CHUYN LUYN THI TT NGHIP THPT

V LUYN THI I HC, CAO NG 2009

Mn: TON
Chuyn : S TNG GIAO
I. MC CH CHUYN
- Cc bn s nm vng phng php lm v s tng giao gia hai ng cong
- Gip cc bn lm tt bi tp v dng ny.
II. KIN THC C BN
1. Phng php lm bi
- tm giao im ca mt ng cong y = F(x) ni chung (ca lp cc hm a thc ni ring)
vi mt ng cong y = G(x) no ; phng php chung ta quy v xt s tn ti nghim ca
phng trnh
F(x) = G(x) (1).
Nhn chung (1) u l cc phng trnh bc cao (c bc 3). Nu c th, cc bn tm mi
cch h bc ca (1). Ta lun s dng kt qu sau:
Nu x = a l mt nghim on c ca (1) th (1) a c v dng sau:
(x - a)H(x) = 0
Trong phng trnh H(x) = 0 c bc gim i 1 so vi phng trnh gc (1).
- Nu s dng cc kt qu v gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm bc 3, ta c kt qu thng dng
sau:
Xt phng trnh sau:
F(x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d = 0, a 0 (2).
Khi :
1. (2) c 3 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi F(x) c cc i, cc tiu v
Y
max
Y
min
< 0.
2. . (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi F(x) c cc i, cc tiu v
Y
max
Y
min
= 0.
3. . (2) c 1 nghim khi v ch khi:
- Hoc l F(x) khng c cc i , cc tiu.
- hoc l F(x) c cc i, cc tiu v Y
max
Y
min
> 0.
Cn nhn mnh rng vi bi ton ngoi vic i hi tnh giao nhau ca cc ng cong bc ba
vi mt ng cong khc c bc khng qu ba, ta cn quan tm n tnh cht ca cc giao im
th kt qu va dn ra trn ch c th xem nh mt iu kin cn. N cha sc mnh gii
hon ton bi ton. gii quyt trn vn, ta cn s dng thm cc kin thc khc.

Trang 1
2. S tng giao hm a thc vi trc Ox.
VD1: Cho h ng cong ph thuc tham s m:
y = x
3
3(m+1)x
2
+ 2(m
2
+ 4m + 1)x 4m(m+1).
Tm m ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh > 1.

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Trang 2
ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh > 1 khi v ch khi phng
x
3
3(m+1)x
2
+ 2(m
2
+ 4m + 1)x 4m(m+1) = 0 (1)
c 3 nghim phn bit > 1.
Do x = 2 l nghim ca (1), nn(1) c th vit di dng sau:
(x - 2)[x
2
3(m+1)x

+ 2m(m + 1)] = 0 (2)
(2) c 3 nghim phn bit > 1, th iu kin cn v l phng trnh
x
2
3(m+1)x

+ 2m(m + 1) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit > 1 v khc 2.
Theo nh l o v tam thc bc 2, iu xy ra khi:
0
(1) 0
1
2
(2) 0
af
s
f
>

>

>

<=>
2
2
2
2 1 0
2 0
3 ! 2
2 4 2
m m
m m
m
m m

+ >

>

+ >

0 +

<=>
1
2
1
m
m

>

Vy cc gi tr cn tm ca m l:
1
1
2
m < < v m > 1.
Nhn xt:
- nh l o v du tam thc bc hai ni chung l cng c hu hiu gii cc bi ton
thuc loi ny.
- Tuy nhin trong VD trn (2) c th vit di dng:
(x - 2)(x 2m)(x m - 1) = 0
<=> x = 2, x= 2m, x = m + 1.
V th ta cn c:
2 1, 2 2
1 1; 1 2
2 1
m m
m m
m m
>

+ > +

<=>
1
2
1
m
m

>

l cch gii trc tip khng thng qua nh l o v du tam thc bc hai.
VD2: Bin lun theo m s giao im vi trc honh ca ng cong:
y = x
3
3x
2
+ 3(1 m )x + 3m+1.
Bi gii:
Ta c y = 3x
2
6x + 3(1 m ) = 3(x
2
2x +1 m ).
ng cong c cc tr <=> PT: y = 3(x
2
2x +1 m ) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
<=>

