-l
f"lc<r1.AtOt; kiY..ditt..... ;;0;;
G"U:RKIN-,9J2
G Ilt:~;N-, 540
h.. tAtw....t wl ''lO'iittlllltllk'', Hi
l.-gki....hb n''lO'?"',,,k, 9-lJ
1''WIIll!Y"hh f"Jiil"t. 371l
MAMDANI, . 379
UUl.XiUllUn kriterturu. :17X
Maximuuul.tl..g. J7S
MILNE-o, ')21;
ni'KY",tkiYd-p. S07
.'I Ew TON-.9,.,9
I".rtt.m.te,..... kr.. il..tf..h"'........., 378
1I61
1162
p.-!iktor korJ'f'k,nr-. ~rl/'l
klll...:i. m
RITZ, m
50R. 919
5t:G E!'lO, J79
,.,',Iypont. J 78
A]t..,j/lnolojtott. J7);
P"fl'lJiI't.>rftI. J1!1
"",uk<-.-t.iv awnuWnMiO. 50Ct
lJANAC H-to'r,640
l<>nl"'tf~,J 1S
~nunna.2:>I:l
"l"'ktnUnonna. 2 j,ll
dl"finiciO.G111
kl-~ral albln...u.., 67'9
nagy sz.imo k tOrvfnyo:. 7!l4
nagyAAg. infinitnim1lli.......7. 454
norma.izolIlOCfi&. 646
;'\API ER-f&~lcwk. 16 1
llOI'lItAWAk.531
mo<llll"",.I~
"nAhtik.....l1lgVlon.... l;!;Iti
kom!*,x!lZAml'. J::.
mOOl_. ~ C"rt'<imPllyook kit'rttla........ i9')
BooLE-fiig\+n).3411
kct.t&~. 2&>
~ 291
~. K LEI~ -f"Jo..
komp1o-x~J1
~.IJ6. IJtl
t~lf'triluo fiJUV<'IlV'l"k. III

~IOLLW EID~I<-l<k. 142
~f1t"m
...-Pd rm<h1. 1l!3

rnor-ImmiNnlltrill.l'I27. S21!1.
monotonitU
fiiggvhl.... 49
l'IZilnu."l'OZ" tok. 4O'J

monol.onit.i f.'Iti-l<].k. J'J:l
\ lont.--CNIo n.o.l>0m-k.l.'01
nnmcrikos ffijlLtl'Ifl"ti lut. ..JluUtllllziuoA. .'IiO'J
-zokNou.. &I'J
lr....ruIct, 131:l
~I'ulzus. 724. 142
n<"g)7.a. 137
n.. mlino:-.an... 94"
.-angdclin..ru. norl. 'li7

~RYOlr.
kom pt..x.1OJ
l<>~"",,~k".~
n.. umeg.. t iv trduook. 1

S"mZ<."tk Ozi Konyvl'lZiuu<Yt......i 5""1,,,411... (ISBSj.
336
~l ()n\.<'-e.u-I" ...:illllllAriO
:"EUMANNplv. 311
po>ld".808
M ORSE 5MA LE-"-nd __ t'Pk. ~
1tl1lltihllltlllU.. 99lI
~EUM ANN-tlOr.
m"ltiilldr x. tiJO
llIult inullIillli.. ki f.j.-v". ?J1
llJulti plik"1.. ,r. 821, 1:l211. ll:ifi
m"lti plik...1.. ,r-tll(M !><oe< 'f . LAGRANGE-frl,-, 407
t111 m lul
al1."lall,,", 477
~1'",' ii\IiH . 451l
mllw lo-t . 295

,,1l;..tmu. 26J
nrittll<'tiJu.i. 1
"""w"i,,tlv.2'J ;'
29I:l
line8ri8. 216. 916

~
;'77, ;,D1
:'Il EUMANN-fd adat , ti92
:""EuM ANs-filW'pny. ;'18

:""E\\''TON f''l .. intprpolil.cio.. f"nn"IA. 9.l9
:""EWTON LEIB:ollZ-ti>tp l, 44 ~
vswros-mooeer. W4. ~. no, llS!l

r negfeIe16 ,914
mooosit ott . W4.. soe
tl<'l1lliu('aris ol'b m.u iul"". Il92
t utlll' lt.ott, 893
NOR-fii&/!;v,'uy, 21:l:"t
norm... 276
.. nk1idet<'~i . 258, 32J
f"'I-.626
nyok.u~.m
ft"i~. 220
942
IJO'lI'm8.1forma.. 349
buonilrus ~trib"tiv. 349
kMnnikus konjunktiv. 3-19
Donnali" elo8zWo. 181
\ogaritmik us. 189
~t&Ddard. 1~
1l<lI'ID1l.1i.. IotrzJ&,;
kkdilIlPrW08. 804
ph.... 226
[}Onl11llitodlU"~.
221
llOrtnl\l6 tl'llyW. 194

nun"alO&l.O. 29I:l
llormAlsik. ti'l'JIPrb.... 239.141
IlOnnAlvpktor
f"hiI Pl, 244
"tk . 214
non llAlis plooczlA"
~tallJard
1:l2J.SJO. 836
adjufI3i".64ll
agr.,pc~ J71
tkmifoIy101l/)f'o.W6
diifrl't'1lciA1hat6. Gr.J
ts.371
faalnm.4I:l
fo\ytonoa. 625
SIUtlmA, 371
HAMJ.II!.RSTEIN-,65J
i<"lllpol<>Wl. 6.:iO
invrn.611
izoton ni>....k,odI'I. ti,j.,'j
kuPrritjv.656
koll,pM.l.6.'>O
kOIllpt"n1.&Io.371
kOlll ruUv.61'J
kurLAtooI.637
lembd.... J71
lin<'iLriA.61O
korlatoll. 631
1ll011otnn, 6.:>6
IlUU" llUut , 1
Iln lltlla t rix, 251
nullv ektor c lxl
nU rtlu,.1l26
901
llllm"rw;, 10
;'; YSTROM-m M ",,<,r, 583
ny<'l/l.828. eae
_~ItaUr~
OJ'""alKh-. 9Ti
OJ'f'fiLtar, 977'
f"lyton.... 637
tahlAut . 1l 111
niiwk1l1,'o nyrtigj,"'''ny. 9'19
l1U1u('riku~ kOllyvliLr,
oktJ,.r. 1;N
oIoWfoo-"6, 142
oIdalf..ln/I. 134
oldaJIap. l al
ol<WuyowM. -l->I:l
in~.639
normlllis closzJflt,-wrvt'ny
rnPgtigy..Jc..i hiba.k . 7J
normlllill. sik
nyornU.458
obffiIo,zk. 153
lino-8zi" programozM. 873

rniuUlt dilI",",~.~
nonna1Asi fri\M. :>49
~.9 1 1.94 2.943
~nlrtf1."nd'<1Jet. Mlti .
~1r.Oziop-f..1Rdat
.....' t rAlilo. n.....-l rrntlil. 71:<1
nyil<li.oI&ram.2'J I
,,"kli<k-i.2511
oWrixnorma. 2.'>1'1
,",igMiO. 172
n-dirJl<"lW<i,o ... ,klidf-i _ktortk. 2j,.1
no:':&8ciO. 2-"3
hip<"l"hoIik,,,, f,iWPn)....k. 9"l
~lor\'RE-krpk-t
nY""f"tU'ODt.:i04. X86
ahszo!ut ~rma. 2Z>I:l
J.loot.--CN~.
S\AtillztikN. kWdrl..k. S I I
"YOOf",f<'>ku'IZ.833
operator-. GJ1. 826

lL-.369
t -,369
......ktor-.2;".;
fiiuviny.56
:\o\..lI;"O-fiir.Kv....Y.21'G
mo<l"Ih-"'k~. b4U
ll~nku-.ll 28
nonniLlt u-r. 626
nAhlAoppri.tor
...",..,....
807
n....-]vi fotUk. 3W
lIydv, v1lltozb, J6S
nY"~, 112':l.1l36
lIyt'rpgfok,_
hm.zan.lldplt IlOnna. 2.X\

o:o<ZIope-zegn<>rrna. 2:xl
n-viUtmi.08. w.:.
1I111vt'leti SztLh4Iyok
fnzz ...ku mpoociciO. J76
v"g.... tliff.....ndAk.;,.w
vq,;..-IolIl.~. .i71. 9Jti
"""........
ClIOfIlOpollt, 3()3
v..ktom ....d i,67;,
illu-gn\.l-. 661
mAtrix-. 2.:.8
binAris. 295
kommntat iv. 2'!IS
R Jf:M ANS-. 53'J
NYEMICI<1J .653
i>u", lj llngl\l t , 6oI9
l,ozit lv. 6 13
I'LYl itlv d ..finit. 649
H'ligofll"n f1\()llot()ll, 656
..:allgullLrilc. OO2
Tatgym.d"t6
11...
korlat07.i1..~i..ljara... 899
k.....nr..tiklL~, &17
t"lj.... 6,>O
URISZO~"tW
VAGY,3,!
v~.... <tiIIlf'llZiOjil. WO
f..tr-... llwt&oo'g.324
kommul.AtivitNo.324
o-..eg~. 324
1IiOOI'Zat&. 324
oprratorlr....mod. dilf~nlrtclt. :>11

opcr~.~1.7J1
~r&lOrok
dillPff"CiilhalOMp
.....Ullinmrv.. OOJ
-"'"
optimaliu-i fdti1.d.1'&. ~7
BELLIoU'\I:<>ro'lr,903
utalM.
biintd6 ~ korlal.al6. I!9!l
~L<IY
HlIg&r!!l;"jmalj,';'Iiu; elv"" l:l92

optimaliz&LN pljarMok
~kPhhnli)kkenO
t).l,:)
ditrl.km
ft'.l.Iat. 901
dilWUIlih.900
foly\oDolt dinAmikua. 900
runkc~-~.903
~nJekok.903
B"l.UoIA~'\IY.Ir,
DFP mOd.~Zl"r. 893

felti>u-I ....lkiili fpladat. S9'2
FIBOSACCl-. ~JI
HILDRETH-D'EsoPO-.890
KELLEY-.900
koujUR3lt ~...k. 893
~ng""""tt iran)..,k. 894
902
tompitott.
V1'tiU'tt gradWnBek.1'\96
\\OLFE-.l'>1"1l
optjrnalidl,;Ri Madat
dinamikw;.901
duAl fPladat. 860

KonVPX. SS7
~.ssl
baz~.87"
hAlizMk-f.-IMIIlt. 002.~
Ql'm.Iinear18.949
kOltWgfl-lgg'+ny.902
primAl MAda.t. 880
minilDu.lIlf,,~~ 902
n-ICpa&< doot(,;i folYallI&lok.!lU1

optirnAla.l<t.n.~ 904
v........!Mi.904
optilllll1i7.ftliu<.linMrilo
a~hAz."".S74
"",'10<, 874
o.-g"D<'rliJt CI!liD, 874
dualitA>o.l:I8O
c1oszt.M.i r..!Adat, SS4
hoz~ll<lcli.,q
irAnyU.l:l'.fl
ssa
bo-v~
arany~.891
HOl:SEHOLOER -. 277. 917

SCHMIDTfeJp .::.89
ortogoruiltcr.63-t
ortooorm4lt..... ktoruk. 262
OO<lAillal.or, liuei\ril;. ha.nllonil"",.,'i.,'iJ
"",,1opiioIoczt-g Mti>tel.91S
"":.lJop.piYOt;wa,..91"
uumerikus k..~ ..ljftrNook.l:l~l
~k~.900
optimali7Jlu..
optimal;dJ..
:"E w TON-rn6<l'VA'l".I:l92
nYf'~nt. SS(j
liut. tiJ'J
opcrator,luocfuio.324
""~.
GIVESS-.917
GR-Atd-SCHMIDTfo'iP. 219.ljJ,)
f,t.wJ.at, &4
""rhM..kfuk.873
lltIIW iigynok prohlo'mAj.., 1'IH4
ovtimllJizAl..... n..mlin..lui~
Cliikk"n6 irAny", ..ljft.rM.l'l'12
dullJit"".~
gradieus mO<l~7Rr. S~2
~gy.. nlOtl..m"'gf..lto'\<l,k. S!H
irenyk............i r..I",L.t, '-;!11

kUllV\'X,1:loll7
kouvexites, ll&I
"C'""nlPttl'ldetiniAoIt. 346
Icihti-kPlk. 197
.-1.iiJykaz,ep. ~ ....,..Jmffi:wk kiiorWb-W-.
"'"
kompk-x ~... 31
poIinomoki'. 14
rac1onal. ""AlInk... I
<:WlZtbatiNg. 324
OI<i:tt...~
kriti'tillmok. 326. 321

_hilIynk. +mi. 324
OI<ztO. 14. 324

~
k(i;zO<. (L :\KO )
poIiDOmoIr.e.14
~bb ki"izOl<oo<ZtO (1ulllO), J27
~ ><Wnok. 327
Iino-fui>; komhiMcii>. m
pmiHv.326
vont. 233
optimUIll8Zolimiu... 1I7I
lineAris
Ont'rintn..i
alak.871
onlinMa. 189. scs
o....myil\lXWl!'li rtt'Oiog.692
ordin&t..a.tcngely.189
ORE ktcle. J.:i7
forr....nwntnl. 690
tio<zta..690
i>rvrnypont. 5().l
orvPtlyM'inl.'""g.690
orv'ny."naIak.677
0.-..
963
komplex ....,Amok,;.36
polinomoke. II
r"cionAlil\ "'lkI1Oki>. 1
...........g.6
a1g..r.r'".310
k"rlM<lll. 370
I</.llmm"jcl. 6
~1""mol""j """"bAlyok. 6
i ....,."g <\privAltja. 3il6
i;"'~('hal'OnlitO fiiggv{>ny. 'o(;3 . ;;(iS
o...7,tktljw",,]iis
fu'..zy halm=oki'. J(i!.l
o...Z'ktllw""IMi op,-r"t",. 31"
on.odri>l-. 1n
Fm.&kisarkkwli poJlt. 17'2
'vhOM<ZinIag.1TJ
kH ortodm'll/\ lIlet&i"'IJ<>Il~j.ai. 1j9
~kspontok.174.17fi
,itirilny!'.Z<->g, I72
ortogonelis polinom. 943

ortogoll"liUi.><. :>24
pgyen_.ke. no
HILB ERTter.634
trigollolUf.triai fiiggv{'lly,ki>. 323
v,ktorok. 184
o,togollalitMi fdto'tpi
egyene.. ~lk. 219
egyenesek to'rl"'n. 2W
~lkok,
aio
ort.ogonalizAdo.. PljArAA. 27'J. 9 16. ~17
On~.S4S
OrWUYIlIl"Z.o
...<1"".
ou...291
PAOO-&WlUll imN:-i6.9'JS
"""'"
! nmb. ).j';'
1Jl"llA, 1:03
bffivrlr.4
bortJOt...,t. I~
krx-:ka. 133
Inip. 156
1>oI~1"2
.-w.963
OlIZtb,,~
o.z..mPThrU't"'I~.4.1l3O
o.--mhbl't6oPg.4
o.o-lt'!.t [te\et. W
PXtPtl~ioll.liA. 2113
t<'1l1&l<'M. 1,,2
tOrua.l5l!l
p6lyo.
<1,
hrtcrok1iuU:lI".1!J.!
bnmoldinik...., ~. 1!66
k~ iwoocu-tMt.
pf'riodiku-~. ~I
biJ""1"boI.ilm~. 1'12')
P""riorliku.<..1:l61
n~.~
P"J"l'l><>1&. 203
bilWm.7O
DIlinlpoat.203
hint6.203
rclJ-r~.203
fOll1IllZ. 203
gOrbUlrti kori'l1I"k ~,~ 204
hannadfoku.64
rnNInrlfnkU. 63
n.f'drMl<h'i, 6.:i
;\"[IL-.%
1>AI"l\IuC\.t"r. 203
\.t"rlilM.204
tr/lllllZforn,Ari<'>.2O.)
vmrPgYpn..., 20J
par"IJ<>1a
'vhOll!W\., 204
1"""bolMtmiT6.203
l... r"'OOl....gy.. nlM., 203
Illlr...ool/ltPngply.203
paT"holi ku~ gi'>rhf>k. 2O(j
I>"T,,],oloi<1.221
d lil'tik'llI.221
forgMpar"holoid. Zll
hiperboliku... 222
('N,tn\liH fpHilpt, 224
jllVl\rjAn.....k pUlj.. j"j
dlil.tjkllM. 224
116 5
l'Of"!JY',,,,t4t6
1166
LEGES ORE . :;21)
lcatv: kad. 86 2, .'\64. tl67
hiJ>f'roolik"... 224
f"'T..holiku". 224
pac.. k-l.. pip....lon. 152
pacalelogTamma.. 136
p"'riootl:o.-f"'TalPl~II.Illma..
p.. nuwlograwlM-"IY"n~ unitk trr. ti33

P"I'ami1.cr
IL1gfohr"; kif.-j..,.;."e. II
731
(>f'nnlltAciO. 775. 997

p<'fTIl"t""i<'>noop0l1.298
permllt~68 matrix. 914
pOl""
.. gnmhOn, 162
.......""litikus nWi>ny. 69 7
IWokWi, I62
p<.'TtUTMciO.543
P"T"mrtl.Tt"ll d6e.Ilic.a... 49
P ESIS-k"pkt. S46, &:.2

