P 0357 RFID Based Library

RFID Based Book Tracking System for Libraries
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
S.R.T.I.S.T 1
1. INTRODUCTION
RFID based systems are going to revolutionize the entire library automation
systems. In this project we are going to develop library automation system, which will
track the books, whether they are issued or they are in library, so that library user will get
the instant information.
RFID can be used library circulation operations and theft detection systems.
RFID!based systems move beyond security to become tracking systems that combine
security with more efficient tracking of materials throughout the library, including easier
and faster charge and discharge, inventorying, and materials handling.
"his technology helps librarians reduce valuable staff time spent scanning
barcodes while charging and discharging items. RFID is a combination of radio
!fre#uency!based technology and microchip technology. "he information contained on
microchips in the tags affi$ed to library materials is read using radio fre#uency
technology, regardless of item orientation or alignment %i.e., the technology does not
re#uire line!of!sight or a fi$ed plane to read tags as do traditional theft detection
systems&. "he RFID gates at the library e$it%s& can be as wide as four feet because the
tags can be read at a distance of up to two feet by each of two parallel e$it gate sensors.
S.R.T.I.S.T 2
CHAPTER 2
OPERATION & WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF THE PROJECT
S.R.T.I.S.T 3
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig. 2.1

S.R.T.I.S.T 4
BOOK
WITH
RFID
RFID MODULE
REGULATED
POWER SUPPLY

P89C51
MICRO
CONTROLER
LCD
Block diaga! d"#ci$%io&:
"he block diagram %Fig '.(& consists of microcontroller interfaced
with an RFID module by an R)'*', microcontroller is not directly connected to rs'*'
because R)!'*' signal levels are far too high TTL "l"c%o&ic#' and the negative R)!'*'
voltage for high can+t be handled at all by computer logic. "o receive serial data from an
R)!'*' interface the voltage has to be reduced. ,lso the low and high voltage level has
to be inverted.
"his level converter uses a Ma(2)2 and five ca$aci%o#. "he
ma$'*' is #uite cheap %less than - dollars& or if you are lucky you can get a free sample
from Ma(i!.
"he .,/'*' from Ma(i! was the first I0 which in one package
contains the necessary drivers and receivers to adapt the R)!'*' signal voltage levels to
""1 logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage %2-3 or 2*.*3& and
generates the necessary R)!'*' voltage levels.
4ook with RFID, the block diagram is nothing but the rfid tag
attached to the book which contains a chip and antenna, RFID reader also has an antenna
which reads the information from the tag
2.2 MICRO CONTROLLER:
2.2.1 P*+C,1 Mico Co&%oll" D"#ci$%io&:
S.R.T.I.S.T 5
"he 5hilips microcontrollers described in this data sheet are high!performance static
670-( designs. "hey are manufactured in an advanced 0.8) process and contain a non!
volatile Flash program memory. "hey support both ('!clock and 9!clock operation. "he
56:0-(/' and 56:0-'/';-</';-6/' contain ('6 byte R,. and '-9 byte R,.
respectively, *' I;8 lines, three (9!bit counter;timers, a si$!source, four!priority level
nested interrupt structure, a serial I;8 port for either multi!processor communications, I;8
e$pansion or full duple$ =,R", and on!chip oscillator and clock circuits. In addition, the
devices are static designs which offer a wide range of operating fre#uencies down to zero.
"wo software selectable modes of power reduction > idle mode and power!down mode
>are available. "he idle mode freezes the 05= while allowing the R,., timers, serial
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. "he power!down mode saves the
R,. contents but freezes the oscillator, causing all other chip functions to be in
operative. )ince the design is static, the clock can be stopped without loss of user data.
"hen the e$ecution can be resumed from the point the clock was stopped.
NOTE:
(. I'0 ? Inter!Integrated 0ircuit 4us@ 0,A ? 0ontroller ,rea Aetwork@ )5I ? )erial
5eripheral Interface@ 50, ? 5rogrammable 0ounter ,rray@
S.R.T.I.S.T
,D0 ? ,nalog!to!Digital 0onverter@ 5B. ? 5ulse Bidth .odulation

2.2.2 FEATURE-:
*.C,1 C"&%al Poc"##i&g U&i%
/ < Cbytes Flash %56:0-(/'&
/ 6 Cbytes Flash %56:0-'/'&
/ (9 Cbytes Flash %56:0-</'&
/ *' Cbytes Flash %56:0-6/'&
/ ('6 byte R,. %56:0-(/'&
/ '-9 byte R,. %56:0-';-</';-6/'&
4oolean processor
Fully static operation
S.R.T.I.S.T !
120clock o$"a%io& 1i%2 #"l"c%a3l" 40clock o$"a%io& 56ia #o7%1a" o 6ia
$aall"l $oga!!"8.
M"!o9 add"##i&g ca$a3ili%9
=p to 9< Cbytes R8. and 9< Cbytes R,.
Po1" co&%ol !od"#:
/ 0lock can be stopped and resumed
Idle mode
5ower!down mode

T1o #$""d a&g"#
/ 7 to '7 .Dz with 9!clock operation
7 to ** .Dz with ('!clock operation
L:FP' PLCC o DIP $ackag"
E(%"&d"d %"!$"a%;" a&g"#
D;al Da%a Poi&%"#
T2"" #"c;i%9 3i%#
Fo; i&%";$% $ioi%9 l"6"l#
-i( i&%";$% #o;c"#
S.R.T.I.S.T "
Fo; *03i% I<O $o%#
F;ll0d;$l"( "&2a&c"d UART

/ Framing error detection
,utomatic address recognition
T2"" 1403i% %i!"#<co;&%"# T.' T1 5#%a&dad *.C,18 a&d addi%io&al T2
5ca$%;" a&d co!$a"8
E 5rogrammable clock!out pin
E ,synchronous port reset
E 1ow F.I %inhibit ,1F, slew rate controlled outputs, and 9!clock mode&
E Bake!up from 5ower Down by an e$ternal interrupt
2.2.) BLOCK DIAGRAM:
S.R.T.I.S.T #