= 1 (1 m ) = m > 0 (1)
Ta c nhn xt sau:
x
3
3x
2
+ 3(1 m )x + 3m+1 = (x
2
2x +1 m )(x - 1) + 2 (-mx + 1 + m).
Bi gii:
trnh
Hay: y =
1
3
y (x - 1) + 2 (-mx +1+m) (2)
ng thc (2) chng t rng: Nu(x
1
, y
1
) v (x
2
, y
2
) l cc im cc tr ca hm s th:

1 1
2 2
2( 1 )
2( 1 )
y mx m
y mx
= + +

= + +

m
By gi ta bin lun s giao im ca ng cong vi trc honh nh sau:
1. ng cong ct trc honh ti 1 im duy nht khi:
a. Hoc l ng cong khng c cc i, cc tiu.
<=>

0
<=> m 0
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Trang 3

b. Hoc l c cc i, cc tiu nhng y
1
y
2
> 0. iu xy ra khi:
1 2
0
0
m
y y
>

>

2 2
1 2 1 2
0
(1 )( ) (1 ) 0
m
m x x m m x x m
>

+ + + + >

(3)
(4)
Do x
1,
x
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh x
2
2x + 1 m = 0, nn
x
1
+ x
2
= 2; x
1
x
2
= 1 m
Thay vo (4) v c:
(3),(4)
3
0
1 0
m
m
>

+ >

0 < m < 1
Kt hp li ta c: ng cong ct trc honh ti mt im duy nht khi m<1
2. ng cong ct trc honh ti 2 im khi ng cong c cc tr v y
1
y
2
=0 iu ny xy ra
khi:
1 2
0
0
m
y y
>

3
0
1 0
m
m
>

+ =

m=1
3. Tng t ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im khi m > 1.
VD3: Cho ng cong y = x
3
3x
2
+( 2m - 2 )x + m - 3.
Tm m ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tho mn iu
kin: x
1
< -1 <x
2
< x
3

Bi gii:
iu kin cn: Gi s m l gi tr tho mn yu cu bi ton. Khi ta c:
F(x) = x
3
3x
2
+( 2m - 2 )x + m 3= (x x
1
)(x x
2
)(x x
3
).
Ta gi thit: x
1
< -1 <x
2
< x
3
ta suy ra F(-1) > 0.
=> -m 5 > 0
=> m < -5
Vy m < -5 l iu kin cn tho mn iu kin ra.
iu kin : gi s m < -5. Ta c:
F(-1) = -m 5 > 0
F(0) = m 3 < 0 (Do m < -5).
V ,nn tn ti b<-1 ,sao cho F(b)<0 lim ( )
x
F x

=
V: , nn tn ti a>0 , sao cho F(a)>0. lim ( )
x
F x
+
= +
T tnh lin tc ca F(x) v do F(b) < 0; F(-1) > 0; F(0) < 0; F(a) > 0;
nn tn ti x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tho mn: x
1
< -1 <x
2
< x
3
khi v ch khi m < -5.
Nhn xt: Ba Vd trn cho ta cc cch gii khc nhau, v cng chnh l cc cch thng gp
nht:
- H bc phng trnh ri dng nh l o v du tam thc bc 2.
- S dng vi mi lin h vi gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s.
- S dng cc kin thc khc.
chnh l cc lc chung nht xt cc bi ton v im ct i vi cc ng cong a
thc bc ba.
VD4: Cho ng cong y = x
3
- 3 mx
2
+ 2m (m - 4)x + 9m
2
m .
Tm m ng cong chn trn trc honh 2 on bng nhau.
Bi gii
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iu kin cn:
Gi s ng cong chn trn trc honh hai on bng nhau, tc l ng cong ct trc
honh ti 3 im phn bit A, B, C sao cho: BA = BC
Gi s x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tng ng l honh ca A, B, C
Khi ta c: x
2
- x
1
= x
3
- x
2

