1

T V Lng Tm


Con ng B tt
1
bt u khi ngi thin nam, ngi thin n, pht tm V-thng Chnh-
ng Chnh-gic.
2
Tm ny cn gi l tm b ,
3
v pht tm b tc l pht nguyn t gii
thot mnh gii thot tt c chng sinh. l t v tha.
4
Khi ngi thin nam thin n
pht tm b nh vy l tr thnh B tt,
5
bt u tp s con ng B tt. Tm b
ng nhin l t trn lng thng yu chng sinh v b bn ca B tt. Lng thng yu v
lng ny cn gi l t v lng tm, bn tm v lng, v n c bn phn, hay bn tm t, bi,
h, x.

Bn tm v lng
6
xut hin trong Pht Gio Nguyn thy
7
v cn c mt tn na l bn
phm tr.
8
Gi l v lng, v cc tm ny rng v bin, v gii hn, khi t trong tm ta,
hng n khng phi ch l mt vi ngi hay mt s ln ngi, m l n tt c mi loi, tt
c chng sinh. Gi l phm tr, v c th xem y l thi tt nht ca ta i vi chng sinh,
vi tm ca ta hon ton tinh khit nh tm ca vua cao nht ca ci tri, Phm thin.
9
Nh vy
l vi bn tm v lng, ta tr ngang hng vi Phm thin.
10


Bn tm v lng l cc mc qun st trong thin nh ca Pht Gio Nguyn Thy. Trong
khi thin, hnh gi qun st theo th t: t, bi, h, x. T l thin u tin, bi l thin cp hai, h
cp ba, x cp t.
11
Theo cch thin tp ny, th cc mc thin qun ca t, bi v h cn l thuc
vo tnh thng ca ta i vi chng sinh, tc l vn cn tm phn bit gia ta v chng sinh, v
gia chng sinh ny vi chng sinh khc. n mc thin th t, x, th mi thc s chuyn tm
thc tp tm v phn bit, tm bnh ng, khng cn thy c s khc bit gia cc chng sinh, v
khng c khc bit gia ta v chng sinh. Lc ny tm mi thc s thanh tnh v khng cn
phn bit.

Nh vy, ngay t trong Pht Gio Nguyn Thy, x l tm quan trng nht trong bn tm v
lng. V iu ny rt ph hp vi bt nh
12
ca Pht Gio i Tha.
13
Trong i Tha, bt

1
B tt o, the Bodhisattva path. gip cc bn mt s thut ng Pht hc ting Anh, thnh thong chng ti s
thm mt vi t ting Anh cui trang. Tc gi thnh tht cm n cc ch Ty Phng v Diu Tm c bn tho
v gp .
2
Tm V-thng Chnh-ng Chnh-gic cn gi l tm a-niu-a-la tam-miu tam-b- (anuttara samyak
sambodhi mind; highest most-fulfilled awakened mind).
3
Bodhicitta.
4
To liberate oneself and liberate others.
5
Bodhisattva.
6
Four measureless states, four sublime states.
7
Theravada Buddhism.
8
Brahmanvihara-niddesa.
9
Phm thin l Brahman, chnh l thng trong n gio.
10
Xin xem The Path of Purification Visuddhimagga, chng IX, . 105-107, lun s Bhadantacariya
Buddhaghosa; dch t Pali sang Anh ng: T Kheo Nanamoli, Singapore Buddhist Mediation Center, 2001. Dch t
Anh ng sang Vit ng: Thch N Tr Hi, Thanh Tnh o, http://www.tangthuphathoc.net/phapluan/thanhtinhdao-
00.htm.
11
i khi c cch tnh, t gm c thin u v thin hai, bi thin ba, h thin bn, x thin nm.
12
Prajna.
13
Mahayana Buddhism.
2

nh hay bt-nh ba-la-mt-a
14
l tr tu ti thng a n gic ng hon ton. Trong bt nh,
hon ton khng c mt chp
15
no. Bt nh l x b mi vng mc, mi chp trc, n
mc cng tn. Trong bt nh, hon ton khng c chp vo s khc bit gia ci ny v ci kia,
gia ta v chng sinh, hoc gia cc chng sinh vi nhau. Ta l chng sinh, chng sinh l ta, v
tt c chng sinh u nh nhau.

Bi v x nm vai tr ct cn nht trong t v lng tm, ta s kho st x trc, sau ta s tip
tc vi t, bi v h. V bi v x b hon ton mi chp trc chnh l tr tu bt nh m ch
Pht ba i qu kh hin ti tng lai u ta vo t thnh chnh qu,
16
chng ta s kho st
bn tm v lng trong tr tu bt nh, tc l mt mc trit hn l x ca Pht Gio Nguyn
Thy.