Fig '.'.*%i&
Pi& Diaga!:
S.R.T.I.S.T 1$
Fig '.'.*%ii&
Pi& D"#ci$%io&:
S.R.T.I.S.T 11
ALE/PROG:
,ddress 1atch Fnable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to e$ternal memory. ,1F is emitted at a constant rate of (;9 of the oscillator
fre#uency, for e$ternal timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to
e$ternal memory. %Dowever, one ,1F pulse is skipped during each access to e$ternal
Data .emory.& "his pin is also the program pulse input %5R8G& during F5R8.
programming.
PSEN:
5rogram )tore Fnable is the read strobe to e$ternal 5rogram .emory. Bhen the
device is e$ecuting out of e$ternal 5rogram .emory, 5)FA is activated twice each
S.R.T.I.S.T 12
machine cycle %e$cept that two 5)FA activations are skipped during accesses to e$ternal
Data .emory&. 5)FA is not activated when the device is e$ecuting out of internal
5rogram .emory.
EA/VPP:
Bhen F, is held high the 05= e$ecutes out of internal 5rogram .emory %unless
the 5rogram 0ounter e$ceeds 7FFFD in the 670-(&.Dolding F, low forces the 05= to
e$ecute out of e$ternal memory regardless of the 5rogram 0ounter value. In the 670*(,
F, must be e$ternally wired low. In the F5R8. devices, this pin also receives the
programming supply voltage %355& during F5R8. programming.
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.
XTAL2:
8utput from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
T2" *.,1=# I<O $o% structure is e$tremely versatile and fle$ible. "he device has
*' I;8 pins configured as four eight bit parallel ports %57, 5(, 5' and 5*&. Fach
pin can be used as an input or as an output under the software control. "hese I;8
pins can be accessed directly by memory instructions during program e$ecution
to get re#uired fle$ibility. "hese port lines can be operated in different modes and
all the pins can be made to do many different tasks apart from their regular I;8
function e$ecutions. Instructions, which access e$ternal memory, use port 57 as
a multiple$ed address;data bus. ,t the beginning of an e$ternal memory cycle,
order 6 bits of the address bus are output on 57.
,lso, any instruction that accesses e$ternal 5rogram .emory will output
the higher order byte on 5' during read cycle. Remaining ports, 5( and 5* are
available for standard I;8 functions. 4ut all the 6 lines of 5* support special
S.R.T.I.S.T 13
functionsH "wo e$ternal interrupt lines, two counter inputs, serial port+s two data
lines and two timing control strobe lines are designed to use 5* port lines. Bhen
you don+t use these special functions, you can use corresponding port lines as a
standard I;8. Fven within a single port, I;8 operations may be combined in many
ways. Different pins can be configured as input or outputs independent of each
other or the same pin can be used as an input or as output at different times. Iou
can comfortably combine I;8 operations and special operations for 5ort * lines.
Port 0:
5ort 7 is an 6!bit open drain bidirectional port. ,s an open drain output port, it can
sink eight 1) ""1 loads. 5ort 7 pins that have (s written to them float, and in that state
will function as high impedance inputs. 5ort 7 is also the multiple$ed low!order address
and data bus during accesses to e$ternal memory. In this application it uses strong
internal pullups when emitting (s. 5ort 7 emits code bytes during program verification. In
this application, e$ternal pullups are re#uired.
Port 1 %
5ort ( is an 6!bit bidirectional I;8 port with internal pullups. 5ort ( pins that have
(s written to them are pulled high by the internal pullups, and in that state can be used as
inputs. ,s inputs, port ( pins that are e$ternally being pulled low will source current
because of the internal pullups.
Port 2:
5ort ' is an 6!bit bidirectional I;8 port with internal pullups. 5ort ' emits the high!
order address byte during accesses to e$ternal memory that use (9!bit addresses. In this
application, it uses the strong internal pullups when emitting (s.
Port :
S.R.T.I.S.T 14
5ort * is an 6!bit bidirectional I;8 port with internal pullups. It also serves the
functions of various special features of the 670-( Family as followsH
Port P!" A#t$r"%t$ F&"'t!o":
5*.7! R$D %serial input port&
5*.( !"$D %serial output port&
5*.' !IA"7 %e$ternal interrupt 7&
5*.*! IA"( %e$ternal interrupt (&
5*.< !"7 %timer 7 e$ternal input&
5*.- !"( %timer ( e$ternal input&
5*.9 !BR %e$ternal data memory write strobe&
5*.J !RD %e$ternal data memory read strobe&
300H !)upply voltage
3))H !0ircuit ground potential
,ll four ports in the 670-( are bidirectional. Fach consists of a latch %)pecial
Function Registers 57 through 5*&, an output driver, and an input buffer. "he output
drivers of 5orts 7 and ', and the input buffers of 5ort 7, are used in accesses to e$ternal
memory. In this application, 5ort 7 outputs the low byte of the e$ternal memory address,
time!multiple$ed with the byte being written or read.
5ort ' outputs the high byte of the e$ternal memory address when the address is
(9 bits wide. 8therwise, the 5ort ' pins continue to emit the 5' )FR content.
S.R.T.I.S.T 15
,ll the 5ort * pins are multifunctional. "hey are not only port pins, but also serve
the functions of various special features as listed belowH
5ort 5in ,lternate Function
5*.7 R$D %serial input port&
5*.( "$D %serial output port&
5*.' IA"7 %e$ternal interrupt&
5*.* IA"( %e$ternal interrupt&
5*.< "7 %"imer;0ounter 7 e$ternal input&
5*.- "( %"imer;0ounter ( e$ternal input&
5*.9 BR %e$ternal Data .emory write strobe&
5*.J RD %e$ternal Data .emory read strobe&
MICRO CONTROLLER >ER-U- MICRO PROCE--OR:
Bhat is the difference between a .icroprocessor and .icrocontrollerK 4y
microprocessor is meant the general purpose .icroprocessors such as IntelLs /69 family
%6769, 67'69, 67*69, 67<69, and the 5entium& or .otorolaLs 967/7 family %96777,
967(7, 967'7, 967*7, 967<7, etc&. "hese microprocessors contain no R,., no R8.,
and no I;8 ports on the chip itself. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as
general!purpose .icroprocessors.
, system designer using a general!purpose microprocessor such as the 5entium or
the 967<7 must add R,., R8., I;8 ports, and timers e$ternally to make them
S.R.T.I.S.T 1
functional. ,lthough the addition of e$ternal R,., R8., and I;8 ports makes these
systems bulkier and much more e$pensive, they have the advantage of versatility such
that the designer can decide on the amount of R,., R8. and I;8 ports needed to fit the
task at hand. "his is not the case with .icrocontrollers.
, .icrocontroller has a 05= %a microprocessor& in addition to a fi$ed amount of
R,., R8., I;8 ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, the processor, the
R,., R8., I;8 ports and the timer are all embedded together on one chip@ therefore,
the designer cannot add any e$ternal memory, I;8 ports, or timer to it. "he fi$ed amount
of on!chip R8., R,., and number of I;8 ports in .icrocontrollers makes them ideal
for many applications in which cost and space are critical.
In many applications, for e$ample a "3 remote control, there is no need for the
computing power of a <69 or even an 6769 microprocessor. "hese applications most
often re#uire some I;8 operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits.
)FRI,1 58R")H
Fach 67-( microcomputer contains a high speed full duple$ %means you
can simultaneously use the same port for both transmitting and receiving
purposes& serial port which is software configurable in < basic modesH 6 bit
=,R"@ : bit =,R"@ inter processor 0ommunications link or as shift register I;8
e$pander.
For the standard serial communication facility, 67-( can be programmed for
=,R" operations and can be connected with regular personal computers, teletype
writers, modem at data rates between ('' bauds and *( kilo bauds. Getting this
S.R.T.I.S.T 1!
facility is made very simple using simple routines with option to elect even or odd
parity. Iou can also establish a kind of Inter processor communication facility
among many microcomputers in a distributed environment with automatic
recognition of address;data. ,part from all above, you can also get super fast I;8
lines using low cost simple ""1 or 0.8) shift registers.
2.) RFID TAG:
RFID INTRODUCTION:
RFID %Radio Fre#uency Identification& allows an item, for e$ample a library book,
to be tracked and communicated with by radio waves. "his technology is similar in
concept to a cell phone. RFID is a broad term for technologies that use radio waves to
automatically identify people or objects.
"here are several methods of identification, but the most common is to store a
serial number that identifies a person or object, and perhaps other information, on a
microchip that is attached to an antenna %the chip and the antenna together are called an
RFID transponder or an RFID tag&. "he antenna enables the chip to transmit the
identification information to a reader. "he reader converts the radio waves reflected back
from the RFID tag into digital information that can then be passed on to computers that
can make use of it .
S.R.T.I.S.T 1"
"he heart of the system is the RFID tag, which can be fi$ed inside a bookLs back
cover or directly onto 0Ds and videos. "his tag is e#uipped with a programmable chip
and an antenna. Fach paper!thin tag contains an engraved antenna and a microchip with a
capacity of at least 9< bits.
Co!$o&"&%# o7 a& RFID -9#%"!:
, comprehensive RFID system has four componentsH
RFID tags that are electronically programmed with uni#ue information
Readers or sensors to #uery the tags
,ntenna
)erver on which the software that interfaces with the integrated library software is
loaded.
"ags.
Hi#%o9 o7 RFID %ag#
In (:<9 1Mon "heremin invented an espionage tool for the )oviet =nion which
retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. )ound waves vibrated a
diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the
reflected radio fre#uency. Fven though this device was a passive covert listening device,
not an identification tag, it has been attributed as the first known device and a predecessor
to RFID technology. "he technology used in RFID has been around since the early (:'7s
according to one source %although the same source states that RFID systems have been
around just since the late (:97s&.
)imilar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented by the =nited Cingdom
in (:*:, was routinely used by the allies in Borld Bar II to identify airplanes as friend or
foe. "ransponders are still used by military and commercial aircraft to this day.
S.R.T.I.S.T 1#
,nother early work e$ploring RFID is the landmark (:<6 paper by Darry
)tockman, titled N0ommunication by .eans of Reflected 5owerN %5roceedings of the
IRF, pp ((:9O('7<, 8ctober (:<6&. )tockman predicted that NPconsiderable research
and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected!
power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is e$plored.N
.ario 0ardulloLs =.). 5atent *,J(*,(<6 in (:J* was the first true ancestor of
modern RFID@ a passive radio transponder with memory. "he initial device was passive,
powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in (:J( to the Aew Iork 5ort
,uthority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with (9 bit memory for
use as a toll device.
"he basic 0ardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission
medium. "he original business plan presented to investors in (:9: showed uses in
transportation %automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license
plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring&, banking
%electronic check book, electronic credit card&, security %personnel identification,
automatic gates, surveillance& and medical %identification, patient history&.
, very early demonstration of reflected power %modulated backscatter& RFID tags,
both passive and semi!passive, was done by )teven Depp, ,lfred Coelle and Robert
Freyman at the 1os ,lamos )cientific 1aboratory in (:J*
.
"he portable system operated
at :(- .Dz and used (' bit tags. "his techni#ue is used by the majority of todayLs =DF
and microwave RFID tags.
"he first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to
0harles Balton in (:6* %=.). 5atent <,*6<,'66&.
T?PE- OF RFID TAG-
S.R.T.I.S.T 2$
RFID tags come in three general varietiesH &assi'e, acti'e, or semi(&assi'e %also
known as battery(assisted&. 5assive tags re#uire no internal power source, thus being pure
passive devices %they are only active when a reader is nearby to power them&, whereas
semi!passive and active tags re#uire a power source, usually a small battery.
"o communicate, tags respond to #ueries generating signals that must not create
interference with the readers, as arriving signals can be very weak and must be told apart.
4esides backscattering, load modulation techni#ues can be used to manipulate the
readerLs field. "ypically, backscatter is used in the far field, whereas load modulation
applies in the near field, within a few wavelengths from the reader.
F!( 2)
2))1 P%**!+$ T%(*:
S.R.T.I.S.T 21
5assive RFID tags %fig '.*& have no internal power supply. "he minute electrical
current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio fre#uency signal provides just
enough power for the 0.8) integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a
response. .ost passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier wave from the reader.
"his means that the antenna has to be designed both to collect power from the incoming
signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. "he response of a passive
RFID tag is not necessarily just an ID number@ the tag chip can contain non!volatile,
possibly writable FF5R8. for storing data.
2))2 A't!+$ T%(*:
=nlike passive RFID tags, active RFID tags have their own internal power source,
which is used to power the integrated circuits and broadcast the signal to the reader.
,ctive tags are typically much more reliable %i.e. fewer errors& than passive tags due to
the ability for active tags to conduct a NsessionN with a reader. ,ctive tags, due to their
onboard power supply, also transmit at higher power levels than passive tags, allowing
them to be more effective in NRF challengedN environments like water %including
humans;cattle, which are mostly water&, metal %shipping containers, vehicles&, or at
longer distances, generating strong responses from weak re#uests %as opposed to passive
tags, which work the other way around&. In turn, they are generally bigger and more
e$pensive to manufacture, and their potential shelf life is much shorter.
.any active tags today have practical ranges of hundreds of meters, and a battery
life of up to (7 years. )ome active RFID tags include sensors such as temperature logging
which have been used to monitor the temperature of perishable goods like fresh produce
or certain pharmaceutical products. 8ther sensors that have been married with active
RFID include humidity, shock;vibration, light, radiation, temperature, and atmospherics
like ethylene. ,ctive tags typically have much longer range %appro$imately -77 m;(-77
S.R.T.I.S.T 22
feet& and larger memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to store additional
information sent by the transceiver.
2)) S$,!-.%**!+$ T%(*:
)emi!passive tags are similar to active tags in that they have their own power
source, but the battery only powers the microchip and does not broadcast a signal. "he
RF energy is reflected back to the reader like a passive tag. ,n alternative use for the
battery is to store energy from the reader to emit a response in the future, usually by
means of backscattering.
"he battery!assisted receive circuitry of semi!passive tags lead to greater
sensitivity than passive tags, typically (77 times more. "he enhanced sensitivity can be
leveraged as increased range %by a factor (7& and;or as enhanced read reliability %by one
standard deviation&.
"he enhanced sensitivity of semi!passive tags place higher demands on the reader,
because an already weak signal is backscattered to the reader. For passive tags, the
reader!to!tag link usually fails first. For semi!passive tags, the reverse %tag!to!reader& link
usually fails first.
)emi!passive tags have three main advantagesH
(& Greater sensitivity than passive tags
'& 4etter battery life than active tags.
S.R.T.I.S.T 23
*& 0an perform active functions %such as temperature logging& under its own
power, even when no reader is present.
T%( L!/$:
RFID tags last longer than barcodes because the technology does not re#uire line!
of!sight. .ost RFID vendors claim a minimum of (77,777 transactions before a tag may
need to be replaced
RFID -%oag" T9$"#:
"here are three types of tagsH Nread onlyN, NB8R.,N and Nread;writeN. N"ags are
Nread onlyN if the identification is encoded at the time of manufacture and not
rewritable.QB8R.N %Brite!8nce!Read!.any& tags are programmed by the using
organization, but without the ability to rewrite them later. NRead;write tags,N which are
chosen by most libraries, can have information changed or added. In libraries that use
RFID, it is common to have part of the read;write tag secured against rewriting, e.g., the
identification number of the item.
2.@ RFID READER-:
2.@.1 RFID R"ad" D"#ci$%io&:
RFID Reader .odule, are also called as interrogators. "hey convert radio waves
returned from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to 0ontrollers, which can
make use of it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same fre#uency in order to
communicate. RFID systems use many different fre#uencies, but the most common and
widely used R supported by our Reader is ('- CDz.
S.R.T.I.S.T 24
RFID readers or receivers are composed of a radio fre#uency module, a control
unit and an antenna to interrogate electronic tags via radio fre#uency %RF&
communication.