=> x
3
+ x
1
= 2x
2

=> x
1
+

x
2
+ x
3
= 3 x
2

V x
1
, x
2
, x
3
l 3 nghim ca phng trnh bc 3
x
3
- 3mx
2
+ 2m(m - 4)x + 9m
2
- m = 0 (1)
nn theo nh l Viet vi (1), v c x
1
+

x
2
+ x
3
= 3 m
T c 3m = 3x
2
=> x
2
= m
Do m l nghim ca (1), nn thay vo (1) ta c
m
3
- 3m
3
+ 2m
2
(m - 4) + 9m
2
- m = 0
<=> m
2
- m = 0
<=>
0
1
m
m
=

Vy iu kin cn l: m = 0 hoc m = 1
iu kin :
-Nu m = 0 => ng cong tr thnh y = x
3

R rng y = x
3
ch ct trc honh ti mt im => loi trng hp ny
- Nu m = 1 => y = x
3
- 3x
2
- 6x + 8
T y = 0 <=> (x - 1) (x
2
- 2x - 8) = 0
Trang 4

<=> x
1
= 1, x
2
= -2, x
3
= 4
R rng ng cong ct trc honh ti ba im c honh x
1,
x
2
, x
3
sao cho:
x
2
- x
1
= x
3
- x
2 ,
tc l chn trn trc honh 3 on bng nhau.
Vy m = 1 l gi tr ca tham s m cn tm.
3. S tng giao ca hm phn thc.
Cc bi ton thuc loi ny thng c dng sau: Tm iu kin ng cong (C) biu
din hm phn thc v mt ng (C) cho trc ct nhau v honh cc giao im tha mn
mt iu kin cho trc nao . Hy xt cc th d sau y:
Th d 1. Chng minh rng ng cong y =
2
2
1
x x
x
+
+
v ng thng y = -x - 3 ct nhau ti 2
im phn bit i xng vi nhau qua ng thng y = x .
Gii: Xt phng trnh
2
2
1
x x
x
+
+
= - x - 3 vi iu kin x 1
x
2
+ 2x = - x
2
- 4x = 3
2x
2
+ 6x + 3 = 0 (1)
R rng (1) c hai nghim phn bit (v ' = 3 > 0)
Gi M
1
(x
1
, -x
1
- 3) v M
2
(x
2
, -x
2
- 3) l hai giao im ca hai ng trn.
ng thng qua M
1
M
2
c h s gc
k =
2 1
2 1
( 3) ( 3)
1
x x
x x

=

.
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Trang 5

V vy, M
1
M
2
nm trn ng thng vung gc vi y = x
Gi I l trung im M
1
M
2
, th to (x
0
, y
0
) ca I l
x
0
=
1 2
2
x x +
y
0
=
1 2
2 1
( 3) ( 3)
1
x x
x x
+
=

Do x
1
, x
2
l hai nghim ca (1), nn theo nh l Viet, ta c x
1
+ x
2
= - 3 .
Thay vo (2) ta c: x
0
= y
0
=
3
2

iu chng t rng I nm trn ng thng y = x

Ni cch khc, M, N i xng vi nhau qua ng thng y = x. l .pc.m.
Th d 2. Cho y =
2
3
1
x
x
+
+
(C)
Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M(2,
2
5
) sao cho (d) v (C) ct nhau ti hai
im phn bit A v B, sao cho M l trung im ca AB.
Gii : V y =
2
3
1
x
x
+
+
l ng cong thun tu (ng vi mt x ch c mt y tng ng),
nn ng thng x = 2 khng th ct (C) ti hai im phn bit, cho nn ng thng cn tm
phi c dng y = k(x - 2) +
2
5
(d)
Trc ht ta tm k (d) v (C) ct nhau ti hai im phn bit. Mun vy xt phng
trnh:
2
3
1
x
x
+
+
= k(x - 2) +
2
5
5(1 - k)x
2
+ (5k - 2) + 10k + 13 = 0 (1)
( do x=-1 khng phi l nghim ca
2
3 x + ).
(1) c hai nghim phn bit ta cn c
(5k - 2)
2
+ - 20(1- k) (10k + 3)> 0 (2)
Khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
v hai giao im ca (C) vi (d) l
1
, k(x
1
- 2) +
2
5
) v J(x
2
, k(x
2
- 2) +
2
5
R rng M, I, J cng nm trn (d), do M l trung im ca IJ nu nh
2x
M
= x
I
+ x
J 4 = x
1
+ x
2