PICARD it....aci6IImixMfl.". :i7ti
pivot...1t>m.914
V1aninJ<'l:eI'. 4,j4
kOr.197
paI1UIlk""", in~. 466
POISSQS-
ffiQ;vkly.49
panlhola. 2o:J
rOlSCAR E-1eki'~. ~,ll3:>

diff"",,~IPt.:>46.
dooWa8. 7~
""""""~
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~1'Il:,2 19
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v.m..n. 219
..na:.k.216
pariw. :.:l3
piuuk. fl."lld,.outt. m
pftToI<itN.. 36lJ
ma.:Umili.~. J60
l.o:'litO'lt. J60
tdjco;.
690. 69J
po~IPt.z,.;,1
miwxlr.-nd,1 gOrbr, 206

po~h.227
poIMgOmb~
poI&rk.-.iinAtAk, 1!'!9 191

t.kbI'li. 209
pol&rnonniilis.
pnlilrnormali...ta.h. 227
....di~ti>rhm.12 1
IW1IlvADdorIi>,8-W
polart.rngely. l90
"I.}"I'lI~.
42S. 52~.
formula. 757
~.lO. G36
partikull\rifo intesr.tJ. 449

PASCAL.-ff1O' Cl'Iig... 99
P ASCAL.- hArolll,.zOg,1 2
~.3z::,
l.roboofijgv"I1Y-~.93 1, 93S
I'mbIt'ma
impoTlUIO-1.rikus. alWAno!o. 7>62
""S"~.
2"
mat",m&lliusi J"'OITaIltDlOlllIlg. 978
Mlltbo1n&tra. 990
P..... ~ lint"4rill. 1'71
kOrnyczek,616
""Vshhlln kim>liti>, 237
polanozubtangf'D.'l. m
J(i(l
mouut.224.232.233.61~
pnI4rio<. 162
~. I90
b4r1tl. 32:;
Ikl'r,32,j
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MapIf', 1004
koordinatM. 1S9
162
predik to r-korr..ktor.m6<W.... , 928

I'l'f'fix-jrlOlk. J,J9
pr.-bilbo>rt :k, 6J2
prilllfaktor r..lnonUII, 325
kMouikll!l, 325
priulf"J..lnf'k,3 2:;
priwiUv r~fny, 433
I'ri~.32:;
koordinAtan>nd..,...". krzMpontja. lSI. I'JO

m-...trf'fl<:hl. kOIDl'1rx fiijQ{vcuy. 719
m-lIiZI'rf'>'. komplPl:: ft-'gRV"nv. 719
pOIllMl.3vol>U\g. 144
pollt. 130
....,..imptotikU!<,233
bMs6.616
frintk.2iS,618
P ARSEYAL-
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johb o1<la.li. 162
,;,u,IJoono".. 159
formul.&. ;).Iz.
inteufU. z..t2
parrialilo lOW'k. 99 7
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"".onatcIOOllita..a. 43
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difft."n'~.503
mouut.Z>03
torlOcW<i. 6t8
a1apl..,umll1F:,8TJ
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f..ltiok-l. 871
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tJ&D8Z~bomoklinik",~.IlJ'
kOllYO"X. 1;).1
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po!iMC'Niot.P1. ElrL.ER-wlr. lS4
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pont ki>rny"""k. 616

J'ODtlWUi.813
l><>U~ merti'k,813
<>l1olI:ooahi.-r, 634
1. ..j<oktol',6.'10
t-'1OMbl4r,269
.-udott-lUlOr, M . 2(;9
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C SEBISEY.946
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psV'u.x-.ktor. M, 2(,"9
VU"lldo-vflrtku ~"">liuk.1lO.s
P YTHAGORAS
.1rri'lu<ziigs1 h~. 141
I"'",mfrtkk-rrt..rlat. 523. 930
CS t;lI IS EY-k<"VIo-t. ss
potenrial
komf'J..x,;"07
QR.. lgorilmll~, 281
pat kolrkf~.l:(,l
po'miigyi lIUIl.<'lnatika. 20
HI LBERT f..IC'. sea
indpx, 603
hutnogfn.523
poligonVOl\..l-f"ljiLT...... El'LERfi'lr. 92b

poliIlOlll. I t. 63
B E Rl'iST EIl'i-f.. J..Ilillflpolinomok. %7
C'boOfok,i, 6.'
har rm.dfok". 64
karak~risztikl.l~,
inhnlll"hoClI. ~23
hndra lik w;. sa
linriLril'.523
L AGUl;RRE , GJ.:j
LEGES ORE- ,634
pe rem f..ltHrl,561
p'",mint<>grIll'"l<'oJ><ur<'k. <>43
pcremkollokecic, 'JJ5
P<'Telllm6<l~7...r, 935
I'rriudidlciOil tflly"/.o, 74;'
p' rihdu" . 51, Il3
277
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n...-dfoku. 64
rl\CiOllA1i.~ ~g""~
fiiggvi'"y. til
trigoJlOllWt.Ji kllll,949
poli"o"",gy~nl".t..k lIlf'goldfl.'lI\ . 910
"",kful", 77
po linoIJIiu terpoIAc ib,9:.19
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J>olin o lIlo k
H ERM IT E- . :;54
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t,,"grllll. 76
I-"'riM,,~krtt6W<l"'"
en
pOl'lal*ktnun. ti-U
P6SA tktt-!r. 3Z>7
ft-rd.~111,,\rolJlIciig. 1 42
kol\Zl'r-tiv mees, (i8:i

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I""',nrii\.ll'gyf'lll" t. .:.t6
l-",tt'uci41filggvi' ny, ;"0;
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rot ari ....ti71;
l'0t.zOg. 131
1>6t.s:l""ot(otc!C'k. 79
r....
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rllu'I"'lIt
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r....liiliM r !:Y"lIk t, 55 1
rndiim, 131
n ..likll.l, ,".02
ddinit. 91;;
J>r"""""~i",, ",,-0 1(, 212
pr", liklit nm . 286
tl_vllltO'/""".286
J>rPdiktor. sse
9 17
rar... l n lkt ,'l r..
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QHtrlll~'<l'J"nnArio,
286
r"'-lj"irlulym'"':..., Iii
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mll.trix,2;;5
1167
116 8
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rrciprok fiiggviony
konform kok~. ti9'J
fu...Iuct'.976
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<liruuniIW,821
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ergodikus. 8-11
folytollOl!l. i!l21
idObcn dW.krft, 821, !!22
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bu..vao...291
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~ni,293
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I'I'lAxMio. pa:rouni 'T, 919
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woo
mAAoOO'n.hl giirb,'k, 204
n-edfl"lIdilgorbt-.l~
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re no""."". 2!l~
folytol\08 """port, 303

lcxikogr fikulO.2'.M
re..z I'1l 294
tclj
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rcwl,ed i rtI"'j6, 2'J3
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rendordv. :;"
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kl'V1'rO, 8SJ
li~. 270. !.l'.RI
a1sUml. bodA. !.l'JIl
ni-gy pontool. 213

nonnNl!gyt'nletf'k.
n6
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R~
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RONBERG-<"IjarM. n4
67~
triI':O"oIll.tril"'l~.
63-l
t'ulA......Japil inwrpolaci6, 381
......~1xllll'lI<lezffi. 612
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ciklikus.297
triviafu<. 2'J 7
r ultOport kritCriulll. 297
r 7.graI, 3:;J
induk..lt,3.53
r""'zgyiinl. 320
triviAl is. 320
tl",zgyiirii kri l~rinrn, 3:20
r(",zh..lmaz. 2&\
r (...zlet~",g, 4] I
r",,;\!or4'kr.. ho ntiL . I:'
rt~g''''' harmonikus. 83
'""'I/;,;,;i,l6, 83
r.,.~iduaIi" sl",kltlllll. ti~2
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~.214
&Jta.UDuo..214
Ht:5SE-ft>1r nonMWalt. 214
1o'nvtru--t-..Jak21"rrktililr.a5o. 239.141. 242
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kii1iiohiQ6 koonl;~. 677

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RUELLE-TAKESS :'\ EWHOtSE-forg>lti).knnyv.
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tavoWp.217
Joirnlt6 puami:lcr, %t>

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tel;"'. 636
hlkriizo',>.i ..lv. 707
~i.114
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do-finlciO.676
numerikllll~. ~13
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fALK.154
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n"gliMWi ff'ltiotffl, lWi.
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n'7.idullrnlCtcl. 719. 720
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1'I'7A1I..... TIl<. S7t. iJ79, Z>97. 641
1"f':Zf>1""llSh...:Jrrw:.641
tOO~.711
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llllIg_bb rendrl. .J06
mrgoldNo., .'i06
Mjill.i'rtflr.. 277. ::'24. ::.49. &11

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jil.li>rtfk-probl"fTlll.
A1ta.1AII''''. 277
'J.>"'liAli~. 277
_jatfiiAAVlllY. 524.;j49
UltcRl,;,)'1O't',uet. ,,74 . .;:.79
no nnaIl.524
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.uly,3Ol:l
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MV, karakt"r i,,diku. iJ27
SC HAU lll,;ll-hi,z ilO,63(j
SCH6N fLIES&RZimholik...,31 1
SCHR6DINGER-'1!:Y('olet
linl'i\rm. ;;47
ncurlinearis. 5-5-5, 557
ncmstecionerins. :'47
fnrgMillvanAr>.' tolaj<\on.""'K, 269

11l""luUlll. :lti2
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8b.lArmo-tt'l. 66:i
"xWiJ, m..,.;;' 666
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66:i
gr..ni"n". 6,3. 674
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ir/lIlym<'nti diff'"'llciaIhanyaJU!!. 671
knoroinlt.tN< rn.,.;""......666
8fkbt-li. li(i,)
8b.llt."",.o17,ll.t, 18.1, 323
k~ knnroinAtAk. l&:t
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kOllnliru\tk< ,I'Wlitii.M. 187
vrktorok,25.5
S I_ATI>R-fl'lto'I..I,887
,..nornll". :J6~
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1169
1aryyrnutatO
1170
viog..... 17
li~ 607
vfogt.P". 409. 411

Wf.:If.:RS1"RA ss--kri uori' un , 420
_hilio.. S31. ll36

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kOrlillrt kilf "'~...- ... 139
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kij!005~. 138
oIcWDt-1\Mg. 138
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sikbdi, 1311
tforiilt-t. 13!1
."k~zOgP k
hMo nl6. I Jij

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~1.06
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hillollliAl~.
LAliflL'M'-.1I8
M cLAl'RIN .423
TAYLOR. 39 5 . 422 . 11 7
IIOnIlAI'lIodiok. 411
-,
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kOJ\.'<tan8 tagok. .III

konV<'rgpncia-tetckk. 411
>lOI'QZAt. 4O'J
C AUCHY- . 6 18
" l",ze,]l,t konve rgenci.., 42\

li!t"I{l.l ' lJII t .. g. 411
,.]t"r",'I<'>. 415
[l ANACIt t"t.
F OURIER- . tJO
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IJ
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diV<'rgf'nda. 414
di ....rg"u,II. 4 11
FO URIER-, 421
knmpJ,ox aWr.. 421
fiigvftly. 419
Kf'OWO'tri..i. ~"'Tl. 411

ltY0kkritmlllll. 41 J
bAuy.d<.:.kn\4irium. 412
b...-moalkla, 4 11
Iuudny-. 421
b,~rikta<,
522
intqr;rilkrilmum. 414
lu>n~ia. 414
~~ 4 19. 42 1
u..mf'gmJet..... 419
kotJv,.r~iAt.oLrtoJru\ny. ~ 19
koli''''IIl:''WI. 411
L AURf: NT .99.s
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rnAr",tpkt~. 411. 419
1ll"'rtN1i. 18
vpgvl..n, IS
;..rEUMANN-. ti38
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o.... h"",mllt,o kri th illlfl. 41Z
m..~kI.OHfo7-f'g. 411
..u.mt>'lIi. 17
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fun n am pnt Alis. 6 l S

kOllVf'rgf'U. , 617
kor latos. f)lJll
nn-trikus terbNI , 617
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hiperbol.ikw;.. 107
lopritmik...... tee. 233
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orbil.&lit.. ~11
pftIYIUDl"Dti. ~11
pmodik1l8 iMlyu.. ~~
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h&rmalIo ill~a1. W
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l.-i,i. 7'97
mato-mat ikai. 775. 1'..14
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l'tnLktlita
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hArom~7.<iK . 134
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alMwlo',t /"rtlk,. 35
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_mimnnot.on. 631
,.-~a..W6
Ml.u1U. 2NS, 29:-
~,9.>9
BoREl.-fPiP.w7
.sos
~lira,J4..t
~,!l:"f.l
tw,.lili..t<",. 0Ct9
tu.a<.9Z>9
!<1.Am>o.k
GAl:ss-f"lIo. J4
komplex iPki1J<'Zbo. ,II

"""'UW'01UiOlOt.4O'J
di~f'.c... 410
hatiufrt1-k.410
konw<K....rn.. 410
til7
korlA\.oI<. 40'J. W8
kilJ't"'o'i~y.4I1J
ml'lriklls t<-rl",ll.617
ffiUlloton. 409
nnll"ho7.kom"'-!5"-l<,.
U\gok.4t1J
v,;g..... (;OIj
Vi1.'1("I,,". 409
s....uu""nn.. luk
al..o kurlM. 410
ffbs; k"rl"t. 410
,,'-'Iut.397
aItaW-.ot. ~Iy. 39,
"Y'pu>\1rixfeliik-t.ISJI. ~
"'jMl31rixhurolr.. S32. t<6,j
,.atJdilivitA.:..65'
\'1lIc'wo.2
kon.",~.....,..
4((;
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!<Wr~3ti
irrtt
MOlltl~Carlo.lSO;
lok&li!.. 395
J;
rlOciuuaw..
digitAlis. 80,
!I7k""""'g. roldraj7.i. 100. 244

~7#l&<'rint6 llZOg. 13'J
"""'10k. 139
,.yo1OonOg. 139
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"",iz,.]ik. 20
,,,,,,,,,,It,k,,,,.AlIlft'''.2O
"",kiil"~. 77
"",'kiiull hipfroolikll...... ll!l
""rkiln~fijAAV ..lly. 132
""rktorfonnut... G&I
saltDifib.ncia., sea
I'Zi.mbOlum.9;'7
KRO:<iBCKI::R-.2(;4
LAsDAur.. le. ;;,
LEG ENDRE.. 333
o<:<.illlIllctria
OI"lltrilj,.. 13,;,
"zinll:lf'ton. Jt:i,',I
,.zingllliLri.. "rti,uk. 2S I. :-4.,\
><ZillgllliLris rn"h-k SZf'rinti feibontA~. Z:H. zx2
><l.inglllAris pont
analitikn." fiiAAV"ny. 69;
n>eglIZllntf'thPt6.69;
RZir'l{lllaritM
izoWt.1I9
~~.69i. 719
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............... 347. J74
..,"a..:W;
pruduktlUujf'1. r
zz. 6ti6
~i_hAlynk.'
VPkt"rW~.
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1OZim"", hivnbOOi..-. i<'J
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hiI"'fholiku.". 133
.....rn~ GOROO)l;--<'&)Tnkt.~.
I~
r\forivAlt,... J.~'
1I:IlIiiK.130
de .....k-. 131
a.:.ll
16S
poW;""lti:i
1IZ111IL'lZOf'
lA<nzOI'"k.2G3
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diwkt. 290. J74
KRU~ECKY.R-. 2'>7
fllZ7.y hAlrna7.C .36/;.
...rnll!lZ-kooo:inWIZI~.
diadikU!<
n~
"".lntMi>k\.6ti6
1OZintll"11T1"'"
:ainlvoual. I
polin""'\flk". II
r....ionAliloll7.lt.m"k.., I
~.".,l"Ult. 7
a1gpbr.u.3W
D~ARTfS-, 2'JO
menny~k.llJ
"lQ'aw..u. 1JI
~,131
~,"",.ik.219
~.1:l)
1IZ'ta. ERASZTOSZTtIES!tsZ. 32;;
~".1i,-1Jni.119
EULER. 211
.....ivaraW... ..m~. 220
f~a1n~.
ltZi>.615
fok.131
SZ080U EV-tl... 630
~.131
l<IinW<l:t<-td.142.164
..wiPooid. XS2
..wliton
130
bomorU.131
iVI~.IJI
FOURJER-""rff'iti"'.4211
&lltikinl. ;;,',ll
kk !Ilk 4ltAl b<.-:t.Nt. 216
tf'ngf'ly..,;, 13.J
tiik.w.ffii l17.im~ria. IJ:>
antiKr.oLiton.55'
BoUSSl:<iESQ-.559
n~,I-&3
lcimmf'triMllOf>Ort.JI2
kri><ztalIOKJafia.. J IJ
IIZillllllf'triloP!("llI. J I I
l'Zi.ullllltri"muv.,]lkk.311
fix).><Jnt lldkiili. 3 11
forgaw, 311
forgatil.~t.iikrW""". 311
kristA.!yr""" etrukturek. 31,;
tiikro-.w...:n I
~ZiIIlIl,ptri""'rtCII. bifurk....,i6.11~9
~Zillllllllrikw; diff"r<'ncia. 290
~ZilHl'l..x 1"l'i....
lllo.k.,jwtt, 8;9
IIZilHl'kx mbd"~~'r, 8;G
llJbdooaott.8;9
~Zilllpl..x t"I>I,.. 8;6
llJooo,dt.ott.879
Sf>gOdfel..da t.I'!;8
N~.llH\11aci6
BUIIGERS--.559
HIROTA-, ::..:.9
KADOMZEV- PWVIASWll1.;;GO
kink.55ll
kink -<Ultikink.55ll
kink_""tikink_kollUi<i. ~
kink-kink-kolLizi6.55ll
kink -r""".559
KOI!TEWEG D E Vn l ~: s- . :;;(i
nf'mlinearit<. SCHnt"JDl:<iGER-. iN7