RFID R"ad" Diaga!:
Fig '.<.(
"he reader powers an antenna to generate an RF field. Bhen a tag passes through
the field, the information stored on the chip in the tag is interpreted by the reader and sent
S.R.T.I.S.T 25
to the server, which, in turn, communicates with the integrated library system when the
RFID system is interfaced with it.
RFID e$it gate sensors %readers& at e$its are basically two types. 8ne type reads
the information on the tag%s& going by and communicates that information to a server.
"he server, after checking the circulation database, turns on an alarm if the
material is not properly checked out. ,nother type relies on a NtheftN byte in the tag that is
turned on or off to show that the item has been charged or not, making it unnecessary to
communicate with the circulation database.
,n RFID reader typically contains a module %transmitter and receiver&, a control
unit and a coupling element %antenna&. "he reader has three main functionsH energizing,
demodulating and decoding. In addition, readers can be fitted with an additional interface
that converts the radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can then be
passed on to another system, like a computer or any programmable logic controller. ,nti!
0ollision algorithms permit the simultaneous reading of large numbers of tagged objects,
while ensuring that each tag is read only once.
2.@.2 RFID MODULE IMPLEMENTATION:
"he heart of the system is the RFID tag, which can be fi$ed inside a bookLs back
cover or directly onto 0Ds and videos. "his tag is e#uipped with a programmable chip
and an antenna. Fach paper!thin tag contains an engraved antenna and a microchip with a
capacity of at least 9< bits, which contains the information about the book like name of
the book etc. RFID is a combination of radio !fre#uency!based technology and microchip
technology.
S.R.T.I.S.T 2
RF %radio fre#uency& portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used to transmit
signals. ,n RFID system consists of an antenna and a transceiver, which read the radio
fre#uency and transfer the information to a processing device %reader& and a transponder,
or RF tag, which contains the RF circuitry and information to be transmitted.
"he antenna provides the means for the integrated circuit to transmit its
information to the reader that converts the radio waves reflected back from the RFID tag
into digital information that can then be passed on to computers that can analyze the data.
Radio 7"A;"&c9 id"&%i7ica%io& 5RFID8 in a variety of ways including automatic
identification and data capture %,ID0& solutions. Be pride ourselves in providing
customers with ine$pensive RFID solutions that integrate well with other systems.
"he reader has been designed as a 5lug R 5lay .odule and can be plugged on a
)tandard *77 .I1!'6 5in I0 socket form factor.
F;&c%io&#:
(. )upports reading of 9< 4it .anchester Fncoded cards
'. 5ins for F$ternal ,ntenna connection
*. )erial Interface %""1&
<. Biegand Interface also available
-. 0ustomer application on re#uest
S.R.T.I.S.T 2!
2.@.) RFID FEATURE-:
Fre#uency H ('- kDz
Read Range H up to 6 cm
5ower supply H -3 D0 % S - T&
0urrent consumption ma$. H 97 m,
8perating temperature H !'7 ... 29-U 0
)toring temperature H !<7 ... 2J-U 0
Interface H R)'*' % ""1&,Biegand and others %on Demand&
Dimensions %l $ w $ h& H *9 $ (6 $ (7 mm
)erial Interface Format H :9774aud, Ao 5arity, 6 Data bits,( )top bit
AoteH
(. Reader module has to be mounted on non!metallic surface, else it may affect the
operation of reader.
'. 4uzzer R 1FD are ,ctive low signals.
S.R.T.I.S.T 2"
*. For 4uzzer R 1FD current limiting Resister has to be mounted. .,/ current is
'7m,. %<J7 or -(7 ohms for 1FD and '<7 or 'J7 8hms for 4uzzer&
<. 1FD+s ,node and 4uzzer+s 5ositive marked pin to be connected to 3cc.
-. Biegand out put format is also available in select readers.
RFID FRE:UENCIE-:
RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same fre#uency in order to
communicate effectively. RFID systems typically use one of the following fre#uency
rangesH low fre#uency %or 1F, around ('- kDz&, high fre#uency %or DF, around (*.-9
.Dz&, ultra!high fre#uency %or =DF, around 696 and :'6 .Dz&, or microwave %around
'.<- and -.6 GDz&.
ANTENNA:
"he antenna produces radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it.
,ntennas are the channels between the tag and the reader, which controls the systemLs
data ac#uisitions and communication. "he electromagnetic field produced by an antenna
can be constantly present when multiple tags are e$pected continually. ,ntennas can be
built into a doorframe to receive tag data from personLs things passing through the door.
-ER>ER:
"he server is the heart of some comprehensive RFID systems. It is the
communications gateway among the various components %4oss, '77<&. It receives the
information from one or more of the readers and e$changes information with the
circulation database. Its software includes the )I5;)I5' %)ession Initiation 5rotocol&,
,5Is %,pplications 5rogramming Interface& A0I5 %Aational 0irculation Interchange
5rotocol& or )1A5 necessary to interface it with the integrated library software but no
S.R.T.I.S.T 2#
library vendor has yet fully implemented A0I5 approved by AI)8 %Coppel, '77<&. "he
server typically includes a transaction database so that reports can be produced.
I&#%alla%io&#:
Bhile there are over -77,777 RFID systems installed in warehouses and retail
establishments worldwide, RFID systems are still relatively new in libraries. Fewer than
'-7 had been installed as of the first #uarter of '77<. .ost installations are small,
primarily in branch libraries. "he =niversity of 0onnecticut 1ibrary@ =niversity of
Aevada;1as 3egas 1ibrary, the 3ienna 5ublic 1ibrary in ,ustria, the 0atholic =niversity
of 1euven in 4elgium, and the Aational =niversity of )ingapore 1ibrary are the only
sites that appear to have tagged more than -77,777 items each. )o far in India , only two
=niversity libraries have adopted the RFID system. First among them is Vayakar 1ibrary
of 5une =niversity and second is Dhanvantri 1ibrary of Vammu =niversity . "he use of
RFID throughout Indian libraries will take at least four to five years.
R"c"&% D"6"lo$!"&%#:
Recent developments in hardware and software for RFID systems have increased
the potential of this technology in library automation and security. L"oday, the one
important result for libraries is the ability to use non!proprietary systems, now that the
new generation of RFID!chips with standard I)8 (-9:* %to be integrated into I)8
(6777!*& is available,L e$plains Dr 0hristian Cern, system development manager of
4ibliotheca RFID 1ibrary )ystems, a )wiss company specialising in such systems for
libraries. NBith this technology, libraries do not have to depend on one single supplier for
tags.
>"&do#:
S.R.T.I.S.T 3$
"he products of si$ manufacturers of library RFID systems are available in India
through their business associatesH 4ibliotheca, 0heckpoint, ID )ystems, *., /!ident
technology GmbD represented by Infotek software and systems in India and ",G)I)!
the last represented by "ech 1ogic, 3ernon, 1ibsys in India and 3"1).
"here are several other companies that provide products that work with RFID,
including user self!charging stations and materials handling e#uipment.
RFID T"c2&olog9 O6"6i"1:
Radio Fre#uency Identification %RFID& is a generic term for non!contacting
technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. "here are
several methods of identification, but the most common is to store a uni#ue serial number
that identifies a person or object on a microchip that is attached to an antenna. "he
combined antenna and microchip are called an NRFID transponderN or NRFID tagN and
work in combination with an NRFID readerN %sometimes called an NRFID interrogatorN&.
,n RFID system consists of a reader and one or more tags. "he readerLs antenna is
used to transmit radio fre#uency %RF& energy. Depending on the tag type, the energy is
NharvestedN by the tagLs antenna and used to power up the internal circuitry of the tag.
"he tag will then modulate the electromagnetic waves generated by the reader in order to
transmit its data back to the reader.
"he reader receives the modulated waves and converts them into digital data. In
the case of the 5aralla$ RFID Reader .odule, correctly received digital data is sent
serially through the )8=" pin.
"here are two major types of tag technologies.
N5assive tagsN are tags that do not contain their own power source or transmitter.
Bhen radio waves from the reader reach the chip+s antenna, the energy is converted by
the antenna into electricity that can power up the microchip in the tag %known as
S.R.T.I.S.T 31
Nparasitic powerN&. "he tag is then able to send back any information stored on the tag by
reflecting the electromagnetic waves as described above. N,ctive tagsN have their own
power source and transmitter.
"he power source, usually a battery, is used to run the microchipLs circuitry and to
broadcast a signal to a reader. Due to the fact that passive tags do not have their own
transmitter and must reflect their signal to the reader, the reading distance is much shorter
than with active tags. Dowever, active tags are typically larger, more e$pensive, and
re#uire occasional service.
"he RFID Reader .odule is designed specifically for low!fre#uency %('- kDz&
passive tags. Fre#uency refers to the size of the radio waves used to communicate
between the RFID system components.
RFID systems typically use one of the following fre#uency rangesH low fre#uency
%or 1F, around ('- kDz&, high fre#uency %or DF, around (*.-9 .Dz&, ultra!high
fre#uency %or =DF, around 696 and :'6 .Dz&, or microwave %around '.<- and -.6 GDz&.
It is generally safe to assume that a higher Fre#uency e#uates toa faster data
transfer rate and longer read ranges, but also more sensitivity to environmental factors
such as li#uid and metal that can interfere with radio waves. "here really is no such thing
as a NtypicalN RFID tag.
"he read range of a tag ultimately depends on many factorsH
the fre#uency of RFID system operation
the power of the reader,
Interference from other RF devices.
4alancing a number of engineering trade!offs %antenna size v. reading distance v.
power v. manufacturing cost&, the 5aralla$ RFID Reader .oduleLs antenna was designed
S.R.T.I.S.T 32
with a specific inductance and NWN factor for ('- kDz RFID operation at a tag read
distance of up to (XQ ! *Q inches.
2., INTERFACING DE>ICE-H
2.,.1 R-02)2 -"ial Po%:
RFID module is interfaced with the microcontroller using an R)'*' %serial port&.