X

X l upekkha trong ting Pali, upeksha trong ting Sanskrist.
17
Theo lun s Buddhaghosa
18
,
x c ngha l tm bnh ng i vi mi chng sinh.
19


Ngy nay, khi ni n x, chng ta thng ngh n x b, bung x, tha th. i vi chnh
mnh th ta x b cc th hn, ghen ght, hn gin trong lng, x b ba nc c tham lam, sn
hn, si m.
20
i vi ngi khc th ta x b mi li lm, xu xa, yu km m h c.

Tuy nhin, bt nh th li trit hn rt nhiu. Bt nh l v chp hon ton, l khng chp vo
bt k iu g, vt g, g, l x hon ton, x trit . Trong Kinh Kim Cang,
21
c Pht ni,
Ngi thin nam, ngi thin n, pht tm V thng Chnh ng Chnh gic nn sanh tm
nh th ny: Ta nn dit tt c chng sanh, dit tt c chng sanh ri m khng c mt
chng sanh tht dit . V c sao? Tu-b-,
22
nu B-tt cn tng ng, tng nhn, tng
chng sanh, tng th gi t khng phi l B-tt.
23


Vy ngha l g? Con ng B tt l con ng t mnh v ng thi tt c chng sinh.
Tt c chng sinh c ngha l tt c chng sinh, khng phn bit nam n, tt xu, thin c, gi
tr, giu ngho, gii dt, ngay c khng phn bit loi ngi v cc sinh vt khc. B tt khng
thy c s khc bit gia cc chng sinh. Hay ni ng hn, B tt vn thy c s khc bit

14
Prajna paramita.
15
Attachment; grasping.
16
Bt Nh Tm Kinh. Xin cTiu Lun V Bt Nh Tm Kinh, Vit dch bi Diu Tm v Trn nh Honh,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/7535744/Bat-Nha-Tam-Kinh-Trn-inh-Hoanh-Vit-ng.
17
Trong Anh ng, x l equanimity.
18
Buddhaghosa dch l Pht m (m thanh ca Pht).
19
Xin xem ch thch 10 bn trn.
20
Vn tt l tham sn si.
21
Tn y ca Kinh Kim Cang l Kim Cang Nng on Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a Kinh.
22
Tu-b- l tn mt ngi t ca Pht.
23
Kinh Kim Cang, on 17, HT Thch Thanh T lc ging, http://www.thuong-
chieu.org/uni/KinhSachThiKe/Kinh/KinhKimCang/TRANG_CHINH.htm.
3

gia cc chng sinh khi nhn bng con mt, nhng khng thy s khc bit trong tm mnh.
Ngha l v chp trong tm.

B tt cng khng thy khc bit gia ta v chng sinh. Ta l chng sinh, chng sinh l ta. Ta v
chng sinh l mt. B tt khng chp vo khc bit gia ta v chng sinh. B tt tt c
chng sinh nhng tht khng c chng sinh no c , v khi chng sinh B tt ch thy
nh mnh ang t mnh thi.

Nhng lm sao B tt t c tm v chp ?

B tt khi u bng cch x b ci ti (x b tng ng). B tt xem xt ci ti ca chnh
mnh, v thy rng ci ti tht l ph du h o. Ci ti ch l kt hp tm thi ca nm uNn--hnh
th, cm gic, n tng, to , v suy tng.
24
Mt lc no ci ti s ng xung, r ra v tan
bit i. Gia v tr mnh mng, ci thn nm uNn ch l mt im chp nh trn mn nh ra a,
mt chp ri bin mt. Ci thn nm uNn ny thc t l Khng; ng uNn giai khng, nh Bt Nh
Tm Kinh ni.
25
l v ng khng c ci ti vnh cu.
26
V th B tt khng chp nhn
tng l c ci ti; B tt khng chp nhn tng ng.
27


Ni mt cch nm na l xem nh ci ti khng c. D nhin l khi ci ti khng c th ly ai
m tham lam, sn hn, kiu cng, ch k, si m, lo lng, cng thng? Nu ci ti cn l cn ba
c tham sn si, l tm cn nhim. Nu ci ti mt l ht tham sn si, tm tr nn thanh tnh.
Ci ti cn l tnh phm phu trong ta hin ra, ci ti ht l Pht tnh trong ta hin ra. V vy, khi
Qun-t-ti B tt thy rng thn nm uNn ca ngi l Khng, ngi lin vt qua mi kh ch.
28

Vy th, vic u tin B tt lm trn ng hnh o l x b ci ti ca mnh, hay ni theo
ngn ng ca Kinh Kim Cang l x b tng ng.

iu th nh B tt lm l x b tng ngi, (hay l tng nhn.)
29
Nhn khng ch
c ngha eo hp l ngi khc, (i ngha vi ng) nh nhiu ngi thng ngh. Nhn
y l pudgala trong ting Sanskrist v human trong ting Anh, tc l con ngi. D nhin
con ngi th bao gm c ta v mi ngi khc, bao gm c ta v ngi.