"""litonok.555
kol{,.ollh,.t&~. 5C>Ci
~~J>r"" .
, 8:1. 814. 81 :>. 81,
nutA.ciOs. 111
parbu;<.ll.lllUS "lQ'l"........ ken, 131
..0.: gOn,... 22S
IIik KOr.....k kim>ft. 22~
1lik1,..1i.151
~,,k.IJ I
t<-r, 131. 151

tump.. -.131
t<-rlliirbH kOzi>ni.14ti
~f'kt"r"k k('r.t.i>tt. IIl'J
...h"]yt"'''''''' 113
~m
~~;;I:{'k r-'~1\"
~;jlllhb;"r{ll"'<I-OK,
164
"ikhlu'lIn,;,~. 134
~ziilt~krf' V<llIl,tk,y;.(,Iu"",; llllNZti tl'l.
SZ<'llAAIIPgy-/.f't. 783
ketdimenzice l'lrzlil.. 804
M;"'gfajtAk,
lHcn'lli f'T",lrncny..k kiht~kd;"". ;!J::l

milllllfiiJW;Vcnyek.79(j
~7",rzAA. 963
k"lUl'lpX l<7.fullokc.:J6
~,;jp;f,lf1)1. 134. l4:1

"7'igfiiggv;'ny. ,:>
"ztfr... !i1u1,151
"zt"d\<t>lZtiluo.. 77;;
no
Hi5
Ta''tJIjffl"tat6
1174
sztrofoi<l,97
sz\lbnormAli....lI\l".. b, '1'l7
HAMMISG-,61::i
sz"btangf'n~,
kft pont kw.olt, 191

ki-t ponti>, ti>rl>f'n, 212
It\f'triku,.. tior, 61::i
pont <'gyf'n.... ,218
pont sik,215
kM.~.218
t:l7
SZllf"'rpmiriO
~I ve. 109
dilJf'n'lI~nj'>lf'k,
::i10
lIWLll.k,691
rwmli.....u;,., :'::;7
~ikoke, 217
til.voIMgi matrill:, J,.J.:i
l't'"~ke,S4
"""p<>rporiri<'>t.i?\' 691
ta,:. 10
~i>rti>k.J(i..I
~ ~}'.
J6.1,:iW
hanw~u.J66
In,,,...... Wt(I, JW
tiLm .. ,w"nk.-ioMl. W::i
tiI.mIl.'<IhiP""iX. ti-W
~poligou,~
~,7ti
~ hip.-rholik1 ....~
1'r.J
~fiiWn}.I32
hiJ>""boliku.<.. 133
~~-k ,142
t.Iln~\, 142
targyfiiQvlony, 73::i
""'"
f,..,..y~,J(,4
fiiMvCII~. ~
kom(W'lkt. Trl
lDk1i'k.~
sugAnoor.I!J::i
tJ\lwwa.lly.1?l
.-gy><i'~"""11 e-ftit,gu.
713
"lO'_'rilt-n ,- ..fi4\x<'l. 122
baruUl' ... 1.OI>I><1ill1..117........ 123
ki'tdim<'TI7.i6!<. 1sa
ki>t""...resen <-zf'f;;gg<'l. I:l'l
nlPl;f'lIl';,~I,tl. 87'2
nf'm ~,...f;iggo. 122
n}ilotl.l2'l
ti>hho.wrOooen i"'-'f;4!gli. 122
duct. IT.!
\.artollliulyi kollok"',ib,9.1:;
'a"tlll'".;i..
BOOI.&-fiiggvt'ny, J~l)
iti>j,>!kIllklllulf. 2~
VH~lik"tUlllk..lk"I"". 28(;
tavoli pou\.. 192
t"vol",~
''KY'''".... 1oc.
p;;imhi, I::i9
1IZOf'. .....
Ydr.~i-nv.66S
ti>Pn~,m
baI.oIdII.li, m
jobb olda.Ii., 922
~.1::i2
U'h<vt k-n..-gi n)"OlJl>Lli'k, 45'J

I tipusu Y<XU!J.wl.<"grlU. 472
~integN . .wl
kMtOM w~aJ.-ISJ
t..-ltt-t.-tkn..egi tem:or. 26J
telegrMl'gy<mct. 539
Idj.,~itmenY"p<'ktrHm. 84J
tdjl...J... pi..... dja.-~. 918
Wlj....u-p<...li itcraci6.919
t~lj-' IMf'!, 624
1.f'lj""",,og.131
~ik,*li,
131
tkrbcli.151
t"ny<'7..o. polino",". 13
wnwr.261
{)..atll"f'n<lfi, :.!ti2
l\utixliullllttriks.264
d,'liukio.262
d.lt"\.,,n=r.26-1
diadik,,~ s""on",t. 2f,J
ch.orendli. 262
f'P""~ilontf'rl'l.or. 21i5
f'rd;;n ~rimm,trikl1". :,164. 2ti8
ffiZiilt.....g.. 2ti3
indf'xff'lf'lllf'I"". :ro.s
~t,152
It>tr''''lkr.213
timWl'.l-X\
Ul"'R.... ""n~r. I ..."
Ik-fopw\fom
t1"rfok~l knominAtiLk. 411:',
sOlllbkoordin4tAk. -\ll'7
b..lIFrk.... >cdi n4t.u:, .v<6
~ koorrlin4rak. 4~7
!<LiUwt.bi su.bAlynk. 26J
....wnm.-trn:us. 264. 26.'l
teo,:Lalap. 137
mozh..I",A7.. 656
rednk..i6. 263. 26l'l

...jWr1i>k.264
TAYLOR"Orf..j~, ::06
TAYLOR-kif..jteo.395
TAYLOR""r, 3%. 42'2
a.naI.itiku.s ffif,Kvi-lly. 717
'"'ItYvaIl.o:<6Io fi"~Kv;'ny. 423
ki-tvaItozOf<.423
m-villt.orW.<.424
TAYWR- ... rff'p;..
~aJ.tozOo, 423
kiotvAltoaOo<.4Z3
",.v&l.al.Or;.424
l>oli<'<l<r.l52
ill.....n.alL... 264
kompoflf'nsck,262
llJiuloxlreudli.262
IH.'uremj(l.262
nyom.265
iio<.s7P...w.. kivona... 26l'I
T AYLOR,formuia. 39::i
2fu
",wmtUi
!fZ3hi.lyuk. 264
vditorkou 11>OO"l".l>/'.1
tkfopU'irmt'k
tl'lwtet1.<.'IL"'-'gi, 263
t4hlAat.
~n""""",,. 265
t..-lUOf'!IZOr1./l1. 263
prObafiigvkly.956
_ktorok.2::i5
t#dop.li diff....-nciAlhanyadoo. 671. 673, t>7-1
tklopti iP~. ~
tkll:""'lortria, lao
tkP hr . 23I:l
'" Aboztrllkt. .til
kintd.239
~.626
p;ravitaci68 tCr. pontolzt'nl ~
.m
~239_24i
~aio:t. 214, ~
H'WERT-.632
kint6.241
hnMriA.606
V" btiO
~""'.140
VclOt'1JM1w.. 239. 2-11, 2-12

pb<11eti.SlllI:ar. 240
lIM'triklJ,.. til::i
nortn8lhatO. 6-P;
oxmAlt. aDOlllIl.. ti2'li
inluy.~
rendf'z.o.-tt. normalt. 6JI

RIFSZ--.613
kiNofd trio'<Joor. 239

k<->rdin4tao'1J""D"'l. 2-tl. 242
n<>nnAIsik, 239. 2-11
~hilil<.618
l'imlllOoik, 239. 2-tl
SWBOUE v -.
tonih.242
6JO
tdjnl,618
topolo,;ikw;.617
tOhb dimt'tl7.i60..12 1
ton.i68I18M 2 42
_klo!gYf'nlo-t.
Ikin.....RiO.26l'I
zas. 241, 242
unner, GJ3
~1uIl"""".o"'At.
v~
\"t'ltVt-.rzat. 2W
dirnf'llZi6l<, 6.50
l;'r'*li irliny. 180. 210
v>r1'lmi>IM
""'"pfog..lm..... 664
dilJl"I"f'nriAI<>gy<'nlf'tf'k. 692
l.i'rf"gllt
~k.
15J
gi'>mh.I::i7
g(II... 1::i3
hAm",," int<wRl, 488
hAAAh. 152
hcngf>r.1;>4
honl"\.".t. 158
kf'tWt! illtRgriJ.. 483
kocka, l::i3
kl'lp, l56
obf'Ii....~k. 153
1175
269
1.f'rjf'<1<'lt-m
minWlll1;K\"'u)'f'k. i'97
m~r+ai
f'rt'<I"U<lly,'k ki"rt<'k.. w"... 799
t~.1::i1
tf'TiilM.
f'lhl'..~iM. I9'J
Rorh,' ff'];.,ktl ....~. ~~ l

gi'irht hatArok. ~55
gnrl",.r'Aktor. -I5::i
AA.-ooulh ~ikl.di aLtkzalok. 136
hit"'rhol>l.202
hAn,mll',;;g
"ikhl'li. I!13
"fkhft.rom"";;l!:. \4 1, 143
IlI.'tt.... iut,'gn\l. 483
k;ircikki>. 140
l',;rqy"",tatti
1116
ki>r+.lJ'J
kOrgy\ll"l1r~"".l40
k~c.140
"",""boU.. 2l:I4
"","aklop;rlUIlfTUl. 13 t .
1~~J
poI>M.>r.I*J
~1IUIZ.W6
rombWlZ. 137
.Wdomok. 4;;,,)
M>k~.I!IJ
~.~ .1 31
~m
in~~itA..
tAhlWtok. 4 , +:lJ
t,""IWtkpp~. HERO~ r""'.I-&3
"""1, 3 20
u-..t hOvltl'o<.370
lft-1 kit.,.-j<=w... :no
tcl<I:t r.-Jadat. LiIM'ftri!o, ~ltJ
"""
.. kn.d.ti Mtit~k IIZO'fwli JilT",,",,"lftlhau..

~ YOlIIllkoW. !l21
EULER -HIERHOLZER" 3.'>6

EULER-fClc poli"'lcr-. l-H
FATOL'-. G60
fd08ZtMi tetrl. 294
FERMAT -. 335. 393
FERMAT EULER -.3J;j
FLOQl"E.'T./lr.
FUBISI-,4Nl
~ykorla~
... GI.I2'J
GIRARD-. 164
gOmb-kaJ:u1yazMi .619
GROBMAS- H ARTMAN-. :<.J6.1SJ."
GULDIN-w.o. J.. 4tiO
GULDIS-fele. 2_.-l6O
HADAMARD- P ERROS- . ~..n .I'3'
HELLINGER-TOEPLITZ-.639
HILBERT-ScHMIDT-. w2
HOLLADAY-.954
HlR.....rrz- . '>12
in kgralk1.d. CA UCHY. 714
KAM -. s-w
.. kompJ..x filgv Pt,yW!~ 14
killAi ~ktkd. 3J3

konf.r.am. anaI.i tik u.~ fiiuvfny, 696
ABL. .421
kOzponti!oobMg
AFRAIMO'o1CS SILSYIKOV ' ,1'16.

ASDRONOV P OSTRJAGIS , sas
ASDROI' OV Wrrr-,1!2I:I.1I29
diJf~1M..k".~
k-~ke. iI6O
BAIRE-ffJ". k...~hriA- . {j19

BANACH-.639
BANACH HAfiS (kJlrrj<'I<.<\.ioo.i ttot...\J. 64$
BASACII HAHS.63ll
BANACH STEISHAUS-.639
BAYES-. 'SO. 18 1
lJEPPO LEVI-. ti60
KRJ!JS LoZAS OVSZKIJ .639

K URATOWSKI,J61
LAGRASGE-,29.
LEBESGlE-.660
L EDRAPPI ER-. sse
L EIBSIl- ,41'>
LERAY-SCltAt"[lER-. ~
L10UVII.LF:-. (i'Jli.1I2::;
LJA ru o;ov-./fll'l
nwcimurn..lv. aualitikWl fii,Q{vlmy. we;
MElSSIER-.24<
:'.;E....'TON- LElBSIZ-. 44l:l
D~RGI::.-.3(j()
ORFF.3::i'
hinomialill. 12
O~ELEDEC-. 1144
P ALIS- S MALE-, s-w
PICARD- LIS DEWf-. G2'2, 82 1
PITA GORASZ-
-\I"OLWNlt''Sz.l~
A RZLA A SCUll , W()
lIZellklidt.,.zi algocitnl1 11<ho&. 32...

lIZa1lau<1UIr. ",,",~ ,l!26
BIR KHOFF-, ~G. 1'4\

lJLOC K. GUCKESHI'IMEIl. M ISIURIEw ICZ.
""
ortogonAlt<\r. 634
BOLZASo-. W. 12'J
CAYL"Y-, 2'.I'J. J~\J
CI. EBSCII GORD AN,:J02
P OSA-. 3::i7
C~ EBl~EV.,
PYT IIAGORAS-
441
DENJOY" ses
D IRAC-. J57
DOUADY OESTERLI! -. 8~1
EUKLF.rot.SZ wt..ld ,14 1
ElTLER-, ;j.;J.:j
POINCARE B ENDIXSON-. KIO
d" riok>rli\gli IH'rolt"v.';~. 141

ff't,.I""zi>g1i hiuuIlJ.l<7.iil;. 142
RA DON :"JIKODYM.6(j()
RIEMANN-, 414
RI),;sz-. 643. (;44
RIESZ FISCHER- .636

ROLLE-,394
SARKOVSZKIJ-. !l:J.l
SCHAUDER-.651
SCHwARZ-fele f"lOl1"rfl;"'i , 401
SILNYIKOV-.l'\6.j
SMALE-.8W
SoSITAIS\ILI-. s.;:,::;
!ltAhiliu..,.j"O kiV...!it..,. Iwn. /l21l
STURN. 44
SZISAJ-. S.J.I
z u~ ~I4.'I. W l
TAYLOR-.39::i
""I';'" valOsrin~ .tso

TU"fTE-.360
WEIERSTRASS. 61. 129.1.o1l:!
WILSON-. 3J.'). 336
WI,"",ER- -CONTI-./l21
Y OUSG-. s-l9. 1020
zartgri!.639
ti-t<'iPJr.. <T.Y1x.-v~ . 136
U'tTIlftIoor. 1::.J. 213
hArm"" in lt'll:I'ltJ. 11!.'!
kptt<5!o ilMgrAl, 41)3

I;;UI,-ogk~PUllt ,\tl"l,
lOt.-l<'fO:u.,12
1<>T~ jtM.
22
torJc-t<'l mmlet. 21
tOrt
AI. 15
-J6di.\S
ti>rt.lillf'.m.. fiiRvi-uy. 700
Itll,io'kt6ri4. il21
I nUctrix, I JO
Irlllllldon:naciO
............
DESCAflTES-f""" koord inatAlL: poliu-koorrli-
pgyl......~.IJ.:)
l rt>Wl"trW. 142
HOPF -COLE- . :;.'i9
1i1ll'4rioo. 261. G\O
-"""'--. rrc
t ~1fIAno;.. 21 1
,.....r"""",,,
(iutlbatol ~.9::i'
J
212
tori'lIpon t. 233
trartllZ f~
t~i>ny. jJ2
lipw;.J.U
..lj4l"". 281
dr'rCluGoi,;iIkoordwtAlr: ,21O
tluo< ~ , %9
lt~ocm41l ffigv hty. 735
1-kooonn&. J(j9
IT1WlOllforDrAci6ln~ 264
t rAlllOZlAriOin_riAn". 264. 26.'i
tnulXitiv~ . 292
t- l>OTlI..I&. J(j9
",""""",..kviVlllens. 83.'i
t rlLtWtivi u.. 2il
konjugAit .835
torl6tlN.!i. ~11 .lG2.1!::i3
fdbornlilM.. 867
lu-Irtkf.:,......,. 862. 86.
mint inWll'i>\.ru; WlI\IlZ.!lJO
reeonancie-. 867
"illu.><Iigv""",ktot-, 86 7
Ior~io. tirgOrl...:, 242
IorLi08ugir, l"rgOrl ...,. 242
tobbcC!-m<'xb-.r.er.933
u;hIMpe..:",,ljarN<.92/1
tobl"'kltJ.... >",..Hz;".
11 77
tiihl",wro... 14
IcKJ;cbb ko-.f.O.; (Ikkt). 321:!
ot\"tOC.324
toblJ,;oziirii'< dck. 352

tobl",w ri'>l< int..-grltJok. 479
tohlvowru.. int,,!,:raltmllszfOlmilCib. 7a7
tohhzoru.. l><>nt. 23.1
tom"!:
1. tiP""'l vonll.1into>grAl, 4 7'1
t r~, \ J7
tr"l>hfonuula. 922
Il EIIMITE-fek , 922
o..oz..tMt .
tr,,~.922
IIr.RMITE-r;.I... 92"1
o...u-tttt.
tndiaR<'MiizAiM, ~I
I rik\f-r, I&l
ki>J-r6. 23/1
tri/tOnnm"ttia
~f(orikllll, l $lj
etkbeli. HI
ttW>1lt,mptrik'llI riiAAV;'UY. 726
Ir"d",i,1. IUJ
l lll'iHl!t-llci.. , ~2:l,/lti7
T UTT E !i' (o'k, aoo
tiikr';"d",
"lO'<'\I'''''''' \3;'
h.lykoordinAtak .208
I" 'nl r... 13::i
tii krfrl ....i ..lv. SC IIWAJlz-f;'I" . 707
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15.191
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J.flWAki Koop'kia<lo 19n.
GYAPJAS FERESC: C"'-'J'OOrlmlolrt.
TlUlkonyvkilld61974.
HALL. G. G .. AI~t .......f>Ottdmo'lM..
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STEJSFELD OTTO: Q'IN<i-i<k-aho In llillll:l' Alld So-migroupll
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la,27] PADIJERC. F.: Elrn",nw<' Z..hl"lIth<'<>ri". ~ nJ - W i_ on.-,..' haft..v"rlag 1991.
[5.281 RIVEST. R,I.... SIlAMIR, A '. A IlLEMAS. 1...: A ",.. thod for Obtaining Digitel Sign"tllmo IllL,1
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2002
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sarsz GABOR: HAJ600lnWlrt. Ta.nkollyvkiatlO 1978.
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1':'.411 DASDUIER, II '. GorT'A'ALD. S .: EW.ruhrun,; in .~ Mf'tbodfou 'I'beorWo unJ .-\.u-wung<'IIllDKharl<-tM"'Ilf!!P1I.
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1" .421 DRIASKOv. D .. HLLES OORN. H. RIWHRA"K. M .: _-\.u Introduction to F'uUJ' Cont rol.
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(6.161
Sprillgt'"r "<:'ria 199J .

