B GIO DC

V O TO
TP ON BU CHNH
VIN THNG VIT NAM
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG


L QUANG MINH

NGHIN CU KHO ST PH SNG
CNG TRNH TH


CHUYN NGNH : K THUT IN T
M S: 60.52.70


LUN VN THC S K THUT





Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. L CH QUNH





H NI - 2009


2
Lun vn c hon thnh ti:
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. L Ch Qunh

Phn bin 1:

Phn bin 2:

Phn bin 3:

Lun vn s c bo v trc hi ng chm lun vn ti Hc
vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Vo lc: ....... gi ....... ngy ....... thng ....... nm
200...............

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:
Th vin Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng


3

M U
Nhng nm gn y, vi s pht trin v kinh t x hi ca
t nc tc hin i ho ti cc th v th ho din ra
mnh m. Nhiu cng trnh cao c mc ln trong cc thnh ph ln
ng thi cng xut hin nhiu cng trnh ngm, cng trnh c cu
trc phc tp nh to nh vn phng, khch sn, chung c cao
cp... Ti cc cng trnh ny c yu cu ln v thng tin v lu
lng thng tin. Yu cu cao v cht lng phc v ca h thng
thng tin ni chung v thng tin v tuyn di ng ni ring.
Tuy nhin, do c im phc tp ca cu trc cng trnh
cng vi s thiu ng b khi xy dng cng trnh cha tnh n
cc yu t ph sng di dng nn tn hiu di ng km, tn ti nhiu
im m sng, chuyn giao, cht lng cuc gi thpVi cc l
do trn, vic xy dng h thng ph sng trong cng trnh ny m
bo cht lng phc v ca mng di ng l ht sc cn thit.
Trong khun kh ca lun vn ny s phn tch cc m
hnh truyn sng, cc tham s nh hng n qu trnh ph sng
ni chung v ph sng cng trnh th ni ring, a ra m hnh
thch hp lm c s cho cng tc kho st, nh gi, quy hoch
mng, la chn phng n tt nht thi cng m bo cht lng
dch v.
M hnh c la chn l 3D (3-Dimension), mt m hnh
hin i c cc nh thit k trong nhiu lnh vc s dng m
phng, kho st i tng. M hnh ny p dng trong phn tch,
thit k mng di ng chc chn s em li hiu qu cao.
Chng I ca lun vn s tm hiu cc m hnh truyn
sng; Nm vng phm vi ng dng ca cc m hnh truyn sng;
C kh nng p dng kin thc m hnh truyn sng mi; Tnh
ton suy hao ca tn hiu v tuyn trong cc mi trng.
Chng II tm hiu nguyn l lan truyn tn hiu di ng
trong mi trng truyn dn trong nh; nh gi c mc ph
sng ca trm pht sng ngoi tri i vi mt ta nh cao tng;
S cn thit phi xy dng h thng ph sng tn hiu cho cc
cng trnh xy dng cao tng, cng trnh ngm. Gii thiu m hnh
4
trong khng gian 3D vi b phn mm Google Sketchup
biu din v m phng iu .
Chng III p dng m hnh chn cho vic xy dng d
n, qu trnh thit k v thc hin lp t h ph sng di ng bn
trong ta nh cao c.
Cui cng, phn kt lun s tng kt cc kt qu nghin
cu ca lun vn vi hy vng m hnh 3D c ng dng rng ri
vo thc t.
5