Nu ci thn ng uNn ca ta l Khng, th ci thn ng uNn ca tt c mi ngi khc cng l
Khng. Th th vic g ta phi chp vo ci ti ca mi ngi? Nu ta khng cn chp vo ci
ti ca mi ngi th ly g m khinh thng, trch mc, gin hn, ghen ght, ch bai ngi
khc? Nu ta v mi ngi u l Khng, th ly g c phn bit gia ta v ngi? Ngi
cng nh ta, ta l Khng, ngi l Khng, tt c l Khng.

24
Ng uNn: sc th tng hnh thc (five skandas: form, feeling, perception, mental formation, consciousness).
25
Xem ch thch 16.
26
Ng l ti, hay ci ti, ting Sanskrist l Atman, ting Anh l self. V ng l anatma trong ting Sanskrist v
non-self trong ting Anh.
27
Tng ng trong ting Sanskrist l Atman-samjna, ting Anh l idea of self. Samjna l tng, l idea hay
notion trong ting Anh. Cho nn Atman-smjna phi l tng ng mi ng. Tuy nhin chng ta qu quen
thuc vi t tng (phin m t hn vn trong bao nm qua).
28
y l cu u tin ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh: Qun-t-ti B-tt hnh thm bt-nh ba-la-mt-a thi, chiu kin
ng uNn giai khng, nht thit kh ch. Xem ch thch 16.
29
Tng nhn l pudgala-samjna, ting Anh l idea of human being. Tng t nh ch thch 27, ng ra phi l
tng nhn.
4


iu th ba B tt lm l x b tng chng sinh.
30
Chng l t ch s ng. Sinh
l s sng, trong ting Sanskrist l sattva, ting Anh l sentient being, c ngha l sinh vt hu
tnh, sinh vt c cm gic. Ni chung, chng sinh (hay chng sanh) ch ton th mi sinh
vt.

Con ngi chng ta, nu cha thnh Pht, th kip kip vn cn loanh quanh trong su no lun
hitri, ngi, a-tu-la, sc sinh, a ngc, ng qu. Tt c cc loi trong su no lun hi ny
gi chung l chng sinh. Th th tt c chng sinh u ch l mt hnh thi khc ca con ngi
trong nhng kip ti sinh khc nhau m thi. V nu con ngi khng tht c ci ng ca
mnh, th tt c mi chng sinh cng u l v ng nh th. Con ngi, cng nh cc chng
sinh, tt c u l Khng.

Nu ta v chng sinh u l Khng, th ly g c phn bit gia ta v chng sinh? Chng sinh
cng nh ta, ta l Khng, chng sinh l Khng, tt c l Khng. Nu ta khng cn chp vo ci
ng ca chng sinh th ly g m khinh thng, trch mc, gin hn, ghen ght, ch bai?

Ta nn nh rng, B tt tc l Bodhisattva, bodhi l gic ng, sattva l chng sinh hu tnh. Vy
c ngha l tt c mi chng sinh trong su no lun hi, k c cc loi sc sinh hay ng qu u
c c kh nng gic ng tr thnh B tt.
31
Vy th lm sao c c khc bit gia ta v
chng sinh?

iu th t B tt lm l x b tng th gi.
32
Th gi l jiva trong ting Sanskrist, c
ngha l mt i sng vnh cu, mt linh hn vnh cu, mt i sng ko di theo thi gian.
Tng th gi, hay ng ra l tng th gi,
33
l tng v mt i sng ko di vnh cu.
iu ny th r rng l khc hn vi bn cht v thng v ng ca mi th. Chp vo tng
th gi l chp vo mt cuc i vnh cu c tht, trong khi n ch l mt kt hp rt o, rt tm
thi.

V B tt khng chp vo tng th gi, B tt khng chp vo o tng ca ci ti vnh cu ca
mnh, cng nh o tng v ci ng vnh cu ca tt c chng sinh. B tt thy c tt c l
Khng. Th th, lm sao m c c phn bit gia ta v tt c chng sinh, gia ta v tt c mi
th trong v tr? Ly g m tranh chp hn thua th phi?

Khi bung x ht cc tng ng, nhn, chng sinh, th gi, B tt c tm bnh ng v thanh
tnh, sng vi tt c chng sinh nh sng vi chnh mnh, v sng vi chnh mnh nh mnh
khng hin hu, khng tham sn si, khng vng mc.