4 =
5 2
5( 1)
k
k

20k - 20 = 5k - 2
k =
6
5
(3)
Thay (3) vo (2) thy ng. Vy k =
6
5
l gi tr duy nht ca tham s m tho mn yu
cu ra.
Th d 3: Cho y =
2
1
1
x x
x
+

(C)
I(x
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Trang 6

Tm m (C) ct y = -x + m ti hai im phn bit A v B. Chng minh rng khi y A, B
thuc cng 1 nhnh ca th (C).
Gii : y = -x + m ct (C) ti hai im phn bit, iu kin l phng trnh:
2
1
1
x x
x
+

= -x + m c hai nghim phn bit 1. V x = 1 khng phi l nghim ca x

2
+
x - 1, nn iu xy ra khi phng trnh
x
2
+ x - 1 = (x - 1)(-x + m) (1) c hai nghim phn bit. Ta c th vit li (1) di dng
sau :
f(x) = 2x
2
- mx + m - 1 = 0 (2) .
(1) c hai nghim phn bit khi = m
2
- 8m + 8 > 0
m < 4 - 2 2 hoc m > 4 + 2 2 (3)
Vi iu kin (3) ta c:
af(1) = 2 > 0 . Vy 1 [ ]
1 2
, x x , y x
1,
x
2
l hai nghim ca (2). iu ny chng t
rng c hai giao im A, B gia (C) v y = -x + m nm v cng mt pha ca ng thng x = 1,
tc l A, B thuc cng mt nhnh ca th ca (C) => pcm.
III. CNG C KIN THC
Bi tp 1: Cho y =
2
8 x mx
x m
+

(C
m
)
Tm m C
m
ct trc honh ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho cc tip tuyn vi (C
m
)
ti A v B vung gc vi nhau.
Gii : ng cong (C
m
) v trc honh Ox ct nhau ti hai im phn bit (m ta s gi l
A, B) khi v ch khi h sau
2
8 x mx
x m
+

= 0
x m
c hai nghim phn bit. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi h
f(x) = x
2
+ mx - 8 = 0
f((m) 0
c hai nghim phn bit , tc l: = m
2
+ 32 > 0 . (1)
T (1) suy ra vi mi m, C
m
v Ox lun ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B. Gi x
1
, x
2
tng ng l honh ca A v B th x
1
, x
2
l hai nghim phn bit ca phng trnh :
8 = 0 . (2)
Ta c y

=
2 2
2
2 8
( )
x mx m
x m
+

= 1 +
2
2
8 2
( )
m
x m

.
Tip tuyn vi (C
m
) ti A, B tng ng c h s gc l
k
1
= 1 +
2
2
1
8 2
( )
m
x m

k
2
= 1 +
2
2
2
8 2
( )
m
x m

.
x
2
+ mx -
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Trang7

p dng nh l Viet vi (2), ta c
x
1
+ x
2
= - m; x
1
x
2
= - 8, suy ra
2
1
x +
2
2
x = (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- 2x
1
x
2
= m
2
+ 16 ,
(x
1
- m) (x
2
- m) = x
1
x
2
- m (x
1
+ x
2
) + m
2
= - 8 + 2m
2 .