Fig '.-.(%i&
Bhen communicating with various micro processors one needs to convert the
R)'*' levels down to lower levels, typically *.* or -.7 3olts. Dere is a cheap and simple
way to do that. -"ial R-02)2 %3.'<& communication works with voltages !(-3 to 2(-3
S.R.T.I.S.T 33
for high and low. 8n the other hand, TTL logic operates between 73 and 2-3. .odern
low power consumption logic operates in the range of 73 and 2*.*3 or even lower.
R-02)2 DB+ Pi& O;%:
S.R.T.I.S.T 34
Fig '.-.(%ii&
Da%a Ta&#!i##io& %2o;g2 R-02)2:
R)!'*' communication is dependent on a set timing speed at which both pieces of
hardware communicate. In other words, the hardware knows how long a bit should be
high or low.
R)!'*' also specifies the use of YstartQ and YstopQ bits.
Fvery time a character is sent, the same communication occursH
(. )tart bit sent.
'. )even data bits sent.
*. )top bit sent.
"his communication is dependent on the fact that both devices are sampling the bits at
the same rateZ Be+ll see what happens if this doesn+t happenP
, )ample "ransmissionH
S.R.T.I.S.T 35
Fig '.-.(%iii&
F;ll D;$l"( Ta&#!i##io&:
Full duple$ transmission %FD/& occurs when data is transmitted %or can be transmitted&
simultaneously by both devices. )pecial wiring is needed for FD/.
Fig '.-.(%iv&
R-02)2 F"a%;"#:
R-02)2 TTL Logic
S.R.T.I.S.T 3
!(-3 P !*3 2'3 P 2-3 Digh
2*3 P 2(-3 73 P 27.63 1ow
"hus the R)!'*' signal levels are far too high TTL "l"c%o&ic#' and the negative R)!'*'
voltage for high can+t be handled at all by computer logic. "o receive serial data from an
R)!'*' interface the voltage has to be reduced. ,lso the low and high voltage level has
to be inverted. "his level converter uses a Ma(2)2 and five ca$aci%o#. "he ma$'*' is
#uite cheap %less than - dollars& or if you+re lucky you can get a free sample from
Ma(i!.
2.,.2 MAB02)2:
.,/!'*' is also known as Y1evel 0onverterQ. "he .,/'*' from Ma(i! was the first
I0 which in one package contains the necessary drivers and receivers to adapt the R)!'*'
signal voltage levels to ""1 logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage
%2-3 or 2*.*3& and generates the necessary R)!'*' voltage levels.
MAB 2)2 PIN DIAGRAM:
S.R.T.I.S.T 3!
Fig '.-.'
MAB02)2 FEATURE-:
Input supply voltage range, 3cc !7.* t7 93
5ositive output supply voltage range,3s2 !7.* to (-3
Aegative output supply voltage range,3s! !7.* to !(-3
8utput voltage range, 3o "(8=","'8=" !7.* to 3s2 27.*3
R(8=", R'8=" !7.* to 3cc 27.*3
2.,.) R-2)2 INTERFACED TO MAB 2)2:
S.R.T.I.S.T 3"
J 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
P 3 . 0
5 V
C 4
0 . 1 u f
C 7
0 . 1 u f
T X D
C 6
0 . 1 u f
P 3 . 1
T 1 O U T
C 1
1 u f
T 1 O U T
U 3
M A X 3 2 3 2
1
5
1
6
1 3
8
1 0
1 1
1
3
4
5
2
6
1 2
9
1 4
7
G
N
D
V
C
C R 1 I N
R 2 I N
T 2 I N
T 1 I N
C 1 +
C 1 -
C 2 +
C 2 -
V +
V -
R 1 O U T
R 2 O U T
T 1 O U T
T 2 O U T
C 5
0 . 1 u f
R X D
Fig '.-.*
Rs'*' is : pin db connector, only three pins of this are used ie ',*,- the transmit
pin of rs'*' is connected to r$ pin of microcontroller
2.,.@ INTERFACING MAB02)2 AND MICRO CONTROLLER:
S.R.T.I.S.T 3#
P 0 . 3
C 1 1 5
1 u f
C 1 1 1
1 0 n f
R 1 5 2
3 0 0
R 1 4 5
R - P A C
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
R 1 4 7
2
P 0 . 1
! 9
P 0 . 0
R 1 5 1
3 0 0
C 1 1 6
1 0 u f
D 4 1
1 N 4 0 0 1
1 2
P 0 . 7
P 1 . 0
C 1 0 7
0 . 1 u f
P 3 . 5
U 6 0
M A X 3 2 3 2 1
5
1
6
1 3
8
1 0
1 1
1
3
4
5
2
6
1 2
9
1 4
7
G
N
D
V
C
C
R 1 I N
R 2 I N
T 2 I N
T 1 I N
C 1 +
C 1 -
C 2 +
C 2 -
V +
V -
R 1 O U T
R 2 O U T
T 1 O U T
T 2 O U T
P 3 . 6
C 1 0 6
0 . 1 u f
R X D
R " T
D 4 0
# $ D
T 2 O U T
" C #
5 V
P 3 . 0
C 1 0 8
0 . 1 u f
P 2 . 3
T X D
J P 1 7
J U M P $ R 3
13
2
13
2
5 V
P 1 . 7
G N D
# C D % V C C
R 1 5 0
P O T
1 3
2
P 2 . 2
P 3 . 0
P 3 . 4
P 2 . 1
P 2 . 6
5 V
1 2 &
P 1 . 2
P 3 . 1
P 1 . 6
U 5 9
A T 8 9 C 5 1
9
1 8
1 9
2
0
2 9
3 0
3 1
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 8
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
3 9
3 8
3 7
3 6
3 5
3 4
3 3
3 2
R " T
X T A # 2
X T A # 1
G
N
D
P " $ N
A # $ ' P R O G
$ A ' V P P
V
C
C
P 1 . 0
P 1 . 1
P 1 . 2
P 1 . 3
P 1 . 4
P 1 . 5
P 1 . 6
P 1 . 7
P 2 . 0 ' A 8
P 2 . 1 ' A 9
P 2 . 2 ' A 1 0
P 2 . 3 ' A 1 1
P 2 . 4 ' A 1 2
P 2 . 5 ' A 1 3
P 2 . 6 ' A 1 4
P 2 . 7 ' A 1 5
P 3 . 0 ' R X D
P 3 . 1 ' T X D
P 3 . 2 ' I N T O
P 3 . 3 ' I N T 1
P 3 . 4 ' T O
P 3 . 5 ' T 1
P 3 . 6 ' ( R
P 3 . 7 ' R D
P 0 . 0 ' A D 0
P 0 . 1 ' A D 1
P 0 . 2 ' A D 2
P 0 . 3 ' A D 3
P 0 . 4 ' A D 4
P 0 . 5 ' A D 5
P 0 . 6 ' A D 6
P 0 . 7 ' A D 7
P 3 . 2
P 0 . 2
5 V
P 0 . 6
P 2 . 5
R FID B A S E D B O O K T R A C K IN G SY ST E M
T 2 O U T
C 1 0 9
0 . 1 u f
5 V
P 3 . 1
P 3 . 7
R 1 4 6
2 . 2
J 1 9
C O N N J A C
1
2
3
5 V
" D A
P 1 . 1
G N D
P 0 . 1
5 V
P 0 . 5
R 1 5 7
1 0 *
P 2 . 0
# C D % V C C
R 1 4 8
1 0 *
5 V
P 0 . 7
R 1 5 5 3 . 3 *
P 3 . 3
J 1 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
C 1 1 3
1 0 0 0 u f
P 1 . 3
P 0 . 5
U 6 2
" P D T
2
1
3
P 2 . 7
R " T
P 0 . 2
U 6 1
" P D T
2
1
3
C 1 0 4
2 7 + f
P 2 . 4
P 0 . 4
R 1 5 4
3 0 0
U 6 5
, - n 1 6
1234567891
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
123456789
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
P 0 . 0
" ( 8
1 2
5 V
C 1 1 0
1 0 u f
R 1 4 9 3 . 3 *
P 1 . 5
R 1 5 6 0
C 1 0 3
1 u f
P 0 . 6
R 1 5 3
3 0 0
C 1 0 5
2 7 + f
C 1 1 4
1 0 u f
U 6 4 # 7 8 0 5 ' T O 3
1
2
3
V I N
G
N
D
V O U T
A # $
P 0 . 4
P 1 . 4
C 1 1 2
1 0 0 n f
.
Fig '.-.<
.,/'*' is connected to the microcontroller as shown in the figure above ((, (' pin are
connected to the (7 and (( pin ie transmit and receive pin of microcontroller,
2.4 -CHEMATIC DIAGRAM C DE-CRIPTION:
PRODECT CIRCUITR?:
S.R.T.I.S.T 4$
Pac%ical Cic;i%:
S.R.T.I.S.T 41
Fig '.9
-CHEMATIC DE-CRIPTION:
S.R.T.I.S.T 42
Be can break the project into three parts like micro controller section, power
supply section, and D.0. regulated power supply section. "he 0ircuit shows the complete
diagram of the rfid based book tracking system.
.icro controller section contains only micro controller 6:0-( and a crystal of
((.7-:' .Dz for oscillator. ,s micro controller works on the program inside the
memory. ,s a program generates the login therefore it does not re#uire any logic circuits.
,s the controller keeps all the memory and I;8 ports inside it, it contains very less
components in its outer configuration. 5ower to the I0 supplied is 2-v D0.
In this RFID module is connected to microcontroller via R)'*' %serial port& "hen
ma$'*' is connected to the microcontroller as shown in the figure above ((, (' pin are
connected to the (7 and (( pin of microcontroller, an 10D is interfaced with the
microcontroller by connecting it to any of the port pins,lcd is used to display the
information about which book has been issued.
2.E LI:UID CR?-TAL DI-PLA?:
INTRODUCTION:
10D %li#uid crystal display& projectors usually contain three separate 10D glass
panels, one each for the red, green, and blue components of the video signal being fed
S.R.T.I.S.T 43
into the projector. ,s light passes through the 10D panels, individual pi$els %Npicture
elementsN& can be opened to allow light to pass or closed to block the light, as if each
little pi$el were fitted with a 3enetian blind. "his activity modulates the light and
produces the image that is projected onto the screen.
D15 %NDigital 1ight 5rocessingN& is a proprietary technology developed by "e$as
Instruments. It works #uite differently than 10D. Instead of having glass panels
through which light is passed, the D15 chip is a reflective surface made up of thousands
of tiny mirrors. Fach mirror represents a single pi$el.
In a D15 projector, light from the projectorLs lamp is directed onto the surface of
the D15 chip. "he mirrors wobble back and forth, directing light either into the lens
path to turn the pi$el on, or away from the lens path to turn it off.
In very e$pensive D15 projectors, there are three separate D15 chips, one each for
the red, green, and blue channels. Dowever, in most D15 projectors under ['7,777
there is only one chip. In order to define color, there is a color wheel that consists of
red, green, blue, and sometimes white %clear& filters.
"his wheel spins in the light path between the lamp and the D15 chip and
alternates the color of the light hitting the chip from red to green to blue. "he mirrors
tilt away from or into the lens path based upon how much of each color is re#uired for
each pi$el at any given moment in time. "his activity modulates the light and produces
the image that is projected onto the screen. %In addition to red, green, blue, and white
segments, some color wheels now use dark green or yellow segments as well.