30
Tng chng sinh l sattva-samjna, ting anh l idea of sentient beings. Ch tng, ng ra phi l tng. Xin
xem ch thch 27.
31
Trong Kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa, phNm Tng a Dng Xut, khi c Pht ang ging kinh, c v s B tt t
di lng t nhy ln nghe kinh. cng l tt c mi sinh vt, k c cc sinh vt thp b di lng t, cng
u c th gc ng thnh B tt.
32
Tng th gi l jiva-samjna, ting Anh l idea of a life span. Ch tng, ng ra phi l tng. Xin xem ch
thch 27.
33
Xem ch thch 27.
5

Nhng B tt cn i xa hn na, n mc x b c Pht php. Trong Kinh Kim Cang, sau
khi ni nu B-tt cn tng ng, tng nhn, tng chng sanh, tng th gi t khng phi l
B-tt, c Pht ni tip: V c sao? Tu-b-, tht khng c php pht tm V-thng
Chnh-ng Chnh-gic.
34


Ti sao li khng? C php V-thng Chnh-ng Chnh-gic. Pht php c php pht tm b
v c lc ba-la-mt
35
cc B tt thc hnh, sao li ni l khng c php? Tht l c
php, nhng nu B tt chp vo php c o th chc l khng th c o c, v trong
lng cn ham m c o. Hn na, nu cn chp vo php th vn cn chp, m cn chp th
khng c o. V vy, d l c Pht php, php c th hnh nhng khng th chp, cho nn
mi ni l khng c php.

Nhng lm th no hnh m khng chp? B th l u tin trong lc ba-la-mt. B th
chnh l x, l cho i nhng g mnh c. Trong Kinh Kim Cang c Pht ni: B tt khng tr
tng m b th.
36
Khng tr tng tc l khng chp vo bt k tng no, bt k tng no,
bt k iu no. Khi ta b th, ta khng chp vo ta l ngi b th, khng chp vo ngi c
b th, khng chp vo vt b th, khng chp vo hnh vi b th, khng chp vo b th nh l
con ng c o. Tm li, B tt b th t nhin nh ht nh th m khng phi vng mc
vo bt k tng no, bt k tng no, bt k c gng no.

X l khng chp, ch khng phi khng lm. Lm m khng chp. V chnh c Pht ni:
Th nn Nh Lai ni tt c cc php u l pht php.
37
Ngha l khi tm ta khng chp
y l Pht php, khng phi l Pht php v qun st mi s vi mt tm thanh tnh khng
b chp trc lm m mt, th bt k iu g trn i cng u c th ging cho ta v Pht php.
Nu tm ta khng chp, th mt cnh chim, mt bng hoa, cng c th ni vi ta l v thng v
v ng, mt con nai b thng i khp khing cng ni c cho ta v ci kh. Nu tm ta
khng chp, th b th s mang n v lng cng c.
38
Nu tm ta khng chp vo bt k iu
g, th ta thy c Nh Lai.
39
Nhng nu tm ta chp, th ngay c B tt o cng khng mang
li gii thot.

V vy, v chp, x b tt c mi chp, tc l con ng B tt. B tt khng chp ng,
nhng cng khng chp v ng; v vy B tt vn n ung dng thn v vn hnh thin. B tt
khng chp nhn, nhng cng khng chp phi nhn; v vy B tt vn b th, vn chng sinh.
B tt khng chp php, nhng cng khng chp phi php; v vy vn chuyn tm th tr o
php, vn b th, vn dit .


34
Kinh Kim Cang, on 17, HT Thch Thanh T lc ging, http://www.thuong-
chieu.org/uni/KinhSachThiKe/Kinh/KinhKimCang/TRANG_CHINH.htm
35
Lc ba-la-mt l su nhnh ng gii thot ca B tt: b th, tr gii, nhn nhc, tinh tn, thin nh, tr tu
(six virtues of perfection: giving, discipline, patience, devotion, meditation, wisdom).
36
Kinh Kim Cang, on 4, xem ch thch 34.
37
Th c Nh lai thuyt, nht thit php giai th Pht php. Kinh Kim Cang, on 17, xem ch thch 34.
38
Nhc B tt bt tr tng b th, k phc c bt kh t lng. Kinh Kim Cang, on 4, xem ch thch 34.
39
Phm s hu tng giai th h vng. Nhc kin ch tng phi tng tc kin nh lai. Phm nhng g c tng
u l h vng. Nu thy cc tng chng phi tng tc thy nh lai. Kinh Kim Cang, on 5, xem ch thch 34.
6

Ni tm li, B tt x b mi chp. B tt khng chp c, nhng cng khng chp khng.
Sc chng khc Khng, Khng chng khc Sc; Sc tc l Khng, Khng tc l Sc.
40
Ni l
php th cng ng, ni l phi php th cng ng. Nu tm ta khng chp th ng no cng
ng. Nu tm ta chp th ng no cng sai. Vn khng l thuc vo s vt, nhng vo cch
nhn ca ta v s vtta chp hay ta x b chp. B tt sng ung dung, t ti, tnh tm, v chp,
hon ton x b.