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[5.41l[ ZIMMERMASN. If-J .: Fuuy g..,~ J),.,-i,;ion Making alld Expert Sy!<t<'JII8. ~ V... ll1f!; KluW<'r
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2.
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19.36J VVEDENSKY. D .: PArtinlJ Diff..rt"lllW Equa.t>UlISwith Matlx-matic&. - Addi.,lI
w ~ 199~,
FREIJD GtzA: PArciAliJ, r1i lf,,",ll<'~n\M:..k.

T"Ilknnyv kWlO 19,j9.
GAsI'ARGYULA : RAISZ IvAN : SALAsKI J6zsEr: I>iff..~lJk,t ..k.
Tankollyvku..I6I969.
PETROVSZKIJ, J G . EI6rwiU<>k Ito Jl'l"l"M4Iif, r1ilf..~nlPu-krO'AbdkniAi KiadO 1~:.5_
SIMON UszL6: BADt:RIW. E, A.: M*""i""""lIlinririll~i>ldifff'R'OC~\("k_

kiad6 191:'3.
T"'lIlwllyv-
10 , VariaciONAmitu
BLASCH"'RD. P .; BRCNISG. E : V>UiI\Iinna! mPlbodll in matbPm"tir:a! pb)""ics

Spnngpr
V..rla 1m
110.2] Kll....CBIW., E. Vllriat~nWl&.
BI \'f'I"!a; l%:l.
PO31 KLOTZLER. R,: Mp~uaJe Varialion..~nd:mwc. - Birk~ V..na,; 1970.
110.41 KOSMOL. P .: OptUlU<-"OUlI: ued AJ>I>f""UfU&lioIl. - V<."Tlag W do.- Gruyt 1991.
110..>] MIOlLl S. S,G .: !'OlI~~ngY<lll V..n..tiofl$mcthodrn. - AW..m;" V....lIt,g 1~9 .
110.61 Ro'rHE, R .. Hohlft Mat ~ti k filr ~1 "thf'rnat ikPr . Ph~""ilr.<'f. Ing..m..u"" Teil \11.
B. G .
T....~, LMJ>riR 1960 .
110.71 SCHW"'Sk . F .: Rand-nrmhltmf..
B. G T"'lhllf'l". LMpzig I% L
pO.I ]
BAJCSAYP AL: V~talI. - T,," kiinyvkiad o 19.:>7.

K6sA A S DRAs : \"~t. - 'I&nkOliyvbao:lo 19;'3.
LAVR E!'oTYEV, ~t. A .: LJUSZTYERNYlk, L. A. : \"~iw. -
Akadrmiai KiNi6 19.'>3.
II " L ineAris i ntegral.-gypn)Pt.. k

111.11 DIUBr.K. P. , Kt r~ p.R. A .: InlPgralgIPichllllg<'ll. - l l G. T.... hllM" 1996.
[11.21 FE:NVO. 5. ; STOLLE. H ,\\-' ., 1'hrorit' und P raxis rl..r linearen Integrelg jeichungen Bd. 1 hi>- 4.
Deuu....h er ' ..rlag d..r W ~l\llO:illutPIl 1!k4.
111.31 FRASk. PH .. 1o.1ISES. R . V.: Di.' Diff.rt"lrtiaJ- WId IUl<'gr..Iglei"h IUl.g<1lut-r M,'Cl""" ilr. "ud f' hy!Iik. 3d. 1 u. 2. - "'rrlag VioW<1\ 1961 ,
111.41 H"'CI< Bus cH . W .: In"'1!Talll:lrirhlln~..n.
B. G . Teubner 1989,
II I .al K ANTOHOWITSCH. L. W. ; K RYI.oW , W .I .: Na hpnmg>-I,,{'t hod..n d", h6h ..,..,n Anal)"!';".
Dr lltKh rr "rrlag der W~Mrh..Jt<,n 19S6.
[11.61 K UI'H"'DSE. W .O .: fuuld .......rt.. ufll:".....n dpr Schwillll:UIl~thcorie n",ll"!>.!,:ra4;lrieh"nll:,,n.
Dr ll"""h ..r V..rlllfl der \....i_,u"dllut ..n 1%6.
111.71 MJCHLI N. S ,G.: Vorl",nmll:"1l ii.....r liJl(".,...l ntell:fal"lt'ichllIl~,'n. ~ Dcutl..1,,r
dN Wi...
""u..cl"uuu 1962.
111.81 MICHLlN, S ,G.; S MOLlZ I(I. cn., L.: Nii.l)('rlluW'HJ{'lhotlt'll ~\lr w un!( v"u Dill," " t i,,J und
Int "ll:r ..lKldchuug,u. - O.G. "I" ubl"'r . L"i JY~ig 1969.
1l1.9 1 M USCHHISCHWILI. .'11.1.: Sillltlllarr In!>.!.:I';o.lll l,-idm"!\,,n. - Aka.t!cmi,,-Y'r1"K 19th'>.
]1l.lO] SCHMI'm u: R. W .: Int' 'l'tr al d ..iehuugon mit Anw.",luJlltcn in P hY!'ik llud T,~hnik .
Alwl,~
misrhe Vf!rIAgltW""lblrhaft 19.'>0.
"" rl,'lI
1 191
,I".
II I. 111 SMIRNQW. W .I .: khrR"Jlll:

hiliK'''''lI M" t h"Il1At ik. Bd . IV i l.
[),out9coo Ver!.af: dCl Wis...,I.'"haftt-n 1953 : V.. rJaR H. Dr"tlw:h 19l!7 19'JJ ....it 1994 VPI"II\g H . Deutsch Wltoo-r <kIll T itrl
Lchrbuch d.". IKihprm Ma t hPm..tik.
FI::NVO Isrva x: Inu-grAI<'gyPllwtf' k.
MIHLls . Sz G.: Intf'grAlpgyt"n1rlck.
T1IlIkouyvkUII-IO19:;7.
AkaolcllUai Kia<lO 1%3 .
12. Funkciomilanalill:is
112.11 ACHIf.SER. ~ .I : GLASMAS!'I. I ,~l . : Th...,.;,. door liu-r-r-n Ovrr"wIPn im Hiltwrt Ra lllli. Berlin 197 5.
11221 ALIPRA~-rlS . C .D.; BlRkINSlt ...W. 0 .: POOIit iW' O!,",.. ton<. - Acadpmic P"""" Inr. Orlando
19l!S.
112.31 A LlPRAS"nS. C .D .; BORDER. K.C. : LtXEMBURG. W. A.J P<lOIit ivp O pemw n;.llin r.< S (>BCft'
and Econornino.
Springpt" VI't"Iag 199L
112.41 ALT. H.W .: Li~ Flllllrt~Y"io<
Sprin~ YI't"'iag 1976.
1i2.:;] BAL\KRIS HS...N. A. V .: AppIiM Funrt ional .-\......~ - 5pring<'T \ '""1Il 1976 .
112.61 BAl"ER. H .: Mal- und In!.<W"t ion.~t h<ooti.- ,
VI't"Iag W. do- Gnlytn I9'JO.
112.7J BROS'5Tf.:' S. I. ;';. : SEME~'DAJ EW . K .A, . ErKAnzoooo.. Kap itd lUlU '1 "alochrnbuch dPt- Mat bPm.
til:
BSB B. G. Tpubun. Lrivzi 1970: VPI"", H , [)p,,!rl I990.
112.S] CO LL\TZ. L : FlltlktionalAnaly~ ... uad " u ~ Ml\1hfomAt ilr. .
S~"I"- \''''1Il 1964.
112.91 DeSfORD....... SCHV..... RTZ. J .T Lil)f'llJ O....,.. ton< TI'iI I hiR III.
Inten.cienas Publishrn<
1".... York . London 19<>8. 1963. 197 1
112. 101 E DWARDS. R .E.: Fuudion&l AnalY""".
Holt , IUno-bart and W iIl!<tOll.:--;.... York 1965.
112.1 11 GAJEWSKI. H .: G ROGER. K " Z"'CHARIAS. K. : Nichtlinto.rrOprI"'-toIPng\f'ichllllgl"ll und 0pP-ratorditJpIPntialglridl11ll1:cu.
Alu.cioomw Vprlag 1974.
112.121 GOprERT . A.: R IEDRICH. T FuuktionaI.o.nlLi}"Bia.
BSB B. G. Tenbeer , LPi~ (ML"'-O L,
Bd. 22 ), 1980; VPI"lag H. Dcu\.lldi, (MINO A, 8<1 , 12 ), 19l!O.
112.I:.Ij HALMOS. P. R.: A Uilllf'rt SI"""'" P rob lem Book.
VAllS ....trand Comp. P ri naoton 1967.
II2. loll HEUSER. H " Funkt ionalanalysil<.
B. G. l'.'lIhl lPf 1986.
!IU51 HIJT90!'I'. V.C.L., PYM. J S.: Applic..t ioWl ol Functional A naly~i.~ and Op...-llI.or T bfoory.
AcadPmic P reMI, London I9I'AJ.
li2. IUI HEWMT . E.; STROMBERG. K.: fUoal lUld Ahtotract Anal )"lio..
Spring..r- V,-r~ 196.'>
112.17) JOSHI. M .C. ; BOSE. R. K. : SoliI<' Topi", in Non li n.."" Fu nct ional AIlIl1Y"i~.
Wiley E.a.--tcm
Limited. New Drlhi 191:1:0.
1I2. ISJ K...STOROWITSCH. L.V .; Axnow . GP.: Flinkt i"nal","aly~;" (illRlI""i.....h )
N"-llka. M....keu
1977.
112.191 KOLMOGOROW , A .x.; FOMIN. S. W.: 1l<~,l1r Fllnkt iollcll und Fun hional"-llaJy~is.
AlwJ"", ic---V"r1..g 197a.
112.20] KR...SSOSELSI< IJ . M .A .; L IFSHITZ. J. A .. SOBOI.EV. A .V .: !',...it i"" Line ar Syst"IW;. - HcldprnllulIl Vrrl ag Ikrlill1 91l9,
112.21J LJUSTERNII<, L.A. , S OBOLEW. W I.: EI" nlt'llt' d' -r Fllnkt io ll..J"fl..Jy~is , ~ Alwlpmip V"rJat;; ,
.. AulIagc 196B. r-; "" bJrw'k: V"rl,,!! H. D'lll..'.d, 197a .
[12.22J MEYF.1l.-NlrBERG, P ,: B".ll""h L.. ui,..... . SpriUIlt'f- '....-rL.g 19"JI.
p2.23] ~ElMARK . M .A .: Normi er tc All(ehl'<'n.
Berlin 19.';9 .
112.241 R UDIN . W . Funrt ionaJ AIl" lY!'is.
McG r" w Hill, r-; ..w Y" rk 1973.
[12.2:;1 SCHAEFER, H .H .: T"l'ologi<-..J Vfflnr S[""~...
M...milllLll. N"".. Yor k 1!l66.
112.261 SCHAEr ER. H.H .: Ra nl\("h L" t t ir.... l\llCl P.....iti .... O"r."t",,,. - Sl' riUW'r V..rlag 1974
11 98
112. 27] T RP.NOGlroo. W.A .. Fuukti"/l..Lu,..Jr~i~(in RlI"" i....h).

:>lanka. M""ka" I'J."().
j12.28J YO~IOA. K Fun'1ional An"JIfSi,..
Sl'rill~,r V~rlS\g l%,j.
.-\cztL. J.: Vorl...."IIgf'n tiI r F"llkti,,""'~'i<'hlln~ll'Uld ihr .. An.....ndungen.
OirkhmL....r 1961.
~',1l7..M.i T"nkollyvkiA<li>19'JiI.
CSERNY.'K LA~zL6: 01>M' i<.kul ...w .
FAZEKAS fERE:>lC; FREY TAMAs: 0I...riLT."l""'.....uitA,_. HI,....;;.]i.~ fiir~rlly ..k.
Tl\Tlkonyvki..oo 19::.7
JARAI .'\ ST.U; ft,"I:"lanly pmpo>rtlft; nf ftllJ':liouall'l'lIllioll-~.
Jf'TE 19'J6.
~I,'b;,:..Jri
KOLMOGOROv...Ir.. ~ F()~lI" Sz. Y ...\ fii~';llyellIwll-l e. fllnk<ionfo1;,.n"'fn~ f'lf'mri
Kanyvkia<16191:!1.
limkiinV\kiNl619~.
LIJKACS OM"6; OJ><{... i6kutAtA.~
~lAn' U.szL6: Fullk<-iouAIAl'lAll7.1..m~iAkuak. M ~ I\bnyvki.vl<'>1976.
MIKISISSKY. J .. Oi""fli.lot"!'tAmlUV<.
\Il'\HxAki KiiuyvliMO 1961RIE.<,Z FRIGYES; SWKErALVI-."AC;Y Btu.: F"rJ.k.ionAI&nallzi....
Tankoo.yYkiJodOl9.'<9.
T6TH IRts ~klltlll""
~'llwti T",,>.k<'inyvkWli> 19!17
1 3 . y .. kt orllnalb~" terelmel.. t
113.11
113,21
113.31
IlArLE. B Die ~lIIlhrlllallk <b :o;..turfOT'l<iJo--r,o "n.-! IUgMlienr.<. &I, I II, 2.

Vf'r!"R H.
Drt.tIor"h 19T'J.
BREIIMER. S.: IIMR. II. Diff,,",ntuufnnTlf'll und \ektonwal~~. Berlin 1')72
DUMKE. E. V, ktorllllAi~ ~;mfiibrullll: Irlr !.ngf'~I1" und .'l.. t,,~.wllo-r.
BI
V.-rlac 19!1O.
FOCK. Y Theone von IWml. Zeit und Gn... itat-'n.
Ikrlin 1960.
KASTSEA. S V.-!rt<>rt'1. "1'..""",",". Spinon.-rl. - BPrlin 19&t
REICHARDT. H Vorbungo."u jib...- Yrklnr- und T..-n'OOl'T't'dtn"ng. - o.,,\1.IOfiIf"r \..,.1acdrrWilo..... --haften 1961:\
113.71 SCIIARK. R .. Vf'ktor"ual~ '~rur Inllrni.."rstlldenl<'n.
V..rlAg H. D..,,1Jocb 1992.
113.41
113.::'1
113.61
113.1:41 SCHNCTZER, E.: Rr],.ti'l><li>och.. f'by>oik.