2.E.1 PIN DE-CRIPTION OF THE LCD:
S.R.T.I.S.T 44
Fig '.J.(
2.E.2 I&%"7aci&g LCD %o Mico Co&%oll":
S.R.T.I.S.T 45

8051
E
R/W
WR
S
DB7DB0
LCD
control
communicat
ions bus
M.,/-,-n0/-112/
8
Fig '.J.'%i&
, typical 10D write operation takes place as shown in the following timing
waveform
Fig '.J.'%ii&
"he interface is either a <!bit or 6!bit parallel bus that allows fast reading;writing
of data to and from the 10D.
"his waveform will write an ,)0II 4yte out to the 10DLs screen. "he ,)0II code
to be displayed is eight bits long and is sent to the 10D either four or eight bits at a time.
S.R.T.I.S.T 4
If <!bit mode is used, two nibbles of data %First high four bits and then low four
bits with an F 0lock pulse with each nibble& are sent to complete a full eight!bit transfer.
"he F 0lock is used to initiate the data transfer within the 10D.
6!bit mode is best used when speed is re#uired in an application and at least ten
I;8 pins are available. <!bit mode re#uires a minimum of si$ bits.
In <!bit mode, only the top < data bits %D4<!J& are used. "he R;) pin is used to
select whether data or an instruction is being transferred between the microcontroller and
the 10D.
If the pin is high, then the byte at the current 10D 0ursor 5osition can be read or
written.
If the pin is low, either an instruction is being sent to the 10D or the e$ecution
status of the last instruction is read back %whether or not it has completed&.
2.* DUMPING PROCE--:
Fla#2 Magic:
F"a%;"#:
)traightforward and intuitive user interface
S.R.T.I.S.T 4!
Five simple steps to erasing and programming a device and setting any options
desired
5rograms Intel De$ Files
,utomatic verifying after programming
Fills unused Flash to increase firmware security
,bility to automatically program checksums. =sing the supplied checksum
calculation routine your firmware can easily verify the integrity of a Flash block,
ensuring no unauthorized or corrupted code can ever be e$ecuted
5rogram security bits
0heck which Flash blocks are blank or in use with the ability to easily erase all
blocks in use
Read the device signature
Read any section of Flash and save as an Intel De$ File
Reprogram the 4oot 3ector and )tatus 4yte with the help of confirmation features
that prevent accidentally programming incorrect values
Display the contents of Flash in ,)0II and De$adecimal formats
)ingle!click access to the manual, Flash .agic home page and A/5
.icrocontrollers home page
,bility to use high!speed serial communications on devices that support it. Flash
.agic calculates the highest baudrate that both the device and your 50 can use
and switches to that baudrate transparently
0ommand 1ine interface allowing Flash .agic to be used in IDFs and 4atch Files
S.R.T.I.S.T 4"
.anual in 5DF format
)upports half!duple$ communications
3erify De$ Files previously programmed
)ave and open settings
,ble to reset R$' and 99$ devices %revision G or higher&
,ble to control the D"R and R") R)'*' signals when connected to R)" and
;5)FA to place the device into 4oot R8. and F$ecute modes automatically. ,n
e$ample circuit diagram is included in the .anual. Fssential for I)5 with target
hardware that is hard to access.
,ble to send commands to place the device in 4oot R8. mode, with support for
command line interfaces.
"he installation includes an e$ample project for the Ceil and Raisonance 67-(
compilers that show how to build support for this feature into applications.
,ble to play any Bave file when finished programming.
4uilt in automated version checker ! helps ensure you always have the latest
version.
5owerful, fle$ible Vust In "ime 0ode feature. Brite your own VI" .odules to
generate last minute code for programming. =ses includeH
o )erial number generation
o 0opy protection and copy authorization
o )toring program date and time ! manufacture date
o )toring program operator and location
S.R.T.I.S.T 4#
o 1ookup table generation
o 1anguage tables or language selection
o 0entralized record keeping
o 8btaining latest firmware from the 0orporate Beb site or project intranet
)ponsored by A/5 )emiconductors
Features automatically updating Internet links including links to related technical
documents, software updates, utilities and code e$amples, using Fmbedded Dints
technology
Displays information about the selected De$ File, including the creation and
modification dates, flash memory used, percentage of the current device used
Flash .agic works on any versions of Bindows, e$cept Bindows :-. (7.b of
disk space is re#uired
2.+ COMPILATION TOOL 5-DCC8:
-!all D"6ic" C Co!$il":
)D00 is a retargettable, optimizing ,A)I ! 0 compiler that targets the I"t$# 00112
3%4!, 00DS502 6!#o( 600 and the 3otoro#% 70HC00 based .0=s. Bork is in
progress on supporting the 3!'ro'8!. PIC17 and PIC10 series. )D00 is Free 8pen
)ource )oftware, distributed under GA= General 5ublic 1icense %G51&.
-DCC Ba#ic#:
S.R.T.I.S.T 5$
,ssuming that the location of )D00 is defined in your path, you can use the
following synta$ for your header filesH
\include ]stdio.h^

