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Binary search tree

Array of pointers

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Binomial tree

Digraph

Graph

Skip list

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Example
1) Initial state
0.12
0
a

2) Merge a and d

0.40
0
b

015
0
c

0.08
0
d

0.25
0
e

0.20

0.40
0
b

0
c

0
e

1.00
0.40

0.25
0
e

0
b

b
e

c
d

"!$#&%'7(+*, /

0.25

3) Merge

0.60

0.35

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0
b

4) Merge {a,c,d} with e

3) Merge {a,d} with c

0.40

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weight root
1

.12

.12

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.40

.15

.15

.08

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Forest

Alphabet

(Dynamic)

(Static)

lchild

(Dynamic)
grows

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rchild parent

as many elements as the number


of nodes in all the current trees
of the forest

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0
a

0
b

0
c

0
d

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e

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Inintial Forest

Alphabet

weight root
1

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last tree

Forest

lchild

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e.

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Step 2

weight
0.20

d
4

0.40
0
2
a
1

015
0
3

0.25
0
5

root

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i = least = 4
j = second = 1

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last tree

Forest

last node

lchild rchild parent


Tree

Step 3
lchild

0.35
7

weight
0.40
0
b
2

c
3
d
4

a
1

rchild parent

root

0.25

0
e
5

.40

0.35

i = least = 3
j = second = 4

.25

last tree

"! #9%')(]*-,$.  / ;=(

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last node

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.

Step 4

weight
0.60

0.40
0
b
2

e
5

i = least = 1
j = second = 3

c
3
d
4

root

0.60

.40

last tree

lchild

Forest

a
1

rchild parent

last node
Step 5
lchild
1.00

weight
1

1.0

last tree

b
e
c
d

root
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rchild parent

last node

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*

17
17
13

21

10

15

13

delete 4

24

21

10
4

11

16

23

15

24

/* delete leaf */

27

11

16

23

27

25
25

26

26

delete 10
17
13

21
15

11

/* delete a node with no left


subtree */
24

17

delete 27
16

23

25

13

/* delete node with no


right subtree */

26

21
15

11

24

16

23

27

delete 13
25

/* delete node with both

26

left and right subtrees */

17
17

Method 1.
11

21
15
16

Find highest valued element


among the descendants of
left child

24
23

11

Method 2

21

15

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24
16
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25

25
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26

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k
10

k
8

Fig. 1

15
y

k
6 x

Just
inserted

k
8
k
6

k+1
10

k
15
y

Uncle is red

10

10
8
Fig. 2

Just
9 x
inserted
Uncle is red

15
y

20

15
y

20

Fig. 3
just
inserted

10

10

Uncle is right child of root


k
10
k
Fig. 4

k-1
15
y

just
inserted
Uncle is black
x 6

Right rotate

and change
colours

6
x

10
8

k
8

k-1
10

k -1
15
y

9
15

Fig. 5
just
9 x
inserted
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Double rotate
and change
colours

8
x

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( Fig. 1)

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20

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25
y

20

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15

( Fig. 4) Right rotate with recolouring

20

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7

8 12 v

16

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12

16

18

19

Insert(10)
Split v into v and v
7

8 -

16 w

12 -

10

18 19

12

16

18

19

Split w into w and w and make


a new root
10 Old root
w 7

16 -

8 -

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delete (12)
10 7

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8 -

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10

18 -

16

18

19

delete(7).This leads to deletion


of node v
-

18 -

16 -

10

18 -

16

18

19

leads to deletion of p and p


and decreases the number of levels by 1
12 18
5

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A Graph G

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a

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c
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A Free Tree
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A connected graph.