B. G. Teubn....-. L..i]Tlig 1\lGI:4
[13.91 WU'<SCH. G.: Feldtu..oori<'.
V....~ T...-Il..II.ik 1971.
BlIlo SAsooRst: SZAIlA[)()!l TANAs: \..ktm"IIll...1frill.
~1Wcz.U.i Konyv ki...-lO 19l"3
FAZ.;KAS FERENC. \..ktor"nIl117.uo. - T'U1kouyvkiM61957.
.nsossv LAJOS: GSAUIG "(-rER. TASsADI f'f:rUI: V<'ktorok iUlA'graJ"-"'"
TlUlkOu\"\kiJull> 1~1S3.
JA..... O~~Y LAJO!;; 'I'ASNADI f'tTl::R: \ ..kt<.rok t..l<'llzornk nilfcrel1"~ T"llkolJV'okiNU.I'~!I,
KAIlTESZI FERENC. S~r",I"'l<1M\ g..-.mrtl"iA.
CoudoMI l\iNIo 1966.
MiL'<f.aki Ko uyvkiNIo 1\170.
PACH Zs, f' ALS~; FREY TAMAs: \rktor to< t<nzorlUlfllizi~.
PETER ROZSA: Rrkunli ..... FOllktinflf"ll.
AkatlrlIliai KiNi" 19;.7.
'I;"lIu.e~i 'l,,,, kiilly,'kiN J,, I~J7.
SC HARNITZKY V]KTOR: \".kt-"rg<~,rn<tri",..... Ii"'..,.il; alg<.'hra.
SZARKA ZOLTAN: Y,kl<>rltl,,,Jlzi~ ~ trn1~n-all:,I>Tl\.
LSI ATS~ isss.
SZE:>lTMARTO,,1 T IIIOR; V,ktor
Irn7~>nl7~~mil"". - Egytowmi :'\YOllu11l1948.
\ .... E~ZELY "l'lBOR: A I30lyai Lol~'n ,...,.kij-Rl'<lln.lri.. uiodellje.
Doc i.. K<"," }'Vki...oo 1~J7.;.
14. K c m p le x fiiggvtlonytlOl n
]14.Q AHHAMOWITZ, !If,: Sn:GUN, I. A,. f' "" k<"l hook "f \ {",rh"lIlati(",,1 Fllnd-inll. .
V"tl"l1 H,
O""''''''h l a!l4
11,1.21 ALEl rUNG, \\/ : AlIK.-WIU"II,' StI'Olllllllg><l"hl'"
T h<'O<!or Sn-iukoptl VNI,,!; 1~ 70.
114.31 nAULE, n, : Di,' Mal h"m" l,ik d,'" Nal",for"dwl" Bud 1" I'""j,-Ul'<. Bd. 1 11, 2.
V"r!Rf\ II.
Dpllt....-h 197~ 1 .
114,41 B~; HNK E. H.: S('M"rnl. l'.' 'I"I"~Jri.- d"r "llit.lyli~dJ<'lJ Fllnk t iollf'n .-in<'T k"mp]"x"H VO'Tiind..rh..1'''11,
SI,ringf'T V"rll,1' 1~7li.
IH,:'1 BETZ. A.: K'>ll( orul" Ahhildlllljl.
Spring..r V,'rl,,!,: 196-1.
114.61 fICHTESHOLZ. G.M .. DilI, ... "tuuuno Jnl.~rll1l"<...ltllllllK. B<l. 2.

o.'lIl....her \'f'r~ df'r Wi><",-n.""haf!f'1l19W, ,",-rInK H Dtllt""h 1~1X~' !.l2."..il I9!H V"r]aK H. D"'ll..,.h.
[14,71 fiSCHER. W.: t.rea.r.: F"nkllonf'nll",uri,.
\,l]"l!:\'i.... pg 1~1!.12 .
li4.lil FIU:IT.\G. E . OI:SAM. R.: Funktjon..nl.h.... rio'. Sl'lir~,-r '""flag. :? ...rwf'ilf'rtf' All~f' 19'.H.
114.9J GREUEL. O .. l\oml'lf'xf' fllnktio"lf"llIlU,1 kOll{untw Ahl,ilollnR"II.
usn
G. Tenbn..r, LeipxiI':. ( \ t1.'lO L. Ikl. 9).1971:\: \'M"1ag H, Dro"Uorh. (~Il'\H")A. B<l. 9). 1!.l7S,
114.101 JAHSKE. E.: E~f[)E. F Taf..ln hohM'Pr I'Il"khulIf"U.
B. G. T..uhn et. Lo';:~ 1960.
114.111 J.'SJCH. K. Fllnktion<lltl"...... w. Eillf' Einfiihl1m~
SI,"~T '\"'T~ 19OJJ.
IU.12] l\'iOPP: FunktioTlf'/ltlworit'.
\"f'rlag W .k-GruytfOT 1971i.
114.131 L.\WRESTJEW. \I.A.: SCHAB.-\T. B.W Mrfhno-iPn ,Irr kUUlI'If'Xf'lI FlInktw.n..nthf.ori<>.
O..nt.....n..r Y('T~ 0,.,. Wi.....rn...--Wt.<-u 1\166.
[14UI \L-I.Gsus, W.: ODERIIl:'lTI'iGBI. F Form,ln uud SAl. tin tho- ~~I1f'n Funktionell df'r
rn.a.tbf'm.>Ill'CID-D rh)'~ik.
Sl'rinvr \ .... Iag I'WI
114.1-.1 OHERH.:TTI'<GER. F .. \IAGNus. W AlI...."I"hmg dt-r ..lIif>r!>dwn F""kliuu<'ll ill f'h)"lk llnd
Teehnik.
SI>nlll':"'" V....!alt19-1.9
114 ,l tij ncus. F. FUllilio>lJ<.lIlhf'orioo.
n.-.'I . ..-twr \Nlagd,,, Wi-ll-....ru.ftlTlI97li.
114.17J SCH.-\RK. R .. Fm>.ktioneIlIOOuri< flu h~'.IUf' It1OI1IMnl""
Y",~ H. ~\.:oI:'h 19'JJ.
114,1,~ SNIRSOW; L..tuwu.go.... be'>hf'non M"llwmat,k. Dol III
o.III...iwr VPI'!Ao.... Wi.....""'-~
19-",,4. Y..rlag H. f.lf' lI....h 1~~'7 ~:n. ",,11m \'",1.< H Drt.I",.h IIl1lrr Mm Titel Lt-hrbneh ,k-r
~ Math..mauk.
IH.I!)] Wr;SSCH. G FeI<ltll<"Onf'.
\'...-u.,; T...-hnik 197::'.
n.
Cnuu GAIlOR. Uoole fiilQl;Vn:r..k.

rol:v~ I9'J7
DUNeAs. J .. Or,....n-th II kOlIlPIo-X fi">gv..u)"tIlDl.... I,'l.za.ki Kuoy-vkWli> 1974 .
fAIlKAS MJKl.6s, ;';~i.'i fiiKK"pn)'<"k.1 II
LSI ATSz I%!J.
FAZ~.I(A~ FHU_"C: FRF.Y TUIAs: Dp....it.t<>n<I..1.mlliul.III .. uali..r'W\"..u}'lk.
TlUlkbnY"kiado 19;;7.
fIJKSZ. B ..-\.; SAB.H. B. V KUIUI'lPx ""'!I.olr...... niM......nw k .... lwl.....ly a1kAln~>.k.
T:wkOnp'kiadO 1~7.;.
G.iiSP.iiR Gn!LA: S.ZARKA ZOLTAN KuUll'1<-x ""'t."".. niw"nylJl.n.I....I.larr-lran"".form....i,'..
110.0
konyvlti>uli. 1~2.
JUltDAs KAROLY; Elliptikw f<"iAA,....}",k i ... K1ka1m,,~...~uk,
1"1I<Iom'.....'...... l\ ollyvkilldO 19;;0.
1\"01'1' K.: :\ fi"lggveu.vtaJl "!ru" L
l ....llkoll}'V!r.iNlo Ix..~,
SZAIll\A ZOLTAs: I\oill!,l.x fiigg,iu.I l-lll'.
LSI A.TSl I~!.l,
SZ61(!i:fALvt- ... AGY BELA; K"'UI.l<"x fiiggvpuyl"".
TI\l,konyvkwl" H~"'1j.
15 .lnt<.'gritltransz(onn;;,.,;ok
115,11 BERG. L.: 01><ra!.-,n'tlr,-dnllUlg. N. I" 1,
Dr","""h", V..rlAR.lrr W i><....,L,.duul.-IlI~ln 74
Vi,... og 19'.IS
[1:,.21 Bl.ATTER. C.: \\-",,-.-],.1--< Eil'" E'nf.ihnUl~.
II ;.:11 DOETSCH, G .. Han,lh'l<"h ,I"r t "'pl", *, Tr" u"f" m ,..linu. lln. 1 hi.~3.
lJi..khii"",r \'''rmg 19:;0
195il.
l1:d l DOETSCH. G,; Aul"illlll!: aiuu pl'"kli.d"'l1 G,hl'all..]l d"I Uo.l,lll<" n-AlL,format;on.
Old"ul>o"rl' \,r!a!\. 6. A"Il,,!\,1989.
115.::.J FETZEfL V.: lnt'-K'"al Trm,"formalinUf'Il.
Ili il hij( Y.'rl"$!, 1!l77.
ICd,1 F'(lLLlNGER. 0 ,; L"l'l",~' In,,1 Fu"d," "I"''',llsfol'lu"ti,,",
lIiitlt il(. 6,Aullagc I(),JJ.
11,;.7] GAUSS. E.: WALSl! Fllllkli ol1" lJ fiir lll!\,ni.-"n uud :"Jalnrwj"""""h,,fIJ,,. - 13. G . Te" \' ,,,,
1 ~ ~J4 .
11,;.81
11,;.91
GELFAND. I.:-'l : scunow. G, E. V.. r"l1~'lI"i,,,,rr .. Fuukrioncn (Di~trih"tioll,,"}.lJ.d, 1 bi.4.

D'"h,.-I",r Vf'rlnl': ,kr \\ ' i""'I1".-I",fl. " I'H,2 VI;.
HUBBAJilJ. S. B .' Wllw k t. , 0,,, M..th'l1l"l.ik <i"r !r.1,illN' \\pIIPIl. Birkhii.ll""r I9!J7.
1200
115.101 J E,sSISO s. R C .: Fouri..r 'I'r...uof"rma and ron volutiof\l\for t hO' "xp<' rim"nt"li.~ t.
P..rgaanon
P .-.-I 9(il.
115.111 LOUiS. A , K .: MAASS, P.; RJEDER. A.: W" Yf'I..tti. 'lk-orie uml An...,,,,IUl~cn , - D. G. I\ut ..
no.,. StutlllllTl 19!J..1,
115.121 O BERHETTI>;GER. F .: '1.......II..n aur Fourier TraJooor mation . - Spr illl'l'-'r- V..,lag 1990.
115.131 OBERHTTISGER. r.; DADII. I. .' TAhl"" of Laplece Tran.~forlllll.
Springer V....1ag 1973
115.141 PAJ>OULIS. A.: 10<. Fouric..-llltt'ItJ.,J &lid i ApplirAtionsMrG r..... Hi11 I962
li5.l5j STOPP. F.: Op.-r"torrnr...imlll18.
BSB B. G. Teubner . L..-iJUig. (ML"(}L. Dd. 10 ). 197u:
\'..-rIa H. Drut>o<h. (MI;Ii()A. Bd . lUI. 1978
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IIS. 181 WAGSER. K,W .: Opoon.tol'PTll'f'<':hnllllfl:und LaII~Trano<furma lioo.

J-A. B>u-th V.....1ac
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115.191 ZVPkIS. l.S.: TIororir d<"I' lin.....-..n Im p" IMyatProf'.
\-",bog T..mnik 196;
DAVIES. B.: In\<"gl'&Itrau>rdon D4ti6k .... ~.- M,iszakj Konyvhad6198J.
FODORG vORGY: A Lap l -ll......&0nuAci6 mu-.kj .1b.lm .' ...... kkaI.. - ~l u-u i Kooyv kiaOO19&3
16.
Va lOsz:in ~mltAs
IIG.IJ
H rnatematibi stati!lztika
BANDEMER. H.: BELLNA"S. A .: Statj,.~ V~Ia.nUJlll:.
BSB B. G. T..ubn..... Uoip-
~ (MI;I;(}L.I1d. 19 2). 1976: V....lag H. o...lu.ch. (M1NOA.I1d. 19 2).1 97'9,
BAULf.. B. Dil' \I"I n....rw.ik <ko. ;l;alurf""d",l'fI nod l'W""wnr.<. 11d. 1 n. 2.

v ....~ H
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116.JJ BEHNES. K. , SEtHAlIS. G.: Gnmdklll1l Stom....tik. - B. G. Teubner , J. At1flav 1!I'J5 .
116.41 BEYER. 0 PI. ..J.: Wllhnorb..inlit'hk..iw...mnung 'illd mathPIllAti>ocbl' Sta.ti.~tik.
DSB B. G.
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116.;;] BEYER.O T . AL.: Stocl_li>o<u... P~uud Moo.. U...
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116.61 CLAUSS: FISZE; I'ARTZSCH: Stati><tik fUr Sut.ioIogen. Piid..gogPn. P" y<holog..n llllcl M..dixin..r,
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K05TII . H.; RUN GE. W .; W U~ DERLJ CH . L.: Mat hrmatik !fLr OkOfl.,n",u. Boch...inh chk,it>cn'Chllung und m..t h..mati".-lIr Statistik. - n.lltllll ll'r \" 'r1"l:<.I'r
Wi--llIIdiahl'll, I I. A" f1. 19&l.
[16.91 H A!ITMANN: LEZkl ; SCHAFER: M"'thl'llll'lli....h .. Mpthodf'n in <It" Stolfwirt "Ch ll.\\. n.,,,tKlI....
V..rlag flir G nllld~t<'>lfih'h "'tri ...
lt 6.101 HEINHOLD . J : G Af.DE. J<,; . W .: llll("nirnrstal i.~ tik, - Dldenbour g Vprlag 1964.
]16. 111 HOCHSTADTER . D. : St/l,ti~lj"" ht' ~I ..thodeuleb re.
V..rlag II. Dent...1, I?J:.J.
116. 12J H OCH ~"TADTEn . D .. KAISUI. U.: V..d an? und Kovarillnzan"Iy"".
Vpr lnK II. Drllt...--h 19S1'.
116. 131 HOPCKE. W .: Fdl1" rkhn'llllcl A""Rio'idmdullltlg.
V..rl"g W . d.. G ruyt" r 1980,
116.14J KOLMOGOROH: G.-u",n..ogriffe de r Wah roch..inlichk"ilsn-dulllllg.
Springer V"rlll/l: 1977.
[16.1:>J LAHRES: Einfiihmll ll ill d i,' d iskretcn Markoff-Pro"."",,' und ihre An......nclllnl-\' n. - Vl'r l"'!l
Vi..W1'g 1964.
[16. 161 M ANTEUF f EL. K.; STUMPE, D .: Sl'i, ltl"", rie.
BSB B. G. Tpllhmr . uipzig. (" Il NO L.
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116.21
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11 6,171 OSE. G . ( HRSC.): L ehr- unci Olmngsbllch M"th ..m..t ik. &1. 4, -
V...rlllg H, Deutsch I ~J l.
[t6.Hll P ISCHLER. J., ZSCHIESCHE. H. U.: Simnl"tion~tIlPthotl ..n.

HSB D. G. T.."h'lf'r, L..-i,Y"i,ll;.
(MINO L. &I. 2O).1 9; u: V<'l''''-'!: H. l)Plltlw'h . (MIN(')A. LId. 20). I !J;~ .
llti.191 PRECUT. ~I. : VOlT. K.; KRA FT. R M" t h..m"tik I fiir ;.iirhlm"thf'm..tikl'r.
Ol,x,nhourgVpr\ll.g 19!.1(J.
116.201 Rt'lY . .-\ ,: Wahr ",::l" in lidik... it~,,dll"U1g.
D<-uL..m..r V..rlail <kr \\'. Il-...-haftpll 1966.
116.211 RI'lS E. H.: 'l'-:h" nbuch <I..r Sl-Atiollik.
Vrr""" H. n..ulsch 19'J5
IHi.221 SOBOL. D .I.: OJ.,. ~loTl1r C...-lo ~lrtho<l...
Verlail ll o..ub..1l 1991.
116.2'31 STORM. R.: Wah,.,.......inlichluoitar....hnung. ma.ltwnu.tisr.!lP St.llti>;tik nnd 81Alif<ti8che Qualitii.ts-kontrotlc. - FachllUch......-lag. lO. AnlL.Kt' 19%.
1i6.2'l] TAYLOR. J.R.: Feh"'rlUlll.1Y"".
VCH. WPinhf1m 19N1
Ilti.25j W EBER. E .: Grundrii dPr ~lwn Stati.~tik fflr :" 1It ~ Jpr. LaDdwirv und Mpdi:t.im..-. - Gustav F ilo<-bl-r V.-rla 197'2
116.261 W EBER, H.: Einfiihrung in die- \\'a!ino.-m,ulirJ.k.,.ilaledwUllK und Statibtik fUr IngnllPlln'.
B. G. T""bn...r 1m.
116.271 ZtRMC'HL. R.: P I'II.kt iN-:bP \Il1.t hPrnat ik nir In8"'nif't,rr und Ph)"li......
Springrr-V..rlat: 19M.
UAR6T! Gvt"JRGY: RATK6 rsr..." " P"'l!l'''1Tl<'*Oi t>o-w-t.... " vU"-iniiM'll:......mitN<ba. -
MU9zak.i
KOnyY~ 1 9' ~ .
BoG SAR JA"OS." E: \..lOoziniBl~'<ZiunitM. F..~j\l'n,",y.

TlIlIkOnyvIiAdO 1982.
8o<;S.\R JAsoss E: ~tOG voR6DI J 6 ZSEf : PRt KO"A AS DRAS: R EJ'IVl ALf RtD; Stisz DoJ.lOKOS:
ValO<zin~ta... P o'idAtk. - Tan.kOnyykiad6I97~.
BocS AR JASOSSE: :\ B I ETZ 'rrsoe. rUSSADI GJr.BOR.l><mrrkMIsa dlrtknn.-1. - TankOnyvkiadO
'%-I
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BOROVKOV. A . :\.: MatnnatikN ~t.at_t,ka. PMtuni' t.....,k ~. Hil>atn.il<v~t. - Typo'Ifj.X
'999
CSERI'VAK L" sz w : Yal,Nlllll,"-'pziuluta..
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CS()RG6. M .. Rtvtsz. P.: Strong ApproxirnatioM in Pm hAhility And StAt_in>.
AbOknW Kil>dO
1981.
:'\PlnlRti TlUlk6ny" ki...-lO I!I'Ji .
DESKISGER G~A' VaKx<rimt.~itA.
DESKISGER GtzA: V~n'-L~itAsigyftkorIAtok. !'\"Ul2ll"ti T,," ki'inyvkiadO 1997.
DtvE..."'n DEzs6: Gl'LYAs OTT6: M..I"ffiAl ikai !<lat~tik...i m<'w:Lozo-t-,.k a Dlf"tOOro16giaMn.
TII.Il
ronvvkiaOO 19&\,
f:lTET6 Orxh: M R~ Z ~ N A GVORGY: ZlE RMANN M ARGIT: Stodll"""tiku.~ m6<Wt-rek bo lIl()(\,..lkk.