Thay li vo trn v c
k
1
k
2
= - 1 1 + (8 - 2m
2
)
2 2
2 2
16 4
(2 8)
m m
m
+ +

+
2 2
2
(8 2 )
(2 8)
m
m

2
= -1
3 -
2
2
5 1
2 8
m
m
+

6
= 0 m = 40 .
Vy c hai gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l m = 2 10 .
Bi tp 2: (i hc, Cao ng khi D nm 2003)
Tm m

ng thng y = mx + 2 - 2m ct ng cong y =
2
2 4
2
x x
x
+

ti hai im phn
bit.
Bi gii
ng cong y =
2
2 4
2
x x
x
+

v y = mx + 2 - m ct ti hai im phn bit khi v ch khi

phng trnh:
2
2 4
2
2
x x
m
m
+
= +

m c hai nghim phn bit, tc l phng trnh

x
2
- 2x + 4 = (m - 2) (mx + 2 - m)
(m - 1) (x - 2)
2
= 4 c hai nghim phn bit 2
iu xy ra khi v ch khi m - 1 > 0 m > 1
Bi tp 3: (i hc, Cao ng khi A - 2004)
Cho y =
2
3 3
2( 1)
x x
x
+

(C)
Tm m

ng thng y = m ct (C) ti hai im A, B sao cho AB = 1
Bi gii
Xt phng trnh
2
3 3
2( 1)
x x
m
x
+
=

(1)
Do x = 1 khng phi l nghim ca - x
2
+ 3x - 3, nn
(1) - x
2
+ 3x - 3 = 2m(x-1)
x
2
+ (2m -3)x + 3 - 2m = 0 (2)
Gi x
1
, x
2
l hai nghim phn bit ca (2). c iu ny ta cn c
= (2m - 3)
2
- 4(3 - 2m) > 0
4m
2
- 4m - 3 > 0
3
2

ho
1
2
(3) c m >
hai tip tuyn ny vung gc vi nhau, ta cn c
k
1
, k
2
= - 1 1 + (8 - 2m
2
)
2 2
1 2
1 1
( ) ( ) x m x m

+


+
2 2
2 2
1 2
(8 2 )
( ) ( )
m
x m x m

1 + (8 - 2m
2
)
[ ]
2 2
1 1 1 2
2
1 2
1 ( ) 2 2
( )( )
x x m x x m
x m x m
+ + +

+
2 2
2
1 2
(8 2 )
( )( )
m
x m x m

.
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Trang 8

Ta c giao im A, B l A (x
1
, m) . B (x
2
, m)
T

AB = 1

2 1
1 x x =

(x
2
- x
1
)
2
= 1
(x
2
+ x
1
)
2
- 4x
1
x
2
= 1 (4)
p dng nh l Viet i vi (2), th x
1
+ x
2
= 3 - 2m, x
1
x
2
= 3 - 2m
Thay li vo (4) ta c:
(3 - 2m)
2
- 4 (3 - 2m) = 1
m
2
- m - 1 = 0
m =
1 5
2

(5)
Kt hp (3), (5) suy ra m =
1 5
2

Vy c hai gi tr ca tham s m tho mn u bi .
IV. BI TP V NH
Bi tp 1. Chng minh rng vi mi m, ng thng y =
1
2
x - m lun ct (c) ti hai im phn
bit A v B. Tm m sao cho AB l nh nht. p s: nn AB = 10 khi m = -2
Bi tp 2. Tm m (C) : y =
2
x x m
x m
+ +
+
ct ng thng (d) y = x - 1 ti 2 im phn bit.
p s: m < - 6 - 4 2 hoc m > - 6 + 4 2 (v m 0)
Bi tp 3 :Tm m th hm s y =
2
1
1
x mx
x
+
+
ct y = m ti 2 im phn bit A, B sao cho
. AB OB p s: m =
1 5
2


Bi tp 4:Cho ng cong y = x
3
- x
2
+ 18mx - 2m
Tm m ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh x
1
, x
2
,x
3
,sao cho x
1
< 0
< x
2
< x
3.
p s: m < 0
Bi tp 5: Cho hm s . Gi (d) l ng thng i qua im M(0;-1) v c h
s gc l k. Tm k ng thng (d) ct (C) to 3 im phn bit.
3 2
2 3 y x x = 1
Bi tp 6: Cho hm s :
2
2 4
2
x x
y
x
+
=

(1) v ng thng (d): y = mx+2-2m. Tm m ng

thng (d) ct th hm s (1) ti hai im phn bit


Gi ao vi en LeHong Sn
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