T

T l metta trong ting Pali, maitri trong ting Sanskrist, loving kindness trong ting Anh. T l
yu ngi, mang n ci vui cho ngi.

Bi l Karuna trong c Pali v Sanskrist, compassion trong ting Anh. Bi l yu ngi, au ci
au ca ngi, mun lm cho ngi bt kh.

Ni vn tt, t bi l ban vui, cu kh.

Lun s Buddhaghosa ch cho chng ta cch thc tp lng t tng bc mt, bng cch chia mi
ngi thnh bn nhm: Chnh ta, ngi ta rt yu mn, ngi ta khng thng khng ght,
ngi ta ght hay th.

Trc ht ta khi lng t bng cch hng lng t v chnh mnhti mong hnh phc v
khng au kh; ti mong khng c th hn, au n, lo lng v sng hnh phc.

Sau ta hng lng t bng cch nh li nhng g lm ta tng thm thng mn (nh cc
mn qu hay li ni du dng), nhng g lm ta tng knh trng (nh o c hay tr tu), m ta
thy trong mt ngi no , v d nh mt v thy gio ca ta. Ri ta hng lng t ca ta
v ngi : Ti mong thy c hnh phc v khng au kh. C nh tm nh vy cho n
khi ta cm thy y p lng t trong tm ta.

Sau ta t t ph b ro cn gia cc nhm ngi. Ta hng lng t v mt ngi bn rt
thn, cho n khi thy y p lng t. Xong ri ta li hng lng t v mt ngi khng thng
khng ght, c nh l bn thn ca mnh, cho n khi thy y p lng t. Xong ri ta li hng
lng t v mt ngi ta th, c nh ngi ta khng thng khng ght, cho n khi thy y p
lng t.
41


Dp tt sn hn

Nhng lng t ch pht trin khi lng ta khng c sn hn. Nu ta thy kh c lng t vi mt
ngi m ta ang c nhiu sn hn, th chng ta phi lm cho sn hn dp tt trc. Lun s
Buddhaghosa khuyn co nhng phng cch theo th t sau y:


40
Bt Nh Tm Kinh, xem ch thch 16.
41
The Path of Purification Visuddhimagga, chng IX, . 4-13. Xem ch thch 10.
7

1. Trc ht l ta khi lng t cho chnh ta, ri hng lng t ca ta v nhng ngi ta gn
gi v yu mn nht, nh l mt ngi bn thn, mt ngi trong gia nh, mt ngi
thy kh knh. Khi lng t y trong ta, ta hy hng lng t n ngi ta khng
thng khng ght, ri sau mi hng lng t v ngi ta c sn hn, theo cch
ni trn.

2. Nhng khi b sn hn cn tr, th hy nh li Pht dy: T kheo, nu c k cp dng
ci ca ca tay ca chn ngi, ai m mang th hn trong lng v iu , ngi
khng mang gio php ca ta. V, Ly sn hn tr sn hn th cn t hn l ni sn hn
trc. ng dng sn hn tr sn hn. Hy thng cuc chin kh thng.

c Pht ni c 7 iu lm cho k th ca ta rt tha mn v li lc. K th ta mun ta
(1) xu x, (2) au kh, (3) thiu may mn, (4) ngho kh, (5) khng danh ting, (6)
khng bn b, (7) khng n c ci tri hnh phc sau khi cht. Khi m ta sn hn th
k th ca ta s c c 7 iu c ny.

3. Nu vn cn thy sn hn, th hy ngh n nhng iu tt p trong tc phong ca ngi
mnh ang gin. Ngi ny c th c vi tc phong ng ght, nhng cng c vi tc
phong cao p. Hy ngh n nhng tc phong cao p ca h.

4. Nu vn cn thy gin, th hy nh (1) nu k th ngi dng quyn nng ca hn
lm cho ngi gin, ti sao by gi ngi li c hnh ci u ca mnh, trong khi hn
khng cn quyn nng na. (2) Ngay c gia nh thn yu, ngi cng ri b xut
gia, ti sao khng ri b ci gin ang lm hi ngi? (3) Ngi ta lm by, cho nn
ngi gin, ti sao vy? Chng l ngi cng mun bt chc lm by hay sao? (4) C
ngi lm by chc gin ngi, chng l ngi mun ni gin ng h mun hay
sao? (5) Ngi ni gin th khng chc l ngi c lm cho k th au n c khng,
nhng chc chn l ngi b au n v cn gin . (6) K th ca ngi b cn gin
lm m qung, chng l ngi cng mun m theo hay sao? (7) Nu v ngi gin d
m k th ngi lm ngi au n, th hy b cn gin i. Ti sao ngi phi au kh
khng l do? (8) Nhng cn phn n thng ch ko di trong giy pht, nhng ngng
cung gy ra nhng hnh ng tai c qua ht ri, vy th ngi gin ci g y? (9)
Khi ta mun gy kh au cho mt ngi vng mt, th ta lm ai au? Ngi ang c mt
v ngi lm ngi au, ti sao ngi ni gin vi ngi vng mt ?