Kiw.gll7.dAAAgi .... Jogi KiNl6 19l.l2.
Alwl" mi&i KWl61 9i4.
E RooS. P.: SPE NCER. j : P m hR.hili"ti<- mpthodto in romhill.... t<>l"i<-s.
~.. me-ti TeakcnyvFERESCZY ~tJKWS: \'..l6!rlJmL""'K""Ji.m(t.N< .... ..JluJm~, F..l"""tgyiljl t'm"uy.
kiN.161998.
F OsT6s LAs zLO: KOVACS E RZSEB ET: A 07.1ull(ti>~I"'" ...-I"t..l..mlk ~tati"".ti kAi mM""Rl'f"i.
T..I1 konyvk iwlo 191-'9.
F O~TO~ Lxs zco, MESzt s A GyO RGY; SJMONNE ~IO~OL VG{) ~() I\A : A "" kvAlt07"" "'I at,.,k>m ..... ~tati""t ikai mOW<wr..i,
AW"mi"i Ki", 16 I~J:-(i.
GS <:G YESKO. 0 .. HmCSJN. A: Il,", ."1"" .. ",.. I{"";1I1l"'~~?{p,m(lN<h".
'lll".. 11 !' ~p Kiad " 1~.
G O L ~: S KO . D, I, . St" ti" ,tikai m{~l ''''' k I~ li
1<1
'I'" lid." ,,kl"'II.
Kiizga..-IaAAgi ....
j ogi Kiad 6 HID,
Akarl..",i"; KiH.o.JTMA!'iN OELA: B," I""
",10 1968,
K ,,10 l'r~l.
BANNO IST"A,,; Iu tr ,.. ltwtll n t, I
jA HN. w.. VAHLE. H .: A f"klm,lIl"!'
1,
h.
d,
, .Io~i Ki".d" J!I;I.
'l',mk';ny" kiad6 19tiZ>.
JA NOS'll' LA,IO~: A ",..I""?;"';""I':,h,,('I, I III ,pj,,;, II' h llV"!Iv.' ,,~ ~.....
H, NO~ 'l Y [, A JO~ ; TA ~.'i A DII' ETER: V"l,:-h"T~r,~?illllit,;"',
T nki>".v",kiad61975,
JORDAN KAnOLY, F<'jO"M'tf'k" kt.->o.iku" V1\liloo7;fn;b'''glI?.NnitA.~ooL
Alawl';mw Kw li. 19.J<i.

KARLIN. S.: TAVl.OR. H : Szt~tikll"f"ly ...natok_ GOlldola! Kw l6l!k(j .
KORPAs ATTlLAN E: AltAlAJ".... tatiloztiJu. I II. ~"lW>f'ti TMlk;;nyvkia.o:lO 19!16 97.
KOVACSICS J6ZSEF:
Slal~Iilut..
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KOvES PAL; P ARN ICZKY GABOR: Alt..Jiul<Y< ",,,,tit.ztib.1 2.

KOzg""AI.~ .... JO!!:i KUu lo 1~1
t.u xxcs orro. ~1..IPll l"tika.i IIt>I.ti..",tiJu.i f'l'1,Luitr
M l~ki Kon~""kiadO 19'J6.
t.c xscs or-ro. V..lt...;<,illib,i~lIit"" f,..J,.ola.lok..iull,
TIl,nkollr..kiNi<'> I9&':!.
~IEDGYESSY PALe TAKAcs Loos: \'..u..zullho'p2.B.mil&><.
Ta nkimyv kiaOO 19l.i6.

Kft . 19') 7.
~1E5ZtN A GVORCY: ZIF.RM ANN M"Kerr: VlIlOoo:1.in'1.....1t.lmflct fs lllll\f'UlAlikai~t.alisz:tikA.
Ki'x7.p;..zdaAAgi .... Jogi KWI...1~ I.
~I~F..R D lt.1'lolAR; SOlT KATALI"': M.u ro;' ko nn m iA. - Aula 1999 .
~IOGYORO[l1 JOZSEI': M leMA L!:CZKY G yt'JRC Y: Mat.-m>\likaistilti."<Ztik&
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!()'x..
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M ORi TAMAs; SZYJDL LAszw: Zt:l.IlLt.>;YI ANORAs. M" tMnatib.i slJ\li><.<lib pP\dAt......
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19'J'.
MORi TAws; SZtK ELY J. GABOR. TobbvAll<TW.- >otati>alikai >U1IlIiD.-.
M,t"Zaki KOliyYkiaok, I ~.
~11,;:';[)RUcz() GYORGY. Alka.lllJJW>tt 1'<'J:I1'>O<Z.6,."AmitM,
AlwifomiAi KiaOO l ~lSl
:\EIolTZ TlBOR: \"..JIloqJllf~tiw.
Typo1ftX 1Y'Jt<.
oecoovrcs J. GYI,;LA. VILi6w.in/Wir;rrt.AmitAol r:.. lIiI'!.l""... tikai 'lIali-'lZtiM.- Sn>Iar 199.'>.
P AL Lt~ARD: ., V>l1i-fml"'?zAmiw",,, ~tAtJM>:tika,u,q,jai1-2.
AkMo.IfomiAi KiaOO 1~,
PRtKOI'A Al'iDRAs : \"..JO.;zjn.~bni'k>t lUii1.."J<l..uw.~,
M,"-ki K i'myv kia .-l6 I!.1'';.
RECSKI .-\sDRAS: M""rniolll..... ry IUl<f it1l"1'1>b,:at""'" ill E J<o<-1 rir i\'f>t...... k Tbrory And Stat",l"",.
~IELLAR
T AMAS, AlkAlmJl7ntt nlJl.krnnkonoluiA.
D"U1~.,z
Ak.vIffiJiai KiAd<> I!,I..."\'J.

REl MAS:"! J6ZSEF' I 1IM'fkr<if,., A ~n~ita-al.. - Zriuyi K.. torW Ki..oo 1902.
RlMAss J6ZSEF: M"tb"llAtw-1lI ~tAtj,;tinl"'lth A[.p\oration in F lood Hyd rology.
Ak...OMl1iAi Ki>oo!.u
I!RI\:!.
RE IMASS J6ZSEF: T6TH JU I.IAS:"fA' V~n'-'"i!~><iArniI.At-,-~ lWI-t"IWltibLi ,tati...-.tiJa...
N<'I,u<-1,
TAllkonyvki...-lO I9'J' .
REsll. A ., FOIw<l"tion!o of PrnhAhilil}'_
lI olrl1"f\ D...~ 1970_
RtNll A LFRt O: [A'w lPk A ~im1>.:"Ar61.
T YJI.i1'F,x 19'J4.
RE l'OY] ALFlltu: V..u<-lll~"lt"". T,u kollyvki... ;o IHi..l.
RtnlATI LAszL6: V..Lo.trln'1>ol'gelmrirti m<1:,.. JdNook" g.ol....hnikii.l>fLf1_
Aka<li1niAi KiNIn l'lKo.
SARKADI. K AROLY; \-"1.>;CZE. 15:1"\ As : "-'atb..u,...'i,,.,j n}rlhod~ of ,1.a.ti" ti rN 'l u...J it y f"Oll~rol..
AkwI ....
mi",j KiMn I\)'~.
SARKADI. K AROLY: \'I "CZ~;. 1ST\!A~: StudiN< ill M...th<"IJ\1ltirlll St"tj,<t;"". -n,"(>Ty All,1 Apl,ii."tj",,,,,
- Ab lfruW Ki...li, I %.'!.
SOLT G YORGY: V,Ji",d1lO1"'w<>'.au,itar., r rl ,l"'t.o\r.
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SP IF-G EL. M.: S~lItill'l.tik> .. E111l{'~ '" ,.,.ItY>u:'or!at,
STl:INE:R FE RE:-C: '11,,' Ill''''' fr<'(l"rll ! v"hu. InI.TOd \1t:lio ll I.(} II 1I,,-,,I<"1"n CO ll'''pI.iOIl of ,I.",tilo'i,,,,.
AWr mitu Ki... I,,I!)<JI .
SZI';KELY J . G ABOR: P III'... I" xo n"k.
SZENTMARTONI Tl SOR: M"" -lIl" ti ka.i ~'...I i",.tiAA Km,i""...ki K,vak"rlatlmn . T",!om"u,y,,, Kiinyvki".16
19:.0.
TAKAcs I.. AJOS: ZI ERMA" N ~lA IIG IT: V"I.......'.irlli."''W'"l.ii l1lf~AA .
TflIlkonyvkiadn 1~72.
TU SI' ADI G ABOR: Z IEIlMANN M AROlT : I<liil>rok ,.uallzi"" .
M,j,zaki K i;llyvki",161~1\lj ,
VARLAKI PlIT f.I\ ; Il. vr" V,,, K"t .. t i"~ ti k>l.i " Ud"'Ar-irl'n t ifikAribh a..- "-llhzlIki Kouyvki..d i, 191'(;.
VETIER ANDRAs, S,,. -mll'lr t, .,. mi\'tik, i.,. V1\.II"'zillTl.... g..lmel .. l..
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VINCZE ENURE: \-"alO"zlm1FJI\../.Amitl....
n'u ki;lJyvk i...-ln W72.
VINCZI'; I STv AN: Ma trm>\',ilul.i~t .. tl.., tik>. il'lIJi "IIu,lru"zii..",kk.,u. - M u-~/.ak i Kon yvkil"lo 19i::>.
VINCZE 1ST\!AN; VAnBA ~OVA ~t A RIA : .'\,u']ll\1>\ll''''t ..n",nlat" ma.t ikai ,t...tiKf.t.ika .
Ako,,!i'n,iAiKi", lo
1993,
WICj( ~I AS S , D.: BaYC>l--..l.ati~ztika. IJ,tpkin\i""t nY<"lu;;'" <liinl,-ni hil.OlL}'I.;w.., hl'ly,<,ukhrn,
EiilvOs
KWl 6 199'J.
11. D i namikai re odszO"rek e.. kAO!lz
11'.il A FRJr.IJ.lOVICH. \"5.: GA"RILOV.:>I K .; I.UKYA~OV. \":1.. SH.IL~IKO\' ~' P'.' ~n~niilf"1!:rlldr
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[1t .2[ .-\RGYRlS. J,. F~l'ST . G.: " AASE . M . Di.. ErflJl"'f"hnll~<l .... Ch""".
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BELYKH: \' ..'\. Q<UloIitati_ M.-l botl r ll ,1M Tbot-orio' ltir htl LU<'>\tM" Scb...in~ von konz<'tltrlM"tr1l S""tet1J<'It.
UniYPCKltatlovoor!All; Gmili 19NI
. .
11 t .51 BOT HE.'H.G.; ScHMELl"G. J. SIE(;Ml':"f[).SCHt"LTZf'. n SI,,,1ir "nr D~n""lllik d.l!f..... ,lZi....t--...- Abhildllngl"fl.
W"""'I,""" h~~titlLl Brrlin 19"''.)_
.
.
1I1.61 BROCKER. TH .. AnaJyi~ III. \ ..._~uJt.""'M"1a Ziiridl l99'! .
Dt; ~AW. W,' YAS STRIE-S. S - OIl<' [)ill'''w;iooAl DynAllli<-<.
Sl'nugPl"- \~ 1993
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lii1ll
11 t. 91
11'.10!
F.uCO:'; ER. K. : Fractal G<'om<'try.

\\"iWy 19'.ll,
.
G REBOGI. C .. OfT. E,: I'ELIKAS. S. YORKE. J ..., . SlrM~&l.t~t hat ""' not <haotIf"_
P hv.....'" 13 0 1!.I14,
n ",' I
0
"I" '
' >-'nAlllinoi Sv~trms
lUKI. Bifllrca\1. 111 GUC KE.." HUM ER. J .. HOLMES. , : .von Iur-N ,,,.... ",1.>011-'.....,
.
lion-~ of \'Pctor FiPJ<b"
Spnnrr V'TIAIl; I9"JU.
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Sl'rin~ Y",,~ 199 1.
II i. ll! KIRCHGRABER. l' ChN>ti.>odJn< Vm..l,"1 in rnJAf"bf'Ir. Sy~trlllt"n. - ElPlll<"Il!(' rlrr
"-,,,,I>r-mft-
tik 19!tl.
jI 7.1-I\ t.eos o v . G.A . RErnlAs". v
BG
Tcu l)llf'l 1992 .
117.15I 1.00"l0 \'. G. A. HEITMAS~., v ~MIR~O\A, v.n ;':00 w'A1 MMhod~ for P..ndulum LikP
F"".-Il_ '" S." .. JIll'
B, G. Ir ,onr, 191:\,.
Ak..<lemif"
117.ltil LEv E.S. R.\"' . KOCH. B-I'.. f'OMPIl. IL elL""", III <ll>O"il"'t'vt1' Sy><IrI'l<'n.
\ '".Iag 19"J4.
. .,
..
.
117.1.1 M ARt:K. ),1.: S CHREIBER, I Ch""tir &haviu"T of [)ootrnllLlll..t,, DJAAll"'tlv<" SY"tl'Tll~.
C.alllOrid gr ern." ",,I)" P...-I991.
.
IIi,lll] M Eo n :o ' ),1.. I'nllrla lll' "I,tab<o r OyllflIl,i.,J SY~'''Il'''''Il<l UiflLrr...liolL~ T heory. - Arlaru Hilge r
1m
117,191 P ERKO. l...: Diff,Tt>nt i..l F,q"" tion._ ,.", 1 DyuI\mir..l Sy~t#'lU'"
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l.'niv..r117,20] P ILYl'GI>;. S . Y u.: E inluhn mg in ",blL..k Sy><"'uw' Vlll' Di!T,'C<'nt Ulolg l..ichungen.
~iliiJs... rlagL<>uin g"" II 'J"~ .
111,211 RADL~()VICll , M . L TnUBt:zKOV. D. I.: E infiih rllllg ill di,- T hrtlJ i.- d..r Sdl.... iug' ll'F;r u llnd
\\"..ll<-n.
N311AA MOI<lum 1984,
t,""".
A kAo,'",'" rr"d'7Al","""" kut ..

AlIl9ljllr T",j,,,,u'''!1 31; (4) (l~J:I)
AHNOI,O. V L: Ka1.<I.~'l.tr<'>f""l mfl,'t,. TIlnk';lly vk l>,, !"'I 'J~7 . ,..
' . ,
"'R~OLD V.!. : K,-,.,.i>u,.;,g,,,, diff, -,r n"' ''l'I\'r'I'Il!,t.,-k,
~1" ~7."k,Kn ")"v k l,,,lo l'J1:\7 . _
. ..
. .
:'\' tI ~ ()L O : V . I.: A differen..iit.1"l",Y"" I,t.,-k dmi,I,t'",-k I\'~'lllf'triai ft-j,.,-,.MPL,
M nKl~\kL KonyvkL", ln
1'JSt<
FOKASZ SIKOSZ: K a.-" " '''' fmktl.lok. IJ,v,-,.,-!<"."" Iu",',ikl)~ ,1i1ll"lllik ,~, ro-Ud K'lA, ("k mllt"mKtik:.j"l",.
OJ Mand At ulU I ~J!I.
Imdfl/nmygvzfJ:
1204
GLEICK. J.: K'.". ,a: ~"Lj tlld<>lllAllY OQliil,>tl"".

G'mooll9'!J9.
KCRT] J. (SZERK.). N"Ullin"Mit< jd"I1,."lt,k. Strllktim,k kiaWmla...... p,; kAof<>;. I II.
F:LTF, F'i<l.ikuft
DlIikko... 19&J.
POSTON, T . STEWART. L K"tNo:ttM""",lmpI..t;"" ~kstJn..u":<l\i. Mol"lZl\ki Konyvkiallu l!)l\;j.
SZAOO L. I..l><n....-k....I..... frl'lktAlok mauolll1Uik4j4va.l.
Polygon. 1997.
Szxsz DOMOKOS, DilU\lnibi nlId..,..,rr);. http://.......... _tll. bae/hu/
SUPFALliSI PtTER; TtL TAMAS; A kfw_. V"k-tl.-_l'1i.ir'~k"llO"'rnlineiLri>o ll'U<wo...kloou.
.\Iuod<-lIll&i Kiacl<i 19l!2.
T.uws P.. DinlUlliloU wn<W..-r.-k IL1apjAi. Aula.I9'J'.I.
HI.Optimalil-AIAlI
[Ii!o.ll
BECKJ,L\,:<;S, MJ. S\...ltllrorio-. rlYTIMlilodwo Dpumie...mg. I..oIgPrlWtung. WM\t... hJ,wg'II

droo.... Slffiuh.tioo. 1I1J1O<iuuf.. Enl.lol'bo-id 11,",11. In: Gnmdlll"'ll .10", Op""atlOl'" Rt-'I\l{"h
[II"'R_ TOMASGAL).
Spri~f'l \".. r1AIl9'fl.
[IS_21
BlESS.G.: Gr"f'hmlworlr
[11:\.31
DOCK, W ; KOsTH. H .. RUNGB. W WUNDEflUCH. L.: MAthPmAtik fUr Ob>rtomfon. Bd. 1.

Verlac H. o.-ul.>ot-h l~.
El.STlR. K.-H f.infiihr"n in ail' nit'bdil>e&"f' Optimierw~.- B. G. T""bDer J97s.
GOEBEL; VArial~ll~ III BANACH RiullM"n. (BPitriigfo ~r AlIAlY"J" 2).
Offi~
V.-rla<k-rW~ 1971
GROSSMASS. C.: KU:ISl.lICllEL. H . \~u<k-rnichtIineareDOptimm.ng.
B. G. T,,"l>-
BSn B. G. Tn.lbocr. kiJYLi,:. (~Il:'\OL.
8<1. 21 2),
1~ "~l"(!;
H [)P\l~h.. (~lI:-;OA. 1M. 21 1).19<Stl.
[ls..a1
118,<>1
11~,GI
"". Lo-iJ>Eia: 1~;6.