CHNG 1. CC M HNH TRUYN SNG
1.1 Nguyn l truyn dn sng in t.
1.1.1 Cc c ch lan truyn sng in t.
Lan truyn sng in t c chia thnh 3 c ch lan truyn c
bn:
Phn x l c ch xy ra khi sng in t va p vo vt th c
kch thc ln hn rt nhiu so vi bc sng. Phn x sinh ra cc
sng th cp c th gy nhiu vi cc sng khc.
Khc x l c ch xy ra khi ng truyn sng b che khut
mt phn bi mt vt th. gc v my di ng lun thay i.
Tn x l c ch xy ra trong mi trng truyn dn c cha
cc vt th c kch thc nh hn nhiu so vi bc sng ca tn
hiu. 1.1.2 Cc hiu ng lan truyn sng.
Lan truyn sng in t trong mi trng thc l mt qu trnh
phc tp, l s kt hp ca nhiu c ch lan truyn khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, n c m hnh ha thnh 3 loi hiu ng c bn sau:
Hiu ng nhiu tia l hiu ng lan truyn sng rt ph bin
trong mi trng di ng. N l s tng qut ha ca c ch phn
x hai tia. Trong thc t, lan truyn nhiu tia s c hng chc n
hng trm tn hiu thnh phn vi bin v pha ngu nhin s
n my thu.
Hiu ng che khut: s thay i chm trong suy hao ng
truyn gy ra bi s che chn hoc che chn mt phn do kch
thc ln ca vt th hoc c tnh ca a hnh.
Lan truyn qua ta nh v khu vc giao thng. m bo
rng cng tn hiu mnh ti cc my di ng, chng ta cn
phi tnh ton suy hao ng truyn khi tn hiu xuyn qua cc vt
th. Mc tn hiu bn trong ta nh chu nh hng ca nhiu tham
s khc nhau. l:
- Gc ti ca tn hiu t trm gc n ta nh.
- Hnh dng ca ca s.
- c tnh hp th v phn x ca b mt v tng ca ta nh.
- S b tr sp xp v c tnh ca vt bn trong.
- S thay i t tng n n tng kia so vi v tr ca trm gc.
- Lan truyn trong cc hp k thut, ging thang my.
1.2 Lan truyn trong khng gian t do.
6
Lan truyn trong khng gian t do khi tn hiu ch truyn trn
mt ng, khng c s phn x cng nh s che chn ng
truyn bi vt th. V mt k thut, iu kin c lan truyn t
do l min Fresnel th nht khng b che chn bi vt th.
Nu gi d l bn knh min Fresnel th nht, l bc sng
ca tn hiu, D l khong cch t trm pht n my di ng, ta c
cng thc tnh bn knh min Fresnel th nht nh sau:
d=
1
2
D (1-1)
Chng ta bt u vi cng thc tnh suy hao sau:
Lfs=
2
4 d

| |
|
\ .
(1-2)
Trong cng thc ny, d l khong cch gia my pht v my
thu. l bc sng .
Ta vit li cng thc trn theo cc tham s thng c s
dng l tn s (f) v khong cch vi = c/f, trong f l tn s
sng mang (n v la MHz), c l vn tc nh sng (c= 3.10
8
m/s).
Lfs =
2
4 df
c

| |
|
\ .
(1-3)
Chuyn i cng thc ny sang logarit, ta c:
L (dB) =32.44 +20lgf(MHz) +20lgd(km) (1-4)
Chuyn i sang dB, ta c:
fs
40
L (dB)=20lg 20lg 20lg
3
f d

| |
+ +
|
\ .

1.3 M hnh Okumura.
Okumura mun tnh ton mt cch h thng i vi cc loi a
hnh khc nhau v cc mi trng khc nhau.
Cng thc Okumura:
L
OKUMURA
=L
fs
+A
m
(1-5)
Trong :
A
m
l h s suy hao d on Okumura. A
m
c tra qua
th ng cong.
L
fs
: l suy hao lan truyn trong khng gian t do.
1.4 M hnh Hata
7
M hnh ny c xy dng da trn suy hao ng truyn
gia cc anten isotropic, nhng n cng xt n cc thng s khc
nh chiu cao ca ct anten trm BTS, chiu cao ca anten MS.
a hnh trong m hnh c gi thit l kh bng phng, khng c
bt thng.
Cng thc Hata tnh suy hao ng truyn:
L
HATA
=69,55 +26,16logf
C
13,82logh
B
- a(h
m
) +(44,9-
6,55logh) x logR (1-6)
1.5 M hnh COST231 Walfish Ikegami.
M hnh COST231-Walfish-Ikegami c lng suy hao ng
truyn trong mi trng th, vi di tn lm vic t 800 n
2000MHz. Cng thc COST231-Walfish-Ikegami :
L
COST
=
fs ms rts
fs
L + L + L
L