"o use )D00 on the command line, use a command line synta$ similar to the
following %noteH a more complete list of flags is shown in the e$ample makefile
later&H
sdcc !!code!loc 7$9777 !!$ram!loc 7$4777 file.c
)D00 will generate the following output filesH
file.asm O ,ssembler file created by the compiler
file.lst O ,ssembler listing file created by the assembler
file.rst O ,ssembler listing file updated by the linkage editor
file.sym O )ymbol listing created by the assembler
file.rel O 8bject file created by the assembler, Input to the linkage editor
file.map O .emory map for the load module created by the linker
file.mem O )ummary of the memory usage
file.ih$ O "his is the load module in Intel he$ format
4y default )D00 uses the small memory model
"he assembler is given the memory locations as .area directives instead of 8RG
statements.
S.R.T.I.S.T 51
Be must remember to use the !!code!loc and !!$ram!loc
directives because this tells the linker where to place things in memory.
Be can e$amine the file.rst and file.map output files to verify that
our code and data are assigned to the correct location.
FEATURE- OF -DCC:
,)//// and ,)1IAC, a Freeware, retargettable assembler and linker.
F$tensive .0= specific language e$tensions, allowing effective use of the
underlying hardware.
, host of standard optimizations such as global sub e$pression elimination, loop
optimizations %loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables and loop
reversing &, constant folding and propagation, copy propagation, dead code
elimination and jump tables for LswitchL statements.
.0= specific optimizations, including a global register allocator.
,daptable .0= specific backend that should be well suited for other 6 bit .0=s
Independent rule based peep hole optimizer.
, full range of data typesH c2a %" bits, ( byte&, #2o% %1 bits, ' bytes&, i&% %1 bits,
' bytes&, lo&g %32 bit, < bytes& and 7loa% %4 byte IFFF&.
"he ability to add inline assembler code anywhere in a function.
"he ability to report on the comple$ity of a function to help decide what should be
re!written in assembler.
, good selection of automated regression tests.
-DCC also comes with the so)rce *e'e* deb)gger -DCDB, using the current version of
DanielLs s-( simulator.
S.R.T.I.S.T 52
-DCC was written by )andeep Dutta and released under a GPL license. )ince its
initial release there have been numerous bug fi$es and improvements. ,s of December
(:::, the code was moved to )ourceForge where all the Nusers turned developersN can
access the same source tree. )D00 is constantly being updated with all the usersL and
developersL input.
-DCC -UPPORT- FOLLOFING PLATFORM-:
Li&;( 0 (*4, Mico#o7% Fi&do1# 0 (*4 and Mac O- ( 0 $$c are the primary, so
called Nofficially supportedN platforms.
-DCC compiles natively on Li&;( and Mac O- B using using gcc. Fi&do1# release
and snapshot builds are made by co## co!$ili&g %o !i&g1)2 on a 1inu$ host.
Fi&do1# +(<NT<2...<BP users are recommended to use 0ygwin
%httpH;;sources.redhat.com;cygwin;& or may try the unsupported 4orland 0 compiler or
.icrosoft 3isual 022 build scripts.
-UPPORT OF -DCC:
-DCC and the included support packages come with fair amounts of documentation and
e$amples. Bhen they arenLt enough, you can find help in the places listed below. Dere is
a short check list of tips to greatly improve your chances of obtaining a helpful response.
(. ,ttach the code you are compiling with )D00. It should compile Nout of the bo$N.
)nippets must compile and must include any re#uired header files, etc. Incomplete
information will hamper your chance of a timely response.
'. )pecify the e$act command you use to run )D00, or attach your .akefile.
*. )pecify the )D00 version %type Nsdcc !vN&, your platform and operating system.
S.R.T.I.S.T 53
<. 5rovide an e$act copy of any error message or incorrect output.
2.+ REGULATED POFER -UPPL?:
, variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is
one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your re#uirements. 3arying
the output of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having
double checked parts placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide.
"his type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply.
,ctually this is #uite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should
undertake is the construction of a variable regulated power supply. Bhile a dedicated
supply is #uite handy e.g. -3 or ('3, itLs much handier to have a variable supply on hand,
especially for testing.
.ost digital logic circuits and processors need a - volt power supply. "o use these
parts we need to build a regulated - volt source. =sually you start with an unregulated
power "o make a - volt power supply, we use a 1.J67- voltage regulator I0 %Integrated
0ircuit&.
"he I0 is shown below.
S.R.T.I.S.T 54
Fig '.:%i&
"he 1.J67- is simple to use. Iou simply connect the positive lead of your
unregulated D0 power supply %anything from :3D0 to '<3D0& to the Input pin, connect
the negative lead to the 0ommon pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a -
volt supply from the 8utput pin.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
S.R.T.I.S.T 55
Fig '.:%ii&
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
S.R.T.I.S.T 5
CIRCUIT FEATURE-:
4rief description of operationH Gives out well regulated 2-3 output, output current
capability of (77 m,
0ircuit protectionH 4uilt!in overheating protection shuts down output when
regulator I0 gets too hot
0ircuit comple$ityH 3ery simple and easy to build
0ircuit performanceH 3ery stable 2-3 output voltage, reliable operation
,vailability of componentsH Fasy to get, uses only very common basic
components
Design testingH 4ased on datasheet e$ample circuit, I have used this circuit
successfully as part of many electronics projects
,pplicationsH 5art of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
5ower supply voltageH =nregulated D0 6!(63 power supply
5ower supply currentH Aeeded output current 2 - m,
S.R.T.I.S.T 5!
0omponent costsH Few dollars for the electronics components 2 the input
transformer cost
S.R.T.I.S.T 5"
CHAPTER )
DESIGN PROCEDURE
S.R.T.I.S.T 5#
).1 ALGORITHM:
-%"$ 1: )tart.
-%"$ 2: Fnable )erial 5ort interrupt.
-%"$ ): Initialize 1cd.
-%"$ @: Initialize )erial 5ort.
-%"$ ,: Display N)how the card of the ItemN on the 1cd.
-%"$ 4: 0heck whether Display button pressed or 0ard is shown to the reader.
-%"$ E: If display button is pressed go to step!(7
-%"$ *: Flse if RFID card is shown, go to step!('
-%"$ +: Flse go to 9.
-%"$ 1.: Display the entries of FF5R8. one by one on the 1cd, containing the Item IA
and 8=" details.
-%"$ 11: Go to step 9.
-%"$ 12: Read the card number
S.R.T.I.S.T $
-%"$ 1): Read the date and time
-%"$ 1@: 0heck if the card is already stored as NIAN
-%"$ 1,: If the card is already stored as IA, make it as 8=" with date and time.
-%"$ 14: Flse store the card number along with date and time in FF5R8.
-%"$ 1E: Go to step 9.
-%"$ 1*: )top.
S.R.T.I.S.T 1
).2 FLOF CHART
3u00-n P/24425
C6/5 "7-8n
!$"
NO
S.R.T.I.S.T 2
START
ENABLE SERAL
!"RT NTERR#!T
NTAL$E LCD
%SERAL !"RT
DS!LA& 'S("W T(E CARD
") T(E TE*' "N T(E LCD
C+,c-
Dis.la/
button
!r,ss,0
"R Car0
is s+o1n
Dis.la/ t+,
,ntri,s o2
R,a0 car0 numb,r %
0at,
C+,c- i2
car0 is
alr,a0/
stor,0 as
'N'
Stor, t+, car0 numb,r
alon3 1it+ 0at, an0 tim,
*a-, it as
"#T
CHAPTER @
RESULTS
S.R.T.I.S.T 3
OUTPUT:
RFID 4ook "rack in
).R.".I.).", Aalgonda
)how 4ook 0ardH 76<9J-:4F6
)how )tudent 0ardH 76<9J-:DG*
At t8$ t!,$ o/ !**&!"( t8$ 9oo: t8$ ,$**%($ !* ;!*.#%<$; %* /o##o=*:
76<9J-:4F6 488C< 8="
76<9J-:DG* )tudent< 7*;7<;'776
At t8$ t!,$ o/ r$t&r"!"( t8$ 9oo: t8$ ,$**%($ !* ;!*.#%<$; %* /o##o=*:
76<9J-:4F6 488C< IA
76<9J-:DG* )tudent< 76;7<;'776
S.R.T.I.S.T 4
CHAPTER ,
APPLICATIONS & ADVANTAGES
OF RFID
S.R.T.I.S.T 5
READER- IN LIBRARIE-:
8ur readers can be used for ,ccess control, "ime R ,ttendance, 3ending
machines, industrial and other applications where Reading the data from the 0ard only is
re#uired.
Readers in RFID library are used in the following waysH
Co"+$r*!o" *t%t!o": where library data is written to the tag
St%// =or:*t%t!o" %t '!r'&#%t!o"% used to charge and discharge library materials
S$#/ '8$':-o&t *t%t!o": used to check out library materials without staff assistance
S$#/ '8$':-!" *t%t!o": used to check in library materials without staff assistance
E4!t *$"*or*: to verify that all material leaving the library has been checked out
>oo:-;ro. r$%;$r: used to automatically discharge library materials and reactivate
security
Sort$r %"; 'o"+$<or: automated system for returning material to proper area of
library
H%";-8$#; r$%;$r: used for inventorying and verifying that material is shelved
correctly.
LAN E"%9#$; RFID R$%;$r ? EAD RFID:
F,D RFID is a combination of our Fthernet ,dapter O F,D 7( and the RFID
reader module. "his unit contains our F,D 7( 4 4oard level )erial to 1,A converter,
RFID module which can read the "ags and 4uilt!in ,ntenna to pick up the RFID signal, a
buzzer to indicate the successful reading of the card and a 1FD!indication.
S.R.T.I.S.T
"he =nit can additionally support "ime )tamping function with Real "ime 0lock
as an 8ption. "his unit can store up to '7 C of Data in its memory until the )erver or 50
software polls to pick up the data. %Bith a (7 digit "ag and "ime )tamp, upto677records&
Be can also customize this product for )ystem Integrators or )oftware developers to
meet their software re#uirement.
Co!!o& U#"# o7 RFID:
RFID systems can be used just about anywhere, from clothing tags to missiles to
pet tags to food ! anywhere that a uni#ue identification system is needed. "he tag can
carry information as simple as a pet owners name and address or the cleaning instruction
on a sweater to as comple$ as instructions on how to assemble a car.
+ere are a fe, e-am&*es of .o, RFID tec.no*ogy is being )sed in e'eryday &*aces%
RFID systems are being used in some hospitals to track a patientLs location, and to
provide real!time tracking of the location of doctors and nurses in the hospital. In
addition, the system can be used to track the whereabouts of e$pensive and critical
e#uipment, and even to control access to drugs, pediatrics, and other areas of the
hospital that are considered Nrestricted accessN areas.
RFID chips for animals are e$tremely small devices injected via syringe under skin.
=nder a government initiative to control rabies, all 5ortuguese dogs must be RFID
tagged by '77J.Bhen scanned the tag can provide information relevant to the dogLs
history and its ownerLs information.RFID in retail stores offer real!time inventory
tracking that allows companies to monitor and control inventory supply at all times.
"he 8rlando;8range 0ounty F$pressway ,uthority %880F,& is using an RFID based
traffic!monitoring system, which uses roadside RFID readers to collect signals from
transponders that are installed in about ( million F!5ass and )un 5ass customer
vehicles.
S.R.T.I.S.T !
AD>ANTAGE- OF RFID:
"he reliability of the system, its ease of operation, and the fle$ibility of tagging all
kinds of media easily, are important criteria in choosing an RFID system. "he main aim
for todayLs libraries in adopting RFID is the need to increase efficiency and reduce cost.
,utomation and self!service can help libraries of all sizes achieve these aims, and RFID
has the added advantage that it can also provide security for the range of different media
offered in libraries. "he technology can also improve circulation and inventory control,
which helps allocate human and financial resources. "his means that libraries can relieve
their professional employees of routine work and operational tasks.
,ll of the tags used in RFID technology for libraries are Npassive.N "he power to
read the tags comes from the reader or e$it sensor %reader&, rather than from a battery
within the tag.
, few libraries use NsmartN card, which is an RFID card with additional
encryption, is an alternative to merely adding an RFID tag on staff and user identification
cards. Aot only does that identify users for issue and return of library materials, but also
for access to restricted areas or services.
"his would make it possible to make it into a NdebitN card, with value added upon