5. Nu bun gin vn cha ht, th hy nh rng mi ngi l s hu ch ca hnh ng
ca mnh. Vic g ti phi ni gin vi anh ta? Anh ta lm by th anh ta s nng nghip
ti. Ti sao ti phi ni gin, ri ti phi mang nghip ti?

6. Nu bun gin vn cha ht, th hy nh n khi c Bn S l B tt trong v lng
kip thc hnh lc , ngi khng cho php on ght lm nhim tm ngi, k c
nhng khi ngi b ngi ta git hi.

Khi mt v vua th ch xm lng nc ca ngi v b mt v tng ca ng ta
xi gic (do ngh rng v vua khng a mnh), ngi khng cho php cc bn
ca ngi chng tr. Cho n khi ngi v mt ngn qun b chn sng ngp
8

n c, ngi cng khng on hn. Nh n ch si xi t cu. Sau ngi
vn xem v vua hiu lm kia nh l bn ca mnh.
Khi b vua Kasi dt nt hi: ng thy tu, ng dy g? Ngi tr li: Ti dy
nhn nhc. Vua bn sai lnh nh p ngi vi roi gai v ct t tay chn
ca ngi, ngi vn khng h on hn.
Khng phi ch l ngi ln, m khi cn l ch b con tn Dhammapala, tay
chn ngi b ba ca mnh l vua Mahapatapa gt nh l bp mng, m ngi
au n v cng, nhng vua cha cha h gin cn ra lnh ct u ngi. D
nh vy, lc ngi vn khng on hn v cn t nh: By gi chnh l lc
phi nh tm. Dhammapala, hy x vi c 4 ngi bnh ng nh nhau: cha
mnh ang ra lnh ct u mnh, ngi lnh ang ct u mnh, m mnh ang
au kh, v chnh mnh.
Khng nhng ch l ngi, m khi ang lm loi th ngi cng nh vy. Khi
ngi l ch voi tn Chaddanta, ngi b mt mi tn bn xuyn rn, ngi khng
on hn ngi bn. V khi nghe ngi th sn cho bit ng ta vng li hong
hu i sn ng, ngi t ct ng ca mnh cho ngi th sn.
Khi ngi l Kh Cha, ngi cu mt ngi kt trong hc , nhng ngi ny
li ngh: Con kh ny l thc phNm rt tt cho con ngi. Vy th sao ta
khng git n. Tht n s gip ta qua c qung ng hoang vu mnh
mng. Ngi bn ly hn p u Kh. Nhng Kh nhn ngi y vi
i mt m l v ni: ng i, ng nn lm th, v nghip bo ng phi tr
s rt ln, n ni khng ai dm lm iu nh ng lm hm nay. Sau ,bt
k au n, Kh hng dn ngi i n ni an ton.
Khi ngi l Rn Cha Buridatta, ang nm trn mt kin, ngi b mt o s
b la mn rc thuc v phun la, ri bt ngi, em i lm tr gii tr khp ni,
nhng ngi khng h on hn.
Khi ngi l Rn Cha Campeyya, ngi b ngi bt rn bt v hnh h
iu, nhng ngi khng h on hn.
Khi ngi l Rn Cha Sankhapala, ngi b 16 a b trong lng bt, dng gio
m 8 ch, t dy gai vo 8 vt thng, x dy vo mi ngi v ko ngi l
lt, v cng au n, ngi cng khng mt lng on hn cc cu b.

7. Nu nh n gng lnh ca c Bn S m vn cn sn hn v ta l n l cho
nhim qu lu ri, th ta hy nh n cc on kinh v v lng lun hi, nh Ny cc
t kheo, rt kh gp mt chng sinh m trong tin kip khng phi l cha, m, anh,
em, con trai, con gi ca mnh. Vy th ta hy hng lng v ngi ta ang hn gin
v ngh rng ngi ny trong qu kh l m ca ta, mang nng au, m p chu
chung nui nng ta. Ngi ny trong qu kh l cha ca ta lm vic cc nhc c i
nui ta. Ngi ny l anh, em, con trai ta, con gi ta trong qu kh, gip ta rt
nhiu iu nh

8. Nhng sau nu vn cn bun gin th hy ngh n nhng li lc m lng t mang li.
c Pht dy l khi ta thnh tm thc tp lng t nh l nn tng ca i sng, ta s
c mi mt iu li lc: (1) Thoi mi khi ng, (2) thoi mi khi thc, (3) khng c
c mng, (4) c mi ngi thng mn, (5) c loi vt thng mn, (6) thnh thn
ph h, (7) la, thuc c v v kh khng lm hi, (8) tp trung t tng d dng, (9)
9

mt nhn lc no cng thanh tnh, (10) khi cht khng hong lon, v (11) nu khng
c ti sinh vo cc ci cao hn, th t ra cng c ti sinh vo ci tri Phm thin.