Nu L
ms
+L
rts
<0 (1-7)
Suy hao hng ph:
( )
( )
ori
10 0,345
2,5 0,075 35
4,0 0,114 35
L

= +

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 35
35 55
55 90
khi
khi
khi

< <
< <
< <




8

CHNG 2. M HNH TRUYN SNG TRONG NH
2.1 Cc m hnh thc nghim.
2.1.1 Truyn sng bn ngoi vo trong ta nh.
Trong thng tin di ng, cc nh chuyn mn ly yu t suy
hao ng truyn tn hiu trong ta nh nh gi cht lng cho
tng mng di ng. Cc vn ca m hnh lan truyn tn hiu
trong nh rt khc nhau v phc tp. C th l:
* l mi trng truyn dn 3 chiu. Bi v vi mt khong
cch xc nh t BTS n MS, chng ta phi quan tm n yu t
chiu cao, n ph thuc vo s tng ca ta nh. Trong khu vc
thnh th, chng ta d nhn thy rng tn hiu s c ng truyn
thng LOS t BTS n MS khi MS ang cc tng cao ca ta
nh, trong khi nu MS cc tng thp hay trn ph, ng truyn
LOS rt kh t c.
* Mi trng truyn dn bn trong ta nh trong cha nhiu
vt cn. Nhng vt cn ny c lm t nhiu loi vt liu khc
nhau, v c v tr rt gn vi my di ng. Vi mi trng nh
vy, c tnh lan truyn ca tn hiu s thay i rt nhiu so vi
mi trng ngoi tri.
* Chng ta c rt nhiu cc cng trnh nghin cu v lan
truyn tn hiu t ngoi vo bn trong ta nh, c bit vi cc di
tn s s dng cho mng di ng.
Cc kt qu nghin cu a ra cng thc suy hao ca tn
hiu:
L =S +10nlogd (2-1)
Trong :
S l hng s, S = 32.0 @ 900MHz = 38.0 @ 1800MHz.
d l khong cch gia my pht v my thu.
Khi trm thu pht nm bn ngoi, tn hiu bn trong ta nh s
c nhng c tnh sau:
- S thay i tn hiu theo t l nh (small-scale) tun theo
phn b Rayleigh.
- S thay i tn hiu theo t l rng (large-scale) tun theo
phn b lognormal vi lch chun ph thuc vo iu kin mi
trng lan truyn v din tch tng tng.
9
- Suy hao xm nhp vo ta nh ca tn hiu s gim khi tn
s tng.
- Khi khng c ng truyn thng LOS gia BTS v ta nh
(c ch tn x chim u th), s sai lch tiu chun ca gi tr
trung bnh cc b xp x 4dB. Khi c ng truyn thng LOS, s
sai lch tiu chun l 6 n 9dB.
- S thay i suy hao xm nhp ca tn hiu theo cao l
2dB/tng.
Toledo thc hin cc phn tch hi quy nhiu bc vi mt
c s d liu to ln, v nghin cu mi quan h ca cc tham s.
Kt qu tt nht ca ng l a 3 tham s vo cng thc ton hi
quy. l khong cch d gia my pht v thu, din tch sn A
f
,
v h s S
Q
th hin cho s sn ca ta nh c ng truyn thng