pre!payment to the library and value subtracted when a user used a photocopier, printer,
or other fee!based device, or wished to pay fines or fees.
S$#/-'8%r(!"(/D!*'8%r(!"(:
"he use of RFID reduces the amount of time re#uired to perform circulation
operations. "his technology helps librarians eliminate valuable staff time spent scanning
barcodes while checking out and checking in borrowed items. For the users, RFID speeds
up the borrowing and return procedures.
R$#!%9!#!t<:
S.R.T.I.S.T "
"he readers are highly reliable. )everal vendors of RFID library systems claim an
almost (77 percent detection rate using RFID tags. )ome RFID systems have an interface
between the e$it sensors and the circulation software to identify the items moving out of
the library. Bere a library user to leave the library and not be caught, the library would at
least know what had been stolen.
If the user card also has an RFID tag, the library will also be able to determine
who removed the items without properly charging them.
8ther RFID systems encode the circulation status on the RFID tag. "his is done by
designating a bit as the NtheftN bit and turning it off at time of charge and on at time of
discharge. If the material that has not been properly charged is taken past the e$it gate
sensors, an immediate alarm is triggered. ,nother option is to use both the NtheftN bit and
the online interface to an integrated library system, the first to signal an immediate alarm
and the second to identify what has been taken out.
H!(8-S.$$; I"+$"tor<!"(:
, uni#ue advantage of RFID systems is their ability to scan books on the shelves
without tipping them out or removing them. , hand!held inventory reader can be moved
rapidly across a shelf of books to read all of the uni#ue identification information. =sing
wireless technology, it is possible not only to update the inventory, but also to identify
items, which are out of proper order.
A&to,%t$; 3%t$r!%#* H%";#!"(:
S.R.T.I.S.T #
,nother advantage of RFID technology is automated materials handling. "his
includes conveyor and sorting systems that can move library materials and sort them by
category into separate bins or onto separate carts. "his significantly reduces the amount
of staff time re#uired to ready materials for re!shelving.
O$%io&al Co!$o&"&%#:
8ptional RFID system includes the following three componentsH
RFID 1abel 5rinter
Dandheld Reader
RFID #%9$# Pr!"t$r:
,n RFID printer is used to print the labels with an individual barcode, library
logo, etc. Bhen the print is applied, it simultaneously programs the data in to the chip.
,fter this process, the RFID label is taken from the printer and applied to the book.
H%";8$#; R$%;$r/I"+$"tor< W%";:
"he portable handheld reader or inventory wand can be moved along the items on
the shelves without touching them. "he data goes to a storage unit, which can be
downloaded at a server later on, or it can go to a unit, which will transmit it to the server
using wireless technology. "he inventory wand will cover three re#uirementsH
)creen the complete book collection on the shelves for inventory control )earch for
books, which are miss helved )earch for individual book re#uested.
S.R.T.I.S.T !$
CHAPTER 4
APPENDIX
S.R.T.I.S.T !1
4.1 G;id"li&"# %o U%iliG" %2" RFID T"c2&olog9:
,s libraries are implementing RFID systems, it is important to develop best
practices guidelines to utilize the technology in best way and to keep the privacy concern
away. "he following may be the best practices guidelines for library RFID use %4erkeley
5ublic 1ibrary n.d., ,yre '77<&H
"he 1ibrary should be open about its use of RFID technology including providing
publicly available documents stating the rational for using RFID, objectives of its
use and associated policies and procedure and who to contact with #uestions.
)igns should be pasted at all facilities using RFID. "he signs should inform the
public that RFID technology is in use, the types of usage and a statement of
protection of privacy and how this technology differs from other information
collection methods.
8nly authorized personnel should have access to the RFID system.
Ao personal information should be stored on the RFID tag.
Information describing the tagged item should be encrypted on the tag even if the
data is limited to a serial number
Ao static information should be contained on the tag %bar code, manufacturer
number& that can be read by unauthorized readers
,ll communication between tag and reader should be encrypted via a uni#ue
encryption key.
,ll RFID readers in the library should be clearly marked.
I)8 (6777 mode!' tags should be used rather than I)8 (-9:*
S.R.T.I.S.T !2
;
________________________________________________________________________
_____
5roject H RfId4ook !! Rfid 4ased 4ook "racking system.
3ersion H (.7
,uthor H (. A.A,G,RV=A, RFDDI
'. 3.),ADFF5
*. C.R,VF)D RFDDI
<. G.R,CF)D RFDDI
________________________________________________________________________
______;
\ include ]p6:v-(rd'.h^
\ include N1cd3'.hN
\ include Neeprom.hN
\ define A8`8F`0,RD) -
\ define R/`4=F`)IaF '7
\ define RFID`08DF`)IaF (7
\ define 0R`1F`)IaF '
\ define DF4=G (
unsigned char guc4ookAumberb(7c, guc)tudAumberb(7c@
unsigned char gucR$0ount ? 7@
unsigned char gucReadFlag ? 7@
unsigned char gucDisplayFlag ? 7@
unsigned char gucR$4ufbR/`4=F`)IaFc@
unsigned char gucBrite,ddrb'c@
unsigned char guc4ookAameb-c,guc)tudAameb-c@
void Display3ersion%&@
void )erialInit%void&@
unsigned char Read0ard%unsigned char _uc0ardAum&@
void )toreFeprom%unsigned char _uc4ookAumber, unsigned char _uc)tudentAumber&@
void ReadFeprom%unsigned char uc5age, unsigned char uc8ff)et, unsigned char
_uc4ookAumber, unsigned char _uc)tudentAumber&@
void 0ardAame%unsigned char _uc0ardAumber, unsigned char _uc0ardAame&@
void DisplayData%void&@
S.R.T.I.S.T !3
void 0learFe5rom%void&@
void e$ternal7%& interrupt 7
d
gucDisplayFlag ? (@
5'`7 ? Z5'`7@
e
void serial7%& interrupt <
d
if%RI ?? (&
d
5'`9 ? Z5'`9@
gucR$4ufbgucR$0ountc ? )4=F@
gucR$0ount22@
if%gucR$0ount ^? %RFID`08DF`)IaF 2 0R`1F`)IaF&&
d
gucR$0ount ? 7@
gucReadFlag ? (@
e
RI ? 7@
e
e
void main%void&
d
unsigned int i ? 7@
unsigned int j ? 7@
unsigned char uc4utton ? 7@
I"7 ? (@ ;; Interrupt 7 on falling edge
F/7 ? (@ ;; F$ternal interrupt 7
F, ? (@ ;; Fnabling the interrupts
IF ? 7$:*@
)erialInit%&@
Display3ersion%&@
for%j ? 7@ j ] (-@ j22&
for%i ? 7@ i ] <7777@ i22&@
if%5'`7 ?? 7&
0learFe5rom%&@
FepromGets%7, 7, RgucBrite,ddrb7c, '&@
S.R.T.I.S.T !4
while%(&
d
do
d
1cdInit%&@
1cd5uts%N)how 4ook 0ardHN&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] R/`4=F`)IaF@ i22&
gucR$4ufbic ? 7$77@
gucR$0ount ? 7@
uc4utton ? Read0ard%Rguc4ookAumberb7c&@
if%uc4utton ?? (&
d
DisplayData%&@
e
gucDisplayFlag ? 7@
e while%uc4utton ?? (&@
if%%guc4ookAumberb6c Z? L6L& RR %guc4ookAumberb6c Z? L:L&&
continue@
\ if (
1cdInit%&@
1cd5uts%N=r 0ard no.H N&@
1cd0md%AFB`1IAF&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] (7@ i22&
1cd5utc%guc4ookAumberbic&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] (7@ i22&
for%j ? 7@ j ] <7777@ j22&@
0ardAame%guc4ookAumber, guc4ookAame&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
1cd5utc%guc4ookAamebic&@
\ endif
;;while%(&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] (7@ i22&
for%j ? 7@ j ] <7777@ j22&@
1cdInit%&@
1cd5uts%N)tudent 0ardHN&@
S.R.T.I.S.T !5
do
d
for%i ? 7@ i ] R/`4=F`)IaF@ i22&
gucR$4ufbic ? 7$77@
gucR$0ount ? 7@
Read0ard%Rguc)tudAumberb7c&@
ewhile%%guc4ookAumberb6c ?? guc)tudAumberb6c& RR
%guc4ookAumberb:c ?? guc)tudAumberb:c&&@
if%%guc)tudAumberb6c Z? L6L& RR %guc)tudAumberb6c Z? L:L&&
continue@
\ if (
1cdInit%&@
1cd5uts%N=r 0ard no.H N&@
1cd0md%AFB`1IAF&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] (7@ i22&
1cd5utc%guc)tudAumberbic&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] (7@ i22&
for%j ? 7@ j ] <7777@ j22&@
0ardAame%guc)tudAumber, guc)tudAame&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
1cd5utc%guc)tudAamebic&@
\ endif
)toreFeprom%guc4ookAumber, guc)tudAumber&@
for%j ? 7@ j ] (7@ j22&
for%i ? 7@ i ] <7777@ i22&@
e
e
void )erialInit%void&
d
".8D ? 7$'7@
"D( ? 7$fd@
)08A ? 7$-7@
"R( ? (@
e
S.R.T.I.S.T !
void Display3ersion%&
d
1cdInit%&@
1cd5uts%NRFID 3er ! (.7N&@
1cd0md%AFB`1IAF&@
1cd5uts%N).R.1abs ! Dyd.N&@
e
unsigned char Read0ard%unsigned char _uc0ardAumber&
d
unsigned char i ? 7@
while%%gucReadFlag ?? 7& RR %gucDisplayFlag ?? 7&&@
if%gucDisplayFlag ?? (&
d
gucDisplayFlag ? 7@
return (@
e
for%i ? 7@ i ] RFID`08DF`)IaF@ i22&
d
_%uc0ardAumber 2 i& ? gucR$4ufbic@
e
gucReadFlag ? 7@
return 7@ e
void )toreFeprom%unsigned char _uc4ookAumber, unsigned char _uc)tudentAumber&
d
Feprom5uts%gucBrite,ddrb7c, gucBrite,ddrb(c, uc4ookAumber, (7&@
gucBrite,ddrb(c 2? (7@
Feprom5uts%gucBrite,ddrb7c, gucBrite,ddrb(c, uc)tudentAumber, (7&@
gucBrite,ddrb(c 2? (7@
if%gucBrite,ddrb(c ^? '<7&
d
gucBrite,ddrb(c ? 7@
gucBrite,ddrb7c ? %gucBrite,ddrb7c 2 (&@
S.R.T.I.S.T !!
if%gucBrite,ddrb7c ^? '--&
gucBrite,ddrb7c ? 7@
e
Feprom5uts%7, 7, RgucBrite,ddrb7c, '&@
e
void ReadFeprom%unsigned char uc5age, unsigned char uc8ffset, unsigned char
_uc4ookAumber, unsigned char _uc)tudentAumber&
d
FepromGets%uc5age, uc8ffset, uc4ookAumber, (7&@
FepromGets%uc5age, %uc8ffset 2 (7&, uc)tudentAumber, (7&@
e
void 0ardAame%unsigned char _uc0ardAumber, unsigned char _uc0ardAame&
d
switch%_%uc0ardAumber 2 6&&
d
case L6LH
switch%_%uc0ardAumber 2 :&&
d
case L(LH
_%uc0ardAame& ? L4L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 (& ? L8L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 '& ? L8L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 *& ? LCL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 <& ? L(L@
break@
case L'LH
_%uc0ardAame 2 <& ? L'L@
break@
case L9LH
S.R.T.I.S.T !"
_%uc0ardAame 2 <& ? L*L@
break@
case LFLH
case LeLH
_%uc0ardAame& ? L)L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 (& ? L"L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 '& ? L=L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 *& ? LDL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 <& ? L(L@
break@
defaultH
_%uc0ardAame& ? L=L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 (& ? LAL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 '& ? LCL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 *& ? LAL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 <& ? L8L@
break@
e
break@
case L:LH
_%uc0ardAame& ? L)L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 (& ? L"L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 '& ? L=L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 *& ? LDL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 <& ? L'L@
break@
defaultH
_%uc0ardAame& ? L=L@
_%uc0ardAame 2 (& ? LAL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 '& ? LCL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 *& ? LAL@
_%uc0ardAame 2 <& ? L8L@
break@
e
S.R.T.I.S.T !#
e
void DisplayData%void&
d
unsigned char uc5age ? 7,
uc8ffset ? 7@
unsigned char uc4ookAumberb(7c,
uc)tudAumberb(7c,
uc4ookAameb9c,
uc)tudAameb9c@
unsigned int i,j@
for%uc5age ? (@ uc5age ] gucBrite,ddrb7c@ uc5age22&
d
for%uc8ffset ? 7@ uc8ffset ] '<7@ uc8ffset 2? '7&
d
ReadFeprom%uc5age, uc8ffset, Ruc4ookAumberb7c,
Ruc)tudAumberb7c&@
0ardAame%uc4ookAumber, uc4ookAame&@
0ardAame%uc)tudAumber, uc)tudAame&@
1cdInit%&@
1cd5uts%N4ookHN&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
1cd5utc%uc4ookAamebic&@
1cd0md%AFB`1IAF&@
1cd5uts%N)tudHN&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
1cd5utc%uc)tudAamebic&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
for%j ? 7@ j ] <7777@ j22&@
e
e
for%uc8ffset ? 7@ uc8ffset ] gucBrite,ddrb(c@ uc8ffset 2? '7&
d
S.R.T.I.S.T "$
ReadFeprom%gucBrite,ddrb7c, uc8ffset, Ruc4ookAumberb7c,
Ruc)tudAumberb7c&@
0ardAame%uc4ookAumber, uc4ookAame&@
0ardAame%uc)tudAumber, uc)tudAame&@
1cdInit%&@
1cd5uts%N4ookHN&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
1cd5utc%uc4ookAamebic&@
1cd0md%AFB`1IAF&@
1cd5uts%N)tudHN&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
1cd5utc%uc)tudAamebic&@
for%i ? 7@ i ] -@ i22&
for%j ? 7@ j ] <7777@ j22&@
e
e
void 0learFe5rom%void&
d
gucBrite,ddrb7c ? (@
gucBrite,ddrb(c ? 7@
Feprom5uts%7, 7, RgucBrite,ddrb7c, '&@
e