118.:'1 KOSl.lOL MMbodm Z'tr Dun....-iow:ben 1khan<llullI nidltliIlf'''lf'I" Glri<i!UDgf'1l wid OptllUrruu~uf",ahm.
B. G. TpubIlf'r, 2 Au~ 19'J1.
jl!,!lSJ KLOTzLER. n.; '-I,J.nhu.'1-"uak \'ariAt)ov,.n'clmung. BirklW.....r \ .....Iag 19:-0.
jll!.9l KRAIIS. W Optimi"f\U11 und AI'I'roxiulAt-':'n. - B. G. ]'<-ublK'r.
j1S.IOj KRELLE. W KOszl. H.P. RASDO w. R. V. SirhtliIll.'8n" Pror;nuwnierlwg.
Sl'n~
V....~ 19:'9.
1l.'!.111 OJ>timi<'nm~ und optinWo>:;V1IM'UDg. Lexikon ,1rr00ti~. - .-\kadl'll1ie--V<'l:~ 1!Rl(i.
118.121 OSE. G. (FEDERFCIIRl1SG). Lehr- Hua Cbuu"",lmdJ. Malh<ornal.ik. BU. 4. - V....1>o,; II. D"utJorh
1991.
IIS.13] PIEtlLER, J.: Einfiihr'lngin di,!iIlf',,", Optilllirnmg
BGB B.G. 'I""ubu"r 1970.
[IS.14] PO",TRJA(;II'. L.S, ET AL: M".th"Ulat~.od ... Th<-ori<' acr optimaJ..n Pnv...-;,.
[)rut-.d,Pr V.. rJ..g d"r W;"""",:h;,[t.n 1964.
11!'!. 1~1 SEIFFART, E.: MAI\'TEUFFEL. K.: Lill"/Ul' Optim;..rullp;. -DSB Il. G. 1'ulourr. I....ilnip;. (MISOL. Bd. U). 1974; \hl"fl: II. DrlltAc.b.(MINOA. Btl. 14), 1981.
fOIlGO FEIIENC: 1"'mkollV('x I'o!Ji~zkrN l'rogrll/UO'.<&<. - Ko-~g..ro"-""'gi;"; Jog i Ki",t6 197!'!.
GASI'A1\ I.AS7,1.6 : T"M~:SI Je'lzsUo': L.in.. Aru. prngr,ullolM gyakorle tck.
~pm7,f'li Tanki;uyvki... l"
I\I'J'J.
GASI'AIt LAsZLO;
T~:~n;sl
Je'lZSH: M,."..m,.tikai pr'lgrIUIlo7,A..i f..l...-latok .
19'J'J.
Ho sszu MIKLOS: M"I-<'ITl"tikai l'rugnull"z&<'

KOSA A I' DRAs : 0l'tim"li1,A1i1..i ,'ljArit...." k I II.
Tan konyvkiad o l % 9.
LS ATSz 1~9.
K OSA ,\I'DIIAs: 0l'tinlllUlf<Z.4InU ....i nu"I,.J!tk.
MI'[o:t.l\ki Ko nyvki",16 19 79.
xovxcs ~IARGIT: A u'mh'lp.4ri>< 1""1':1'11.1110"""',1"'1-1,".. - Ty pu'ltX 199;.
KRf.K<) B~LA: L.inpAri~ rrngrI\lTlO1.N<.
Km gl\Z,l....Agi k Jog i Kiad <'> 19ti6
KR.:K() Bfl:LA: Op"im"m~7AmitM.
Kfuil:'I:'.-I"""'il:i k Jogi Ki",j<,> 1972 .
r.;"ITl~Ai
TlUlki>llyvkh,l"
1205
KREKO BJ;:LA: BACSKAI ZOI.TAs' lJ.--Vt'7...I...... lill<Ar;,.llrt'>l!rll.lnozAA~. Kfugl\1,c1""~,,, Jogi Kia.-l6

19::-'7.
MARTOS BJ;:I.A: 1'000line&r I'rugflWlJuillg.
Alwl"IU;N KiN!Il 197::..
OBADOVICS J. GnJl.A; Swu..rikU>'Illoo'l<"ff'k .... I'I"OKI... I.. >Ziutuk.
Tankiinyvkia.-l6 19;::;.
OnIT 1!.ltX:l.
PRtKQPA AsoRAs: Linciu";"l'rugIlI.1ll<Y.W<.
rRtKoPA ASDRAs: Sl.o<fla"tic programming.
Ak.o..lollniAi KWl" Ix..:..
Kml~ "'" Jogi KinOO19;3.
STAHL JAsOS: Linciris prot;ra.ul<T...aN dt.IwUlI"~.t.iri6tI ,!jAr..........
SU:KELY VLADIMIR: TAR"'''Y KALMAS: A l'l'O!UlWlOUIt aJapjAl.
'-ltlsuIki KonyvJci;o.-\6 19;~ .
VARGA JOZSEF: AlkaJrnawtt progr~.
TltIlkonyvkwl619!l1.
\'ARGA JOZSEr: Angt'WMtit.>O"timMonmg.
AluoMmill.i KiJ>.-I619'.H.
VARGA J6ZSEF: Gy&loor1a.ti prograJI>OZM. Tanki\nyvkWfn 1~.
VARGA JOZSE F: Praktl8d>e Optimi'i'nUIl.
AbrlI>miAi Kiad" 19;t
VARGA LAsZLO: Rrnd><U'rprogr>unok dwi-lt-t .. ~ gyakor\A1a.
AUOPmill.i KiM!i> 1!J"'2
19 . Numer-ikus mOd,u.. nok
J19.11 CHArRA. S.C.: CASALt.. R.P.: :"l1mmC'>'li M.-thoo:!lI for Eugi,....,..,..
'-tcGraw-Hill Book 0 ..
1%9
119.21 COLUTZ. L.: :"ulD<'ricall'noatlnMlt 0( DiJf..rmliA! EqUlltionq.
Spring.... Hlti6.
119.31 DA\"IS. r .J.: RABtSO....-rra. Po ,-t..tb... \"o( nnlU'"l";">'li UllrgratioD.
Ar..o.mir P...... 1%-1
119.~1 DE BOOR. C.::\ " ....-tic>'lil'u.w to~l,h.......
SprinS"'l' \''''t1f\g 1~;1:\.
119.51 E"'GEL,,-M!'1.LGES. G . REUTrER. F Forulf"WtuUlllulll!I: Illr ~lllnf'ri><dMo:n ~IAtbPmatik mit
FORl'RA." 77 Prot;nUUlDf"D.
Blhlio~r"l'h;..m...llIIIlit"t I~S
119.61 ESGELS-MuLGES. G .. REI.TrER. F :",llI""riort... MatlJoo1nAtik filr IngPtliPtlff'.
Bihlio!vA~ lnstitut 198;.
119.7) ESG ELSMCLLGES. G.: REUTTER. F . 'llUlO'rilt ,'1gofithmffi. Enl'll'bri.-lllngshilff' eur eur
A,......uu und :"utZUIljl;.
\'D1.\'<'I"~. [)i~ldorf 1996.
1t9.!'!j GOLl:B. G . ORTl%A. J.M.: sn.-nlihr Coml'lItin~. B. G T.. "lm .... 1996.
119.9J GROSSMASS. CH.; Roos. H.-G :"lllll.. nk 1"'I1.lf'lkor Diff......utlalgk-idlUll!:l"n. B. G. Teubner
1992
119.101 H.hl),lERLIS. G . HOHMAS"'. K If .. ~lln,,n!.d... M..tb,m"tik
Sl'ring"r Y,rlag. 4. A,u
lago:-
199~.
119.111 HEITZL"GER. W.: TROCH.I.: VALENTI",. G. Pr.w.. ni.htlillf".......r GiPi<:bungf"n. G Han......

Verlag 19~.
119.121 KIEWASISSKI. A.; SCH....-ETLICI<. H.: N"mf>T'ilofb.. hnMrf' AIgphrA F.iT><' comput...ori..ntio:-rt..
Einfiihrung. - VerllIg H. O':-uL....b l~.
119.131 KNOTHE, K.; W ESSELS. H.: Fillit. Ek-mente. Ein.. Einfiihnmll flU lngenieare.
Springer
V... lag 1992.
119.141 LANCASTER, P: SALKAliSKA. S.K Curve ,,11<1 Sud.....' F itt iuK.
A,....I,u,;(' Pn....~ 1!.l1i6.
119.1::-'1 LOCHER, F .. NUIlll'ri1dJp ~athpm"llk Iiir 11If" r m" l ik' r .
Sl'ringo.r V{,flag 1992.
119.161 MAESS, G.: VorlCl'IlUlg<'1l m..-r ulllll"ri..d ,,' M"I]wUllltik, U<l. 1 n. 2. ~ Ak"dlmi.- V"rlllf' !!cIs-!
1988.
119.1;1 M E[SARDUS, G .. ApproximAtion vuu fuukti"Il<'U und ih,, Ullm,ri'OCl,.. D..JuwdluH!';. SlJriul';'-'f-vhlag ! !)(i.t.
[t9.17~1 ME[ :-IA RDUS. G.; M ERZ. G .. I'rak ti"" h.. ~"lh ..ruatik. Fiir lngeuieure, Math..matiker uud
P hysik..r. B.-I. I H. 2. - UibliogmphuU"h... In..t.illlt 1!l1'J !'!:l.
I1D.I!l1 " I E[S. T. : MA RKOWITZ. U,: NUlH"ril't,llP lJ.--Iumdlllng f"lI"tid l"1' Diff"" 'llt ial,o;:l.,i"hllngpn.
Springer Verla !';1978 .
[tD.WI M OHLIG. If .; STE FAN. F' : Al'l'mlIiUllitiou von Fl;,dl<'u mit lIilf, von D-Sl' li"'.... - Wi"". Z.
T V D rcsd pn 1991.
1206
119.11] ~h;LA.'iSKY, fl. Glii.II'UlIt uuu,'I~ ~,_i<lilll<'lL,i""IIl"I 'l'l'lI.""rl'ro<lllkt Spline r"uktioIl<'n,

Wa.... Z, TIl D"""I.." l!I'JU.
119.221 ~ 1Ysc",';lS. A.D .. :\Ul(,........,,\t .. M.. tl,,',""'ik fiir Pby~ikf'T lIlId IlIg."i"",,.
l!J.'\ I
n.
11!1.261 SCHWARZ, II .n.. ;';"lll"n,..,n. MalbtUlAtik.

II G , T... rbner 19N>.
KRETZSCHMAR. H. ;.;'u ....ri:;<nc \mallr"" tilr :"aturwL-'.....Jwtl..r
119,1,1 ::>CH\l,ETLWK. II
F...-hh,~h"""!aIJ:
",0<1
l!1!ll.
11921'1 Sr"TR. H.; Sl'liu.. A~nrilhlTM'U"l:Hr KOlI><tndnion &Jatlf'T KurwulJlld FWiK-n.

Y..-lAs 1%3.
Old ..ub<....rlt
Bt L1R!;CH. R ;.o,ur~ ~1",b"lIl.. tik. Bd. I". 2.

SprWgt'l-\"'r!a,; 1~~"9 ~.
App..oxilllA'" ookul>o.tio,n of multipl.. i.u~ab. P....., tin' H"'-I 19,1.
119.311 STliJoOlEt.. r .. IIAJ"~ll. K Pr"kh-..iw Mathrm"tik.
B. G, T.."lmfT.
119.321 l"ORSIG, W ;.;lJIUI'I.... '!tr Malnoll'latik filr I~ und Ph}"'i.kPr. Bol. III. 2 - Sprin~
VfTlap; 19')J.
119:.!"JI STOER. J
119.30\ STROt"O..-\11
Cnmlmt"f ;';uwrnk l. Cnmpllt",r ~lIIIlCrik 2,

Sl'riDg..,. \f.t~ 19'J.'>
N,,1II<'ri>orho- \lath.. lnRlik nil I~lr<' ImPn...-ho- \l.. th,,m..lik, Dd_ 1 II. 2.
\"...-Iag Vr...,t; I!J'H
[19.J61 WJLlf.R~ F.-\ M,o.tiwlnlllilorl... M.....i"u."u lInd Instn'lJ>Pnl"'.
Akack.-mir- \..rlaR I%J.
II~_37] WILLERS. F,.-\ \1<"Iho.lou <Io'r vrakti>odom Awol} ,.
.Uadrm;" Y"flAg 1%1
II~J.~I Zt RWeHL.
Prutuw-.h.. M.. thO"n... tik fiir Inll:"";.." lin<! Phy..ikcr.
Sl.nll~ Vpr~ 191'4.
n.
or-ro.
20. l\I a t .. matika; vrogra m c...c'"l1IKok
I2(UI
B~:sKf;R, \L M"lh'1""tik ",il M.. t)"m1, -
Sr,nnKer Verlag I!J'Jti.
12l)'2] Bl' RKHAlWT, \ .... .: E",t, S<'hrill" mit M"tl"'m..,i...... - SI,r illI:N' Yprlag, 2
Allll~,I~IIi.
120.31 BUIlKHARDT. W.: E""" S<'l,rith' ",it M"pl".

Spring..r V''I'I''I(, 2 Allll,~,' 1!J!16.
I20AI CHA R (; ~:[)I)ES. GOSNET, I.EONG, MOSAGAN, WA"IT: Ma p lp V Lihrary, Her" H'ne" MIIf,t,al.
Sprin".'r V.. rll\lt I!.I'J I
D AVENPORT. J .I I. , SnU:T, Y.; TOU FlNIF.R. E.: CnWl'u\<'r AI"..l>ra.
I2(H;1 G W GGENGIESSEA. II .: Mal'l" V. Vorl..!: ~larkt k Te- hnik 19<J3.
120,1 J~:NKS. R. D.: St'TOR, It ,S. ; Axiom. Sl'riug"r V"l'lag 1(1'J'2.
1:tOSj KOfLER, "I .. Mapl" V, [v ,I"H.' ' 4, A<itli"'lIl W""j"y, (Dt'\lU.:hIanc1) Giuhll. Bom' 19%.
120.91 ~IA.lJ)~;Il, R.: Pro>Kr".uuui,ntng in M.. tlwLH..ti,a. S"",,,,,I Erlit ion.
Adc1i.ro:", W""I,y I !.I'J I.
120.,,1
Book, F" " rt h Edition.
Wolfr.. m M,,!ia. Camhri,!g.. l; ni-
.-\!tATO, ~l.; \ARGA. J.: M.. tl~mati<;a[ M,,<I..J~ m Coml",t.., Syst,ml>'.

"""""'mini KiarlO 1~1.
BARI)()S ATTlLA, KORTVELYESI GtzAr;t: Pr<>KrllllJ<W,Mi a1al'f..],u!att>k lO',ijlt'Il";llY". - Sz.nl.~ I.K
1'J..'0.
CsOu: LAJOS; GARAMHEG'cl GABOR: .., ,.zAmilOf!:fl"I'rng,,~ ~kai alapjai.
:-;"'llZf'ti Tan kOllyvkiadO 1997.
DnIIITRO~JCS JAsos: DESEV JORDAS. PAVLOV RAOISZI.A\' A ""Amitiio.tlldolll;\ny lI1l\l~'llJ.'o.tw.i
ala.pjai_
TankiinY"!ciadO
I~.
GRAHAM. R .. KSUTH. D.' PATASHSIK, O. K"nkl"t '1Ul1.'ulAt,""- A ,.MmitktlloolTl~.ny alAl'iai

Mil.-=o.ki Koonki..oo 19'%
IIACK FRIGn:s: DERIVE. ~("to'lllAlik.>u. ",W:to 1''''Kt"m.
F.LTE 1'Y.16.
HECK .."'SORt_ ~,,~lapIch.r.tuAJ,.tiJ....
J"lWoz Gyula F..........kl<l.t<O!<; l\iNlit 1'J'J9.
KLIS(~'K MIHALY: ~IAR6T1 Gy(lRGY ~IArLF. l' 1"1,,11><"1'" matrnlAlik..i I'roblhwull..g..I.Ia.~ m,h";"
"""thOl.
:>iOVADAT 199,
KSl"TH. D. E.. A ,...rArni~llrocrAllrazNo ",1I",,-"t.. 1 3.
Mu.a.aki KonyvkiadO IY'.J4.
~L~S"A. ZOH.-\R: P~....Imi"IPt.
M1lIozRlu KotlyvkiadO 191<1.
\(oL"ARKA cvczo:
LAJOS: WEnL F'BIt.>;C; HURVATlI A"IlR,i.~: K~Ll.OS GABOR: A
~I"llj,. \. b. a1Wmaz;\."";:.
Sl'lillj{l'l 1996.
STUYAS GISB~IIT; \IATLAB ~ to;::; "'1'.00. ;';'un.. rik"" mOow"'-Tf'k. ~Ira. Sl<l.li>or.tika. CKLklii<wak.
TypoTE-X 19'J.'\.
EOI...;;" KiN16 1!.196.
SZlLI LlsZJ.6: TOTH J,i.sO": \ latrlTUlotika", M"tno-u",IIC"
~ItCllAEl. J. WESTER (SZf.RK.): C.<>rnll<'trt" A~bra Sy,MutlI: " Prl'lrtino.l (;lIidr.
John Wiley &.:
ueeco
Snn.;. Chirilrst..... tJK.