LOS. M hnh cho tn s 900 v 1800MHz nh sau:
L =-37,7 +40logd +17,6logA
f
27,5S
Q
(2-2)
L =-27,9 +40logd +23,3logA
f
20,9S
Q
(2-3)
Sai s gia cng thc ton hc trn vi gi tr o thc nghim
l 2,4 v 2,2dB tng ng. Sai s ny nh hn mt cht so vi kt
qu nghin cu ca Barry v Williamson.
2.1.2 Truyn sng bn trong ta nh.
Lan truyn sng trong nh chu nh hng rt ln bi cc c
tnh ca ta nh nh cc b tr vt dng trong nh, vt liu dng
xy dng tng, sn nh, trn nh.
S hot ng khng nh mong mun ca h thng bng thng
rng c th gy ra bi nhiu gia cc k t do s tr di rng. iu
ny lm hn ch tc truyn d liu. Do vy, trong h thng
bng thng hp, phading nhiu tia v che khut lm hn ch vng
ph sng.Nhiu c th xut pht t t nhin, cng c th do con
ngi, hoc cng c th do cc user khc trong mt h thng nhiu
user to ra. N lm hn ch s lng user cng tn ti trong mt
vng ph sng. Cc k thut nh cp knh ng, iu khin cng
sut, thu phn tp c th c s dng hn ch vn ny.
2.1.2.1 c tnh lan truyn.
Mt s cc nghin cu c thc hin xc nh cc c
tnh lan truyn trong nh, trong ta nh vn phng, trong nh
xng. Mt trong s cc nghin cu mi nht, c thc hin trn
10
h thng in thoi v tuyn ti Nht Bn, c di tn lm vic t
250 n 400MHz. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy suy hao ng
truyn trung bnh tun theo quy lut suy hao trong khng gian t
do trong khong cch rt gn (trong phm vi 10m). Sau , suy
hao ny tng t l vi khong cch.
Motley and Keenan bo co kt qu nghin cu thc
nghim ca h vi mi trng nghin cu l ta nh vn phng
nhiu tng, ti tn s l 900 v 1700MHz. Mt my pht cm tay
di chuyn trong mt phng c la chn trong ta nh ny, trong
khi my thu l c nh mt ch. My thu c v tr ti trung tm ca
ta nh, n gim st cc mc ca tn hiu. H a ra mt cng
thc th hin mi quan h gia cng sut v khong cch nh sau:
P =P +kF =S +10nlogd (2-4)
Trong :
F l suy hao ti mi tng ca ta nh. K l s tng.
P l tham s suy hao ph thuc tn s
C mt s cng thc m rng ca (2-1) trong m hnh suy hao
tn hiu trong nh.
L =S +10nlogd +X
d
(2-5)
Trong X
d
l tham s lognormal (dB) vi sai lch tiu
chun l . Xut pht t cng thc c bn (2-1), Toledo v
Turkmani tin hnh nghin cu c s dng thm cc yu t
khc, a ra cng thc:
L =18.8 +39.0logd +5.6k
r
+13.0S
win
11.0G 0.024A
f