S.R.T.I.S.T "1
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
S.R.T.I.S.T "2
CONCLU-ION:
It is #uite clear from the above discussion that an RFID system may be a comprehensive
system that addresses both the security and materials tracking needs of a library. RFID in
the library is not a threat if best practices guidelines followed religiously, that it speeds up
book borrowing and inventories and frees staff to do more user!service tasks. "he
technology saves money too and #uickly gives a return on investment.
It is important to educate library staff and library users about RFID technology before
implementing a program. It may be good for librarians to watch developments in RFID
until the cost of tags comes down to [.'7 or less, the figure which some librarians have
determined is the key to their serious consideration of it.
Bhile library RFID systems have a great deal in common with one another, including the
use of high fre#uency %(*.-9 .Dz&, passive, read!write tags, lack of a standard and
compatibility of tags produced by different vendors is a major problem in implementation
of RFID in libraries. 0urrent standards %I)8 (-9:*& apply to container!level tagging used
in supply chain applications and do not address problems of tracking and hot listing. Ae$t
generation tags %I)8 (6777& are designed for item level tagging. "he newer tags are
capable of resolving many of the privacy problems of todayLs tags. Dowever, no library
RFID products are currently available using the new standard. 4oth cost and e#uipment
may make RFID prohibitive in developing countries at this time.
S.R.T.I.S.T "3
FUTURE -COPE:
RFID is said by many in the industry to be the frontrunner technology for automatic
identification and data collection. "he biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would
ultimately be in the consumer goods supply chain where an RFID tag attached to a
consumer product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the
consumerLs home.
.any see RFID as a technology in its infancy with an untapped potential. Bhile we may
talk of its e$istence and the amazing ways in which this technology can be put to use,
until there are more standards set within the industry and the cost of RFID technology
comes down we wonLt see RFID systems reaching near their full potential anytime soon.
S.R.T.I.S.T "4
>I>LIOGRAPH@
S.R.T.I.S.T "5
REFERENCE-:
Daniel .c5herson and 3inod 0hachra. /0ersona* &ri'acy and )se of RFID
tec.no*ogy in *ibraries1. Bhite 5aper, 3"1) Inc., 8ctober '77*
www.vtls.com;documents;privacy.pdf.
)tephan Fngberg, .orten Darning, and 0hristian Damsgaard Vensen.Q 0ri'acy 2
sec)rity en.anced RFID &reser'ing b)siness 'a*)e and cons)mer con'enience1.
In "he )econd ,nnual 0onference on 5rivacy, )ecurity and "rust, Aew
4runswick, 0anada, 8ctober '77<.
,.0erino and B.5. Balsh. /Researc. and a&&*ication of radio fre3)ency
identification 4RFID5 tec.no*ogy to en.ance a'iation sec)rity1. In Aational
,erospace and Flectronics 0onference A,F08A '777.
....8llivier. /RFID a ne, so*)tion tec.no*ogy for sec)rity &rob*ems1.
Furopean 0onvention on )ecurity and Detection .ay (::-.
0ampbell, 4rian. 6Backgro)nd Information on RFID and 7)tomated Book
Sorting6 3ancouver. 4.0, 3ancouver 5ublic 1ibrary. Aovember (', '77*.
S.R.T.I.S.T "

P 0357 RFID Based Library

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

P 0357 RFID Based Library

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RFID Based Book Tracking System for Libraries

You might also like