9. Nhng nu lm vy m vn cn hn gin, th hy ngh n nhng thnh t lm nn mt
con ngi. Khi ti gin anh chng ny th ti gin ci g vy? Tc anh ta? Hay thn anh
ta? Hay mng tay? Hay l nc? La? t? Gi?
42
Hay l ti gin sc? Th? Tng?
Hnh? Thc?
43
Hay ti gin mt ca anh ta? Hay l gin tai? Mi? Li? Thn? ?
44

Hay ti gin sc ca anh ta? Thanh? Hng? V? Xc? Php?
45
Hay ti gin nhn
thc ca anh ta? thc ca anh ta?
46
Hay nhn gii ca anh ta? Sc gii? Nhn thc
gii? Hay l gii? Php gii? thc gii?
47
Khi ta i vo cc thnh t to nn con
ngi nh th ny, cn gin ca ta khng cn t ng, c nh l v tranh trn khng.

10. Nhng nu n lc ny m vn khng ht gin, th hy dng qu tng, hoc l ta tng qu
cho ngi ta ang gin, hoc l nhn qu tng ca ngi y.

11. Khi cn gin bt u ngui, ta phi hng lng t v ngi ny, c nh l chnh ta,
ngi thn, ngi khng thng khng ght. V ta phi lp i lp li thc tp lng t,
ph b ro cn, cho n lc trong tm ta bn nhm ngi u bnh ng nh nhau: ta,
ngi thn ca ta, ngi khng thng khng ght, ngi c th hn.
48



Bi


Bi l karuna trong c Pali v Sanskrist, v compassion trong ting Anh. Bi l yu ngi, au ci
au ca ngi, mun lm cho ngi bt kh. Bi thng i chung vi t, thnh t bi. T bi l
ban vui, cu kh.


42
Nc, la, t, gi l t i, bn thnh t to nn c th con ngi; four tanmatras (water, fire, wind, earth).
43
Sc th tng hnh thc l ng uNn, nm tp hp to nn con ngi; five skandas: form, feeling, perception,
mental formation, consciousness.
44
Lc cn: nhn nh t thit thn ; six roots: eyes, ears, nose, tongue, consciousness.
45
Lc trn (y l su i tng ca lc cn: sc thanh hng v xc php; six dusts or six objects of senses: color,
sound, fragrance, taste, touch, thought).
46
Lc thc (nhn thc, nh thc, t thc, thit thc, thn thc, thc; six consciousnesses: eye-consciousness, ear-
consciousness, nose-consciousness, tongue-consciousness, body-consciousness, mind-consciousness).
47
Thp bt gii (mi tm giisu gii ca lc cn: nhn gii, nh gii, t gii, thit gii, thn gii; su gii ca
lc trn: sc gii, thanh gii, hng gii, v gii, xc gii, php gii; su gii ca lc thc: nhn thc gii, nh thc
gii, t thc gii, thit thc gii, thn thc gii, thc gii. Eighteen realms--six realms of six roots: realm of the
eyes, realm of the ears, realm of the nose, realm of the tongue, realm of the body, realm of the mind; six realms of
six dusts: realm of color, realm of sound, realm of fragrance, realm of taste, realm of touch, realm of thought; six
realms of consciousness: realm of eye-consciousness, realm of ear-consciousness, realm of nose-consciousness,
realm of tongue-consciousness, realm of body-consciousness, realm of mind-consciousness).
48
The Path of Purification, on 8-42, xem ch thch 10.
10

Lun s Buddhaghosa ch ta khi lng bi bng cch ngh n mt ngi cc k khn kh, ct
tay ct chn, gh l, su b lc nhc trn cc vt thng, rn r thm thit, xin n. Lng bi ta t
nhin s ni dy cho ngi y.
49


Ngay c khi khng gp c ngi khn kh nh th, ta cng c th khi lng bi vi mt ngi
lm c, d rng ngi y ang vui. Ti sao? Nu ta gp mt ngi ang i th n t hnh, chc
l ta s ni lng bi. Gi s mt ngi sp b t hnh c n ba n cui cng vi cc mn n
rt ngon. Anh ta vui v n ung no n v ci vui vi mi ngi trn ph. Nhng mi ngi
u rt thng xt anh ta, v bit mi bc i ca anh ta l mt bc n gn ci cht. Ta cng
c th khi lng bi vi ngi c nh vy, v d l anh chng ny by gi ang vui v, anh ta s
chu khng bit bao nhiu l au kh trong a ngc.