L =24.5 +33.8logd +4.0k
r
+16.6S
win
9.8G 0.017A
f
(2-6)
Trong , k
r
l s sn gia my pht v my thu.
S
win
l h s th hin cho mc nng lng thot ra v quay li
ta nh. Swin c gi tr l 0 hoc 1, ph thuc vo v tr ca my
thu. G th hin cho mc nng lng ti hai tng thp nht ca ta
nh. A
f
l din tch sn ca phng t my thu.
2.2 M hnh gii tch truyn sng trong nh (Ray tracing).
C mt s phng php xc nh ng i trong chng
ta c th p dng phng php tm vt ( Ray tracing ). Phng
php ny da trn cng ngh x l nh. N coi tt c cc vt cn
nh l vt phn x tim tng v tnh ton nh hng ca chng da
trn x l nh. y l cc tip cn suy hao trong nh y nht v
n tnh n tt c cc tia phn x, khc x, tn x t tt c mi
hng. Do v tr gia my pht v my thu cn c xy dng
11
trong khng gian 3D c th chnh xc ha v m t c
ht ng i ca sng t BTS n MS.
Cng thc suy hao:
PL(d) =PL(d
0
) +10nlog(d/d
0
) (dB)
PL(d
0
) =20log(4td
0
/) =20log(4t/) +20log(d
0
)
PL(d
0
=1m; 960MHz) =32dB
PL(d
0
=1m; 1800MHz) =38dB
d
0
(indoor, typical) =1m
d
0
(outdoor, typical) =100m ~1km.
n : h s suy hao theo hm m cu tng loi mi trng
Rt gn biu thc ta c :
L = S + 10.n.log (d )
Cng thc cui cng v y tnh suy hao trong nh :
+ i vi GSM 900 :
( ) 32,5 20log( ) 20log( ) . . .W L dB f d k F n m = + + + +
+ i vi GSM 1800:
( ) 38 20log( ) 20log( ) . . .W L dB f d k F n m = + + + +
Vi :
f
: tn s pht ca my pht tn hiu ( MHz).
d
: khong
cch t my pht n my thu, k : s sn ca ta nh,F: tn hao
qua sn nh, n : h s t l tn hao gc ti ca ng truyn LOS,
W: tn hao ca tng. m : s tng m sng di ng truyn qua.
y l cng thc suy hao ch mang tnh tng i trong mt
m hnh tng i v m hnh trong thc t li v cng phc tp v
c nhiu iu cn phi xt n.
12
CHNG III. P DNG M HNH CHN CHO
N PH SNG TN HIU BN TRONG TO NH
CAO C
3.1 Gii thiu
Trong chng ny, s gii trnh by tng bc ca qu trnh
thit k v thc hin lp t h thng ph sng tn hiu trong ta
cao c. Phn thit k, tnh ton da trn m hnh 3D.
H thng ny c thit k da trn cng ngh thng tin di
ng GSM1800. i tng lp d n l ta nh vn phng Trung
tm Pht thanh Quc gia 58-Qun S-H Ni. Qui m cng trnh
gm 15 tng, trong c 2 tng hm, c xy dng trong tng
din tch hn 17.000 m2.
3.2 Kho st v nhn dng a hnh ta nh cn ph sng.
3.2.1 Mc tiu.
Nhng mc tiu phi t c trong giai on kho st:
Phm vi ph sng ;
Loi cp, V tr i cp.
V tr t anten, S lng anten cn thit cho mt tng,
Ngun nui cho BTS v h thng.
3.2.2 Cc thng s cn thit lp k hoch v tr.
3.2.2.1 Cc tham s v ta nh.
Khi lp d n cho IBC, cc thng s chi tit v ta nh cn