A ',4.pIe ""'" l.btnem~tiu r-....."""""'lltMAho.: lei:
btt p://vvw.arec.U3d.eduianerloTe/GAUSS_MATLAB_CiE.pdf
btt p:{lvwv.lc ienti fieveb.coa/ncruncb
KovAl~ MARGIT:
:"llIllPrlkll' lI'lh<i!l:z<t1:'k.
M,t'<O\i:i KOllvvkiatiO 19,3.
oacoovics J. Gna.A: :"lll .....nkll.. Illi,,~..k;'" pro,;...'mo:....." ,k. T~kouyvki...dOl!l';;.
PUPPER GYORGY: CSIZMAs FERESC; :-.'\'mf"tiku,. mi"l-.'rck mfrnokokr...k_
TYlKl'lh" l~lJ.
SI)IOS0\'ITS ~1JKLO~ SUotU;l....lt,hUlM.
~Itkt.aki Konvvkiadi> 1%3.
STO)'A" GISBUtT; TAKO GALINA. ;';llmprikllll mi><!""""'k:'..lmi-Irt. g~..akorJ..t. """,I ,,,,r 1 :1. f.LTE
T ypo TE-X 1!J'J3 9,.
SZIDARlJVSlKY rERESC. 13<Vt7,N....... n"nwriku., ",i,J,.;zrreklw.
Ko.g_~ (~Jogo Ki"'\<" 1974
THEISS. E,: I' ARSW7.KY G . r-rxree. L.; KIII':KO, B.: KOlTf"laci""'" trrn<l"''''''llIilM.
Kiizll;",,-el"""'Kt
(", J.....,-; Ki", M I!r,.,s.
VmAG H J""os; ;.o"'nPrikll~ nu.ln""tika.
J A'("F:P RESS 1997.
KIS
~f ..th,'m"tie"
\.'..rlft II. 1),.,,1.... -h
II!UJ] H.lJ."SCH, {'HR.. SIll""t!UlIX loy Splin.. f ' lll<t io,", . - N"mN". ~'alh. 1967.
11!,'-241 SAMARSKII. A.,\ Thfflri., <i," Difkrc'IlZl"nvmahnn. A""'-Ic'wi",'!x- V<'l"~. "'..,....Il... I....I1 I~ I
lI!JZ'>I ScH\\ARZ, H R. ~[,-tl.L ....\r <1<'1' Iinitf'1l EWlJll.'1,lt'. G. T.."hn..r 1~'4.
11l&..,>i<-",...
12(1.10] W OLFRAM. S .. Th.,

I'f'",ity Pr,.",.. I!.I'J'J.
21. Tablizatok
\'<'1"1..,; II,
121.11 ABRAMOWITZ. ~1.. STMitS. I..J, P....ir.("tl...." k of Math"'llRli<'''' F\l1lrtinns.
o.-utIdI 1%4,
121,21 ArELBLAT, A.' Tahl..,. of I"tcw"'" "lid s.--r~"', \"'rll\fl H. DPt,UW"h 199t>
12ul BRYTSCHKOW. Ju.A., MARrI"SCHEw. 0.1 rKL'O~IK'l\l, ,\.1'.; '("",...Ilm u"I"'''''imm/l''f' In14"gralP.
\ 'erJa" II, Dcllltodl 19'J2.
-uaerer Fllllkt io n..n.
U. G. T, lIh,,~r. u-il'zig 19,,\1121.41 EMOE. r .. T..fdll
1'21.::;1 GRAnST ~;l s.I.S.: RYSlIl K, I.M .: Sunune-u r roo. l" kt "lid lult'gl..JI"f,'ln, Bd_ 1 n. 2. Yl"f'lng
H. I)pm ....h 1'Jll1.
121.til G Il(\ 9 .":E R. W., HOF REITER. :-L Inl"",r..!l.I\f,'1. T..;II: Unb.... rimnrr.. 1" I<'Ji:I"a1e, Toil 2: Be....
rimmt.. lnt"",ral<. - Sprit~"l \ n loog. 'I'ill.:;, :\lltl"ll"197::;: 'f,iI2,:J. ;\"ftal:" 19T.l
1'2l. 71 JA HS KE, E .. EJ,IDF. r .; I.(\S(' K, r,: T..Mn hMW"'r Fuuktioucn. II G. "\, '" b",'r, u'irYl.ig
1960,
121..'\1 \1 A,D ELIJ>;G, E,: Di" 1IlI'l.tll<'ln"l i,..-lwlI Hilf,.llliu<,\ ,j,.,.l'hysik"Il<. Sl'rin~"r V.. rl~< 7. A" fl<"\jI;p
"'.u..
\(J(i.t .
121.91
!\IAGSUS, \"1. O B~: H H fo:TT I N G ~:I1. t,: F<>rmdn Illl,1 Sall<' fur di.. ~\,.. ..i,Il" lJ F" nkt i" u,,"
tI",
mal.l"."JlJ"ti",,:hpn P hysik .
Spri"l\.... V,'dl\l\ 1!J41'j ,
Sl'riUI\"r ",-ri"K 19,'-0,
'
121.101 MEVf:lt Z\lR CA PEl LE!'!, W ., IUI,-gral t"f,ln.
1'21.111 It'OL LER, H .f' : :'I/ n IMAS S . r .; STOItM.IL: 'Iuft-lu <l,'r Illatl",,,,,,l ;,,,,tw,, St"ti,l ik , -- C. Hall"" r
V,'r\,,~
1979.
[21,121 l'OLJA!'!IN, A .D ,; SAIZf;w, V,F., S"Ill111I<ll1lt~:<,w;;hJllidwrOif{"...'nlinll\lri"hllllg,'n.

H. o.."l.""h 1!~J(j.
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l rndnlomj"!J'jzi k
1208
121.131 SCHOLER: A"h t Ulltl l"' llI",t d JiIC" 1".....11<-0 1.11 d..n ..lliprlsch..n FuuktiuDIIl \.vw""t ,lIt lIlil lr[,;
Spnngcr V..,.tag \9::;':;.
0.... JA COB!"d " '11 r "'lIlllwt"I" q.
[21.1-11 SCHULER. ~l .. (;EBHElr<i, H .: A"ht und llP'lnl<tPIlig.. 1aht"1lcnzuJmdlipti8dM-n Fun kt ion.. n.
- SpriulC''!' V.,.1ftll; 19.:),) .
121.15] SCH&rTE. K . IndPll m~tltt>tl\l\tilv'ht-t- Takl_ rkt. unJ l i1.bclJ..n. - M'-"ld,..n 19(;6.
~t W<.r.aki Kiinyv kiaOO191:11.
CSESGERI PlsTtn rtTER M"llIlY~"k m;'rt"k~..k. SI.
fl ACK FR1GYES: M" tr'I,ml iMi ko'pIrttk. nPgyml1 ffiflg";'nyU.blilza1ok, - ~"mU"ti Ti\Ilkonvvki.v16
19')1;.
SCH...RNtTZKY "IKTOR: ~1>ll"II><IlMi kfopJ..tjQ'1ljlPm;'nyfOillkola..okn&k.

22.
Syca 1998 .
th.sz..fogl al6 mllw-k
A BRA MO'.lorn . ~l. STEGUX. I. A. Pod... tbook of M"'t llf'ma t ical Fuoctioooo.
V''T~ H
O"uL...h 190:1-1
122.21 BAtLE. B.. Dse Matbc-llllllilt dAo :"<Atllrfor.,r-hPn< lind I~mo. Rd. 1 u. 2.
\' 1'T1Ao!; H
o..ut.d. 1919 .
mlJ B ERENDT. G WE IMAR. E , M"lbPmatik fUr I'byNlwr. Rd. I u. 2.
\CH. W..mbnm 19'90.
pa.q BRONSTEIN. J;"; ,' SnlF.NDJAJE...... K A T-n.-nbucb dn M" t !>Pmlt.t ik . B G. T"'IOI~
LrilrDc 1916. I j . All~: v..rioIs H p,."t ..m 1911.
/12.::;J BRONSTEIN. J ~ SU.1E. DJAJEIA K A .. T-n.-ub"ch d.... Mat o..rn..t ik .
B. G. l 'ru ol)""
l..-ipzi 1~. :N,. ilO'l1"-rI it.. t .. ... tlaa.,...-; \'",lag Ii. n...,Loch I~J.
lZ'l61 BRONSTEIN.J.'" .SE~I'.J'l)JAJE"" K A T......chenbuch<k-rMatbr.....tik. Erg~KAj>itd.
\'1'Tlag H Drtlt.loch I?Jl
IZl.il DALl.MAN~. H .. ELSTER. K H . ELSTER. R .. Einflihrung in Jic OOhe.-..MAt!wm&t ilt. Bd . 1 J
12'!,11
Cwo....v F iIch<-r \ ..rl.afl l9!' l.

DRESZER. L M..t hrtnat ik H'",dhtldl fUr Teca nik U1iJ :\..tllfWi.~.
" .. rl", H.
o.,utlo<"h 191;,.
IZ1.91 DOCK, W ; KORTH. H ; RUKGE. W. , Wt;I'OERLICH. L., M" t hPrIW.ik fUr ()kollo"... n.llol.
tl. 2.
V..rlftll; H. Do-utlorh 19l:I9.
122.101 FN:hIf'Xikon ABC M..thffi",tilt. - VI'TIa H. [)p"tN'h 1!.liI:l.
1221 11 F ICHTENJlOLZ. G. M .. Ditf<'Tf"llt lAl lind lntegr..lro"<'bnung. Bd . I n. J. - n...,tlodwr V"f'I'l"It o..r
W~"1l 191'>-1. V"NIAc H. {),,,,t>.rh 1989 92 ..... it 1 9'~ \'f'I'lag H. Dt-lltlo:n .
122.121 FISCHER, H. ; K At 'L, H ,. ~t.tl"llIJ<tikfiir PhyM
ikf'l'. l.
B G. Teu bner 1990 .
122.131 li AINZL. J.; M..t l"' rn,,lik fIlr !\'atllrw_n....hAftI..r.
B. G. Tl"ubul"r 19t'-'),
[22.I ~1 Joos. G.; {UCHT[R. E, W ,. Hi,h" re \ f... t1I'1'Ul"lik fiil dell P rakt;k"r . - V"M'las Ii Dt>1 ,t8d , 19'J-1
[Z'l I:>1 KI..in.. Elaykl,'1.... Ii" M" t lw lU.. ti k. " ..rIAl!: EnzyklopJid ie. Leip zig 1961. - G..k'i""t.. A'L"lI"h<:o:
M..t1I<'Ulatik fu.tl!.,I,,r.
V...IAl!: fl , [).->llt"",h I~.
[22, Hi] M...NGOLDT. II . v.; It:r<iO I/'. K . HRG. F. LOSCH: Einfiilirung in Jie hOh".., Mat h..m.. tik, 13<1.
biM 4.
S. Hiro1V" rlag I'l!'!!!.
[22.11] M...RGE"AU, H .. Ml 'RPHY, C.M.: Die ~fath" lllatik fUr Pby"ik tlnJ C l" 'm ir:, Btl. I II. 2
V('rla g H. o. ,,,t,,, I, 196.} 6 1.
[22.1SJ Mat ll<'rm. t ik fiir Illl\"niPllr.., N" tUt llli"",," ...-1I1Jtler, () k" nomen uno uulowirt....
ES E B.G, 1 \'ubncr. u 'ipOlill. (MINti L. &1. 1 hiM2:1). l!Ji 3 hi" 1981.
Mat hema t ik fiir Inp:""i"lI r" . ~"'t ll n..i"""" ...:haft lcr, ()konomen "no aon "t.ig" l\lIW" lid llll!\l""i,n
t i"rt.. LJ..r " fe.
V..rlllKHa n i 0 "\11.....-1" ( MINll A, 3d. 1 23 ) 19i3-I!.Il:l1.
122.191 .~ ETZ , 11 .; n AST , J : Formclu ,k r M" t llt'luat ik.
C. Ha nl'if'r V..rlag 1(l86,
122.20J P...PULA . L,: Mat.l...matik flit I nl!.~lI i'>\ Il '" 13<1. 1 his 3. - Verlag Vi"w..g 19"J4 1!.l'J6.
122.211 P HlLlPPOv.'. E.. T_h..uhlldl EI..k1rnt ...11I1ik. - Ver lag T.-ch nik 1!l61:l.
1:.?'lSI
1209
122.221 P L"'SCHKO. P.: BROD. K .: 116b"r" m.. th'!ll><ti>orb.' ~kthUlI,u fUr IUI!,nieur.. uud Ph""ikt-r.
Springcr- Verlag 1%9,
1Z'l,2JI PR ECHT. ~ 1.. VOlT . K.: K R...FT . R .: M"tO..m",tik fflr ~irlttrnath"lwo.tik..r, Bd . I 11. 2.
Oldffib<lllrg V..rlag 1f1..11.
[Z!2~1 ROTHE, R: Ho!wn- "latlwITUllik fiir ~lllth"'natik<'t. Ph)""ikPr, lnl\{"ni.. ure. T.. ill hi~ IV
B.
G. Tt>1,bIlf'l' 19:.H 1~
[Zl-ljl SCHMUTUR. E.: Gnmolai..n 0'" t ......... tia<tt..n Phyoik. Uti . I u. 4.
O'-uL...hf'T Vt'I"tag o..r
Wi--n.'lChaft..n 199 1.
122.261 SMlRl'OW. W .I .. L..br glWll Jcr hObrf-<>D M",t111'lII"tilr.. DJ. I bj,.:'. Dntt.<cher Verlag Ut-r W iI<""nschaftcnl9::i3; \erl."f{1I.I).,lIt1oro 19S1 1991.....it 199-1 im Verlag H. Delltticb wltcrm'llI Tit.cl
Lebrbuch Jcr bObetf'll M.. tlwrnlltik.
!22.271 STOc KER. H.: T_'1l<"ubudt IUlllbl"luati>orbo;r Formeln IUlJ IIK><i<-rDPl' V...-fahrcn.
\~ H.
I),out.o<il. 3. A'iJL.w' 199j.
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ALEXlT'S GYORGY; F E"Y6 IsrvAN; ~lAt"lUa1d'aYrKY~ lI:U.In&ra.
Tllulr.oovvkiadO 19 j 3 ,
BRONSTEIN. I. ;';.: S ZEME....GY...JEV. K A .. ~llllf'lillltikai z-bkOnyv,
~11la.lo.ki Kooyvlr.iIld61~j.
D EUETROVICS JAsos; JORD"'S OES EV. RADISl...V P...tnov: A lI3AwltJ....tOOonUwy aia.pjlli. - Tenmu}'VkiadO 19.'-5.
D EzsO .\GNFS; tO FS ZOlTAN: SARti NY I' tTER: K&wplltkolai maU'UlAtibik-xikou. - Cor-vina.I997.
Akrwli>miai KiaOO197,'.
f.RDEy -GR(!Z T IOOR ( F6 s ZERK.), T""""""",,u.wiomAnyi lPXikon I , .
F...RKAS MIKLOs (FOsZ F.RK. ) : ~lrWomrl.tiloLi kilolPXikon .
MftlozAki Konyv kiN1O 1919.
F"'ZEK...S F ERENC(SZERK.): Mii,..JrirnatnnlttibilOa.lcor1atolt. A ...-w.a.t: 11 kotM. BIIOTOZIU: 9ktitM.
C lIOT07J'tt: j koU>t.
TM koovv kiatlO 19::i2 13.
FRIED E R\-'I N; P ASZTOR Isn'AN: REIMAN ISTVAs ;
PAL : Rl:ZSA h.IRE: ~1/ltPm1ll iltai kirwoncikiopiodia.
GondoLoLt KiMO 196tl.
GAsrAR GYl;LA (SZERK.): ~h~i lItIltl'mr!.tiMi gyakor1atolr.. I \ 1.
~f ll><uJU KooyvkiadO 1963
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koax. G. ; KORl', '1'.: "Iatt'lnatibi ko'zikOn)'vmt1aa.lciakna.k.
MU><7Ai K<myvkiadO 197.;;.
"IEMZAJ6ZS EF (SZERK.): Mat.. ma.tika. Otn:-""lvl1 -"tAr ma,;)'lIl' i<Wt.
AW"milli KiNiO 19."-'
~hbwtJr.i KOlLyv kiAdb 19i3.
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OoAOO\'ICS J, G YULA: ~l"wm.. lilut.,
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OoAOOVICS J. GYULA: SZARKA ZOLTA!' M"lrmlltikaio.-...foglalO.
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Oxford llZAmitA'<tffh nikai i>rt.,]mP7.<1 irU>tM.
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P6 LYA G YORGY: seecc CABO II: F..l...-l..lok;", to't..J,.k AZ ILI1l'\Ii1.iMhOl l fl . 'Iluikonyvkiatli> 19-.'<0 ~ l
R EIMAN tsrv a x - ~f e,tem e, t i""Miw ekl Konyv ki... l" 1912.
f\;.. m7A'ti TllDki;n~'vk iado 1999 ,
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Sp ri ng..r Hllllll:M ,.A I9'J3 .
SzAsz GAROM: \-IAt"mAtikll 1 3.
;";" m7Rt i Tarlkiinyvk i...-lf> 1 ~191 .
SzAsz P AL: A diff..r"'nl'iii.l - .... inwl\Tii.w.ilmltiut..l..",ri, 1 II.
K iY~.okt.at;\,.~ ii!lv i Kiad f> 1% 1.
'l;'rrlle.."",ltuJoman yi Kird..xikolL . - Ak" d rmi..i Kiad f> I!JM!J
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I. N. Bronstejn, K . A . Sze rne ugyajev

E16sz6 ajavftott , nyolcadik kiadashoz

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