Sau khi khi c lng bi nh th, ta c th hng lng bi ny v ngi thn yu, ngi khng
thng khng ght, ngi c th hn. Nu gp sn hn cn tr khi ta hng lng bi v mt
ngi no , th thc tp cch x b sn hn, ri khi ht sn hn li bt u khi lng bi,
hng lng bi qua bn nhm ngi tng bc mt, ph b ro cn, to lp bnh ng gia mi
ngi, nh theo cch tp lng t ni trn.


H

H l mudita trong c Pali v Sanskrist, v sympathetic joy trong ting Anh. H l vui cho hnh
phc v thnh cng ca ngi khc. H tc l chia vui.

H c l l tm kh thc hin nht. Ban vui (tm t) v cu kh (tm bi) th cn d hn l khng
c s ghen ght hng ngy. Ta vn thng bn b, nhng vn ghen tung vi s thnh cng ca
bn. Anh ch em vn thng nhau, nhng vn c th c mt ci g ganh t nhau. Ta vn c
th rt thng ngi ngho kh tn tt v b th rt rng ri, trong khi vn ganh t v thnh cng
ca bn b. V vy c c tm h l c c tri tim rt rng.

Lun s Buddhaghosa ch ta khi lng h bng cch ngh n mt ngi ta rt yu mn, nht l
ngi vui tnh. Ta thy nhng hnh phc v thnh cng ca ngi y, v ta rt vui v ta thy
ngi y vui.
50


Sau khi lng h khi c vi ngi y, ta hng lng h v ngi thn, ngi ta khng
thng khng ght, v ngi th hn, xa b sn hn, ph b ro cn, a n bnh ng gia
mi ngi nh ni trn.

Cn thn v cch tp t, bi v h

Cc phng cch thc tp t, bi v h trn y rt l thc t v d hiu, nhng chnh lun s
Buddhaghosa cng bo cho chng ta phi cNn trng v mt nguy him trong cch tp ny.
51

l v cch tp ny l thuc qu mnh vo qu nhiu chp, t ra l lc khi u: Chp vo i dc

49
The Path of Purification, on 78-81, xem ch thch 10.
50
The Path of Purification, on 85-86, xem ch thch 10.
51
The Path of Purification, on 88, xem ch thch 10.
11

ca ta (d l i dc hng thin), chp vo tnh cm bt bnh ng ca ta i vi nhng ngi
khc nhau, chp vo cch chia nhiu hng ngi, chp vo s s hnh pht v tnh ham thch li
lc ca ta.

D nhin cc chp ny s c xa b t t khi ta tp xa b ro cn, pht trin tm bnh ng,
v nht l khi ta tp x. Nhng nu ta khng x c, th bao nhiu chp trc tht l rt
nhiu ti nghip.

V vy, trong cch tp bn tm v lng, ta phi t trng tm u tin l xx b hon ton,
x b tt c mi chp. Hnh m khng chp, khng tr vo u c. Hnh thin m tm lng yn
thanh tnh nh l ra mt nh rng, khng mong c iu g, khng v mc ch g. T bi h x
vi mi ngi m khng phn bit ai l ai, khng phn bit ngi v ta, khng thy l mnh ang
t bi h x. Tp x trc khi tp t bi v h th s t gp nguy c vng vo cc vng chp,
khng ra c.

Tt c Pht php c th tm vo mt ch X. Nu ta chuyn tm vo x, ch tm vo x b
hon ton, khng chp vo iu no, th t nhin t bi v h ng nhin xut hin. Nu ta
khng chp vo ng nhn chng-sinh th-gi, khng chp vo t bi h x, khng chp vo bt k
tng no, khng chp vo c php V-thng Chnh-ng Chnh-gic, th tm ta tr nn v
cng thanh tnh, th ta thy c Khng, Nh Lai, Pht Tnhth tnh tuyt i ca ch php,
chng sinh, chng dit, chng d, chng sch, chng tng, chng gim.
52
V khi ta thy mi
ngi mi vt ch l tng ph du ca th tnh tuyt i l Khng, th ng nhin ta thy tt c
mi ngi v tt c mi vt u bnh ng nh nhau, v mi ngi mi vt ha quyn vo nhau
thnh mtKhng, Nh Lai, Pht. V nu ta c ci nhn th t bi h x ch l chuyn ng
nhin trong lng.

Trn nh Honh
Washington DC,
Ngy 11 thng 12, 2008



52
Bt Nh Tm Kinh, xem ch thch 16.