c thu thp. Cc thng s l:
Nhng khu vc cn c ph sng, nh du nhng khu vc
ny trn s bn v.
Din tch sn (v d 50 x 50m) hoc din tch khu vc cn
ph sng, xc nh t l ca bn v hoc xc nh mt kch thc
chun trn bn v.
Chiu cao ca mi tng (thng thng l 4m).
Vt liu ca sn, tng, trn cng nh l dy ca chng.
S lng v v tr ca vch ngn, nh du v tr trn bn v.
V tr ca mng cp, cc khu vc cho php hoc khng cho
php dy cp i qua, nh du cc khu vc ny trn bn v.
Xc nh tng loi cp cho cc khu vc c th.
Xc nh v tr c th t anten, cc khu vc khng cho php
t anten, cc v tr trn v tng cho php mc antena, chng loi
13
anten, s lng anten cn thit (cng sut trn mi anten/ sng
mang), v tr ca trn gi nu c.
V tr ca ng cp chnh.
V tr t BTS, nh du trn bn v.
Tt c cc thng tin trn cn c nh du trn bn v ta
nh.
3.2.4.2 Kt qu kho st ta nh Trung tm Pht thanh
Quc gia.
Sau khi tin hnh kho st ta nh Trung tm Pht thanh Quc
gia, cc thng s ca ta nh c thu thp nh sau:
Cng trnh Trung tm Pht thanh Quc gia qui m cng trnh
gm 15 tng, trong c 2 tng hm, c xy dng trong tng
din tch hn 17.000 m2
* Ngoi 2 tng hm ra, cng trnh c 3 khi chnh:
+Studio nh ht v phng my.
+Studio thu nhc nh - nhc in t v phng my.
+Studio thu nhc dn tc
Hin nay cng trnh ang trong giai on hon thin
3.2.5 Kt qu kho st tn hiu bn trong ta nh Trung
tm Pht thanh Quc gia.
3.2.5.1 Gii thiu.
*Thit b phc v cho vic kho st bao gm:
+ My o TEMS Sony Ericsson K800i
+My tnh xch tay HP Compaq 6520s
+ My nh v v tinh GPS.
+My nh k thut s.
*Hai tham s chnh c thu thp v nh gi trong qu trnh
kho st ti cc tng ny l:
+Mc thu: RxLevel
+Cht lng thu: QxLevel
Ngoi ra, cc tham s v chuyn giao (hand-over), rt cuc gi
(drop-call), li cuc gi (failure-call) v floating cng c thu
thp v nh gi.
3.2.5.2 Kt qu kho st
a. o mc thu RxLevel
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh kho st to nh, c th nhn xt v
mc thu RxLevel ca to nh nh sau: Mc thu RxLevel trong to
nh l yu. T bo co ca my o cho thy, mc thu nm trong
14
khong t 78 dbm n 94dbm. Ti tng hm ca to
nh, hon ton khng c sng di ng. Ti cc tng t tng 1 n
tng gia ca khch sn, mc thu nm trong khong 81 dbm n
-93 dbm. Cc phng nm su trong to nh mc thu RxLevel rt
thp, c bit trong thang my hon ton khng c sng.
i vi cc tng trn cng, hin tng in hnh ca to nh
cao tng l floating xut hin. iu ny c nh hng nghim
trng n qu trnh thc hin cuc gi.
Hnh 3.1 Kt qu kho st t tng 8 n tng mi: Xy ra hin
tng kh thit lp cuc gi cng nh rt cuc gi thng xuyn:

15




Hnh 3.2 Kt qu kho st tng hm
16

b. o cht lng thu QxLevel.
nh gi cht lng thu da trn cc yu t, l mc thu
RxLevel, h s li khung FER (frame error rate), interfere ,
handover...Sau khi kho st to nh, t kt qu cho thy ti cc
tng cao, hin tng hand over lin tc xy ra. Trong ton b c
to nh, lu lng cuc gi lun mc cao. Kt hp 2 yu t ny
dn n tnh trng rt cuc gi khi chuyn giao rt cao. T l cuc
gi thnh cng rt thp. Chng ta thy r hin tng handover xy
ra lin tc trong th bn di.
3.3 Thit k h thng.
Sau khi hon tt vic thu thp tt c thng tin v to nh, v
BTS v cc ch tiu tham s cho thit k, chng ta c th bt u
vi vic t k hoch.
Trc ht chng ta phi chn mt h thng phn phi. Ngoi
ra, chng ta phi thu thp thm thng tin t ti liu k thut ca
cc thit b c th. T nh khai thc, chng ta bit c mc thu
ti thiu cho php ca ta nh, gi s l -85dBm. T , chng ta
c th tnh ton c suy hao ng truyn ln nht t my di
ng nm ti ra vng ph sng n BTS nh sau:
Suy hao =+4 dBm - ( - 85 dBm) =89 dB.
tip tc chng ta cn i su hn vo s truyn lan sng
radio trong nh.
3.4 Cng c m phng khng gian 3D
Trn thc t cc tia sng khng phi lc no cng c th
truyn thng t BTS n MS. Nu nhng vt che chn hay vt
hp th sng nm trn ng truyn sng th tia sng c th b tn
x, khc x xuyn qua hay thm ch b hp th hon ton. Nh
trnh by trn th vic biu din phng truyn sng trong khng
gian 3D l v cng cn thit. N s cho ta hnh dung c th mt s
ng truyn c bn t Anten n my thu. y ta s dng phn
mm Google Sketchup (SU) biu din v m phng iu .
3.4.1 Cc chc nng c bn Google Sketchup
3.4.1.1 Giao din chng trnh :
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So vi mt s phn mm ha 3 chiu khc th chng trnh
SketchUp lc mi ci t c giao din n gin, ch b tr mt s
chc nng c bn gip cho nhng ngi khng chuyn vn c th
tip cn v s dng d dng. C th chia mn hnh lm vic chnh
ra 3 phn:
+ Pha trn l thanh Menu chnh.
+ Di thanh Menu l thanh cng c gm cc nt cng c
xa, t mu, o khang cch, v hnh ch nht, hnh trn,
ng cung, hnh khi 3 chiu v cc nt iu hng nh di
chuyn, xoay, v.v.
+ Phn din tch ln nht dnh th hin cc chi tit ca bn v:
Ta thy b tr mt h trc to ba chiu Oxyz tng ng vi 3
mu , xanh cy v xanh dng. Khi ta v theo mt phng bt
k no , ng v s c mu en. Nu ng v chuyn sang 1
trong 3 mu , xanh cy hay xanhdng th ta bit rng lc
ng v s c phng song song vi mt trong 3 trc ta Ox,
Oy, Oz.
3.4.1.2 Cc chc nng chnh trn thanh Menu:
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File : cha hu ht cc cng c nh mt s phn mm
khc nh : m file mi, lu mt file lm.
View : gip chng ta c th a cc cng c hin ln mn
hnh giao din di dng cc biu tng thun tin s dng.
Camera : gip chng ta c th phng to, thu nh hay nhn
vt th v m hnh di gc khc nhau : Top , Botton , Right,
Left, Front, Back . . .
Draw : Cha cc cng c v ng thng ( Line ), ng
cong ( Arc ), v t do ( Freehand ), hnh ch nht ( Rectangle )
,ng trn ( Circle )
Tool : Cha cc cng c nh : la chon, ty xa, t mu,
dch chuyn, phng ln, gt theo ng dn ( Follow me )
Window : cu hnh thng tin bn v ( Model info ), a
cc vt dng gia nh, chi tit vo bn v ( Components ), hay nh
dng vt liu ca vt ( Materials )
3.4.1.3 Mt vi chc nng c bit ca Google Sketchup
a ) Cc cng c nm trong menu Window:
Materials : y l cng c chn mu ph cht liu khi s
dng cng c Paint Brucket ph mu i tng. C rt nhiu mu
ph ln vt th, mi nh, bc tng nh cht liu ngi, gch,
, g, gng, ...
Components : Chn thm cc i tng : dng c sinh
hot, my mc, vt dng trang tr vo bn v.
Bng : y l chc nng kh th v cho php ta m
phng bng ca vt th, cng trnh trong khng gian 3D. Ta c
chn Windows / Shadows
b ) Import bn v AutoCAD : y l cng c tuyt vi dnh cho
dn kin trc ni ring v mi ngi mun s dng SU cho vic
to bn v 3D ca cng trnh t bn v hnh chiu AutoCAD.