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1
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Another spanning tree with cost 21


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6
2

4
5

1
1

1
4

Iteration 1. U = {1}

3
5

2
2

5
Iteration 4. U = {1,3,6,4}

Iteration 5. U = {1,3,6,4,2}


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1
5
6
1
2

4
5

3
6

2
4

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Iteration 3. U = {1,3,6}

Iteration 2. U = {1,3}

1
2


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1
5
6
1
2

4
5

6
6

Initial Configuration

step1. choose (1,3)

step2. choose (4,6)

step3. choose (2,5)

step4. choose (3,6)

step5. choose (2,3)


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2   3-6
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c(1,7)

 


d(15,7)

e(15,4)

b(4,3)
a(0,0)

f(18,0)

f
Tour 2. cost = 48.39

Tour 1. cost = 50.00

d
b

e
f

Tour 4. cost = 49.78

Tour 3. cost = 49.73

 
  
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b
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- += 4  +4  E ' -V"34 W )3E (-# )+& 4C9-# &
L


     

 
All tours

tours without
ab

tours with ab

tours with
ab and ac

tours with
ab,ac and
not ad

tours with
ab but not ac

tours with
ab,ad and
not ac

 
   


tours with
ac but not ab

tours without ac
and without ab

tours with
ab, not ac
not ad

"   "   "         

/1  E $  & =4 +$+ )   3  ' +=@$  3N* "\  . ' 4646  =  E ' -  ' - 
4   ) 4W"  ' $32  &  ) "c%$3*%4c ) "3Z" ' 3- "3 )  +

" ' 0 `*


 +4T"  

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3  ' +=@$ &  +4   ' -  " ' 0`! Z' -6 "0 ) "
 '
$3*%483$ 2  &  ) "8 ) "3" ' 3- ' -  ' +=:$ &(' .0= ("# )+'*)  " ' 3- & & = 
[ " %$3*%4_=@-6$  )+& =4 +$3%$ D"3 )  
3  +4T"  W & = +$3$21
 ( @ 3-6 31  31
^3 )   -I )+&  E "#(-   ND )  [0H"K )3E (-# )+& 4  &  )  &%' . a"
= ' V(-  ' ) $+4 E ' -  ' " & +@=:$3-6 ) 1  E "I3Z= ' %- ' ) $ E ' -c & +:=:$,@4c/4
+ ! ' -+@!3(- "I0 ) "3X= ' V%4T" &%' 4T" E ' ) $54 ';E /- , &  ) .+- ) c"09"
& +:=:$  ) $ ) (%$ )+' " &('*) 46:$3(- ' - &('*) 4T"#- & "_A"4N$34 &  ) $0 ) "4(1
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@4K= ' V(- "0 ) "3  %4 "c4 ' 4= a" '*) 4 'bE / - !7"  ' " & +@=:$3-6 ) 'E & &  )  
.+- ) %$   &  +46 "3 -Y= ' V(- ' ) $+4   & (%$;"3 &%' 4 " 'E "3  %4 " 4 ' = a"I '*)
4 '8E /-%1
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"3 & +@=:$ [ " "3\4  =@=@(-R= ' V(- ' ) $21 E "#(- &%') 4#@$3%-# )  '*)  & +:=@$
  +4T" &('*) 46:$3(- /! ) [37"I3(- A"4 46  =: )  &  )  _.+- ) %$ 46 )+& [ )  
 4T"[4 ' = a"I '*)  & 0`!  ( )JE ' ) $21


     

 

A 17.5
no constraints
C __18.5
ab

B 17.5
ab

D __ 20.5
__
ac
ad ae

pruned
after discovery
of I

E __
ac

18
__
ad ae

18

18.5

21
K
__
ac ad ae

ac

G
__
ad

23
ae

18.5
__
ae

L
ad

M
__
ad

23.5
ae

pruned

pruned
after discovery
of I
H
bc
__
be
de

I
__
bc
ce
__
de

__
bd
ce
__
cd

cd
__
bd

bc __
cd
__
ce __
bd

be

de

Tour
abecda
21

Tour
abceda
23

 
     


be

Tour
acbeda
19

  < "      "$       

  

P
__
bc
be
__
de

bd
ce

__
cd
Tour
acebda
23


     


6

# %
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2

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