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3.4.2 Mt s hnh 3D minh ha c dng t SU

Trn y ch l cc cng c c bn nht ca Google Sketchup,
bn cnh cn rt nhiu cng c hay v c sc ang i chng
ta khm ph. Cc bn c th tm hiu thm trn ebook : the
SketchUp Version 5 c th lm c nhiu iu m bn
mun. Qua y, chng ta thy c cc chc nng tuyt vi m
SU em li bn cnh giao din s dng n gin, thn thin.
l u im tuyt vi ca Google Sketchup dnh cho nhng k s
cha rnh v v k thut trong c lnh vc c kh v xy dng .
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3.5 Mt s hnh nh m phng bng m hnh 3D
Bn v ph sng tng hm 1
Bn v ph sng tng 1
21
M phng vng ph sng
M phng vng ph sng
22

KT LUN

Mc tiu ca lun vn l : Tm hiu cc m hnh truyn sng
vi mc ch nm vng phm vi ng dng ca cc m hnh truyn
sng, t vn dng tnh ton suy hao ca tn hiu v tuyn
trong cc mi trng.
Vi phm vi kho st mi trng truyn sng bn trong cc ta
cao c th vic tm hiu nguyn l lan truyn tn hiu di ng trong
mi trng truyn dn trong nh l nh gi c mc ph
sng ca trm pht sng ngoi tri i vi mt ta nh cao tng.
ng thi, thy c s cn thit phi xy dng h thng ph sng
tn hiu cho cc cng trnh xy dng cao tng, cng trnh ngm.
Qu trnh kho st, thit k t c kt qu tt phi tri qua
nhiu bc vi nhiu phng php, cng c, thit b h tr. Thng
thng, vi m hnh 2D, cc kt qu tnh ton, m phng thc a,
ng i ca tia sng v s suy hao khi qua cc vt cn khng
c m t mt cch chi tit, st vi thc t; Tnh trc quan hn
ch hn nhiu so vi m hnh 3D.
Trong khng gian 3D t antenn BTS ti cc MS tia sng s
gp phi vt chn khc nhau, vi gc ti khc nhau nn suy hao
khng ch ph thuc khong cch m cn ph thuc gc ti v vt
liu tng (trong khng gian 3D khong cch thc cn ph thuc
cao trn nh). Do c th ni vng ph sng trn nh mt s
ti liu m phng l khng ng. Thc t, l nhng hnh nh
chng ti a ra phn 3.5.
Cc tnh ton cc hng mc cng trnh ph sng trong khng
gian 3D cn thy r cc gc khut, t tnh ton chi tit ng i
ca cp, chiu di cp xc nh mc suy cp do cp mt
yu t gy sai lch ng k khi p dng m hnh 2D.
Kt qu ca vic tnh ton nu trn s xc nh chnh xc s
lng vt t cn thi cng, chi ph nhn cng l nhng yu cu
quan trng i vi cc nh thit k lp d ton cng trnh.
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Tm li: so vi vic p dng cc m hnh trong khng
gian 2D, vic p dng trong khng gian 3D c mt s u im sau:
1, Tnh ton khong cch ti im thu chnh xc hn. Do ,
tnh suy hao chnh xc hn.
2, Xc nh vt chn chnh xc hn. iu ny nh hng ln
ti tnh suy hao.
3, Tnh ton v d tr ng i cp chnh xc hn. Do , do
d tr vt liu, nhn cng ng hn. iu ny rt quan trng
trong thc t .
V vy, cc cng ty nc ngoi hin nay hay p dng phn
mm 3D. V nhiu ch u t Vit Nam i hi m hnh 3D. Do
, vic nghin cu ng dng m hnh 3D l rt cn thit
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TI LIU THAM KHO
[ 1 ]. KS. inh Th Minh Nguyt: Gii php ph sng di ng
GSM trong cc cng trnh c bit, Tp ch cng ngh thng tin &
truyn thng.
[ 2 ]. Phan Anh: L thuyt v k thut anten, bn in ln 4, Nh xut
bn v Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 2002.
[ 3 ]. Thng tin di ng GSM, Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin
thng.
[ 4 ]. Nguyn Song Tng: Indoor coverage, n tt nghip cao
hc, Trng i hc Bch Khoa, H Ni, 2004.
[ 5 ]. Visual Basic cho sinh vin & k thut vin khoa cng ngh
thng tin, Nh xut bn thng k, H Ni, 2003.